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http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924050771025 


SYNOPTICAL 


FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA. 


a 
SY NOPTICAL 


FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA. 


Br ASA GRAY, LL.D, 


F.M. R.S. & L.S. Lond., R.I.A., Roy. Soc. Upsala, Stockholm, Gottingen; 
Roy Acad. Sci. Munich, Berlin, &c.; Corresp. Imp. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg, &c. 


FISHER PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY (BOTANY) IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 


VoL. II.—ParRtT I. 


GAMOPETALZ AFTER COMPOSITZ. 


NEW YORK: 


IVISON, BLAKEMAN, TAYLOR, AND COMPANY. 
LONDON: TRUBNER & CO., LUDGATE HILL. 
LEIPSIC: T. 0. WEIGEL. 

May, 1878. 


mw 


ew IYI aorn 
Copyright, 
By Asa Gray, 
1878. 


Cambridge : 
Press of Fohn Wilson and Son. 


P KE PAO i, 


THIs volume commences where the Flora of North America by Torrey 
and Gray stopped, thirty-five years ago, namely at the close of the great 
order of Composite; and the present part comprises the remaining 
Gamopetale. It is intended to complete this Synoptical Flora in two 
volumes, of about 1200 pages each; the first to cover the ground which 
was gone over in the work referred to (now wholly out of print as well 
as antiquated), that is, to contain the orders from Ranunculaceze to Com- 
posite, newly elaborated. The next ensuing part of the present volume 
will be devoted to the Apetale and Gymnosperme, and the final portion 
to the Monocotyledones and the Vascular Cryptogamia. 

Botanists will need no particular explanation of the plan of this work. 
Geographically it comprises the United States and all the North Amer- 
ican continent and islands northward, Greenland excluded. The series 
of Natural Orders adopted is that of Bentham and Hooker’s Genera 
Plantarum. The generic characters are given synoptically, but with 
essential completeness, at the beginning of each order. The characters 
of sections of genera, when of comparatively high rank, are designated by 
the sectional mark (§) and printed in the larger type; and those of 
first importance, such as may be termed subgenera, are distinguished by 
having a substantive name. Subsections, and also primary divisions 
when of low rank, are in small type. Such subdivisions are very freely 
made, for convenience of analysis and to save repetition of identical 
phrases under the included species ; and they are preferred to artificial 
keys to the species, because enabling these to be grouped more naturally. 
If somewhat less facile for rapid determination, they are more ex- 
haustive and less liable to mislead ; and they permit the ultimate specific 


vi PREFACE. 


characters to be more simply diagnostic. In monotypic genera, it has 
been found more convenient to give the details under the species, in 
the form of a specific character. Throughout the work, from the order 
down to the species or variety, the endeavor is to avoid repetition of 
statement. 

The names of introduced species, sufficiently established to claim a 
place in our flora, are printed in small capitals, as are such adventitious 
or extraneous species as require mention. 

In the accentuation of generic, sectional, and specific names, no 
attempt is made (as in the Manual of Botany of the Northern United 
States and other works) to mark the quality of the accented vowel, but 
only to designate the syllable upon which the principal accent falls. 

Compactness being essential, only the leading synonymy and most 
important references are given, and these briefly. All deficiency in this 
respect will be amply supplied by the Bibliographical Index to North 
American Botany, prepared at the Harvard University Herbarium 
by Sereno Watson, and now in course of publication by the Smith- 
sonian Institution. The first part of this most important adjunct to the 
present work, which is just issued, gives the full bibliography of the 
Polypetale (the subject of the first volume of Torrey and Gray’s Flora 
of North America, published in 1838 and 1840), with revision, critical 
corrections, and additions up to the present time. Its continuation may 
be expected to proceed part passu with this Flora. 


Harvarp University HEerBarrium, 
Cambridge, Massachusetts, April 10, 1878. 


GOODENIACEE. 


LoBeLiacex® 


CAMPANULACE 


ERICACEE . 
LENNOACEE 
DIAPENSIACER 


PLUMBAGINACED 


PRIMULACEE 
Mynrsinacex& 
SapoTacEesz. 
EBeNACEEX . 
STYRACACEE 
OLEACEE . 


APOCYNACEE 


ASCLEPIADACE . 


LoGANIACEE . 


GENTIANACLE.E 


PoLEMONIACEX 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 
grap ecg OL 
se ae dT 
eee a DO 
P .. 14 
ae . 50 
< @ « 61 
fe DS 
e @ og ¢ 68 
ce a » OL 
ce » » 66 
> « « » 69 
se & & 20 
eo 72 
ea we 
i = a 85 
« @ = oe 106 
ee or a TIO 
ye « ae 128 


HyYpropnuyLuaceEe®. . . 

BorRAGINACEM. . ws 
CONVOLVULACES ... . 
SOLANACEH 4 4 4 a a & 
SCROPHULARIACER. . . . 
OROBANCHACEH. . . ss 
LENTIBULARIACEH. . . . 
IONONIACWA: « 6 «x 4 % 
PEPALIACHH y « & * a 4 
ACANTHACES. » 2 « 4 4 
SELAGINACEM » 2 «+ « 5 
VERBENACEB . . ss. 
LABTIATR 4k eR 
PLANTAGINACE® . . ‘ 


ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS 


INDEX &@ & 6 wR Seow 


PAGE 

. 152 
x ive 
. 207 
. 224 
244 

. 3810 
. 314 
. 318 
. 3820 
» B21 
. B02 
352 

. 341 
. 388 
. 393 
. 397 


SYNOPTICAL 


FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA. 


Drvistoy II. GAMOPETALOUS DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS 


CONTINUED AFTER COMPOSITE. 


ORDER LXXIV. GOODENIACELE. 


Sarvssy or herbaceous plants, chiefly with alternate leaves and no proper 
stipules, most resembling Lobeliacee, especially in having the corolla cleft down 
between two of the lobes more deeply than between the rest; but without 
milky juice, the anthers separate, and a cup-like indusium around and at first 
enclosing the stigma. Mainly Australian and Oceanic, one or two species of 
the following genus reaching or overpassing the northern tropic. 


1. SCAZVOLA, L. (Diminutive of seeva, a left-handed person; application 
obscure.) Calyx adnate to the 2-celled ovary; the limb 5-cleft or a mere border 
around the base of the epigynous 5-lobed corolla, the tube of which is cleft down 
one side to the base; its lobes valvate-induplicate in the bud. Stamens 5, 
epigvnous. or lightly connected with the base of the corolla, alternate with its 
lobes, distinct. Ovules solitary or a pair in each cell, erect. Fruit drupe-like, 
or when dry nut-like. Flowers in axillary cymes, or sometimes solitary. — 
L. Mant. 145; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 539. 


S. Plumiéri, Vahl. Lowand shrubby, with fleshy obovate entire leaves, woolly-bearded in 
the axils, otherwise smooth: limb of the calyx a truncate border: corolla white, an 
inch long; the tube as long as the lobes, very woolly inside. — Lobelia, Plum. Ic. t. 165; 
Catesb. Car. i. t. 79.— Seashore, S. Florida. (W. Ind., 8. Afr., S. Asia.) 


ORDER LXAXV. LOBELIACELE. 


Herbs (out of the tropics). the juice usually milky and acrid, with alternate 
simple leaves, no stipules, racemose inflorescence, and perfect 5-merous flowers ; 
having the calyx-tube adnate to the ovary. epigynous irregular corolla and sta- 
mens, the latter as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, and 

1 


2 LOBELIACEZ. Nemacladus. 


usually both syngenesious and monadelphous. Limb of the calyx divided down to 
the ovary, which is wholly inferior or sometimes a large part free ; its lobes generally 
persistent. Corolla (with the stamens) inserted just where the calyx becomes 
free from the ovary, its lobes mostly valvate or induplicate in the bud, commonly 
deeper cleft or completely split down between two of the lobes, the cleft mostly on 
the upper side (next the axis of inflorescence) in the open blossom, but becoming 
so by a twist; in the early bud the cleft looks toward the bract. The 5 petals 
occasionally disposed to separate from below upward, and the limb to be bilabiately 
irregular. Filaments generally free from the corolla, sometimes more or less ad- 
herent to its tube : anthers 2-celled, introrsely dehiscent, firmly united around the top 
of the style into a ring or short tube (except in an anomalous tribe). Ovary 
2-celled with placentz projecting from the axis, or sometimes 1-celled with 2 
parietal placent. Style entire: stigma commonly 2-lobed, girt with a rim of 
hairs. Ovules and seeds mostly indefinitely numerous, small, anatropous. Embryo 
small or narrow, straight, in the axis of fleshy albumen. (Too near the Cam- 
panulacee, and nearly passing into them, therefore united by recent authors ; but 
as there are two dozen genera, agreeing in the indefinite inflorescence, irregular 
corolla, aud mostly in the syngenesious anthers, it seems best to retain the order.) 


Trine I. CYPHIE. Anthers entirely separate, merely surrounding the stigma. 


1. NEMACLADUS. Calyx partly or wholly free. Corolla bilabiately irregular; lower 
lip 3-, upper 2-lobed or parted. Filaments monadelphous above the middle: anthers oval, 
glabrous. Style incurved at tip: stigma capitate, 2-lobed, obsoletely annulate. Capsule 
2-celled, 2-valved from top, 20-40-seeded. 


Trine Il. LOBELIEA. Antherssyngenesious. Corolla truly gamopetalous, at least 
above, in owrs distinctly bilabiate, two lobes turned away from the other three. 


* Corolla open down to the base on one (the apparently upper) side. 


2.LOBELIA. Calyx-tube short. Corolla with tube commonly straight; the lobe each 
side of the cleft erect or turned backwards ; the three others larger and somewhat combined 
to form the spreading or recurved (apparently) lower lip. Stamens free from the tube of the 
corolla, monadelphous except near the base. Capsule thin-walled, 2-celled, many-seeded, 
loculicidally 2-valved at the top or free upper part. 


* * Corolla with a closed tube: capsule wholly inferior. 


3.PALMERELLA. Calyx-tube turbinate; the lobes slender. Corolla with an elongated 
linear and straight tube, not at all dilated at the throat; the short limb abruptly spreading ; 
two lobes small, spatulate-linear and recurving; the three Jarger obovate or oblong and 
slightly united at base. Filaments more or Jess adnate to the corolla up to near the throat, 
then monadelphous and free, or farther adnate on one side only : anthers oblong; the three 
larger naked; the two shorter tipped with a tuft of very unequal stout bristles. Stigma, 
ovary, and probably capsule as in Lobelia. 

4,LAURENTIA. Calyx-tube turbinate or oblong. Corolla with its tube as long as the 
limb, which is like that of Lobelia. So are the stamens, pistil, &c. Capsule short, 
2-valved at the summit. 

5, DOWNINGIA. Calyx-tube very long, stalk-like. Corolla with a very short tube, and an 
ample bilabiate limb; lips spreading, the larger 3-lobed and broad; the two distinet divi- 
sions of the smaller narrower. Anther-tube incurved: one or both of the shorter an- 
thers tipped with a stout bristle-like point; the others naked. Ovary at first two-celled. 
Capswe very long and linear, crowned with the foliaceous and linear calyx-lobes, terete 
or 2-3-angled, early becoming 1-celled with 2 parietal and many-seeded filiform placente, 


remaining closed at the narrow apex, dehiscent longitudinally by from one to three long 
fissures or valves. 


1; NEMACLADUS, Nutt. (Nipe,a thread, and 2iédoe, branch, from the 
very slender stem and branches.) — Two small annuals a span high, at length 
excessively branched and diffuse: leaves minute; the radical obovate; cauline 
reduced to subulate bracts: pedicels capillary, racemose on zigzay branches : 
corolla flesh-color. — Gray in Jour. Linn. Soe. xiv. 28. 


Lobelia. LOBELIACES. 3 


N. ramosissimus, Nutt. Glabrous, execpt the minutely pubescent tuft of radical 
leaves: calyx 5-cleft ; its tube turbinate, adnate to the lower third of the ovary and round- 
ish capsule, which does not exceed the rather unequal lobes: corolla short (a line long), 
soon separating into 3 or 4 parts or petals: filaments monadelphous above: seeds oblong- 
oval. — Pl. Gamb. (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. viii.), 254; Torr. Mex. Bound. 108, t. 35. — 
Gravelly or sandy soil, California to New Mexico. 

w=. N. longifidrus, Gray. Radical leaves more canescent: calyx 5-parted, free from and 
much shorter than the narrow oblong capsule, its lobes equal: corolla narrower, firmly 
gamopetalous, fully 3 lines long, 3 or 4 times longer than the calyx: filaments long-mona- 


Ee ere hen val. roc. Am. Acad. xii. 60.— 8. California, Wallace, Lemmon. 
Pe wa Beg re 
ay ee ommemorates .atth haa U Obel, latinized Lobelius, an 
early Flemish herbalist.) — Ours herbs, flowering in summer. some of them showy ; 
common in the Atlantic, almost absent from the Pacific United States. Tube 


of the corolla more or less disposed to split up in age into three pieces or into 
its five petals; at least the two shorter anthers with a bearded tuft at tip. 


§ 1. Homocnitus, A.DC. Lips of the corolla somewhat equal; one of them 
3-toothed, the other 2-parted: flowers long-peduncled from the axil of leaves 
or large leafy bracts, in ours red and yellow: perennials. 


L. laxiflora, HBK., var. angustifdélia. Tall and branching: leaves lanceolate or 
even linear, 3 or 4 inches long, denticulate: peduncles 2 to 4 inches and corolla an inch 
long: calyx-lobes hardly longer than the tube. —L. persicefolia, HBK., not Lam. ZL. 
Cavanillesti, Mart.; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3600.— Damp ground, just below the Mexican 
border of Arizona, north of Arispe, Thurber. (Mex.) A fourm intermediate in the breadth 
of the leaves between the var. and the ZL. Cavanillesii, Cav. Ic. t. 518, or the plant culti- 
vated as Siphocampylus bicolor. Anthers sometimes long-hirsute externally, sometimes 
nearly naked. 

§ 2. Evroperia. (Hulobelia, Hemipogon, & Holopogon, Benth. & Hook.) 
Larger lip of the corolla 3-parted or 3-cleft and spreading or dependent; the 
other two lobes either erect or turned backward: flowers racemose or spicate. 

* Tlowers bright red, large and showy. on erect or ascending pedicels in a virgate raceme: larger 
anthers naked at tip: perennial from slender offshoots, the flowering plants dying throughout in 
autumn. 

ews L. cardinalis, L. (Carprnat-FLower.) Minutely pubescent or glabrous: stem 2 to 4 feet 
high, commonly simple: leaves from oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, tapering to both 
ends, irregularly serrate or serrulate: lower bracts leafy: tube of calyx and capsule hemi- 
spherical, much shorter than the subulate linear lobes: tube of the corolla about an inch 
long: seeds oblong, rugose-tuberculate: the intense red of the corolla varying rarely to 
rose-color or even white.— Bot. Mag. t. 320; Bart. Med. Bot. t. 48.— Wet ground, New 
Brunswick to the Saskatchewan, Florida, and the borders of Texas. 


——L. spléndens, Willd. More slender, glabrous or nearly so: leaves lanceolate or almost 
linear, glandular-denticulate, all but the lower sessile: seeds less tuberculate: otherwise 
very like the preceding. — Hort. Berol. t. 86, the corolla-lobes larger and longer than in 
wild specimens. JL. Terensis, Raf. Ann. Nat. (1833) 20.— Wet grounds, Texas and through 
New Mexico and Arizona to southern borders of San Diego Co., California, Palmer. 
Also Mexico. Lobes of the corolla in our plant (as in many Mexican) only 3 to 6 lines 
long. Anthers sometimes a little hairy on the back. 


%* % Flowers blue or partly white, sometimes varying to white: tips of the three larger anthers 
naked or short-bearded, or rarely with a tuft like the other two. 


+— Flowers rather large (tube of the corolla half or over a third of an inch long), spicate-racemose: 
capsule short and broad: stems leafy: plants perennial, mostly by ofisets. 


++ Leaves short and small (about half an inch long), thickish, very numerous up to the inflores- 

cence, and passing into foliaceous bracts. 
— L. brevifdlia, Nutt. Glabrous or minutely pubescent: stem virgate and simple, a foot 
or two high: leaves rather fleshy, strongly toothed, mostly 2 lines broad; the lowest 


4 LOBELIACEA. Lobelia. 


obovate or spatulate; the upper oblong-linear, often crowded and widely spreading or 
reflexed, sometimes even pinnatifid-toothed, the teeth callous: spike-like raceme few - 
many-flowered: short pedicels mainly appressed and equalled by the short foliaceous 
bracts: calyx-lobes lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, strongly and pectinately toothed, 
auriculate-appendaged at base, fully half the length of the puberulent tube of the corolla: 
anthers all hairy above, but only the two shorter with conspicuous beard at tip: capsule 
very short.—A.DC, Prodr. vii. 377; Bertol. Misc. x. 28. Z. crassiuscula, Hook. Comp. 
Bot. Mag. i. 100.— Open pine barrens, Louisiana, Alabama, and Florida; flowering late. 
Tube of the corolla nearly half an inch long. 
++ ++ Leaves rather large and broad (1 to 5 inches long), from ovate to broadly lanceolate, 
numerous; the upper passing into fuliaceous bracts: lip and upper part of the tube of the corolla 
glabrous within. 

«== L. syphilitica, L. Somewhat pubescent with scattered hairs: stem rather stout, very 
leafy, 2 or 3 feet high: leaves thinnish, lanceolate or oblong and tapering to both ends, 
irregularly serrate or repand-denticulate (the larger 5 or 6 inches long): spicate raceme 
leafy below, a span to a foot long: calyx-lobes mostly hairy or ciliate, moderately shorter 
than the tube of the corolla, the sinuses conspicuously appendaged by deflexed auricles: 
larger anthers wholly naked at tip. — Dill. Elth. t 242; Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 597 ; Bot. Reg. t. 537. 
L. glandulosa, Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxxii. t. 63.— Wet grounds, Canada to Georgia, Louisiana, 
and west to Kansas and Dakotah. Runs into some varieties: var. Ludoviciana, A.DC., is a 
south-western smoother form, with thickish leaves: there are also garden hybrids. Auricles . 
of the calyx sometimes reaching the base of the ovary, sometimes short. Corolla bright 
ligit blue, rarely varying to white or purple; its tube broader than in the following, 
half an inch long. 


===> L. pubérula, Michx. Soft-pubescent with very short and fine hairiness, 2 feet high: 
leaves from ovate to oblong, mostly obtuse and an inch or two long, pale or slightly 
hoary, callous-denticulate or more toothed; the upper passing into ovate foliaceous lower 
bracts of the strict and virgate spike-like raceme: flowers mostly crowded, becoming 
horizontal on the short appressed pedicels: calyx-lobes lanceolate, little shorter than the 
tube of the corolla (about 4 lines long, rarely shorter in proportion); the auricles at the 
sinuses short and rounded, commonly very short, often inconspicuous: larger anthers 
minutely short-bearded at tip: ovary generally hirsute.— Fl. ii. 152. Z. amana, Ell. ? 
A.DC. Prodr. vii. 377, not Michx. JZ. glandulosa, Engelm. & Gray, Pl. Lindh. i. 14.— 
Damp sandy grounds, New Jersey to Illinois, Florida, and Texas. Passes insensibly into 
Var. glabélla, Hook. (Bot. Mag. t. 8292, not of Ell.): a greener form, with slender, 
more glabrous, and usually more naked virgate spike, glabrous calyx, &c., and flowers 
more secund. — L. glandulosa, var. obtusifolia, A.DC. I. c.; Bertol. Misc. x. 29.—N. Carolina 
to Florida and Texas. 


== L. amcena, Michx. Green and glabrous throughout, or nearly so: stem 1 to 4 feet 
high, in the larger plants leafy to the virgate raceme: leaves thinnish, oblong-lanceolate 
or narrower, mostly tapering to both ends, 2 to 4 inches long, irregularly serrate or den- 
ticulate; the upper passing into conspicuous lanceolate or linear bracts; these often glan- 
dular-denticulate, and the foliaceous lower ones equalling the flowers: calyx-lobes long 
and very slender, little shorter than the narrow tube of the corolla, from filiform- to 
linear-subulate, commonly quite entire, little widened and not auriculate at base: larger 
anthers wholly naked or merely puberulent at tip: ovary glabrous: lobes of the large 
lip of the corolla broadly ovate. — L. syphilitica, Walt. Car. 218; Juss. Ann. Mus. xviii. 
t.1,f.1. ZL. puberula, var. glabella, Ell. Sk. i. 267. L. glandulosa, var. glabra, A.DC. 1. c. 
L. colorata, Don, Brit. Fl. Gard. nu. ser. t. 180, and ZL. hortensis, A.DC. 1. ¢., are a hybrid 
form of this. —Deep swamps, N. Carolina to Florida. Raceme a span to a foot long; 
tube of bright blue corolla half an inch long. Calyx-lobes sometimes with a few tecth; 
the sinuses absolutely naked, or sometimes obscurely bordered.—To this belongs 
Clayton’s plant referred by Gronovius to L. Cliffortiana, L. 

Var. obtusata. Cauline leaves oblong, obtuse, and almost entire: spicate raceme 
virgate and naked: calyx-lobes subulate, shorter, only half the length of the tube of the 
corolla: larger anthers densely very short-pubescent at tip.— Z. amena, Chapm. FL, in 
part.— Middle Florida, Chapman. 

Var. glandulifera. A foot or two high, often slender and sparsely leaved, below 
sometimes hirsute-pubescent; leaves from oval to lanceolate-oblong, an inch or two long, 


Lobelia. LOBELIACEZ. 5 


mainly obtuse and the margins beset with glandular salient teeth: raceme secund, slender 
and loosely or few-flowered: bracts mostly shorter than the calyx; these and the slender 
calyx-teeth beset with slender gland-tipped teeth or lobes: sinuses of the calyx sometimes 
decidedly auriculate-appendaged: anthers as in the preceding var. or more hairy. — L. 
glandulosa, A. DC. in part.— Moist grounds, S. Virginia to Florida and Alabama. — These 
three forms clearly run together. 
a+ ++ ++ Leaves long (2 to 5 inches) and narrow; the upper few and sparse: lip of corolla pubes- 
aN at base: usually a pair of glands or small glandular bractlets toward the base of the short 
pedicel. 
_—— L. glandulésa, Walt. Glabrous, or sometimes stem sparsely and often the calyx-tube 
densely hirsute: stem slender, 1 to 4 feet high: leaves thick and smooth, bright green, 
lanceolate or linear (14 to 4 lines wide), callous- or glandular-denticulate: raceme or spike 
loosely few-many-flowered, secund, often as it were long-peduncled: bracts linear and 
subulate, more strongly glandular-toothed: calyx-lobes subulate, half the length of the 
tube of the corolla, bearing few or numerous salient gland-bearing teeth or lobes, or occa- 
sionally quite entire; the sinuses not auriculate-appendaged: tube of the light blue corolla 
5 or 6 lines long: anthers all bearded at the tip. — Ell. Sk. i. 265; A. DC. 1. ¢. (excl. vars.) ; 
Chapm. Fl. 254. LZ. crassiuscwla, Michx. Fl. i. 252; Nutt. Gen. ii. 76. — Pine-barren swamps, 
S. Virginia (Bailey) to Florida: fl. autumn. 
+— + Flowers smaller or small: tube of the corolla not exceeding 2 or 3 lines in length. 

++ Stem scape-like and mostly simple, hollow: leaves all or mainly in a rosulate cluster at the 
base, fleshy: bracts of the raceme shorter than the pedicels: lobes of the calyx subulate and 
entire, the sinuses naked’ or nearly so: fibrous-rooted and mostly aquatic very glabrous peren- 
nials, with pale blue or whitish flowers half an inch long. 

L. paludésa, Nutt. A foot or two or even 4 feet high: stem in the larger plants some 
times branching above and bearing several few-many-flowered racemes: leaves flat, from 
linear-spatulate to oblong, repand-denticulate or entire (1 to 9 inches long), sometimes 
scattered along the lower part of the stem: corolla pubescent at the base of the lip inside. 
—A.DC. 1. v. 876. — In water (but foliage emerged), Delaware to Florida and Louisiana. 

—L. Dortmanna, L. Scape a span to a foot high, naked except a few fleshy bracts: 

leaves in a radical tuft, linear, fleshy, terete, hollow and with a longitudinal partition: 
raceme loosely few-flowered: lower lip of the corolla almost naked. — Fl. Dan. t.39.— Bor- 
ders of ponds, often immersed, New England to Penn., and to subarctic Amer. (Eu.) 

++ ++ Stein leafy, mostly simple, strict, and continued into a more or less pedunculate and elongated 


virgate and naked spike-like raceme: leaves from lanceolate to obovate, barely denticulate or 
repand: lip prominently 2-tuberculate within at base. 


== Flowers or at least the capsules horizontal, secund, scattered in the slender raceme, large for the 
section, the tube of the corolla 34 to 2 lines long. 

L. Ludoviciana, Gray. Glabrous, 2 or 3 feet high (from a perennial? root), slender: 
leaves lanceolate, acute, or the lowest spatulate and obtuse, merely denticulate, thickish, 
an inch or two long (not over 4 lines broad), all with tapering base and the lower petioled: 
raceme loosely 5-20-flowered: flowers commonly puberulent: corolla half an inch long: 
calyx with nearly hemispherical tube; its lobes ovate-lanceolate, or rather cordate-lan- 
ceolate, being rounded auriculate at the sinuses (their margins entire or obscurely few- 
denticulate), only half the length of the tube of the corolla, and hardly longer than 
the capsule: larger anthers densely hirsute at and near the summit, but with no bearded 
tuft. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii.00.— Wet prairies, W. Louisiana, Hale. Texas near Houston, 
Lindheimer. Tube of the corolla fully a quarter of an inch long: barely a trace of pu- 
bescence on the base of the lip. The five short auricles at the sinuses of the calyx broad 
and entire. Intermediate, as it were, between L. paludosa and the following. 


-=—— L. appendiculata, A. DC. Nearly glabrous, or the strong angles of the slender stem 
above scabrous, a foot or two high from an apparently annual or biennial root, not rarely 
branching: leaves thin, mostly denticulate or repand, an inch or two long, obtuse, the 
lowest obovate, the others oval or oblong and mainly sessile by a broad base: spike-like 
raceme very slender, several-many-flowered: corolla a third of an inch long: calyx with 
turbinate tube; its lobes linear-acuminate from a broader base, minutely hispid-ciliate, 
equalling the tube of the corolla, their bases sagittately extended into the deflexed auricles, 
which are sometimes subulate and all 10 distinct, but more commonly united partially or 
wholly into 5 lobes which not rarely cover the tube: base of capsule hemispherical, much 


6 LOBELIACEE, Lobelia. 


shorter than the calyx-lobes: larger anthers slightly hirsute on the back, but naked at tip. 

—Prodr. vii. 376. — Moist grounds, W. Louisiana, Arkansas, and E. Texas: flowering 

early. Tube of the bluish corolla 2 to 24 lines long. Calyx-appendages, as in all these 

species, very variable. 

=: — Flowers or at least the fruit-bearing pedicels ascending, mostly very numerous and hardly 
secund in the elongated and virgate spike-like raceme: tube of the corolla barely 2 lines long: 
upper leaves passing into bracts in the stronger plants: calyx-lobes loose and spreading in flower. 

——- L. leptdstachys, A.DC. Calyx-tube short-turbinate and in fruit becoming hemi- 
spherical, the sinuses each with a pair of subulate or linear strictly deflexed appendages, 
which mostly soon equal or even exceed the tube; otherwise as the next. — Prodr. vii. 376. 
— Sandy dry soil, Ohio to Illinois and Missouri, and Virginia to Georgia: fl. early summer. 

=» lL. spicata, Lam. Puberulent: stem virgate, 1 to 4 feet high (from a biennial? root): 
leaves pale, barely denticulate, obtuse; the radical and lowest obovate, 1 to 4 inches long ; 
the upper spatulate, gradually smaller, and at length linear-oblong or lanceolate and bract- 
like: spike-like raceme from 3 to 18 inches long: tube of the calyx turbinate; the lobes 
subulate or linear-subulate and shorter than the tube of the (light blue, pdle, or rarely 
white) corolla; the sinuses not appendaged. — Dict. iii. 587. LZ. Claytoniana, Michx. FI. ii. 
153. L. pallida, Muhl. Cat., Ell, &e. LZ. goodenioides, Willd. Hort. Berol. t. 30. L. nivea, 
Raf. Ann. Nat. 1820, 15, white-flowered form. — Gravelly or sandy and mostly dry soil, N. 
New England to Saskatchewan, Louisiana and Arkansas: fl. through summer. 

Var. parvifléra, a small form, with calyx-lobes broadly subulate, and pale corolla 
only 3 lines long. — L. pallida, Muhl.? —Swamps, Lancaster, Penn., Porter: fl. June. 
e==> Var. hirtélla, a western form, with somewhat scabrous pubescence, and minutely 

hirsutely ciliate bracts and calyx-lobes, the latter subulate-linear and fully as long as the 

tube of the corolla.— Chiefly towards and beyond the Mississippi. 

++ ++ ++ Stem very leafy, simple and strict, continued into a very leafy-bracted spike: leaves 
and bracts laciniate-toothed : lips of the corolla of nearly similar lobes, smooth and naked: seeds 
with a very smooth and even coat. 

——_L. fenestralis, Cav. Annual or at most biennial, 2 or 3 feet high, nearly glabrous, or the 
sharp decurrent angles of the stem hairy: leaves oblong or lanceolate, all the upper partly 
clasping and acuminate, passing into the similar bracts of the long spicate inflorescence, 
these mostly exceeding the crowded flowers: calyx-tube obovate; the lobes linear and 
mostly with some slender teeth: tube of the corolla 2 lines long, surpassing the stamens 
and style: larger anthers short-bearded at tip.—Ic. vi. 8, t. 512; Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxiv. 
t.47. L. pectinata, Engelm. in Wisliz. Rep. 108.— 8. W. Texas to Arizona and Mexico. 
+h +r ++ ++ Stems leafy, often paniculately branched: flowers loosely racemose: sinuses of the 

calyx not appendaged: mainly biennials or annuals. 
= Cauline leaves chiefly linear, entire or merely denticulate: capsule not inflated. 
a. Tube of the corolla fully 3 lines long: perennial from filiform rootstocks. 

— L. gruina, Cav. Puberulent or glabrous: stems nearly simple, slender, a foot or two 
high: leaves all lanceolate or linear, acute, denticulate, an inch or two long: raceme 
mostly slender-peduncled and few-flowered: calyx-lobes slender-subulate, shorter than the 
tube of the corolla. — Arizona, in the Sierra Blanca, at 7000 feet, Rothrock. Flowers smaller 
than in Mexican specimens; the tube of corolla only 3 lines long. (Mex.). 


b. Tube of the bright blue (rarely varying to white) corolla not over 2 lines long; the two superior 
lobes small and narrow: plants mainly glabrous, slender and erect: inflorescence disposed to 


become paniculate. 

L. Boykini, Torr. & Gray. Perennial: stem a foot or two high from a creeping root- 
stock, fistulous, mostly simple: leaves all small and scattered, filiform or nearly so, an inch 
or less long and above reduced to setaceous bracts: filiform pedicels rather longer than the 
flower, spreading: calyx-lobes setaccous-subulate, spreading, very much longer than the 
short tube, which in fruit is rounded at base: mature capsule half superior: seeds short- 
oval, rough-rugose.— A. DC. Prodr. vii. 874; Chapm. Fl. 255.— Pine-barren swamps in 
shallow water, S. Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, beginning to flower in May. 

L. Canbyi, Gray. Perennial from offsets? or annual, 2 feet high, the larger plants pani- 
culately branched above, obscurely pubcrulent, scabrous or nearly smooth: leaves linear, 
remotely denticulate-glandular, an inch or two long, a line or two wide: racemes elongated, 
often lvafy at base: pedicels naked, erect or ascending, shorter than the bracts or the 
flower : calyx-lobes subulate-linear, denticulate-glandular, hardly longer than the wholly 


Lobelia. LOBELIACES. 7 


inferior oblong-turbinate capsule: seeds oblong-obovate, rugose-reticulated. — Man. ed. 5. 
284.— Wet swamps, New Jersey, Delaware, and S. Carolina: fl. late summer. Corolla 
about 4 lines long. Capsule 2 lines long. 


«== J,, Kalmii, L. Biennial or perhaps perennial from small rosulate offsets, a span to a foot 
or more high, often paniculately branching, glabrous and smooth or below slightly hairy : 
radical and lowest cauline leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, and the upper linear, an inch 
or two long: racemes loosely and mostly few-flowered, often leafy at base or panicled: 
pedicels equalling or longer than the flowers, mostly 2-glandular or minutely bracteolate 
above the middle: calyx-lobes subulate, a little longer than the broadly turbinate tube : 
capsule shorter and blunter at base than in the preceding, or even roundish, wholly inferior : 
seeds oblong, reticulated. — Bot. Mag. t. 2258. — Wet banks, Lower Canada and Hudson’s 
Bay to L. Winnipeg, and to 8S. New York and Penn., but rare southward. 


— J], Nuttallii, Roem. & Schult. Annual, or at most biennial, very slender, a foot or two 
high, simple or sparingly and loosely branched above: leaves an inch or less in length; the 
radical ones oblong or oval; the others from lanceolate to linear, denticulate-glandular : 
racemes slender: pedicels mostly longer than the bract and shorter than the flower; the 
ininute bractlets, if any, near the base: calyx-lobes subulate, considerably shorter than the 
tube of the pale blue corolla: capsule short and broad, obtuse or rounded at base, half 
superior: seeds obovate-oval, roughish, these as well as the flowers only half the size of 
those of ZL. Canbyi.— Torr. Fl. N. Y.i. 240. LZ. gracilis, Nutt. Gen. ii. 77. ZL. Kalmii, var. 
gracilis, Bart. Fl. i. t. 34.— Moist pine barrens, New Jersey and Penn. to Georgia. Whole 
corolla 8 or at most 4 lines long.—To this belongs the Rapuntium minimum flore pallido 
ceruleo; Clayt., Gronov. Fl. Virg. ed. 2. 134. 
== = Leaves chiefly ovate or oblong and more or less serrate or toothed: root annual: stems 

branching. 
uw. Capsule not inflated, partly or sometimes mainly superior: pedicels of the pedunculate raceme 
slender: leaves mostly petioled. 

—~— L. Cliffortidna, L. Glabrous or slightly and minutely hairy, a foot or so high: leaves 
ovate or slightly cordate, obtusely toothed or repand, petioled, or the upper lanceolate and 
sessile: pedicels filiform, longer than the flowers: calyx-tube obconical; the lobes subulate 
and shorter than the tube of the corolla: capsule ovoid, obtuse, nearly the upper half free: 
seeds oval, very smooth and shining. — Hort. Cliff. t. 26, & Sp., excl. syn. Gronov. ; Michx. Fl. 
ii. 152¢ (Therefore LZ. Michaurii, Nutt. Gen.?) — Occasionally met with in the 8. Atlantic 
States, in waste or cult. grounds: probably introduced from Trop. Amer. 

Var. Xalapénsis differs in the fully two-thirds free and rather more oblong capsule 
(which does not, as in LZ. micrantha, much exceed the calyx-lobes), and the stems are weaker 
or diffuse. —L. Xalapensis, HBK.— Peninsula of Florida (Canby, E. Palmer, &c.); perhaps 
introduced from W. Ind. and Mex. : 

—— Var. brachypoda, a remarkable and distinct form, with cauline leaves from obovate- 
spatulate to lanceolate, and pedicels (2 or at most 3 lines long) rather shorter than the -~- 
flower or the capsule, which is that of genuine L. Cliffortiana. — L. Berlandieri, Torr. Mex. 
Bound. 107, hardly of A.DC.—S. W. Texas, Wright, Parry. Adjacent parts of Mexico, 
Berlandier, &c. (No. 3177 of the latter may be L. Berlandieri, A.DC., but is from Mata- 
moras, not Tampico: it has long filiform pedicels and seems to be a depauperate form of 
the true L. Cliffortiana.) 

L. Feayana, Gray. Slender, a span high, diffusely branched from the base, glabrous 
throughout: leaves small (a quarter to half inch long), repand-denticulate, roundish or 
obovate, or the small uppermost spatulate or lanceolate and sessile: raceme loosely 4-10- 
flowered: pedicels as long as the flower, twice or thrice the length of the subulate bract: 
calyx-tube and capsule broadly obconical ; the latter two-thirds inferior, its free apex about 
the length of the subulate calyx-lobes ; these only half the length of the tube of the bright 
blue corolla: anthers glabrous (except the bearded tips of the shorter ones): seeds oblong, 
with a rough cellular coat.— Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 60,—E. & S. Florida, Dr. Feay, Dr. E. 

«Palmer, Mrs. Treat. Tube of the corolla under 2 lines long. Pedicels 2 to 4 lines long. 


b. Capsule inflated, wholly inferior, longer than the pedicels: leaves sessile. 
s== L. inflata, L. (Ivpian Topacco.) Pubescent, a foot or two high, branching above, and 


the spike-like but loose racemes paniculate: leaves ovate or oblong (an inch or two long), 
obtusely toothed, veiny; the upper forming foliaceous bracts: uppermost bracts linear- 


8 LOBELIACE. Palmerella. 


subulate as long as the pedicels: corolla pale blue or whitish, 2 lines long, hardly sur- 
passing the subulate-linear calyx-lobes: turgid capsule oval, 4 lines long, glabrous, trans- 
versely veiny between the ribs: seeds oblong, roughish and reticulated. — Act. Ups. 1741, 
23, t. 1; Schk. Handb. t. 269; Barton, Med. t. 16; Bigelow, Med. t. 19; Torr. Fl. N. Y.t. 63. 
—Open rather dry grounds, Hudson’s Bay to Saskatchewan, and to Georgia and Ar- 
kansas. Herbage very acrid, formerly much employed in empirical medicine; an acrid- 
narcotic poison. 


38. PALMERELLA, Gray. (Named for the discoverer, Dr. Edward 
Palmer.) — A single species. — Proc, Am. Acad. xi. 81, & Bot. Calif. i. 619. 


P. débilis, Gray, l.c. A glabrous apparently perennial herb: stems simple or branched 
above, 2 feet high, slender and rather weak or spreading, very leafy: cauline leaves lan- 
ceolate or linear-lanceolate, about 2 inches long, entire or remotely denticulate, very 
acute; the uppermost passing into foliaceous or at length slender-subulate bracts of the 
few-many-flowered raceme: pedicels rather slender: lobes of the calyx slender or seta- 
ceous-subulate, much longer than the tube, about half the length of the tube of the blue 
corolla. —In the Tantillas Cafion, just below San Diego Co., California, Palmer. Corolla- 
tube whitish, three-fourths of an inch long, tomentose within, in age disposed to split up 
from below as in most Lobelias, and the filaments then separating, the sinus between the 
small lobes completely closed, and the filaments most adnate on that side: three larger 
lobes deep violet-blue, 3 or 4 lines long. Mature fruit not seen. 

Var. serrata, Gray; a form with inflorescence and tube of the corolla somewhat 
puberulent; all but the upper leaves acutely serrate; the lowest broader, spatulate and 
obovate. — Bot. Calif. 1. e.; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. 1877, t. 16. — Valley of Ojai Creek, 
Ventura Co., California, Rothrock. : 


4, LAURENTIA, Micheli. (In honor of MZ A. Laurenti, Professor at 
Bologna early in the 18th century.) — Low herbs, with the aspect and characters 
of the small species of Lobelia, excepting the closed tube of the corolla: flowers 
blue. Mainly 8. Europe, Africa, and §. America: some have ovary almost free. 
—A.DC. Prodr. vii. 409; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 549. Porterella, Torr. in 
Hayden Rep. 1872, 488. 


=== J, carndésula, Benth. Annual, rooting in the mud, glabrous, 1 to 5 inches high, rather 


succulent : leavcs oblong-linear or lanceolate, entire, sessile, a quarter to half inch long: flowers 
axillary and above corymbose or racemose, long-pedicelled : calyx-lobes somewhat foliaceous, 
linear, obtuse, equalling the oblong-obconical or clavate tube, and also that of the corolla: 
seeds elongated-oblong, smooth. — Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 444. Lobelia carnosula, Hook. & Arn. 
Bot. Beech. 362. Porterella carnosula (carnulosa), Torr. 1. v.; Parry in Am. Nat. viii. 177.— 
Muddy borders of ponds and streams, from California in the Sierra Nevada to Utah and 
Wyoming. Limb of corolla deep blue with a white or yellowish throat ; three larger lobes 
round-obovate, 2 or 3 lines long; the other two small and lanceolate. 


5. DOWNINGIA, Torr. (In memory of A. JZ Downing, distinguished in 
landscape gardening, pomology, and horticulture.) — Low and mostly showy- 
flowered annuals (of Oregon, California, and one in Chili); with entire and ses- 
sile slightly succulent small leaves, the upper passing into bracts to the axillary 
sessile flowers, which, on account of the very long and slender calyx-tube and 
ovary, seem to be racemose or corymbose. Corolla blue, with white or yellowish 
throat or broad blotch on the large lip. Capsule sometimes twisted. Seeds oblons, 
very smooth. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 116; Benth. & Hook. lc. Clintonia, Dougl.; 
Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1241. 


“=ZD. élegans, Torr. Stems a span toa foot long: leaves from ovate to lanccolate, acute 
(4 to 10 lines long): larger lip of the corolla moderately 3-lobed, the other lobes lanceolate : 
seeds short-oblong. — Clintonia elegans, Dougl.; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1241. C. corymbosa, A.DC. 
Prodr. vii. 347, a more leafy form. — Wet ground, N. California to Washington Terr., and 


Downingia. CAMPANULACES. 9 


Nevada to Idaho. Large lip of corolla a fourth to half inch long and broad. Capsule 
often 2 inches long. 


o== D. pulchélla, Torr. Mostly lower or weaker-stemmed: leaves more linear and obtuse: 
large lip of the corolla deeply 3-lobed ; the other two lobes oblong-ovate: sceds elongated- 
oblong. — Clintonia pulchella, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1909; Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2. t. 412. — Wet 
banks, California, nearly through the State, and in the borders of N. Nevada and Oregon. 
Large lip of corolla much broader than long (9 or 10 by 5 or 6 lines); all the lobes intense 
blue; the large centre mostly white. — ge like sa ae ae both cultivated as orna- 


ae annugJs 
Reerenen ee file’ 
pee CAMPANULACE.. 


Herbs, with bland milky juice, alternate simple leaves, no stipules, and regular 
5-merous flowers; the tube of the calyx adnate to the 2—5-celled many-ovuled 
ovary; the corolla and 5 stamens (alternate with its lobes) inserted where the 
calyx becomes free, or the latter adnate merely to the base of the corolla; fruit a 
many-seeded capsule, rarely baccate. Calyx persistent, usually divided down to 
the ovary. Corolla valvate, induplicate, or rarely imbricate in the bud. Stamens 
mostly distinct: anthers with 2 parallel cells, introrse. Style one, almost always 
pubescent or puberulent for some distance below the 2 to 5 introrse stigmas. 
Ovules anatropous, on placente projecting from the axis. Seeds small, usually 
smooth. Embryo straight in the axis of fleshy albumen. Flowers often showy; 
the corolla commonly blue or in the same species white, and withering rather than 
deciduous. In fertilization proterandrous; the anthers opening in the bud, dis- 
charging their pollen upon the style, where it accumulates upon the collecting 
hairs or pubescence; the stigmas (then firmly conniving) maturing and diverging 
much later, receiving only pollen conveyed from flower to flower by insects. 


Trispe I. SPHENOCLE.E. Corolla imbricated in the bud, bearing the short sta- 
mens. Style destitute of collecting hairs. Flowers simply spicate, centripetal. 


1, SPHENOCLEA. Flowers all alike. Calyx with 5 roundish lobes ; the short tube ad- 
nate almost to the depressed summit of the ovary. Corolla short-campanulate, 5-lobed, 
deciduous, bearing the stamens on the lower part of its tube. Style very short: stigma 
capitate-2-lobed. Capsule globular and cuneate at base, 2-celled, with stipitate placenta, 
circumscissile just below the calyx-lobes, which fall with the lid. Seeds very numerous, 
oblong. 


Trise Il. CAMPANULE.E. Corolla mostly valvate or induplicate in the bud, and 
stamens free or adnate to its very base. Style below the stigmas clothed with pollen- 
collecting hairs. Inflorescence mostly centrifugal, sometimes centripetal. 


* Capsule opening by a perforation at the apex within the calyx. 


2. GITHOPSIS. Flowers all alike and corolliferous. Tube of the calyx club-shaped, 
strongly 10-ribbed, adnate up to the very summit of the ovary ; limb of 4 long and linear 
foliaceous lobes. Corolla tubular-campanulate 5-lobed. Filaments short, dilated at the 
base: anthers long, linear. Ovary 3-celled: stigma 3lobed. Capsule club-shaped, cori- 
aceous, crowned with the rigid calyx-lobes of its own length, strongly striate-ribbed, many- 
seeded, opening when the persistent base of the style falls away by a round hole in its 
place. Seeds fusiform-oblong. — Annual. 


%* * Capsule dehiscent by one or more small valvular openings on the sides, usually over 
a partition, rarely disposed also to split septicidally. 

3. SPECULARIA. Flowers in Amer. species dimorphous ; the earlier ones smaller, with 
undeveloped corolla, and close-fertilized in the bud. Calyx-lobes in these flowers com- 
monly 3 or 4, in the ordinary corolliferous flowers 5, narrow: calyx-tube more or less elon- 
gated and narrow, usually prismatic. Corolla short and broad, rotate when expanded 
or nearly so, 5lobed or 5-parted. Anthers linear. Stigmas and cells of the ovary 5, some- 
times 2 or 4. Capsule prismatic or elongated obconical, or cylindraceous ; the taly. ular 
openings either near the summit or near the middle. — Annuals. 


10 CAMPANULACEZ. Sphenoclea. 


4. CAMPANULA. Flowers all alike and corolliferous. Calyx-lobes 5, narrow, its tube 
short and broad. Corolla campanulate or nearly rotate, 5-lobed or 5-parted. Filaments 
dilated at base: anthers oblong or linear. Stigmas and cells of the ovary 3 to 5. Cap- 
sule mostly short, opening on the sides or near the base by 3 to 5 small uplifted valves or 
perforations. 

* * * Capsule bursting indefinitely on the sides by the giving way of the thin walls. 

5. HETEROCODON. Flowers dimorphous in the manner of Specularia. Calyx with 
large and leaf-like ovate lobes, 3 or 4 in the earlier, 5 in the later flowers, much longer 
than the obpyramidal tube. Corolla open campanulate, 5-lobed. Stamens, style, &c., as in 
Campanula. Capsule 3-celled, 3-angled, very thin and membranaceous. Seeds numerous, 
oblong, obscurely triangular. — Annual. 


1. SPHENOCLEA, Gaertn. (ov, a wedge, and xetw, to shut up, the 
bases of the crowded capsules becoming wedge-shaped by mutual pressure.) — A 
single species, native of tropical Africa or Asia, dispersed over the warmer parts 
of the world. 

S. ZeytAnica, Gertn. Glabrous and somewhat succulent annual, « foot or more high: 
leaves entire, from obovate to lanceolate, tapering into a petiole: flowers closely sessile in 

a dense terminal pedunculate spike, small, each subtended by a short bract and pair of 


bractlets: corolla white, a line or so wide, slightly exceeding the calyx.— S. Pongatium, 
A.DC. Prodr. vii. 548. Pongatium Indicum (Juss.), Lam.— Low grounds, nat. in Louisiana. 


2. GITHOPSIS, Nutt. (From the resemblance of the calyx to that of 
Githago, the Corn Cockle.) — Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. viii. 258; Benth. 
& Hook. Gen. ii. 559; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. 446. — Single species. 

——~ G. specularioides, Nutt. Small annual, 2 to 10 inches high, hirsute or glabrate: leaves 
small, linear-oblong, coarsely toothed, sessile: flowers simply terminating the stem or 
branches, or becoming lateral, strictly erect: corolla blue: rigid capsule tapering into a 
very short and stout peduncle. — G. calycina, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 821. G. pulchella, Vatké in 
Linn. xxxviii. 714. Open grounds, California, toward the coast, and Oregon. Calyx- 
lobes from near half to three-fourths inch long, rigidly 1-nerved, sometimes few-toothed. 
The form named G. calycina has short corolla, exceeded by the long calyx-lobes; the G. 


pulchella, longer corolla syypassing the calyx-lobes. 
L ; td 
Zz Soot ER A, “Heister, A.DC. (Speculum Veneris, i. e. Venus’s 


Looking-Glass, an early popular appellation of the common European species.) — 
Annuals, with leafy slender stems, and sessile or short-peduncled flowers, 1-2- 
bracteolate, terminal or in the axils of the leaves. Corolla blue or purplish. The 
American species, differing from those of the Old World chiefly in the dimorphism 
of the flowers, are not to be generically separated. — Triodanis (not Triodallus), 
Raf., founded on specimens with only the close-fertilized flowers yet appearing. 
Dysmicodon, section of Specularia, Endl., but the true character unnoticed. Dys- 
micodon & Campylocera, Nutt. 1. ¢. 


§ 1. Campyiécera, Gray. Flowers dimorphous. Stigmas 2 to 4. Capsule 
slender, straight or curved, occasionally twisted, in the close-fertilized flowers 
at least disposed to split longitudinally into valves, sometimes by abortion one- 
celled. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 82. Campylocera, Nutt. 1. ¢. 


S. leptoc4rpa, Gray. Minutely hirsute and roughish or nearly glabrous: stems (a 
span or two high) virgate, mostly simple or branched from the base: leaves lanceolate: 
flowers closely sessile in their axils: stigmas 2 or 3: cclls of the ovary as many, 
or in the lower close-fertilized flowers only one with a parietal placenta: calyx-lobes 
of the lower flowers 8: capsules nearly cylindrical (half to three-fourths inch long, only a 
line thick), inclined to curve and rarely to twist, opening by one or two uplifted valves 
near the summit; the lowest also often spliting longitudinally from the summit: seeds 
oblong. — Proc, Am. Acad. 1. c. Campylocera leptocarpa, Nutt. lc. Speculuria (Campanula) 


Campanula. CAMPANULACES. 11 


Linsecomii, Buckley, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 460.— Arkansas to W. Texas and Colorado. 
Leaves an inch long or less. Expanded corolla half to three-fourths inch wide. 


S. Lindheimeri, Vatké. Larger than the last: stems erect or diffuse (1 to 3 feet long), 
paniculately branched above: leaves oblong-lanceolate or the lower oblong or spatulate : 
flowers subsessile or short-peduncled, commonly terminating branchlets: stigmas 3 or 4: cells 
of the ovary as many: calyx-lobes even in close-fertilized flowers 5, about the length of 
the ovary : capsules angular, narrowed to the base, mostly straight, not twisted, opening 
by 2 or 3 downwardly turned or irregularly bursting small valves below the summit, and 
afterwards somewhat disposed to be scpticidal: seeds almost orbicular, flattened. — Linn. 
xxxviii. 713; Gray, lc. Campanula Coloradoense, Buckley, 1. c.— W. Texas, on the Colo- 
rado and Guadaloupe, &c. Larger leaves two inches long. Expanded corolla sometimes 
an inch broad. 


§ 2. Dysaicépon, Endl. Flowers dimorphous. Capsule rather short, straight, 
not disposed to split. — Dysmicodon, Nutt. 1.c. 


aos §. bifléra, Gray. Stem slender, mostly simple or branched from the base, minutely and 
retrorsely serrulate-hispid on the angles: leaves sessile, ovate or oblong, or the upper re- 
duced to lanceolate bracts, sparingly somewhat crenate: flowers sessile, singly or in pairs 
in the axils: the lower and close-fertilized ones with 3 or 4 short subulate or ovate calyx- 
lobes; the upper with 4 or 5 longer lanceolate-subulate calyx-lobes shorter than the 
developed corolla: capsule oblong and cylindraceous or slightly fusiform, obscurely ribbed, 
the 2 or 3 valvular openings close under the calyx: seeds lenticular. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. 
‘ampanula biflora, Ruiz. & Pav. F). Per. ii. 55, t. 200, f. 6. C. Montevidensis, Spreng.?  C. Lu- 
doviciana, Torr. ined. (. intermedia, Engelm. in Nutt. 1. ce. Dysmicodon Californicum & 
D. ovatum, Nutt. le. Specularia ovata, Vatké, 1. c.— Open grounds, often with the next, 
S. Carolina to Texas and Arkansas; also in California. Leaves half an inch or less in 
length, the uppermost shorter than the flowers. (8. Am.) 
=~ §. perfoliata, A.DC. Stems commonly stouter and simple (8 to 20 inches high), very leafy 
throughout, hirsute or hispid on the angles, sometimes smoother: leaves round-cordate 
and clasping, mostly crenate, veiny : flowers sessile singly or clustered in the axils: calyx- 
lobes of the close-fertilized flowers 3 or 4 and short, of the later and corolliferous flowers 
as long as the ovary: capsule oblong or somewhat obconical; the 2 or 8 valvular open- 
ings at or below the middle: seeds lenticular.— Torr. Fl]. N. Y. i. 428, t.65. Campanula 
perfoliata, L.; HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. t. 265. C. amplericaulis, Michx., &e. Dysmicodon 
perfoliatum, Nutt. 1. c.—Open gravelly ground, Canada to Texas, Utah, and Oregon. 
(Mex., &c.) 


4, CAMPANULA, Tourn. Bett-riower, Hare-BeLu. (Italian Cam- 
pana, a bell.) — Flowers mostly showy or pretty and blue or white, in summer. 
Seeds smooth. A very large genus, dispersed over the northern hemisphere. but 
scanty in North America. Ours all have a 3-celled ovary, and all but one on our 
north-western borders have naked sinuses to the calyx. “ Canterbury-bells” of 
the gardens, C. A/edium, represents the section with reflexed appendages in the 
sinuses of the calyx, covering the tube, and the cells to the ovary as many as 
lobes to the corolla. 


§ 1. Calyx with deflexed appendages at the sinuses more or less covering the 
tube: our species perennial and the stigmas and cells of the ovary 3. 


C. pilésa, Pall. Stems an inch to a span high, 1-flowered, when young woolly-pubescent : 
leaves mainly radical, from ovate to spatulate-lanceolate, crenate; the cauline from lan- 
ceolate to linear: calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate: corolla an inch or more long, open-cam- 
panulate, internally soft-bearded ; its tube longer than the lobes and surpassing the calyx. 
— Roem. & Sch. Syst. v. 148; Ledeb. Ic. t. 209; Herder in Radde, Reis. iv. 6. C. dasyantha, 
Bieb. Cauc.; Reichenb. Ic. Crit. i. t. 85; A-DC. Camp. t.10,f.4.  C. Pallasiana, Roem. & 
Sch. lc. C. Altaica, ADC. 1.c. 229, t. 10, f.3.— Alaska, Aleutian Islands, and northward. 
(Kamtschatka and Siberia.) 


12 CAMPANULACE. Campanula. 


§ 2. Calyx wholly destitute of appendages at the sinuses: stigmas and cells of 
the ovary 3. 


%* Style not longer than the corolla, straight: root perennial in all the North American species. 
+— Openings of the capsule toward its summit: low and one-flowered arctic-alpine plants. 

C. lasiocdrpa, Cham. An inch to a span high, rather slender: leaves denticulate or 
laciniate with subulate salient teeth; the radical spatulate or oblong, mostly acute, and 
slender-petioled; cauline few and lanceolate or linear: calyx-tube obconical, villous ; its 
lobes lanceolate-linear, laciniate-toothed: corolla between half and an inch long, broadly 
oblong-campanulate, glabrous within ; its tube twice the length of its lobes and surpassing 
the calyx: capsule turbinate. — Linn. iv. 39; Hook. Fl. ii. 28. C. algida, Fischer in A.DC. 
Camp. 338, t. 11, £4. — Summit of high northern Rocky Mountains (Drummond) ; N. W. 
Coast and Islands. (Kamtschatka.) 


e=C, unifiéra, L. Chiefly glabrous, 1 to 4 inches high: leaves small (an inch or less long), 
entire or nearly so, thickish; the lowest spatulate or oblong, obtuse, uppermost linear: 
flower small (4 to 6 lines long), rather slender-peduncled: calyx-tube often pubescent, nearly 
as long as the lobes, which are from fully to half the length of the bluish corolla: capsule 
cylindraceous or clavate (half inch long).— Fl. Lapp. t. 9; Fl. Dan. t. 1512. — Arctic 
regions from Labrador to Aleutian Islands, and south to the Colorado Rocky Mountains. 
(N.W. Eu., N. E. Asia.) 
+— + Openings of the capsule at or near its base. 
++ Rather coarse and large, pubescent, many-flowered European species, escaped from cultivated 
ground and sparingly naturalized near the Northern Atlantic coast. 

amc ©, rapuncuLoipes, L. Minutely roughish-pubescent: stem 1 to 8 feet high, simple or at 
length branching : leaves more or less crenate and acuminate; the lower and radical ones 
cordate and long-petioled; upper lanceolate and passing into bracts of the loose virgate 
mostly one-sided true raceme: corolla oblong-campanulate deeply 5-lobed (an inch long), 
blue: capsule globular, nodding on a short pedicel. — Fl. Dan. t. 1327. — Roadsides and 
fields, Canada to Penn. (Nat. from Eu.) 

ome C, GLomeRATA, L. Pubescent, a foot high: leaves serrulate; the lowest and radical cor- 
date-oblong and slender-petioled; the others closely sessile, ovate-lanceolate or oblong: 
flowers sessile in a few terminal and upper axillary clusters, exceeding the leafy bracts: 
corolla (an inch long) oblong-campanulate: capsule erect, opening near the base. — FI. 
Dan. t. 1828. — Roadsides, E. Massachusetts: rare. (Nat. from Eu.) 


++ ++ Slender or low species, with filiform, rootstocks, mostly glabrous, one-several-flowered (in- 
fluorescence centrifugal): peduncles or pedicels slender, 


== When several racemosely disposed on the simple smooth stem: capsule nodding: radical leaves 
roundish or ovate and often cordate, at least on sterile shoots. (HARE-BELLS. ) 

«=<=C. Schetichzeri, Vill. Stem a span to a foot high, 1-4flowered, more commonly 1- 
flowered: cauline leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, sessile, not rarely denticulate ; 
lowest cauline spatulate: flower-bud nodding: campanulate corolla half to three-fourths 
inch long, little or moderately exceeding the slender linear-subulate calyx-lobes. — Prosp. 22 
(1779), & Dauph. ii. 503, t. 10; Koch, Syn. 538. C. linifolia, Willd.; A.DC. 1. ¢., &e., in 
part, not Lam. (1785). C. dubia, ADC. Camp. 286.  C. Lungsdorffiana, Gray in Am. Jour. pe 
Sci. xxxiv. 254.— Alpine and subalpine or subarctic, Newfoundland and Labrador, and 
Alaska ; Rocky Mountains down to Colorado, Parry, £. Hall. The latter specimens strictly 
1-flowered, with the base or lower part of the leaves hirsute-ciliate, and calyx-lobes spar- 
ingly denticulate. (Eu., N. Asia.) 

Var. heterodd6xa. Stems more diffuse and leafy: cauline leaves from lanceolate to 
ovate-lanceolate (2 or 3 to even 5 lines wide), often sharply denticulate, nearly all tapering 
into margined petioles; the radical round-cordate or ovate (sometimes an inch in diameter) : 
corolla two-thirds to a full inch long: slender calyx-lobes more spreading or even reflexed, 
especially in fruit. — Vest in Roem. & Sch. Syst. v.98; Bong. Sitk. 144. C. Langsdorffiana, 
Fischer. C. linifolia, var. Langsdorffiana, ADC. Camp. 279, in part. C. linifolia, var. hetcro- 
dora, Ledeb. Fl. Ross. ii. 888. C. pratensis, ADC. 1. cv. 2877 excel. var. — Newfoundland, 
Pylaie; Alaska and islands to the Shumagins. 


=~ C. rotundifdlia, L. Stems diffuse or crect, a foot or two long, or sometimes dwarfer, 
1-9-flowercd: orbicular or cordate slender-petioled leaves only on radical shoots; cauline 


_7 


Campanula. CAMPANULACELE. 18 


leaves linear: flower-buds erect on the slender pedicel: campanulate corolla from half to 
even an inch long: calyx-lobes setaceous-subulate. — Fl. Dan. t. 855 & 1036. — C- petiolata, 
A.DC. 1. c., is apparently this rather than the foregoing. — Rocky banks through the sub- 
arctic regions, and common northward, ranging south to the Alleghany Mountains, New 
Mexico, and the northern borders of California. Calyx-lobes from a third to half the 
length of the bright blue corolla, and erect or spreading ; or sometimes nearly equalling it, 
almost filiform, and widely spreading after the flower opens. (Eu., N. .\sia.) 

== == Peduncles when several cymose or paniculate, erect in blossom and fruit: angles of the 

weak stem and midrib or margins of leaves commonly retrorsely scabrous: flowers small. 

C. aparinoides, Pursh. Stem a foot or two high, almost filiform, equally leafy to the 
top; its sharp angles rough with almost prickly short retrose bristles: so also the midrib 
beneath and the margins of the lanceolate or linear sessile leaves: flower-buds drooping : 
corolla open-campanulate, deeply 5-cleft (the lobes 2 lines long or less): calyx-lobes tri- 
angular, short, about equalling the tube of the pale blue or whitish corolla. — FI. i. 159. 
C’. erinoides, Muhl., Nutt., &c., not L.— Wet grassy grounds, Canada to Georgia, and from 
the Saskatchewan to the mountains in Colorado. Leaves varying from linear, and 20 
lines long by one wide, to lanceolate-oblong, less than an inch long and + lines wide. 


C. Floridana, Watson, in herb. Glabrous and smooth throughout: stems filiform, 
simple or sparingly branched, a span high; leaves from oblong to linear-lanceolate, re- 
motely serrulate, almost sessile, about half an inch long: flowers few, terminating the 
stem or branches: corolla 5-parted, blue, somewhat rotate; the divisions ovate-lanceolate, 
equalled by the slender lanceolate-linear smooth and spreading calyx-lobes.— E. and S. 
Florida: Pease River, Dr. Feay; and Indian River, &e., Dr. E. Pulmer. Calyx lobes 2 to 
at length 4 lines long. 

C. linneifélia, Gray. <A span to a foot high, simple or sparingly branched at summit: 
leaves from roundish to ovate-oblong, obtuse, crenatcly serrate, nearly sessile, half inch or 
less long; the margins and the sharp angles of the stem retrorsely hispid-ciliate: flowers 
solitary terminating the branches: corolla pale blue, campanulate, 5-cleft (barely half inch 
long), its tube somewhat exceeding the broadly lanceolate calyx-lobes, which are retrorsely 
ciliolate like the leaves: capsule globular. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 366, & Bot. Calif. i. 448. 
Wahlenbergia Californica, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 158 ?— Swamps, Mendocino Co., 
California, Bolander, &c. 

* * Style filiform and straight, exceeding the narrow campanulate corolla: capsule hemispherical 
or short-turbinate, the openings near the middle or base: leaves sharply or laciniately serrate: 
root perennial: inflorescence centrifugal, 


+ Racemiform. Pacific species. 


— C. Scotileri, Hook. Glabrous or a little pubescent, stems slender, a span to a foot or so 


—_— 


=— 


long, at length spreading, often branching: leaves from ovate to lanceolate, mostly taper- 
ing at base into a margined petiole: flowers more or less panicled, on long filiform pedicels : 
corolla oblong in the bud, rather longer than the slender calyx-lobes, somewhat deeply 
5-cleft (4 lines long); its lobes ovate-oblong. — A.DC. Camp. 312; Hook. FI. ii. 2s, t. 125. 
— Open coniferous woods, Puget Sound to the mountains in N. California. 

C. prenanthoides, Durand. Glabrous or roughish-puberulent: stems more erect, a 
foot or two high: leaves more numerous and shorter (half to an inch or so long), more 
copiously and sharply serrate, from ovate-oblong to lanceolate ; the cauline mainly sessile: 
flowers racemose, scattered or clustered, generally numerous, short-pedicelled: corolla 
slender-cylindrical in the bud, twice the length of the slender calyx-lobes (5 or 6 lines 
long), almost 5-parted; its lobes narrowly lanceolate and 2 to 4 times the length of the 
tube. —Jour. Acad. Philad., n. ser. ii. 93; Gray, Proc. Am. .Acad., lc. & Bot. Calif. i. 448. 
C. filiflora, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 5. C. Roezli, Regel, Animad. Pl. Hort. Petrop. 
1872, 6. — Coniferous woods and open grounds, California, along the coast from Monterey 
to Mendocino Co., and through the northern part of the Sierra Nevada. Capsule thin- 
walled, and with broad and retuse base. 

+— + Effusely paniculate. Alleghany species. 

C. divaricdta, Michx. Glabrous: stems paniculately branched, 1 to 3 fect high, slender: 
leaves oblong to linear-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, strongly or laciniately serrate in 
the middle, slightly petioled (2 or 3 inches long) : panicle very open and compound: filiform 
pedicels as long as the flowers: corolla pale blue, campanulate, barely 3 lines long; its 


14 CAMPANULACES. 


lobes and the subulate calyx-teeth considerably shorter than its tube. — C. flexuosa, Michx. 
Fl. i. 109, appears to be only a low form of this from the higher mountains. — Rocks and 
banks, along the Alleghanies from Virginia and E. Kentucky to Georgia. 


* * * Long filiform style declined and upwardly curved, much exceeding the rotate corolla: cap- 
sule oblong-clavate, sessile, erect; the openings close to the summit: inflorescence truly spicate 
(centripetal): root annual or at most biennial. 


—C. Americana, L. Sparsely hairy or almost glabrous: stem mostly simple, a yard or 
two high: leaves thin and large, ovate and ovate-lanceolate or the lowest cordate, petioled ; 
upper passing into bracts of the clongated and loosely many-flowered virgate spike: corolla 
white or blue, almost 5-parted; its lobes ovate or ovate-lanceolate, half an inch long, 
exceeding the divergent subulate-sctaccous calyx-lobes: capsules half an inch long. — 
C. obliqua, Jacq. Scheenb. t. 886. C. acuminata, Michx. Fl. i. 108. C. declinata, Moench. 
C. Illinoensis, Fresenius, a branched state with paniculate leafy spikes, which is not uncom- 
mon. — Shaded low ground, W. New York to Iowa, south to Georgia and Arkansas. 


C. pranrriéra, Lam. (C. nitida, Ait.), long ago described from cultivated specimens, 
vaguely attributed to North America, is wholly unknown in the wild state; apparently allied 
- C. persicefolia, L., 4nd not N. American. 


5. HETEROCODON, Nutt. (Eréoa, different, and 0dr, a bell, from 
the two kinds of campanulate flowers.) — A single species, near Campanula, to 
which Bentham joins it. — Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. n. ser. viii. 255. 

==> H. rarifl6rum, Nutt. A delicate little annual, sparsely hirsute: stems filiform, diffusely 
spreading, leafy, branching: leaves orbicular with cordate partly clasping base (a fourth 
to half inch long), coarsely many-toothed: flowers solitary, terminal and lateral, also axil- 
lary ; the later ones only with well-developed pale blue corolla, which barely exceeds the 
ovate and sparingly toothed foliaceous calyx-lobes; these one to three lines long. — Shady 
and grassy places, Vancouver’s Island to California and Nevada, along the coast ranges 
and the Sierra Nevada. 


OrpER LXXVII. ERICACEZ. 


Trees, shrubs, or some perennial herbs, with simple and undivided leaves des- 
titute of stipules and commonly alternate, symmetrical (4—5-merous) and perfect 
flowers, either regular or occasionally irregular, stamens free or nearly free from 
the corolla and as many or more commonly twice as many as its lobes or petals, 
the anthers 2-celled and in most opening by pores (in many awned or otherwise 
appendaged), the pollen composed of 4 united grains (except in the fourth suborder 
and a part of the third), and the style single. Calyx imbricated or sometimes 
valvate in the bud, free and the corolla and stamens hypogynous, except in the 
first suborder. Corolla not rarely 5— (or 4-) petalous, in the bud imbricated or in 
some convolute. Anthers introrse, or in the Pyrol/nee primarily and normally 
extrorse, but in anthesis introrsely inverted! Ovary 4-10-celled (or the cells 
rarely 3 or 2 and fewer than the petals), with placente in the axis (a tribe of 
Monotropee excepted) ; the ovules numerous, generally very numerous, sometimes 
solitary, anatropous. Stigma not rarely girt with a ring, entire or merely lobed ; 
only in Clethra is the apex of the style 3-cleft. Fruit capsular, baccate, or dru- 
paceous. Embryo small or minute, in fleshy albumen; the cotyledons small and 
short or undeveloped. (ricacee, Vacciniacee, Pyrolacee, & Monotropee of 
authors, all merging into one large family.) 


Scporper I. VACCINIEZA, Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary (or to the 
greater part of it), which in fruit is baccate, either a true berry or drupaceous, 
crowned with the calyx-teeth. Corolla always gamopetalous, and with the disk 


ERICACEZ. 15 


epigynous. Anthers erect, introrse; the cells partly separate or prolonged at 
apex into a tip or a tubular appendage, where they open by a pore or chink. 
Pollen-grains compound, of four united grains. Stigma not indusiate. Seeds 
with a close and firm coat. — Shrubby or suffrutescent, with scaly buds : leaves all 
alternate. 

* Ovary wholly inferior: herbage not aromatic. 


1. GAYLUSSACIA. Ovary 10-celled, 10-ovuled. Fruit baccate-drupaceous, with 10 
seed-like nutlets. 


2. VACCINIUM.’ Ovary £5 celled, or by false-partitions from the back of these cells 
8-10 celled: ovules numerous. Fruit a berry ; its cells several-many-seeded. 


* * Ovary at first one third to one half superior: herbage aromatic as in Gaultheria. 


3. CHIOGENES. Ovary and white berry 4-celled, many-seeded. Corolla short-campanu- 
late, +cleft. Stamens 8: anthers awnless, 4-cuspidate at apex. 


Suporper II. ERICINEJE. Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla gamo- 
petalous, rarely polypetalous or nearly so, hypogynous. Disk generally annular 
or 8-10-lobed. Anthers upright, introrse. Pollen-grains compound. Shrubs or’ 
small trees. 


Trise I. ARBUTE.E. Fruit fleshy, either baccate or drupaceous. Corolla urceo- 
late or globular, 5-toothed or rarely £-toothed, deciduous. Stamens twice as many 
as the corolla lobes, included. Buds scaly. Leaves alternate. 

4, ARBUTUS. Anthers compressed, bearing a pair of reflexed awns on the back, each 


cell opening at the apex anteriorly by a terminal pore. Ovary 5- (rarely 4-) celled, ripen- 
ing into a granular-coated and many-seeded berry, with firm endocarp. 


5. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. Ovary 4-10-celled, with solitary ovules in the cells, in fruit 
forming a drupe with as many seed-like nutlets or a solid stone. 


Tribe I. ANDROMEDELE. Fruit a loculicidal chiefly 5-celled and many-seeded 
capsule ; the valves usually bearing the partitions, which separate from the per- 
sistent placentiferous axis or columella. Corolla gamopetalous, deciduous. Stamens 
twice the number of the corolla-lobes (mostly 10), more or less included. Leaves 
mainly alternate. 

* Anther-cells opening through their whole length, not appendaged: stigma 5lobed; the 
lobes adnate to a surrounding ring or cup. 

6. EPIGAA. Calyx of 5 nearly distinct and strongly imbricated dry and scarious sepals. 
Corolla salver-form, 5lobed. Stamens 10, mostly equalling the tube of the corolla: fila- 
ments filiform: anthers linear-oblong, blunt. 

* ¥* Anthers opening only at the top: stigma usually entire. 
+ Calyx becoming fleshy and baccate in fruit, enclosing the small capsule. 

7, GAULTHERIA. Calyx 5-cleft; its lobes imbricated. Corolla ovate-urceolate to cam- 
panulate. Stamens 10: filaments dilated towards the base; capsule deeply umbilicate ; 
placente ascending. 

+ + Calyx unchanged and dry under the capsule. 
++ The lobes or sepals valvate or open in the bud, never overlapping. 

8. ANDROMEDA. Corolla from globular-urceolate to cylindraceous, 5-toothed or 5-lobed. 
Ovary and capsule 5-celled, umbilicate: placente borne on the summit or middle of the 
columella; the seeds pendulous or spreading in all directions. 

++ ++ Sepals or calyx-lobes more or less imbricated, at least in the early bud. 


= Corolla cylindraceous or conical-urceolate, 5-toothed: anthers fixed toward their base’: 
leaves plane, usually large and broad: capsule not thickened at the dorsal sutures. 


9, OXYDENDRUM. Calyx short, early open, naked at base. Corolla minutely canes- 
cent. Anthers linear, unappendaged, narrower than the broadly subulate filaments; the 
cells opening by a long chink. Capsule ovoid-pyramidal: placentz on the short columella 
at the base of the cells. Seeds all ascending or erect, scobiform, with loose reticulated 
coat extended at each end much beyond the linear nucleus. Bracts and bractlets minute 
and deciduous. 


16 ERICACEE. 


10, LEUCOTHOE. Calyx slightly or in one section much imbricated. Filaments sub- 
ulate: anthers oblong, obtuse, blunt; the cells opening by a terminal pore or chink, either 
pointless, or 2-mucronate, or sometimes 1-2-awned from the apex: filaments subulate. 
Capsule depressed-globose, 5-lobed; valves mostly thin, entire; placente borne on the 
summit or upper part of the columella. Seeds pendulous or in all directions; the coat 
various but usually loose. 

11. CASSANDRA. Calyx of rigid and much imbricated ovate sepals, subtended by a 
pair of similar bractlets. Filaments subulate (glabrous): anthers awnless; the cells 
tapering into a tubular beak, which opens by a pore at the apex. Capsule depressed- 
globose: pericarp in dehiscence separating into two layers; the chartaceous epicarp locu- 
licidally 5-valved; endocarp cartilaginous, at length 10-valved; sutures not thickened ; 
placente on the summit of the short columella. Seeds imbricated in 2 rows, compressed 
and obtusely angled; the smooth and shining coat much thickened on the side next the 
placenta. 
== = Corolla open-campanulate, 4-5-lobed or parted: anthers short, fixed nearly by their 

apex: fruticulose and heath-like, with small thick or acerose mostly imbricated leaves. 

12. CASSIOPE. Calyx ebracteolate, of ovate imbricated sepals. Anther-cells each open- 
ing by a large terminal pore, and tipped by a slender recurved awn. Capsule globose or 
ovoid, 4-5-valved; the valves 2-cleft. Seed-coat thin and close. 


Tribe III. ERICE.E. Fruit a loculicidal or sometimes septicidal 4-5-celled capsule. 
Corolla gamopetalous, marcescent-persistent; the lobes convolute in the bud. Sta- 
mens twice the number of the corolla-lobes (8, rarely 10). Heath-like leaves com- 
monly opposite or verticillate. 

13. CALLUNA. Corolla campanulate, 4-parted, shorter and less conspicuous than the 
4 concave colored sepals, both scarious and persistent. Anthers with a pair of auriculate 


appendages on the back; the cells opening by a long chink. Ovary 8-angled: ovules 
numerous, pendulous: style filiform. Capsule globose-4-angular, septicidally 4-valved. 


Tring IV. RHODODENDREZ. Fruit a septicidal capsule ; the valves (except in 
Leiophyllum, &c.) in dehiscence separating from the persistent placentiferous colu- 
mella. Corolla deciduous, its lobes or petals chiefly imbricated in the bud. Anthers 
destitute of awns or appendages. Stigma not rarely surrounded by a ring or 
border. (hodorecee Don, name changed by Maximowicz, because Rhodora falls 
into Rhododendron.) 

* Anthers opening by a pore or chink at the apex of each cell. 


+ Corolla gamopetalous: scaly leaf-buds none: flowers from the axils of coriaceo-foli- 
acevus persistent (seldom scale-like or scarious) bracts, or rarely from those of ordinary 
leaves: filaments and style filiform: capsule globular, 4-5-valved from above. 


14, BRYANTHUS. Corolla from campanulate to ovoid, 4-6-lobed; the lobes simply 
imbricated in the bud. Stamens 8 to 10, straight. Leaves heath-like, alternate but crowded. 

15. KALMIA. Corolla crateriform or saucer-shaped, with a short narrow tube, 5-lobed, 
10-saccate below the limb. Stamens 10; the short anthers lodged in the sacs of the 
corolla in the bud, so that the filaments are strongly recurved when this expands. Cap- 
sule tardily septicidal. Leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled, flat. 


+ + Corolla gamopetalous: buds, at least flower-buds, scaly-strobilaceous; the thin or 
scarious scales caducous or deciduous: capsule 4-5-valved (or sometimes more) from 
apex to base: seeds usually (but not always) scobiform, having the loose coat produced 
or appendaged at both ends: calyx often much reduced or obsolete. 


16. MENZIESIA. Flowers usually 4-merous. Corolla from globular-urceolate to cylin- 
draceous, 4-toothed or lobed. Calyx bristly-ciliate. Stamens included, mostly 8: filaments 
subulate : anthers mostly linear-sagittate; the cells opening by an oblique pore or short 
chink. Style included: stigma truncate. Capsule short. 

17. RHODODENDRON. Flowers almost always 5-merous. Corolla various (but not con- 
tracted at the orifice), lobed or cleft, or even parted, often somewhat irregular. Stamens 
sometimes as few as the corolla-lobes, more commonly of twice the number, usually de- 
clined: filaments filiform or slender-subulate: anthers short; the cells opening by a ter- 
minal orbicular pore. Style filiform: stigma capitate or somewhat lobed. 

+ + + Corolla polypetalous or very nearly so: filaments filiform: sceds scobiform or 
linear: placenta borne on the summit of the persistent columella. 

18. LEDUM. Calyx 5lobed or parted, small. Petals oval or obovate, widely spreading. 
Stamens 5 to 10. Capsule oval or oblong, 5-celled, 5-valved from the base upward; the 
columella slender. Flowers umbellate or corymbose from svparate strobilaccous buds. 


ERICACE.E. 17 


19, BEJARIA. Calyx 4-5lobed. Petals obovate or spatulate, somewhat erect. Stamens 
12 or 14. Capsule depressed-glubose, 6-7-lobed, 6-7-valved from above; the columella 
short. Flowers (in ours) racemose: no strobilaceous buds. 

* * Anthers opening longitudinally from the apex nearly or quite to the base of the 
cells: corolla of distinct petals, or in Loiselewia S-cleft: no thin-sealy strobilaceous 
buds: leaves entire: capsule 3-5- (rarely 2-) valved from above. 

+ Low and small-leaved evergreens : coriaceous persistent leaves mostly opposite : flowers 
small, corymbose or fascicled: pedicels subtended by coriaceous foliaccous persistent 
scales or bracts: calyx 5-parted: stvle and slender filaments not declined: anthers 
globose-didymous : seeds oval, with a thin close coat. 

20. LEIOPHYLLUM. Petals 5, obovate-oblong, spreading. Stamens 10: filaments and 
style filiform, exserted. Placenta borne on the middle of the columella, but carried 
away with the 2 or 3 valves in dehiscence. 

21. LOISELEURIA. Corolla broadly campanulate, deeply 5cleft. Stamens 5: filaments 
and style stout-filiform and included. Capsule 2-5-valved, and valves at length 2-cleft ; 
the placenta left on the columella. 

+ + Erect shrubs, with deciduous alternate leaves: flowers larger, from leafy shoots of 
the season: anthers oblong: filaments flat and subulate or linear: style long, more or 
less declined and ineurved, thickened at the apex and annulate around the discoid 
stigma: placente persistent on the short columella: seeds with a loose cellular or 
fungous coat. 

22. ELLIOTTIA. Petals (3 to 5) mostly 4, longand narrow. Stamens as many or twice 
as many: filaments short. Flowers in conspicuous terminal racemes or panicles. 

23. CLADOTHAMNUS. Petals 5, oblong, spreading, equalled by the somewhat folia- 
ceous sepals. Stamens 10: filaments dilated below. Capsule 5-6-celled, depressed-glo- 
bose. Flowers solitary, terminating short leafy branches or sometimes axillary. 


Scporver II]. PYROLINELE. Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla poly- 
petalous, hypogynous, deciduous. Anthers erect and extrorse in the bud, with 
apex often pointed, emarginate or 2-horned at base, where each cell opens by a 
pore, in anthesis mostly introrsely resupinate on the filament, so that the really 
basal pores become apical and the point or apex basal. Disk obsolete or obscure. 
Fruit a loculicidal capsule. Seeds with a loose cellular coat. Sepals and petals 
imbricated in the bud; the former persistent. (Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 61.) 


Trine I. CLETHRE.E. Shrubs or trees. Pollen-grains simple. Ovary and cap- 
sule of the 5-merous flower 3-celled. Stigmas 3, distinct, over the placenta. Em- 
bryo cylindraceous, as in Evicinee. 

24, CLETHRA. Petals 5, obovate or obcordate. Stamens 10: anthers sagittate and 
pointed, after inversion obsaggitate, the diverging lobes opening by a chink or large pore. 
Style filiform, persistent, commonly }cleft at the apex: stigmas thickish and truncate. 
Capsule globose or 3-lobed, 5-valved, and the valves at length 2-cleft; the many-seeded 
porrect placente remaining attached to the upper part of the columella. 


Trine II. PYROLE-E. Herbs or nearly so, from perennial slender rootstocks. 
glabrous, with evergreen foliage, one species leafless. Pollen-grains compound. 
Cells of the ovary and capsule as many as the petals or sepals (5. or rarely 4): 
valves of the capsule remaining attached to the columella. Seed-coat very loose 
and cellular, enclosing a small nucleus. Embryo very minute. 

* Stems leafy: flowers corymbose or sometimes solitary : stigma orbicular-peltate, barely 
6-crenate, concealing the very short obconical style, which is immersed in the umbili- 
cate summit of the ovary and capsule: the latter dehiscent from above downwards: 
valves not woolly on the edges. 

25. CHIMAPHILA. Petals 5, widely spreading, regular, orbicular, concave. Stamens 
10: filaments short, dilated and mostly hairy in the middle. 

* * Scape naked or leafy only at base: style mostly elongated. 4 

26. MONESES. Flowers solitary, sometimes 4-merous, regular. Petals widely spreading, 
orbicular. Stamens 10, or sometimes 8: filaments subulate, naked. Style straight: stigma 
large, peltate, and with 5 or sometimes 4 narrow (at first erect, at length radiating) lobes. 
Valves of the capsule not woolly on the edges. 


18 ERICACER. 


27. PYROLA. Flowers ina raceme, 5-merous. Petals concave or incurved and more or 
less converging. Stamens 10, often declined: filaments subulate, naked. Style often de- 
clined or turned downward: stigma 5-lobed or toothed and annulate. Capsule depressed- 
globose and 5-lobed, umbilicate at apex and base, dehiscent from the base upward; the 
edges of the valves cobwebby when opening. 


Susorper IV. MONOTROPEE. Calyx free from the ovary. Pollen- 
grains simple. Capsule loculicidal. — Herbaceous root-parasites or saprophytes, 
scaly, destitute of all green herbage, one closely related to Pyrolee, one to Lri- 
cine, the others more peculiar. (Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 370.) 


Tree I. EUMONOTROPEZ. Ovary 5-celled, or sometimes 4-celled ; the pla- 
centee projecting from the thick central columella. 


* Anthers extrorse, in flower becoming introrsely pendulous: corolla none. 


28. ALLOTROPA. Calyx of 5 roundish sepals, marcescent under the capsule. Stamens 
10: anthers didymous, on long and slender filaments: cells opening by a chink from the 
apparent apex to the middle. Disk none. Style short: stigma large, peltate-capitate. 
Capsule globose. Seeds scobiform, linear. 


* * Anthers introrse or introrsely pendulous from the first: corolla gamopetalous, and 
with the calyx persistent or marcescent, 


+— Globular-ovate, with 5 short recurved lobes or teeth: anthers 2-awned. 


29, PTEROSPORA. Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla globular-urceolate ; the lobes con- 
volute or mostly so in the bud. Stamens 10, included: filaments subulate-filiform : anthers 
ovate-didy mous, introrse, erect, or in bud horizontal-inflexed, fixed near the base, there 
dorsally 2-awned; the slender awns deflexed; the cells opening lengthwise. Disk none. 
Style short: stigma 5-lobed. Capsule depressed-globular, 5-lobed. Seeds broadly winged 
from the apex. 


+ + Corolla campanulate, with barely spreading lobes, rather fleshy : anthers muticous : 
seed-coat reticulated, but conformed to the nucleus: sepals 5, oblong, erect, nearly equal- 
ling the corolla, persistent: filaments slender. 


80. SARCODES. Stamens 10, shorter than the cylindraceous-campanulate corolla : anthers 
linear-oblong, erect, inserted above the base; the two cells strictly combined throughout, 
the whole apex opening by a large introrsely oblique terminal pore. Disk none. Ovary 
low-conical and 5-lobed: style columnar, rather long: stigma capitate and somewhat 
5-lobed. Capsule depressed-5-lobed. Seeds oval and with a small conical protuberance 
at the apex. 

831. SCHWEINITZIA. Stamens 10, hardly shorter than the oblong-campanulate corolla, 
this 5-gibbous at base: anthers short, somewhat didymous, introrsely pendulous, being 
attached dorsally near the apex; the saccate cells opening by the whole apex as a large 
pore. Disk 10-crenate. Ovary globose-ovate: style short and thick: stigma large, 
6-sided, umbilicate. 


* * * Anthers innate or transverse on the apex of the filament, opening across the top; 
the cells more or less confluent: corolla 4-5-petalous and with the sepals or bractlets 
tardily deciduous. 


382. MONOTROPA. Sepals of 2 to 5 lanceolate bract-like scales. Corolla of 4 to 6 erect 
and oblong or spatulate scale-like fleshy petals, which are gibbous or saccate at base. 
Stamens twice the number of the petals: filaments filiform-subulate: anthers somewhat 
reniform; the valves moderately or very dissimilar. Disk 8-12-toothed; the teeth deflexed. 
Style columnar, tubular: stigma funnelform, with obscurely crenate margin. Capsule 
ovoid; the columella very thick and fleshy. Seeds innumerable, very small, scobiform ; 
nucleus minute in the loose-cellular elongated coat. 


Trine IT. PLEURICOSPORE.E. Ovary one-celled or spuriously 4-5-celled; the 
4 or 5 placente parietal and 2-lamellate. Disk none or obscure: anthers linear or 


oblong, erect, introrse, fixed by the base to the long and slender filaments, opening 
longitudinally. 


33. PLEURICOSPORA. Calyx complete, of 4 or 5 oblong-lanccolate scale-like sepals, 
their margins fimbriate-laciniate. Corolla of 4 or 5 oblong and fimbriate-lacerate plane 
petals, resembling but rather shorter than the sepals. Stamens 8 or 10, glabrous: fila- 
ments ligulate-filiform: anthers linear, apiculate; the cells opening from base to apex 
into two equal valves. Ovary ovate, strictly one-celled ; style columnar: stigma depressed- 
capitate or somewhat funnelform. Capsule fleshy? Seeds obovate, with a smooth or 
polished close coat. 


Gaylussacia. ERICACE.®. 19 


34. NEWBERRYA. Calyx incomplete, of 2 bract-like entire sepals. Corolla tubular- 
urceolate, 4-5-lobed, marcescent. Stamens 8 or 10: filaments filiform, long-hairy above the 
middle: anthers oblong; the cells opening from apex to base into two unequal valves. 
Ovary ovate, contracted at apex into a lony style, tipped with a depressed-capitate um- 
bilicate and pervious stigma: placente 4, with broad divergent lamelle, which meet at 
adjacent edges, ovuliferous on both sides, giving the appearance of four exterior cells 
surrounding a central larger one. 


1. GAYLUSSACIA, HBK. Htcxveserry. (In honor of a distin- 
guished French chemist, Gay-Lussac.) — Shrubs (of Eastern N. and S. America) ; 
with either evergreen or deciduous leaves, commonly glandular or resinous-atomi- 
ferous, flowers in lateral racemes from separate scaly buds, bracteate and often 
bracteolate pedicels, reddish or greenish or white corolla, and edible fruit. 
Flowering in spring; fruit ripe in summer, blue or black.— Torr. Fl. N. Y. 
i. 448; Gray, Chloris (Mem. Am. Acad. iii.), 51,.& Man. Bot. Decuchena, Torr. 
& Gray in Am. Jour. Sei. xii, 43 (1841). Deecamerium, Nutt. in Trans. Am. 
Phil. Soc. n. ser. viii, 260 (1843). 

§ 1. Leaves thick and evergreen, somewhat serrate, destitute of resinous atoms. 


G. brachycera, Gray. Very smooth and glabrous, the young parts barely puberulent, 
a foot high or less: branches angled: leaves oval (half to full inch long): racemes in the 
axils, short, almost sessile, of few crowded flowers: bracts and bractlets scaly, caducous: 
corolla cylindraceous-campanulate, white or flesh-color, 2 lines long: anthers slightly 
pointed, shorter than the ciliate filament. — Man. ed.1, 259. Vaccinium brachycerum, Michx. 
FL i. 254. J. burifolium, Salisb. Parad. t. 4; Bot. Mag. t. 28; Bot. Cab. t. 648. — Wooded 
hills, Alleghanies, from Perry Co., Penn. (Baied), to Virginia. Sussex Co., Delaware, ul. 
Commons. Leaves like those of Dwarf Box. 


§ 2. Leaves deciduous, entire, more or less sprinkled with minute resinous or 
waxy atoms: racemes from axils of the former year. 


% Leaves thickish and almost coriaceous, green both sides, the upper face shining: bracts foli- 
acedus and persistent: anthers with filiform tubular appendages longer than the cells and 
almost equalling the corolla. 

== G. dumésa, Torr. & Gray. <A foot or two high from a creeping base, somewhat hairy 
and glandular: leaves obovate-oblong or lanceolate-spatulate, veiny, conspicuously mu- 
cronate: racemes loose: bracts oval, as long as the slender 2-bracteolate pedicels: ovary 
either glandular-pubescent or hairy: corolla campanulate, white or rose-red: fruit black, 

mostly pubescent, watery and rather insipid. — Gray, Man. 1l.c.  G. hirtella, Torr. Fl. N.Y. 

j. 448. Vaccinium dumosum, Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 112; Bot. Mag. t. 1106; Dunal in DC. Prodr. 

vii. 566. V. frondosum, Michx. 1. ¢., not L.  Decumeriuwm dumosum, Nutt. 1. e.— Sandy 

swamps, Newfoundland, and along the coast to Florida and Louisiana; southward espe- 

cially passing freely into 
Var. hirtélla, Gray, l.c. Branchlets and especially racemes and ovary, and some- 
times the leaves, glandular-hirsute or hispid. — G. hirtella, Klotzsch in Linn. xiv. 48. Vue- 
cinium hirtellum, Ait. Kew. ed. 2, ii. 357 ; Dunal, 1. ec. — Chiefly Southern States. 
* * Leaves thinner, dull or paler: bracts much smaller, deciduous. 

++ Branches slender and widely spreading ; flowers in very loose racemes, on long filiform pedi- 

cels: corolla between globular and campanulate. greenish-purplish, 2 lines or less in length. 
= G.fronddésa, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous, or puberulent when young, from 3 to 6 feet 
high, with light gray branches: leaves oblong or oval-obovate, obtuse or retuse, pale, 
whitish and very veiny beneath: bracts tardily deciduous: anthers with rather long 
tubular tips: fruit dark blue and glaucous, sweet and edible (BLuE Tancxe or BLUE 

Hucxieserry), — Vaccinium frondosum, L.; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 140. V. venustum, Ait. Kew. 

ed. 1, ii. 11. V. glaucum, Michx. 1. ec. V. decamerocarpon, Dunal, 1. c. excl. syn. Wang. 

Decamerium frondosum, Nutt. 1. e. — Low and shaded grounds, coast of New Hampshire and 

mountains of Penn. to Kentucky, Louisiana, and Florida. 

Var. tomentésa, a form with foliage and shoots tomentose-pubescent. — Vaccinium 
tomentosum, Pursh, ined. — Georgia, Enslin. E. Florida, Dr. E. Palmer. 


20 ERICACE.. Vaccinium. 


G. ursina, Torr. & Gray. Somewhat pubescent, 2 to 4 feet high: leaves green and 
membranaceous, lanceolate-obovate or oblong, acuminate (2 to 4 inches long), loosely 
veiny : bracts rather scaly, caducous: anthers with very short tips: fruit reddish, turning 
black, insipid (Bear HuckLteserry).—Gray, Chloris, 49, t. 10; Chapm. Fl. 258. Vue- 
cinium ursium, M. A. Curtis in Amer. Jour. Sci. xliv. 82.— Moist woods, confined to the 
mountains of the southern part of North Carolina and adjacent parts of South Carolina, 
Curtis, Buckley, &e. 


+— + Branches erect: flowers short-pedicelled in short sessile racemes: corolla ovate-conical and 
5-angular, becoming campanulate or cylindraceous, reddish, as are the scale-like caducous 
ovate bracts. 
=== G. resinésa, Torr. & Gray. A foot toa yard high, rigid, glabrous or minutely pubes- 
cent, when young very clammy: leaves yellowish-green, from oval to lanceolate-oblong, 
commonly obtuse, mucronulate, of rather firm texture and paler beneath when mature: 
racemes secund, drooping, 5-8-flowered: corolla 2 or 5 lines long: anthers with tubular 
tips: fruit black, rarely varying to white, without bloom, pleasant (the common Huck e- 
BERRY or Brack Huckveverry of the market). — Vaceiniwn resinosum, Ait. Kew. 1. ¢.; 
Michx. Fl. i. 232; Bot. Mag. t. 1288. V. parviflorum, Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 125. Andromeda 
baceatu, Wang. Amer. 111, t. 30, fig. 69. Decamerium resinosum, Nutt. 1. c. — Rocky wood- 
lands and swamps, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan and south to Upper Georgia. The 
only species in the northern Mississippi States, where it is rare. 


2. VACCINIUM, L. Brivrserry, Birserry, or sometimes Huckie- 
BERRY, and CRANBERRY. (Classical Latin name.) — Shrubs or suffruticose plants 
(chiefly of the northern hemisphere), with either deciduous or evergreen leaves ; 
the flowers white or reddish, either solitary in the axils, or in racemes or fascicles, 
mostly nodding. Corolla small, of thinnish texture, and various in form. Sta- 
mens 8 or more, commonly 10: filaments usually hairy or ciliate: anthers awned 
on the back or awnless, opening by a terminal hole or slit of the tubular apex of 
each cell. Flowers in spring: berries ripe in summer or autumn, sweetish or 
sometimes acid, mostly edible. — Vaccinium & Oxycoccus, Pers.; Benth. & Hook, 
Gen. ii. 573, 570. The following are excluded, viz. : — 

V. mucronatum, L., which was founded, not on “one of the Mespilus or Pyrus tribe,” as 
Smith opined, but on a fruiting specimen of Nemopanthes Canadensis. 

V. acsum, L., founded on a specimen ot Lonicera ciliata, from Kalm, who sent it as a Vue- 
cinium with white berries. 

V. yicustrinxum, L., founded on a specimen of Andromeda paniculata, also from Kalm. 

V. cLaBrum, Wats. Dendr. Brit. t. 125, d., probably Gaylussacia resinosa. 

V. optusum, Pursh, from Oregon, collected by Menzies, probably Gaultheria Myrsinites. 

V. numirusum, Graham in Edinb. Phil. Jour. 1831, 8, probably also Gaultheria Myrsinites. 


§ 1. Batopinproy, Gray. Corolla open-campanulate, 5-lobed: anthers 
tipped with long and slender tubes, and 2-awned on the back: ovary and (hardly 
edible or mawkish) berry spuriously 10-celled (ripening in autumn) : leaves decidu- 
ous, but of rather firm texture: flowers axillary and solitary or in leafy-bracted 
racemes, slender-pedicelled: bractlets minute or none. — Chloris; 1. c 42. 


* Flower articulated with its pedicel: anthers included: berry black, many-seeded. (Batodendron, 
Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., ser. 2, viii, 261.) 4 
-—=V. arbéreum, Marshall. (Farxie- or Srarkue-rerry.) Shrub 6 to 25 feet high, 
with spreading branches, glabrous or somewhat pubescent : leaves thinnish-coriaceous, very 
smooth and shining above, reticulate-veiny, obscurely glandular-denticulate or entire, from 
obovate or round-oval to oblong: flowers profuse, axillary along the branches and leafy- 
racemose: corolla white, moderately 5-lobed: awns of anthers more than half the length 
of the tubular tips: berry globose, small, with a dry rather astringent pulp. — Arbust. 157 ‘ 
Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1885. V. diffusum, Ait.; Bot. Mag. t. 1607. V. mucronatum, Walt., not L. 


~ 


Vaccinium. ERICACELE. ot 


Batodendron arboreum, Nutt. 1. c., & Svlv. iii. 48.— Sandy soil, Florida and Texas to N. 
Carolina and 8. Dlinois. There is an unusually narrow-leaved form in Texas. 


* % Flower not articulated with the pedicel: anthers much exserted: berry greenish or yellowish, 
ripening few and proportionately larze seeds. (Péicrecoccus, Nutt. |. ¢.) 


«—<— V.stamineum, L. (Deerserry.) Shrub 2 or 3 feet high, with divergent branches, 


™—__~2 


minutely pubescent, or at length glabrous: leaves pale and dull or glaucous, especially 
beneath, from oval to lanceolate-oblong: ovary glabrous: flowers nearly all axillary: 
corolla dull purplish or yellowish-green, deeply 5-cleft: awns of the anthers very much 
shorter than the elongated tubes : berry large, pear-shaped or globular, mawkish. — Andr. 
Bot. Rep. t. 263. V. elevatum, Solander; Dunal, in DC. Lc. 567 (excel. var.) J. album, 
Pursh, Fl. i. 28, not L. Pierococeus stamineus, eleratus, & Floridanus, Nutt. 1.c.— Dry woods, 
Maine to Michigan and south to Florida and Louisiana: rare west of the Alleghanies. 
(TV. Aunthianum, Klotzsch, the V. stamineum, HBK. t. 353, has much shorter anther-tubes, and 
a hairy ovary.) 


§ 2. Cranocéccrs. Gray. (BLUEBERRY.) Corolla from cylindraceous to 
campanulate-oblong or ovoid, 5-toothed: filaments hairy: anthers included, awn- 
less: ovary and berry completely or incompletely 10-celled by a spurious par- 
tition or projection from the back of each carpel: berry blue or black with a 
bloom, juicy, sweet and edible, many-seeded: flowers (white or rose-color) in 
fascicles or very short racemes. developed with or a little before the leaves from 
Jarge and separate scaly buds, short-pedicelled: scaly bractlets as well as bracts 
mostly caducous or deciduous. (Atlantic North-American with one exception.) 

% Evergreen leaves coriaceous: bracts of firmer texture, reddi-h, and tardily deciduous. 


V. nitidum, Andr. Diffusely much branched and very leafy, a foot or two high: leaves 
thick-coriaceous, shining, at least above, slightly veined, from obovate to oblanceolate- 
oblong, a fourth to half inch long, obscurely denticulate and glandular: calyx-teeth and 
almost persistent bracts roundish and very obtuse: corolla rose-red or turning white, rather 
short and broad (2 lines long): berry “somewhat pear-shaped, black.” — Bot. Rep. t. 460; 
Dunal in DC. 1. c.; Chapm. Fl. 250.— Low pine barrens, Florida and Georgia. Near to or 
passing into the next. 


——V. Myrsinites, Lam. <A span to 2 feet high, much branched: branchlets, &c., when 


young puberulent: leaves from obovate and obtuse to oblong-lanceclate and acute or spat- 
ulate, often cuspidate, from a third to a full inch long, sometimes denticulate, moderately 
coriaceous, mostly shining above, dull or paler and sometimes glaucous underneath, more 
veiny: bracts from ovate to lanceolate, less persistent; calyx-teeth acute or acutish: 
corolla at length cvlindraceous, 2 or 3 lines long. soon white: “berry globose. blue.” — 
Diet. i. 73; Michx. Fl. i. 255; Pursh, Fl. i. 290 (with vars. /unceolatum and obtusum) +: Dunal, 
le.; Chapm. Loc. Vo nitidum, var. decumbens, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1550 !— Sandy pine 
barrens, Florida to Louisiana and N. Carolina. 

Var. glaicum. A low form, with small leaves dull or glaucous above and very 
glaucous beneath, at least when young. — New Orleans ? (Drummond) to Alabama, &c. 


* * Leaves thinner, deciduous: scaly bracts more deciduous. 


-— Corolla when developed cylindrical or eylindraceous. Southern species, the leaves far south- 
ward sometimes persisting until flowering the next spring. 


V.formoésum, Andr. Two or 3 feet high: leaves ovate or oblong, entire (an inch or 


two long), smooth and bright green above, either glabrous or pubescent beneath, of firmer 
texture than in the others of the section: flower-clusters lonse: calyx and tardily decidu- 
ous bracts red or reddish: corolla rose-red, 4 or 5 lines long.— Bot. Rep. t. "v7. — Georgia 
or Florida, “ Wm. Young,” James Reed: specimens by the latter with flower-clusters in the 
axils of persistent leaves. Related to largeleaved forms of the preceding, and may 
probably pass into the next. 


V. virgatum, Ait. Low, or a yard or so high, more or less pubescent: leaves from 


ovate-oblong to cuneate-lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, usually acute or pointed and 
minutely serrulate, thinnish, lucid at least above, commonly an inch or so in length: flower- 
clusters sometimes virgate on naked branches: bracts more deciduous : corolla rose-color, 


bo 


2 ERICACE. Vaccinium. 


5 or 4 lines long: berry black, sometimes with a bloom. — Hort. Kew. ed. 1, ii. 12; Andr. 
Bot. Rep. t. 181; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3522. V. ligustrinum, Pursh, not L. V. fuscatum, Ker. 
Bot. Reg. t. 302 (not Ait.),a form with deep rose-colored flowers, and red pedicels and 
bracts, approaching JV’. formosum.— Swamps, Florida to 8. Carolina and Louisiana. a 

Var. tenéllum, a low form, mostly small-leaved, with nearly white flowers in shorter 
or closer clusters: corolla barely 3 lines long and less cylindrical. — V. tenellum, Ait. Kew. 
l.c.; Chapm. Fl. 260. V. galezuns, Michx. Fl. i. 232. V. galiformis, Smith in Rees. Cycl. — 
Virginia to Arkansas and southward. 

Var. parvifdlium, a peculiar form, with leaves half to three-fourths inch long, entire 
or nearly so, mostly oblong and obtuse ; stems tender, 3 to 8 feet high: flowers also small. 
—V. myrtilloides, Ell. Sk. i. 500, not Michx., nor Hook. V. £illiottii, Chapm. 1. ce. —S. Caro- 
lina to Arkansas and Louisiana. An ambiguous form. 


+ + Corolla shorter and broader, from ovate-urceolate to at most oblong-campanulate, white or 
obscurely rose-colored. 


++ Ovary and berry glabrous, as in the genus generally: scarious bracts and bractlets early de- 
eiduous. (Edible BLUEBERRIES or BLUE HUCKLEBERRIES. ) 

«== V. Pennsylvanicum, Lam. Dwarf,a span to a foot or more high, with green and 
warty stems, mostly glabrous, and branches: leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblong, green 
and somewhat shining both sides, glabrous, or not rarely hairy on the midrib beneath, dis- 
tinctly serrulate with bristle-pointed teeth: flowers very short-pedicelled: corolla cam- 
panulate with orifice slightly contracted, barely 21 lines long: berries ripening early, large 
and sweet, bluish-black and glaucous. — Dict. i. 72; Michx. Fl. i. 223; Hook. Bot. Mag. 
t. 3434; Gray, Man. ed. 1, 261. J” myrtilloides, Michx.1.¢. V-. tenellum, Pursh, Fl. i. 288, 
not Ait. V. ramulosum & V. humile, Willd. Enum. Suppl. 20? V. multiflorum, Wats. Dendr. 
Brit. t. 125 ? — Dry hills and woods, from Newfoundland to Saskatchewan and southward 
to New Jersey and Illinois; commoner northward. The lowest and earliest-fruited of the 
blueberries. 

Var. angustifélium, Gray, l.c. (V. angustifolium, Ait. 1. c.), a more dwarf form, a 

span or less high, with lanceolate leaves. — V. salicinum, Aschers. in Flora, 1860, 319, not 

Cham.— Labrador and Hudson’s Bay, Newfoundland, and alpine region of the White 

Mountains of New Hampshire. 


-==—=—V. Canadénse, Kalm. A foot or two high, with branchlets and both sides of the 
elliptical or oblong-lanceolate entire leaves downy with soft spreading pubescence : flowers 
few in the clusters: corolla shorter (2 lines long), greenish-white, and more open-cam- 
panulate: otherwise as in the preceding. — Richards. in Frankl. ed. 2, 12; Hook. FL. ii. 32, 
& Bot. Mag. t. 3446. V. albwn, Lam. 1. c., not L.— Swamps or low woods, Hudson’s Bay to 
Bear Lake and the northern Rocky Mountains, south to N. New England, mountains of 
Penn. and Illinois. Named by Kalm in herb. Leche, now in herb. Banks. 


«= V. vacillans, Solander. A foot ora yard high, glabrous: branchlets yellowish-green : 
leaves obovate, oval, or broadly oblong, entire or nearly so, pale or dull, commonly glau- 
cous, at least beneath: flowers in rather loose clusters: corolla oblong-campanulate or 
with obscurely narrowed orifice, 2 or 3 lines long, about the length of the pedicel: calyx- 
lobes proportionally large and roundish : berries bluish-black with a bloom, ripening later 
than the common low blueberries. — Gray, Man. |. c.; Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 445. 1. virgatwn, 
Bigelow, not Ait. V. Pennsylranicum, Torr. Fl. N. U. 8. i. 416, excl. char., not Lam.— 
Dry or sandy woodlands and rocky places, New England to N.Carolina and Missouri. 
Flowers generally on the leafless summits of the twigs, more greenish or yellowish than 
those of the next, and apt to be tinged with red. The commoner species of the Northern 
and Middle States west of the Alleghany Mountains. 


cas V. corymbésum, L. Tall, 5 to 10 fect high: branchlets yellowish-green turning brown- 
ish: leaves from ovate or oblong to elliptical-lanceolate: flowers more commonly race- 
mosely than corymbosely disposed on the naked twigs: corolla from turgid ovate- to 
cylindraceous-campanulate, 3 or 4 lines long, commonly shorter than the pedicels, 3 or 4 
times the length of the lax calyx-lobes: berries blue-black with a copious bloom (except 
in one var.), ripening later than the preceding. — Smith in Rees Cycl. no. 13; Gray, Man. 
lv. Vi disomorphum, Michx. 1. ec. —Swamps and low woods, from Newfoundland and 
Canada through the Atlantic U. 8. to Louisiana, but rare in the Mississippi region. The 
typical form of this, the common TaLy Biuxnerry or BLun Huckreserry, is minutely 


Vaccinium. ERICACER. 23 


more or less pubescent when young, sometimes perfectly glavtoun (atk glabrum, Gray, 
Man.), and commonly soon becoming so; the leaves with naked entire margins. There 
are numerous gradations between the following forms : — 

—— Var. amcnum, Gray, a form with ciliate-serrulate or bristly-ciliate leaves, rather 
bright green both sides : pubescence slight or sparse. — Man. ed. 5, 292. V. amanum, Ait. 
l.c.; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 138; Bot. Reg. t. 400. V. corymbosum, var. fuscatum, Hoot, Bot. 
Mag. t. 3433700 Meyinun, grandiflorum & elongatum, Wats. Dendr. Brit. ? — Mainly in 
the Middle Atlantic States. 

-—== Var. pallidum, Gray, |. c.,a pale and very glaucous or glaucescent form, with or 
without some pubesrence, generally low; otherwise nearly as in the preceding. — |” pul- 
lidum, Ait. 1. c.; Gray, Man. ed. 1, 262. V. albjflorum, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3428. V2 Con- 
stableet, Gray in Den, Jour. Sci. xlii. 42; Chapm. 1. ec. — Common through the Alleghanies 
southward, mostly on the tops of the higher mountains, and 2 to 4 feet high. 

Var. fuscatum, a tall form, with the mature and entire leaves fuscous-pubescent 
beneath: flowers virgately somewhat spicate on the naked flowering twigs. — V. fuscatum, 

Ait. 1. c.— Alabama and Florida to Arkansas and Louisiana. 
=== Var. atrocdéccum, Gray, |. e., the most distinct form, with the permanently and at 
length rusty pubescent leaves of the foregoing, but with a more diffuse habit, rather 
smaller flowers, and berries purplish-black, without any bloom. — J” fuscatum, Gray, Man. 
ed. 1, 262. V. disocarpum, Bigelow, Bost. ed. 2, 151.— Common from N. England to Penn. 


++ ++ Ovary and berry glandular-hirsute: bracts less scarious and more persistent. 


V. hirsttum, Buckley. A foot or two high: branchlets, entire ovate leaves, and even 
the ovoid-campanulate corolla pubescent with soft and short persistent spreading hairs: 
style hairy: hirsute berries bluish-black.— Am. Jour. Sci. xlv. 175; Chapm. lL. ¢.— Moun- 
tains of Cherokee Co., N. Carolina, Buckley. Rare and little known: the local name is 
Bear HuckKLeBerry. 


§ 8. Evvaccinium, Gray. (BILBERRY.) Corolla from ovate to globular and 
more or less urceolate, 4—5-toothed, rose-color or nearly white : filaments glabrous: 
anthers 2-awned on the back, included: ovary and berry 4—5-celled, with no false 
partitions: leaves deciduous: flowers on drooping pedicels, solitary or two to 
four together, developing with or soon after the leaves. 


* Flowers 2 to 4 ina fascicle, or sometimes solitary, from a distinct scaly bud, in the manner of 
Cyanococcus, more commonly 4-merous and 8-androus: leaves quite entire, and usually almost 
sessile: limb of the calyx deeply 4-5-parted: berries blackish-blue with a bloom. 

<= V. uligindsum, L. <A span to a foot or two high, much branched, glabrous or minutely 
puberulent: leaves thickish, mostly pale or glaucescent, obovate, oval, or oblong-cuneate, 
obtuse or retuse, reticulate-veiny, especially beneath, half inch or more long: corolla ovate- 
or globular-urceolate: berry proportionally large, sweetish.— Fl. Dan. t. 581; Reichenb. 

Ic. Germ. xvii. t. 1168. V. pubescens, Hornem. FI. Dan. t. 1516. V. gaultherioides, Bigel. — 

Arctic America to the alpine region of the mountains of New England, New York, and 

shore of Lake Superior, westward to Oregon and Alaska. (Eu., Asia.) In our northern 

regions low, in Oregon sometimes even +4 feet high. 
Var. mucronatum, Herder. VDepressed-cespitose: leaves small, bright green 
both sides, conspicuously reticulated, usually roundish, abruptly mucronate or cuspidate. 

— Alaska and Aleutian Islands to Behring Straits. 

—— V. occidentale, Gray. A foot or more high, glabrous: leaves thinner, glaucescent, 
obscurely veiny, from oval to obovate-oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish (half to 
three-fourths inch long): flower mostly solitary from the scaly bud: corolla oblong-ovate 
(1 or 2 lines long): berry small, barely 3 lines in diameter. — Bot. Calif. i. 451. — Sierra 
Nevada of California at 5-7000 feet, from Mariposa to Mt. Shasta, and Uinta Mts., Utah. 


V. salicinum, Cham. Depressed-cespitose: leaves cuneate-lanceolate and acuminate 
(4 to 8 lines long), tapering into a kind of petiole, bright green, coarsely reticulated beneath, 
entire: flowers solitary: “corolla cylindraceous-urceolate, 3 lines long.” — Spreng. Syst. 
Cur. Post. 147, & Linn. i. 525 (not Aschers. in Flora, 1860, 369).— Unalaschka, in moss, 
Chamisso. Perhaps this is only a remarkably narrow-leaved form of J”. uliginosum, var. 
mucronatun. 


24 ERICACEA. Vaccinium. 


* * Flowers solitary in the earliest axils, usually 5-merous and 10-androus: calyx.less or very 
slightly lobed. 
+— Dwarf and cespitose: branches not angled. 

===. ceespitésum, Michx. Glabrous or nearly so, 3 to 6 inches high: leaves from obo- 
vate to cuneate-oblong, obtuse or rarely acutish, thickly serrulate, bright green both sides, 
reticulate-veiny (one to three-quarters inch long): corolla ovate or ovoid-oblong: berry 
proportionally large, blue with a bloom, sweet. — Hook. FI. fi. 33, t. 126; & Bot. Mag. t. 
3429. — Hudson’s Bay and Labrador, alpine summits of White Mountains of New Hamp- 
shire, and Colorado Rocky Mountains to Alaska. 

——_ Var. arbuscula. Erect and a foot high, much branched: leaves obovate, thicker, 
little exceeding half an inch in length: flowers and berries rather smaller. — Sierra 
Nevada, California, in Plumas Co., Mrs, Austin. In Oregon passes into the ordinary form 
and into the following. 

Var. cuneifélium, Nutt. <A span to near a foot high, bushy: leaves spatulate- 
cuneate and with rounded apex, passing in one form (var. ungustifolium, Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. viii. 393) to spatulate-lanceolate and acute; the earliest not rarely entire. — Mem. 
Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. viii. 262. — Mountains of Colorado and Utah to California, British 
Columbia, and east to Lake Superior. 

+— + Low: branches sharply angled and green: leaves small. 

V. Myrtillus, L. (Wnorrtezerry, Birzerry.) <A foot or less high, glabrous: leaves 
ovate or oval, thin, shining, serrate, conspicuously reticulated-veiny, and with a prominent 
narrow midrib (in ours half to two-thirds inch long): limb of calyx almost entire: corolla 
globular-ovate: berries black, nodding. —Schk. Handb. t. 107; Reichenb. Ic. Germ. 1. ¢. 
t. 1169; Hook. FI. ii. 83. V. myrtilloides, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 209, not of others. — 
Rocky Mountains, extending as far south as Colorado and N. E. Utah, and north-west to 
Alaska. (Eu., Asia.) 

——___ Var. microphyllum, Hook. 1. c.; a remarkable diminutive form, 3 to 6 inches 
high: leaves 2 to 4 lines long: corolla proportionally small, a line long: berries at first 
“light red.” — Higher Rocky Mountains, south to Colorado and Utah, and in the Sierra 
Nevada, California, down to 7000 feet. 

+— + + Mostly taller or tall, with spreading branches. 


V. myrtilloides, Hook. (Gray). Glabrous or glabrate, 1 to 5 feet high: branchlets 
slightly angled: leaves ovate or oval and oblong, sharply serrulate, membranaceous, green 
both sides, but not shining, loosely reticulate-veiny, an inch or two long, the larger or later 
mostly acute or acuminate: limb of calyx entire: corolla depressed-globular or semi- 
globose-urceolate (nearly 2 lines long and broad, yellowish or greenish-white with a purple 
tinge): pedicel erect in fruit: berry purplish-black, rather acid.— Gray, Man. ed. 5, 291. 
V. myrtilloides, partly, Hook. Fl. ii. 82, & Bot. Mag. t. 8477 (excl. syn. Ait., &e. and var. 
rigidum), not Michx.! (which is V. Pennsyleanicum, var. angustifolium). V. membranaceum, 
Dougl. ined.; Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exp. 377, the larger-leaved coast form (V. myrtiloides, var. 
membranaceum, Hook. 1. ¢.).— Damp woods, Lake Superior to the coast of Oregon and 
British Columbia. — There is nothing to prevent the retention of this specific name, 
going back only to Hooker, and excluding the original of Michaux. 

—— V. ovalifédlium, Smith. Glabrous and glaucescent, 4 to 12 feet high, straggling: 
branchlets more or less angled: leaves oval, mostly obtuse or rounded at both ends, merely 
mucronulate, entire or with a few irregular serratures, pale or glaucous, at least beneath 
(one or two inches long): corolla globose-ovoid: pedicel nodding in fruit: berries blue 
with a bloom. — Rees Cycl.l¢.; Hook. Fl. ii. 33, t. 127; Gray, Man. le. VV. Chamissonis, 
Bong. Sitk. 525.— Woods, Lake Superior (on the south shore, Robbins), and Oregon to 
Unalaschka. (Japan.) 

——~ V. parvifélium, Smith, lc. Glabrous, glaucescent, 6 to 12 feet high and straggling : 
branches and branchlets slender, sharply and conspicuously angled, green, articulated: 
leaves oblong or oval, obtuse or rounded at both ends, pale and dull, especially beneath, 
entire, one to three-quarters inch long: calyx 5-lobed: corolla globular: pedicel nodding 
in fruit: berries light red, rather dry, hardly edible. — Hook. L. ec. t. 128.— Shady and low 
woods, northern part of California, near the coast, to Alaska and Aleutian Islands. 


§ 4. Viris-Ipaia, Koch. Corolla, ovary, &c., as in the preceding section: 
filaments hairy: anthers awnless (at least in ours): leaves coriaceous and per- 


Vaccinium. ERICACE.E. Bh 


sistent: flowers in short racemes or clusters from separate buds: bracteate and 
2-bracteolate. 
% Flowers 5-merous, 10-androus. 


“= -V. ovdtum, Pursh. Erect evergreen shrub, 3 to 5 feet high, rigid: branchlets pubes- 
cent: leaves thick and firm, very.numerous, from oblong-ovate to vblong-lanceolate, acute, 
minutely and acutely serrate, glabrous or nearly so, bright green both sides, an inch or so 
long; the veins obscure or hidden: flowers in short and close axillary clusters: bracts and 
bractlets deciduous: corolla campanulate, 2 lines long, rose-color or flesh-color, barely 
thrice the length of the triangular acute reddish calyx-lobes: berries reddish turning ~~ 
black, small, sweetish. — Fl. i. 290; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1354. J" lanceolatum, Dunal in DC. 
l.c. 570, a narrow-leaved form. JJ:-tagonia (Pyxothamnus) ovata, Nutt. L.c.— Vancouver's 
Island to Montevey, &c., California, on hills near the coast. 

V. crassif6lium, Andr. Procumbent, the trailing slender stems 2 or 3 feet long, 
glabrous or nearly so: leaves small, a quarter to half inch long, from oval to narrowly 
oblong, sparsely mucronate-serrulate or entire, shining: flowers few and almost sessile in 
small axillary clusters: bracts scaly-coriaceous, persistent: corolla globose-campanulate, 
nearly white: anther-cells barely pointed at apex: berries black. — Bot. Rep. t. 105; Bot. 
Mag. t. 1152; Chapm. Fl. 259. V. carnosum, Pers. Syn. i. 479. V. myrtifolium, Michx. FI. i. 
229. etagonia myrtifolia, Nutt. 1. c. — Sandy bogs, N. Carolina to Georgia, near the coast. 
Habit of Cranberry. 

%* * Flowers 4-merous, 8-androus. 


=e V. Vitis-Idéa, L. (Cownerry, Mocyraty Crinperry.) Almost glabrous, tufted, 3 
inches to a span or more high from creeping stems: leaves crowded, obovate or oval, 
emarginate (a quarter to over half inch long), shining above, paler and bristly dark-dotted 
beneath; the margins revolute, entire or obscurely serrulate: flowers crowded in a short 
and terminal secund and nodding raceme: bracts reddish, nearly persistent: corolla white 
or rose-color, open-campanulate, rather deeply 4-lobed: berries dark red, acid and bitterish, 
edible when cooked (a fair substitute for cranberries),— Fl. Dan. t. 40; Lodd. Bot. Cab. 
t. 616. V. punctatun, Lam. — Round the Arctic circle, south to the coast and mountains of 
N. New-England, and Lake Winipeg; on the western coast south to British Columbia. 
(Greenland to Japan.) 


§ 5. Oxycéccts. (Oxycoccus, Pers.) Corolla deeply 4-cleft or 4-parted; the 
lobes linear or lanceolate-oblong and reflexed: anthers exserted, awnless, with 
very long terminal tubes: ovary and berry 4-celled, destitute of false partitions : 
flowers axillary and terminal, nodding on long filiform pedicels, appearing in early 
summer ; fruit maturing in autumn. 


% Erect shrubs, with deciduous membranaceous leaves and berries of Euvaccinium, but corolla of 
true Oxycoccus: flowers solitary in the axils: pedicel bractless but minutely 2-bracteolate at base: 
corolla conical-rostrate in the bud, deeply 4cleft: filaments villous. (V.Japonicum of Miquel is 
a very nearly related Japanese species.) —Vaccinium § Oxycoccoides, Benth. & Hook. 

V. erythrocarpon, Michx. Divergently branching shrub, 1 to 4 feet high, slightly 
pubescent: leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, acuminate, finely serrate with bristle- 
tipped teeth, thin, bright green both sides, veiny, acute or merely obtuse at base (13 to 
3 inches long): pedicel about half the length of the leaf: corolla flesh-color (about half 
inch long): berry light red, turning nearly black at full maturity, watery, slightly acid. — 
FL. i. 227. Oxycoceus erectus, Pursh, Fl. i. 264. O. erythrocarpus, Ell. Sk. i. 447. — Damp 
woods in the higher Alleghanies, Virginia to Georgia. 

** (CRANBERRY.) Trailing and creeping lignescent plants, with filiform stems, and small per- 
sistent leaves with entire revolute margins and the lower face whitened: filiform pedicels 1 to + 
from a terminal scaly bud, erect, and bearing a flesh-colored or pale rose-colored flower nod- 
ding from its apex: corolla conical-cylindraceous in the bud, deeply 4-parted: filaments puberu- 
lent: berry red and acid. — Oxycoccus (Pers.), Benth. & Hook. 

==> V. Oxycoéccus, L. (Smartt Cranperry.) Stems very slender, creeping: leaves ovate, 

acute, 2 to 4 lines long; the margins much revolute: pedicels 1 to 4 in a fascicle from a 

terminal and not proliferous thin-scaly bud: filaments commonly fully half the length of 

the anthers: berry globose, a quarter to a third of an inch in diameter, often spotte.l when 


26 ERICACEZ. Vaccinium. 


young. —Fl. Dan. t. 80. Oxycoccus palustris, Pers. 1.c. O. vulgaris, Pursh, 1.¢. Schollera 

Oxycoccus, Roth. —Sphagnous swamps, around the subarctic zone, from Newfoundland 

and Labrador south to mountains of Pennsylvania, to the Saskatchewan district, and to 

Alaska. (Greenland to Japan.) 

az V.macrocarpon, Ait. (Larcu Amer. Cranserry,) Stems stouter, 1 to 4 feet long, 
and with more ascending branches : leaves oblong or narrowly oval, obtuse, a third to half 
inch long; the margins less revolute ; veins evident: pedicels several and somewhat race- 
mose, the firmer scaly bracts separating as the bud develops above into a proliferous leafy 
shoot: filaments one third the length of the anthers: berry ovoid or oblong, half to three- 
fourths inch long (variable in shape and size, much larger than in the preceding). — Ait. 

Kew. ed. 1, ii. 13, t.7; Bot. Mag. t. 2806; Emerson, Mass. Rep. ed. 2, t. 30. V. Oxycoccus, 

var. oblongifolius, Michx. le. Oxycoccus macrocarpus, Pursh, 1. c.; Bart. Fl. i. t- 17.— Bogs, 

&e., Newfoundland to N. Carolina, through Northern States and Canada to Saskatchewan. 

Said by Hooker to abound at the mouth of Columbia River? (Japan ?) 

3. CHIOGENES, Salish. Creepinc SNowsperrRy. (From yor, snow, 
and 7¢vog, offspring, in allusion to the snow-white berries.) — Flowers very small 
and inconspicuous, solitary in the axils of the small Thyme-like leaves, ou short 
nodding peduncles; a pair of large ovate persistent bractlets under the calyx. 
Tube of the latter adnate to the lower half of the ovary, or rather more; the 
limb 4-parted. Corolla little exceeding the calyx, 4-cleft, greenish-white. Sta- 
mens 8, included, inserted on an 8-toothed disk: filaments very short and broad: 
cells of the anther ovate-oblong, separate, neither awned on the back nor pro- 
duced into tubes, but each minutely 2-pointed at the apex, and opening by a large 
chink down to the middle or lower. Style columnar. Berry globular, crowned 
by the 4 short calyx teeth, largely inferior, the calyx-tube being now almost 
wholly adnate. Seeds rather numerous, obliquely obovate, with a close and firm 
coriaceous minutely reticulated coat. — Genus naturally related rather to Gaultheria 
and Pernettya than to Vaccinium, except in the adnation of the calyx. 


ew C, hispidula, Torr. & Gray. A slender trailing or creeping evergreen, with the habit 
of Cranberry, the aroma and taste of Wintergreen or Sweet Birch: filiform branches 
strigose-hispid: leaves ovate, with rounded or obtuse base and revolute margins, thick- 
coriaceous, 2 to 4 lines long, short-petioled, glabrous, except the scattered rusty bristles of 
the margins and lower surface: bractlets foliaceous and almost equalling the flower: 
white berry also minutely bristly, slightly spicy but otherwise insipid, ripe late in summer. 
—Torr. Fl. N.Y. i. 450, t. 68; Gray, Man. ed. 1, 262. C. serpyllifolia, Salisb. Trans. Hort. 
Soc. Lond. ii. 94. Vuceiniwn hispidulum, L. (excl. syn.); Michx. Fl. i. 228, t. 23. Arbutus 
Jiliformis, Lam. Dict. i. 228. A. thymifolia, Ait. Kew. ed. 1, ii. 72. Oxycoccus hispidulus, Pers. ; 
Nutt. Gen. i. 251. Gaultheria serpyllifolia, Pursh, FL. i. 283, t.13 (bad). G. hispidula, Muhl. 
Cat.; Hook. Fl. ii. 86. Glycyphylla hispidula, Raf. in Am. Month. Mag. 1819. Phalerocurpus 
serpyllifolius, G. Don, Syst. iii. 841; Dunal in DC. 1. ¢. 577; Klotzsch in Linn. xxiv. 67 (char. 
bad). — Sphagnous swamps and damp woods, Newfoundland to the northern Rocky Moun- 
tains, and in the Atlantic States south to the cooler parts of New Jersey and Pennsylvania, 
thence along the Alleghanies to North Carolina. 
C. Japonica, a second species (C. hispidula, Miquel), the representative in Japan, has 

obovate or oval leaves, all acute or tapering at base. 


4, ARBUTUS, Tourn. (Classical Latin name.) — Low trees or shrubs (of 
S. Europe and W. America from Oregon to Mexico) ; with evergreen and cori- 
aceous alternate petiolate leaves, and white or flesh-colored small flowers in a 
terminal cluster of racemes or panicles. Bracts and bractlets scaly. Calyx small, 
5-parted. Corolla from globular to ovate. Ovary ona hypogynous disk : ovules 
crowded on a fleshy placenta projecting from the inner angle of each cell. Style 
rather long: stigma obtuse. Berry more or less eatable. 


Arctostaphylos. ERICACES. 27 


A. Laurirouia, L.f. Suppl. 238, may be Prunus Caroliniana, but is indeterminable. 
A. LANCEOLATA, Lam. Dict. i. 227, is possibly the same, but has no valid foundation, having 
been described solely from a sterile branch of some cultivated shrub of uncertain origin. 
A. Acapiensis, L., founded on a phrase cited from Tournefort, which cannot be found, is 
wholly obscure. 

___-A. Menziésii, Pursh. (MaproXa.) Tree 80 to 100 feet high, with trunk a foot or two 
in diameter in northern habitats, «a shrub in its southern: bark close and smooth by exfoli- 
ation, turning brownish-red: leaves oval or oblong, entire or serrulate, paler beneath, 5 to 
5 inches long: spicate racemes minutely pubescent: corolla globular, white: berries dry, 
somewhat drupaceous, hardly eatable, orange-color. — Hook. FI. ii. 36; Nutt. Sylv. iii. 42, 
t. 95; Newberry in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 23, fig.; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 452. A. procera, Dougl. 
Bot. Reg. t. 1753. A. laurifolia, Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxx. t. 67 (small-leaved Mexican form), 
not L.f. it. Terana, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. Dec. 1861; Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees, 
U.S. 17, the small-leaved form of Texas and Mexico, possibly distinct, but apparently a 
mere form of the Pacific species. — Puget Sound and southward through the coast-region 


of California to Arizona? and W. Texas. , (Mex.) 
vo Ce Naaber2<e, SOK. 
. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, Adans. Bearserry, Manzanita. (Com- 


posed of uzTOs, & bear, and otagviy, grape or berry.) — Shrubs or small trees ; 
with alternate leaves, and small mostly white or rose-colored flowers, chiefly in 
racemes, spikes, or panicles, both bracteate and bracteolate. Flowers nearly as in 
the preceding genus, but less rarely 4-merous, and ovules solitary in the cells, 
which become bony nutlets or combine into a few-several-celled stone ; the drupes 
somewhat bitter or astringent, or in Californian species subacid and more or 
less edible. Leaves in the erect species almost always more or less vertical by a 
twisting of the petiole. Fl. spring. — Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 116; Benth. & 
Hook. Gen. ii. 551. . 
§ 1. Arcréus. Flowers preceding the thin and deciduous leaves: fruit juicy. 
~ A. alpina, Spreng. Depressed or prostrate and tufted, rising little above the ground, 
glabrate: leaves obovate with a tapering base, conspicuously rugose-reticulated, ciliate 
when young: flowers few in a fascicle from a terminal lax-scaly bud: drupe rather large, 
black, containing 4 or 5 stones. — Syst. ii. 287; DC. Prodr. vii. 584. Arbutus alpina, L. ; 
Fl. Dan. t. 75; Engl. Bot. t. 2050. — Arctic America, south to Newfoundland and alpine 


summits in New England ; also northern Rocky Mountains and Aleutian Islands. (Arctic- 
alpine round the Old World.) 


§ 2. Uva-trst. Leaves coriaceous and evergreen, in erect species inclined to be 
vertical, and the bark mahogany-color: drupe smooth, mealy ; its nutlets separate 
or separable, or irregularly coalescent: bracts persistent and usually becoming 
rigid. — Xerobotrys, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. viii. 267. Daphnido- 
staphylis, Klotzsch in Linn. xxiv. 80. 

* Depressed-trailing or creeping, green, glabrous or minutely pubescent, no bristly hairs: flowers 
rather few in simple small clusters, 2 lines long: ovary and reddish fruit glabrous: nutlets 1- 
neryed on the back. 

«se A. Uva-utrsi, Spreng. (Brearsperry.) Leaves oblong-spatulate, retuse, an inch or less 
long, tapering into a petiole: fruit insipid. — A. officinalis, Wimmer, Koch. Arbutus Uva- 
ursi, L. Fl. Lapp. t.6; Bigel. Med. Bot. t.6. Duphnidostaphylis Fendleriana, Klotzsch in 
Linn. xxiv. 81. — Rocky or sandy ground, Penn. to New Mexico, N. California, and north 
to the arctic circle. (Arctic-montane Eu. & Asia.) 

==. A, Nevadénsis. Leaves obovate or oval to lanceolate-spatulate, cuspidate-mucronate, 
thicker, abruptly petioled: berries subacid.— 4. pungens, var. (small Manzanita), Gray, 
Bot. Calif. i. 453. — Sierra Nevada, California, common at 8-10,000 feet. Rising only a 
few inches, or at most a foot above the surface of the ground, from rigid procumbent main 
stems: apparently there are no transitions into A. pungens, which is sometimes found at 
the same altitudes. 


28 ERICACER. Arctostaphylos. 


% % Erect low shrubs, with mostly clustered short racemes or spikes: flowers only a line or two 
long: leaves half inch or at most an inch long. 

A. ptumila, Nutt. A foot or less high, tomentulose: leaves pale, oblong-obovate, obtuse 
or retuse, sometimes obscurely mucronulate, entire, short-petioled: fruit unknown. — 
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 266; Gray, Bot. Calif. Lc. Daphnidostaphylis pumila, 
Klotzsch, 1. c.— Monterey, California, Nuttall, Rich. Not yet met with by recent col- 
lectors. 

A. Hoékeri, Don. A foot or two high, diffuse, puberulent or glabrate: leaves green, 
ovate or oval, cuspidately mucronate or acuminate, sometimes spinulose-denticulate, slen- 
der-petioled : fruit glabrous, 2 lines in diameter, reddish. — Syst. iii. 836. Arbutus pungens, 
Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 144. Andromeda? venulosa, DC. Prodr. vii. 607. Xerobotrys 
venulosus & Arctostaphylos acuta? Nutt. in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. Lc. A. pungens, partly, 
Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 453, into which it may pass. But the smaller forms seem quite distinct, 
and the drupes are very small. — Monterey, &c., California. 


— A. nummularia, Gray. A foot or two high, nearly glabrous, excepting scattered setose 


bristles on the branches and short petioles, very leafy: leaves mostly broadly oval with, 


both ends rounded or the base slightly cordate, usually entire, bright green: fruit unknown. 

— Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 366, & Bot. Calif. 1.c. — Mendocino plains, California, Bolander. 

* * % Erect shrubs or low trees, with short clustered racemes: flowers 3 or 4 lines long and drupes 
4 or 5 lines in diameter, yellowish turning reddish: leaves 1 to 3 inches long. 

A. Andersoénii, Gray. Long and spreading bristles copious on the branchlets, &c. (along 
with fine pubescence): leaves thin, bright green, glabrous, lanceolate-oblong to ovate-lan- 
ceolate, with a sagittate or cordate base, sessile or very short-petioled, conspicuously 
spinulose-serrulate or rarely entire: drupes depressed, densely clothed with exceedingly 
viscid-tipped bristles. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 83, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. — Santa Cruz, California, 
under Redwoods, Anderson. 


$ A. tomentésa, Dougl. Tomentose or pubescent when young, and the branchlets, &c., 


usually bristly: leaves pale, coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate to ovate, entire or sparingly 
spinulose-serrulate, petioled ; the base acutish, rounded or subcordate : ovary hirsute : drupes 
minutely puberulent or becoming glabrous. (Runs into endless forms, of which one has 
narrow-oblong and rather small leaves, acutish at base, apparently connecting with the 
next species.) — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t.1791; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 8220. A. cordifolia, Lindl. 1. ec. 
Arbutus tomentosa, Pursh, Fl. i. 282; Hook. Fl. ii. 36, t. 180. Andromeda? bracteosa, DC. 
Prodr. vii. 607. Xerobotrys tomentosus, cordifolius, & argutus, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 
n. ser. viii. 268.— Dry hills, from Puget Sound to San Diego Co., California, and Arizona. 
The berries are used in California in infusion for a subacid drink. Nutlets 8 to 10, 
either all separate or some united in pairs. 


=== A. pungens, HBK. Glabrous or minutely tomentose-pubescent, 3 to20 feet high: leaves 


thick and rigid, green or glaucescent, oblong-lanceolate to round-ovate, commonly mucro- 
nate-cuspidate, entire, obtuse or rounded at base, slender-petioled: pedicels glabrous: 
drupes smooth and glabrous: nutlets thick-walled, carinate or thickened on the back, 
sometimes firmly coalescent. —Nov. Gen. & Spee. iii. 278, t. 259; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2987; 
Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxx. t. 217; Torr. in Emory Rep. t.7; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 453, in part. 
Daphnidostaphylis pungens, Klotzsch, 1. c.— Arizona and 8. Utah to California. (Mex.) 


=== Var. platyphylla, the commoner Manzanita in California, especially northward, 


reaching Oregon, Nevada, and Utah: leaves pale or glaucescent, oblong to orbicular, 1 to 2 

inches long, commonly muticous. — Arctostaphylos glauca, Watson, Bot. King, 210, &c., not 

Lindl. A. pungens, Gray, 1. v., partly. 

§ 8. XyLocéccus. Leaves coriaceous and evergreen, entire : drupe not warty, 
ovoid-globose, with a thin pulp and a thick completely solid woody or bony 1-6- 
celled putamen. — Xylococcus, Nutt. 1. c. vii. 258. 


=A. glatica, Lindl. Erect, 8 to 24 feet high, wholly glabrous except the glandular-pubes- 


cent slender pedicels: leaves, &c., as of A. pungens, var. platyphylla, or paler: drupes half an 
inch or more in diameter, minutely glandular, sometimes viscid, with a thin flesh around 
the solid mucronate-apiculate stone: seeds and cells 4 to 6, or by abortion fewer, very 
small in proportion to the size of the putamen. — Bot. Reg., under 1791; Gray, Bot. Calif. 
i, 454 — California, commoner from Monterey southward. Except by the larger and solid 
drupe hardly distinguishable from the common glaucous variety of A. pungens, 


af 
A (2orge: 


a 


C2. Bp Bi —HE€, deer, Lt1P2recfoln arr, 


Epigea. ERICACE. 29 


A. bicolor, Gray. Shrub 3 or 4 feet high: leaves petioled, not vertical, oblong-oval, 
thin-coriaceous, pinnately-veined, 1 or 2 inches long, white-tomentose beneath, as are the 
ovate obtuse bracts and much imbricated sepals: pedicels very short: corolla rose-color, 
8 or 4 lines long: filaments filiform: drupe 3 or 4 lines in diameter. — Proc. Am. Acad. 
vii. 366, & Bot. Calif. l.c. Xylococcus bicolor, Nutt. 1.c.— San Diego Co., California, Nuttall, 
Cooper, Cleveland, &c. Fl. February. 

A. Cleveladndi. More pubescent: leaves sessile, narrower, acuminate, margins more 
revolute: inflorescence leafy: bracts and sepals acute: corolla 4 lines long, equalled by 
the pedicels: fruit unknown. (When the fruit becomes known,it may refer this recently 
discovered species to the following section.) — Potrero, San Diego Co., California, Cleve- 
land. Fl. Sept. 

§ 4. Comarostfpnruis. Leaves coriaceous, evergreen: drupe with granulate 
or warty surface and a solid few-celled putamen. — Comarostaphylis, Zuce. 

A. polifélia, HBK. Shrub 5 to 8 feet high, glabrous: leaves linear-lanceolate, pale 
beneath : flowers in a loose terminal raceme or panicle: calyx-lobes triangular and acute: 
corolla reddish, ovoid: drupe dark purple, small. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. ili. 277, t. 258; Torr. 
Mex. Bound. 108.— California, on the southern boundary, and Mexico. 


6. EPIGACA, L. Mayriower. (Formed of ’ezi, upon, yi, the earth, from 
the mode of growth.) — Prostrate or somewhat creeping; the short slender stems 
barely shrubby, rusty-bristly, leafy only toward the summit of the flowering 
shoots ; the leaves petioled, alternate, thin-coriaceous, veiny, pale green, persistent, 
round-oval or elliptical, mostly cordate, entire. Flowers in earliest spring, almost 
sessile in a short and close terminal cluster, bracteate and 2-bracteolate; the 
somewhat scale-like persistent bracts equalling the calyx. Sepals ovate-lanceolate 
and acuminate, nearly scarious and often purplish. Lobes of the corolla oval, 
either quincuncially imbricated in the bud or imbricate-convolute. Capsule 
depressed-globose and somewhat 5-angled, bristly, thin-walled. Seeds numerous 
on the much-projecting placent, round-oval, with a close and thin reticulated 
coat. The flowers are heteromorphous and inclined to be dicecious or dicecio-dimor- 
phous. Those with fully polliniferous anthers seldom set fruit: their stigmas short, 
erect, slightly projecting beyond the margin of the 5-toothed ring (to the teeth of 
which they severally are adnate); the style sometimes longer than the stameus 
and projecting, sometimes, shorter and included. Fully fertile flowers on other 
plants; their style (as in the former sort sometimes long and exserted, sometimes 
shorter and included) with stigmas elongated and much surpassing the ring, short- 
linear, glutinous, radiately divergent; their stamens either slightly polliniferous, 
or reduced to abortive filaments, or even wanting. — Gray, Man. ed. 5, 293, & 
Amer. Jour. Sci. ser. 3, xii. 74. 

EH. répens, L. (Mayrrower, Trarrine Argurtus, GrounpD Laure.) Flowers mostly 
numerous or several in the cluster, spicy-fragrant: corolla rose-color to almost white, 
bearded inside; its tube more or less exceeding the calyx. — Lam. Ill. t. 367; Andr. Bot. 
Rep. t. 102; Bot. Reg. 3, t. 201; Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 384.— Gravelly or sandy wood- 
lands in the shade of evergreens, Newfoundland westward to Saskatchewan, and south to 
Kentucky and Florida. (The other and very nearly related species is E. As/atica, Maxim., 
of Japan.) 


7. GAULTHERIA, Kalm, L. Aromatic WINTERGREEN. (Dedicated by 
Kalm to “ Dr. Gaulthier ” of Quebec, whose name, as appears from the records, 
was written Gaultier. The genus therefore should not be written Gualtheria, 
(Scop., &e.), nor Gualteria, Gautiera, &e., as by others. If changed at all, the right 


30 ERICACEZ. Gaultheria. 


orthography would be Gaultiera.) — Shrubs or almost herbaceous plants (Asiatic 
and American); with broad evergreen leaves, shining above, and usually spicy- 
aromatic in flavor, axillary white or rose-colored nodding flowers in early summer, 
succeeded by red or blackish “ berries,” consisting of the at length baccate calyx 
enclosing the capsule. Cells of the anthers opening by a terminal pore, and 
commonly tipped with two points or awns. Stigma truncate or obtuse, entire. 
Disk 10-toothed or of 10 scales. Ovary and capsule depressed, umbilicate, com- 
monly 5-lobed: placent# ascending, although often borne toward the summit of 
the short columella. Seeds very many, with a close shining coat. Pedicels or 
calyx bracteolate. 
% Corolla short-campanulate, 5-lobed : filaments glabrous: apex of the anthers obscurely 4-pointed. 
G. Myrsinites, Hook. Cespitose-procumbent or depressed, a few inches high: leaves 
orbicular or ovate, denticulate with minute bristle-tipped teeth (half inch to inch and a 
half long): pedicels solitary in the axils, very short, 3-5-bracteolate: fruit scarlet, with 
pine-apple flavor.— Fl. ii. 35, t.129. Vaccinium humifusum, Graham in Edinb. Phil. Jour. 
1831, 8. — Rocky Mountains from Colorado northward and in Utah, and northern borders 
of California, to Brit. Columbia. One form glabrous or nearly so, with small round leaves ; 
another with rusty hirsute hairs on the stem and calyx, and larger ovate leaves. 
%* %* Corolla ovate or urceolate, 5-toothed: filaments hairy: anthers 4-awned at the summit. 


ome G. proctimbens, lL. (Wintercreex, CHECKERBERRY, Boxperry.) Nearly glabrous 
and as if herbaceous: slender but ligneous stems extensively creeping, generally under- 
ground, sending up flowering shoots a span high: leaves crowded towards the top, obovate 
and oval, mucronate, more or less serrulate with bristly-tipped teeth: pedicels mostly soli- 
tary in the axils, 2-bracteolate close under the calyx: fruit red, this and the foliage 
aromatic-tasted, with flavor as of Sweet Birch, but warmer. — Lam. IIl. t. 367; Andr. Bot. 
Rep. t. 316; Bigelow, Med. Bot. ii. 27, t.12; Bot. Mag. t. 1966. Gautiera procumbens, Torr. 
Fl. N. Y. i. 483. — Low woods under evergreens, Newfoundland to L. Superior and sub- 
arctic Amer., and through the Atlantic States southward to upper Georgia. 

es G. Shdllon, Pursh. (Satat.) Shrubby, a foot or two high, with rather stout spreading 
stems: branches, pedicels, and even the corollas glandular-hairy or pubescent: leaves 
ovate or obscurely cordate, acuminate, strongly serrulate (2 to 4 inches long) : racemes 
from large both terminal and axillary chartaceous-scaly buds, elongated, many-flowered, 
secund: scaly bracts persistent: pedicels 2-bracteolate below the middle: corolla large for 
the genus (3 or 4 lines long), viscid: fruit purple becoming black, eaten by Indians under 
the name of “shallon” (Lewis & Clark) or salal.— Fl. i. 284, t. 12; Hook. Bot. Mag. 
t. 2845, & FI. ii. 35; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1411. — Shady woods, Brit. Columbia along and 


ear the coast to the nountay s behind Santa Barbara, California. : 
8, ANDROMEDS, Ix (Fancifully named in allusion to the fable of An- 


dromeda. See the poetical account by Linneus, under the original species, in 
Fl. Lapp. 126.) — Shrubs; with evergreen or deciduous and broad or rather nar- 
row mostly petioled leaves, and umbellate-fascicled or paniculate racemose flowers, 
in spring or early summer; all of the northern hemisphere. Calyx naked at 
base, usually very early open in the bud, 5-parted or of nearly separate sepals, 
the edges of which do not overlap even at the base. Corolla white or rose-color. 
— Gray, Man. ed. 2, 253, & ed. 5, 295. Andromeda, Zenobia (Don), Pieris 
(Don), & Lyonia (Nutt.), Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 587. 


§ 1. Evanpréuepa. Corolla globose-urceolate : calyx small, deeply 5-parted, 
early open: filaments bearded and not appendaged: anthers short; each cell 
surmounted by a slender ascending awn: placente attached next the summit of 
the columella: seeds turned in all directions, oval, with a smooth and shining 
crustaceous coat.— Andromeda, Don, DC., Benth. & Hook. 


Andromeda. ERICACE.E. Di. 


===> A. polifdlia, L. Shrub a foot or so high, glabrous and glaucous: the firm-coriaceous 
and evergreen Rosemary-like leaves from linear to lanceolate-oblong, with strongly revo- 
lute margins, white beneath: flowers (early spring) in a small terminal umbel: pedicels 
from the axils of ovate persistent scaly bracts, naked. — Fl. Lapp. t. 1, f.3; Fl. Dan. t. 54. 
A. rosmarinifolia, Pursh, Fl. i. 291. A. glaucophylla, Link, Enum. i. 394.— Wet bogs, &c., 
from New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and on the Pacific side from Norfolk Sound to the 
arctic coast. Capsule in the American specimens more or less depressed, in the European 
higher than broad. (Eu., N. Asia.) 


§ 2. Zundénra. Corolla open-campanulate, obtusely 5-lobed: calyx barely 5- 
parted, thickish, with the thin margins valvate in the early bud: filaments naked, 
abruptly dilated at base: anthers lanceolate; each cell surmounted by a pair of 
slender ascending awns: capsule depressed-globose, obtusely 5-lobed, and some- 
what carinate at the dorsal sutures: placeute on the middle of the very short 
columella: seeds oval, angled, with a rather soft minutely reticulated coat. — 
Zenobia, Don, &c. 


A. specidsa, Michx. Shrub 2 to 4 feet high, glabrous, often glaucous: leaves cori- 
aceous, but deciduous, oval or oblong (an inch or two long), commonly crenulate or 
sparsely serrulate, reticulate-veiny: flowers in umbel-like fascicles from axillary buds, 
mostly racemose on naked branches of the preceding year: pedicels naked, drooping : 
calyx-lobes triangular, short: corolla white (a third of an inch high and wide). Varies 
from bright green to chalky-white with a dense glaucous bloom. — FI. i. 256; Pursh, FI. i. 
294; Lodd. Cab. t. 551. A. nitida, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 970. A. cassinefolia nuda, Vent. Cels., 
1. 60. Zenobia speciosa, Don, 1. ec. The following relate to the var. pulverulenta, Michx., i.e. 
the white glaucous form: Andromeda pulverulenta, Bartr. Trav. 476, with plate; Sims, Bot. 
Mag. t. 667. A. cassinefolia pulverulenta, Vent. Malm. t. 79. A. dealbata, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 
t. 1010, a state with corolla 5-parted. — Low pine-barrens, Florida to N. Carolina. 


§ 3. Porttna. Corolla ovate-urceolate, 5-toothed: calyx deeply 5-parted ; 
the lobes firm-coriaceous and thick-edged, ovate-lanceolate, strictly valvate in the 
bud: filaments not appendaged: anthers oblong; the cells each with a slender 
deflexed awn on the back at the junction with the filament: capsule globose, not 
thickened at the sutures: placent« borne on the summit of the columella: seeds 
mostly scobiform: flowers in axillary and terminal racemes, formed during the 
preceding summer, remaining naked until early the following spring, when the 
(white) blossoms unfold: pedicels minutely bracteate and 2—3-bracteolate : leaves 
coriaceous, evergreen. — Portuna, Nutt.].c. Pleris § Portuna & § Phillyreoides, 
Benth. & Hook. |.c. (Here also belong A. Cubensis, Griseb., A. Japonica, Thunb., 
and A. formosa, Wall.) 


A. floribunda, Pursh. Shrub 2 to 6 feet high, very leafy: young branchlets, &c., 
strigose with rusty or dark hairs: leaves thinnish-coriaceous, lanceolate-oblong, acute or 
acuminate, minutely serrulate and bristly-ciliate, rounded at base, somewhat glandular- 
dotted beneath (2 inches long): racemes crowded in a terminal short panicle, densely 
flowered: corolla (5 lines long) strongly 5-angled and at base 5-saccate, twice the length of 
the calyx: seeds linear-oblong with a very loose cellular coat, large, all pendulous from 
the summit of the cell. —Fl. i. 293; Bot. Mag. t. 1566; Bot. Reg. t. 807. A. (Leucothoe) 
montuna, Buckley in Amer. Jour. Sci. xlv. 172. Leucothoe floribunda, Don, |. ec. Zenobia 
Aloribunda, DC. 1. ec. Portuna floribunda, Nutt. 1. c.— Moist shaded hills, in the Allegha- 
nies, Virginia to Georgia. 

A. phillyreifélia, Hook. Shrub a foot or two high, nearly glabrous: branches slender, 
alternately leafy and scaly-bracteate: leaves firm-coriaceous, oblong or lanceolate-oblong, 
obtuse, more or less serrulate or few-toothed near the apex (an inch or two long) : racemes 
solitary and axillary, loosely 4-12-flowered: bracts deciduous: corolla ovoid, not angled, 
twice the length of the calyx: seeds small and short, borne on all sides of the placente, 
which occupy the middle of the cells of the depressed-globular umbilicate capsule; the 


32 ERICACE®. Andromeda. 


minutely reticulated coat conformed to the nucleus. —Ic. PL t. 122; Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxx. 
t. 36; Chapm. Fl. 262. Pieris phillyreifolia, DC. Prodr. vii. 599.— Wet pine barrens, W. 
Florida, especially Apalachicola. 


§ 4. Putris. Corolla from ovate-urceolate to cylindraceous, 5-toothed: calyx 
of 5 nearly distinct and early open sometimes herbaceous sepals: filaments nar- 
row, usually pubescent or ciliate, 2-setose or 2-toothed at or below the apex (these 
teeth or awn-like appendages spreading or recurved, rarely obsolete) : anthers 
oblong, awnless: dorsal sutures of the 5-angular capsule with more or less of 
a thickened ridge (sometimes separating in dehiscence) : placenta usually borne 
about the middle of the columella and of the cells: seeds scobiform or oblong 
and with a loose thin coat.— Pier’s § 1 & § 4, Benth. & Hook. 1. c. — Original 
Pieris, Don, is Asiatic, with racemes chiefly terminating leafy branches; and the 
seeds pendulous. The two American, of subsection Maria (Pieris § Maria, Benth. 
& Hook.), bear the flowers in axillary umbels or fascicles, the pedicels scarious- 
bracteate and bracteolate at base; and the placente as low as the middle of the 
columella; the seeds therefore in all directions. All combine into one subgenus 
in structure of flower, capsule, and bisetose filaments. 


* Leaves thick-coriaceous and evergreen: sepals thickish and rigid, purplish: flowers honey- 
scented, in early spring. 


ames A. nitida, Bartr. (Frerrer-susn.) Very glabrous, 2 to 6 feet high, and with acutely 


triangular branches: leaves Myrtle-like, rigid, bright green, very shining above, punc- 
ticulate beneath, ovate to lanceolate-oblong, acuminate, entire, the minutely revolute edge 
bordered by an intramarginal nerve: flower-clusters in the axils of the persistent leaves of 
the preceding year: corolla ovoid-cylindraceous with contracted orifice (3 or 4 lines long, 
from white to rose-red) : filaments nearly glabrous, bearing the setiform small appendages 
close to the summit: style abruptly fusiform-thickened above the middle: capsule ovoid- 
globose, little exceeding the calyx. — Bartram, Cat. & in Marsh. Arbust. (1785) 8; Walt. 
Car. 187; Michx. Fl. i. 252. A. lucida, Lam. Dict. i. 157 (1783), not Jacq. A. coriacea, Ait. 
Kew. ed. 1 (1789), ii. 70; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1045. A. Mariana, Jacq. Ic. Rar. iii. t. 465, 
not L. A. marginata, Duham. Arb. ed. nov. i. 188, t. 40. A. myrtifolia, Salisb. A. oborata, 
Raf., a form with smaller and rhombic-obovate obtuse leaves. Lyonia marginuta, Don. 
Leucothoe coriacea, DC., exel. syn. A. rhomboidalis ? L. marginata, Spach. — Low pine barrens, 
N. Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. (Cuba: A. lacustris, C. Wright.) 

* * Leaves almost membranaceous, deciduous: flowers (late spring or summer) consequently on 


leafless branches of the previous year, in the manner of Zenvdia: sepals thinner, larger, and 
nearly foliaceous, deciduous with the leaves! (Leucothoe § Maria, DC.) 


aes A, Mariana, L. (Staceer-susu.) Glabrous or slightly pubescent, 2 to 4 feet high: 


leaves oblong or oval, obtuse or acute at both ends, entire, loosely veiny (1 to 3 inches 
long): fascicles of nodding flowers racemose on naked shoots: corolla cylindraceous-cam- 
panulate with slightly narrowed orifice, white or pale rose-color (almost half inch long) : 
filaments hairy outside; their very small setose appendages below the summit, occasionally 
obsolete or wanting: capsule ovate-pyramidal, truncate at the contracted apex; the pla- 
cente low down.—Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1579; Duham. 1. c. t. 87; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 296. 
A. pulchella, Salish. Lyonia Mariana, Don, 1.c. Leucothoe Mariana, DC. 1. ¢. — Low grounds, 
Rhode Island to Florida along the low country; also Arkansas and Tennessee. Foliage 
said to be poisonous to lambs and calves. 


§ 5. Lyéxta. Corolla from globular to urceolate, pubescent or glandular : 
calyx 5- (rarely 4-) cleft; the valvate lobes early open, short: filaments flat, 
pubescent; these and the short anthers both destitute of appendages or awns: 
capsule as in the preceding section, i. e. with ribs at the dorsal sutures which are 
more or less separable in dehiscence: placentw on the apex of the columella 
and at the top of the cells: seeds all pendulous, narrow, scobiform, having a loose 


9 


Lewcothoe. ERICACE_E. 33 


and thin cellular-reticulated testa : flowers (small and white) racemose or fascicled : 
bracts minute and deciduous, — Lyonia, Nutt. Gen. i. 266; Benth. & Hook. Gen. 
il. 587, 
* Lepidote-scurfy, not pubescent: flowers fascicled in the axils of persistent coriaceous leaves. 
— A. ferruginea, Walt. Low shrub, or taller and arborescent : leaves rigid, cuneate-obo- 
vate, rhombic-obovate, or cuncate-oblong, entire, with revolute margins (1 or 2 inches long), 
smooth and shining above, or obscurely Ilepidote when young, grayish or ferrugineous- 
lepidote beneath, much exceeding the flower-clusters: capsule oval-pentagonal, barely 
2 lines long. —Car. 138; Michx. Fl. i. 252; Vent. Malm. t. 80. A. serruginea & A. rigidu, 
Pursh, Fl. i. 295; Lodd. Cab. t. 430. Lyowe ferruginea & L. rigida, Nutt. 1. c.— Michaux’s 
two forms are pretty wellumarked, viz. var. arborescens, with narrower less reticulated 

—— leaves, usually crowded; and Var. fruticosa, with sparser leaves conspicuously reticulated, 
mostly cuneate-obovate or rhomboidal. To this belongs .1. rhomboidalis, * Veill.” in Duham. 
Arb. ed. nov. i, 192, therefore Leucothoe rhomboidulis, Don, 1. c.— Sandy pine barrens, 
S. Carolina to Florida. (WW. Ind. & Mex. ?) 

%* * Somewhat pubescent, but not scurfy: leaves deciduous: flowers racemose-panicled. 

«== A.ligtistrina, Muhl. Shrub 3 to 10 feet high, much branched: pubescence minute: 
leaves from obovate or broadly ovate to lanceolate-oblong (1 or 2 inches long), thinnish, 
obscurely serrulate or entire: racemes few-leaved at base, or mainly from separate buds 
(in summer), crowded in naked or leafy panicles: pedicels either scattered or fascicled: 
corolla globose, barely 2 lines long: capsule globular: seeds oblong, obtuse at each end. — 
EIL Sk. i. 490; Torr. Fl. 421; Gray, Man. le. A. paniewata, Ait.; Michx. Fl. i. 254, 
partly, not L. (except as tosyn. Pluk.). A. racemosa, Lam., not L. Vaccinium ligustrinum, L. 
Spec. i. 351. Lyonia paniculata, Nutt. loc. L. ligustrina, DC.1.¢. LE. paniculata, caprecefolia, 
salicifolia, & multiflora, Wats. Dendr. t. 37, 127, 128.— Wet grounds, Canada to Florida and 
Arkansas. 

—— Var. pubéscens. A form cinereous with dense and soft fine pubescence. — A. fron- 
dosa, Pursh, Fl. i. 295 (anthers not awned in specimen of herb. Enslin); Ell. le. A. 
paniculata, var. foliosiflora, Michx. L.¢.,in part. Lyvni frondosa, Nutt. 1. e.— Virginia? to 
Georgia. 


9. OXYDENDRUM, DC. Sorret-tree, Sour-woop. (Composed of 
60g, sour, and d¢rdeor, tree, from the acid foliage. Oxydendron, Benth. & Hook., 
but DeCandolle’s form follows the analogy of Hpidendrum.) — A single species, 
with Peach-like foliage: fl. summer. 


—O. arbéreum, DC. Tree 15 to 40 feet high: leaves membranaceous and deciduous, 
oblong or lanceolate (4 to 6 inches long), acuminate, serrulate, glabrous, or at first glaucous, 
yeiny, slender-petioled: inflorescence a panicle of many-flowered racemes terminating the 
leafy shoots of the season, appearing in early summer: flowers tardily opening: corolla 
from cylindraceous- to ovate-conical (3 lines long), white, minutely pubescent. — Prodr. 
vii. 601. Andromeda arborea, L. (Catesb. Car. t. 71); Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 995: Michx. 
f. Sylvy. iii. t 7; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. 1, t. 30. Lyonia arborea, Don, 1. ¢.— Rich woods, 
Penn., Ohio, and along the Alleghany region to Florida. 


10. LEUCOTHOE, Don. (Mythological ; the name of one of the fifty 
daughters of Nereus.) North and South American and Japanese shrubs, of 
various habit ; with entire or serrulate leaves, and racemose chiefly white flowers. 
—Don in Edinb. Jour. xvii. 159; Gray, Man. 1. c. Leucothoe & Agarista (at 
least mainly), Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 584, 586. (Agarista of Don is evidently 
founded on the Mauritius and Bourbon species, the section Agauwria, DC., genus 
Agauria, Benth. & Hook., to which are added S. American species, all or chiefly 
belonging to Lewcothoe.) 


§ 1. EvreccotHor. Calyx not bracteolate. 5-parted; the divisions usually 
only early or slightly overlapping, herbaceous or membranaceous: anthers awn- 


34 ERICACEZ. Leucothoe. 


less: leaves coriaceous and evergreen: bractlets at or near the base of the pedi- 
cels; these articulated with the flower. 


%* (Nearest Gaultheria.) Racemes dense and spike-like, sessile in the axils of persistent leaves of 
the former season, developing in spring, at first resembling catkins; the ovate concave scaly 
persistent bracts being imbricated, little shorter than the pedicels : filaments minutely scabrous, 
nearly straight: anther-cells obscurely or manifestly bimucronate: stigma large, depressed-capi- 
tate and 5-rayed. Glabrous shrubs with green erect and recurving branches, and serrulate leaves 
bright green and shining above and loosely pinnately veined. 

== J],, axillaris, Don. Stems 2 to 4 feet high; often minutely pubescent when young: 
leaves from oval to oblong-lanceolate (2 to 4 inches long), mostly with an abrupt acumi- 
nation, serrulate mainly toward the apex with cartilaginous or somewhat spinulose teeth : 

petioles very short: sepals broadly ovate and obviously imbricated.— Gray, Man. 1. c.; 

Chapm. Fl. 261; also DC. Prodr. vii. 601, excl. var. & habitat. Andromeda azillaris, Lam. 

Dict. i. 157; Ait. Kew. ed. 1, ii. 69; Duham. Arb. ed. nov. i. t. 39.—Low grounds, Vir- 

ginia to Florida and Alabama toward the coast; not in the mountains. 

=us lL. Catesbei, Gray. Shoots longer (3 to 6 feet) and more recurving, glabrous : leaves 
ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate and tapering into a long and slender acumination, serrulate 
throughout with appressed strongly ciliate-spinulose teeth (4 to 7 inches long), conspicu- 
ously petioled: sepals ovate-oblong, not overlapping in the flower: capsule chartaceous, 
depressed, strongly lobed: seeds oval, flat, with a loose cellular-reticulated coat much 
larger than the nucleus. — Man. ed. 2, 252, & ed. 5, 294. Andromeda Catesbhei, Walt. Car. 

137; Willd. Spee. ii. 613 (excl. syn. Catesb.); Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1955; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 

1520. A. Walter’, Willd. Enum. 453. A. lanceolata, Desf.? A. axillaris, Michx. Fl. i. 253, 

chiefly. A. axillaris, var. longifolia, Pursh, Fl. i. 293; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2357, hardly Lam. 

A, spinulosa, Pursh, 1. c., excl. habitat. Leucothoe spinosa, Yon, 1. c.; DC. 1. ¢., excl. syn. 

Duham, &c. — Moist banks of streams, Virginia to Georgia, along and near the mountains. 

(Pursh characterized the two species, but transposed the habitats.) Flowers later than the 

other, and with the unpleasant odor of chestnut-blossoms. 

% * Racemes loose and few-flowered in the axils of the persistent reticulated leaves: bracts and 
bractlets minute: pedicels slender: filaments pubescent, sigmoid-curved toward the apex (in the 
manner of Brazilian species): anthers nearly pointless: stigma small. 

—- L. acuminata, Don. (Pirr-woop.) Shrub 8 to 12 feet high, with spreading hollow 
branches, glabrous, or puberulent when young: leaves ovate-lanceolate, gradually acu- 
minate, with callous entire or obscurely serrulate margin, rounded at base, short-petioled ; 
the midrib only prominent; the veins and veinlets all minute and finely reticulated: 
racemes shorter than the leaves: calyx very short and small at base of the cylindraceous 
(4 or 5 lines long) corolla: capsule coriaceous: seeds oblong, pendulous. — Andromeda 
acuminata, Ait. 1. ¢.; Smith, Exot. Bot. t. 89. A. lucida, Jacq. Ic. Rar. i. t. 79. A. populi- 
folia, Lam. Dict. i. 159. A. reticulata, Walt. Car. 187, A. laurina, Michx. Fl. i. 253.— 
Sandy swamps, coast of 8. Carolina to E. Florida. 

%* * * Racemes clustered in a terminal naked panicle: bracts and bractlets small and scarious or 
whitish: pedicels short: filaments glabrous, slender, straight: anther-cells 2-mucronate: stigma 
rather small, 5-rayed. 

==> L. Davisie, Torr. Shrub 3 to 5 feet high, very leafy, nearly glabrous: leaves oblong, 
obtuse at both ends, obscurely serrulate, bright green (1 to 3 inches long): racemes nearly 
sessile, slender, many-flowered : flowers recurved-pendulous (3 lines long): divisions of the 
deeply parted whitish calyx ovate-oblong, obtuse, not overlapping in the flower: seeds 
pendulous, oblong, flat, scobiform, the thin reticulated coat being much larger than the 
oval nucleus, and its margin densely fimbriate with clavate-oblong hair-like cells. — Gray, 
Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 400, & Bot. Calif. i. 455; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6247. — California, in 
the Sierra Nevada, Plumas and Nevada Counties, Lobb, Miss N. J. Duvis, &c. 


§ 2. Eunérrys. Calyx bibracteolate; the persistent bractlets and distinct 
sepals firm-chartaceous, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, much imbricated, 
(whitish or reddish) : corolla cylindraceous: filaments glabrous, straight: anther- 
cells 1-2-awned from the apex: stigma merely truncate: placenta short and por- 
rect: leaves membranaceous and deciduous: flowers in secund spike-like racemes, 
which mostly terminate the branchlets, formed early in summer, remaining naked 


Cassiope. ERICACEZ. 35 


and undeveloped until late in the ensuing spring, when the flower-buds complete 
their growth and the blossoms expand: bracts foliaceous-subulate, deciduous at 
flowering: the short pedicels articulated with the rhachis. — Gray, Man. 1. c. 
Lubotrys, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. viii. 269. (Between Luleucothoe 
and the genus Cassandra. The two Japanese species agree with this subgenus 
only in foliage.) 


=== L. racemédsa, Gray. Shrub 4 to 10 feet high: branches erect: leaves oblong or oval- 
lanceolate, acute, serrulate, somewhat pubescent when young and on the midrib beneath: 
racemes or spikes mostly solitary, erect or ascending: sepals lanceolate-ovate, very acute: 
anther-cells cach 2-awned: capsule coriaceous, not lobed: seeds angled and wingless, the 
shining smooth coat conformed to the nucleus. — Man. ed. 2. 252, ed. 5, 294. Andromeda 
racemosa & A. paniculata (chiefly), L. Spec. 304. A. spicata, Wats. Dendr. t. 36. Lyouia 
racemosa & Leucothoe spicata, Don, 1. c. Zenobia racemosa, DC. lc. Cussandra racemosa, 
Spach, Hist. Veg. ix. 478. Lubotrys racemosa, Nutt. l.c.— Varies with awns of anthers 
very short. — Moist thickets (Canada, Pursh, but most doubtful), Massachusetts near the 
coast to Florida and Louisiana. 

=~ L. rectirva, Gray, I.c. Lower than the foregoing, and with divaricate branches: leaves 
more acuminate: racemes spreading or recurved: sepals ovate: anther-cells l-awned: 
capsule chartaceous, strongly depressed and 5-lobed: seeds flat, with a broadly winged 
loose cellular coat. — Andromeda (Zenobia) recurva, Buckley in Am. Jour. Sci. xlv. 172.— 
Dry hills in the Alleghany Mountains, Virginia to Alabama. 


11. CASSANDRA, Don. Learuer-Lear. (Mythological: Cassandra 
was the daughter of Priam and Hecuba.) — A single good species. 


“= C. calyculdta, Don. A low and much branched shrub, a foot or two high, with re- 
curving branches: leaves coriaceous and persistent, very short-petioled, oblong, obtuse, 
obsoletely serrulate, dull green and lepidote-scurfy, an inch or so in length: flowers on 
short recurved pedicels in the axils of the upper leaves, these becoming gradually smaller 
and bract-like: calyx and bractlets rusty-lepidote: flowers formed in summer and expand- 
ing early the next spring: corolla cylindraceous-oblong, 5-lobed, white, 2 or 3 lines long: 
capsules small. — Andromeda calyculata, L.; Pall. Fl. Ross. t. 71; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1286; 
Lodd. Cab. t. 530 & 862. Chamedaphne calyculata, Moench. Lyonia calyculata, Reichenb. — 
Bogs, through the cooler parts of the Northern Atlantic States, and in the Alleghanies to 
Georgia; N. Illinois to Newfoundland; Kotzebue’s Sound. (N. Eu. & N. Asia.) 

Var. angustifolia is a remarkable form, unknown in an indigenous condition: leaves 
linear-lanceolate, and the somewhat revolute margins undulate or crisped: bractlets acute : 
sepals more pointed. — Andromeda cualyculata, var. angustifolia, Ait. Kew. ed. 1, ii. 70. A. an- 
gustifolia, Pursh, Fl. i. 291. A. crispa, Desf. Cat.; Guimp., Otto, & Hayne, Holz. t. 51.— 
“North America and Siberia,” Hort. Kew. “Carolina to Georgia,” Pursh; but that is a 
random guess. 


12. CASSIOPE, Don. (Cass‘ope was the mother of Andromeda.) — Arc- 
tic-alpine fruticulose evergreens, resembling Heaths or Lycopodium; with small 
or minute and imbricated or crowded entire and veinless leaves, often opposite or 
whorled, and solitary flowers nodding on the apex of an erect naked peduncle. 
Sepals ovate, thickened at base. Corolla white or rose-color. Style thickened at 
base or conical. Placentze many-seeded, pendulous from the summit of the short 
columella: seeds with a thin close coat. — DC. Prodr. vii. 610. 

% Leaves loose or spreading, narrow, flattish: peduncle terminal: corolla deeply cleft: style conical. 


C. Stelleridna, DC. Diffusely spreading, with the habit of Empetrum: leaves oblong- 
linear, obtuse, widely spreading, obscurely serrulate (less than 3 lines long): peduncle very 
short: corolla 4-5-parted.— Andromeda Stelleriana, Pall. Fl. Ross. 58, t. 74; Hook. FI. ii. 
37, t. 181. Erica Stelleriana, Willd. Afenziesia empetriformis, Pursh, Fl. i. 265, not Smith. 
Bryanthus Stelleri, Don, Syst. iii. 833. — N. W. Coast, Sitka to Behring Straits. 


36 ERICACE. Cassiope. 


“== ©. hypnoides, Don. Cespitose, 2 to 4 inches high, with the habit of a moss or small 
Lycopodium: leaves somewhat erect, loosely imbricated, linear-acerose, a line long: pe- 
duncle slender: corolla deeply 5-cleft.— Edinb. Phil. Jour. xvii. 157. Andromeda hypnoides, 
L. Spec. 393, & Fl. Lapp. t.1; Fl. Dan. t. 10; Pall. 1.c. t. 73; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2936. — 
Alpine summits of the mountains of N. New England and New York, Labrador, &c. (Green- 
land, Lapland, Arct. Siberia.) 

% * Leaves appressed-erect, closely imbricated in four ranks, thick, boat-shaped or triangular, ovate 
or oblong in outline: peduncles lateral: corolla 5-lobed: style slender, but slightly thickened 
downward. 

C. lycopodioides, Don. Very low or creeping stems filiform : leaves barely a line long, 
roundish on the back, not ciliate: peduncles filiform. — Ledeb. Fl. Ross. ii. 912. Andro- 
meda lycopodioides, Pall. 1. v. t. 72; Hook. 1. c. —Aleutian Islands to Oregon, Cusick. 

== C. Mertensiana, Don. Stouter, with rigid ascending stems and fastigiate branches, a 
foot or less in height, resembling the next: leaves 14 or 2 lines long, glabrous, carinate 

and not furrowed on the back: pedicels rather short.— DC. l. c.; Gray, Bot. Calif. ii. 456. 

Andromeda Mertensiuna, Bong. Sitk. 152, t. 5. A. cupressina, Hook. FI. ii. 38.— Sitka, &c., 

northern Rocky Mountains, and along the Cascade Mountains to the Sierra Nevada, Cali- 

fornia, as far south as Mount Dana. 

C. tetragona, Don. Stems ascending, a span or two high, with fastigiate branches: 
leaves 14 to 2 lines long, thick, and with a deep furrow on the back, often pubescent when 
young: parts of the flower sometimes in fours. — Andromeda tetragona, L. ; Fl. Dan. t. 1050; 
Pall. lc. t. 75, f.4; Hook. l.c. & Bot. Mag. t. 3181. — Northern Rocky Mountains, and 


Cascade Mountains in Oregoy, to the,arctic regions. (Greenland round to Kamtschatka.) 
c MMyectiat aed. Vee 
. CA 


13 LLUNA, Salish. “Hzatuer, Live. (From x@2ivve0, to brush or 
sweep, brooms being made of it.) — Grayish-evergreen undershrub, with no scaly 
buds, minute opposite leaves imbricated in four ranks on the branches, and very 
numerous small flowers in the upper axils, subtended by two or three pairs of 
bractlets, the inner scarious. — Single species. 

—— C. vulgaris, Salisb. A foot or less high, in broad tufts, more or less whitish-tomentose 
or glabrate: branches 4-sided by the imbricated leaves: these minute, 3-sided, grooved on 
the back: flowers appearing in summer, crowded on the branchlets, as if spicate or 
racemose, commonly secund, rose-colored or sometimes white. —Linn. Trans. vi. 317; 
Reichenb. Ic. Germ. xvii. t. 1162; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 297. C. Atlantica, Seem. Jour. Bot. iv. 
305, t. 53. Erica vulgaris, L.; Lam. Ill. t. 287; Engl. Bot. t. 1015.— Low grounds, Massa- 
chusetts, at Tewksbury (Z'. Dawson) and W. Andover (James A/itchell) ; Cape Elizabeth, 


Maine (Pickard) ; and less rare in Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, Newfoundland, &c. (Iceland, 
the Azores, N. Eu. to W. Asia.) 


“—= Erica cIngREA, a European Heath, has been found growing on rocks on Nantucket, Mass., 
but doubtless a waif. 


14. BRYANTHUS, Steller, Gmelin. (Bovor, moss, and éévOog, flower, 
because growing among mosses.) — Heath-like fruticulose evergreens (all arctic- 
alpine) ; with alternate much crowded linear-obtuse leaves (half an inch or less 
in length), articulated with the stem, grooved beneath or margins revolute-thick- 
ened. Flowers umbellate or racemose-crowded at the summit of the branches: 
the pedicels glandular and bibracteolate at base. Sepals 4 or 5, sometimes 6, 
imbricated, persistent. Anthers oblong, opening at top by oblique chinks. Seeds 
oval or oblong; the coat close and rather firm. Flowers in summer, from purple 
to ochroleucous. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vil. 377, & Bot. Calif. i. 456. Bry- 
anthus & Phyllodoce, Maxim. Rhod. As. Or. 4,5; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 595. 

B. Gmetint, Don, the typical species, and the only one not yet found in America, may be 


expected on the American, as it belongs to the opposite, side of Behring Straits. It has the 
cluster of few flowers raised on a naked peduncle, and an open 4-parted corolla. 


Kalnia. ERICACE.E. Ot 


§ 1. Parasryantuts. Corolla open-campanulate, 5-cleft or 5-lobed: calyx 
glabrous : flowers raccmose-clustered : pedicels subtended by foliaceous and rigid 
bracts: leaves almost smooth, with strongly revolute thickened margins. — Gray, 
Bot. Calif. Le. Lryanthus, in part, Hook. & Benth. Gen. 1.¢. Phyllodoce, in part, 
Maxim. 1. ¢. 


=—B. Bréweri, Gray. A span to a foot high, rigid: leaves 3 to 7 lines long: pedicels 
numerous, at first shorter than the flowers: corolla rose-purple, almost saucer-shaped, 
5-cleft fully to the middle, large for the genus, the spreading lobes 2 lines long: stamens 
(7 to 10) and style soon much exserted.— Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 377.— Sierra Nevada at 
about 10,000 fect. Flowers comparatively large and showy. 

—~B. empetriférmis, Gray, l. cv. A span or so high: leaves similar to those of the pre- 
ceding, or rough at the margin: pedicels fewer and more umbellate: corolla rose-color, 
much smaller (between 2 and 5 lines long), campanulate, barely 5-lobed; the lobes much 
shorter than the tube: stamens included: style either included or exserted. — Jenziesia 
empetriformis, Smith in Linn. Trans. x. 28t); Pursh, Fl. i. 264; Graham in Edinb. Phil. Jour. 
& Bot. Mag. t. 8176; Hook. Fl. ii. 40. 1. Grahami, Hook. Le. Phylloduce empetriformis, 
Don, Syst. iii. 783.— Rocky Mountains from lat. 50° to 42°, and Mount Shasta, California 
to Vancouver’s Island. 

Var. intermédius (Venziesia intermedia, Hook. |. c.), apparently a form with corolla 
approaching cylindraceous and sepals rather acute.— Northern Rocky Mountains, Drww- 
mond, Lyall. 


§ 2. Puytiépocer. Corolla ovate, contracted at the orifice, 5-toothed : calyx 
glandular-pubescent: stamens and style included: pedicels umbellate ; the bract- 
lets scarious and bracts thinnish: leaves more scabrous-ciliolate or roughish. — 
Phyllodoce, Salisb. Parad. Lond. 36; DC. 1.¢., in part; Benth. & Hook. 1. c. 


* Flowers purple, rarely rose-color, 2 to 6 in the umbel, or sometimes solitary. 
=-— B. taxifdlius, Gray, ].c. Barely a span high: leaves with acute scabrous-ciliolate 
edges: pedicels minutely glandular: sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate: corolla from 
urceolate-oblong to ovoid, glabrous, as are the filaments. — Andromeda tarifolia, Pall. Fl. 
Ross. ii. 54, t. 72; Fl. Dan. t. 57. A. cerulea, L. Fl. Lapp. t. 1, f. 5, but corolla not blue. 
Menziesia cerulea, Swartz in Linn. Trans. x. 377, t. 30. Phyllodoce taxifolia, Salisb. 1. e.; DC. 
1. c.— Alpine mountain summits of New Hampshire and Maine; also Labrador. (Green- 
land, N. Eu. to Japan and Kamtschatka.) 
x * Flowers from white or whitish to sulphur-color. 
B. Aletiticus, Gray, |. c. A span or more high: leaves of the preceding: pedicels (7 to 
15) and base of the acutish sepals very glandular: corolla almost globose, glabrous, 
whitish: filaments glabrous. — Menziesia Alvutica, Spreng. Syst. ii. 202; Cham. in Linn. 
i. 515; Hook. l.c.; not Bong. Phyllodoce Pallusiana, Don, & DC. 1. c. (as to pl. Cham., 
Andromeda cerulea, var. viridiflora, Pall. herb.?); Maxim. Rhod. As. Or. 6.— Unalaschka 
and Alaska. (Kamtschatka to Japan.) 
B. glandulifiérus, Gray, l.c. A span or two high: leaves similar or thicker-edged: 
ge pedicels (3 to 8) and acuminate sepals glandular-hirsute: corolla turgid-ovate, glandular, 
sulphur-color: filaments puberulent. — Menziesia glanduliflora, Hook. FI. ii. 40, t. 132. ML. 
Aleutica, Bong. Sitk. 154, t. 3 (poor), not of Spreng. — Rocky Mountains, lat. 49° to 5v°, 
and west to Sitka. 


15. KALMIA, L. Axertcan Laure. (Peter Kalm,a pupil of Linneus, 
who travelled in Canada and N. States, and became professor at Abo.) — N. 
American shrubs and one W. Indian; with evergreen entire leaves, and umbellate 
clustered or rarely s€attered showy flowers, either rose-colored, purple, or white : 
no scaly leaf-buds nor thin sealy-bracted flower buds; the bracts ovate to subulate, 
coriaceous or firm and persistent. Calyx 5-parted or of 4 sepals. imbricated in 
the bud. Limb of the corolla in the bud strongly 10-carinate from the pouches 


88 ERICACEZ. Kalmia. 


upward, the salient keels running to the apex of the lobes and to the sinuses, the 
limb imbricated in the bud. Anthers free and on erect filaments in the early 
bud, in the full-grown bud received in the pouches of the corolla, and the fila- 
ments bent over as the corolla enlarges, and still more when it expands, straight- 
ening elastically and incurving when disengaged, thereby throwing out the pollen : 
anther-cells opening by a large pore, sometimes extending into a chink. Stigma 
depressed. Capsule globular, 5-celled: placenta pendulous or porrect from the 
upper part of a small columella. Seeds with a thin and mostly close coat. 


§ 1. Flowers in simple or clustered umbels, fascicles, or corymbs: calyx per- 
sistent under the capsule: leaves and branches glabrous or nearly so. 

* Inflorescence compound: branchlets terete: capsule depressed, tardily septicidal: seeds oblong. 

s= K. latifolia, L. (Laurr., Carico-susu, &c.) Widely branching shrub 3 to 10, or in 

S. Alleghanies even 30 feet high, with very hard wood: leaves alternate or occasionally 

somewhat in pairs or threes, oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, acute or acutish at both ends, 

petioled, bright green: inflorescence very viscid-pubescent: flowers produced in early sum- 
mer; the corymbose fascicles numerous and crowded in compound terminal corymbs: 
corolla rose-color to white, viscid, three-fourths inch in diameter: capsules viscid-glandular ; 
the almost closed valves or pieces generally carrying with them the placentz. — Sims, 

Bot. Mag. t.175; Schk. Handb. t. 116; Michx. f. Sylv. ii. t. 68; Bigel. Med. Bot. i. 133, 

t. 13. (Catesb. Car. ii. t.98; Trew, Ehret. t. 38.)— Rocky hills or northward in damp 

grounds, commonly where wooded, Canada, Maine to Ohio and Tennessee, and chiefly 

along the mountains to W. Florida. 

==XK. angustifolia, L. (Sueer Lavret, Lameniiy, Wicxy.) Shrub 2 or 3 feet high, 
simple: leaves mostly in pairs or threes, oblong, obtuse, petioled, an inch or two long, light 
green above, dull or pale beneath: inflorescence lateral from the early growth of the ter- 
minal shoot, puberulent, slightly glandular: flowers in early summer, not half as large as 
in the foregoing, purple or crimson: capsules not glandular, on recurved pedicels. — Sims, 

Bot. Mag. t. 331. (Catesb. Car. iii. t.17; Trew, Ehret. t. 18.) — Hillsides, Newfoundland 

and Hudson’s Bay to the upper part of Georgia. 

K. cuneata, Michx. Low shrub, somewhat pubescent: leaves oblong with cuneate 
base, almost sessile and chiefly alternate, mucronate (an inch long): inflorescence lateral, 
few-flowered, nearly glabrous: sepals ovate, obtuse: corolla white or whitish, one-third 
inch in diameter. — Fl. i. 257; Nutt. Gen. i. 268; Loud. Arb. fig. 1143.— Swamps, eastern 
part of N. & S. Carolina (not in the mountains, as said Pursh) : little known. 

%* * Inflorescence a simple terminal umbel or corymb: branchlets 2-edged: capsule ovoid-globose, 
freely dehiscent from the summit; the valves 2-cleft at apex; placente left on the summit of the 
columella: seeds linear, with a loose cellular coat. 

a=> K. glatica, Ait. Shrub a foot or two high, wholly glabrous, mostly glaucous: leaves all 
opposite or rarely in threes, almost sessile, oblong or linear-oblong, or appearing narrower 
by the usual strong revolution of the edges, glaucous-white beneath (an inch or less long) : 
flowers in spring, lilac-purple, half to two-thirds inch in diameter: bracts large: sepals 
ovate, scarious-coriaceous, much imbricated. — Hort. Kew. ed. 1, ii. 64, t.8; Sims, Bot. 

Mag. t.177; Lodd. Cab. t. 1508. 4. polifolia, Wang. Act. Nat. Ber. v. t.5. Var. rosmarini- 

Jolia, Pursh, is merely a state with very revolute leaves: var. microphylla, Hook. Fl. a small 

alpine form, a span high, with leaves barely half inch long.— Bogs, Newfoundland and 

Hnudson’s Bay to Pennsylvania, and on the western coast at Sitka, &c., extending down 

the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, and down the Sierra Nevada to Mt. Dana, California, 

in the depauperate alpine form or variety. 


§ 2. Flowers mostly scattered and solitary in the axils of ordinary leaves ; 
these small and, with the branches and foliaceous sepals, hirsute : capsule shorter 
than the calyx: placentz remaining upon the columella: seeds oval or roundish, 
and with a close and firmer coat. (The Cuban K. ericoides, with rigid Heath-like 
leaves, = inflorescence approaching the first section, and sepals apparently per- 
sistent. 


Rhododendron. ERICACE-E. 39 


—— K. hirsuta, Walt. About a foot high, branching freely: leaves nearly sessile, plane, 
oblong or lanceolate, a quarter to half inch long: flowers scattered and axillary, produced 
through the summer, on pedicels longer than the leaves: sepals ovate-lanceolate and leaf- 
like, as long as the rose-purple corolla (this barely half inch in diameter), at length decidu- 
ous, leaving the old capsules bare.— Bot. Mag. t. 138. A‘ ciliata, Bartram, Trav. — Low 
pine barrens, S. E. Virginia to Florida. 


16. MENZIESIA, Smith. (Archibald Menzies, assistant surgeon in Van- 
couver’s voyage, 1791-95, brought the original species from the N. W. coast.) — 
Deciduous-leaved shrubs, of N. Am. and Japan; with the foliage of the Azaleus, 
but with small and mostly dull-colored 4-merous flowers (the corolla barely lobed, 
iu ours a quarter inch long, lurid-purplish), developed at the same time as the 
leaves, from separate strobilaceous buds, which terminate the branches of the 
preceding year; the pedicels nodding in flower, erect in fruit. Leaves alternate, 
membranaceous, glandular-mucronate. Capsule short: placente attached to the 
whole length of the columella. Flowers in early summer.— Smith, Ic. Pl. 59; 
Salisb. Parad. Lond. 44; Maxim. Rhod. As. Or. 7. 


* Seeds with tail or appendage at each end as long as the nucleus: capsule smooth and naked or 
nearly so, inclined to obovate: filaments more or less ciliate below. 

M. glabélla. Strigose-chaffy scales wanting, or very few on young petioles and midrib 
beneath: leaves obovate, mostly obtuse, barely mucronate-tipped, glaucescent and glabrous 
or nearly so beneath (an inch or two long), sprinkled with some small appressed hairs 
above, the obscurely serrulate margins minutely ciliolate: pedicels naked or somewhat 
glandular: corolla ovoid-campanulate. — Jf. globularis, Hook. Fl. ii. 41; Maxim. Rhod. .As. 
Or. 1. c¢., not Salisb. J/. ferruginea, Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 595. — Rocky Mountains, 
lat. 49°-56° (Drummond, Gourgeau), thence to Washington Territory and Oregon, Lyull, 
Tolmie, £. Hall. 

* %* Seeds merely apiculate or very short-tailed: capsule ovate: filaments glabrous. 

<= M. globularis, Salisb. Straggling or loosely branched shrub 2 to 5 feet high (like the 
others), more or less chaffy: leaves obovate-oblong, usually obtuse, prominently glandular- 
mucronate, strigose-hirsute especially above, glaucescent beneath: pedicels glandular: 
corolla globular-ovate becoming ovate-campanulate: capsule beset with short gland-tipped 
bristles. — Pursh, le. Jf. Suthi’, Michx. Fl. i. 235. 1L. ferruginea, var. (globuluris), Sims, 
Bot. Mag. t. 1571; Gray, Man. ed. 2 &3. M. pilosa, Juss. in Ann. Mus. i. 56. Azaleu pilosa, 
Michx. in Lam. Jour. Nat. Hist. i. 410.— Woods, through the Alleghany Mountains, from 
Pennsylvania to Georgia. Most like the preceding, but the seeds very different ; the small 
calyx commonly more distinctly 4lobed. Leaves an inch or two long. 

- ——  M. ferruginea, Smith. Strigose-chaff not rare on young parts: leaves oblong or lan- 
ceolate-obovate, acute or acutish at both ends, prominently glandular-mucronate, more 
ciliate with glandular bristles, rusty strigose-hirsute above, merely paler beneath (somewhat 
blackening in drying): pedicels bristly-glandular: corolla oblong-ovate and becoming 
cylindraceous. — Pursh, Fl. i. 264; Hook. 1. ¢.; Maxim. 1. c.— Woods, coast of Oregon 
tu Alaska and Aleutian Islands. (Kamtschatka ?) 


17. RHODODENDRON, L. Rose Bay, Azatea. &c. (The ancient 
Greek name, meaning rose-tree.)——Shrubs or small trees, of diverse habit 
and character, with chiefly alternate entire leaves: the principal divisious have 
been received as genera, but they all run together. Ouly five are N. American 
out of the eight subgenera of Maximowicz, Rhod. As. Or. 13. (thododendron & 
Azalea, L.) — The first two subgenera are very anomalous. 

§ 1. Tueroruépion, Maxim. Flowers one or two terminating leafy shoots 


of the season; the thin bud-scales of the shoot deciduous only with the annual 
leaves: corolla rotate, divided to the base on the lower side: stameus 10. 


40 ERICACEZ. Rhododendron. 


R. Kamtschaticum, Pall. A span high: leaves thin and chartaceo-membranaceous, 
sessile, obovate, or the upper oval, very obtuse, nervose-veined and reticulated, bristly 
ciliate, shining: sepals large and foliaceous, deciduous: corolla rose-purple, deeply 5-cleft, 
nearly an inch long: capsule thin. — Fl. Ross. i. 48, t. 33; Hook. FI. ii. 43. Rhodothamnus 
Kamtschaticus, Lindl. in Paxt. Fl. Gard. i. t. 22, Alaska and Aleutian Islands to North 
Japan, &e. 


§ 2. AzaLeastruM, Planchon, Maxim. Inflorescence lateral; the flowers 
from the same bud as the leafy shoot or from separate 1-3-flowered lateral buds 
below: scales caducous: leaves deciduous: corolla rotate or approaching cam- 
panulate: stamens d to 10. 


~— R. albifidrum, Hook. Shrub 2 or 3 feet high, with slender branches, pubescent with 
slender strigose or silky and some short glandular hairs when young, nearly glabrous 
in age: leaves membranaceous, oblong, pale green: flowers from separate small buds of 
the axils of the previous year, nodding on short pedicels : sepals membranaceo-foliaceous, 
oval or oblong, half the length of the white 5-cleft corolla, as long as the ovoid capsule : 
stamens 10, included: filaments bearded at the base: stigma peltate-5-lobed, — Fl. ii. 43, 
& Bot. Mag. t. 135.— Woods of the northern Rocky Mountains and Oregon to British 
Columbia. Corolla less than an inch long. 


§ 3. Az&iea, Planchon, Maxim. Inflorescence terminal; with the umbellate 
flowers from a separate strobilaceous bud, terminating the growth of the previous 
year, surrounded at the base by lateral and smaller leaf-buds, developing in 
spring or early summer; the thin-scaly bud-scales and bracts caducous or early 
deciduous : leaves deciduous, glandular-mucronate : calyx small, sometimes minute : 
corolla chiefly funnelform, glandular-viscid outside: stamens and style more or 
less exserted and declined (4 to 10). — Azalea, L. chiefly, DC. &c. (with Rhodora, 
Duhamel). 


* Strobilaceous flower-buds of numerous much imbricated scales: corolla with conspicuous funnel- 
form tube. slightly irregular limb, and acute oblong lobes: stamens (chiefly 5) and style long- 
exserted. Truz AZALEAS. 


+— Pacific States species: flowers more or less later than the leaves. 

==> R. occidentale, Gray. Shrub 2 to 6 feet high: branches not bristly: leaves obovate- 
oblong, nearly glabrous at maturity, but ciliate, thickish, bright green and shining above 
(1 to 3 inches long): lobes of the 5-parted calyx oblong or oval: corolla white or barely 
with a rosy tinge and a pale yellow band on the upper lobe, often 2} inches long: capsule 
oblong, three-fourths inch long. — Bot. Calif. 1.458. 2. calendulaceum, Hook. & Arn. Beech. 
362. <Azulea occidentalis, Torr. & Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 116.— California, western foot- 
hills of the Sierra Nevada through the length of the State, and in the coast ranges, along 
streams. Fragrance of blossoms sweet, but slightly unpleasant. 
+— + Atlantic States species (commonly called Swame HWonrysuck.ss), all from 3 to 10 feet 

high and the leaves from obovate to oblong-oblanceolate. — Species of Rhududendrun, Torr. Fl. 
N. & M. States (1824), 424. 
++ Flowers appearing later than the glabrous leaves, deliciously fragrant. 

«== R. arboréscens, Torr. No strigose or chaffy bristles: leaves (fragrant in drying) 
merely ciliolate, slightly coriaceous when mature, bright green and shining above, glau- 
cescent beneath: corolla rose-color, fully 2 inches long; the tube and the conspicuous 
narrow-oblong calyx-lobes sparsely glandular-bristly. — Fl. N. & M. States, 425. Aculea 
arborescens, Pursh, Fl. i. 152; Gray, Man. ed. 1, 268. A. fragrans, Raf. Ann. Nat. 12.— 
Alleghany Mountains, Pennsylvania to North Carolina. Foliage exhales the odor of An 
thoranthum in drying. 

o> R, viscOsum, Torr. Branchlets and midrib of the leaves beneath more or less chaffv- 
bristly: leaves more ciliate, an inch or two long, dull or hardly shining above, pale be- 
neath: calyx very small: corolla white, or with a rosy tinge, sometimes varying to reddish, 
the outside very glandular-viscid. —Fl. N. & M. States, he, & FLON. Yi 439, t. 66. 

salea viscosa, L. (Catesb. Car. i. t. 57); Michx. FL i. 150; Emerson, Mass. Rep. ed. 2, 


. Rhododendron. ERICACE.E. 4] 


t. 24.— Swamps, Canada and Maine to Florida and Arkansas. Runs into manifold yari- 
eties ; the following being those most marked :— 

Var. glaucum. Leaves glaucous-whitened beneath, dull and sometimes glaucous 
above also. — .lzulea viscosa, var. glauca, Michx. 1c. A. glauca, Lam. Il. t.110. 2. glaw- 
cum, Don, l.c. Form more strigose-hispid is A. hispida, Pursh, l.c. (2. hispidum, Torr. 1. c.) 
A. scabra, Loddiges, &¢. — New England to Virginia. 

Var. nitidum. Leaves oblanceolate, brighter green both sides: stems a foot to a 
yard high.—&. nitidum, Torr. 1. c. Azalea nitida, Pursh, 1. ¢.; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 414. — 
Mountains, New York to Virginia. 
++ ++ Flowers earlier and less fragrant, preceding or accompanying the leaves; these soft-pubes- 

cent beneath and more membranaceous, 1 to 3 inches long; the midrib-and the branchlets either 
slightly or not at all chaffy-strigose or hispid: calyx usually very small. 

—— R. nudifidrum, Torr. }.¢. Corolla from light rose-color or flesh-color to rose-purple ; 
the viscid tube as long as or rather longer than the limb. — Azalea nudiflora, L. Spec. 
ed. 2, 214; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 180; Emerson, l. c. t. 24. A. lutea, L. Spee. ed. 1. A. peri- 
clymenoides & .1. canescens, Michx. lc. A. bicolor, Pursh, l.c. Rhododendron canescens, bicolor, 
&c., Don, |. c. — Swamps, low grounds, or shaded hillsides, Canada to Florida and Texas. 
Varying much in color, &c., at the south sometimes passing into yellow. Many hybrid 
forms are in cultivation. 

= ~R. calendulaceum, Torr. l.c. Corolla from orange-yellow to flame-red; the tube 
mostly hirsute-glandular, shorter than the ample limb: mature leaves more tomentose 
beneath. — Azalea calendulacea, Michx. Fl. i. 151; Pursh, 1. ¢.; Bot. Mag. t.1721, 2143.— 
Woods in the Alleghany Mountains, from Pennsylvania to Georgia, extending southward 
into the middle country. 


* ¥* Strobilaceous flower-buds of fewer and early caducous scales: corolla irregular, with a short 
or hardly any tube. anteriorly divided to the base; the limb equalling the 10 stamens and style. 
— Rhodora, Duhamel, in Linn. Gen. 


«> R. Rhodora, Don. A foot or two high, the young parts sparingly strigose-hairy : 
flowers somewhat preceding the leaves, short-pedicelled: calyx very small: corolla less 
than an inch long, purplish-rose-color, bilabiately parted or divided; the posterior lip 
3-lobed; the anterior of two oblong-linear and recurving nearly or quite distinct petals: 
leaves oblong, pale, glaucescent, more or less pubescent. — Syst. iii. 848; Maxim. Lc. 
Rhodora’ Canadensis, L.; L’Her. Stirp. i. 161, t. 68; Lam. Ill. t. 364; Bot. Mag. t. 474; 
Duham. Arb, ed. nov. iii. 53; Emerson, |. ec. t. 25.  Ehodora congestu, Meench. Rhodo- 
dendron pulchellum, Salisb. — Cool bogs, New England to mountains of Pennsylvania and 
northward to Newfoundland: fi. May. Mature leaves 1 to 2} inches long, glandular- 
mucronulate. Flowers rarely white, sometimes variably or variously cleft or divided, or 
the lower petals more united to the upper lip. 


§ 4. EurnopopENpRON. Inflorescence terminal; the umbellate or somewhat 
corymbose flowers from a separate strobilaceous bud (of mostly numerous and 
well-imbricated caducous scales), terminating the growth of the previous year ; 
the leaf-buds lateral and below: leaves coriaceous aud persistent: calyx various, 
usually small or minute: corolla mostly 5-lobed and little irregular: stamens 
(commonly 10) and style rarely exserted, somewhat declined, or sometimes equally 
spreading: flowers mostly large and showy, in early summer. — Hurhododendron 
& Osmothamnus (DC.), Maxim. 1. ¢. 


* Not lepidote, glabrous or soon becoming so: the pubescence of young parts (if any) scurfy- 
tomentose and deciduous: leaves ample and thick-coriaceous: stems and branches stout and 
erect: flowers many in the cluster, mostly developing earlier than the leaf-buds: seeds scobiform 
or scarious-appendaged at one or both ends. 

+— Pacific species: pedicels wholly glabrous: calyx lobes very short and rounded. 
~- R. Califérnicum, Hook. Shrub 3 to 8 feet high, glabrous: leaves broadly oblong, 

3 to 6 inches long, obtuse with a mucronate or short-acuminate point, acute or acutish at 

base: corolla rose-purple, broadly campanulate (over an inch long); the broad lobes un- 

dulate: ovary rusty-hirsute.— Bot. Mag. t. 4863; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 458. — Woods, 

California from Mendocino Co. extending into Oregon (£. Hull). Corolla much resen- 

bling that of A. Cutuwbiense. 


42 ERICACE.®. Rhododendron. 


R. macrophyllum, Don. Shrub 10 to 15 feet high: leaves oblong, acute at both ends, 
5 to 8 inches in length, thinnish: corolla white, less than an inch long; its lobes oblong: 
ovary bristly hirsute. — Syst. iii. 843; Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exp. 382. &. maximum, Hook. 
FI. ii. 43, excl. syn. &c. — Woods, Puget Sound to Washington Territory. A little known 
species. 

+— + Atlantic States species: pedicels glandular or pubescent. 
eas R. maximum, L. (Grear Lavrey or Rost Bay.) Shrub or small tree 6 to 35 feet 
high: leaves elongated- or lanceolate-oblong, acute or short-pointed, narrowed toward the 
mostly acute base, 4 to 10 inches long, commonly whitish beneath: pedicels viscid: calyx- 
lobes oval, equalling the glandular ovary: corolla pale rose-color or nearly white, greenish 
in the throat on upper side and with some yellowish or reddish spots, campanulate, an inch 
long, rather deeply 5-cleft into oval lobes: capsule short. — Catesb. Car. iii. t. 17; Lam. 
Ill. t. 364; Bot. Mag. t. 951; Michx. f. Sylv. i. t. 67; Bigel. Med. Bot. iii. t. 51. R. pur- 
pureum & R. Purshii, Don, 1. c. (varying in color of flower, &c.).—Damp woods, rare in 
Nova Scotia, New England and bordering part of Canada, common through the Alle- 
ghanies on steep banks of streams, &c., New York to Georgia. Flowering toward mid- 
summer, simultaneously with the growth of the leafy shoots. 
o=:,, R. Catawbiénse, Michx. Shrub 8 to 6 (rarely 20) feet high: leaves oval or broadly 
oblong, mostly obtuse or rounded at both ends, 3 to 5 inches long: pedicels rusty-pubescent 
when young, glabrous in age: calyx and its lobes very short: ovary oblong, rusty-pubes- 
cent: corolla lilac-purple, broadly campanulate, an inch and a half high, with broad 
roundish lobes: capsule narrowly oblong. — Fl. i. 258; Bot. Mag. t. 1671. Higher moun- 
tains, Virginia to Georgia: fl. at beginning of summer. Largely hybridized with other 
species, and varied in cultivation. 
* * Lepidote-dotted or scurfy with scattered peltate scales: stems mostly spreading or diffuse: 


flowers fewer or few in the umbel: seeds (in ours and in most species) with a close coat, barely 
apiculate at either end! 


+ Southern species: stems 3 to 6 feet high, with slender and often recurving branches: even the 
outside of the short-funnelform corolla sprinkled with the resinous globules or dots: stamens 
10: flower-buds ovate or oblong and well imbricated. 

es=> R. punctatum, Andr. Diffuse, the slender branches recurved or spreading: leaves 
lighter green and thinner-coriaceous, oblong or oval-lanceolate, acute or somewhat acu- 
minate at both ends, 2 to 5 inches long: flowers developed later than or with the leaves of 
the season (in early summer), copious: corolla rose-color, an inch long, short-funnelform 
with an ample widely expanded limb and rounded-obovate slightly undulate lobes, ex- 

ceeding the stamens and style: capsule resinous-dotted: seeds oval. — Bot. Rep. t. 36; 

Vent. Cels. t. 15; Bot. Reg. t. 37. R. minus, Michx. Fl. i. 258.— Eastern portion of the 

Alleghany Mountains from N. Carolina to Georgia, and extending to the eastern frontier 

of the latter State on the Savannah River at Augusta. Corolla often darker-spotted and 
greenish in the throat. 

R. Chapmanii. More erect and rigid: leaves firm-coriaceous, oval or oblong, obtuse, 
seldom an inch and a half long, duller, more crowded, short-petioled: flowers developed 
earlier than the leafy shoots of the season: corolla rose-color, spotted within, more nar- 
rowly funnelform; the tube longer than the limb; lobes somewhat ovate, shorter than the 
stamens and style: seeds narrowly oblong. — R. punctutum, var., Chapm. Fl. 266. — Sandy 
pine barrens, W. Florida, Chapman. 


+ + Arctic-alpine species, small and depressed: corolla rotate-campanulate, deeply 5-cleft, not 
lepidote or resinous-dotted: stamens 5 to 10: flower-buds globular and less imbricated. 


oR. Lappénicum, Wahl. Divergently branched from the base, prostrate or a span 
or two high: leaves a quarter to half an inch long, firm-coriaceous, oval or oblong, obtuse: 
umbels 3-6-flowered: corolla purple, with darker spots within, half inch long: stamens 
5 to 8, rarely 10.— Fl. Suec. 249; DC. Prodr. vii. 724; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3106. -tealea 
Lapponica, L.; Fl. Dan. t. 906.— Alpine region of the mountains of N. New York and 
New England, Labrador to the northern Rocky Mountains and arctic coast, west to Norton 
Sound and Unalaschka (Lschscholtz). (Greenland to Arct. Asia.) &. parvifolium, Adams 
(Azalea Lapponica, Pall.), or at least the N. W. American form referred to it by Maximo- 
wicz, seems hardly different; and all the American and Greenland specimens have the 
filaments bearded or pubescent at base. 


pF 


& 


Leiophyllum. ERICACE. 43 


18. LEDUM, L. Lasravor Tea. (-1;,60v, ancient name of the C’stus.) 
— Low shrubs, with alternate persistent leaves entire and more or less resinous 
dotted, slightly fragrant when bruised. Flowers white, developed in early sum- 
mer from separate and mostly terminal buds, their scales and bracts well imbri- 
cated, thin and caducous. Stamens and the (persistent) style fully as long as the 
petals. Stigma obscurely annulate. Pedicels slender, recurved in fruit. — We have 
all the species. 

* Leaves densely tomentose beneath, the wool soon ferrugineous, and the margins strongly revo- 

lute: inflorescence all terminal. 

L. palustre, L. -A span (in the arctic form) to 2 feet high : leaves linear (half to inch and 
a half long): stamens 10: capsule short oval. — Fl. Dan. t. 1031; Lodd. Cab. t. 560.— 
Bogs, Newfoundland, Labrador, and through the arctic regions to Alaska and Aleutian 
Islands. (N. Eu. & Asia.) 

Var. dilatatum, Wahl. : approaching the next, having broader leaves and some- 

times long-oval capsules. — N. W. Coast, Sitka, &e. 

~ L. latifélium, Ait. A foot to a yard high, erect: leaves oblong or linear-oblong (an 
inch or two long), commonly half inch wide, very obtuse: stamens 5 to 7: capsule oblong, 
acutish. — Lam. IIl. t. 365; Jacq. Ie. Rar. t. 464. Z. Grenlandicum, Retz. Scand.  L. palustre, 
var. /atifolium, Michx., &e. L. Canadense, Lodd. Cab. t. 1049. — Newfoundland and Lab- 
rador (Greenland), through the wooded regions to Puget Sound, and south in the Atlantic 

States to Wisconsin and Pennsylvania. 

* * Leaves glabrous both sides: inflorescence sometimes also lateral. — Ledudendron, Nutt. 

== LL. glandulésum, Nutt. Shrub 2 to 6 feet high, stout: leaves oblong or oval, or ap- 
proaching lanceolate (one or two inches long), pale or whitish and minutely resinous- 
atomiferous beneath: inflorescence often compound and crowded: calyx 5-parted: capsules 
oval, retuse.— Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. viii. 270; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 459. — Woods 
and swamps, coast of California from Mendocino Co. northward, and through the Sierra 
Nevada; thence north and east to Br. Columbia and northern Rocky Mountains. 


19. BEJARIA, Mutis. (Written Befaria by the younger Linneus, &c., 
but originally “Bejaria, Mutis, ex Zea, Annal.” iii, 151. Zea was a pupil of 
Mutis, and he declares that the name was given in honor of Bejar, professor of 
Botany at Cadiz, and an intimate friend of Mutis.) — All but the following species 
tropical American. 

<>B. racemosa, Vent. Shrub 3 or 4 feet high, evergreen: branches sparsely hispid: leaves 
alternate, sessile, oblong, coriaceous, glabrous, pale: flowers in pedunculate and sometimes 
paniculate naked racemes terminating leafy branches: bracts and bractlets subulate, de- 
ciduous: calyx obtusely 7-lobed: petals spatulate, white tinged with red, an inch long. — 
Hort. Cels, t.51; Ell. Sk. i583. Befaria paniculata, Michx. Fl. i. 280, t. 26. Pine barrens, 
Florida and Georgia near the coast: fi. summer. 


20. LEIOPHYLLUM, Pers. Sanp Myrtie. (eo, smooth, qvsor, 
leaf, from the smooth and shining foliage.) — A single species. varvine consider- 
ably: flowering late in spring; the coriaceous scales or bracts resembling reduced 
leaves. 


== L. buxifdélium, Ell. Shrub resembling Dwarf Box in miniature, a span or two high, 
yery glabrous, much branched, thickly leafy: leaves alternate or opposite, oblong or oval, 
veinless, a fourth to half inch long, slightly petioled: flowers profuse, in terminal umbelli- 
form corymbs: corolla white or rose-color (3 or 4 lines broad): anthers brown or purple. 
—L. buzifolium & L. serpyllifolium, DC. Prodr. vii. 730. LZ. thymifolium, Don, Syst. ili. $51. 
Ledum buzifolium, Berg. in Act. Ups. 1777, t. 3, £1; Michx. FI. i. 260; Lodd. Cab. t. 52. 
L. thymifolium, Lam. Ml. t. 363. Dendrium buxifolium, Desv. Jour. Bot. ili. 36. Ammyrsine 
buzifolia, Pursh ; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 531. Fischera burifolia, Swartz in Act. Mosc. v. 16. — 
Sandy pine barrens, New Jersey to Florida, and the mountains of Carolina. The state 


44 ERICACEE. Loiseleuria. 


(LZ. serpyllifolium, DC.) with “capsules sparsely puberulent” or often granulate-roughish 
is chiefly southern, and on the mountains passes into 

_—___ Var. prostratum. Depressed-tufted, with the habit of Loiseleuria: leaves mostly 
oval and deeper green: capsules from smooth and nearly even to sparsely muricate with 
soft projecting points or processes. — (Gray, in Amer. Jour. Sci. xlii. 36.) ZL. prostratum, 
Loud. Arb. 1155; DC. 1. c.— Summit of Roan Mountain, and of other high mountains of 
Carolina. 


—— 21, LOISELEURIA, Desv. (Loiseleur-Delongchamps, a French botanist.) 
— A single, arctic-alpine species, which was included by Linnaeus in Azalea, but 
is most unlike. 


w= J,. procumbens, Desv. Fruticulose and cespitose, depressed, glabrous, evergreen: 
leaves nearly all opposite, rather crowded on the branches, distinctly petioled, oval or 
oblong, thick-coriaceous, veinless, 2 to 4 lines long, with thick midrib beneath and revolute 
margins: umbel 2-5-flowered from a terminal coriaceo-foliaceous bud; the scales or bracts 
persistent : pedicels short : corolla rose-color or white (2 lines high), barely twice the length 
of the purplish sepals. — Jour. Bot. iii. 85; DC. le. Azalea procumbens, L. Spec. & FI. 
Lapp. t. 6, f.2; Fl. Dan. t.9; Pall. Fl. Ross. t. 70, f.2; Pursh, Fl. i. 154 (excl. pl. Grand- 
father Mt., which is Letophyllum) ; Lodd. Cab. t. 762. Chameledon procumbens, Link, Enum. 
i. 211.— Alpine region of White Mountains, New Hampshire ; also Labrador, Arctic America 
to high N. W. coast and islands. (Greenland, Eu., N. Asia.) 


22. ELLIOTTIA, Muhl. (Dedicated to Stephen Elliott, author of Sketch 
of the Botany of S. Carolina and Georgia.) — Identified with a Japanese genus, 
Tripetaleia, Sieb. & Zuce., forming a rather polymorphous but marked genus of 
three species and as many sections, as arranged in Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 598. 
E. racemésa, Muhl. Shrub 4 to 10 feet high, glabrous, with slender branches: leaves 

short-petioled, oblong, mostly acute at both ends, about 2 inches long, mucronate with a gland, 

thinnish, pale beneath, lightly veiny: raceme or racemose panicle loosely many-flowered, a 

span to a foot long: bracts and bractlets minute, scarious, very caducous: calyx very 

short, 4-lobed: corolla white, half inch long; the petals 4, spatulate-linear, valvate or 
nearly so at base and imbricated at summit in the bud, in blossom recurved-spreading: 
stamens 8: anthers somewhat sagittate, erect; the cells callous-mucronate: style little 
declined, incurved at apex: ovary not stipitate. (Parts of the flower rarely in fives ?) — 

Muhl. in Ell. Sk. i. 448; Chapm. Fl. 273; Baill. Adans. i. 205. — Wet sandy.woods, on or 

near the Savannah River, at Waynesboro’ (£lliott), and near Augusta (Wray, and recently 

Berckmans) in Georgia; and on the S. Carolina side of the river near Hamburg, on David 

L. Adams’ place (O/ney, 1853): rare and local: fl. early summer. Fruit still unknown. 


23. CLADOTHAMNUS, Bong. (Kicdog, branch, and Gauroc, bush.) — 
Bong. Veg. Sitk. 87, t. 1; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 598.  Zolmtea, Hook. FI. ii. 
44,— A single species. 

C. pyrolefiérus, Bong. Tall shrub with many virgate branches, glabrous, leafy: 
leaves obovate-lanceolate, glandular-mucronulate, almost sessile, thin, an inch or so long, 
pale: flower nodding on a short pedicel: petals reddish, hardly half inch long. — DC. 


Prodr.. vii. 722. Tolmiea occidentalis, Hook. l.c.— Low woods, Washington Territory to 
Alaska. 


24. CLETHRA, Gronov. Wurre Atper. (K2790a, ancient Greek name 
of the Alder, which the original species somewhat resembles in foliage.) — Shrubs 
or small trees; with alternate leaves, in ours serrate and deciduous, and white 
flowers in simple or panicled chiefly terminal racemes; these usually canescent 
with a stellate pubescence. Bracts subulate, deciduous: bractlets none or ca- 
ducous. Leaf-buds of few scales or naked. Capsule in ours nearly enclosed in 


Chimaphila. ERICACE.E. 45 


the calyx. Petals imbricated (or sometimes nearly convolute) in the bud. Fila- 
ments usually subulate: anthers fixed near the middle, in the bud extrorse, after 
expansion becoming introrse. Stigmas over the cells according to Baillon, Aduns. 
i201. FI. summer. 


“~C. alnifélia, L. (Sweet Perrerrvsn.) Shrub 3 to 10 feet high: leaves cuneate-obovate 
or oblong, sharply serrate, entire toward the base, prominently straight-vcined, short-petioled : 
racemes erect, mostly panicled: filaments glabrous: flowers spicy-fragrant. — Lam. Il. 
t.369; Schk. Handb. t.115; Michx. Fl. i. 260, (Adu/folia Americana, &c., Pluk. Alm. t. 115, 
f.1; Catesb. Car. 1, t. 66.) C, dentata, Ait. Kew. ed. 1, ii. 75, with strongly serrate leaves. 
C. paniculata, Ait. 1. ¢., with less toothed cuneate-lanceolate leaves green and glabrous both 
sides. C. scabra, Pers. Syn. i. 482, with leaves somewhat scabrous above and more or less 
pubescent beneath, as is common. — Wet woods and swamps, Maine to Florida, at the 
north only along the coast. 

Var. tomentdésa, Michx., l.c. More or less hoary: leaves tomentose-canescent 
beneath. — C. tomentosa, Lam. Dict. ii. 46; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3743. C. incana, Pers. 1. ¢. 
C. pubescens, Willd. Enum. 455. — 8. Atlantic States, passing into the other forms. 

—=-C. acuminata, Michx. Tall shrub or small tree: leaves ample (3 to 7 inches long), 
oval or oblong, acuminate, closely and sharply serrate almost to the base, with somewhat 
curved veins and rather long petioles, almost glabrous: racemes mostly solitary, nodding : 
caducous bracts longer than the flowers: filaments hirsute, usually also the-base of the 
petals within the capsule hirsute. — Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t. 71; Lodd. Cab. t. 1427. 
C. montana, Bartram; Duham. Arb. ed. nov. +. 130. — Woods of the Alleghanies, Virginia 
to Georgia. 


25. CHIMAPHILA, Pursh. Pipsissewa.&c. (Composed of zeiua, winter, 
and gis, to love, being a sort of ** Wintergreen.”) — Low, with running lignes- 
cent stolons, thick and shining toothed leaves either scattered or often imperfectly 
opposite or verticillate on the short ascending stems, narrowish: a few flesh- 
colored or white fragrant waxy-looking flowers on a terminal naked peduncle, 
produced in early summer. Petioles short. Calyx 5-parted. Cells of the anther 
oblong, with a short narrow neck under the orifice, imperfectly 2-locellate, at 
least when young. Stizma very broad, obscurely 5-radiate. Bracts scaly. — We 
have all the species, except one in Japan, near C. Venziesi7. 


“™ C. umbellata, Nutt. (Pirsissewa, Prixce’s Prye.) A span or two high, very leafy 
in irregular clusters or whorls, often branched: leaves cuneate-lanceolate, with tapering 
base, sharply serrate, not spotted, shining: peduncle 4-7-flowered: bracts narrow, de- 
ciduous: filaments hairy on the margins only. — Bart. Mat. Med. i. t. 1; Hook. FI. i. 49. 
C. corymbosa, Pursh, Fl. i. 300. Pyrola umbellata, L.; Lam. Il. t. 367; Fl. Dan. t. 1556; 
Bot. Mag. t. 897; Bigel. Med. Bot. t.21.  P. corymbosn, Bertol. Misc. iii. 12, t.3.— Dry and 
especially coniferous woods, Canada to Georgia, west to the Pacific from Br. Columbia to 
California. (Mex., Eu., Japan.) 

—__.__ C. Menziésii, Spreng. A span high, sparingly branched from the base: leaves from 
ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute at both ends, small (6 to 18 lines long), sharply serrulate, 
the upper surface often mottled with white: peduncle 1-3-flowered: bracts ovate or 
roundish: filaments slender, with a round dilated portion in the middle villous: flowers 
smaller, about half inch in diameter. — Svst. ii. 317; Hook. 1. c. t. 158: Gray, Bot. Calif. 
1.459. Pyrola Menziesii, R. Br.; Don in Wern. Trans. v. 245.— Coniferous woods, British 
Columbia to California. 

awe. C. maculata, Pursh, l.c. (Sportep WiytercreEy.) A span or more in height, more 
simple: leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse at base (an inch or two long), sparsely 
and very sharply serrate ; the upper surface variegated with white: peduncle 2—5-flowered : 
bracts linear-subulate: filaments villous in the middle: flower comparatively large, three- 
fourths inch in diameter. — Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. i. 40, t.11; Radius, Diss. Pyr. t. 5, f. 2; 
Torr. Fl. N. Y. 1, t. 70. Pyrola maculata, L.; Bot. Mag. t. 807.— Dry woods, Canada to 
Georgia and Mississippi. 


46 ERICACES. Moneses. 


26. MONESES, Salisb. (Formed of pores, single, and jot, delight, from 
the solitary handsome flower.) — Cells of the anther oblong, abruptly constricted 
under the orifice into a conspicuous short-tubular neck, in the bud completely 
bilocellate, so that the anther appears equally 4-lobed. Capsule not depressed, 
opening from above downward. — A single species. 

awe WM. unifléra, Gray. Herb with 1-flowered scape 2 to 4 inches high, a cluster of roundish 
and serrulate thin leaves at base, on a short stem or the ascending summit of a filiform 
rootstock : corolla white or tinged rose-color, about two thirds inch in diameter (in early 
summer). — Gray, Man. ed. 1, 273; Alefeld in Linn. xxviii. 72. AZ. grandiflora, Salisb., Don, 

le. Pyrola uniflora, L.; Fl. Dan. t. 8; Engl. Bot. t.146; Reichenb. Ic. Germ. xvii. t. 1156. 

AM. reticulata, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. viii. 271. — Deep moist woods, Labrador 

to Oregon, south to Pennsylvania, &c., and along the mountains to Colorado, Utah, &e., 

north to the arctic regions. (Iu. to N. E. Asia.) 


27. PYROLA, Tourn. WINTERGREEN, SHIN-LEAF. (Name said to be a 
diminutive of Pyrus, Pear-tree.) — Acaulescent herbaceous evergreens; with a 
cluster. of round or roundish leaves, and some scarious scales on the ascending 
summit of slender subterranean rootstocks (one species leafless) : scape more or 
less scaly-bracted, bearing a raceme of white, greenish, or purplish nodding 
flowers, in summer. (Almost all N. American). — Pyrola ( Actinocyclus, Klotzsch), 
Amelia, & Thelaia, Alefeld in Linn. xxviii. 8. 


§ 1. Améria, Benth. & Hook. Style straight and short: stigma peltate, large, 
obscurely 5-lobed: stamens equally connivent around the pistil: anthers not nar- 
rowed below the openings: hypogynous disk none: petals orbicular, naked at 
the base, globose-connivent. — Amelia, Alefeld, lc. (P. media, of the Old World, 
connects with § Thelaia.) 


P. minor, L. Leaves orbicular, thinnish, obscurely serrulate or crenulate, an inch or less 
long: scape a span high, 7-15-flowered : pedicels short, rather crowded : style much shorter 
than the ovary, included in the globose white or flesh-colored corolla. — Fl. Dan. t. 55; 
Radius, Diss. Pyrol. 15, t.1; Reichenb. Ic. Germ. xvii. t.1155. P. rosea, Smith, Engl. Bot. 
t. 2545; Radius, l.c. t.2. Amelia minor, Alefeld, 1. c. — Cold woods, Labrador, White Moun- 
tains of New Hampshire, Lake Superior, Rocky Mountains from New Mexico, Oregon, 
and northward to the arctic regions. (Greenland to Kamtschatka.) 


§ 2. EvpYrora. Style straight and long: stigma peltate—5-lobed, large; the 
lobes at length radiately much projecting beyond the ring or border: stamens and 
oblong petals equally connivent around the pistil: a pair of tubercles on the base 
of each petal: anthers as in the preceding: hypogynous disk 10-lobed. — Pyrola, 
Alefeld. Actinocyelus, Klotzsch. 


=P. sectinda, L. Inclined to be caulescent from a branching base: leaves thin, ovate, 
serrulate or crenate, an inch or two long: scape a span long: flowers numerous in a secund 
spike-like raceme : pedicels at first merely spreading, in fruit recurved: petals greenish- 
white, campanulate-connivent. — FI. Dan. t. 402; Engl. Bot. t. 517.— Rich woods, North- 
ern Atlantic States to Labrador, and the mountains of Colorado and California, thence far 
northward. (Mex., N. Eu. to Japan.) 

—_—_— Var. pumila, a smaller form, with rounded leaves half inch or little more in diameter, 

and 3-8-flowered scape. — J. A. Paine, Cat. Pl. Oneida Co., N. Y.; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 802. — 

ee Ai of elevated regions in Central New York; also Labrador, Alaska, &c. (Green- 

and. 


§ 3. Tuexdta, Benth. & Hook. Style strongly declined or decurved and 
toward the apex more or less curved upward, longer (or becoming longer) than 
the concave somewhat campanulate-connivent or partly spreading petals: stigma 


Pyrola. ERICACER. 47 


much narrower than the truncate and usually excavated apex of the style, which 
forms a ring or collar; its 5 lobes at first very short and even included, in age 
commonly protruding, connivent or more or less concreted: stamens declined- 
ascending: anthers more or less contracted under the terminal orifices, so as usu- 
ally to form a neck or short prolongation, the other extremity with either a promi- 
nent or often an obsolete mucro: hypogynous disk none. — Thelaia, Alefeld, l.c. 


x Anomalous, perhaps monstrous: petals and leaves acute: flowers ascending. 


P. oxypétala, C. F. Austin. Leaves ovate, coriaceous, an inch or less in length and 
shorter than the petiole: scape 7 or 8 inches high, naked, 7-9-flowered: calyx-lobes tri- 
angular-ovate, acute, short: petals greenish, lanceolate-oblong, acuminate (nearly 3 lines 
long), campanulate-connivent: stamens slightly declined: anthers remaining extrorse, 
obscurely produced at the openings, the other end conspicuously 1-mucronate: style 
slightly curved; lobes of the stigma not projecting. — Gray, Man. ed. 5, 302. — Delaware 
Co., New York, on a wooded hill near Deposit, C. F. Austin, 1860. Not since found. 


%* ¥ Leaves orbicular, oval, or oblong: petals from orbicular to oblong, very obtuse. 
+ Calyx-lobes very short and obtuse or rounded, appressed to the greenish-white corolla., 


c= P. chlorantha, Swartz. Leaves small (half to an inch in diameter), orbicular or nearly 
80, coriaceous, not shining, shorter than the petiole: scape 4 to 8 inches high, 3-10-flowered : 
anther-cells with distinctly beaked tips. — Act. Holm. 1810, 190, t.5; Nutt. Gen. i. 273; 
Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1542; Hook. Fl. ii. 46, t. 134. P. asarifolia, Radius, Diss. 23, t.4; Torr. 
Fl. N. & M. St. i. 433, not Michx.— Rather dry woods, Labrador to Pennsylvania, Rocky 
Mountains in Colorado, California? to Br. Columbia, and north to subarctic regions. 
(Eu., N. Asia?) The E. Asian species allied to this is P. renifolia, Maxim. 

Var. occidentalis. Leaves thinner and inclined to ovate. — P. occidentalis, R. Br. in 
herb. Banks; Don in Wern. Trans. v. 232. Thelaia occidentalis, Alefeld, 1. c. 36, t. 1, f.6 
(excl. stamens, which apparently belong to P. secunda, var. minor ?). — Alaska to Kotzebue’s 
Sound, .Ve/son, &e. Rocky Mountains, Bourgeau. 


+— + Calyx-lobes ovate and acute, short: leaves membranaceous, longer than their petioles. 


e=P. elliptica, Nutt. Leaves oval or broadly oblong, 14 to 24 inches long, acute or merely 
roundish at base, plicately serrulate: scape a span or more high, loosely several-many- 
flowered: corolla greenish white: anther-tips hardly at all beaked. — Gen. i. 273 ; Radius, 
lic. t. 5, £.1; Hook. 1. ¢. 47, t. 185. P. rotundifolia, Michx. in part. Thelaia elliptica, Ale- 
feld, l.c. 47, t.1, f. 5. — Rich woods, Canada to Br. Columbia, and through the N. Atlantic 
States to the mountains of New Mexico. (Japan.) 


+ + + Calyx-lobes from ovate and acute to lanceolate: leaves coriaceous. 


== P, rotundifolia, L. Leaves generally orbicular or broadly oval, 14 to 2 inches long, 
obscurely crenulate or entire, shining above, mostly shorter than the slender petioles : 
scape a span toa foot high, several-many-flowered, scaly-bracteate: bracts lanceolate or 
ovate-lanceolate: calyx-lobes lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, lax or with spreading tips, 
usually half or one third the length of the white or sometimes flesh-colored petals : anthers 
with oblong cells contracted into a very short neck under the orifice: the mucro at base 
either short and distinct or obsolete. — Lam. Ill. t. 367, f.1; Engl. Bot. t. 213; Schk. Handb. 
t. 119; Gray, Man. ed. 2, 259, ed. 5, 301. Thelaia rotundifolia, asarifolia, bracteosa, inter- 
media, & grandiflora, Alefeld, 1. c.— Sandy or dry woods, from upper Georgia, New Mexico, 
and California to the arctic regions. (Eu. to Kamtschatka.) With the following varieties 
or forms, all but the last of which pass into each other freely. 

Var. incarndta, DC. A rather small form: flowers from flesh-color to rose-purple : 
calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate. — Coldwoods and bogs, Northern New England to the 
Aleutian Islands. 

we Var. asarifélia, Hook. Leaves round-reniform, orbicular-subcordate, or inclined to 
oblate-orbicular: scape slender: calyx-lobes from ovate-lanceolate to ovate, one third to 
one fourth the length of the flesh-colored or rose-colored or rarely white petals. — Fl. ii. 
46. P. asarifolia, Michx. Fl. i. 251, in part; DC. Prodr. vii. 773 (excl. syn. Bigel., Torr., 
Nutt., & Muhl.); Gray, Man. ed. 1, 272. —Not uncommon northward and westward to the 
Rocky Mountains. 


48 ERICACES. Pyrola. 


—= Var. uligindsa, Gray. Calyx-lobes shorter, usually broadly ovate, sometimes ob- 
tuse: leaves from subcordate to obovate, generally dull: flowers rose-colored or purple. 
— Man. ed. 2, 259. P. uliginosa, Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 452, t. 69. P. obavata, Bertol. Misc. iii. 11, t. 2. 
— Cold bogs, northward nearly across the continent: distinguished from the preceding with 
reddish flowers only by shorter and broader calyx, and leaves seldom with a sinus at base. 
—— Var. bracteata, Gray. Like the preceding forms, but larger: leaves commonly 
2 or 8 inches long and thinnish, sometimes variegated with whitish bands: svape often a 
foot or more high; the scaly bracts large and conspicuous: anthers (as in all these forms, 
but especially in this) distinctly mucronate at base: calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate, 
acute or acuminate, commonly half the length of the rose-colored or purplish petals. — 
Bot. Calif. i. 460. P. bracteata, Hook. Lc. P. elata & bracteata, Nutt. 1. c. 270. — Conifer- 
ous woods of California to Br. Columbia ; the prevailing or exclusive form. 

Var. pumila, Hook. }.c. A remarkable low variety: leaves firm-coriaceous, an 
inch or much less in diameter: scape 3 or 4 inches high, 5-10-flowered : flowers propor- 
tionally large, white: calyx-lobes oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong.— P. Grenlandica, 
Hornem. Fl. Dan. t. 1817. P. grandiflora, Radius, 1. c. 27, t.8; Alefeld, lc. t. 2, £. 12. 
P. rotundifolia, var. grandiflora, DC. 1. c.— Labrador to Mackenzie River along the arctic 
coast. (Greenland.) 

<= P. picta, Smith. Leaves firm-coriaceous, dull, commonly veined or blotched with white 
above, pale or sometirhes purplish beneath (1 to 2} inches long), from broadly ovate to 
spatulate or narrowly oblong, all longer than the petiole; the margins quite entire, or 
rarely remotely denticulate: rootstocks rigid and often branched or clustered: scapes a 
span or more high, 7-15-flowered: bracts few and short: calyx-lobes ovate, not half the 
length of the greenish-white petals: cells of the anther with a distinct neck or beak below 
the orifice. — Rees Cycl.; Don, 1]. v.; Hook. Fl. ii. 47; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 460. P. dentata, 
Smith, l. c.; Hook. 1. c. t. 186; a common form with narrow and erect leaves, remotely but 
seldom strongly denticulate. Thelaia spathulata, Alefeld, 1. c. — Nootka Sound to California, 
and east to Wyoming and S. Utah. In the drier regions often very small-leaved. 
% * % Leafless, from deep scaly-toothed branching rootstocks, doubtless parasitic. 

: P. aphylla, Smith. Scapes a span to a foot high, subulate-bracteate, reddish or lurid: 
raceme several-many-flowered: calyx-lobes ovate, acute, very much shorter than the ob- 
ovate white petals: anthers tubular-beaked under the orifice of the cells: deflexed style 
almost straight. — Hook. Fl. ii. 48, t. 137; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 461. — Thelaia aphylla, Ale- 
feld, 1. c.— Coniferous woods, California to Puget Sound. According to Nuttall, there are 
sometimes, “on infertile shoots, a few small, ovate or lanceolate, greenish leaves.” These 
not since seen; but there is such a form of the preceding species. 


28. ALLOTROPA, Torr. & Gray. (Ad2ézgomos, in another manner, the 
flowers not turned to one side as in Monotropa.) — A single species, connecting 
the Pyrolee with the Monotropee. 

—— A. virgata, Torr. & Gray. Herb reddish or whitish, rather fleshy, a span or two high: 
simple erect stem thicker at base, there densely and above more sparsely scaly : lower scales 
ovate; upper lanceolate, passing into linear bracts of the virgate many-flowered spike: 
flowers 2-bractevlate. — Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 81, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 368, & Bot. Calif. 


i. 461; Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exp. 385.— Under oaks, &c., Cascade Mountains, Washington 
Terr:, to the Sierra Nevada, California. 


29. PTEROSPORA, Nutt. Prve-prors. (From mtepdr, wing, and 
omogi, seed, alluding to the remarkable wing of the seed.) — Capsule becoming 
nearly naked in age; the thin valves persistent after dehiscence, being fixed by 
the partitions to the columella, in the manner of Pyrola, &c. Seeds innumerable 
(as in the tribe), on the pendulous placenta; the nucleus ovoid, with a nearly 
close thin coat, apiculate at both ends, the upper apiculation bearing a broad and 
hyaline rounded or reniform and reticulated wing, which is many times larger 
than the body of the seed. — A single species. 


VMonotropa. ERICACELE. 49 


=— P. andromedéa, Nutt. <A chestnut-colored or purplish herb, glandular and clammy- 
pubescent: simple stem 1 to 3 feet high, bearing small and svattered lanceolate scales: 
raceme Jong and many-flowered : pedicels slender, spreading, soon recurved: corolla white, 
a quarter inch long, somewhat viscid. — Gen. i. 386; Lindl. Coll. t. 5.— Under pines and 
oaks, N. W. New England, Canada, and Pennsylvania to Br. Columbia and California: 
fl. summer. 


30. SARCODES, Torr. Sxow-Praxt.  (SuozneSiy, flesh-like or fleshy, 
from the appearance of this singular plant.) — Torr. Pl. Frem. in Smithson. Con- 
trib. ili, 17, t. 10. — A single species. 

===, sanguinea, Torr. Stout fleshy herb, a span to a foot high, of flesh-red color, 
somewhat glandular-pubescent, thickly clothed and when young imbricated with the firm 
fleshy seales: lower scales ovate; upper narrower, more scattered, and above passing into 
linear bracts of the thick spike or raceme which subtend and mostly exceed the reddish 
flowers: pedicels erect, the upper ones very short: corolla glabrous, half inch long. — PL. 

Frem. |. es Chatin, Anat. t. 65; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 607; Gray, Bot. Calif. i, 462.— 

California, in coniferous woods of the Sierra Nevada, 4-9,000 feet, shooting up and flower- 

ing soon after the snow melts away. 


31. SCHWEINITZIA, Ell. Sweer Piye-sap. (Named in honor of the 
late Lout’s David von Schweinitz.) — Flowers exhaling the odor of violets. produced 
in spring. -Anthers in the young flower-bud turned at right angles to the fila- 
ment, so that apex and base are directed right and left; in anthesis becoming 
vertical. — A single species. 

S. odorata, Ell. Plant light brown, in tufts, 2 to 4 inches high, glabrous, beset with 
thinnish ovate or oblong scales, and similar bracts, spicately several-flowered : spike nod- 
ding in flower, erect in fruit: corolla flesh-color, a quarter inch long. —Ell. in Nutt. Gen. 
addend. & Sk. i. 478; Gray, Chloris, 15, t. 2. S. Caroliniana, Don, Svwst. iii, 867. fono- 
tropsis odorata, Schweinitz in Ell. l.c.— Moist woods, Maryland (near Baltimore) to 
North Carolina in and near the mountains, pa on the roots of herbs or on decaying 


NOTROPA, L. ebres free Pine-sap. (Moroz. one, and zodz0., 


a the summit of the stem in flower turned to one side or drooping.) — White, 
tawny. or reddish scaly and fleshy herbs, a span or two high; the clustered stems 
rising (in summer) from a thick and matted mass of fibrous rootlets, one-several- 
flowered; the summit of the stem straightening in fruit.— Comprises two very 
distinct subgenera, in Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 607 restored as genera. 


§ 1. Evwuonérropa. (Inptan Pipe.). Plant inodorous, 1-flowered: scales 
passing into an imperfect or irregular calyx of 2 to 4 loose sepals or perhaps 
bracts; the lower ones rather distant from the flower: anthers opening at first by 
2 transverse chinks, at length 2-valved; the valves almost equal and equally 
spreading: style short and thick: edge of the stigma naked. 

==. unifiéra, L. Smooth plant a span or so high, waxy-white (blackish in drying), rarely 

flesh-color: nodding flower two-thirds inch long: petals 5, rarely 6.— Lam. Ill. t. 552; 

Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t. $6. f.1; Hook. Exot. Fl. t.$5: Torr. Fl. N. Y. t.71; Chatin, Anat. 

t.50. JI uniflora & M. Moriseana, Michx. Fl. i. 266. Mf. Morisoni, Pers. (Moris. Hist. 

iii. 502 (12), t. 16, f.5; Pluk. Alm. t. 209, f. 2.)—Damp woods, nearly throughout the 

U.S., Brit. Amer., &c. (Mex., Japan to India.) 


§ 2. Hypépitys. (Prxe-sap.) Plant often violet-scented, commonly pubes. 
cent, at least above. racemosely 3-several-flowered : terminal flower earliest and 
usually 5-merous and the lateral 3—t-merous: sepals less bract-like, as many as 


4 


50 LENNOACES. .Monotropa. 


the petals: the latter saccate at base: anthers more reniform ; the cells completely 
contluent into one, which opens hy very unequal valves, the larger broad and 
spreading, the other remaining erect and contracted: style longer: stigma glan- 
dular or hairy on the margin. — Hypopitys, Dill., Scop., &c. 
==M. Hypopitys, L. A span or at length a foot high, tawny or flesh-colored: scales and 
bracts entire or slightly erose: flowers less than half inch long; the lateral 4-petalous and 
8-androus. — Lam. Ill. t. 362; Fl. Dan. t. 2382; Schk. Handb. t. 316; Reichenb. Ic. Germ. 
t. 1152. AL. lanuginosa, Michx.; Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 457, t. 722. Hypopitys lutea, Dill. HH. mul- 
tiflora, Scop. H. Europwa & H, lanuginosa, Nutt. Gen. i, 271. — Under amentaceous and 
coniferous trees, Canada to Florida and Louisiana, west to Oregon and Br. Columbia. 
(Mex., Japan to Eu.) 

———M. fimbriata, Gray. Near a foot in height: obovate-cuneate upper scales and bracts 
and spatulate sepals laciniately or erosely fimbriate: lateral flowers commonly 3-petalous 
and 6-androus. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 629, & Bot. Calif. i. 463.— Cascade Mountains in 
Oregon, £. Hall. (Mistaken for Pleuricospora fimbriolata in Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 394.) 


33. PLEURICOSPORA, Gray. (IThevorzdg, at the side, and ozopd, seed, 
alluding to the parietal placentation.) — A single known species. 

P. fimbriolata, Gray. Light brown or whitish plant, with the aspect of Afonotropa Hy- 
popitys, but stouter, a span high, glabrous or nearly so, clothed with imbricated scales : 
lowest scales ovate, firm, entire; upper passing into the narrower and lanceolate scarious- 
margined and lacerate-fringed bracts of the dense and erect cylindraceous spike: corolla 
white or whitish, not exceeding the bracts, barely half inch long. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 
369, & Bot. Calif. i. 463 (not of Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 894, which is Jonotropa jimbriata).— 
California, in the Mariposa grove of Sequoia gigantea, Bolander. 


34, NEWBERRYA, Torr. (Dedicated to the discoverer, Frofessor J. S. 
Newberry, a geologist and naturalist, much devoted to fossil botany.) — Benth. & 
Hook. Gen. ii. 606. A single species. 

N. congésta, Torr. Plant brownish, glabrous, a span high: scales crowded or loosely 
imbricated, oval or oblong, thinnish, with obscurely erose margins; the upper forming 
similar bracts of the somewhat depressed head of numerous flowers: corolla hardly half 
inch long; its lobes within and the style hairy. — Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. 55; Gray, Bot. Calif. 
i. 464. FZemitomes congestum, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 81, t. 12; char. and figure incorrect as 
to the anthers, and the name inapplicable. — Cascade Mountains, in Des Chutes Valley, 
S. Oregon, sveunlerty: Wasl ae Territory, station unknown, George Gibbs. 


fi, onan 
Nae LX XVIII. LENNOACER. 


Root-parasitic leafless herbs, scaly and fleshy, with much the aspect of J/ono- 
tropee, but with stamens inserted in or near the throat of the tubular corolla, 
and the polymerous ovary peculiar, the cells being at least double the number 
of the other parts of the 5-10-merous regular and perfect flower, and uniovulate ; 
the fruit drupaceo-polycoccous. Sepals 5 to 10, linear or filiform. Corolla hypo- 
gynons, tubular or slightly funnelform, marcescent, 5—8-lobed, the lobes plicate- 
imbricated in the bud. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and alternate with 
them: filaments very short: anthers 2-cclled, introrse; the cells opening longi- 
tudinally : pollen simple, 3-suleate. Disk none. Ovary depressed-globose, 12- 
28-celled (doubtless of half as many 2-loccllate carpels, surrounding a thick axis) : 
style slender: stigma crenulate or somewhat lobed. Ovule horizontal, anatropous- 
or somewhat «mphitropous; the orifice superior. Fruit depressed-globular, with 


| 


Sry 


Aimmobroma. DIAPENSIACELE. 


a thin fleshy at length dry epicarp which ruptures transversely, as if circumscissile, 
Uberating the ring of numerous seed-like nutlets: these are crustaceous, lenticular, 
and separable. Seed with a very thin proper coat: albumen farinaceous and 
oily: embryo (according to Sulms) minute, globular and undivided, i.e. as in 
Vi motropee. — Torr. in Ann, Lye. N.Y. vill. 56; Solms-Laubach, Abhand. Nat. 
Halle, xi. 1-60; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 621. 


Lennoa { Corallophyllum, HBK.), the remaining genus of this small and very singular natural 
o'der, is Mexican, with coralloid branching stems, and the stamens in two sets; the cells of 
the anther divergent. 

1. PHOLISMA. Flowers sessile and densely spicate. Sepals 6, rarely 5, linear, naked, 
shorter than the corolla; the short -lobes of the latter mostly 6, undulate-plicate, spread- 


ing. Stamens 6 or sometimes 5, in a single row: anthers oblong, the cells parallel. 
Fruit 18-24-celled. 

2. AMMOBROMA. Flowers short-pedicelled, thickly covering the expanded and _hol- 
lowed receptacle. Sepals mostly 10, filiform, plumose-hairy, pappus-like, equalling the 
corolla; the mostly G lobes of which are erect, retuse, hardly plicate. Stamens 6 to 10 
in a single row. Anthers, pistils, &c., as in Pholisma. 


1. PHOLISMA, Nutt. (From goiis, a scale, referring to the scaly stem.) 

— Single species. 

P. arenarium, Nutt. Herb brownish or reddish, with simple stems, in clumps, a span 
or more high, somewhat glandular-puberulent, stout, beset with short and narrow scattered 
scales: spike dense, oblong or cylindraceous (an inch or two long): flowers purplish 
(4 lines long), rather longer than the linear bracts. — Hook. Ic. t. 626; Gray, Bot. Calif. 
i. 464.— Sandy soil, Monterey to San Diego, California, uttall, Ge. Parasitic on the roots 
of Eriodictyon tomentosum, according to D. Cleveland, also apparently upon those of some 
Clematis. Flowers produced in spring. Nutlets half a line long, oval. Albumen of the 
seed oily. Embryo not seen. 


2. AMMOBROMA, Torr. (Formed of éupog, sand, and Boome, food.) — 

Single species. 

A. Sonére, Torr. Root of tortuous fibres: stems simple, 2 to 4 feet long (but mainly 
buried in sand), three fourths to an inch and a half in diameter, fleshy, gradually tapering 
upward, but at summit dilated into an obconical dilated receptacle of 2 inches in diameter, 
funnelform inside and lined with the flowers: scales lanceolate, acute, appressed, or on 
the receptacle reflexed: corolla purple, 4 lines long: ovary about 20-celled.— Mem. Am. 
Acad. v. 327, & Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. viii. 51, t.1; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1.464: Solms-Lau- 
bach, l. ec. t. 1.— Desert sand-hills, Adair Bay, near the head of the Gulf of California, 
beyond the limits of the United States, Col. A. B. Gray. Arizona, between Pilot Knob 
and Cook’s Wells, S:iuchard. The plant upon the roots of which it is parasitic is un- 
known. The roasted stems are edible and even luscious; they are said to be an important 
article of food of the Papigos Indians. 


OrvER LXAXIX. DIAPENSIACE.E. 


Low perennial herbs or suffruticulose tufted plants. wholly glabrous or nearly so, 
with alternate simple leaves. no stipules, regular and symmetrical 5-merous flowers, 
except the pistil which is 3-merous and the ovary 3-celled, stamens adnate to the 
corolla or connate with each other, those opposite its lobes when present reduced 
to sterile appendages (staminodia), anthers mostly transversely or obliquely de- 
hiscent, pollen simple. and capsule and seeds of Ericacee. Flowers perfect. soli- 
tary or racemose. Calyx and corolla imbricated in the bud, hypogynous. or with 
slight adnation to base of ovary; the former persistent, the latter deciduous. 


52 DIAPENSIACELE. Pyxidanthera. 


Filaments commonly dilated. Style one: stigma 3-lobed, not indusiate. Ovules 
indefinite, on projecting axile placenta, anatropous or nearly amphitropous. Cap- 
sule coriaceous, loculicidally 3-valved, with or without a persistent columella. 
Embryo small and terete in fleshy albumen; the cotyledons very short. — Gray, 
Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 246; Maxim. Mél. Biol. ix. 18; Benth. & Hook. Gen. 
ii. 618. Diapensiacee, Lindl. as to our Tribe I., with Galacinee, Don, as to 
Galax. 


Trize I, DIAPENSIE.E. Suffruticulose depressed evergreens, crowded with small 
entire and nerveless coriaceous leaves. Sterile filaments or staminodia none : fertile 
filaments adnate to the campanulate corolla up to the sinuses: anthers 2-celled. 
Capsule with persistent columella bearing the placente. Calyx conspicuously brac- 
teolate, strongly imbricated. Flowers solitary.. 

1, PYXIDANTHERA. Flowers sessile on short leafy branchlets. Sepals thin-char- 


taceous. Anther-cells transversely 2-valved, the lower valve cuspidate-pointed. Seeds 
globular, amphitropous, with a close pitted coat. 


2. DIAPENSIA. Flower (or at least fruit) on a scape-like peduncle. Sepals broad and 


coriaceous. Anther-cells muticous, divergent, obliquely 2-valved. Seeds oval or by 
pressure cubical, anatropous, with a nearly close and reticulated coat. 


Tribe Il. GALACINEA. Acaulescent, with creeping rootstocks sending up long- 
petioled round-cordate or oblong evergreen leaves, and a scape bearing racemose or 
clustered or rarely solitary flowers. Staminodia opposite the lobes of the corolla. 
(Besides the following genera are Schizocodon of Japan, near to Shortia, and Ber- 
neuxia of Thibet, between the latter and Diapensia.) 


3. SHORTIA. Calyx strongly imbricated and scaly-bracteolate; the sepals many-striate. 
Corolla open campanulate, 5-lobed; the lobes undulate-crenate. Stamens distinct : anthers 
2-celled; the cells obliquely dehiscent: staminodia small and scale-like, adnate to base of 
corolla, incurved over the ovary. Style filiform: stigma obscurely 3-lobed. Capsule 
globular: partitions borne on the valves and separating from the persistent columella, 
which bears the placentae. Sceds globular or ovoid with a close granulate coat. 

4. GALAX. Calyx rather strongly imbricated, minutely 2-bracteolate, 5-parted ; the oblong 
divisions nerveless. Corolla of 5 entire oblong petals, distinct, except that their bases 
are adnate to the base of the monadelphous stamen-tube, which is ovate-cylindraceous, 
10-lobed above; the lobes alternate with the petals very short and antheriferous; those 
opposite the petals (i. e. the staminodia) longer, linear-spatulate, petaloid: anthers sub- 
sessile, thickened, rounded and granulate on the back; the polliniferous part introrse and 
small, somewhat beak-like, one-celled, transversely 2-valved. Style very short: stigma 
obscurely 3-lobed. Capsule ovate; the placentiferous columella at length more or less 
3-parted. Seeds angular, with a loose coat tapering upward. 


1. PYXIDANTHERA, Michx. Frowerinc Moss. (Tv£ig,a small box. 
and 40m, anther, the latter opening as by a lid.) — FI. i. 152, t. 17; Gray. Bot. 
Text Book, ed. 2, 436, fig. 785-790; Lindl. Veg. Kingd. 606, fig. 410; Hook. 
Bot. Mag. t. 4592. — Single species. 

P. barbulata, Michx. A small prostrate and creeping evergreen, leafy throughout, 
loosely branching: leaves lanceolate or somewhat narrowed below, subulate-acuminate, 
when young pubescent at base, much crowded, a quarter inch long: flowers abundant (in 
early spring), closely sessile: corolla white or tinged with rose, open-campanulate; its 
lobes (2 lines long) cuneate-obovate, retuse and obscurely crose: filaments ligulate. — 
Diapensia cuneifolia, Salish. Parad. Lond. 105; Pursh, Fl. i. 148. D. barbulata, Ell. Sk. 
j. 229. — Pine barrens, mostly in sand, New Jersey and N. Carolina. 


2. DIAPENSIA, L. (Said to be an ancient Greek name of Sanicle, some- 
what altered, applied in a wholly meaningless way to the present genus.) — Arctic- 


alpine, containing a Himalayan species (Hook. f. Kew. Jour. Bot. ix. t. 12), and 
the following. 


Galaz. PLUMBAGINACEE. 53 


m- D. Ls:ppdénica, L. Plant forming very dense cushion-like tufts, glabrous: leaves im- 
bricaied on the short shoots, cartilaginous, spatulate (3 to 5 lines lon), with mostly revo- 
lute margins: peduncle at length an inch or two long: sepals and 2 or 5 bractlcts oval, 
rigid: corolla white, open campanulate; the tube (2 lines long) not longer than the calyx, 
nearly equalled by the rounded lobes. filaments linear. — Fl. Lapp. t.1; Wahl FI. Lapp. 
t.9; Fl. Dan, t. 47; Bot. May. t. 1103.— Labrador, Alpine summits of White Mountains, 
New Hampshire, Mount Mansfield, Vermont, and N. W. arctic coast. (Greenland eastward 
to Japan.) 


8. SHORTIA, Torr. & Gray. (Dedicated to the late Dr. Charles W. Short, 
of Kentucky.) — Gray in Amer. Jour. Sci. xlii. 48. ser. 2. xlv. 402. & Proc, Am, 
Acad. vill. 246; Maxim. Mel. Biol. ix. 19; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 620.— 
Two species, one Japanese, from which the character of the corolla, stamens, «c., 
were drawn by Maximowicz. 


S. galacifélia, Torr. & Gray. Rootstocks slender and apparently stoloniferous : leaves 
(2 inches wide) orbicular, moderately cordate and retuse, repand-serrate and the teeth 
mucronate: peduncles in fruit a span high, not surpassing the long petioled leaves, scaly 
bracteate towards the summit: style elongated, persistent. — High mountains of N. Caro- 
lina, Afichaux. In fruit only. 


4, GALAX, L., Sims. (If from jc, milk, an unmeaning name.) — Linn. 
Gen. ed. 5, 93, excluding all the character and the synonymy; these wholly of 
Viticella, Mitchell, which is Hydrophyllum appendiculatum. Anonymos s. Bel- 
vedere, Clayt. Virg. ed. 1, 25, with good character, which is wholly omitted by 
Gronovius himself, in Fl. Virg. ed. 2, because quite incongruous with the generic 
character of Galax by Linnewus. — Single species. 


eseG. aphylla, L. Glabrous herb, with reddish creeping and matted rootstocks, sending up 
leaves and scape: leaves round-cordate, thickly crenate-dentate, veiny, thin but persistent 


> 


over winter, rather shining, 14 to 5 inches broad, long-petioled: scape a foot or two high, 
slender and very naked, almost bractless: raceme virgate and spike-like: bractlets minute, 
deciduous: flowers numerous, small: corolla 2 lines long, white. — Spec. i. 200 (excl. syn. 
Mitch.) ; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 754 (where the true char. gen. first appears with the name) ; DC. 
Prodr. vii. 776. Erythrorhiza rotundijlia, Michx. Fl. ii. 86. Blanfordia cordata, Andr. Bot. 
Rep. t. 348. Solenandria cordifolia, P. de Beauv. ex Vent. Malm. t. 69.— Wooded hillsides 
and in mountains, Virginia to Georgia; fl. early summer. 


OrpER LXXX. PLUMBAGINACE.LE. 


Ilerbs, occasionally somewhat woody, agreeing with Primulacee in having the 
stamens isomerous with the petals or divisions of the corolla and opposite them; 
the filaments adnate only to their base or completely hypogynous ; the free ovary 
one-celled, with a solitary anatropous ovule pendulous on a slender funiculus 
which rises from the base of the cell; styles 5 and distinct or united; the single 
seed with a large and straight embryo surrounded by (or sometimes destitute 
of) a sparing mealy albumen. Chiefly affecting saline soil. Leaves alternate, 
mostly rosulate. Flowers regular and symmetrical, 5-merous, perfect. Calyx 
gamosepalous, costate. plaited at the sinuses. persistent. Corolla with claws to 
the nearly distinct petals, or these united into a tube, convolute or rarely im- 
bricated in the bud. Anthers 2-celled, opening longitudinally. Disk none. 
Fruit dry, utricular or akene-like. sometimes dehiscent by a lid or by valves. — 
Innocent, with astringent roots or rootstocks. 


54 PLUMBAGINACE. Statice. 


Tripe I. STATICEE. Calyx with open limb scarious, colored, strongly plicate. 
Petals (long-unguiculate) and filiform styles distinct or united only below. 


1. STATICE. Flowers cymose-spicate, secund. Styles wholly separate. Leaves flat. 

2. ARMERIA. Flowers capitate-glomerate. Styles mostly united at the very base, stig- 
matose down the inner side. Leaves usually slender, with no distinction of blade and 
petiole. 


Trine II. PLUMBAGINEE. Calyx with erect teeth or lobes, and merely scarious 
sinuses. Claws of the petals completely united into a tube. Style filiform, 5-cleft 
at the apex; the slender lobes stigmatic within. 


83. PLUMBAGO. Calyx tubular, beset with glands. Corolla salver-form with a long tube. 
Stamens free from the corolla. Leafy-stemmed. 


1. STATICEH, Tourn. Sra-Lavenper, Marsu-Rosemary. (The ancient 
Greek name, referring to the use as an astringent.) — Large genus in the Old 
World, very sparingly represented in the New, in N. America only by the section 
Limonium, in which the styles are stigmatose down the inside; the 1-3-flowered 
spikelets about 3-bracteate, i.e. 1-bracteate and 2-3-bracteolate ; leaves all radical 
and l-ribbed. Fl. late summer. 


«=f§. Limonium, L. Root thick and woody, reddish: leaves thickish and rather ficshy, 
oblong, spatulate or obovate-lanceolate, tapering into a long or rather long petiole, oLtuse 
or retuse, and usually mucronate-tipped: scapes a foot or two high, loosely paniculate : 
the branches spreading or rather erect: spikelets either crowded or soon rather scattered : 
exterior or true bract ovate, herbaceous with scarious margin, much shorter and smaller 
than the obtuse or retuse broadly scarious innermost bractlet: flowers lavender-color: 
calyx hirsute on the angles below; the lobes ovate-triangular and acute, and usually a 
tooth in each sinus.—In various forms widely distributed over the world, mainly in salt 
marshes of the coast. Ours are 

Var. Califérnica. Leaves thinnish, retuse or obtuse and muticous: scape 2 feet or 
more high: branches of the ample panicle densely floriferous at the summit, the spikelets 
almost imbricated in short cymose spikes: innermost bract only twice the length of the 
outermost. — Bot. Calif. i. 466. S. Californica, Boiss. in DC. Prodr. xii. 463.— 8S. W. Texas 
(C. Wright) to California. Resembles dense-flowered European S. Limonium. 

=< Var. Carolinidna, Gray (Man. 313). Inflorescence more paniculate than corym- 
bose; the 1-3-flowered spikelets soon separate or rather distant on the branching slender 
spikes: bracts more unequal: calyx-lobes usually very acute or acuminate.— S. Cavo- 
linjuna, Walt. Car. 118; Bigel. Med. Bot. ii. 51, t. 25; Boiss. lc. iS. Limonium, Torr. FI. 
i. 529, & FIN. Y. ii. 17.— Labrador to Texas. The Southern plant thinner-leaved, with 
mucro often obsolete, branches of the spike filiform, and scattered spikelets small, 
slender, and only 1-2-flowered: the northern forms with more fleshy veinless leaves, the 
mucro conspicuous, flowers and 2-3-flowered spikelets larger, in closer less spreading 
spikes; the smaller state nearly approaching the European var. BEES Bahusiensis, 
Fries). 

S. Brasiliénsis, Boiss. Leaves oblong, rounded or retuse at the apex, thinnish: scape 
(a foot or two high) and spreading branches of the panicle slender: spikelets 1-3-flowered, 
slender, more or less remote in the spreading spikes: bractlets very unequal: flowers white 
or whitish: calyx perfectly glabrous; the lobes ovate and acutish. — DC. 1. c.— Coast of 
N. Carolina to Florida. (Mex.? Brazil to Patagonia.) 

Var. angustata. Leaves linear or nearly so, tipped with an awn-like mucro, fleshy : 
spikelets sparse. — Pine Key, Florida, in a salt marsh, Blodgett. Leaves 2 or 3 inches long 
besides the petiole, 2 or 3 lines wide. 


2. ARMERIA, Willd. Turrrr, Sea Pinx. (The monkish Latin Jos 
Armeria, applied to a Pink, and transferred to Thrift).— Low and stemless 
herbs, of the Old World, with one variable species widely dispersed in the New 
and familiar in cultivation; the narrow leaves much crowded on the crown or 


Plumbago. PLUMBAGIN ACE.E. 55 


short tufted stems, 1—5-nerved, persistent ; scapes simple and naked, terminated 
by a compact glomerule of rose-colored or white short-pedicelled flowers, sur- 
rounded aud subtended by scarious bractlets and bracts; the lower of the latter 
empty and forming an involucre, the two lowest extended downward at base into 
appendages forming a reverse sheath to the apex of the scape. Calyx more dry 
and scarious than in Statice, at base oblique or decurrent on the pedicel. Dilated 
bases of the filaments adnate to the slightly united bases of the petals. Styles 
hairy below. Fl. early summer. 
eae A vulgaris, Willd. (Commoy Turrrr.) Leaves narrowly linear, flat or flattish, more 
or less l-nerved: scapes a span toa foot high: bracts very obtuse: calyx at base simply 
decurrent on the pedicel; the tube 10-nerved, hairy at least on the stronger nerves or 
angles; the lobes blunt or cuspidate. — Stutire Armeria, L. Armeria vulgaris, maritima & 
alpina, Willd. Enum. 133. 4. Labradorica, arctica & sanguinolenta, Wallr. Armer.; Boiss. 
in DC. A. andina, Pepp., & var. Californica, Boiss. 1. ce. — Through Arctic America to 
Labrador on the Atlantic and to California on the Pacific coast; in various forms, the 
Californian tall form recurring in Chili and Patagonia. (Eu., N. Asia.) 


) PLUMBAGO, Tourn. Leapwort. (Latin name, from the lead-colored 

flowers of some species.) — Herbs, or rather woody plants, some of them sarmen- 
tose, and cult. in conservatories for the handsome Phlox-like blus-oms, leafy ; 
leaves with the sessile base or that of petiole commonly auriculate-clasping ; the 
flowers in a terminal spike. Culyx valvate and corolla convolute in the bud. 
Glands of the calyx stipitate. — Species mainly tropical. 
——_— P. scdndens, L. Suffrutescent, decumbent or climbing, much branched: branches 
sulcate-striate: leaves orate-lanceolate, not auricled at base: calyx with 5 hooked teeth: 
corolla white. — Boiss. in DC. Prodr. xii.692. P. Floridana, Nutt.in Am. Jour. Sci. v. 290. 
—S. Florida: perhaps introduced from W. Ind. (Trop. Amer.) 


OrvEeR LXNXXI. PRIMULACE-E. 


Herbs, with simple leaves, regular and symmetrical perfect flowers, remarkable 
for having the stamzns of the same number as the lobes of the corolla and opposite 
them (inserted on the tube or base), and a 1-celled ovary surmounted by an un- 
divided style and stigma, and containing few or numerous (m)stly amphitropous) 
ovules, sessile on a free central placenta. Calyx and corolla hypogynous. except 
in Suwmo'us, in which they cohere below with the base of the ovary. But Glaux, 
with a partly colored calyx, is apetalous and the stamens perigynous ; Cor/s (which 
belongs to the Old World) has irregular calyx and corolla; and rudiments of a 
second series of stamens (staminodia) appear in Semolus and Stetronema. Sub- 
mersed leaves pinnately divided, and the ovules anatropous in Hotton’a. Flowers 
4-8-merous, commonly 5-merous. Calyx usually persistent, and the lobes im- 
bricated in the bud. Anthers introrse. Fruit capsular. Seeds with copious 
fleshy albumen and a small straight embryo. 


Tripe I. HOTTONTE-E. Ovary wholly free : ovules fixed by the base, anatropous. 
Aquatic : immersed leaves pectinate. 


1. HOTTONIA. Corolla short-salverform; limb 5-parted, the lobes imbricated in the 
bud. Capsule globular, more or less 5-valved, many-seeded. Flowers verticillate and 
racemose. ; 

Trise II. PRIMULE.E. (Primulee & Lysimachiee, Benth. & Hook.) Ovary wholly 
free : ovules fixed by the middle, amphitropous or half-anatropous. 


56 PRIMULACES. 


* Scapigerous or tufted: flowers chiefly 5-merous, umbellate or solitary: capsule dehis- 
cent (at least at the apex) by valves: lobes of the corolla imbricated (or sometimes 
partly convolute) in the bud. 


+ Stamens exserted, connivent in a cone, monadelphous. 


2. DODECATHEON. Corolla 5-parted with very short tube, and dilated thickened 
throat; the long and narrow divisions (with the calyx-lobes in flower) reflexed. Stamens 
inserted on the throat of the corolla: filaments short and flat, monadelphous (but sepa- 
rable above in age): anthers lanceolate or linear. Style filiform, exserted: stigma small. 
Placenta columnar, many-seeded. 


+— + Stamens included, distinct, with short filaments and short and blunt anthers: corolla 
salverform or funnelform. 


3. PRIMULA. Corolla with tube surpassing or at least equalling the calyx, and spreading 
mostly obcordate or emarginate lobes. Style filiform. Capsule many-seeded. Leaves all 
radical. 


4, DOUGLASIA. Corolla with tube equalling or surpassing the calyx, somewhat inflated 
above; the throat more or less contracted and 5-formicate beneath the sinuses; lobes 
entire. Style filiform. Ovary 5-ovuled. Capsule turbinate, 1-2-seeded. Leaves im- 
bricated or crowded on tufted stems. 


5. ANDROSACE. Corolla short ; its tube shorter than the calyx; the throat constricted. 
Style mostly short. Ovules and seeds numerous or few. Flowers small. 


*%* Leafy-stemmed: corolla rotate or somewhat so, and the divisions convolute or some- 
times involute in the bud, in G/aux none: leaves entire. 


+— Capsule dehiscent vertically by valves or irregularly, mostly globose. 


6. TRIENTALIS. Flowers 7-merous (rarely 5-6- or 8-merous. Corolla completely rotate, 
without a tube, deeply parted; the divisions convolute in the bud, ovate to lanceolate and 
pointed. Filaments long and filiform, united at their insertion into a very short ring: 
anthers linear, recurving when old. Style filiform. Leaves clustered at the summit of the 
simple stem. 


7. STEIRONEMA. Flowers 5merous. Corolla rotate, with no proper tube, deeply parted, 
and the sinuses rounded ; the divisions ovate, cuspidate-pointed, erose-denticulate above, each 
separately involute or convolute around its stamen! Filaments distinct or nearly so on the 
ring at the base of the corolla: anthers linear and arcuate in age, nearly as in Tyventalis: 
sterile filaments (staminodia) 5, interposed between the fertile ones, subulate. Capsule 
10-20-seeded. Flowers nodding on the slender peduncles. Leaves opposite, destitute of 
dots. Calyx valvate in the bud. 


8. LYSIMACHIA. Flowers 5-merous (or casually 6-7-merous). Corolla rotate (or short 
funnelform in some foreign species) ; the divisions entire, convolute in the bud. Filaments 
more commonly monadelphous at base: anthers oblong or oval. No staminodia or ves- 
tige of sterile stamens. Capsule few-several-seeded. Herbage commonly glandular-dotted. 
Stems leafy throughout. Calyx lightly imbricated or valvate in the bud. 


9. GLAUX. Flowers 5-merous. Corolla none. Calyx with 5 petaloid lobes, which are 
imbricated in the bud and equal the campanulate tube. Stamens on the base of calyx, 
alternate with its lobes: filaments slender: anthers cordate-ovate. Style filiform: stigma 
capitate. Capsule 5-valyed at apex, few-seeded. Leafy throughout: leaves mainly oppo- 
site: nearly sessile flowers solitary in the axils. 


+ + Globose capsule circumscissile, the top falling off as a lid: seeds numerous. 


10. ANAGALLIS. Corolla completely rotate, 5-parted; the rounded lobes convolute in 
the bud, exceeding the 5-parted calyx. Stamens on the base of the corolla: filaments 
bearded or pubescent: anthers broadly oblong. 


11. CENTUNCULUS. Corolla with a globular tube and a 4-5-lobed limb, shorter than 
the calyx; lobes acute. Stamens on the tube of the corolla: filaments short and subulate, 
beardless: anthers ovate or cordate. 


Tripe TT. SAMOLEZ. Ovary connate at base with the base of the calyx : ovules 
as in the preceding tribe. 


12. SAMOLUS. Flowers 5-merous. Corolla perigynous, nearly campanulate ; the rounded 
lobes imbricated in the bud. Fertile stamens 5, on the tube of the corolla, with short 
filaments and cordate anthers. Staminodia or sterile filaments 5 in the sinuses of the 
corolla, or in one species wanting. Style short or slender: stigma obtuse or capitate. 
Capsule ovate or globular, 5-valved at the apex, many-seeded. Caulescent, alternate- 
leaved, with racemose flowers. 


Dodecatheon. PRIMULACE-E. 57 


1, HOTTONIA, L. Frarnerror. (In memory of Prof. Peter Hotton of 
Leyden.) — Rooting, often floating, glabrous, branching, with air-bearing fistulous 
stems and peduncles. Sepals linear. Corolla white. Filaments short. Stigma 
capitate. Capsule membranaceous. Flowers dimorphous in the manner of 
Primula in the European species, the earlier cleistogamous in the following. 


ew==H. inflata, Ell. Leafy stems and especially the internodes of the emersed flowering ones 
or peduncles much inflated (the latter often as thick as fingers) . proper leaves dissected 
into long and numerous filiform divisions; whorled bracts linear or spatulate, entire, a 
quarter inch long, mostly exceeding the pedicels: corolla only a line or two long, with 
short lobes as well as tube, not equalling the calyx; the throat open: style short.— Sk. 
i. 231; Nutt. Gen. i. 120. HH. palustris, Pursh, &c., not L.— Shallow water, Massachusetts 
to Louisiana: fi. summer. 


2. DODECATHEON, L. Snoorre Star, Aver. Cowstrp. (Fan- 
ciful name, from d0dexa and Geoi, twelve gods; the specific name of the original 
and, as we suppose, the only species commemorates Dr. Richard Mead, and was 
given as generic by Catesby.) — Flowers few or numerous in an umbel, termi- 
nating a naked scape, in late spring or summer, handsome, resembling the solitary 
flower of Cyclamen: corolla from pink-purple to white. Calyx erect in fruit, 
enclosing the lower part of the ovoid or fusiform crustaceous capsule. 


— D. Medadia, L. Perennial herb, with fibrous roots: leaves crowded on a thickish crown, 
generally spatulate-oblong or oblanceolate and entire or nearly so, sometimes repand, 
obtuse, below tapering into more or less of a margined petiole, in the typical or Atlantic 
form 3 to 9 inches long; while the scape is from a span to 2 feet high; and the flowers 
from few to many in the umbel: bracts of the involucre linear or subulate, small: pedicels 
slender and nodding with the flowers, erect in fruit. (Flower rarely 4merous.) — Meadia, 
Catesb. Car. iii. t.1; Ehret, Pl. Sel. t. 12. D. Meadia & D. integrifolium, Michx. Fl. i. 125. 
D. integrifolium, Houk. Bot. Mag. t. 3622. Dianthus Carolinianus, Walt. Car. 140. — The 
Atlantic plant, in moist and shaded grounds, Michigan and Penn., and through the upper 
country to (rvorgia, thence to Arkansas and Texas. Westward the species extends to 
California and Behring Straits, under very various forms and varieties, which may be 
generally classified as follows (after Bot. Calif. i. 467) ; the Pacific forms generally having 
shorter or blunter anthers than the Atlantic or typical D. Meadia, L. 

—— Var. brevifélium. Leaves from obovate or ovate to broadly spatulate, half inch to 
an inch and a half long, abruptly contracted into a petiole; scape 3 to 12 inches high, few- 
many-flowered: capsule seldom exceeding the minutely glandular calyx. — D. é/lipticum, 
Nutt. ex Durand, Pl. Pratt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. u. ser. ii. 95. D. integrifolinm, Benth. PI. 
Hartw. 322. — Common in W. California. Forms nearly answering to this, or larger-leaved, 
occur in Arkansas, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania. 

w= Var. lancifélium. Leaves oblanceolate or elongated-spatulate, 3 to 10 inches long, 
the short margined petiole included, quite entire, mucronate: pedicels and calyx commonly 
minutely glandular; lobes of the latter lanceolate or triangular-lanccolate, nearly equalling 
the short-ovoid capsule. — D. Jasfrayi of the English gardens.— Wet mountain meadows 
of California, especially in the Sicrra Nevada. 

—— Var.alpinum. Like diminutive forms of the preceding, with shorter as well as 
smaller leaves (half inch to an inch and a half long): scape 2 to 10 inches long, 1-+4- 
flowered: pedicels and calyx glabrous. — High Sierra Nevada to the Rocky Mountains. 

Var. macroc4rpum. A large and stout form, emulating the common Atlantic 
plant: leaves thickish (rarely laciniate-toothed), tapering gradually into a rather short 
petiole: capsule oblong or even fusiform, 6 to 9 lines long, about double the length of the 
narrow calyx-lobes. — W. California to Alaska. 

Var. frigidum. Leaves from obovate to oblong, very obtuse, mostly entire, an inch 

or two in length, with short or long and slender petiole: scape a span or two high, few— 

several-flowered: lobes of the calyx longer than the tube, from broadly lanceolate to 
almost ovate, shorter than the oblong capsule.— Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5371; Wats. Bot. 


58 PRIMULACES. Primula. 


King, 214. D. frigidum, Cham. & Schlecht. in Linn. i. 217; Seem. Bot. Herald, 38, t. 9.— 
Behring Straits (both sides and islands) to the Rocky Mountains and high Sierras. 

~~-—== Var. latilobum. Leaves thin, ovate or oval, repand or undulate-toothed, long- 
petioled: scape a span to a foot high, 1-several-flowered: calyx-lobes ovate or triangular- 
ovate, not longer than the tube, about half the length of the oblong capsule. — Var. frigi- 
dum, Watson, 1 ¢.,in part. J. dentatum, Hook. Fl. ii. 119?— Cascade Mountains, British 
Columbia or Washington Terr. to Wahsatch Mountains, Utah. 


8. PRIMULA, L. Primrose. (Late Latin, from primula veris, the first 
in spring, i. e. to blossom.) — Flowers in some species, but not in others, dimor- 
phous, i.e. in different individuals either with elongated style and low-inserted 
stamens, or with short included style and stamens inserted high in the throat, 
so that the tips of the anthers show in the orifice of the corolla. Few N. Amer- 
ican species of this large Old World genus, and none of the True Primrose or 
Cowslip set, with thin rugose-veiny leaves. All perennials, chiefly with fibrous 
roots from a short crown: ours glabrous or nearly so. 

* Flowers small; the tube of the salverform corolla not over 2 or 3 lines long and little surpassing 
the calyx ; lobes obcordate; throat with more or Jess of a callous ring or processes. Species 
passing into each other, probably reducible to two. 

—=meP. farindsa, L. More or less white mealy on the leaves, calyx, &c., at least when young: 
leaves from cuneate-lanceolate to obovate-oblong or spatulate, denticulate, an inch or less 
long, tapering into a short margined petiole: scape 3 to 9 inches high: umbel few-several- 
flowered, close: pedicels seldom equalling the flower, sometimes very short: corolla from 
flesh-color to lilac, with yellowish eye; the lobes cuneate-obcordate, rather distant at base, 
2 or 3 lines long. Varies with mealiness sparing or deciduous. — Fl. Dan. t.125; Curt. 
Lond. ii. 21; Engl. Bot. t.6. P. Scotica, Hook. in Curt. Lond. iv. t. 133; Engl. Bot. t.2608, 
form with almost capitate umbel. — Labrador, Nova Scotia and Maine, Lake Superior, 
Rocky Mountains from Colorado northward, through Arctic America. (Antarctic Amer., 
Eu., N. Asia.) 

=x P. Mistassinica, Michx. Green, without mealiness or with mere traces of it, small 
and slender: leaves half inch long, with or without a short petiole, spatulate or obovate, 
repand or toothed: scape 2 to 5 inches high, 1-8-flowered : lobes of the flesh-colored corolla 
from broadly to narrowly obcordate, 1} or 2 lines long. —FI. i. 124; Pursh, Fl. i. 187; 
Lehm. Prim. 63, t. 7; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 20795 Gray, Man. 314. PP. stricta, Hornem. FI. 
Dan. t.1885. P. Hornemanniana, Lehm. 1. e. 55. P. pusilla, Hook. in Edinb. Phil. Jour. vi. 
822, t. 11, Exot. Fl. t. 68, & Bot. Mag. t. 3080 ; Sweet, Br. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 5.— Wet 
banks and shores, N. New England and New York to Lake Superior and N. Rocky Moun- 
tains to the Arctic Sea. (Greenland, N. Eu.) 

P. borealis, Duby. Between the preceding and the next: very slender: leaves nearly 
of the latter, but only 3 to 5 lines long: scape 1-6-flowered: lobes of the purple corolla 
oblong, barely 2 lines long, deeply notched. — DC. Prodr. viii. 43; Herder in Radde, iv. 
114.— Alaska and Islands to Kotzebue’s Sound, &c. (Greenland, being apparently P. 
Egalikcensis, Hornem. F). Dan. t. 1511.) 

P. Sibirica, Jacq. Green, not at all mealy: leaves round-ovate, oval, or obovate, entire 
or nearly so, a quarter to a full inch long, slender-petioled: scape a span high, few- 
flowered: bracts of the involucre almost spur-like at base: lobes of the lilac-colored 
corolla broadly and usually deeply obcordate, 3 to 5 lines long; the throat broadened. — 
Misc. i. 161; Lehm. Prim. t. 5; Hook. FI. ii. 121, & Bot. Mag. t. 3167, 3445; Trautv. Imag. 
Fi. Ross. t. 30, mainly, P. integrifolia, Gunner, ex Oed. Fl. Dan. t. 188, not L.— P. Fin- 
markica, Jacq. 1.¢.; Fries, Sum. Scand. 198.—Arctic Amer. (Richardson) to the high N.W. 
coast and islands. (Greenland to Kamtschatka.) 


*%* Towers larger: tube of the corolla from 3 to 6 lines long, the throat open and unappendaged. 
+ Leaves entire or merely denticulate, clustered on the short erect subterranean crown. 
P. angustifolia, Torr. Small: scape 1 flowered, one or two inches high, equalling the 
lanceolate-spatulate obtuse entire short-petioled leaves: involucre of one or two minute 
bracts: lobes of the lilac-purple corolla obovate, emarginate (3 or 4 lines long); the tube 


Dougasia. PRIMULACES. 59 


hardly exceeding the narrow teeth of the oblong calyx. — Ann. Lyc. N. Y. i. 34, t. 3, & ii. 
235. — Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado and New Mexico, James, &e. 

ewe P, Parryi, Gray. Large, sometimes obscurely puberulent: leaves rather succulent, 
spatulate-oblong or oblanceolate, 4 to 12 inches long, often denticulate: scape a span to a 
foot high, 5-12-flowered: bracts of the involucre subulate, much shorter than most of the 
pedicels: calyx ovoid-campanulate, glandular, commonly reddish; the lanceolate-subulate 
lobes as long as the tube, rather longer than the ovoid capsule: corolla crimson-purple 
with yellow cye; the round-obovate lobes (about 5 lines long) emarginate or obcordate ; 
the tube not exceeding the calyx. — Amer. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiv. 257; Watson, Bot. King, 
218; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6135.— Margins of alpine brooks, through the higher Rocky 
Mountains of Colorado (Parry, &c.), to those of Nevada and Arizona. The most showy 
species. 

P nivalis, Pall. Resembles the preceding, but runs into much smaller forms: leaves 
from one to 6 inches long, thickish, either entire or closely denticulate: umbel 2-10- 
flowered: bracts of the involucre ovate-subulate: pedicels usuafly short: calyx-lobes 
oblong or broadly lanceolate, shorter than the oblong capsule: corolla lilac-purple; the 
lobes oblong or oval, entire (3 or 4 lines long); the tube funnelform and surpassing the 
calyx. — “It. appx. t. G, f. 2,” ex Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iii. 10; Cham. & Schlecht. in Linn. 
i. 215; Hook. & Arm. Bot. Beech. 129.— Unalaschka to Behring Straits and St. Paul’s 
Island ; chiefly the small form, var. pumila, Ledeb. 1. uv. (N. Asia.) 
++ + Leaves more or less cuneate, coarsely toothed around the apex or sometimes laciniate, of firm 

and thickish texture: bracts of the involucre subulate: pedicels and deeply cleft calyx obscurely 
glandular. 

P. cuneifdlia, Ledeb. Leaves all rosulate-clustered on the thick short crown, obovatc- 
cuneate, coarsely laciniate-toothed (3 to 12 lines long), mostly narrowed at base into a long 
and slender petiole: scape 2 to 4 inches high, 1-several-flowered : corolla purple; the lobes 
deeply 2-cleft (3 to 5 or even 6 lines long), as long as the funnelform tube. — Mem. Acad. 
Petersb. (1814) v. 522, & Fl. Ross. l.e.  P. saxifragefolia, Lehm. Prim. 89, t.9; Cham. & 
Schlecht. 1. c. — Aleutian Islands to Behring Straits. (N. E. Asia.) 

=~ P. suffrutéscens, Gray. Leaves thickly crowded on ligneous-fleshy and tufted creep- 
ing stems or rootstocks (of a span or so in length), thick, cuneate-spatulate, 5-7-toothed at 
summit, long-attenuate below into a margined petiole: scape 2 to 4 inches long, several- 
flowered : corolla red-purple ; the lobes (three lines long) obovate and emarginate or slightly 
obcordate, about equalling the tube.— Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 370, & Bot. Calif. i. 468. — 
Crevices of rocks, alpine region of the Sierra Nevada, California. 


4. DOUGLASIA, Lindl. (Named for David Douglas, of Scotland, an inde- 
fatigable explorer of N. W. Amer. Botany.) — Depressed and tufted little herbs ; 
the stems branching or proliferous, suffrutescent, or at least persistent: the leaves 
small, linear. imbricated or rosulate on the branches. or some of them scattered 
and alternate. Flowers solitary or somewhat umbellate, small.— Lindl. in 
Brande Jour. Sci. 1827 (not 1525 as generally cited), 383. & Bot. Reg. t. 18806; 
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 871; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 682. <Aret?a, Gaud., 
Koch, &¢., not L. Gregor’a, Duby, Bot. Gall. 1828. 583. & DC. Prodr. viii. 45, 
as to No. 1, namely the D. Vitaliana, of Europe, which has yellow flowers: in 
ours they are rose-purple. 

* Flowers umbellate-clustered from the uppermost rosulate tuft of leaves: tube of the corolla 

longer than the calyx. 

D. nivalis, Lindl. Canescent with fine close pubescence, 3 or 4 inches high, repeatedly 
3-4+-chotomous: leaves nearly all in proliferous rosulate tufts, not ciliate, rather obtuse, 
8 to 6 lines long: lobes of the corolla oval. shorter than the tube, 2 lines long. — Bot. Reg. 
t. 1886. Androsace linearis, Graham in Edinb. Phil. Jour. July, 1829.— Rocky Mountains, 
in lat. 52°, &e., at 12,000 feet, Douglas. 

D. arctica, Hook. Glabrous: leaves ciliate with short and simple hairs. — Fl. ii. 120. D. 
nivalis, var. glabra, Duby, in DC. 1. c. 47.—-Arctic seashore between the Mackenzie and the 
Coppermine, Richardson. 


60 PRIMULACEZ. Douglasia. 


%* * Flowers solitary terminating the leafy shoots: tube of the corolla barely equalling the calyx: 
leaves more or less imbricated in the manner of D. Vitaliana. 

—. D. montana, Gray. Pulvinate-cespitose, an inch or two high, nearly glabrous: leaves 
subulate, minutely somewhat ciliate, 2 lines long, somewhat interruptedly imbricate-clus- 
tered: pedicel not longer than the flower, 1-2-bracteolate near the calyx: corolla-lobes 
cuneate-obovate, 2 lines long. — Proce. Am. Acad. vii. 571.— Rocky Mountains around 

elena City, sees arg AL. A. Brown. Owl Creek Mts. Wyoming, J. D. Putnam, 

Ahi 


DROSA E, Tourn. (Ancient Greek name of some sea-plant or 
zoophyte, curiously transferred to these little plants of the mountains.) ~ Small 
annuals or perennials, of various habit, numerous in species in the Old World, 
few in the colder regions of the New: fl. summer. 


¥ Perennials, proliferously branched at base and cespitose: leaves rosulate-imbricated at the base 
of the many-tlowered scapes: capsule usually few-seeded : umbel several-tlowered. 

—A. Chamzjasme, Host. Leaves in more or less open rosulate tufts, from lanceolate 
to oblong-spatulate or ovate, carinatc—l-nerved (3 to 6 lines long), at least their margins 
with the scape (1 to 3 inches high) and somewhat capitate umbel villous with many-jointed 
hairs: corolla white with yellowish cye (3 or 4 lines in diameter). — Koch, Syn. ed. 2,671; 
a, Fl. ii. 119. A. carinata, Torr. in Ann. Lyc. N. Y. i. 80, t.1; Sweet, Brit. Fl Gard. 
ser. 2, t.106. A. villosa, var. latifolia, Ledeb. Fl. Alt.; Herder, Bot. Radde, iii. 118. Indeed 
it — pass into A. villosa, L.— Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains from Colorado 
northward to the arctic coast, Behring Straits and islands. (N. E. Asia to Eu.) = 
* * Annuals, acaulescent, with slender root, an open rosulate circle of leaves. and naked scapes, 

bearing an involucrate few-many-flower ed umbel: capsule many-seeded: corolla white, small. 
+— Calyx-tube obpyramidal in fruit, whitish with conspicuous green teeth, which mostly surpass 

the capsule. 

== A. occidentalis, Pursh. Minutely pubescent, not over 3 inches high: radical leaves 
and those of the conspicuous involucre oblong-ovate or spatulate, entire, sessile: scapes 
diffuse: bracts of the involucre ovate or oblong: lobes of the calyx triangular-lanceolate : 
oblong or deltoid, as long as the tube, still longer in fruit, foliaceous: lobes of the corolla 
oblong, shorter than the calyx.— FI. i. 137; Nutt. Gen. i. 118.— Banks of the Missouri 
from the mountains down to St. Louis, and extending down the Mississippi, and into Illi- 
nois: also Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico. 

=== A. septentriondlis, L. Almost glabrous: leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, nar- 
rowed at base (often into a sort of aoriged, petiole), from irregularly denticulate to laciniate- 
toothed: scapes erect, usually numerous, 2 to 10 inches high: bracts of the small involucre 
subulate: umbel several-many-flowered: pedicels filiform, mostly long: lobes of the calyx 
mostly shorter than the tube, rather shorter than the obovate lobes of the corolla, from 
triangular to subulate-lanceolate, acute. — Lam. Ill. t. 98, {. 2; Fl. Dan. t.7; Bot. Mag. 
t. 2021. A. elongata, Richards., not L. A. linearis, Graham in Edinb. Phil. Jour. 18292 — 
Rocky Mountains, both high alpine (and small), and at much lower clevations, New Mexico 
and Nevada to the arctic sea coast: also N. W. coast. (Kamtschatka to Eu.) 

Var. subulifera. Lobes of the calyx slender-subulate, as long as the tube, surpass- 
ing the corolla.— Rocky Mountains near Boulder City, Colorado, H. G. French. San 
Bernardino, California, Parry & Lemmon. 

+ + Calyx-tule hemispherical in fruit; the short teeth barely greenish and rather shorter than 
the globular capsule. 

__—A. filiformis, Retz. Glabrous: leaves, scapes (1 to 4 inches high), and pedicels nearly 
as in the preceding or more capillary: flowers less than a line and globose capsule only a 
line lony: calyx-teeth broadly triangular, shorter than the very small‘ corolla. — Obs. ii. 
10; DC. Prodr. viii. 43; Reichenb. Ic. Germ. xvii. t. 69; Gray, in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 
70. — Rocky Mountains, from Coloyado and Utah to Wyoming. (N. Asia.) 

é IPA, : 
6. TRIENTALIS, L. TAR-FLOWER, CrICKWEED-WINTERGREEN. 
(Latin, for the third of a foot high.) — Low and glabrous perennials; the simple 
stem, from filiform rootstock somewhat tuberous-thickened at apex, bearing scat- 


Steironema, PRIMULACE-. 61 


tered small scales or small leaves below, and a cluster or apparent whorl of larger 
leaves at summit; these veiny, entire or obscurely serrulate, nearly sessile. 
Peduncles filiform in some of the upper axils, one-flowered, in spring. Sepals 
slender, linear-lanceolate. united only at base. Corolla white or pinkish. Capsule 
with about 5 revolute valves. Sceds few, rather large. covered with a white cel- 
lular-reticulated pellicle, remaining for some time fast on the placenta in a globular 
mass. — The following are all the known species. 


= T. Americana, Pursh. Stem very naked below, unequally 5-9-leaved at summit, a 
span high: leaves lanceolate, acuminate at both ends: divisions of the white corolla finely 
acuminate. — Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. ii. t. 47. 7. Ewropea, Michx. T. Europea, var. Ameri- 
cana, Pers., & var. anyjustifolia, Torr. Fl. 1. 553. — Damp woods, from Labrador to the Sas- 
katechewan and the mountains of Virginia. 

w= T. Huropéa, L. Stem either naked or with a few scattered leaves below the cluster of 
obovate or lanccolate-sblong obtuse or abruptly somewhat pointed leaves: divisions of the 
white or pink corolla abruptly acuminate or mucronate. — Alaska, &e. (Eu. to N. E. Asia.) 

—— Var. arctica, Ledeb. Very like small specimens of the Old World plant, 2 to 4 
inches high, with obtuse or retuse leaves, the larger barely an inch long, and gradually 
decreasing ones down the upper part of the stem: corolla white. — 7’ arctica, Fischer in 
Hook. Fl. ij. 121. 7. Europea, Cham. & Schiecht.— Mountains of Oregon to Aleutian 
Islands and Behring Straits. 

————. Var. latifolia, Torr. Stem naked below in the manner of 7. Americana ; the whorl 
or cluster of 4 to 7 oblong-obovate or oval mostly acute leaves (14 to + inches long), rarely 
proliferous: corolla from white to rose-red.— Pacif. R. Exp. iv. 11%: Gray, Bot. Calif. 
i. 469. 7. latifolia, Hook. 1. ce. — Woods, W. California to Vancouver’s Island. 


7. STEIRONEMA, Raf. (From orzivoz, sterile, and rua, thread, refer- 
ring to the presence of staminodia alternating with the fertile“ stamens.) — 
Leaiy-stemmed perennials, glabrous except the ciliate petioles, destitute of glands 
or dots; the leaves all opposite, but mostly in seeming whorls (in the manner of 
Trientalis) on the flowering branches: the slender peduncles as in Trientalis ; so 
also the corolla except that it is yellow. Filaments and bottom of the corolla 
granulose-glandular. F'l. summer. — Raf. in Ann. Gen. Phys. Bruxelles, vii. (1%20) 
192; Baudo in Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 2, xx. 346; Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 
62. Lysimachia § Seleucia, Bigel. Bost. ed. 2,74. Lysimachia § Ste‘ronema, Gray, 
Man. ed. 1, 285. 

x Leaves membranaceous, pinnately veined even when linear, at least the lower ones petioled: 

corolla sulphur-yellow. 

we §. cilidtum, Raf. Stem erect, 2 to + feet high, mostly simple: leaves ovate-lanceolate 
or oblong-ovate, gradually acuminate (5 to 2 inches long), and mostly with rounded or 
subeordate base, minutely ciliate; the long petioles hirsutely ciliate: corolla exceeding the 
calyx, about three quarters inch in diameter.— Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. lc. Lysimachia 
ciliata, L.; Engl. Bot. t.2922, & ed. Syme, t. 1543; Reichenb. Ic. Germ. xvii. t. 1086. LZ. quad- 
rifolia, var., L. Syst. & Mant.— Low grounds and thickets, Nova Scotia to Georgia, and 
west to Br. Columbia and New Mexico. (Sparingly nat. in Eu.) 

=~ §. radicans, Gray. Stem slender and branching, soon reclined, the weak long branches 
often rooting in the mud: leaves smaller than in the foregoing, especially on the branches, 
not at all cordate, not ciliate, the margined petioles slightly so : calyx-lobes broader (ovate- 
lanceolate) and equalling the corolla, which is only a third of an inch in diameter. — Lysi- 
machia radicans, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 177.—Swamps, W. Virginia to Arkansas and 
Louisiana. 

== S lanceolatum, Gray. Stemserect,a foot or two high, simple or paniculately branched, 
somewhat angled: leaves lanceolate or linear, an inch or two long, tapering into a short 
and margined ciliate petiole or attenuated base; the radical and sometimes lowest cauline 
from oblong to orbicular, small: corolla about two thirds inch in diameter; its divisions 


62 PRIMULACEX. Steironema. 


conspicuously erose and cuspidate-acuminate, slightly exceeding the lanceolate calyx- 
lobes. — Proc. Am. Acad. lc. S. heterophylla, Raf. 1.e. iS. florida, Baudo, |.c¢., chiefly. Ana- 
gallis lutea, &e., Pluk. Alm. t. 333, £1. Lysimachia lanceolata, Walt. Car. 92. L. hybrida & 
heterophylla, Michx. Fl. i, 126, Z. ciliata, var., Chapm. Fl. 280. LZ. decipiens, Bertoloni, 
Aman. — Low grounds and thickets, western parts of Canada to Florida, and Nebraska 
to Louisiana. Polymorphous; the extremes in the following varieties, the first of which 
verges to the two preceding species. 

Var. hybridum. Cauline leaves mostly petioled, from oblong to broadly linear. — 
Lysimachia lanceolata, var. hybrida, Gray, loc. L. hybrida, Michx. l.c. LL. heterophylla, El, 
Nutt., &c. —Commoner northward and westward. 

=< Var. angustifdlium. Stems more branched, a span to 2 feet high: cauline leaves 
linear, acute at both ends, more sessile, a line or two broad. — LZ. angustifolia, Lam. Ill. 
j.440, not Michx. JL. heterophylla, Michx. l.c. L. quadriflora, Ell., hardly of Bot. Mag. — 
The more marked form mainly southward. 


%* * Leaves of firmer texture and nearly veinless, mainly sessile: corolla deeper yellow. 
s===§, longifélium, Gray, 1.c. Glabrous: stems simple or very sparingly branched, slender, 
quadrangular, a foot or more high: cauline leaves all narrowly linear and sessile, mostly 
obtuse (2 to 4 inches long, 14 to 24 lines wide), lucid, the midrib prominent beneath, the 
margins narrowly revolute: corolla three fourths inch wide; the divisions somewhat ob- 
ovate, longer than the calyx. — S. longifolia? & S. revolutu, Raf. loc. Lysimachia quadriflora, 
Sims, Bot. Mag. t.660, inappropriate name. L. longifolia, Pursh, Fl. i. 155 (at least chiefly) ; 
Duby in DC. Le. (excl. habitat Carol.); Gray, Man. ed. 2,273; Torr. Fl. N. Y. ii.10. Z. 
revoluta, Nutt. Gen. l.c. LZ. angustifolia, Gray, Man. ed. 1, not Lam.— Banks of streams, 
Lake Winnipeg to Niagara, and Wisconsin to W. Virginia; apparently not farther south, 


8. LYSIMACHIA, Tourn. Loosestrire. (In honor of King Lysimachus, 
or from vor, release from, pay, strife.) — A genus of wide distribution, but 
very few species in America, and these rather polymorphous. Ours are perennials ; 
fl. summer. 


§ 1. Lystwacuia proper. Corolla yellow, strictly rotate, and deeply parted, 
with hardly any tube, and no teeth between the lobes: stamens more or less mon- 
adelphous at hase, often unequal in length: leaves opposite or verticillate, or 
some abnormally alternate. 

%* Flowers (middle-sized) in a terminal and naked thyrsoid panicle: corolla destitute of dots and 

colored streaks: ovules rather numerous. 

L. Fraseri, Duby. Almost glabrous: stem 3 to 5 feet high, sulcate-angled: leaves in 
whorls of 3 or 4, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acutely acuminate (3 to 5 inches long), more 
or less reddish-dotted, mostly acute at base, very short-petioled ; the upper smaller and 
commonly only opposite: panicle many-flowered, minutely glandular: bracts small and 
subulate: divisions of the calyx linear-lanceolate, valvate in the bud, margined by a nar- 
row reddish line, moderately shorter than the obovate obtuse divisions of the corolla: 
glandular filaments somewhat unequal, united into a cup at base: anthers narrowly 
oblong, arcuate in age. — DC. Prodr. vii. 65. LZ. lanceolata, Pursh, FI. ii. 729, ex char., not 
Walt.—S. Carolina (Catesby in herb. Sherard, and Fraser in herb. DC.); Columbus, 
Georgia, Boykin; Lookout Mountain, Tennessee, Dr. Allen. A striking and rare species, 
of the Z. vulgaris section, most related to L. Dahurica of N. E. Asia. 

* %* Flowers (small) in a virgate terminal raceme or in the upper axils: stem erect: leayes punc- 
tate with pellucid and at length dark-colored dots: corolla dark-dotted or streaked; the divisions 
longer than the narrow lanceolate sepals: filaments conspicuously monadelphous at base and 
glandular, unequal: anthers barely oblong: capsule 1-5-seeded, sometimes 10-L5-ovuled. — 
Tridyuia, Rat. I. ec. L. § Cassandra, Bigel. 1. c. 

==: L. quadrifdlia, L. Stem a foot or two high, simple, leafy throughout, somewhat pubes- 
cent : leaves in whorls of 4, sometimes of 3, 5, or 6, rarcly only in pairs or partly scattered, 
oblong-lanceolate or the lower ovate, more or less acuminate (1 to 3 inches long), equal, 
and with flowers on filiform pedicels from most of the upper axils, or sometimes the upper 
reduced to foliaceous bracts and the flowers loosely racemose: divisions of the corolla 


Anagallis. PRIMULACEE. 63 


ovate-oblong (2 lines long): ovules 10 to 18.—L. Spee. i. 147 (not of Syst. Veg., where it is 
confounded with L£. ciliata, L.); Lam. Ill. t. 101, f.2. LZ. lutea, &c., Pluk. Amalth. t. 4%, 
f.3. LZ. punctata, Walt. L. hirsuta, Michx.— Sandy or gravelly soil, New Brunswick and 
Canada to Wisconsin and Georgia. 

L. asperuleefolia, Poir. A foot or more high, mostly glabrous: leaves in whorls of 3 
or 4, or some opposite, ovate-lanceolate from a broad closely sessile base, 3-5-ribbed, glau- 
cous beneath, an inch or so in length; the upper reduced to bracts of a small leafy-bracted 
raceme: pedicels not longer than the flowers: divisions of the corolla lanceolate, 3 or 4 
lines long. — Dict. Suppl. iii. 477 (wrongly said to come from Egypt): Duby in DC. le. 
L. Herbemonti, ElL Sk. i. 232; Chapm. 1. c.— Pine woods, N. Carolina to Georgia. 

= L. stricta, Ait. .\ foot or two high, glabrous, soon branched, very leafy; the axils 
bearing fascicles of small leaves or sometimes torose bulblets: leaves opposite and occa- 
sionally alternate, lancculate, acute at both ends, nearly yeinless; the upper mostly 
abruptly reduced to linear or subulate bracts of a long and closely many-flowered virgate 
raceme: pedicels filiform, longer than the flowers: divisions of the corolla lanceolate or 
oblong, 3 lines long. — Hort. Kew. ed. 1, i.199. LZ. vulgaris, Walt. Car. 92. LZ. racemosa, 


Lam.; Michx. Fl. i. 128. Z. bulbifera, Curt. Bot. Mag. t. 104. Viseum terrestre, L. Spec. ~ : 


ii. 1023, bulbiferous and flowerless.— Wet ground, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan and 
Upper Georgia. 

a= Var. prodtcta, Gray, with a long and loose foliaceous-bracted raceme, gradually 
passing into ordinary leaves subtending filiform pedicels: flowers rather larger. — L. race- 
mosa, Michx. 1. ec. (herb.), in part. — New York and Michigan. 

Var. angustifolia, Chapm. Leaves all narrowly lanceolate and linear, a line or 
two broad: raceme rather few flowered. — L. angustifolia, Michx. 1.c. £. Loomisii, Torr. in 
Croom, Cat. Pl. Newbern, 46. — Low country, N. Carolina to Georgia. 

* %*& * Flowers (rather large), solitary in the axils of ordinary leaves: corolla not dark-dotted nor 
streaked: filaments slightly monailelphous at base. 

sem), stwMULARIA, L. (Moneyrwort.) Glabrous: stems prostrate and creeping: leaves 
orbicular, short-petioléd: sepals cordate-ovate, valvate and reduplicate in the bud, nearly 
equalling the corolla. Sparingly naturalized, escaped from gardens into moist grounds 
in N. Atlantic States. (Eu.) 


§ 2. Naumpérera. Corolla with hardly any tube deeply 5- (or even 6-7-) 
parted into linear divisions (light yellow and somewhat purplish-dotted). and with 
a small tooth interposed in each sinus: filaments distinct, slender. equal: leaves 
opposite, those at the base of the stem reduced to scales. — Wawmburgia, Moench. 
Thyrsanthus, Schrank. 

-—< [,. thyrsifidra, L. Glabrous or becoming so: stem a foot or two high from a slender 
rootstock, naked below: leaves lanceolate, sessile: peduncles only from 2 or 3 pairs of 
lower axils, much shorter than the leaf, bearing several or numerous small flowers in a 
dense head or oblong spike: capsule glandular-dotted, few-seeded.— Engl. Bot. t. 176; 
Fl. Dan. t. 517. LZ. capitata, Pursh, Fl. i. 155.— Wet bogs, Pennsylvania to Canada and 
northward, thence west to Oregon and Alaska. (Eu. to Japan.) 


9. GLAUX, Tourn. Sea-Mirxwort. (From 72x0z, sea-green.) — Single 
species. Flowers dimorphous as to reciprocal length of filaments and style. 

== G. maritima, L. .\ somewhat succulent little herb, glabrous and glaucous or pale, 
perennial by slender running rootstocks: stems a span or Icss high, erect or spreading, 
very leafy : leaves from oval to oblong-linear, a quarter to half inch long. entire, sessile: 
calyx-lobes oval. purplish or white. — Salt marshes along both sca-coasts. from New Eng- 
land and from California northward; also in the interior west of the Mississippi, in sub- 
saline soil: fl. summer. (Eu., Asia.) 


10. ANAGALLIS, Tourn. PIMpERNEL. (Ancient Greek name, prob- 
ably from «rd, again, and «cide, to delight in.) — Low herhs. mainly annuals 
and of the Old World, one indigenous to Chili, one widely naturalized round the 


64 PRIMULACES. Anagallis. 


world: flowers on slender pedicels from the axils of the entire leaves, middle- 
sized or small, in summer. 


ese A, arvensis, L. Annual, glabrous: stems spreading: leaves ovate, sessile (half to a full 
inch long, mostly shorter than the pedicels), opposite, in threes, or sometimes the uppermost 
alternate: calyx-lobes narrow, nearly equalling the red, purple, or blue (rarely white) 
corolla; the divisions of which are minutely denticulate or glandular-ciliate.— Waste 
grounds, especially in sandy soil, naturalized both on the Atlaatic and Pacific coast. (Eu., 
Asia, Afr.) 


11. CENTUNCULUS, Dill. Crarrweep. (The meaning obscure.) — 
Very small glabrous annuals, with mainly alternate leaves, and solitary incon- 
spicuous flowers in their axils, in summer. 


© i C. minimus, L. Stems ascending, 2 to 6 inches long, slender: leaves ovate, obovate, or 
in ours often spatulate-oblong, contracted or tapering at base (2 or 3 lines long), all but 
the lowest sessile: flowers nearly or quite sessile in the axils, 4merous, sometimes 5- 
merous: calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate, fully equalling the capsule.— FI. Dan. t.177; 
Reichenb. Ic. Germ. xvii. 1082 ; Fl. Bras. Prim. t. 23.  C. lanceolutus, Michx. Fl. i. 93. — Low 
grounds, Illinois to Florida and Texas (wanting in N. E. States), and west to Oregon. 
(Eu., S. Amer.) 


12. SAMOLUS, Tourn. Brooxweep, Warer-Pivprerner. (Celtic name, 
according to Pliny, the meaning unexplained.) — Low and glabrous herbs; with 
alternate entire leaves, and small white flowers in simple or panicled racemes ; 
in summer. One species cosmopolite ; most of the others in the southern hemi- 
sphere. Ours either annual or perennial, with fibrous roots. 


==. Valerdandi, L. Stems erect or ascending, branching from the base, leafy up to the 
raceme: leaves obovate, thinnish; the lower tapering into a petiole: pedicels ascending, 
bracteate, 1-bracteolate near the middle: calyx adherent to the middle of the ovary and 
capsule; the lobes ovate, half the length of the short-campanulate corolla; this only a 
line long, the sinuses bearing inflexed sterile laments. — Engl. Bot. t. 703.— Near Philadel- 
phia, &c.; introduced in ballast. (Eu., Afr., Asia.) 

—- Var. Americanus, Gray. More branched with age, becoming slender and diffuse, 
with elongating and loose paniculate racemes of mostly smaller flowers on more filiform 
and spreading pedicels : capsules sometimes one-half smaller. — Man. ed. 2, 274, &ce. 8. flo- 
ribundus, HBK.; Gray, Man. ed. 1, &c.— Wet places, especially along brooks, N. Canada 
to Florida, Texas, Oregon, and California. (Mex., 8. Amcr.) 

—— 5S. ebracteatus, HBK. Leafy stems short: leaves fleshy, obovate, spatulate, or oblong- 
oblanceolate, the lower tapering into a winged petiole and decurrent: racemes long- 
peduncled or as if on a scape (a span or two high): pedicels without bract or bractlet: 
calyx almost 5-parted, adherent only to the base of the ovary and capsule: corolla oblong- 
campanulate (about 2 lines long), with tube longer than the lobes: sterile filaments none. 
—Nov. Gen. & Spee. ii. 223, t. 129; Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 236; Chapm. FI. 282. 8. 
longipes, Hook. ex Shuttleworth in Bot. Zeit. 1845, 222. Samodia ebracteatu, Baudo in Ann. 
Sci. Nat. ser. 2, xx. 850, — Saline and brackish soil, Florida to Texas and Upper Arkansas. 
(Mex., W. Ind.) 


Orper LXXNIT. MYRSINACELE. 


Shrubs or trees, with the floral characters of Primulacee, i.e. stamens of the 
number of the petals or corolla-lobes and opposite them, undivided style and 
stigma, and a one-celled ovary with a free central placenta, bearing few or 
numerous peltate amphitropous ovules. These are generally immersed in the 
placenta, and only one usually matures into a seed. This is globose, with a thin 


Ardisia. MYRSINACE.E. 65 


coat, and a copious cartilaginous albumen. The fruit is pea-shaped, usually dry- 
drupaceous, never capsular. Leaves simple, mostly alternate, without stipules, 
commonly marked with some immersed dots or short lines, containing at first 
pellucid but at length dark resinous matter ; these also appearing in the flower, 
especially in the corolla. (There are similar dots or lines in Lystmachia, of the 
preceding order.) No milky juice. Flowers small and the corolla short, rotate 
or campanulate.— A tropical order, sparingly reaching the southern borders of 
the United States. 


Trise I. MYRSINE.E. Calyx perfectly free. No staminodia. Ovules usually im- 
mersed in the fleshy placenta, only one maturing into a seed which fills the cavity 
of the fruit. 


1. MYRSINE. Flowers mostly polygamo-diecious, in axillary or lateral fascicles. Corolla 
4-5-parted, imbricated in the bud. Anthers short and usually blunt. 


2. ARDISIA. Flowers in panicles, either terminal or from the upper axils. Corolla rotate, 
5- (rarely 4-6-) parted ; the lobes convolute in the bud, or sometimes one wholly exterior. 
Anthers lanceolate-sagittate, pointed; the cells dehiscent from the apex downward. 


Trise Il. THEOPHRASTE®. Calyx perfectly free. Staminodia or sterile sta- 
mens in the throat at the sinuses of the corolla. Ovules numerous, not immersed 
in the placenta, maturing few or numerous seeds. 

3. JACQUINIA. Calyx 5cleft, with lobes rounded and much imbricated. Corolla short- 
salverform or campanulate; lobes rounded, imbricated in the bud: a rounded petaloid 
appendage (representing a sterile stamen of the outer series) in each sinus. Stamens 5, 
inserted low down on the tube of the corolla: filaments subulate: anthers oblong or 
ovate, extrorsely dehiscent. Fruit ovoid or globose, leathery, pointed with the base of 
the style. Seeds few, imbedded in the mucilage of the placenta. Embryo with ovate 
cotyledons and slender radicle. 


1. MYRSINE, L. (An ancient Greek name of Myrtle.) — Shrubs or 
trees ; with glabrous coriaceous leaves, small whitish flowers, and small dry berry- 
like fruits. 


—— - M. Rapanea, Roem. & Schult. Shrub or small tree: leaves thickish (2 inches or 
more long), oblong-obovate, obtuse or retuse, entire, narrowed at base into a short petiole: 
flowers sessile or nearly so in numerous small sessile clusters; the cluster in age raised 
on a short scaly-imbricated axis or spur: flowers 5merous: drupe 2 lines in diameter, 
obscurely pedicelled. — Syst. iv. 509 (followizg indication of R. Br. Prodr.); A.DC. Prodr. 
viii. 97 ; Mig. in Fl. Bras. ix. 307, t. 50-52. J. florilnanda, Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 393. A. Flo- 
ridana, A.DC. l.c.; Chapm. Fl. 277. Rapanea Guyanensis, Aubl. Guian. i. 121, t. 46; the 
large and tropical form. Samara floribunda, Willd. Sp. i. 665.— Florida Keys, Blodgett, 
Hassler. (W. Ind. to 8. Brazil.) 


2. ARDISIA, Swartz. (From éodig, the point of a thing. referring to the 
pointed anthers, which are often connivent around the acute style, forming a 
prominent cusp in the centre of the flower.) — A large and wide-spread tropical 
genus, with white or rose-colored corolla, and white, red, or blue berry-like fruits. 
Our only species differs from the most of the genus in having the corolla-lobes 
sinistrorsely overlapping, instead of the contrary direction, or occasionally with 
one lobe wholly outside and one inside. as often happens in this estivation. 

—__..._—*oA« ‘Pickeringia, Torr. & Gray. Shrub 5 to 9 feet high, glabrous: leaves from ob- 
ovate to lanceolate-oblong, glaucescent, entire (2 to 4 inches long), contracted at base into 

a petiole: panicle broad, many-flowered: lobes of the corolla oval, soon reflexed, com- 

monly dark-lined, 2 lines long: style filiform: fruit as large as peas. — A.DC. lc. 124; 

Chapm. Fl. 277. Cyrilla paniculata, Nutt. in Amer. Jour. Sci. v. 290. Pickeringia panicu- 

lata, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 1.— E. Florida. (Mex. & W. Ind.) 

6 


66 MYRSINACEZX. Jacquinia. 


3. JACQUINIA, L. (In honor of Meolas Joseph Jacquin.) — Tropical 
American trees or shrubs; with thick coriaceous entire leaves, and white or yellow 
flowers in terminal or axillary racemes, corymbs or fascicles. 

—_— J. armillaris, L. Glabrous: leaves cuneate-spatulate or obovate-oblong, obtuse or retuse, 
sometimes mucronulate, nearly veinless, the margins somewhat revolute: flowers racemose 


or rather corymbose, white. — Jacq. Amer. 53, t.39; Mig. in Fl. Bras. ix. t. 27. — E. Florida 
and Key West on the coast: perhaps introduced. (W. Ind., S. Amer.) 


J. piungens, Gray. Shrub 8 to 12 feet high, glabrous, or the branchlets puberulent : 
leaves crowded, very rigid, some imperfectly verticillate, linear-lanceolate, veinless, 
minutely punctate beneath, with revolute margins, and tipped with a long pungent cusp: 
flowers few or solitary at the end of the branchlets, short-pedicelled: corolla orange: fruit 
globose, half to three fourths inch in diameter. — Pl. Thurb. in Mem. Am. Acad. vy. 325. 
—Mountains near Ures (Thurber), and elsewhere in Sonora, N. W. Mexico (Palmer) ; 
probably reaching the borders of Arizona, but not received from within our limits. Related 
to J. ruscifolia. 


OrvER LXXXIT. SAPOTACEZ. 


Shrubs or trees, with perfect flowers, agreeing with the foregoing order in 
having fertile stamens of the same number as the (proper) lobes of the corolla 
and opposite them, and inserted on its tube, in the short corolla, undivided style 
and stigma; differing in the few-several-celled ovary with solitary anatropous 
or amphitropous ovules, and a comparatively large seed with a crustaceous or 
bony testa (containing a large straight embryo with or without albumen), with 
broad and flat or sometimes fleshy-thickened cotyledons; and the juice in most is 
milky. Flowers regular and small, in axillary clusters. Calyx free, of 4 to 7 
distinct sepals, which are strongly imbricated. Corolla hypogynous, 4—7-cleft, 
and the lobes imbricated in the bud, often with as many or twice as many acces- 
sory internal lobes or appendages borne on the throat. Staminodia (answering 
to series of stamens) commonly present, alternate with the true corolla-lobes and 
sometimes in the form of sterile filaments, or squamiform, or petaloid. Filaments 
of fertile stamens subulate or filiform, generally short: anthers oftener extrorse ; 
the cell opening longitudinally. Fruit baccate, commonly hy abortion 1-celled 
and 1-seeded; when several-seeded, the bony seeds are laterally flattened and dis- 
posed in a ring around a thickened axis. Leaves alternate, simple and entire, 
pinnately veined, mostly coriaceous: stipules small and caducous or none. Pubes- 
cence when present silky or tomentose, composed of malpighiaceous or stellate 
hairs. — Tropical or subtropical, except our species of Bumelia. Fleshy fruit 
of some edible. Juice of certain trees of the order yields gutta-percha. Seed 
albuminous in all ours excepting Bumelda. 

* Calyx simple, i.e. of mostly 5 sepals in a single serics, but strongly imbricated. 
+ No internal appendages to the corolla and no staminodia. 


1. CHRYSOPHYLLUM. Corolla bearing 5 stamens, otherwise naked within. Ovary 
5-10-celled. Seeds 1 to 10, attached by an elongated hilum. 


+ +- Staminodia one in each sinus of the corolla, but no other internal appendages or 
divisions. 
2. SIDEROXYLON. Staminodia more or less unlike and smaller than the lobes of the 
corolla. Ovary 2-5-celled. Berry drupe-like, usually 1-seeded. 
+ + + Both staminodia and appendages or accessory lobes of the corolla present and 
petaloid.; the latter one to each side of the proper corolla-lobes (or these 3-parted), 
therefore geminate in the sinuses outside of the staminodia: flowers white: anthers 


Bumelia. SAPOTACE.E. 67 


extrorse, versatile: fruit cherry-like, with thin pulp, containing a mostly solitary erect 
seed (from a 5-ovuled ovary); the scar small and basilar or nearly so. 
3. DIPHOLIS. Petaloid staminodia mostly erosely or fimbriately toothed. Seed with 
copious allumen; the embryo in its axis with flat cotyledons. 
4, BUMELIA. Petaloid staminodia entire or denticulate. Seed destitute of albumen ; 
the cotyledons very thick and fleshy, commonly consolidated. 


* * Calyx double, of 6 or ¥ sepals in two series; the outer almost valvate and enclosing 
the inner and thinner. 


5. MIMUSOPS. Corolla of 6 or more exterior proper lobes, and twice as many similar 


appendages, a pair in each sinus outside of a thin scale-like or petaloid staminodium. 
Anthers sagittate, extrorse. Ovary U-8-celled. Fruit baccate, maturing one or few seeds. 


1. CHRYSOPHYLLUM, L. sran-arrre. (Formed of yoveds. gold, 
and gv)/or, leaf, from the golden sheen of the lower face of the leaves.) — Hand- 
some trees of tropical regions; with the leaves in the commoner species green 
and glabrous above, and beneath resplendent with a golden or copper-colored 
silky pubescence, traversed by fine and close parallel transverse veins: flowers 
small in axillary fascicles: fruit fleshy and commonly edible. 


C. Caryito, L., the common Star-apple of the W. Indies, if spontaneous in Florida, is 
doubtless an introduced tree. It has an 8-10-crenate stigma and an 8-10-celled large and 
globose edible fruit, as large as an apple; the foliage undistinguishable from the following. 


C. oliviférme, Lam. Small tree: leaves oval; the lower face (also young shoots, 
pedicels, and calyx) silky-tomentose and shining with the copper-colored or golden pubes- 
cence: corolla white; its tube seldom exceeding the calyx; stigma 5-crenate: fruit ovoid- 
oblong, 1-seeded, blackish when ripe, insipid. — Dict. i. 552; Descourt. FL Ant. ii. t. 71; 
Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 398. CL monopyrenum, Swartz; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5503; Mig. in Fl. 
Bras. vii. 94. — 8. Florida and Key West, Blodgett, Chapman. (WV. Ind.) 


2. SIDEROXYLON, L. (Composed of aiSxoog, iron, and Sor, wood, 
from the hardness of the latter.) — A wide-spread tropical genus, of which a 
single W. Indian species has reached Florida. 


S. mastichodéndron, Jacq. (Masric-rree.) Rather large tree, glabrous: leaves 
thinnish, oval, with undulate margins, rounded or bluntish at apex, acutish at base, shining 
above (2 to 4 inches long), on slender (inch long) petioles: flowers crowded in lateral or 
axillary fascicles much shorter than the petioles: calyx barely puberulent, half the length 
of the 5-parted yellow corolla: staminodia lanceolate, with a subulate tip, nearly entire: 
ovary glabrous, 5-celled: fruit plum-like, 1-seeded, “yellow.” — Coll. ii. t. 17, f. 5 (Catesb. 
Car. ii. t. 75); Gertn. f. Carp. Suppl. 125, t. 202; A.DC. Prodr. viii. 181. 8. pallidum, 
Spreng.; A.DC. L¢.; Chapm. Fl. 274. Bumelia pallida, Swartz. B. fictidissima, Nutt. Sylv. 
iii. 39, t. 94. —Key West (Blodgett) and Charlotte Harbor, Florida. (WV. Ind.) 


8. DIPHOLIS, A.DC. (Formed of 8¢3, double, and gov/z, scale. from the 
pair of appendages in the sinuses of the corolla.) —Three W. Indian species, 
with the aspect and seeds of Siderorylon, one of them extending to Southern 
Florida. 

D. salicifélia, A. DC. Tree 60 fect high: leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, gla- 
brous, tapering into a petiole: flowers in axillary fascicles: short pedicels and calyx ru-ty 
silky-pubescent : staminodia oval, erose-toothed, as long as the linear or subulate exterior 
appendages: anthers oblong: fruit the size of a pea. —Prodr. 1. c. 183, & Deless. Ie. v. 40 
(corolla-lobes and appendages too much fringe-toothed) ; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 401; Mig. in 
Fl. Bras. vii. t. 18. Achras salicirolia, L. Bumelia salicifolia, Swartz. — Keys of S. Florida, 
Blodgett. (W. Ind.) 


4, BUMELIA, Swartz. (Ancient Greek name of a kind of Ash. unmean- 
ingly transferred to this genus.) — Shrubs or small trees (of Atlantic U. 5. and 


68 SAPOTACEZ. Bumelia. 


tropical America) ; with very hard wood, small white flowers fascicled in the axils 
of the leaves, in summer, and a black cherry-like fruit. Axils often spiny: 
therefore in S. States popularly called BuckrHorn. Leaves in ours mostly 
deciduous, and staminodia nearly as large as the proper corolla-lobes. 


%* Pedicels, calyx, and lower face of the leaves clothed with silky or somewhat tomentose pubes- 
cence; the upper face of the leaves finely venulose-reticulated: pedicels longer than the short 
petioles: fruit 4 or 5 lines long, oval. 

B. ténax, Willd. Shrub or small tree, 12 to 30 feet high, with divergent branches : 
pubescence silky and close-pressed, yellowish or at first whitish, shining: leaves from 
oblanceolate or spatulate to cuneate-obovate, obtuse (14 to 24 inches long): fascicles very 
many-flowered: staminodia ovate.— Willd. Spec. i. 1085; Nutt. Sylv. iii 39, t. 92. 
B. chrysophylloides, Pursh, Fl. i. 155. B. reclinata, Chapm. Fl. 275% Siderorylon tenax, 
L. Mant. 48. S. sericeum, Walt. Car. 100. S. chrysophylloides, Michx. Fl. i. 123. Chryso- 
phyllum Carolinense, Jacg. Obs. iii. t. 54.— Sandy soil, coast of N. Carolina to Georgia. 

~——B. lanuginoésa, Pers. Shrub or tree, sometimes even 40 feet high, less spiny; the 
pubescence looser, more tomentose, and not shining: leaves from oblong-obovate to 
cuneate-obovate: fascicles 6-18-flowered: staminodia obscurely denticulate: otherwise in 
the most eastern forms very like the foregoing; in the western with paler or sparser down 
to the leaves, or this partially deciduous in age so as to approach the next. — Syn. i. 287 ; 

Pursh, 1. c. B. tomentosa, lanuginosa, & oblongifolia (Nutt. Gen.), A.DC. l.c.  B. oblongifolia 

& B. ferruginea, Nutt. Sylv. 1.c. 33. B. Texana, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1862. Sider- 

oxylon tenaz? Walt. 1.¢. S. lanuginosum, Michx. Fl. i. 122. — Woods, Georgia and Florida 

to Texas, S. W. Illinois, and Missouri; the western form being B. oblongifolia, Nuttall. 
Var. macrocarpa. Low and depressed: leaves less than an inch long, glabrate 
with age: “fruit edible, as large as a small date.” — B. macrocarpa, Nutt. Sylv. 1.c. — Sand 
hills of the Altamaha, Georgia, Nuttall. To be rediscovered. 
* * Pedicels and calyx glabrous, and leaves nearly or quite so throughout. 
++ Leaves finely venulose-reticulated, rather thin. 


“<=B, lycioides, Geertn. Shrub or low tree: leaves from oblanceolate to obovate-oblong 
and on vigorous shoots ovate-lanceolate (14 to 5 inches long), reticulated; the primary 
veins numerous, prominent, and obliquely transverse ; the lower face not rarely whitish- 
pubescent when young: fascicles very many-flowcred, about the length of the petioles: 
staminodia ovate, obscurely denticulate: fruit short-ovoid, 3 to 5 lines long. — Gertn. f. 
Carp. Suppl. 3. 127, t. 120; Loud. Arb. t.1016; Nutt. Sylv. Lc. t.91.  Siderorylon lycioides, 
L. (excl. hab.) ; Michx. lc. 8. decandrum, L. Mant. 48? 5S. reve, Walt. ]. c. — Thickets, in 
low grounds, coast of Virginia and Illinois to Florida and Texas. Staminodia (as large as 
proper lobes of the corolla) sometimes with a pair of minute scales at their base. — Smaller- 
leaved forms in Florida and Louisiana pass into 

Var. reclinata. Spreading or depressed shrub: leaves half inch to an inch or more 
in length, oblong with more or less cuneate base: branches very spiny. — B. reclinata, 
Vent. Choix. t. 22. Sideroxylon reclinatum, Michx. Fl. i. 122.—St. Mary’s River, S. E. 
Georgia (Michaur), and E. Florida, Garber, &c. 

+ + Leaves thicker, coriaceous, less veiny; veinlets obscurely if at all reticulated. 

—— B. cuneata, Swartz. Shrub or small tree, glabrous: leaves from spatulate or linear 
oblanceolate to broadly obovate-cuneate, very obtuse (half to an inch and a half long), 
rather fleshy; the veins inconspicuous and strongly ascending: fascicles few-many- 
flowered : lanceolate appendages to the corolla and the ovate-lanceolate staminodia nearly 
equalling the proper lobes, acute, denticulate: fruit oblong-oval, edible, 6 to 9 lines long ; 
the seed oblong. — Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 496; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 401 (but “berry obovoid-glo- 
bose”). B. myrstnifolia, A.DC. 1. c. 192. B. parvifolia, (A.DC. l.¢.?) Chapm. Fl. 275. 
B. angustifolia, Nutt. Sylv. iii. 88. t. 93. B. reclinata, Torr. Mex. Bound. 109. —S. Florida 
from Key West to Tempe iyi lower part of the Rio Grande, Texas. (W. Ind., Mex.) 

‘ ca , 
5. IMUSOPS, L. (Formed of pio, an ape, and owe, appearance, but 
the likeness is not apparent.)— Trees of the tropics; with coriaceous leaves, 


having slender and inconspicuous transverse veins and minutely reticulated vein- 


Diospyros. EBENACEZ. 69 


lets, pedicels in axillary fascicles, corolla immersed or nearly so in the double 
calyx, and a plum-like edible fruit. 


M. Sieberi, A.DC. Tree 30 feet high: leaves elliptical-oblong or inclining to obovate, 
retuse, glabrous and green both sides (2 to 4 inches long), slender-petioled; midrib stout : 
fascicles several-flowered: corolla whitish, 6-parted ; its slender appendages 12: staminodia 
short, triangular, nearly entire: fruit the size of a pigeon’s egg, brownish or yellowish 
when ripe, pleasant. — Prodr. viii. 204; Chapm. Fl. 275. J dissecta, Griseb. L v., as to 
W. Ind. pl. Achras mammosa, Sieber, Coll., not L. 4. Zapotilla, var. parviflora, Nutt. Syvlv. 
iii. 28, t. 90. — Key West, Florida, Blodgett, Palmer. Said to be common; probably indi- 
genous. (W. Ind.) 

Acuras Sapota, L., the SappapryLa or Naseperry of the West Indies and Central 

America (for a variety of which Nuttall mistook the above tree), appears not to have 

reached Florida. 


ORDER LXXXIV. EBENACE.E. 


Trees or shrubs, with limpid juice, alternate entire leaves, and dicecious or 
polygamous (rarely completely hermaphrodite) regular flowers; the staminate 
with at least twice or thrice as many stamens as there are lobes to the short gamo- 
petalous hypogynous corolla (usually convolute in the bud), and inserted on its 
tube or base, their anthers introrse; the pistillate flowers mostly with some im- 
‘perfect stamens; the several-celled ovary with one or two anatropous ovules 
suspended from the summit of each cell; the fruit a berry, maturing one or more 
large and bony-coated seeds. These have a cartilaginous albumen, aud a rather 
small straight embryo, with foliaceous cotyledons and a mostly slender radicle. 
Calyx persistent, often foliaceous and accrescent. Filaments short. Hypogynous 
disk wanting. Styles as many or half as many as the cells of the ovary. 2 to 8, 
distinct or partly united: stigmas sometimes 2-parted. Stipules none. Flowers 
axillary, articulated with the pedicels. Wood very hard; that of several species 
of Diospyros furnishes ebony. — Hiern, Mon. Eben. in Trans. Cambr. Phil. Soc. 
xii. part i— A small order, of warm regions, nearly two thirds of the species 
belonging to the following genus. 


1. DIOSPYROS, L. Dare-Preu, Persruwon. (Nos, avo, Jove’s 
grain.) — Calyx 4-5-lobed, enlarging under the fruit. Corolla campanulate, short- 
salverform or urceolate. Ovary 4-12-celled ; a pair of ovules in each cell. Berry 
maturing only 4 to 8 oblong bony flattened seeds. Flowers essentially dicecious ; 
but the fertile flowers (commouly solitary in the axils) may have sterile stamens 
more or less polliniferous: the sterile flowers much smaller, usually racemose or 
clustered, and with more numerous stamens. — A large genus, widely dispersed, 
but the greater portion Asiatic: fruit edible. 


== D. Virginidna, L. (Cowon Persimioy.) Tree 20 to 70 feet high, with a rough bark: 


leaves thickish-membranaceous, more or less pubescent when young, commonly soon 
glabrate, oval (2 to 5 inches long): sterile flowers in threes: calyx 4-parted: corolla 
4lobed, greenish-yellow, thickish, glabrous: stamens 16, in pairs, somewhat pubescent; 
the sterile ones of the fertile flowers 8: styles 4, 2-lobed at apex: ovary &-celled, nearly 
glabrous: fruit plum-like, an inch in diameter, excessively astringent when green, yellow 
when ripe, and when frosted sweet and luscious. — Gertn. f. Carp. Suppl. t. 207; Michx. 
f. Syly. ii. t.93 (Catesb. Car. ii. t. 76). D. concolor, Mench. D. pubescens, Pursh, FI. 
i. 265 (var. microcarpa, Raf. Med. Fl.).— Woods and fields, Rhode Island? and New York 
near the coast, also from Ohio to Iowa, and south to Florida and Louisiana: fl. early 
summer: fr. Oct. (Too near the N. Asiatic D. Lotus, L.) 


70 EBENACEZ. Diospyros. 


———~ D. Texdna, Scheele. (Mexican Pensimmon.) Shrub or tree 10 to 29 feet high, widely 
much branched, with smooth bark and heavy white wood: leaves cuneate-oblong or ob- 
ovate, rounded at apex, often retuse (an inch or two long), almost sessile, tomentose, as 
also the branchlets: flowers silky-tomentose outside; sterile few in a fascicle: calyx 5-6- 
parted: stamens 16 to 20 in two ranks, glabrous ; none in the fertile flowers: ovary and 
young fruit pubescent, 8-celled: stigmas 4, each 2-lobed: fruit globose, black, luscious 
(ripe in August), with 8 to 8 triangular seeds. — Linnea, xxii. 145; Torr. Mex. Bound. 109 ; 
Hiern, Mon. Eben. 1. c. 239. — Woods along streams, Southern and Western Texas. (Ad- 
jacent parts of Mex.) 


ORDER LXXXV. STYRACACEZ. 


Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves, and mostly perfect regular flowers, 
having at least twice as many stamens as the petals or lobes to the corolla, borne 
on its tube or base, or sometimes inserted with it; the filaments monadelphous or 
4-5-adelphous at base; style and stigma one; calyx more or less adnate to the 
2-5-celled ovary; the fruit or its cells one-seeded ; seed anatropous, with a mostly 
straight embryo in copious fleshy albumen. Calyx either imbricated or open in 
bud. Anthers introrse or innate. Disk none. Ovules solitary, in pairs, or few 
in each cell, most of them aborting in the fruit. Style filiform. — A small order, 
in warm regions; but nearly half the genera are represented in the United States. 
— Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. v. 334; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 667. 


Trize I. SYMPLOCINEA. Stamens in several series: anthers short, innate. 
Calyx-lobes imbricated in the bud. Pubescence simple. Embryo terete. 

1. SYMPLOCOS. Calyx 5-lobed; the tube adnate to the 2-5-celled ovary. Corolla 
5-parted, or nearly 5-petalous. Stamens very numerous, with filiform filaments, usually a 


cluster adnate to the base of each petal. Ovules mostly a pair suspended from the sum- 
mit of each cell. Fruit a small dry drupe or nut-like, mostly 1-celled and 1-seeded. 


Tripe II. STYRACE. Stamens definite in a single series: anthers linear or 
oblong, adnate, introrse. Pubescence more or less stellate or scurfy. Calyx-lobes 
or teeth mostly very short or obsolete, open in the bud. Cotyledons flat or foliaceons. 


2. HALESIA. Calyx-tube obconical or obpyramidal, 4-ribbed, adnate to the 2-4+-celled 
ovary ; the short truncate limb 4-toothed. Corolla campanulate, 4-cleft, or sometimes 
nearly 4-petalous, convolute or imbricated in the bud. Stamens 8 to 16: filaments flat- 
tened, more or less monadelphous in a ring at base and somewhat adnate to the base of 
the corolla. Ovules + in each cell, the upper pair ascending, the lower pendulous. Fruit 
dry-drupaceous or at maturity nut-like, 2~4-winged, within bony, 1-4-celled, pointed with 
the persistent base of the style. Sceds single in each cell, cylindrical, with a thin coat. 

8. STYRAX. Calyx-tube campanulate; its base adnate only to the lower part of the 
primarily 5-celled ovary ; the truncate limb of very small or obsolete teeth. Corolla 5- 
petalous or 5-parted, or rarely 4—8-parted; the lobes or petals imbricate, or nearly con- 
volute, or valvate in the bud. Stamens double the number of the lobes of the corolla or 
rarely fewer: filaments flat, in ours borne on the base of the corolla, either monadelphous 
or nearly distinct: anthers linear. Ovules several in each cell, ascending. Fruit usually 
globular, becoming one-celled and dry, coriaceous or crustaceous, sometimes 3-valved from 
the top. Seed mostly solitary, filling the cell, erect, with a bony smooth coat. 


1. SYMPLOCOS, Jacq. Swenr-tear. (Svumhoxog, connected, referring 
to the stamens, which in some are highly monadelphous.) — Shrubs or small trees 
(American and Asiatic) ; with pinnately veined leaves, which commonly turn yel- 
lowish in drying and yield a yellow dye; the flowers axillary and yellow. — Jacq. 
Stirp. Amer. 166; L. Gen. 677. Hopea, Garden; L. Mant. 15. 


==. tinctoria, L’Her. Shrub 4 to 18 feet high: leaves rather coriaceous, oblong, acute 
or acuminate, obscurely more or less serrate (4 or 5 inches long), soon glabrate and shining 


Styraz. STYRACACE_E. Tl 


above, pale and pubescent beneath, tardily deciduous, or far south more persistent : flowers 
in sessile fascicles from the axils of the preceding year, 6 to 16 ina cluster, scaly-bracteate, 
the scales deciduous: calyx-tube turbinate: petals oblong, obtuse, barely connected at 
base and bearing the stamen-clusters: ovary 3-celled: fruit nutlike, oblong, half inch or 
Jess long. — Linn. Trans. i. 176; Willd. Spec. iii. 1436. Hopea tinetoria, L. Mant. 105: 
Michx. f. Syly. iii. 9. — In rich soil, Delaware (Commons) to Florida and Louisiana; fl. spring. 
Flowers fragrant. Leaves sweet to the taste and in autumn greedily devoured by cattle 
and horses (hence called Horse-Stear); also used for yellow dye. 


2. HALESIA, Ellis. Syowprop or Smver-sert Tree. (Commem- 
orates Stephen Hales of England, author-of Vegetable Statics, &c.)— Small trees 
of the Atlantic United States; with partly stellate soft pubescence: leaves 
rather large. ovate-oblong, acuminate, more or less denticulate, slender-petioled, 
deciduous; flowers showy. drooping on slender pedicels, in fascicles (or rarely 
very short racemes) from the axils of fallen leaves of the preceding year, pro- 
duced in spring at leafing-time; corolla white. Thin testa of the seed adherent 
to the pericarp ; the delicate inner coat adherent to the albumen. — (Pterustyrax, 
Sieb. & Zucc., of Japan, referred to this genus by Bentham and IIvoker. although 
nearly related, is better kept distinct, on account of the terminal paniculate inflo- 
rescence, quinary flowers, and thinner small fruit.) Ellis in Phil. Trans. li. t. 22; 
L. Gen. no. 596. 

<==H. diptera, Ll. Tall shrub or small tree: leaves ovate or inclined to obovate, when full- 
grown thinnish and venulose-reticulated (4 to 6 inches long): corolla three-fourths inch 

long: stamens 8 to 16, mostly 4, sometimes free: ovary rarely 4celled: fruit oblong (2 

inches long), 2-winged; its strongly angled body tapering into a long stipe within the 

wing. — Spee. ed. 2, 636; Cav. Diss. vi. t.187; Lodd. Cab. t.1172. 4. reticulata, Buckley 
in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1860.— Rich woods, Georgia and Florida to Louisiana. Flowers 
larger and more numerous and showy than in the next. 


wee H.tetraptera, L. ‘mall tree (or in the mountains even a large tree): leaves oval or 
ovate-oblong: corolla half inch long: stamens 10 to 16: ovary 4celled: fruit ellipsoidal, 
equally +wing-angled, over an inch long. — (Catesh. Car. i. t. 64.) Lam. Ill. t. 204; Cav. 
lc. t. 186; Bot. Mag. t. 910; Lodd. Cab. t. 1173. — Woods and along streams, W. Virginia 
and Illinois to Florida, mostly along and near the mountains. 

H. parvifiéra, Michx. Foliage of H. tetraptera, but smaller: corolla 4 or 5 lines long: 
fruit an inch or less in length, narrowly 2-winged, the oblong-clavate body with stipe 
included in the acute base of the wing. — FI. ii. 40, not Lindl. Bot. Reg., which is Styru 
Americana. — Georgia and Florida. 


8. STYRAX, Tourn. Storax. (Greek S7r'ovs, ancient name of the tree 
which yields 16 ozvouS. storax.) — Shrubs or small trees. the pubescence when 
present seurfy or stellular. Leaves deciduous, at least in our species: the flowers 
(in spring) racemose. subeorymbose or somewhat cymulose, or sometimes solitary. 
from the axils or summit of the branchlets. Corolla white, in ours campanulate 
or more open, of petals distinct to the base or nearly so, soft and tomentulose or 
puberulent, at least outside. Ovary 5-celled at base. with a thick placenta, which 
divides and becomes obsolete at the summit. -A widely dispersed genus. chiefly of 
warm revions. — Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. 1. ¢.. Proc. vi. 826, & Man. ed. 5, 309 ; 
Benth. & Hook. 1. c. 

% Petals nearly valvate in the bud, a third to barely half inch long. 


S. Americana, Lam. Shrub 4 to § feet high, glabrous or nearly so throughout : leaves 
small (1 to 3 inches long), bright green, commonly entire, oblong or oval, mostly acute at 
poth ends, often acuminate: flowers single or in very few-flowered racemes, nodding : 
peduncles or branchlets minutely glandular, not hoary: 5toothed calyx and sometimes 


72 STYRACACER. Styraz. 


the pedicel glandular-dotted : petals lanceolate-oblong, nearly glabrous. — Dict. i.82 ; Gray, 

Man. lc. S. deve, Walt. Car. 140. S. glabrum, Cav. Diss. vi. 500, t. 188; Michx. Fl. ii. 41. 

S. levigatum, Ait. Kew. ii. 75; Bot. Mag. t. 921. Hulesia parviflora, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 952 4 

— Along streams, Virginia to Florida, Louisiana, and Arkansas. 

* * Petals lightly but decidedly imbricated or convolute in the bud, minutely soft-puberulent out- 
side, barely half inch long: calyx and inflorescence with the lower face of the leaves more or less 
canesceut. 

was S. pulverulénta, Michx. Low shrub: leaves as in the preceding, but more or less 
pubescent or scurfy and hoary beneath, rarely 2 inches long on flowering stems: flowers 
geminate in the axils on short branchlets and in short terminal racemes, fragrant: pedicels 
not longer than the calyx: petals oblong-lanceolate.—Fl. ii. 41; Ell. Sk. i. 505.— Pine- 
barren swamps, 8. Virginia to Florida and Texas. 

S. grandifdlia, Ait. Shrub from 4 to 12 feet high: leaves membranaceous, oval or ob- 
ovate, usually denticulate, green and glabrous above, canescently pubescent or tomentose 
beneath, the larger 3 to 6 inches long: flowers mainly in loose naked racemes of 3 to 6 
inches in length, or some in leafy-bracted clusters, larger than in the preceding: petals 
more overlapping in bud, oblong, fully half inch in length. — Lodd. Cab. t. 1016 (poor) ; 
Michx. FL. ii.41, as S. grandiflorum. SS. officinale, Walt., not L.— Rich woods, 8. Virginia 
to Florida. 


%* * * Petals conspicuously overlapping in the bud, obovate or broadly oblong, two thirds to three 
fourths inch long: short peduncle terminating the branches or short lateral branchlets, corym- 
bosely 1-4-flowered: bracts minute: style long and filiform. 


S. platanifdlia, Enzelm. Shrub 12 feet high, green and glabrous or nearly so: leaves 
roundish, with subcerdate or truncate broad base and slender petiole, undulate or angulate- 
toothed, or even sinuate-lobed, sometimes abruptly acuminate, reticulate-veiny (2 to 4 
inches in diameter): even the pedicels and calyx glabrous or nearly so. — Torr. in Smiths. 
Contrib. vi. 4, note. — Wooded bottoms, Texas, Lindheimer, Wright, &e. 

aee~§, Californica, Torr. Shrub 5 to 8 feet high, with scurfy stellular pubescence, at first 
hoary, sometimes soon green and glabrate: leaves oval, entire or sparingly undulate (an 
inch or two long), short-petioled : pedicels with the calyx and corolla minutely canescent : 
style becoming an inch long. — Smiths. Contrib. 1. c. & Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 118; Gray, Bot. 
Calif. i. 470. — W. side of the Sierra Nevada, California, Fremont, &. Bony seed as large 
as a small cherry. 


OrpER LXXXVI. OLEACEZ. 


Trees or shrubs, rarely almost herbaceous, with colorless bland juice, opposite 
(rarely alternate) leaves destitute of stipules, perfect or dicecious and regular 
flowers (gamopetalous, 2-4-petalous, apetalous, or even achlamydeous) ; with 
stamens 2 to 4, mostly 2’and fewer than the parts of the corolla, distinct ; the free 
ovary 2-celled; style one or none; anatropous ovules mostly one or two pairs in 
each cell; seeds with a rather large straight embryo (its cotyledons flat or plano- 
convex) in firm fleshy albumen, or sometimes exalbuminous. 

——— Forsytura viripissiua and F. susprysa, of Japan and China, cultivated ornamental 
shrubs, noted for their very early yellow blossoms, are peculiar in having numerous ovules. 

Syrinaa, the Lilac, of the Old World, becomes spontaneous in a few places. 


——Licvsrrum voice re, the Privet, used for ornamental hedges, may be occasionally found 
wild in the vicinity of towns in the Eastern Atlantic States, but is not a really naturalized 
plant. 


—— Orea Europa, the Olive, has long been planted in the southern part of California. 
Tre l. FRAXINEZ. Fruit entire, dry, indehiscent, winged, a samara. Seed 
suspended. 


1, FRAXINUS. Flowers diccious or polygamous, sometimes perfect. Calyx very small, 
4-cleft or irregularly toothed, or entire, or wanting. Petals none, or 4 and either separate 


Fraxinus. OLEACE.E. To 


or united in pairs at the very base. Stamens 2, sometimes 3 or 4. Fruit by abortion 
mostly 1-celled and 1-seeded, rarely 2-seeded ; the wing mainly terminal. 


Trise ll. OLEINELE. Fruit fleshy and indehiscent, a drupe or rarely a berry, not 
lobed. Seed suspended or pendulous. Leaves simple. 

* Flowers apetalous, diccious or polygamous. 

2. FORESTIERA. Calyx minute, 4parted or toothed, sometimes wanting or deciduous. 
Corolla none, or rarely one or two small deciduous petals. Stamens 2 to 4: anthers ovate 
or oblong. Ovary ovate, with 2 ovules in each cell: style slender: stigma somewhat 
2-lobed. Drupe 1-seeded. 

* * Flowers complete, sometimes polygamous: parts of the calyx and corulla 4. 

3. CHIONANTHUS. Calyx 4cleft, persistent. Corolla of 4 long and linear petals, 
which are plane in the bud with slightly induplicate margins, and united only and often 
slightly at the base. Stamens 2, rarely 3, short. Style short. Ovules a pair in each 
cell. Drupe mostly 1-seeded. Embryo in copious fleshy albumen: cotyledons flat. 

4. HESPERELAA. Calyx of 4 somewhat colored sepals, imbricated in the bud, decid- 
uous. Corolla of + spatulate unguiculate petals, imbricated at summit in the bud, accres- 
cent, deciduous. Stamens 4, hypogynous : filaments subulate : anthers oblong, mucronu- 
late. Style stout: stigma thick, 2-lobed. Ovules a pair in each cell. 

5. OSMANTHUS. Calyx 4cleft, short, persistent. Corolla short, 4cleft; the lobes 
broad and obtuse, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 2 (rarely 4), on the short tube of the 
corolla, included: anthers ovate. Style short: stigma small, entire. Ovules a pair in 
each cell. Drupe globose or ovoid, mostly 1-seeded. : 


Trine Ul. JASMINE.E. Fruit didymous or septicidally 2-partible. Seeds ascend- 
ing or erect. Parts of calyx and corolla 5 or more. 


6. MENODORA. Calyx 5-15-cleft, persistent; the lobes mostly linear. Corolla from 
rotate to salverform; limb 5-6-parted, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens 2, 
rarely 3: anthers oblong or nearly linear. Ovary cmarginate: style slender: stigma 
usually capitate or 2-lobed. Ovules 4 (or in a S. Amer. species only 2) in each cell. 
Fruit a didymous or 2-parted at length membranaceous capsule, circumscissile at or near 
the middle. Seeds usually a pair in each cell, large, with a thickened and spongy outer 
coat: no albumen. Leaves often alternate! 


1. FRAXINUS, Tourn. Asw. (Classical Latin name.) — Trees ; with rather 
light tough wood, chiefly opposite and odd-pinnate leaves, and small flowers, in 
panicles, developed in spring. Petals when present narrow, induplicate-valvate 
in the bud, white: anthers yellow, large in proportion. Stigma 2-lobed. Ovules 
a pair from the summit of each cell, only one usually fertile; the oblong seed fill- 
ing the cell of the samara or key-fruit. Bark of shoots ash-color. Winter-buds 
of few and usually dark-colored thickish scales. (Shape of the wing of samara 
variable, not rarely some are 3-winged and 3-celled.) 

“S Orsus Awericaya, Pers. &., is probably only Frazinus Ornus, L., and wrongly thought 
to be American. A host of nominal species of Ash which were named by Bosc, character- 
ized mainly by the foliage, and upon which his herbarium throws little or no light, must 
pass unnoticed. 

g 1. Orvus, Pers. Flowers 2-4-petalous, polygamous (many perfect), in 
loose panicles, which mostly terminate leaf-bearing branches or spring from the 
axils of new leaves. 

* Petals 2: style manifest: Californian. 


F. dipétala, Hook. & Arn. Small tree, glabrous: leaflets 5 to 9, oval or oblong, 
obtuse, serrate, mostly petiolulate, an inch or two long: panicles usually clustered on short 
lateral spurs, naked or subtended by one or two leaves: calyx truncate and somewhat 
toothed: petals oblong-obovate, equalling the linear anthers: fruit from linear-oblong to 
spatulate-oblong (usually an inch long), the flat body several-nerved on each side and 
with sharp edges. — Bot. Beech. 362, t. 87; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 472. Ornus dipetala, Nutt. 
Sylv. iii, 66, t. 101. Chionanthus fraxinifolius, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 18.— Western 


.; ut of California. 


74 OLEACES. Frazinus. 


Var. brachyptera, a form with short obovate fruit, only half to three-fourths inch 
long, and the terminal part of the wing only half the length of the body.— Borax Lake, 
California, Torrey. 

Var. trifoliolata, Torr. Leaves (only the uppermost known) 1-3-foliolate : leaflets 
small, an inch or less long, coriaceous, obsoletely serrate : fruit rather small. — Bot. Mex. 
Bound. 167.— Mountains south of the boundary between Upper and Lower California, 
Parry. 

%* * Petals (always?) 4: style none or hardly any: North Mexican and Texan species, with small 
and minutely punctate leaflets, and small panicles chiefly terminating short 1-2-leaved lateral 
branchlets: flowers of the second species unknown. 

——F'. cuspidata, Torr. Shrub 5 to 8 feet high, with slender branches, glabrous: leaflets 
5 to 7, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate and gradually acuminate into a cuspidate tip, or 
some of them ovate or oval and obtuse or even emarginate, acutely and sparsely few- 
toothed or entire, petiolulate (half to a full inch or more in length): petiole slightly mar- 
gined between the leaflets: calyx deeply 4-cleft or 4toothed: corolla 4-parted, half inch 
long; the lobes long-linear, several times exceeding the oblong anthers: stigma sessile: 
fruit spatulate-oblong or obovate-oblong (half inch long), its wing rather shorter than the 
flattened nerveless body.— Bot. Mex. Bound. 166, —South-western Texas, on the Rio 
Grande from the great cafion upwards, Parry, Wright, &c., in fruit. New Mexico, Palmer, 
in flower. 

—— F. Gréggii, Gray. Shrub 5 to 9 feet high, glabrous, with slender mostly terete branches : 
leaflets 3 to 7, from narrowly spatulate to oblong-obovate, obtuse, obtusely few-toothed or 
entire, plane, firm-coriaceous, veinless or nearly so (a half to nearly an inch long), sessile : 
petiole wing-margined between the leaflets: fruit 6 to 8 lines long, oblong-linear, the retuse 
apex tipped with a very short distinct style. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 64. F. Schiedeana, 
var. parvifolia, Torr. 1.c.—On limestone, 8. W. Texas, Schott, &c. Adjacent parts of 
Mexico, Gregg, Bigelow, Parry. 

§ 2. Fraxrndster, DC. Flowers apetalous, in mostly denser panicles (espe- 
cially the staminate), which are developed from separate buds from upper axils of 
the preceding year, or on the leafless base of shoots of the season. 

* Flowers polygamous: leaves mostly simple! 

F. anémala, Torr. Shrub or low tree, more or less soft-pubescent when young: leaves 
thin-coriaceous, ovate, rotund, or cordate, rarely obcordate, entire or partly serrate, many- 
veined (an inch or two long), sometimes 2-3-foliolate with similar sessile leaflets : panicles 
short: calyx campanulate, erose-tuothed, longer than the ovary: anthers linear-oblong : 
fruit oblong (7 to 10 lines long), winged from the base, the flattened striatenerved body as 
long as the terminal part of the wing.— Watson, Bot. King, 283.—S. Utah, Vewberry, 
Palmer, Bishop, &e. 

* %* Flowers diccious ; the pistillate rarely with abortive stamens ; the staminate reduced to 2 or 4 

stamens with a minute or obsolete calyx or none: leaves 3-11- (mostly 5-9-) foliolate. 

++ Leaflets petiolulate: anthers linear-oblong, mucronate or apiculate: small calyx to fertile 

flowers present and persistent, sometimes deciduous in F’. quadrangulita. 

++ Fruit winged only from the summit or upper part of the terete or nearly terete body, 
== Which is marginless ; the wing wholly terminal. 


F. pistacieefdlia, Torr. Small tree, either velvety-pubescent or nearly glabrous: leaf- 
lets 5 to 9, short-petiolulate, sometimes subsessile, small (one or two inches long), from 
lanceolate to oval, entire or somewhat scrrate: fruits small and crowded, spatulate (either 
broadly or narrowly), the terete body (3 to 5 lines long) somewhat clavate, about equal- 
ling and sometimes exceeding the wing. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 128, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 166. 
—58.W. Texas to Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) : 

Var. coriacea. A rigid form of arid districts : leaflets 3 to 5, firm-coriaceous, usually 
more serrate. —F. velutina, Torr. in Emory, Rep. 1848, 149, a velvety-tomentose form. 
F’. coriacea, Watson in Am. Nat. vii. 302, excl. pl. coll. Biyjelow. — Arizona, Emory, Wheeler. 

c= F, Americana, L. (Wire Ass.) Large timber-tree: branchlets and petioles glabrous: 
leaflets 7 to 9, from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, mostly acuminate, entire or sparsely serrate 
or denticulate (3 to 5 inches long), pale or whitish and often pubescent beneath: fruit 
usually about an inch and a half long; the body oblong and cylindraceous, completely 


Taxinus: OLEACE.E. 7d 


terete, barely acute at base, merely I-nerved at what would be the margins, half or thrice 
shorter than the lanceolate or oblanceolate wing. — Spee. ed. 2, 1510, excl. syn. Catesb. ; 
Muhl. in N. Schrift. Berl. iii. (1801); Michx. f. Sylv. t. 115 (excl. fruit, which is apparently 
that of F. viridis); Torr. Fl. N.Y. ii. 125, t. 89 (on plate F. acuminata) ; Emerson, Rep. 
Trees, ed. 2, t.12. F. acuminata, Lam. Dict. ii. 542. F. Nove-Anglie & F. Caroliniana? 
Wangenheim. F. alba, Marsh. Arbust. 41. F. juglandifolia, Lam. 1.c.? & Bosc in Mem. 
Inst. 1808, 209. F. epiptera, Michx. Fl. ii. 256. F. Canadensis, Gertn. Fruct. i. 122, t. 49. 
F. discolor, Muhl. Cat. 111. — Rich or moist woods, Canada to Florida and Louisiana. Very 
valuable timber-tree : fruit variable in size and shape of wing, but that of the terete cylin- 
draceous body quite constant. Monecious flowers have been met with. 

Var. microcdrpa. Fruit (seemingly full grown but seedless) remarkably small, 
half to two thirds inch long.— F. albicans, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1862, partly. F-. 
Curtissit, Vasey, Cat. Trees U. 8. 20. — Eufaula, Alabama (Curtiss), &c. 

Var. Texénsis. Low tree, glabrous throughout: leaflets mostly 5, slender-petiolu- 
late, from ovate to broadly oval, 1} to 2 inches long, either rounded at apex or slightly 
acuminate: fruit small, two-thirds to barely an inch long, the wing hardly double the 
length of the body.— F. albicans, Buckley, 1. c.,in part. F. pistacie/folia, E. Hall, List. Pl. 
Tex. no. 527. F. coriacea, Watson, l.c., as to pl. Bigelow, “ Devil’s Run Canon,” Texas 
(not “ Arizona”), a form with remarkably long-petiolulate leaves of firmer texture, with- 
out flowers or fruit. — Texas, on rocky hills, from Austin to Devil’s River, near the Rio 
Grande.’ Perhaps a distinct species. 
= =} Body of the fruit more slender, tapering gradually from summit to base, more or less mar- 

gined upward by the decurrent wing. 

«==. F’. pubéscens, Lam. (Rep .\su.) Tree of middle or large size: inner face of the 
outer bark of the branches red or cinnamon-color when fresh: young parts velvety- 
pubescent, commonly permanently so: leaflets as of the preceding, or else longer and 
narrower, the lower face and the petioles more tomentose: fruit commonly 1} to 2 inches 
long ; its body more than half (or even little less than) the length of the linear or spatulate 
wing. — Dict. ii. 548; Walt. Car. 254; Muhl. in N. Schrift. Berl. 1. c.; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 
402. F. Pennsylvanica, Marsh. Arbust. 651. F. nigra, DuRoi. FF. tomentosa, Michx. f. Sylv. 
t. 119. F. oblongocarpa, Buckley, 1. c. —Low grounds, Canada to Dakotah, and south to 
Florida; rare west of Ohio. 

a= F. viridis, Michx. f. (Green As.) Small or middle-sized tree, glabrous: leaflets 
5 to 9, bright green both sides, or barely pale beneath, from oblong-lanceolate to ovate, 
mostly acuminate and sparsely and sharply serrate or denticulate (2 to 4 inches long): 
fruit nearly as in the preceding or with a rather more decurrent wing (from 9 to 18 lines long). 
—Syly. t. 120, excl. fruit (which must belong to F. Am-r/d@a); Bosc, lc.; Gray, Man. 
ed. 2,358. F. concolor, Muhl. Cat., Torr. Fl. N. Y. (on plate, F). pubescens in letter-press) 
t.90. F. juglandifolia, Willd. Spec. iv. 1104. F. Caroliniana (Willd. ?), Pursh, Fl. i 9. 
F. expansa, Willd. Baum. 150.— Along streams, Canada and Dakotah to Florida, Texas, 
and Arizona? Pale-leaved forms, with some pubescence on the veins of the leaflets be- 
neath, pass into the preceding. . 

—— Var. Berlandieriana. Leaflets 3 to 5, with a more cuneate base: wing of the fruit 
rather wider and more decurrent on the body.—F. Berlandieriana, DC. Prodr. viii. 273. 
F. trialata, Buckley, 1. c., a state with 3-winged samara.— Texas. (Cuba?) 

++ ++ Fruit with compressed and wing-margined body. 

===’, platycarpa, Michx. (Water Asn.) Tree of middle size, glabrous or pubescent : 
branchlets terete: leaflets 5 to 7, ovate or oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate or entire, 
conspicuously petiolulate: fruit elliptical, obovate, or spatulate (one or two inches long), 
contracted below into a stalk-like base, each face with an inggressed midnerve, not rarely 
3-winged. — Fl. ii. 256; Michx. f. Sylv. t- 124; Chapm. Fl 370. ¥. Carolinensis, &c., 
Catesb. Car.i. t. 80. F. Caroliniana, Lam. l.c.? F’. excelsior? Walt. Car. 254. FY. Ameri- 
cana, Marsh. Arbust. 50. F. pallida, Bosc,l.c. F. pauciflora, Nutt. Svly. iii. 61, t. 100. 
F. triptera, Nutt. 1. ¢., with 3-winged samara. F’. Nuitallii & F’. nigrescens, Buckley, in Proc. 
Philad. Acad. 1860 & 1862. — Deep river-swamps, Virginia tf Louisiana. (Cuba.) 

=—- F. quadranguldta, Michx. (Bice Asn.) Large timber-tree, the inner bark yielding a 
blue color to water, glabrous : branchlets square: leaflets 7 to 9, ovate-oblong to lanceolate, 
acuminate, sharply serrate (3 or 4 inches long), short-petiolulate, when young often pubes- 


76 OLEACER. Frazinus. 


cent beneath: fruit linear-oblong or cuneate-oblong (one or two inches long, 4 to 7 lines 
wide), not stipitate and oftener not narrowed at base, lightly several-nerved on both faces, 
somewhat twisted when mature; the minute calyx at length deciduous or obsolete. — 
FI. ii. 225; Michx. f. Sylv. t. 123. — Dry rich woods, Michigan to Tennessee. 
+— + Lateral leaflets sessile: common petiole angled: anthers short-oblong. 
== Calyx small, persistent. 


_——- F. Oregana, Nutt. Tree of middle or ample size, with wood like that of White Ash, 
the foliage and shoots villous-pubescent, at least when young: leaflets 5 to 7, lanceolate- 
oblong to oval, entire or nearly so (2 to 4 inches long), veiny, the upper surface soon 
glabrous : fruit with nearly clavate and slightly compressed body, the margined edges gradu- 
ally widened upwards into the longer oblanceolate wing (of an inch or less in length). — 
Sylv. iii. 59, t. 99; Gray, Bot. Calif. i472. F'. pubescens, var., Hook. Fl. ii.51. F. grandifolia, 
Benth. Sulph. 33.— Along streams, Washington Terr. near the coast to California. 

== = Calyx wanting: the flowers wholly naked. 


== F, sambucifélia, Lam. (Biack Asn.) Small or middle-sized tree, with very tough 
and fissile wood ; glabrous, except bearded hairs along the. midribs beneath: leaflets 7 to 
11, green and of similar hue both sides, oblong-lanceolate from a roundish base, gradually 
acuminate, finely and acutely serrate (3 to 5 inches long), the pinnate primary veins of 
numerous pairs: fruit lanceolate-oblong or linear-oblong, flat throughout, finely nervose, 
the acutely margined body of the same breadth as the wing. — Dict. ii. 549; Muhl. L.c.; 
Michx. f. Sylv. t. 122; Emerson, Rep. Trees, ed. 2, ii. 381, t. 18. F. nigra, Marsh. Arbust. 
51.— Swamps and wet banks, Nova Scotia to Wisconsin, the mountains of Virginia and 
Kentucky. Bruised foliage exhales the odor of Elder. Remarkable for the total absence 
of calyx. 


2. FORESTIERA, Poir. (M. Forestier, a French physician.) — Shrubs 
(North American and W. Indian); with opposite simple leaves, inconspicuous 
flowers, in early spring, from imbricated-scaly axillary buds, and small dark-colored 
drupes; the putamen thin. Fascicles or panicles very short, few-flowered; the 
staminate sessile and in a sessile globular scaly glomerule: the bracts or bud-scales 
deciduous. Branches minutely warty. — Tulasne in Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3, xv. 265. 
Adelia, Michx. Borya, Willd. Bigelovia, Smith. Piptolepis, Benth. 


%* Leaves membranaceous and deciduous, not porulose, mostly minutely serrate: flowers from axils 

: ; of the preceding year. 

oaaeoee E', acuminata, Poir. Shrub somewhat spinescent, 5 to 10 feet high, glabrous through- 
out: leaves ovate-lanceolate and ovate-oblong, conspicuously acuminate, slender-petioled, 
14 to 4 inches long: fertile flowers several in a panicle: calyx obsolete or caducous: drupe 
(when forming fusiform acuminate, and somewhat arcuate) elongated-oblong. — Dict. 
Suppl. ii. 664; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. iv. 863, excl. var. Adelia acuminata, Michx. FI. ii. 
225, t.48. Borya acuminata, Willd. Spec. iv. 711. Forestiera ligustrina, Willd. ex char. & 
hab.; Gray, Man. ed. 2, 358, not Poir.— Wet and shady river-banks, W. Illinois and Mis- 
souri to W. Georgia and Texas. The habitat of this and of F’. ligustrina must have been 
transposed in Michaux’s Flora. 


F. Neo-Mexicana, Gray. Shrub 6 to 10 feet high, glabrous: leaves spatulate-oblong, 
obtuse or obtusely acuminate, short-petioled, obtusely or obsoletely serrulate, an inch 
long : fertile flowers in sessile fascicles: calyx minute and rather persistent: drupe obtuse, 
short-oblong or ovoid.— Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 68. F’. acuminata, var. parvifolia, Gray, Proc. 
Am. Acad. iv. 864.—New Mexico, and adjacent borders of Texas and Colorado, Fendler, 
Wright, Palmer, Brandegee. 

Var. Arizénica. Young shoots and foliage soft-pubescent; only carliest leaves 
seen, those entire. — Near Prescott, Arizona, Palmer. 


F. ligistrina, Poir. More or less pubescent with short spreading hairs: leaves obovate 
or oblong with narrowed base, short-petioled, appressed-serrulate, rounded at apex, usually 
an inch long: fertile flowers in simple fascicles: calyx almost obsblete: drupe short-ovoid, 
sessile: putamen smooth and even. —Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. iv. 3864, partly. Adelia ligus- 


Hesperelea. OLEACE.-E. rik 


trina, Michx. l.c., excl. hab. Borya ligustrina, Willd. |. c., but character wrongly altered, as 
also by Poiret, 1. c. — Tennessee to Florida, &c., but not Illinois. 

F. pubéscens, Nutt. Soft-pubescent: fertile flowers and oblong drupes pedicellate: 
putamen striate: otherwise like the preceding. ~ Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 177. 
F’ ligustrina, var. pubescens, Gray, 1. c. — Florida, Arkansas, and Texas. 

* %* Leaves coriaceous (very small), not porulose. 

F. spherocarpa, Torr. Low shrub; leaves oblong or oval, obtuse, obscurely crenu- 
late, minutely soft-pubescent, half inch long, short-petioled, mainly crowded at the tip of 
the branchlets: drupe globular, very short-pedicelled.— Bot. Mex. Bound. 168.—S. W. 
Texas, in dry ravines of the Rio Limpio, Bigelow. 

* * * Leaves coriaceous, porulose-punctate beneath, often persistent until flowers develop in their 
axils, or even to the maturity of the fruit, 
+ Their margins plane, often serrulate. 

F. reticulata, Torr., 1.c. Glabrous throughout: leaves ovate or almost oblong, with 
rounded base and obtuse or acute mucronulate apex, short-petioled, firm-coriaceous, lucid 
above, conspicuously venulose-reticulated, an inch or more long: fascicles few-flowered 
and very short in the axils of persistent leaves: drupe short-ovoid. — Western borders of 
Texas, Wright, Bigelow, Schott. 

++ Margin of the leaves narrowly revolute, entire. 
~ ——~ F. porulésa, Poir. Much branched shrub, glabrous: leaves thin-coriaceous, obovate- 
oblong to lanceolate, tapering at base into a short distinct petiole, obtuse or rounded at 
apex (one or two inches long), the scattered and spreading veins manitest: drupes short- 
oblong, short-pedicelled. — Gray, l.c., excl. vars. lyrica segregata, Jacq. Obs. ii. 273, & Ic. 
Rar. t.625. Adelia porulosa, Michx.1.¢. Borya poruosa, Willd. 1. c. Furestiera Jacquiniana, 
Didrichson, Ind. Sem. Hamb. 153%, & Linn. xxvii. 737. — 8. Florida: rare. (W. Ind.) 

F. angustifolia, Torr. Densely branched and rather large shrub, glabrous: leaves 
firm-coriaceous, linear or spatulate-linear (6 to 12 lines long and 1 to 3 wide), sometimes 
linear-oblong (short and 4 lines wide), very obtuse, veinless or nearly so: flowers not rarely 
hermaphrodite, few in the close cluster: drupe ovate, acute, very short-pedicelled. — Bot. 
Mex. Bound. 168. F. porulosa, var.? angustifolia, Gray, 1. ce. — Texas, from Matagorda Bay 
and New Braunfels southward to Mexico. 

—F. puittyreiofpes, Torr. l.c. (Piptolepis phillyretoides, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 2%), of Mexico 
(Hartweg, Gregg, &c.), appears to have leaves destitute of the pore-like punctuations, smaller 
than those of F. porulosa, but similar in form and venation, the lower face more or less pubes- 
cent, and the drupes oblong. 


3. CHIONANTHUS, L. Frivce-tree. (From yr, snow, and fog, 
blossom, alluding to the snow-white and light clusters of flowers.) — Shrubs or 
low trees (the genuine species E. North American and Chinese); with simple 
and entire opposite deciduous leaves, and loose compound panicles of white 
flowers, in early summer, from the uppermost axils of the leaves of the preceding 
year. Petals sometimes nearly separate or separable, oftener united (but irregu- 
larly) to about twice the length of the small calyx, in cultivation occasionally 
5 or 6, — Gray. Proc. Am. Acad. v. 231; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 677. 


== C. Virginica, L. Somewhat pubescent: leaves oval or oblong, 3 to 6 inches long, short- 
petioled: panicles drooping, with very slender branches and pedicels and usually some 
foliaceous bracts: petals an inch long, acute: fruit black or bluish, with thin pulp, glob- 
ular, half inch or more long.—(Catesb. Car. t. 63.) Lam. Ill. t.9; Lodd. Bot. Cab. 
t. 1264.— Along streams, §. Pennsylvania to Florida and Texas. 


4. HESPERELAA, Gray. (Eoméou, evening or occidental, éiuia, the 
olive-tree.) — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 83. — Single species. 


H. Palmeri, Gray. Small tree, glabrous: leaves opposite, entire, coriaceous, oblong, 
veiny: flowers sulphur-colored, crowded in a terminal compound panicle : pedicels short, 


78 OLEACE. Osmanthus. 


articulated: petals twice the length of the sepals: fruit not seen, but evidently drupa- 
ceous. — Guadalupe Island, off Lower California (beyond the limits of this Flora), Dr. E. 
Palmer. 


5. OSMANTHUS, Lour. (From dow, odor, and é6og, blossom, the 
flowers fragrant.) — Shrubs and small trees (of E. United States, Pacific Islands, 
and N. E. Asia); with evergreen chiefly opposite leaves, and small flowers in 
axillary clusters. Genus founded on the Chinese O. fragrans, cultivated as a 
house-plant for its deliciously fragrant small blossoms; now distinguished from 
Olea by the imbricated instead of valvate estivation of the corolla.— Benth. & 
Hook. Gen. ii. 677. 


=== ©. Americanus, Benth. & Hook. (Drvit-woop.) Tall shrub or small tree, gla- 


\ 


brous: bark whitish: leaves firm-coriaceous, lanceolate-oblong, tapering into a short 
petiole, entire, bright green, shining above (3 to 6 inches long), much longer than the 
panicles of dull white (polygamous or even dicecious) flowers: drupe small, dark purple. 
— Ligustrum laurifolio, &c., Catesb. Car. i. 61, t. 61. Olea Americana, Tu. Mant. 24; Michx. 
FL. ii. 222; Michx. f. Sylv. iii. t. 6.—N. Carolina to Florida near the coast: fl. spring. 


6. MENODORA, Humb. & Bonpl. (Mévog, force, and ddeor, gift.) Low 
shrubby, suffruticose, or nearly herbaceous plants (American and one 8. African) ; 
with simple entire or pinnately lobed leaves, many of them alternate, and con- 
spicuous flowers terminating the branches, or becoming lateral, or sometimes loosely 
corymbosely cymose: fl. in spring or summer: corolla in ours yellow.— Pl. 
sEquin. ii. 98, t. 110; Gray in Am. Jour: Sci. ser. 2, xiv. 48; Benth. & Hook. 
le. Bolivaria, Cham. & Schlecht. in Linn. i. 207. Calyptrospermum, Dietr. 
Spec. i. 226. 


§ 1. BorrvSrra. Corolla with short or very short tube; its lobes blunt or 
hardly acute; the throat commonly bearded within: filaments filiform: anthers 
pointless. (§ Bolivaria & § Menodora, Gray, 1. c.) 

%* Calyx-lobes rather short, 5 or 6, rarely some intermediate ones: leaves entire. 

M. spinéscens, Gray. Thorny shrub, 2 to 4 feet high, rigid, divergently branched, 
obscurely puberulent: leaves alternate, spatulate-linear and very small, commonly reduced 
to minute scales or scars on the main branchlets: flowers small, almost sessile, terminating 
short shoots: calyx-lobes a little shorter than the light yellow corolla, the oblong lobes of 
which (a line and a half long) are rather shorter than the funnelform tube: capsule of 2 
almost separate and diverging obovoid divisions. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 888, & Bot. Calif. 
i. 471. — Nevada and adjacent borders of California, Anderson, Cooper. 


~.--M. scoparia, Engelm. Shrubby at base, the slender branches herbaceous, glabrous or 


nearly so: leaves lincar or lanceolate, entire; or the lower oblong or obovate, the upper 
mainly alternate: flowers sparsely corymbose, short-peduncled : calyx-lobes at first little 
longer than the tube of the almost rotate corolla (lobes of the latter ovate and 3 or 4 lines 
long): divisions of the capsule globular. — Bot. Calif. 1.c.—S. E. California, Arizona, and 
adjacent parts of Mexico. Related to M. integrifolia of Buenos Ayres, and to the next. 


%* *& Calyx-lobes 7 to 15, slender, linear or subulate: corolla nearly rotate, its obovate lobes much 
longer than the tube. 


——~ M. scdbra, Gray. Herbaceous from a woody branching base, a span to a foot high, 


Flax-like, whole herbage or at least the lower part puberulent-scabrous: leaves mostly 
alternate, linear or the lower oblong, chiefly entire, 4 to 10 lines long: flowers rather 
numerous: peduncles remaining erect: lobes of the bright yellow corolla obovate, 3 or + 
lines Jong. — Am. Jour. Sci. 1. ¢.; Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. vii. t.7.—W. Texas to N. New 
Mexico and §. Arizona. 

M. heterophylla, Moricand. Nearly herbaceous, diffusely spreading, a span high, 
almost glabrous but roughish: leaves mostly opposite and pinnately 3-7-cleft or parted; 


-\enodora. APOCYNACEX. 79 


the lobes and uppermost leaves linear: flowers sparse: lobes of the corolla obovate, 3 to 5 
lines long, light yellow, sometimes purplish outside: short peduncles recurved in fruit. — 
DC. Prodr. viii. 315; Gray, l.c. Bolivaria Grisebachii, Scheele in Linn, xxv. 254.—Dry or 
rich soil, Texas. (Adjacent Mex.) 


§ 2. Mrenoporépsts, Gray, ].c. Corolla salverform with a long tube, glabrous 
within; the oval or ovate lobes mucronate-acuminate: anthers almost sessile in 
the throat, apiculate: flowers vespertine, odorous, bright yellow: calyx with 
about 10 setaceous lobes, exceeding the fruit: habit of AL scabra. 

M. longifiéra, Gray. Glabrous, numerous almost simple herbaceous stems a foot or 
more high from a woody and branching base: leaves linear or lanceolate (an inch or less 
long), smooth, entire (or some of the lowest rarely 3-cleft), the upper commonly alternate: 
flowers several and cymose: tube of corolla 14 to 2 inches long, slightly widening to the 
summit; the lobes half an inch long. —Am. Jour. Sci. Lc. 45.—S. & W. Texas, Lind- 
heimer, Wright. 

M. ptbens, Gray, l.c. Pubescent throughout with soft and spreading hairs: leaves 
rather broader: otherwise nearly resembling the preceding. — Valley of the Pecos, western 
part of Texas, TW right. 


OrpvER LXXXVII. APOCYNACE. 


Herhaceous or woody plants, with milky and mostly acrid juice, simple and 
entire pinnately-veined leayes, either alternate, opposite, or verticillate, no stipules, 
and perfect regular 5-merous flowers ; the calyx free from the ovary or nearly so, 
imbricated in the bud and persistent; the lobes of the gamopetalous corolla con- 
volute and often twisted in the bud; stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and 
alternate with them; anthers introrsely dehiscent; pollen of ordinary loose but 
often glutinous grains; two carpels either distinct or united into a 2-placentifer- 
ous ovary; a single common style, surmounted by a single stigma; the proper 
stigmatic surface a ring underneath a thickened or lengthened sterile terminal 
portion. Ovules few or numerous, amphitropous or sometimes anatropous. Seeds 
with or without a coma. Embryo straight and rather large, in sparing albumen. 
Anthers distinct, but connivent around the stigma, and not rarely adhering to it 
(by a process from the base of the connective). Inflorescence various : peduncles 
either terminal or axillary. 

——Nenricm Oveanper, L., escaping from gardens and yards, inclines to be spontaneous in 

Florida and Louisiana. 

——. THEVETIA NERIIFOLIA, Juss:, of Tropical America, grows on Key West, doubtless in- 
troduced. 

Tribe I. PLUMERIE.E. Anthers free (unconnected with the stigma); the cells 
polliniferous to the pointless and usually rounded base. Ovaries 2, connected only 
by the common (filiform) style. Corolla sinistrorsely convolute in the bud, in our 
genera unappendaged and salverform, with tube more or less dilated at summit. 
(Calyx in ours small, and anthers from ovate to oblong-lanceolate. ) 


x Anthers blunt, on very short filaments, inserted and included in the throat or enlarged 
summit of the tube of the corolla, which is villous or hispidulous: seeds not comose. 


+ Disk none: leaves alternate. 


1. VALLESIA. Corolla conspicuously constricted at the orifice. Stigma clavate or 
cylindrical. Carpels drupaceous in fruit, oblong or clavate and curved, 2—4-ovuled, 
I-seeded. Seed erect: radicle inferior. Shrubs. 

2. AMSONIA. Corolla slightly or decidedly constricted at the villous throat. Stigma girt 
underneath by a reflexed cup-like membrane; the apex truncate-capitate or didymous. 
Carpels many-ovuled, becoming slender terete and often torose follicles, erect, several- 


80 APOCYNACE. 


seeded. Seeds cylindraceous or oblong, obliquely truncate at both ends, in a single row; 
the coat corky. Herbs. 


+ + Disk of 2 oblong or linear glands alternate with the carpels: leaves opposite. 


3. VINCA. Corolla callous-constricted at the orifice; the lobes broad. Stigma a viscid 
ring between a rotately dilated upper and a lower hairy or bearded sterile portion, the 
upper truncate and often 2-apiculate, the lower subtended by a reflexed membranous ring 
or cup. Carpels few-many-ovuled, in. fruit narrow terete follicles. Seeds oblong, trun- 
cate, with rough-granulate coat. Radicle superior. 


* * Anthers acute, inserted at or below the middle of the tube: disk none: seeds comose. 


4, HAPLOPHYTON. Calyx 5-parted; the lobes linear-subulate. Corolla salverform 
with open throat; its tube about the length of the obovate lobes. Anthers short-sagittate 
with the short bases rounded. Style rather short: stigma cylindraceous, 2-lobed at apex, 
unappendaged. Follicles filiform, striate, several-seeded. Seeds linear-fusiform, fixed by 
the middle, sessile, furnished with a deciduous coma at both ends. 


Trise Il. ECHITIDEZ. Anthers with the cells produced into a sterile appendage 
at base, connivent around the stigma and adherent to it by a point at the base of 
the polliniferous portion. Ovaries 2, united only by the common style or stigma, in 
fruit follicles containing (at least in ours) comose seeds. Lobes of the corolla 
almost always dextrorsely convolute, and the leaves opposite. (Stamens in all 
ours included.) ' 


* Calyx-tube by means of a thickish disk adnate to the back of the ovaries below: 
corolla appendaged within: style hardly any. 


5 APOCYNUM. Calyx small, deeply 5-cleft. Corolla campanulate, 5-lobed, toward the 
base bearing 6 small triangular-subulate appendages alternate with the stamens and 
inserted rather higher. Stamens on the base of the corolla: filaments very short, broad: 
anthers sagittate, acute. Disk fleshy at base, the free summit 5-lobed. Stigma ovoid, 
obscurely 2-lobed. Follicles slender, terete. Seeds numerous, with a long coma at apex: 
albumen little. 


* * Calyx wholly free: style filiform, girt below by a ring which is commonly extended 
into a reflexed entire or 5-lobed membranous cup or appendage, less conspicuous in 
no. 9: seeds numerous and comose at the apex. 


+— Stems erect, not twining. 


6. CYCLADENIA. Calyx 5-parted, naked within; the lobes slender. Corolla funnelform 
with dilated throat, in the base of which are 6 minute callous appendages, one behind 
each stamen; lobes ovate or obovate, not twisted in the bud. Stamens borne on the base 
of the dilated portion of the tube: anthers sagittate, on short filaments, the tips and the 
basal lobes slender-cuspidate. Disk an entire shallow cup encircling the base of the 
ovaries. Stigma capitate—5-angled and truncate, girt by a conspicuous 5-lobed reflexed 
membrane. Follicles lanceolate, turgid, smooth. Seeds ovate, narrowed at the apex under 
the copious coma. 

7. MACROSIPHONIA. Calyx 5-parted, multiglandular at base within; the lobes 
slender. Corolla salverform, with a long tube and enlarged cylindraceous or funnelform 
throat; the lobes broad, dextrorsely convolute but sometimes sinistrorsely twisted in the 
bud, often crisped. Stamens borne in the throat: filaments short: anthers oblong or 
sagittate-lanceolate, mostly obtusely tipped, and the basal appendages obtuse. Disk of 
6 fleshy and distinct or partly united scales. Stigma thickened and firm, 5-costate, with 
entire or 2-cleft small apex, the base appendaged with 5 reflexed lobes or a 5-cleft mem- 
brane. Follicles long and slender, terete. Seeds oblong. 


+ + Stems twining, or at least sarmentose: calyx gland-bearing at base within: corolla. 
wholly destitute of internal scales or appendages; the lobes usually more or less 
twisted (to the left, i.e. contrary to the overlapping) in the bud: filaments very short : 
disk mostly 5-lobed or of 6 glands: follicles long and slender. 


8. ECHITES. Flowers comparatively large. Corolla salverform, funnelform, or with 
abruptly dilated campanulate throat. Appendage of the stigma conspicuous and reflexed, 
in the form of a reversed membranous cup or of 5 strong lobes. Inflorescence simple or 
nearly so. 

9. TRACHELOSPERMUM. Flowers comparatively small. Corolla salverform or 
somewhat funnelform. Tips of the sagittate and gradually acuminate anthers sometimes 
exsertcd ; the basal lobes acute. Apex of style more or less thickened or obconical under 
the narrow or inconspicuous ring of the stigma. Seeds linear, beakless. Inflorescence 
open-cy mose. 


Amsonia. APOCYNACEZ. 81 


1. VALLESIA, Ruiz & Pav. (Francis Vallesio, a Spanish physician.) — 
Glabrous shrubs ; with alternate leaves, and small terminal or soon lateral cymes 
of small flowers. Calyx not vlanduliferous within. — Prodr. Fl. Per. 28, t. 5.— 
The principal species is — 

V. glabra, Cav. Leaves coriaceous and somewhat fleshy, shining, almost  veinless, 
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute, short-petioled, about 2 inches long: corolla white, 3 lines 
long: drupes half inch long, dry, slender, often single. — Ie. iii. t. 297. V. dichotoma, Ruiz & 
Pav. (FI. Per. ii. 26, t. 151) & V. chiococcoides (HBK.); .A. DC. Prodr. viii. 349. — Key West, 
Florida. (\W. Ind. to Lower Calif. and Chili.) 


2. AMSONIA, Walt. (Dedicated to Charles Amson.) — Perennial herbs (E. 
North America and Japan) ; with very numerous membranaceous and alternate 
leaves, varying from ovate to linear, and rather compact small cymes of blue or 
bluish flowers in a terminal thyrsus: fl. spring and early summer. Inside of the 
tube of the corolla below the stamens beset with reflexed hairs. Liber of tough 
fibres. as in Apocynum, &c. 


§ 1. Stigma with depressed-capitate or truncate entire apex: corolla not con- 
stricted under the limb: eastern species. 


om A, Taberneemontana, Walt. About 3 feet high, glabrate: leaves from ovate to 
lanceolate, acuminate (2 to 5 inches long), distinctly petioled, pale beneath: calyx very 
small: corolla in the bud slender-beaked by the convolute limb; its lobes lanceolate, 
becoming linear and as long as the tube; the latter at first mostly villous at the enlarging 
summit: follicles slender, 2 or 3 inches long. — Car. 98; A.DC. Prodr. viii. 385. ( Tabermer- 
montana Amsonia, L.) A. latifolia, Michx. Fl. i. 121; Bot. Reg. t.151. A. trist’s, Smith in 
Rees Cycl. A. salicifolia, Pursh, Fl. i. 184; Bot. Mag. t.1875; A.DC. Lc., with var. ciliolata. 
—Low grounds, N. Carolina and Illinois to Florida and Texas. 

A. angustifélia, Michx. Stems (1 to 3 feet high) and commonly inflorescence and 
leaves (or at least their margins) when young villous with loose hairs, these deciduous : 
leaves much crowded, linear-lanceolate to narrowly linear (an inch or two long, half line 
to + lines wide), indistinctly petioled, the margins at length somewhat revolute: calyx 
small and short: corolla glabrous outside; its funnelform tube (3 or 4 lines long) little 
longer than the ovate-oblong or at length linear-oblong lobes: follicles slender and even, 
2 to 5 inches long. — Fl. i. 121; Pursh, lc. Yabernemontana angustifolia, Ait. Kew. ed. 1, 
i. 300 (1789). Amsonia ciliata, Walt. Car. (1788), 98; A-DC. l.c.; Chapm. Fl. 360; a decep- 
tive specific name, and barely the older. — Dry soil, N. Carolina to Florida and Texas. 

Var. Texana. <A foot or two high from creeping woody subterranean shoots, com- 
pletely glabrous: leaves of firmer texture, lanceolate-oblong to linear. — Texas, in rocky 
prairies and at the base of limestone hills, Pope, Lindheimer, E. Hall, &c. 


§ 2. Stigma apiculate with two distinct obtuse lobes above the truncate body : 
tube of the corolla clavate, being constricted (at least in bud) under the conspicu- 
ously shorter limb: calyx deeply 5-parted into slender-subulate lobes (2 or 3 
lines long): stems lower, more branching, and bearing smaller or simpler cymes : 
western species. 

* Follicles torose, inclined to break into thickish articulations: corolla rather short. 

A. brevifélia, Gray. About a foot high, glabrous: leaves thickish, ovate, varying 
above to lanceolate, nearly: sessile by a narrowed base (8 to 18 lines long): lobes of the 
corolla ovate or becoming oblong, 2 or 3 lines long, nearly half the length of the tube; 
the throat bearded only within the constricted orifice: mass of the stigma between the 
ring and the apical lobes longer than wide: follicles 2 or 3 inches long, thickish, irregu- 
larly moniliform, chartaceous, and disposed to break into one-seeded joints. — Proc. Am. 
Acad. xii. 64. — Southern Utah and W. Arizona to the border of California, Mrs. Thompson, 
Parry, Palmer. 

A. tomentésa, Torr. A foot or more high, cinereous-tomentose or puberulent, varying 


to glabrous: leaves from lanceolate to narrowly linear, sessile: lobes of the corolla oblong, 
6 


—_ 


82 APOCYNACES. Amsonia. 


2 or 8 lines long, fully half the length of the tube; orifice bearded: mass of the stigma 
between the ring and the lobes broader than high: follicles as in the preceding ? — Frem. 
Rep. ed. 2, 316, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 158.— Sandy plains and ravines, W. border of Texas 
to S. Utah, Fremont, Wright, Mrs. Thompson, &e. 

%* * Follicles slender and continuous: tube of the corolla much longer than the lobes. 

A. Palmeri, Gray. Glabrous or nearly so, a foot or two high: leaves narrowly lanceo- 
late or linear, sessile (1} to 3 inches long): clusters simple and few-flowered: lobes of the 
white corolla ovate, 14 to 2 lines long, about a quarter the length of the tube, which is 
reflexed-bearded within almost to the base: mass of the stigma didymous, puberulent, di- 
vided almost down to the ring. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. — Arizona, Palmer. 


A. longifiéra, Torr. Minutely scabrous or even scabrous-pubescent, or above glabrous: 
leaves linear, sessile (4 to 2 lines wide, 1 to 2 inches long): lobes of the corolla narrowly 
oblong, white, a quarter the length of the greenish-purple clavate tube; this over an inch 
long and glabrous within except toward the summit: body of the stigma trochleate, much 
longer than wide, surmounted by the small and short lobes. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 158, — 
Rocky ravines, W. Texas and New Mexico on the Rio Grande, and adjacent Mexico. 


3. VINCA, L. Perrwinxie. (Ancient Latin name, of obscure meaning.) 
— Flowers handsome, usually axillary. Juice hardly milky. — Two distinct sub- 
genera: § 1. Pervinca; herbaceous and procumbent or creeping Old World 
species, blue-flowered, anthers with wide connective, and carpels only 6-8-ovuled ; 
includes V. minor, L., the common. Periwinkle of the gardens and the related 
species. § 2. Locunera, A.DC.; low and erect shrubby plants, with white or 
rose-colored corolla, anthers with narrow connective and carpels several-seeded ; 
represented by the following species. 

V. rdésea, L. Low erect shrub, puberulent: leaves oblong, short-petioled: flowers almost 
sessile: tube of corolla an inch long, the narrowly dilated upper portion with a necta- 
riferous pit (externally salient). behind each anther; the throat with a hairy ring over the 
tips of the stamens and a slighter one at the narrow orifice; lobes obovate, shorter than 
the tube, white with a pink eye, sometimes all rose-color or white, showy. — Bot. Mag. 


t. 248. — Lochnera. vincoides, Reichenb. — 8. Florida: possibly native. Widely distributed 
as a weed in the tropics; cult. as a house-plant. (Trop. Amer.) 


4. HAPLOPHYTON, A.DC. (Composed of dsdéoc, simple, and gitér, 
plant, alluding to the want of calycine glands and disk.) — DeCandolle was not 
aware of the double coma, and Benth. & Hook. (Gen. ii. 722) wrongly assign to 
it adnate anthers with empty tails, referring it to the Hchitidee. Single species. 
H. cimicidum, A.DC. Herbaceous or nearly so from a suffrutescent base, slender, a 

foot or two high, branching, somewhat cinereous-puberulent: leaves hispidulous-scabrous, 

opposite and alternate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, short-petioled, an inch or two long: 
flowers terminating the branches, short-peduncled: corolla sulphur-color, half inch or more 


long; the lobes as long as the tube. — Prodr. viii. 412; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 159. — 8. 
Arizona, in crevices of rocks, Wright, Schott, Thurber. (Mex., Guatemala, Cuba.) 


5. APOCYNUM, Tourn. Docsann, Inpian Hemur. (Ancient Greek 
name for Dogbane; «6, far from, xiwr, dog.) — Perennial herbs (of northern 
temperate zone), pale or glaucescent; the liber very tough-fibrous; and the leaves 
opposite, oval or oblong, mucronate-tipped. Flowers (in summer) small, in ter- 
minal minutely subulate-bracteate cymes, white or rose-color. Follicles 2 to 7 
inches long, slender-pointed, often deflexed. 


A. androszemifolium, L. A foot to a yard high, glabrous, or rarely soft-tomentose, 
branched above: branches widely spreading: leaves ovate or roundish, distinctly petioled : 


Macrosiphonia. APOCYNACEZ. 83 


cymes loose, spreading, naked and mostly surpassing the leaves: corolla flesh-color, open- 
campanulate (3 or 4 lines long) with revolute lobes; the tube exceeding the ovate acute 
calyx-lobes. — Spee. i. 213; Lam. Ill. t. 176; Bot. Mag. t. 280; Bigel. Med. t. 36. — Borders 
of thickecs, Canada to Georgia, New Mexico, California, and Brit. Columbia. Var. incanum, 
A.DC., is the downy-leaved form, not uncommon northward. 

“> Var. pumilum, a very low and peculiar round-leaved form, common from California 
to Brit. Columbia. 


ox A.cannabinum,L. Erect or ascending, glabrous or sometimes soft-pubescent : branches 
ascending, leafy to the top: leaves from oval to oblong and even lanceolate, from short- 
petioled to sessile, with a rounded or obscurely cordate base: cymes erect, densely flowered : 
corolla greenish-white or slightly flesh-color, smaller than in the preceding, with almost 
erect lobes, and tube not longer than the lanceolate calyx-lobes. — Spec. |. c.; Hook. Fl. 
t. 139; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 394. A. Aypericifolium, Ait. Kew. ed. 1, i. 304; Hook. 1. c. t. 140; 
form with mostly sessile and sometimes subcordate leaves. A. Siliricum, Jacq. Vind. iii. 
t. 66. A. pubescens, R. Br. in Wern. Suc. i.67; the downy form. — Moist grounds and banks 
of streams, same range as the preceding, and more southern; occurring in a much greater 
number of forms, hardly to be distinguished as named varieties. 


6. CYCLADENIA, Benth. (Kiézioz, a ring, and &67r, gland, from the 
circular glandular disk around the pistil.) — Low perennial herbs (Californian) ; 
with a creeping rhizoma sending up a simple stem, hardly a span high, and bear- 
ing 2 or 3 pairs of opposite petiolate leaves. of a thickish texture, and one or two 
slender terminal or apparently axillary peduncles, with a few rose-purple flowers 
on slender pedicels, developed in spring. — Pl. Hartw. 322. 

C. htimilis, Benth. Glabrous and green, or pruinose when young: leaves ovate or 
obovate, thickish, 1 to 3 inches long: calyx-lobes from lanceolate to nearly linear: corolla 
three-fourths inch long.— Yuba to Shasta Co., California, in the mountains, Hartweg, 
Brewer, &¢c. 

C. tomentésa, Gray. Densely tomentose-pubescent throughout: leaves ovate and 
oblong, 2 or 3 inches in length: calyx hirsute. — Bot. Calif. i. 474. Plumas Co., Cali- 
fornia, with the preceding, Lemmon. 


7. MACROSIPHONIA, Muell. (Arg.)  (Wuzooz, long, and oiqga», tube, 
in reference to the corolla.) — Erect suffrutescent or more woody plants (of Mexico, 
Texas, and Brazil); with rather simple stems or branches, numerous opposite or 
sometimes verticillate leaves, and proportionally large showy flowers, either ter- 
minal or becoming lateral, on short peduncles or pedicels; the corolla commonly 
soit-puberulent or tomentose outside. Follicles erect. — Mart. Fl. Bras. vi. 137, 
t. £2.43; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 727. — Flowers in ours white or externally 
tinged with rose-color, vespertine, fragrant, in spring or summer; the leaves 
very short-petioled. 

~~. Berlandiéri. <A foot or two high, shrubby, white-tomentose: leaves from oval or 


cordate-ovate to orbicular (an inch and more long), becoming greenish and merely pubes- 
cent above, the diverging veins at length conspicuous: corolla merely puberulent outside, 
its slender tube (with the cylindraceous-dilated throat) 3 to 5 inches long, many times 
exceeding the calyx and the round-obovate (nearly inch long) lobes. — Echites macrosiphon, 
Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 158, t. 43.— Rocky soil, W. Texas and adjacent parts of Mexico, 
Berlandier, Wright, Lindheimer. 

M. Wrightii. Slender, branching, a foot high, soft-puberulent: leaves narrowly lan- 
ceolate, acute, white-tomentulose beneath, glabrous or nearly so above: tube of the corolla 
and its cylindraceous throat each half inch or more in length, tomentulose, the lobes 
half inch long.— W. Texas, in mountains beyond the Limpio, Wright. 

M. brachysiphon. A span to a foot high, branching, minutely puberulent, green or 
barely cinereous : leaves oblong or ovate, acute or mucronate-pointed, or some rounded at 


84 APOCYNACER. Echites. 


the apex (half to barely an inch long) : corolla minutely puberulent outside ; its somewhat 
funnelform throat and the obovate lobes as well as the narrow tube each about half an 
inch in length. — Echites brachysiphon, Torr. 1.c.— Southern New Mexico and Arizona, 
Wright, Schott, Thurber, Palmer, Rothrock. 


8. ECHITES, P. Browne, L. (Eyityg is the serpent-stone; application to 
this genus obscure.) — Twining woody plants; with opposite leaves, and ter- 
minal or lateral peduncles, bearing racemosely or sometimes simply cymosely dis- 
posed flowers, of ample size; the corolla white, rose-color, or more commonly 
yellow. Nearly all tropical American, barely reaching the south-eastern shores 
of the United States, in three species belonging to as many genera of Mueller, 
hesitatingly adopted by Bentham; perhaps better as two, viz., the following, here 
arranged as subgenera. 


§ 1. ManpeviLitea. Corolla with cylindrical or cylindraceous tube abruptly 
dilated above into an inflated- or oblong-campanulate wide throat. — Mandevillea, 
Lindl. (Amblyanthera, Muell.), with Iehabdadenia & Urechites, Muell. 


B. Andréwsii, Chapm. Glabrous or occasionally pubescent, low, usually twining: 
leaves oval or oblong, often mucronate (about 2 inches long): peduncles corymbosely 
8-5-flowered: lobes of the calyx as long as the proper corolla-tube, linear-subulate: corolla 
yellow (2 inches long and the limb as broad); the much enlarged throat oblong-campanu- 
late, hardly thrice the length of the narrow tube, little longer than the ovate spreading 
lobes: anthers abruptly produced at apex into a long linear-filiform appendage: seeds 
with a long filiform beak, the lower half of which is naked, the upper plumosely comose. 
— Fl. 359 (1860). Echites suberecta, Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 187; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1064, not 
Jacq. £. neriandra, Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 415 (1864). £. Catesbei, Don? Neriandra sub- 
erecta, A.DC. Prodr. viii. 422. Urechites suberecta, Muell. in Linn. xxx. 444, in part ?— 
S. Florida and Keys, Blodgett, Palmer. — E. suberecta, Jacq. & Griseb., is hardly distinguish- 
able except by the longer throat and shorter lobes of the corolla, and the unappendaged 
anthers! (W. Ind.) 

BE. Sagreéi, A.DC. Much smaller than the preceding: leaves half to barely an inch 
long, the margins more revolute: peduncles longer than the leaves, somewhat racemosely 
flowered : calyx-lobes ovate-subulate and much shorter than the tube of the yellow (barely 
inch long) corolla, the lobes of which are half the length of the throat: anthers bluntish, 
unappendaged: beak of the seed plumosely-comose to the base. — Prodr. viii. 450; Griseb. 
Le. Rhabdudenia Sagrei, Muell. 1. c. 435. — Pine Key, Florida, Blodgett. (W. Ind.) 


§ 2. Evecuites, A.DC. Corolla truly salverform, i.e. cylindrical up to the 
limb, but the upper half (abeve the insertion of the stamens) abruptly somewhat 
larger. — Echites & Stipecoma, Muell. 

——— E. umbellata, Jacq. Glabrous, twining: leaves ovate or oval (2 inches long), mucro- 
nate or short-pointed, slightly cordate: peduncles exceeding the leaves, somewhat umbel- 
lately 3-7-flowered: calyx short; corolla greenish-white, 2 inches long, narrow-tubular: 
the tube abruptly swollen a little below the middle, thence tapering upwards, 4 times the 
length of the roundish lobes: anthers rigid, slender-hastate, bluntish and unappendaged 


at tip: coma sessile on the top of the seed. — Amer. Pict. t. 29 (Catesb. Car. i. t. 58) ; 
Chapm. 1. c.; Griseb. 1.c. —S. Florida. (W. Ind.) 


9. TRACHELOSPERMUM, Lemaire. (Todyyhog, onéoun, i.e. seed 
with a neck: unhappily it has none or hardly any: the proposer, ignorant of 
this, gave the name in reference to Rhynchospermum.) — Twining shrubby plants ; 
with oval or oblong opposite short-petioled leaves, and small or smallish flowers 
in terminal or lateral loose cymes: corolla white or greenish-white. — “ Lemaire, 
Jard. Fleur. i. t. 61; Moore & Henfr. Mag. Bot. ii. 113 ;” Benth. & Hook. Gen. 


Trachelospermum. APOCYNACE.E. 85 


ii. 720; name changed from Rhynchospermum, Lindl. (not Reinw., nor A.DC., nor 
is there a beak to the seed). Purechites, Miq., Gray in Mem. Am. Acad. vi. 403. 
To this (Japanese, Himalayan, and Malayan) genus is here referred, somewhat 
dubiously, the following. 
w= T. différme. Climbing 10 or 15 fect high, somewhat pubescent when young or glabrous : 
stems slender: leaves from ovate or oval to lanceolate, acuminate, membranaceous (14 to 
3 inches long): peduncles shorter than the leaves: flowers rather numerous in open cynies, 
short-pedicelled: corolla “ greenish,” 4 lines long; the ovate lobes much shorter than the 
cylindraceous tube with its considerably dilated throat: style obscurely dilated under the 
narrow membranous ring of the stigma: follicles long (6 to 9 inches) and slender. — 
Echites difformis, Walt. Car. 98; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. i. t.10. E. puberula, Michx. FI. i. 120. 
Forsteronia difformis, A.DC. Prodr. viii. 437. Secondatia, Benth. & Hook. 1. c. — River- 
banks, Virginia to Florida and Texas: fl. spring and summer. 


ORDER LAXXVIII. ASCLEPIADACEA. 


Characters of Apocynacee as to herbage and general structure of flowers and 
fruit; distinguished by the peculiar aggregation and cohesion of the pollen into 
granulose or waxy masses (pollinia), one or sometimes two in each anther-cell, 
and connected with the stigma or rather stigmatic disk in pairs or fours by means 
of 5 glands or corpuscles, which alternate with the anthers. Estivation of the 
corolla often valvate or nearly so. A corona (crown) of five parts or lobes 
usually present between the corolla and the mostly monadelphous stamens, and 
adnate either to the one or the other. Hypogynous disk within the stamens 
none. Styles distinct up to the common stigmatic mass, or none. Fruit always of 
2 follicles, or by abortion of one ovary solitary. several-many-seeded ; the seeds 
almost always bearing a long and soft coma at the apex. MRadicle superior. 
Stems herbaceous or merely shrubby, not rarely twining. Leaves almost always 
opposite or whorled, destitute of stipules. Inflorescence terminal, pseudo-axillary, 
or sometimes axillary, cymose, often umbelliform. Bracts small or minute. The 
tube of monadelphous filaments, commonly named gynostegium (a term which has 
been applied also to the anther-portion), we call the column. 

Perfetoca Greca, L., a woody climbing plant of the Old World, in ornamental culti- 
vation, and in one or two places inclined to be spontaneous, represents the tribe or suborder 
Periplocee, with granulose pollen loosely aggregated in two masses in each anther-ell. All 
the American genera have uw single firm-waxy pollen-mass to each anther-cell, i.e. they 
belong to the suborder ASCLEPIADE. 

Trise I. CYNANCHE.E. Anthers tipped with an inflexed or sometimes erect 
scarious membrane ; the polliniferous cells lower than the top of the stigma : pol- 
linia suspended, attached in pairs (one of each adjacent cell of different anthers) to 
the corpuscle or gland. 

* Crown (corona) or appendages to the corolla or andrecium none. 


1. ASTEPHANUS. Calyx destitute of glands. Corolla urceolate or short-campanulate, 
5-cleft ; the lobes slightly and dextrorsely convolute: stamens inserted on the base of its 
tube. Top of the stigma obtusely conical or more elevated. Follicles smooth. 


* * Crown double; the exterior annular, interior of 5 flat fleshy or hood-like scales or 
processes. 

2. PHILIBERTIA. Calyx minutely 5-glandular within. Corolla open-campanulate or 
(in all ours) rotate; the lobes dextrorsely convolute, narrowly overlapping. Exterior 
crown a membranaceous ring adnate to the base of the corolla; interior of 5 scales adnate 
to the base of the usually very short stamen-tube or column. Top of stigma flat or um- 
bonate, or with a short 2-cleft beak. Follicles rather thick, smooth, acuminate. 


86 


3. 


4, 


5. 


6. 


7. 


8. 


9: 


10. 


11. 


12, 


ASCLEPIADACE. 


* * * Crownsingle, sometimes with accessory processes or denticulations alternate with 
the anthers: calyx 5-parted, mostly small, commonly bearing some minute glandular 
processes at base within. 


+ Stems erect or merely decumbent, never twining : corolla rotate, 5-parted, dextrorsely 
valvate-convolute in the bud (the lobes obscurely or more manifestly overlapping by 
their edges, or at least by their tips): body of the stigma 5-angular or 5-lobed, flat- 
topped: crown consisting of distinct cucullate or hollowed nectarifcrous appendages 
(cuculli or hoods), one opposite each anther: anthers margined with mostly corneous and 
salient wings. 


++ Hoods remote from the anthers, at the base of the long column. 


PODOSTIGMA. Corolla oblong-campanulate, 5-parted nearly to the 5-angular base; 
the lobes erect, oblong, obtuse. Hoods of the crown short, somewhat incurved, and the 
margins involute, forming pitcher-shaped nectariferous bodies. Column (and enclosed 
styles) slender, almost as long as the corolla: five small processes under and alternating 
with the short anthers. Wings of the latter widening downward to the truncate acute- 
angled base. Follicles linear-fusiform, unarmed. 


++ ++ Hoods approximate to the anthers: corolla in anthesis patent or reflexed. 
== Hoods cristate- or corniculate- appendaged within. 


ANANTHERIX. Corolla reflexed in anthesis. Column under the hoods very short 
but distinct. Hoods as long as the corolla and far longer than the anthers, ascending, 
oblong-clavate with incurved summit, mainly solid, with narrow bilamellate ventral mar- 
gin widening to and rounded at the summit, there enclosing a narrower and pointless 
lamelliform crest. Anthers of membranous texture throughout ; their papery (instead 
of corneous) wings much broadened downward and horizontally truncate at base. Cau- 
dicles almost capillary, more than double the length of the oblong pollinia! Leaves 
opposite. 

ASCLEPIODORA. Corolla rotate-spreading in anthesis. Hoods basilar, inserted over 
the whole very short column, spreading and arcuate-assurgent, little surpassing the an- 
thers, slipper-shaped and the rounded apex fornicate, hollow and with a thickish fleshy 
back, traversed (at least the upper part) by a salient crest which near the apex divides 
the cavity. Anther-wings (corneous) narrowed at base, angulate above the middle if at 
all. Caudicles shorter than the pytiform pollinia. Leaves commonly alternate. ~ = +. 
ASCLEPIAS. Corolla almost always reflexed in antheis. Hoods involute or com- 
plicate, not fornicate, bearing a horn or crest-like (pointed or rarely pointless) process 
from the back or toward the base within, either sessile next the corolla or elevated on a 
column which is shorter than the anthers. Corneous anther-wings widening down to the 
base, usually triangular, the salient base being truncate or semihastate, or not rarely 
broadly rounded. Leaves opposite, sometimes varying to alternate or verticillate. 


= = Hoods wholly destitute of crest or appendage within: corolla reflexed in anthesis. 


ACERATES. Hoods involute-concave or somewhat pitcher-shaped. Anther-wings 
widened or angulate if at all near or above the middle, thence narrowed to the base. 
Otherwise as Asclepias. Leaves prevailingly alternate or scattered. 

SCHIZONOTUS. Hoods saccate, dorsally bivalvular, cleft posteriorly from apex to 
base, the ventral side adnate to the whole length of the column. Leaves opposite. An- 
thers, &e., of Acerates. 

fe aa Hoods various, open ventrally or at the top. Anthers, &c., of 

sclepias. 


+ + Stems twining (at least in ours): corolla 5-parted or deeply cleft: crown of dis- 
tinct or united plane or concave processes, or rarely cup-shaped. 


++ The 5 divisions abruptly pointed, 2-3-lobed or appendaged at the apex. 


ENSLENIA. Corolla erect-campanulate; lobes ovate-lanceolate, slightly dextrorse- 
overlapping in the bud. Crown nearly sessile at base of the anthers; its divisions dis- 
tinct, thin, oblong, the abrupt or truncate apex bearing a long-ligulate or awnlike (single 
or) double appendage. Pollinia elliptical. Stigma with an clevated 2-lobed tip. Anther- 
wings, follicles (smooth, ovate), seeds, &c., nearly of Asclepias. 

ROULINIA. Corolla rotate-spreading. Crown 5-parted; its divisions simply and 
abruptly acuminate or ligulate-tipped. Anther-wings tuberculiform and short. Stigma 
flat-topped. Otherwise nearly as the preceding. 


++ ++ Divisions or lobes of the crown not tipped with any appendage or, prolonged mid- 
dle lobe: follicles smooth. 


METASTELMA. Calyx short and the lobes obtuse. Corolla usually campanulate, 
5-cleft or 5-parted; the lobes strictly valvate in the bud, commonly papillose-puberulent 


Philibertia. ASCLEPIADACE. 87 


— 


or bearded within. Crown of 5 flat or slender and distinct scales or processes, borne 


either on the corolla or the column. Stigma with flat top or with a mere apiculation at 
the centre. 

13; MELINIA. Calyx-lobes narrow and acute. Corolla with thin-edged lobes slightly 
overlapping in the bud. Crown of 5 distinct fleshy scales at the base of the column. 
Stigma abruptly long-rostrate, the beak entire. 

14. VINCETOXICUM. Corolla rotate or somewhat campanulate, 5parted; the lobes 
dextrorsely overlapping or nearly valvate in the bud. Crown on the short column or at 
its Junction with the corolla, cup-shaped or annular and usually 5-10-lobed or parted, or 
of 5 distinct plane scales, not appendaged. Stigma with flat or obtusely conical top. 


Trine I. GONOLOBE.E. Anthers usually with short if any scarious tip, and 
borne on the margin of or close under the disk of the stigma ; the cells opening 
more or less transversely. Pollinia horizontal or nearly so, otherwise as in the pre- 
ceding tribe, but usually smaller. 

15. GONOLOBUS. Corolla rotate or rarely campanulate, 5-parted or 5-lobed; the lobes 


dextrorsely convolute in the bud: crown annular or cupulate, entire or lobed, rarely di- 
vided. Stigma flat-topped. 


1. ASTEPHANUS, R. Br. (Aortéqévoe, crownless.) — Slender and small- 
flowered herbaceous or suffrutescent plants, chiefly of the southern hemisphere. 
— Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 747. 


A. Utahénsis, Engelm. Perennial from a thick root, low, nearly glabrous: stems 
filiform, twining: leaves filiform-linear, acute: short peduncles umbellately 3-5-flowered : 
corolla dull yellow, little longer than the calyx, campanulate (a line high and wide) ; the 
lobes ovate, somewhat cucullate with points inflexed, papillose-puberulent internally : fol- 
licles long-acuminate: surface of the seed rough-granulate.— Am. Naturalist, ix. 349.— 
Dry sandhills, St. George, S. Utah, Parry. Hardyville, Arizona, Palmer. 


. 2. PHILIBERTIA, HBK., Benth. & Hook. (J. (. Philibert, author of 
some French elementary botanical works.) — Perennial herbaceous or shrubby 
twining plants (of warmer N. and 8. America) ; with petiolate leaves, and usually 
dull-colored or parti-colored fragrant flowers: peduncles umbellately several- 
many-flowered: fl. summer.— Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 750. Sarcostemma, as 
to spec. Amer., HBK., Decaisne in DC., &c. Corolla in our species deeply 5- 
cleft or parted (= Sarcostemma, HBK.), the lobes commonly ciliate. 


* Column manifest, rather longer than the tumid scales of the inner crown on its summit. 

P. undulata, Gray. Low-twining, glabrous or cinereous-puberulent, pale: leaves 
thickish, from lanceolate and gradually acuminate to linear from a hastately cordate base 
(2 or 3inches long), the margins undulate-crisped : peduncle 6-10-flowered, longer than the 
petiole and pedicels: corolla dull purple, glabrous above, half inch in diameter; the lobes 
ovate; outer crown saucer-shaped: follicles 4 or 5 inches long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 95. 
Sarcostemma undulata, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 161.— W. Texas and New Mexico, Parry, 
Bigelow, Wright, &e. 

%* x Column none or very short and inconspicuous: peduncles about equalling or surpassing the 
plane leaves: follicles tomentulose or glabrate. 

P. Torreyi, Gray. Freely twining, densely pubescent with soft spreading hairs: leaves 
cordate-lanceolate and acuminate or sagittate, an inch or more long: peduncle 10-15 
flowered: corolla apparently white, two-thirds to three-fourths inch in diameter; the lobes 
little shorter than the pedicel, broadly ovate, obtuse, externally puberulent, strongly vil- 
lose-ciliate, outer and inner crowns contiguous.— Proc. Am. Avad. xii. 94. Sarcostemma 
elegans, Torr. 1. c., not Decaisne. — Rocky hills, 8S. W. Texas, on the Rio Grande and its 
tributary the Cibolo, Parry, Bigelow. — P. elegans is less pubescent, with smoother corolla 
purple in part within, the lobes narrower, and a short column developed between the thick 
and prominent outer crown and the inner. 

—_, P. cynanchoides, Gray, lc. Tall-climbing (8 to 40 feet), glabrous or glabrate: leaves 
from deeply cordate to sagittate or almost hastate, abruptly cuspidate or short-acuminate, 


88 ASCLEPIADACES. Philibertia. 


1 to 24 inches long: peduncle 15-25-flowered: pedicels filiform and much longer than the 
flowers: corolla white or whitish, scarcely half inch in diameter, smoothish; the lobes 
oblong-ovate, acutish, somewhat ciliate: crowns separated by a very short column. — Sar- 
costemma cynanchoides, Decaisne in DC. Prodr. viii. 541. S. bilobum, Torr. 1. c., not Hook. & 
Arn.? Gonolobus viridiflorus, Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 219, not Nutt., and probably not 
from “ St. Louis.” — Along rivers, Texas to S. Utah and Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) 


-~~~<P, linearis, Gray, l.c. Slender, low twining or when young erect, puberulent or gla- 
brate: leaves narrowly linear, acute or nearly so at both ends, short-petioled (an inch long) : 
peduncle exceeding the leaves, 8-10-flowered: corolla yellowish, purplish, or whitish, barely 
puberulent, a third inch in diameter; the lobes ovate: crowns contiguous. — Sarcostemma 
lineare, Decaisne, l. c., & in Pl. Hartw. 25.—S. Arizona. (Mex.) 

Var. hirtélla. Cinereous-pubescent throughout with short spreading hairs, little 
climbing: leaves as in the original species in form and size: sepals more slender. — Sar- 
costemma heterophyllum, var. nirtellum, Gray, Bot. Calif. i.478.— Fort Mohave, California, on 
sandy river-banks, Cooper, &c. Hardyville, Arizona, Palmer. 

wxaeoom War. heterophylla. More twining, glabrous, merely puberulent or above pubescent : 
leaves 1 or 2 inches long, 1 or 2 lines wide, some tapering into the petiole, some with 
rounded and more with somewhat dilated or auriculate-cordate or truncate base: corolla 
smoother, half inch in diameter. — Sarcostemma heterophyllum, Engelm. in Torr. Pacif. R. 
Rep. v. 863, & Bot. Mex. Bound. l.c. (with var.?); Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c.— California, 
from San Luis Rey, San Diego, &e. to Arizona. 

P. vimindlis, Gray, l.c. Glabrous or nearly so, freely twining: leaves thickish, from 
ovate-oblong to lanceolate, cuspidate-acuminate, obtuse or rounded at base, short-petioled 
(an inch or two long), shorter than the many-flowered peduncle: corolla half an inch or 
more in diameter, white; the lobes ovate, puberulent outside. — Asclepias viminalis, Swartz, 
Prodr. 58; Willd. Spee. i. 1270 (Sloane, Jam. t. 131, f. 1). Sarcostemma Brownii, G. F. 
Meyer, Fl. Esseq. 139; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 419. S. clausum, Decaisne, 1c. 8. crassifolium, 
Chapm. Fl. 368.— Keys of Florida. (W. Ind. to Guiana.) 


3. PODOSTIGMA, Ell. (Hovs, moddc, foot, and oriypa, i.e. stalked 
stigma.) —Sk. i. 826. Stylandra, Nutt. Gen. i. 170. — Single species. 


P. pubéscens, Hill. 1.c. Perennial herb, a span to a foot high from a thickened root: 
stem erect, simple or sparingly branched : leaves opposite, linear-lanceolate, nearly sessile : 
peduncles terminal and axillary, short, umbellately several-flowered: flowers greenish- 
yellow, fragrant, 4 lines long: follicles tomentulose. — Deless. Ic. v. t.65; Chapm. Fl. 
866. Asclepias pedicellata, Walt. Car.106. Stylandra pumila, Nutt. 1. c. — Low pine barrens, 
N. Carolina to Florida: fl. summer. 


4, ANANTHERIX, Nutt. (Composed of «, privative, and avOgnk, awn, 
i.e. destitute of the horn of Asclep/as.)— Single species, being Anantherix, 
Nutt. Gen. i. 169, not of Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, v. 201, except as to the 
first species. 

A. connivens, Gray. Stem erect,2 feet high from a perennial root, minutely pubes- 
cent above: leaves opposite, sessile, oblong (14 to 24 inches long), or the uppermost small 
and lanceolate, transversely veined, rather fleshy: umbels 2 to 6 along the naked summit 
of the stem, severalflowered: lobes of the greenish corolla ovate, 5 lines long: hoods 
whitish, incurved-conniving over the stigma; a pair of small and narrow internal appen- 
dages before the base of each: hyaline anther-tips elongated : follicles not seen. — Proc. 
Am. Acad. xii. 66. Asclepias connivens, Baldw. in Ell. Sk. i. 320 (1817). Anantherix viridis, 
Nutt. Gen. 1. c. (1818), but not Asclepius viridis, Walt. Acerates connivens, Decaisne in DC. 
Prodr. viii. 621.— Wet pine barrens of Georgia and Florida: fl. summer. 


5, ASCLEPIODORA, Gray. (Aoxdpmude and dagor or Sagec, the gift 
of Asclepias.) — Perennial herbs (of Atlantic N. America), rather low and stout, 
often decumbent; distinguished from Asclepias by the anther-wings and hood, the 
latter with a crest answering to the horn of that genus, from the original Anan- 


Asclepias. ASCLEPIADACES. 89 


therix by the same characters. Leaves mainly alternate or scattered. Flowers 
proportionally large: corolla-lobes ovate, greenish. Follicles ovate or oblong and 
acuminate, usually bearing some scattered soft-spinulose projections, arrect on 
recurved or sigmoid pedicels. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 66. -dnantherix in part, 
Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. lc. Acerates in part, Decaisne, 1. c. 


s=~ A. viridis, Gray, ].c. About a foot high, almost glabrous, very leafy to the top: leaves 
from ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, mostly obtuse, short-petioled, 3 or 4 inches long: 
umbels few and corymbose or clustered, sometimes solitary : corolla globular-ovate in bud; 
the lobes a third to half inch long: hoods purplish or violet, about half the length of the 
corolla-lobes, lower than the anther-column: wings of the anthers narrow, hardly angulate 
above, and below less prominent than the connectives: pollinia narrow, little longer than 
their caudicles. — Asclepias viridis, Walt. Car. 107. Podostigma? viridis, Ell. Sk. i. 327. 
Anantherix paniculatus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ].¢. A. Torreyanus, Don, Syst. iv. 146. 
Asclepias longipetala, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 757. Acerates paniculata, Decaisne, 1. c. 521.— 
Prairies and dry barrens, 8S. Carolina to Texas, New Mexico, and westward of the Alle- 
ghanies north to Illinois. 

Var. angustior, a lower form, with smaller and oblong-linear leaves, and rather more 
assurgent hoods. — Anantherix paniculatus, var. angustior, Engelm. ined. — Texas, Lindheimer, 
£. Hall. 

——- A. dectimbens, Gray, lc. Scabrous-puberulent: leaves firmer in texture, from lan- 
ceolate to linear, tapering to the apex: umbel solitary : corolla depressed-globular in bud, 
4 or 5 lines long, hardly twice the length of the yellowish or dark-purplish hoods, which 
overtop the somewhat depressed anther-column: anther-wings salient, especially at the 
broader and strongly angulate upper portion: pollinia pyriform, short-caudicled. — Anan. 
therix decumbens, Nutt. 1. c. (& in Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 219, without name).—A. Nut- 
tallianus, Don, Syst. iv. 147. Acerates decumbens, Decaisne, l.c. Asclepias brevicornu, Scheele, 
1. c. 756.— Dry plains, Arkansas and Texas to New Mexico and Utah. Follicles always 
smooth? (Adjacent Mex.) 


6. ASCLEPIAS, L. Mirxweep, Smxweep. (The Greek name of 
~Esculapius, applied by the ancient herbalists to various plants of the present and 
the preceding order.) — Herbs, rarely woody at base (American, mainly North 
American with one or two African): upright or merely spreading stems from 
deep and thickish perennial roots: leaves opposite varying to verticillate, or 
sometimes alternate or irrezularly scattered. Flowers (in summer) umbellate ; 
the peduncles terminal and lateral, usually between the petioles. Stem often 
marked with decurrent lines of pubescence. Follicles soft-echinate or warty in 
two or three species, otherwise naked. Coma of the seeds often wanting in d. 
perennis. Corolla not reflexed ind. Feayi.— Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 754; Gray, 
Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 66. 


§ 1. Hoods sessile, broader or at least not attenuate at base; the horn or crest 
yarious, but conspicuous: anther-wings broadest and usually angulate-truncate 


and salient at base. 
* Corolla and hoods orange-color: follicles arrect on a deflexed fruiting pedicel, naked: leaves 
mostly irregularly alternate, seldom truly opposite: juice of stem not milky! 

<= A. tuberésa, L. (Burrerrry-weep, PLevrisy-root.) Hirsute or roughish-pubescent, a 
foot or two high, very leafy to the top: leaves from lanceolate-oblong to linear-lanceo- 
late, sessile or slightly petioled: umbels several and mostly cymose at the summit of the 
stem, short-peduncled: column short: hoods narrowly oblong, erect (2 or 3 lines long), 
deep bright orange, much surpassing the anthers, almost as long as the purplish- or 
slightly greenish-orange oblong corolla-lobes. nearly equalled by the filiform-subulate 
horn: follicles cinereous-pubescent. — (Dill. Elth. t. 30, f. 34.) Bot. Reg. t.76; Bart. Med. 
t. 22; Bigel. Med. t. 26. Dry and especially sandy soil, Canada to Florida, Texas, 
and Arizona. 


90 ASCLEPIADACES. Asclepias. 


Var. dectimbens, Pursh, a form with reclining stems, broader and more commonly 
opposite leaves, and umbels from most of the upper axils, racemosely disposed. — A. 
decumbens, L. Spec. 216; Sweet, Br. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 24, but flowers too red. — Ohio to 
Georgia, &c. (A hybrid between A. tuberosa and A. incarnata was found in South Carolina 
by Dr, Mellichamp.) 

* * Corolla bright red or purple: follicles naked, fusiform, arrect on the deflexed fruit-bearing 


pedicel, except in the first and last species: leaves opposite, mostly broad. (A. quadrifolia might 
be sought here.) 


+ Hoods bright orange, raised on a distinct column: plants glabrous. 


A. Curassavica, L. A foot or two high, becoming somewhat woody at base: leaves 
oblong-lanceolate, thin, short-petioled, 2 to 4 inches long: peduncles not longer than the 
leaves: lobes of the scarlet corolla ovate: hoods ovate, equalling the anthers, shorter than 
their subulate incurved horn: follicles and fruiting pedicels erect. — (Herm. Par. t. 36; 
Dill. Elth. t. 30, f. 35.) Bot. Reg. t.81.—S. Florida and Louisiana: perhaps introduced 
from Tropical America. 

=A. paupércula, Michx. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, remotely leafy above or naked at the 
peduncle-like summit, which bears solitary or few pedunculate naked umbels: leaves elon- 
gated-lanceolate or linear and tapering to both ends, 4 to 10 inches long, nearly sessile, 
thickish, very smooth except the roughish margins: flowers rather few (5 to 12) in the 
umbels, large (fully half inch long when the narrowly oblong lobes of the deep red corolla 
are reflexed): bright orange hoods obovate or broadly oblong, not twice the length of the 
anthers, much exceeding the incurved horn.— A. lanceolata, Walt. Car. 105.— Marshes 
near the coast, New Jersey to Florida and Texas. 
+— + Hoods purple or purplish: umbel mostly many-flowered. 
++ Flowers rather large; the hoods about a quarter inch long and double the Jength of the anthers: 
lobes of the corolla dull-colored outside, deep-colored within: leaves transversely veined, 3 to 8 
inches long. 
e= A.rutbra, L. Glabrous, 1 to 4 feet high, somewhat remotely leafy: leaves from ovate to 
lanceolate, sessile or almost so, tapering from near the rounded or obscurely cordate base 
to an acuminate apex, bright green: umbels solitary (terminal and from the uppermost 
axils) or 2 to 4 raised on a naked common peduncle: corolla-lobes and hoods lanceolate- 
oblong, purplish-red, or the hoods obscurely orange-tinged; the horn of the latter long, 
very slender, straightish: column short but manifest.— Spec. 217 (founded on pl. Clayt. 
no. 263, Gronov. Fl. Virg., with upper leaves accidentally alternate); Gray, in DC. Prodr. 
& Man. ed. 1,368. A. polystachia, Walt.? A. cordata, Walt.? A. laurifolia, Michx. FI. i. 117. 
A. acuminata, Pursh, Fl. i. 182. A. periplocifolia, Nutt. Gen. i. 167. — Moist grounds, New 
Jersey and Penn. to Florida and Louisiana. 
= A. purpurascens, L. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, leafy to top : leaves ovate-oval or oblong, 
short-petioled, tomentulose beneath, soon glabrous above: peduncles shorter than the 
leaves: corolla dark and deep (sometimes dull) purple within; the lobes oblong: hoods 
pale red or purple, oblong or somewhat ovate; the horn short-subulate from a broad base, 
faleate-recurved: column extremely short. — Spec. 214 (Dill. Elth. 382, t. 28, f. 31); Willd. 
Spec. i. 1265; Decaisne in DC. viii. 464; Torr. Fl. N. Y. ii. 120, t. 85. A. amena, L. Spec. 
217 (pl. Dill. Lec. 31, t. 27, £380); Michx. l.c.; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 82. — 
Dry ground, New England to Wisconsin and Tennessee. Habit of A. Cornuti. 
++ ++ Flowers small; the hoods a line long and equalling the anthers: veins of the leaves ascend- 
ing: milky juice scanty. 
== A. incarnata, L. Nearly glabrous or a little pubescent; stem 2 or 3 fect high, very 
leafy to the top, sometimes branching: leaves oblong-lanceolate, short-petioled (38 to 6 
inches long), obtuse or acutish at base: peduncles somewhat corymbose at or near the 
summit of the stem, shorter than the leaves: corolla from deep rose-purple to flesh-color; 
the lobes oblong (2 lines Jong) : column narrow, more than half the length of the broadly 
oblong obtuse pale hoods; these a little exceeded by their slender uncinate-incurved horn: 
follicles only 2 or 3 inches long, erect on erect pedicels. — (Cornuti, Canad. t. 93.) Jacq. 
Vind. t. 107; Bot. Reg. t. 250; Decaisne, 1. c. excl. syn. in part. A. amena, Brongn. in 
Ann. Sci. Nat. xxiv. t. 13, anal. — Swamps, Canada to Saskatchewan and Louisiana. 
esx Var. pulchra, Pers., the form with copious and somewhat hirsute pubescence, and 
usually broader leaves (lanceolate to oblong) often subcordate at base. — .1. incarnata, L. 


Aselepias. ASCLEPIADACEZ. 91 


as to Hort. Cliff.; Michx. le. A. pulchra, Ehrhart ; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 18.— 

With the smooth form. 

Var. longifélia. Leaves elongated- or linear-lanceolate, 4 to 7 inches long, a third 
to half inch wide, glabrous or with minute pubescence: stems 4 to 6 feet high: flowers 
paler, — A. tuberosa, Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. vii. 18. — Texas to New Mexico. 

* * * Corolla and crown greenish, yellowish, white, or merely purplish-tinged: leaves opposite 
or sometimes whorled, or the upper rarely alternate or scattered. 

+ Follicles echinate with soft spinous processes and densely tomentose, large (3 to 5 inches long) 
and ventricose, ovate and acuminate, arrect on deflexed pedicels: leaves large and broad, short- 
petioled, transversely veined: stems stout and simple, 2 to 5 feet high. 

<< A.specidsa, Torr. Finely canescent-tomentose, rarely glabrate with age: leaves from 
subcordate-oval to oblong, thickish . peduncles shorter than the leaves: pedicels of the 
many-flowered dense umbel and the calyx densely tomentose: flowers purplish, large: 
corolla-lobes ovate-oblong, 4 or 5 lines long: hoods 5 or 6 lines long, spreading, the dilated 
body and its short inflexed horn not surpassing the anthers, but the centre of its truncate 
summit abruptly produced into a lanccolate-ligulate thrice longer termination: column 
hardly any : wings of the anthers notched and obscurely corniculate at base. — Ann. Lyc. 
N.Y. ii. 218. A. Douglasii, Hook. FI. ii. 53, t. 142, & Bot. Mag. t. 4413.— Along streams, 
Nebraska to Arkansas, and west to 8. Utah, California, and Washington Territory. 
==—A.Corntti, Decaisne. (Commoy Mirxwesp.) Finely soft-pubescent or tomentulose : 
leaves green and early glabrate above, oval or oblong, obtuse or roundish at base: pe- 
duncles little longer than the very numerous pubescent pedicels: corolla dull purple or 
greenish-purple, rarely almost white; the lobes ovate, three or four lines long: hoods 
whitish, ovate, rather longer than the anthers, with a tooth on each side below the middle ; 

the subulate horn short and incurved: column short. — Prodr. 1. c. 564; Torr. Fl. N.Y. 

ii. 119. A. Syriaca, L. (Cornuti, Canad. t. 90) ; Spenner in Nees Gen. Germ. fase. 21, t. 1-3. 

— Canada to Saskatchewan and N. Carolina, chiefly in fields. 

+— + Follicles minutely warty-echinate along the tapering apex, otherwise as in the succeeding: 
wings of the anthers emarginately bicorniculate at base. 

——__e A, Sullivantii, Engelm. Glabrous throughout, a yard high, leafy to the top: leaves 
opposite, thickish, oblong, with subcordate or rounded base, nearly sessile (4 or 5 inches 
long): umbels terminal and from the uppermost axils, short-peduncled, rather many- 
flowered: flowers flesh-colored: corolla-lobes oval, 5 lines long: column short: hoods 
oval, with a gibbosity on each side near the base, almost truncate at summit, a third 
longer than the anthers ; the falcate-subulate horn rising from near the base, horizontally 
and slightly exserted from the middle. — Gray, Man. ed. 1, 366, ed. 5, 395. — Low grounds, 
Ohio (Su/livant) to Kansas (Fremont). Follicle 8 to 5 inches long, ovate-lanceolate, nearly 
glabrous, smooth, except small and soft conical warty processes scattered along the beak. 
+ + + Follicles wholly unarmed and smooth throughout, either glabrous or tomentulose-pubes- 


cent. 
++ Arrect or ascending on the deflexed or decurved fructiferous pedicels. 


== Umbel solitary on the perfectly simple strict stem, elevated on a naked terminal peduncle: 
leaves all closely sessile, broad, transversely veined: plant glabrous and pale or glaucous: follicles 
fusiform: anthers either bicorniculate or salient-angled at base of the wing. 
=== A. obtusifélia, Michx. Stem 2 or 3 feet high: leaves undulate, oblong or elliptical, 
3 to 5 inches long, with rounded or retuse apex and cordate-clasping base: peduncle 2 to 
12 inches long: umbel loosely many-flowered: corolla dull greenish-purple; the lobes 
oblong, + lines long: column as high as broad: hoods flesh-color, erosely truncate and 
somewhat toothed at the broad summit, hardly exceeding the anthers, shorter than the 
falcate-subulate incurved horn: anther-wings bicorniculate at base in the manner of A. 
Sullivantii.— Fl. i. 118; Decaisne, Lc. 565, A. purpurascens, Walt. Car. 103.— Dry or 
sandy soil, New England to Florida, Texas, and Nebraska. 

A. Meadii, Torr. A foot or two high: leaves plane and even, ovate-lanceolate, or 
rarely lanceolate, obtuse or acute, rounded at the sessile base, rough-margined, 1} to 3 
inches long: peduncle 2 to 4 inches long: umbel 6-20-flowered: corolla greenish-yellow ; 
the lobes ovate, 3 or + lines long: column very short: hoods purplish, with rounded-trun- 
cate entire summit and a tooth at the inner margins, exceeding the anthers and the subu- 
late inflexed horn: anther-wings with entire but descending salient angle at base. — Gray, 
Man. ed. 2, addend. 704, ed. 5, 397.— Dry ground, Lllinois, S. B. Mead, Iowa, Vasey, &e. 


92 ASCLEPIADACEZ. Asclepias. 


= = Unmbels usually more than one and on peduncles overtopping or equalling the leaves: stem 
tall and simple: leaves broad, resembling those of the three preceding species. 

—. A. glaucéscens, HBK. Glabrous up to the peduncles, and inclined to be glaucous: 
leaves as of A. oltusifolia, but only slightly undulate, 24 to + inches long: umbels 2 to 4 or 
rarely solitary, many-flowered : pedicels pubescent or villous, rather short : corolla greenish- 
white; the lobes ovate, 3 or 4 lines long: column very short: hoods obovate-truncate, 
about equalling the anthers, with fleshy gibbous-incurved back and (white ?) petaloid sides, 
the whole length within occupied by a broad and thin crest, which is 2-lobed at the sum- 
mit, the outer lobe broad and rounded, the inner a short and triangular-subulate nearly 
included horn. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 290, t.127; Decaisne in DC. 1. c. 565. A. Sullivantii, 
Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 162, wholly? —S. W. Texas and New Mexico (but the only 
specimen in herb. Torr. from “ Plains near the Rio Limpio ”), Bigelow. (Mex.) 
== —‘— Unmbels more than one, on peduncles longer than the orbicular leaves or than the much 

abbreviated stem. 

A. nummularia, Torr. Clustered stems an inch or two high: leaves in 2 or 3 approxi- 
mated pairs, orbicular, mucronate, thickish, canescently tomentose, glabrate with age: 
peduncles 1} to 2 inches long, many-flowered: corolla greenish-white; the lobes ovate, 
2 lines long: column hardly any: hoods ovate, a little longer than the anthers: the horn 
short and stout: follicles ovate-lanceolate, tomentulose. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 163, t. 45. — 
New Mexico, Bigelow, Thurber, &c. (Adjacent Mex.) : 
= = = = Unmbels mostly more than one: peduncle not overtopping the leaves (except per- 

haps in A. cinerea), sometimes none. 


a. Leaves broad (from orbicular to oblong-lanceolate), proportionally large: hoods broad, little if 
at all overtopping the anthers: stems from a foot to a yard or more in height, except the first 
species. 


1. Glabrous or some minute pubescence or tomentum on young parts, no floccose wool. 


A. cryptdéceras, Watson. A span or two high, almost completely glabrous: stems 
decumbent: leaves 3 or 4 pairs, ovate-orbicular with mucronate apiculation, glaucescent, 
1 or 2 inches long, very short-petioled : flowers large, all at the summit, few in each of the 
2 or 3 umbels: the lateral of these sessile, the terminal short-peduncled: lobes of the 
greenish-yellow corolla ovate, 5 lines long: column none: hoods flesh-colored, saccate- 
ovate, abruptly and minutely bi-acuminate, equalling the anthers, enclosing the falcate- 
subulate horn: follicles ovate. — King Exped. 283, t.28. Acerates latifolia, Torr. in Frem. 
Rep. ed. 2, 317.— Utah, W. Nevada, and Idaho, Nuttall, Fremont, Watson, &c. 

—— A. amplexicatilis, Michx. Glaucous and glabrous: stems decumbent, a foot or two 
long: leaves in numerous rather crowded pairs, cordate-ovate and clasping, obtuse, suc- 
culent, whitish-veiny, 8 to 5 inches long: peduncles about half the length of the leaves, 
longer than the numerous slender pedicels: lobes of the greenish-purplish corolla oblong, 
3 lines long: column very short: hoods white, obovate-truncate, nearly enclosing the tri- 
angular-arcuate crest-like horn: follicles ovate-lanceolate. — FL. i. 113; Ell. Sk. i. 822. A. 
humistrata, Walt. Car. 105, except “ floribus rubris.” — Dry sandy barrens, North Carolina 
to Florida. 

——_A. Jamésii, Torr. Farinose-puberulent when young, soon green and glabrous: stem 
stout, erect or ascending, a foot or more high: leaves about 5 pairs, approximate, re- 
markably thick and large (when dry coriaceous, the larger 4 to 6 inches long), orbicular 
or broadly oval, often emarginate and with a mucronation, subcordate at base, nearly 
sessile, copiously transversely veined: umbels 2 or 3, all or mostly lateral, densely many- 
flowered, on peduncles shorter than the pedicels: flowers greenish: lobes of the corolla 
ovate, 4 or 5 lines long: column very short but distinct: hoods barely equalling the an- 
thers, broad, with truncate entire summit, which is equalled by the upper margin of the 
falciform-triangular crest, the apex of which extends into a short subulate horn partly 
over the top of the stigmatic disk : follicles turgid-ovate, barely acute, 24 or 3 inches long. 
— Bot. Mex. Bound. 162. A. obtusifolia, var. latifolia, Torr. in Ann. Lye. ii. 117. — Plains 
of Colorado to W. Texas and E. Arizona. 

==, A. phytolaccoides, Pursh. Bright green and glabrous: stem 4 or 5 feet high: leaves 
membranaceous, from oval to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, short-petioled, 
4 to 8 inches long: peduncles (1 or 2 inches long) seldom longer than the numerous fili- 
form lax pedicels: corolla greenish; the lobes ovate or oblong, 4 lines long: column short: 


Asclepias. ASCLEPIADACE.E. 03 


hoods white or pale, flesh-colored, broad and erect, rather shorter than the anthers, trun- 
cate horizontally, the truncate margin somewhat erose or toothed and with a slender tooth 
at the inner angles, much surpassed by the erect or slightly incurved slender-subulate horn: 
follicles fusiform and slender-acuminate, at length glabrous. — Fl. i. 180; Decaisne in DC. 
le. A. Syriaca, var. exaltata, L. Spec. ed. 2, 313. A. nivea, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1181, not L. 
A. exaltata (acuminata), Muhl. Cat. 28.— Shaded and moist ground, New England to Wis- 
consin and south to Georgia in the mountains. 

=< A. variegata, L. A foot or two high: leaves 3 to 7 pairs, thinnish (the middle ones 
sometimes 4-nate), oval or ovate, or the upper oblong, obtuse at both ends, mucronate- 
apiculate or short-acuminate, not rarely somewhat undulate, bright green and glabrous 
above, pale and sometimes tomentulose beneath (at least when young), 3 to 6 inches long, 
conspicuously petioled: peduncles 1 to 3, terminal and subterminal, short, equalling or 
exceeding the very numerous pedicels of the compact umbel, both usually tomentulose: 
flowers white with some pink or purple at the centre, i.e. on the distinct column and base 
of the corolla: lobes of the latter ovate or oval, 3 lines long: hoods globular-ventricose 
from a narrow base, spreading, overtopping the short anthers and stigmatic disk; the 
semilunate subulate horn horizontally short-exserted : follicles fusiform and long-acuminate. 
—Spec. 215, & ed. 2, 312 (founded on syn. Dill. & Pluk.) ; Walt. Car. 104; Sims, Bot. Mag. 
t. 1182; Ell. 1. c.; Decaisne, I. c. (excl. syn. Hook.) ; Gray, Man. 1.¢.; Torr. Fl. N. Y. t. 86. 
al. nivea, L. as to syn. Gronov. & herb. A. eitrijolia, Jacq. Coll. & Ie. Rar. t. 343. A. hybrida, 
Michx. 1. ec. — Dry shaded grounds, 8. New York and Ohio to Florida, Arkansas, and W. 
Louisiana. 
2. Tomentose or pubescent, South Atlantic States or New Mexican species: umbels all lateral, 

short-peduncled: flowers greenish: follicles tomentose or canescent. 

=< A. tomentésa, Ell. Tomentulose or merely soft-pubescent, sometimes minutely so: stems 
a foot or sometimes a yard high, very leafy above: leaves from oval-obovate to oblong-lan- 
ceolate, obtuse or short-acuminate at both ends, 2 to 4 inches long, rather conspicuously 
petioled: umbels 3 to 10 in alternate axils, very short-peduncled, loosely many-flowered : 
lobes of the corolla ovate, 3 or 4 lines long: column very short: hoods oval-obovate, 
obliquely truncate, decidedly shorter than the broadly-winged anthers; the broadly subu- 
late horn ascending and moderately exserted at the upper interior angle: “ follicles lan- 
ceolate.” — Sk. i. 320; Chapm. FI. 363. A. aceratotdes, M. A. Curtis in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, 
vii. 407. — Dry sandy barrens, N. Carolina to Florida. 

—— A. arendria, Torr. Lanuginous-tomentose, in age glabrate: stems about a foot high, 
stout, ascending, thickly leaved: leaves coriaceous when old, obovate or oval and retuse 
or the lower ovate, with rounded or subcordate base, somewhat undulate, distinctly petioled, 
2 to 4 inches long: umbels rather densely many-flowered, shorter than the leaves: lobes 
of the greenish-white corolla oval, 5 lines long: column nearly half the length of the 
anthers: hoods‘about as broad as high, surpassing, the anthers, truncate at base and sum- 
mit, the latter oblique and notched on each side near the inner angle, which forms an 
obtuse tooth ; horn with included ascending portion or crest broadly semilunate as high as 
the hood ; the abruptly incurved apex subulate-beaked, horizontally exserted, or the slender 
termination ascending: follicles oblong-ovate and long-acuminate, tomentulose. — Bot. 
Mex. Bound. 162.— Colorado, on sand-banks of the Upper Canadian and Red Rivers 
(Bigelow, Marcy) to New Mexico, Wislizenus, &c. — Allied to A. Jamesii. 


3. Floccose-lanuginous or tomentose-canescent, Western species; the dense wool not rarely decidu- 
ous with ave: stems stout, 1 to 4 fect high: leaves occasionally alternate, large (2 to 6 inches 
long): umbels terminal and lateral, many-fowered: follicles (where known) ovate. 

A. Fremonti, Torr. Canescently tomentose with short and fine wool, or the stem (a 
foot or less high) puberulent: leaves oval or oblong, obtuse, retuse, or apiculate-acute, 
often subcordate, smooth-edged, distinctly petioled: umbels 1 or 2, on peduncles not longer 
than the lanuginous pedicels: lobes of the whitish corolla oblong-ovate, 3 lines long: 
column very short: hoods nearly erect, equalling the anthers, somewhat evenly truncate 
and the inner angles produced into an acute or obtusish tooth, with no notch behind it ; 
the subulate apex of the broad horn inflexed and a little exserted. — Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 87, 
name only. — California, on the Upper Sacramento, Fremont, Newberry, &c. Follicles when 
young densely canescent-tomentose, in age glabrate. Herbage with the pubescence of the 
preceding rather than of the following species. 


94 ASCLEPIADACEZ. Asclepias. 


A. erésa, Torr. Canescent with fine and appressed white wool when young, or the stem 
only puberulent: leaves glabrate and green with age, sessile, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate, coriaceous, the base rounded or slightly cordate, the margin scarious-cartilagi- 
nous and rough with minute irregular denticulation or erosion: umbels numerous, on pe- 
duncles equalling (or the lower exceeding) the lanuginous pedicels: lobes of the greenish- 
white corolla oval, fully 3 lines long, merely hoary and soon glabrate outside: column 
distinct: hoods yellowish, with a duplication on each side at the edge below, erect and 
nearly horizontally truncate, rather surpassing the anthers; the falcate or claw-shaped 
horn attached below the middle and longer than the hood, incurving over the disk of the 
stigma: ovaries glabrous: follicles canescent when young, often glabrate at maturity. — 
Bot. Mex. Bound. 162, glabrate state. A. leucophylla, Engelm. in Am. Naturalist, ix. 349 ; 
Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 476, in the canescent-lanuginous state. — Arizona on the Gila (Schott, 
Thurber) to 8. Utah (Parry) and San Diego Co., California, Cooper, Palmer. 

Var. obttisa, a form with elliptical and very obtuse leaves and scanty woolliness. — 
A. leucophylla, var. obtusa, Gray, 1.c.— Bartlett’s Cafion, interior of Santa Barbara Co., 
California. 

A. eriocarpa, Benth. Densely floccose-woolly, even to the calyx, the loose wool hardly 
deciduous except from the angled stem below: leaves not rarely ternate and the upper- 
most alternate, elongated-oblong or the upper lanceolate, obtuse or subcordate at base, 
short-petioled, 4 to 8 inches long: umbels few or several, all on stout peduncles mostly 
longer than the pedicels: flowers dull white: corolla at first woolly outside; the lobes 
ovate, 3 lines long: column short but distinct: hoods shorter than the anthers, rather 
spreading, ventricose, oblately semiorbicular in outline and open round to near the middle 
of the back, the summits produced inwardly into an acute angle or tooth, barely enclosing 

‘the falciform acute horn: ovaries glabrous or merely the summit or the styles villous : 
“follicles densely woolly,” according to Benth. Pl. Hartw. 323. — California, in dry ground, 
from near Monterey (Hartweg) to San Diego Co. 

+—A. vestita, Hook. & Arn. Densely floccose-woolly, usually even to the outside of 
the corolla, the white wool deciduous in age: leaves from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, very 
acute or acuminate, often subcordate, short-petioled or the upper sessile, 4 to 6 inches 
long: umbels 1 to 4, the terminal usually peduncled, the lateral all sessile: corolla green- 
ish-white or purplish; the lobes ovate, 3 lines long: column very short: hoods nearly 
erect, ventricose, slightly surpassing the anthers, entire at the back of the somewhat trun- 
cate summit, auriculate-extended at the inner angle, the auricles or angles involute; the 
yomer-shaped crest rather than horn attached up to the summit of the hood, blunt, not 
exserted: an interior crown of 10 tooth-like processes in pairs between the hoods: ovaries 
glabrous: follicles at first canescent. — Bot. Beech. 363 (not Bot. Mag. t.4106) ; Gray, Bot. 
Calif. i. 476. A. eriocarpa, Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 128, not Benth. — Dry ground, Cali- 


4 nia, yom ae Sacramento to Sgn Diego Co. and the Mohave. 
— oe an . : 
Bo Leaee anceolate or War ‘Yo 3 inches long), green and nearly glabrous; the veins 


oblique: stems branching, ascending, a span or two high: hoods obtuse, shorter or little longer 
than the anthers: corolla-lobes oblong-ovate, about 2 lines long: column hardly any: follicles 
ovate, acute or acuminate, when voung tomentose-canescent. 

A. brachystéphana, Engelm. Stems 6 to 10 inches high, very leafy, cincreous-puber- 
ulent or tomentose when young, the inflorescence more floccose-tomentose : leaves from 
lanceolate with a broader rounded base to linear, short-petioled (sometimes 8 inches long), 
when young often cinereous-tomentulose beneath, very much surpassing the (3 to 8) few- 
flowered umbels: peduncles as long as the pedicels or much shorter: flowers lurid-purplish : 
hoods only half the length of the anthers, erect, strongly angulate-toothed at the front; 
the tip of the erect subulate horn exscrted. — Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 163.— Dry sandy 
soil, from Wyoming Terr. and Colorado to W. Texas and Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) 

A. involucrata, Engelm. Minutely pubescent when young, glabrate, a span or less 
in height: clustered stems spreading: Icaves from lanceolate with roundish or subcordate 
base to linear with acute base, short-petioled (occasionally alternate), tomentose on the 
margins ; the uppermost involucrating the mostly solitary sessile or short-peduncled 10-20- 
flowered umbel and commonly overtopping it: flowers greenish-white or purplish-tinged : 
hoods ovate, moderate-longer than the anthers; the short incurved horn slightly exserted 
from about their middle. — Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 16:3.— Sandy soil, New Mexico and 
Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) 


Asclepias. ASCLEPIADACE. 95 


c. Leaves extremely narrow, sessile: hoods thrice the length of the anthers, slender, acute, open. 


A. macrétis, Torr. Glabrous or nearly so: stems barely a span high, numerous and 
much branclied from a sufirutescent thickened base: leaves narrowly linear with revolute 
margins, almost filiform, an inch or more long: umbels 3-5-flowered, terminal and lateral, 
short-peduncled or sessile: pedicels little longer than the purplish or greenish flowers: 
corolla-lobes ovate, 2 lines long: column hardly any : hoods with ovate erect base as long 
as the anthers, above contracted into a gradually attenuate twice longer subulate spreading 
portion, the apex incurving; the broad horn short and blunt, with barely exserted apex : 
follicles ovate-lanceolate, an inch long. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 164, t. 45. — Rocky hills along 
the Rio (irande, borders of Texas, New Mexico, and Chihuahua, especially near El Paso, 
Bigelow, Parry, Wright. 

d. Leaves from ovate to oblong, mostly pubescent or puberulent: stems erect, a foot or more high: 
hoods obtuse, twice or thrice the length of the anthers, not tapering to base, entire at summit, 

1. Involute-concaye or more open; the falcate or subulate horn free at or b-low the middle of the 
hood, and incurved or inflexed over the stigmatic disk: follicles tomentose or soft-pubescent. 

—~ A. ovalifdlia, Decaisne. Tomentulose-pubescent: stem rather slender: leaves thin- 
nish, from ovate or oval to ovate-lanceolate, mostly acute, rounded at base, distinctly 
petioled (1} to 3 inches long), glabrate with age, at least the upper face, the midrib as 
well as primary veins slender, and veinlets reticulated: umbels few, loosely 10-18-flowered, 
on peduncles which seldom cqual the pedicels, or sometimes sessile : corolla greenish-white 
with purplish outside; the lobes oblong-ovate, 2 or 3 lines long: hoods oval or broadly 
oblong in outline, not auriculate at base, the inner margins below the middle extended into 
a large acute tooth or lobe; the horn broad and rather short: anther-wings rounded and 
entire or minutely and obscurely notched at the prominent base. — DC. Prodr. viii. 567 
(excl. habitat) ; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 396. A. variegata, var., Hook. FI. ii. 252, t. 141. dl. Nut- 
tulliuna, Gray, Man. ed. 2, 352, 704. —Saskatchewan, Lake Winnipeg, and Dakotah to N. 
Illinois and Wisconsin, in oak-openings and prairies. 

— A. Hallii, Gray. Puberulent, glabrate: stem stout: leaves thickish, ovate-lanceolate or 
oblong-lanceolate with rounded base and rather acute apex (3 to 5 inches long), short- 
petioled, the stout midrib and the slightly ascending straight veins prominent underneath : 
uinbels few and corymbose, many-flowered, on peduncles somewhat longer than the 
pedicels: corolla greenish-white and purplish; the lobes oblong, 3 lines long: hoods elon- 
gated-oblong in outline (3 lines long), entire, hastately 2-gibbous above the narrower base, 
a little surpassing the sickle-shaped horn: anther-wings even and unappendaged at base. 
—Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 69. A. ovalifolia, Gray in Proc. Acad. Philad. March, 1863, 75, 
coll. E, Hall. u. 480.— Colorado, near Denver? /. Hall. Head-waters of the Arkansas, 
Brandegee, &c. Follicles tomentulose, glabrate. In aspect resembles A. Swi//ivantii, but with 
some pubescence, and base of the anther-wings destitute of the corniculation. 


A. obovata, Ell. Cinereous with soft pubescence or tomentum on the lower face of the 
leaves: stem a foot or two high: leaves oval or oblong, only the lower obovate, somewhat 
undulate, mucronate-apiculate, rounded or subcordate at base, very short-petioled (14 to 3 
inches long), the midrib stout, the veins transverse and slender: umbels (3 or 4 at the 
upper axils) almost sessile, densely 10-14-flowered: lobes of the yellowish-green corolla 
oblong, 3 or + lines long, half the length of the pedicels: hoods purplish, oblong, strictly 
erect (3 or 4 lines long), involute so that the thin inner edges meet for almost their whole 
length, dorsally hastately bigibbous above a short contracted base, thence narrowly wing- 
appendaged upward and inward for some length, a pair of broad and short fleshy internal 
auricles at very base within; horn narrowly falcate, fleshy; the exserted upper part of 
the free portion strongly inflexed, subulate, its upper or dorsal face caniculate-concave : 
anther-wings bicorniculate at the basal angle (in the manner of 4. obtvs/folia and A. Sul- 
livantii). — Sk. i. 821; Decaisne, 1. ¢. 570 (excl. syn. Torr.) ; Chapm. Fl. 363.— Dry ground, 
S. Carolina, near the coast, to Florida and Louisiana. 

2. Hoods laterally much compressed, mainly solid, with a narrow dorsal keel and a broader ventral 
wing ; the latter bearing two semi-obovate lamelli, its broad upper part enclosing a Jamelliform 
crest of equal width, which bears a short subulate exserted horn at the inner angle. 

A. nyctaginifélia, Gray. Roughish-puberulent, apparently a foot high and ascending : 
leaves rhombic-ovate, with ascending and branching veins, 2 or 3 inches long, rather long- 
petioled: umbels all lateral, very short-petioled, 4-8-flowered: pedicels equalling the 


96 ASCLEPIADACE. Asclepias. 


petiole: lobes of the greenish corolla oblong (half inch long): column hardly any below 
the greenish white hoods, which are little shorter than the petals, almost thrice the length 
of the anthers, barely retuse at apex; the truncate upper edge of the crest erose; the 
exserted horn from its inner angle thin-subulate, a line long: auricles at base of the hood 
very small, roundish: anther-wings broadly rounded at base: follicles not seen. — Proc. 
Am. Acad. xii. 70. — Rock Spring, Providence Mountains, 8. E, California, Palmer. 


++ ++ Follicles pendulous on recurving pedicels, at least not erect: leaves subulate-filiform or 
wanting on the junciform naked stems: hoods clongated, broader upward. 
a= A. subuldta, Decaisne. Cinereous-puberulent or soon glabrous and glaucous: stem 
3 or 4 feet high, naked and rush-like or bearing a few nearly filiform leaves, usually few- 
branched above: umbels terminal and lateral, 5-20-flowered, on peduncles mostly shorter 
than the pedicels: flowers yellowish-white: lobes of the corolla oblong, 4 or 5 lines long: 
column distinct: hoods purplish, narrowly oblong-panduriform, erect, twice the length 
of the column, entire, a narrow crest adnate up to the apex, above dilated and inwardly 
pointed by a very short and blunt subulate horn; 10 short internal appendages forming 

a pair of fleshy auricles within the base of each hood: follicles fusiform and long-acu- 

minate, 4 inches long, smooth. — DC. Prodr. viii. 571; Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. v. 362, t. 7. 

— Desert region of S. E. California and W. Arizona. (Lower Calif., W. Mex.?) 

++ ++ ++ Follicles erect on erect fruiting pedicels, fusiform: leaves not rarely verticillate, in one 

species commonly alternate: hoods moderately if at all exceeding the anthers. 

== Leaves from ovate to broadly lanceolate, glabrous or nearly so, thin, rather slender-petioled: 

corolla white or pinkish. 
== A, quadrifdlia, L. A foot or two high, simple, usually leafless below: leaves 3 or 4 
pairs, or commonly a whorl of four in place of each middle pair, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate, 2 to 4 inches long: umbels 2 to 4, loosely many-flowered: peduncle seldom 

longer than the slender pedicels: corolla from light pink to almost white; the lobes 24 

lines long, oblong: column short: hoods white, twice the length of the anthers, ovate- 

oblong, a salient tooth or lobe on each margin toward the base; horn short, very broadly 
falcate-subulate, incurved over the anther-tips. — Jacq. Obs. t. 33; Barton, Fl. Am. Sept. 

ii. t. 43; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1258. A. vanilla, Raf. in Am. Month, Mag. iv. 39 (1818), ex 

Neob. 62. — Dry soil, Canada and Wisconsin to N. Carolina and Arkansas. 

-—=== A. perénnis, Walt. Stem a foot or two high, commonly branching, leafy throughout, 
sometimes rather woody at base: leaves all opposite, from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 
mostly acuminate at both ends, 2 to 4 inches long: umbels several and rather small, on 
peduncles of about twice the length of the pedicels: flowers white throughout: lobes of 
the corolla 1 or 2 lines long, oblong: €olumn narrow, half to three fourths of a line long: 
hoods oval, entire, erect, not twice the length of the column, hardly surpassing the an- 
thers, one third shorter than their straightish or falcate almost filiform horn: seeds not 
rarely destitute of coma.— Car. 107; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 806; Chapm. FI. 365. A. debilis, 
Michx. Fl. i. 116,in part; the Obs. relates to 1. quadrifolia. A. parviflora, Ait. Kew. i. 307; 
Pursh, Fl. i. 180; Decaisne, l.c. Afatalea? levis, Nutt. in Am. Jour. Sci. v. 291. — Muddy 
shores, &c., from S. Indiana and Illinois, and from Carolina to Florida and Texas. 

Var. parvula, barely a foot high, and leaves an inch or two long. — Torr. Bot. Mex. 

Bound. 164.— Head of Rock Creek, W. Texas, Bigelow, Wright. 

A. nfvea, L. (Dill. Elth. t. 29, & Plum. Ie. t. 30), is a W. Indian species (Griseb. Fl. W. 
Ind., excl. syn. Bot. Mag.), very near A. perennis, but corolla greenish-white, hoods longer 
than the anthers, the wings of which become auriculate-undulate next the base, and are 
not overtopped by the horn. “ Louisiana,” Grisebach, ].c.; but this is probably a mistake. 

A. virncdAra, Lag. Gen. & Spec. 14, Sweet Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 85 (A. angustijolia, Hort. 
Berol., Roem. & Sch., & A. linearis of gardens, A. linifolia, HBK.?) is a nearly related species, 
with white or rose-tinged corolla, anther-wings plane, and narrow leaves as of the succeeding 
section, probably only Mexican. See Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 70. 


== = Leaves from elongated-lanceolate to filiform, sessile or nearly so, glabrous. 
u. Corolla reflexed (as in the genus generally): horn of the hoods subulate and exserted. 
1. Column conspicuous, at length about half as long as the anthers. 


- —— A. Mexicana, Cav. Stem 3 to 5 fect high: leaves in whorls of 3 to 6, or uppermost and 
lower opposite, sometimes also in axillary fascicles, linear or narrowly lanceolate (3 to 6 


\ 


Asclepias. ASCLEPIADACEZ. 7 


inches long, 2 to 6 lines broad): umbels corymbose, densely many-flowered, on peduncles 

longer than the pedicels: flowers greenish-white, sometimes tinged with purple: corolla- 

lobes oblong, 2 lines long: hoods broadly ovate, entire, shorter than the anthers, excecded 

by the stout-subulate incurved horn. — Cav. Ic. i. 42, t.53; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 71. 

A. fascicularis, Decaisne in DC. Prodr. viii. 46); Gray, Bot. Calif. 1.475. 1. macrophylla, 

Nutt. Pl. Gamb. 180.— Dry or moist ground, Oregon and California, to Nevada and 

Arizona. (Mex.) 

== A. verticillata, L. Stems a foot or two high, slender, very leafy: leaves mostly in 
whorls of 3 to 6, or some scattered, filiform-linear and with revolute margins (2 to 4 inches 
long): umbels numerous, small, many-flowered, on peduncles longer than the pedicels : 
corolla greenish-white; the lobes oblong, 2 lines long: hoods white, broadly ovate and 
entire, with somewhat auriculate invoiute base, barely equalling the anthers, much shorter 

than their elongated-subulate falcate-incurved horn. — (Pluk. Alm. t. 336.) Hook. Fl. t. 144; 

Lodd. Cab. t. 1067; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 144; Decaisne, Ll. c. (excel. var. fin/jolia) ; Torr. 

FlLON.Y. t. 87. A. galioides, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spee. iii. 188.— Dry soil, Canada to 

Nebraska and south to Florida, Texas, and New Mexico. (Mex.) 

«== Var. pumila, Gray, |.c. Aspan or more high, many-stemmed from a fascicled root : 
leaves much crowded, filiform ; peduncles seldom longer than the pedicels. — Dry plains, 
Nebraska to Kansas and New Mexico. 

—YVar. subverticillata, Gray, l.c. Stems single, 1 to 24 feet high: leaves all oppo- 
site or barely in threes, 3 to 5 inches long, 1 to 3 lines wide, flatter, the margins less or 
little revolute: horns sometimes rather less exserted. — -A. verticillata, var. galioides, Torr. 
Bot. Mex. Bound. 164, chiefly, hardly of Decaisne. A. linearis, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 753. 
A, verticillata, var. linifolia, Engelm. ined., but not A. linifolia, HBK. (which may rather 
be A. virgata, Balb.), nor of Decaisne, 1. c., which seems to be a mixture of two or three 
species. — W. Texas and New Mexico. (Adjacent Mex.) 

A. LixAria, Cav., with the aspect of the foregoing, has the horn short and nearly in- 
cluded in the hood, a very short column, and turgid-ovate follicle arrect on the deflexed 
pedicel: enumerated in Torr. Mex. Bound. 1. ¢., from Northern Mexico, but not yet found 
very near the U. 8. boundary. 

2. Column manifest, but not higher than broad. 

A. quinquedentata, Gray. A span or two high: leaves all opposite, narrowly linear 
and elongated, resembling those of A. verticilluta, var. subverticillata : umbels 4-10-flowered : 
peduncle longer than the pedicels: lobes of the greenish-white corolla oval, 24 or 3 lines 
long: hoods white, about the length of the anthers, conduplicate, somewhat quadrate in 
outline, the keeled back ending below in a truncate salicnt base, the truncate summit 
prominently and acutely 5-toothed; horn adnate up to the summit, falcate, ending in a 
small acute dorsal tooth and in an inflexed and moderately exserted subulate proper apex. 
— Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 71. .{. verticillata, var. galioides, Torr. 1. c. in part. — Prairies or 
rocky hills on the San Pedro River, W. Texas, Wright (1689). Fruit unknown; but, 
accordigg to En Imann,it may be arrect on a decurved pedicel, as in A. Linaria. 

er A. et eee 2 inutefy“paberulent, or the foliage glabrous: stems a span to a 
foot long, decumbent or ascending, very leafy: leaves irregularly alternate or the lower 
opposite, narrowly linear (1} to 4 inches long, 1 to 3 lines wide), the margins little if at all 
revolute: umbels 1 to 3, terminal, many-flowered: peduncle usually much longer than the 
pedicels: lobes of the greenish corolla oval, barely 2 lines long: hoods (purplish. “nearly 
orange-colored,” Ell.) ovate, entire, considerably surpassing the anthers, longer than the 
broad subulate horn, which is inflexed-exserted from the middle. — Sk. i. 325. 4: tuberosa?2 

Walt. fide Ell. A. longifolia, Michx. herb., in part. A. Michauzii, Decaisne, 1. c. 569; Chapm. 

FI. 365. (Elliott’s name was published in 1817, earlier than the homonyms.) — Low pine 

barrens and sand-hills, S. Carolina to Florida. 

A. viridula, Chapm. Nearly glabrous: stem slender, erect, a foot or two high: leaves 
all opposite, narrowly linear or (when with revolute margins) filiform, erect or ascending 
(1 to 3 inches long), surpassing the short-peduncled 5-12-flowered umbels: lobes of the 
yellowish-green corolla oblong, 2 lines long: hoods oblong, one third longer than the an- 
thers, the margins with an auriculate incurved tooth below the middle, otherwise entire, 
longer than the subulate incurved horn. — Fl. 362.— Wet pine barrens near Apalachicola, 
Florida, Chapman. 

ca Para vd 
Le, ; 


a 


2 cata decd Mae 
fi mer 
ae 


98 ASCLEPIADACER. Asclepias. 


8. Column none. 


—— A.cinérea, Walt. Glabrous or nearly so: stem very slender, a foot or two high: leaves 
all opposite, spreading, very narrowly linear (1 to 3 inches long, half to a line wide); 
umbels terminal and subterminal at the naked summit of the stem, loosely 5-7-flowered : 
filiform drooping pedicels longer than the peduncle: corolla dull purplish outside, ash-color 
within; the lobes tardily reflexed, oval, 3 lines long: hoods considerably shorter than the 
anthers, broader than high, truncate at the back, the involute inner angles extended in a 
triangular acute ascending lobe, which exceeds the broad triangular horn. —Car. 105; 
Ell. Sk. i. 325 ; Chapm. |. c.— Low pine barrens, S. Carolina to Florida. 


6. Corolla and calyx merely rotately spreading, not reflexed. 

A. Feayi, Chapm. Stem filiform, erect, a foot or two high: leaves all opposite, in 4 to 
6 pairs, spreading, linear-filiform (2 to 4 inches long, barely half a line wide), glabrous, often 
wanting above at the 2 or 8 approximate short-peduncled 3-5-flowered umbels: corolla 
white ; the lobes oblong or at length narrower, 3 or 4 lines long: column none: hoods white 
and petaloid except a thickish midrib, barely as long as the sagittate-based anthers, spread- 
ing, concave, entire; in place of horn a semioval entire crest or plate adnate to the middle 
of the back within: follicles not seen. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 72. — Tampa, Florida, 
Leavenworth (in herb. Torr.), Dr. Feay, Dr. Garber. 


§ 2. Popostimma, Gray. Hoods long-stipitate, their stalks adnate to nearly 
the whole length of the antheriferous column, surpassing the anthers ; the crest- 
like process adnate to the nearly open lamina: anther-wings broader and some- 
what angulate about the middle: umbels all lateral. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 72. 


—— A.longicérnu, Benth. A span to a foot or more high, minutely and somewhat hir- 
sutely pubescent: leaves all opposite, from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, 2 to 4 inches 
long, petioled: umbels short-peduncled or nearly sessile, several-many-flowered : flowers 
yellowish-green: corolla-lobes a fourth to half inch long, oblong: hoods with stalk-like 
portion twice the length of the gradually dilated whitish somewhat 2-3-lobed or toothed 
lamina; the process infra-apical and divided into 2 short subulate and fleshy horns; the 
exterior horn barely equalling the apex of the hood; the inner twice longer, incurved and 
somewhat exserted : follicles arrect on the deflexed pedicel, ovate-oblong, acuminate, at 
first canescent or pubescent or roughish. — Pl. Hartw. 24; Decaisne, l. ce. 570. A. Lindheimert, 
Engelm. & Gray, PI. Lindh. ii. 42. — Texas and New Mexico.. (Mex., Nicaragua.) 


§ 3. NotHacerstes, Gray. Anther-wings widening to the broadly rounded 
base and conspicuously auriculate-notched just above it: hoods sessile, with a 
narrow wholly adnate internal crest terminating in a minute horn: habit of 
Acerates : pollinia short and thick, arcuate-obovate. 


«we2A, stenophylla, Gray. Puberulent, but foliage glabrous: stems slender, a foot or two 
high, simple: leaves long and narrowly linear (3 to 7 inches long, 1 to 24 lines wide), with 
scabrous and more or less revolute margins and a strong midrib; the upper alternate and 
the lower opposite: umbels several, short-peduncled or subsessile, 10-15-flowered: pedicels 
about twice the length of the greenish flowers: corolla-lobes oblong, 2 lines long: column 
very short: hoods whitish, erect, equalling the anthers, oblong, conduplicate-concave, the 
base of each inner margin appendaged by a cuneate erosely truncate lobe, the apex 
2-lobed and the narrow internal crest exserted in the sinus in the form of an intermediate 
tooth: interior crown of 5 very small 2-lobed processes between the bases of the anthers : 
follicles slender-fusiform and long-acuminate, erect on the ascending pedicel. — Proc. Am. 
Acad. xii. 72. Polyotus anqustifolins, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, v. 201. Acerates 
angustifolia, Decaisne, 1. c. 622, — Dry prairies, W. Arkansas and N. Texas to Nebraska and 
Colorado. Connecting link between Asclepias and .Acerutes. 


7, ACERATES, Ell. (Formed of «, privative, and x¢oag, a horn.) — At- 
lantic U. 8. perennial herbs, resembling Asclep/as ; with comparatively small 
flowers greenish or barely tinged with purple, in summer. Umbels many-flowered, 
sessile or short-peduncled. Distinguished only by the total absence of horn or 


Acerates. ASCLEPIADACE.E. 99 


crest to the hoods, and by the wings of the anthers not angulate nor dilated (but 
rather tapering) at base. — Ell. Sk. i. 316 (1817); Engelm. mss.; Gray, Proc. 
Am. Acad. l.c.  Polyotus, Nutt. in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 1c. Gomphocarpus 
in part, Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 754. 


* Mass of anthers and stigma globular, not equalled by the hoods: column below the hoods evi- 
dent: leaves mainly alternate-scattered, very numerous. 

~~~ A. auriculdta, Engelm. Glabrous up to the inflorescence: stem 2 or 3 fect high, 

slender: leaves linear-filiform (4 to 6 inches long, a third to a line and a half wide), their 
scabrous margins not revolute: umbels several, lateral: pedicels short : column below the 
hoods very short: hoods oval or quadrate, emarginately or sometimes 3-crenately truncate, 
the involute margins at base appendaged with a pair of remarkably large and broad 
auricles : anther-wings narrow and of equal breadth from top to bottom: pollinia elongated- 
oblong, not tapering upward.— Engelm. in Bot. Mex. Bound. 169.— Prairies and rocky 
ground, from 8S. Texas and New Mexico to Colorado. Unless the characters are noted, 
very likely to be confounded with Aselepius (Nothacerutes) stenophylla. 

ews A. longifdlia, Ell. Minutely hirsutely scabrous-pubescent, or smoothish: stems 1 to 3 

fect high, erect or ascending: leaves from linear to elongated-lanceolate (3 to 8 inches long, 
1 to 6 lines wide) : umbels few or numerous, terminal and lateral : pedicels slender : column 
rather conspicuous below the hoods: these purple or purplish, oval, obtuse, entire, unap- 
pendaged, adnate by the ventral margins to the whole upper half of the column, therefore 
pitcher-like, rising barely to the middle of the anthers: anther-wings semi-rhombic, more 
attenuate to base: pollinia (as generally in the genus) with tapering apex. — Sk. i. 317; 
Decaisne in DC. Prodr. viii. 522. Asclepias longifolia, Michx. Fl. i. 116, mainly. A. Flori- 
dana, Lam. Dict. i. 284. A. incarnata, Walt. Car. 106, not L. Polyotus longifolius, Nutt. in 
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. v. 522.— Moist prairies and pine-barreuns, Florida to Texas, and 
north to Ohio and Wisconsin. Varies greatly in height, length of peduncles, foliage, &e. : 
a Florida form has few or single slender-peduncled umbels, and smaller flowers. 

* % Mass of anthers and stigma longer than broad, almost equalled by the hoods, the short inser- 

tion of which covers the very short column: leaves not rarely opposite. mostly broader. 

e— = A. viridifléra, Ell. Tomentose-puberulent, becoming glabrate, or the foliage somewhat 
scabrous: stem a foot or two high : leaves oval or oblong and obtuse or retuse (one or two 
inches long), or sometimes narrower and longer and also acute, commonly mucronate, occa- 
sionally undulate: umbels 2 to 5 or sometimes solitary, mostly lateral and subsessile, dense : 
pedicels little over double the length of the reflexed narrowly oblong lobes of the greenish 
corolla: hoods somewhat fleshy, lanceolate-oblong, with small auricles at base much in- 
volute and concealed, otherwise entire, alternated by as many short and roundish or gland- 
like small internal teeth: anther-wings semi-rhomboid above, with a much longer tapering 
base. — Asclepias viridiflora, Raf. in Med. Rep. xi. 360, & Desv. Jour. Bot. i. 227; Pursh, 
Fl. i. 181; Torr. Fl. 284 (excel. var. oborata) ; Hook. Fl. ii. 53, t. 143. Polyotus heterophyllus, 
Nutt. L «.—Dry sterile soil, New England and Canada to Saskatchewan, and south to 
Florida and Texas. Runs into 

~——Var. lanceolata, with lanceolate leaves 24 to 4 inches long. — Asclepias lanceolata, 
Ives in Amer. Jour. Sci. iv. 252, with plate. A. riridiflora, var. lanceolata, Torr. 1. c. ; Hook. 
l. c.,dextral figure. With the broader-leaved form. 

Var. linearis, with elongated linear leaves and low stems: umbels often solitary. — 
Winnipeg Valley to New Mexico. 

A. lanuginosa, Decaisne. Hirsute rather than woolly: stems a span or two high, 
terminated by a single pedunculate umbel: leaves frequently alternate or scattered. from 
oblong-ovate to lanceolate (1 to 3 inches long), with roundish base: pedicels 3 or 4 times 
the length of the oblong lobes of the greenish corolla: hoods purplish, broadly oblong, 
obtuse and entire, involute auricles at base obscure if any; the alternating internal teeth 
or lobes small and emarginate: anther-wings broadest and obtusely angulate below the 
middle (approaching those of Asclepias): fruit not seen.— Gray, Man. ed. 3, & ed. 5. 
A. monocephala, Lapham in Gray, Man. ed. 2, addend. Asr/¢pias lanuginosa, Nutt. Gen. i. 1458. 
A. Nutalliana, Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 218. Polyotus lanuginosus, Nutt. in Trans. Am. 
Phil. Soc. 1. c. — Prairies, Wisconsin and N. Illinois, Lapham, Vasey, &c., to the Missouri at 
White River, Vutall, and the Yellowstone, Jfr. Allen. 


a. Pafida MM Meely 


100 ASCLEPIADACEA. Schizonotus. 


8. SCHIZONOTUS, Gray. (2yizw, I cleave, vcz0g, the back, the hoods 
of the crown open posteriorly as if split down the back ; in which it differs from 
Acerates.) — Single species. 

S. purpurascens, Gray. Herb a span to a foot high, canescently puberulent: leaves 
opposite, cordate (an inch or more long), thickish: umbels 2, terminal, densely many- 
flowered on peduncles longer than the pedicels : corolla reddish purple outside, flesh-color 
within; the oblong lobes a line and a half long; the pale hoods about the same length: 
anther-wings lunate.— Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 63. Gomphocarpus purpurascens, Gray, Proc. 


Am. Acad. x. 76, & Bot. Calif. i. 477 (§ Schizonotus). — California, on an open mountain sum- 
mit in Lake Cv., Greene (Mr. Towle) : fl. June. 


9. GOMPHOCARPUS, R. Br. (Mugos, a peg or club, and xagrde, fruit.) 
— Old World and chiefly African genus, to which these two Californian species 
are technically referred; distinguished from Asclepias merely by the absence of 
horn or crest to the hoods. — Benth. & Hook. l.c., excl. Acerates & Anantheriz. 


== G. cordifélius, Benth. Glabrous: stem 2 or 3 feet high: leaves ovate or ovate-lan- 
ceolate with cordate clasping base, acute, opposite or rarely in threes, 2 to 5 inches long: 
umbels 1 to 4, loosely many-flowered ; slender filiform pedicels equalling or shorter than 
the peduncles : calyx villous-pubescent : corolla dark red-purple ; the lobes oval or oblong, 
3 or 4 lines long: hoods erect on the summit of the short column, purplish, thin, ventricose, 
with dorsally truncate summit produced at the ventral margins into subulate slender ascend- 
ing cusp, equalling the anthers, a narrow fissure down the ventral side: follicles ovate- 
lanceolate, smooth and glabrous, arrect on the deflexed fruiting pedicels. — Gray, Bot. Calif. 
1.477. Acerates cordifolia, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 323. A. atropurpurea, Kellogg, Proce. Calif. 
Acad. i. 65, Asclepias “ ecornutum,” Kellogg, 1.c. 55.— California, common in dry ground 
through the great valley and foot-hills. ’ 
—= G. tomentdsus, Gray, lv. Tomentose up to the calyx or outside of the corolla with 
soft floccose matted wool, resembling Asclepias vestita: stem 2 or 3 feet high, angled : leaves 
opposite (rarely somewhat scattered), ovate or oblong, acute or acuminate (2 to 4 inches 
long), mostly rounded at base, short-petioled: umbels terminal and lateral, sessile or nearly 
so, loosely several-flowered : corolla greenish or dull purplish; the lobes 4 lines long: hood 
attached to the summit of the short distinct column, ventricose and rounded, spreading, 
reaching to near the middle of the anthers, pointless, open, and as if 2-valved across the 
top and to the middle of the back. — Acerates tomentosa, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 160, t. 44. 
— Dry hills, California, from Monte Diablo to San Diego Co. 
Var. XAnti, Gray, |. c., distinguished only by the hoods ; these somewhat oval, and 
depending, so that the fissure becomes as if dorsal, and extends two-thirds down. — Fort 


ejony Xantus. jai, Santa Barbara Co., Dr. Peckham. 
—_ « £ 
A NSLENIA, Nutt. oysius Enslen, an Austrian botanist, who col- 


lected in the Atlantic U.S. early in the century.) — Perennial twining herbs 
(N. and 8. American) ; with membranaceous and cordate opposite leaves, and 
whitish flowers in small axillary pedunculate cymes. 


== HE. albida, Nutt. Tall-climbing, glabrous, with some slight pubescence: leaves some- 
what hastately cordate, slender-petioled, acuminate-tipped : cymes 15-30-flowered: appen- 
dages of the crown 2-awned: anther-tips erect, longer than the body of the anther: 
ligulate awn-like appendages of the crown geminate.— Gen. i. 164; Decaisne in DC. 
l.c. 518; Deless. Ic. v. t.63.— River banks, S. Pennsylvania and Virginia to Illinois, Mis- 
souri and Texas: fl. summer. 


11. ROULINIA, Decaisne. (Dr. Roulin,a French naturalist.) — Twining 
plants (Texas to Buenos Ayres), with the habit of Enslenia. — DC. Prodr. viii. 
516; Deless. Ic. v. t. 62. 


R. unifaria, Engelm. Aspect and growth of Enslenia albida: leaves deeply cordate, 
with rounded basal lobes of the larger ones incurved, abruptly slender-acuminate : cymes 


Melinia. ASCLEPIADACEE. 101 


10-20-flowered, somewhat paniculate or racemiform : flowers greenish-white, hardly 3 lines 
in diameter: corolla-lobes oblong, thickish-edged: divisions of the crown short (hardly at 
all excecding the anthers), merely and obtusely 3-lobed at the apex; the middle lobe at 
most twice the length of the lateral ones, obtuse or emarginate: follicles oblong, thick, 3 
or 4 inches long. — Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 160. Gowolubus unifurius, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 
760, the insignificant specific name from the pubescence in a line down the stem, in a 
manncr most common in the order. — Along streams, Texas, Lindheimer, Wright, &c. 


12. METASTELMA, R. Br. (Formed of peré, change of, and otdiuc. 
girdle or crown, having 5 processes or scales in place of the ordinary crown.) — 
Twining perennial herbs or somewhat woody plants (American and mainly 
tropical), usually slender, and with small opposite leaves. Flowers small in 
axillary phe form clusters ite or sometimes greenish. 

A Ylgepee a coer Benth. & Hook. Crown borne on the base of the 
seal or of the short or else obsolete column. 


M. FrAseri, Decaisne in DC. Prodr. viii. 513, “Carolina? Fraser,’ was probably West 
Indian, perhaps same as JV. albiflorum, Griseb., doubtless not Carolinian. 


_=>_M. barbigerum, Scheele. Glabrous: stems slender: leaves from ovate-oblong to nar- 


Se 


—_— 


rowly lanceolate, cuspidate-acuminate, rounded at base, glandular at base of midrib: 
peduncles shorter than the petiole and the 3 to 5 pedicels, often very short: corolla (nearly 
2 lines long, greenish outside), 5-parted; the lobes linear and strongly white-villous inside : 
scales of the crown slender-subulate, on the base of the corolla, a little surpassing the 
anthers: column extremely short. — Linn. xxi. 760; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 159. — Open 
woods and rocky banks, Texas. (Adjacent Mex.) 

M. Blodgéttii, Gray. Nearly glabrous: stems filiform : leaves narrowly lanceolate, very 
acute (half inch or more long, a line or so wide), rounded at base, short-petioled: peduncle 
very short or obsolete, 3-0- flowered : pedicels about the length of the flower (one line) - 
corolla cleft almost to base ; the lobes oblong-lanceolate, within densely penicillate-bearded 
just below the apex, elabrous or with a few sparse hairs below: scales of the crown 
slender-subulate, inserted on the base of the corolla, half the length of its lobes, hardly 
surpassing the anthers: column distinct but shorter than the anthers. — Proc. Am. Acad. 
xii. 73. M. parviflorum, Chapm. F). 367, not R. Br. — Pine Key, 8. Florida, Blodgett. (Prob- 
ably also W. Indian.) 

M. Cauirérniccm, Benth. Sulph. 83, t. 18, is from Bay of Magdalena, Lower California, 
nearly under the tropic. 


§ 2. Eviction. Griseb. Crown borne on the summit of the elongated column 
close to the anthers. 


M. Bahaménse, Griseb. Nearly glabrous: leaves round-oval to oblong (an inch or 
less long), mucronate-cuspidate, slender-petioled: peduncles equally or slightly surpassing 
the petiole, 3-0-flowered: corolla 2 lines long, campanulate ; the lobes ovate-oblong, densely 
puberulent along the broad thickened margins: column 3 or 4 times the length of the 
anthers, 5-wing-angled at base: scales of the crown oblong-falcate, laterally compressed 
and internally carinate, equalling the anthers. —Cat. Cubens. 174. J/. Cubense, Griseb. 
Fl. W. Ind. 417, not Decaisne. .W. Schlechtendalii, Chapm. FI. 366, not Decaisne. — Keys of 


Florida Blodgett. (Bahgmas.) 
La.) eee Mae | | 
MEL NIA, Decaisne. (From pijiroz. yellowish, the color of the small 


Bc — Two or three extra-tropical $. American species, which have cordate 
leaves and slender peduncles; to which is appended the following, doubtfully, for 
its habit is that of Aletastelma. 

M. angustifolia, Gray. Nearly glabrous : stems filiform, branching from a ligneous base, 
a foot or two long, spreading, more or less twining: leaves opposite, narrowly linear (9 to 
20 lines long, a line or less wide), acute, distinctly petioled : peduncles 1-2-flowered, hardly 
longer than the flowers: calyx-segments lanceolate-acuminate, nearly equalling the cam- 
panulate 5-parted corolla: scales of the crown spatulate-oblong, nearly plane, half the 


102 ASCLEPIADACEZ. Vineetoxicum. 


length of the corolla-lobes, surpassing the column under the anthers: terminal membrane 
of the latter oblong, longer than their cells, slightly surpassed by the slender columnar 
entire beak to the stigma: young follicle tapering from the base. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 
73. Metastelma? angustifolia, ‘Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 159.—Ravine at Santa Cruz, 
Sonora, near the southern boundary of Arizona, Wright. Corolla a line long, smooth 
within, except a minute and apparently glandular tuft at the base of the midrib, and the 
obscurely puberulent recurved tips; the sides below narrowly but distinctly convolute- 
overlapping in estivation. Scales of the crown wholly separate, inserted at the junction 
of the corolla with the column. 


14. VINCETOXICUM, Mench. (Old herbalist name of the typical 
species, from véncews, that which serves for binding, and toxicwm, a poison, i.e. 
poisonous bindweed.) — Herbaceous perennial or under-shrubby plants (of the 
Old and New Worlds); with twining or erect stems, mostly opposite leaves, and 
small or minute flowers, usually dull-colored. — A polymorphous and rather loosely 
defined genus, as extended in Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii.761; the indigenous North 
American (and most other American) species forming a distinct subgenus. 


§ 1. SeGrera. Crown of 5 thin or thinnish scales or processes, either dis- 
tinct or barely united at base: corolla-lobes narrowly or sometimes obscurely 
overlapping. — Lyonia, Ell., not Nutt., but rather earlier. Seutera, Reichenb. 
Consp. 131. Amphistelma, Griseb. 


x= V.palistre. Stems filiform, herbaceous, freely twining upon rushes and saline grasses: 
leaves linear, acute, fleshy (an inch or two long, a line or two wide) : peduncles longer than 
the leaves, umbellately several-many-flowered: corolla greenish, with ovate-lanccolate 
acuminate lobes nearly 2 lines long: scales of the crown oblong-obovate, retuse or emar- 
ginate, nearly half the length of the corolla, slightly surpassing the deeply sagittate-based 
anthers, distinct or very nearly so: stigma with obtusely conical apex: — Ceropegia palustris, 
Pursh, Fl.‘i. 184. Lyonita maritima, Ell. Sk. i. 316. Cynanchum angustifolium, Nutt. Gen. 
i. 164. Seutera maritima, Decaisne in DC. 1.c. 590. Amphistelma salinarum, C. Wright in 
Griseb. Cat. Cubens. 175. — Salt marshes along the coast from North Carolina to Texas: 
fl. summer. (W. Ind.) 
=—— V.scoparium. Stems filiform, much branched, ligneous below, the branches diffuse and 
more or less twining, becoming leafless and rush-like: leaves slender-linear, thin, very 
acute: umbels sessile and few-flowered: flowers very small (only a line long), greenish : 
corolla-lobes lanceolate, almost valvate in the bud: scales of the crown much shorter than 
the anthers, ovate, hardly united at base. — Cynanchum scoparium, Nutt. in Am. Jour. Sci. 
vy. (1822) 291. Cynoctonum ? scoparium, Chapm. Fl. 867. Amphistelma filiforme, Griseb. F1. 
W. Ind. 418. A. ephedroides & graminifolium (probably), Griseb. Cat. Cubens. 174. 3/eta- 
stelma filiforme, C. Wright, in Sauvalle, Fl. Cubana, 120.— Dry soil, E. Florida. (W. Ind., 
Mex. *) 
§ 2. VincEToxicum proper. Crown more fleshy and cup-like, almost entire, 
lobed, or sometimes 5-parted: stems erect or feebly twining. 
«=x V. Nicrum, Mench, of Europe, with feebly twining stems, ovate acute leaves, and peduncled 
cymes of blackish-purple flowers (3 or 4 lines in diameter), the saucer-shaped crown cre- 


nately 5-lobed and with obscure interposed denticulations — sparingly occurs as a weed in 
and near gardens, New England to Penn., but does not deserve a place in our flora. 


_ 15., GONOLOBUS, Michx. (Formed of yota, angle, and 2ofde, pod, one 

,of the original species having costate-angled follicles.) — Perennial herbs, or in 
warmer regions shrubby (all American) ; with twining or trailing stems, usually 
cordate opposite leaves, and mostly umbellate cymes or small fascicles of dull or 
dark-colored flowers, produced in summer, succeeded by follicles which generally 
resemble those of Asclepias. — Fl. i. 119; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 78, 74. 


Gonolobus. ASCLEPIADACEX. 103 


§ 1. Dicryérosvs, Gray, l.c. Corolla reticulated and sometimes rugulose 
with a fine network of colored veins; the lobes commonly broad or roundish: 
crown single. (The species mainly tropical and rather large-flowered.) 


: G. reticuldtus, Engelm. High-climbing, hirsute (especially the stems) with spreading 
and reddish bristly hairs, minutely somewhat glandular : leaves (14 to 4 inches long) deeply 
cordate with incurved auricles, acute or acuminate: peduncles equalling or exceeding the 
slender petiole and sometimes longer than the leaf, 5-9-flowered, thrice the length of the 
flower: corolla lurid green, with purplish venation, half inch in diameter, glabrous within, 
somewhat hairy without ; the lobes broadly ovate or obovate: crown a narrow entire ring 
around the base of the distinct column: stigma circular: follicles fusiform and long-acu- 
minate, 3 to 5 inches long, strongly muricate.— Gray, l.c. G. granulatus, Torr. Bot. Mex. 
Bound. 165, not Scheele. — Thickets and rocky banks, Texas to E. Arizona. (Monterey, 
Mex.) 


§ 2. Evconérosus, Gray, ].c. Corolla not venulose-reticulated (at least not 
conspicuously) ; the lobes from ovate-acuminate to linear: crown simple, un- 
appendaged within, inserted at the junction of corolla and column or higher on 
the latter: angles of the stigma little or not at all salient: stems herbaceous, 
usually freely twining. (Pubescence variable, especially the hirsute and spread- 
ing or reflexed hairs, which often occur on the stems, petioles, and sometimes on 
the leaves.) 


* Peduncles umbellately or sometimes more cymosely few-many-flowered: corolla rotate, 5- 
parted ; the lubes stellately spreading or recurying, 


+— Thickish in texture, dull or dusky yellowish-green, sometimes turning lurid-purplish within, at 
least toward the base; the bud conical-acuminate, at least the outside (as well as calyx, pedicels, 
and short peduncle) glabrous: crown a low and undulately 10-lobed fleshy disk at base of short 
column under the stigma: anthers narrowly bordered at summit with a scarious membrane which 
overlies the edge of the stigma: follicles unarmed, glabrous, 3-5-costate or angled, fleshy and 
when mature and dry of spongy texture. 

G. suberdésus, R. Br. Leaves cordate with an open and shallow or sometimes deeper 
and narrow sinus, acuminate, minutely pubescent, glabrate, or sometimes hairy (3 to 5 
inches long): umbels 3-9-flowered, much shorter than the petiole: corolla broadly conical 
and with abrupt acumination, twisted in the bud; its lobes ovate or becoming triangular- 
lanceolate, acute, of thickish and firm texture, dusky, minutely whitish-pubescent inside, 
but sometimes glabrate, hardly double the length wf the calyx-lobes. — Mem. Wern. Soc. 
(name only) & Hort. Kew. ed. 2, ii. 82 (1811) ; Gray, Proc. 1. ¢., not Decaisne. Cynanchum 
suberosum, L. Spec., as to Dill. Elth. i. 300, t. 229, f. 296.  Vincetoxicum gonocarpos, Walt. Car. 
104, at least in part. Gonolobus macrophyllus, Chapm. FI. i. 368, not Michx. — Virginia to 
Florida, along and near the coast. 

== G. levis, Michx. Usually less pubescent or hairy: leaves (in the typical form) oblong- 
cordate with a deep and narrow but open sinus, conspicuously acuminate (3 to 6 inches 
long) : umbels 5-10-flowered, barely equalling the petiole: corolla rather elongated-conical 
in the bud, not twisted; its lobes (3 to 5 lines long) narrowly or linear-lanceolate, obtuse, 
glabrous inside, 8 or 4 times the length of the calyx. — Fl. ii. 119; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 399. 
— Mississippi to Arkansas and E. Texas. Passes freely into 
<=—m=e= Var. macrophyllus. Leaves broadly cordate, and with the rounded basal lobes 
approximate or even overlapping, abruptly acuminate, the larger often 9 or 10 inches long 
and 7 or8 broad, the under side commonly soft with a fine and short or sometimes granular- 
glandular pubescence: calyx-lobes often ciliolate toward the apex.— G. macrophyllus, 

Michx. l.c. G. viridiflorus, Nutt. Gen. i. 163; therefore G. Nuttalli, Decaisne in DC. Prodr. 

viii. 598. G. tiliefolius, Decaisne, 1. c. 596. G. granulatus, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 759. Vince- 

toricum gonocarpos, Walt. Car. 104, in part. — Virginia and Carolina to Texas, Kentucky and 

Missouri. 

+ + Corolla thinner in texture, mostly purple or whitish ; the lobes obtuse: crown cupulate, as 
high as the anthers: membrane of the latter inconspicuous or obsolete. or not inflected over the 
edge of the stigma: peduncle with the umbel or cymose cluster equalling or surpassing the 
petiole: follicles ovate-lanceolate, terete, muricate: stems in all variably hirsute: calyx and out- 
side of the corolla more or less pubescent or puberulent. 


104 ASCLEPIADACEX. Gonolobus. 


++ Crown fleshy, the border merely crenate. 

=== G. obliquus, R. Br. Leaves from rounded- to ovate-cordate with a narrow sinus, 
abruptly acuminate (3 to 8 inches long): umbel many-flowered, sometimes cymosely com- 
pound or geminate: corolla in the bud oblong-conical ; its lobes linear-ligulate (5 or 6 lines 
long, barely a line wide), crimson-purple inside, dull or greenish and minutely pubescent 
outside: margin of the crown 10-crenulate, with the intermediate crenatures sometimes 
2-dentate. — Rem. & Schult. Syst. vi. 64; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t. 99; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 
399. G. hirsutus, Nutt. Gen. i. 163, not Michx. G. macrophyllus, Decaisne, 1. c., chiefly, not 
Michx. Gonolobium hirsutum, Pursh, Fl. i.179. Cynanchum obliquum, Jacq. Coll. i. 148, & 
Te. Rar. t. 841. C. discolor, Sims, Bot. Mag. t 1273; therefore Gonolobus discolor, Reem. & 
“Schult. l.e.  C. hirtum, L. 4, as to Apocynum scandens Virginianum, ete., Moris. Hist. iii. 611, 
t. 3, fig. 61. — Mountains of Virginia (and Carolina ?) to Pennsylvania, Ohio and Kentucky. 

Anthers with a distinct dorsal membrane which barely reaches the edge of the stigma. 
Var. Shortii, apparently a form with dull purplish and larger flowers (corolla-lobes 


a line and a half wide), said to have the scent lycantkus-blossoms. — Dry woods, near 
Lexington, Kentucky, Short, Peter. =< yA af ? 4 
G. hirstitus, Michx. Commonly more hairy: leaves ie: the basal 


lobes sometimes overlapping: peduncles fewer-flowered: corolla in the bud ovate; its 

lobes elliptical-oblong, 3 or 4 lines long, barely puberulent outside, dull or brownish-purple : 

margin of the crown obtusely 10-crenate. — FI. i, 119 (excl. syn. Walt.) ; Gray, Man. 1. c., 

excl. syn. in part. Apocynum hirsutum, etc., Pluk. Alm. 37, t. 76.— Maryland and Virginia 

to Tennessee and Florida. Corolla in dried specimens showing some reticulate venation. 

4+ ++ Crown of thinner texture, 5-lobed and with intermediate geminate or 2-cleft longer teeth: 
peduncle commonly longer and inflorescence more cymose or umbellate-clustered: leaves, &c., as 
in the preceding species: flower-bud oblong, barely puberulent outside. 

——G. Carolinénsis, R. Br. Corolla brownish-purple; the lobes oblong or linear-oblong, 
4 or 5 lines long: crown undulately and very obtusely 5-lobed and with a longer bifid 
subulate process in each sinus which equals or somewhat surpasses the stigma. — Rem. & 
Schult. 1. c. 62; Ell. Sk. i. 828 (excl. fruit); Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. l.c. G. hirsutus, Sweet, 
Br. Fl. Gard. t.1. Cynanchum Carolinense, Jacq. Coll. ii. 228, & Ic. Rar. t. 842. Vincetoricum 
acanthocarpos, Walt. Car. 104, ex char.— S. Carolina to Louisiana and Arkansas. 

G. Baldwinidnus, Sweet. Corolla whitish, thin in texture; the lobes less spreading, 
oblong or becoming spatulate, 4 or 5 lines long: crown almost membranaceous, deeply 
cleft ; the 5 broader lobes quadrate, with the summit commonly emarginate; in their si- 
nuses a pair of slender linear-subulate processes of about double the length, which promi- 
nently surpass the stigma. — G. macrophyllus, Ell. Sk. i. 827 (“corolla obscure yellow ”), not 
Michx. G. Carolinensis, Nutt. Gen. i. 163 (“flowers yellowish”), not R. Br. G. hirsutus, 
Lodd. Cab. t. 365% — Georgia and Alabama (Buckley, “ flowers white”) to N. W. Arkansas, 
Engelmann ; “ flowers whitish with offensive odor.” Transition to Polymeria of Decaisne. 
%* %* Flowers solitary and subsessile in the axils: corolla deply 5-cleft: anthers prominent and more 

separate from the stigma. 

G. sagittif6lius, Gray. Barely puberulent, small and low, but twining: leaves rather 
fleshy (a quarter to half inch long, and with petiole of half the length), sagittate, with 
auricles obtuse or rounded: corolla “ yellow,” glabrous, 24 lines long; the lobes lanceolate- 
linear: crown at the base of corolla, entire and saucer-shaped: follicles lanceolate, smooth 
and nearly glabrous. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 77.— Mountain sides along the Rio Limpio, 
Western Texas, Wright. A peculiar species, in Bot. Mex. Bound. confounded with G. 
parvifolius. 


§ 8. Curmamdtia, Gray, le Corolla not conspicuously venulose-reticulated, 
campanulate or rotate: crown appendaged or crested within, or else double (the 
internal appendages being free), inserted at the junction of the column with the 
corolla, or more adnate to one or the other: anthers more prominent and distinct 
from the stigma (not rarely with short corneous wings in the manner of Asclepias) : 
flowers small: stems mostly low and little or not at all twining. — Ohthamalia (at 
least in part) & Lachnostoma, in part, Decaisne in DC. l.c. Lachnostoma, Benth. 
& Hook. in part,not HBK. (The first species nearly wants the technical character.) 


a he-0e lee. dpigoriea Gray 


Gonolobus. ASCLEPIADACE.E. 105 


* Peduncles none, or merely a terminal one by the reduction of uppermost leaves to hracts: pedicels 
ee 3 ina fascicle, as long as the flower: stems a foot or two long, procumbent or diffuse, not 
wilds. 

G. pubifidrus, Engelm. Soft-pubescent and somewhat hirsute: leaves (about an inch 
long) broadly cordate or reniform, on petioles hardly longer than the basal lobes, the upper 
acute or sometimes acuminate: pedicels rather shorter than the flower: corolla campanu- 
late, 5-cleft barely to the middle (3 lines long) ; its lobes oblong-ovate, very villous inside: 
crown globular cup-shaped, higher than the anthers and acutely 5-angled stigma, thinnish, 
obscurely 5-lobed at the involute somewhat plaited summit ; the lobes undulate-truncate and 
with a prominent callous tip, obscurely glandular within, and the tube within traversed with 
5 light salient (or almost obsolete) ribs or crests ; also 5 small adnate auricles at very base 
within: follicles “oval, smooth.” — Pl. Lindh. i. 44; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 165. G. pros- 
tratus, Baldw. in Ell. Sk. i. 329, not R. Br. Chthamalia pubiflora, Decaisne in DC. 1. c. 605. — 
Georgia, on sandhills of the Altamaha River, &c., Lyon, Baldwin, Le Conte; rare. 


G. biflérus, Nutt. Hirsute-villous: leaves cordate (an inch or so in length), on slender 
petioles much longer than basal lobes, the upper triangular-cordate, uppermost occasionally 
reduced and bract-like: pedicels in pairs or sometimes solitary, nearly equalling the petiole : 
corolla rotate, deeply 5-cleft, dark dull-purple (24 lines long); the lobes oblong, sparsely 
pubescent both sides: crown saucer-shaped, 5-lobed, and the sinuses occasionally 2-3-den- 
ticulate; the lobes traversed within by a salient canaliculate crest, which at base is adnate 
to the base of the column and at summit extends into a conspicuous callous acuniination 
which incurves over the edge of the stigma: follicles muricate.— Torr. 1.c.165. Chthamalia 
biflora, Decaisne, 1. c. — Arkansas (.Nuttall, &c.) and Texas. 

Var. Wrightii, a form with corolla almost 5-parted into oblong-linear lobes: the 
callous acumination of the crown shorter, and the large and stout follicles hirsute as well 
as muricate, —E. Texas, Wright. 

G. cynanchoides, Engelm. Pubescent and somewhat hirsute: leaves cordate (an 
inch or two long) on short petioles mostly longer than the basal lobes, the upper often 
ovate-lanceolate and subcordate, uppermost not rarely reduced to bracts; the inflorescence 
thus becoming somewhat racemose-clustered at naked summit: pedicels also in pairs from 
a few of the axils below, rather longer than the petiole: corolla rotate-campanulate, dark 
greenish-purple (2 lines long), almost 5-patted ; its lobes ovate or oblong, somewhat pubes- 
cent outside, glabrous within: crown saucer-shaped, thick, 5lobed; the lobes broad and 
rounded, with a callous obscurely 3-crenulate margin, appendaged inside by a prominent 
crest or ligule; which is free and obtuse at apex, channelled below, and at base decurrent 
on the column: anther-tips (as in preceding) partly inflexed over the stigma: follicles 
ovate, sparsely short-muricate, pubescent.— Pl. Lindh. i. 48; Torr. 1. c.— Dry prairies, 
Arkansas and Texas, Berlandier, Drummond, Lindheimer, &c. 

%* %* Peduncles none: flowers solitary (or rarely geminate) and nearly sessile in the axils of the 
very small and somewhat hastate leaves: stems low but twining. 

G. parvifdlius, Torr. Puberulent, much branched, sparingly climbing: leaves thickish, 
deltoid or hastate, 2 to 5 lines long, and rather long-petioled: corolla globose in the bud, 
barely a line and a half long, dull yellow, glabrous throughout, nearly rotate, deeply 5-lobed ; 
the lobes ovate, obtuse: crown at the base of the very short column, fleshy, deeply 5-lobed ; 
the lobes broadly ovate, obtuse or emarginate, spreading, almost equalling the undivided 
portion of the corolla, concave, appendaged by a broad and wholly adnate thin crest which 
is connected with the base of the very short column, and at tip within is extended into 
a minute projecting tooth. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 166 (excl. fruit) ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 
xii. 78. —S. W. Texas, in a cafion of the Rio Grande below Mount Carmel, Parry. Fruit 
unknown, that described belonging to G. sagittifolius. 

G. hastulatus, Gray, lc. Canescently pubescent: filiform stems freely twining: 
leaves mostly hastate, 2 or 3 lines long, slender-petioled: corolla narrowly oblong in the 
bud, 2 lines long, whitish, glabrous, 5-parted ; the lobes ligulate-linear: crown borne on the 
summit of the distinct column close to the anthers, of 5 white and thinnish Asclepias-like 
hoods, which are complicate-concave, acutely 3-toothed at summit, its internal crest free 
at the apex, falcate, and extended into a subulate process which is inflexed over the stigma: 
follicles fusiform, sparsely muricate. — Lachnostoma hastulatum, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 620. — 
Tantillas Cafion, below the southern boundary line of California, Palmer. 


106 LOGANIACES. Gonolobus. 


% * * Peduncles at the axils shorter than the leaf and umbellately 3-5-flowered : corolla 4 lines 
long: crown cup-shaped, crenately lobed: stem twining or trailing, 2 to 4 feet long. 

—— G. prodtctus, Torr. Minutely pubescent: leaves sagittate-cordate, or the broadest 
with somewhat reniform base, and above gradually tapering-acuminate (an inch or two 
long), the rounded and mostly incurved auricles much shorter than the slender petiole: 
peduncles about the length of the petiole: corolla oblong-campanulate, as long as the 
pedicel, dull greenish-purple, puberulent outside, nearly glabrous within, 5-cleft to rather 
below the middle; the lobes linear-oblong, somewhat erect: crown nearly equalling the 
anthers and stigma, thinnish, inserted at base of the short column, and connected with it 
by 5 membranaceous lamelle or crests (2-toothed at the upper edge, which only is free) 
opposite the short lobes, the cavity of the crown thus as it were 5-celled: follicles ovate, 
smooth. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 185. — W. Texas to Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) 

%* * * * Peduncles atthe axils and terminal, filiform, surpassing the leaves, somewhat racemoscly 
several-flowered: corolla a line long: crown laciniate and double: stems not twining. 

G. parvitidrus, Gray, |. c. Hirsute-pubescent: stems much branched from the tuber- 
ous base, a span or more high: leaves thinnish, ovate or the lower almost orbicular, not 
cordate, often undulate, an inch or less long, short-petioled, the upper acute or acuminate : 
slender peduncles 1 to 4 inches long: flowers short-pedicelled: corolla rotate, purplish, 
glabrous, 5-parted; the lobes ovate, becoming lanceolate: crown free from the column, 
membranaceous, 5-parted; the lobes each deeply cleft into a pair of slender subulate pro- 
cesses and before their base each augmented with a similar and rather longer free one, all 
of them surpassing the stigma and more or less connivent over it: follicles large, ovate, 
pubescent, tuberculate-muricate. — Lachnostoma? parviflorum, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 165. 


—S.W. Texas, Wright, Schott. g se 
YO ee Copel ea 
JE. 


OrpEr LXXXIX. LOGANIAC 


Herhs, shrubs, or within the tropics trees, a few climbing, destitute of milky 
juice; distinguished by having, along with a free 2-celled ovary and axile pla- 
cente, opposite (occasionally verticillate) simple leaves, and stipules between their 
bases, or a stipular line or narrow membrane in their place; the flowers regular 
and 4-5-merous, with stamens on the tube or throat of the corolla alternate with 
its lobes ; pollen of ordinary loose grains; style one; stigma terminal ; amphi- 
tropous or anatropous seeds, and embryo rather small in copious albumen. There- 
fore mainly like Rudiacez, but with a superior ovary, while they also variously 
approach Apocynacee, Gentianacee, and even Scrophulariacee. The greater part 
tropical. 


Tripe I. GELSEMIEA. Stigmas 4, the apex of the style being twice 2-cleft. 


1. GELSEMIUM. Calyx 5-parted, imbricated. Corolla open-funnelform, 5-lobed; the 
lobes broad and imbricated in the bud. Stamens 5, on the tube of corolla: anthers linear 
or oblong and sagittate. Style filiform; the 4 lobes stigmatose inside. Ovules numerous 
in each cell, on linear placente. Capsule elliptical, compressed contrary to the narrow 
partition, septicidal; the conduplicate valves at length 2-cleft at the apex. Seeds several 
or numerous in each cell, winged. Embryo straight or slightly curved in fleshy albumen ; 
the ovate flat cotyledons much shorter than the slender radicle. 


Tribe Il. LOGANIEZ. Stigma single, entire or barely 2-lobed. Ovules numerous. 


* Corolla valvate in the bud, 5-lobed: capsule didymous or 2-lobed: herbs. 


2. SPIGELIA. Calyx 5-parted; the lobes narrow, usually very slender. Corolla tubular- 
funnelform or salverform, 15-nerved. Stamens 5: anthers linear or oblong, 2-lobed at 
base. Style filiform, articulated near or below the middle, the upper part often hollow, 
above puberulent or pubescent. Ovules numerous in each cell, on a peltate stipitate pla- 
centa. Capsule didymous, somewhat compressed contrary to the partition, circumscissile 
above the cupule-like persistent base, and 2-coccous, the carpels soon loculicidally 2- 
valved. Seeds few, peltate, angled by mutual pressure, closely packed on the placenta 
into a globular mass. Embryo short and straight in fleshy or cartilaginous albumen. 


Spigelia. LOGANIACEZ. 107 


3. MITREOLA. Calyx 5-parted; the lobes lanceolate. Corolla small, urceolate, bearded 
in the throat. Stamens 5, short: anthers cordate. Ovary 2celled and with a broad tip: 
style short, early dividing into two from the base, united by a common stigma, soon 
wholly separate and divergent. Capsule divaricately ¥-lobed or 2-horned at summit, de- 
hiscent by the ventral suture of each lobe. Seeds numerous, small, on stipitate placenta. 
Embryo lincar, nearly the length of the fleshy albumen. 


* * Corolla imbricated in the bud, 4-lobed, sometimes 5lobed: embryo small and straight 
in fleshy albumen. Pentamerous flowers occasionally occur. 


+ Calyx deeply 4-5-parted: capsule loculicidal : annual herb. 


4. POLYPREMUM. Corolla campanulate, bearded in the throat, shorter than the subu- 
late foliaceous sepals. Stamens 4, inserted low on the tube of the corolla, included: 
anthers ovate. Style short: stigma capitate, entire or obscurely 2-lobed. Capsule glo- 
bular-ovoid but slightly compressed contrary to the partition and didymous, loculicidally 
2-valved and at length somewhat septicidal. Seeds numerous on oblong placente ascend- 
ing from near the base of the partition, minute, smooth. 


+ + Calyx 4-toothed or 4-cleft: capsule septicidal, globose or oblong ; valves mostly 2- 
cleft at apex and separating from the united placente : shrubs,with leaves often dentate ! 


5. BUDDLEIA. Calyx campanulate. Corolla rotate-campanulate (or sometimes salver- 
form) ; the lobes ovate or orbicular. Anthers 4, sessile or almost so in the throat or tube 
of the corolla, ovate or oblong-cordate. 

6. EMORYA. Calyx oblong, cleft ; the lobes linear-subulate. Corolla salverform, with 
tube somewhat enlarged above; the short lobes ovate. Stamens exserted: filaments fili- 
form and elongated, inserted on the middle of the tube: anthers cordate-oblong. Style 
very long and filiform. 


1. GELSEMIUM, Juss. “ Yertow Jessamrne ” of S. States. ( Gelsemino, 
an Italian name of the Jessamine.) — Twining and glabrous shrubby plants, with 
a mere line marking the place of the minute glandular caducous stipules, con- 
necting the bases of the opposite or sometimes ternate entire leaves ; the flowers 
showy, in ours heterogone-dimorphous, fragrant, produced in spring. —Two E. 
Asian species and the following. 

G.sempérvirens, Ait. Stems slender, climbing high: leaves evergreen, thin-coriaceous, 
shining, oblong- or ovate-lanceolate (14 to 24 inches long): peduncles very short, axillary, 
scaly-bracteolate, cymosely 1-3-flowered : corolla deep yellow, over an inch long: stigmas 
of one form and anthers of the other protruding: capsule deeply sulcate down the flat 
sides, cuspidate-pointed. — Gelseminum seu Jasminum luteum odoratum, etc., Catesb. Car. 
i. 53, t. 58. Bignonia sempervirens, L. Spec. ii. 625. Anonymos sempervirens, Walt. Car. 99. 
Gelsemium nitidum, Michx. Fl. i. 120. G. lucidum, Poir. “ Herb. Amat. 3, t. 169.” — Woods 
and low grounds, E. Virginia to Florida and Texas. (Mex.) 


2. SPIGELIA, L. Piyx-roor. (Adrian Spiegel, latinized Spigelius, a 
Dutch botanist of the 17th century.) — Herbs, rarely suffruticose (all American), 
usually low ; with membranaceous and more or less pinnately veined entire leaves, 
and small interpetiolar stipules or a transverse membranous line. Upper portion 
of the style usually, but not always, furnished with pollen-collecting hairs: the 
stigma terminal, usually emarginate or 2-lobed: lower part or base of the style 
persistent.— Our species glabrous, or merely scabrous-puberulent on the veins, 
&c.: stems 4-angled: flowering in early summer. 


§ 1. Flowers showy, unilateral-spicate on the single or sometimes geminate or 
umbellate and naked terminal peduncles of a scorpioid inflorescence: bracts 
minute and subulate or wanting : corolla red or pink, elongated-tubular, not plicate 
and the edges of the lobes slightly or not at all turned outward in the bud: anthers 
and especially the summit of the style exserted ; the articulation of the latter low 
down: root perennial, fibrose. 


108 LOGANIACE. Spigelia. 


=== §, Marilandica, L. Inpraw Pryx, &. Stem a foot or two high: leaves from ovate- 
lanceolate to ovate and acuminate, 2 to 4 inches long, closely sessile by a rounded base, 
one or two pairs of veins basal : inflorescence 1-2-spicate, short-pedunculate : corolla scarlet 
outside, yellow within, an inch and a half long; the tube somewhat clavate, four times 
the length of ovate-lanceolate lobes. — Mant. 338; Bot. Mag. t. 80; Lodd. Cab. t. 980; 
Bigel. Med. ii. t.14. (Catesb. Car. ii. t.78.) Lonicera Marilandica, L. Spec. — Woodlands, 
New Jersey to Wisconsin and Texas. 


§ 2. Flowers smaller, naked spicate as in the preceding: corolla white or pur- 
plish, funnelform; the limb more or less plicate in the bud with the edges of the 
lobes turned outward: anthers and style included. 


S. gentianoides, Chapm. Stem a span to a foot high from a perennial root, rough- 
ish: leaves ovate and the lower roundish, an inch or more long: spike few-flowered : corolla 
aninch long; the ovate-lanceolate lobes rather erect. —A.DC. Prodr. ix. 5; Chapm. Fl. 
182. — Light soil, W. Florida, Chapman. 


§ 3. Flowers small, terminal and in the forks of leafy branches, mostly short- 
peduncled : corolla nearly salverform, white or uearly so; the limb plicate in the 
bud and the edges turned outward: anthers and style included; the latter articu- 
lated in the middle, its tubular upper portion beset with collecting hairs fully half 
way down: root annual? — Celostylis, Torr. & Gray. 


S. loganioides, A.DC. A span or more high, ascending: leaves oval, sessile (half to 
three-fourths inch long): sepals narrowly linear and with the scarious margins denticulate: 
corolla 4 or 5 lines long, somewhat funnelform: capsule with minutely granulate surface 
(not lineolate): seeds smoothish. — Prodr. ix. 4. Celostylis loganioides, Torr. & Gray in 
Endl. Iconogr. t. 101 (beard on the style represented too short), & Fl. N. Am. ii. 44. — 
E. Florida, near Fort King, &c., Dr. Burrows, Rugel, Buckley. ~ 

8S. Lindheimeri. A span high, diffusely much branched from the base, puberulent- 
scabrous: leaves from ovate-oblong to lanceolate (an inch or less long), acutish at base, 
the lower somewhat petioled: sepals linear and the scarious margins conspicuously den- 
ticulate: corolla salverform, 4 lines long: capsule minutely lineolate: seeds at maturity 
tuberculate-rugose as well as minutely pitted. — Prairies of W. Texas, Lindheinter, Wright. 

S. Texdna, A.DC. lc. About a foot high, nearly smooth and glabrous : leaves ovate- to 
lanceolate-oblong, thinner and larger (one or two inches long), mostly acute at both ends, 
the lower somewhat petioled: sepals setaceous-subulate, only one-nerved ; the margins 
very obscurely serrulate-scabrous: corolla salverform, half inch long: capsule smooth, 
not lineolate : seeds minutely rugulose and punctate. — Cadostylis Texana, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 
— E. Texas, Drummond, Lindheimer, Wright, &c. 


3. MITREOLA, L. (Diminutive of mitra, a turban or mitre, from the 
shape of the capsule.) — Glabrous low herbs (E. American, Asiatic and Austra- 
lian), ours annuals; with entire leaves, small entire stipules between them, and 
very small white flowers unilaterally spicate on the naked branches of the ter- 
minal cyme: fl. summer. — Cynoctonum, Gmelin. 


—= M. petiolata, Torr. & Gray.. A foot or two high: leaves membranaceous, from ob- 
long-lanceolate to ovate (1 to 3 inches long), acute, narrowed at base into more or less of 
a petiole. — FL. N. Am. ii. 45; A.DC. Prodr. ix. 8; Progel in Mart. Fl. Bras. vi. t. 82, fig. 1. 
Ophiorhiza Mitreola, L. Spec. i. 150; Swartz, Obs. t.8.  O. lanceolata, Ell. Sk. i. 238. Anony- 
mos petiolata, Walt. Car. 108. Cynoctonum petiolatum, Gmel. Syst. 4. Afitreola ophiorhizoides, 
A. Rich. Mém. Soe. Nat. Hist. Par. i. 63, t. 3, includes both our species. — Wet grounds, 
E. Virginia to Texas. (Mex., W. Ind., &e.) 

=== M. sessilifdlia, Torr. & Gray, l.c. Stems more simple and virgate: leaves thicker 
and firmer in texture (half inch or more long, and veins more prominent), roughish-mar- 
gined, from round-oval to oblong, sessile: flowers and fruit smaller and more crowded. — 
Anonymos sessilifolia, Walt. 1. ec. Cynoctonum sessilifolium, Gmelin, l.c. Ophiorhiza Mitreola, 


Buddleia. LOGANIACER. 109 


Michx. Fl. i. 148. 0. ovalifolia, Muhl. Cat. O. Croomii, Curtis in Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. i. 
128. Var. ungustifolia, Torr. & Gray, 1. c., is a depauperate state of the narrower-leaved 
form. —Moist ground, N. Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. 


4, POLYPREMUM, L. (Name altered from zol’aoeuvog, with many 
trunks, from the diffuse branching next the ground.) — Single species, an insig- 
nificant weed: fl. late summer. 


«<= P, proctimbens, L. A span or more high, much branched from an annual (sometimes 
almost ligneous) root, glabrous; the rigid stems erect or ascending rather than procum- 
bent, 4-angled, repeatedly branching: leaves narrowly linear or almost acerose, half inch 
or more long, the uppermost gradually reduced to bracts, their margins obscurely scabrous, 
their bases united by a membranous stipular line: flowers sessile in the forks or somewhat 
cymose at the summit of the branches: inconspicuous corolla barely a line long, white. — 
Act. Ups. 1741, t. 78; Lam. Ill. t. 71. P. Linnei, Michx. Fl. i. 83. — Sandy soil, Penn. 
(adventive), Maryland to Texas. (Mex., W. Ind.) 


5. BUDDLEIA, Houston. (Adam Buddle, an early English botanist, who 
corresponded with Ray.) — Shrubs, or some arborescent, a few herbaceous (mainly 
tropical), usually canescent or tomentose with floccose or furfuraceous stellate 
down; the leaves sometimes dentate, the petioles connected by a transverse 
stipular line, or by more evident stipules. Flowers commonly small, and crowded 
into capitate clusters or cymules, which are variously disposed; rarely some are 
5-merous ; the corolla in our few (chiefly Mexican) species very short. 


* Flowers in comparatively loose and very numerous clusters, disposed in an ample and naked 

terminal panicle. 

——B. Humboldtiana, Rem. & Schult. Minutely ferrugineous-tomentose: leaves 
oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, denticulate, 3 inches long, rounded at base, rather 
long-petioled, copiously pinnately-veined, in age glabrate above: flowers a line and a half 
long. — Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 438. B. acuminata, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. ii. 349, t. 187, 
not Poir.— Mexican borders of 8S. W. Texas and New Mexico, Thurber, &c. (Mex.) 

B. ranceotAta, Benth., with smaller and narrower leaves tapering to base, and simpler 
contracted inflorescence, also inhabits Northern Mexico, and may reach the boundary. B. 
croronoipes, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 165, is from Lower California, under the tropic. 

* * Flowers in numerous and small dense pedunculate heads, disposed in a virgate raceme. 


B. racemosa, Torr. Stems 1 to 3 feet high, loosely branching, nearly glabrous: leaves 
from ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate with a truncate or obscurely hastate base, irregu- 
larly crenate-dentate, mostly obtuse, thinnish, 2 to 4 inches long, short-petioled, green and 
glabrous above, puberulent-canescent beneath: raceme of heads a span to a foot long: 
heads about a quarter inch in diameter, on shorter or longer peduncles: corolla little 
exceeding the tomentulose calyx. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 121.— Rocky banks, W. Texas. 
Lindheimer, Riddell, Wright, &c. 

Var. incdna, Torr. l.c. Leaves barely an inch long, fulvous-canescent-tomentose 
beneath. — San Pedro River, W. Texas, Wright. 
* * * Flowers in solitary or geminate heads or capitate clusters: leaves, branches, and heads 
densely soft-tomentose throughout. 

B. marrubiifdélia, Benth. |. c. Much branched, canescent or ferrugineous: leaves obo- 
vate or oval with cuneate base, arcuate, about half inch long, short-petioled, the dense 
tomentum somewhat velvety: flowers in a globose terminal head (half inch in diameter) 
on a short peduncle, “odorous: corolla golden yellow turning orange red.” — Torr. Bot. 
Mex. Bound. 121.— 8. Texas on the Rio Grande. (Mex.) 

——.B. scordioides, HBK. Much branched, ferrugineous-tomentose: leaves narrowly 
oblong or cuneate-linear, nearly sessile, obtuse, coarsely crenate, rugose, an inch or less 
long: dense clusters of flowers sessile in the axils of all the upper leaves, the pair com- 
bined around the stem into a globular head. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. l.c. t. 183; Torr. 1. c.— 
8. YB Texas to Arizona. aa 


lier aaa ate 


EO GENTIANACEZ. Emorya. 


6. EMORYA, Torr. (In honor of Major, now General, W. H. Emory, the 
U.S. Commissioner of the Mexican Boundary Survey in which the plant was 
discovered.) — Single known species. 

E. suavéolens, Torr. Shrub 3 to 6 feet high, much branched, somewhat pulverulent or 
puberulent: the leaves canescent beneath, somewhat deltoid or hastate, sinuate-dentate 
with a few coarse teeth, obtuse, petioled, half inch or more long: inflorescence a nar- 
row and pedunculate thyrsus or panicle: flowers pedicellate, loose and rather few, sweet- 
scented: corolla over an inch long, “ greenish-white or yellowish;” the roundish lobes 
only a line or two long.— Bot. Mex. Bound. 121, t. 36; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 794. — 
Cafions of the Rio Grande, Texas, below Presidio, Parry. 


OrperR XC. GENTIANACES. 


Herbs, with bitter colorless juice, and (the Menyanthee excepted) with opposite 
or rarely verticillate simple and entire sessile leaves, no stipules, perfect and reg- 
ular flowers, persistent calyx and often marcescent corolla, the latter (with one or 
two exceptions) dextrorsely convolute in the bud, a one-celled free ovary with 
2 parietal many-ovuled placenta, or the whole parieties ovuliferous, single style 
and usually 2-lobed or 2-lamellate stigma, and the capsule dehiscent through the 
placenta. Seeds indefinitely numerous, or rarely few, anatropous, commonly 
small, and with a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. Stamens, as in all the 
related orders, borne on the tube or base of the corolla, as many as its lobes and 
alternate with them: anthers in our genera 2-celled and opening longitudinally. 
Style rarely cleft, at least the divisions stigmatose down the inner face of the 
lobes. Plants almost all glabrous and smooth throughout, and the flowers cymose 
or simply terminal. Ovary in all our genera one-celled, or half two-celled by 
introflexion of the placente (in some exotic genera 2-celled). The Menyanthee 
differ almost ordinally in the foliage and estivation. Obolaria and Bartonia are 
remarkable for the imbricated estivation of the corolla: the sepals of the latter 
are reduced to two: their lower leaves or scales are often alternate. 


Susorver I. GENTIANEZ. Leaves always simple and entire, sessile 


(except some radical ones), never alternate, except in one Swertia. Austivation 
of the corolla never valvate. 


* Lobes of the corolla convolute in the bud. 


+ Style filiform, usually deciduous from the capsule: stigma bilamellar or bicrural, but 
the divisions at first often connivent as if united, the flowers being proterandrous: 
seeds numerous, with a close and reticulated or foveolate coat. 


++ Calyx 4-toothed and 4-angled: anthers cordate-ovate and unchanged in age. 


1. MICROCALA. Corolla short-salverform, bearing the 4 short stamens in its throat. 
Stigma as if compressed-capitate, but of 2 flabelliform lobes which at length separate. 


at ++ Calyx 5-12- (or in ELrythrea sometimes 4-) cleft or parted: anthers oblong to linear, 
mostly twisting or curving in age: placentz more or less intruded. 


2. ERYTHRAA. Parts of the flower 5 or sometimes 4. Calyx-lobes narrow and 
carinate. Corolla salverform with cither a short or rather long tube. Filaments slender: 
anthers oblong or linear, commonly exserted, twisting spirally in one or two turns after 
anthesis. Style filiform: stigmas from oblong to flabelliform. Capsule from oblong-ovate 
to fusiform. 

3. SABBATIA. Parts of the flower 5 to 12. Corolla rotate. Filaments filiform, rather 
short: anthers linear or elongated-oblong, soon arcuate, recurved, or revolute. Style 2- 
cleft or 2-parted; the lobes filiform, compressed-clavate or spatulate, introrsely stigmatose 
for most of their length. Capsule globose or ovoid, thick-coriaceous or at first fleshy. 


GENTIANACEZ. 111 


4. EUSTOMA. Parts of the flower 5, rarely 6. Calyx-lobes long-acuminate, the midrib 
carinate. Corolla campanulate-funnelform. Filaments filiform-subulate : anthers oblong, 
versatile, straight or recurving in age. Style filiform, nearly persistent : stigma of 2 broad 
oblong or oval lamella. Capsule oval or oblong. 
+- + Style short or subulate and persistent, or none: anthers remaining straight. 

++ Corolla without nectariferous pits or large glands: flowers usually 4-5-merous. 

5. GENTIANA. Calyx commonly with a membranous or spathaceous tube. Corolla 
funnelform, campanulate, or salverform (or some rotate); the sinuses with or without 
plaits or appendages. Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla. Style very short or 
none: stigma of 2 spreading (rarely united) lamella, persistent. Sceds very numerous, 
not rarely covering the whole parieties of the thin capsule. 

6. PLEUROGYNE. Calyx deeply 4-5-parted. Corolla rotate, 4-5-parted; the divisions 
acute, a pair of scale-like appendages on their base. Stamens on the base of the corolla: 
anthers introrse, versatile. Style none: stigmas decurrent down the sutures. Capsule 
lanceolate or oblong, not stipitate. Seeds extremely numerous, near the two sutures. 


++ ++ Corolla with one or two nectariferous pits, spots (glands), or an adnate scale to 
each lobe: calyx 4-5-parted: seeds comparatively large. 


7. SWERTIA. Corolla rotate, 5 (rarely 4-) parted; the lobes dextrorsely convolute in the 
bud. Style none, or very short: stigma 2-lamellate or 2-lobed. Capsule ovate; the pla- 
centz not intruded. Leaves sometimes alternate. 

8. FRASERA. Corolla rotate, 4-parted; the lobes dextrorsely convolute in the bud, 
bearing a single or double fringed gland, and sometimes a fimbriate crown at base. Sta- 
mens on the very base of the corolla: filaments subulate, often monadelphous at base, occa- 
sionally with some interposed small bristles or scales. Ovary ovate, tapering into a dis- 
tinct and often slender (but sometimes very short) persistent style: stigma small, 2-lobed 
or nearly entire. Capsule coriaceous, commonly flattened; the placentae or edges of the 
valves not intruded. Sveds comparatively few, compressed, commonly smooth and mar- 
gined. Leaves verticillate or opposite. 

9. HALENIA. Corolla campanulate, 4-5-cleft; the lobes sinistrorsely convolute, mostly 
erect; underneath each a hollow nectariferous spur or gibbous projection, which is gland- 
ular at bottom (sometimes obsolete): no fringes nor crown. Filaments slender, inserted on 
the tube of the corolla. Ovary and capsule ovate-oblong ; the placentae more or less intro- 
flexed: style very short or none: stigmas 2. Ovules and close-coated seeds oval or glob- 
ular, in a single series on the margin of tthe valves. 

* * Lobes of the corolla imbricated in the bud, ie. +, two exterior and two interior: 
no appendages: ovules and extremely numerous minute close-coated seeds covering 
the whole parieties of the ovary and capsule: stamens inserted in or little below the 
sinuses of the corolla: anthers ovate-sagittate: foliage hardly any or discolored. 


10. BARTONIA. Calyx deeply 4+parted; the sepals lanceolate-subulate, carinate. Cor- 
olla deeply 4cleft, somewhat campanulate. Filaments slender, much longer than the 
anthers. Stigma nearly sessile, of 2 erect or closed short lobes. Capsule oblong, acute, 
2-valved. 

11. OBOLARIA. Calyx of 2 foliaceous spatulate sepals! Corolla oblong-campanulate, 
4cleft; the lobes oval-oblong or in age spatulate. Filaments not longer than the anthers. 
Ovary rather thick-walled, and with four thicker equidistant projections, making the 
cavity cruciform: style distinct : stigma bilamellar. Capsule membranaceous, 2-valved or 
rupturing irregularly. 


Sceorper II. MENYANTUE.E. Leaves all alternate and mostly petioled. 
sometimes trifoliolate, or crenate. stivation of the corolla induplicate-valvate. 
Seed-coat crustaceous. Marsh or aquatic perennials: flowers heterogonous. 


12. MENYANTHES. Calyx 6parted. Corolla somewhat funnelform or campanulate, 
5-cleft: the lobes widely spreading, fimbriate-bearded or crested on the face. Stamens on 
the tube of the corolla: anthers sagittate, versatile. Hypogynous glands 5. Ovary 
surmounted by a long style: stigma bilamellate, 2-lobed. Capsule globular, tardily 2- 
valved or irregularly bursting across the top. Seeds rather few and large, orbicular and 
compressed; the close crustaceous coat smooth and shining. Flowers on a scape. 

13. LIMNANTHEMUM. Calyx s-parted. Corolla almost rotate and deeply 5-cleft; 
the lobes naked on the face (but sometimes fimbriate on the broadly induplicate mar- 
gins). Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla. Style short or none. Capsule ovoid 
or oblong, indehiscent or irregularly bursting. Flowers (in ours) as if borne on a filiform 


petiole. 


112 GENTIANACEA. Microcala. 


1, MICROCALA, Link. Compounded of pixods, small, and uydn or xahog, 
beautiful: should have been Microcalia, but that proper form of the name was 
preoccupied, — One European species and the following: fl. in spring. 


M. quadrangularis, Griseb. A little annual, with simple or branching filiform stem, 
2 or 3 inches high: branches or peduncles 1-flowered: leaves 2 or 3 pairs, oval or oblong, 
2 or 3 lines long: calyx at first oblong-campanulate ; in fruit broader, truncate at top and 
bottom, strongly 4-angled; the teeth short and subulate: corolla saffron-yellow, 3 lines 
long. — DC. Prodr. ix. 63; Progel in Mart. Fl. Bras. vi. 213, t, 58, fig. 3; Gray, Bot. Calif. 
1.480. Exracum quadrangulare, Willd. Spec. i. 636. £. inflatum, Hook. & Arn. in Jour. Bot. 
i. 283. Cicendia quadrangularis, Griseb. Gent. 157. — Open moist ground, coast of California, 
from Mendocino Co., southward. (5S. Amer.) 


2, ERYTHRAA, Renealm. Cenraury, Cancnaracua. (From égviodg, 
red, the flowers being mostly red or rose-color.) — Low herbs (of various parts of 
the world), mainly annuals and biennials; the flowers small or middle-sized, but 


commonly numer ig summer, Corolla-lobes becoming narrower with age. 


‘. carronrorpes and E. Sreciosa, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 479, are Mexican species, not yet 
found near our borders, forining a section (the genus Gyrandra of Grisebach) with tube of the 
corolla rather shorter than the ample lobes, and an oval capsule. All our species have a 
longer and narrower capsule (elongated-oblong or cylindraceous), and a longer tube to the 
corolla. Our £. venusta, as to the corolla, is the connecting form. 

%* Flowers spicately disposed along the rather simple branches and sessile in the few forks. 
—— H. spicAta, Pers. Strictly erect, a foot or less high: leaves oblong: tube of the rose-col- 
ored corolla hardly longer than the calyx-lobes, twice the length of the rather narrow 
lobes. —E. Pickeringii, Oakes in Hovey Mag. Chironia spicata, Smith, Fl. Grec. t. 238. — 

Coast at Nantucket, Mass. (Oakes), and Portsmouth, Virginia (Ruge/). (Nat. from Eu.) 

* * Flowers cymose or paniculately scattered; ours all rose-red, and with broad stigmas. 
+ European species sparingly naturalized in the Atlantic United States: stigmas broadly oval 
or obovate: lobes of the corolla oblong, obtuse. 
=e BF Cenratrivum, Pers. Strictly erect, a span to afoot high: leaves oblong, the lowest form- 
ing a rosulate tuft at the root: flowers cymose-clustered, at least the middle ones sessile: 
lobes of the corolla 24 or 3 lines long. — Waste grounds, shores of Lake Ontario (Oswego, 
New York) and Lake Michigan, Babcock: rare. (Nat. from Eu.) 


exx: Hj. ramosissrma, Pers. Lower, more slender, diffusely branched: leaves from oval to lanceo- 

late, the lowest not rosulate: flowers effusely cymose, pedicelled: lobes of the corolla only 

2 lines long. — £. pulchella, Fries, Novit. ii. 81 (Grisebach’s var. pulchella, merely a small 

form). £. Muhlenbergii, Griseb. in DC. Prodr. ix. 60, as to pl. N.Y. and Penn. F'racum pul- 

chellum, Pursh, Fl. i. 100% Chironia pulchella, Muhl. Cat. 23.—E. Pennsylvania, New Jer- 

sey, &c.: rare. (Nat. from Eu.) 

+ + Species indigenous from Texas to California: stigmas cuneate or flabelliform and truncate: 
no rosulate tuft of radical leaves. : 

++ Flowers small: lobes of the corolla only 14 to 2} lines long, much shorter than the tube: an- 
thers oblong. 

BE. Texénsis, Griseb. Slender, diffusely much branched above into a loose paniculate- 
corymbose cyme: leaves linear or the lowest lanceolate and the uppermost reduced to 
subulate bracts: flowers all slender-pedicelled: corolla (apparently light rose-color) with 
very slender tube (4 or 5 lines long), and lanceolate-oblong lobes (2 lines long), which be- 
come lanccolate-linear, longer, and acute: seeds globose-ovoid. — DC. 1. c. 98.— Texas, 
common on rocks and hills. 

E. floribinda, Benth. Almost a foot high, corymbose-cymose at summit, rather strict 
and closely flowered: leaves oblong or the upper lanceolate: flowers short-pedicelled or in 
the forks nearly sessile: lobes of the light rose-colored corolla oblong and becoming lan- 
ceolate, at most 2 lines long and 8 or 4 times shorter than the tube: anthers short-oblong 
(shorter than in any other of this section and the stigmas smaller): seeds globular-ovoid. 
— Pl. Hartw. 322; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 480.— California, on the Sacramento and its tribu- 
taries, HTartweg, &c. 

BE. Muhlenbérgii, Griseb. A span or less high, at length fastigiately branched from 
the base, cymosely flowered at summit: leaves oblong, obtuse; the floral lanceolate: ped- 


Erythrea. GENTIANACEE. 113 


icels short or hardly any in the forks; the lateral often as long as the flower, but 2-bracteo- 
late at summit: lobes of the rose-red corolla oval, very obtuse or retuse, in age merely 
oblong, 2 or almost 3 lines long: seeds short-oval.— DC. lL. c. 60, as to California plant 
only; Benth. Pl. Hartw. 322; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 480.—Western part of California, and 
south-east to the Mohave. 
=~ EH. Douglasii, Gray. Slender, a span to a foot high, loosely and paniculately branched, 
usually sparsely flowered: leaves from oblong to linear, mostly acute: flowers all on strict 
and slender peduncles or pedicels: lobes of the pink corolla oblong, obtuse, at most 2 lines 
long, nearly half the length of the tube: seeds globular. — Bot. Calif. i 4s. £. Nuttallié, 
Watson, Bot. King, 276, partly ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 398. Cicendia eraltata, Griseb. in 
Hook. Fl. ii. 69, t. 157, wrongly described. — Oregon and California to Utah and Wyoming. 
HE. Nuttallii, Watson. Like the preceding: lobes of the rather larger corolla more 
ovate, acutish, sometimes nearly 3 lines long: seeds fewer, and much larger (a third of a 
line long), oblong. — Bot. King, 276, t. 29, mainly. — Nevada, Idaho, and Utah, Vuttall, 7. 
Engelmann, Watson. 


++ ++ Flowers larger: corolla-lobes 3} to 6 lines long, but more or less shorter than the tube : 
anthers linear. 


== Corolla-lobes narrow, in age by involution becoming acuminate: branching and inflorescence 
fastigiate-cymose: filaments and style very slender. 

EK. trichantha, Griseb. A span or less high: leaves from oblong-oval to lanceolate : 
flowers in dense cymes, those in the forks all sessile or nearly so: corolla-lobes oblong- 
lanceolate becoming linear-lanceolate, 34 or 4 lines long: stigmas small: seeds oval-oblong. 
— DC. 1. c. 60 (excl. var.) ; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 479.— Dry ground, W. California. 

——~—. Beyrichii, Torr. & Gray. A span to a foot high, slender, at length fastigiately 
much branched: leaves linear (an inch or more long, a line or much less in width), the 
uppermost nearly filiform: flowers very numerous and all pedicellate: corolla-lobes linear- 
oblong and becoming linear, 5 lines long: seeds globular. — Torr. in Marcy Rep. 291, t. 13. 
E. trichantha, var. angustifolia, Griseb. in DC. 1. c.— Arkansas, Beyrich, Marcy. Texas, 
Wright, Lindheimer. 
== = Corolla-lobes broader and obtuse, little shorter than the tube: inflorescence loose: flowers 

all pedicellate : seeds globular. 

EB. calycésa, Buckley. Paniculately or somewhat cymosely branched, a span to 2 feet 
high: leaves from narrowly oblong to lanceolate or linear: pedicels mostly as long as the 
calyx or the whole flower: lobes of the corolla oval or oblong, 34 to 5 lines long; the tube 
usually equalled by the calyx. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1862, 7.—W. Texas and New Mexico, 
Wright, Buckley, &e. (Adjacent Mex.) 

Var. nana. <A span high, with leaves all linear and inflorescence corymbose-cymose : 
approaching £. Beyrichii, but corolla-lobes only 3 or 4 lines long and broadly oblong. — 
Stony hills, W. Texas, Wright (no. 1662), Woodhouse. 

Var. Arizénica. Stems or branches a foot or so long, lax: inflorescence racemosely 
paniculate or as if racemose: calyx-lobes mostly shorter than the tube of the corolla. — 
S. Utah and Arizona, Wheeler, Palmer, &c. 

=H, venusta, Gray. A span or so high: leaves from ovate to oblong-lanceolate : flowers 
somewhat cymose or paniculate, on short or sometimes long pedicels: lobes of the corolla 
oval or obovate, becoming oblong, deep pink, 4 to 6 lines long, about the length of the yel- 
lowish tube, which is equalled by the calyx. — Bot. Calif. 1.479. £. trichantha, Duranil in 
Pacif. R. Rep. v. t. 9, not Griseb. . chironioides, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 156, t. 42, mainly, 
excl. syn. — Dry hills, California, common from Plumas Co. southward. 


3. SABBATIA, Adans. (Liberatus Sabbati, an early Italian botanist.) — 
Atlantic North American biennials or annuals; with mostly showy rose-colored or 
white flowers (in summer and autumn), terminating the branches or in cymes. 
Calyx in most species deeply parted. Corolla usually with a yellowish or dis- 
colored eye. Style closed in early anthesis. and commonly turned to one side 
of the*flower (and sometimes spirally twisted), later erect and its branches or 


stigmas diverging. Seeds very numerous and small, globular, pitted. 
8 


114 GENTIANACEE. Sabbatia. 


§ 1. Flowers 5-merous (or only occasionally some of them 6-7-merous) : an- 
thers from apically recurved to helicoid. 


% Branches all opposite : flowers corymbosely or paniculately cymose, short-pedicelled. 
+— Calyx very small, merely 5-toothed. 


S. macrophylla, Hook. Glaucous: stem simple, terete, 2 or 3 feet high: leaves rather 
distant, thickish, nearly erect, ovate or ovate-lanceolate with cordate-clasping 5-5-nerved 
pase, acute or mucronate-acuminate (1 to 3 inches long); the uppermost reduced to small 
subulate bracts: cymes flat-topped, naked and in a naked terminal corymb or compound 
cyme: pedicels short and filiform: teeth of the small calyx subulate and shorter than the 
tube: corolla white; the lobes oblong, 3 or 4 lines long: style not cleft to the middle. — 
Hook. Comp. to Bot. Mag. i. 171; Griseb. in DC. 1. c. 50; Chapm. Fl. 353.— Wet pine bar- 
rens, Georgia to Florida and Louisiana. 


+— + Calyx with long and slender or linear lobes: stem more or less 4-angled. 
++ Corolla white, fading yellowish: style 2-parted, its divisions spatulate-linear. 


== §, lanceolata, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple, 2 or 3 feet high, bearing a terminal and 
naked corymbose cyme: leaves much shorter than the internodes (an inch or so long), from 
ovate to lanceolate, 3-5-nerved, the floral reduced to subulate bracts: pedicels mostly short 
but slender: calyx-lobes almost filiform, more than half the length of the corolla: lobes 
of the latter obovate-oblong, a third to half inch long. — Gray, Man. ed. 1, 356; Chapm. 
FL. 353. Chironia lanceolata, Walt. Car. 95. C. cymosa, Lam. Ill. i. 479, therefore Sabbatia 
cymosa, Don, Syst. C. paniculata, Michx. F1.i. 146, partly. Sabbatia paniculata, var. latifolia, 
Pursh, Fl. i: 188. S. corymbosa, Baldw. in Ell. Sk. i. 283.— Wet pine-barrens, New Jersey 
to Florida. 

S. paniculata, Pursh. Stem a foot or two high, freely branching; the branches cy- 
mosely few-many-flowered and uppermost cymes corymbose: leaves from linear to lanceo- 
late-oblong, obtuse ; the floral mostly linear and acute: pedicels very short to the central 
flowers: calyx-lobes not more than half the length of the corolla: lobes of the latter 
spatulate-oblong, 3 lines long. — Fl. L. c. (var. angustifolia, & excl. syn. Swertia difformis, L.) ; 
Gray, l.¢., not Ell. Chironia paniculata, Michx. 1. v. partly, and as to char.— Moist or dry 
ground, Virginia to Florida. 


++ ++ Corolla rose-color, varying to white: style cleft to the middle, its lobes slightly clavate. 


S. brachidta, Hl. Stem slightly angled, a foot or two high: leaves from lanceolate- 
oblong to linear, mostly obtuse, obscurely 3-nerved at base: inflorescence thyrsiform-pan- 
iculate; the lateral cymes naked-pedunculate and about 5-flowered: calyx-lobes narrowly 
linear, shorter than or nearly equalling the light rose-color or nearly white corolla: lobes of 
the latter obovate-oblong, half inch long.—Sk. i. 284; Chapm. l.e. SS. concinna, Wood, 
Class-Book, 451. Chironia angularis, var. angustifolia, Michx. 1. e.— Dry or low grounds, 
Indiana and N. Carolina to Louisiana and Florida. 

<== §&§. angularis, Pursh. Stem quadrangular with sharp angles, 2 feet high, paniculately 
branched above ; the branches leafy: leaves cordate-ovate and clasping, 3-5-nerved : numer- 
ous and crowded branches few-flowered, pyramidally or somewhat corymbosely cymose: 
calyx-lobes linear, much shorter than the corolla: lobes of the latter deep rose-color, obo- 
vate, fully half-inch long. — Ell 1. c.; Bigel. Med. t. 57; Bart. Med. t. 24; Torr. Fl. N. Y. 
ii. t. 88. Chironia angularis, L.; Michx. 1. ¢., var. latifolia. — Rich soil, W. Canada to Florida 
and Louisiana. 

%* %* Branches alternate or the lower opposite: foliaceous calyx-lobes longer and hardly narrower 
than the lobes of the corolla: flowers not rarely 6-7-merous: style 2-parted. 

——~ §. calycésa, Pursh. Stem a span to a foot long, loosely branching: leaves from oblong 
to broadly lanceolate, narrowed at base: peduncles scattered, 1-flowered, mostly elongated, 
occasionally short: calyx-lobes from linear to spatulate, resembling upper leaves, half 
inch or more long, not rarely double the length of the obovate-spatulate lobes of the rose- 
colored or almost white corolla. — Bot. Mag. t. 1600. Chironia dichotoma, Walt. Car. 93. 
C. calycosa, Michx. 1. ¢.  Gentiana calycina, Lam. Dict. ii. 638. Subbatia gracilis, var. Cubensis, 
Griseb. Pl. Wright. Cub. ii. 521.— Sea-coast and near it, Virginia to Texas. (Cuba.) 


* * * Branches alternate: calyx-lobes slender, seldom exceeding the obovate lobes of the corolla: 
peduncles more or less elongated and scattered, naked, 1-Hlowered. 


Sabbatia. GENTIANACE.E. 115 


+- Calyx-tube prominently 5-costate, nearly or quite enclosing the retuse capsule: corolla 1} to 

2 inches in diameter. 

==s, campéstris, Nutt. A span or two high, divergently branched above: leavés ovate 
with subcordate clasping base, somewhat 3-3-nerved, one-half to an inch long, those of the 
branches lanceolate: peduncles about 2 inches long: calyx-lobes narrowly linear-lanceo- 
late, acute, half to three-fourths inch long, equalling the broad lobes of the lilac- 
colored corolla; angles of its campanulate tube below the sinuses acute and wing-like in 
flower, thickened in fruit: style very deeply 2-cleft.— Trans. Ain. Piil. Soc. n. ser. y. 197 ; 
Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5015. 5. formosa, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1862, 7.— Prairies of 
Arkansas and Texas. Very showy. 
+— + Calyx-tube very short, girding the base of the capsule, not conspicuously costate : plants 

a paniculate-branching: corolla bright rose-color or pink, with white varieties, or the last 

wiite. 

“=~ S. stelld4ris, Pursh. Leaves rather fleshy, from oblong to lanceolate and the uppermost 
narrowly linear: calyx-lobes subulate-linear, from half to nearly the full length of the 
corolla-lobes: eye or star of the corolla conspicuous: style nearly 2-parted. —Fl. i. 157. 
S. gracilis, Ell. 1. ¢., not Salisb. Chironia stellata, Muh). Cat. — Brackish marshes, coast of 
Massachusetts to Florida. Appears to pass into the next. 

== 5. gracilis, Salisb. Stems more slender: branches and peduncles filiform : leaves linear 
and the uppermost filiform or setaceous: calyx-lobes very slender and as long as those of 
the corolla (6 to 9 lines long): style 2-cleft to the middle.— Parad. Lond. t. 32; Pursh, 
l.c.: Griseb. in DC. 1. c. 49; Chapm. Fl. 354. Chironia gracilis, Michx. loc. C. camputnu- 
lata, L. Spec. 190 ?, but not from “Canada.” — Brackish marshes and river banks, Nan- 
tucket (an ambiguous form), and New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana, extending inland to 
the mountains of Georgia. (Cuba.) 

Var. grandifidra. Stem more rigid and erect: lower leaves fleshy: flower much 
larger; the corolla-lobes from three-fourths to nearly a full inch long. —Coast of E. Flor- 
ida, Leavenworth, Buckley, Palmer, &c. : 

—— 8. Hilidttii, Steud. Effuscly and paniculately much branched, a foot or two high: 
leaves small; the lower cauline (half inch or less long) thickish, from obovate to lanceo- 
late; upper narrowly linear and rather longer; those of the filiform flowering branches 
setaceous-subulate: flowers numerous: lobes of the calyx slender-subulate, about twice 
the length of the tube, very much shorter than the spatulate-oblong or oblanceolate lobes 
of the (apparently always white) corolla; the corolla-lobes only 5 or 6 lines long: style 
2-parted. —Chapm. Fl. 534. S. paniculata, Ell. Sk. i. 282 (ex char.), not Pursh. Sim stia 
difformis, L. Spec. i. 226 ? — Pine barrens on the coast (S. Virginia ?) S. Carolina to Florida. 
(Bahamas.) 


§ 2. Flowers 8-12-merous, most commonly 9-11-merous. large and showy, 

* Solitary on naked somewhat paniculate peduncles: anthers at lensth coiled into a helix. 

“= S. chloroides, Pursh. Stem a foot or two high, loosely and sparingly branched above: 

leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the lowest oblong-spatulate and the uppermost linear: calyx- 
lobes subulate-linear, about half the length the spatulate-obovate lobes of the (rosc-purple 
or sometimes white) corolla: divisions of the deeply-cleft style linear-clavate. — Torr. Fl. 
N. Y. ii. t. 84. Chironia dodecandra, L. Spec. i. 190; Walt. lc. Chlora dodecandra. 1. 
Syst. Chironia chloroides, Michx. Fl. i. 147. — Margin of pine-barren ponds along the coast, 
Massachusetts to Florida and Alabama. Corolla about 2 inches in diameter. 

Var. stricta. Stem more rigid, 1-few-flowered: leaves all linear. —Chironia decandra, 
Walt. Lc. ?—. Carolina? Alabama, and Florida. 
* Capitate-lustered or sometimes solitary flowers sessile and leafy-bracted: calyx-tube turbinate: 

anthers of firm texture, slightly curved. — Lpithea,Griseb. 

=== S. gentianoides, Ell. Stem strict. a foot or two high: radical leaves in a rosulate tut, 

obovate or oblong: cauline very narrowly linear, 14 to 3 inches long, a line or two wide; 
the uppermost involucrating the terminal cluster of 3 to 5 or sometimes one or two nearly 
sessile flowers ; occasionally one or two in lower axils: calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate, very 
much shorter than the spatulate corolla-lobes, these 6 to 10 lines long: style 2-cleft at the 
apex, the lobes spatulate. — Sk. i. 286: Chapm. F1.354. 8. oligophylla, Featherman in Univ. 
Mississip. Rep. 1871. Lapithea gentianoides, Griseb. in DC. 1. c. 48. — Margin of pine-barren 
ponds, Georgia and Florida to Texas. . 


116 GENTIANACER. Sabbatia. 


S. Boykini, Gray. A foot high, nearly simple: cauline leaves lanceolate-oblong or the 
lower elliptical, 3-nerved (an inch or two long); the uppermost lanceolate: flowers 1 to 7 
in the cluster; the bracts oval or oblong: calyx-lobes lanceolate, much shorter than the 
corolla; lobes of the latter oblong-obovate, half inch long. —Chapm. Fl. 354. — Middle or 
Upper Georgia, Boykin (in herb. Torr.) ; also in herb. Muhl. Little known. 

S. simprex, Bertol. Mise. x. t. 3, is Rhevia stricta. 


4, EUSTOMA, Salish. (From eV, TOME, good mouth, i.e. mouth of good 
size, alluding to the open-mouthed corolla.) — Glaucous and large-flowered an- 
nuals; with more or less clasping and connate thickish leaves, slender terminal 
and more or less paniculate one-flowered peduncles, and bluish purple corolla vary- 
ing to white; the lobes commonly erose-denticulate. — Only the following species. 


~— H. exaltdtum, Griseb. Lower than the next species: leaves oblong: lobes of the 
corolla nearly oblong (barely an inch in length), twice the length of the tube: style little 
longer than the stigmas: capsule elliptical-oblong, very obtuse. — DC. Prodr. ix. 51; 
Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxxi. t. 13; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 621. Gentiana eraltata, L. Spec. ed. 2, 331; 
Descourt, Ant. t. 15. Listanthus exaltatus, Lam. Ill. i. 478. L. glaucifolius, Jacq. Ic. Rar. 
t. 33, Eustoma silenifolium, Salisb. Parad. Lond. t. 34; Don, Syst. iv. 211, excl. syn. Nutt. 
Urananthus glaucifolius, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 46.— Southern borders of the United States, from 
Florida and Texas to California. (Mex., W. Ind.) 
=—==F. Russellianum, Griseb. lc. <A foot or two high: leaves from ovate- to lanceolate- 
oblong: lobes of the ample lavender-purple corolla obovate (inch and a half long), 4 times 
longer than the tube: style elongated: capsule oblong, usually pointed:-anthers hardly 
curving in age. — Lisianthus glaucifolius, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 197, not 
Jacq. L. Russellianus, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3626. — Nebraska to Texas. Very showy. 
Var. gracile. Smaller: leaves lanceolate: capsule not pointed. — E. gracile, Engelm. 
in Fl. Calif. 1. ec. —S. Texas, Berlandier, &c. (Mex.) 


5. GENTIANA, Tourn. Gentian. (Gentius, king of Illyria.) — Erect 
herbs (of the cooler parts of the world); with chiefly sessile leaves, and con- 
spicuous flowers of various colors, produced in summer or autumn; commonly 
expanding only in sunshine or at mid-day. Seeds in most of our species exceed- 
ingly numerous and borne over the whole inner surface of the capsule (as first 
remarked by the late Prof. H. J. Clark, in Gray, Man. ed. 2, 1856, 845). Herb- 
age and especially the roots very bitter. 


§ 1. GentranéLLa. Corolla (not rotate) destitute of extended plaits or lobes 
or teeth at the sinuses: anthers usually versatile (introrse, at length retrorsely 
reversed) : stigmas distinct or only casually united : root annual in all ours except 
in G. barbellata. — Gentianella, &c., Borkhausen. 

* (FRINGED GENTIANS.) Flowers large or middle-sized, solitary, mostly 4-merous: corolla cam- 


panulate-funnelform, its lobes usually fimbriate or erose. not crowned: a row of glands between 
the bases of the filaments. —§ (rossupetatum, Froelich, Grisebach. 


+— Flower on a naked and usually long peduncle terminating the stem or branches, not bracteate 
at base: filaments naked: root annual: calyx (except in @. simplex) ovate-acuminate in the bud 
and with acutely carinate lobes, the two exterior longer as well as narrower and more acuminate, 
the tube sharply angled by the decurrent keels. 


++ Corolla enclosed in the ventricose wing-angled calyx? 

G. ventricésa, Griseb. A foot high: leaves ovate-oblong: calyx ovoid and 4-wing- 
angled; the two external lobes much acuminate; the two internal barely acute, rather 
longer than the campanulate deeply 4-cleft corolla: ovate-oblong lobes of the latter regu- 
larly “crenate-fimbriate” (or in the figures sharply serrate): ovary not stipitate. — Gent. 
259, in Hook. Fl. ii. 65, t. 152, & DC. Prodr. ix. 102. — Grand Rapids of the Saskatchewan, 
between Cumberland House and Hudson’s Bay, Drummond. Little known and not since 


collected: apparently described and figured from undeveloped specimens, perhaps nearly 
related to G. crinita. 


Gentiana. GENTIANACES. 117 


++ ++ Corolla (sky-blue, occasionally white) conspicuously longer than the wingless calyx: 
autumn-flowering. 

=== G. crinita, Freel. A foot or two high, often paniculate-corymbose, leafy : leaves lanceo- 
late or ovate-lanceolate from a rounded or subcordate partly clasping basc: salient narrow 
keels of the calyx-lobes conspicuously decurrent on the tube: corolla 2 inches long; its 
lobes cuneate-obovate, strongly fimbriate around the summit, less or hardly so down the 
narrowing sides: capsule fusiform, conspicuously stipitate: seeds squamulose-roughened. 
—Gent. 112; Bot. Mag. t. 2031; Bart. Fl. Am. Scpt. iii. t. 80. G. ciliata Americana, L. 
G. fimbriata, Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 509. Gentianella crinita, Don, Syst. iv. 179. — Low grounds, 
Canada to Dakotah and southward to the mountains of Georgia. 

=== G. serrata, Gunner. Stem 3 to 18 inches high: leaves linear or lanceolate-linear : 
corolla an inch to an inch and a half long; its lobes oblong or spatulate-obovate, eroscly 
fimbriate or toothed around the summit and sides, or sometimes either part nearly bare: 
capsule short-stipitate: seeds and calyx nearly as in G. crinita.— Fl. Norveg. 10 (also 
under G. ciliata, 88, t.2), & Fl. Dan. t. 317; Fries, Summ. Scand. 190; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 
481. G. detonsa, Rottb. Act. Hafn. x. 254, t.1; Griseb. lL c.; Torr. Fl. N. Y. ii. t. 82. G. 
ciliata, Pall. Fl. Ross. ii. t. 92, not L. G. barbata, Frel. Gent. 114. G. brachypetala, Bunge, 
Consp. Gent. in Mem. Mosq. 1824, 225, t. 1. — Wet grounds, Newfoundland, Canada, and 
N. W. New York to Saskatchewan and northward, and west to Colorado and W. Nevada, 
mainly the larger and most fimbriate form, G. detonsa, var. barbata, Griseb., &c. (Siberia to 
Norway and Greenland.) 

——— Var. grandis, a form with stem 2 feet high or more, and corolla 2 inches long, a por- 
tion only of the sides of the lobes coarsely fimbriate. — G. detonsa, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 
157.—S. E. Arizona, between Barbacomori and Santa Cruz, Thurber, Wright. (Perhaps G. 
crinita, var. Cervantesii, Griseb. in DC. l.c. Mexico.) 

Var. holopétala, Gray, a small or slender form, 2 to 16 inches high, with compara- 
tively long peduncles: corolla an inch or more long, its lobes entire or merely erose-den- 
ticulate round the summit. — Bot. Calif. i. 481.— Sierra Nevada, California, at 5,000 to 
10,000 feet, and Oregon. 

o=-G. simplex, Gray. Stem 2 to 10 inches high, simple, bearing 2 to + pairs of lanceolate 
or linear-oblong leaves (3 to 9 lines long) and a single slender-pedunculate flower: calyx- 
tube and lobes hardly at all angled or carinate; the latter nearly equal and similar: corolla 
an inch long; its oblong-spatulate lobes entire or erose-dentate and sometimes a fringe of 
a few bristly teeth low down on the sides: capsule stipitate: seeds smooth but longitudi- 
nally striate, narrow, wingless when mature, except a cellular appendage at both ends. — 
Pacif. R. Rep. v. 87, t. 16, & Bot. Calif. 1. c.— Higher parts of the Sierra Nevada, Califor- 
nia, to adjacent portion of Oregon. 
+— + Flower 2-bracteate under or near the calyx: filaments ciliate-bearded below the middle: 

calyx hardly at all angled or carinate: root perennial. 

G. barbellata, Engelm. Stems single or in pairs from the slender fusiform root or 
caudex, 2 to 5 inches high: leaves rather thick and fleshy, obtuse, with roughish callous 
margins; the radical spatulate (an inch or two long) or slender-petioled; the 2 or 3 cau- 
line pairs spatulate-linear, or the uppermost narrowly linear and connate at base: flowers 
one to three, sessile or nearly so between the involucrate foliaceous bracts: calyx-lobes 
subulate-triangular: corolla bright blue, an inch to an inch and a half long, about twice the 
length of the calyx, deeply 4cleft ; the lobes oblong, erose-denticulate above, conspicu- 
ously fimbriate along the middle: capsule short and not stipitate: seeds squamulose- 
roughened. — Trans. Acad. St. Louis, ii. 216, t. 2.— Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains 
in Colorado, Parry, &c. Related to G. ciliata of Europe. 

x * Flowers smaller, 4-5-merous: corolla somewhat funnelform or salverform when expanded; 
the lobes entire (rarely with a few denticulations), their base sometimes crowned with setaceous 


filaments: capsule seldom stipitate: seeds with a very close thin and smooth coat.— Endotricha, 
ete., Frel. § Amarella, Arctophila, &c., Griseb. 


+ Peduncles elongated and naked from a very short stem, 1-flowered: throat of corolla crowned; 
no glands at its base: edges of leaves and sepals smooth. 

G. tenélla, Rottb. Aninch to a span high: leaves (2 to 6 lines long) oblong or the 
lowest spatulate: calyx deeply 5- (sometimes 4) parted; the lobes foliaceous, oblong to 
ovate, usually unequal: corolla 24 to 4 lines long, double the length of the calyx (more 
lengthened in fruit), blue; its lobes ovate-oblong, rather obtuse, little shorter than the 


118 GENTIANACEZ. Gentiana. 


tube: fimbriate crown conspicuous at the throat. — Act. Hafn. x. 436, t. 2, fig. 6 ; Freel. 1. ¢. 

96; Reichenb. Ic. Germ. t. 1045. G. glacialis, A. Thomas in Vill. Delph. ii. 582. G. 

Koenigii, Gunner, Fl. Norv. 102. G. dichotoma, Pall. Fl. Ross. ii. 116. G. borealis, Bunge, 

Gent. 1. c. 251, t. 10, fig. 2.— High alpine region of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado 

(Parry), Utah (Z. Ward), and Idaho, Nuttall. Unalaschka and Kotzebue Sound, &c. 

(Kamtschatka to Greenland.) 

+— + Peduncles short or none, terminal and lateral on a comparatively elongated stem, the angles 
of which are acute or wing-margined. 

++ Setaceous-fimbriate crown on the base of the corolla-lobes usually conspicuous and rather 
copious, sometimes reduced to a few seta, or rarely evanescent: glands at the base of corolla 
ore or wanting: margins of the leaves and of the conspicuous foliaceous calyx-lobes minutely 
scabrous. 

G. auriculdta, Pall. A span or two high: leaves oblong-lanceolate or the upper ovate : 
calyx-tube turbinate, longer than the 5 (or rarely 4) lobes; these nearly equal and similar, 
cordate-ovate, or the inner merely ovate: corolla violet-blue, 9 or 10 lines long; its lobes 
ovate. — Fl. Ross. ii. 102, t. 92, fig. 1; Griseb. 1. c.— Islands between N. E. Asia and Amer- 
ica, and even on the N. W. American coast, according to Pallas; but not since found. 
(Kamtschatka, E. Siberia, &c.) 

G. heterosépala, Engelm. A span or two high, rather simple and racemosely few- 
flowered: leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong: calyx very unequally 5-parted; two of the 
lobes large and foliaceous, ovate, acute, equalling the tube of the pale blue corolla (4 to 6 
lines long); the other 3 linear-subulate and shorter: sete of the crown copious, united 
below into a membrane on the base of each corolla-lobe: capsule sessile. — Trans. Acad. 
St. Louis, ii. 215, t.8; Watson, Bot. King, 278.— Utah, in Uinta and Wahsatch Mountains, 
E. Engelmann, Watson. New Mexico in the Sandia Mountains, Bigelow. 

— G. Wrightii. Nearly 2 feet high: stem virgate, simple, with strict racemiform inflores- 
cence: leaves thickish, ovate-oblong or elliptical (less than an inch long), erect, most of 
the (about 12) pairs below the flowering portion nearly equalling the internodes, connate 
at base: flowers rather numerous, 10 lines long: calyx very deeply 5-cleft ; its short tube 
10-costate (the ribs answering to the sinuses stronger); the lobes somewhat unequal and 
with strongly scabrous margins, all lanceolate, rather shorter than the tube of the campan- 
ulate-funnelform white corolla: the latter not glandular at base; its lobes ovate, one-third 
the length of the tube, each with a crown of about 15 long and distinct sete: capsule 
short-stipitate. — Accidentally named G. quinqueflora in Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 157. — 
8. E. Arizona, in springy ground near Santa Cruz, Wright. 

owe=G. Amarélla, L. From 2 to 20 inches high: leaves from lanceolate to narrowly oblong, 
or the lowest obovate-spatulate: inflorescence disposed to be racemiform: calyx 5-cleft (or 
rarely 4-cleft) below the middle ; the lobes lanceolate or linear, equal or one or two vf them 
longer, all shorter than the mostly blue corolla: the latter half inch or more long; its 
lobes oblong, obtuse, or becoming acute: capsule sessile. — Fl. Dan. t.828; Reichenb. Ic. 
Germ. t.1046; Griseb.1.c. ; Herder in Radde, iv. 145. G. pratensis, Freel. lc. (Iu., Asia.) 
au Var. actta, Hook.f. Calyx almost 5-parted: crown usually of fewer and some- 
times very few setw.—Engelm. 1. c.; Herder, ]. c. G. acuta, Michx. Fl. i. 177; Griseb. 

l. c.; Engelm. 1. c. 214, t. 9, fig. 6 (var. nana, a depauperate high alpine form). G.Amarella, 

Richards. App. Frankl. Journ.; Watson, Bot. King, Lc. G. plebeja, Cham. in Bunge, 

Gent. 1. ¢. 250, t. 9, fig. 5. — Labrador and Lower Canada to Alaska, and south along the 

Rocky Mountains to New Mexico, in the Sierra Nevada of California, and thence far north- 

ward. (N. Asia, &e. Mex.) 

Var. stricta, Watson, lc. Stem (sometimes 2 to 4 feet high) and branches strict, 
remotely leafy : leaves thickish, the cauline lanceolate-linear: flowers numerous, commonly 
4-merous, smaller: calyx rather less deeply cleft: corolla 3 to barely 5 lines long, whitish, 
little longer than the unequal calyx; seta of the crown sometimes very few or evcn want- 
ing; glands at base of the tube not rarely evident: seeds smaller. — G. acuta, var. stricta, 
Griseb. in Hook. Fl. & DC. 1c. G. aretophila, var. densiflora, Torr. in Frem. Rep. 94, not 
Griseb. — Mountains of Nevada, Idaho, and Wyoming. (Mex.) 

Var. ténuis. Same as var. stricta, but calyx very deeply parted, according to figure 
and description of G. tenuis, Griseb. Gent. & in Hook. Fl. 1. ec. 63, t. 151.— Mackenzie 
River and Bear Lake, Michardson. Not since found. Sete of the crown 3 to each lobe and 
conspicuous, or wanting. 


Gentiana. GENTIAN ACE. 119 


++ ++ Setaceous-fimbriate crown, &c., as in the preceding subdivision; but glands on the base of 
oe more or less manifest: calyx-lobes very small and short on the truncate spathaceous 

G. Wislizéni, Engelm. A foot or less high, with the habit and many-flowered thyrsoid- 
paniculate inflorescence of G. quinqueflora, but smaller in all its parts: leaves from lanceo- 
late to ovate (an inch or less long), with obtuse or subcordate base: calyx barely half the 
length of the tube of the corolla; its scarious tube (1} lines long) split down one side, in 
age sometimes dejected, much longer than the 5 unequal linear herbaceous teeth: corolla 
nearly salverform, pale purplish, 4 or 5 lines long; its lobes oblong-ovate, copiously fringed 
above the base: capsule sessile: seeds globose. — Trans. Acad. St. Louis, ii. 215, t. 7.— 
Sierra Blanca, S. Arizona, Rothrock, a broad leaved form, the glands less evident. (.Ad- 
jacent Mex., JWislizenus.) 
++ ++ ++ No crown to the corolla; but its lobes tipped with a sctiform point or sharp acumination 

and the glands at bottom of the tube manifest. —§ Arctophila, Griseb. 
== Dwarf species of high northern or alpine regions: cauline leaves only 2 to 4 rather distant pairs : 

calyx 4-5-parted. 

G. atrea, L. Leaves ovate, 5-7-nerved; the margins and those of the spatulate-lanceolate 
calyx-lobes smooth: corolla yellow, violet, or commonly white, 4 lines long, little surpass- 
ing the calyx; its lobes almost as long as the campanulate tube. — Fl. Dan. t. 344; Herder, 
loc. 155. G. involucrata, Rottb. in Act. Hafn. x. 344, t.1, fig. 2. G. Aleutica, Cham. & 
Schlecht. in Linn. i. 175, fide Herder. G. Unalaschkensis, Cham. in Bunge, 1. ¢. 240. t. 0, 
fig. 2. — Unalaschka, &c. Also Sitka, according to Herder. (High northern Siberia to 
Lapland, Iceland, and Greenland.) 

G. propinqua, Richards. Stem slender, 2 to 7 inches high, mostly branched from the 
base: leaves from oblong to lanceolate and the lowest spatulate, obscurely 3-nerved, the 
edges and those of the calyx smooth: flowers chiefly 4-merous and rather slender-pedi- 
celled: lobes of the calyx unequal; two of them ovate or oblong, the others linear-lanceo- 
late, the larger rather shorter than the tube of the corolla: the latter bluish, narrow, 4 to 
9 lines long, its lobes ovate or in age lanceolate, sometimes erose-denticulate.— App. 
Frankl. Journ. 734; Griseb. 1. ¢.; Hook. Fl. t. 150; Iurder, l.c. G. Rurikiana, Cham. & 
Schlecht. in Linn. i. 176. G. setiflora, Bunge, 1. c. t. 9, fig. 4. — Labrador to Bear Lake, the 
northern Rocky Mountains, Kotzebue Sound, &e. (Adjacent Asia.) 

Var. densifiéra, Griseb, |. c.. in alpine swamps of the Rocky Mountains (Drum- 
mond), a more condcnsed and leafy plant, occurring with the ordinary form, is said to differ 
from the preceding species only in the inequality of the calyx-lobes. 

G. arctdéphila, Griseb. Stem an inch to a span high: leaves ovate-oblong or the low- 
est obovate; the edges and especially those of the calyx-lobes scabrous: corolla 7 to 10 
lines long; the round-oyate lobes more acuminate-cuspidate: otherwise very like large- 
flowered G. propinqua (to which Herder refers it). — Gent. 251, & in Hook. F1. ii. 61, t. 149, 
with a var. dens/slora, having cordate-ovate leaves, and two of the calyx-lobes unusually 
large. — Arctic sea-coast, Richardson. The variety in the alpine region of the northern 
Rocky Mountains, Drummond. 

== = Taller and leafy: calyx 5-cleft: capsule slender-stipitate. 
-— <= G. quinquefiéra, Lam. A foot or two high; the larger plants branching: leaves ovate- 
. lanceolate, with subcordate partly clasping base, 3-7-nerved, the upper acute or cuspi- 
date-acuminate: inflorescence thyrsoid-paniculate; the clusters 3-5flowered: calyx one 
fifth or fourth the length of the narrow funnelform bright blue corolla; its lobes linear- 
subulate: corolla half to three fourths inch long; its lobes ovate-triangular, short. — Dict. 
ii. 648; Frel. Gent. 51; Griseb. lc. G. quinguefolia, L., doubtless meant for quingueflora. 
G. amarelloides, Pursh, Fl. i. 186. — Moist hills, Canada, Maine to Michigan, and along the 
Alleghanies to Florida. 
=e=e= Var. occidentdlis, Gray. Sometimes 2 or 3 feet high and paniculately much 
branched: inflorescence more open: calyx-lobes more foliaceous, linear or lanceolate, un- 
equal, reaching to the middle of the broader funnelform corolla. — Man. ed. 1, 359, ed. 5, 387. 
G. quinqueflora, Hook. Bot. Mag. t.3496, mainly.— Ohio to Minnesota and south to Ten- 
nessee and Louisiana. 
=== Var. parviflora, Raf., collected in Virginia, Kentucky, &e. (Griseb. in DC. 1. c. 100), 
is a depauperate and small-flowered state of the preceding variety, and is G. amarello/des, 


Michx. Fl. i. 175. 


120 GENTIANACEZ. Gentiana. 


§ 2. PyeumonsnTHE. Corolla (funnelform or salverform) plicate at the si- 
nuses, the plaits more or less extended into thin-membranaceous teeth or lobes: 
no crown nor glands: stigmas distinct: flowers almost always 5-merous : capsule 
more or less stipitate. — Pneumonanthe, Necker. § Pnreumonanthe, Chondrophylla, 
Celanthe, Tretrorhiza, &c., Griseb. 

* Root annual, and habit of the preceding section: leaves marginless: flowers cymose: calyx 

short, 5-cleft: anthers oblong-linear, introrse, remaining erect. 

G. Douglasiana, Bong. A span high, slender, cymosely branched: leaves ovate; the 
lowest rosulate ; the cauline of few remote pairs and somewhat cordate (2 to 4 lines long) : 
corolla white, a third to half inch long; its lobes oblong, shorter than the funnelform tube, 
not double the length of the conspicuous and equally broad 2-cleft accessory lobes in the 
sinuses: capsule stipitate, obovate, ancipital above: seeds proportionally large (a line 
long), elongated-oblong, with a close coat, apiculate at both ends. — Veg. Sitka, 38, t. 6; 
Griseb. in Hook. FI. ii. 60, t. 148. — Alaska to Oregon. 

% %¥ Root annual or biennial in our species: dwarf and small plants: leaves small and with white 
cartilaginous or scarious margins: flowers solitary and terminal: calyx narrow, 4-5-toothed : 
corolla salverform when expanded; the lobes or plaits in the sinuses broad and emarginate: 
anthers cordate, versatile: seeds oblong, with a close coat. — § Chondrophylla, Bunge, Griseb. 

G. humilis, Stev. Stems single or numerous from the slender root, 1 to 5 inches long, 
erect or ascending: leaves glaucescent and broadly white-margined ; the radical orbicular 
or ovate and rosulate (a quarter to half inch long); cauline linear-oblong, erect, connate- 
sheathing, 2 or 3 lines long: corolla whitish or dull-colored ; its tube little exceeding the 
calyx; the limb half inch in diameter: capsule clavate-obovate, at length exserted on a 
long and stout stipe much beyond the flower. — Act. Mosq. iii. 258; Griseb. l.v.; Engelm. 
in Trans. Acad. St. Louis, ii. 217, t. 9, fig. 1-5. G. aquatica, Pall. Fl. Ross. ii. t. 97, fig. 2, 
not L. G. Fremontii, Torr. in Frem. Rep. 94.— Grassy banks of streams in the Rocky 
Mountains, Wyoming to Colorado. (Asia.) 

G. prostrata, Henke. Stems weaker than in the preceding and when elongated the 
lateral ones often procumbent: leaves ovate, less erect, greener, and less white-margined : 
flower (in the American plant always ? and in the European sometimes) 4-merous: corolla 
azure-blue, in fruit enclosing the linear-oblong rather short-stipitate capsule. — Jacq. Coll. 
ii. 66, t. 17, fig. 2; Griseb. 1. v.; Engelm. 1. c. t. 9, fig. 9-14. (var. Americana) ; Herder, 1. c. 
G. nutans, Bunge, 1. c. t. 11, fig. 2. — Alpine regions of the Rocky Mountains, from Colorado 
northward, and to Kotzebue Sound, Aleutian Islands, &c. (N. E. Asia to Tyrolese Alps. 
Antarc. Amer.) 


%* *& * Root perennial: flowers comparatively large, mostly short-peduncled or sessile: anthers 
linear or oblong, more or less extrorse, remaining erect: usually a pair of bracts under the flower. 
— § Pneumonanthe, Griseb. 


++ Rocky-Mountain and Pacific species: anthers unconnected, seldom connivent. 
++ Dwarf, 1-5-flowered: cauline leaves only 2 to 4 pairs. 

G. glatica, Pall. Stem 2 to 4 inches high: leaves oval, glaucous, 3 to 5 lines long: calyx 
campanulate; its teeth shorter than the tube: corolla blue, half inch or more long; its 
tube cylindraceous, and ovate obtuse lobes short ; the short lobes of the plaits ovate and 
entire: seeds oval, irregularly 3-4-wing-crested. — Fl. Ross. ii. 104, t. 98, fig. 2; Griseb. in 
Hook. Fl. ii. 58, t. 147.— Higher and northern Rocky Mountains to Kotzebue Sound. 
(Kamts. to Siberia.) 

ter G. frigida, Henke. Stems 1 to 5 inches high, 1-3-flowered: leaves linear, varying to 
lanceolate or spatulate, thickish, 1 to 3 inches long, the pairs connate-sheathing at base : 
calyx-tube obconical, longer than the oblong-linear lobes: corolla funnelform, an inch and 
a half long, yellowish-white or tinged with blue, purplish-dotted; the lobes short and 
broad; the plaits entire and broad but slightly extended at summit: seeds with a loose 
cellular coat extended into crested longitudinal ridges. —Jacq. Coll. ii. 13; Freel. Gent. 
od), t. 1; Griseb. in DC. 1. ¢., with var. algida. G. algida, Pall. Fl. Ross. ii. 107, t. 95, a 
large form. G. Romanzovii, Ledch. in Bunge, lL. c. t. 11, fig. 1.— Alpine region of the Rocky 
Mountains in Colorado and Utah, Parry, &c. St. Paul and Shumagin Islands, Harrington, 

Elliott, &e. (Kamts. to Carpathian Mts.) 

G. Newbérryi, Gray. Stems 1-flowered, 2 to 4 inches long, and ascending from the 
axils of the rosulate-radical leaves: these obovate or spatulate, an inch or more long; 


Gentiana. GENTIAN ACES. 12), 


cauline leaves much smaller, connate-sheathing; the lowest obovate, the uppermost lanceo- 
late: calyx-lobes lanceolate or oblong, nearly the length of the oblong--ampanulate tube: 
corclla broadly funnelform, inch and a half long, pale blue, white within, greenish dotted ; 
its lobes ovate, mucronate ; the interposed appendages 2-cleft or laciniate, subulate-tipped : 
seeds round-oval, smooth, broadly winged. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. $4, & Bot. Calif. i. 482. 
G. calycosa ? Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. vi. BU — Sierra Nevada, California, in or near the 
alpine region, from Mariposa Co. north to 8. Oregon, .Vewherry, Brewer, &e. 
++ ++ Low: stems several from the same caudex: cauline leaves 6 to 16 pairs, more or less con- 
nate or even sheathing at base; the uppermost involucrate around the sc+-ile terminal flower or 
3-5-flowered cluster: corolla campanulate-funnelform, blue, 1} to 1) inches long; the lobes 
broadly ovate, and the appendages at the sinuses 2left or lacerate. 

G. setigera, Gray. Stems stout, about a foot long, decumbent: leaves thick and pale, 
oval or the upper oblong, very obtuse, an inch or less long; the pairs all with a connate- 
sheathing base, the two uppermost involucrate around and covering the base of the soli- 
tary flower: calyx-lobes oval, about the length of the tube: corolla almost campanulate; 
the appendages of the plaits small and short, produced into 2 or 3 capillary bristles which 
nearly equal the lobes: forming seeds orbicular, winged. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. %4, & Bot. 
Calif. 1. ec. — California, on Red Mountain, Mendocino Co., in damp soil, Bolander. 

== G. calycésa, Griseb. Stems erect, a span to a foot high: leaves ovate (6 to 15 lines 
long), commonly equalling or exceeding the iriternodes ; the lowest pairs usually smaller 
and with connate-sheathing base, the upper hardly so; the involucrate uppermost leaves 
somewhat exceeding the calyx of the commonly solitary flower: calyx-lobes ovate or 
oblong, or even subcordate, about the length of the turbinate tube: corolla oblong-funnel- 
form, its appendages in the sinuscs triangular-subulate, laciniate, or 2-cleft at the tip, 
shorter than the broadly ovate lobes: seeds lanceolate, acuminate, Nara —Gent.le& 
Hook. Fl. t. 146; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c.— Varies with stems only 2 to 4 inches high, and 
small leaves crowded (var. stricta, Griseb. 1. c.); also with taller and more slender stem 
2-3-flowered, occasionally with one or two axilliary conspicuously pedunculate flowers 
subtended by a pair of smaller bracts. — California (Sierra Nevada, Bridges, Brewer, Lem- 
mon), Oregon (Zolmie), and Rocky Mountains, lat. 42°-49°, Porter, Lyall. 
== G.Parryi, Engelm. -\ span or more high: leaves glaucescent, thickish, ovate, varring 
to oblong-lanceolate, three-fourths to inch and a half long, most of the pairs with some- 
what sheathing base; the upper 2 or 3 involucrating the 1 to 45 flowers, concealing the 
calyx and sometimes almost equalling the (bright purple-blue) corolla: lobes of the calyx 
short-linear, small, moderately or much shorter than the campanulate (sometimes spa- 
thaceous-cleft) tube: appendages at the sinuses of the corolla narrow, deeply 2-cleft, little 
shorter than the obovate lobes: seeds lanceolate, wingless, obtuse or less acute than in 
. calycosa, which the broad-leaved forms of this much resemble. — Trans. Acad. St. Louis, 
. 218, t. 10; Watson, Bot. King, 271. G. calycosa, var. Parryi, Herder, |. ¢. 178, — Alpine 
a subalpine regions in the Rocky Mountains, New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, and N. E. 
Nevada, Parry, &c. 
++ ++ ++ Stems either tall or low, many-leaved: flowers not involucrate: style manifest. 


== Corolla (blue or bluish) oblong-campanulate, with broadly ovate lobes more or less narrowed at 


base, and the intervening plaits or lobes entire: calyx-lobes usually from ovate to lanceolate, 
equalling or longer than the tube: seeds wingless. 

G. platypétala, Griseb. Stems a span high, ascending, densely leafy above, bearing 
a single sessile flower: leaves ovate-roundish, recurved-spreading: lobes of the 5-parted 
calyx ovate, acute: campanulate tube of the blue corolla twice the length of the calyx; 

s short lobes somewhat reniform, mucronate (2 lines long and 3 wide), double the length 
of the triangular acute and entire plaits. — Gent. 191, & in Hook. 1. c.; DC. 1. e. —“ Sitka, 
Kotzebue.” The char. from Grisebach. Referred to G. calycosa by Herder, and it must 
resemble its smaller form; but the sinus-plaits are said to be entire. 

== G. Menziésii, Griseb. l.c. Stems « foot or less high, slender: leaves from narrowly 
oblong to lanudolaté (inch and a half or Jess long), somewhat 3-nerved: flowers one or two, 
short ‘peduncled or sessile: calyx according to GriseBach spathaceous and the lobes obso- 
lete, in our specimens with oblong-lanceolate foliaceous lobes (5 lines long) equalling the 
turbinate-oblong tube: corolla an inch long; its lobes 3 lines long and wide; its plaits 
truncate and obscurely 2-3-crenate: seeds ovate-lanceolate or oblong, barely acute or both 


122 GENTIANACER. Gentiana. 


ends obtuse. — G. sceptrum, var. humilis, Engelm.; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 483.— Bogs, W. 
Oregon (JMenzics, £. Hall) to Mendocino Co., California, Bolander. 

-G. seéptrum, Griseb. |. c. Stem erect, 2 to 4 feet high, simple or short-branched above, 
few-several-flowered: leaves from ovate to oblong-lanceolate (14 to 8 inches long), indis- 
tinctly 8-7-nerved: calyx-lobes unequal, lanceolate to ovate-oblong: corolla 1} to 2 inches 
long, sometimes greenish-dotted; its lobes nearly 4 lines long and wide; its plaits truncate 
or with barely rounded entire summit: seeds narrowly lanceolate and with scarious acu- 
mination. — Hook. Fl. t. 145; Gray, Bot. Calif., excl. var.— W. Oregon to Brit. Columbia. 
= = Corolla (blue or bluish) funnelform, with ovate lobes not narrowed at base; the plaits 

extended into conspicuous laciniate-toothed or cleft appendaycs, which sometimes almost equal 
the lobes: margins of the leaves scabrous: seeds surrounded by a distinct and rather broad wing, 
ovate or oblong. 

——. G. Oregana, Engelm. Stems erect and rather stout, a foot or two high, sometimes 
more slender and ascending: leaves ovate, sometimes ovate-oblong (1 to 14 inches long): 
flowers few at the summit, or occasionally several and racemose-scattered : bracts oblong or 
ovate: calyx-lobes from oblong- to ovate-lanceolate, as long as the tube: corolla broadly 
funnelform, over an inch long; its short lobes roundish. — Engelm. in herb. G. affinis, var. 
ovata, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 483. — Brit. Columbia and W. Idaho (Lyall, Spalding) to Oregon 
(.Verius, &c.) and W. California. Foliage and corolla somewhat as in G. calycosa, but the 
smaller forms nearly approaching G. affnis. 

=<=>G. affinis, Griseb. Stems clustered, a span to a foot high, mostly ascending: leaves 
from oblong or lanceolate to linear: flowers from numerous and thyrsoid-racemose to few 
or rarely almost solitary: bracts lanceolate or linear: calyx-lobes linear or subulate, une- 
qual and variable, the longest rarely equalling the tube, the shorter sometimes minute: 
corolla an inch or less long, rather narrowly funnelform; its lobes ovate, acutish or mu- 
cronulate-pointed, spreading. — Gent. l. ec. & DC. 1. ¢. 114; Watson, Bot. King, 279; Gray, 
l.c., excl. var.— Rocky Mountains from New Mexico and Colorado, and from the Sierra 
Nevada, California, to British Columbia, thence east to the Saskatchewan. 
+— + Upper Mississippi-valley species: flowers almost sessile, 2-bracteate under the calyx: 
corolla open-funnelform with conspicuously spreading lobes: anthers merely connivent, soon 
separate: seeds conspicuously winged, oblong, all attached at or near the sutures. 

== G. pubérula, Michx. About a foot high, mostly single-stemmed from the root, very 
leafy, at least the upper part of the stem, with the margins and midrib of leaves and 
sepals minutely puberulent-scabrous: leaves rigid, from oblong-lanceolate (or the lower 
oblong) to lanceolate-linear, an inch or two long: flowers solitary or several and clustered : 
calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate or subulate-linear, about the length of the tube: corolla bright 
blue, 14 to 2 inches long; the ovate lobes (a fourth to even half inch long) widely spread- 
ing in anthesis, twice the length of the 2-cleft and sometimes laciniate-toothed appendages. 
— FI. i. 176 (descr. not good as to corolla); Gray, Man. ed. 2, 847, ed. 5,389. (G. Saponaria, 
var. puberula, ed. 1.) — Dry prairies and barrens, Ohio, Kentucky, and Kansas to Wisconsin 
and Minnesota. : 

+ + + Atlantic U. S. species (one or two crossing the Mississippi): seeds covering the whole 
parieties of the capsule: style manifest, in most conspicuous. 


++ Corolla campanulate-funnelform, with the short lobes little if at all spreading in anthesis: an- 
thers cobering in a ring or short tube: stem usually seyeral-lowered: flowers sessile or very 
short-peduncled and 2-bracteate under the calyx, clustered at summit and often in upper axils. 


= Calyx-lobes and bracts ciliolate-scabrous: seeds winged or appendaged. 

G. Ellidttii, Chapm. Pubcrulent-roughish in the manner of the preceding, a span to a 
foot or more high, slender: leaves from lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, or the lower ovate, 
an inch or less long, the broadest subcordate: flowers 1 to 3 terminal, and sometimes also 
in the axils, sessile, leafy-bracted: calyx-lobes lanceolate or broader, foliaceous, twice or 
thrice the length of the tube, ciliolate-scabrous: corolla bright blue, 1 to 14 inches long; 
the broadly ovate obtuse lobes (3 lines long) hardly twice the length of the broad and 2- 
cleft erose-dentate or somewhat fimbriate appendages: seeds conspicuously winged, ovate- 
or oblong-lanceolate in outline. — F]. 356, specially the var. parv/folia, “ G. Catesbeei, Ell. not 
Walt.” according to Chapman. Perhaps an extreme form of the next; but the Florida 
plant appears to be quite distinct. — S$. Carolina? to Florida. 

== G, Saponaria, L. Stem a foot or two high, smooth, or somewhat scabrous above: leaves 
from ovate-lanccolate or oblong to broadly lanceolate, 2 or 3 inches long, more or less nar- 


Gentiana. GENTIAN ACE, 123 


rowed at base: calyx-lobes from linear to spatulate or oblong, mostly equalling and some- 
times exceeding the tube: corolla light blue, an inch or more long, its broad and roundish 
short lobes erect, little and often not at all longer than the 2-cleft and many-toothed inter- 
vening appendages: seeds nearly as in the preceding. —Spec. i. 228 (Moris. Hist. iii. 444, 
sect. 12, t. 5, fig. 4; Catesb. Car. i. t. 70); Griseb. 1c. (excel. var.) G. Cutesbu:i, Walt. 
Car. 109; Bot. Mag. t. 1089. G. Ellioiii, var.? latifolia, Chapm. 1. ¢.— Moist woods, 
W. Canada and New York to Florida and Louisiana. A somewhat polymorphous species. 
— G. Andréwsii, Griseb. Stenis stout, a foot or two high, smooth: leaves from ovate- to 
broadly lanceolate, gradually acuminate, contracted at base, 2 to 4 inches long: calyx- 
lobes lanceclate to ovate, usually spreading or recurved, shorter than the tube: corolla us 
the preceding but more oblong and the lobes obliterated or obsolete, the truncate and 
usually almost closed border mainly consisting of the prominent fimbriate-dentate inter- 
vening appendages: seeds with a conspicuous wing, oblong in outline. — Gent. 287, & in 
Hook. FL. ii. 55 (with var. linearis, which is merely a narrower-leaved state); Gray, Man. 
lee. G. Saponaria, Frel. Gent. 32; Ell. lL. ¢.; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t. 79. G. Catesbei, 
Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 418.— Moist ground, New England and Canada to Saskatchewan, and 
south to the upper parts of Georgia. Corolla from bright to pale blue, with white plaits, 
sometimes all white. 
= = Calyx-lobes and bracts (also leaves) smooth and naked on the margins (or sometimes very 
minutely ciliolate-scabrous under a lens, especially the lower part of the bracts): seeds distinctly 
i aes flowers in a leafy-involucrate capitate cluster, and vtten solitary or clustered in upper 
axis. 
== G. alba, Muhl. Smooth throughout: stem stout, 2 feet high: leaves ovate-lanceolate or 
oblong-lanceolate and gradually acuminate from a cordate-clasping base, 2 to 4 inches 
long: flowers usually rather numerous in the compact terminal cluster: calyx-lobes ovate 
or subcordate, acute, reflexed-spreading, shorter than the tube: corolla dull white and 
commonly tinged with yellowish or greenish, often an inch and a half long, like that of 
G. Saponaria, but more campanulate and open; its ovate lobes twice the length of the 
broad and erose-toothed appendages. — Cat. ed. 2, 2%), & Fl. Lancast. ined.; Nutt. Gen. 
i. 172; Gray, Man. ed. 1, 360, ed. 5, 388.  G. ochroleuca, Sins, Bot. Mag. t. 1551; Griseb. 
in DC. l.c.,in part; Torr. Fl. N.Y. 1 ¢., not Frel. G. flavida, Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 
2, i. 80.— Low grounds and mountain meadows, W. Canada and Lake Superior, south to 
Illinois, Kentucky, and the mountains of Virginia, east to Penn. and New York? Begins 
to flower early in August. 
<= G. linearis, Froel. Smooth throughout: stem slender and strict, a foot or two high: 
leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, 1} to 3 inches long, 2 to 5 lines wide, and with some- 
what narrowed base: flowers 1 to 5 in the terminal inyolucrate cluster, and often solitary in 
one or two axils below: calyx-lobes linear or lanceolate, sborter than the tube: corolla blue, 
an inch or more long, narrow-funnelform ; the crect lobes roundish-ovate and obtuse, 2 lines 
long, a little longer than the triangular acute and entire or slightly 1-2-toothed appendages. 
— Gent. 37; Pursh, Fl. i. 186, excl. syn. Michx. G. Puemnonanthe, Michy. FI. i. 176; Bigel. 
Bost. ed. 2, 105, not L. G. Pseudo-pneumonanthe, Rem. & Sch. Syst. vi. 146. G. Saponaria, 
var. linearis, Griseb. 1. c. (excl. syn. G. Catesbei, Ell, & G puberula, Michx., & char. foliis 
margine scabris); Torr. Fl. N. Y. ii. 106, t. 81; Gray, Man. ed. 5. 389. G. Sapouaria, var. 
Frodichii, Gray, Man. ed. 1, 360. — Bogs, along the Alleghanics of Maryland and Penn. to 
northern New York and New England, New Brunswick (For/vr), and towards Hudson’s 
Bay (Wichavr). Distinctly different from G. Pnewmouanuthe of the Old World in inflores- 
cence, corolla, and distinctly winged seeds. 
Var. lanceolata. Leaves lanceolate, or the upper and involucrate ones almost 
ovate-lanceolate (1 or 2 inches long and even half inch wide): appendages of the sinuses 
of the corolla sometimes very short and broad. — G. rubricaulis, Schwein. in Keating, Narr. 
Long Exped. Mississip. — Minnesota and along Lake Superior. Also Herkimer Co., New 
York, Paine. Approaches narrow-leaved forms of G. alba. 


= = = Calyx-lobes and bracts with smooth or nearly smooth margins: seeds oval and com- 
pletely wingless, even marginless. 


ao G. ochroletica, Freel. Smooth, rather stout, a span to a foot high, often branching: 
leaves obovate or the upper oblong, all conspicuously narrowed at base, 1 to 3 inches long, 
pale: flowers sessile or nearly so in terminal and sometimes lateral leafy clusters: calyx- 
lobes linear, unequal, longer than the tube; the longer little exceeded by the somewhat 


124 GENTIANACE. Gentiana. 


open-funnelform greenish-white corolla, which is greenish-veiny and often purplish-striped 
(and 14 inches long); its lobes triangular-ovate and acute, much exceeding the triangular 
oblique and entire or sparingly toothed appendages.— Gent. 35; Pursh, 1. c.; Ell. Sk. i. 
340; Griseb. L c. partly; Gray, Man. Lc. G. Virginiana ete., Pluk. Alm. t. 186 (poor). 
G. villosa, L. Spec., i. e. pl. Gronov., but it is glabrous. G. Saponaria, Walt. Car. 109, not L. 
G. incarnata, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1856. G. intermedia, Sims, Bot. Mag. t.2303. G. serpentaria, 
Raf. Ann. Nat. 13? — Dry or damp grounds, Pennsylvania to Florida and Louisiana. 
++ ++ Corolla more funnelform and with longer spreading lobes: anthers connivent but not con- 
nected: flowers solitary on the stem or occasional branches, commonly peduncled and naked. 
== G, angustifdlia, Michx. Smooth: stems scattered, a span or two long, slender, ascend- 
ing, commonly simple: leaves narrowly linear, thickish, an inch or two long, a line or two 
wide; the lower narrowed downward ; the uppermost smaller and sometimes forming bracts 
to the flower: calyx-lobes resembling the uppermost narrow leaves, longer than the tube: 
corolla 2 inches long, deep and brilliant azure-blue, somewhat brown-dotted within (also a 
snow-white variety with a greenish hue outside) ; the lobes ovate, half inch long, widely 
spreading in anthesis, much longer than the broad and conspicuous laciniate appendages: 
seeds slender, wingless.— Fl. i. 177; Ell. l. c.; Chapm. Fl. 356. G. purpurea, Walt. Car. 
109, not L. G. porphyris, Gmelin. G. frigida, var. Drummondii, Griseb. in DC. 1. c. 111, the 
white-flowered variety from Florida. — Low pine-barrens, New Jersey (not “Canada”’) to 
Florida. A most beautiful species. 


6. PLEUROGYNE, Eschsch, (Formed of wievgor, rib or side, and yur, 
female; from the remarkable stigmas, which, instead of terminating the ovary, 
occupy the greater part of the length of the two sutures below its apex.) — Small 
annuals of cold regions in the northern hemisphere, of three or four nearly related 
species. Genus more related to Swertia than to Gentiana, the appendages to 
the corolla, as in the former, adnate and apparently glandular at base. Linnea, 
i. 188 (1826). Lomatogonium, Braun in Flora, 1830, 221. , 


P. rotata, Griseb. Stems 2 to 10 inches high, the smaller simpler and 1-flowered; the 
larger either simple and racemosely several-flowered or fastigiately much branched : leaves 
linear or lanceolate, or the radical ones short and spatulate: sepals similar to the upper 
leaves, in ours mostly narrowly linear; the longer equalling the blue or whitish corolla: 
lobes of the latter ovate becoming oblong-lanceolate, 4 or 5 lines long, bearing at base a 
pair of glandular and scale-like processes : ovary and capsule linear-oblong or lanceolate, 
nearly marginless. —Griseb. Gent. 309, & Hook. Fl. ii. 65; DC. Prodr. ix. 122; Herder, 
l.c.181. Swertia rotata, L.; Pall. Fl. Ross. ii. t. 89, fig. 1,2. Gentiana sulcata, Willd. Spec. 
i. 1351. G- rotata, Froel., Bunge, &c. — Labrador and Hudson’s Bay to the high north-west 
coast, Kotzebue Sound, &c., and Rocky Mountains south to lat. 89°: in the latter always 
the slender-leaved form, var. tenuifolia, Griseb. (Kamts. to Greenland.) 

P. Carinthiaca, Griseb. Low, few-flowered: leaves shorter and usually ovate: sepals 
from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, much shorter than the corolla: ovary and capsule oblong- 
ovate, distinctly margined. (Alps of Eu., east to N. E. Asia.) 

Var. pusilla. Leaves lanceolate or spatulate: sepals oblong-lanceolate, after anthe- 
sis becoming as long as the ovate corolla-lobes and the oblong-ovate capsule. — (Near var. 
Stelleriana, Griseb., G. Stelleriana, Cham., Swertia rotata, Pall. 1. c. as to fig. 3; but leaves 
not ovate, &e.) Swertia pusilla, Pursh, Fl. i. 101. Pleurogyne Purshii, Steud. Nom. — Lab- 
rador and alpine region of the White Mountains of New Hampshire, according to Pursh, 
the latter station very doubtful. Riviere du Loup, E. Canada, Dr. Thomas. (Himalayas, 
Lapland.) 


7. SWERTIA, L. (Lmanuel Sweert, a German herbalist.) —The genuine 
species are simple-stemmed perennials, occasionally with alternate leaves, the 
lower tapering at base into a margined petiole; the inflorescence thyrsoid; the 
flowers blue, varying to white, in summer. Seeds flat, commouly margined. 


—™§. perénnis, L. <A span to foot or more high: lowest leaves oblong or obovate-spatu- 
late (2 to 4 inches long), tapering into a long petiole; upper cauline few and narrower, 


Frasera. GENTIANACE. 125 


sessile ; some commonly alternate: inflorescence racemiform or narrowly paniculate, few- 
many-flowered: flowers 5-merous: sepals riarrowly lanceolate: lobes of the corolla (4 to 6 
lines long) oblong-ovate becoming Janceolate, the base bearing a pair of nectariferous pits 
which are crested with a fringe. — Engl. Bot. t. 1041; FL Dan. t. 2047; Jacq. Fl. Austr. 
iii. t. 243.— Ours the var. obtusa, Griseb. (S. obtusa, Ledeb.), with obtuser lower leaves and 
corolla-lobes, but passing into the other and European form.— Rocky Mountains in Colo- 
rado, Utah, &c., and Alaska. (N. E. Asia to Eu.) 


8. FRASERA, Walt. (John Fraser, of Great Britain, made collections 
in this country 1785-96. published Walter’s Flora Caroliniana.) — Large and 
stout herbs, or some smaller and more slender; with single erect stem from a 
mostly biennial and thick bitter root, verticiliate or opposite leaves, the broader 
ones commonly somewhat nervose, thyrsoid or paniculate-cymose inflorescence, 
and copious flowers, produced in summer. Calyx-lobes from linear to ovate. 
Corolla dull white, yellowish, or bluish, and commonly dark-dotted, mostly of firm 
texture, not “deciduous” but marcescent. Flowers seldom, if ever, d-merous. 
Species all N. American, and all but one western; the genus mostly well marked 
in aspect, but in floral character distinguished from Swertia only by the distinct 
style; and this is very short in F. Parryi and F. thyrs(flora. 


* Leaves marginless: a single round gland upon each corolla-lobe; no crown at base: capsule (as 
far as known) strongly flattened parallel with the valves: seeds orbicular, wing-margined: stem 
large and stout: sepals narrow, almost the length of the corolla. 

-—— F. thyrsifléra, Hook. Stem 2 or 3 feet high: leaves in pairs or threes, oblong or 
spatulate-obovate, the cauline 3 or 4 inches long: flowers in a, dense interrupted thyrsus : 
sepals subulate-linear (4 lines long): lobes of the pale blue corolla ovate-oblong, thin, bear- 
ing the gland near the base: style short and conical, in some flowers hardly any !— Kew 
Jour. Bot. iii. 288; where the flowers are said to be 5-merous! F’. Carolinensis, Hook. F). ii. 
63. Swertia fastigiata, Pursh, F]. i. 101.— Idaho and interior of Oregon, on the tributaries 

.of the Columbia, Lewis, Douglas, Geyer, Spulding. Rare and little known. Pursh’s plant 
seen in herb. Lambert, where the true station is recorded: “in moist and wet places on the 

Quamash flats, June 4, 1806,” at which date Lewis and Clarke were on the Kooskooskie 

(now Salmon) River, near which the species was collected by Spalding: the flowers in 

“both 4-merous. Douglas’s and Geyer’s specimens not seen. 
== F’. Carolinénsis, Walt. Stem 8 to 8 feet high: leaves mostly in fours, 12 to 4 inches 
long; the radical and lowest spatulate-oblong; uppermost lanceolate; those of the ample 
and open thyrsoid-paniculate inflorescence often only opposite and small or reduced to 
bracts: flowers mostly slender-pedicelled: sepals narrowly lanceolate: corolla ochroleucous 
and with brownish-purple dots; its broadly oblong lobes bearing the large and long- 
fringed gland below the middle: style slender-subulate: stigma of 2 oval lobes. — Car. 57 ; 

Torr. Fl. 187, & Fl. N. Y. ii. 89. F. Walter’, Michx. Fl. i. 97; Bart. Med. ii. t. 35. Swertia 

difformis, UL. herb., not Spec. — Rich dry soil, W. New York to Wisconsin and Georgia. 

Thick bitter root has been used as a tonic, under the name of American Columbo. 

%* %* Leaves marginless: a pair of oblong glands on each corolla-lobe and a separate crown below 
them: capsule compressed contrary to the deep-boatshaped or almost conduplicate valves: seeds 
oblong, flat, margined: sepals narrow-linear, equalling the corolla. 

=== F. speciosa, Dougl. Stem stout, 2 to 5 feet high, very leafy: leaves in fours and sixes, 
nervose; the radical and lowest cauline obovate or oblong, 6 to 10 inches long; the upper 
lanceolate and at length linear: flowers very numerous in a long leafy thyrsus : the slender 
pedicels and peduncles at length strict: lobes of the greenish-white or barely bluish and 
dark-dotted corolla oval-oblong, acutish, half inch long, bearing the pair of contiguous and 
densely long-fringed glands about the middle, and a distant transversely inserted and seta- 
5 ceously multifid scalelike crown near the base: usually some minute sete between the 
bases of the filaments: style subulate, shorter than the ovary.—Griseb. Gent. 529, in 
Hook. Fl. ii. 66, t. 153, & DC. 1. c. 131; Watson, Bot. King, 279; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 454. 
Tessaranthium radiatum, Kellogg, Proc. Acad. Calif. ii. 142.— In the mountains, Wyoming 

to Oregon, and south to New Mexico and the Sierra Nevada of California. 


126 GENTIANACEA. Frasera. 


* * * Leaves with cartilaginous white margins, thickish, lanceolate or linear: glands an the 
corolla-lobes solitary, but sometimes 2-lobed. 


+— Capsule turgid; its valves strongly convex: seeds elongated-oblong, thickish, scabrous, mar- 
ginless: corolla-lobes with a double longitudinally adnate crown confluent with the gland: in- 
florescence loosely paniculate. 

F. paniculata, Torr. Stem 2 or 3 feet high: cauline leaves linear, opposite (about 3 
pairs): flowers in a loose and ample panicle, slender-pedicelled: sepals ovate, barely half 
the length of the whitish corolla: lobes of the latter oblong, obtuse, 2 or 8 lines long, 
bearing a plane and roundish discolored gland about the middle, which is lightly fringed 
round the border, its base confluent with a pair of coronal crests, which are adnate down 
the lobe, bilamellate and strongly ciliate fimbriate above, tapering and tubular below: 
filaments distinct to the base: style slender-subulate: stigma very small. — Pacif. R. Rep. 
iv. 126.—N. Arizona, sand bluffs at Inscription Rock in the Zufii country, Bigelow. Habit 
of the two following species. What was described asa pair of glands rather belongs to the 
crown. 
+— + Capsule compressed parallel with the flat or flattish valves: seeds as far as known flat, 

smooth, and acute-margined. 


++ Inflorescence ample and effusely paniculate; the pedicels longer than the flowers: corolla white 
or yellowish with scattered dark dots, of rather firm texture and enduring ; the lobes acuminate 
or mucronate, longer than the ovate-lanceolate sepals. 

F. Parryi, Torr. Stem stout, 2 or 3 feet high, including the large and very compound 
pyramidal or corymbose panicle: leaves in pairs or occasionally in threes, lanceolate, or 
the radical oblong, 3-nerved, 3 or 4 inches long; the upper becoming much shorter, often 
ovate-lanceolate, and soon reduced to small bracts: lobes of the white corolla ovate, be- 
coming oblong, half inch long, bearing a large and lunate-obcordate conspicuously 
fringed gland about on the middle, the base naked and destitute of a crown: some very 
minute sete at the base of the filaments: style distinct, but only one fourth the length of 
the ovary: stigma small.— Bot. Mex. Bound. 156, & Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 126; Gray, Bot. 
Calif. i. 484. Southern and eastern part of San Diego Co., California, to the borders of 
Arizona, Coulter, Parry, Palmer. 

F. albomarginata, Watson. Stem more slender, 1 to 3 feet high, including the 
ample and very compound broad cymose panicle: leaves in fours and sometimes opposite, 
linear, or the lower and radical oblanceolate, and the uppermost reduced to subulate bracts 
subtending the long branches of the panicle: lobes of the greenish-yellow corolla ovate, 
becoming oblong, cuspidate-acuminate, 3 or 4 lines long, twice the length of the sepals, 
bearing the obcordate moderately villous-fringed gland about on its middle, this decurrent 
into a longitudinally adnate crown with fringed free margins and a somewhat hooded base : 
style slender: stigma small. — Bot. King, lL. c.; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c.—S. Utah ands. Ne- 
vada, Palmer, Miss Searls, Parry. Leaves with conspicuous silvery-white and commonly 
undulate border. 
++ ++ Inflorescence a virgate interrupted thyrsus of 3 to 5 pairs of sessile (or the lower short- 

peduncled) dense cymes, forming a series of glomerate clusters: pedicels very short: leaves nar- 
row and gramineous, merely opposite; the cauline only 3 to 5 pairs: corolla lavender-blue, of 
thin texture: the lobes ovate or oblong becoming narrower, 8 or 4 lines long, rather longer than 
the subulate-lanceolate sepals; the fringed gland elongated, extending from the base to near the 
middle, sarcate and with a longer and coarser fringe at base: crown stamineal, consisting of a 
conspicuously laciniately parted or nearly entire scale between each filament: style slender, 
twice the length of the ovary: stigma entire: capsule flat, few-seeded. 
=F’, nitida, Benth. Completely glabrous, a foot or more high, slender: leaves linear- 
lanceolate (2 to 4 lines wide, the upper 2, and the radical 6 or 8, inches long), those 
subtending the upper flower-clusters reduced to small bracts: corolla sometimes greenish- 
spotted; the lobes barely acute, bearing an elongated oblong obtuse gland: thin scales 
between the filaments ovate or oblong-linear, entire or sparingly laciniate, longer than the 
ovary. — Pl. Hartw. 322; Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 126; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. — Foothills of 
the Sierra Nevada, California, to the Dalles in Oregon. 

- — F-.albicatlis, Dougl. Very minutely pruinose-puberulent: sepals rather longer and 
narrower: corolla-lobes ovate-lanceolate and acuminate; the gland oblong-lincar: scales 
between the filaments more or less dissected into setiform processes: otherwise as the pre- 
ceding. — Griseb. 1. c., & Hook, Fl. ii. 67, t. 164.— Interior of Oregon and Idaho, on the 
eastern waters of the Columbia, Douylas, Geyer, Spalding. 


Obolaria. GENTIANACE_E. 127 


9. HALENIA, Borkh. (John Halen, who wrote of Kamtschatka plants.) — 
Low herbs (of N, Asia and America); with opposite leaves. and small terminal 
and axillary often panicled cvmes of usually 4-merous flowers ; the corolla whitish, 
Liuish, or yellowish. Occasionally or in some flowers the spurs or nectariferous 
gibbosities are wanting or nearly so. 

—— H. defléxa, Griseb. Annual, 6 to 18 inches high: radical leaves obovate or spatulate 
and petioled ; cauline oblong-lanceolate to ovate, acute, 3-S-nerved (an inch or so long): 
sepals lanceolate or spatulate and acuminate : corolla dull whitish or purplish, 3 or 4 lines 
long; the lobes triangular-ovate and acute; spurs deflexed or obliquely descending, thick- 
ish, considerably shorter than the corolla. — Gent. 324; Hook. Fl. ii. 67, t. 155. Swertia 
corniculata, Michx. F]. i. 97, not L. S. defleza, Smith in Rees. Cyel. 3. Michauciana, Rem. 
& Sch. Syst. vi. 130. — Damp and cool woods, N. Maine and New York to Lake Superior 
and northern Rocky Mountains, Labrador, &c. 

Var. Brentonidna, a depressed form, with rather shorter and thicker spurs. — H. 
Brentoniana, Griseb. 1. c.; Hook. 1.c. t. 156.— Newfoundland and Labrador. JZ. heterantha, 
Griseb. l. ¢., & Hook. 1. c. t. 156, also Newfoundland, appears to be nearly the same, with 
some corollas spurless. 

—H. Rothréckii, Gray. Annual, a span or two high, loosely flowered: leaves linear: 
pedicels slender: sepals linear-lanceolate: corolla bright yellow, 4 or 5 lines long; the 
lobes ovate; spurs divaricate and slightly ascending, shorter than the corolla. — Proc. Am. 
Acad. xi. 84; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. t. 21. — Arizona, on Mount Graham, Rothrock. 


10. BARTONIA, Muhl. (Prof. Bnjamin Smith Barton, of Philadelphia, 
one of the earliest teachers of botany in the U.S.) — Small and filiform anuuals 
or biennials, of Atlantic U. S.; with fibrous root, simple or paniculately branch- 
ing stems, leaves reduced to subulate appressed scales or bracts, and small pedun- 
culate scattered flowers with white corolla. — Willd. in N. Schrift. Berl. iii. 144 
(1891); Torr. Fl. 185; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 815. Ceutaurella, Michx. FI. 
1.97, 1805. Andrewsta, Spreng. Syst. i. 428. 


ese B. tenélla, Muhl. <A span to a foot high, rather rigid: flowers racemose or racemose- 
panicled, barely 2 lines long: lobes of the yellowish-white corolla oblong, little longer 
than the calyx (sometimes twice as long): ovary 4angled and the cell somewhat cruci- 
form. — Willd. lc.; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 389. Sugina Virginica, L. Centaurella paniculsta, 
Michx. 1. ¢.t.12, fig. 1. C. autumnalis, Pursh, FL i.100; Griseb. le. Centaurium autumnale, 
Pers. Svn. i. 157. Andrewsia autumnalis, Spreng. lec.  Centaurella Moseri, Steud. Nom.; 
Griseb. in DC. Prodr. ix. 121, an occasional form, with leaves or scales and branches mostly 
alternate. — Open woods, Newfoundland to Wisconsin and Louisiana ; flowering late. 
—— B. vérna, Muhl. A span high or less, somewhat corymbosely 1-few-flowered, the stem 
weaker or less rigid: lobes of the white corolla obovate-spatulate, 3 or + lines long, very 
obtuse, thrice the length of the calyx: ovary compressed. — Centaurella verna, Michv. l.c. 
fig. 2; Griseb. le. C. rernalis & C. estivalis, Pursh, l.c. Centaurium vernum, Pers. 1. ¢. An- 
drewsia verna, Spreng. lL c.— Bogs, 5. Virginia to Florida and Louisiana; flowering in early 
spring. 


11. OBOLARIA, L. (03020:, a small Greek coin, from the rounded 
leaves.) — Gray, Chloris, 21, t. 3. — Single species. 

=< ©. Virginica, L. Herb a span or less in height from a tufted fibrous perennial root, of 
dull purplish-green hue and rather fleshy texture, simple or sparingly branched above: lower 
leaves reduced to obtuse loose scales; upper ones cuneate-obovate, about half inch long 
and wide: flowers usually in threes and nearly sessile in the axils and terminating the stem 
and branches, white or purplish, £ lines long, produced in spring. — Spec. ii. 652 (Gronov. 
Virg.); Darl. Fl. Cest. ed. 1, 21, t.2; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t. 90; Reuter in DC. Prodr. 
xi. 45; Gray. lc. & Man. ed. 5, 390. Orobanche Virginiana, etc., Moris. Hist. iii. 504, sect. 
12, t. 16, fig. 23; Pluk. Alm. t. 209, fig. 6.— Moist woods, New Jersey to Illinois and south 
to Georgia and Texas. 


128 GENTIANACER. Menyanthes. 


12. MENYANTHES, Tourn. Bucxsean. (Ancient name, from pi», 
month, and é6og, flower, some say from its flowering for about that time.) — Bog- 
perennials (of the cooler parts of the northern hemisphere) ; with long and 
thickish creeping rootstocks, bearing either trifoliolate or reniform leaves on long 
petioles, with scarious sheathing base, and a naked erect several—many-flowered 
scape ; fl. in spring or early summer. ~ Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 819. 

M. trifolidta, LL. Petioles and scape a span or two high, stout: leaf divided into 3 oval 
or oblong-obovate pinnately veined entire or repand leaflets: flowers racemose: corotla 
white or tinged with rose; the tube longer than the calyx; the upper surface of the lobes 
copiously fimbriate-bearded. — Lam. Ill. t. 100; Fl. Dan. t. 541; Bigel. Med. t. 46 ; Reichenb. 
Ie. Germ. t. 1043. — Bogs, Newfoundland and Labrador to Penn., Ohio, and northward: 
also Rocky Mountains to California and Aleutian Islands, (Japan to Eu. and Greenland.) 


M. Crista-galli, Menzies. Petioles and scape at length slender and a foot or two high: 
leaf reniform and sometimes emarginate, crenate! (2 to 4 inches wide) : flowers in a simple 
or 1-2-forked cyme: corolla white; its tube not longer than the calyx; the lobes naked 
but with a medial crest. — Hook. Bot. Mise. i. 45, t. 24. Villarsia Crista-galli, Griseb. 1. ec. — 
Marshy ground, coast of Br. Columbia to Alaska, Menzies, Mertens, &c. 


13. LIMNANTHEMUM, Gmelin. Froatine Heart. (From diwn, 
marsh or pool, and @@uor, blossom.) — Perennial fibrous-rooted water-plants (of 
temperate and tropical regions); with proliferous or stoloniferous growth; the 
leaves orbicular or ovate and deeply cordate, entire or repand, floating ; the flowers 
in our species as if umbellate-fascicled on the petiole, produced all summer, some- 
times polygamous. Stolons sometimes tuberiferous. 

L. lacunésum, Griseb. Petioles and stolons filiform, much elongated: leaves orbic- 
ular-cordate, an inch or two long, mostly quite entire: umbel of flowers borne near to the 
base of the leaf, often accompanied by a fascicle of thickened and short spur-like rootlets : 
corolla white, a third to half inch in diameter; its broadly oval lobes naked (except a 
crest-like yellowish gland at base), twice the length of the lanceolate calyx-lobes: style 
none: seeds numerous, smooth and even. — Gent. 347, & in DC. Prodr. ix. 141, in part; 
Gray, Man. ed. 1, 363, ed. 5, 390. Vilhirsia lacunosa, Vent. Choix, 9; Pursh, FL. i. 139, excl. 
syn. V. cordata, Ell, Sk. i. 230, a fitter name.— Shallow ponds, &c., Canada to Florida 
and Louisiana. 


L. trachyspérmum, Gray, 1.c. Larger: petioles, &c., stouter: leaves cordate-orbicu- 
lar, 2 to 6 inches in diameter, with,margins sometimes repand, of thick texture, the dis- 
colored lower surface reticulate-veined, spongy and pitted: umbel usually destitute of 
thickened rootlets : expanded corolla three-fourths inch wide : style none : seeds roughened. 
— EL. lacunosum, var. australe, Griseb. Gent. 1. ve. Anonymos aquatica, Walt. Car. 109. Villarsia 
aquatica, Gmel. Syst. i. 447. V. trachysperma, Ell. 1. cc. Menyanthes trachysperma, Michx. Fl. 
i. 126.— Ponds and streams, Maryland (Canby) and Virginia to Florida and Texas. 


OrpER XCI. POLEMONIACES. 


Herbaceous or rarely shrubby plants, with bland colorless juice, simple or di- 
vided leaves and no stipules, perfect and regular 5-merous flowers except that 
the free ovary is trimerous (3-celled with placente in the axis); the persistent 
calyx imbricated, and the corolla dextrorsely convolute (and not plicate) in the 
bud; the fruit a 3-celled loculicidal capsule, usually with a thick placental axis ; 
the few or many seeds small, amphitropous or nearly anatropous, with a thin or 
soft coat, commonly developing mucilage when wetted; the embryo straight and 
rather large in the axis of a fleshy or, harder albumen, the cotyledons flat or 
flattish and rather broad. Stamens on the corolla alternate with its lobes, distinct. 


Phlox. POLEMONIACES. 129 


Style one, 3-lobed or cleft; the introrse stigmas (or lobes of the style stigmatic 
down the inner face) slender. Hypogynous disk generally manifest. Almost 
exclusively American, and remarkable among the hypogynous gamopetalous 
orders for the 3-merous pistil, but in 2 or 3 species of Gilia 2-merous. The corolla 
is not always perfectly regular, and the 5 stamens are very commonly uneqnal in 
length or insertion. Cobea, common in cultivation, is very exceptional in the 
order, climbing by tendrils belonging to pinnate leaves, and its capsule septicidal. 
— Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 247 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 820. 


* Stamens unequally inserted on the tube of the corolla, not declined. 

1. PHLOX. Corolla strictly salverform, with slender tube and narrow orifice. Filaments 
very short and unequally inserted: anthers mostly included. Ovules solitary or few in 
each cell. Seed unaltered when wetted. Leaves opposite and entire. 

2. COLLOMIA. Corolla tubular-funnelform or salverform, with an open orifice, from 
which the unequally inserted filaments commonly protrude. Ovules solitary or numerous. 
Seed-coat developing mucilage and projecting uncoiling spiral threads (spiricles) when 
wetted, except in one species. Leaves mostly alternate, and pinnately incised or divided. 

* * Stamens equally inserted in or below the throat or sinuses of the corolla. 

8. LGZSELIA. Corolla tubular or funnelform, somewhat irregular, the limb being more 
or less unequally cleft; the naked filaments declined. Otherwise as Gilia. 

4. GILIA. Corolla from campanulate to funnelform and salverform, regular. Filaments 
not declined, naked (rarely pubescent) at base. Ovules and seeds from solitary to numer- 
ous. Leaves various. 

5. POLEMONIUM. Corolla from funnelform to nearly rotate, regular. Filaments more 
or less declined and usually pilose-appendaged at base, slender. Ovules and sceds few or 
several in each cell. Calyx herbaceous, not scarious below the sinuses nor the lobes cos- 
tate, accrescent. Leaves all alternate, pinnate or pinnately parted. 


1. PHLOX, L. (Ancient Greek name of Lychnis, from go. flame.) — N. 
American herbs, or a few suffrutescent, chiefly perennials, many cultivated for 
their ornamental blossoms. Cauline leaves sessile and opposite, or some of the 
upper varying to alternate. Flowers cymose, showy, from blue-purple or lilac to 
crimson and white; the calyx narrow, and the corolla strongly convolute in the 
bud. Most species with long filiform style about equalling or surpassing the 
corolla-tube, but some with short included style, perhaps by dimorphism; but 
only in P. subulata have both forms been found in the same species. 


§ 1. Perennial herbs of the Atlantic States. with flat (broad or narrow) leaves, 
and solitary ovules. 


* Stem strictly erect (smooth or sometimes rouzh): eymules compact, numerous, in a pyramidal 
or corrmbose panicle or elongated thyrsus: pedicels very short: corolla with entire rounded lobes: 
fi. summer. 

=== P. paniculata, L. Stem stout, 2 to 4 feet high: leaves oblong-lanceolate and ovate-lanceo- 
late, acuminate, tapering at base, or the uppermost more or less cordate: panicle ample, 
pyramidal-corymbose: calyx-teeth subulate-setaceous: corolla pink-purple varying to 

white. — Spec. 1.151; Lam. Ill. t. 103; Gray, 1. ¢. 249. P. undulata, Ait. Kew. i. 295. P. 

cordata, Ell.; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 18. P. acuminata, Pursh; Bot. Mag. t. 188. 

P. corymbosa, Sweet, 1.c. t. 114. P. scabra, Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 248. P. Svckmanni, 

Lehm. in Act. Nat. Cur. xiv. t. 46. P. decussata, Hortul. (Some of the above smooth, 

others rough or hairy forms.) — Open woods, Penn. to Illinois, Louisiana, and Florida. 

—===p, maculdta, L. Stem more slender, 14 to 2 feet high, commonly purplespotted: 
leaves very smooth, thickish; the lower lanceolate and the upper nearly ovate-lanceolate 
from a rounded or cordate base: panicle narrow and usually long: calyx-teeth triangular- 

lanceolate, short: corolla pink-purple. — Spec. i. 152; Lam. Ill. t. 108; Jacq. Vind. t. 127. 

P. pyramidalis, Smith, Exot. ii. t. 87; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t.253, with P. reflera, Sweet, 1.c. 

t. 232, & P. pendulifiora, Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2. t. 46, robust cultivated forms. — Rich 

woodlands and along streams, \. Penn. to Iowa and Florida. 

9 


—! 


130 POLEMONIACEZE. Phiox. 


Var. cdndida, Michx., is a white-flowered form, commonly with spotless stem. — 
P. suaveolens, Ait. 1. c., fide Benth. P. tardiflora, Penny, fide Benth. P. longiflora, Sweet, 
lc. ser. 2, t. 31. With the ordinary form. 

* %* Stems, at least the flowering ones, ascending or erect: cymules corymbed or sometimes sim- 
ple: flowers chiefly pedicelled: lobes of the corolla broad, obovate or obcordate. 

+ Calyx-teeth lanceolate or triangular-subulate: whole plant glabrous or nearly so, never viscid: 
stems ascending or erect: pedicels equalling or shorter than the calyx: lobes of the pink or rose- 
red corolla rounded and entire: fl. early summer. 

P. ovata, Li. Stems rather low, ascending from a decumbent or creeping base: leaves 
ovate or oblong-lanceolate, the uppermost often subcordate and the lowest tapering into a 
margined petiole: calyx-teeth short and broad, ovate or triangular-lanceolate, acute. — 
Bot. Mag. t. 528; Gray, lc. P. Carolina, L. Spec. ed. 2, i. 216; Bot. Mag. t. 1344; a taller 
form, with narrower more tapering leaves and pointed calyx-teeth, approaching the next 
species. P. latifolia, Michx. Fl. i. 143. P. triflora, Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 29.— Open 
woods, from Alabama northward in the mountain region to Pennsylvania. 


ewm=P. glabérrima, L. Stems taller and erect: leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, or the 


uppermost narrowly ovate-lanceolate, tapering gradually to an acute point, firm in texture, 
almost veinless, bright green and glossy above, often with revolute margins: calyx-teeth 
triangular- or lanceolate-subulate, very sharp-pointed. — Spee. 1. c.. 152; Sweet, Brit. Fl. 
Gard. ser. 2, t. 36; Benth. in DC. lc. P. revoluta, Aikin in Eaton, Man. — Prairies and 
open woodlands, N. Virginia and Ohio to Wisconsin and south to Florida. 

Var. suffruticésa, a form with more rigid stems, either smooth or scabrous, or the 
inflorescence strongly rough-puberulent, and the upper leaves broadly lanceolate, verging 
to narrow-leaved forms of the preceding species. —P. suffruticosa, Willd. Enum. 200; 
Bot. Reg. t. 68. P. nitida, Pursh, Fl. ii. 730. P. Carolina, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1344; Sweet, 
Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 190, not L. P. triflora, Michx. FL. i. 143% P. carnea, Sims, Bot. Mag. 
t. 2155, smooth form. P. Carolina, var. nitida & var. puberula, Benth. in DC. 1. e.— Georgia 
and Tennessee to Florida and Louisiana. 
+-— + Calyx-teeth long and slender: flowering stems erect, ascending, or sometimes spreading, at 

least the summit and the calyx more or less hairy or glandular-pubescent: fl. in spring. 

++ No runners or prostrate sterile shoots. 


—~—P. Floridana, Benth. Stems erect and strict, a foot or two high, slightly hairy or nearly 


glabrous below, as are the lanceolate-linear or broadly linear rather rigid leaves, the 
summit and the corymb glandular: teeth of the glandular-pubescent calyx lanceolate- 
setaceous: lobes of the light purple corolla roundish-obovate, entire. — Prodr. 1. c. 304; 
Chapm. Fl. 309.— Dry open woods, Florida, Chapman, Rugel. Foliage, &c., nearly as in 
the preceding, the calyx approaching the following. 


=P. pilésa, L. Villous-hairy, pubescent, or sometimes glabrate: stems erect, slender (a 


foot or two high): leaves linear or lanceolate, usually tapering gradually from near the 
sessile base to the acute point: corymb at length loose: teeth of the hairy more or less 
viscous calyx subulate-setaceous or awn-like: lobes of the (pink, purple, rose, or sometimes 
white) corolla obovate and entire. — Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1307; Lodd. Cab. t. 1251. P. aris- 
tata, Michx.; Lodd. Cab. t. 1731; Torr. Fl. MN. Y. ii. t. 80. PB. cuspidata, Scheele in Lirn. 
xxiii. 139.— Dry or sandy woods, prairies, &2., from New Jersey to Iowa and Saskatche- 
wan, and south to Florida and Texas. Very variable as to foliage and pubescence. 
Slender southern forms pass into 

Var. deténsa, Gray. Smoother or almost glabrous, but corymb and calyx more or 
less pubescent : except in the calyx nearly approaches narrow-leaved forms of P. glaberrima. 
—-Proe. Am. Acad. 1. ¢. P. aristata, Benth., partly. — Alabama and Florida to Texas. 


——~P, amcena, Sims. Softly villous-pubescent, or sometimes hirsute: stems ascending, 


simple (a span or two high): leaves erectish, short, oblong-lanceolate or nearly linear, 
seldom acute, the uppermost subtending or involucrating the compact cymose cluster: 
calyx-teeth narrow-subulate, very acute, but not awn-tipped: lobes of the (purple or 
pink, seldom white) corolla (half inch long) almost equalling the tube, obovate, entire, or 
rarely emaginate. — Bot. Mag. t. 1308; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. 251. P. pilosa, Walt., 
Michx., &c., not L. P. mlosa, var. Walteri, Gray, Man. ed. 2. P. Walter’, Chapm. Fl. 1. ¢. 
P. procumbens, Gray, Man. ed. 6, 372, not Lehm. P. involucrata, Wood, Classbook, 1861, 568. 
— Hills and dry barrens, Virginia and Kentucky to Florida. 


Phioz. POLEMONIACES. 131 


++ ++ Sterile shoots from the base creeping or decumbent: leaves comparatively broad, and with 
the stems and calyx softly more or less viscid-pubescent: pedicels rather slender. 

—-P. divaricata, L. Stems diffuse or ascending, the sterile shoots decumbent or somewhat 
creeping and bearing ovate sessile leaves: cauline leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, rather 
acute: cyme open: calyx-teeth slenderly linear-subulate: lobes of the bluish or layender- 
colored (1 to 14 inches wide) corolla cuneate-obcordate or barely emarginate (Bot. Mag. 
t. 163, & P. Canadensis, Swect, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 221), or not rarely quite entire (var. 

——Laphamii, Wood. P. glutinosa, Buckley in Am. Jour. Sci. xlv. 177, as to specimens, but 
flowers not “red or scarlet.”) — Damp woods, W. Canada and New York to Iowa, Florida 
and Arkansas. Corolla with the sinuses open. Style (always?) very short. 

«== P. réptans, Michx. Stems weak and slender; the sterile long and prostate or creeping, 
runner-like, bearing obovate or roundish leaves with narrowed base; the flowering erect, a 
span or more high, bearing 3 or 4 pairs of oval or oblong mostly obtuse leaves: cyme sim- 
ple, few-flowered : calyx-teeth linear-subulate: lobes of the purple or violet corolla round- 
ish, mostly entire, about half the length of the tube.— Vent. Malm. t. 107. P. stolonifera, 
Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 563; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 293.— Damp woods of the Alle- 
ghany region and near it, Pennsylvania to Kentucky and Georgia. Corolla-tube an inch 
long; style long, the stigmas and some of the stamens often more or less projecting. 

%* %* * Stems diffuse and branching, slender, low (a span high): flowers scattered or barely 
cymulose, peduncled; the peduncles often elongated: lobes of the corolla narrowly cuneate and 
bifid: calyx-lobes subulate-lanceolate: fl. spring. 

== P. bifida, Beck. Minutely pubescent: leaves linear (an inch or two long, a line or two 
wide), glabrate: lobes of the pale violet-purple corolla 2- (rarely 3-) cleft to or below the 
middle into oblong or nearly linear diverging segments. — Am. Jour. Sci. xi. 167; Gray, 
Man. ed. 5, 373. — Prairies of Illinois and Missouri. 

= P. Stellaria, Gray. Very glabrous: leaves barely somewhat ciliate at base, linear (an 
inch or two long, a line or more wide), acute, rather rigid: flowers scattered, mostly long- 
peduncled: lobes of the “pale blue or almost white ” corolla bifid at the apex into barely 
oblong lobes. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. 252. — Cliffs of Kentucky River (above Lexington ?), 
in fissures of the most precipitous rocks, Short. S. Illinois, G. H. French, &c. Bases of the 
filiform and tufted or creeping stems rigid and persistent. 


§ 2. Suffruticulose and creeping-cespitose, evergreen, east of the Mississippi, 
with mostly crowded and fascicled subulate and rigid leaves: lobes of the corolla 
at most obcordate: fl. early spring. 

=< P. subulata, L. (Grovusp or Moss Pryx.) Depressed, forming broad mats, pubescent, 
when old glabrate; leaves squarrose-spreading, ciliate, varying from lanceolate- or subu- 
late-linear to almost acerose, 4 to 10 lines long: flowers mostly slender-pedicelled: calyx- 
lobes subulate: lobes of the (pink, purple, or white) corolla obcordate or rarely entire: 
ovules solitary or in pairs (or rarely 3) in each cell. (Style generally long and ovules 
solitary.) —Jacq. Fragm. t. 44; Bot. Mag. t.411, & t. 415 (as setacea). P. setacea, L., form 
with slender leaves. LP. nivalis, Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 780; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 185: style 
short; and ovules commonly (but not always) 2 or rarely 3 in each cell, and corolla white. 

P. Hentzii, Nutt., a state of the last with lobes of the corolla entire or nearly so. P. arvs- 

tata, Lodd. l.c. t.1731, a white-flowered variety.— Rocky bare hills and sandy banks, 

S. New York to Michigan, Kentucky and Florida. Very variable species. 

P. proctUmBens, Lehm. (Ind. Sem. Hamb. 1828; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t.7; Lodd. 
Cab. t. 1722; P. subulata, var. latifolia, Benth. in DC. 1.c.), is unknown as a wild plant, and 
is apparently a hybrid between P. subulata and P. amena. 


§ 3. Suffruticulose or suffrutescent, rarely herbaceous to the ground, natives of 
the Rocky Mountain region and westward, chiefly with narrow or minute and 
thickish-margined leaves, and branches or peduncles mostly one-flowered, in 
spring and summer. (Species most difficult, passing into one another.) 


x Densely cespitose and depressed, mostly forming cushion-like evergreen mats or tufts ; the short 
leaves (14 to 5 lines long) crowded up to the solitary and sessile (or in the last species short-pe- 
duncled) flowers, and also fascicled. scarious-connate at base. the old ones marcescent: ovules 
solitary in each cell. The earlier species of the series most depressed. pulvinate, and imbricate- 
leaved ; the last looser, longer-leaved and approaching the next subsection. 


132 POLEMONIACES. Phloz. 


+— Leaves mote or less beset or ciliate with cobweb-like or woolly hairs, 


++ Very short, broadish or scale-like, soft, barely mucronate, appressed-imbricated: plants very 
depressed, moss-like, forming pulvinate tufts: lobes of the corolla entire. 


P. Richardsonii, Hook. Rather loosely tufted: leaves oblong-lanceolate, 3 lines long, 
sparsely lanate above, and with thickened reflexed margins ; the marcescent older ones lax 
and spreading: tube of the “ brilliant lilac” corolla nearly twice the length of the calyx, 
the broadly cuneate-obovate lobes 3 lines long. — Hook. Fl. ii. 78, t.160.— Arctic sea- 
coast, Richardson, Pullen. 

P. bryoides, Nutt. Habit somewhat of Selaginella rupestris, copiously lanate: leaves 
(even the marcescent ones) very densely appressed-imbricated in 4 strict ranks on the loosely 
tufted branches, scale-like, ovate- or triangular-lanceolate, minute (only 14 lines long), with 
rather inflexed margins: tube of the corolla considerably longer than the calyx, its cune- 
ate lobes barely a line and a half long. —Pl. Gamb. 153.— High Rocky Mountains in 
Wyoming, lat. 42°-45°, Nuttall, Parry. 

—— P. muscoides, Nutt. Like the preceding, more resembling some canescent moss; the 
branches much tufted, very short; leaves less strictly quadrifarious and less lanate, ovate- 
lanceolate, mucronulate: tube of the corolla not surpassing the calyx.—Jour. Acad. 
Philad. vii. 42, t. 6, fig. 2.— Rocky Mountains, at the sources of the Missouri, Wyeth. 


++ ++ Leaves subulate or acerose, somewhat rigid, less appressed: plants forming broad mats, 2 to 
4 inches high. 


P. Hoddii, Richards. Sparsely or loosely lanate, becoming glabrate; leaves subulate, 
rather rigid, erect, somewhat loosely imbricated: tube of the (white?) corolla not exceed- 
ing the calyx; its lobes obovate, entire, 2 to 24 lines long. — Frankl. Journ. Appx. t. 28. — 
Sandy plains and hills of the Saskatchewan, &c., from lat. 54°, and along the Rocky 
Mountains down to the south-west part of Wyoming. 

P. canéscens, Torr. & Gray. More lanate and canescent: leaves subulate, imbri- 
cated, soon recurved-spreading above the appressed base (8 to 5 lines long); tube of the 
white corolla at length exceeding (often about twice the length of) the calyx; the obovate 
lobes entire or emarginate, 3 or 4 lines long. — Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 8, t. 6; Watson, Bot. 
King, 259. — Rocky Mountains of Wyoming and Colorado to the Sierra Nevada in Califor- 
nia and New Mexico. Apparently passes into the preceding. 


—_— 


+— + Leaves rigid (one third to half inch long), destitute of woolly or cobwebby hairs, the mar- 
gins naked or ciliate with rigid or rather soft hairs: plants either densely or loosely tufted; the 
leaves mostly less crowded. : 
—— P, cespitésa, Nutt. Leaves linear-subulate or oblong-linear, commonly much crowded, 
hispid-ciliate, otherwise glabrous or with some short glandular-tipped rigid hairs: corolla 
with tube somewhat exceeding the calyx; its lobes obovate, entire, 3 lines long. — Jour. 
Acad. Philad. vii. 41, t. 6, fig. 1.— Var. riqrda, Gray, in Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. 254, is a de- 
pressed form, with acerose-subulate at length recurved-spreading rigid leaves. P. rigida, 
Benth. in DC.— Var. condensata, Gray, l. c., is a very dwarf, pulvinate-tufted form, with 
short and erect closely imbricated leaves, only 2 or 3 lines long; and is P. Hoodii, Gray, 
Enum. Pl. Parry (298) in Am. Jour. Sci.— Rocky Mountains of Colorado, Montana, &c., to 
Oregon and the high Sierra in California. LLaxer narrow-leaved forms pass into the next. 


=== P, Douglasii, Hook. Less densely tufted, either pubescent or nearly glabrous: leaves 
acerose or narrowly linear-subulate, less rigid and usually less crowded, often spreading, 
their margins hirsutely-ciliate next the base or naked: flowers subsessile or short-pedun- 
cled: corolla (purple, lilac, or white) with tube more or less exceeding the calyx, and 
obovate entire lobes about 3 lines long. — Hook. Fl. ii. 73, t. 158; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 
1. c. — Eastern and western sides of the Rocky Mountains, from Montana to Utah, west to 
Oregon and the borders of California. Passes into the subjoined forms. 
——— Var. diffasa, Gray, 1.c., with more loosely spreading or cespitose-decumbent stems, 
and lax spreading leaves, growing in moister places. — P. diffusa, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 825. 
— Western slope of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Mountains, California to British 
Columbia. 
Var. longifolia, Gray, 1. c., a rigid form, of more arid regions, and long and narrow 
less fascicled leaves (linear-filiform or acerose, 5 to 8 lines long, either ascending or spread- 
ing), approaching P. longifolia. — W. Nebraska to Oregon and N. E. California. 


Phlox. POLEMONIACES. 133 


* Loosely tufted or many-stemmed from a merely woody-persistent base, or wholly herbaceous, 
with linear or lanceolate (or rarely ovate) spreading Cheese or sometimes distant) leaves, 
which are little if at all fascicled in the axils: flowers slender-peduncled, solitary or somewhat 
cymulose. 

+— Style long and slender, often equalling or almost equalling the tube of the corolla. 


++ Arctic, with rather flaccid leaves and stems. 


P. Sibirica, L. Mostly villous-pubescent, especially on the margins of the narrow linear 
leaves, depressed and loosely cespitose, less than a span high: tube of the corolla little 
longer than its obcordate or emarginate lobes, seldom surpassing the calyx: ovules 2 in 
each cell. —(Gmel. Fl. Sib. iv. t. 46, fig.2.) Trautv. Imag. t.24.— Kotzebue Sound. (N. 
E. Asia.) 
++ ++ Temperate, inhabiting the plains and mountains from the borders of British Columbia south- 

ward: leaves and commonly erect or ascending stems more firm or rigid: calyx-tube between the 

strong ribs scarious, inclined to be membranaceous and more or less replicate, forming intervening 
angles: the narrowly subulate and mostly rigid teeth shorter than the tube of the rose-colored 
or sometimes white corolla. 

P. linearifélia, Gray. Glabrous, above sometimes minutely hirsute-pubescent, corym- 
bosely much branched from a ligneous base, a span or more high: leaves very narrowly 
linear (an inch or two long, about a line wide): calyx-tube mostly saliently 5-angled from 
the broader base by the strong replication of the white-membranaceous sinuses ; the lobes 
nearly acerose: tube of the corolla little exceeding the calyx; the obovate-cuneate lobes 
entire or barely retuse: ovules 2 in each cell. — P. speciosa, var. linearifolia, Hook. Kew. 
Jour. Bot. iii. 289, mostly. P. speciosa, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1351; Benth. in DC. 1. c.—From 
the Dalles to the upper waters of the Columbia, Douglas, Spalding, Geyer, &e. 

<P. longifélia, Nutt. Nearly glabrous or pubescent, much branched or many-stemmed 
from a ligneous base, 3 to 8 inches high: calyx more or less angled by the white-mem- 
branaceous replicate sinuses: leaves mostly narrowly linear (1 to 24 inches long): lobes of 
the corolla obovate- or oblong-cuneate, entire or retuse: ovules almost always solitary in 
each cell.— Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 41. P. speciosa, var., Hook. Fl. ii. 72. P. humilis, 
Dougl.; Benth. 1.c.: a small and short-peduncled form, sometimes apparently passing into 
P. Douglasii, var. longifolia. — From the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains, Moritana to 
Colorado, west to Nevada and Oregon, and north to British Columbia or nearly: south- 
westward passing into 
—— Var. Stansbutryi, Gray, l.c. Conspicuously pubescent throughout, or sometimes 
glabrate, generally stouter and more open in growth: leaves from linear to linear-lanceo- 
late: pubescence of the branches and calyx viscid or glandular: corolla mostly pink or 
rose-color, and its tube commonly twice the length of the calyx; the lobes emarginate or 
erose at the apex: ovules sometimes a pair in one or two of the cells. —P. speciosa, var. ? 
Stansburyi, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 143.— Utah and Nevada to New Mexico and Arizona. 
Passes into : 

Var. brevifdlia, Gray, l.c.,a depressed or dwarf form; with leaves 9 to 4 lines long, 
rigid and with more cartilaginous margins, at least the lower lanceolate or ovate-lanceo- 
late: peduncles either short or none, or elongated. — From Dakotah (Black Hills) to N. 
California and Arizona. 

—__ P. adstrgens, Torr. Glabrous, except the slender peduncles and scarcely replicate- 
angled calyx, which are glandular-pubescent: stems diffuse and ascending, slender (a span 
or two long): leaves ovate-lanceolate and ovate, acute, 5 to 10 lines long, all but the lower 
much shorter than the internodes: tube of the corolla nearly twice the length of the 
calyx; its lobes obovate, entire (about 5 lines long): ovules solitary in each cell. — Gray, 
Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 256.— Cascade Mountains, Oregon, Prof. A. Wood, C. W. Cusick. 
+— + Stvle very short, mostly shorter than the ovary and the linear stigmas: calyx-tube cylin- 

draceous, the thin-membranous portion between the ribs not projecting into salient angles. 

—— P. speciésa, Pursh. Above somewhat viscid-puberulent or glandular, below often gla- 
brous, a foot to even a yard high; the branches ascending from a shrubby base: leaves 
lanceolate or linear (an inch or two long) ; the upper especially broadest at base: flowers 
corymbose : corolla rose-pink or nearly white; its tube little exceeding the calyx; its 
lobes obeordate: ovules solitary.— Gray, Proc. |. c. & Bot. Calif. i486. P. speciosa, var. 
latifolia, Hook. Kew. Jour. Bot. l.c.  P. divaricata, Durand. Pl. Pratten., not Michx. 
P. occidentalis, Durand. in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 125: a broad-leaved form. — Interior plains of 


? [Rime riavea, debacle 


134 POLEMONIACE2. Phlox. 


the upper Columbia to the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, California. In the larger Cali- 
fornian specimens, the corolla is an inch or more in diameter. 

Var. SAbini, Gray, 1. c. Differs only in the lobes of the corolla being entire or 
barely retuse (obovate with a narrowed cuneate base).— P. Sabini, Dougl. in Hook. l.c.; 
Benth. Lc. P. speciosa, var. elatior, Hook. Fl. ii. 72.—Spokan River, Douglas, Lyall. 

Var. Woodhotsei, Gray, |.c. Small form, a span high, with linear leaves not 
broadened at base, and a much smaller corolla; its cuneate-obcordate lobes only 4 lines 
long. — P. nana, Torr. in Sitgreaves Rep., not Nutt.— Arizona, near Williams Mountain, 
Dr. Woodhouse. 

—-~ P, nana, Nutt. Glandular and roughish-pubescent, loosely and copiously branching 
from a somewhat ligneous base, a span or more high: leaves linear (an inch or two long), 
those of the branches often alternate: flowers scattered or somewhat corymbose: corolla 
rose, “‘red” or “ white,” with tube somewhat exceeding the calyx; its ample and broadly 
cuneate-obovate or roundish lobes entire or nearly so (about half inch long): ovules 2 or 
often 3 in each cell.— Pl. Gamb. 153; Gray, Proc. 1. c. 256. P. triovulata, Thurber in Bot. 
Mex. Bound. 145.— Var. glabella, Gray, 1. c., is merely a less pubescent or glabrate form, 
less branched and more erect, the leaves narrower and all opposite. — New Mexico, es- 
pecially on the Rio Grande, and adjacent borders of Colorado and Texas. 


§ 4, Annuals, all Texan, more or less pubescent with viscous or glandular 
many-jointed hairs: leaves linear or oblong, most of the upper ones alternate : 
calyx at length splitting almost to the base, the linear or subulate-lanceolate lobes 
setaceous-tipped: style shorter or not longer than the stigmas: ovules in each 
cell 1 to 5: seeds with somewhat wing-like angles. 


P. Drummoéndii, Hook. Loosely branching, villous and glandular: leaves mostly 
oblong or lanceolate, mucronate-pointed ; the upper commonly half-clasping by a broader 
somewhat cordate base: flowers mostly in crowded cymose clusters : calyx-lobes lanceolate- 
subulate, soon recurved: corolla red, varying to rose, purple, or white; the lobes broadly 
obovate, entire or nearly so (about half inch long); the tube usually pubescent: ovules 
solitary in the cells. — Bot. Mag. t. 3441; Bot. Reg. t. 1949; Br. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 316. — 
Texas, especially in the eastern districts, and everywhere familiar in gardens. 

Var. villosissima, Gray. A very villous and viscous form, with more scattered 
flowers of large size, and barely spreading calyx-lobes: lobes of the pale corolla half inch 
long and broad. — Proc. Am. Acad. |. c. 257, — 8. Texas on the Nueces, Wright. 

Var. ténuis, Gray, l.c. A small and slender form, much less pubescent; with 
mostly linear or almost glabrous leaves (about an inch long), rather narrower instead of 
dilated at the base, and an open cyme of small flowers: lobes of the pink or purple corolla 
only 2 to 4 lines long. — Common in Eastern Texas, Drummond, Lindheimer, Wright. Seem- 
ingly very distinct. 

P. Remeridna, Scheele. Loosely branched from the base, « span or more high, 
sparsely hirsute or glabrate (except the calyx-tube): leaves lanceolate, or the oblong or 
spatulate lower ones often glabrous except the margins: flowers solitary or sparse: calyx- 
lobes linear, merely spreading: corolla pink or rose-colored; the glabrous tube not exceed- 
ing the calyx, about half inch long, shorter than the ample roundish-obovate entire 
lobes : ovules in each cell 4 or 5! — Linnea, xxi. 752. P. macrantha, Buckley, in Proc. Acad. 
Philad. 1862, 5.—- Texas, near San Antonio, &c., on high prairies. Commonly with most of 


the leaveg alternate! % 


2, COLLOMIA, Nutt. (Koide, glue or gluten, the seeds when wetted mu- 
cilaginous.) — Annuals or biennials of the western region, some with showy 
flowers worthy of cultivation. Lower leaves usually opposite. — Nutt. Gen. i. 
126; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 258. 


§ 1. Evcotiémra, Gray. Ovules solitary or in the last species 2 or 3 in each 
cell: corolla salverform or almost so: annuals, more or less viscid-pubescent or 
glandular. — Collomia, Benth. in DC. Prodr., with one Navarretia. (C. gracilis 


2 


Collomia. POLEMONIACE.®. 135 


alone wants the spiricles, which are so conspicuous on the seed-coat of the gen- 
uine species, in which they were first detected.) 


* Calyx obconical: leaves sessile, entire or sometimes sparingly incised. 
+— Flowers capitate-crowded and leafy-bracted, or a few of them scattered. 
== C. grandifléra, Dougl. Erect, a foot or two high: leaves linear- or oblong-lanceolate, 
or uppermost lance-ovate : calyx-lobes broad and obtuse: corolla buff or salmon-color, nar- 
row-funnelform, an inch long, showy. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1174; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2894. 
— Plains, &c., from the Rocky Mountains, lat. 48°, to Nevada and California. Var. tenuifolia, 
Benth., is a form with more slender corolla. 
s==— C. linearis, Nutt. More branching and in age spreading, a span or two high: calyx- 
lobes triangular-lanceolate, acute: corolla half inch long, from lilac-purple to nearly white, 
very slender, little enlarged at the throat; the limb small.— Gen. i. 126; Lindl. Bot. Reg. 
t. 1166; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2983.— Lake Winnipeg and Mackenzie River (and even New 
Brunswick, on the coast, Fouler, perhaps a chance introduction), west to the Pacific, and 
south to California and Colorado. Passes into 
a= Var. subulata, Gray, 1.c. A low and slender form, diffusely branching from the 
base: leaves narrow and acute: flowers few in the lower forks: calyx-lobes attenuate- 
subulate; the tips almost awnlike from a broad base, rather longer than the tube. —C- tinc- 
toria, Kellogg, Proc. Acad. Calif. iii. 17, t.2.— Nevada and adjacent parts of California 
and Oregon. 
+ + Flowers scattered, all solitary in the forks. 
~———C, tenélla, Gray. Slender, 3 or 4 inches high, loosely branched, viscid: leaves linear 
with a long tapering base, obtusish: flowers solitary in all the forks, remote, almost ses- 
sile: calyx-lobes rather broadly triangular, acute, shorter than the broadly turbinate tube, 
about half the length of the narrow purplish corolla, this 3 or 4 lines long. — Proce. 1. ¢.; 
Watson, Bot. King, 262, & Bot. Calif. i. 488.— Dry hills, Utah and Nevada to eastern and 
northern parts of California. 
* * Calyx rounded at base: leaves sessile, entire, the lower oftener opposite: flowers rather loosely 
_ eymose or scattered. The mucilage-cells of the seed-coat wholly destitute of spiral fibres! 
=— C. gracilis, Dougl. At length corymbosely much branched and spreading, 2 to 6 inches 
high: leaves lanceolate, or linear or the lowest oval or obovate: corolla 5 lines long, pur- 
ple or violet; the narrow tube yellowish and seldom longer than the subulate-linear 
lobes of the deeply-cleft calyx.— Benth. in Bot. Reg. no. 1622, & DC. Prodr. ix. 302. 
Gilia gracilis, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2924. Collomia micrantha, Kellogg, 1. c. fig. 3.— Colorado 
and New Mexico and from Brit. Columbia south to Arizona. (W.S. Amer.) 

— * * * Calyx obtuse or acute at base: leaves all alternate and mostly incised or pinnately divided, 
all the lower petioled: corolla pinkish-purple, slender, half inch or less long, twice or thrice the 
length of the calyx. 

== C. gilioides, Benth. Stems loosely branching, erect or diffuse, a span to 2 feet long: 
leaves nearly simply cut or parted into lanceolate or narrowly oblong divisions: flowers 
loose or scattered: calyx obtuse or rounded at base, deeply cleft; the lobes linear-subu- 
late: stamens moderately unequal in insertion: ovules solitary or rarely in pairs: capsule 
globular. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. l.c. (with var. glutinosa) & Bot. Calif. Le.  G. gilioides 
& G. glutinosa, Benth. 1. c., the latter a more viscid state of this variable species. Gilia 
divaricata, Nutt. Pl. Gamb. 155, a slender form. 

==-C, heterophylla, Hook. Low, diffuse: leaves thin, mostly pinnatifid with the lobes 
again incised, or bipinnatifid, some of the uppermost less cut or even entire and bract- 
like, subtending the more or less capitate or looser clusters of flowers: calyx acute at 
base, cleft barely to the middle; the lobes ovate-lanceolate : stamens very unequally in- 
serted: ovules 2 or 3 in each cell: capsule ellipsoidal. — Bot. Mag. t. 2895; Bot. Reg. t. 
1347. Courtoisia bipinnatifida, Reichb. Ic. Exot. t. 208. Gilia Sessei, G. Don. Navarretia 

_ heterophylla, Benth. in DC. 1. c.— Brit. Columbia to California: common. 


§ 2. PHrogsntuHea, Gray, lc. Ovules numerous. i.e. 6 to 12 in each cell: 
filaments unequal as well as unequally inserted, sometimes a little declined: 
biennials (sometimes perhaps perennials), or annuals, slightly if at all viscid. 
(Species of Gilia, sect. Jpomopsis, Benth.) 


136 POLEMONIACE. Collomia. 


* Cauline leaves simply pinnately parted into few (3 to 7) narrow-linear or often almost filiform 
divisions, very numerous, all alcernate: inflorescence thyrsiform or panicled: corolla salverform, 
with tube little if at all dilated upward. 

~—— C. Cavanillesiana, Don. Biennial (or perhaps perennial southward) with a somewhat 
woody base, more or less pubescent, virgately branched: flowers in small clusters in a 
narrow or raceme-like leafy thyrsus: pedicels very short or none: corolla white, ochroleu- 
cous, or tinged with purple, only half inch long; the tube 2 or 3 times the length of the 
calyx; the sinuses somewhat unequal; lobes oblong: filaments moderately unequally 
inserted high in the considerably funnelform-expanded throat: anthers roundish: ovules 
5 to 7 in the cells. — Syst. iv. 246; Gray, 1. c. 260. Phlox pinnata, Cav. Ie. t. 528. Cantua 
glomeriflora, Juss. Ann. Mus. Par. ii.119. Gulia glomeriflora, Benth. l.c.  G. multiflora, Nutt. 
Pl. Gamb. 1. ec. — New Mexico and W. Texas to Arizona. (Mex.) 

=== C, Thurberi, Gray. Resembles the preceding in foliage and growth, but only minutely 
pubescent: inflorescence more spicate: flowers much larger: corolla blue or lilac, showy, 
salverform; the tube an inch or rather more in length, very slightly and gradually dilated 
upwards, 3 or 4 times the length of the calyx and of its orbicular lobes: filaments in the 

throat: anthers short-oblong: ovules 8 or 9 in each cell.— Proc. Am. Acad. 1. vc, 261.— 

New Mexico, near the Santa Rita coppermines, and in Arizona, Thurber. 

—~ C. longifiéra, Gray, 1. c. Annual, glabrous, loosely paniculate-branched: divisions of 
the leaves long and slender: flowers loosely somewhat corymbose on slender peduncles: 
corolla white, strictly salverform and Phlox-like, showy; the tube often an inch and a 
half long, with narrow orifice; lobes orbicular or ovate (sometimes abruptly pointed) : 
filaments very unequally inserted into the upper part of the tube, or 2 or 3 of them in the 
throat: anthers elongated-oblong : ‘ovules 10 or 12 in each cell. — Cantua longiflora, Torr. in 
Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 221.  Gilia longiflora, Don, Benth., &e. — W. Nebraska and Colorado to 
borders of Texas, and Arizona; common in pine forests. 

* * Leaves mostly entire, narrowly linear, scattered: corolla truly funnelform. 
== C. leptdlea,; Gray. Slender annual, 2 to 18 inches high, minutely glandular, otherwise 
glabrous, branching into an effuse panicle: leaves 6 to 20 lines long, or the uppermost 
reduced to small subulate bracts, the lower sometimes with 2 or 3 small lobes: peduncles 
filiform or capillary: calyx small; its lobes subulate: corolla pink-red, 5 to 10 lines long; 
its slender tube longer than the calyx, and rather abruptly expanded into a wide funnel- 
form throat of about the length of the oval spreading lobes. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. ¢. 

& Bot. Calif. i. 488. Glia capillaris, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 46.— California ; com- 

mon on moist or wet banks in the Sierra Nevada, &c. A delicate species; the corolla in 

shape like that of Gilia tenuiflora. 


38. LGESELIA, L. (John Lesel, of the 16th century, author of a Flora 
Prussica, &c.) — Somewhat shrubby or suffruticulose plants (of Mexico and ad- 
jacent districts); with more or less rigid and commonly spinulose-toothed or 
spinulose-ciliate leaves, and the uppermost forming conspicuous bracts to the 
clustered flowers. But the following species form a section, GiL1opsis, connect- 
ing with Giiia, having more scattered flowers, hardly any bracts, and very nar- 
row leaves (all alternate), merely with rigidly mucronate tips. Limb of the 
corolla irregular by one of the lobes being separated by deeper sinuses from the 
others ; the cuneate lobes erosely truncate or 3-denticulate: filaments incurved 
below the apex. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 86. 

o= L. tenuifdlia, Gray. Much branched from a somewhat woody perennial base, a span to 

a foot high, nearly glabrous: leaves linear-acerose, entire, or the lower and larger with 2 or 

8 spreading subulate lobes: flowers rather crowded at the summit, the branches short-pedi- 

celled : calyx-lobes subulate : corolla bright red, narrowly tubular-funnelform, an inch long; 

the tube 38 or 4 times the length of the lobes: capillary filaments and style conspicuously 


exserted: ovules 8 or 10 in each cell. — Bot. Calif. i. 500, & Proce. 1. ec. — Tantillas Moun- 
tains, on the lower border of San Diego Co., California, Afr. Dunn, Palmer. 


L. effisa, Gray. Diffusely much branched and rigid from an apparently annual root, 
a foot high, nearly glabrous: leaves all entire and filiform or very narrowly linear, short 


a Lh rien, be “6 


er le as" 
= BEG 


7] 


Gilia. POLEMONIACER. 137 


(a quarter inch or less long): flowers effusely paniculate: calyx-teeth short and broadly 
triangular: corolla pink purple, short-funnelform, 5 lines long; its lobes fully as long as 
the tube, unequal, about equalling the incurved filaments and style. — Proc. Am. Acad. 
l.c., & Bot. Calif. i. 621. — With or near the preceding species, Pulmer. 


4, G{LIA, Ruiz. & Pav. (Dedicated to Philip Gil, who helped Xuarez to 
write a treatise on exotic plants cultivated at Rome.) — North American, chiefly 
Western, with a few S. American species ; several cult. for ornament. Flowers 
in some species, especially in §3 and § 9, tending to dimorphism, mainly in the 
length of the style. A polymorphous genus: most of the sections have been 
taken for genera, but they lack definiteness. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 261. 


Series J. Leaves either opposite or palmately divided to the sessile base, 
usually both; their divisions from narrowly linear to filiform: seed-coat in many 
species mucilaginous when wetted, but destitute of spiricles. 

§ 1. DactyLoruYticy, Gray, l.c. Corolla campanulate, rotate, or short-fun- 
nelform; the lobes obovate: filaments slender: ovules numerous or sometimes 
few in each cell: seed-coat when wetted developing more or less mucilage-cells 
from beneath the epidermis: low or slender annuals, loosely and mostly rather 
small-flowered : leaves opposite or the upper alternate. 


* Flowers subsessile or short-pedicelled in the forks of the stem, at length crowded: calyx deeply 
cleft or parted, the lobes unequal: corolla campanulate with hardly any proper tube (the filaments 
‘iti on its base); lobes entire or nearly so: plants barely 2 inches high, with 3-7-parted 

—— G. Parryz, Gray. Pubescent, much branched from the base, forming a tuft: leaves 
short, 5-7-parted; the divisions linear-acerose (barely quarter inch long): calyx deeply 5- 
cleft; lobes acerose with broad thin-scarious margins: corolla (white, yellowish or purple, 
half an inch long) with broadly ovate somewhat pointed lobes as long as the undivided 
portion ; the throat below each crowned as it were by a broad adnate and emarginate or 
obcordate scale: anthers oblong: capsule oval-oblong, many-seeded: seeds angular, not 
mucilaginous when wetted. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 76. G. Aennedyi, Porter in Bot. Gazette, 
ii. 77. — Desert Plains, S. E. California: near the head of the Mohave, Lemmon, Parry, Pal- 
mer. Kern Co., W. LZ. Kennedy. Dedicated to Mrs. Parry, one of the botanical party which 
discovered it. A handsome pygmy annual; remarkable for having appendages to the 
corolla not unlike those of many Hydrophyllacee. 

——\ G. demissa, Gray. Less pubescent, diffusely branching, forming a depressed tuft: 
leaves 3-parted, or some of them simple (half inch long); the divisions acerose: calyx 5- 
parted: corolla (white, sometimes purplish, 3 lines long) with obovate obtuse lobes and a 
naked throat: anthers oval: ovules 6 or 7 in each cell. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 263, & Bot. 
Calif. 1.489; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. t.19.— Desert plains, S. E. California and W. 
Arizona to S. Utah, first collected by Fremont, next by Cooper. 

* %* Flowers loose or scattered on slender or capillary pedicels: calyx barely 5-cleft: corolla short- 
funnelform or ‘approaching rotate, and with entire lobes: the filaments inserted in the throat: 
anthers oval: leaves 3-7-parted, more or less hispidulous, or rarely glabrous. — Gilia § Dactylo- 
phyllum, Benth. in DC. 

«<> G. linifléra, Benth. Erect, at length diffuse, 6 to 18 inches high, nearly glabrous: 
leaves Spurrey-like ; the divisions nearly filiform: flowers paniculate: pedicels to 15 lines 
long: corolla white or barely flesh-colored, somewhat rotate; its throat pubescent at base 
of the filaments; the obovate lobes thrice the length of the narrow tube, 3 to 5 lines long 
in the larger forms: ovules in the cells 6 to 8.— Benth. in Bot. Reg. no. 1622, & DC. lc. 
315; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 5895.— California; rather common; passing freely into 

— Var. pharnaceoides, Gray, |. c.a smaller form, with capillary diffuse branches 

and flowers of only half the size. — G. pharnaceoides, Benth. 1. c.; Hook. FI. ii. 74, t. 161. 

— California to Brit. Columbia and eastward to the Rocky Mountains; the smallest states 

strikingly different from the original G. liniflora. 

G. pusilla, Benth. ].c. Small, diffuse, 2 to 6 inches high, very slender: divisions of the 
leaves filiform-subulate or acerose (3 to 5 lines long) : capillary pedicels 5 to 10 lines long: 


138 POLEMONIACES. Gilia. 


corolla purplish with yellow throat or nearly white, broadly short-funnelform, 2 lines or 

more long; the obovate lobes equalling or longer than the campanulate throat and short 

proper tube: filaments nearly glabrous at base, inserted below the sinuses: ovules 3 to 5 

in each cell.— Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. l. c.— The proper species, with corolla barely 

exceeding the calyx, Guadalupe Island off Lower California, Palmer. (Chili.) 

Var. Califérnica, Gray, 1c. Corolla with larger lobes, 2 or 3 lines long, and 
twice the length of the calyx. — Bot. Calif. i.490. G. jilipes, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 325.— 
California, from the upper Sacramento to Nevada. 

—G. Bolanderi, Gray, lc. Like the variety of the foregoing; but the tube of the 
(blue- or purple-tinged) corolla long and narrow, almost equalling the narrow cylindra- 
ceous calyx-tube, rather longer than the oblong lobes along with the very short and slightly 
dilated throat: filaments inserted just below the sinuses, glabrous: ovules 2 to 5 in each 
cell. — California, on dry hills, Sonoma Co., to the Sierra Nevada, Bolander, .1. Wood, Mrs. 
Austin, Mrs. Ames. Corolla 3 or 4 lines long, but the comparatively small lobes only a line 
and a half long. Longer pedicels an inch or so in length. 

=== G. atrea, Nutt. Diffusely branched, 2 to 4 inches high: divisions of the hispidulous 
leaves narrowly linear, barely 3 lines long: pedicels seldom longer than the flower, some- 
what cymose: corolla mostly yellow, open and short-funnelform ; the rounded obovate 
widely spreading lobes about as long as the obconical throat and the very short proper 
tube: filaments inserted just below the sinuses, glabrous at base: ovules about 10 in each 
cell. — Pl. Gamb. 155, t. 22; Gray, 1. c.— From Sta. Barbara, California, to Arizona and 
New Mexico. Corolla with the limb a third to half inch in diameter when fully expanded, 
bright or light yellow, sometimes purplish in the throat ; or, in 

——. Var. decora, Gray, |. c., white or pale violet, with or without brown-purple in the 
throat. — California (Zremont, Brewer, &c.) and through Arizona to New Mexico. 

* * %* Flowers terminating the branches, rather short-pedicelled: corolla short-funnelform, its 
ample lobes fringe-toothed or denticulate: leaves all undivided and opposite. —Fenzlia, Benth. 
Gilia § Dianthoides, Endl. 

=-~@QG, dianthoides, Endl. Branching from the base, 2 to 5 inches high, more or less 
pubescent: leaves narrow-linear: corolla an inch or more long, lilac or purplish usually 
with darker or yellowish throat; the slender nearly included glabrous filaments inserted 
towards its base: ovules 12 to 20 in each cell.— Atakt. t. 29; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4876. 
Fenzlia dianthiflora, Benth. in Bot. Reg. Lc. F. speciosa (a large-flowered form), & F’. 
concinna (a depauperate state), Nutt. Gamb. 157.— California, from Santa Barbara and the 
islands southward. A showy little plant, varying greatly in the size and hue of the flowers; 
the corolla-lobes in one form (coll. Coulter) only minutely erose-denticulate. 


§ 2. Lindntuus, Endl., Benth. Corolla salverform; the narrow tube about 
equalling the cylindrical tube of the calyx (which is white-scarious, except the 
ribs, prolonged into acerose-linear teeth) ; the broadly cuneate-obovate lobes com- 
monly minutely or obsoletely erose or crenulate, strongly convolute in the bud: 
stamens included in the tube of the corolla: filaments inserted below its middle, 
slender: ovules 20 to 40 in each cell: capsule cylindraceous or oblong: erect and 
slender glabrous annuals, about a span high or taller, with leaves all opposite, 
filiform or nearly so, 3—5-divided, or the lower simple, sometimes nearly all 
simple, especially in depauperate specimens: flowers mostly showy, white or 
nearly so, terminal or in the forks and subsessile. — Linanthus, Benth., formerly. 

=== G. dichétoma, Benth. Flowers showy; the lobes of the corolla from half to nearly 
an inch long: anthers linear: seeds roundish, with a very loose arilliform external coat, 
not developing mucilage when wetted. —DC. 1. c. 314; Gray, le. Linanthus dichotomus, 


Benth. in Bot. Reg. le. Gilia Linanthus, Steud. Nom. — California and Arizona; common 
westward. Leaves all entire only in some depauperate specimens. 

=== G. Bigelévii, Gray. Flowers inconspicuous; the lobes of the corolla not over 2 lines 
long, hardly surpassing those of the calyx and only half or one-third the length of its tube: 
anthers oval: seeds oval or oblong, with a close coat, freely developing mucilage when 
wetted. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. 265; Watson, Bot. King, t. 25. G. dichotoma, var. parvi- 
Jlora, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 147,— W. borders of Texas to E. California. 


Gilia. POLEMONIACE.E. 159 


§ 3. Leptrésirnon, Endl., Benth. Corolla salverform, with the tube mostly 
filiform and elongated; the very short throat commonly abruptly more or less 
cyathiform-dilated: stamens inserted in the throat or orifice: anthers short: 
ovules numerous: annuals, mostly low or slender, with opposite narrow leaves, 
and handsome but commonly small flowers crowded into a capitate leafy-bracted 
cluster. (Style either very long and more or less exserted, or rather rarely short 
and included, in different individuals of the same species.) — Leptosiphon, Benth. 

* Palmately-leaved genuine species, hairy, leafy-stemmed; commonly with leaves fascicled in the 

axils and all 5-7-parted; their divisions linear-filiform: filaments slender, exserted more or less 

from the throat of the corolla, shorter than its entire lobes: ovules 6 to 10 in each cell. 

+- Large-flowered, and the tube of the corolla only equalling or little exceeding the obovate lobes. 
G. densifiédra, Benth. Rather stout and large, often strict: numerous divisions of the 

leaves filiform, somewhat rigid: tube of the lilac or nearly white corolla (half inch long) 

little if at all exserted beyond the calyx, and villous-hirsute bracts. — Gray, Proce. 1. c. 

Leptosiphon densiflorus, Benth. in Hort. Trans. viii. t. 15; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1725; Hook. 

Bot. Mag. t. 357%. Gulia Leptosiphon, Steud. Nom. Varies with corolla-tube a little more 

exserted, when it is G. grandiflora, Steud. & Benth. 1. c. and Leptosiphon grandiflorus, Benth. 

*K in Bot. Reg. — California ; common towards the coast. 

+ + Slender-flowered; the filiform tube of the corolla 2 to 6 times the length of the lobes; these 

from 4 to less than 2 lines long, oval or ovate. Species difficult to define. 

G. brevicula, Gray. A span high, corymbosely branched, minutely pubescent and 
above glandular: leaves few and short (quarter of an inch long) : tube of the corolla only 

5 or 6 lines long, but much exceeding the calyx and bracts, hardly twice the length of 

the (purple or violet) lobes: otherwise much like the next.— Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 79.— 

Southeastern California, on the Mohave River, Palmer. 

——G. androsacea, Steud. A span to a foot high: corolla much exserted beyond the 
hirsute or villous-ciliate bracts and subtending leaves, lilac, pink, or nearly white with yel- 
low or dark throat; its tube an inch or less long, thrice the length of the lobes (limb 8 to 
10 lines in diameter). — Gray, 1. c. & Bot. Calif. i. 491. Lejtusiphon androsaceus, Benth. in 
Hort. Trans. viii. t. 18; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 8491; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1710. — California ; 
common west of the Sierra Nevada. 

Var. rosacea, Gray. <A dwarf and tufted form, with rose-red corolla, varying 
however into other hues.— Bot. Calif. l.c. Leptosiphon parviflorus, var. rosaceus, Hook. 
f. Bot. Mag. t. 5863.— Near San Francisco, Kellogg. 

Var. deténsa, Gray, lc. Sicnder and almost glabrous form, the bracts and leaves 
merely hispidulous-ciliate. — Western part of California, Bridges, Brewer. A less marked 
form occurs on the borders of Nevada, Anderson. 

===<=-G. micrantha, Steud. Slender, a span or so high: tube of the corolla extremely 
slender, three-fourths to inch and a half long, 4 to 6 times longer than the lobes; these 2 or 

3 lines long: pubescence of the bracts, &c., short and soft, rarely hirsute-ciliate. — Gray, 

Proc. l. c. excl. syn. var. rosaceus, Bot. Mag. Leptosiphon parviflorus & L. luteus, Benth. in 

Bot. Reg. Gilia micrantha & G. lutea, Benth. in DC. 1 c.— California; common through 

the western part of the State. Flower from purplish or lilac to cream-color, sulphur-yel- 

low, and even golden yellow (var. aurea, Benth. Pl. Hartw.). 

Var. longitiba (G. longituba, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 324) is one of the larger-flowered 
forms, apparently passing into G. androsacea.— Monterey, Hartweg, &c. 

—=G. tenélla, Benth. Mostly depressed, small: tube of the corolla less slender in propor- 
tion to the size of the limb (6 to 9 lines long, the lobes only 14): bracts and leaves hispidu- 
lous-ciliate. — Pl. Hartw. 325. Leptosiphon bicolor, Nutt. Pl. Gamb., chiefly. — Puget Sound 
to Santa Barbara, California. Has been confounded with the two foregoing. Corolla dull 
purple, or pink, with yellow throat. 

==> G. ciliata, Benth. Rigid, rough, 4 to 12 inches high, the taller stems virgate: tube of 
the corolla slightly or not at all exserted beyond the very hirsute or hispid-ciliate bracts 
and subtending leaves (6 to 9 lines, and the lobes only 14 lines long): calyx-lobes acerose. 
— Pl. Hartw. 1. c.; Gray, 1. c.— California, reaching into Nevada, &c. Grevish with short 
pubescence on the stems, and longer both rigid and softer spreading hairs fringing the 
leaves and bracts. Corolla rose or violet, fading to white. 


140 POLEMONIACES. Gilia. 


% ¥* Entire-leaved, wholly glabrous, very dwarf: anthers sessile in the throat of the corolla, the 
cuneate lobes of which are somewhat undulate-toothed or 1-3-dentate at the broad apex: ovules 
10 to 16 in each cell. 
=== G, nudicdulis, Gray. Very glabrous, an inch to a span high, at length branching from 
the base: stem (a long internode) leafless from the cotyledons up to the inflorescence, 
which is a close head or glomerule subtended by an involucre of several ovate-lanceolate 
or lanceolate foliaceous bracts : corolla white, pink, or yellow; the tube 3 or 4 lines long 
and thrice the length of the calyx, rather longer than the lobes.— Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 
266; & Bot. Calif. i. 492. Collomia nudicaulis, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 369.— Sandy 
plains, in spring, interior of Oregon and Nevada to Colorado. 


§ 4, SrppHonitya, Gray. Like Leptosiphon, but tube of corolla not surpassing 
the calyx, and its throat more funnelform, ovules only 2 or 4 in each cell, and 
flowers less glomerate: perennials, more or less woody or suffrutescent at base, 
cinereous-puberulent or the 3-7-parted leaves glabrate : calyx cylindraceous, firm- 
herbaceous, soon 5-parted; the abrupt margins of the lanceolate-subulate lobes 
and the sinuses not at all scarious: corolla white, with yellow throat, obovate 
lobes (8 or 4 lines long), and tube externally puberulent: filaments short, slightly 
exserted: anthers short. — Siphonella, Nutt. herb. 

=<  G. Nuttallii, Gray. Stems or branches a span to a foot high, rather simple, terminated 
by a dense leafy cluster of flowers: divisions of the leaves narrowly linear (6 to 9 lines 
long), mucronate: ovules a pair in each cell. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 267; Watson, Bot. 


King, 265, t.26.— Western side of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado and Utah to Arizona 
and the Sierra Nevada in California. 

——__ G. floribtinda, Gray. Taller and more slender, paniculately or corymbosely branched: 
the copious flowers in rather loose cymose clusters, often pedicelled: divisions of the leaves 
very slender, almost acicular or filiform: ovules 4 in each cell. — Proc. Am. Acad. l.c., & 
Bot. Calif. i. 492. — San Diego Co., California, on the southern borders, and east to Arizona, 
Coulter, Palmer, &e. 


§ 5. Leptopfctyion, Benth. Corolla salverform, with tube more or less ex- 
ceeding the calyx; the throat somewhat funnelform-dilated: filaments short, 
inserted in or below the throat: anthers short, included: ovules numerous in each 
cell: seeds with a close coat, developing neither spiricles nor mucilage when 
wetted : perennials or undershrubs, commonly tufted, very leafy: leaves all alter- 
nate, except in one species, and much fascicled in the axils, palmately 3~7-parted, 
acerose or subulate, rigid and pungent: flowers showy (rose, lilac, or white), soli- 
tary and sessile or few in a cluster at the summit of short branches or branchlets. 
— Leptodactylon, Hook. & Arn. 

% % Leaves all opposite: stems or branches almost herbaceous from a woody base. 

G. Wats6ni, Gray. Roughish-puberulent and glandular, or at length smoothish : slender 
branches a span high from the woody caudex: leaves not much fascicled, widely spread- 
ing; the slender acerose divisions (6 to 8 lines long) often shorter than the internodes; 
calyx-lobes barely half the length of the tube: corolla nearly white (with purplish throat) ; 
its tube and lobes each half inch long: anthers at the orifice: ovules 10 or more in each 
cell. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c.; Watson, Bot. King, 265, t. 26. — Rocky hills, Utah, Watson. 

%* * Leaves all alternate: stems decidedly woody. 

G. Califérnica, Benth. Branches and very crowded soon widely spreading leaves 
tomentose-pubescent, or rather villous when young: corolla (rose or lilac, its ample limb 
an inch and a half in diameter) with broadly wedge-obovate lobes, their margin often 
minutely erose: anthers linear-oblong, included in the upper part of the tube: ovules 20 or 
more in each cell. —DC. Prodr. 1. ¢. Leptodactylon Californicum, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 
349, t. 89; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4872. — Dry hills, W. California, south to San Bernardino Co. 

«= G. pingens, Benth. Branches and mostly erectish or little-spreading leaves viscid- 
pubescent, puberulent, or glabrate: corolla rose, white, or “yellow” (Dougl.), the lobes 


Gilia. POLEMONIACEA. 141 


narrower and only half as large as in the preceding: anthers in the throat, oblong: ovules 
8 or 10 in each cell. — Proc. Am. Acad. l.c. G. pungens & G. Hookeri, Benth. in DC. 1. ¢. 
— Plains of the Upper Platte and Columbia to Arizona and E. California. Widely varia- 
ble. The original Cantua pungens, Torr. Ann. Lye. N. ¥. ii. 26 (s£gochloa Torreyi, Don), of 
the Platte, is a low glabrate form. 

Var. ceespitosa, Gray, 1.c. (Leptodactylon cwspitosum, Nutt. Pl. Gamb.), is a low and 
dense form, imitating Phlox Douglasii in growth.— Scott's Bluffs, Wyoming, Nuttall. 

== Var. Hookeri, Gray, 1. c¢. (Phlox Hookeri, Dougl. in Hook. FI. ii, 73, t. 159, & G. 

Hookeri, Benth.), is taller, with sparser more rigid leaves, and viscid-pubescent flowering 
shoots. — Interior of Oregon, California, &c. Flowers not found to be “yellow.” 

Var. squarrésa, Gray, |.c. <A foot or two high, with virgate branches, beset with 
stouter and more rigid recurved-spreading pungent leaves. — Dry interior region, Nevada 
to Idaho and Washington Terr. 


Serirs II. Leaves alternate and pinnately incised, cleft, or divided, or rarely 
entire, occasionally some of the lowermost opposite: filaments slender: seed-coat 
(as in Collomia) when wetted mucilaginous and sending out threads containing 
each a spiral coil (spiricle), except in a few species. 


§ 6. Navarrétra, Gray,l.c. Flowers capitate-crowded and densely foliaceous- 
bracted (in the last species less so): lobes of the calyx and of the mostly (some- 
times nearly palmately) multifid bracts rigid and acerose-pungent or spinulose, 
often laciniate or unequal: corolla slender, tubular-funuelform or almost salver- 
form, and with rather small oval or oblong lobes: filaments inserted in or below 
the throat: anthers short: stigmas and cells of the ovary sometimes reduced to 2: 
low and much-branching annuals, sometimes glandular-viscid, never white-woolly ; 
with chiefly 1-2-pinnately divided or cleft leaves, their lobes commonly subulate 
and pungent. — Wavrarretia, Ruiz & Pav., Benth. 

* Leaves and bracts, or some of them, more than once pinnately parted, i. e. their primary divisions 

incised or parted. 

+ Ovules and seeds numerous (8 to 12) in each cell: stamens included in the throat of the corolla, 
commonly unequal in length and slightly so in insertion: herbage very glandular-viscid and 
unpleasantly aromatic-scented. 

—~G. squarrésa, Hook. & Arn. Rather stout and rigid, often a foot high: upper leaves 
and bracts spinescent: tube of the small blue (or sometimes whitish) corolla rather shorter 
than the mostly entire calyx-lobes.— Bot. Beech. 151; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. lL. c. 269. 
G. pungens, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2977. Hoitzia squarrosa, Esch. .42qochloa pungens, Benth. in 
Bot. Reg. 1. ec. .Navarretia squarrosa, Hook. & Arn. 1. c. 368. N. pungens, Hook. FI. ii. 78. 
Plains of California and Oregon ; a common fetid weed. 

+ + Ovules varying from 1 to 2 or 3 to 4 in each cell: stamens exserted out of the throat of 
the corolla, at length mostly equalling the lobes: herbage less viscid or glandular, in some not 
at all so. 

G. cotulefdlia, Steud. Rigid, a span to a foot high, pubescent or below glabrate, above 
mostly minutely glandular: leaves chiefly 2-pinnately parted; the subulate divisions of the 
upper and of the bracts spinescent: tube of the violet-blue or white corolla hardly longer 
than the lobes of the sparsely villous calyx; the throat funnelform: ovules solitary 
or rarely a pair in each of the (frequently only 2) cells of the ovary. —£gochloa pubescens 
& cotulefolia, Benth. in Bot. Reg. Navarretia pubescens & cotulefolia, Hook. & Arn. 1. ¢.; 
Benth. in DC. 1. ec. — California ; common westward, on dry hills: exhales the odor of Anthe- 
mis Cotula. 

<= G. intertéxta, Steud. Erect or widely branched, low and rather stout, neither viscid 
nor glandular: stem retrorsely pubescent: leaves mainly glabrous, with divaricate acerose- 
spinescent divisions sparingly divided or simple: flowers densely glomerate: tube of the 
calyx and base of the bracts strongly villous with white spreading hairs ; its lobes equalling 
the white corolla: ovules and seeds 3 or 4 in each cell. — .Vavarretia intertexta, Hook. 1. c. — 
Plains of Columbia River to California and the Rocky Mountains. Corolla 3 or 4 lines 
long, the stamens equalling its lobes. 


) 


“ 


142 POLEMONIACES. Gilia. 


== G. minima, Gray. Depressed, often forming broad tufts (half inch to 2 inches high), 
glabrate: leaves acicular and with simpler and fewer divisions than the preceding: tube of 
the calyx white-hairy in the broad sinuses, as long as the unequal lobes, which equal or 
exceed the white corolla: ovules 1 to 3 in each cell. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c.; Watson, Bot. 
King, 266. Navarretia minima, Nutt. Pl. Gamb. 160,— Interior of Oregon and Nevada to 
Colorado and Dakota, in very arid districts. Corolla a line and a half long; the stamens 
mostly shorter than its lobes. 

== G, Bréweri, Gray. Erect or at length much branched and diffusely spreading, an inch 
to a span high, very minutely glandular-puberulent all over: flowers less glomerate: 
leaves with mostly simple acicular-subulate divisions: calyx-lobes similar to these, narrowly 
subulate, about equalling the yellow corolla, 3 or 4 times the length of the tube (which is 
even shorter than the capsule): ovules 1 or 2 in each cell.— Proc. Am. Acad. l. c. & Bot. 
Calif. i. 494; Watson, 1. c.— Sierra Nevada, California (Brewer, &e.), and through the in- 
terior to Utah and Wyoming. Corolla 3 or 4 lines long. 

=== G. leucocéphala, Gray, 1c. Slender, a span or less high, seldom rigid, not glandular, 
glabrous, except some woolly pubescence at the summit of the stem and of the thin calyx- 
tube: leaves soft ; their often simple divisions slender ; those of the bracts barely pungent: 
corolla white, longer than the calyx (4 lines long) : stamens considerably exserted: ovules 
2 in each cell. — Navarretia leucocephala, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 324. — California, on the Sacra- 
mento and its tributaries, and Mendocino Co., in low grounds. 


%* %* Leaves simply pinnatifid or incised, or many of them entire. 
+— All slender and filiform, except the bracts of the small heads, which are more or less palmately 
3-5-cleft: corolla rather slender, 3 or 4 lines long: stems slender, not over a span high, diffusely 
branched: often with proliferous filiform branches. ? 
=—=QG. divaricdta, Torr. Not glandular-viscid, glabrate; the bracts and especially the 
calyx woolly-pubescent : divisions of the uppermost leaves and the similar bracts acerose : 
corolla purple or apparently yellowish: ovules 5 to 7 in each cell.— Gray, Proc. Am. 

Acad. viii. 270, & Bot. Calif. i. 494. — California, from Lake Co. to Mariposa Co., up to 8000 

feet in the Sierra Nevada. 

G. filicatlis, Torr. More paniculate, glandular-viscid but not pubescent: upper leaves 
filiform or setaceous and entire: bracts somewhat cuneate and the lobes pungent; the inner 
shorter than the violet corolla: ovules solitary or at most a pair in each cell. — Gray, 1. c. 
— California, Mariposa Co. to Butte Co. 

4-— + Leaves broader and rigid, linear or lanceolate, with spinulose lobes ; the floral ones dilated 
at base and often cartilaginous: stems stout, 2 to 8 inches high: flowers densely glomerate: 
corolla violet or purple, a third to half inch long, about twice the length of the subulate spinescent 
calyx-lobes. 

G. viscidula, Gray, l.c. Viscid-pubescent, at length much branched : cauline leaves slen- 
der and laciniate-pinnatifid or parted into setaceous-subulate ascending lobes ; the floral and 
bracts only moderately dilated: ovules 1 to 4 in each cell. — Navarretia viscidula, Benth. PI. 
Hartw. 825, a small form.— Dry hills, California, from Santa Barbara to the Sacramento 
and east to the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. ; 

G. atractyloides, Steud. Pubescent and very viscid, also very rigid, especially the 
leaves and bracts; these lanceolate or the uppermost even ovate, all pinnatifid, and with 
divaricate subulate-spinescent lobes: flowers less glomerate: ovules 6 or 7 in each cell. — 
gochloa atractyloides, Benth. in Bot. Reg. l.c. Navarretia atractyloides, Hook. & Arn. Bot. 
Beech. 368 ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. ix. 310.— California, from Santa Cruz to San Diego Co., 
in open and dry ground. . 
+ + + _Depressed, an inch or two high, at length prostrate, hardly if at all viscid: leaves up- 

wardly dilated: flowers comparatively loose and scattered: corolla half to two thirds inch long, 
tubular-funnelform, much exceeding the calyx. 

G. setosissima, Gray. Pubescent or glabrate, strikingly setose; the very long white 
bristles terminating the lobes of the calyx and the 3 to 7 lobes or teeth of the narrowly 
cuneate or linear leaves, and scattered or sometimes clustered down their sides: corolla 
white, purple, or mottled; the limb slightly irregular: ovules 8 to 10 in each cell. — Proc. 
Am. Acad. lc, 271, & Bot. Calif. 494. Navarretia setosissina, Torr. & Gray, Bot. Ives 
Colorad, 22. N. Schottii, Torr. Mex. Bound. 242 (G. Schottii, Watson, Bot. King); an early 
and depauperate form. — Deserts of S. E. California, to W. Arizona and S. Utah, first col- 
lected by Coulter. 

ae gh cd 
// a 


Gilia. POLEMONIACE. 143 


§ 7. Huetri1a, Gray. Flowers capitate-glomerate and foliaceous-bracted: the 
3-5-cleft bracts and calyx densely implexed-woolly ; lobes of the latter acerose 
or subulate and cuspidate or pungent: corolla salverform; the lobes ovate or 
oblong: filaments filiform, exserted: anthers deeply sagittate: herbage floccose- 
lanate, at least when young, neither glandular nor viscid: leaves or their simple 
divisions very narrow and mostly rigid. — Hugelia, Benth. in Bot. Reg. lc. Gilia 
§ Collomioides & § Pseudvcollomia, Endl., Benth. in DC. 


%* Woody-based and rigid perennial: corolla violet-blue: ovules few or several in each cell. 


——G. densifélia, Benth. Canescent-lanate when young, glabrate with age: tufted stems 


a span to a foot or more high from a ligneous base, leafy to the top, simple or sparingly 
branched: leaves rigid, mostly pinnatifid or incisely laciniate into short-subulate spinu- 
lose lobes : flowers densely capitate-glomerate: tube of the corolla (half inch long) twice 
or thrice the length of the calyx: anthers sagittate-linear. — DC. Prodr. ix. 311; Gray, 1]. c. 
(Hugelia densiflora, Benth. in Bot. Reg.), a short and stout form, with crowded leaves. G. 
elongata, Steud.; Benth. 1. c., a taller and looser form, with cells of the ovary usually only 
2—3-ovulate. — California near the coast, from Santa Clara Co. southward, and thence to 


: eres 8 Bevgda. 
* * Werbacebus, and fae Foot annual or biennial: leaves or divisions nearly or quite filiform. 
+ Corals violet, blue, or purple, or fading to white: ovules few (but seldom if ever solitary) in 
the cells. 


= G. virgata, Steud. White-floceose becoming glabrate: stem slender, either simple and 


—, 


virgate (a span to a foot high) or with virgate branches from the base and paniculately 
branched above: leaves slender-filiform; the lower mainly entire and the upper rarely 
more than 3-parted: flowers usually in rather small capitate clusters: corolla blue or lav- 
ender; the tube 4 to 6 lines long, surpassing the acerose calyx-lobes: anthers linear-sagit- 
tate, a line long. — Hugelia virgata, Benth. 1. c.; Hook. Ic. t. 200. — California, on dry hills 
from Monterey southward, and east to Arizona. 

Var. floribinda, Gray. A remarkable form, with corymbose branches terminated 
by much larger and very many-flowered capitate clusters: most of the leaves (even the 
lower) pinnately 3-7-parted : corolla-lobes 3 or 4 lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c., & Bot. 
Calif. i. 495.— Santa Clara Co. to San Diego Co., Wallace, Brewer, Palmer. 

G. floccésa, Gray. More branched and generally lower than the foregoing, 2 to 12 
inches high, similarly floccose-woolly, at length diffuse or spreading: corolla from violet- 
blue to whitish; its tube 3 or 4 lines long, surpassing the subulate calyx-lobes: anthers 
narrowly oblong, fully half a line long.— Proc. Am. Acad. 1.c. & Bot. Calif. i. 495, excl. 
syn. “ Hugelia lutea, Benth.” — Dry plains and desert, southern and eastern portions of Cali- 
fornia and S. E. Oregon to Utah and Arizona. 

G. filifélia, Nutt. Flowers smaller; the lobes of the corolla seldom over a line in length, 
and its tube hardly if at all exceeding the calyx and bracts: anthers cordate-oval, a quar- 
ter or third of a line long: otherwise like small forms of the preceding. — Pl. Gamb. 156; 
Gray, |. c.— Santa Barbara and San Isabel, California, to the Rio Colorado. 

Var. diffisa, Gray, l.c. A diffuse form, barely a span high; the leaves commonly 
rather shorter and less slender. — Interior of Nevada and Arizona to the western frontier 
of Texas. 

+- + Corolla yellow: ovules solitary in the cells. 

G. lutéscens, Steud. A span high, closely resembles G. floccosa except in the above 
particulars, and the bright sulphur-yellow corolla only 3 lines long; its tube not exserted 
and lobes hardly exceeding a line in length: anthers elongated-oblong: capsule oval, 3- 
seeded. — Benth. in DC. 1. ce. 311. Hugelia lutea, Benth. in Bot. Reg. 1. ec. — W. California ; 
back of Monterey? Douglas. Back of San Simeon, Palmer, confirming the yellow color of 
the corolla. 


§ 8. Evaruécera, Nutt. Flowers capitate-congested or sometimes more 
loosely cymose, more or less foliaceous-bracted: bracts and calyx-lobes commonly 
cuspidate or aristulate (but not pungent), and pubescent or ciliate with long and 
many-jointed somewhat viscid hairs: corolla (white or barely purplish) salver- 


144 POLEMONIACES. Gilia. 


form; the tube little exceeding the calyx; its lobes oval or oblong: stamens 
shorter than the corolla-lobes, inserted in or near the sinuses: biennials, short- 
lived perennials, or annuals, low or dwarf, more or less woolly-pubescent when 
young: leaves simply pinnatifid or entire. ‘ 

* Leaves all entire, acerose-subulate or filiform: filaments slender. (Approaches § Hugelia.) 


G. Wrightii, Gray. Stems rigid, virgate, a foot high from an indurated or woody base 
or perennial? root, very leafy to the top: leaves rigid, cuspidate-tipped: flowers capi- 
tate-crowded: bracts ovate-lanceolate, the larger ones sparingly laciniate, tipped with an 
awn-like cusp, as are the subulate calyx-lobes; these slightly shorter than the tube of the 
corolla: ovules 3 or 4 in each cell (4 lines long). — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 273.— W. Texas, 
on the Rio Grande 40 to 60 miles below El Paso, Wright. 

G. Gunniséni, Torr. & Gray. Annual,a span high, slender, at length almost glabrous, 
loosely paniculate-branched: leaves scattered, linear-filiform: bracts short, lanceolate, 
entire, tipped (like the triangular calyx-lobes) with a short cusp: flowers capitellate; the 
heads terminating slender peduncle-like branches: tube of the corolla slightly longer than 
the calyx and longer than its lobes: ovules 2 or sometimes 3 in each cell. — Pacif. R. Rep. 
ii. 129, t. 9. —S. E. Utah, Kreusfeldt, Newberry, Brandegee. : 
* * Leaves allor most of them ang parted into few narrow linear divisions, or sometimes all 

entire: filaments short: tube of the corolla not at all or at length slightly exceeding the calyx: 
flowers densely capitate-clustered: perennials of short duration or biennials; the base of the 
simple or clustered stems or root hard and ligneous. 

G. spicata, Nutt. Stems rather stout, erect, simple, or several from the fusiform root, a 
span or two high: capitate flower-clusters crowded in an elongated virgate and spike-like 
thyrsus: leaves thickish, almost filiform, some about 3-cleft, occasionally all entire, barely 
mucronate: corolla-lobes oblong-ovate, shorter than the tube: anthers subsessile in the 
throat: ovules 4 to 6 in the cells. — Benth in Kew Jour. Bot. iii. 290; Gray, Le. G. spicata 
& G. trifida, Nutt. Pl. Gamb. 156.— Rocky Mountains, Wyoming to Colorado and Utah. 

Var. capitata, Gray, l.c. A dwarf form: leaves nearly all entire: thyrsus short 
and capituliform: filaments as long as the anther: approaches the next species. — Alpine 
region, from Black Hills in Dakota to Colorado. 

=—G. congésta, Hook. Stems erect or spreading (8 to 12 inches high) from a tufted base, 
bearing single terminal or few and corymbose capituliform cymes: leaves with 3 to 7 mu- 
cronate divisions, or some of them entire: lobes of the corolla oval, nearly as long as the 
tube, which does not exceed the usually aristulate-tipped calyx-lobes: exserted filaments at 
length as long as the anthers: ovules 2 to 4 in each cell. — Hook. Fl. ii. 75, & Ie. t. 235. — 
Wyoming and Colorado east of the Rocky Mountains to Oregon and the Sierra Nevada, 
California. Tube of the white corolla not over 2 lines long. 
=== Var. crebrifdlia, Gray, l. ce. Depressed; the tufted stems 2 or 3 inches long, 
crowded with small entire leaves, and terminated by a single capitate cluster. — (7. crebri- 
folia, Nutt. 1. c.— Mountains of Colorado and Utah. Connected with G. congesta by some 
intermediate forms. 

G. iberidifdélia, Benth. Leaves more rigid than in the preceding and the lobes cuspi- 
date-tipped, as also the bracts: capitate cymes corymbose: filaments shorter: ovules soli- 
tary in each cell. — Hook. Kew Jour. Bot. iii. 290. — Scott’s Bluffs and Blackwater, North 
Platte, Nebraska and Wyoming, Geyer, H. Engelmann. Perhaps only a form of G. congesta. 
%* * ¥* Leaves pinnatifid, trifid, or some of them entire: flowers cymulose-glomerate and leafy 

bracted, or at length loose: low annuals, branching from the base, only a span high: calyx-lobes 

aristulate-cuspidate. 

G. pumila, Nutt. Stems loosely woolly, at least when young, leafy: leaves narrowly 
linear, entire or most of them 2-4-parted into diverging linear lobes, mucronate: tube of 
the corolla slender, about thrice the length of its lobes and twice the length of the aristu- 
late-tipped calyx-lobes : filaments slender, inserted in the sinuses, exserted, shorter than the 
lobes of the corolla: ovules about 6 in each cell.— Pl. Gamb. 156; Gray, 1l.c. G. trifida, 
Benth. in Kew Jour. Bot. iii. 291. — W. Texas, and New Mexico to W. Nebraska, and west 
to the Sierra Nevada. Tube of the corolla 3 or nearly 4 lines long; the limb small. 

~.G. polycladon, Torr. Stems puberulent or sparsely pubescent, diffuse, very few-leaved : 
leaves pinnatifid or incised; the lobes short, oblong, abruptly spinulose-mucronate, those 


Gilia. POLEMONIACER. 145 


subtending the cymose cluster longer than the flowers : tube of the corolla hardly exceeding 
the aristulate-mucronate calyx-lobes: anthers in the throat, on very short filaments: 
ovules 2 in each cell. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 147; Watson, Bot. King, 268. — Western Texas 
to Utah and W. Nevada. Corolla a line or two long, white with a tinge of rose-color. 


§ 9. Ipoméests, Benth., partly. Flowers thyrsoid-paniculate, inconspicuously 
bracted or ebracteate : corolla scarlet or red, with white varieties, narrowly tubular- 
funnelform, gradually and regularly enlarging upward, very much surpassing the 
subulate calyx-lobes and its own ovate or lanceolate spreading or recurving lohes: 
stamens inserted in the throat or below the sinuses of the corolla, not longer than 
its lobes: anthers oval or short-oblong: ovules numerous: biennials, not woolly, 
and usually showy-flowered. — Jpomopsis, Michx. pomeria, Nutt. 

* Stem virgate, leafy: leaves pinnately parted into filiform or narrowly linear divisions: inflores- 

cence contracted. 

— G. coronopifolia, Pers. (Sranpixc Cypress.) Glabrous or barely pubescent: stem 
2 to 6 feet high, very leafy throughout: divisions of the leaves and rhachis nearly filiform, 
acute and mucronate: flowers very numerous in a long and narrow compact thyrsus or 
panicle, inodorous: calyx-lobes setaceous-subulate, as long as the tube: corolla an inch or an 
inch and a half long, scarlet (within yellowish and dotted with red) ; the lobes ovate, mode- 
rately spreading, barely exceeding the slender filaments: seeds not developing mucilage 
nor spiral threads when wet, but with a lax reticulate-cellular outer coat !— Lindl. Bot. 
Reg. t.1691. Polemonium rubrum & Ipomeaa rubra, L. Cantua thyrsoidea, Juss. C. pinnatifida, 
Lam. C. coronopifolia, Willd. ('. elegans, Poir. Ipomopsis elegans, Michx.; Smith, Exot. 
t. 13. Zpomeria coronopifolia, Nutt. Gen. i. 124. Gilia Floridana, Don (Cantua, Nutt.), & G. 
Beyrichiana, Bouché, are mere forms.— Dry sandy soil, South Carolina and Florida to 
Arkansas and Texas. Common in gardens. 

=< G.aggregata, Spreng. Somewhat pubescent: stems 2 to 4 feet high, less leafy, some- 
times loosely branching: leaves thickish, with narrowly linear mucronulate divisions: 
thyrsoid narrow panicle loose or interrupted; the (fragrant) flowers sessile in small mostly 
short-pedunculate clusters: calyx commonly glandular; its lobes subulate: corolla from 
scarlet to pink-red (rarely white), with narrow tube; the lobes ovate or lanceolate, acute or 
acuminate, widely spreading, soon recurved: filaments slender: on when wetted devel- 
oping mucilage and spiricles. — Syst. i. 626; Don, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 218; Gray, ]. c. 
Cantua aggregata, Pursh. (Ipomeria ane AaE, Nutt.) C. coronopifolia ? & C. aggregata, Torr. 
Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 220. Ipomopsis elegans, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1281. Gilia pulchella, Dougl. 
in Hook. Fl. ii. 74; Benth. 1. c.— W. Nebraska to W. Texas, New Mexico to Oregon, E. 
California and Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) More or less heterogone-dimorphous: both 
stamens and style included (and the style shorter) in some individuals, both exserted (and 
the style longer) in most. Varies greatly: the extremes being 

om Var. attenuata. Corolla-lobes lanceolate, tapering gradually from the very base 
into a slender acumination : calyx-lobes equally slender. — Colorado, in Middle Park, Parry. 

A white-flowered form, with stamens and style included. 

Var. Bridgésii, Gray, lc. Stems low (6 to 18 inches) and diffuse or spreading, 
as if from a perennial root: corolla bright red; its lobes oblong-ovate and merely acute : 
calyx-lobes shorter and broader, from subulate-lanceolate to deltoid: lobes of the leaves 
thicker and obtuse. — California, through the Sierra Nevada. 

%* * Stem low, loosely paniculate-branched: upper leaves reduced to bracts. 

G. subntida, Torr. Glandular-puberulent, a span or two high: leaves all undivided, 
mainly crowded at the indurated base, spatulate or oblong and tapering into 4 margined 
petiole, sparsely and irregularly dentate; the few upper linear and entire; the uppermost 
subulate and minute: flowers rather crowded in a few small clusters: calyx-lobes subulate, 
about the length of the campanulate tube: corolla orange or scarlet; the tube (half inch 
long) thrice the length of the ovate obtuse lobes: anthers included in the throat on very 
short filaments: seeds developing mucilage and spiricles. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 276. 
— Arizona and S. Nevada to New Mexico, Newberry, Stretch, Palmer. 

G. Haydeni, Gray. Almost glabrous, above slightly glandular, a span or more high, 
effusely much branched, somewhat corymbose: radical leaves pinnatifid; those of the 

10 


146 POLEMONIACES. Gilia. 


branches linear and subulate, bract-like, entire: flowers mainly pedicellate: calyx-lobes 
subulate, shorter than the tube: corolla rose-red, slender; the tube (half inch long) several 
times longer than the obovate lobes: anthers subsessile in the throat: ovules only 6 in 
each cell: seeds fewer, neither spirilliferous nor mucilaginous when wetted. — Proc. Am. 
Acad. xii. 79. — S. W. Colorado or adjacent Utah, on the San Juan, Brandegee. 


§ 10. Grurknpra, Gray. Flowers thyrsoid-paniculate and hardly bracted, 
rather small: corolla bluish or white, salverform; the tube hardly double the 
length of the calyx and little longer than its own obovate lobes: these surpassed 
by the slender and much exserted filaments: anthers short: ovules about 6 in 
each cell: seeds destitute both of mucilage and spiricles: glandular-puberulent 
and rather low biennials, with simply pinnatifid leaves, the radical in a dense 
rosulate tuft: calyx-lobes triangular. 


G. stenothyrsa, Gray. Stem simple, virgate, very leafy up to the racemiform narrow 
thyrsus: leaves pinnately cleft into short oblong lobes: bracts small and entire: stamens 
moderately exserted: corolla somewhat funnelform, apparently white, nearly half inch 
long. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 276. — Uinta Mountains, Utah, Fremont. 

G. pinnatifida, Nutt. Stem simple or loosely branching, a span to 2 feet high: inflores- 
cence open-paniculate, often compound: leaves pinnately parted into linear or narrowly 
oblong lobes; these sometimes again 1-2-lobed; stamens conspicuously exserted (3 lines 
long, inserted just under the sinuses): corolla strictly salverform, pale blue or violet, or 
the narrow tube white (this and the lobes 2 or 3 lines long). — Gray, 1. c. — Rocky Moun- 
tains, common from 8. Wyoming through Colorado (and Utah ?) to New Mexico. 


§ 11. Microcizia, Benth. Flowers scattered, very small: corolla white, sal- 
verform: stamens inserted on and included in the tube: ovules solitary in the 
cells: much-branched annuals, with filiform or slender-subulate and entire (or 
sometimes 3-parted) small leaves: calyx short-campanulate, 5-toothed. 


G. minutifléra, Benth. Glabrous, or minutely glandular-puberulent above : stem erect, 
a foot or two high, with many virgate and rigid slender branches : upper leaves all reduced 
to minute subulate appressed bracts; the lower longer and some of them 3-parted : flowers 
terminating and also sparsely spicately disposed along the branchlets, 2 lines long: tube of 
the corolla about twice the length of the calyx and of its own lobes: filaments slender: 
capsule oval: seed oblong.— DC. Prodr. ix. 315. Collomia (Picrocolla) linoides, Nutt. Pl. 
Gamb. 159. — Interior of Oregon (or now Idaho, not “ California”), Douglas. Wyoming 
on the Upper Platte, Nuttall, Fremont. 

G. tenérrima, Gray. Minutely and sparsely glandular, low, effusely much branched : 
branches filiform: leaves entire: flowers loosely panicled, on slender divergent pedicels, 
minute: capsule globular (barely a line long): seed turgid-oval. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 
277; Watson, Bot. King, 270. — Utah, Bear River Valley, near Evanston (in fruit), Watson. 


§ 12. Everts, Benth., Gray. Flowers scattered, crowded, or rarely capitate- 
glomerate, inconspicuously bracted or ebracteate: corolla from funnelform to 
nearly rotate: stamens usually inserted in or just below the sinuses of the corolla, 
not exceeding its lobes (or rarely moderately so): filaments slender: leaves 
various, all or chiefly alternate. 

* Ovules solitary in the cells: corolla funnelform with slender elongated tube and rather abruptly 
dilated throat (in the manner of § Neverretiz, but no pungent or even mucronate tips to calyx- 
lobes or leaves): sinuses of calyx somewhat replicate : very depressed small perennials. with fili- 
form rootstocks and erowded leaves, among which the violet or purplish flowers are solitary and 
subsessile in the forks or axils. 

G. Larseni, Gray. Filiform creeping rootstocks elongated: stems rising only an inch or 
two above ground: leaves pedately 5-7-parted or the upper 3-cleft, rather surpassing the 
flowers, soft-pubescent: corolla half inch long, with tube slightly exceeding the calyx ; its 
rounded lobes somewhat surpassing the stamens and style. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 84, & Bot. 
Calif. i. 497. — California, on Larsen’s Peak, in loose volcanic ashes, Lemmon, John Larsen. 


Gia. POLEMONIACELE. 147 


——G. débilis, Watson. An inch or two high, minutely pubescent: leaves oblong, 2-3- 
lobed or entire, tapering into a short petiole, shorter than the flowers: corolla two thirds 
inch long; the tube exceeding the calyx: lobes of the latter conspicuously 3-nerved: 
stamens more or less and the style prominently exserted: “seed without mucilage or spi- 
ricles.” — Am, Naturalist, viii. 302; Rothrock, in Wheeler Rep. t.19.—S. Utab, IWheeler. 

* »* Ovules and seeds few or numerous in the cells. 
+— Rovt annual. 
++ Corolla more or less funnelform, having a distinct tube: corolla from blue to ose or some- 
times white: flowers in the first species much crowded and short-pedicelled, in the last -cattered. 


= Seeds developing mucilage and spiricles when wetted, mostly numerous: leaves once to thrice 
~ pinnately divided or cleft: herbage somewhat pubescent or glabrate. 

——~_—*«G. capitata, Dougl. Stem slender, a foot or two high, nearly glabrous : leaves 2-3-pin- 
nately divided into slender or even filiform-linear lobes : flowers numerous in dense capitate 
clusters terminating long naked peduncles: calyx glabrous or nearly so: corolla light blue 
(4 or 5 lines long); its tube about the length of the narrowly oblong or lanceolate-linear 
lobes and the nearly glabrous calyx, only slightly dilated at the throat: stamens inserted 
in the very sinuses of | the corolla. — Hook. Bot. Mag. t.2608; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1170; 
Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 287.— W. California and Oregon. Common in gardens. 


saaeG. achillezfdlia, Benth. Generally more pubescent and rather stouter than the pre- 
ceding, and the head-like flower-clusters larger and less compact: flowers larger: calyx 
more or less woolly ; its lobes with short recurved tips: lobes of the violet-blue or lavender- 
purple corolla obovate or broadly oblong; its throat abruptly and amply dilated. — Bot. 
Reg. no. 1622, & Prodr. 1. ¢. 311; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5939; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 447.— 
Common throughout W. California. . 


“= G. multicaulis, Benth. 1.c. A span to afoot high, at length diffuse: leaves mostly 
twice pinnately parted into narrow linear lobes: flowers fewer and in a less dense shorter- 
peduncled cluster than the preceding, some of the pedicels in fruit equalling the calyx: 
corolla (4 lines long) violet; its proper tube shorter than the calyx, and its obovate or 
ovate lobes not longer than the funnelform throat: capsule ovoid.—Gray, Bot. Calif. 
1.498. G. achilleefolia, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1682; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3440; Brit. FI. Gard. 
n. ser. t. 280, not Benth. G. millefoliata, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. 1£38, 35, a dif- 
fuse and small-flowered form. G. stricta, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 755. Polemonium capitatum, 
Eschsch. in Mem. Acad. Petrop. 1826 ! — California, very common throughout the western 
part of the State. 

Var. ténera, Gray, l.c.,a depauperate and attenuated form, in dry and poor soil, 
with peduncle more loosely 3—5-flowered, or even 1-flowered. — G. stricta, Liebm. Ind. Sem. 
Hafn. 1853 ¢ — With the ordinary form. 

s= G. tricolor, Benth. A span to a foot or two high, mostly slender, paniculately branched, 
at length diffuse : leaves (as of the preceding or more slender) and calyx, &c., usually more 
viscid-pubescent: flowers few or several and short-pedicelled or subsessile in cymulose 
rather short-peduncled clusters : corolla (half inch long) twice or thrice the length of the 
calyx, with very short and yellowish proper tube, ample campanulate-funnelform throat 
marked with deep brown-purple, and lilac or violet roundish lobes which surpass the 
stamens. — Hort. Trans. viii. t. 18; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t.1704; Brit. Fl. Gard. n. ser. t. 264; 
Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3463. — California, throughout the western part of the State: common 
in cultivation. 

G. latifloéra. A span or two high, effusely paniculate, glabrous, and the inflorescence and 
calyx sparscly glandular: radical leaves simply pinnatifid, linear-lanceolate (an inch or 
two long), with short ovate or triangular and cuspidate-tipped lobes; the cauline few and 
small or minute, all but the lowest entire and subulate : paniculate cyme very loose : pedicels 
equalling or shorter than the flower: corolla (7 to 11 lines long) purple with yellowish or 
brownish throat, dilated-funnelform, abruptly contracted below into a narrow tube which 
slightly exceeds the calyx; its lobes rounded-obovate: capsule ovoid. — G. tenu/flora, var. 
latiflora, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 278, & Bot. Calif. 1l.c. — California, San Diego and 
Los Angeles Co., Fremont, Wallace, Palmer (402). 

=<=G. tenuifléra, Benth. A foot or more high, slender, loosely paniculate above: radical 
and lower leaves bipinnately parted or divided, or simply divided and the narrow divisions 


148 POLEMONIACE. Gilia. 


incised, the lobes short; the upper becoming simple, small and entire: branches loosely 
few-flowered: pedicels shorter than the flower: corolla (7 to 9 lines long) rose-color with 
violet throat, narrowly funnelform or even trumpet-shaped; its slender tube fully thrice 
the length of the calyx: capsule ovoid-oblong. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1888; Gray, l. c., excl. 
var. — California, from Monterey southward. 

———-G. inconspicua, Dougl. Mostly low, a span to a foot or more high, usually with slight 
woolly pubescence when young, and viscid glandular, branching from the base: leaves 
mostly pinnatifid or pinnately parted, or the lowest bipinnatifid, with short mucronate-cus- 
pidate lobes ; the uppermost becoming small, subulate, and entire: flowers either somewhat 
crowded and subsessile or at length loosely panicled and some of them slender-pedicelled : 
corolla violet or purplish (3 to 5 lines long), narrowly funnelform, with proper tube shorter 
or slightly longer than the calyx.— Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2883 (corolla too salverform) ; 
Benth. in DC. l.c.; Gray,lc. G. parviflora, Spreng. Syst. i. 626. Cantua parviflora, Pursh, 
FI. ii. 730. Lpomopsis inconspicua, Smith, Exot. t.14.— Wyoming to the western border of 
Texas, and west to California and British Columbia. Very variable in size and form of 
corolla, passing into 

~—_, Var. sinudta, Gray, |.c. Corolla larger, at least in proportion to the calyx, becom- 
ing thrice its length, with tube more exserted and throat and lobes more ample. — G. sinuata, 
Dougl.; Benth. in DC. l.c. G. arenaria, Benth. 1.c.— Oregon and California to New 
Mexico. Some forms approaching the two preceding. 
== = Seeds destitute of mucilage and spiricles when wetted, numerous: leaves nearly all radical, 
barely pinnatifid or toothed; the cauline mainly reduced to small subulate bracts of the open 
compound panicle, which is about a span high: some flowers with very short, others with slender 
pedicels, in the manner of G. inconspicua and related species. 

G. leptoméria, Gray. Minutely somewhat glandular-viscid: radical leaves oblong or 
broadly lanceolate (an inch or more long), incisely toothed or sinuate-pinnatifid; the ob- 
tuse teeth or lobes minutely mucronate-cuspidate: cymose panicle effuse: flowers incon- 
spicuous: corolla whitish, 2 or 3 lines long, fully twice the length of the calyx, slender- 
funnelform, and with very small acute lobes: capsule ovoid, equalling or surpassing the 
triangular acute calyx-teeth.— Proc. l.c. & Bot. Calif. i. 498; Watson, Bot. King, 270, 
t. 26, fig. 6-11. — Interior desert region, Nevada and Utah, Watson, Parry, Lemmon. 

G. latifolia, Watson. Viscid-pubescent and above glandular: radical leaves oval or 
roundish (an inch or two long), distinctly petioled, repand-dentate and the broad short 
teeth slender-spinescent: panicle loosely many-flowered: corolla pinkish, 24 lines long, 
cylindraceous, little longer than the calyx; its lobes acute: capsule oblong, comparatively 
large (3 lines long), somewhat exceeded by the spinescent-subulate calyx-lobes. — Am. Nat- 
uralist, ix. 347. —S. Utah, Parry. 

++ ++ Corolla campanulate or rotate: pedicels slender or filiform, scattered. 
== Western species, diffuse and slender, barely a span high: pedicels becoming horizontal or 
at length refracted. 

G. microméria, Gray, 1. c. Nearly glabrous, glandless, effusely much branched: 
branches filiform: radical and lower leaves pinnatifid, and the lobes obtuse; the upper 
linear and entire: pedicels capillary, half inch long, axillary or opposite the leaves: flower 
barely a line long: corolla campanulate, white, a little longer than the 5-cleft calyx: cap- 
sule globular: seeds few, not mucilaginous.— Watson, l.c. fig. 12-14. —N. W. Nevada, 

_ Watson, Lemmon. 

G. filifé6rmis, Parry. Completely glabrous and smooth: stem erect; the branches fili- 
form and spreading: leaves all filiform or nearly so and entire: scattered capillary pedi- 
cels (from 1 to 11 lines long) at length refracted: corolla cream-color, very open-campanu- 
late, 2 lines long, deeply 5-cleft, exceeding the 5-parted calyx; its lobes truncate and 
obscurely erose-denticulate: capsule globular: seeds rather few, mucilaginous but not 
spirilliferous when wet.—Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 75.—St. George, 8. Utah, Parry. 
Perhaps this species belongs to the § Dactylophyllum; but all except the lowest leaves are 
alternate. 

G. campanuldta, Gray. Minutely pubescent when young, obscurely viscid, diffusely 
branched from the base, depressed: leaves lanceolate; the lower sparingly pinnatifid- 
toothed; the upper small and entire: pedicels not longer than the flower: corolla white, 
oblong-campanulate, 3 or 4 lines long, twice the length of the 5-parted calyx, moderately 


Polemonium. POLEMONIACE.E. 149 


5-lobed: stamens inserted next the base: anthers oblong: ovules about 7 in each cell. — 
Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 279; Watson, lc. fig. 16-18.— W. Nevada, on the banks of the 
Truckee River, Watson. 
== = Texan and Mexican: pedicels erect or ascending, loosely and effusely paniculate: seeds 
mucilaginous and spirilliferous when wetted, rather numerous. 

~— G. incisa, Benth. Merely puberulent: stems slender and weak, diffusely branched from 
tue base, a foot or two high, leafy: leaves thin; the radical and lower cauline slender- 
petioled, roundish-ovate or obovate, acutely and incisely toothed or lyrately cleft; the 
upper lanceolate, sparsely laciniate; uppermost linear, more entire, sessile, and gradually 
reduced to subulate bracts: pedicels an inch or two long, rigid: corolla rotate, deeply 5- 
cleft (white or blue, half inch or less in diameter), deeply 5lobed; the lobes ovate: fila- 
ments filiform : anthers oblong-oval.— DC. Prodr. ix. 312. G. Lindheimeriana, Scheele in 
Linn. xxi. 763.— Shady banks and thickets, Texas. (Mex.) 

+— + Root perennial or base of stems lignescent. 
++ Corolla (as far as known) rotate and blue: leaves rigid. 


G. rigidula, Benth. Glabrous or viscid-glandular: stems a span or so high, slender and 
diffusely branched from a stout lignescent base: leaves mostly pinnately (or the upper- 
most nearly palmately) parted or cleft into few or several lanceolate-linear or subulate 
lobes: pedicels scattered, an inch or less long: corolla completely rotate (2 to 1} inches in 
diameter), 5-parted; its lobes obovate: filaments filiform: authers elongated-oblong : 
ovules and seeds several in each cell. — DC. 1. c.; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 230. G. 
glandulosa, Scheele, 1. c., one of the viscid-glandular forms. (Corolla opening wide in after- 
noon sunshine, closing at sunset, Lindheimer.) — Rovky plains and hills, Texas and New 
Mexico. (Adjacent Mex.) 

Var. acerosa, Gray, lc. More dwarf, rigid, and suffruticose: branches very leafy : 
the leaves all with slender-subulate or acerose and somewhat pungent divisions : pedicels 
short: flower rather smaller: anthers barely oblong. — Northern New Mexico and borders 
of Texas to Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) 

G. cespitésa, Gray. Depressed-cespitose, with a stout lignescent caudex: leaves nearly 
all densely crowded on the very short tufted shoots, viscid-puberulent, spatulate or some- 
what lanceolate, entire, thickish, half inch long or less: flowering shoots scape-like, 1 to 3 
inches high, 1-5-flowered: flowers short-pedicelled: calyx narrow, 2 lines long, 5-cleft; the 
lobes slender-subulate: corolla and stamens not seen: ovules few in each cell. ~ Proc. Am. 
Acad. xii. 80.— Rabbit Valley, Utah, on barren sandstone cliffs, at 7000 feet, Z. F. Wurd. 
— Its proper place in the genus quite uncertain, perhaps next G. subnuda. 
++ ++ Corolla tubular-funnelform: habit and foliage wholly of Polemonium confertum, var. melli- 

tum, but stamens straight. 

G. Brandegéi, Gray. Very viscid with glandular pubescence, pleasantly odoriferous, 
cespitose: stems a span to near a foot high, simple: leaves all pinnate, elongated-linear in 
circumscription ; the radical crowded and with short dilated and scarious sheathing petiole ; 
the cauline scattered and similar: leaflets very small and numerous, 2 lines long, from oval 
to oblong-linear, sessile, some simple, others 2-parted and so appearing verticillate : flowers 
several in a short and racemiform leafy thyrsus : corolla golden yellow, trumpet-shaped, an 
inch or less long, more than twice the length of the oblong or cylindraceous ol)tusely 3- 
lobed calyx; its lobes oval and short: the stamens included in its threat (not declined or 
curved): anthers roundish: ovules few in each cell. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 85. — San Juan 
Gap, and Waggon-wheel Gap, on the Rio Grande, S. W. Colorado, on the face of high per- 
pendicular cliffs, 7. S. Brandegee. 

Var. Lambérnii. Corolla lurid-yellowish or greenish. — Alpine region of Sierra 
Blanca, S. Colorado, R. H. Lamborn, A. Gray. 


4, POLEMONIUM, Tourn, Greex Vaertan, Jacos’s Lapper. 
(Ancient name, from 76/2403, war, or more probably from the philosopher [To/#- 
yor.) — Herbs, of the cooler parts of the northern hemisphere, and one in the 
southern; the leaflets or divisions of the pinnate leaves sessile and not serrate. 
Inflorescence racemiform, thyrsiform, or cymulose-paniculate ; the upper pedicels 
edracteate. Flowers blue or white, rarely purplish, usually showy, produced in 


150 POLEMONIACES. Polemonium. 


summer. Anthers commonly oblong in the bud, oval in the blossom. Hypogy- 
nous disk fleshy and saucer-shaped, somewhat crenate. Seed-coat developing 
mucilage and spiricles when wetted. Genus marked rather by habit than char- 
acter, the first and last sections too near Gilia. 


§ 1. Corolla strictly or even narrowly funnelform; its tube more or less ex- 
ceeding the oblong or cylindraceous calyx, prominently longer than the lobes: fila- 
ments uaked or nearly so and not dilated at base, usually inserted on the middle 
of the tube, or occasionally adnate higher: leaflets very small and crowded, so as 
seemingly to be verticillate: inflorescence capitate-congested or spiciform : cespi- 
tose perennial. (Transition to Gilia.) 

—... P. confértum, Gray. A span or more high from a tufted rootstock, glandular-pubes- 
cent and viscid, musky-fragrant: radical petioles conspicuously scarious-dilated and sheath- 
ing at base: leaflets 1 to 3 lines long, mostly 2-3-divided, and so appearing as if in fascicles 
or whorls; the divisions from round-oval to oblong-linear: flowers densely crowded, honey- 
scented: corolla deep blue, from half to a full inch long; its roundish lobes 2} or 3 lines 
long: ovules about 3 in each cell. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 73, Proc. Am. Acad. vii 280, 
& Bot. Calif. i. 500; Watson, Bot. King, 271; Robinson, Garden, 1876, with a colored 
plate. P. viscosum, Nutt. Pl. Gamb. 154, in small part. — Alpine region of the Rocky Moun- 
tains from lat. 49° southward to Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and in the high Sierra Nevada, 
California. 

Var. mellitum, Gray, 1c. Usually a taller form: inflorescence more lax and leafy, 
becoming spiciform or racemose: corolla pale or sometimes white, fully an inch long, more 
narrowly funnelform ; the lobes only one third or fourth the length of the tube. — With the 
ordinary form in Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah. 


Se 


§ 2. Corolla campanulate-funnelform, with tube not surpassing the open cam- 
panulate calyx and shorter than the ample spreading limb: filaments usually 
dilated and pilose-appendaged at base: inflorescence open and with very few 
bracts: leaflets simple and entire, sometimes confluent: root perennial. 


* Low, about a span high from cespitose-branching and mostly thickened rootstocks: flowering 
stems only 1-3-leaved: flowers cymulose: leaflets seldom half an inch long. 

—— P. viscésum, Nutt. Dwarf and with thick densely tufted rootstocks, viscid-puberulent : 
leaflets very numerous and crowded or even imbricated, thickish, ovate or roundish, at most 
a line and a half long: flowers in a rather close cymulose cluster: corolla blue or whitish, 
barely twice the length of the calyx, its rounded lobes (2 lines long) about the length of the 
included tube: filaments not appendaged at base.—Pl. Gamb. 154 (mainly, excluding 
what relates to the “elongated lanceolate segments of the calyx”); Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. 1. c.— High Rocky Mountains, towards the sources of the Platte, Nuttall. 


~== P, himile, Willd. More slender, and from somewhat creeping rootstocks, more or less 
viscid-pubescent: leaflets 15 to 21, from round-oval to oblong, 2 to 6 lines long: flowers 
rather few in the clusters: corolla blue or purplish; its ampler rounded lobes much longer 
than the short included tube: filaments pilose at the dilated base: ovules 2 to 4 and seeds 
1 or 2 in each cell. —Rem. & Sch. Syst. iv. 792; Cham. in Linn. vi. 562. A polymor- 
phous or complex species, of which the large-flowered high northern form, with rather long 
viscid pubescence about the calyx, &c., may be taken as type, after Chamisso, viz. his P. 
humile and his var. macranthum. P. Richardsonii, Graham in Bot. Mag. t. 2800. P. lanatum, 
Fischer. P. capitatum, Benth. in DC. Prodr. ix. 317, mainly (excl. syn. Lindl. Bot. Reg., 
which belongs rather to P. ceruleum ; also excluding the original of Eschscholtz, from Cali- 
fornia, which must be Gilia multicaulis or G. uchilleefolia). P. pulchellum, var. macranthum, 
Ledeb. Fl. Ross, iii. 85.— Arctic coast to St. Paul’s and Shumagin Islands. (Kamts. 

to Spitzbergen.) Lobes of the corolla often 5 lines long. 
<== Var. pulchéllum. Viscid pubescence mostly minute, or the leaflets often nearly 
glabrous and naked: flowers smaller: the lobes of the corolla only 3 or 2 lines long, violet 
or lavender blue, in some forms nearly white. (Varies in small-flowered forms with style 
and cven stamens exserted.) — P. pulchellum, Bunge, in Ledeb. FL Alt. i. 233, & Ic. Ross. 


Polemonium. POLEMONIACE.. 151 


t.20. P. moschatum, Wormskiold. P. humile, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t.1304. P. pulcherrimum, Hook. 

Bot. Mag. t. 279, a more viscid, lax or diffuse, and small-flowered form ; the corolla violet, 

varying to white, its lobes narrower. — N. W. and Arctic coast, and southward along the 

Rocky Mountains to Colorado and the Sierra Nevada. (Kamts. & Siberia.) 

* % Taller, from slender rootstocks or roots: leaves and leaflets larger. 

+ Ovules 6 to 12 in each cell: stem erect, 1 to 3 feet high: leaflets numerous and mostly approxi- 
mate, not rarely confluent or the rhachis winged: seeds in the same species either wing-angled 
or marginless: corolla blue, varying to white. 

=P. certleum, L. Either glabrous or viscid-pubescent: stem mostly strict and virgate, 
1 to 5 feet high, 5-10-leaved: leaflets from linear-lanceolate to oblong-ovate (9 to 20 lines 
long): flowers numerous in a naked and narrow thyrsus or panicle: calyx cleft to or be- 
yond the middle: corolla an inch or considerably less in diameter: elongated style usually 
considerably and stamens often somewhat longer than the corolla. —Fl. Dan. t. 255; 
Reichenb. Ic. Germ. t. 1334; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 871.— Wet or moist ground; very rare in 
the N. Atlantic States (in swamps in New York, viz. Schoharie Co., Dr. Howe, Delaware 
Co., B, D. Gilbert, Herkimer Co., Clinton, also Warren Co., New Jersey, Porter; a form with 
rather open-panicled inflorescence and broadish leafiets); but common in western wooded 
mountain districts, viz. from Colorado Rocky Mountains to California, Oregon, and far 
northward. (N. Asia, Eu.) 

Var. acutifi6drum, Ledeb., is a high northern and reduced form, a foot to a span 
high, with few and large flowers, and ovate more or less acute corolla-lobes, which exceed 
the stamens and sometimes even the style. —P. acutiflorum, Willd. in Rem. & Sch. 1. ¢.; 
DC. Prodr. l.c. — High N. W. coast and Aleutian Islands, &c. (Siber., N. Eu.) 

——P. foliosissimum. Very viscid-pubescent throughout and strong-scented: stem a foot 
or more high, very leafy throughout: leaflets from lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate (seldom 
an inch long): flowers corymbose-cymose, smaller than those of the preceding: corolla 
commonly white or cream-color, sometimes violet, twice the length of the calyx, which is 
5-cleft to or beyond the middle: style and stamens not protruding. — P. ceruleum, var.? 
pterosperma, Benth. in DC. Prodr. ix. 817; but the seeds, as in P. ceruleum, are either mar- 
ginless or wing-margined. P. ceeruleum, var. foliosissimum, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 281. — 
Rocky Mountains of New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming, and west to Utah and Idaho. 
Some forms approaching the preceding species; but it is more like P. Mexicanum, Cerv., 
which is loosely branched, and has the violet corolla little exceeding the calyx, the lobes of 
the latter barely half the length of the tube. 

+ + Ovules only 3 or 4 in each cell: stem lax or with diffuse branches and open corymbiform or 
paniculate inflorescence: leaflets fewer (5 to 15) and rather large, membranaceous, only the ulti- 
mate at all confluent: herbave glabrous or slightly pubescent, neither viscid nor glandular: style 
and stamens rather shorter than the corolla. 

——~P, cd4rneum. A foot or two high, rather stout: leaflets from ovate to oblong-lanceolate 
(often an inch and a half long): branches somewhat umbellately 3-5-flowered: calyx 
deeply 5-cleft; the lobes ovate-oblong: corolla salmon-color or flesh-color (fading to pur- 
plish), 8 to 12 lines long (the ample limb sometimes 1} inches in diameter when fully 
expanded); its lobes rounded-obovate.—In mountain woods, Siskiyou Co., California, 
Greene. Also near San Francisco, Aellogg, G. R. Vasey. 

== P, réptans, L. A foot or less high, slender, weak and at length diffuse or spreading (but 
never creeping) : leaflets ovate- or lanceolate-oblong: flowers several and loosely panicu- 
late-cymulose on the branches: calyx with ovate lobes shorter than its tube: corolla light 
blue, half inch or less in length. — Lam. Ill. t.106; Bot. Mag. t.1887.— Open woods, New 
York to Alabama and west to Minnesota and Missouri. 


§ 3. Corolla almost rotate, shorter than the broad and open deeply 5-cleft 
calyx: filaments almost naked at base: flowers scattered: root annual. (Another 
transition to Gilia.) 


=P. micranthum, Benth. Much branched from the base, slender, diffuse, more or less 
viscid-pubescent: stems or branches 8 to 8 inches long: leaflets 5 to 13, obovate or lanceo- 
late (2 to 4 lines long): peduncles mostly solitary opposite the leaves: corolla whitish, a 
line or two long: ovules 2 or 3 in each cell. — DC. Prodr. ix. 818; Gray, 1. c.— Springy 
ground, British Columbia to California and Nevada: fl. in spring. (S. Chili, P. antarcticum, 
Griseb. ex Benth.) 


4 aoa cogil 


B, sage pect a 
b 


152 HYDROPHYLLACES. 


OrpvER XCIT. HYDROPHYLLACE. 


Herbs, or rarely shrubs, with watery insipid juice, alternate or sometimes oppo- 
site leaves, no stipules, mostly a scorpioid inflorescence in the manner of Borra- 
ginacee, regular 5-merous 5-androus flowers, with the stamens borne on the base 
or lower part of the corolla alternate with its lobes, a 2-merous ovary, and the 
two styles distinct or partly united (in Remanzoffia completely united into one) : 
stigmas terminal. Ovules amphitropous or anatropous, from 4 to very many, 
pendulous, or when numerous almost horizontal. Hypogynous annular disk at 
the base of the ovary often conspicuous. Fruit a capsule, one-celled with 
two parietal placente, or incompletely 2-celled by the approximation or meeting 
of the placente (borne on semisepta), or even completely 2-celled by their union 
in the axis. Seeds with a close and usually reticulated or pitted testa, and a 
small or slender embryo in cartilaginous or firm-fleshy albumen. Scorpioid cymes 
sometimes complete, more commonly reduced to geminate or solitary false spikes 
or racemes (which in description may be termed spikes or racemes) ; the pedi- 
cels bractless. Calyx 5-parted, or of nearly distinct sepals. — Benth. in Linn. 
Trans. xvil. 267; A.DC. Prodr. ix. 287; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 312, & Bot. 
Calif. i. 501. 


Trise I. HYDROPHYLLEZ. Ovary and capsule strictly 1-celled, lined with a 
pair of expanded, at first fleshy, at maturity thin and membranaceous placente, 
which form a lining to the pericarp, and enclose the 4 or more amphitropous 
ovules and seeds. Calyx sometimes appendaged at the sinuses. Corolla mostly 
convolute in the bud. Style more or less 2-cleft. Ovary hispid, at least at the 
apex. Capsule globose, loculicidal, i. e. dehiscent by the dorsal sutures. Seeds 
by abortion commonly fewer than the ovules, globular, or angled by mutual pres- 
sure: albumen cartilaginous. 


* Stamens and style mostly conspicuously exserted: calyx nearly unchanged in fruit: 
root perennial or biennial: leaves alternate. 

1. HYDROPHYLLUM. Calyx early open, with or without a small appendage at each 
sinus. Corolla campanulate; the tube within bearing a linear longitudinal appendage 
opposite each lobe, with infolded edges, forming a nectariferous groove. Filaments and 
style long and filiform, the former bearded at the middle: anthers linear or oblong, in- 
flexed in the bud. Seeds 1 to 4; the ovules only 4. 


%* * Stamens shorter than the corolla: calyx accrescent in fruit: root annual: lower and 
sometimes all the leaves opposite. 


2. NEMOPHILA. Calyx with a reflexed appendage at each sinus. Corolla rotate or 
approaching campanulate, usually longer than the calyx; the base within mostly with 10 
appendages. Anthers usually sagittate-oblong. Ovules 4 to 20. Seeds commonly with 
a deciduous or more persistent caruncle. 


3. ELLISIA. Calyx destitute of appendages at the sinuses, usually much enlarged 
under the fruit. Corolla campanulate, shorter or little longer than the calyx; the 
internal appendages minute or obsolete; lobes in estivation either all convolute, or 
one exterior, or rarely quincuncial. Anthers oval or oblong. Ovules 4 to 8. Seeds 
not carunculate. 


Trine I. PHACELIE. Ovary either strictly 1-celled or 2-celled by the meeting 
of the linear or lanceolate placenta in the axis ; these separating in the loculicidal 
dehiscence, and borne on the middle of the semiseptiferous valves, or sometimes 
falling away. Calyx naked at the sinuses, deeply 5-parted. Corolla imbricated in 
the bud. Style from 2-parted to (rarely) entire; the branches at the apex or the 
stigmas obscurely if at all thickened. Ovary mostly hispid or pubescent, at least 
its apex. Albumen cartilaginous or firm-fleshy. 


HYDROPHYLLACES. 153 


* Leaves all opposite, entire: flowers cymose: style 2-cleft at the apex. 

4. DRAPERIA. Calyx-lobes or sepals narrow-linear, equal. Corolla tubular-funnelform, 
with 5 short lobes, not appendaged within. Stamens unequal and somewhat unequally 
inserted low down on the tube of the corolla, included. Ovary 2-celled, with a pair of 
collateral ovules pendulous from near the apex of each cell. Style long and filiform. 
Capsule globose-didymous, membranaceous ; the thin semi-septa commonly adnate to each 
valve, and the membranaceous central or placental portion falling with the four seeds. 


* * Leaves all or all but the lowest alternate: flowers cymose, scorpioid-racemose or 
spicate, or rarely in the forks. 
+ Style 2-cleft, at least at the apex. 

5. PHACELIA. Calyx-lobes all similar or nearly so. Corolla deciduous, not yellow. 
Stamens equally inserted low down on the corolla. Inflorescence scorpioid. (Ovules and 
seeds when reduced to a pair collateral and nearly as long as the cell.) 

6. EMMENANTHE. Corolla (yellow or yellowish and campanulate) persistent! Other- 
wise as Phacelia. Sveds several. 

7. CONANTHUS. Calyx-lobes all similar, narrow. Corolla deciduous, funnelform, not- 
appendaged ; the slender filaments unequally inserted more or less high up on its tube. 
Stigmas capitellate. Seeds with a thin smoothish testa, 10 to 20. Flowers solitary and 
subsessile in the leafy forks of the stem. Habit of Nama. 

8. TRICARDIA, Calyx-lobes or sepals very dissimilar; 8 outer large and cordate, 
2 inner linear. Corolla broad-campanulate, deciduous. Stamens equally inserted on the 
base of the corolla. Ovary glabrous: ovules and seeds about 8. Flowers racemose. 

+ + Style and even the stigma entire: ovary glabrous. 

9. ROMANZOFFIA. Calyx-lobes or sepals similar. Corolla funnelform or almost cam- 
panulate ; the stamens inserted on the base of its tube, unequal. Style filiform: stigma 
small. Inflorescence scapiform, loosely racemose. Leaves round-reniform and crenate- 
lobed. 

* * « Leaves (alternate) and 1-flowered peduncles all radical: style 2-cleft at apex. 
10. HESPEROCHIRON. Calyx 5-(rarely 6-7-)parted; the lobes linear-lanceolate, occa- 
sionally unequal. Corolla campanulate or rotate, deciduous ; the stamens inserted on the 
base of its tube. Ovary pubescent. Leaves spatulate or oblong, entire. 


Trise III. NAME.E. Styles 2, distinct to the base ; their tips or stigmas commonly 
clavate-thickened or capitate. Ovary completely or incompletely 2-celled. Cap- 
sule loculicidal ; the valves bearing the (usually placentiferous) half-dissepiments 
on their middle. Seeds with firm fleshy albumen. Corolla imbricated in the bud, 
not appendaged within. Leaves simple, alternate, or sometimes imperfectly oppo- 
site. (Closely connected with the foregoing tribe through Draperia and Conanthus 
on the one hand, and Lemmonia on the other.) 


* Ovules and seeds only 2 in each cell, one above the other: placente not transversely 
dilated or bilamellar. 


11. LEMMONIA. Corolla short-campanulate. Filaments and styles short and included, 
subulate: the former equally inserted, abruptly dilated or as it were appendiculate at the 
very base: anthers cordate-didymous. Stigmas small. Capsule membranaceous, 2- 
valved. Seeds proportionally large, globular-obovate. Depressed annual. 


* * Ovules and seeds numerous or several, on transverse lamelliform placente, which 
approximate or cohere in the axis of the ovary, but separate in the loculicidal dehis- 
cence and are borne on the half-dissepiments or half-valves of the capsule. 

12. NAMA. Corolla funnelform or somewhat salverform. Filaments and styles filiform, 
more or less included; the former commonly unequal and often unequally inserted, 
slightly and gradually if at all dilated at base. Capsule membranaceous; the valves and 
placente undivided. Ovules and usually the seeds numerous. Mainly low herbs or 
suffrutescent. 

13. ERIODICTYON. Corolla funnelform or approaching campanulate. Filaments and 
style more or less included. Capsule crustaceous, +-valved, i.e. first loculicidal, then sep- 
ticidal, thus splitting into 4 half-carpels, which are closed on one side, owing to the widely 
dilated placente, and partly open on the other. Seeds rather few, pendulous. Shrubby, 
with leaves mostly dentate. 


Tripe IV. HYDROLEE.E. Ovary and capsule completely 2-celled. and with large 
and fleshy inseparable placente; the dehiscence septicidally septifragal, or often 


154 HYDROPHYLLACEZ. Hydrophyllum. 


irregular, leaving the thin dissepiment with the central placenta. Styles 2. Corolla 
nearly rotate, imbricated in the bud. Seeds very numerous, with fleshy albumen. 
Leaves all alternate, simple and entire. 

14. HYDROLEA. The only genus. 


1. HYDROPHYLLUM, Tourn. Warertear. (Formed of vdwo, 
water, and @vddor, leaf, a name of no obvious application.) — North-American 
herbs; with petioled ample and lobed or divided alternate leaves, and cymose 
clusters of violet-blue or white flowers, in early summer. 


§ 1. HyproruyLium proper. Perennial, with fleshy horizontal rootstocks : 
calyx naked at the sinuses, except occasionally in the last species. 


* Leaves pinnatifid or pinnate: at least the calyx and inflorescence hispid. 
+ Peduncles shorter than the petioles, generally shorter than the mostly dense inflorescence: 
anthers short-oblong. 

== FH. macrophyllum, Nutt. Hispid or rough-hirsute, stout, 2 or 3 feet high: lower 
leaves commonly a foot long ; the divisions oval or oblong, obtuse, 2 or 3 inches long, in- 
cisely toothed; the upper ones confluent: stout peduncles commonly forked: cymes very 
dense: calyx white-hispid, not deeply parted; its divisions triangular-subulate, tapering 
gradually from the broad base, loosely spreading: corolla dull white, half an inch long. — 
Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 111.— Rich woods, Ohio to Virginia and Alabama, and west to 
the Mississippi. 

——— H. capitatum, Doug]. Only a span or so in height, tufted: copious fascicled roots 
fleshy and almost as large as the short rootstocks : leaves longer than the stem, and with 
blade mostly shorter than the petiole, ovate or roundish in general outline, 2 or 3 inches 
long, softly hirsute or pubescent, pinnately 5-7-parted or at base divided; the divisions 
2-3-lobed or cleft; the lobes oblong, obtuse and mucronate: flowers capitate-cymose: 
calyx very hispid. — Benth. in Linn. Trans. xvii. 275 (excl. Calif. pl. &c.); A-DC. Prodr. 
ix. 289; Hook. Kew Jour. Bot. iii. 292 (var. pumilum) ; Watson, Bot. King, 249. — Hillsides, 
&e., Washington Terr. to the Sierra Nevada, California, and Utah. 

=== Var. alpinum, Watson, |.c. Nearly acaulescent in dense tufts: flowers distinctly 
pedicellate in a somewhat open cyme close to the ground: calyx densely white-hairy, but 
less hispid. — Eastern California and Nevada, in the higher Sierra Nevada and Humboldt 
Mountains. ; 

+ + Peduncle elongated, surpassing the petiole and often surpassing the subtending leaf: anthers 
oblong-linear. : 
pers leaves elongated-oblong in general outline, pinnately parted or divided into 7 to 15 
1yisions. 

«=== H. occidentale, Gray. Pubescent, hirsute, or sparingly hispid, a foot or two high: 
divisions of the leaves oblong, an inch or two long, mostly incised or few-cleft, obtuse: 
peduncles rather slender: cymes mostly dense or capitate: calyx deeply parted, its divi- 
sions lanceolate and rather obtuse, more erect: corolla violet-purple, varying to white, a 
third inch long. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 314, & Bot. Calif. lc. HH. capitatum, Torr. Pacif. R. 
Rep. iv. 125, not Dougl. — Oregon (Nuttall) and N. & W. California. 

Var. Watsoni, Gray, l.c. Commonly low, sometimes almost stemless, soft-pubes- 
cent, especially the lower side of the leaves (which is sometimes canescent), as also the 
sparsely hispid calyx: cyme sometimes open. — H. macrophyllum, var. occidentale, Watson, 
Bot. King, 248, mainly. — Sierra Nevada, California, to Utah, Anderson, Bolander, Watson, &e. 

—— Var. Féndleri, Gray, l.c. Pubescence mainly hirsute or hispid, not at all canescent 
or cinereous: divisions of the leaves inclined to ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, in- 
cisely serrate: peduncle shorter: cyme rather open: corolla white or nearly so. — Shady 
ravines, Santa Fé, New Mexico, to Colorado, Fendler, Greene, T. Mf. Coulter, &c. 

++ ++ Cauline leaves ovate in general outline, 3-5-parted or divided. 

=> H. Virginicum, L. Stem (a foot or two high) and bright green leaves almost glabrous, 
or with short scattered hairs: divisions of the leaves (2 to 4 inches long) ovate-lanceolate 
or rhomboid-ovate, acuminate or acute, coarsely incised-toothed ; the lowest commonly 
2-cleft and the terminal one often 3-lobed: peduncle usually once or twice forked: cyme 


Nemophila. HYDROPHYLLACE.E. 155 


at length open: calyx 5-parted to the very base into narrow linear and spreading hispid- 
ciliate divisions: corolla nearly white or sometimes deep violet, about a fourth of an inch 
long. — Lam. Ill. t. 77; Schkuhr, Handb. t. 35; Bot. Reg. t. 331.— Rich woods, Canada 
to the mountains of Carolina and through the western States northward to Washington 
Terr. and Alaska (violet-flowered form).—Fleshy rootstock strongly toothed by the per- 
sistent bases of former radical petioles. 
% * Leaves palmately 5-7-lobed: calyx often bearing minute teeth in the sinuses. 

== H. Canadénse, L. A foot orless high from thickish and scaly-toothed rootstocks, nearly 
glabrous or very slightly and sparsely hirsute even on the calyx: stems simple and naked 
below, 1-2-leaved at the summit: leaves bright green, rounded and with a cordate base, 
5-7-cleft to near the middle; the larger ones 5 to 7 inches wide; the radical ones on stout 
petioles as long as the stem, not rarely furnished with several small and distant pinnately 
arranged lateral divisions: peduncles mostly shorter than the cauline petioles, commonly 
forked: small cymes rather open: divisions of the deeply 5-parted calyx narrowly lan- 
ceolate-linear : corolla open-campanulate, mostly greenish-white: filaments very villous. — 
Lam. Ill. t. 97; Bot. Reg. t. 242.—Damp woods, Canada to the mountains of Carolina, 
and west to the Mississippi. 


§ 2. Dectmium, Raf. Biennial: calyx appendaged with a reflexed lobe at 
each sinus, and somewhat accrescent under the fruit (in the manner of Vemophila, 
to which genus this approaches) : stamens little longer than the open-campanulate 
corolla. — Viticella, Mitch. Nov. Gen. 62. 

s== H. appendiculdtum, Michx. A foot or so high, loosely branching, hirsute with long 
spreading hairs, and above minutely somewhat viscid-pubescent: radical leaves pinnately 
5-7-parted or divided; cauline rounded, with truncate or cordate base, palmately 5~7- 
angulate-lobed or the lower deeper cleft, somewhat dentate; the lobes very acuminate: 
peduncles exceeding the upper leaves: cymes loosely paniculate: pedicels filiform, equal- 
ling or longer than the calyx; the divisions of the latter lanceolate-subulate, spreading, 
broadening at base under the one-seeded fruit. — Fl. i134. H. (Decemium) trilobum, Raf. Fl. 

Ludov. 33. Decemium hirtum, Raf. Med. FI. ii. 215. Nemophila paniculata, Spreng. Syst. 

i. 569; Beck, Bot. 256.— Damp woodlands, Upper Canada to mountains of Carolina, and 

west to Missouri and Wisconsin. 


2. NEMOPHILA, Nutt. (Néuog, a grove, and gia, I love.) — N. Amer- 
ican annuals. in California chiefly winter-annuals, diffuse, more or less hirsute, of 
tender texture; with opposite or alternate and usually pinnatifid leaves, one- 
flowered terminal or lateral peduncles, in one or two species inclined to be race- 
mose, and white, blue, or violet corolla, which in one species only is shorter than 
the calyx. — Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. 11.179; Barton, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. t. 61; 
Gray, l.c. 3814, & Bot. Calif. 1.503. (The larger-flowered species are common 
ornamental annuals in gardens.) 


* Ovules 8 to 24, maturing 5 to 15 seeds: leaves all or almost all opposite, surpassed by the slender 
peduncle. (All Californian. ) 


+ Seeds globular, smooth or minutely pruinose, with a very prominent papilleform caruncle. 
e===N. maculata, Benth. Leaves lyrately pinnatifid into 5 to 9 short lobes, or the upper- 
most somewhat cuneate and 3-lobed: corolla white, with a deep violet blotch at the apex 
of each of the broad lobes; its very broad scales partly free, hirsuteciliate with long 
sparse bristles. — Lindl. in Jour. Hort. Soc. iii. 319, & fig.; Pl. Hartw. 326; Paxt. Mag. 
xvi. t. 6; FL Serres, v. t. 431. — California, valley of the Sacramento to the Sierra Nevada. 
Corolla varying from 9 to 20 lines in diameter. 
+— + Seeds oblong-oval, at maturity usually more or less tuberculate-corrugated or rugose: 
caruncle more deciduous. 
«== N. insignis, Dougl. Leaves pinnately parted into 7 to 9 oblong and often 2-3-lobed 
divisions : corolla bright clear blue; the scales within its base short and roundish, partly 
free, hirsute with short hairs. — Benth. l.c. 275, & Trans. Hort. Soc. i. 479; Bot. Reg. 


156 HYDROPHYLLACEA. Nemophila. 


t. 1718; Bot. Mag. t. 3485. MN. Menziesii, var., Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 872.— Common 
nearly throughout California, flowering, like the other species, from early spring onward. 
Corolla from an inch or more down to little over half an inch in diameter. 

—=N. Menziésii, Hook. & Arn. Mostly smaller than the preceding: leaves pinnatifid 
into 3 to 9 lobes: rotate corolla from light blue to white, and commonly with dark dots or 
spots, especially towards the centre, or sometimes with a dark eye; the scales at its base 
narrow, wholly adherent, their free edge densely hirsute-ciliate: appendages to the calyx 
usually small. — Bot. Beech. 152, & 372, first form; Gray, lv. N. liniflora, Fisch. & Meyer, 
Sert. Petrop. fol. & t. 8, a large blue-flowered form, the corolla an inch wide. NV. pedun- 
culata, Benth. l.c.; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 142 (as to char. & pl. coll. Coulter), a small- 
flowered form. WN. atomaria, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Petrop. 1835, & Sert. Petrop. 1. c.; Bot. 
Reg. t. 1940; Bot. Mag. t. 3774. NV. discoidulis, Hortul.; Fl. Serres, ii. t. 75, a cult. form, 
with the dark spots confluent into a uniform dark brown-purple eye, or almost covering the 
corolla (Regel, Gartenfl. 1864, t. 442). — Common in California, extending to Oregon. Co- 
rolla from half an inch to at most an inch in diameter ; the larger forms many-ovulate and 
much resembling .V. insignis ; the smaller passing towards N. parviflora, and sometimes only 
7-9-ovulate. 

%* * Ovules only 4, i.e a pair to each placenta: leaves all or mainly alternate: flowers mostly 
lurge: internal scales of the corolla very broad and partly free, conniving or united in pairs at 
the base of the filaments: seeds globose, with inconspicuous caruncle or none: peduncles rarely 
exceeding the leaves, or the later ones forming as it were a naked few-flowered corymb or 
raceme. 

N. phacelioides, Nutt. Sparsely hirsute, a foot or two high: leaves all but the 
earliest alternate, with naked petioles, 5-9-parted ; the divisions oblong or oval, the larger 
ones 2-5-lobed: appendages of the calyx oblong or ovate, almost half the length of the 
lobes: corolla ample, blue; the appendages in throat hairy outside: seeds obscurely im- 
pressed-punctate. — Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. ii. 179, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. 
y. 192; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. ii. t.61; Bot. Mag. t. 2373; Bot. Reg. t. 740; Brit. Fl. Gard. 
t. 82. N. Nuttallii, Colla, Hort. Rip. App. i. t. 5. MN. hirsuta & N. pilosa, Buckley in Proc. 
Acad. Philad. — Low grounds, Arkansas and Texas. Corolla an inch or more in diameter, 
with white or pale centre. 

—N. aurita, Lindl. Hirsute, and the weak stems usually retrorsely hispid, 1 foot or two 
long: leaves all with dilated clasping base or winged petiole; the lowest opposite, deeply 
pinnatifid; the 5 to 9 oblong or lanceolate divisions more or less retrorse: appendages of 
the calyx small: corolla violet, from two-thirds to nearly an inch in diameter; its internal 
scales with erose and somewhat ciliate margins: seeds favose-reticulated. — Bot. Reg. t. 
1601; Brit. Fl. Gard. n. ser. t. 338. — California, from the Sacramento Valley to San Diego. 
Upper peduncles almost always bractless and at length racemose. 

—=N. raceméga, Nutt. More slender and weak than the preceding: leaves shorter and 
with fewer divisions and a naked petiole destitute of auricled base: flowers only half the 
size, the upper ones racemose. — Gray, Proc. l.c. & Bot. Calif. 1. c.—San Diego, Nuttall ; 
Island of Catalina, Dull and Buker. Leaves of ovate rather than linear outline. Corolla 
little longer than the calyx, only 4 or 5 lines wide. 


* *& * Ovules only 4, i.e. a pair to each placenta: lower leaves opposite, and the upper commonly 
alternate: flowers small or minute: corolla more campanulate; its internal scales delicate and 
nearly glabrous, or obsolete: seeds oval or globose, the earuncle at length evanescent: peduncles 
shorter than the leaves: plants small or slender, diffuse or prostrate, hirsute-pubescent. 

+— Corolla, as in all preceding species, longer than the calyx. 

——_N. parvifiéra, Dougl. Leaves pinnately 3-9-parted or cleft, or below divided; the 
divisions obovate or oblong; the distinct lower ones either sessile or petiolulate, the upper 
confluent: appendages of the calyx rather conspicuous: corolla light blue or whitish, 3 to 
5 lines in diameter; its lobes considerably longer than the tube; its oblong append- 
ages manifest, wholly adherent by one edge: anthers oblong-sagittate: filaments filiform, 
inserted on the very base of the corolla. — Benth. l. c. 275; Gray, l.c. MN. parviflora & N. 
pedunculata, Hook. Fl. ii. 79. NN. heterophylla, Fisch. & Meyer, l.c.; a larger-flowered form, 
— Shady places, British Columbia to California ; common, and exceedingly variable in the 
foliage, size of corolla, &c. Seeds from one to four, smooth and even, with obscure im- 
pressed punctures or pits, or becoming rather deeply pitted or scrobiculate. All but the 
upper leaves mostly opposite. 


Ellisia. IYDROPHYLLACE. 157 


~~ N. micrécalyx, Fisch. & Meyer. Leaves pinnately 3-5-parted or divided, or the 
upper only 3-cleft; divisions obovate or cuneate, 2-3lobed or incised, all approximate, 
commonly the whole leaf with a triangulate-renitorm or cordate general outline: appen- 
dages of the calyx small and inconspicuous, in flower less evident than in fruit: corolla 
whitish or bluish, 1 to 2 lines long; its lobes shorter than the campanulate tube; the append- 
ages (always?) obsolete: filaments short, inserted rather high on the tube of the corolla: 
anthers oval.—Sert. Petrop. |. ¢.; Gray, Man. 368. NV. evanescens, Darby, S. Bot. NV. 
parviflora, A. DC. 1. ¢.,as to Louisiana plant. £/l’sia microcalyx, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 
1. c.; Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i172. £. ranunculacea, Nutt. 1. ¢.,ex char. — Moist woods, 
Virginia to Florida, Arkansas, and Texas. Leaves prevailingly and often all but the lowest 
opposite. Seeds either globular or oval, when young minutely and sparsely pruinose with 
little papilla, when old with impressed punctures. 

+— + Corolla decidedly shorter than the calyx. 

N. brevifiéra, Gray. <A span or more high, at length diffuse: leaves sometimes all 
alternate, pinnately 3-5-parted ; the divisions approximate, oblong-lanceolate, acute, entire, 
(3 to 9 lines long): peduncles seldom cxceeding the petioles; appendages of the calyx 
nearly half the length of the proper lobes, both ciliate with long hirsute bristles: corolla 
whitish or tinged with violet, broadly short-campanulate ; the lobes considerably shorter 
than the tube; internal appendages cuneate, the broad free summit fimbriate-incised : 
style minutely 2-cleft at apex: seed solitary, almost filling the cell, globose, nearly smooth 
and even; the caruncle evanescent. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 515. .V. parviflora, Watson, Bot. 
King, 249, excl. char. — Utah, in Parley’s Park, Jiatson. Interior of Oregon, Tolne, 
W. C. Cusick. When full grown, the habit is somewhat that of Flarkea. Seed nearly 
2 lines in diameter. 


8. ELLISIA, L. (In honor of John Ellis, an English correspondent of John 
Bartram and of Linnzus, and who published the first account of Dionea, &c.) — 
North American annuals, with tender herbage, somewhat hirsute; the once to 
thrice pinnatifid leaves either all opposite or the upper alternate; peduncles soli- 
tary or racemose; corolla whitish, mostly small in comparison with the at length 
stellate calyx. 

§ 1. Evexrisia, Gray. Ovules in the manner of the tribe all on the inner 
face of the placentx, a pair to each: seeds globose, uniform, alveolate-reticulated : 
leaves once pinnately parted. 


=x. H. Nyctélea, L. A span to a foot high, at length very diffuse: leaves on naked or 
barely margined petioles, the upper mostly alternate; the divisions 7 to 13, lanceolate, 
acute, mostly 1-3-toothed or lobed: peduncles solitary in the forks or opposite the leaves, 
or some of the later ones racemose and secund: calyx-lobes lanceolate or at length ovate- 
lanceolate, gradually acuminate, longer than the capsule: corolla cylindraceous-campanu- 
late, rather shorter than the calyx: seeds very minutely reticulated. — (Moris. Hist. iii. 
451, sect. 2, t. 28; Ehret in Act. Ups. i. 97, t. 5; Trew. PI. Sel. t. 99.) Linn. Spec. ed. 2, 
1662. £. ambigua, Nutt. Gen. i. 118, merely a slender form. Polemonium Nyctcleat, L. Spec. 
ed. 1, &.— Damp and shady places, New Jersey to Virginia and west to Saskatchewan 
and Missouri; flowering through spring and summer. 

E. membranacea, Benth. Weak, a foot or two long, sparsely beset with short hirsute 
or hispid hairs or bristles, otherwise glabrous: leaves mostly opposite, on narrowly winged 
or margined petioles; the divisions 3 to 9, linear, obtuse, entire, or sometimes with « lobe: 
flowers chiefly bractless and becoming racemose on a terminal peduncle: calyx-lobes oblong 
or at length obovate, very obtuse, rather shorter than the open-campanulate corolla, not 
exceeding the capsule: seeds rather coarsely reticulated. — Benth. 1]. c. 274; A. DC. l.c.; 
Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 505. — California, from the Bay of San Francisco to San Diego. Flow- 
ers very much smaller than in the preceding : corolla 4 lines in diameter, one lobe outside 
in estivation. Ovary beset with a few subulate bristles. 


§ 2. Evcrypta, Gray, l.c. Ovules a pair on the back as well as on the face 
of each placenta; the seeds of the two dissimilar, oval; the outer ones (usually 


158 HYDROPHYLLACE. Ellisia. 


solitary) flattened and hidden between its placenta and the valve: leaves twice or 
even thrice pinnately parted. — Huerypta, Nutt. Pl. Gamb. 159. 


«===, chrysanthemifdlia, Benth. 1.c. <A foot or two high, erect, paniculately branched, 
more or less hirsute and scabrous: leaves opposite or the uppermost alternate, on short 
petioles auriculate-dilated at base, finely twice or thrice (or the uppermost once) parted or 
cleft into small and short lobes: flowers loosely racemose, the short filiform pedicels bract- 
less: calyx-lobes ovate or broadly oval, about equalling the small striate-nerved capsule, 
shorter than the open-campanulate corolla: seeds oval; the ordinary ones (2 to 4 maturing) 
rugose-tuberculate, terete, discharged upon dehiscence ; a posterior one (or sometimes a pair) 
enclosed between cach valve and the placenta which lines it, meniscoid, smooth, usually 
rather larger than the others. — Lucrypta paniculata & E. foliosa, Nutt. 1.c. Phacelia micran- 
tha, Var.? bipinnatifida, Torr. in Ives Colorad. Exped. Bot. 21.— California, from Contra 
Costa Co. to San Diego and to the borders of Arizona. Corolla and fruiting calyx about 
8 lines in diameter, sometimes smaller. (Islands of Lower Calif.) 


4, DRAPERIA, Torr. (Dedicated to Professor John William Draper of 
New York, chemist and historian.) — A single species. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 
vii. 401, x. 816, & Bot. Calif. i. 508. 


D. systyla, Torr. 1. cv. Low and diffuse or decumbent perennial herb, branching from 
slightly lignescent base, silky-hirsute and somewhat viscid, leafy: leaves all opposite, ovate, 
entire, pinnately veined, slender-petioled: flowers crowded in a pedunculate terminal once 
or twice 2-3-fid cyme; the unilateral spikes or racemes of which slightly elongate in 
age: sepals narrow-linear: corolla light purplish, 4 or 5 lines long: capsule thin; the oval 
placental portion usually separating from the dissepiment in dehiscence: seeds oval and 
angled; the coat very minutely or obscurely reticulated. — Numa systyla, Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. vi. 57. — California, ravines and shaded hillsides, along the Sierra Nevada ; first col- 
lected by Lobb. 


5. PHACELIA, Juss. (From gézedog, a cluster or fascicle, alluding to the 
crowded flowers of the original species.) — Annual or some few perennial herbs 
(all American, chiefly N. American) ; with alternate simple or compound leaves, 
and more or less scorpioid cymes or so-called racemes or spikes. Corolla deciduous 
(as generally in the order), at least thrown off by the enlarging capsule (ex- 
cept in P. sericea /), blue, purple or white, never yellow, except the tube of certain 
species; the tube with or sometimes without appendages within; these when 
present generally in the form of 10 vertical folds or lamellar projections (borne 
on a lateral vein), in pairs, either adnate to or free from and alternate with the 
base of the slender filaments. Calyx-lobes commonly narrow, often wider up- 
wards, more or less enlarging in fruit. Seed-coat reticulated or pitted. — Gray, 
Man. ed. 5, p. 369, & Proc. Am. Acad. x. 316. Phacelia, Cosmanthus (Nolte), 
Lutoca (R. Br.), & Microgenetes, A.DC. Prodr. ix. 292, 297. 


§ 1. Evpnacéiia, Gray. Ovules 4, i.e. a pair to each placenta: seeds as 
many or by abortion fewer, vertical ; the testa areolate-reticulate or favose : lobes 
of the campanulate corolla entire (or rarely erose-dentate) ; the tube with 10 lami- 
nate appendages in pairs at the base of the stamens. — Phacel/a, Juss., A.DC. 


* Lower leaves and all the branches opposite: no hispid or hirsute pubescence: spikes or branches 
of the eyme hardly at all scorpioid: pedicels much shorter than the calyx. (An anomalous 
species. ) 

P. namatoides, Gray. Annual, a span high, brachiately branched, glabrous and glau- 
cous below, above glandular-pubescent: leaves narrowly-lanceolate, entire, tapering at 
base, obscurely petioled; only the uppermost alternate, equalling or surpassing the rather 
loose spikes or branches of the cyme: sepals spatulate-linear, a little shorter than the 


Phacelia. HYDROPHYLLACE. 159 


narrow-campanulate blue corolla, exceeding the globular sparsely hirsute-pubescent cap- 
sule: stamens and at length deeply 2-parted style included: appendages at base of fila- 
ment short: seeds alveolate-reticulated. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 317, & Bot. Calif. i. 506. 
-Vama racemosa, Kellogg, Proc. Acad. Calif. v. 51.— California, in the Sierra Nevada from 
Calaveras to Nevada Co., at Cisco, Summit Station, &c., Bolander, Kellogg. Corolla and 
capsule a line long. 
%* %* Leaves (as in the rest of the genus) allalternate: pubescence or some of it hispid or hirsute: 
spikes or branches of the cyme scorpioid and dense: pedicels short or hardly any (except in P. 


pedicellita): appendages of the corolla broad and salient, usually more or less united at the base 
of the filament. 


+ Leaves all simple and entire, or some of the lower pinnately 3-5-parted or divided; the segments 
or leaflets entire: capsule ovate, acute: seeds densely alveolate-punctate, upper end acutish. 

e==P. circindta, Jacq. f. Hispid and the foliage strigose, and either green or canescent, a 
span to 2 feet high from a perennial or biennial root: leaves from lanceolate to ovate, 
acute, pinnately and obliquely straigit-veined ; the lower tapering into a petiole and com- 
monly some of them with one or two pairs of smaller lateral leaflets: inflorescence hispid ; 
the dense spikes thyrsoid-congested: corolla whitish or bluish, moderately 5-lobed, longer 
than the oblong-lanceolate or linear calyx-lobes: filaments much exserted, sparingly 
bearded. — Eclog. 135, t. 91; Benth. 1. ¢.; .A. DC. Prodr. lL. c., where see the older synonymy. 
(Aldea circinata, Willd. Enum.) P. heterophylla, Pursh, Fl. i. 140. P. Calijornica, Cham. in 
Linn. iv. 495. P. hastata, Dougl.in Hook. Fl. ii. 80. P. leucophylla, Torr. in Frem. Rep. 93. 
P. canescens, Nutt. Pl. Gamb. 159, a dwarf very canescent state. — Dry ground, Dakota to 
British Columbia, New Mexico, and California. (S. to the Straits of Magellan.) Very 
variable: dwarf forms sometimes with a naked scape-like stem. 

Var. calycésa, Gray, 1.c. Divisions of the calyx more foliaceous and ample, and 
in fruit with narrowed base, oblong to obovate-spatulate, reticulated. — California ; not rare 
in the western part of the State, under otherwise varying forms. 

P. Bréweri, Gray, l.c. Resembling the preceding but smaller and slender, from an 
annual root: corolla blue or violet, more broadly campanulate, nearly twice the length of 
the linear calyx-lobes : filaments glabrous, a little shorter than the corolla. — Monte Diablo, 
California, on dry and soft sandstone, Brewer. Leaves seldom an inch long, exclusive of 
the petiole of the lowermost; many of them 3-5-parted; the lanceolate lobes ascending. 
Corolla barely 3 lines long. 

==> P. humilis, Torr. & Gray. Annual, diffusely branched from the base, a span high, 
pubescent, or the inflorescence often hirsute: leaves spatulate-oblong or oblanceolate, 
rather obtuse; the lower rarely with one or two lateral ascending lobes, the veins branch- 
ing: spikes loosely paniculate or solitary, in age rather slender: pedicels either all very 
short, or the lower sometimes almost as long as the calyx: corolla indigo-blue, rather 
deeply lobed, surpassing the usually linear calyx-lobes: filaments moderately exserted, 
glabrous or sparingly bearded above. — Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 122, t. 7; Watson, Bot. King, 250. 
— Sierra Nevada, California, from Siskiyou to Mariposa Co., and E. Nevada. Leaves an 
inch or two in length. Corolla 2 or 5 lines long. 

Var. calycésa, Gray. A strict and slender form: corolla apparently pale: calyx- 
lobes larger and spatulate, as in the similar variety of P. circinata. — Proc. Am. Acad. & 
Bot. Calif. i. 507.—E. side of the Sierra Nevada, near Mono Lake, Bolander. 

— eee simple, all petioled, rounded-cordate, somewhat palmately lobed or incised, the lobes 
serrate. 

— —P. malvefoélia, Cham. Rather tall and stout, from an annual ? root, hispid with spread- 
ing or reflexed stinging bristles, and the foliage more or less pubescent: leaves (1 to 3 
inches in diameter) green and membranaceous, round-cordate, incisely 5—9-lobed, acutely 
toothed: somewhat palmately ribbed at base: spikes solitary or geminate: corolla (3 or + 
lines long) white, longer than the unequal linear and spatulate calyx-lobes: stamens ex- 
serted: seeds alveolate-scabrous.— Linn. iv. 494; Gray, l. c.— California, Bay of San 
Francisco, Chamisso, Kelloyg, G. R. Vasey. 
+— + + Leaves oblong or narrower in outline, pinnately toothed, lobed, ot compound, and the 

lobes or divisions toothed or incised: capsule globular or ovoid, obtuse: seeds with excavated 


yentral face divided by a salient ridge: annuals, or rarely biennials (or one perennial?), mostly 
with cymosely or umbellately or thyrsoid congested spikes. 


a+ Calyx, &c., not setose-hispid: stamens and style more or less exserted. 


160 HYDROPHYLLACE. Phacelia, 


== Pedicels short, when any, and erect in the fruiting spike: divisions of the calyx entire, little 
exceeding the capsule: seeds minutely reticulated. 

P, integrifélia, Torr. A span to 2 feet high, strict, viscid-pubescent or hirsute, very 
leafy: leaves ovate-oblong or lanceolate, sessile or the lower short-petioled with a com- 
monly subcordate base, simply or mostly doubly crenate-toothed, sometimes incised: spikes 
crowded, at first thyrsoid: corolla narrow-campanulate, whitish or bluish: stamens and 
style long-exserted ; the latter cleft to the middle: capsule short-ovoid.— Ann. Lye. N. Y. 
ii. 222, t. 3, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 143; Watson, l. c.—Gypseous soil, Colorado and N. W. 
Texas to 8. Utah and Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) 

Var. Palmeri, Gray, l.c. A strict form, apparently from a biennial root, more hir- 
sute and viscid: leaves more acutely sinuate-toothed : inflorescence thyrsoid-contracted. — 
S. Utah, Palmer, Siler, and intermediate forms by Parry and Ward. 

== DP, crenuldta, Torr. A span or two high, often branched from the base and somewhat 
spreading, viscid-pubescent or hirsute: leaves mainly petioled, spatulate-obong, crenately 
toothed or pinnatifid, sometimes lyrate and the lowest divisions distinct or nearly so; the 
lobes crenulate-toothed: spikes soon open and spreading: corolla rotate-campanulate, 
bright violet or paler; the internal appendages very broad: stamens moderately exserted: 
style cleft far beyond the middle: capsule globular. — Watson, Bot. King, 251; Gray, l.c. 
— Rocky slopes, New Mexico to Arizona and N. W. Nevada. Flowers commonly deep- 

prs ., eee alfinch in diameter, and showy, sometimes considerably smaller and paler. 

oe P.-S osa, t./ Viscid-pubescent and glandular, softly if at all hirsute, a span to 
a foot or more high: leaves irregularly and interruptedly twice pinnatifid, or below divided ; 
the numerous lobes small, oblong, somewhat incised, obtuse: calyx-lobes oblong or spatu- 
late: corolla (2 lines long) bluish, purplish, or white, with lobes shorter than the tube: 
stamens and 2-cleft style moderately or conspicuously exserted: seeds with the minute 
reticulations even.— Nutt. Pl. Gamb. 160 (very pubescent and viscid form); Gray, 1. ec. 
P. Popei, Torr. & Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 172, t. 10 (less pubescent form, with corolla lobes 
quite entire). Hutoca glandulosa, Hook. Kew Jour. Bot. iii. 293.—Gravelly soil, N. W. 
Texas and Colorado to Arizona. (Mex.) 

Var. Neo-Mexicana, Gray, |. v. Lobes of the corolla either slightly or conspicu- 
ously erose-denticulate. — P. Neo-Mexicana, Thurber in Bot. Mex. Bound. 143.— Colorado 
and New Mexico. 

_P. congésta, Hook. Pubescent and commonly cinereous, hardly in the least. viscid or 
glandular, a foot or more high: leaves pinnately 3-7-divided or parted, and with a few 
interposed small lobes; the main divisions oblong or oval, incisely pinnatifid or irregularly 
lobed; the lower ones mostly petiolulate and the upper confluent: calyx-lobes linear or 
somewhat spatulate: corolla blue (3 lines long); the lobes as long as the tube: stamens 
more or less exserted: seeds reticulate-scabrous, the fine sharp meshes being as it were 
toothed at the junctions. — Bot. Mag. t. 3452; A. DC. l.c. 249. P. conferta, Don. P. tana- 
cetifolia, A. DC. 1. c., as to pl. Tex. Berland. — Margin of thickets, &c., throughout Texas. 
Not rarely cultivated. 
= = Pedicels slender and horizontal, or divisions of calyx 3-5-lobed, much longer than the cap- 

sule, villous. Extra-limital species, of Lower California. 

P. pedicellata. A foot or less high, villous or soft-hirsute and glandular: not annual: 
leaves pinnately 3-5-divided ; the divisions oval or oblong, incised and numerously toothed ; 
the lower nearly sessile, the uppermost confluent or larger and 3-cleft: flowers much 
crowded in short panicled or cymose-clustered racemes, small: pedicels filiform, about the 
length of the flower, somewhat deflexed in fruit: calyx-lobes linear or in age oblanceolate, 
entire, villous (as also the pedicel), hardly twice the length of the globular capsule: corolla 
apparently white (little over 2 lines long), moderately surpassed by the stamens and 
2-cleft style; the internal appendages short and rounded: seeds rugose-reticulated and 
somewhat tuberculate at maturity. — Lower California, Dr. Thomas H. Streets. 

P. phyllomanica, Gray. A foot or two high from a rigid (and possibly perennial) 
base, very leafy, canescent with soft-tomentose and some longer villous pubescence, not 
glandular: leaves elongated-oblong in outline, pinnately parted or below divided; the 
divisions 9 to 18 pairs, linear-oblong, pinnatifid; the short lobes 1-2-toothed or entire: con- 
densed spikes thyrsoid-crowded: flowers nearly sessile : calyx-lobes foliaceous, all or 2 or 3 
of them pinnately 3-5-parted: corolla violet, a little longer than the calyx; the expanded 


Phacelia. HYDROPHYLLACE. 161 


limb 3 lines in diameter: stamens and style slightly exserted: fruit not seen. — Proc. Am. 
Acad. xi. 87. — Guadalupe Island, off Lower California (beyond our limits), Palmer. 

Var. interrupta, Gray, l.c. Lower, and with pubescence more villous or hirsute: 
leaves with fewer and sparser divisions (the larger crenately pinnatifid) and some very 
small interposed lobes. —With the other form. 

++ ++ Calyx more or less setose-hispid, in fruit usually much surpassing the capsule; the 

divisions cutire, but often dissimilar: seeds favose-pitted or in age tuberculate: style 2-,arted. 

(Species aig together or difficult to discriminate: leaves mostly 1-3-pinnately divided and 

incised: corolla light violet or bluish, varying to white.) 

—— P. tanacetifélia, Benth. Erect annual, roughish-hirsute or hispid, not glandular, or 
above slightly so,1 to 3 feet high: leaves pinnately 9~17-divided into linear or oblong- 
linear once or twice pinnately parted or cleft divisions, all sessile or nearly so; the lobes 
mostly linear-oblong: spikes cymosely clustered, at length elongated: very short fruiting 
pedicels ascending or erect: calyx-lobes linear or linear-spatulate, not twice the length of 
the ellipsoidal capsule: stamens and style conspicuously exserted: seeds with very narrow 
pits bounded by thick walls. — Bot. Reg. t. 1696; Bot. Mag. t. 8703; Brit. Fl. Gard. n. ser. 
t. 360. — California, very common, at least near the coast. Variable in foliage: the var. 
tenuifolia, Thurber in Bot. Mex. Bound., is a common form, with fine Tansy-like foliage. 
Common garden annual. 

«==P, ramosissima, Dougl. About 2°feet high, decumbent or ascending from a perennial 
root (according te &. L. Greene); the branches divergent, pubescent and more or less 
viscid or glandular, or above hispid: leaves 5-9-divided or parted into oblong or narrower 
pinnatifid-incised divisions: spikes glomerate, short and dense, little elongated in age: 
flowers subsessile and in fruit ascending on the rhachis: stamens and style usually mode- 
rately exserted: appendages to the corolla with a merely acute free apex: calyx-lobes 
from linear-spatulate to obovate, twice or thrice the length of the ovate or short-oyoid 
capsule: seeds oblong. — Benth. in Linn. Trans. ].c. 280; Hook. Fl. ii. 80 (but ovary not 
glabrous in original specimens) ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 319, & Bot. Calif. i. 508, excl. 
var. P. tanacetifolia, Thurber in Bot. Mex. Bound. 143. —Washington Territory and Oregon 
(through the dry interior) to San Diego Co., California, and Arizona. In some forms very 
near the foregoing. 

~—P. hispida. A foot or less high from an annual root, diffusely branching, hardly viscid, 

setose-hispid with long and slender white bristles: leaves with fewer and coarser divisions 

than the preceding, the uppermost sometimes merely laciniate-incised: spikes soon loose 
and loosely paniculate, 2 or >} inches long in fruit: flowers nearly all on short but manifest 
and slender horizontal pedicels: stamens and style equalling or barely surpassing the 
corolla: calyx-lobes narrowly linear with attenuated base, nearly equalling the corolla, in 
fruit + to 6 lines long and about 4 times the length of the globose capsule: seeds short- 
oval. —P. ramosissima, var. hispida, Gray, 1.c.— Western part of California, from Santa 

Barbara to San Diego, Nuttall, Wallace, Torrey, Cleveland. Bristles resembling those of 

Borage. 

P. ciliata, Benth. Erect or ascending, a span to a foot or more high from an annual 
root, more or less pubescent or sparingly hirsute above: stems scabrous: leaves pinnately 
parted, or the lower divided and the upper merely cleft; the divisions or lobes oblong, 
pinnatifid-incised: spikes rather short and in fruit rather loose: pedicels short or hardly 
any, ascending: stamens and the 2-parted style shorter than or not surpassing the 
corolla: appendages of the latter with pointed tips: calyx-lobes from lanceolate to ovate, 
more or less shorter than the white or bluish corolla, accrescent and becoming venose- 
reticulated in age, then sparsely ciliate with short rigid bristles, 4 or 5 lines long, only 
twice the length of the ovate mucronate capsule: seeds oval, favose. — Linn. Trans. 1. ¢.; 
Gray, 1. c. — California, from the Sacramento and the vicinity of San Francisco to Monte- 
rey, apparently in shaded moist soil. 

% % %* Flowers in loose and only slightly scorpioid racemes; the pedicels equalling or surpassing 
the-flowers: appendages of the very open corolla long and rather narrow, villous on the edze, 
approximate between the stamens, from which they are remote: seeds with a rather fleshy 
obscurely areolate testa. 

=== P. bipinnatifida, Michx. A foot or more high from a slender biennial root, erect, 

paniculately branched, hirsute-pubescent and above mostly viscid and glandular: leaves 
slender-petioled, green and thin, pinnately 3-7-divided ; the divisions ovate or oblong-ovate, 
iL 


162 HYDROPHYLLACEZ. Phacelia. 


acute, coarsely and irregularly incised or pinnatifid; the lower short-petiolulate and the 
uppermost confluent: racemes loose, 7-20-flowered : pedicels spreading or in fruit recurved: 
calyx-lobes linear, loose, longer than the globular capsule: corolla rotate-campanulate, 
violet-blue, over half an inch in diameter, with rather short rounded lobes and very con- 
spicuous internal appendages: stamens (bearded) and style usually more or less exserted. 
— Fl. i.184, t. 16; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 869.— Shaded banks of streams, Ohio and Illinois to 
Alabama: flowering in June. 

Var. brevistylis, Gray. A remarkable form, with corolla about one half smaller: 
style and especially the stamens not exserted. ~ P. brevistylis, Buckley, in Am. Jour. Sci. 
xlv. (1843) 172. — Alabama, Buckley, Nevius, &c. 


§ 2. Cosm4ntuus, Gray. Ovules and seeds of Huphacelia: corolla destitute 
of internal appendages, almost rotate; its lobes fimbriate: filaments (villous- 
bearded) rarely longer than the corolla: ovary villous-hispid at the summit, 
otherwise glabrous: low annuals, with loosely racemose flowers in the manner of 
the last preceding species and of earliest of the next section. — Man. Bot. ed. 2, 
328, & 5,369. Cosmanthus, Nolte. Cosmanthus § Eucosmanthus, A.DC. in part. 


@== P. Purshii, Buckley. A span to a foot high, diffusely branched from the base, sparsely 
hirsute: cauline leaves pinnately 5-11-parted, the upper closely sessile; lobes oblong or 
lanceolate, acute: racemes rather many-flowered, sometimes forking: calyx-lobes linear: 
corolla light blue varying to white (half inch in diameter).— Buckley in Am. Jour. Sci. 
xlv. 172; Gray, Man. lc. P. fimbriata, Pursh, &e. Cosmanthus jfimbriatus, Nolte, A.DC. 
Prodr. ix. 297. — Moist wooded banks, W. Pennsylvania to Minnesota and Missouri, North 
Carolina and Alabama. — Pedicels filiform, 6 to 10 lines long. Perhaps only a variety of 
the next. Seeds as in the preceding. 

P. fimbriata, Michx. Weak and diffuse, a span high, less hirsute: cauline 3-7-cleft or 
lobed or the lower lyrately divided; the lobes obtuse or roundish: racemes few-flowered : 
pedicels filiform: calyx-lobes linear-oblong or spatulate: corolla white (only 3 or 4 lines 
broad), rather shorter than the stamens. — Fl. i. 184; Gray, Man. 1.c. In woods of the 
higher Alleghany Mountains, Virginia to Alabama ; flowering early. 

Var.? Boykini, Gray. More robust, evidently growing in more exposed soil: 
racemes rather many-flowered, at length strict, with fruiting pedicels erect and not longer 
than the calyx : corolla far less fimbriate, bluish. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 320. — Upper part 
of Georgia, Boykin. Perhaps a distinct species, more likely a state of P. jimbriata, growing 
in a lower and warmer region. 


§ 3. CosmantHoipes, Gray. Ovules and seeds 3 to 8 (rarely only a pair) on 
each placenta, the latter with reticulated testa: appendages of the rotately or 
open-campanulate corolla wanting, or very inconspicuous and remote from the 
stamens: capsule globular and pointless: low annuals of the Atlantic United 
States, early-flowering, hirsute-pubescent or glabrate, with mostly pinnatifid leaves, 
the upper closely sessile, simply racemose flowers, and somewhat villous-bearded 
filaments about the length of the blue or white corolla. 

* Ovules 2 to 4 on each (at length deciduous) placenta: globose capsule thin-walled: slender and 
smoothish little annuals, with the aspect of Cosmanthus, but lobes of the corolla entire, its base 
with no appendages or only obscure vestiges. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 320. 

P. glabra, Nutt. Slender, 3 to 8 inches high, glabrous except a few hirsute short hairs 
chiefly on the margins of the leaves and calyx: corolla 3 or 4 lines in diameter: calyx- 
lobes in fruit little longer than the capsule, mostly oblong or oval: otherwise as in P. par- 
viflora. — Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vy, 192; Gray, l.c.— Low prairies, Arkansas and 
Eastern Texas. Very like slender and smoother forms of the next, into which it probably 
passes. Ovules 4 in some flowers, 5 to 7 or 8 in others. 

== P. parvifiédra, Pursh. A span or more high, sparsely hirsute or glabrate, branched 
from the base: radical and lowest cauline leaves lyrately pinnate, with 3 to 5 roundish 

leaflets or divisions, or sometimes simple and entire; the upper mostly sessile and 3-9- 

parted or cleft into oblong or linear-lanceolate lobes : racemes loose, several-many-flowered ; 


Phacelia. HYDROPHYLLACES. 163 


the spreading filiform pedicels longer than the fruiting calyx: corolla light blue or nearly 
white, 4 to 6 lines in diameter: calyx-lobes lincar or lanceolate, in fruit nearly twice the 
length of the capsule (this only a line and a half long).—Fl. i.140; Gray, Man. 1. c. 
(Pluk. t. 245, fig. 5.) Polemonium dubium, L. Eutoca parciflora, Vt. Br. in Luchards. App. 
Frankl. Journ. 36; Benth. lc. Cosmanthus parviflorus, A.DC. 1.c. Phacclia pusilla, Buck- 
ley, l.c., ex char. — Shaded places, Pennsylvania and Ohio to Carolina, Missouri, and Texas: 
the south-western and also Virginian forms passing into 
ease Var. hirstta, Gray. More hirsute and the stems less slender, apparently growing 
in more open or dry soil: corolla larger, 5 to 7 lines in diameter. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1 c. 
P. hirsuta, Nutt. 1. ec. 191. — Prairies and barrens, south-western part of Missouri to castern 
Texas. Also similar forms from Giles Co., Virginia, and Stone Mountain, Georgia, 
‘anby. Well developed capsule 2 lines long. Ovules only 4 in some flowers, 8 in others. 
* * Ovules (and commonly the seeds) about 8 on each placenta: plants stouter, with less divided 
leaves: vestiges of appendages to the corolla sometimes manifest, in the form of very narrow 
lamelle approximate in pairs between the stamens. 

P. patulifi6ra, Gray. Rather softly cinereous-hirsute or pubescent, and the inflorescence 
somewhat glandular, branched from the base, a span to a foot high, erect or diffuse : leaves 
obovate or oblong (an inch or two long); the lowest lyrate-pinnatifid ; the upper commonly 
only pinnatifid-incised, sessile: racemes lax, at length elongated: pedicels spreading or 
nodding, especially in fruit, 4 to 7 lines or more long: corolla deep blue with yellow base, 
from half to three quarters inch in diameter; the lobes somewhat erose-denticulate : calyx- 
lobes lax or spreading, linear or somewhat lanceolate, occasionally becoming spatulate or 
obovate, sometimes twice the length of the rather thin-walled capsule. — Proc. Am. Acad. 
x. 321. LEutoca patuliflora, Engelm. & Gray, Pl. Lindh. i. 45. Phacelia hispida, Buckley in 
Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 463.— Low prairies and thickets, Texas along and near the 
coast, Berlandier, Lindheiaer, Wright, Buckley, &c. Capsule 24 lines long: placente at 
length deciduous: seeds apparently as in the next. 

P, strictifiéra, Gray, 1.c. Shorter and stouter than the preceding, more cinereous-hir- 
sute: leaves rather more pinnatifid (an inch or so long): racemes in fruit strict and mostly 
dense, with pedicels érect and not longer than the capsule: corolla similar or rather larger: 
calyx-lobes usually becoming spatulate: capsule firm-coriaceous (3 lines long): seeds 
round-oval, minutely alveolate-reticulated and coarsely more or less tuberculate-rugose ! — 
Entoca strictiflora, Engelm. & Gray, 1. ce. — Sand-hills, San Felipe and Austin, Texas, Drum- 
mond, Lindheimer, E. Hall. Also Mississippi, Spillman. Perhaps a variety of the last, 
growing in more exposed soil. Capsule of firmer texture; the placente inclined to be 
adnate. In the seeds alone there is some approach to the character of the JJicrogenetes 
section. 


§ 4. Gymyésytavs, Gray. Ovules and seeds very numerous on the dilated 
placente, descending or nearly horizontal; the testa favose-pitted: appendages of 
the rotate-campanulate corolla wholly absent: capsule ovate and pointed: style 
2-parted: very glandular and viscid Californian annuals, with ovate dentate leaves, 
simple or sometimes geminate loose racemes, and very slender filaments (usually 
a little bearded at base) about the length of the corolla. — Proc. Am. Acad. 
x. 821. Cosmanthus § Gymnobythus, A.DC. 


P. viscida, Torr. <A foot or two high, branching, hirsute at base, very glandular above: 
leaves ovate or obscurely cordate, doubly or incisely and irregularly dentate (an inch or 
two long): corolla deep blue with purple or whitish centre, from half to nearly an inch in 
diameter. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 148; Gray, Le. & Bot. Calif. i. 513. Lutoca riseida, Benth. 
in Bot. Reg. t. 1808; Bot. Mag. t.3572. Cosmanthus visctdus, A.DC. 1. ce. 226. — Open soil, 
along the coast of California, from Santa Barbara southward. Calyx-lobes linear or be- » 
coming obscurely spatulate, about the length of the abruptly cuspidate-pointed capsule; 
the firm placente of which persist on the valves. 

Var. albiflora, Gray, |. c., differs only in its white corolla. — Eutoca albiflora, Nutt. 
Pl. Gamb. 158. — Same range. 

P. grandiflora, Gray, 1c. Very like the preceding, or disposed to be more hispid: 

corolla light blue or sometimes white, an inch to an inch and a half in diameter. — Eutoca 


164 HYDROPHYLLACEZ. Phacelia. 


grandiflora, Benth. in Linn. Trans. l.c, 278. E. speciosa, Nutt. Pl. Gamb.1.c. Cosmanthus 
grandiflorus, A.DC, 1. c.— California, from Santa Barbara Co. southward, Douglas, Nuttall, 
Peckham, &c. Capsule 4 lines long, the cuspidate persistent and indurated base of the 
style a line in length. ‘ 


§ 5. WuitLdvia, Gray. Ovules and seeds numerous or rather few; the testa 
favose-pitted: appendages of the corolla reduced to 5 small truncate or emar- 
ginate scales, one adnate to the inner base of each capillary somewhat exserted 
filament: style 2-cleft above the middle: Californian annuals, with inflorescence 
and habit of the preceding section, but less glandular, and with longer petioles and 
pedicels, and looser racemes, the flowers showy. — Proc. Am, Acad. x. 321. 


* Corolla large (violet-purple, varying to white in cultivation), with tube longer than the rounded 
lobes and much longer than the linear calyx-lobes: placentee and seeds of preceding section. — 
Whitlavia, Harvey. 

o=a==P, Whitlavia, Gray, l.c. About a foot high, loosely branching, hirsute and glandular: 
leaves ovate or deltoid, incisely toothed : corolla with cylindraceous ventricose tube usually 
an inch long, thrice the length of the lobes: appendages to the filaments hairy. —Whitlavia 

grandiflora (and JV. minor), Harvey in Lond. Jour Bot. y. 312, t.11,12; Bot. Mag. t. 4813. 

—S. California, Coulter, &e. Cultivated as an ornamental annual. 

P. campanularia. Lower: leaves subcordate, less deeply dentate: tube of the truly 
campanulate corolla half inch long, expanded at throat, barely twice the length of the 
lobes: appendages to the filaments glabrous and smaller; otherwise much resembles the 
preceding, and almost as showy. —S. California, San Bernardino Co., Parry and Lemmon. 
San Diego Co., Cleveland. 

%* Corolla rotate-campanulate, deeply-lobed, hardly twice the length of the narrow calyx-lobes: 
racemes very loose: pedicels filiform, widely spreading: herbage hirsute or somewhat hispid and 
glandular. 

P. Parryi, Torr. A span or two high, rather slender: leaves ovate, irregularly and in- 
cisely doubly toothed or laciniate, or the lowest sometimes pinnately parted; the upper 
cauline longer than their petioles : corolla cleft beyond the middle, deep violet, two-thirds 
inch in diameter: filaments bearded: ovules on each placenta 20 or 30 and seeds 15 to 20. 
— Bot. Mex. Bound. 144; Gray, 1. c. — California, near Los Angeles and San Diego, Parry, 
Cooper, Davidson, &c. 

P. longipes, Torr. Slender, loosely branched: cauline leaves roundish-oval or subcor- - 
date, coarsely and obtusely 5-8-toothed, about half inch long, all shorter than the petioles: 
corolla hardly half an inch long, apparently white, 5-cleft barely to the middle; ovules on 
each placenta 8 or 10, and the seeds fewer — Gray, 1. c. — Santa Barbara Co., California, 
Torrey. 


§ 6. Etroca, Gray. Ovules and seeds several (6 to 12) or more numerous 
on each placenta; the testa areolate-reticulated or favose-pitted, but not trans- 
versely rugose: appendages of the mostly campanulate corolla in the form of 
10 vertical salient lamella: capsule ovate or oblong. (Chiefly occidental, one or 
two boreal ; habit very various, several distinguished from analogous Euphacelia, 
&e., only by the ovules and seeds.) — Man. ed. 2, 329, & Proc. Am. Acad. x. 322. 
Eutoca, R. Br., excl. spec. Hutoea § Ortheutoca, A.DC. 


* Perennials, or annuals, with conspicuously (in P. Bolanderi and P. Mohavensis more slightly) 
exserted stamens and dense scorpioid inflorescence : appendaves of the open-campanulate corolla 
conspicuous and usually broad, more or less oblique, at base united in pairs with or across the 
base of the filament, forming a kind of sac behind it. 


++ Root annual: spikes solitary terminating the branches, or geminate: ovules only 4 to 9 on each 
placenta: anthers oval. 
++ Low, a span or more high, diffusely branched, merely hirsute and with finer somewhat viscid 
pubescence: leaves from ovate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, entire or rarely 1-2-toothed or incised, 
tapering at base into a short petiole: appendages to the corolla elongated-oblong and adnate up 
to the truncate summit: capsule ovate, acute. 
P. Mohavénsis. Barely a span high: leaves lanceolate or the lowest linear-oblong 
(about aninch long): racemes at length an inch or two long and strict : short pedicels erect : 


Phacelia. HYDROPHYLLACES. 165 


calyx-lobes spatulate-linear: glabrous filaments and 2-parted style (3 or 4 lines long) 
slightly surpassing the purple corolla: ovules only 4 or 5 to each placenta. — South-eastern 
California, on the Mohave River, May, 1476, Palmer. Habit somewhat of P. Mencziesii, 
but lower, more diffuse, less hispid, and with different appendages to the corolla, this fully 
4 lines long. 

Var. exilis, a slender form, more erect: leaves and calyx-lobes all linear and slightly 
broader upward: corolla only 3 lines long: seeds as in the next species. — Bear Valley on 
the Mohave slope of the San Bernardino Mountains, California, Parry & Lemmon. 

P. grisea, Gray. A span or two high, more cinereous with a sparse hirsute and a close 
finer pubescence, rather stout: leaves ovate or oblong: spikes more densely hirsute or 
even hispid, at length +4 to 6 inches long, densely flowered: calyx-lobes obovate-spatulate, 
little exceeding the capsule: corolla nearly white: filaments and 2-cleft style conspicuously 
exserted ; the former minutely and sparsely retrorsely papillose or hirsute: ovules 5 or 6 
to each placenta: seeds coarsely alveolate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 80. — W. California, on 
Pine Mountain, back of San Simeon Bay, Palmer, 187u. 
++ ++ Taller, setose-hispid: leaves pinnatitid and incised, petioled: appendages to the corolla 

large, free and pointed at apex. 

P. loaszefélia, Torr. A foot high, somewhat viscid-pubescent as well as hispid with long 
and stiff spreading bristles: leaves ovate or oblong. rarely subcordate, more or less pin- 
natifid, and the lobes acutely toothed or incised: spikes geminate: corolla short-campanu- 
late (3 lines long), little exceeding the linear-spatulate calyx-lobes ; its internal appendages 
transverse and auriculate-incurved, with the free apex acuminate or cuspidate: naked fila- 
ments and 2parted style conspicuously exserted: ovules 6 to 9 on each placenta: seeds 
angled, alveolate. — Bot. Mex. Bound. l.c.; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 323, & Bot. Calif. 
i. 509. £utoca loasefolia, Benth. 1. c.— California, near Monterey, Douglas, Parry. Little 
known, in aspect between P. malve/olia and P. ramosissima. 
+— + Root probably perennial: scorpioid inflorescence at length open and geminate-racemose: 

ovules and seeds about 50 on each dilated placenta: stamens hardly surpassing the very open 

corolla: leaves conspicuously petioled, incised. 

P. Bolanderi, Gray. Hispid with slender bristles, also viscid-pubescent, especially 
above: stem stout, erect, a foot or two high, freely branching: radical and lower cauline 
leaves lyrate and oblong in outline, with one or two pairs of small and incised lateral divi- 
sions; the terminal division and the short petioled upper leaves ovate or oval (2 or 3 inches 
long), coarsely incised or lobed, truncate or subcordate at base: corolla nearly rotate when 
expanded and almost an inch in diameter, white; its appendages semi-obovate, almost as 
broad as long, distinctly connected at base in front of the adnate and sparingly bearded 
filaments: anthers oblong: style cleft nearly to the middle: capsule broadly ovate, acute, 
shorter than the lanceolate or at length spatulate lobes of the calyx. — Proc. Am. Acad. 
x. 322, & Bot. Calif. i. 509. — Cottonaby Creek, 20 miles north of Noro, Mendocino Co., Cali- 
fornia, Bolander. Lowest leaves 4 inches long, exclusive of the petiole. Cymes once to 
thrice forked; the short racemes at length open: pedicels 1 or 2 or sometimes the lower 
3 lines long. Calyx 3 or at length 4 lines long, decidedly shorter than the ample corolla. 
+ + + Root perennial: spikes of the congested cyme once to thrice geminate or crowded at 

the summit of a terminal peduncle, short and densely-flowered: ovules and seeds rather few: 

appendaes of the corolla very broad and obtuse: stamens and style conspicuously exserted : 
anthers linear or oblong: leaves all petioled, incisely lobed. 
~ «= P. hydrophylloides, Torr. A span or two high from slender subterranean shoots 
proceeding from a thickened stock or root, canescently pubescent, and above hirsute or 
hispid as well as glandular: leaves silky-pubescent both sides, slender-petioled, ovate or 
rhomboidal, an inch or two long, obtuse, incisely few-toothed or lobed, or sometimes the 
lowest lyrate, having one or two nearly detached small basal lobes or divisions: short 
spikes or racemes of the glomerate cyme not elongating: corolla violet-blue or whitish ; 
its appendages semi-oval, united at base with that of the naked filament: anthers short- 
linear: style almost 2-parted: capsule about the length of the calyx, abruptly mucronate- 
pointed: seeds 6 to &. angled. —Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 400, x. 325, & Bot. Calif. 1. c.— 
Dry sandy or gravelly soil in the Sierra Nevada, California, at 5-9,000 feet, from Mariposa 
to Sierra Co., Brewer, Bolander, Lemmon, &c. Corolla 3 or 4 lines long: the appendages as 
in the following species, but hardly connected in front of the base of the filament. 


166 HYDROPHYLLACES. Phacelia. 


P. précera, Gray. Erect, 3 to 7 feet high, minutely soft-pubescent; the summit of the 
simple stem glandular, but even the calyx not hispid: leaves green and membranaceous, 
2 to 5 inches long, ovate-lanceolate and ovate, acute, mostly laciniate-pinnatitid or cleft ; 
the lobes 2 to 4 pairs and acute: spikes of the glomerate or bifid cyme somewhat length- 
ened with age: corolla white or bluish; the semi-obcordate oblique appendages united over 
the base of the sparsely bearded filament: anthers oblong: style 2-cleft above the middle : 
capsule globular-ovate, hardly mucronate: seeds 10-18, wing-angled. — Proc. Am. Acad. 
x. 323, & Bot. Calif. i.509.—In mountain meadows of the Sierra Nevada, California, 
Nevada to Siskiyou Co., Bolunder, Lemmon, Greene. Flowers at length very short pedicelled : 
corolla cleft to the middle. 

* * Perennial, with long exserted stamens and spiciform-thyrsoid inflorescence: appendages of 
the campanulate marcescent-persistent corolla conspicuous, oblong, vertical, wholly free from the 
filament: ovules moderately numerous. 

e==P, sericea, Gray. A span to a foot high from a branching caudex, silky-pubescent or 
canescent, or the simple virgate stems and inflorescence villous-hirsute, rather leafy to the 
top: leaves pinnately parted into linear or narrow-oblong numerous and often again few- 
cleft or pinnatifid divisions, silky-canescent or sometimes greenish; the lower petioled ; 
the uppermost simpler and nearly sessile: short spikes crowded in a naked spike-like 
thyrsus : corolla violet-blue or whitish, very open-campanulate, cleft to the middle: anthers 
short-oval: style 2-cleft at the apex: capsule ovate, short-acuminate, a little longer than 
the calyx and marcescent-persistent corolla, 12-18-seeded : seeds oval-oblong, terete, acutish, 

longitudinally costate and transversely alveolate, reticulated. — Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, 

(1862) xxxiv. 254, & Proc. l.c.; Watson, Bot. King, 252. utoca sericea, Graham ; Hook. 

Bot. Mag. t. 3008; & FI. ii. 79. £. pusilla, Lehm. Pugill. — Higher mountains of Colorado 

and Nevada, and north to British Columbia and the arctic region. Corolla 3,and stamens 

and style 7 to 10 lines long. Shallow alveolations of the seed in vertical rows. a 
Var. Lydallii, Gray. Low, less silky: leaves green and sparsely hirsute-pubescent, 

more simply pinnatifid; the lobes short and broad: inflorescence thyrsoid-capitate. — Proc. 

Am. Acad. x. 823.— Rocky Mountains in lat. 49°, at 6-7,000 feet, Lyall, &c. 

* * * Annuals, with stamens about the length of the rotate-campanulate corolla, and the densely- 
flowered spikes or spike-like racemes thyrsoid-cymose or paniculate: appendages of the corolla 
long and narrow, free at apex, and at base free from the (glabrous or slightly hairy) filagents: 
anthers short: calyx-lobes linear: style 2-cleft at apex: capsule ovate, acuminate or acute. 

—— Pp, Franklinii, Gray. A span toa foot or more high, soft-hirsute or pubescent: stem 
erect, simple or corymbose at summit: lower leaves petioled and pinnately or somewhat 
bipinnately divided or parted into numerous and short linear-oblong divisions or lobes, the 
upper sessile and less divided: spikes cymose-glomerate or crowded, little elongated in age: 
corolla pale blue or almost white: ovules 40 or more: capsule about the length of the 
calyx : seeds oval, minutely alveolate in vertical lines (nearly as in P. sericea, but the lines 
less conspicuous). — Man. ed. 2, 329, & ed. 3,370. Eutoca Franklini, R. Br. 1. c. t.27; Hook. 
Bot. Mag. t. 2985. — Shores of Lake Superior to Bear Lake, and on Snake River, south- 
western Idaho. 

——~ P, Menziésii, Torr. A span to a foot high, at length paniculate-branched, hispid or 
roughish-hirsute, usually also minutely cinereous-pubescent: leaves mostly sessile, linear 
or lanceolate and entire, or some of them deeply cleft ; the lobes few or single, linear or 
lanceolate, entire: spikes or spike-like racemes thyrsoid-paniculate, at length elongated 
and erect: corolla bright violet or sometimes white: ovules 12 to 16: capsule shorter than 
the calyx: seeds oblong, coarsely favose-reticulated. — Watson, Bot. King, 252. Hydrophyl- 
lum lineare, Pursh, Fl. i. 184. Eutoca Menziesii, R. Br. 1. c. t. 27, fig. 1-5; Hook. Fl. Le. & 
Bot. Mag. t. 8762 ; Brit. Fl. Gard. ser.2, t. 334. EH, multiflora, Dougl. in Lehm. Pugill. & 
Bot. Reg. t. 1180. £. heterophylla, Torr. in Stansb. Rep. — Open soil, Montana to Utah, and 
west to British Columbia, Oregon, and the Sierra Nevada in California. Very floriferous 
and handsome : corolla half to three-fourths of an inch in diameter. 

* * * *& Annuals, with stamens shorter than (in P. divaricata sometimes equalling) the corolla, 
and spiciform or racemiform inflorescence. 


+ Leaves pinnately compound, and seeds excavated and ridged on the ventral face, in the manner 
of P. congesta, tanacetifolia, &e. 


P. infundibuliférmis, Torr. A foot or so high, villous-hirsute or somewhat hispid, 
viscid-glandular : leaves all petioled and pinnately divided; the divisions 5 to 11, oval or 


Phacelia. HYDROPHYLLACEE. 167 


oblong, incisely pinnatifid ; the short lobes very obtuse or retuse, sometimes 1-2-lobed: 
spikes mostly cymose or geminate, elongated in fruit, dense; the pedicels very much 
shorter than the calyx: corolla pale purple or white, funnelform; the rounded and some- 
what erose lobes not half the length of the tube; its appendages narrow-oblong, free from 
the stamens: ovules 8 to 12 on each dilated placenta: style 2cleft at the tip: capsule 
oblong, very obtuse or retuse, membranaceous, about the length of the narrow spatulate 
calyx-lobes: seeds (about 20) oval, reticulated. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 144. — New Mexico, 
near the Santa Rita copper mines, I right, Bigelow (and south into Chihuahua, Bigelow). 
Habit of P. congesta, &e. Corolla nearly 3 lines long, narrow. Capsule 3 lines long. 
“+ + Leaves simply pinnatitid; the lobes short and obtuse. 
++ Flowers crowded in at length elongated spikes: corolla small, white or nearly so. 

P. brachyloba, Gray. -\ foot or two high, erect, roughish-pubescent, viscid-glandular 
above: leaves elongated-oblong or spatulate, short-petioled; the 7 to 15 lobes entire or 
obtusely few-toothed: spikes solitary or geminate, at length much elongated and slender: 
pedicels very short: corolla campanulate; the lobes about half the length of the tube ; its 
long and narrow appendages nearly free from the stamens: ovules about 6 on each pla- 
centa: style 2-cleft above the middle: capsule oblong-oval, very obtuse, membranaceous, 
shorter than the narrow spatulate calyx-lobes: sccds oval, reticulated. — Proc. Am. Acad. 
x. 824, & Bot. Calif. lc. Eutoca brachyloba, Benth. 1. c.— California, near Monterey and 
Santa Barbara (Douglas, Brewer, Torrey), to San Diego Co. (Cleveland) and the Mohave 
region, Palmer. 
++ ++ Flowers loosely racemose, long-pedicelled: corolla (blue or purple or varying to white) open- 

campanulate, twice the length of the calyx: the appendages elongated, nearly free from the base 
of the usually spar-ely bearded filament: low and diffuse, a span or less high, with the leaves 
mostly at or near the base. 

—— P. Douglasii, Torr. Diffuse, pubescent and hirsute with mostly spreading hairs: leaves 
elongated-oblong or linear in outline, pinnatifid or pinnately parted into several or numer- 
ous pairs of lobes; the terminal lobe not larger nor parallel-veined: racemes at length 
elongated: pedicels filiform, mostly longer than the flower: calyx-lobes spatulate: append- 
ages to the tube of the ample corolla semi-oblanceolate: style 2-cleft above the middle: 
ovules to each dilated. placenta 12 to 14: capsule ovate, mucronate: seeds roundish-oval, 
scrobiculate. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 143; Gray, l.c. Lutoca Douglasii, Benth. 1. c. — California, 
apparently rather common in the western part of the State south of Monterey. Habit 
somewhat of .Vemophila insignis. Pedicels half an inch to an inch long, spreading. Corolla 
generally half an inch high, and proportionally broad when expanded. 

P. Davidsénii, Gray. Resembles the preceding, but more hairy and hoary, the foliage 
with strigose, the racemes and calyx with villous-hirsute and spreading pubescence: leaves 
deeply pinnatifid into 2 to 4 triangular entire lateral lobes and a much larger oblong ter- 
minal one, the evident veins of which are nearly parallel with the midrib (in the manner 
of P. humilis and of the succeeding) ; some of the upper leaves occasionally entire: pedi- 
cels seldom longer than the fructiferous calyx, in age inclined to be recurved-ascending or 
sigmoid: calyx-lobes narrowly spatulate : appendages to the tube of the corolla semi-oval: 
ovules to each placenta 8 or 10.—Proc. Am. Acad. x. 324, & Bot. Calif. i. 510, a depau- 
perate and small-flowered form. — California, in Kern Co., Prot: Davidson, the small form 
above mentioned. San Bernardino Co.,a larger form, with flowers fully the size of P. 
Douglasii, and limb or lobes of the corolla bright purple, Parry and Lemmon. 


+ + + Leaves entire (or the lower rarely !-2-lobed or toothed), petioled, not fleshy nor cordate, 
the veins somewhat parallel or converging: pubescence not glandular: flowers spicate-racemoze: 
calyx hirsute or hispid with long spreading hairs: appendages of the tube of the corolla broader 
at base and united with the base of the (usually pubescent or sparsely bearded) filaments: cap-ule 
ovate, acute or mucronate, 6-16-seeded, much shorter than the linear or linear-spatulate enlargins 
ealyx-lobes: seed with favose-pitted or scrobiculate testa. 


++ Corolla narrow. somewhat funnelform, little longer than the calyx, apparently pale or white, 
much exceeding the stamens. 

P, circinatiférmis, Gray, l.c. Erect, a span or so high, hispid and puberulent : leaves 
ovate and oblong-lanceolate, parallel-veined, somewhat strigose-hispid : racemes or spikes 
dense: style 2-cleft above the middle: ovules 4 (or rarely more) to each placenta. — Eutoca 
phacelioides, Benth. 1. c. — California, Douglas (from whose collection only is the species yet 
known), probably from the vicinity of Monterey. Aspect of a small form of P. circinata. 
Corolla 24 to 3 lines long. Fruiting calyx 5 lines long. 


168 HYDROPHYLLACE. Phacelia. 


++ ++ Corolla broadly open-campanulate, violet or blue, not rarely nearly equalled by the stamens 
and style. 

P. curvipes, Torr. Diffuse, 2 to 4 inches high, hirsute and puberulent: leaves from 
oval to lanceolate, mostly shorter than the slender petiole: racemes simple, at length 
loose, the lower pedicels as long as the calyx: style cleft to the middle: ovules 8 or.10 to 
each placenta. — Watson, Bot. King, 252; Gray, 1. c.— Foothills of the desert region, 
W. Nevada (Carson City, /Vatson), and Owens Valley, California, Dr. Horn. Habit of P. 
humilis. Blade of the leaf 6 to 10 lines long. Corolla barely 3 lines high. Hispid calyx 
in fruit becoming 4 and 5 lines long. Pedicels from a line to 5 lines long in fruit; the 

« lowest sometimes sigmoid-curved (deflexed and then ascending); and petiole sometimes 
“more or less abruptly curved,” whence the specific name, which ordinarily seems rather 
inappropriate. 

—— P. divaricdta, Gray, 1.¢. Diffusely spreading, a span high, more or less hirsute and 
pubescent : leaves ovate or oblong, mostly longer than the petiole, occasionally 1-2-toothed 
or lobed at base, the veins curving upwards: spikes or racemes at length loose; the pedi- 
cels usually much shorter than the calyx: style 2-cleft at the apex: ovules 12 to 20 on 
each placenta (or rarely fewer ?). — Lutoca divaricata, Benth. 1. c.; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1784; 
Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3706. £. Wrangeliana, Fisch. & Meyer; Don, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, 
t. 862, a form (var. Wrangeliana, A.DC.) with leaves inclined to be lobed or 1-2-toothed. 
— California, common about San Francisco Bay. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long. Flowers 
pretty large; the expanded corolla often three-tourths of an inch broad. 

+ + + + Leaves entire or somewhat crenate-lobed or toothed, slender-petioled, the veins di- 
vergent or commonly obsolete: pubescence viscid or glandular: corolla narrow-campanulate or 
somewhat funnelform, the appendages of the tube linear or oblong and nearly free from the 


unequal glabrous filaments: style 2-cleft only at the apex. (Species peculiar to the interior 
desert region. ) 


++ Flowers and the very dense short spikes closely sessile: calyx equalling the narrow corolla: 
leaves thickish, spatulate-oblong. 

P. cephaldtes, Gray, l.c. Divaricately branching from the very base, nearly prostrate, 
more or less viscid-pubescent and the calyx, &c., hispid-hirsute: leaves chiefly radical and 
at the bifurcations, apparently fleshy-coriaceous, nearly veinless, oblong or spatulate, 
entire (about half an inch leng and tapering into the commonly longer petiole): sessile 
spikes or heads radical and in all the forks, at length oblong: calyx-lobes spatulate-linear, 
twice the length of the oval obtuse 8-10-seeded capsule: seeds with a lax cellular-reticu- 
lated pellicle. —P. curvipes, Parry in Am. Naturalist, ix. 16, not Torr.— Southern Utah, 
Bishop, Mrs. Thompson, Parry. Corolla 2 lines long, cylindraceous, white or yellowish, with 
the short limb blue or purplish; the internal appendages linear. Larliest spike radical, 
much shorter than the subtending leaves; the first internode of the prostrate branches 
2 to 4 inches long. , 
4+ ++ Flowers not socrowded, more or less racemose: calyx conspicuously shorter than the some- 

what open-funnelform or campanulate corolla, a little longer than the obtuse capsule: leaves 
thickish, apparently fleshy-coriaceous, roundish or oval, the veins mostly obscure. 

P. demissa, Gray, l.c. Diffusely branched from the base, less than a span high, viscid- 
puberulent or glabrate: leaves from orbicular to obscurely reniform or subcordate, entire 
or repand, half inch in diameter: flowers rather few and short-pedicelled in a sessile or 
very short-peduncled spike which is mostly shorter than the petioles and the internodes of 
the branches: corolla apparently white, barely 2 lines long, little exceeding the linear 
calyx-lobes; its short appendages narrowly oblong: capsule (2 lines long) short-oval, very 
obtuse, about 10-seeded: seeds oblong, proportionally large, alveolate-reticulated. — New 
Mexico, Palmer. 

P. pulchélla, Gray, 1.c. Diffusely branched, barely a span high, merely viscid-puberu- 
lent: leaves roundish-ovate or obovate, entire or crenate-toothed, obtuse or acutish at base, 
half an inch or less in length: flowers numerous in the at length elongated panicled 
racemes : pedicels mostly shorter than the calyx : corolla deep purple (with a yellowish base), 
commonly thrice the length of the spatulate calyx-lobes : capsule narrowly oblong, very 
obtuse, about 30-seeded. — P. crassifolia, Parry in Am. Naturalist, l.c., not Torr. — Southern 
Utah, on gypseous clay knolls, Parry. A showy vernal species. Corolla 4 or 5 lines long, 
with an ampler limb than in the related species ; the appendages conspicuous, semi-oval. 
Seeds not half the size of those of the preceding species, short-oval, pitted. 


Phacelia. HYDROPHYLLACE.E. 169 


P. pusilla, Torr. Very small, not over 3 inches high, simple or loosely branching, glan- 
dular-pubescent : leaves broadly oval or oblong, entire, a quarter to half an inch long: 
flowers few in a loose raceme, on filiform pedicels: corolla white, not twice the length of 
the narrow linear or obscurely spatulate calyx-lobes: capsule narrow-oblong, obtuse and 
mucronulate, 18-24-seeded.— Watson, Bot. King, 253; Gray, 1. c.— Western part of 
Nevada to the borders of California, “under sage-brush and junipers,” Jatson. Corolla 
hardly but capsule fully 2 lines long. Seeds somewhat pyriform, roughish-scrobiculate. 
Pedicels 1 to 5 lines long. 
++ ++ ++ Flowers loosely racemose in fully developed inflorescence: calyx shorter than the cam- 

anulate corolla, rather longer than the short-pointed capsule: leaves round-cordate and crenately 
obed or repand, obscurely palmately veined. 

P. rotundifélia, Torr. Diffusely branched, 2 to 4 inches high, glandular-hirsute : leaves 
crenately 7-13-toothed or even lobed, mostly with a deep-cordate base (a quarter to a full 
inch long), usually much shorter than the petiole: pedicels shorter than the linear-spatulate 
calyx-lobes: corolla white: style obscurely 2-cleft at apex: capsule oval-oblong, abruptly 
pointed, 60-100-seeded. — Watson, Bot. King, 255; Gray, l.c.—S. E. borders of California, 
near Fort Mohave, to S. Utah and Arizona, Cooper, Pulmer, Parry. Corolla 2 lines long. 
Capsule 2 lines long. Seeds globular, scrobiculate. 


§ 7. MicroGcénetes, Gray. Ovules and seeds of the preceding section; but 
the latter oblong and strongly corrugated transversely (vermiculiform '): style 
2-cleft only at the apex: stamens unequal, included: corolla with internal appen- 
dayes present or rarely wanting: low annuals, all W. American: leaves mostly 
pinnatifid. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 326. 


* Corolla short, almost rotate; the appendages 10 transverse plicee in the throat, remote from the 
stamens! —§ Helminthospermum, Torr. in herb. 

—~ P. micrantha, Torr. Slender, paniculately branched, a span or more high, minutely 
hirsute-glandular: leaves membranaceous, pinnately parted into 5 to 9 obovate or oblong 
very obtuse and mostly entire lobes; the lower with margined petiole, the upper with 
dilated and sometimes auriculate partly clasping base: racemes geminate or panicled, 
very loose: pedicels as long as the calyx: corolla (bright blue with a yellowish tube, or 
sometimes pale) little exceeding the obovate or spatulate and enlarging calyx-lobes: cap- 
sule globular, obtuse, 20-24seeded.— Bot. Mex. Bound. 144; Gray, l.c.. & Bot. Calif. 
i. 511.— New Mexico and Arizona, from the Rio Grande near El Paso to S. Utah, and the 
borders of California. Corolla barely 2 lines in diameter when expanded: no vertical 
appendages at the base of the stamens and on the intermediate veins, but a pair of com- 
pletely transverse short and narrow folds high upon the short tube, stretching from the mid- 
vein of each lobe nearly to the lateral vein which springs from near its base. Style short, 
glabrous. Calyx in fruit 2 lines long. Seeds crlindraceous, incurved, very deeply 
rugose transversely and tuberculate. 

* »* Corolla funnelform or cylindraceous; the appendages vertical, long and narrow, united more 
or less to the base of the filaments (in the. Clulian P. Cumingii obsolete): stvle more or less 
hairy below in our species : seeds minutely reticulated as well as coarsely ee leaves chiefly 


innatifid, and the petioles naked. — Iicrogenetes, A.DC. Prodr. ix. 292. Phacelia § Euglypta, 
Watson, Bot. King, 1. c. 
+- Corolla white or pale purple, slightly longer than the little-dilated calyx-lobes, 2 or at most 
3 lines long. 

—— P. Ivesidna, Torr. About a span high, diffusely much branched from the base, hirsute- 
pubescent and glandular: leaves pinnately parted into 7 to 15 linear or oblong and entire 
or incisely few-toothed lobes, rarely bipinnatifid: racemes loose, 6—20-flowered: narrow 
appendages of the corolla adnate to the filament only at base: capsule oblong, 16~24- 
seeded. —Ives Colorad. Exped. Bot. 21; Watson, Bot. King, 254.—Utah, Nevada, and 
Arizona, from Salt Lake to the south-eastern borders of California. This species most 
resembles P. Cumingii, the Microjenetes Cumingii, ADC. Narrow calyx-lobes becoming 3 
or 4 lines long, and conspicuously surpassing the capsule. Seeds over half line long, 
stronzly rough-corrugated. 

+ + Corolla conspicuously longer than the calyx; the limb violet or blue-purple; the throat and 
tube yellow or whitish. 


170 HYDROPHYLLACER. Phacelia. 


++ Leaves deeply once or twice pinnatifid: short fruiting pedicels erect: corolla half inch long: 
pubescence minute, more or less viscid. 

——P. Fremontii, Torr. 1.c. A span to a foot high, much branched from the base: leaves 
once pinnatifid into 7 to 15 oblong or obovate entire or obtusely 2-3-lobed divisions: flow- 
ers crowded in the at length elongated spiciform raceme: corolla broadly funnelform, 
double the length of the spatulate calyx-lobes; the long and narrow appendages united 
below with the filament or almost free from it: capsule oblong: seeds 20 to 30, strongly and 
somewhat evenly corrugated. — Watson, Bot. King, 253; Gray, l.c.— 8. Utah and Nevada 
to W. Arizona and Kern Co., California. 

=== P. bicolor, Torr. Lower and more diffuse: leaves pinnately parted and the divisions 
again irregularly pinnatifid into small nearly linear lobes: spiciform racemes loosely 10-20- 
flowered: corolla narrowly funnelform (sometimes 7 lines long), thrice the length of the 
narrowly linear and obscurely spatulate calyx-lobes; the long and narrow appendages 
united for more than half their length with the filament, forming a long tubular cavity 
behind it: capsule oval-oblong: seeds about 16, shorter, minutely corrugated. — Watson, 
Bot. King, 255; Gray, l.c.—W. Nevada and adjacent parts of California in the Sierra 
Nevada, first collected by Anderson. The handsomest of the section. 

++ ++ Leaves merely pinnatifid-dentate: corolla only 3 or 4 lines long. 

— P. gymnéclada, Torr. Diffusely branched from the base, a span or less high, some- 
what viscid-pubescent; the primary branches decumbent and with long naked internodes: 
leaves obovate or oblong, obtuse, coarsely and obtusely toothed (an inch or less long), 
mostly shorter than the petiole: spike several-flowered: short-funnelform corolla (rarely 
white) not twice the length of the linear or obscurely spatulate-hirsute calyx-lobes ; its 
appendages united with the lower part of the filament: capsule globose-ovate, 8-16-seeded. 
— Watson, l. c.; Gray, 1. c.— W. Nevada and E. California, in the foothills of the Sierra 
Nevada and Humboldt Mountains, Watson, Lemmon. 

P. crassifélia, Torr. Diffusely branched from the base, 8 or 4 inches high, viscid- 
pubescent: leaves somewhat fleshy, oblong-ovate, scabrous (3 to 6 lines long), tapering into 
a short petiole; the lower with a few short obtuse teeth; the cauline entire: racemes 
rather loosely few-flowered ; the short pedicels spreading: funnelform corolla fully twice 
the length of the linear calyx-lobes; the obscure appendages free from all but the very 
base of the filament: capsule ovoid, 6-8-seeded. — Watson, Bot. King, 255.— Reese River 
Valley, Nevada, Watson. Seeds rather strongly rugose, oblong, half a line long. 


6. EMMENANTHE, Benth. (From iupévw, I abide, and é&r6oe, flower, 
the corolla persisting.) — Low annuals (of California and Nevada), with much 
the habit and general character of certain sections of Phacelia, but the yellow 
or cream-colored campanulate corolla persistent (not carried off by the enlarging 
capsule). — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 828, & Bot. Calif. i. 514. 


§ 1. Mirrirzia, Gray. Diffuse or depressed, and with the general characters 
of Phacelia § Microgenetes, except the persistent corolla: flowers small: calyx- 
lobes broader upward: seeds more or less rugose transversely or obliquely, as well 
as minutely reticulated. — Jfltdizia, A.DC. Prodr. ix. 296. 

* Corolla bright yellow, merely 5-lobed, exceeding or at least equalling the calyx both in blossom 
and fruit, withering-persistent and enclosing the capsule; the tube within mostly with 10 narrow 
appendages: style persistent: herbage pubescent. 

H. parviflora, Gray. Depressed, densely pubescent and viscid : leaves deeply pinnatifid: 
flowers crowded in short spikes or racemes, on very short pedicels: corolla not longer than 
the linear obscurely spatulate calyx-lobes: style hardly longer than the ovary: ovules 20 
to 40: seeds 15 to 20.—Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 85, t.15.—Shores of Klamath Lake, borders 
of California and Oregon, Newberry. Specimen poor. Except for the greater number of 
ovules and the shorter style (which may be inconstant), this would be referred to the next. 

—— E. lutea, Gray. Diffusely branched, decumbent-spreading, more minutely pubescent, 
~ somewhat viscid but hardly or slightly glandular: leaves oblong or obovate, incisely few- 

lobed or toothed or pinnatifid: flowers rather crowded in short racemes; the lower pedi- 

cels often longer than the calyx: corolla exceeding the spatulate-linear calyx-lobes: style 


Conanthus. HYDROPHYLLACE. 171 


filiform, much longer than the ovary: ovules about 12.—Eutoca? lutea, Hook. & Arn. Bot. 

Beech. 873; Hook. Ic. t. 854, Miltitzia lutea, A. DC. loc. Emmenanthe parviflora, Watson, 

Bot. King, 257, not Gray.— 8. E. borders of Oregon (Tolmie), and W. Nevada to the bor- 

ders of California, Anderson, Watson, Lemmon. Corolla nearly 3 lines long: the linear 

appendages (like those of many Phacelie) plainly discernible in this and the preceding, 
but readily overlooked, slightly confluent below with the adnate base of the filaments. 

Hy pogynous disk conspicuous, saucer-shaped, much larger and more free than in the pre- 

ceding. 

E. glandulifera, Torr. Very slender, 3 or 4 inches high, diffusely branched, minutely 
glandular-pubescent and viscid: leaves small (a quarter to half inch long), oblong or spat- 
ulate, incisely few-toothed or the upper entire: flowers numerous in slender spikes or 
racemes, mostly on very short pedicels: corolla narrow-campanulate, exceeding the linear 
calyx-lobes: style filiform: ovules 6 to 12.— Watson, Bot. King, l.c.— W. borders of 
Nevada, Anderson, Watson. Corolla 2 lines long: the appendages not found. Probably a 
mere form of the preceding. 

* * Corolla apparently nearly white, 5-cleft, short-campanulate, usually shorter than the calyx 
and capsule, investing the base of the latter at maturity, its internal appendages not manifest: 
leaves mostly entire: capsule 8-10-seeded. 

‘EH. glabérrima, Torr. Wholly glabrous and glandless, diffuse or decumbent, a span or 
less high, much branched: leaves thickish, somewhat succulent, oblong-spatulate or obovate, 
entire, or the lower incisely 2-4toothed (half an inch or more long), tapering into the pe- 
tiole: flowers few or several, in short or at length elongated often geminate spikes or 
racemes; the short pedicels appressed: corolla not exceeding the spatulate or oblong thick 
calyx-lobes: style not longer than the wholly glabrous ovary: ovules 8 or 10: capsule 
pointed with the subulate indurated base of the style. — Watson, Bot. King, l. c.— Nevada, 
in the lower Humboldt and Reese River Valleys, Watson. Also NX. Arizona, Newberry, being, 
according to Watson, the Lutoca aretioides of the botany of the Ives Expedition. 

E. pusilla, Gray. Pubescent, an inch or two high, at length diffusely branched : leaves 
spatulate or oblong-lanceolate, entire or nearly so (2 to 5 inches long), tapering into a peti- 
ole of equal length: peduncles slender, loosely and racemosely 3-7-flowered; the earliest 
ones scapiform: pedicels spreading: corolla about half the length of the linear obscurely 
spatulate calyx-lobes and of the ovoid very blunt capsule: style very short, at length 
deciduous. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 87, & Bot. Calif. i.515.— North-western Nevada, Watson, 
Lemmon. Calyx in blossom one line, in fruit 2 lines long. 


§ 2. EMMENANTHE proper. Erect, with comparatively large and very broad 
cream-colored corolla: divisions of the calyx ample and broader downward (ovate- 
lanceolate): style deciduous: placentz conspicuously dilated in the axis: seeds 
somewhat rugosely alveolate-reticulated. 

«==—=-F}, pendulifiédra, Benth. A span toa foot high, villous-pubescent and somewhat viscid : 
leaves pinnatifid into numerous short and somewhat toothed or incised lobes: racemes 
panicled, mostly short and loose, at base occasionally bracteate: pedicels filiform, as long 
as the at length pendulous flowers: filaments slightly adnate to the very base of the 
broadly campanulate corolla: ovules about 16.— Linn. Trans. xvii. 231.— California, not 
rare from Lake Co. to San Diego, and east to S. Utah. (South to Guadalupe Island.) 


Corolla 5 lines long, with short rounded lobes, and no trace of internal appendages. Sceds 
oblong-oval, a line long. 


7. CONANTHUS, S. Watson. Eutoca? § Conanthus, ADC. (Name not 
happily chosen, formed of zovog, cone, and défog, flower, referring to the elon- 
gated funnelform corolla.) — A single species, which would be referred to Nama 
except for the united styles; the flowers apparently 2-3-morphous as to length 
and insertion of style and stamens. 

“—™C. aretioides, Watson. A small and depressed winter-annual, 2 or 3 inches high, 


repeatedly forked from the very base, forming a matted tuft, hirsute-hispid, copiously 
flowering through a long season: leaves spatulate-linear: flowers comparatively large and 


172 HYDROPHYLLACER. Tricardia. 


conspicuous, sessile in the forks, fully half inch long: corolla purple, funnelform, with 
rather long narrow tube and ample limb: calyx-lobes filiform-linear, not widening upward, 
hispid with long spreading hairs: stamens unequally inserted: style 2-cleft at the apex, 
sometimes only slightly so: ovules about 20: seeds usually fewer; the testa thin and 
translucent, smooth, or in age obscurely and sparsely excavated. — Bot. King, 256; Gray, 
Proc. Am. Acad. x. 829, & Bot. Calif. i. 585. Eutocu aretioides, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 
874; Hook. Ic. t. 355. £.% (Conanthus) aretioides, A. DC. Prodr. ix. 295. Nama demissa, 
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 283, in part. — Through the dry interior region, from Oregon 
to Arizona along the eastern borders of California. Style and filaments sometimes long 
and sometimes short in different plants, but not reciprocally so. 


8. TRICARDIA, Torr. (From zg three, and xagdiu, heart, referring to 
the shape of the three larger sepals.) Sepals thin; the three exterior much 
enlarging after flowering, becoming somewhat scarious and finely reticulate-veiny. 
Corolla with the 10 narrow internal appendages free and rather distant from the 
filaments. — A single (Nevadan) species : — 

T. Watsoni, Torr. Perennial herb, branched from the base; the ascending stems a 
span high, pubescent with long and soft cottony hairs, more or less glabrate with age: 
leaves all alternate, glabrate, entire; the radical and lower cauline spatulate-lanceolate, an 
inch or two long, and tapering into a conspicuous margined petiole; the upper much 
sinaller, short-petioled or sessile and more oblong: flowers rather few, loosely racemose: 
short pedicels in fruit recurved: corolla purplish, about 3 lines wide, moderately 5-lobed: 
stamens and style included: larger sepals of the fruiting calyx becoming two-thirds of an 
inch long and wide, strongly cordate, much longer than the ovate pointed incompletely 2- 
celled capsule: ovules 4 to each placenta: “seeds a line long, oblong, slightly roughened.” — 
Watson, Bot. King, 258, t. 24.— Western Nevada, at Truckee Pass, Watson. Rio Virgen, 
8. Utah, Parry. 


9. ROMANZOFFIA, Cham. (Dedicated to Count Nicholas Romanzoff, 
the promoter of Kotzebue’s voyage, in which the original species was discovered.) 
— Low and delicate perennial herbs, with the aspect of Saxifrage; the leaves 
mainly radical, all alternate, round-cordate or reniform, crenately 7-11-lobed, long- 
petioled; the lobes glandular-mucronulate. Scapes or flowering stems a span or 
less in length, racemosely or sometimes paniculately several-flowered ; the pedicels 
filiform. Calyx-lobes oblong-linear or lanceolate. Corolla pale pink or purple, 
varying to white, delicately veiny. Ovary and retuse capsule 2-celled or nearly 
so: the placenta narrowly linear, many-seeded. Seeds oval: the testa alveolate- 
reticulated. 

R. Unalaschkénsis, Cham. Loosely somewhat pubescent: rootstock not tuberifer- 
ous: scape erect, 3 to 5 inches high; the erect or ascending pedicels shorter than the flow- 
ers: calyx-lobes herbaceous, a little shorter than the very short-funnelform corolla and 
equalling or surpassing the capsule: style short.— Cham. in Hor. Phys. Berol. 71, t. 14; 


Chois. Hydrol. t. 38; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 330. Saxifraga nutans, Don.— Unalaska and 
adjacent islands, Chamisso, Nelson, Harrington, Dall, &c. 

R. Sitchénsis, Bongard. Slightly and sparsely pubescent or glabrate: slender root- 
stocks tuberiferous: scapes filiform, weak, a span long; the spreading pedicels longer than 
the flowers: calyx-lobes very glabrous, much shorter than the funnelform corolla, and 
shorter than the capsule: style long and slender. — Vee. Sitk. 41, t. 4; Torr. in Pacif. R. 
Rep. iv. t. 25; Hook. Bot. Mag. t.6109; Gray, 1. c.— Sitka to the coast range of California, 
as far south as Redwoods occur, viz. to Monterey Co. 


10. HESPEROCHIRON, S. Watson. (Hesperus, evening, used for 
western, and Chiron, a Centaur distinguished for his knowledge of plants, i.e. 
Western Centaury, the plant having been supposed to belong to the Gentian 


Nama. HYDROPHYLLACE.E. 173 


family). — Dwarf stemless perennials, or possibly biennials (W. N. American), 
soft-pubescent ; with entire spatulate or oblong leaves, on mostly elongated mar- 
gined petioles, crowning the caudex or rootstock; and from their axils sending 
forth naked one-flowered peduncles, equalling or shorter than the leaves. Parts 
of the flower occasionally in sixes or sevens. Corolla purplish or nearly white ; 
the tube and the base of the subulate filaments more or less hairy or hirsute ; the 
lobes often slightly unequal. Disk none. Base of the calyx obscurely adnate to 
the broad base of the conical-ovate ovary, which tapers into the rather stout style: 
stigmas minute. Ovary l-celled; the narrow placente projecting more or less on 
incomplete half-dissepiments: ovules 20 or more to each placenta. Capsule 
loculicidal, 14-20-seeded. Seeds pretty large, with a somewhat fleshy minutely 
reticulated testa. — A genus of doubtful affinity, but most probably Hydrophyl- 
laceous. — Watson, Bot. King, 281; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 330, & Bot. Calif. 
i. 516; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. $29. 
=H. Califérnicus, Watson. Leaves copious in a rosulate radical tuft: corolla some- 
what oblong-campanulate ; the lobes shorter than the tube. — Bot. King, 281, t. 30. Ourisia 
Californica, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 327. Hesperochiron latifolius, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 
44, a large form. — Hills and meadows, Sicrra Nevada, California, from the Yosemite north- 
ward to Washington Terr., and east to the mountains of Utah.— Leaves an inch or two 
long, besides the petiole, into which the blade abruptly contracts or gradually tapers. 
Corolla from nearly half to three-fourths of an inch long in the largest specimens; the 
lobes oblong. Here belongs Vicotiana nana, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 853. 

——H. pumilus, T. C. Porter. Leaves fewer, crowning the rather slender rootstock : 
corolla nearly rotate; its lobes longer than the tube, which is densely bearded within. — 
Hayden, Geol. Rep. 1872, 763; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 330. Villarsia pumila, Dougl. ; 
Griseb. in Hook. Fl. ii. 70, t.157.—Springy and marshy ground, mountains of Idaho to 
Oregon, Douglas, Geyer, Hayden, &c. Also Plumas Co., California, rs. Austin. 


11. LEMMONIA, Gray. (Named after John Gill Lemmon, the discoverer, 
a most ardent and successful explorer of E. Californian and Nevadan botany.) — 
Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 162. Sinzle species. 
~—==— L. Califérnica, Gray, l.c. Small and depressed winter-annual, canescently pubescent, 
and the calyx white-villous: stem branched from the base, divergently and repeatedly 
dichotomous: leaves alternate, rosulate at base, and crowded at the summit of the branches ; 
entire, spatulate and tapering into a short petiole, nearly veinless, 3 to 5 lines long: flow- 
ers sessile, solitary in the lower forks, cymose-glomerate at the leafy extremity of the 
branches: sepals very narrowly linear, not widening upward, in fruit 2 lines long and 
exceeding the short-oval retuse capsule: corolla apparently white, a line long, not surpass- 
ing the calyx, moderately 5lobed: styles shorter or not longer than the ovary: placente or 
half-dissepiments narrow, adhering to the valves: seeds half a line long, somewhat rugose- 
foveolate in the manner of Conanthus. —Desert region of San Bernardino Co., California, 
about the sources of the Mohave River, May, 1876, J. G. Lemmon. 


12, NAMA, L. (.Véuc, a stream or spring, in allusion to supposed place of 
growth of the original species.) — Chiefly low herbs, some few suffrutescent or 
woody-based (N. & S. American and one Hawaian), of various habit; the corolla 
purple, bluish, or white ; the stamens sometimes equally, oftener unequally adnate 
to the base or lower part of the tube. (Besides the following there are several 
species in the bordering parts of Mexico.) — Gray, Proc. Am, Acad. v. 337, 
viii. 232, x. 330, & Bot. Calif. i. 517, 621. 

§ 1. Low annuals, merely pubescent or hairy: leaves entire: flowers terminal 
or lateral, or in the forks of the stem. 


174 YDROPHYLLACES. Nama. 
Wisk, etn _E& 
: % Leaves decurrent on the stem. 

N. Jamaicénse, L. Diffusely spreading or prostrate, soft-pubescent: leaves membrana- 
ceous (an inch or two long), broadly obovate or spatulate, tapering into a petiole-like base 
which is continued into wing-like margins of the stem: flowers mostly solitary, terminal 
and soon extra-axillary, short-pedicelled : corolla white, hardly longer than the narrow 
linear sepals: capsule narrow oblong. — Lam. IIL t. 184; P. Browne, Jam. t. 18. — Low 
grounds, Texas, Florida. (W. Ind., Mexico.) 

* * Leaves not decurrent. 
+ Cauline leaves all sessile, the upper by amore or less clasping base: villous-pubescent and 
somewhat viscid: seeds very numerous. 

_N. undulatum, HBK. Erect, diffusely branched, at length procumbent, leafy : branches 
a span to a foot long: leaves oblong; the upper with a broad sessile base, the lower spatu- 
late: flowers commonly subsessile: corolla funnelform, somewhat longer than the linear- 
spatulate sepals: capsule oblong, more or less shorter than the sepals: seeds oval, with a 
smooth and thin diaphanous coat, which is obscurely striate lengthwise and minutely 
pitted under a strong lens. — HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. ii. 180. (Mexico.) 

—— Var. macrdnthum, Chois. (Hydrol. 18, t.2, fig. 1); a looser and less leafy form, 
with flowers (solitary or 2 and 3 together) on pedicels which vary from 1 to 5 lines long: 
corolla (4 or 5 lines long) almost twice the length, and capsule only about half the length 
of the spatulate-tipped sepals. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 330. N. Berlandieri, Gray, Proc. 
Am. Acad. viii. 282.— Texas, along the Rio Grande near its mouth, and on the Mexican 
side of the river. 

N. stenocarpum, Gray. Like the preceding, or sometimes with narrower leaves: 
pedicels, if any, short and rigid in fruit: capsule cylindrical, nearly linear (3 lines long), 
nearly equalling the narrow linear sepals: seeds short, angled by mutual pressure, with a 
thickish and opaque strongly reticulated and somewhat alveolate coat (only a quarter of 
a line long). — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 831. N. undulutum, Gray, 1. c. viii. 282, not HBK.— 
Texas near the mouth of the Rio Grande, Berlandier. Along the northern borders of 
Mexico to the province of Sonora on the borders of Arizona, Palmer. 

+— + Leaves not at all clasping, more or less tapering at base, at least the lower petioled. 
++ Corolla narrow-funnelform, mostly much longer than the calyx: seeds oval, witha thin and 
diaphanous close coat: fluwers subsessile or short-peduncled. 

====N, hispidum, Gray. A span to a foot high, repeatedly forked, hispid or hirsute: 
leaves broadly or narrowly linear-spatulate, most of the cauline ones sessile: flowers 
lateral and solitary, or 38 to 5 in terminal unilateral nearly bractless clusters: sepals nar- 
rowly linear, very little if at all broadened upwards: capsule narrowly oblong, 30-40- 
seeded: seeds smooth, very obscurely rugulose when highly magnified. — Proc. Am. Acad. 
vy. 330, & Bot. Calif. i. 517. N. Jamaicensis, Engelm. & Gray, Pl. Lindh., not Linn. |X. 
dichotoma & N. biflora, var. spathulata, partly, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound 147, &c.— Plains and 
prairies, Texas to Arizona, and south-eastern borders of California. The extreme western 
form, with softer pubescence, sometimes has 3 or 4 styles and placentae. 

=—_r«N. demissum, Gray. Dwarf, diffuse or depressed, 2 or 3 inches high, hirsute-pubescent, 
sometimes hispid: leaves linear-spatulate, all or most of them tapering into a petiole: 
flowers subsessile in the forks: sepals very narrowly linear, not at all broader upwards: 
capsule short-oblong, 10-16-seeded: seeds much larger than in the preceding (oval or 
oblong, a quarter to a third of a line long).— Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 283 (mainly); Watson, 
Bot. King. 259, 460; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 517.— Interior desert region, Washington Terr. to 
Nevada, and Utah (form with corolla only 8 lines long); also 8. Utah, Arizona, and the 
south-eastern borders of California ; the latter forms with ampler purple or crimson corolla, 
4, 5, or nearly 6 lines long. Filaments very unequally inserted, their adnate bases with 
somewhat free margins. 

N. Cotlteri, Gray. Diffusely branched from the base, ascending, a span high, hirsute- 
pubescent, somewhat viscid: leaves oblong-spatulate, the lower tapering into a petiole: 
flowers mostly in the forks and short-pedicclled: sepals with spatulate-dilated tips, not 
half the length of the narrow funnelform corolla: capsule narrowly oblong, 50-60-seeded : 
seeds short-oval, obscurely rugulose-pitted.— Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 283, & Bot. Calif. 517. 
— “California,” Coulter. But probably from Arizona or the adjacent part of Mexico. 
Corolla 5 lines long. 


Cu 


Eriodictyon, HYDROPHYLLACEE. 7 


++ ++ Corolla short-funnelform, hardly exceeding the calyx: seeds with a thickish opaque coat, 
coarsely pitted or sculptured. 


N. dichotomum, Ruiz & Pay. A Mexican and South American species, with oval or 
oblong-lanceolate leaves. 

Var. angustifélium, Gray. Erect, a span high, minutely pubescent, glandular : 
stem repeatedly forked and with a nearly sessile flower in each fork: leaves narrow, linear 
or nearly so (an inch or less long, a line or two wide): sepals narrowly linear and slightly 
broadened upwards: capsule oblong-oval (nearly glabrous): seeds oval-oblong, marked 
with about 5 longitudinal rows of large pits, from 4 to 6 in each row. — Proc. Am. Acad. 
vill. 284. —New Mexico, Fendler, Wright. Also Colorado, Hayden, Rothrock, Brandegee. 
Possibly a distinet species. Sometimes a weed of cultivated ground. 


§ 2. Suffruticose and cespitose-procumbent, silky-woolly : leaves entire: flowers. 
thyrsoid-glomerate: ovary and styles hirsute. 


——N. Loébbii, Gray. Leaves linear or somewhat spatulate, tapering to the base, nearly 
sessile (an inch or two long), more or less persistent ; the older with revolute margins and 
becoming glabrate ; the younger white with the soft villous wool: flowers clustered in the 
upper axils and at the summit, nearly sessile: sepals subulate-linear, more than half the 
length of the narrow funnelform (purple) corolla. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 37, viii. 285, & 
Bot. Calif. l.c.— Sierra Nevada, California, Lobb, Kellogg, Mrs. Pulsifer-Ames, Lemmon, &c. 
Forming dense and broad tufts, the older stems rigid and woody. Corolla half an inch 
long: the filaments unequally adnate high up. Fruit not seen. 


§ 3. Perennial or woody-stemmed, erect, hirsute or hispid: leaves sessile, un- 
dulate or sinuate-dentate: flowers glomerate or spicate. (Approaching Wigandia, 
but with the narrowly funnelform corolla (also the capsule) of .Vama.) 

-——= N. Rothréckii, Gray. A span or two high from an apparently deep perennial root, her- 
baceous, cinereous with a fine and somewhat viscid roughish pubescence, at least the inflores- 
cence and calyx hispid with sharp spreading bristles: leaves lanceolate-oblong, almost 
pinnatifid; the pinnate veins running straight to near the sinuses between the strong teeth, 
there forking: flowers numerous in a capitate terminal cluster: sepals hardly dilated 
upward, half inch long, nearly equalling the corolla: ovary and capsule slightly hirsute : 
sceds rather few (almost a line long), oval, minutely reticulate-pitted. — Bot. Calif. i. 621; 
Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. t. 18. — Meadows on 8. Kern River, California, Rothrock. 

—~ N. Parryi, Gray, l.c. Stem 6 feet high! below woody, over half inch in diameter and 
with a large brownish pith: leaves (as far as seen) linear, 2 or 3 inches long, 2 or 3 lines 
broad, villous-hirsute, numerously pinnate-veined, somewhat bullate; the margins revolute 
and undulate or repand: flowers unilateral and the fruit densely spicate on the few 
branches of the compact scorpioid cyme: sepals nearly filiform, little surpassing the oval 
capsule, barely 2 lines long: seeds oval (half line long), minutely reticulated. — 8. E. Cali- 
fornia, on the Mohave slope of the San Bernardino Mountains (seen only in winter ves- 
tiges), Parry. 


13. ERIODICTYON, Benth. (Formed of éo:6r, wool, and é¢ztvor, net- 
work, on account of the netted veins and woolliness of the under surface of the 
leaves.) — Low shrubs (California to New Mexico); with alternate pinnately 
veined and finely reticulated leaves, of firm or coriaceous texture, their margins 
mostly beset with rigid teeth, at base tapering into more or less of a petiole; the 
flowers scorpioid-eymose, forming a terminal usually naked thyrsus. Sepals nar- 
row, not enlarging upwards. Corolla violet or purple, or sometimes white. 
Filaments adnate variably and sometimes very extensively to the tube of the 
corolla, usually sparsely hirsute. Ovary nearly or completely 2-celled by the 
meeting of the dilated placenta in the axis. Capsule small (a line or two long), 
globose-ovate, pointed. — Benth. Bot. Sulph. 35; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 313, 


331, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. 


176 HYDROPHYLLACE.. Eriodictyon. 


—— HE. tomentésum, Benth. l.c. White-tomentose with a dense coat of short villous 
hairs, sometimes rusty-colored with age, 6 to 10 feet high: branches leafy to the top: 
leaves oblong or oval, rigid, obtuse (2 to 4 inches long): cymes at length broad: calyx 
densely and corolla slightly villous, the latter somewhat salverform and about twice the 
length of the former. — Torr. Mex. Bound. 148, &c. £. crassifolium, Benth. 1. c., described 
from flowers with imperfect corollas. — Southern part of California, San Gabriel to San 
Diego and Tejon. 

== Ej. glutin6dsum, Benth. 1.c. Glabrate, glutinous with a balsamic resin, 3 to 5 feet 
high: leaves lanceolate (3 to 6 inches long), irregularly more or less serrate, sometimes 
entire, whitened beneath between the reticulations by a minute and close tomentum, above 
glabrous : cymes in an elongated naked thyrsus: corolla tubular-funnelform (half an inch 
long), thrice the length of the slightly and sparsely hirsute calyx. — Wigandia Californica, 
Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 364, t. 88. — Dry hills, rather common in California. Infusion 
of the leaves in spirit used as a tonic, under the name of Yerba Santa. 

E. angustif6lium, Nutt. Glabrate and glutinous: leaves narrowly linear or narrowly 
lanceolate, rigid, and the margins at length revolute: corolla 2 or 3 lines long, short-funnel- 
form or approaching campanulate: otherwise nearly as in the preceding. — Pl. Gamb. 181. 
E. glutinosum, var. angustifolium, Torr. 1. ec. — 8. Nevada, Arizona, and adjacent parts of New 
Mexico. Leaves J to 4 inches long, 1 to 38 lines wide. 


a 


14. HYDROLEA, Ié (Toc, water, the plants inhabiting wet places.) 
— Herbs, or rarely suffruticose plants (widely diffused in warm climates); with 
ovate or lanceolate pinnately veined entire leaves, numerous on the stems, often 
with a spine in the axils, and clustered blue or rarely white flowers. Sepals dis- 
tinct to the base. Corolla rotate or very open campanulate, 5-cleft. Stamens 
about the length of the corolla: filaments dilated at the insertion. Capsule 
globular; the fleshy or spongy placente very large. Seeds minute, generally 
striate-ribbed. Styles and placentz occasionally varying to 3. — Ours appear to 
be perennials, flowering through the summer. 


H. corymbésa, Ell. Spineless or nearly so: stem slender, a foot or two high, above 
minutely pubescent: leaves lanceolate, nearly sessile (an inch or so long), glabrous: 
flowers in a terminal corymbose cyme: sepals linear-lanceolate, villous-hispid; shorter 
than the corolla: filaments and styles long and filiform.— Sk. i. 836; A. W. Bennett in 
Jour. Linn. Soc. xi. 275.—Pine-barren ponds, 8. Carolina to Florida. Expanded corolla 
two-thirds of an inch in diameter. 

e=eeH. affinis, Gray. More or less spiny, glabrous throughout ot nearly so: stems ascend- 
ing: leaves lanceolate, somewhat petioled (2 to 5 inches long): flowers in short axillary 
leafy-bracted clusters: sepals ovate, equalling the corolla: styles shorter than the capsule. 
— Man. ed. 5, p. 870. H. leptocaulis, Featherman, Louisiana Univ. Rep. 1871. —S. Illinois 
to Texas. Often confounded with the next. 

H. Caroliniana, Michx. More or less spiny, sparsely villous-hispid or the leaves 
nearly glabrous: stem ascending: leaves lanceolate, short-petioled (3 or 4 inches long): 
flowers in short axillary clusters, or solitary in the upper axils: sepals linear or linear- 
lanceolate, about the length of the corolla: styles shorter than the capsule.— Fl. i. 177. 
IT. quadrivalvis, Walt. Car. 110, an older but false and deceptive name. H. paniculata, Raf. 
Neobot. 64. — N. Carolina to Florida and Louisiana? (S. Amer.?) 

«==FH. ovata, Nutt. Spiny, minutely soft-pubescent and above slightly hirsute: stems a 
foot or two high, paniculately branched at summit: leaves ovate, sometimes ovate-lan- 
ceolate (8 to 20 lines long) : flowers clustered at the end of the branches : sepals lanceolate, 
very villous-hirsute, shorter than the corolla ; this an inch broad when expanded : filaments 
and especially the styles long and filiform. — Fl. Arkans. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, 
v. 196; Chois. Hydrol. t.1; A. W. Bennett, 1. v. 270. ZZ. ovatifolia, Raf. Neobot. (1836), 
64. H, Ludoviciana, Featherman, 1. c.— Margin of ponds, Arkansas, W. Louisiana, and 
Texas. (S. Amer.) 


BORRAGINACER. 177 


OrDER XCIII. BORRAGINACES. 


Mostly scabrous or hispid-hairy plants, with watery juice, entire and alternate 
(or partly opposite) leaves, no stipules, prevalently scorpioid inflorescence, and 
regular flowers (in Hchium the corolla, &c., irregular), the 5 or sometimes 4 
stamens on the tube or throat of the corolla, as many as and alternate with its 
lobes, a single style rising between the divisions of a deeply 4-parted ovary, or 
from the summit of an undivided one, the cells or lobes of which contain a solitary 
ovule, the seed with little or no albumen, the embryo straight or rarely curved, 
its radicle superior or centripetal. Flowers perfect, generally 5-merous. Calyx 
and corolla free; the lobes of the latter imbricated, convolute, or sometimes plicate 
or induplicate in the bud. Hypogynous disk usually present, but inconspicuous. 
Pistil of 2 biovulate carpels, although seemingly of 4 and uniovulate. Ovule 
anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit of 4 nutlets (or by abortion fewer), or a 
drupe containing 2 to 4 nutlets or cells, rarely reduced to one. — Some of the 
first great division have serrate and even incised leaves, and are trees or shrubs, 
of tropical or subtropical regions: these well distinguished from related orders 
by the superior radicle. The true Borraginacee are almost all herbs, mainly of 
temperate climates, with undivided style and even stigma, surrounded at base by 
the four distinct divisions of the ovary. Inflorescence and its nomenclature as 
in the preceding order. 


I. Ovary undivided (or only laterally 4-lobed) and surmounted by the style. 


Trise I. CORDIE.E. Style twice bifid: stigmas terminal, not annular. Fruit 
drupaceous. Cotyledons longitudinally plicate or corrugated. Trees or shrubs, 
with leaves sometimes dentate. 

1. CORDIA. Calyx tubular or campanulate, merely toothed or lobed. Corolla funnel- 
form or salverform; the lobes and stamens sometimes more than 5. Stigmas clavate or 


capitate. Ovary and drupe 4celled, 4-seeded, or fewer by the abortion of some of the 
cells and seeds of the hard stone. 


Trine Il. EHRETIE.E. Style once bifid or 2-parted (the divisions sometimes 
coalescent to the top): stigmas more or less capitate. Cotyledons plane. Trees, 
shrubs, or low herbs. 

* Fruit drupaceous : ovules mostly amphitropous: trees or shrubs. 


2. BOURRERIA. Calyx globular or ovoid, closed in the bud, yalvately splitting at the 
summit into 2 to 5 teeth. Corolla campanulate or short-funnelform. Drupe containing 
4 more or less separable one-seeded nutlets. 


3. EHRETIA. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft, imbricated or open in the bud. Corolla from 
short-funnelform to rotate. Drupe usually containing 2 two-celled two-seeded nutlets. 


* * Fruit dry: ovules anatropous, pendulous: herbaceous or suffruticulose plants. 


4, COLDENIA. Calyx 5parted, or in original species 4-parted; the divisions narrow. 
Corolla short-funnelform or nearly salverform, seldom much surpassing the calyx; the 
lobes rounded, imbricated or sometimes partly convolute in the bud. Stamens included. 
Style 2-cleft or 2-parted. Ovary entire or laterally 4lobed, 4celled. Fruit separating at 
maturity into 4 one-seeded nutlets, or by abortion fewer, or in one species by suppression 
one-celled and one-seeded. Cotyledons thickish. Albumen none. 


Trisk III. HELIOTROPIE-E. Style entire, sometimes wanting: stigma peltate- 
annular, forming a complete ring, surmounted usually by an entire or 2-lobed (from 
hemispherical to subulate) tip or appendage. Ovules pendulous. Seeds with a 
straight or incurved embryo, in sparing or copious albumen. Leaves entire, rarely 
denticulate. Inflorescence more or less scorpioid. 

12 


178 BORRAGINACES. 


5. TOURNEFORTIA. Fruit drupaceous. Shrubs or woody twiners, or rarely almost 
herbaceous. Otherwise nearly as Heliotropium. 

6. HELIOTROPIUM. Galyx deeply 5-parted, persistent. Corolla salverform or funnel- 
form, plaited and mostly imbricated in the bud. Stamens included: filaments short or 
none: anthers conniyent, sometimes cohering by pointed tips. Ovary 4-celled, 4ovuled. 
Fruit dry, 2- or 4lobed, separating into 2 indurated 2-celled and 2-seeded closed carpels, or 
more commonly into 4 one-seeded nutlets. Seed sometimes with rather copious albumen, 
and, with the embryo, curved. —Low herbs or undershrubs; the flowers almost always 
small. 


II. Ovary 4-parted (rarely 2-parted) from above into one-celled one-ovuled 
divisions surrounding the base of the undivided (rarely 2-lobed) style: stigma 
not annular, terminal. 


Trine IV. BORRAGER. Style entire, in Zchium 2-cleft at the apex: stigma trun- 
cate or depressed-capitate, in a few species of Lithospermum tipped with a rudi- 
mentary terminal appendage. Ovules amphitropous or almost orthotropous and 
commonly ascending or erect, or when anatropous mostly pendulous. Nutlets 4 
(or by abortion fewer), distinct, or sometimes at base united in pairs. Radicle 
superior or centripetal. Albumen none. Chiefly herbs, with somewhat mucilagi- 
nous watery juice and entire leaves. Flowers mostly near, but not in the axil of 
leaves or bracts, or bractless in scorpioid so-called spikes or racemes. Estivation of 
the corolla imbricated, except when otherwise indicated. (The depressed or elevated 
disk, receptacle, or axis on which the nutlets are inserted, and from which they fall 
away, is called the gynobase.) 


* Corolla and stamens regular: style entire, or sometimes barely 2-cleft at the very apex. 
+ Ovary only 2-parted: fruit involved in a bur-like transformed portion of the calyx. 


7, HARPAGONELLA. Calyx at first slightly but in fruit exceedingly unequal; three 
of the lobes nearly distinct; the remaining two more united, closely enwrapping the fruit, 
and becoming cornute with 7 to 9 divergent: long and uncinately glochidiate soft-spinous 
processes, forming a bur. Ovule erect, anatropous. Nutlets one or sometimes both 
maturing, obovoid-oblong, thin-coriaceous, very smooth, obliquely fixed by the narrowed 
base to the small depressed gynobase. Seed filling and conformed to the nutlet, erect or 


ascending. Radicle directed to the gynobase. Corolla, stamens, style, &c., as in 
Pectocarya. 


+ + Ovary 4-parted or 4lobed: fruit of 4 nutlets, or by abortion fewer, subtended 
or surrounded by the unchanged or merely accrescent calyx. 


++ Nutlets divergent or divaricate (either radiately or in pairs), outwardly or backwardly 
extended much beyond the insertion (which is by a roundish or oblong areola or scar): 
seed accordingly horizontal or obliquely ascending, with radicle centripetal: but the 
anatropous ovule (and ovary-lobes) in flower erect or ascending. (Calyx deeply 5-cleft or 
parted, spreading or reflexed in fruit : corolla appendaged with strong fornicate processes 
almost closing the throat: stamens short, included.) 


8. PECTOCARYA. Nutlets flat and thin (depressed-obcompressed), attached at the inner 
end underneath to the small depressed gynobase, either winged, laciniate-bordered, or 
pectinately setose around the thin margin; the bristles or prickles simply uncinate at tip. 
Style short: stigma capitate. Annuals, with minute white flowers imperfectly opposite 
the leaves. 

9, CYNOGLOSSUM. Nutlets equally divergent, horizonal or obliquely ascending on a 
depressed or pyramidal gynobase, turgid, wingless, all over glochidiate-muricate, mostly 
separating (by an ovate or roundish scar at the upper end of the inner face) and carrying 
away an exterior portion of the indurated style from below upward, by which they are 
for a time pendulous. Stigma small, on a comparatively long style. Perennials or bien- 
nials, with flowers in usually bractless racemes. 


++ ++ Nutlets erect and parallel with the style, or sometimes incurved, 


= Obliquely attached by more or less of the ventral face or angle, or by the base or pro- 
longation of it, to 


a, The more or less clevated (from low-conical or globular to subulate) gynobase which 


supports the style (and when narrow has been termed the base of the style), not stipi- 
tate, and the scar not excavated. 


BORRAGINACER. 179 


10. ECHINOSPERMUM, Nutlets armed (either along a distinct margin or more or less 
over the whole back) with glochidiate prickles, forming burs. Calyx 5-parted, reflexed 
or open in fruit. Corolla short-salverform or somewhat funnelform, white or blue; the 
throat closed with prominent fornicate appendages. 

11. ERITRICHIUM. Nutlets unarmed or rarely with a row of (non-glochidiate) prickles 
around the back, very rarely wing-bordered. Calyx 5-parted or deeply cleft, closed or 
not spreading in fruit (rarely circumscissile-deciduous). Corolla with or occasionally 
without fornicate appendages at the throat, white or blue, in one species yellow! 

12. AMSINCKIA. Nutlets crustaceous or coriaceous, unappendaged, triquetrous or ovate- 
triangular, attached below the middle to an oblong-pyramidal gynobase. Corolla salver- 
form or tubular-funnelform, with a slender tube and open throat; the limb sometimes 
plicate at the sinuses, yellow. Style filiform: stigma capitate or 2-parted. Cotyledons 
each 2-parted. 


6. Nutlets conspicuously stipitate, and the stipe more or less hollowed at the insertion upon 
the broadly pyramidal or globular gynobase. 


13. ECHIDIOCARYA. Calyx 5-parted, lax in fruit. Corolla between short-salverform 
and rotate, slightly constricted at the more or less appendaged throat; the tube not 
exceeding the calyx, shorter than the roundish lobes. Filaments very short, inserted on 
the middle of the tube: anthers oblong, included. Style short: stigma capitate. Nut- 
lets ovate-trigonous, oblique, acutely cristulate-muricate or rugose, dorsally and ventrally 
carinate, incurved-ascending on a stout stipe; the stipes either united in pairs or distinct. 
Leaves all alternate. Flowers white. 


c. Nutlets sessile or obscurely stipitate on a flat or merely convex receptacle. 


14, ANTIPHYTUM. Corolla (short), &e., of Eritrichium. Nutlets crustaceous, ovate, 
rounded on the back and granulate or rugulose, carinate ventrally down to the flat 
roundish scar close to the base, which is either slightly protuberant and rather large, or 
smaller and somewhat stipitate: gynobase plane or barely umbonate by the base of the 
style. Flowers racemose, white, mostly bracteate. Leaves commonly opposite! 

15. MERTENSIA. Corolla from tubular-funnelform or trumpet-shaped to almost cam- 
panulate, with open throat, bearing obvious or obsolete transverse folds for crests. 
Stamens with either flattened or nearly filiform filaments. Style filiform: stigma entire. 
Nutlets from somewhat fleshy to coriaceo-membranaceous, attached by a small or 
short scar just above the base to a barely or sometimes strongly convex gynobase. Peren- 
nials, often smooth and glabrous, with blue or rarely white flowers, mostly bractless. 


== = Nutlets sessile and directly (usually centrally) attached by the very base to a plane 
gynobase ; 
a. The flat scar not excavated or perforate and bordered with a ring, mostly small. 


16. MYOSOTIS. Corolla short-salverform or almost rotate; its throat contracted by 
transverse crests; the rounded lobes convolute in the bud! Anthers ovate or oblong. 
Nutlets small, ovoid, smooth and shining, thin-crustaceous; the scar small. Racemes 
mainly ebracteate. 

17. LITHOSPERMUM.. Corolla salverform, funnelform, or sometimes approaching 
campanulate, either naked or with pubescent lines or intruded gibbosities or low trans- 
verse crests at the throat. Filaments mostly very short: anthers short, included. Style 
slender: stigma mostly truncate-capitate or 2-lobed. Nutlets ovoid, bony, either polished 
and white or dull and rough. Flowers all subtended by leaves or bracts. 

18. ONOSMODIUM. Corolla tubular or oblong-funnelform, with open and wholly 
unappendaged throat; the lobes erect or hardly spreading, mostly triangular and acute ; 
the sinuses more or less inflexed. Stamens not surpassing the corolla-lobes : filaments 
flat or dilated: anthers oblong-linear or sagittate, erect (sometimes in Mexican species 
becoming transverse). Style filiform or capillary, very long: stigma small and truncate, 
exserted before the corolla opens. Nutlets ovoid or globular, bony, smooth and polished, 
white. Flowers all subtended by leafy bracts. 

b. The scar large and excavated, bordered by a prominent margin. (Old World plants.) 

19. SYMPHYTUM. Corolla oblong-tubular, ventricose above the insertion of the sta- 
mens, or with campanulate-dilated limb, and with 5 short nearly erect lobes or teeth; 
the throat closed by 5 prominent lanceolate or linear papillose-margined scale-like 
appendages. Anthers lanceolate, more or less included. Style filiform: stigma small. 
Nutlets obliquely ovoid, crustaceous or coriaceous, the cartilaginous prominent ring den- 
ticulate at the edge. 

* * Corolla irregular with limb oblique and lobes unequal. (Old World genera.) 

20. LYCOPSIS. Corolla somewhat salverform; the tube curved at the middle; the 

more or less spreading lobes rather unequal; the oblique throat closed with hispid for- 


180 BORRAGINACES. Cordia. 


nicate scales. Stamens and style included: stigma 2lobed. Nutlets ovoid, oblique, 
coriaceous, coarsely reticulate-rugose, erect, almost laterally attached to a thickened 
protuberant gynobase; the scar large, oval, excavated or perforate, bordered by a 
thickened cartilaginous ring. 

21. ECHIUM. Corolla funnelform, with dilated throat oblique and not at all appendaged ; 
the lobes unequal, roundish, erect or slightly spreading. Stamens unequal and exserted : 
filaments filiform. Style long and filiform, 2-cleft at apex : stigmas small. Nutlets car- 
tilaginous, rough or rugose, ovoid, acute, erect, fixed to the flat gynobase by a plane and 
marginless scar. 

BorrAGo OFFICINALIS, L. (BoracE), with very rotate blue corolla, is a not uncommon 
annual in country gardens, but does not run wild. OMPHALODES LINIFOLIA, Meench, of 
8. Europe, is given, in Hooker’s Flora Boreali-Americana, on the strength of a specimen re- 
ceived from Newfoundland, to which it cannot be native, and the plant is rare in gardens, 
in which O. veRNa is a hardy perennial, but it does not escape. 


L; CORDIA, Plumier, L. (Valerius Cordus, a German botanist of the 16th 
century.) — Tropical or subtropical trees or shrubs, the greater portion American. 
— Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 838. 


§ 1. Corolla large, an inch or two long, funnelform, deciduous ; the tube longer 
than the cylindraceous calyx; its lobes and the stamens 5 to 12: drupe enclosed 
in the enlarged calyx: inflorescence open-cymose. — § Sebestenoides, DC. 


C. Sebesténa, L. Tall shrub or small tree, scabrous-pubescent or smoothish: leaves 
ovate (4 to 8 inches long): flowers pedicelled: calyx not striate; the teeth irregular and 
obtuse : corolla varying from orange to flame-color, 5-8-lobed. — Bot. Rep. t.157. C. speciosa, 
Willd., DC. — Keys of Florida. (W. Indies, &.) 

C. Boissiéri, A.DC. Soft-tomentose: leaves oval or oblong-ovate, when old minutely 
rugose and somewhat scabrous above: calyx not pedicelled, somewhat campanulate and 
striate; the teeth often acute: corolla white with a yellow centre, 5-lobed, externally 
downy. — DC. Prodr. xi. 478; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 135.— Southern frontier of Texas 
and New Mexico, Berlandier, Gregg, Schott, &c. (Mex.) 


§ 2. Corolla small or proportionally large, salverform or funnelform, deciduous : 
calyx short, not sulcate-striate ; its lobes and those of the corolla as well as stamens 
no more than 5, sometimes 4: flowers in our species capitate-glomerate, and the 
leaves serrate !— § Myxa, Endl. 


C. globésa, HBK. Shrub hirsute or somewhat hoary: branches slender, spreading : 
leaves oblong-ovate, obtusely serrate (an inch or two long), the pinnate veins rather con- 
spicuous and the upper surface often rugose: peduncle mostly short: calyx-teeth nearly 
filiform, longer than the tube: corolla funnelform, white (2 to 4 lines long), about twice 
the length of the calyx.— Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 76. Varronia globosa, L.,& V. bullata in 
part. Cordia bullata, DC. Prodr. ix. 496; Chapm. Fl. 829. — Keys of Florida, Blodgett, &c. 
(W. Ind. to Isthmus.) 

~—=C. podocéphala, Torr. A foot or two high, woody only at base, minutely strigose- 
hirsute, scabrous: branches slender, erect: leaves varying from ovate-lanceolate to linear- 
lanceolate, narrowed at the base into a short petiole, coarsely serrate (an inch or two 
long): peduncles filiform, 2 to 4 inches long, bearing a small and very dense head: calyx- 
tecth triangular-subulate or ovate, very much shorter than the tube; corolla broadly fun- 
nelform, white or pale purple (half inch or more long), its narrow tube hardly exceeding 
the calyx. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 135.— Lower Rio Grande, Texas to the borders of New 
Mexico, Wright, Bigelow, Schott, &e. (Adjacent Mex.) 

C. Gréeeu, Torr. 1. v., which is hardly of this section, is a Mexican species, found only at 

a considerable distance from our frontiers. 


2. BOURRERIA, P. Browne. (Named after one Bourrer, 9 Nuremberg 
apothecary, not Beurrer, therefore the orthography Beurreria, Jacquin and others, 
is not to prevail over the original form.) — Tropical American trees and shrubs ; 


i 


Coldenia. BORRAGINACE.E. 181 


with white flowers in open terminal cymes. Lobes of the style not rarely coales- 
cent even to the stigma.— Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 840, excl. syn. Hymen- 
esthes, Miers, which is a Cordia. Bourreria & Crematomia, Miers, Bot. Contrib. 
ii. 230, 242. 


B. Havanénsis, Miers. Shrub or small tree, glabrous or nearly so: leaves mostly 
obovate-oblong and acute at base (about 2 inches in length), bright green and shining 
above, coriaceous, entire: cyme loose: calyx at length campanulate, glabrous or puberu- 
lent, a little shorter than the tube of the corolla: style cleft only at the apex, or even quite 
entire: drupe as large as a pea, orange. — But. Contrib. ii. 238, t. 86 (Lhretia Havanensis, 
Willd.), with B. recurva & B. ovata, Miers, 1.c. B. tomentosa, var. Havanensis, Griseb. 
(Ehretia tomentosa, Lam.), is probably a pubescent form of the same species. Pittonia similis, 
Catesb. Car. ii. t. 79. Ehretia Beurreria, Chap. Fl. 329, not L. (the B. sucewlenta, Jacq.). — 
Keys of Florida, Blodgett, &c., a glabrous and smooth form. (W. Ind.) 

Var. radula. Upper face of the leaves tuberculate-scabrous or hispidulous from 
papillosities, the lower and the branchlets either glabrous or minutely pubescent. — 
B. radula, Don, Syst. iv. 390; Chapm. l.c.; Miers, l.c. B. virgata, Griseb., not Swartz, ex 
Miers. Lhretia radula, Poir., ex Miers. — Keys of Florida, Blodgett, Palmer, &e. (W. Ind.) 


38. EHRETIA, L. (George Dionysius Ehret, a gifted botanical painter of 
the 18th century.) — Trees or shrubs, chiefly tropical ; with small white flowers 
in open cymes or panicles, or rarely almost solitary. — Benth. & Hook. 1. c. 


——~— E. elliptica, DC. Tree 15 to 50 feet high: leaves oval or oblong, sometimes serrate, 


—_—_—_ 


nearly smooth and glabrous or (with the branthlets and open cymes) minutely hirsute-pu- 
bescent and the upper face very scabrous: divisions of the calyx broadly lanceolate, acu- 
minate, as long as the campanulate tube of the corolla: drupes yellow, globose, of the 
size of small peas (the thin pulp edible). — Prodr. ix. 503; Torr. Mex. Bound. 136; Miers, 
Contrib. ii. 228, t. 85.—River-bottoms South-western Texas, Berlandier, Lindheimer, &c. 
(Adjacent Mex.) 


4, COLDENIA, L. (Dr. Cadwallader Colden, Colonial Lieut.-Governor 
of New York, a correspondent of Linnzus.) — Low herbaceous or suffrutescent 
plants, canescent or hispid; with small and mostly white flowers sessile and 
usually in clusters; the original species a prostrate annual, with usually 4-merous 
flowers and coarsely toothed leaves, the strong simple veins of which run to the 
sinuses. (Lam. Ill. t.89; Gaertn. Fruct. t.68, embryo wrongly figured.) Genus 
extended by the addition of several North and W. South American species, 
diverse in habit and minor characters, which might well form more than half as 
many subgeuera as there are species, but may be ranked under three. (Insertion 
of stamens probably both high and low in the same species.) — Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. v. 340, viii. 292, x. 48, & Bot. Calif. i. 520; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 841. 


§ 1. Evcorpenra, Benth. Fruit merely 4-sulcate; the nutlets with plane 
contiguous sides and thick crustaceous walls. or in one species reduced by abortion 
to a single cell: corolla not appendaged within: stamens equally inserted: veins 
of the leaves straight and simple. — Stegnocarpus & Ptilocalyx, Torr. 


C. canéscens, DC. Prostrate or procumbent, with somewhat ligneous perennial base, 
white-sericeous or tomentose: leaves (barely half inch long) ovate or oblong, entire, petioled, 
obscurely veined: flowers solitary or in small clusters at the axils or forks: calyx-lobes 
linear-lanceokate : fruit depressed-globose ; the four thick-walled nutlets smooth and rounded 
on the back, obscurely rugose on the plane sides, pointless: embryo slightly curved. — 
Prodr. ix. 559 (§ Stegnocarpus); Gray, 1. ¢. Stegnocarpus canescens, Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. 
ii. 169, t. 7. —S. Texas to Arizona, Berlandier, Wright, &c. (Adjacent Mex.) 


182 BORRAGINACEZ. Coldenia. 


C. Gréggii, Gray. Suffruticulose, a foot or two high, tomentose-canescent: leaves ovate 
or oval (2 to 4 lines long), short-petioled, almost veinless, entire, the margins revolute: 
flowers capitate-glomerate at the summit of the branches: calyx-lobes filiform from a 
broader base, elongated-plumose with long villous hairs: ovary obscurely 4-lobed; but the 
fruit even, ovate-oblong, by abortion 1-celled and 1-seeded, the walls comparatively thin, 
showing mere vestiges of three abortive cells: embryo straight. — Ptilocalyx Greggii, Torr. 
1. c. 170, t. 8. — Rocky ravines, New Mexico, and south-western borders of Texas, Gregg, 
Wright, &e. (Adjacent Mex.) 

§ 2. Eppya, Gray. Fruit deeply 4-lobed; the mature nutlets rounded and 
only ventrally united, thin-walled but crustaceous, rough-granulate: corolla not 
appendaged: stamens unequally inserted: narrow leaves with very thick midrib, 
veinless. — Hddya, Torr. l. ¢. 


C. hispidissima, Gray, I.c. Suffruticulose, diffuse, soon procumbent, a span or two 
high, very setose-hispid, and with some minute cinereous pubescence: leaves fascicled, 
rigid, lanceolate, soon linear or acerose by strong revolution of the margins, dilated at 
base ; the lower or primary ones petioled: flowers scattered : calyx-lobes linear, resembling 
the leaves: embryo straight.—Hddya hispidissima, Torr. 1. c. 170, t. 9.—Dry hills, &., 
W. Texas ( Wright, &c.) to Arizona and 8. Utah. 


§ 8. Trquit1a, DC. Fruit deeply 4-lobed (or by abortion occasionally fewer) ; 
the thin-walled nutlets rounded and united only at the centre, smooth and shining: 
stamens equally inserted: leaves entire, petioled, veined. — Tiquilia, Pers. Gala- 
pagoa, Hook. f.— In our species (§ Tigquiliopsis, Gray, 1. c.), the corolla is appen- 
daged within, and the cotyledons either 4-parted around or incumbent upon the 
radicle. 


—— C. Nuttallii, Hook. Prostrate annual, repeatedly and divergently dichotomous, canes- 
cently pubescent, also sparsely hirsute or hispid: leaves ovate or rhomboid-rotund, 2 to 4 
lines long and on longer petioles, with two or at most three pairs of strong and somewhat 
curving veins, and margins somewhat revolute: flowers densely clustered in the forks and 
at the ends of the naked branches: calyx-lobes linear, sparsely hispid, equalling the tube 
of the pink or whitish corolla: filaments shorter than the anthers, inserted nearly in the 
throat of the corolla, the tube of which bears 5 short obtuse scales near the base: nutlets 
oblong-ovate, marked with a linear and rhaphe-like ventral sear : embryo straight: cotyle- 
dons very deeply horseshoe-form, their elongated bases almost enclosing the radicle. —Kew 
Jour. Bot. iii. 296; Watson, Bot. King, 248; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 520. Tiquilia brevifolia, 
Nutt.; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 136, & Wilkes Exped. xvii. 417, t. 12, under the name of 
T. Oregana.— Arid plains, Arizona through Utah and E. California to Wyoming and 
Washington Terr. 

C. Palmeri, Gray. Apparently perennial or even suffruticulose at base, less prostrate, 
more canescent but not hispid or even hirsute: leaves obovate or ovate, about the length 
of their petiole, plicate-lineate by about 6 pairs of straight and strong veins: flowers fewer 
in the clusters: calyx less deeply cleft; the lanceolate lobes about half the length of the 
bluish corolla, which bears 5 salient plates above the base of the tube, extending to the 
insertion of the slender filaments: nutlets only one or two maturing, globular, with an 
orbicular scar: cotyledons very thick, somewhat hemispherical, not even cordate, incum- 
bent on the radicle. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 292, & x. 49; Watson, 1l.c. Tiguilia brevifolia, 
var. plicata, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 136.— Sandhills on the Mohave and Colorado, 
E. California and W. Arizona, Emory, Schott, Cooper, Palmer. 


5. TOURNEFORTIA, L. (Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, of France, the 
great botanist of the 17th century.) — Shrubby, arborescent, or rarely nearly 
herbaceous plants; a rather large genus all round the world in and near the 
tropics, one or two extratropical. Flowers white, small, unilateral and as it were 
spicate on the scorpioid cyme-branches, usually destitute of bracts. A polymor- 
phous and artificial genus, in a few species too nearly approaching the next. 


Heliotropium. BORRAGINACEZ. 183 


* Lobes of the small white corolla slender-subulate, valvate-induplicate in the bud. 


~—— T. volibilis, L. Slender shrub, with filiform sarmentose more or less twining branches, 


and minute usually rusty pubescence : leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute or acuminate, 
slender-petioled : spikes of the loose cyme filiform and divaricate: slender flowers merely 
2 lines long: drupe 1-3-seeded. — Aessersmidtia volubilis, Rem. & Sch. Syst. iv. 544; Miers 
Contrib. ii. 210. — Keys of Florida. (W. Ind., &c.) 

_ %* % Lobes of the white corolla broad, more or less plicate in the bud and undulate. 

T. mollis, Gray. Erect from a suffrutescent base, a foot or less in height, branching, 
canescently silky-tomentose: leaves deltoid- or rhombic-ovate, obtuse, and with undulate 
margins, rather long-petioled: flowers middle-sized, crowded in a pair of naked peduncled 
spikes: tube of the corolla a little longer than the calyx, and longer than the rounded un- 
dulate or crenulate lobes: drupe globose-ovate, minutely tomentose, excavated at base, 
by abortion about 2-seeded.—Proc. Am. Acad. x. 50. Heliophytum molle, Torr. Bot. Mex. 
Bound. 138. — On the Rio Grande, Texas, at or opposite Presidio del Norte, Bigelow. Leaves 
about 2 inches long, including the petiole. Corolla apparently white, 3 lines long, the 
limb rather ample. Fruit probably fleshy in the living plant. 

T. gnaphalddes, R. Br. Somewhat fleshy shrub, very white silky-tomentose through. 
out, thickly leafy: leaves spatulate-linear, obtuse: flowers densely clustered: corolla 
fleshy, downy outside: drupe ovate-conical, deeply excavated at base, with thin flesh, 
and 2 two-seeded nutlets. — Heliotropium gnaphalodes, Jacq. Amer. 25, t. 173. (Pluk. Alm. 
t. 198, fig. 5.) — Coast of Florida. (W. Ind.) 


6. HELIOTROPIUM, Tourn. Tovurnsoie, Heriorropr. (Ancient 
Greek name, not indicating that the flowers turn to the sun, but that they begin 
to appear at the summer solstice.) — Herbs, or low more or less shrubby plauts, 
belonging mainly to the warmer parts of the world, represented in cultivation by 
the vanilla-scented H. Peruvianum, and in the southern part of the United States 
by several indigenous and two or three naturalized species: fl. all summer. — 
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 49; Benth. & Hook. Gen. Pl. ii. 843. 


§ 1. Etproca, Gray, 1. c. Fruit didymous, solid; the two carpels each split- 
ting into two almost hemispherical one-seeded nutlets, their internal face flat and 
smooth: embryo semicircular in rather copious albumen: corolla large, naked 
and not appendaged, strongly plicate in estivation: anthers slightly cohering by 
their minutely bearded tips: style long and filiform: cone of the stigma truncate 
and bearded with a penicillate tuft of strong bristles: flowers scattered. — Hu- 
ploca, Nutt. 


ex H. convolvulaceum, Gray. Low spreading annual, strigose-hirsute and hoary, much 


branched: leaves lanceolate, or sometimes nearly ovate and sometimes linear, short-peti- 
oled: flowers generally opposite the leaves and terminal, short-peduncled: limb of the 
bright white corolla ample, angulate-lobed ; the strigose-hirsute tube about twice the length 
of the linear sepals: anthers inserted at or above its middle. —Mem. Am. Acad. vi. 403, 
& Proc. v. 340. Euploca conrolvulacea, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, v. 189; Hook. Ic. 
t.651; Torr. in Marcy Rep. t.15. £. grandiflora, Torr. in Emory Rep. 147. — Sandy plains, 
Nebraska to W. Texas. Soda Lake, 8S. E. California, Dr. Cooper. A showy plant; the 
sweet-scented flowers opening at sunset (.Vudtal/), in cultivation open nearly all day: tube 
of corolla (including the abruptly somewhat dilated throat, constricted at orifice) 4 lines 
long; the rotate border about half an inch broad ; the wide sinuses not produced into teeth 
or appendages, but obscurely emarginate. Style fully thrice the length of the ovary: 
annular stigma obscurely 4-lobed ; its strongly bearded terminal appendage rather longer, 
truncate or obscurely 2-lobed. Fruit somewhat pubescent or hairy. 


§ 2. Euneriorrorium. Fruit 4-lobed and separating at maturity into 4 one- 
celled one-seeded nutlets: style usually short: cone or tip of the stigma slightly 
bearded or naked, rarely obsolete: corolla plicate or induplicate in the bud; the 


184 BORRAGINACE. Heliotropium. 


lobes obtuse (with one exception) and usually broad : inflorescence in most species 
either distinctly or indistinctly scorpioid. — § Euheliotropium & Orthoslachys, 
Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 844. Heliotropium & Schleidenia (Endl.), Fresenius in 
Fl. Bras. viii. 31, 33. 


* Flowers all or some of them accompanied by bracts or leaves; when spicate, the so-called spikes 
not naked, nor conjugate or forking to form a cyme, nor strongly coiled: anthers generally with 
tips connivent or cohering over the stigma. — § Orthostachys, R. Br.; A.DC.; Benth. & Hook. 
Preslea, Mart. Schleidenia, Endl. 


+ Stigma-tip elongated (sometimes 2-cleft): anther-tips lightly or only at first cohering: corolla 
with naked and open throat, white: leaves narrowly linear: nutlets globular, beakless, externally 
hispid or pubescent. i 


++ Divisions of the calyx similar, more or less shorter than the tube of thecorolla: nutlets with a 
pair of pits on the inner face. 

H. Gréggii, Torr. Aspan high, diffusely spreading from a slightly woody base, strigose- 
cinereous: slender branches leafy: leaves narrowly linear, flat, about an inch long anda 
line wide: flowers short-pedicelled or almost sessile in an at first crowded and short scor- 
pioid spike, with or often mainly without bracts: corolla with an ample and slightly 
5-lobed limb: anthers long, acuminate, minutely bearded at tip: stigma-tip subulate- 
conical, much thicker than the very short style, as well as much longer. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 
187; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x.49.— Sandy or gravelly soil, western borders of Texas, New 
Mexico, and adjacent part of Mexico, first collected by Dr. Gregg. Flowers very fragrant : 
corolla a third to nearly half an inch broad when expanded. 

——H. angustif6lium, Torr. A span to a foot high, erect and densely branched from a. 
woody base, strigose-canescent: branches rigid, very leafy: leaves very narrowly linear, 
with revolute margins, almost filiform when dry (4 to 9 lines long) : spike few-flowered, at 
length slender, nearly straight, bracteate at base or without bracts: flowers small, short- 
peduncled: corolla salverform, with narrow canescent tube and 5-parted limb; the lobes 
ovate-lanceolate (acute!) ; hardly a line long, or half the length of the tube: anthers with 
mucronate glabrous tips: stigma-tip slender-subulate, longer and hardly broader than the 
rather long style. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 187.— South-western borders of Texas, |V right. 
(Adjacent .Mex., Gregg.) 
++ ++ Divisions of the calyx very unequal, the larger about the length of the corolla: nutlets 

without pits on the inner face: inflorescence not in the least scorpioid. 

<== H.tenéllum, Torr. A span to a foot high, erect from an annual root, paniculately 
branched, slender, strigose-canescent : leaves narrowly linear, with more or less revolute 
margins (about an inch long and a line wide): flowers scattered, terminal, becoming lateral 
and axillary, on rather slender peduncles, many of them bractless: limb of the corolla 
rather shorter than the narrow canescent tube; the lobes oblong or obovate, u line long: 
anthers oblong and with nearly naked blunt tips scarcely at all cohering: stigma-tip nar- 
rowly subulate, 3 or 4 times the length of the short style. — Torr. in Marcy Rep. t. 14, & 
Bot. Mex. Bound. 138. Lithospermum tenellum, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, v. 189. 
L. angustifolium, Torr. in Ann. Lye. ii. 225, not Michx.— Open dry ground, Kentucky to 
Alabama, west to Kansas and throughout Texas. 

+ + Stigma-tip conical or more slender: anthers cohering by minutely bearded tips: corolla 
appendaged and throat sometimes almost closed by a pubescent projection or gibbosity at or below 


the base of each fold of the sinuses: divisions of the calyx usually of unequal breadth: nutlets 
in our species beakless. 


++ Diffuse or tufted, a span or less high: internal appendages of the corolla small roundish puber- 
ulent gibbosities low in the throat. 

H. confertifolium, Torr. Suffruticulose, very much branched and tufted, silvery-white 
with a dense silky-hirsute pubescence: leaves crowded throughout and imbricated along 
the upper part of the branches, from narrowly oblong to linear, 2 or 8 lines long, equally 
white both sides, the margins somewhat revolute: inflorescence not in the least scorpioid : 
flowers sessile among the leaves, mainly glomerate with them at the end of the branches 
and hardly surpassing them: corolla pale purple; its silky-hairy tube hardly longer than 
the calyx; limb angulate-5-lobed, only 2 lines in diameter: style thrice the length of the 
ovary: annular stigma much broader than the subulate-conical tip. — Herb. Torr. ZH. lim- 
batum & var. confertifolium, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 138, not H. limbatum, Benth. — South- 
western borders of Texas, Berlandier, Wright, &c. (Adjacent Mex.) 


Heliotropium. BORRAGINACER. 185 


H. phyllostachyum, Torr. Annual, diffusely spreading, strigulose-hirsute: leaves 
oblong or broadly lanceolate, plane (3 to 7 lines long), obtuse, contracted abruptly at base 
into a short petiole, those subtending flowers similar: flowers small, loosely unilateral- 
spicate along the branches, very short-peduncled, some bractless, others at the axils of 
leaves: calyx-divisions unequal, lanceolate, in fruit one of them mostly ovate-lanceolate 
ant larger: corolla white, hardly exceeding the calyx, its lobes ovate and the folds at the 
sinuses sometimes more or less extended into teeth: style very short: nutlets with 2 deep 
pits. — Bot. Mex. Bound. l.c., in part (1859). ZZ. myosotoides, Chapm. Fl. 330 (1860).— 
Rocky hills, southeastern part of Arizona, Wright. Key West, Florida, Blodgett, Palmer. 
Flowers barely a line long. Fruiting-calyx becoming % lines long, the larger sepal fully 
twice the length of the depresscd-globose fruit. The Mexican specimens of Berlandier 
referred to this by Dr. Torrey seem rather to belong to H. hispidum, HBK. 
aa _— about a foot high: internal appendages of the throat of the corolla prominent and 

eflexed. 

H. polyphyllum, Lehm. Many-stemmed from a ligneous base or root, minutely stri- 
gulose-cinereous: stems very leafy throughout: leaves linear-oblong or lanceolate, 3 to 7 
lines long, very short-petioled or sessile : flowers approximate in a leafy slightly scorpioid 
spike: divisions of the calyx broadly lanceolate or one lanceolate-ovate: tube of the 
(mostly white) corolla not longer than the calyx, nearly equalling the moderately 5-lobed 
limb (this 8 or 4 lines in diameter) ; the strong folds of the sinuses produced at base into 
conical and pouch-like appendages : style short : nutlets 2-pitted on the inner face. — Lehm. 
Asper. 63, & Ic. t. 8; Gray, l.c. H. glomeratum, A.DC. Prodr. ix. 550% H. bursiferum, 


C. Wright in Griseb. Cat. Cub. 211. Schletdenia polyphylla, Fresen. in Fl. Bras. l.c.— «> 


E. Florida, Buckley, Palmer, &. (W. Ind. to Brazil.) 

== Var. Leavenworthii, Gray, 1.c. Stems a foot or two high, the larger plants de- 
eidedly shrubby: corolla golden yellow! — H. Leavenworthii, Torr. ined., at least as to the 
original specimen. — Everglades of S. Florida, Leavenworth, Palmer, Garber. Appears to 
differ only in the yellow color of the corolla, which is remarkable. 

* % Flowers bractless, in distinct unilateral scorpioid spikes, which are commonly in pairs or 
once or twice forked, forming the scorpioid cyme of this and related orders: anthers free. (Style 
none and the corolla mainly white in our species.) —§ Euheliotropium, DC., &c. Heliotropium, 
Fresenius, |. ¢. 


+— Pubescent annuals, not fleshy: anthers pointless or mucronulate. 
w= FH. Evropsum, L. A foot or so high, cinereous-pubescent, loosely branched: leaves oval 
or obovate, long-petioled: spikes in pairs or single, becoming slender: flowers small, scent- 
less: stigma-tip long and slender-subulate, 2-cleft at apex. Waste grounds of Southern 
and rarely in Northern Atlantic States: nat. from. Eu. 

H. inundatum, Swartz. A foot or two high, strigose-cinereous, branching from the 
base: leaves spatulate-oblong, varying to oblanceolate (commonly an inch long), rather 
slender-petioled: spikes 2 or 4 in a cluster, filiform, hirsute: flowers very small, crowded 
(corolla barely a line or so long): stigma thick, surmounted by a short obtuse cone. — 
FL Ind. Oce. i. 348; DC. Prodr. ix. 589. LH. procumbens, canescens, & cinereum, HBK. Nov. 
Gen. & Spec. iii. t. 206.— Texas to the frontiers of California (Coulter), (S. Am. & W. 
Ind.) The stems may become indurated, but the root is annual. 
+— + Wholly glabrous perennial (or sometimes annual ?), fleshy and glaucous: anthers acuminate. 

“s= H. Curassavicum, L. Diffusely spreading, a span to a foot high: leaves succulent, 
oblanceolate, varying on the one hand to nearly linear, on the other to obovate (an inch or 
two long): spikes mostly in pairs or twice forked, densely flowered: corolla with a rather 
ample 5-lobed limb (3 lines broad) and open throat (white, with a yellow eye, sometimes 
changing to blue!) ; the lobes round-ovate, rather shorter than the tube: stigma umbrella- 
shaped, as wide as the glabrous ovary, flat, not surmounted by a cone! — Hook. Bot. Mag. 
t. 2669. — Sandy seashore from Virginia (or farther north as a ballast-weed), and from 
Oregon southward ; also in the interior, chiefly in saline soils. (Widely distributed over 
most warmer parts of the world.) 


§ 8. Tiartprum. Fruit at maturity more or less 2-lobed, and separating into 
2 two-celled and two-seeded (or by abortion one-seeded) carpels, which may at 
length each split into 2 nutlets, with or without empty cavities or false cells: 


186 BORRAGINACES. Heliotropium. 


style very short or none: flowers in bractless scorpioid spikes, which are either 
solitary, geminate, or collected in a cyme. —Tiaridium, Lehm. Asper. 13 (1818) ; 
Cham. LHeliophytum, DC. Heliotropium § Heliophytum with Cochranea (Miers), 
Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 844. 

%* Fruit didymous; the nutlets parallel. 


H. ancnusmro.ium, Poir.; Fresen. in Fl. Bras. viii. 46 (which is Tournefortia heliotropioides, 
Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3096, and probably also Heliophytum sidcfolium, DC.), is a low perennial, 
with oblong or lanceolate repand leaves, and a pedunculate close cyme of 8 or 4 spikes of 
bright violet-blue flowers, much resembling those of the Sweet Heliotrope (HZ. Peruvianum), 
but not sweet-scented, and the nutlets when fresh with a thin fleshy exocarp: stigma sessile 
and with a depressed cone. It is a native of Buenos Ayres and 8. Brazil, is cultivated for 
ornament, occasionally appears among ballast-weeds at Philadelphia, and is becoming spon- 
taneous in East Florida. 

=< —H. parvifl6rum, L. Annual, or becoming woody at base, more or less pubescent, a foot 
or two high: leaves oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at both ends, 
pinnately veined, slender-petioled, some of them opposite: spikes single or sometimes in 
pairs, filiform, 2 to 6 inches long: flowers small and crowded (a line long), white: fruit 
hardly a line long, blunt, commonly with no distinct empty cell. — Heliophytum parviflorum, 

DC.; Fresen. 1. c. 45, t. 10, fig. 6.— Keys of Florida and southern borders of Texas. 
» (Mex., Trop. Amer.) 

H. glabriusculum, Gray. A span high, diffusely branching from a perennial and per- 
haps rather woody base, minutely and sparsely strigulose-pubescent: branches slender, 
leafy to the top: leaves green and except the midrib beneath nearly glabrous (an inch or 
less long), rather obtuse and sometimes undulate, hardly veiny, short-petioled: spikes 
rather short, solitary or forking: corolla white with a green eye; its tube longer than the 
calyx and about the length of the oval lobes (these a line long): fruit cinereous-pubes- 
cent; the nutlets turgid, by abortion often only 1-seeded, 3-4toothed at summit, commonly 
with 8 empty cells or spaces. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 50. Heliophytum giabriusculum, Torr. 
Bot. Mex. Bound. 189. —~ W. borders of Texas, Wright, Bigelow. (Adjacent Mex.) 

%* * Fruit mitre-shaped (whence the name Tiaridium, founded on the following species); its two 

lobes diverging: style deciduous. 
e=—= FT, Inpicum, L. Coarse annual, hirsute, erect: leaves ovate or oval, sometimes rather cor- 
date, on margined petioles, obscurely serrate or undulate: spikes mostly single, densely- 
flowered (becoming a span to a foot long): corolla bluish, the limb 2 or 3 lines in diameter : 
fruit glabrous; the nutlets acutely ribbed on the back, within a pair of large empty cells. — 

Sims, Bot. Mag. t.1837. Tiaridium Indicum, Lehm.; Cham. in Linn. iv. 462, t. 5. Helio- 

phytum Indicum, DC.; Fresen. 1. ¢., t.10, f. 4. — Waste grounds of the Southern Atlantic 

States, reaching to Illinois along the great rivers. (Nat. from India, &c.) 


7. HARPAGONELLA, Gray. (Diminutive of harpago, a grappling- 
hook.) — Single species with the aspect of Pectocarya, in company with which it 
grows. Corolla only a line long, white; the rounded lobes imbricate-convolute 
in the bud. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 88, & Bot. Calif. i. 581; Benth. & Hook. 
Gen. ii. 846. 


=~ A. Palmeri, Gray, l.c. Small and insignificant annual, diffusely and rather simply 
branched from the base, strigulose-hirsute: leaves linear; the upper or bracts lanceolate : 
flowers soon lateral and scattered, a little above and partly opposite the leaf, on short at 
length strongly recurved and rigid peduncles: body of the bur-like fruiting calyx, oblong 
or fusiform, completely enclosing the solitary nutlet, or sometimes a pair. — (Guadalupe 
Island, off Lower California, Palmer.) Arizona, near Tucson, &. L. Greene. The two globu- 
lar lobes of the ovary are unilateral, on the side of the style next the enveloping calyx- 
lobes, and distinct ; they apparently belong to different carpels, each of which wants the 
other half. Both carpels uniovulate and alike in flower, and both, according to Bentham, 
are sometimes fertile and enclosed together in the calyx. Sometimes one is excluded and 
naked, but falls away without maturing. 


Cynoglossum. BORRAGINACEE. 187 


8. PECTOCARYA, DC. (Compounded of zexzég, combed, and xugva, 
in place of zdyvor, nut, referring to the pectinate border of the nutlets.) — Dim- 
inutive annuals, of the western coast of America, diffuse, strigose-hirsute or canes- 
cent ; with narrow linear leaves, and small and scattered flowers along the whole 
length of the stem, on very short and sometimes recurved pedicels: corolla white, 
minute. — Meisn. Gen. 279; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 847. 


§ 1. Krexospirutm. Nutlets bordered with a coriaceous undulate or laciniate 
wing, geminately divergent.— Ktenospermum, Lehm. Del. Sem. Hort. Hamb. 
1837, without char. Pectocarya, DC. Prodr. x. 120. 


=== P, linedris, DC. Diffuse: nutlets with narrowly oblong body (one or two lines long), 
surrounded by a broad wing, which is pectinately or laciniately and often irregularly parted 
or cleft into subulate teeth, ending in a delicate uncinate-tipped bristle: cotyledons ob- 
long. — Benth. Gen. l.c. P. linearis & P. Chilensis, WC. Prodr. l.u. P. Chilensis, C. Gay, 
Fl. Chil. t. 52, bis, fig. 2. P. Chilensis, var. Californica, Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. v. 124. P. 
lateriflora, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 581, &c., not DC. C'ynoglossum lineare, Ruiz & Pav. Fl. ii. 6. — 
Dry gravelly soil, southern part of California, Utah, and Arizona. (Chili.) One form, 
answering to P. linearis, DC., has coarsely cleft nearly plane wings ; another, answering to 
P. Chilensis, DC., has narrower and more pectinate teeth to a somewhat incurved wing, 
and the nutlet arcuate-recurved in age. 

——P. penicilldta, A.DC., 1.c. Very diffuse and slender: nutlets with oblong body (a line 
long) surrounded by a merely undulate or pandurate wing (incurved in age), its rounded 
apex thickly and the sides rarely or not at all beset with slender uncinate bristles: cotyle- 
dons oblong-obovate. — Cynoglossum penicillatum, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 371.— British 
Columbia (Jfacoun) to California and W. Nevada. (The Missouri habitat and the syn. 
of Nuttall, cited by A. DeCandolle, belong to Echinospermum Redowskii.) 

P. tatErrrLora, DC., of Peru, has broadly obovate and less geminate nutlets, as noted by 
Bentham, with the wing dentate in the manner of P. linearis. 


§ 2. Grovétia. Nutlets broadly obovate and equably divergent (a line long), 
the wing or margin entire: cotyledons broadly obovate. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 
xil. 81. Gruvelia, A.DC. Prodr. x. 119. 


——— P. setésa, Gray, l.c. Hispid, as well as minutely strigose-pubescent, rather stout: 
calyx-lobes armed with 3 or 4 very large divergent bristles: nutlets bordered by a broadish 
(entire or obscurely undulate) thin-scarious wing; the faces as well as margins beset with 
slender uncinate-tipped bristles. — 8. E. California, on the Mohave desert, Pulmer. 

— P. pusilla, Gray, l.c. Strigulose-canescent, slender: nutlets cuneate-obovate, wingless, 
and with a carinate mid-nerve on the upper face, the acute margin beset with a row of 
slender uncinate-tipped bristles. — Gruvelia pusilla, A.DC. Prodr. x. 119; C. Gay, Fl. Chil. 
lc. fig. 83. — Common about Yreka, in the northern part of California, apneiently native, 
Greene. (Chili) 


9. CYNOGLOSSUM, Tourn. Horypstoneve. (Kio, dog, and yicca, 
tongue, from the shape and soft surface of the leaves of the commonest species.) 
— Mostly stout and coarse herbs; with a heavy herbaceous scent, and usually 
broad leaves, the lower petioled. Flowers in panicled mostly bractless racemes 
(purple, blue, or white), in summer. 


* Biennial weed of the Old World: nutlets with somewhat depressed back surrounded by a slightly 
raised margin, ascending on the pyramidal gynobase, and after separation hanging by the splitting 
from the base of exterior portions of the long-subuiate indurated style. 

seme C, orFicinALE, L. Common Hotnpstoneve. About 2 feet high, soft-pubescent, some- 
what canescent, leafy to the top: leaves lanceolate or the lower oblong: flowers rather 
large: corolla rotate-campanulate, dull red purple (and a white variety), little exceeding 
the calyx —FI. Dan. t. 1147; Schk. Handb. t.30.— Pastures and waste grounds, Atlantic 
States : burs adhering to fleece, &c. (Nat. from Eu.) 


188 BORRAGINACEA. Cynoglossum. 


% x Perennial and indigenous: racemes elevated on a naked terminal peduncle: nutlets hori- 
zontal or nearly so, tumid, not margined, 
++ Separating from the low-pyramidal gynobase and usually carrying away portions of the rather 
short slender-subulate style. 
=== C. Virginicum, L. About 2 feet high, hirsute, few-leaved: radical and lowest cauline 
leaves oval or oblong (4 to 10 inches long) and rather abruptly contracted into a long 
margined petiole; the upper oblong or ovate-lanceolate, conspicuously cordate-clasping : 
common peduncle half a foot or so in length: tube of the corolla hardly longer than the 
calyx-lobes (1 or 2 lines long) and not longer than the comparatively ample (pale blue) 
lobes. — C. amplexicaule, Michx. Fl. i. 132. Open woods, Upper Canada and Saskatchewan 
to Florida and Louisiana. 
+— + Nutlets horizontal on a very depressed gynobase, at separation free from the long and slen- 
der style: Pacific species, with violet or blue and rather large paniculate-racemose flowers. 
— C. occidentale, Gray. Hirsute-pubescent or in age almost hispid, about a foot high: 
lower leaves spatulate, tapering gradually into winged petioles; the upper from lanceolate 
to ovate and partly clasping : tube of the corolla longer than the lanceolate calyx-lobes, 
and twice or thrice the length of its own roundish lobes: style wholly filiform: nutlets 
very tumid, almost globular, 4 lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 58, & Bot. Calif. i. 531. — 
California, in the Sierra Nevada from Plumas Co. northward, Burgess, Lemmon, Mrs. Austin. 
===C. grdnde, Dougl. Soft-villous-pubescent, hardly hirsute below, becoming glabrate in 
age, about 2 feet high: lower leaves ovate- or subcordate-oblong and acute or acuminate, 
4 to 8 inches long, on margined petioles of about the same length; the upper smaller, from 
ovate to lanceolate, abruptly contracted into shorter winged petioles: tube of the corolla 
slightly exceeding the ovate calyx-lobes, and hardly longer than its own ample lobes (these 
2 or 8 lines long): slender style thicker towards the base: mature fruit unknown. — Hook. 
Fl. ii. 85; DC. Prodr. x. 153; Gray, l.c. C. officinale, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 152, not L. 
— In woods, from Monterey, California, to Washington Terr. 

C. leve. Smooth and glabrous, except some soft and apparently deciduous pubescence on 
the lower face of the leaves (which otherwise resemble those of C. grande), and more on 
the lanceolate divisions of the calyx: flowers few: lobes of the corolla (1 or 2 lines long) 
about half the length of the tube: filiform style bardly thickened downward: fruit not 
seen. — Plumas Co., California, Mrs. Pulsifer-Ames. 

* * * Perennials of doubtful genus (fruit unknown), with linear sessile leaves, bracteatc racemes, 
rotate blue corolla, and short style. 

C. cilidtum, Dougl. A foot or more high, canescently hirsute, the hairs on the lower 
part of the stem retrorse: leaves tomentose-hirsute, ciliate, 8-nerved; the lower 4 inches 
long and 2 lines wide, the upper an inch long: racemes subcorymbose: calyx-lobes lanceo- 
late, obtuse: stigma capitate. —Lehm. Pug. ii. 24, & in Hook. Fl. ii. 85, from which the 
above description has been compiled. — “ Dry banks of mountain streams, Little Falls of 
the Columbia and upwards to the Rocky Mountains, Douglas.” 

C. Howardi. Depressed-cespitose, sericeous-canescent with appressed pubescence: leaves 
mainly crowded on the tufted branches of the caudex, 5 to 8 lines long, spatulate-linear: 
flowering stems an inch or two high, 3-4-leaved, densely few-flowered at the summit : bracts 
linear, equalling the linear calyx-lobes : corolla with rounded lobes (a line and a half long) ; 
fornicate appendages large ; the tube very short: stigma truncate. — Rocky Mountains in 
Montana, Winslow J. Howard. In flower only : apparently related to the preceding. 


10. ECHINOSPERMUM, Swartz. Srickseep. (Formed of éyirog, a 
hedgehog, and czégue, seed, referring to the prickly bur.) — Annuals, biennials, 
or occasionally perennials (the greater part of the Old World), either pubescent 
or hispid; with racemose or spicate flowers, usually small, blue or whitish; the 
inflorescence either bracteate or nearly bractless. The nutlets are troublesome 
burs. 


§ 1. L&pputa. Prickles of the fruit glochidiate-barbed at the apex, naked 
below (when only marginal sometimes confluent by their bases into a wing.) — 
Lappula, Mench. LEchinospermum § Homalocaryum & § Lappula, A.DC. 


Evchinospermum. BORRAGINACE.E. 189 


* Racemes panicled, leafy-bracteate only at base, minutely bracteate or bractless above: slender 
pedicels recurved or deflexed in fruit: calyx-lobes lanceolate or oblong, shorter than the fruit, 
and at length retlexed under it: scar of the nutlets ovate ur triangular, medial or infra-medial: 
gy pobets short pyramidal: biennials or annuals, some perhaps perennials, pubescent or hirsute, 
not hispid. 


+ Corolla short-funnelform (blue) ; the tube surpassing the calyx, about the length of the lobes. 


e-H. diffisum, Lehm. A foot or so high: leaves oblong-lanceolate; or the lowest spatu- 
late, narrowed at base into long wing-margined petioles ; the upper sessile, from oblong- 
lanceolate to ovate or cordate, passing into small bracts: racemes commonly loose and 
spreading: fruiting pedicels 3 to 5 lines long: limb of the bright blue corolla from half 
inch in diameter to much smaller: style slender: fruit a globose bur; the nutlets 3 lines 
long, densely muriculate-scabrous, rather sparsely armed throughout with long and flat- 
tened prickles ; the scar large and broadly ovate: gynobase broadly pyramidal. — Pug. 
ii. 25, & in Hook. Fl. ii. 83. £. nervosum, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 146, fig. 42. E. 
deflerum, var. floribundum, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 541, in part. — Open woods, &c., Oregon, and 
Californig, along the Sierra Nevada, where it is common. 
ea ae Cut rotate (from blue to nearly white); its tube shorter than the calyx and the lobes. 


—— E. floribindum, Lehm., l.c. Rather strict, 2 feet or more high, or sometimes smaller : 
leaves from oblong- to linear-lanceolate; the lowest tapering into margined petioles: 
racemes numerous, commonly geminate and in fruit rather strict: nutlets with elongated 
triangular back naked (2 lines long), merely scabrous ; and the margin armed with a close 
row of flat subulate prickles, their bases often confluent ; scar smaller and narrowly ovate. 
— Hook. Fl. ii. 84, t. 164. £. deflerum, var. floribundum, Watson, Bot. King, 246; Gray, 
lc. mainly. £. subdecumbens, Parry in Proc. Davenport Acad. i. 148.a small form, said to 
be perennial. — Lake Winnipeg to British Columbia, and south to New Mexico and Cali- 
fornia. Limb of corolla varying from 2 to 5 lines in diameter. 

——H. defiéxum, Lehm. Diffusely branched, a foot or so high: leaves from oblong to 
lanceolate : racemes lax, loosely paniculate: flowers soon sparse, smaller than in the pre- 
ceding: nutlets smaller, and the mostly naked back (a line long) broader. — Asper. 120, & 
in Hook. lc. Myosotis deflera, Wahl. Act. Holm. 1810, 113, t.4; Fl. Dan. t. 1568.— Sas- 
katchewan, and Winnipeg Valley, Drummond, Bourgeau. Brit. Columbia, Lyall. Habit 
intermediate between the preceding and following ; the American specimens having occa- 
sionally some few prickles developed from the rough-granulate dorsal face of the nutlets. 
Fruit as well as flowers about half the size of that of E. floribundum. (Siberia to Eu.) 

=e BH. Virginicum, Lehm., l.c. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, erect, with long and widely spread- 
ing branches: -radical leaves round-ovate or cordate, slender-petioled ; cauline (3 to 8 inches 

‘long) ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends; uppermost passing into 

lanceolate bracts: loosely paniculate racemes divaricate, filiform: pedicel and flower each 

about a line long: corolla slightly surpassing the calyx, pale blue or white: fruit globular, 

2 lines in diameter, armed all over with short prickles. — 1Wyosotis Virginiana, L. Spec. 159. 

AM. Virginica, L. Spec. ed. 2, 189 (Moris. Hist. iii. 449, sect. 11, t. 80, fig. 9). Cynoglossum 

orisoni, DC. Prodr. x. 155.— Borders of woods and thickets, Canada to Alabama and 

Louisiana. 

% x Spikes leafy-bracteate: pedicels erect or merely spreading. stout, shorter than the calyx: 
lobes of the latter little shorter than the small corolla, becoming foliaceous and often unequal, 
mostly exceeding the fruit: scar of the nutlets long and narrow. occupying most of the ventral 
angle, corresponding with the subulate gynobase: annuals, with rough or hispid pubescence: 
leaves linear, lanceolate, or the lower somewhat spatulate. 

ss H LAppcia, Lehm.,1.c. Erect, a foot or two high, branched above; nutlets rough-granu- 
late or tuberculate on the back, the margins with a double row of slender and distinct 
prickles, or these irregular over most of the back. — Fl. Dan. t.692.— Waste and culti- 
vated grounds, from the Middle Atlantic States to Canada. (Nat. from Eu.) 

BE. Redowskii, Lehm., l.c. Erect, a span to 2 feet high, paniculately branched: nut- 
lets irregularly and minutely muricately tuberculate; the margins armed with a single 
row of stout flattened prickles, which are not rarely confluent at base. — Gray, Proc. Acad. 
Philad. 1862, 165; Watson, Bot. King, 246, t. 23, fig. 9-12. Wyosotis Redowskii, Hornem. 
Hort. Hafn. i. 174. £. intermedium, Ledeb. Fl. Alt. & Ic. ii. t. 180. (NX. Asia.) 

=== Var. occidentale, Watson, Il.c., the American plant, is less strict, at length 
diffuse, and the tubercles or scabrosities of the nutlet are sharp instead of blunt or round- 


190 BORRAGINACEZ. Echinospermum. 


ish, as in the Asiatic plant. — EZ. patulum, Lehm. in Hook. Fl. ii. 84; Torr. in Wilkes Exp. 
xvii. 418. £. Lappula, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech., not Lehm. £. pilosum, Buckley in Proce. 
Acad. Philad. 1861. Cynoglossum pilosum? Nutt. Gen. i. 114.— Plains, Saskatchewan and 
Minnesota to Texas, and west to Arizona and Alaska. 

—— Var. cupuldtum, Gray. Prickles of the nutlet broadened and thickened below 
and united into a wing or border, which often indurates and enlarges, forming a cup (the 
disk becoming depressed), with margin more or less incurved at maturity, sometimes only 
the tips of the prickles free. — Bot. Calif. i. 530. E. strictum, Nees in Neuwied, Trav. App. 
17; Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 15, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 1.c., not Ledeb. E. Redowskii, var. 
strictum, Watson, l.c. E, Texanum, Scheele in Linn. xxv. 260. FE. scabrosum, Buckley, 1. c. 
— Nebraska to Texas and Nevada, with the common form, into: which it passes. 


§ 2, Ecutnociécuin, Gray. Prickles of the marginless nutlets (disposed 
without order over the back) beset for their whole length with short retrorse 
barbs; the scar next the base, ovate: calyx open but not reflexed in fruit: ssti- 
vation of the white corolla between convolute and imbricate (i.e. convolute ex- 
cept that one lobe is wholly interior) ; the fornicate appendages small: pedicels 


of the partly bracteate raceme erect, apparently articulated with the axis.— Proc. 
Am. Acad. xii. 163. 


BH. Greénei, Gray, l.c. Annual, with the habit of Eritrichium fulvum, diffusely branched 
from the base, a span high or more, strigulose-pubescent with whitish hairs, and the calyx 
silky-hirsute with fulvous-yellow hairs: leaves linear (a line or more wide, the lower an inch 
or two long), obtuse : racemes simple or forked, rather loose, leafy or bracteate at base and 
occasionally above: flowers 2 lines long: calyx-lobes oblong-linear, obtuse, nearly equalling 
the corolla: dilated limb of the latter 2 lines wide or nearly: stamens low on the tube: 
nutlets a line and a half long, shorter than the calyx, ovate-trigonous, obtusely carinate on 
the back, acutely carinate ventrally down to the low scar, minutely tuberculate-scabrous 
throughout ; the scattered barbed prickles terete, rather slender, a third to half line long. 
—Northern part of California, common about Yreka, F. L. Greene. An additional link 
between Echinospermum and Fritrichium, perhaps deserving the rank of a genus. 


11. ERITRICHIUM, Schrader. (Composed of éorov, wool, and totyor, 
small hair, the original species being woolly-hairy.) — Now a large genus of wide 
distribution, but most largely W. N. American, between AZyosotis on one hand 
and Echinospermum on the other, not quite definitely distinguished from the 
latter. Lower leaves not rarely opposite. Flowers (spring and summer) white, 
in a few blue, only in the last species yellow. Calyx circumscissile and deciduous 
from the fruit in a few species, otherwise persistent. — A.DC. Prodr. x. 124, excl. 
spec.; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x.55 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 850. Krynitzhkia, 
Plagiobothrys, &c., Fisch. & Meyer. 


§ 1, Evenitricurum, Gray, ].c. Nutlets obliquely attached by the base of 
inner angle to a low-conical or pyramidal gynobase; the scar roundish or oblong, 
small: seed amphitropous, ascending: tube of the corolla not exceeding the calyx: 
pedicels not articulated with the rachis. 

* (ECHINOSPERMOIDEA.) Nutlets with a pectinate-toothed or spinulose dorsal border: cespitose 

dwarf perennials. — /ritrichium, Schrader. 

o=e FH. ndnum, Schrader. Cespitose in pulvinate tufts, rising an inch or two above the 
surface, densely villous with long and soft white hairs: leaves oblong, 3 to 5 lines long: 
flowers terminating very short densely leafy shoots, or more racemose on developed few- 
leaved stems of an inch or more in height, short-pedicelled, some of them bracteate: 
corolla with limb very bright cerulean blue, 2 or 8 lines in diameter: crest-like or wing- 

like border of the nutlet various, mostly cut into slender teeth or lobes. (Alps of Eu.) 
=== Var. aretioides, Herder. More condensed: leaves varying from ovate to lanceo- 

late: long villous hairs sometimes with papillose-dilated base. — Radde, Riesen, iv. 253; 


Eritrichium. BORRAGINACES. 191 


Gray, l.c. £. aretioides, DC. Prodr. x. 125; Seemann, Bot. Herald, 37, t. 8. E. villosum, 

var. aretioides, Gray in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 73; Watson, Bot. King, 241.  Jfyosotis 

nana, Torr. in Ann. Lye. N.Y. ii. 225. Mf. aretioides, Cham. in Linn. iv. 443. — Highest 

Rocky Mountains of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming, and north-west arctic coast and 

islands. Teeth or spines of the nutlets not rarely with a few bristly points, so that they 

would be glochidiate in the manner of Echinospermum if retrorse. The Rocky Mountain 
plant is very near the European, but whiter-villous. The form on the N. W. coast’ more 
sparsely and less softly villous, passing into 

Var. Chamissonis, Herder, l.c. A stouter form, with broader leaves imbricated 
on the stems, and the grey hairs commonly with papillose-dilated base. — E. C‘hamissonis, 

DC. le. Myosutis villosa, Cham. 1. c. —Island of St. Paul. (Adjacent Asia.) 

%* * (MyosoTIDEA.) Nutlets not appendaged, ovate, oblong, or trigonous: low and mostly diffuse 
or spreading annuals (in South merica some perennials), sparsely or minutely hirsute: leaves 
Wears a lower commonly opposite: flowers white, some bracteate, others racemose or spicate 

ractless. 


+— Flowers very small: corolla only a line long; the folds or appendages in its throat inconspic- 
uous and smooth: stems diffuse or decumbent, a span or so in length. 

E. plebéium, A.DC,. Sparsely and minutely hirsute or glabrate: leaves lax (the larger 
2 inches long and 2 lines wide): flowers scattered, on pedicels shorter than the calyx, 
which is open in fruit and the divisions foliaceous-accrescent: nutlets ovate-trigonous, a 
line long, coarsely rugose-reticulated, glabrous, sharply carinate ventrally down to the 
large ovate scar and dorsally only along the narrowish apex. —Gray, l.c. Lithospermum 
plebeium, Cham. & Schlecht. in Linn. iv. 446. — Aleutian Islands, Chamisso, Harrington. 


«== HF. Califérnicum, DC. Slender, more or less hirsute: leaves mostly smaller and nar- 


rower: stems flowering from near the base: flowers almost sessile, most or all the lower 
accompanied by leaves or bracts, at length scattered: calyx lax or open in fruit: nutlets 
ovate-oblong, transversely rugose and minutely scabrous or smooth, small; the scar almost 
basal. — Prodr. x. 130; Watson, Bot. King, 242. Ifyosotis Californica, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. 
Sem. Petrop. 1835.—Springy or muddy ground, through California and Oregon to New 
Mexico and Wyoming. Passes into 
Var. subglochididtum, Gray. Slightly succulent: lower leaves inclined to 
spatulate: nutlets when young minutely more or less hirsute or hispid, especially on the 
crests of the rugosities, some of these little bristles becoming stouter and appearing glo- 
chidiate under a lens! — Bot. Calif. i. 526.— E. California to Wyoming and Colorado. 
+ + Corolla surpassing the calyx, with comparatively ample limb 2} to 4 or even 5 lines in 
diameter. therefore appearing ‘rotate; the appendages in its throat conspicuous and vellow- 


uberulent: inflorescence more racemose: most of the lower leaves opposite, merely sparsely 
irsute: calyx when young often ferrugineous-hirsute. 


——HF. Scotileri, A.DC. Slender, mostly erect, a span toa foot high: leaves narrowly linear 


(an inch or two long) : flowers in geminate or sometimes paniculate slender naked spikes, 
most of them bractless: pedicels erect or ascending, from very. short to at most a line 
long: calyx erect in fruit: nutlets rugulose, glabrous, half line long; the scar small. — 
Gray, le. Ifyosotis Chorisiana, Lehm. in Hook. FI. ii. $3, not Cham. Jf. Scouleri, Hook. & 
Arn. Bot. Beech. 370. Eritrichivm plebetum, Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep.iv. 124, not DC. E£. 
Chorisianum, plebeium, & part of Californicum, Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 397. — Compara- 
tively dry soil, W. Oregon and California. Scems to pass into the next. 


—— -E. Chorisianum, DC. At first erect, soon diffusely spreading or decumbent: larger 


leaves 2 to 4 inches long: flowers in lax usually solitary racemes, many of them leafy- 
bracted: pedicels spreading, sometimes filiform and 2 to 9 lines long, sometimes even 
shorter than the calyx: corolla more funnelform, its ample limb 3 to 5 lines in diameter: 
nutlets (half line long) minutely rugose-tuberculate; the scar narrow. — Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. x. 56, & Bot. Calif. i. 525. £. connatifolium, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 103, 
fig. 51. Wyosotis Chorisiana, Cham. & Schlecht. 1. c.— Wet ground, California along the 
coast and the bays of Monterey and San Francisco. 


>+§ 2. Praciopéruryrs, Gray, 1].c Nutlets broadly ovate-trigonous, incurved 


(the narrowed tips conniving over the short style), rugose, attached by the middle 
of the concave or seemingly hollowed ventral face to a globular or short-conical 


gynobase, by saeans of a salient caruncle-like portion, which at maturity separates 
oe a 
—_ fo is, JO MELE, EY OL CAE 


Stee: “A: Yaw Lb72 


— 


ay 
i AY 7 


192 BORRAGINACES. Eritrichium. 


from a corresponding deep cavity of the side of the gynobase, and persists on the 
nutlet in place of the ordinary areola or scar (when only one nutlet matures it 
becomes incumbent): seed amphitropous, attached above the middle of the cell: 
herbage villous-hirsute: calyx in the original species at length circumscissile 
above the base ! — Plagiobothrys, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. 1835, 46; 
not well characterized, the fruit being probably immature. 


% (GENUINA.) Mature nutlets very concave ventrally ; the caruncle narrow and projecting, usuall 
oval, each fitting into an orbicular cavity of the globular gynobase: low annuals, with small 
tlowers, and villous or silky-hirsute but not hispid calyx. 


+ Nutlets dull or slightly shining, cartilaginous or coriaceous; the lines or ribs narrow and ele- 
vated, bounding depressed areolw; the dorsal keel more or less salient. 

== HF. filvum, A.DC. A span to a foot high, slender, branched from the leafy base, loosely 
hirsute or merely pubescent: leaves linear or the lower and larger lanceolate or spatulate ; 
the upper sparse and small: spikes at maturity nearly filiform, bracteate only at base: 
calyx, &c., densely clothed with dark-ferruginous and some merely fulvous hairs, circum- 
scissile from the mature fruit; the lobes narrow-lanceolate: limb of corolla 2 lines in 
diameter: nutlets (a line long) rugose with broad and shallow areolations. — Prodr. x. 182 ; 
Gray, l.c. 57. ALyosotis fulva, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 88 (the Chilian plant, which has 
rather longer ‘and narrower calyx-lobes), & 369. Plagiobothrys rufescens, Fisch. & Meyer, 
le; A.DC. Lc. 184. P. canescens, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 397 (no. 411, Hall). — Open 
grounds, California and Oregon, toward the coast. (Chili.) 

———= H. canéscens, Gray, l.v. Stouter and generally larger than the preceding, leafy, vil- 
lous-hirsute ; the pubescence whitish, even that of the calyx barely fulvous: leaves linear: 
calyx larger and with broader lanceolate lobes, less closed over the fruit and hardly if at all 
circumscissile: nutlets usually with more prominent transverse ribs. — Plagiobothrys ca- 
nescens, Benth, Pl. Hartw. 526. = W. California and north to the Columbia River. 

(GVM eteten, C75 
qe Te MCE sae Ring or enamel-like at maturity; the lines bounding the 


long transverse and closely ‘packed rug very slender and impressed: low plants, seldom a 
span high: limb of corolla a line or two in diameter: calyx hardly if at all cireumscissile at 

maturity. 
== H. tenéllum, Gray, l.c. Hirsute with rather soft hairs; those of the calyx more or less 
fulvous or rusty-yellowish: stems slender and erect: radical leaves in a rosulate tuft, 
oblanceolate or broadly linear; the cauline rather few and small: spike few-flowered and 
interrupted, leafy only at base: calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate: nutlets (a line long) 
very shining, somewhat cruciate from the abrupt contraction at both base and apex, hol- 
lowed on the ventral face, the close and straight transverse wrinkles either smooth or 
sparsely and sharply muricate. — E. fulvum, Watson, Bot. King, 243; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 

viii. 397, not A.DC. Myosotis (Dasymorpha) tenella, Nutt. in Hook. Kew Jour. Bot. vy. 295. 

— Northern California to British Columbia, Nevada, and Idaho. 

E. Torréyi, Gray, 1. ce. More hispidly hirsute, the hairs even of the calyx greyish, much 
branched from the root: stems diffuse or decumbent, leafy ; the flowers mainly leafy- 
bracteate: leaves broadly oblong: nutlets rather larger than in the preceding and less 
shining, broadly ovate, not cruciate nor muricate but smooth (or next the margins obscurely 
tuberculate), the straight wrinkles rather broader; caruncle not projecting. — California, 
Sierra Nevada, near Yosemite Valley, Torrey. Sierra Valley, Lemmon; the latter a de- 
pressed and very leafy form, with scattered flowers, accompanied throughout by leaves. 

%* * (AmpBicuA.) Mature nutlets moderately incurved, affixed to the obtusely conical or pyra- 
midal gynobase by a vertical narrow crest (answering to the caruncle) which occupies the middle 
third of the concave face of the nutlet (terminating above in the sharp ventral keel which ex- 
tends to the apex); the cavities of the gynobase oblong-ovate in outline: calyx, &c., more or less 
setose-hispid. 

EH. Kingii, Watson. Apparently biennial, villous-hirsute and more or less hispid : stems 
a span or so high, rather stout: leaves from spatulate or oblong to spatulate-linear: inflo- 
rescence at first thyrsoid ; the flowers in short spikes or clusters which are commonly leafy 
at base: tube of the corolla not longer than the lanceolate calyx-lobes; its limb 4 lines in 
diameter, or sometimes one-half smaller: nutlets coriaceous, dull, irregularly rugose, not 
distinctly carinate on the back, fully a line long. — Bot. King, 243, t. 23 (in flower) ; Gray, 
Proc. Am. Acad. x. 60, & Bot. Calif. i. 628.— Eastern portion of the Sierra Nevada, in Ne- 


Eritrichium. BORRAGINACE.E. 193 


vada and California; Truckee Pass, Watson, a larger-flowered form. Sierra Valley, Zemmon, 


a smaller-flowered form and with some fruit. Connects Plagiolothrys with the following 
section. 


x § 3. Krryyitzxia, Gray. Nutlets ventrally attached from next the base to 
the middle or to the apex to the pyramidal or columnar or subulate gynobase ; 
the scar mostly suleate or slightly excavated: seed from amphitropous to nearly 
anatropous, commonly pendulous: corolla (except in the last species) white: 
calyx 5-parted, closed in fruit. — Arynitzkia, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. 
1841, 52. § Arynitzhia & § Piptocalyr, Gray. 1. ¢. 

% (EUKRYSITZKIA.) Nutlets without acute lateral anzles or margins, the sides more commonly 


rounded: corolla mostly small; the tube not surpassing the mostly setose-hispid calyx: anthers 
oval: root annual. 


+— Calyx early circumscissile; the 5-cleft upper portion falling away, leaving a membranaceous 
somewhat crenate-margined base persistent around the fruit: corolla with naked and open throat: 
anthers mucronate: flowers all leafy-bracteate and sessile. — Piptocalyx, Torr. 

s== HE. circumscissum, Gray. Depressed-spreading, very much branched from the annual 
root, an inch to a span high, whitish-hispid throughout: narrow linear leaves (a quarter to 
half inch long) and very small flowers crowded, especially on the upper part of the 
branches: nutlets oblong-ovate, smooth or minutely puncticulate-scabrous, attached by a 
narrow groove (with transverse basal bifurcation) for nearly the whole length to the pyra- 
midal-subulate gynobase. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 53, & Bot. Calif. i. 527. Lithospermune cir- 
cumscissum, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 370. Piptocalyxr circumscissus, Torr. in Wilkes Exp. 
xvii. 414, t. 12.— Desert plains, E. California to Utah, Wyoming, and Washington Terr. 

+ + Calyx neither cireumscissile nor disarticulating from the axis in age; the lube: linear- 
oblong. obtuse, nearly nerveless; the bristles short and even, not setose or pungent: cvrolla with 
minute if any appendaes at the throat: nutlets attached for the whole length to a slender 
columnar gvnobase by a groove which does not bifurcate nor sensibly enlarge at base: flowers all 
leafy-bracteate, short-pedicelled: style at length thickened! 

—— E. micranthum, Torr. Hirsute-canescent, slender, 2 to 5 inches high. at length dif- 
fusely much branched: leaves linear, only 2 to 4 lines long: flowers in the furks. and much 
crowded in short leafy spikes, about equalling the upper bracts: corolla barely a line high, 
and its lobes one to two-thirds of a line long, obscurely appendaged at the throat: nutlets 
oblong-ovate, acute or acuminate, smooth and shining or dull and puncticulate-scabrous (half 
to two-thirds of a line long) : style becoming thicker than the gynobase, or even pyramidal. 
— Bot. Mex. Bound. 141; Watson, Bot. King, 244.— Dry plains, western border of Texas 
through Utah and Arizona to E. California, where larger flowered specimens connect with 

Var. lépidum. Less slender and more hirsute : corolla larger, its expanded limb 2 or 3 
lines in diameter; the appendages or folds. in the throat very manifest : nutlets nearly a 
line long, puncticulate-scalrous. ~ California, in San Diego Co., D. Cleveland. 
+— + + Calyx not cireumscissile, 5-parted, conspicuously and often pungently hispid with I-rge 

stiff bristle<. and the lobes usually with a stout midnerve; the whole calyx (or short pedicel) in 
several spc.ivs inclined to disarticulate at maturity and to form a sort of bur, loosely enclosing 
the nutlets: inflorescence scorpioid-spicate, without or partly with bracts. 


++ Gynobase slender and narrow: nutlets with narrow srooved scar. or continued into a groove 
above the attachment and s« running the whole length of the ventral face: spikes when developed 
mainly bractless: leaves in all linear. 


== Lobes of the fructiferous calyx very narrow: the strong bristles below reflexed and partly unci- 
nate: appendages in the throat of the small corolla obsolete or wanting: only one nutlet 
usually maturing. 

——™ E. oxycaryum, Gray. Somewhat canescently strigulose-pubescent or above hirsute, 
slender, 6 to 20 inches high: leaves narrow: spikes dense in age, but slender, becoming 
strict, and with the sessile fruiting calyx appressed: this at most 2 lines long, thickly beset 
toward the base with stout reflexed bristles (of a line or less in length), the tips of some 
of them curving: nutlet ovate-acuminate or ovate-lanceolate, very smooth and shining, 
fully a line long, much surpassing the subulate gynobase and style, affixed to the latter 
only by the lower half or third of the narrow ventral groove.— Proc. Am. Acad. x. 58, & 
Bot. Calif. i526. Myosotis flaccida, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 369, ex Benth., not Dough 
Krynitzkia leiocarpa, Benth. Pl. Hartw. (no. 1572), 326, not Fisch. & Meyer. — Common in 


W. California. (Not seen from Oregon.) 2 = 
I. ieee PD pe-tes = 


ev 


Nance, Pee 


194 BORRAGINACE. Eritrichium. 


== = Lobes of fructiferous calyx very narrowly linear, twice or thrice the length of the nutlets, 
armed with remarkably long and straight spreading bristles: appendages in throat of corolla evident. 
EB. angustifolium, Torr. Hispid with spreading bristles, a span high, diffuse: leaves 
narrowly linear: spikes often geminate, dense and slender: corolla barely a line long and 
with a small limb: calyx-lobes almost filiform in age, seldom over a line long, beset with 
divaricate bristles of the same length: nutlets half a line long, ovate-triangular, with mi- 
nutely granulate surface, all four maturing, little longer than the conical-subulate gyno- 
base, to which they are attached by a narrow grooved scar with somewhat broader base. 
— Pacif. R. Rep. v.363, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 141. — South-eastern California and Western 
Arizona. (Lower Calif.) 

— E. barbigerum. Hispid and hirsute, stouter, a span to a foot high, freely branching : 
leaves broader: spikes solitary or paniculate, elongating; the flowers at length rather 
sparse and less secund: limb of the corolla sometimes 3 lines in diameter: calyx-lobes 
linear-attenuate, in fruit 3 or 4 lines long, thickly beset with long shaggy bristles (of 14 to 
2 lines length), which are sometimes accompanied with long white-villous hairs: nutlet 
commonly by abortion solitary, and a line or more in length, surpassing the style, ovate- 
trigonous and somewhat acuminate, muricate-papillose, attached by the lower half and 
more to the subulate-columnar gynobase, the scar dilated at base (infertile ovary-lobes 
remaining on the gynobase, attached for almost their whole length). — 8. California, from 
Santa Barbara Co. to S. Utah and Arizona, Parry, Palmer, Smart, Rothrock, &c. Has been 
confounded in imperfect specimens with the preceding and some of the following. 
= = = Lobes of the fructiferous calyx less attenuated, and the bristles less elongated: appen- 

dages of the throat of the corolla conspicuous: all four nutlets usually maturing. 
axe H. leiocdarpum, Watson. Roughish-hirsute or hispid, with mostly ascending hairs, a 
span to a foot high, usually branching freely: spikes when clongated becoming rather 
loosely-flowered: limb of corolla 2 lines or less in diameter: fructiferous calyx-lobes sel- 
dom over 2 lines long, from narrowly lanceolate to narrow-linear: nutlets ovate and oblong- 
ovate, very smooth and shining, a line or less long, somewhat surpassing the persistent 
style, attached from the middle downward to the subulate gynobase by a very slender scar 
which is divergently bifurcate at the very base. — Bot. King, 244; Gray, 1. c. —£chino- 
spermum leiocarpum, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. 1855, 86. Atrynitzkia letocarpa, 
Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. 1841, 52; A.DC. lc. ALyosotis flaccida, Dougl. in Hook. 
Fl. ii. 82.— California to borders of British Columbia, and east to New Mexico and 
Saskatchewan. A wide-spread and also variable species. 
ome H. muriculatum, A.DC. Stouter, leafy, more hirsute-hispid with spreading hairs, a 
foot or two high: spikes often geminate or collected in a 3-5-radiate pedunculate cyme: 
limb of corolla 2 or 8 lines in diameter: calyx-lobes lanceolate, in fruit only 14 to 2 lines 
long and seldom twice the length of the nutlets: these ovate-triangular, obtuse, a line 
long, not equalling the style, dull or nearly so, muricate-papillose on the back and some- 
times on the inner faces also, attached to the subulate gynobase for two-thirds of their 
length by a grooved scar which widens downward and is transversely dilated at base. — 
Prodr. ix. 182. Afyosotis muricuta, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 369.— California, Douglas 
(specimen, in flower only, wrongly referred, in Proc. Am. Acad. x. 59, to LE. canescens), Brewer, 
Palmer (in fruit, San Buenaventura and back of San Simeon Bay), Coulter, Nantus, &e. 
—— Var. ambiguum. Fruit of £. murieulatum, or usually sparsely and more minutely 
muriculate, equally dull, equalling and usually somewhat surpassing the persistent style, 
yet occasionally shorter: in whole habit, sparse spikes, and generally the longer and nar- 
rower calyx-lobes agreeing with £. leiocarpum, of which there is also a form with lanceolate 
and shorter calyx-lobes. — &. muriculatum, Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exp. xvii. 416, t. 13; Gray, 
Le, mainly. Z. angustifolium, Watson, Bot. King, 241, not Torr., at least not the original 
plant. — California and Nevada to Washington Terr. 
4+ ++ Gynobase broader, pyramidal or conical: nutlets with a correspondingly broader scar 
(L. Terunum excepted): corolla small or minute (the limb only a line or two in diameter): 


calyx very hispid with yellowish or fulvous bristles: rough-hispid annuals, with spikes loose m 
fruit, and mostly leafy-bracteate at base. 


== Nutlets all fertile and alike, small: midrib of calyx-lobes not thickened. 


—~E. pusillum, Torr. & Gray. Low (2 or 3 inches high) and slender: linear leaves 
mainly clustered at the root: flowers rather crowded in small spikes: calyx-lobes ovate- 


Eritrichium. BORRAGINACE.E. 195 


lanceolate: crests in throat of corolla inconspicuous: nutlets half a line long, ovate-tri- 

angular, strongly muricate-granulate on the rounded back, which is bordered by acute 

angles ; the inner faces very smooth and concave when dry ; the ventral angle beveled by 
the deltoid-lanceolate scar which terminates below the apex in a narrow groove: gynobase 
subulate-pyramidal. — Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 171. — North-western borders of Texas and adjacent 

New Mexico, Pope, Wright. Calyx in fruit about a line long, apparently not deciduous 

with the fruit. 

E. hispidum, Buckley. A span or more high, greyish-hispid, diffusely much branched, 
even the loose paniculate spikes mostly leafy: leaves linear: flowers rather scattered: 
calyx-lobes lanceolate: crests in throat of the corolla rather conspicuous: nutlets half 
to two-thirds of a line long, triangular-ovate, without lateral angles, coarsely granulate 
(sometimes almost smooth) round to the deltoid or triangular-lanceolate excavated scar. 
— Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 462; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 59. £. heliotropioides, Torr. Bot. 
Mex. Bound. 140, mainly, excl. syn. DC.— Plains and sandy banks, W. Texas to New 
Mexico, extending into Mexico. Calyx a line long, closed at maturity, and deciduous with 
the enclosed fruit, like a bur. 
= = Nutlets either solitary or dissimilar: calyx-lobes linear, obtuse, thickish, closed over the 

fruit (2 or 3 lines long); the midrib below becoming much thickened and indurated. 

EH. Texanum, A.DC. About a foot high, loosely branching, rough-hispid : leaves obovate- 
oblong or spatulate, or the uppermost linear: spikes mostly leafless: flowers nearly sessile : 
calyx in fruit separating by an articulation: nutlet usually only one maturing, fully a line 
long, oblong-ovate, rounded on the back, smooth and even, but minutely puncticulate, fixed 
by a narrow scar from base to below the middle to a small conical-columnar gynobase. — 
Gray, l. c. — Texas, about Austin, &e., Drummond, Wright, E. Hall. Flowers smaller and 
midrib of the sepals less thickened than in the next. 

—_ HB. crassisépalum, Torr. & Gray. A span high, diffusely much branched from the 
base, very rough-hispid: leaves oblanceolate and linear-spatulate : flowers short-pedicelled, 
many or most of them bracteate: lobes of the persistent calyx greatly thickened below in 
fruit : nutlets ovate, acute, rounded on the back, dissimilar, three of them muricate-granu- 
late and one larger and smooth or nearly so (fully a line long), fixed to the conical-pyra- 
midal gynobase from base to middle by an ovate-lanceolate excavated scar.— Pacif. R. 
Rep. ii. 171; Gray, Proc. l.v. — Plains, Western Texas and New Mexico to Nebraska and 
Saskatchewan. The larger and smooth nutlet, like the similar and only fertile one of £. 
Texanum, appears to be unusually persistent. Short pedicel thickened and indurated with 
the calyx at maturity, disposed to separate tardily by an articulation. 

* * (PTrRyciuM.) Nutlets and flowers of the foregoing subsection; but the former (either all or 
three of them) surrounded by a conspicuous firm-scarious crenate or lobed wing: crests in the 
throat of the corolla rather -mall. « 

——-— E. pterocéryum, Torr. Annual, slender, loosely branching, hirsute: leaves linearor 
the lowest spatulate, often hispid : inflorescence at first cymose-glomerate, usually develop- 
ing a pair of short spikes, mostly bractless: calyx-lobes oblong and in fruit ovate, erect, 
and with rather prominent midrib: corolla very small (its limb less than a line in diam- 
eter): nutlets oblong-ovate, rough or granulate-tuberculate on the rounded back, affixed 
for nearly the whole length to the filiform-subulate gynobase by a narrow groove which 
widens gradually to the base; one of them commonly wingless and rounded at the sides ; 
the others with lateral angles extended into a broad radiatelysstriate wing with toothed or 
crenulate margins. — Wilkes Exp., vii. 415, t.13; Watson, Bot. King, 245; Gray, 1.c.— Dry 
interior region, from the plains of the Columbia River, Washington Territory, through 
Nevada and the borders of California to Arizona, New Mexico, and the borders of Texas. 
Fruiting calyx 2 lines long, rather sparsely hispid, very short-pedicelled, apparently not 
falling with the fruit. Nutlets a line and a half long, including the surrounding broadly 
ovate wing. 

Var. pectinatum, Gray, 1. c., has all the nutlets winged, and the wings pectinately 
cleft half way down. — 8. Utah and Arizona, Parry, Palmer. 

* * * (PsEUDOo-MyosorTis.) Nutlets triangular or triquetrous, with acute or even winged lateral 
angles, attached by half or nearly their whole length to the subulate or slender-pyramidal gyno- 
base: the scar very slender and usually with transversely dilated base: corolla with prominent 
fornicate crests at the throat, and near the base within annulate: biennials or perennials, mostly 
with thyrsiform and leafy-bracteate inflorescence. 


# 


—L 


196 BORRAGINACE. Eritrichium. 


+— Tube of the corolla not longer than the calyx and little if any longer than the lobes; a ring of 
10 small scales or glands above the base within: anthers oval or oblong: style rather short. 


++ Nutlets margined all round with a firm entire wing: plant setose-hispid: corolla small. 

BE. holépterum, Gray. About a foot high, perhaps from an annual root, loosely pan- 
iculate-branched, rather slender: leaves linear, an inch or so long, very rough with the 
papilliform bases of the rigid short bristles: paniculate spikes rather few- and at length 
loosely flowered: calyx and corolla about a line (and the former becoming 2 lines) long: 
immature nutlets ovate-trigonous, a line long, muriculate on the convex back, abruptly 
wing-margined (the wing nearly the breadth of the dorsal disk), attached for nearly the 
whole length to the conical-subulate gynobase.— Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 81.— Ehrenberg, 
Arizona, Palmer. 


—~E. setosissimum, Gray. Stem robust, 2 feet or more high from an apparently biennial 


root, nearly simple, very hispid (as is the whole plant) with long and stiff but slender 
spreading bristles (with or without papilliform base), also cinereous with fine spreading 
hairs: leaves lanceolate-spatulate, the lower 4 or 5 inches long (including the tapering base 
or margined petiole): spikes in fruit elongated (3 or 4 inches long), dense and strict in a 
naked thyrsus: corolla 2 or hardly 8 lines long: anthers on short and thickened inflexed 
filaments : fructiferous calyx fully 3 lines long ; the lobes oblong-lanceolate, carinate by a 
strong midrib: nutlets obcompressed, almost 3 lines long, broadly ovate in outline, dull, 
merely scabrous on the back; the conspicuous wing much narrower than the disk and ex- 
tended round the base; the scar narrow at base: gynobase elongated-subulate. — Proc. 
Am. Acad. 1. c.— Shores of Fish Lake, Utah, at the elevation of 8,700 feet, Z. F. Ward. 
Known only in fruiting specimens, which so much resemble £. glomeratum, var. virgatum, 
that intermediate forms may occur, and the great size, flatness, narrow-based scar, and con- 
spicuous wing of the nutlets may prove inconstant. 
++ ++ Nutlets acutely triangular, wingless. 


a== f}, Jamésii, Torr. <A span or two high from a perennial root, rather stout, branched 


from the hard or lignescent base, canescently silky-tomentose and somewhat hirsute, be- 
coming strigose-hirsute or even hispid in age: leaves oblanceolate or the upper linear, 
obtuse: spikes somewhat panicled or thyrsoid-crowded, moderately elongating, bracteate: 
limb of the short and broad corolla about 3 lines wide: fruiting calyx mostly closing over 
the depressed-globular fruit, which consists of 4 closely fitting very smooth and shining 
broadly triangular nutlets (hardly higher than wide).— Marcy Rep. 294, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 
140; Gray, l.c. £. multicaule, Torr. l.c.,a more hispid form. Myosotis suffruticosa, Torr. 
in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 225.— Plains and sandy shores, western borders of Texas and New 
Mexico to Arizona and Wyoming. —Nutlets almost exact quarters of a sphere, or with 
angles more acute and sides rather concave, attached by the inner angle, also with a 
short transverse scar at base. 


«=F, slomerdtum, DC. A span toa foot or more high from a biennial root, greyish-hirsute 


and hispid : leaves spatulate or linear-spatulate : inflorescence thyrsiform and mostly dense ; 
the short and often forked lateral spikes at length commonly exceeding the subtending 
leaves: calyx very setose-hispid: limb of the corolla 3 to 5 lines in diameter: the crests 
truncate: nutlets forming an ovoid-pyramidal fruit; each triangular-ovate, sparsely more 
or less tuberculate-rugose on the back (a line long), with sharp lateral edges, and sulcate 
ventral angle extending into a broad basal scar. — Watson, Bot. King, 242, t. 23; Gray, Ll. ¢. 
Cynoglossum glomeratum, Pursh, Fl. ii. 729. AM yosot’s glomerata, Nutt. Gen. i. 112; Hook. Fl. 
ij. 82, t.162. Rochelia glomerata, Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. l.c.; Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 
45. J. glomeratum, var. hispidissimum, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 140, may be taken for nearly 
the original of Nuttall and Bradbury, of the Upper Missouri. — Plains of Saskatchewan 
to New Mexico and Utah. Two varieties mark the opposite extremes. 


—=—= Var. humile, Gray. Barely a span high, often tufted on an apparently perennial 


root: pubescence less hispid and generally cancscent, at least the lower leaves; these 
spatulate, an inch or more long: thyrsus spiciform: pubescence and bristles of calyx 
either whitish or tawny yellow.— Proce. Am. Acad. x. 61.— Rocky Mountains from the 
British Boundary to Utah, at 8000 feet, and higher parts of the Sierra Nevada, California. 
Passing on one hand into the typical form, on the other approaching the next species. 
Var. virgatum, Porter. Very hispid, not at all canescent: stem strict, a foot or 
two high, flowering for most of its length in short and dense nearly sessile clusters, which 


Amsinckia. BORRAGINACES. 197 


are generally much shorter than the elongated linear subtending leaves and forming a long 

virgate leafy spike: nutlets less or slightly ruguse on the back, at most a line and a half 

long. — Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado, 102; Gray, le. £. glomeratum, Gray in Am. Jour. 

Sci. ser. 2, xxxiv. 225. £. virgatum, Porter in Hayden Rep. 1870), 47. — Along the base and 

eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains up to 8000 feet, Colorado, Parry, Hall, Porter, &c. A 

well marked form, clearly biennial. 

+ + Tube of the salverform corolla longer than the calyx. and twice or thrice the length of the 
lobes; the ring within (at base of the tube, inconspicuous and truncate, its glands distinct; 
crests of the throat large, often elongated: anthers linear-oblong : style long and filiform: silky- 
canescent perennials, with contracted thyrsoid inflorescence. — § Pseudomyosotis, A.DU. 

E. fulvocanéscens, Gray. -\ span or sv high, cespitose: leaves linear-spatulate or 
oblanceolate, silky-striguse or even tomentose ; the lower with bright white and soft hairs ; 
the upper and the thyrsoid glomerate inflorescence and calyx with fulvous-yellow more 
hirsute hairs and some hispid bristles: corolla white: nutlets roughish or granulated. — 
Proc. Am. Acad. x. 91, & Bot. Calif. lc. £. glomeratum, var.? fulvocanescens, Watson, Bot. 
King, t. 23, fig. 7.— Mountains of New Mexico (Fendler, &c.) to those of Nevada, and north 
to Wyoming. Habit of the dwarf and hoary forms of the preceding species, with longer 
corolla, style, and anthers of the next. 

“———E. leucophéum, A.DC. A span to a foot high, many-stemmed from the lignescent 
base or root: leaves silky-strigose and silvery-canescent, lanceolate and linear, acute: 
spicate-glomerate inflorescence and calyx hirsute and hispid with spreading whitish or yel- 
lowish hairs and slender bristles: corolla cream-colored or yellow: style very long: nutlets 
ovate-triquetrous, smooth and polished, ivory-like, large (14 or 2 lines long) : gynobase very 
slender. — Gray, l.¢. V/yosotis leucophea, Dougl. in Hook. FI. ii. 82, t. 163. — Barren grounds, 
interior of British Columbia and Oregon, Southern Utah, and near Mono Lake, E. Cali- 
fornia. Anthers (always?) borne on the tube of the corolla close below the throat. 
RocHELIA PATENS, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 44, founded on a specimen collected by 

Wyeth on “ Flat-Head River” in the Rocky Mountains, would seem to be an Eritrichium, but 

has not been identified, nor is the specimen to be found in the Academy’s herbarium. 


12. AMSINCKIA, Lehm. (In memory of Win. Amsinck, a burgomaster 
of Hamburg and benefactor of the botanic garden.) — Rough-hispid annuals (W. 
NN. American and one Chilian) ; with oblong or linear leaves, and scorpivid-spicate 
flowers, sometimes the lowest and rarely (in the last species) all leafy-bracteate ; 
the corolla yellow, slender, with open throat, either wholly naked or with minute 
bearded crests. Stout bristles of the herbage commonly with pustulate-dilated 
base. Culyx-lobes in several species disposed to be occasionally united 2 or 3 
together almost to the top. Flowers in most species all heterogone-dimorphous. at 
least in the insertion of the stamens ; when these are high the throat of the corolla 
is quite naked. — Lehm. Del. Sem. Hamb. 1831, 7; Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. 
Petrop. 1335, (1) 26; DC. Prodr. x. 117; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 851. 


§ 1. Nutlets (resembling those of Evitrichium leucopheum, which is peculiar in 
its long and yellow corolla) ovate-triquetrous, straight, at maturity very smooth 
and polished, attached at the lower part of the sharp inner angle by a narrow 
scar, all three faces plane or nearly so. 


A. vernicésa, Hook. & Arn. A foot or more high, erect, sparsely setose-hispid : 
leaves from linear to ovate-lanceolate: tube of the light yellow corolla slightly longer 
than the calyx.— Bot. Beech. 570; DC. Lc.; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 4, & Bot. Calif. 
i. 525. — California, near the coast, Douglas, Coulter, &e. Nutlets almost 2 lines long, in 
shape resembling a grain of buckwheat. 

Var. grandiflora, Gray. Robust, strongly setose-hispid, remarkably large-flowered, 
the more exserted and funnelform tube of the corolla almost half an inch long, and the 
limb ample: nutlets broader, rather concave on the back.— Bot. Calif. 1. c.— Lower 
Sacramento, at Antioch, Kellogg. 


198 BORRAGINACER. Amsinckia. 


§ 2. Nutlets (not unlike those of Eritrichium § Plagiobothrys) rugose or 
muricate, dull, ovate-trigonous and somewhat incurved, carinate ventrally down 
to the short and broad usually somewhat protuberant scar. 

* Nutlets crustaceous, tessellate-rugose: calyx-lobes obtuse. 

A. tesselldta, Gray. Coarsely and strongly hispid, stout, a foot or two high: leaves 
from linear-lanceolate to oblong, mostly obtuse: tube of the orange-yellow corolla some- 
what longer than the ferrugineous-hispid calyx (about 8 lines long) and much longer than 
the lobes: nutlets very broadly ovate, with narrowed apex and flattish back, thickly 
covered with granulate-warty projections which fit together in age, forming more or less 
conspicuous transverse lines or wrinkles; the scar toward the middle of the ventral face. 
— Proc. Am. Acad. & Bot. Calif. lc. A. lycopsoides, Watson, Bot. King, 240, partly. — 
Dry grounds, California from the Contra-Costa range through the interior to Nevada and 
8. Utah. | Calyx-lobes either narrowly or rather broadly lanceolate. 

* * Nutlets muricate or sharply scabrous, in age sometimes loosely rugose. (Species difficult to 

discriminate. ) 
++ Calyx-lobes narrowly linear-lanceolate or linear, acutish, allover hispid and hirsute: leaves 
linear or lanceolate. 

A. echinata, Gray, l.c. Stem strict, 2 or 3 feet high: corolla light yellow, about twice 
the length of the fulvous-hispid calyx, little dilated at the throat; the limb 2 or 3 lines in 
diameter: immature nutlets with the strongly convex and carinate back muricate with 
soft slender prickles and intermediate scabrous points, not rugose. — 8. E. California in the 
Mohave region, Cooper. 

ex, A. intermédia, Fisch. & Meyer, 1.c. A foot or two high, branching: bristles even 
of the calyx whitish or barely fulvous: leaves from oblong-lanceolate to linear: corolla 
not above 3 lines long, little exceeding the calyx; the small limb hardly at all plaited: 
nutlets very convex and carinate on the back, muricate-scabrous and at maturity obliquely 
more or less rugose.— DC. 1. c.; Gray, Bot. Calif. l.¢. A. lycopsoides, Gray, Proc. Am. 

Acad. x. 54, in part; and of gardens. Benthamia lycopsoides, Lindl. (Introd. Nat. Syst.) in 

Hort. Soc. Lond. 1828, &c., thence becoming A. lycopsoides of cultivation, but probably not 

of Lehm. — California and W. Nevada to the borders of Brit. Columbia; a common and 

variable species. 

=—=A, spectabilis, Fisch. & Meyer, |. c. Mostly slender, a span (when depauperate) to 
afoot high: leaves mostly linear: tube of the bright orange corolla twice or thrice the 
length of the linear lobes of the ferrugineous-hispid calyx, nearly half inch long, or some- 
times shorter; the throat enlarging, and the limb conspicuously plaited in the bud (a third 
to half inch wide) ; anthers when high protruded from the throat : nutlets granulate-rugose, 
carinate and roundish on the back.—A. spectabilis & A. Douglasiana, DC. 1.c.— Open 
ground, California from San Diego to Plumas Co. 

+ + Calyx loosely enclosing the fruit, more sparsely setose-hispid, greener and soft-herbaceous 

in texture; the lobes lanceolate or ovate-oblong, mostly obtuse, 2 or 3 of the lobes not rarely united. 
—— A.lycopsoides, Lehm. Loosely branched, soon spreading, sometimes decumbent, 
sparsely but strongly setose-hispid, the bristles on the foliage at length with very pustulate 
base: leaves greener, from lanceolate to ovate, the margins commonly undulate-repand: 
upper flowers mainly bractless: corolla light yellow, about 4 lines long, with tube little 
or considerably exceeding the calyx; the throat little enlarged and limb 2 or 3 lines in 
diameter: anthers short, included: nutlets reticulate-rugose. — Del. Sem. Hamb. 1. c., name 
only ; DC. Prodr. x. 117; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 524. — Coast of California, from San Simeon 

Bay northward to Oregon. Passes into 

Var. bractedsa, a smaller-flowered and more decumbent form (corolla 2 or 3 lines 
long and the limb a line or two broad), with most of the flowers subtended by a foliaceous 
bract. — Lithospermum lycopsoides, Lehm, Pug. ii. 28, & in Wook. FI. ii. 89, therefore properly 
the original of Amsinckia lycopsoides, Lehm. 1. c. — San Francisco Bay to Puget Sound. 


13. ECHIDIOCARYA, Gray. (Fyidwr, a diminutive viper, and xdéovor, 
nut, the nutlets with the stalk resembling the head and neck of a snake or other 
reptile.) —- Annuals or biennials of two species, with the habit of Lritrichium 


Mertensia. BORRAGINACE.E. 199 


§ Plagiobothrys, intermediate between that group and Antiphytum, hirsute, hardly 
hispid, branched from the base; the stems or branches diffuse, a span or two 
high ; leaves spatulate-linear, all alternate ; scorpioid spikes slender and at length 
remotely flowered, bractless, or with some scattered foliaceous bracts: white corolla 
with lobes sometimes almost convolute in the bud.— Gray in Benth. & Hook. 
Gen. ii. 854; Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 89, xii. 163. 


E. Arizdénica, Gray, ].c. Lobes of the corolla a line or less long; the throat somewhat 
narrowed by very small and rather obscure intrusive folds: nutlets attenuate and much 
compressed at apex, sparsely cristate-muricate, hardly longer than their thick basal stipes, 
which are united at base in pairs over the prominent receptacle, the pair with a very large 
excavated scar. — Arizona, on the Verde Mesa, Dr. Smart. Also near Tucson, Greene. 

.-.-H. Califérnica, Gray. Corolla larger; the orbicular lobes a line or two in length; the 
throat closed by strong and puberulent intrusive appendages: nutlets smaller (a line long), 
less acute, coarsely rugose-alveolate and the sharp elevated rugosities often echinulate ; 
the stipes supra-basal, all four wholly distinct, laterally compressed, shorter than the 
diameter of the nutlet; the small caruncular scar concave. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 164. — 
San Bernardino Co., 8. E. California, Parry & Lemmon, no. 278, coll. 1876. 


ee Le LED LETC, 

14, ANTILPHYTUM, DC., partly. (fri, opposite, and gutdr, plant; 
the leaves in the typical species being all opposite, in this unlike most of the 
order.) — Restricted in Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 859 to Brazilian species, all 
suffruticose and opposite-leaved, with short-stipitate areola to the nutlets. But 
the subjoined species exhibit the characters of the genus in a lesser degree. — 
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. d4. (In separating from the insertion, a delicate 
funicle-like process, which penetrated a minute central perforation of the scar, 
persists on the flat gynobase.) 


A. heliotropioides, A.DC. Woody perennial? a foot or two high, paniculately much 
branched, softly strigose-hirsute and at least when young canescent: leaves linear, an inch 
or less long; the lower mainly opposite: flowers rather small and scattered, on filiform 
pedicels much longer fhan the calyx, the lobes of which are oblong-linear : corolla almost 
rotate, with conspicuous crests in the open throat: stigma capitate: scar of the nutlets 
large and sessile, but edged with an acute salient margin; the minute perforation above 
its centre. — Prodr. x. 122; Gray, lv. Eritrichium heliotropioides, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 
140, as to the plant of Berlandier only. — San Carlos, on the Mexican side of the Rio 
Grande, close to Texas. Turgid nutlets only half a line long, not (as in the next) con- 
tracted behind the scar. 

A. floribindum, Gray, 1.c. Herbaceous from a “ perennial” or perhaps biennial root, 
a foot or two high, paniculately branched above, cinereous with fine and close and with a 
coarser nearly hispid pubescence: leaves perhaps all alternate, narrowly linear, an inch or 
‘so long; the upper gradually diminished to linear-subulate bracts: flowers very short- 
pedicelled, in short panicled racemes or spikes : lobes of the calyx linear-lanceolate, acu- 
minate: corolla rotate-campanulate (3 lines in diameter), not appendaged in the throat: 
filaments longer than the anthers: stigma 2-lobed: nutlets granulate, acute; the salient 
ventral edge terminated a little above the base of the nutlet by the small and protuberant 
or slightly stipitate scar. — Eritrichium floribundum, Torr. 1.c.— South-western Texas, on 
or near the Rio Grande, in the mountains of Puerte de Paysano, Bigelow. Flowers some- 
times 6-merous. 


15. MERTENSIA, Roth. (Francis Charles Mertens, a German botanist, 
1797.) — Perennials, of the cooler parts of the northern hemisphere, either gla- 
brous and remarkably smooth, or with some soft or moderately scabrous pubes- 
cence; the leaves commonly broad, and the lowermost petioled; the flowers 
commonly handsome, blue, purple, or rarely white, paniculate-racemose or cymose, 


200 BORRAGINACES. Mertensia. 


all pedicellate, the lowest occasionally leafy-bracteate. Fl. spring and summer. 
— DC. Prodr. x. 87; Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiv. 339, & Proc. Am. 
Acad. x. 52; Benth. & Hook. 1. c. (Stamens, in all but one of our species, pro- 
truding from the throat, but shorter than the limb of the corolla.) 


$1. Stennamusria. (Steenhammera, Reichenb., wrongly written.) Nutlets 
very smooth and shining, acute, fleshy-herbaceous, in age becoming utricular; the 
scar small: corolla short, 5-lobed ; the crests in the throat evident. 


—== VI. maritima, Don. Very smooth, pale and glaucous, much branched and spreading: 
leaves fleshy, ovate, obovate, or spatulate-oblong, an inch or two in length, upper surface 
sometimes becoming pustulate: flowers small (3 or 4 lines long) on long and slender pedi- 
cels: tube of the blue or whitish corolla hardly as long as the limb and shorter than the 
ovate-triangular lobes of the calyx: filaments rather narrower and much longer than the 
anthers. — Syst. iv. 820. Cerinthe maritima, Dill. Elth. t. 65. Pulmonaria maritima, L. ; 
Lightfoot, Fl. Scot. i. 134, t.7; Fl. Dan. t.65. P. parviflora, Michx. Fl. i.182. Lithospermum 
maritimum, Lehm. Asper. 291. Steenhammera maritima, Reich. Fl. Excurs. i. 887. Stenham- 
maria maritima, Fries, Summa, 12 & 192. Hippoglossum maritimum, Hartw. ex Lilja in Linnea, 
xvii. 111.—Sea-shore, Cape Cod to Hudson’s Bay, and Puget Sound to Polar coasts. 
(Greenland, N. Eu., & Asia.) 


§ 2. Eumerténsra. Nutlets dull and with obtuse angles if any, wrinkled or 
roughish when dry. (Corolla commonly villous inside near the base, and below 
sometimes with a 10-toothed ring.) 


% Corolla trumpet-shaped, with spreading border nearly entire; the plicate crests in the throat 
obsolete: filaments slender, much longer than the oblong-linear anthers: hypogynous disk pro- 
duced into two opposite narrow lobes which become as high as the ovary. 

f@=—= M. Virginica, DC. Very smooth and glabrous, pale, a foot or two high : leaves obovate 
or oblong, veiny, or the lowest large and rounded and long-petioled: racemes at first short 
and corymbose: flowers on nodding slender pedicels: corolla purple and blue, an inch 
long, between trumpet-shaped and salverform, many times exceeding the short calyx. — 

M. pulmonarioides, Roth, Cat. Pulmonaria Virginica, L.; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 160. (Trew, 

Pl. Sel. t. 42.) — Alluvial banks, New York to Minnesota, 8. Carolina in the mountains, 

and Tennessee: fl. spring ; not uncommon in gardens. 

* %* Corolla (blue, rarely white) with conspicuously 5-lobed limb, which above the throat (i.e. 


the whole expanded upper portion) is usually open-campanulate ; the small crests in the throat 
obvious and commonly puberulent or pubescent. 


+— Filaments enlarged, as broad as the anthers and shorter or only a little longer, always inserted 
in the throat of the corolla nearly in line with the crests: style long and capillary, generally 
somewhat exseried. (There are traces of some dimorphism as to reciprocal length of filaments 
and style, at least in one species. ) 


++ Tube of the corolla twice or thrice the length of the limb and of the calyx. 

~.-M. oblongifélia, Don, 1.c. A span or so high, smooth or almost so: leaves mostly 
oblong or spatulate-lanceolate, rather succulent, and veins very inconspicuous: flowers in 
a somewhat close cluster: lobes of the 5-parted or deeply 5-cleft calyx lanceolate or linear, 
mostly acute :. tube of the corolla 4 or 5 lines long, narrow ; the moderately 5-lobed limb 
barely 2 lines long. — Hook. Kew Jour. Bot. iii. 295; Watson, Bot. King, 238. Pulmonaria 
oblongifolia, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 43. Lithospermum marginatum, Lehm. in Hook. 
Fl. ii. 86.— Mountains of Montana to the borders of British Columbia, and south to 
Nevada, Utah and Arizona, at 6-9,000 feet. On moist slopes; flowering carly. 


++ ++ Tube of the corolla little or not twice longer than the throat and limb. 


= Stems mostly tall, 1 to 5 feet high: leaves ample and mainly broad, veiny; the upper with 

very acute or acuminate apex; the lowest ovate or subcordate (usually 3 or 4 inches long and 
long-petioled): calyx deeply 5-parted. 

====). Sibirica, Don, l.c. Pale and glaucescent, glabrous and smooth or nearly so, very 

leafy : cauline leaves oblong: or lanceolate-ovate, hirsute-ciliolate: short racemes panicled : 

calyx-lobes oblong or oblong-lincar, obtuse, commonly ciliolate, half or a quarter the 

length of the tube of the bright light-blue corolla (this and the limb cach about 3 lines 

long). — Gray, Lc. Pulmonaria Sibirica, L. Spec. i. 155, not Pall. P. denticulata, Room. & 


Mertensia. BORRAGINACE.E. 201 


Sch. Syst. iv. 746. P. ciliata, James in Long Exped.; Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 224. 
Mertensia denticulata, Don, }.c. M. ciliata, Don, 1. e. ; DC. Prodr. x. 92. ML. stomatechoides, 
Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 147, fig. 43.— Along mountain streams from the Rocky 
Mountains in Colorado to the higher parts of the Sierra N evada, California, and far north- 
ward. (E. Asia.) 

Var. Drumméndii, Gray, l.c. Dwarf, a span high: leaves oblong, sessile, only 
about an inch long, with barely denticulate-scabrous margins and obsolete veins: corolla 
only 6 lines long; the tube little if at all longer than the limb and hardly twice the length 
of the ovate-oblong obtuse lobes of the calyx. — Lithospermum Drummondii, Lehm. Pugill. 
ii. 26, & in Hook. FI. ii. 86. Wertensia Drummondii, Don, Syst. iv. 319.— Arctic sea-shore, 
Richardson. Formerly and wrongly referred to .V/. alpina; but apparently an arctic variety 
of MW. Sibirica. 

~—~—M. paniculata, Don, 1.c. Greener, roughish and more or less pubescent : cauline leaves 
ovate to oblong-lanceolate: racemes loosely panicled: calyx-lobes lanceolate or linear and 
mostly acute, hispid-ciliate or throughout hirsute, equalling or only half shorter than the 
tube of the purple-Llue (6 or 7 lines long) corolla. — Gray, l.c. Pulmonaria paniculata, Ait. 
Kew. ed. 1, i. 181; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2680. P. pilosa, Cham. in Linn. iv. 49. P. pubescens, 
Willd. in Rem. & Sch. iv. 7442 Lithospermum AKamtschaticum, Turcz. in Bull. Mose. 1840, 
75. Mertensia paniculata, pilosa, pubescens ? & Kamtschatica, DC. lic. AL. Silurica, Torr. in 
Wilkes Exp. xvii. 412. Lithospermum corymbosum, Lehm. Pugill. ii. 27, therefore JL. corym- 
bosa, Don, 1. c. (Some forms connect with the preceding species, which is on the whole 
quite distinct.) — Hudson’s Bay and Lake Superior, thence to the Rocky Mountains (south 
to Utah and Nevada), Alaska, Behring Straits. (N. E. Asia.) = 

Var. nivalis, Watson, an alpine form, a span or so high, with thicker leaves only 
an inch long, and rather slender tube to the corolla: ambiguous between this species, 
M. oblongifolia, and the next. — Bot. King, 239. — High mountains of Utah, up to 12,000 feet, 
Watson. =e 
== = Stems from a foot down to a span high: leaves smaller (one or two inches long), nearly 

veinless, obtuse or barely acute, pale or glaucescent. 

——~ M. lanceolata, DC. Either glabrous or hirsute-pubescent, simple or paniculately 
branched: leaves from spatulate-oblong to lanceolate-linear: racemes at length loosely 
panicled: calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute, sometimes obtuse, ciliate or hirsute, or rarely gla- 
brous, more or less shorter than the tube of the blue (5 or 6 lines long) corolla, which is 
hairy near the base within: filaments generally longer than the anthers.— Gray, Proc?” 
Am. Acad. x. 53. Pulmonaria lanceolata, Pursh, FI. ii. 729, rather large form. P. marginata, 
Nutt. Gen. 1.115. Lithospermum marginatum, Spreng. Syst. i.547. Jertensia alpina, Gray in 
Am. Jour. Sci. l.c., in part; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6178. — Hillsides, along the lower 
Rocky Mountains and their eastern base, from Dakota and Wyoming to northern New 
Mexico. A variable species; the largest forms approaching too near the preceding; the 
smaller extremely different in appearance. Seemingly occurs in two forms as to length * 
of style and filaments, the latter conspicuous in both forms. 

Var. Féndleri, Gray, |. c., is a (commonly hirsute) state, with calyx 5-cleft only to 
the middle. — UW. Fendleri, Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. l. c. — New Mexico (Fendler, Palmer) and 
Colorado. 
+— + Filaments extremely short and narrower than the anthers, inserted either on the margin of 

Saas or about the middle of the tube (evidently heterogone-dimorphous) :‘style in both kinds 

inclu - 

<<. alpina, Don, 1.c. A span or more high, either nearly glabrous and smooth or pubes- 
cent: leaves oblong, somewhat spatulate or lanceolate, rather obtuse ; the cauline sessile 
(1 or 2 inches long) : flowers in a close or at length loose cluster: calyx 5-parted or deeply 
5-cleft ; its lanceolate lobes equalling or rather shorter than the tube of the corolla, which 
hardly ever exceeds its limb: anthers nearly sessile, in the low-inserted form scarcely 
equalling the conspicuous crests of the corolla: style in this form reaching only to about 
the base of the anthers, in the other reaching almost to the mouth of the tube. — Gray in 
Am. Jour. Sci. l. ¢., mainly, & Proc. Am. Acad. x. 53. Pulmonaria alpina, Torr. in Ann. 
Lye. lc. Aertensia brevistyla, Watson, Bot. King, 239, t. 25, fig. 1, 2, the form with low 
anthers and short style. — Colorado Rocky Mountains, at 9-11,000 fect, and at lesser eleva- 
tion in those of Utah. Corolla 3 or 4 lines long. 


202 BORRAGINACES. Myosotis. 


16. MYOSOTIS, L. Forcer-me-nor. (From pg, mouse, and ove, ate, 
ear, i. e. mouse-ear, to which the leaves of some species are likened.) — Low and 
small or spreading herbs, usually soft-hairy ; with sessile cauline leaves, and small 
mostly blue flowers in at length elongated racemes, destitute of bracts. Stamens 
and style in the genuine species included. Fl. summer or spring. 


% Calyx open in fruit, beset with fine and short appressed hairs, none of them hooked or glandular- 
tipped: racemes very loose, with widely spreading pedicels: herbage green; the pubescence 
being rather sparse and short. 

o> VV, pattsrris, Withering. (Forcrt-mE-not.) Perennial by subterranean stolons: stems 
soon decumbent, rooting at base: leaves lanceolate-oblong: clyx-lobes triangular, much 
shorter than the tube: corolla with flat limb (8 or 4 lines in diameter), sky-blue with yel- 
lowish throat: nutlets somewhat angled or carinate ventrally. — Koch, Germ. 504; Syme, 
Engl. Bot. ed. 3, t. 1104. MZ. scorpioides, var. palustris, L. &c.— In wet ground, probably 
only where it has escaped from cultivation, and not indigenous. (Nat. from Eu.) 

=== M.ldxa, Lehm. Perennial from filiform subterranean shoots, or perhaps annual: stems 
very slender, decumbent: pubescence all appressed: leaves lanceolate-oblong or somewhat 
spatulate: pedicels usually double the length of the fruiting calyx : lobes of the latter as 
long as the tube: limb of the corolla rather concave (2 or 3 lines broad, paler blue) : nut- 
lets about equally convex both sides. — Asper. 83 ; Gray, Man. ed. 1, 388. AZ. ceespitosa, var. 
laxa, DC. Prodr. x. 105. M. palustris, var. micrantha, Lehm. in Hook. FI. ii. 81. I. palustris, 
var. lara, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 865. AZ. lungulata, Lehm. Asper. 110; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Isl. 252 

exe ()/. cespitosa, Schultz; Syme, Engl. Bot. |. c. t. 1103), a European form.—In water and 
wet ground, New York and Canada to Newfoundland. (N. Asia, Eu.) 

* %* Calyx closed or with lobes erect in fruit, beset with looser and some bristly hairs having 
minutely hooked tips. 

==]. sylvatica, Hoffm. Perennial, not stoloniferous, hirsute-pubescent, either green or 
cinereous: stems erect: leaves oblong-linear or lanceolate; the radical conspicuously 
petioled: pedicels as long as the calyx or longer: calyx almost 5-parted, hirsute with erect 
hairs mixed near the base with some more spreading and hooked ones; the lobes merely 
erect or slightly closing in fruit: corolla with (blue or at first purple) flat limb, 3 or 4 lines 
in diameter: nutlets more or less margined and carinate ventrally at the apex. — Perhaps 
none of the typical form in N. America. (Eu., N. Asia.) 

«=e Var. alpéstris, Koch. Stems tufted, 3 to 9 inches high: racemes more dense: 
pedicels shorter and thicker, ascending, seldom longer than the calyx: nutlets larger. — 

Af. alpestris, Schmidt; Lehm. Asper. 86 & in Hook. Fl. l.c.; Syme, Engl. Bot. ed. 3, t. 

1106. AL. rupicola, Smith, Engl. Bot. t. 2559.— Rocky Mountains, from Colorado (in the 

higher alpine regions) and Wyoming (mainly with short pedicels) northward, and north- 

west to Kotzebue Sound. (N. Asia, Eu.) 

“==. arvénsis, Hoffm. Annual or sometimes biennial, loosely hirsute: stem erect, loosely 
branching, often a foot or more high: leaves oblong-lanceolate: racemes loose, naked and 
peduncled: pedicels spreading in fruit, longer or twice longer than the equal 5-cleft calyx, 
which is copiously beset with spreading hooked hairs: corolla blue (rarely white) ; the con- 
cave limb a line or so in diameter: calyx closed in fruit.— Lehm. Asper. l.c.; Syme, l.c. 
t. 108. AL. scorpioides, var. arvensis, L. M. intermedia, Link., DC. — Fields in low grounds, 
New Brunswick to Louisiana (?), rare, perhaps not native. (Eu., N. Asia.) 

qaemmee MI. veRsfconor, Pers. Annual, slender, hirsute: leaves narrowly oblong: racemes slender, 
mostly naked at base: pedicels much shorter than the deeply and equally 5-cleft calyx: 
corolla yellowish, then blue, at length violet, not larger than in the preceding species, 
which it otherwise resembles. — Smith, Engl. Bot. t. 480; Syme, 1. c. t. 1110, not Lehm. in 
Hook. FI. — Fields, sparingly introduced (Delaware, Canby). (Nat. from Eu.) 

«=> M. vérna, Nutt. Annual or biennial, roughish-hirsute or hispid: stems erect, 3 to 9 
inches high: leaves spatulate or linear-oblong: racemes strict, leafy at base: pedicels 
erect or appressed below but spreading toward the apex, equalling or shorter than the 
5-cleft hispid unequal calyx: corolla white, small. —Gen. ii. in addit. unpaged; Gray, 
Man. ed. 5,365. Lycopsis Virginica, L. Spec. i. 189, the plant of Gronov. Virg. ALyosotis 
stricta, Gray, Man. ed. 1, not Link. Jf. inflera, Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. xlvi. 98. — 
Dry ground, E. New England to Florida, Texas, Missouri, &c. 


Lithospermum. BORRAGINACE.E. 203 


eee: Var. macrospérma, Chapm. Taller, looser, often a foot high: pedicels rather 
more spreading: flowers larger: the calyx sometimes 8 lines long, with lower calyx-lobes 
twice the length of the upper: nutlets larger in proportion. — Fl. 333. J. macrosperma, 
Engelm. 1. c. VM. versicolor, Lehm. in Hook. FI. ii. 81. — Florida to Texas: also W. Idaho, 
Oregon, and British Columbia ; sometimes passing into the typical form. 


17. LITHOSPERMUM, Tourn. Gromwett. (From 2ifog, a stone, 
and ome. seed.) — Chiefly herbs ; with reddish roots, sessile leaves, and axillary 
or subaxillary or leafy-bracted flowers, developed in spring and summer, sometimes 
dimorphous as to length of style and height of insertion of anthers reciprocally. 
Calyx 5-parted. Stamens in our species with very short filaments. Stigma com- 
monly single and truncate-capitate, sometimes as in § 8, capitate-2-lobed; in ZL. 
arvense there is a pair of stigmas below a slender bifid apex, a transition toward 
the mode in Heliotropiee. 


§ 1. Annuals, with small at length widely scattered flowers: corolla white or 
whitish, little longer than the calyx. 


sme L, arvéyse, L. Slightly canescent with minute appressed hairs: stem loosely branching 
from the base, erect, a span to 2 feet high: leaves linear or lanceolate, with prominent 
midrib and obsolete lateral ribs: corolla funnelform, about 3 lines long; the throat with 
puberulent lines: nutlets dull, coarsely wrinkled and pitted, brownish. — Spec. 152; Fl. 
Dan. t. 456; Engl. Bot. 125.— Waste sandy grounds, not rare from Canada southward. 
(Nat. from Eu.) 

L. Matamorénse, DC. Hirsute or hispid: stems much branched from the base and 
diffusely spreading, slender: leaves oblong, very obtuse (an inch or so long), at length 
rough: pedicels very short: corolla almost campanulate, 2 lines long, a prominent trans- 
verse crest at base of each lobe: nutlets at length shining but usually brownish and 
uneven, also coarsely pitted. — Prodr. x. 76. ZL. prostratum, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 
1861. — Plains and river-banks, Texas, Berlandier, Wright, &e. 


¥ 
§ 2. Perennials, with small or rather small flowers: corolla greenish-white or 
pale vellow, short; its tube hardly if at all longer than the calyx: mature nutlets 
bony, white and polished. : 
%* Corolla with intruded crests in the throat: flowers sparse, or at least the fruits scattered: nutlets 
apt to be solitary. 
+— Pubescence soft, fine, and short, only the upper face of the leaves becoming scabrous. 


ae J, orricinsie, L. Copiously branching, 2 or 3 feet high: leaves lanceolate or ovate-lan- 
ceolate, acute, pale (2 inches or less long); a pair of lateral ribs more or less manifest: 
tube of the dull-white corolla considerably longer than the limb: style nearly equalling 
the stamens: nutlets less than 2 lines long. — Engl. Bot. t. 134; Fl. Dan. t. 1034. — Road- 
sides, Canada and New England. (Nat. from Eu.) 

—== L. latifélium, Michx. More sparingly and loosely branched: leaves greener, ovate 
and broadly oblong-lanceolate, gradually acuminate, all acute and the lower tapering at 
base (2 to 4 inches long), with 2 to 4 pairs of ribbed veins: tube of the corolla little longer 
than the limb: style shorter than the stamens: nutlets globose-ovate, over 2 lines long. — 
Fl. i. 131; Jacq. Eclog. t. 136. L. officinale, var. latifolium, Willd., &. — Open ground and 
borders of thickets, Upper Canada to Wisconsin and south to Virginia and Tennessee. 
Flowers yellowish-white, or sometimes light yellow, when it is Z. lutescens of N. Coleman 
in Cat. Pl Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1874, 29. 

+— + Pubescence hispid or rough-hirsute. 

L. tuberédsum, Rugel. Stem at first low, in age often more than 2 feet high, with some 
spreading branches: leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, or the large radical ones obovate- 
oblong, mostly obtuse; the upper triple-ribbed, the others nervose-veined ; bristles of the 
upper and even of the lower face at length with pustulate base: flowers short-pedicelled : 
corolla “ yellowish-white,” 2 or 3 lines long: nutlets globular, much shorter than the at 


204 BORRAGINACE. Lithospermum. 


length elongated-linear calyx-lobes: “roots bearing oblong tubers.” — DC. Prodr. x. 76; 

Chapm. Fl. 332.— Florida, on rocky river-banks, Rugel, Chapman. Texas, Wright, Lind- 

heimer, only in fruit. Larger leaves at length 4 to 6 inches long, and calyx-lobes in the 

Texan plant becoming almost half inch long. 

%* * Corolla nearly naked at the throat, but obscurely puberulent and thickened under each lobe: 

inflorescence dense and very foliose. 

LL. pilésum, Nutt. Soft-hirsute and pubescent, pale or canescent : stems numerous from 
a stout root, a foot high, strict, mostly simple, very leafy: leaves linear and linear-lanceo- 
late, 2 to 4 inches long, mostly tapering from near the base to apex; the lateral ribs or 
veins obscure: flowers densely crowded in a leafy thyrsus: corolla campanulate-funnel- 
form, almost half an inch long, silky outside, dull greenish-yellow: style slender: nutlets 
broadly ovate, acute, smooth and polished, 2 to 24 lines long.— Nutt. in Jour. Acad. 
Philad. vii. 43; Wats. Bot. King, 238. Z. Torreyi, Nutt.1.c. Z. ruderale, Dougl. in Hook. 
FI. ii. 89. — Hills and cafions, Montana and British Columbia to Utah and the eastern bor- 
ders of California. 

§ 3. B&rscuta, Endl. (Puccoon.) Perennials, with long and deep red 
roots (filled with dyeing matter), very leafy stems, and mostly showy flowers: 
corolla yellow, much exceeding the calyx (except in cleistogenous or depauperate 
blossoms), more or less appressed-pubescent outside ; the lobes commonly undulate 
or crenulate and sinuses plicate-infolded : pubescent crests in the throat apparent: 
stigma capitate—2-lobed: nutlets white, smooth and polished, the inner face rather 
conspicuously carinate. — Batschia, Gmelin. 

* Corolla light yellow, rather small; later floral leaves reduced to bracts, not surpassing the calyx. 

eee TL, multifidrum, Torr. Minutely strigose-hispid: stems virgate, often paniculate at sum- 
mit, a foot or two high : leaves linear or linear-lanceolate : flowers numerous, short-pedicelled, 
the later spicate: corolla narrow (5 or 6 lines long), with very short rounded lobes and 
tube fully twice the length of the calyx ; the crests or folds in the throat inconspicuous. — 

Watson, Bot. King, 238 (remark); Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 51. LZ. pilosum, Gray in Am. 

Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiv. 256, not Nutt. — Lower Rocky Mountains, Colorado to Arizona 

and W. Texas. Expanded limb of corolla 5-cleft, the minutely undulate rounded lobes 

only a line and a half long: ring at base of the tube sparingly bearded. Anthers in all 
known specimens inserted high in the throat and the style only half the length of the 
corolla; but a counterpart form may be expected. 

%* * Corolla bright and deep yellow or orange; the tube from one half to twice longer than the 
calyx, and the crests at the throat little if at all projecting or arching; the lobes barely undulate 
or entire: floral leaves or foliaceous bracts large, much surpassing the calyx. (Dimorphism as to 
height of insertion of stamens and length of style manifest.) 

=== J,, Califérnicum, Gray. Soft-hirsute, a foot high: leaves lanceolate or oblong: corolla 
hardly an inch long; its proper tube hardly twice the length of the calyx ; its funnelform 
throat considerably longer than the very short lobes, almost destitute of crests; the glan- 
dular ring at base of the tube inconspicuous and naked. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. ¢., & Bot. 
Calif. i. 522. ZL. canescens, Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 124, not Lehm. — California, in 
Nevada and Plumas Counties, Bigelow, Lemmon, Mrs. Austin. Short-styled and high-sta- 
mened form only known. 

L. canéscens, Lehm. (Puccoon of the Indians.) More or less canescent when young: 
stem hirsute, a span to a foot or more high: leaves oblong-linear or the upper varying to 
ovate-oblong, mostly obtuse, softly silky-pubescent, greencr with age but not rough: corolla 
orange-yellow, with rather ample deeply 5-cleft limb, prominent crests in the throat, and 
glandular ring at the base naked: flowers nearly sessile. — Gray, Proc. lc. ZL. canescens, 
& L. sericeum, Lehm. Asper. 305, 806. Batschia canescens, Michx. FI. i. 180, t. 14; Barton, FL 
Am. Sept. t. 58. Anchusa canescens, Muhl. Cat. — Plains and open woods, in sandy soil, 
Upper Canada and Saskatchewan to Alabama, New Mexico, and Arizona. Tube of the 
corolla 3 or 4 lines long; the well-developed limb about half an inch in diameter ; in one 
form style about the length of the tube and stamens, inserted below its middle. — To this 
species also belongs L. sericeum, Lehm., but not Anchusa Virginica, L., which as to the Lin- 
nan herbarium is not identified, as to the plant of Clayton’s herb. is an Onosmodium, as to 
Morison’s is probably ZL. hirtum, and as to Plukenet’s may be either of the Puccoons. 


Onosmodium. BORRAGINACE.E. 205 


“> L. hirtum, Lehm., l.c. Hispid or hirsute, and at length rough, a foot or two high: 
leaves lanceolate or the lower linvar and floral ovate-oblong: corolla bright orange, with 
ample and rotate deeply 5-cleft limb and prominent crests in the throat; the ring at 
base within bearing 10 very hirsute lobes or teeth: flowers mostly pedicelled and linear- 
lanceolate: calyx-lobes elongated. — Butschia Curulinensis, Gmel. Syst. i. 315. B. Gmelini, 
Michx. l.c. Anchusa hirta, Muhl. Cat. Lithospermum decumbens, Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. 
ii. 225. L. Bejariense, DC. 1. c.79.— Pine barrens, &c., Michigan to Minnesota, Virginia, 
Florida, Texas, and Colorado. — Tube of the intense orange corolla 4 or 4 lines long, the 
outspread limb sometimes almost an inch in diameter, but often half smaller. In some 
specimens, the stamens are inserted on the middle of the curolla and the style rises to 
the throat ; in others, the style rises only to the middle and the stamens are in the throat. 


* * * Corolla bright yellow, salverform; its tube in well-developed flowers 2 to 4 times the length 
of the calyx; the crests in the throat conspicuous and arching; the lobes undulate and more or less 
erose: later flowers cleistogenous. — Pentalophus, A.DU. 


-—=L. angustifélium, Michx. Erect or diffusely branched from the base, aspan toa foot 
or more high, minutely scabrous-strigose and somewhat cinereous: leayes all linear: 
flowers pedicelled, leafy-bracted, of two sorts; the earlier and conspicuous kind with tube 
of the corolla an inch or less in length and the rounded lobes commonly crenulate-erose ; 
later ones, and those of more diffusely branching plants, with inconspicuous or small and 
pale corolla, without crests in the throat, probably cleistogenous, the style shorter than the 
nutlets ; in these the pedicels are commonly recurved in fruit: nutlets usually copiously 
impressed-punctate, conspicuously carinate ventrally. — Michx. Fl. i. 180 (the state with 
inconspicuous flowers) ; Bebb in Am. Naturalist, vii. G01. JL. lineartjolium, Goldie in Edinb. 
Phil. Jour. 1822, 319, the same state (unless possibly Goldie’s plant is LZ. arvense). L. brevi- 
Jlorum, Engelm. & Gray, Pl. Lindh. i. 44, a similar state. Long-flowered plant is Batschia 
longiflora (Pursh, Fl. i. 132), & B. decumbens, Nutt. Gen. i. 114. Lithospermum longiflorum, 
Spreng. JL. incisum, Lehm. l. c.; Hook. Fl. ii. t. 165. Z. Mandanense, Spreng.; Hook. 1. c. 
t. 166, a small and smaller-flowered form. Pentalophus longiflorus & P. Mundanensis, A.DC. 
Prodr. x. 8’. — Dry and sterile or sandy soil, prairies and banks of streams, Illinois and 
Wisconsin to Saskatchewan and Dakota, south to Texas, and west to Utah and Arizona. 
Root thick and deep, abounding in violet-colored dye. Glandular ring at base of corolla 
naked. In the state with large and showy flowers, as far as known, the stamens are 
always borne at the upper part of the tube, and the filiform style is slightly exserted: 
but perhaps there is some heterogone-dimorphism. There are seemingly all stages 
between these conspicuous and the cleistogenous blossoms which are produced through 
the season. 


18. ONOSMODIUY, Michx. (‘Ovocua, and zdog, likeness, from the re- 
semblance to the Old-World genus Onosma.) — Perennials (of the Atlantic States 
and Mexico, &c.), rather stout and coarse, rough-hispid or hirsute; with nervose 
or costate-veined leaves, and leafy-bracteate flowers crowded in scorpioid spikes 
or racemes, when fruiting more separated; the bracts resembling the leaves. 
Fl. spring and summer, strongly proterogynous, the style early exserted. Corolla 
greenish-white or yellowish-green: a glandular 10-lobed ring adnate to the base 
of the tube within. Nutlets as in most Lithosperma.— Michx. Fl. i. 152. 
Onosmodium and JMucromeria in part, Don; DC. Prodr. x. 68; Benth. & Hook. 
Gen. ii. 859. True .Wacromeria (exserta) has versatile anthers on capillary and 
long exserted filaments. 

§ 1. Macromertoipes. Corolla 3 or 4 times the length of the calyx, narrow ; 
the sinuses plane: filaments slender, longer than the linear-oblong obtuse anthers. 
— Jacromeria, Don, & DC. partly. (Gne or two Mexican species have the 
anthers promptly versatile or transverse; in ours they remain erect.) 

—~,O. Thirberi. Somewhat sparsely strigose-hispid with short bristles (at least on the 


foliage) and minutely appressed-pubescent or when young canescent: stem simple, 2 or 3 
feet high: leaves pinnately 5-7-ribbed; the cauline oblong-lanceolate or oblong (4 or 5 


206 BORRAGINACEZ. Onosmodiuin. 


inches long), passing into ovate bracts (at length an inch or two long) : leafy-racemose inflo- 
rescence in age elongated, many-flowered : pedicels 4 or 6 lines long: calyx parted to the base 
into narrow linear lobes (often an inch long): corolla narrowly trumpet-shaped, 2 inches 
long, whitish and densely villous outside, yellow inside; the lobes oblong-ovate, obtuse, 
nearly equalled by the erect anthers. — Mucromeria viridiflora, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 139, 
not DC., according to Ic. Mex. t. 904, which has broadly subcordate-ovate and acute corolla- 
lobes, giving the appearance of “ excised sinuses,” shorter and versatile anthers, &c. — New 
Mexico, Thurber, Bigelow, Wright. Arizona, in dry woods, Rothrock. The portions of base 
of the corolla lobes which are interior in the bud are roundish-auriculate. 


§ 2. ONosmopium proper. Corolla seldom twice the length of the calyx ; the 
lobes somewhat conduplicate in the bud; the sinuses gibbous-inflexed: filaments 
shorter (in our species very much shorter) than the mostly sagittate glandular- 
mucronulate or acuminate anthers: leaves pinnately nervose-ribbed. — Onos- 
modium, Michx. : 


——.O. Bejariénse, DC. Stems 1 to 3 feet high, rather stout, hispid with spreading bristles : 
leaves oblong-lanceolate, 5-7-ribbed (the lower obtuse, upper acutish); upper surface 
appressed strigose-hispid, the lower more or less canescent with fine and soft pubescence: 
flowers short-pedicelled: corolla funnelform (6 to 9 lines long), about twice the length of 
the calyx, white; the greenish ovate-triangular acuminate lobes about one quarter the 
length of the tube, minutely pubescent externally and with some long hirsute hairs. — 
Prodr. x. 70. O. Carolinianum, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 1. c., not DC. — Border of thickets, 
nearly throughout Texas ; first coll. by Berlandier. 

==QO,. Carolinianum, DC.,1.c. Stout, 2 or 3 feet high, shaggy-hispid: leaves ovate-lan- 

ceolate and oblong-lanceolate, acute, 5-9-ribbed, generally hairy both sides: flowers nearly 
sessile: corolla short (4 or 5 lines long), yellowish-white, oblong-funnelform ; its ovate- 
triangular acute lobes very hairy outside, and nearly half the length of the tube. — Litho- 
spermum Carolinianun, Lam. Ill. & Dict. Suppl. ii. 837. Purshia mollis, Lehm. Asper. 883. — 
Alluvial grounds, Upper Canada to Georgia and Texas. 

ems Var. molle. <A foot or two high; the pubescence shorter and less spreading or 
appressed: leaves mostly smaller (about 2 inches long), when young softly strigose-canes- 
cent beneath. — Onosmodium molle, Michx. FI. i. 133, t. 15; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 862. Purshia 
mollis, Lehm. Asper. 382.— Illinois to Saskatchewan, Utah, and Texas. 

asm QO. Virginidnum, DC.,1.c. Strigulose-hispid throughout with mostly appressed short 
bristly hairs: stems rather slender, a foot or two high, often paniculate : leaves narrowly 
oblong or somewhat lanceolate, obtuse (1 to 24 inches long), 3-5-ribbed: corolla yellowish, 
small (4 lines long); the lobes lanceolate-subulate, sparingly long-bristly outside, little 
shorter than the cylindraceous tube. — O. hispidum, Michx. l.c. Purshia hispida, Lelm. 1. ¢. 
Lithospermum Virginianum, L. — Hillsides and banks, New England to Florida and Louisiana. 
The specific names conferred by Michaux on this and the preceding species were replaced 
in the Prodromus by earlier ones under Lithospermum ; which may be agreed to, Michaux’s 
O. hispidum being far less hispid than O. Carolinianum, and O. molle is a misnomer except for 
the western variety (which cannot be separated) on which Michaux’s species is founded. 


19. SYMPHYTUM, Tourn. Comrrry. (Ancient Greek and Latin 
name.) — Coarse perennial herbs ; with large and thick bitterish roots, mucilagi- 
nous juice, and loose or nodding racemose flower-clusters: bracts small or none. 
Fl. early summer. All of the Old World. 


sw §, orricixAue, L. (Comrrey.) Two or 3 feet high from very thick roots, branching, 
rather soft-hirsute: cauline leaves long-decurrent on the branches, ovate-lanceolate and 
narrower, large: corolla ycllowish-white, half inch long: style exserted: nutlets wrinkled 
or almost smooth. — Escaped from gardens into moist grounds sparingly in N. Atlantic 
States. (Nat. from Eu.) 
S. asr£rrimum, Sims, a Caucasian species, with almost prickly stems, very scabrous leaves, 
and blue-purple flowers, is cultivated both as an ornamental and as a forage plant, and is not 
unlikely to run wild. 


Echium. CONVOLVULACEE. 207 


20. LYCOPSIS, L. Bratoss. (fvzdy, wolf, and yz, face or likeness ; 
from some fanciful resemblance.) — Coarse setose-hispid annuals, of the Old 
World, small-towered and leafy-bracted, one species sparingly introduced into 
the Eastern Atlantic States. 

L. arviysis, L. Rough and inelegant weed, a foot or two high, with spreading bristly 
hairs at length pustulate at base: leaves lanceolate, undulate-margined: flowers more or 


less racemose: corolla blue, or at first purple; the tube not longer than calyx ; lobes barely 
a line long. — Dry waste grounds, Canada to Virginia: scarce. (Nat. from Eu.) 


21. ECHIUM, Tourn. Virrn’s Bretoss, BLrewrep. (Old Greek name, 
from ¢i;. a viper; the shape of the nutlets likened to a snake’s head.) — Bien- 
nials (or rarely shrubs), of the Old World; flowering in summer. One species 
an introduced weed. 

E. veicAre, L. Rough-hispid herb, a foot or two high: leaves lanceolate, or the upper 
linear, sessile: flowers in short lateral spikes disposed in a raceme-like thyrsus: corolla 


almost an inch long, showy, purple changing to deep blue (rarely pale). — Roadsides and 
meadows of the Middle Atlantic States. (Nat. from Eu.) 


OrvDER XCIV. CONVOLVULACE-E. 


Herbs or shrubs, with stems generally twining or trailing, and many with milky 
juice; the leaves alternate and petioled, destitute of stipules; peduncles truly 
axillary, 1-flowered or cymosely 3—many-flowered ; flowers regular and perfect. 
5-merous or rarely 4-merous, except as to the gynceecium which is almost always 
2-carpellary ; calyx mostly of distinct and imbricated sepals, persistent; corolla 
either plicate and the plaits convolute, or induplicate-valvate, or sometimes im- 
bricated in the bud, the limb either lobed or entire; stamens as many as the 
corolla-lobes and alternate with them, usually inserted low down on the tube; 
hypoegynous disk commonly annular and manifest; ovary 2-celled or rarely 
8-celled. with a pair of erect anatropous ovules in each cell. or spuriously 
4—6-celled (each cell being more or less divided into a pair of 1-ovuled half-cells 
by a false partition), or rarely 2—4-parted from above around the style in the 
manner of Borraginacee ; style single or once or twice divided; stigmas terminal 
or introrse; fruit capsular or sometimes fleshy ; seeds comparatively large, filled 
by a crumpled or plaited embryo involving or partly surrounded by a little muci- 
lasinous or fleshy albumen, its cotyledons ample and foliaceous, or in Cuscuta 
a spiral embryo and no cotyledons. Cuscuta moreover is leafless. .Volanee form 
au exceptional tribe with several or many indehiscent carpels. narrow cotyledons. 
&c., but are all South American, and connect with the following order. The 
present larze order is well distinguished from all its allies hy the character of the 
solitary or geminate seeds. size and nature of the embryo, and inferior radicle, 
along with the usually twining or trailing growth, alternate leaves. Kc. 


Tre I. DICHONDRE-E. Ovary divided into 2 or 4 carpels or almost separate 
lobes, surrounding a pair of basilar styles. 


1. DICHONDRA. Corolla deeply dcleft or 5-parted, not plicate; the lobes imbricated 
in the bud. Filaments and anthers short. (vary 2-parted, forming 2 indehiscent or irreg- 
ularly bursting utricles in fruit: styles 2 or at base united into one, filiform: stigmas 
capitate. Seed by abortion solitary, globular, smooth. Embryo biplicate: cotyledons 
elongated-oblong. Creeping herbs. 


9208 CONVOLVULACES. Dichondra. 


Tripe Il. CONVOLVULEH. Ovary entire. Plants with ordinary foliage, not 
parasitic. 
* Corolla plicate at the sinuses and the plaits dextrorsely convolute: cotyledons broad, 
often emarginate. 


2. IPOM@@A, Style undivided, terminated by a single capitate or 2-3-globose stigma. 
Corolla from salverform or funnelform to nearly campanulate. Capsule globular, 4-6- (or 
by abortion fewer-) seeded, 2-4-valved. 


8. JACQUEMONTIA. Style undivided: stigmas 2, ovate or oblong, thick but somewhat 
flattened. Otherwise as Zpomea and Convolvulus, and intermediate between the two. 

4. CONVOLVULUS. Style undivided or 2-cleft only at the apex: stigmas 2, from linear- 
filiform to subulate or ovate, when broad always thin and flat. Stamens included. Corolla 
from funnelform to campanulate. Capsule globose, 2-cclled, or sometimes imperfectly 
4-celled by spurious partitions between the two seeds, or by abortion 1-celled, mostly 
2-4-valved. 


5. BREWERIA. Style 2-cleft or 2-parted ; the divisions simple, each bearing a capitate 
stigma. Corolla, stamens, and capsule of Convolvulus. 


6. EVOLVULUS. Styles 2, distinct or sometimes united below, each 2-cleft: stigmas 
linear-filiform or somewhat clavate. Corolla from funnelform to almost rotate. Otherwise 
like Convolcvulus on a small scale, not twining. 


* %* Corolla not plicate in the bud, 5-cleft : cotyledons linear, biplicate, entire. 

7. CRESSA. Styles 2, distinct, entire: stigmas capitate. Calyx of 5 nearly equal sepals, 
equalling the oblong-campanulate tube of the corolla; the limb of the latter 5-parted into 
oblong-ovate lobes, lightly convolute-imbricate and somewhat induplicate in the bud. 
Filaments filiform, exserted from the throat of the corolla. Ovary 2-celled, 4 ovuled. 
Capsule by abortion often l-seeded. Stems not twining. 

Trine II. CUSCUTEZX. Ovary entire. Leafless parasitic twining herbs, destitute 
of foliage and of all.green color; the spirally coiled filiform embryo even destitute 
of cotyledons. Corolla imbricated in the bud, appendaged below the stamens. 


8. CUSCUTA. The only genus. 


1. DICHONDRA, Forst. (Formed of dig, double, and y6rdgog, grain or 
roundish mass, from the twin fruit.) — Small prostrate and creeping perennials 
(found almost all round the warmer parts of the world, but most in America) ; 
with filiform stems, slender petioles to the reniform or round-cordate entire leaves, 
and naked peduncles bearing a single small flower. Corolla greenish or yellowish- 
white. Carpels pubescent.— Char. Gen. 39, t. 20. The following may be the 
only species. 

== =D. répens, Forst. Soft-pubescent or slightly sericeous, but green or greenish: leaves 
mostly with a deep basal sinus: sepals obtuse, at length obovate with narrowed base or 

spatulate: corolla-lobes ovate, nearly glabrous. — Lam. IIL. t. 183; Smith, Ic. Ined. t. 8. 

D. sericea, Swartz, Prodr. 64, & Fl. Ind. Oce. t. 11, a small and silky form. D. Carolinensis, 

Michx. FI. i. 136,a large and greener form. D. repens, macrocalyx, & sericea, Meissn. in Mart. 


FI. Bras. vii. 857. — Wet ground, Virginia to Texas, near the coast, and Arizona. (Trop. 
&§S. Am., Asia, Oceanica, Australia, 8. Africa.) 


D. argéntea, Willd. Canescently sericeous and silvery: leaves mostly with a shallow 
sinus or even truncate, and with comparatively short petioles: sepals from oblong-oval to 
lanceolate: corolla-lobes oblong-lanceolate, acutish, villous outside. — Hort. Berol. 297, 
t. 81; Meissn. l. c.—S. Texas to Arizona. (Mex., 8. Amer.) 


2. IPOMCZA, L. Morninc Guory. (According to Linneus, composed 
of tw, tog, and duowe, like; but fp is a worm.) — A large genus, mainly of 
twining herbs, some prostrate, diffuse, or even erect: fl, summer. Calyx not 
bracteate at base, but the outer sepals commonly larger. Limb of the corolla 
entire or barely 5-angulate, or slightly 5-lobed. Valves of the capsule usually 
septifragal. Cotyledons broad, commonly 2-lobed. Genus here taken in the 


Ipomea. CONVOLVULACE. 209 


extended sense, as in Meissn. in Mart. Fl]. Bras. vii. 215, & Benth. & Hook. Gen. 
ii. 870. 

I. revcantHa, Jacq., a South American species, is mentioned by Choisy in DC. Prodr. as 
having been collected by Charpentier in Arkansas ; but we have it not. 

I. Carorrya, L. (Catesb. Car. ii. t. 91), belongs to the Bahamas and other West Indies, 
not Carolina. 

ANISEIA AUREA, Kellogg,-in Proc. Calif. Acad. iii. 229, with plate, is a 5-foliolate Jpomea 
of Lower California, perhaps undescribed, and the same .as no. 81 in the collection of Xan- 
tus, in the same district, which was referred to J. stnuuta, var. foliis integris,in Proc. Am. Acad. 
v. 165. 


§ 1. CaLonyerion, Griseb. Corolla salverform, ample, with very long tube, 
flat limb, and throat not dilated; in zstivation coutorted: sepals herbaceous, 
becoming coriaceous, the outer sometimes cornute-tipped : style capitate-didymous : 
ovules 4, geminate in 2 cells, or commonly solitary in 4: flowers white, opening 
at evening and for one night, fragrant. — Calonyction, Choisy. 


— JI. Bona-nox, L. Extensively twining, glabrous: stem lactescent, usually becoming 
muricate-tuberculose: leaves from ovate-cordate to hastate, entire or 3-5-lobed, acuminate: 
peduncles 1-7-flowered : outer sepals commonly with an infratermiinal cusp or horn: corolla 
with slender tube 3 or 4 inches long and limb 4 or 5 inches wide, green externally between 
the plaits : stamens and style short-exserted : capsule ovate-conical, acute : seeds glabrous. 
— Andr. Bot. Rep. t.403; Bot. Mag. t. 752. Calonyction speciosum, Choisy, Convolv. 59, & in 
DC. Prodr. ix. 345. — 8. Florida, perhaps indigenous: cult. for ornament, especially south- 
ward. (Mex., W. Ind., 8. Amer., and scattered through most tropical regions.) 


§ 2. QvAmoctrit, Meissn., &c. Corolla salverform or with somewhat funnelform 
but narrow tube; the limb not contorted in the bud: sepals membranaceous or 
herbaceous: stamens and style more or less exserted: ovules solitary in the 
4 cells, i.e. the 2 cells bilocellate by a spurious partition : flowers red, opening by 
day. (Ours glabrous annuals.) — Quamoclit, Tourn., Choisy. 


“= T. QvAmocrit, L. (Cypress-Vixe.) Slender: leaves pinnately parted into linear-filiform 
divisions, short-petioled or sessile: peduncles few-flowered: corolla over an inch long, 
scarlet-red; the tube narrowly funnelform above ; lobes ovate: sepals merely mucronate 
or blunt. (Hybridizes with the following.) — Lam. Ill. t. 104; Bot. Mag. t. 214. Quamo- 
clit vulgaris, Choisy, &c. —Cult. and sparingly spontaneous in S. Atlantic States. (Trop. 
Amer., &c.) 

= — J. coccinea, L. Rather tall-climbing: leaves slender-petioled, cordate, or with somewhat 
sagittate or hastate base, conspicuously acuminate, entire, or angulate, or 3—5-toothed: 
peduncles few-several-flowered: corolla 9 to 20 lines long, scarlet or verging to orange ; 
the tube clavate; limb obscurely lobed, half to two-thirds inch wide: sepals mostly with 
slender appendage below the tip. — Sims. Bot. Mag. t.221; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 499. J. /ufeola, 
Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 55, with orange-colored corolla, Quamoclit coccinea, Mench, Meth. 453 ; 
Choisy in DC. — River-banks, &c., Middle and S. Atlantic States (apparently introduced, 
but well naturalized), and New Mexico and Arizona, where it is probably indigenous. 
(Trop. Amer., &c.) 

Var. hederifdélia. Leaves from angulate (or the earlier quite entire) to 3lobed or 

even 3-parted, or sometimes pedately 5-parted: corolla usually rather larger. —/. hederifolia, 

L.; Meissn. in Fi. Bras. vii. t. 76, fig. 1. I. sanguinea, Vahl, Symb. iii. 55; Bot. Reg. t. 9; 

Bot. Mag. t. 1769. Quamocelit hederifolia, Choisy. — W. Texas to Arizona. (Trop. Amer.) 


§ 3. Evirom@a. Corolla funnelform or nearly campanulate: stamens and 
style not exserted. — Jpomea, Batatas, Pharbitis, & Anise’a, Choisy. Jpomea & 
Pharbitis, Meissn. 


* (Morsixc Giory.) Lobes of the stigma and cells of the ovary 3 (rarely varving to 2): sepals 
long and narrow, acuminate or attenuate upward, herbaceous, mostly hispid or hirsute below: 
corolla funnelform, purple, blue, and white: seeds glabrous. — Pharbitis, Choisy. 


14 


210 CONVOLVULACES. Ipomeea. 


+— Root annual: flowers opening early in the morning, soon closing under sunshine. (All in- 
cluded under Convolvulus hederaceus, L., Hort. Cliff. & Spec. ed. 1.) 

= J, hederdcea, Jacq. Leaves deeply 3-lobed and deeply cordate; the lobes ovate or 
ovate-lanceolate, and the middle one narrowed at base, lateral ones sometimes repand - 
2lobed: peduncles either short or very short, 1-3-flowered: pedicels none or hardly any : 
sepals (two-thirds to near an inch long) linear-attenuate from a dilated and densely long 
villous-hirsute base, in age the upper part recurved-spreading: corolla short-funnelform, 
sky-blue with whitish tube, less than 2 incheslong. — Ic. Rar. t.36; Bot. Reg. t. 85; Meissn. 
1. c. 228; but not the Convolvulus hederaceus, L. Spec. ed. 2, 219, at least as to the cited 
figures of Dill. Elth., but clearly C. Nil, L. 1. c.,as to the lower figure cited (fig. 92), and 
therefore of Amer. authors. J. barbata, Roth, Cat. i. 37. Pharbitis hederacea, Choisy, 1.c. 
— Waste and cult. grounds, Penn. to Florida and Louisiana, barely naturalized northward, 
perhaps indigenous far southward. (Trop. Amer. and now widely dispersed.) 

es J. Nit, Roth, Cat. i. 16, and of most botanists who distinguish 7. hederacea, ( Convolvulus Nil, 

L. 1. ¢., only as to fig. 91 in Dill. Elth., & Bot. Mag. t. 188, and doubtless C. hederaccus, L., as 

to Dill. Elth. t. 81, fig. 93), is an Old World species with larger and longer corolla (2 or 3 

inches long), attenuate and erect calyx-lobes an inch long, the peduncle and pedicels short 

but distinct, the leaves less lobed, &c. To this belongs Pharbitis triloba, Miq., and P. Nil, var. 
limbata, Hook. f. Bot..Mag. t. 5720, a cultivated plant. To it properly belongs the Oriental 
name Jil. 

—— I. Mexicana. Slender: earlier leaves angulate—-3-lobed or some entire; the others as in 
I. hederucea, or the middle lobe often broadest at base: peduncles slender (from half inch 
to 3 inches long), commonly equalling or even surpassing the petiole: fruiting pedicels (1 to 
3) as long as the calyx: sepals (only half inch long) lanceolate, rather sparsely hirsute or 
hispid with comparatively short hairs, erect: corolla violet-purple, only an inch long, and 
limb an inch or so in diameter. — Conrolrulus flore purpureo, &c., Dill. Elth. t. 83, fig. 96, 
therefore in part C. hederaceus, L.: it might have taken this specific name had not another 
of the confused species been early taken up by Jacquin in Zpomea. J. Nil, var. diversifolia, 
Choisy in DC. Prodr. ix. 343, viz. Pharbitis diversifolia, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1988. J. Nu, 
Meissn. in Fl. Bras. L. c. 228, in part, & t. 79, fig. 1.— New Mexico and Arizona, Fendler, 
Wright, Thurber, &c. (Mex., &c.) Nearer to the following than to the preceding. 

«== I. purptrea, Lam. (Common Mornine Gory.) Leaves cordate, entire: peduncles 
elongated (2 to 5 inches long), 1-5-flowered: umbellate pedicels fully twice the length of 
the calyx, thickened and usually refracted in fruit: sepals lanceolate, half inch long, less 
hirsute: corolla about 2 inches long, violet, purple, or pink, varying to white and diversely 
variegated. — Convolvulus purpureus, L.; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 113, 1005, 1682. Pharbitis his- 
pida, Choisy, 1. c.— Cult. grounds, an escape from cultivation in the Atlantic States. 
Texas, Berlandier. San Diego Co., California (Cleveland), where it may be indigenous. 
(Mex., &e., and widely dispersed.) 

+— + Root perennial: flowers more diurnal? 

I. Lindheimeri. Finely appressed-pubescent (the stem retrorsely so), when young 
canescent: leaves deeply 5-cleft or 5-parted, all or the 3 interior lobes ovate or ovate-lan- 
ceolate with a much contracted base, the contracted portion often half the length of the 
dilated lobe: peduncle slender, 1-2-flowered (1 to 3 inches long) : pedicels a quarter to half 
inch long: sepals lanceolate-linear from an at length broadish base, fully an inch long, 
erect, sparsely hirsute (all alike): corolla light blue, elongated-funnelform with narrow 
tube, about 34 inches long. — /. heterophylla, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 149, not Ortega. — 
Rocky soil, W. Texas to New Mexico, Lindheimer, Wright. (Adjacent Mex., Gregg.) 

I. cathartica, Poir. Glabrous or nearly so, even to the calyx: leaves cordate, acu- 
minate, entire, or some of them 8-lobed or deeply cleft: peduncles equalling the petiole, 
1-5-flowered: outer sepals larger and ovate-lanceolate, the inner narrowly lanceolate, all 
long-acuminate : corolla 24 or 3 inches long, pink-purple or crimson. — Dict. Suppl. iv. 635 ; 
Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 473. J. fastigiata, Chapm. Fl. 433, not Sweet.  Convrolvulus pudibundus, 
Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 999. Pharbitis cathartica, Griseb. 1.c. — 8. Florida, Blodyett, Palmer. Per- 
haps introduced. (Bahamas to Brazil.) 

* %* Stigma 2-lobed or entire: ovules only 4 and proper cells of the ovary only 2, but these in 


some divided by cellular matter forming an additional partition between the two seeds: sepals 
membranaceous, or rather fleshy, or becoming coriaceous, mostly very much imbricated. 


Ipomea. CONVOLVULACEZ. 211 


+ Creeping (or at least prostrate and not twining) perennials, glabrous or nearly so: flowers rather 
large, opening at morning. 
~—oww., I, Pes-capre, Sweet. Herbage succulent: leaves orbicular, mostly emarginate at 
both ends, 2glandular at base, fleshy, pinnately many-veined, 2 or 3 inches long, about 
equalled by the petiole: sepals oval, obtuse: corolla (nearly 2 inches long) broadly short- 
funnelform, purple: mature capsule 2-celled: seeds rusty-pubescent. — “Hort. Lond. 
ed. 2, 239;” Roth, Nov. Pl. 109; Dese. Ant. ii. t. 130. /. maritima, R. Br.; Bot. Reg. t. 319. 
L orbiewaris, EM. Sk. i. 257. Convolvulus Pes-capre & Brasiliensis, L.— Drifting sands of 
the coast, Georgia to Texas. (Most tropical coasts.) 
wee Il. acetoszefdlia, Room. & Sch. Stem slender, extensively creeping and freely rooting : 
leaves slightly succulent, slender-petioled, exceedingly various; the earlier oblong or sub- 
cordate, or emarginate at both ends, cither entire or panduriform or 3-lobed; the others 
sometimes linear, sometimes deeply 3-5-lobed or parted, and the lobes narrowed at base ; 
lobes obtuse: peduncles 1-flowered: sepals oblong, niucronate or acuminate: corolla 
oblong-funnelform, white with yellowish throat, 1} to 2 inches long: capsule globose, thin- 
walled, half inch broad, +celled: seeds densely villous-woolly, globular. — Syst. iv. 246; 
Desc. Ant. ii. t. 145; Meissn. in Fl. Bras. vii. 255, t.94. J. carnosa, R. Br. Prodr., ex Benth. 
Fl. Austr. iv. 420. Convolvulus littoralis, L. C. acetosefolius, Vahl, Ecl. i.18. C. stoloniferus, 
Desr. in Lam. Dict. iii. 550; Cyr. Pl Rar. i. 14, t.5.  C’ obtusilobus, Michx. FL. i. 15!); El. 
lie. Batatas acetosefolia & littoralis, Choisy in DC. Prodr. ix. 538, excl. syn. J. longifolia, 
Benth. — Sandy sea-coast, 8. Carolina to Texas. (Most tropical shores.) 

I. longifdlia, Benth. Prostrate stems stout, 6 to 10 feet long: leaves thickish, short- 
petioled, pinnately-veined, from linear- to oblong-lanceolate, entire, merely obtuse at base, 
mucronate at tip, 2 to 5 inches long: peduncle 1-flowered: sepals broadly oblong or oval, 
very obtuse: corolla very broadly open-funnelform, white with purple throat, 4 inches 
long, or when widely expanded 3 or 4 inches in diameter: capsule ovate, 2-celled, with 
firm-coriaceous valves, an inch long: seeds oblong, rather minutely hairy at the angles. — 
Pl. Hartw. 16; Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxvi. t.21; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 149. I. Shumardi, 
Torr. in Marcy Rep. 191.—S8. E. Arizona, Thurber, C. Wright. (Adjacent Mex.) 


I. BarAtas, Lam., the Sweet Poraro of cultivation, belongs here, although it has the 
ficshy roots of the following, and the stems trail rather than creep: the leaves vary from 
cordate-hastate to deltoid, and from nearly entire to laciniate-lobed or parted. Origin un- 
known, unless from J. fastigiata of Trop. Amer. 

+— + Twining, or at first trailing, but not creeping: leaves cordate or sagittate, or with divisions 

broader than linear. 

++ Perennials, with immense fleshy-farinaceous roots: leaves cordate, entire, or some of them 3-5- 

lobed: peduncles one-several-flowered: sepals oblong or ovate, obtuse or merely mucronate, over 
half inch long: corolla over 2 inches long. 

I. Jalapa, Pursh. Freely twining from a napiform or thick fusiform root (white, some- 
times weighing 40 or 5!) pounds), tomentulose-pubescent, at least the lower face of the 
shallow-cordate plicate-veiny repand or sometimes lobed leaves (these 3 to 5 inches long) : 
corolla “opening at night,” 3 or 4 inches long, white or light pink-purple; the narrow tube 
and throat 3 or 4 times longer than the calyx and deep purple: ovary imperfectly 4-celled : 
seeds densely clothed with long villous wool. — Fl. i. 146 ; Bot. Reg. t. 342, 621; Griseb lc. 
Convolvulus Jalapa, L. Mant. 43; Desf. in Ann. Mus. Par. ii. 126, t. 40, 41; Sims, Bot. Mag. 
t. 1572. Zpomea macrorhiza, Michx. Fl. i. 141. Conroledus macrorhizus, Ell. Sk. i. 352. 
Ipomea Mechoacan, Nutt. in Am. Jour. Sei. y. 289. J. Michwuxii, Sweet, 1. c.; Chapm. Fl. 
343. I. Purshii, Don, Syst. le. Batatas Jalapa, Choisy, Convoly. & DC. Lc. 333. — Light 
sandy soil along the coast, S. Carolina to Florida. (Mex., W. Ind., &c.) Apparently same 
as the Mexican false or Mechoacan Jalap, but root of the U. S. plant hardly purgative. 

=== [. pandurata, Meyer. Glabrous or nearly so: stems trailing or twining: root very 
long and large (at length weighing 10 to 20 pounds): leaves (2 to + inches long) usually 
cordate and entire, or some of the later angulate or panduriform-cordate, occasionally 
hastate-3-lobed: corolla rather broadly funnelform, 2 or 3 inches long, white with « dark- 
purple throat: ovary only 2-celled: seeds woolly on the angles. — Esseq. 100, as to name 

only ; Ker, Bot. Reg. t. 588; Choisy, 1. ¢. 881. Convolrulus megalorhizos, etc., Dill. Elth. 100, 

t. 85, fig. 99. C. panduratus, L.; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1939; Ell. l.c.; Barton, Med. t. 23. 

C. candicans, Solander in Bot. Mag. t. 1603, with some minute pubescence of leaves. Var. 


212 CONVOLVULACES. Ipomea. 


rubescens, Choisy, l.c., is merely a longer-flowered form, from Kentucky ; and Convolvulus 
ciliolatus, Michx. 1.c., from Knoxville, Tennessee, is probably the same. — Dry ground, 
Upper Canada to Florida and Texas. There is a double-flowered state. 


4+ ++ Perennial with a thick root: leaves all sagittate: peduncle mostly 1-flowered: sepals as of 
the preceding but barely half inch long: corolla proportionally very large. 


«<== J, sagittata, Cav. Glabrous: stems slender: leaves deeply sagittate, otherwise entire, 


acute or acuminate; some with linear-lanceolate lobes; some (at least the earlier) larger 
and broader, with ovate-lanceolate outline and oblong obtuse basal lobes: corolla pink- 
purple, 2 or 3 inches long; the tube with the narrowish throat very much exceeding the 
calyx: seeds somewhat villous on the back or sides. — Ic. ii. 4, t. 107; Desf. Fl. Atl. i. 177. 
I. sayittifolia, Ker, Bot. Reg. t. 437; Chapm. Fl. 844. Convolvulus Carolinensis, &c., Catesb. 
Car. i. 35, t. 35. C. speciosus, Walt. Car. 93. C. sagittifolius, Michx. Fl. i. 138.— Salt 
marshes on the coast, N. Carolina to Texas. (Cuba, Spain and Barbary.) 
++ ++ ++ Perennials with roots not very large and thick, or annuals: corolla an inch and a half 
long or smaller. 

= Calyx almost an inch long, large for the size of the corolla. 

I. sinudta, Ortega. Root perennial: stem (rather woody at base) and petioles hirsute 
with long spreading hairs from a papilliform base : leaves nearly or quite glabrous, 7-parted ; 
the divisions lanceolate or narrowly oblong, sinuately and laciniately pinnatifid or incised : 
calyx equalling the throat of the open-funnelform corolla (white with purple eye): seeds 
glabrous. — Dec. vii. 84; Choisy, l.c.; Chapm.l.c. J. dissecta, Pursh, not Willd. Convol- 
vulus dissectus, L. Mant. 204; Jacq. Obs. iv. t. 28, & Vind. ii. t.159.— Near the coast in 
Georgia to Texas. (Trop. Amer.) 

== = Calyx in fruit over half inch long, setose-hispid. 

I. barbatisépala. Apparently annual, glabrous except the calyx: leaves pedately 5-7- 
parted; the divisions lanceolate with narrowed base, an inch or two long, or the lateral 
ones mostly short, entire: peduncles 1-2-flowered, not longer than the petiole: sepals 
attenuate-linear from a broader base, nearly equal, in fruit 7 or 8 lines long, a third longer 
than the 2-celled 4-seeded globular capsule, the back strongly hispid with long and stout 
spreading bristles: corolla purple, less than an inch long: stigmas 2, globose: seeds gla- 
brous or minutely scurfy.— W. borders of Texas; declivity of mountain near El Paso, 
Wright (1849, no. 507). Calyx nearly as of J. hederacea, Jacq., but with stiffer beard. 

= = = Calyx 5 to 9 lines long, completely glabrous: root perennial. 

I. Thtrberi. Glabrous throughout, apparently with only low twining stems from a thick- 
ened root or tuber: leaves palmately or pedately and deeply 5-7-cleft (an inch or more in 
diameter) ; the widely divergent lobes triangular-lanceolate, or the one or three middle 
ones somewhat caudately prolonged, the narrow tip obtuse: peduncle short, 1-flowered, 
clavate in age: corolla, &c., not seen: sepals in fruit 8 or 9 lines long, lanceolate-attenuate 
from a broader base, nearly twice the length of the 4-celled 4-valved globular coriaceous 
capsule: seeds clothed with fine brownish somewhat furfuraceous pubescence. — South- 
eastern border of Arizona, near Santa Cruz, Thurber (no. 966), Wright. 

I. trifida, Don. Much resembles J. commutata ; but the root perennial, the pubescence 
shorter and softer, peduncles longer, and calyx glabrous. — Convolvulus trifidus, HBK. Nov. 
Gen. & Spee. iii. 107. (Trop. Amer.) 

Var. Torreyana. Nearly glabrous throughout, freely twining : leaves cordate, about 
2 inches long; some entire or merely angulate ; most 3-cleft, with ovate lobes, the lateral 
externally rounded: peduncles surpassing the leaves, umbellately 3-10-flowered: pedicels 
in age muriculate-scabrous: sepals oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, mucronate-acuminate, 
chartaceous, 5 lines long, not at all ciliate: corolla funnelform, pink or lilac-purple, over 
an inch long: capsule globular, chartaceous, simply 2-celled, either glabrous or sparingly 
pilose at tip, about equalling the calyx: seeds glabrous and very smooth. — J. commutata, 
Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 149, not Rom. & Sch. J. fastigiata? Torr. 1. c., not Sweet. — W. 
and 8. Texas, Wright, Bigelow, Lindheimer, Schott. 

Var. Berlandiéri. Perhaps only a depauperate form: leaves smaller and deeper 
cleft, some almost 8-parted; the middle lobe lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate and longer, 
giving a somewhat hastate outline} the lateral. divisions often 2-lobed or 2-3-cleft and 
their lobes acute: peduncles only an inch long. — Bejar, Texas, Berlandier. Referred by 
Choisy to I. commutata. 


Ipomea. CONVOLVULACE.E. 213 


= >= = = Calyx 3 to 6 lines long, thinnish, pilose or at least ciliate with some long and soft 
hairs vising from a more rigid or papijlliform base, more or less longer than the smal! and thin- 
walled globular 2-cclled capsule, which is sparsely pilose but sometimes glabrate at the upper 
part: seeds giabrous: stems freely twining: root annual. 

zee I, commutata, Reem. & Sch. Hirsute-pubescent or glabrate: leaves (2 or 3 inches 
long), curdate, some entire, some strongly 3-lobed with middle lobe ovate-lanceolate and 
acuminate; the lateral usually shorter and broader, sometimes again 2-lobed: peduncles 
slender, 14 to 3 inches long, 1-3-flowered: sepals oblong, acuminate, 5 lines long: corolla 
an inch or more long, purple or pink. — Syst. iv. 228; Choisy, l.¢. Convolvulus Curolinus, 
L. Spee. i. 154 (Dill. Elth. 100, t. 84, fig. 93); Michx. FL. i. 189. Jpomea Curvlina, Pursh, 
Fl. i. 145, not L., which is W. Indian. J. trichocarpa, Eli. Sk. i. 258, which slightly antedates 
the name commutata, but is misleading, the fruit being not rarely glabrate or glabrous. — 
Dry or low grounds, 8. Carolina to Texas. 

«= J. lacunésa, L. Slightly pubescent or hirsute, or nearly glabrous: leaves as the pre- 
ceding or less lobed, more commonly ovate-cordate and entire, conspicuously acuminate : 
peduncles shorter: sepals commonly broader and mostly naked, except the long-ciliate 
margins: corolla half inch or so in length, narrow-funnelform, white or with a purple 
acutely 5-angulate border: globose capsule more turgid and pilose. — Spee. i. 161 (Dill. l.c. 
t. 87, fig. 102); Michx. l.c.; Ell. lc. Convolvulus micranthus, Riddell, Syn. Fl. W. States, 
70. — River banks and low grounds, Penn. to Illinois, 8. Carolina, and Texas. 

—— I. triloba, L. Stems slender, sparsely pubescent: leaves usually glabrous, very deeply 
3-lobed or almost 3-parted; the divisions mostly entire; the middle ovate or lanceolate- 
ovate with narrowed base; the lateral semicordate: peduncles usually elongated: sepals 
3 lines long, oblong-ovate: corolla narrow, two-thirds inch long, resembling that of the 
preceding, but purple. — Choisy, l. c. 883; Chapm. Fl. 343.— Key West, Florida; perhaps 
introduced. (Trop. Amer.) 
= = => = = Calyx only 2 lines long, naked and glabrous, shorter than the glabrous simply 

2-celled thin-walled capsule: herbage glabrous throughout: root not seen. 

I. Wrightii. Stems very slender: leaves all digitately divided into 5 narrowly lanceolate 
entire leaflets (all 12 to 18 lines long, or the lateral shorter, obtuse or acutish and mucro- 
nulate): peduncles slender, 1-flowered, not exceeding the petiole: sepals ovate, very obtuse, 
equal: corolla pink or purple, narrowly funnelform, half inch long: capsule ovoid, 4 lines 
long: seeds globular, minutely and densely puberulent. — Texas, Wright, probably from 
the southern part of the State. Habit of J. quinquefolia, but leaves, corolla, &c., different. 
A plant resembling it was collected by Dr. Palmer on the Yaqui River, in the north- 
western part of Mexico, in which the leaves seem to be pedate, and the long filiform 
peduncles coil in the manner of tendrils. 

I. cardiophylla. Very glabrous: leaves broadly cordate and with basal lobes somewhat 
incurved, entire, acuminate, an inch or two long: peduncles mostly 1-flowered and shorter 
than the slender petiole: sepals ovate, acute, thickish but scarious-margined, more or. less 
muriculate-glandular on the back: corolla purple, three-fourths inch long, campanulate- 
funnelform above the narrow tube, which barely equals the calyx: capsule ovoid, half 
inch long; the thin valves finely lineolate: seeds oval, brownish-puberulent. — Western 
borders of Texas, inthe mountains near El Paso, Wright. In calyx and foliage considerably 
resembling J. violacea. 


+ + + Stems erect or diffuse, feebly if at all twining, never creeping or even prostrate: leaves 
or their divisions al linear or narrower and entire. 


ao co simple and entire: flowers large: root perennial, immense, weighing from 10 to 100 
pounds. 

I. leptophylla, Torr. Very glabrous: stems erect or ascending (2 to 4 feet high), and 
with recurving slender branches: leaves linear (2 to + inches long, 2 or 3 lines wide), short- 
petioled, acute: peduncles short, 1-2-flowered: calyx 3 or 4 lines long; the sepals broadly 
ovate, very obtuse, outer ones shorter: corolla pink-purple, funnelform, about 3 inches 
lang: capsule ovate, an inch long: seeds rusty-pubescent. — Frem. Rep. 95, & Emory Rep. 
148, t. 11. Convolvulus Caddoensis, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1862.— Plains of Ne- 
braska and Wyoming to Texas and New Mexico: a striking and showy species, first col- 
lected, in Long’s Expedition, by Dr. E. James, who singularly mistook it for an annual. 
Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 228. (Convolvulus.) 


mo 


214 CONVOLVULACEZ. Ipomea. 


++ ++ Leaves palmately or pedatcly divided or parted, 
= Almost sessile and the divisions all simple: root perennial, an oblong tuber. 


I. muricata, Cav. A span ortwo high, erect, loosely branched, glabrous, slender : leaves 
of 5 (or sometimes pedately 7) narrowly linear or filiform mucronate-acute divisions or 
leaflets (6 to 10 lines long): peduncles shorter than the leaves, 1-flowered: sepals lanceo- 
late-ovate, tuberculate-muricate on the back or midrib: corolla narrowly funnelform, 
crimson-purple, an inch long: capsule globose, nodding, hardly 3 lines long : seeds almost 
glabrous. — Ie. v. 52, t. 478, fig. 2; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 150. Convolvulus capillaceus, 
HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 97.— New Mexico and Arizona. (Mex., &c.) 

= = Leaves distinctly petiolate: root annual: stems diffuse, filiform. 


~—e I. leptétoma, Torr. Diffuse or procumbent and feebly twining, a foot or two long, 
glabrous up to the pedicels: leaves pedately 5-7-parted into narrowly linear attenuate- 
acuminate or acute divisions; the middle and longer one an inch or two long: peduncles 
slender, equalling or exceeding the leaf, 1-2-flowered: pedicels and lanceolate attenuate- 
acuminate 3-nerved sepals hirsute: corolla funnelform, purple, over an inch long: capsule 
globose-ovoid, shorter than the calyx: seeds glabrous. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 150. — Arizona, 
Thurber, Wright, Palmer. 

I. costellata, Torr. 1.c. Erect and diffuse, at length procumbent or slightly twining, 
glabrous or minutely hirsute: leaves pedately 7-9-parted into linear or somewhat spatulate 
(or the upper into filiform) divisions of somewhat equal length (half to an inch long): 
peduncles filiform, surpassing the leaf, 1-3-flowered: sepals ovate-lanceolate or oblong, 
acute, glabrous (as is the pedicel), carinately 1-nerved or obscurely 3-nerved; the keel of 
the outer ones salient and often undulate-cristate or tuberculate : corolla narrowly funnel- 
form, approaching salverform, a third or hardly half inch long, twice or thrice the length 
of the calyx, pink-purple or paler, with 5 short mucronate-pointed lobes: capsule globular, 
as long as the calyx: seeds minutely puberulent. —S. Texas to Arizona. (Mex.) 


3. JACQUEMONTIA, Choisy. (Victor Jacquemont, a French naturalist 
and traveller, died in India.) — A rather small genus, tropical or subtropical, 
mostly with the aspect of Convolvulus. FJ. summer. Seeds in ours roughish. 

J. anutitofpes, Benth., to which belongs Dr. Kellogg’s Aniseia azurea, is of Lower Cali- 
fornia. It is doubtful if either of the following are indigenous. 

J. violacea, Choisy. Twining, pubescent or almost glabrous: leaves cordate or ovate- 
lanceolate, cuspidate-acuminate: peduncles slender, umbellately or cymosely several- 
flowered : sepals ovate, acuminate; the outer larger and subcordate : corolla short-funnel- 
form, half inch long, violet. —Chapm. Fl. 344. Convolilus violaceus, Vahl. C. pentanthos, 
Jacq. Ic. Rar. ii. t. 316; Bot. Mag. t. 2151. — Key West, Florida, Blodgett. (Trop. Amer.) 

=== J, tamnifdlia, Griseb. Erect or at length twining, fulvous-hirsute : root annual : leaves 
cordate and ovate, long-petioled, pinnately veiny: peduncles elongated, capitately many- 
flowered : glomerate cluster involucrate with foliaceous bracts: sepals subulate-linear, fer- 

rugineous-hirsute, 5 lines long, nearly equalling the violet corolla.— Fl. W. Ind. 474; 

Meissn. in Fl. Bras. vii. 302. Zpomea deiejale, L. (Dill. Elth. t. 318, fig. 414.) Convolvulus 

ciliatus, Vahl. C. tamnifolius, Ell. Sk. i. 258. — Cult. and waste grounds, from S. Carolina ° 


Dl atl Poe d. (Trop. Amer.) 
VOL: Mr, L. Brixnpweep. (From convolvo, I entwine.) — 


Herbs or somewhat shraby plants (of many species, most of them in the Old 
World), either twining, erect, or prostrate; with small or rather large flowers (in 
summer), some opening at dawn, some in bright sunshine. — Convolvulus & Caly- 
stegia, R. Br.; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 874. 


§ 1. Carysricia. Stigmas from ovate or oval to oblong, very flat: solitary 
flower involucellate by a pair of persistent membranaceo-foliaceous broad bracts, 
which are close to the calyx and enclose or exceed it: corolla open in sunshine : 
ovary and capsule commonly somewhat one-celled by the imperfection of the par- 


Convolvulus. CONVOLVULACEZ. 215 


tition: perennials, with filiform creeping rootstocks. — Oalystegia, R. Br., Hook. 
& Benth., &c. 


CaLysteGia parapoxa, Pursh, Fl. ii. 729; which was described from Sherard’s herbarium, 
and supposed to come from Virginia or Carolina, is not recognizable, and is certainly no true 
Calystegia. 

w==C. Soldanélla, L. Glabrous, fleshy: stems low and mostly short, creeping or trailing: 
leaves reniform, entire or obscurely angulate, often emarginate, an inch or two wide, long- 
petioled: bracts roundish and obscurely cordate, not longer than the sepals: corolla pink- 
purple, 12 to 18 lines long, short-funnelform: stigmas ovate. — Spec. i. 159; Engl. Bot. 

t. 814; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 533. Calystegia Suldanella & C. reniformis, R. Br. Prodr. 433.— 

Sands of the Pacific coast, Puget Sound to California. (Most Pacific shores, Eu., &c.) 

“= C. spithameus, L. Soft-pubescent or tomentose: stem erect or ascending, or sometimes 
decumbent, a span to 2 feet long, mostly simple and not twining: leaves short-petioled, 
oblong, with rounded or subcordate or sometimes short-sagittate base: bracts ovate, not 
auricled at base: corolla white, campanulate-funnelform, 1} to 2 inches long: stigmas oval. 

— Spee. i158; Ell. Sk. i.251. C. stans, Michx. Fl. 1.136. Calystegia spithamea & C. tomen- 

tosa, Pursh, Fl. i. 434. C. spithamea, Hook. Exot. t. 97, but stigmas too narrow. — Dry and 

sandy or rocky soil, Canada to Wisconsin and south to Florida. 

~s: C, sépium, L. Glabrous, or more or less pubescent, freely twining : leaves slender-petioled, 

deltoid-hastate and triangular-sagittate (2 to 5 inches long), acute or acuminate; the basal 
lobes or auricles either entire or angulate-2-3-lobed: peduncles mostly elongated: bracts 
cordate-ovate or somewhat sagittate, commonly acute : corolla broadly funnelform, 2 inches 
long, white or tinged with rose-color: stigmas from oval to oblong. — Curt. Fl. Lond. 

t. 32; Engl. Bot. t. 313; Fl. Dan. t. 458. Calystegia sepium, R. Br. Prodr. 453; Reichenb. 

Ic. Germ. xviii. t. 1340.— Moist alluvial soil, or along streams, Canada and N. Atlantic 

States to Utah. (Eu., &c.) 

Var. Americanus, Sims. Corolla pink or rose-purple: bracts obtuse. — Bot. 
Mag. t. 732. C. sepium of Am. authors in large part. Calystegia sepium, var. rosea, Choisy 
in DC. Prodr. ix. 433. — Canada to Carolina and Oregon. (N. Asia.) 

Var. répens. Corolla from almost white to rose-color: bracts from very obtuse to 
acute: herbage from minutely to tomentose-pubescent: sterile and sometimes flowering 
stems extensively prostrate: leaves more narrowly sagittate or cordate, the basal lobes 
commonly obtuse or rounded and entire. — Convolvulus repens, L. Spec. i. 158 (as to pl. 
Gronov., excl. syn. Plum. & Rheede); Michx. lc. Culystegia sepium, var. pubescens, Gray, 
Man. ed. 5, 376. C. Catesbetana, Pursh, FI. ii. 729; Choisy, l.c.— Canada? to Texas, and 
west to Dakota and New Mexico, on banks and shores. Sometimes with almost glabrous 
and thickish leaves; Calystegia sepium, var. maritima, Choisy, in part. (The species widely 
diffused over the world and variable.) 


§ 2. Stigmas linear or oblong-linear, flat: bracts at the base of the calyx as in 
the preceding section or smaller, or various at the base of a short pedicel. Cali- 
fornian species. 


-~ =~ C. occidentdlis, Gray. Glabrous or minutely pubescent: stems freely twining : leaves 
slender-petioled, from angulate-cordate with a deep and narrow sinus to sagittate or the 
upper hastate ; the posterior lobes often 1-2-toothed: peduncles elongated, surpassing the 
leaf, sometimes proliferously 1-3-flowered: bracts at base of calyx ovate or obscurely cor- 
date, membranaceous, equalling it or rather longer, mostly obtuse: corolla campanulate- 
funnelform, white or pinkish, 12 to 18 lines long: stigmas linear. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 89, 
& Bot. Calif. i. 533.— Dry hills, W. California, from San Francisco Bay to San Diego. 

Var. tenuissimus, Gray, l.c., a form with narrowly hastate or sagittate leaves 
(only an inch or two long), the middle and mostly the basal lobes narrowly lanceolate : 
bracts ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate.— Santa Barbara and San 
Diego, Nuttall, Cooper, &e. 

C. Califérnicus, Choisy. Minutely and often densely pubescent: stems very short 
and erect from filiform rootstocks, flowering close to the ground, or at length with prostrate 
branches a span or even a foot long: leaves slender-petioled, from ovate or round-obovate 
to deltoid or subcordate and obtuse, or the later somewhat sagittate or hastate and acute 


— 


216 CONVOLVULACER. Convolvulus. 


(an inch or so long): peduncles shorter than the petiole: bracts at base of calyx oblong, 
obtuse, about equalling and somewhat résembling the outer very obtuse sepals: corolla 
broadly funnelform, 14 to 2 inches long, white, cream-color, or flesh-color: stigmas linear- 
oblong. — DC. Prodr. ix..405; Gray, le. Calystegia subacaulis, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 
363. — W. California, on hills, &c., from San Francisco Bay southward. 

C. villésus, Gray, ].c. Densely velvety-tomentose throughout, mostly silvery-white, 
low: stems decumbent or prostrate, feebly if at all twining: leaves slender-petioled, from 
reniform-hastate to sagittate, an inch or less long; the basal lobes often angulate-toothed : 
peduncles shorter than the leaf: bracts at base of and equalling the calyx, oval or ovate, 
white-tomentose : corolla campanulate-funnelform, cream-color, an inch long: stigmas nar- 
row-linear. — Calystegia villosa, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. v.17.— Dry and sandy soil, 
California, Monterey Co., and Plumas Co. to Tejon. 

C. lutéolus, Gray, 1. ce. Glabrous or soft-pubescent: stems a span or two long and 
ascending or more elongated and twining: leaves slender-petioled, from triangular- or del- 
toid-hastate to sagittate, an inch or two long : peduncles equalling or surpassing the leaves: 
bracts about their own length distant from the calyx, narrowly oblong varying to linear- 
lanceolate, 2 to 4 lines long, much smaller than the chartaceo-coriaceous very obtuse 
unequal sepals, a second flower rarely in the axil of one of them (occasionally the bracts 
alternate): corolla 12 to 18 lines long, campanulate-funnelform, pale yellow (sometimes 
purplish or fading to purple ?): stigmas linear. —Zpomea sagittifolia, Hook. & Arn. Bot. 
Beech. 151 (as to Calif. plant); Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 127, the stigmas certainly linear! 
Convolvulus Californicus, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 326, not Choisy. — California, from around San 
Francisco Bay northward, and in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. 

Var. fulcradtus, Gray, 1.c. Soft-pubescent: bracts foliaceous, hastate or sagittate, 
and short-petioled, resembling diminutive leaves, 3 to 6 lines long, about their length dis- 
tant from the calyx or sometimes closely subtending it.— Convolvulus arvensis, var. villosus, 
Torr. 1. c. —Foothills of the Sierra Nevada from the Stanislaus southward. 


§ 3. Stigmas filiform or narrowly linear: no bracts at or near the base of the 
calyx. 
* Procumbent or low-twining perennials: bracts of the 1-3-flowered peduncle small or minute and 
subulate: corolla an inch or less long, broadly short-funnelform. 
++ Introduced species, nearly glabrous: leaves broad and entire. 


—= C, arvensis, L. Mostly procumbent: leaves oblong-sagittate or somewhat hastate, an inch 
or two long; the basal lobes short and acute: bracts a pair at the base of the pedicel, 
small, subulate: corolla white, commonly tinged with rose: stigmas filiform. — Fl. Dan. 
t. 459; Reichenb. Ic. Germ. xviii. t. 1337. — Old fields, N. Atlantic States. (Sparingly nat. 
from Europe.) 
+— + Indigenous Texan species, cinereous-pubescent or canescent: leaves commonly lobed or 

Se a flowers opening in afternoon sunshine: corolla ferrugineous-silky-hirsute outside in the 
ud. 

C. hermannioides. Sericeous-tomentulose: stems 3 to 5 feet long, mainly procumbent: 
leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, and with sagittate or narrowly cordate base, 
14 to 3 inches long, repand- or sinuate-dentate, sometimes obsoletely so, rather short- 
petioled ; the veins not plicate-impressed above nor prominent beneath: peduncles rather 
longer than the leaves, 1-2-flowered: sepals half inch long or nearly so, oval-oblong, 
mucronate and obtuse or barely acute: corolla white, an inch long, the border merely 
angulate. — C. Hermannie, Choisy in DC. 1. c. as to Texan plant; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 
148, not of L’Her., which is Peruvian and Chilian. — Texas, in dry prairies. Narrow-leaved. 
forms approach the next. 

— C.incanus, Vahl. Cinereous or caneseent with a close and short silky pubescence 
(rarely greener and glabrate): stems filiform, 1 to 3 feet long, mainly procumbent : leaves 
polymorphous ; some simply lanceolate- or linear-sagittate or hastate (1 or 2 inches long, 
2 or 3 lines wide, obtuse and mucronate, entire, and with the narrow elongated basal lobes 
entire or 2-3-toothed); some pedate, having narrowly 2-3-cleft lateral lobes or divisions, 
some more coarsely 3-5-parted, with lobes entire or coarscly'sinuate-dentate ; some of the 
early ones ovate- or oblong-cordate and merely sinuate-dentate: peduncles 1-2-flowered, 
as long as the leaf: sepals a quarter inch long, oval, obtuse, or merely mucronate-tipped : 


Breweria. CONVOLVULACE. DLT 


corolla white or tinged with rose, half inch long, the angles salient-acuminate. — Symb. 
iii. 23 (1790). C. Bonariensis & C. dissectus, Cay. Ic. v. t. 480 (1799). C. equitans, Benth. PL. 
Hartw. 16. C. hastatus, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, v.194. C.lobatus, Engelm. & 
Gray, Pl. Lindh. i. 44. C. glaucifolius, Choisy in DC. Prodr. ix. 412, but probably not /pomea 
glaucifolia, L., viz. Dill. Elth. t. 87, fig. 101, which is “glaucous and glabrous.” — Dry 
prairies and hile, Arkansas and S. Colorado to Texas and Arizona. (Mex., Extra-trop. 
S. Amer.) 
* %* Erect and much branched feebly twining perennial, glabrous throughout, small-leaved. 


C. léngipes, Watson. Stems slender, loosely much branched, a foot to a yard high: 
leaves mostly linear-hastate, short-petioled (an inch or two long, a line or two wide), 
thickish, veinless, entire, cuspidate-mucronate, the upper gradually reduced to linear- 
subulate bracts; these on the 1-flowered peduncles mostly alternate: sepals ovate, obtuse, 
often mucronulate, the outer shorter: corolla fully an inch long, broadly funnelform, 
glabrous throughout, white or cream-color: stigmas very narrowly linear: seeds globular, 
minutely tuberculate. —Am. Naturalist, vii. 302; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 534; Rothrock in 
Wheeler Rep. t. 20.— Arid desert region, 8. Nevada and 8. E. California, Lieut. Wheeler, 
Dr. Horn, Palmer. 


5. BREWERIA, R. Br. (Samuel Brewer, an English Botanist or ama- 
teur of the 1th century.) — Chiefly perennial herbs, some suffruticose, of the 
warmer parts of the world, resembling /pomea and Convolvulus ; with simple 
entire and usually short-petioled leaves, and the corolla mostly silky-pubescent or 
silky-hirsute outside in the bud, with angulate or obscurely lobed border: fi. 
summer and autumn.— Prodr. 487; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 877. Stylisma, 
Raf. in Ann. Sci. Phys. viii. 263; Choisy in DC. Prodr. ix. 450. Bunamia, 
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 336, & Man. ed. 5, 876, not Thouars, in which the 
corolla is lobed and not plicate. 

* Procumbent: peduncles very short and 1-flowered: capsule large: seed glabrous. 

B. ovalifdlia. Sericeous-canescent: leaves ovate or oval, mostly subcordate, an inch 
long: style 2-cleft above the middle: capsule globose, half inch in diameter, about the 
length of the broadly ovate sepals, by abortion 1-seeded. — Evolvulus ? ovalifolius, Torr. Bot. 
Mex. Bound. 150.— 8S. W. borders of Texas, on the Rio Grande (the Mexican side) below 
San Carlos, Parry. Corolla not seen. 

% %* Procumbent slender perennials: peduncles slender and ae 1-5-flowered: flowers small: 

corolla almost campanulate: capsule small. — Stylisma, Raf., 

-===B, humistrata. Sparsely pubescent or glabrate : fees on elliptical and subcordate 
to narrowly linear (an inch or two long), mucronate, and the broader emarginate : peduncles 
1-7-flowered: bracts shorter than the pedicels : sepals glabrous or almost so, oblong-ovate, 
acuminate: corolla white, half inch long: filaments hairy: styles united at base. — Con- 
volvulus humistratus, Walt. Car. 94. C. patens, Desr. in Lam. Dict. iii. 547. C. trichosanthes, 
Michx. Fl. i. 187, partly. C. Sherardi, Pursh, Fl. ii. 7302  C. tenellus, Lam. IIL. i. 459; 
EIl. Sk. i. 250. Evolvulus? Sherardi, Choisy. Stylisma evolvuloides, Choisy, 1. c., in part. 
S. humistrata, Chapm. Fl. 346. Bonamia humistrata, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 376. — Dry pine bar- 
rens, Virginia to Louisiana. 

B. aquatica. Soft-pubescent or cinereous-tomentulose : leaves from elliptical to subcor- 
date-lanceolate, very obtuse, seldom over an inch long: peduncles 1-3flowered : sepals 
strongly sericeous-pubescent, acute or acuminate: corolla rose-purple: filaments glabrous: 
styles distinct nearly to base. — Convolvwlus aquaticus, Walt. 1. ¢.; Ell. lc. C. trichosanthes, 
Michx. |. ¢., partly. C. erianthus, Willd. in Spreng. Syst. i.610. Stylisma aquatica, Chapm. 
lc. Benamia aquatica, Gray, |. c.— Wet pine barrens and margin of ponds, North Carolina 
to Texas. 

“~ B. Pickeringii. Pubescent, or the leaves glabrate: these from narrowly spatulate- 
linear with acute and subsessile base to filiform-linear: peduncles seldom surpassing the 
leaves, 1-3-flowered : bracts foliaceous and exceeding the flowers: sepals villous-sericeous, 
ovate, obtuse, half the length of the ovate-conoidal capsule: corolla white, a third of 


218 CONVOLVULACES. Evolvulus. 


an inch long, equalled by the almost glabrous filaments and the moderately 2-cleft style. 
— Convolvulus Pickeringii, Torr.; M.A. Curtis in Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. i129; Gray, Man. 
ed. 1, 349. Stylisma evolvuloides, var. angustifolia, Choisy in DC. le. S. Pickeringii, Gray, 
Man. ed. 2, 335; Chapm. l.c. Bonamia Pickeringii, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 376.— Dry pine 
barrens and prairies, New Jersey to North Carolina; Louisiana and Texas; also W. 


cee A. N. Eattesoy. hes 
‘“m es 
‘6. EVOLV LUS, L.” (From evolvo, I unroll, the name a counterpart of 


Convolvulus.) — Low and small herbaceous or suffrutescent plants (of the warm 
parts of the world, largely American) ; with erect or commonly diffuse or pros- 
trate stems, not twining, entire leaves, one-few-flowered and sometimes paniculate 
peduncles, and small flowers, produced in summer and autumn. Corolla in ours 
almost rotate, white, rose-colored, or blue. 


E. Munensércit, Spreng. Pugill. i. 27, habitat not given, is something not identified, and 
by “peduncles opposite the leaves” not of this order. 
* Peduncles filiform, 1-3-flowered, mostly longer than the leaves: either perennials or annuals ? 


— HE. alsinoides, L. Villous of hirsute, commonly with some long and spreading hairs: 
stems slender, diffuse or decumbent, a foot or two long: leaves from oval or oblong to 
lanceolate, somewhat petioled: pedicels at length nodding or refracted on the peduncle: 
corolla about 3 lines broad. — (Founded on the Asiatic plant, Burm. Zeyl. ii t. 6, fig. 1, & 
t. 9, fig. 1, and Rheede, Malab. xi. t. 64, apparently also indigenous to the New World, 
and diverse.) . alsinoides, var. hirticaulis, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 150. E diffusus, Chapm. 
Fl. 345. — 8. Florida and Texas, Blodgett, Berlandier, Wright, &e. (All trop. regions ?) 

—— KE. linifolius, L. Too like narrow-leaved and slender forms of the preceding, but the fine 
sericeous pubescence all appressed: leaves small and linear-lanceolate, nearly sessile: blue 
corolla only 2 or 3 lines in diameter. — Spec. ed. 2,1 392, founded on Convolvulus herbaceus, 
erectus, &c., P. Browne, Jam. 152, t.10, fig. 2, not Choisy in DC. —S. Arizona, near Tucson, 
Greene. (Mex., W. Ind., &c.) 

HE. Arizonicus. Minutely sericeous or cinereous with fine appressed pubescence, pani- 
culately branched: stems very slender, erect and diffuse or decumbent-spreading: leaves 
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, subsessile or short-petioled (6 to 12 lines long, 2 or 3 wide); 
the upper reduced to bracts so that the inflorescence becomes paniculate: peduncles mostly 
1-flowered: sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute: corolla blue or bluish, half inch in diameter 
when expanded. — E. alsinoides, Torr. l.c., partly. £. holosericeus, var. obtusatus, Torr. 1. ¢., 
partly, excl. syn. — Sandy or dry prairies, Arizona and New Mexico; a common species 
of the region. (Adjacent Mex.) 

BE. mucronatus, Swartz. Glabrate and green, or when young sparsely villous-seri- 
ceous with appressed pubescence: stems decumbent or prostrate: leaves thickish, oval or 
round-obovate (about half inch long), short-petioled, the obtuse or retuse apex mucronate: 
peduncles barely surpassing or some shorter than the leaves: corolla pale blue or white, 
4 lines in diameter. — Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 475; Meissn. lv. 845. E. glabriusculus, Choisy, 
Conv, 156, & in DC. 1. c. 448; Chapm. 1. c.— South Florida, Blodgett. Perhaps E. nummu- 
larius, Nutt. Gen. i. 174 (not L.), on the Mississippi below New Orleans. (Trop. Amer.) 


* %* Peduneles or rather pedicels (bibracteolate at base, solitary and one-flowered) short, usually 


ior short; the lower sometimes half the length of the leaf, recurved in fruit: very low peren- 
nials. 


7 Upper surface of the leaves green and glabrous, otherwise sericeous: corolla white or pale 
ue. 


— HE. sericeus, Swartz. Stems slender or filiform, a span or two high: leaves subsessile, 
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate (6 to 10 lines long), erect or ascending, mucronate-acuminate 
or acute; silky pubescence fine and close-pressed, sometimes short, whitish or fulvous: 
sepals ovate-lanceolate: corolla 3 or 4 lines in diameter. — Prodr. 55, & Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 576; 
Nutt. Gen. i. 174; Chapm. 1. ¢.; Choisy, lL. ¢.; Meissn. in Fl. Bras. vii. 353. Convolvulus 
erectus, herbaceus, &c., P. Browne, Jam. 153, t. 10, fig. 3. LE. holosericeus, Torr. 1. ¢. partly, 
not HBK.— Pine woods, &c., Florida to Louisiana, Texas, and Arizona. The western 
forms with looser and longer hairiness. (Mex., W. Ind., S. Amer.) 


— ’, Ciclo, fez 


Cuseuta. CONVOLVULACE.E. 219 


E. pfscotor, Benth. (E. holosericeus, var. obtusatus, Choisy, 1. c.), of Mexico, with shorter and 
procumbent or prostrate stems, ovate or oblong obtuse leaves, more villous pubescence and 
larger corolla, seems to be a good species, as Meissner also supposes; but is not found on our 
immediate borders. Dr. Torrey’s plant so referred is mainly £. Arizonicus. 

+ + Both sides of the leaves, stems, and calyx densely silky-villous. 

“= E. argénteus, Pursh. Stems numerous from a lignescent base, rather stout and rigid, 
erect or ascending, a span or so high, very leafy: dense pubescence sometimes silvery- 
canescent, usually fulvous or ferruginous: leaves from spatulate and obtuse to linear- 
lanceolate and acute (a quarter to half inch long): pedicels very short: sepals lanceolate- 
subulate: corolla purple or blue (not “ yellow” as says Pursh), 3 to 6 lines in diameter. — 
Fl. i. 187, not R. Br.; Choisy, l.c.; Torr. ].e. £. pilosus, Nutt. Gen. i. 174 (as additional 
name), & in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, v. 195, not Lam. £. Nuttallianus, Rem. & Sch. 
Syst. vi. 198.— Sterile plains and prairies, Nebraska to Texas and west to Arizona. Pine 
Key, Florida, Blodgett, in small and insufficient specimens. (Adjacent Mex.) 


7. CRESSA, L. (Greek name for a female Cretan.) — Genus apparently 
of a single but very variable and widely diffused species. 

C. Crética, L. Low canescent perennial, much branched from a lignescent base, erect or 
diffuse, a span or two high, very leafy: leaves entire, from oblong-ovate to lanceolate, 
sessile, 2 to 4 lines long: flowers subsessile or short-pedicelled in the upper axils, or the 
upper crowded as if in a leafy-bracteate spike: corolla white, 2 or 3 lines long, sericeous. 
pubescent outside. — Lam. Ill. t. 183; Sibth. Fl. Greca, t. 256. (S. Eu., Afr., S. Asia, 
Australia, &c.) 

esas Var. Truxillénsis, Choisy. A more silky-villous and stouter form, mostly larger- 

leaved: capsule larger, 2 or 3 lines long. — Choisy in DC. lc. 440; Torr.l.c. C. Truzil- 
lensis, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 119. — On or near the sea-shore or in saline soil, Cali- 
fornia, and from Arizona to 8S. Texas. (Hawaian Islands, 8S. Amer., &c.) 


8. CUSCUTA, Tourn.* Dopper. (Name said to be of Arabic derivation.) 
— Flowers 5-merous, rarely 4-merous, white or whitish, small, in loose or dense 
ceymose clusters, usually produced late in the season. Calyx cleft or parted. 
Corolla from campanulate or somewhat urceolate to short-tubular, with the 
mostly spreading lobes between convolute and imbricated in the bud, not 
plicate, marcescent-persistent either at base or summit of the capsule. Sta- 
mens inserted in the throat of the corolla above as many scale-like lacerate 
appendages (scales); these rarely absent. Ovary globular, 2-celled, 4-ovuled. 
Styles distinct, or rarely united, persistent: stigmas globose, or in Old-World 
species filiform. Capsule 1-4-seeded, circumscissile or transversely bursting, 
or indehiscent. Seeds large, globular, or angular by mutual pressure. Embryo 
filiform, spirally coiled in the firm-fleshy albumen, wholly destitute of cotyledons, 
but the apex, or plumule, often bearing a few alternate scales. germinating in the 
soil, but not rooting in it, developing into filiform and branching annual stems 
of a yellowish or reddish hue, which twine dextrorsely upon herbs or shrubs, 
and become parasitic by means of suckers which penetrate the bark in contact, 
the base soon dying away. Small scales of the same color as the stem take 
the place of leaves and bracts. — Choisy in Mem. Genev. 1841 (cited “ Cuse.”) & 
DC. Prodr. ix. 452 (1845); Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. xliii. (1842), 333, Gray, 
Man., & Trans. St. Louis Acad. i. 453 (1859), here cited as “ Cuse.” 

§ 1. Griunmica, Engelm. lc. Styles (more or less unequal) terminated by 


peltate-capitate stigmas. — Grammica, Loureiro. (Comprises the greater part 
of the species of this large genus, almost all of them American and Polynesian.) 


a 


* Contributed by Dr. GEoRGE ENGELMANN. 


220 CONVOLVULACEAE. Cuscuta. 


* (CLISTOGRAMMICA, Engelm. 1. c.) Capsule indehiscent. 
+— Calyx gamosepalous. 
++ Ovary and capsule depressed-globose. 

== Flowers in dense or globular clusters: corolla with short and wide tube, in age remaining at 

base of the capsule: styles mostly shorter than the ovary. 
—— C. obtusifiéra, HBK. Stems orange-colored, coarse: lobes of calyx and corolla 
rounded, as long as the tube: scales various. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 122; Engelm. Cusc. 

491. (Cosmop.) 

Var. glandulésa, Engelm. 1.¢., the only form in our flora, has all parts of the 
flower (1 to 1} lines long) dotted: scales large, equalling or exceeding the tube, deeply 
fringed. — Wet places, Georgia to Texas, on Polygonum, &c. (W. Ind.) 

— C.chlorocarpa, Engelm. Stems coarse, orange-colored: lobes of calyx and corolla 
acute, often longer than the tube: scales small, 2-cleft, often reduced to a few teeth. — 
Gray, Man. ed. 1, 350, ed. 5, 878; & Cusc. 494. C. Polygonorum, Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. 
xliii. 342, t. 6, fig. 26-29.— Wet places in the Mississippi Valley from Arkansas to Wis- 
consin; also in Penn. and Delaware, often on Polygonum. Flowers white, 1 to 1} lines 
long; the thin capsule pale greenish-yellow. 
<= C. arvénsis, Beyrich. Stems pale and slender, low: flowers smaller (scarcely a line 
long): calyx-lobes obtuse, mostly very broad: those of corolla acuminate, longer than the 
tube, with inflexed points: scales large, deeply fringed. —Engelm. in Gray, Man. ed. 2, 
336, ed. 5, 378, Cusc. 494, & Fl. Calif. 1.535. Calyx often large and angled (var. pentagona, 
Engelm. |. c., & C. pentagona, Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. L c. 340, t. 6, fig. 22-24), sometimes 
smaller and papillose or glandular-verrucose (var. verrucosa, & C. verrucosa, Engelm. 1. ¢. 
fig. 25), and in a western form (var. calycina, Engelm. l.c.) larger-flowered, approaching 
the preceding species. — Rather dry soil, on various low plants, New York to Florida and 
Texas, Illinois and Missouri, California and Oregon: the varieties principally in Texas. 
(Mex., S. Amer.) 


== = Flowers in paniculate often compound cymes: styles slender, mostly longer than the ovary. 


— C. tenuifidra, Engelm. Stems coarse and yellow, usually rather high-climbing: 
flowers (a line or less Jong) on short thick pedicels, often 4-merous: lobes of calyx and 
corolla oblong, obtuse; the latter mostly shorter than the slender deeply campanulate 
tube: scales shorter than the tube, fringed: marcescent corolla capping the large capsule. 
—Gray, Man. ed. 1, 350, ed. 5, 378, & Cuse. 497. C. Cephalanthi, Engelm. in Am. Jour. 
Sci. l. c. fig. 1-6.—On tall herbs or shrubs, such as Cephalanthus, in wet places, Penn. 
(Porter) to Wisconsin, north to Saskatchewan, and south to Texas and Arizona. Readily 
distinguished from small-flowered forms of C. Gronovii by the depressed capsule covered by 
the corolla. 

=== C, Califérnica, Choisy. Capillary stems low: flowers rather small, delicate, in loose 
cymes: lobes of the calyx acute: those of corolla lanceolate-subulate, as long as the cam- 
panulate tube or longer : scales none or rudimentary. — Cusce. 183 ; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 
364; Engelm. Cusce. 498, & Bot. Calif. i. 535. (Independently published, in the same year, 
1841, by Choisy and by Hook. & Arn.) — California, on arid herbs, Lriogonum, &c., in dry 
soil. Among various forms the following are the extremes. 

Var. brevifléra, Engelm. l.c. Flowers scarcely over a line long, on shorter 
pedicels: calyx-lobes acuminate, equalling or surpassing the tube of the corolla: filaments 
and anthers short: style hardly longer than ovary: corolla marcescent at base of or 
around the-2-4-seeded capsule. — From the coast at Monterey, &c., to the Sierra Nevada. 

Var. longiloba, Engelm.1.c. Flowers longer-pedicelled and larger (1} to 24 
lines long): calyx-lobes often with recurved tips: corolla-lobes often twice the length of 
the tube: filaments and anthers more slender: styles much longer than ovary: capsule 
mostly 1-seeded, enveloped by the corolla. — Principally S. California and Arizona. 
++ ++ Ovary and capsule pointed; the latter enveloped or capped by the marcescent corolla. 

== Flowers short-pedicelled or clustered. 
<= C. salina, Engelm. Stems slender, low: flowers (14 to 24 lines long) delicate white ; 
calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute, as long as the similar but mostly broader and over- 
lapping denticulate lobes and as the shallow-campanulate tube of the corolla: filaments 
about as long as the oval anthers: fringed scales mostly shorter than the tube, sometimes 


Cuscuta. CONVOLVULACE-E. 991 


incomplete: styles equalling or shorter than the ovary: capsule surrounded (not covered) 
by the marcescent corolla, mostly l-seeded. — Bot. Calif. i. 536. C. subinclusa, var. ab- 
breviata, & C. Culifornica, var.? squamigera, Engelm. Cuse. 499, 500. — Saline or brackish 
marshes of the Pacific coast, on Sulicornia, Sweda, &e., California to Brit. Columbia, and 
eastward to Arizona and Utah. Intermediate between the preceding and following, distin- 
guished from the former by larger flowers and the presence of infra-stamineal scales ; 
from the latter by less crowded flowers, more open, and of more delicate texture. 

—=- C. subinclisa, Durand & Hilgard. Stems rather coarse: flowers sessile or short- 
pedicelled, at length in large (half to full an inch thick) and compact clusters, 24 to 34 or 4 
lines long: calyx cupulate, fleshy ; its lobes ovate-lanceolate, overlapping, much shorter 
than the cylindrical tube of the corolla: lobes of the corolla ovate-lanceolate, minutely 
crenulate, much shorter than the tube: oval anthers nearly sessile: scales narrow, fringed, 
reaching only to the middle of the tube: slender styles longer than the ovary: capsule 
capped by the marcescent corolla, mostly 1-seeded. — Jour. .Acad. Philad. ser. 2, iii. 42, & 
Pacif. R. Rep. v. 11; Engelin. Cuse. 500, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. — California, the most common 
species throughout the State, on shrubs and coarse herbs. The long and narrow tube of 
the corolla, only partially covered by the thick and mostly reddish calyx, readily distin- 
guishes this species. 

C. denticulata, Engelm. Low stems eapillary: flowers (about a line long) on short 
pedicels, in small clusters: tube of the broadly campanulate corolla included in the round- 
lobed denticulate calyx, and as long as its round-ovate lobes: oval anthers on very short 
filaments: scales reaching to the base of the stamens, denticulate at the rounded tip: 
styles as long as the ovary: stigmas very small, not much thicker than the style: capsule 
covered by the marcescent corolla, 1-2-seeded. —.\1m. Naturalist, ix. 348, & Bot. Calif. i. 
536. — South-western Utah, in dry soil, on herbs and low shrubs, Parry. 

== = Flowers more pedicelled, in paniculate cymes. 
a. Acute tips of corolla-lobes inflexed or corniculate. 

== C. decéra, Choisy (but name altered). Stems coarse: flowers fleshy and more or less 
papillose : lobes of the calyx triangular, acute; those of the broadly campanulate corolla 
ovatelanceolate, minutely crenulate, spreading: scales large, deeply fringed: capsule 
enveloped by the remains of the corolla: seeds usually 4.— Engelm. Cusc. 502; Gray, 
Man. ed. 5, 378, & Bot. Calif. l.c.; the negative prefix in C. indecora, Choisy, omitted. 
(U.S. to Brazil.) 

Var. pulchérrima, Engelm.1.c. The larger form, with coarser stems, and con- 
spicuous flowers 1} to 24 lines long and wide: anthers and stigmas yellow or deep pur- 
ple. — C. pulcherrima, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 750. C. neuropetala, Engelm. in Am. Jour. Svi. 
xlv. 75. — Wet prairies, on herbs and low shrubs, principally Leguminose and Composite (the 
largest-flowered forms in brackish soil on the Texan coast), Florida and especially in 
Texas, north to Illinois, and west to Arizona and California. (W. Ind., Mex., Brazil.) 

<== Var. indecora, Engelm.!.c. Stems lower and more slender: flowers smaller, in 
looser paniculate clusters, often warty (. verrucosa, Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. xiii. 
341, fig. 25) or papillose-hispid (C. hispidula, Engelm. 1. c. xlv. 75). C. indecora, Choisy, 
Cuse. 182, t. 3, fig. 3, & DC. 1. c. 457. — Texas, &c., first collected by Berlandier. 

C. infléxa, Engelm. Similar to the preceding: flowers of the same structure, but 
smaller (only a line long), generally 4-merous: corolla deeper, with erect lobes, finally 
capping the capsule: scales reduced to a few teeth.—Cusc. 502, & Gray, Man. ed. 5. 
C. Coryli, Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. xliii. 357, fig. 7-11. ©. wabrosa, Beyrich, in part ; 
Engelm. in Gray, Man. ed. 1, 351. —Open woods and dry prairies, on shrubs ‘(hazels, &c.) 
or coarse herbs, 8. New England to Arkansas, and Nebraska. 

C. racemosa, Martius, var. Cur~iaya, Engelm. Stems coarse: flowers (14 to 2 lines long) 
in loose panicles, thin in texture: tube of corolla deeply campanulate, widening upward; 
the spreading lobes shorter, acutish: scales large, deeply fringed —Cuse. 505, & in Bot. 
Gazette, ii. 69. C. suaveolens, Seringe: Gay. F). Chil. iv. 448. C. corymtosa. Choisy, Cuse. 
180,not R.& P. C. Hassiaca, Pfeiffer in Bot. Zeit. i. 705. — Introduced into California with 
seeds of Jfedicago sativa, as also 40 years ago into Europe, whence, after causing much 
damage for several years, it has now disappeared. (Adv. from Chili.) 

6. Obtuse lobes of the corolla spreading. 

== C. Gronovii, Willd. Stems coarse, often climbing high: corolla-lobes mostly shorter 

than the deeply campanulate tube: scales copiously fringed: capsule globose, umbonate. 


222 CONVOLVULACES. Cuscuta. 


— Willd. Rel. ex Roem. & Sch. vi. 205; Choisy, Cusc. t. 4, fig. 1; Engelm. Cuse. 507, & in 
Gray, Man. ed. 5, 379. C. Americana, L. Spec. i. 124, as to pl. Gronov. Virg. C-. vulgivaga, 
Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. xliii. 338, t.6, fig. 12-16. C. umbrosa, Beyrich, ex Hook. FI. ii. 78. 
— Wet shady places, Canada to Iowa and south to Florida and Texas; the commonest 
and most diffused Atlantic species. Flowers sometimes 4-merous (from less than a line to 
2 lines long, usually about 14 lines): calyx usually thick and warty, and corolla glandular- 
dotted, very variable in size and compactness of clusters (sometimes 2 inches thick), and 
size of capsule (mostly 2 lines, sometimes 3 lines in diameter). 

— —_ Var. latifi6ra, Engelm. |. c., is a form with flowers of more delicate texture, and 
shorter tube and longer lobes to the corolla. — C. Saururi, Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. 1. v. 
fig. 17-21. — Common northward. 

Var. calyptrata, Engelm. 1. c., distinguished by the corolla eventually capping 
the capsule. — Louisiana and Texas. 

Var. ctrta, Engelm. |. c., perhaps a distinct species, representing C. Gronovii west 
of the Rocky Mountains, and imperfectly known, has smaller flowers, with broad lobes of 
the corolla and calyx half the length of its tube, very short bifid scales, and styles much 
shorter than the ovary. — C. umbrosa, Hook. 1. e., in part. 

== C. rostrata, Shuttleworth. Similar to the preceding: flowers larger (2 or 3 lines 
long), more delicate and whiter: lobes of the corolla and calyx shorter than its tube: 
slender styles longer: ovary bottle-shaped : capsule long-pointed. — Engelm. in Bost. Jour. 
Nat. Hist. Soc. v. 225, Cuse. 508; & Gray, Man. ed. 5, 379. — Shady valleys in the Alle- 
ghanies, from Maryland and Virginia southward, on tall herbs, rarely on shrubs. 
+— + Calyx of 5 distinct and largely overlapping sepals, surrounded by 2 to 5 or more similar 


bracts: styles capillary: scales of corolla large and deeply fringed: capsule mostly 1-seeded, 
capped by the marcescent corolla. 


++ Flowers on bracteolate pedicels, in loose panicles. 


— C.cuspidadta, Engelm. Stems slender: flowers (14 to 2} lines long) thin, membra- 
naceous when dry : bracts and sepals ovate-orbicular and oblong lobes of the corolla cuspi- 
date or mucronate, rarely obtuse, shorter than the cylindrical tube: styles many times 
longer than the ovary, at length exserted. — Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. Soc. v. 224, & Cuse. 1. c. 
— Wet or dry prairies, on Ambrosia, Iva, some Leguminosee, &c., Texas to Nebraska, occa- 
sionally straying down the Missouri as far as St. Louis (27. Eggert). The northern form has 
laxer inflorescence and fewer bracts under the calyx. 


++ ++ Flowers closely sessile in densely compact clusters. 
== Bracts and sepals concave and appressed. 


C. squamata, Engelm. Orange-colored stems slender: glomerules few-flowered, 
often contiguous: flowers white, membranaceous when dry (2} to 5 lines long), cuspi- 
date or obtuse sepals and lanceolate acute lobes of the corolla, both shorter than the 
cylindrical upwardly widening tube: styles many times longer than ovary. — Cusce. 510. 
— W. Texas and New Mexico. Common inthe bottomlands on the Rio Grande from El 
Paso to Presidio del Norte. — Similar to the last, but the larger and whiter flowers are 
closely sessile. 

<= C. compacta, Juss. Stems coarse: flowers (nearly 2 lines long) at length in continuous 
and often very thick clusters: orbicular bracts and sepals crenulate, nearly equalling or 
shorter, and ovate-oblong lobes much shorter than the cylindrical tube of the corolla: 
styles little longer than the ovary. — Choisy, Cuse. t. 4, fig. 2, & in DC. Prodr. ix. 458; 
Engelm. l.c. C. remotiflora & C. fruticum, Bertol, Misc. x. 29, — Canada to Alabama along 
and west of the Alleghany Mountains, west to Missouri and Texas, in damp woods, almost 
always on shrubs. The original C. compacta of Jussieu’s herbarium is a slender form, with 
smaller flowers and more exserted corolla: it is found from N. New York southward along 
the Alleghanies. The var. adpressa, Engelm. Cuse. 511 (Lepidanche adpressa, Engelm. in 
Am. Jour. Sci. xlv. 77, and probably C. acaulis, Raf. Ann. Nat. 1820, 13), is the common 
form westward. 


== = Bracts (8 to 15) and sepals with recurved-spreading and crenate tips. 
=== C, glomerata, Choisy. Stems coarse, orange-colored, soon*withering away, leaving 
dense flower-clusters closely encircling in rope-like masses the stems of the foster plant: 


sepals nearly equalling and its oblong obtuse lobes much shorter than the cylindrical up- 
wardly widening tube of the corolla: styles several times longer than the ovary. —Cusce. 


Cuscuta. CONVOLVULACEZ. 223 


184, t. 4, fig. 1, & DC. l.c.; Engelm. Cuse. 510. €. paradora, Raf. l.c.? Lepidanche com- 

positarum, Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. xliii. 844, fig. 30-35. — Wet prairies, Ohio to Wisconsin, 

Kansas and Texas, mostly on Helianthus, Vernonia, and other tall Composite. The rope-like 

twists, half to three-fourths inch thick, of white flowers with golden yellow anthers im- 

bedded in a mass of curly bracts, have a singular appearance and justify Rafinesque’s 

name, which probably belongs here. 

* * (Evcramuica, Engel. Cusc. 476.) Capsule more or less regularly circumscissile, usually 
capped by the remains of the corolla: styles capillary and mostly much longer than the depressed 
ovary. 

+— Lobes of the corolla acute. 

C. odontélepis, Engelm. Stems slender: flowers conspicuous (2} to 3 lines long), on 
short pedicels in large clusters: lobes of the campanulate calyx and of the tubular corolla 
ovate, acute, rather shorter than the cylindrical tube: scales hardly reaching to the base 
of the anthers, incisely dentate toward their rounded apex. — Cusc. 486.— Arizona, 
Wright, on Amaranthus, A large-flowered species, distinguished from the large-flowered 
Mexican forms of C. corymbosa by its circumscissile capsule. 

C. leptantha, Engelm.|.c. Stems low and capillary: flowers (2 to 2} lines long), 
4-merous, on slender fascicled pedicels: papillose calyx and lanceolate lobes of the 
corolla much shorter than the slender tube: scales incisely dentate and much shorter than 
the tube.— Mountains of W. Texas, on a prostrate Euphorbia (albo-marginata), Wright. 
The only N. American species (as far as known) with uniformly 4-merous flowers. 

~~ C. umbellata, HBK. Stems low and capillary : flowers (14 to2 lines long) few together 
in umbel-like clusters, usually shorter than their pedicels: acute calyx-lobes and lance- 
olate-subulate lobes of the corolla longer than its shallow tube: scales deeply fringed and 

exceeding the tube: styles mostly little longer than the ovary. — Noy. Gen. & Spec. ili. 121; 

Engelm. Cusc. 487.— Dry places, on low herbs (Portulaca, &c.), from 3. E. Colorado to 

Texas and Arizona. (Mex., &e.) 

-+— +— Lobes of the corolla broad and obtuse. 

C. applandta, Engelm. Stems low and slender: flowers (a line or rather more in 
length) clustered on short pedicels: rounded lobes of calyx and corolla thin in texture, as 
long as the wide and shallow tube: scales deeply fringed, often exceeding the tube : styles 
scarcely longer than the ovary: marcescent corolla enveloping the depressed capsule. — 
Cuse. 479.—On weeds, such as Ambrosia, Mirabilis, &c., 8. Arizona, \Wright. Glomerules 
3 or 4 lines thick, often strung together like beads. Capsule much broader than high. 

C. AmericAna, L. (Sloane, Jam. 85, & Hist. i. 201, t. 128, fig. 4, and the plant in herb. L.) 
Coarse stems climbing high: flowers (a line or two long) very abundant, on short pedicels in 
globose clusters: calyx globular-cupulate, almost enclosing the corolla; the lobes of which 
are much shorter than the slender tube: anthers globular and almost sessile: scales short, 
more or less dentate: seed usually solitary. This S. American and West Indian species, 
easily known by its proportionally large calyx and small corolla, is here characterized be- 
cause it may be looked for in South Florida. 


§ 2. Monoernétia, Engelm.].c. Styles united into one: stigmas capitate : 
capsule circumscissile. — Monogynella, Desmoulins. (Consists of few species, of 
the largest size, mostly Asiatic, extending to Europe, $. Africa and N. America.) 
C. exaltata, Engelm. Stems thick, climbing high : lobes of the fleshy calyx and corolla 

orbicular, the former covering and the latter half the length of the corolla-tube : anthers 

sessile: scales small, bifid or reduced to a few lateral teeth: styles two-thirds united. — 

Cuse. 513.—S8. W. Texas, from the Colorado to the Rio Grande, on trees, such as Diospyros 

Texana, Ulmus crassifolia, Live Oak, &c. Stems a line or two thick, climbing 10 to 20 feet 

high. Flower 2 lines long. Capsule 3} to 4 lines long. 

§ 3. EvctscutTa. Engelm. lc. Styles distinct, equal, bearing elongated 
stigmas: capsule circumscissile. (Old-World species.) 

C. erftixctm, Weihe. Stems slender, low: globular flowers (half line long) sessile in dense 


heads: corolla short-cylindrical, scarcely exceeding the broadly ovate acute calyx-lobes, 
surrounding the capsule: scales short and broad, denticulate: stigmas longer than the 


224 SOLANACES. 


styles. — Archiv. Apoth. viii. 54; Reichenb. Ic. Crit. t. 693; Choisy, lc. C. densiflora, 
Soyer-Willem. in Act. Soc. Linn. Par. iv. 281, —Flax-fields of Europe, doing much injury, 
occasionally appearing in those of the Atlantic States. (Adv. from Eu.) 


OrpDER XCV. SOLANACE 4. 


Herbs, shrubs, or even trees, commouly rank-scented, with watery juice, alternate 
leaves and no stipules; the inflorescence properly terminal and cymose, but 
variously modified, sometimes scorpioid-racemiform in the manner of Borraginacee 
and Hydrophyllacee, the pedicels either not accompanied by bracts or not in their 
axils; flowers perfect and regular (or only slightly irregular) and 5—4-merous ; 
the stamens as many as and alternate with the corolla-lobes; these induplicate- 
valvate or plicate (rarely merely imbricate) in the bud; ovary wholly free, nor- 
mally 2-celled with indefinitely many-ovuled axile placente, and surmounted by 
an undivided style: stigma entire or sometimes bilamellar; ovules anatropous or 
amphitropous ; fruit either capsular or baccate ; embryo terete and incurved or 
coiled, or sometimes almost straight, in fleshy albumen, the cotyledons rarely 
much broader than the radicle. ‘The leaves, although never truly opposite, are 
often unequally geminate, so as to appear so. Obviously distinguished from Con- 
volvulacee by the greater number and the character of the seeds, less definitely so 
from Scrophulariacee by the regular flowers with isomerous stamens and plicate 
or valvate estivation of the corolla, and centrifugal inflorescence, but in the last 
tribe nearly confluent with that order by the imperfection or abortion of one or 
three of the stamens, and some obliquity and bilabiate imbrication of the limb or 
lobes of the corolla. MNicandra has a regularly 3—5-celled ovary ; that of Lycoper- 
sicum, &c., becomes several-celled in cultivation; that of Datura is spuriously 
4-celled. 

BassoviaA? HEBEPODA, Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. 407, characterized from a specimen com- - 
municated to De Candolle by Teinturier of New Orleans, in fruit only, is a mere riddle. It is 
said to resemble Bassovia lucida. : 

Wirnanta Morisontr, Dunal, |. c., is doubtless not a Virginian or even a Mexican plant. 
From the figure it is likely to have been JJ’. somnifera, as Dunal suggested. 

TriseE I. SOLANEZ. Corolla (mostly short) with the regular limb plicate or val- 
vate in the bud, usually both, i.e. the sinuses or what answers to them plicate and the 
edges of the lobes induplicate. Stamens (normally 5) all perfect. Fruit baccate 
or at least indehiscent, sometimes nearly dry. Seeds flattened: embryo curved or 
coiled, slender ; the semiterete cotyledons not broader than the radicle. 


* Anthers longer than their filaments, either connivent or connate into a cone orcylinder: 
corolla rotate: calyx mostly unchanged in fruit: parts of the flower 5 or varying to 
more, especially in cultivation. 

1. LYCOPERSICUM., Anthers connate into a pointed cone, tipped with an empty closed 
acumination ; the cells dehiscent longitudinally down the inner face. Otherwise as in the 
next, but leaves always pinnately compound. 

2. SOLANUM. Anthersconnivent or lightly connate: the cells opening at the apex by a 
pore or short slit, and sometimes also longitudinally dehiscent even to the base; the con- 
nective inconspicuous or obsolete. 


* * <Anthers unconnected, mostly shorter than their filaments, destitute of terminal pores, 
dehiscent longitudinally. 


+ Calyx not investing the fruit, nor much changing under it. 
3. CAPSICUM. Calyx short, either truncate or merely 5-6-dentate. Corolla rotate, 
deeply 5-6-cleft, valvate in the bud, not plicate. Anthers oblong or somewhat cordate. 


Berry, or juiceless and thin-coriaceous pericarp, acrid-pungent, girt only at base by the 
nearly unchanged calyx. 


SOLANACEA. 225 


4. SALPICHROA. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft; the divisions narrow, herbaceous. Corolla 
from tubular to (in ours) short-urceolate, 5-lobed; the lobes short, valvate-induplicate in 
the bud. Stamens inserted high on the tube of the corolla! Berry globular or oblong. 

5. ORYCTES. Calyx deeply 5-cleft; the lobes narrow, herbaceous. Corolla short-tubu- 
lar or oblong, 5-toothed; the triangular lobes plicate in the bud, apparently erect. Sta- 
mens inserted on the base of the corolla, included: filaments filiform, unequal: anthers 
didymous. Berry apparently dry, globose, 10-2U-seeded. Embryo apparently of this 
tribe, but not seen mature. 


+— + Calyx herbaceous and closely investing the fruit or most of it, not angled. 
6. CHAMASARACHA. Corolla rotate, 5-angulate, plicate in the bud. Filaments fili- 


form: anthers oblong. Berry globose, filling the investing calyx, and its summit usually 
more or less naked. Pedicels solitary in the axils, refracted or recurved in fruit. 


+ + + Calyx becoming much enlarged and membranaceous-inflated, enclosing the 
fruit, reticulate-veiny, 
++ Five-toothed or lobed, vesicular in fruit: ovary 2-celled. 


7. PHYSALIS. Corolla rotate or rotate-campanulate, plicate in the bud, 5-angulate or 
obscurely 5-lobed. Stamens not connivent. Calyx in fruit 5-angled or 10-costate, and 
the teeth or short lobes connivent, completely and loosely enclosing the juicy berry. 
Pedicels solitary. 

8. MARGARANTHUS. Corolla urceolate-globose and 5-angular-gibbous above a short 
narrow base, and with minutely 5-toothed contracted orifice, including the connivent 
stamens. Otherwise as Physalis. 


++ ++ Five-parted calyx connivent-vesicular in fruit: ovary 3-5-celled. 


9. NICANDRA. Corolla open-campanulate, with entire or obscurely lobed border, 
strongly plicate in the bud. Filaments filiform, included, dilated into a pubescent scale 
at base. Calyx strongly 5-angled; the scarious-membranaceous and reticulated divisions 
cordate-sagittate, the deflexed auricles at the sinuses acuminate. Fruit globose, dry or 
nearly so at maturity. Pedicels solitary, recurved. 


Trize IJ. ATROPEZ. Corolla with the regular limb imbricated in the bud, the 
sinuses little or not at all plicate. Stamens (4 or 5) all perfect. Baccate fruit 
and seeds as in the preceding. 


10. LYCIUM. Calyx campanulate, irregularly 3-5-toothed or cleft, or somewhat truncate, 
valvate or nearly so in the bud. Corolla from campanulate to tubular-funnelform or 
salverform; the lobes oblong or roundish, plane. Stamens often exserted: filaments 
filiform: anthers short. Style filiform: stigma capitate or broadly 2-lobed. Berry 
globular or oblong, subtended by the calyx, few-many-seeded, rather dry. Seeds reni- 
form or rounded, flattened. Flowers either 5-merous or 4-merous. 


Tribe IT. HYOSCYAME.E. Corolla with the limb either plicate or imbricated in 
the bud. Stamens (5) all perfect. Fruit a capsule. Seeds and embryo as in the 
preceding tribes. 


11. DATURA. Calyx prismatic or tubular, 5-toothed, in ours at length circumscissile near 
the base, the base remaining as a peltate border under the fruit (rarely splitting length- 
wise). Corolla funnelform, with ample spreading border 5-10-toothed, convolute-plicate 
in the bud. Stamens included or slightly exserted: filaments long and filiform. Style 
long: stigma bilamellar. Capsule muricate or prickly (rarely smooth), commonly firm 
and 4-valved from the top, sometimes fleshy and bursting irregularly at the top, 2-celled ; 
the large many-seeded placente projecting from the axis into the middle of the cells 
and connected with the walls by an imperfect false partition, so that the ovary and fruit 
are 4-celled except near the top, and the placente as if borne on the middle of the 
abnormal partitions. Seeds large, reniform-orbicular. 

12. HYOSCYAMUS. Calyx urceolate or tubular-campanulate with a 5-lobed limb, en- 
larged and persistent, becoming many-costate and reticulate-veiny, enclosing the capsule. 
Corolla short-funnelform, with an oblique 5-lobed limb, plicate-imbricated in the bud; 
the lobes sometimes conspicuously unequal, those of one side being smaller! Stamens 
more or less exserted and declined. Style filiform: stigma capitate-dilated. Cap- 
sule membranaceous, circumscissile towards the summit, which separates as a lid. Seeds 
less flattened. 


Trine IV. CESTRINEZ. Corolla (usually elongated) with the regular limb in- 
duplicate-valvate or induplicate-imbricated in the bud. Stamens (mostly 5) all 
perfect. Fruit either baccate or capsular. Seeds little or not at all flattened. Em- 

15 


226 SOLANACEX. Lycopersicum. 


bryo either straight or only slightly curved ; the cotyledons usually broader than 
the radicle. 

13. CESTRUM. Corolla salverform or tubular-funnelform; the short lobes induplicate- 

valvate in the bud. Filaments filiform: anthers short, explanate after dehiscence. 


Ovary usually short-stipitate, few-ovuled. Fruit-a rather dry globular berry. Seeds 
few, or by abortion solitary, with a smooth testa: cotyledons usually broad and flat. 


14. NICOTIANA. Corolla funnelform or salverform, plicate and somewhat imbricate in 
the bud. Filaments filiform, mostly included: anthers ovate or oblong, often explanate 
after dehiscence. Ovary normally 2-celled, with large and thick placente, bearing very 
numerous ovules and seeds. Style filiform: stigma depressed-capitate and often 2-lobed. 
Fruit a capsule, more or less invested by the persistent calyx, septicidal. and also usually 
loculicidal at summit; the valves or teeth thus becoming twice as many as the cells, i-e. 
usually 4. Seeds very small, with granulate or rugose-foveolate testa: cotyledons little 
broader than the radicle. 


Trise V. SALPIGLOSSIDEZX. Corolla with lobes (either regular or somewhat 
irregular) plicate or induplicate and also more or less bilabiately imbricated, the two 
superior external. Stamens 5, conspicuously unequal, four being didynamous and 
the fifth smaller, the latter (and even one pair of the others) sometimes imperfect 
or abortive. Seeds globular or angular, not compressed. Embryo curved or nearly 
straight, with cotyledons usually broader than the radicle. (Transition to Scrophula- 
riace@.) 


* Stamens all five perfect (or rarely the fifth wanting), inserted low down on the funnel- 
form or salverform corolla, included. 


15. PETUNIA. Calyx 5-parted. Anther-cells distinct. Hypogynous disk fleshy. Stigma 
dilated-capitate, unappendaged. Capsule with 2 undivided valves, parallel with and sepa- 
rating from the placentiferous dissepiment. 

16. BOUCHETIA. Calyx oblong-campanulate, 5-cleft, with narrow lobes. Corolla short- 
funnelform. Anthers connivent; their cells somewhat confluent at summit. Hypogy- 
nous disk none or obscure. Stigma transversely dilated, somewhat reniform. Capsule 
at length 4-valved. Seed-coat minutely reticulated. 


* * Stamens 4, didynamous, the fifth a sterile filament, included in the throat of the long- 
tubed corolla. 


17. LEPTOGLOSSIS. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed. Corolla salverform, with slender 
tube and more or less gibbous ventricose throat, at base of which the stamens are in- 
serted. Anthers somewhat reniform, confluent at summit; the upper pair much smaller, 
sometimes imperfect. Stigma or the style under it petaloid-dilated. Capsule membra- 
naceous, 2-valved; the valves at length 2-cleft. ; 


1. LYCOPERSICUM, Tourn. Tomato, &e. (Aiixoc, wolf, megotdr, 
peach.) — Chiefly annuals, natives of the warmer parts of America; with once 
or twice pinnate leaves, rounded petiolulate leaflets, racemes (so called) of small 
flowers becoming lateral or opposite the leaves, articulated pedicels reflexed in 
fruit, and red or yellow pulpy berries, in cultivation esculent and often becoming 
several-celled. 

L. escuréntum, Mill, var. cerasirérmE. (Cuerry-Tomato.) Annual, hirsute on the 
branches and more or less glandular: leaves interruptedly 1-2-pinnate; the larger leaflets 
incised and toothed, the interposed small ones rounder and often entire : calyx little shorter 
than the yellow corolla: inflorescence bractless: berry globose and even, small. — L. cerasi- 
forme, Dunal. Solanum Lycopersicum, var., L. S. Pseudo-Lycopersicum, Jacq. Vind. t. 11.— 


The normal form, probably, of the Tomato of the gardens: spontaneous on the southern 
borders of Texas (Berlandier, &c.): introduced from Trop. Amer. 


2. SOLANUM, Tourn. Nicursuape, &c. (Late Latin name of Night- 
shade, probably from solamen, solace.) — Herbs or sometimes shrubs, of various 
habit; with the leaves (as in many other genera of the order) often geminate, 
the proper leaf being accompanied by a smaller lateral or extra-axillary (rameal) 


Solanum. SOLANACER. 227 


one, and the peduncles also extra-axillary or lateral. Flowers cymose, mostly 
after the scorpioid manner, or by unilateral suppression in appearance racemose, 
or rarely solitary, sometimes polygamous through the abortion of the pistil of 
many of the flowers. A vast genus, generally diffused over the temperate and 
warmer parts of the world, but sparingly represented in North America. 


S. VireriAxem, L. (founded on Dill. Elth. t. 267, and Pluk. Alm. t. 62, fig. 3), is some 
one of the very prickly exotic species and not of Virginian origin. 

S. waamdsum, L., a West Indian species, attributed to Virginia by Linneus and succeed- 
ing authors, is unknown in the country. The less hairy S. aculeatissimum may sometimes 
have been taken for it. In Chapman’s Flora a form of 3S. ./elongena seems to represent it. 

S. TexAxva, Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. 359, is probably not Texan, although raised from 
seed said to have been collected there. It is a plant of the Melongena (Aubergine or Egg- 
Plant) type, and is probably S. integrifolium, Poir. (S. .£thiopicum, Jacq. Vind. t.2, not L.), 
and according to Tenore his S. Lobelii. It has a 7-8-cleft calyx, and the fruit (from a solitary 
fertile flower) 5-10-celled. ; 

S. FLoripAxv, Dunal, |. c. 306, taken up from an imperfect specimen so named by Shut- 
tleworth in herb. DC., collected by Rugel at St. Mark's, Florida, is not identified, is prob- 
ably some waif of ballast ground, and, having long-hairy and retrorse-prickly stems and 
pinnately parted leaves, cannot be a variety of S. Carolinense, to which Chapman referred it. 


§ 1. Fruit naked, i.e. not enclosed in the accrescent calyx (in one species 

somewhat so): stamens all alike. 

%* Tuberiferous-perennial, pinnate-leaved: anthers blunt. 

S. tuberdésum, L. (Porato-piayt), var. boreale. Low, more or less pubescent : tubers 
about half an inch in diameter, sending off long creeping subterranean stolons: leaflets 
5 to 7, ovate or oval, and with only one or two interposed small ones, or sometimes none 
at all: peduncle few-flowered: corolla blue or sometimes white, angulate—5-lobed. —S. 
Fendleri, Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxii. 285; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 151.— New 
Mexico, especially in the mountains, and southward: apparently not specifically distinct 
from the Potato-plant, which extends along the Andes to Chili and Buenos Ayres. 

S. Jamésii, Torr. Low, a span or so in height: leaflets 5 to 9, varying from lanceolate 
to ovate-oblong, smoothish; the lowest sometimes much smaller, but no interposed small 
ones: peduncle cymosely few-several-flowered: corolla white, at length deeply 5-cleft : 
otherwise as in the last. — Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 227; Gray, 1. c.— Mountains of Colorado 
to New Mexico and Arizona. (Mexico, probably under several names.) Seems on the 
whole distinct; but Fendler’s no. 669 belongs here, at least in part. 

* * Annuals (at least in our climate), simple-leaved, never prickly, but the angles of the stem 
sometimes minutely denticulate-asperate: anthers blunt: pubescence when present simple: 
flowers and globose berries small. 

+ Leaves deeply pinnatifid. 

—— §S. trifl6rum, Nutt. Green, slightly hairy or nearly glabrous, low and much spreading: 
leaves oblong and pinnatifid, with wide rounded sinuses; the lobes 7 to 9, lanceolate, 3 or 
4 lines long, entire or sometimes 1-2-toothed: peduncles lateral, 1-3-flowered: pedicels nod- 
ding: corolla small, white, a little longer than the 5-parted calyx: berries green, as large 
as a small cherry. — Gen. i. 128.— Plains from Saskatchewan to New Mexico, chiefly as a 
weed near habitations and in cultivated ground. 
+— + Leaves varying from coarsely toothed to entire: flowers in small pedunculate umbel-like 

lateral cymes: corolla white and sometimes bluish: berries usually black when ripe, rarely red or 
yellowish, only as large as peas. (Section Jored/a, Dunal.) 

-— S. nigrum, L. Low, green and almost glabrous, or the younger parts pubescent: 
leaves mostly ovate with a cuneate base, irregularly sinuate-toothed, repand, or some- 
times entire, acute or acuminate: calyx much shorter than the corolla.— Includes many 
and perhaps most of the 50 and more species of Dunal in the Prodromus, weeds or weedy 
plants, widely diffused over the world, especially the warmer portions. .A. Braun's charac- 
ters for several species, founded on the hairiness or smoothness of the filaments, length 
of the anthers and of the style, and whether the calyx is loosely appressed to the ripe 
berry or reflexed, do not hold out. Our common form, the true S. nigrum, has corolla only 


228 SOLANACEZ. Solanum. 


8 or 4 lines in diameter, filaments more or less hairy inside, style little if at all projecting, 
and fruiting calyx merely spreading. To this belongs mainly the following, referred to N. 
America by Dunal: viz. S. pterocaulon, Dunal. (Dill. Elth. t. 275, fig. 356), S. crenato-dentatum, 
ptycanthum, and probably inops, DC. —Common in damp or shady, especially cultivated and 
waste grounds, appearing as if introduced. (Cosmopolite.) 

—, Var, vittésum, Mill. Low, somewhat viscid-pubescent or villous: leaves conspicu- 
ously angulate-dentate, small: filaments glabrous to the base: berries yellow. —S. vil- 
losum, Lam.— Ballast-grounds, Philadelphia, &e.— Var. avAtum (S. alatum, Mench, S. 
miniatum, Benth.), a similar form, but with angled branches and red berries, has reached the 
shores of San Francisco Bay; California. (Adventive from S. Eu.) 

—— Var. Dillénii. Taller and leaves mostly entire or merely repand: filaments more or 
less bearded, at least at the base: style exserted or sometimes not exceeding the stamens. 
—Dill. lee. fig. 355. S. Dilleni’, Schult., Dunal, 1. c.; A. Braun, Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. 
1853. — Florida to S. America. Entire-leaved forms differ from the next only in the hairy 
filaments. S. Americanum, Mill. Dict., with glabrous leaves, should be the same, but S. 
Besseri, Weinm., to which Dunal refers it, is a canescently-puberulent variety, with rather 
large and entire leaves. (S. American.) 

Var. nodifidrum. Slender, often tall: leaves entire, rarely few-toothed, acuminate : 
filaments glabrous: style generally exserted: calyx in fruit reflexed. — S. nodiflorum, Jacq. 
Ic. Rar. t. 326. — Texas and New Mexico to S. America. Seems to pass into 

=<aa== Var. Douglasii, Gray. Either herbaceous and annual, or southward decidedly with 
lignescent stem 3 to 5 or even 10 feet high: leaves variously angulate-toothed, or some 
nearly entire: flowers larger: corolla 5 to 8 lines in diameter, white, or sometimes light 
blue: filaments hairy inside: fruiting calyx erect. — Bot. Calif. i. 538. S. Douglasit, Dunal 
in DC. l.c. 48. S. umbelliferum, var. trachycladon, Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. vii. 17, a remarkably 
large form. — W. California. 

S. erAcize, Link. Cinereous-pubescent or puberulent, rather tall (2 or 3 feet high), with 
virgate spreading branches: leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acutish or obtuse, entire or 
nearly so: corolla white or bluish (about 5 lines in diameter): filaments slightly hairy 
inside: style exserted beyond the anthers: stigma rather large: calyx somewhat appressed 
to the (black) berry. — Hort. Berol.; Dunal, 1. c. 54, not Sendt.— Coast of N. Carolina, 
Curtis. Ballast-grounds near Philadelphia. (Nat. or adv. from Extra-trop. 8. Amer.) 

% * * Perennial and more or less woody, at least the base, never prickly: anthers merely oblong 
or linear-oblong, not tapering but very blunt at apex: leaves rarely geminate. 


+ Pubescence of simple or in one species of branching hairs, never stellate: cells of the anther 
opening by a short vertical slit at the apex, which extends downward usually for the whole 
length. 

++ Corolla 5-parted: pedicels solitary or few in a,lateral fascicle: common peduncle hardly any: 
berry large, scarlet. . 

S. Pssevpo-CArsicum, L. (JerusALEM Cnerry.) Low erect shrub, with spreading 
branches, very leafy, glabrous: leaves oblanceolate or oblong, often repand, bright green 
and shining, narrowed at base into a short petiole: corolla white: berry globose, scarlet, 
rarely yellow, half inch or so in diameter. — Cult. for ornament, nat. in Florida, &c., from 
Madeira, where probably it is not indigenous. 
++ ++ Corolla 5-parted or deeply cleft, violet, purple, or sometimes white: peduncles slender, ter- 

minal or soon lateral, bearing several flowers in a paniculate or umbel-like cyme; the pedicels 
nodose-articulated at base: stems or branches mostly sarmentose or flexuous: leaves inclined to 

be cordate and often 3-lobed: berries small, red. 
=== S. DutcamAra, L. (Bitrersweet.) More or less pubescent: shrubby stems climbing 
and somewhat twining several feet high: leaves ovate and acuminate, mostly slightly 
cordate, some with an auriculate lobe on one or both sides at base, which are sometimes 
nearly separated into small leaflets: corolla half inch in diameter: berry oval.— Curt. 

Lond. ii. t. 5; Bigel. Med. t. 18. — Near dwellings and in low grounds, Northern Atlantic 

States. (Nat. from Eu.) ; 

S. triquétrum, Cav. Nearly glabrous: stems suffruticose, flexuous or sarmentose, 
hardly at all climbing, a foot to a yard high: branches angled bat hardly triquetrous : 
leaves deltoid-cordate (and the larger 2 inches long), varying to hastate, and in smaller 
forms to hastate-3-lobed or even 5-lobed, with the middle lobe lanceolate or linear 
and prolonged (an inch or only half an inch Jong): cymes commonly umbellately few- 


—-) 


ae 


ee 


Solanum. SOLANACEZ. 229 


flowered: pedicels in fruit clavate-thickened at summit: corolla nearly as the preced- 

ing: berry globose.—Ie. iii. 30, t. 259; Dunal, 1. c. 153, with the small-leaved variety. 

S. Lindheimerianum, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 766.—Low grounds and thickets, W. Texas 

(Berlandier, Lindheimer, Wright, &c.) to Arizona? Coulter. (Mex.) 

++ ++ ++ Corolla angulate-5-lobed, ample and widely rotate, blue or violet, varying to white: 
peduncles mostly short, terminal or becoming more or less Jateral, thickened often as if into a 
cupulate node at the articulation of the slender pedicels: ‘' berries purple,’’ the base covered by 
the appressed moderately accrescent calyx. 

S. Xanti, Gray. Herbaceous nearly to the base, viscid-pubescent with simple hairs, or 
glabrate: branches slender: leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, thinnish, entire or undulate- 
repand, occasionally auriculate-lobed at the base, which is obtuse or rounded, or some of 
the upper acute, or the larger subcordate: cyme often forked: corolla about an inch in 
diameter.— Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 90, & Bot. Calif. i. 539.— California, throughout the 
length of the State and into the borders of Nevada: confused in collections with the fol- 
lowing species. Calyx lobes (as in that) ovate or triangular, equalling or shorter than the 
short and broad tube. Style much exserted. Pubescence of jointed viscid hairs, some of 
them gland-tipped. 

Var. Wallacei, Gray, lv. Leaves and flowers much larger; the former sometimes 

4 inches long, and the violet corolla fully an inch and a half in diameter: branches and 

the forking cyme villous. —Island of Santa Catalina off San Pedro, California, Wallace. 

(Coulter’s no. 586, without flowers, may be a glabrous form of this.) 

S. umbelliferum, Esch. Woody below, tomentose-pubescent and cinereous with short 
many-branched hairs, sometimes glabrate: flowering branchlets mostly short and leafy : 
leaves rarely ovate and acute, commonly obovate and oblong, obtuse, entire, half inch to 
an inch or two long, more or less acute or narrowed at base, or the lower and larger ones 
rounded, on short petiole: umbels short-peduncled, few-several-flowered: corolla about 
three-fourths inch in diameter. — Esch. in Mem. Acad. Petrop. x. 281. .S. Californicum & 
S. genistoides, Dunal in DC. 1. c. 86; the latter a starved and twiggy very small-leaved form, 
of arid soil or the dry season. — California, common from the foot-hills to the Coast, pro- 
ducing handsome blue (rarely white) flowers throughout the season. 

+ + Pubescence of stellate hairs or down: cells of the anther opening only by a short terminal 
transverse slit or hole: corolla 5-parted, downy outside: peduncles usually terminal, erect, 
rather long and stout, bearing a many-flowered cyme. 

S. verbascifélium, L. Shrub erect, very soft-tomentose throughout: leaves ovate, 
rounded at base (4 to 10 inches long), entire, very hoary beneath: corolla white, its lobes 
ovate: ovary woolly. — Jacq. Vind. i. t. 18.—Key West, Florida; also in Mexico near the 
Texan borders. (Tropics.) 

S. Blodgéttii, Chapm. Shrub spreading, with rather slender branches, hoary with a 
fine somewhat furfuraceous and roughish pubescence: leaves narrowly oblong, obtusish 
at both ends (3 to 5 inches long), greenish and roughish above, soft and canescent beneath, 
entire: cyme twice or thrice forked: pedicels as long as the flower, erect in fruit: corolla 
white, deeply 5-parted, its lobes lanceolate (4 lines long): ovary glabrous: berry green, turn- 
ing red.— Fl. 349. —Key West, &c., South Florida, Dr. Hasler, Blodgett, Palmer. Perhaps 
merely an unarmed form of some normally prickly species, allied to S. lanceefolium and 
S. igneum. 

% * * * Perennials, or one or two introduced weeds here annuals, more or less prickly: anthers 


more or less elongated and tapering at the apex; the cells opening only by a terminal hole: 
berries in all our species glabrous. 


+ Corolla deeply 5-parted and not plaited: Jeaves entire: scurfy down stellate: calyx 5-toothed: 
peduncles terminal or soon lateral: berries red. 

S. Bahaménse, L. Shrubby, beset with straight and subulate tawny prickles: leaves 
lanceolate-oblong, obtusely pointed or obtuse (2 to 4 inches long), sometimes repand, 
stellate-scurfy with a minute roughish pubescence, which is denser but scarcely canescent 
beneath: flowers racemose, on slender pedicels which are recurved in fruit: divisions 
of the purplish or whitish corolla (3 or 4 lines long) linear with tapering tips, a little hairy. 
— Dill. Elth. t. 271, fig. 250. S. radula, Chapm., |. c. not Vahl. — Keys of Florida, Blodgett, 
Palmer. (WW. Ind.) 


+— + Corolla 5-parted and not plaited: leaves sinuate-lobed or pinnatifid: no scurf, and the 
pubescence all of simple hairs: calyx deeply 5-cleft: anthers broadly lanceolate: peduncles 


230 SOLANACER. Solanum. 


lateral, short, few-flowered: berries smooth, becoming red or yellow. (Tropical American, spar- 
ingly introduced as weeds on and near the coast of Southern Atlantic States, growing as annuals.) 
—__— S. acuvearfssimum, Jacq. Villous with scattered long and weak jointed hairs, or soon 
nearly glabrate, beset (even to the calyx) with slender-subulate straight prickles: leaves 
pretty large, membranaceous, ovate or slightly cordate, mostly sinuate-pinnatifid : corolla 
white, its lobes ovate-lanceolate: berry globose: seeds very flat and thin, with a membra- 
naceous border. —Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 41.— Waste grounds, a weed near dwellings, from N. 
Carolina to Florida and Texas. (Nat. from tropics.) 
+ + + Corolla 5-cleft or angulate-5-lobed, plicate in the bud: pubescence all or partly stellate. 
++ Indigenous perennials, a foot or two high, with deep running rootstocks : corolla violet, rarely 
white: anthers lanceolate or linear-lanceolate: pedicels recurved or reflexed in fruit: mature 
berries naked, merely subtended by the calyx. 

==, elaagnifdlium, Cav. Silvery-canescent all over by the dense and close scurf-like 
pubescence, composed of many-rayed stellate hairs: stems often woody at base: prickles 
small and acicular, sometimes copious, sometimes nearly or wholly wanting: leaves lan- 
ceolate and varying to oblong and to linear, rather obtuse, sinuate-repand or entire: 
cymes at first terminal, short-peduncled, few-flowered: pedicels rather long: calyx 5- 
angled, with slender lobes fully as long as the tube: corolla moderately 5-lobed, about an 
inch in diameter; the lobes triangular-ovate: ovary white-tomentose : berry globose, seldom 
half an inch in diameter, yellowish, or at length black. —lIe. iii. t. 243. S. leprosum, Ort. 
Dec. ix. 115; Dunal, Sol. t. 12, a prickly and sinuate-leaved form. S. flavidum, Torr. in 
Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 227. S. Hindsianum, Benth. Sulph. 39. S. Texense, Engelm. & Gray, 
Pl. Lindh. i. 45. S. Remerianum, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 767.— Prairies and plains, Kansas to 
Texas, and west to 8. Arizona. (Lower Calif., Mex., Extra-trop. 8. Amer.) 

——- 8S. Torréyi, Gray. Cinereous with a somewhat close furfuraceous pubescence composed 
of about equally 9-12-rayed hairs: prickles small and subulate, scanty along the stem and 
midribs, or sometimes nearly wanting: leaves ovate with truncate or slightly cordate base, 
sinuately 5-7-lobed (4 to 6 inches long); the lobes entire or undulate, obtuse, unarmed: 
cymes at first terminal, loose, 2-3-fid: lobes of the calyx (often 6) short-ovate with a long 
abrupt acumination: corolla an inch and a half in diameter; its lobes broadly ovate: 
berry globose, an inch in diameter, yellow when mature.— Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 44. S. 
platyphyllum, Torr. in Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. 227, not HBK. S. mammosum? Engelm. & Gray, 
Pl. Lindh. i. 46.— Prairies, &c., Kansas and Texas. — Anthers 4 to 5 lines long. Flowers 
large and handsome. 

-==5S,. Carolinénse, L. Hirsute or roughish-pubescent with 4-8-rayed hairs, many of them 
with the central division elongated: prickles stout and subulate, yellowish, copious or 
rarely scanty: leaves oblong or sometimes ovate, obtusely sinuate-toothed or lobed or sin- 
uate-pinnatifid : cymes or racemes simple, soon lateral, loose, few-several-flowered: lobes 
of the calyx acuminate: corolla an inch or less in diameter, light blue or rarely white, the 
lobes ovate: berries about half inch in diameter, globose. — (Dill. Elth. t. 269; but the fig. 
of Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 331 is dubious.) — Sandy soil and waste grounds, Connecticut and 8. 
Illinois to Florida and Texas. Southward a troublesome weed in cult. grounds. Var. 
Floridanum, Chapm. FI. 849, is a mere form with deep-lobed leaves. 

Var. hirsttum (8. hirsutum, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 109, S. pumilum, Dunal, 
l.c.), judging from an imperfect original specimen, is a depauperate and more hirsute 
variety, little prickly, with leaves merely repand and tapering to the base, as in the low- 
est leaves of iS. Carolinense. S. Pleei, Dunal, lL. e., may be a more developed state of the 
same. — Milledgeville, Georgia, Boykin, &c. 
++ ++ Introduced annuals or more enduring and woody in the tropics, with partly simple pubes- 

cence: anthers lanceolate: racemose fructiferous pedicels merely spreading: berry wholly or 

partly enveloped by the loose calyx. 

em §, sisymurirétium, Lam. Green, stout, villous-pubescent with simple more or less glan- 
dular and viscid hairs, mixed on the leaves with some few-rayed stellate hairs (their middle 
division elongated), much armed even to the calyx with long-subulate straight prickles: 
leaves deeply pinnatifid and the oblong lobes sinuate or even again somewhat pinnatifid: 
flowers several or numerous in terminal or soon lateral pedunculate racemes: corolla light 
blue or white, an inch or more in diameter, 5-lobed: lobes of the 5-parted calyx lanceolate, 
becoming ovate-lanceolate and at length loosely and completely or incompletely surround- 
ing the globose red berry: secds minutely reticulate-pitted.— Dunal in DC. Lc. S. vis- 


Salpichroa. SOLANACES. 231 


cosum, Lag. SS. inflatum, Hornem. S. brancefolium, Jacq. Ecl. t.7. S. decurrens, Balbis. S. 
Balbisi’, Dunal ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2828, 3954. S. Sabeanum, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 

1862. — Waste grounds, .\labama, Georgia, Florida, and Texas: adventive or escaped from 

cultivation. (Braziland Buenos Ayres.) — Calyx not greatly accrescent and not enclosing 

the berry in wild specimens, and in some later flowers of cultivated plants. 

§ 2. AnpROcERA. Fruit enclosed by the close-fitting and horridly prickly 
calyx and even adhering to it: stamens and especially the style much declined: 
authers tapering upwards, linear-lanceolate, dissimilar; the lowest one much 
longer and larger, and with an incurved beak: seeds thickish, coarsely undulate- 
Tugose: racemose pedicels erect in fruit: leaves 1-3-pinnatifid: annuals, some- 
times woody below, armed with straight prickles. — Androcera, Nutt. Gen. i. 129. 
Nycterium, Vent. in part, but not the typical one, which has a naked fruit. 

———§. heterodéxum, Dunal. Pubescent with glandular-tipped simple hairs, with a very 
few 5-rayed bristly ones on the upper face of the irregularly or interruptedly bipinnatifid 
leaves; their lobes roundish or obtuse and repand: corolla violet, an inch and a half or 
less in diameter, somewhat irregular, 5-cleft ; the lobes ovate-acuminate: four anthers yel- 
low, and the large one tinged with violet. — Sol. 235, t. 25 (small-flowered form cult. at 

Montpelier); HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 47; Jacq. Ecl. ii. t. 101. 0S. (Nycterium) citrulli- 

folium, Braun, Ind. Sem. Frib. 1849; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 152.— W. Texas and New 

Mexico. (Mex.) Leaves Watermelon-like in form and division. 

=== S. rostrdtum, Dunal. Somewhat hoary or yellowish with a copious wholly stellate 
pubescence, a foot or two high: leaves nearly as in the foregoing or less divided, some of 
them only once pinnatifid: corolla yellow, about an inch in diameter, hardly irregular, the 

short lobes broadly ovate. — Sol. 234, t. 24, & in DC. 1. e. 329. S. heterandrum, Pursh, Flr i. 

156, t. 7. S. Bejariense, Moricand in DC. 1. ec. Androcera lobata, Nutt. Gen. i. 129. — Plains 

of Nebraska to Texas. (Mex.) S. cornutum, Lam., of Tropical Mexico, should be known 

by its simple pubescence. 


3. CAPSICUM, Tourn. Cayenne Pepper. (Name conjectured to come 
from zumzo), to gulp down, alluding to the pungency of the fruit used as a con- 
diment, or from capsa, a pod, the pericarp of the larger-fruited species being dry at 
maturity and almost capsular.) — Herbs or shrubs, originally all American and 
nearly all tropical, green and commonly glabrous ; with many-times forking stems, 
ovate and entire or merely repand thin and usually acuminate leaves, and small 
solitary or cymose flowers on slender (or when the fruit is recurved stouter) 
pedicels: corolla mostly white: anthers generally bluish; the red or yellowish 
berries (or in some cultivated forms vesicular pod-like fruits) charged with a 
very pungent aromatic acridity. — Fingerhuth, Mon. Caps. 1832. 

—— C. Frrurésceys, L. Shrub 2 to 4 feet high, with flexuose branches: berry ovate-oblong, 
obtuse, half an inch or more long, on an erect or inclined peduncle.— Key West, Florida. 

(Nat. from Trop. Amer.) 

———. C. baccatum, L. (Birp Pepper.) Shrubby, a foot or two high, with slender divergent 
branches: leaves slender-petioled: calyx more or less toothed in the flower, truncate in 

fruit: berry elliptical-globular or globose: peduncles in fruit erect. — Fingerh. 1. c. 19, t. 4, 

fig. 6. C. microphyllum, Dunal in DC. 1. v. 421 (sometimes small-leaved). — S. Texas to Ari- 

zona, indigenous. S. Florida, doubtless introduced. (Trop. Amer. and other tropical regions.) 


4. SALPICHROA, Miers. (Saav, trumpet, and 700s, complexion or 
color, the typical species having trumpet-shaped and handsome corolla; but in 
some it is urceolate and rather short, in ours especially so.) — South American, 
except the dubious 


S. Wrightii. Low herb, apparently perennial, pubescent with rather slender simple 
hairs: leaves membranaceous, ovate, entire (an inch or more long), slender-petioled: pedi- 


939 SOLANACEZ. Oryctes, 


cels solitary or sometimes 2 or 8 together, soon deflexed: calyx hirsute (a line and a half 
becoming in fruit 2 or 3 lines long), divided to the base; the divisions lanceolate: corolla 
oblong and hardly longer than the calyx, naked within: dry berry globose, 4 lines in 
diameter: seeds fiat, rugose, oval, with excised hilum. — Arizona on the Sonoita, Wright 
(no. 1692), with mature fruit and some undeveloped flower-buds; from the habit, calyx, 
seeds, and high insertion of the stamens referred to the present genus. 


5. ORYCTES, S. Watson. (Ogvxryg, a digger, name given to this dubious 
plant because it grows in the country of the Digger Indians.) — A single species, 
known only from incomplete materials. 


O. Nevadénsis, Watson. A low and insignificant winter-annual, 2 to 4 inches high, 
when young somewhat scurfy or pruinose-pubescent, rather viscid: leaves oblong-ovate or 
lanceolate, undulate, tapering at base into a petiole: pedicels 3 or 4 in a lateral fascicle, 
shorter than the flower: calyx-lobes lanceolate, obtuse, rather shorter than the corolla, 
about the length of the globose berry, loose: corolla 3 lines long, narrow, apparently 
cylindraceous, blue or purplish; the sinuses deeply induplicate in the bud: filaments 
somewhat hairy, inclined to be unequal in length; the longer ones and the filiform style 
nearly equalling the corolla: seeds orbicular, flattened, foveolate-reticulated. — Bot. King, 
274, t. 28, fig. 9, 10; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 893; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 542.—W Nevada, 
at the eastern base of the Virginia mountains, near the Big Bend of the Truckee, under 


Artemisia bushgs, in spring, Watson. 
Serie ueltiide, HE: 
. CH ASSARACHA, Gray. (Saracha is a tropical American genus, 


dedicated by Ruiz & Pavon to Jstdore Saracha, «a Spanish Benedictine : the prefix 
yapat, on the ground, makes the meaning low Saracha.) —'Texano-Californian 
depressed perennials ; with mostly narrow leaves, either entire or pinnatifid, and 
tapering into margined petioles, filiform naked pedicels, and either white, ochroleu- 
cous, or violet-tinged corolla; the close-fitting calyx in fruit obscurely if at all 
veiny. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 891. Saracha § Chamesaracha, Gray, Proc. 
Am. Acad. x. 62. 


% Stems branching, diffuse or at length depressed-procumbent: fruiting calyx almost globose: 
seeds thickish, rugosely favose. 

——- C. Corénopus, Gray. Green, almost glabrous, or beset with some short and roughish 
hairs, diffusely very much branched: leaves lanceolate or linear with cuneate-attenuate 
pase, varying from nearly entire to laciniate-pinnatifid : peduncles elongated: calyx more 
or less hirsute (the hairs often 2-forked at tip). — Bot. Calif. i. 540. Solanum Coronopus, 
Dunal in DC. Prodr. 1. c. 64. Withania? Coronopus, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 155. Saracha 
(Chamesaracha) Coronopus, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 62. — Clayey soil, Texas to southern 
parts of Colorado and west to Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) Corolla (yellowish), berry 
(nearly white), and fruiting calyx nearly as in the next species, with which some speci- 
mens seem to connect. To this probably belongs Saracha acutifolia, Miers in Ann. & Mag. 
Nat. Hist. 1849, & Ill. S. Am. PL. ii. 19, described from an incomplete specimen in Coulter’s 
collection, from California, or probably Arizona. 

—__ C. sérdida, Gray, |.c. Much branched from the root or base, somewhat cinereous with 
short viscid or glandular pubescence, which occasionally becomes furfuraceous, also more 
or less villous with longer hairs: leaves from obovate-spatulate or cuneate-oblong to 
oblanceolate, and from repand to incisely pinnatifid (or even with the lobes sinuate-in- 
cised): calyx when young viscid-villous.— Withania? sordida, Dunal in DC. 1. c. 466, 
Torr. 1. c. Solanum coniodes, Moricand ex Dunal, 1, c. 64. iS. Linsecumii, Buckley in Proc. 
Acad. Philad. Saracha (Chamesaracha) sordida, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 1. ec. —Dry or 
clayey soil, Texas and South-western Kansas to Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) Corolla 
dull pale yellow or sometimes violet-purple, about half inch in diameter. Berry the size 
of a pea, all but the summit closely invested by the herbaceous calyx. Dunal’s two 
plants are the same, both being rather hoary and less hairy forms of a very variable 
species. 


Physalis. SOLANACER. 233 


* * Stems very short and tufted on a branching rootstock: fruiting calyx hemispherical, open: 
seeds very flat, smoothish and minutely punctate. 


“<= C. nana, Gray. Seldom a span high, sometimes nearly acaulescent, minutely cinereous 
with appressed pubescence, not viscid: leaves crowded and large in proportion, oblong- 
ovate and ovate-lanceolate, mostly acute, entire or undulate, an inch or two long, and with 
the roundish or cuneate base abruptly contracted into a margined petiole of about equal 
length: peduncles mostly shorter than the petioles: rotate corolla white or bluish, 7 to 9 
lines wide. — Saracha (Chamesaracha) nana, Gray, Proc. |. ¢«.— Sierra Co., California, at 
about 5,000 feet in the Sierra Nevada, Bolunder, Lemmon. 


7. PHYSALIS, L. Grounp Cuerry. (voudig, a bladder, from the 
bladdery-inflated fruiting calyx which characterizes the genus.) — Herbs, chiefly 
American or of probably American origin; with entire, toothed, or lobed leaves, 
very commonly geminate, and solitary or sometimes geminate (rarely ternate) 
drooping or nodding pedicels; the flowers small or middle-sized, white, yellow, or 


violet-purple: berries greenish, red, or yellow, often edible. — Gray, Proc, Am. 
Acad. x. 62. 


§ 1. Caam#pnysatis, Gray, I.c. Young parts sparsely (or on stalks and 
calyx densely) scurfy-granuliferous, otherwise quite glabrous: some leaves sinu- 
ate-pinnatifid: corolla flat-rotate: anthers short, yellow: seeds comparatively few 
and large, thickish and somewhat rugose-tuberculate round the back. (Habit 
nearly of Chamesaracha, but fruiting calyx of true Physalis.) 


c==-P, lobata, Torr. Low and small, diffusely branched from a perennial root: leaves ob- 
long-spatulate or obovate, from repand to sinuate-pinnatifid (an inch or two long), the base 
cuneately tapering into a margined petiole: pedicels commonly geminate, longer than the 
flower: corolla violet (probably never “ yellow’), 6 to 9 lines in diameter, the centre with 
a 5-6-rayed white-woolly star: globular-inflated fruiting calyx strongly 5-angled, half inch 
or more long, with short bluntish teeth.— Ann. Lyc. N. Y. i. 226 (1826) & Bot. Mex. 
Bound. 152. P. Subeana, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861. Solanum luteoliflorum, 
Dunal in DC. Prodr. 1. c. 64, at least as to var. subintegrifolium. — Plains, Texas to Colorado 
and W. Arizona. ; 


§ 2. Puysaxis proper. Not granulose-scurfy: leaves never pinnatifid: corolla 
mostly rotately spreading from a somewhat campanulate throat or base: seeds 
with a thin and even margin. 


P. ALKEKENGI, L., the Winter Cherry of the south of Europe, with white 5-lobed corolla 

and a red berry in a calyx which turns red also, and 

P. Peruviana, L., the Cape Gooseberry, with greenish-yellow corolla spotted by a brown- 

purple star in the centre, and a yellow berry, — both perennial-rooted species, — were intro- 
duced into cultivation several years ago, for their esculent fruit, under the name of 
Strawberry Tomato. But they have now mainly disappeared. 

P. Carpentéru, Riddell, Cat. Fl. Ludov. (N. O, Med. & Surg. Jour. viii. 758, 1852, name 

only), referred to MWithania Morisoni, in Bot. Gazette, iii. 11, is some adventitious Athenea. 

* Corolla pure white or tinged with blue, wholly destitute of any dark centre, tomentose at the 
throat, proportionally large, widely rotate, with border almost entire: pubescence simple: fruit- 
ing calyx ovate-globose. 

__- P. grandiflora, Hook, Annual, with stout erect stem 2 feet or more high, viscid-pu- 
bescent and young parts villous with some long and slender viscid hairs: leaves oblong- 
ovate or lanceolate-ovate, acute or acuminate, mostly entire: pedicels often in threes, 
shorter than the flower: calyx-lobes lanceolate: corolla often an inch and a half in diam- 
eter: anthers yellow, commonly with a tinge of violet: fruiting calyx less than an inch 
long, well filled and distended by the berry, the angles therefore obsolete, and the summit 
open. — Fl. ii. 90; Gray, Man., & Proc. Am. Acad. x. 63, 381.—S. shore of Lake Superior 
to the Saskatchewan district, springing up in new clearings. Connects with Chamesaracha 
through C. nana. 


234 SOLANACEX. Physalis. 


P. Wrightii, Gray. Annual, a span high, widely branched, nearly glabrous; the ap- 
pressed and rather sparse pubescence on pedicels and young parts very short and mi- 
nute: leaves oblong or lanceolate-oblong, sinuate-toothed or repand, acute at base, about 
an inch long: pedicels filiform, longer than the flower and the fruiting calyx: corolla over 
half inch in diameter, apparently pure white: anthers with or without a tinge of violet: 
fruiting calyx half inch long, nearly filled by the berry. —S. W. Texas, on prairies of the 
San Pedro, Wright. 

* %* Corolla lurid greenish-white or yellow, mostly darker-colored or brownish in the centre, with 
or without a brown-purple eye, small or middle-sized, 3 to 10 lines in diameter. 


+ Strictly annuals, glabrous or nearly so; the pubescence if any minute, and neither viscid nor 
stellate: anthers violet. 


++ Corolla small, 3 to 6 lines broad: fruiting calyx at first acutely angled and inflated, closing 
over, but at full maturity nearly replete with the greenish-yellow berry: stem and branches con- 
spicuously angular: petioles long and slender. 


—— P. obsctra, Michx. Branches widely diffuse: leaves broadly deltoid-ovate, mostly with 
truncate or subcordate base, unequally dentate, abruptly acuminate, membranaceous (1} to 
3 inches Jong): slender pedicels about half an inch long: corolla (3 or 4 lines broad) pale 
yellow with a dark eye: calyx deeply 5-cleft into lanceolate-subulate lobes, in fruit ovate- 
pyramidal and acuminate (over an inch long), very smooth, with 5 strong keeled angles 
which are hardly obliterated at maturity, the 5 intermediate nerves much less distinct. — 
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 64. P. obscura, var. glabra, Michx. Fl. i. 149. P. pruinosa, Ell. Sk. 
i. 279, not L, P. Brasiliensis, Sendtner in Mart. Fl. Bras. x. 183? — “Carolina,” Michauz. 
Key West, Florida, Blodgett. Near Houston, Texas, E. Hall, no. 503. 
== P, angulata, L. Erect, or at length declined or spreading, 2 to 4 feet long: leaves 
mostly ovate-oblong and with somewhat cuneate base, coarsely and laciniately toothed (2 
to 5 inches long): slender pedicels an inch or more long: corolla (3 to 6 lines broad) green- 
ish-white or yellowish and with no distinct eye: calyx-lobes shorter than the tube, trian- 
gular: fruiting calyx at first ovate-pyramidal and 10-angled, the 5 principal angles sharply 
keeled, at full maturity nearly replete and globose-ovate. — Dill. Elth. i. 13, t. 12.— Open 
rich grounds, through the Middle and Southern Atlantic States. (Widely diffused over 
tropical regions.) 
Var. Linkiana, Gray, 1.c. Leaves with margin more laciniate-dentate; the irreg- 
ular salient teeth lanceolate-subulate: calyx-lobes longer and narrower.—P. Linkiana, 
Nees in Linn. vi. 471. (Moris. Hist. iii. 526, sect. 13, t. 3, fig. 22, exaggerated.) —S. Atlan- 
tic States. (Trop. Amer.) 
aouP, equata, Jacq. f. Erect, much branched, a foot or two high, the younger stems and 
branches a little hairy or pubescent: leaves ovate or oblong, repand or sinuate-toothed 
(an inch or two long or rarely larger): pedicels very short (a line or two long): corolla 
(3 to 5 lines broad) light yellow with a brownish eye: calyx-lobes short and broadly ovate- 
triangular: fruiting calyx ovate-globose at maturity, about equally 10-nerved, an inch or 
considerably less in length. —Eclog. ii. t. 187; Nees, 1. c.; Dunal, l.c. P. Philadelphica, 
var. minor, Dunal, l. c. 450. — Waste grounds, 8. Texas and New Mexico to the border of 
California or near it. (Mex., W. Ind.) 
a+ ++ Corolla larger, 7 to 10 or sometimes 12 Jines broad: fruiting calyx at maturity replete and 
distended with the large reddish or purple berry, and open at the mouth, sometimes bursting. 
= Pp, Philadélphica, Lam. Erect stem and branches angled, 2 or 8 feet high: leaves 
obliquely ovate or oblong, repand-angulate and sometimes few-toothed (2 to 4 inches long) : 
corolla greenish or yellowish with a dark eye: calyx-lobes broadly ovate or triangular, not 
longer than the tube; fruiting calyx globular, an inch in diameter. — Dict. ii. 101. P. 
chenopodifolia, Willd., not Lam. “P. atriplicifolia, Jacq. Fragm. t. 85.” —In fertile soil, 
Pennsylvania to Illinois and Texas: sometimes cult. for the esculent fruit. 
+— + Annuals or perennials, strong-scented, villous or pubescent with viscid or glandular simple 


hairs: fruiting calyx ovate-pyramidal and carinately 5-angled at maturity, closed, loosely envel- 
oping the green or at length yellow berry: leaves ovate or cordate. 


++ Root annual: anthers violet. 

«=P. pubéscens, L. A foot or two high, with at length widely spreading branches: leaves 
ovate or cordate, varying from nearly entire to coarsely and obtusely repand-toothed, 
sometimes becoming nearly glabrous except on the midrib and veins (commonly about 2 
inches long): corolla barely half inch in diameter when expanded, dull yellow with a 


Physalis. SOLANACEZ. 235 


purplish brown eye: pedicels (3 to 5 lines long) much shorter than the fruiting mostly 
pubescent and viscid (inch to almost 2 inches long) calyx. — (Moris. Hist. iii. 527, sect. 13, 
4, 3, fig. 24; Dill. Elth. t. 9, fig. 9.) P. obscura, var. viscido-pubescens, Michx. 1. c. P. hir- 
suta & P. pubescens, Dunal in DC. lc. P. viscosa? Ell. Sk. i. 279. P. pruinosa, L. (from 
N. America ?), is most probably a form of this with long pedicels and yellowish anthers, 
same as Dill. Elth. t. 9.— Low grounds, New York to Iowa, Florida, and westward from 
Texas to the borders of California. (Trop. Amer., &c.) 
++ ++ Perennial: anthers mostly yellow. 


=P, Virginidna, Mill. A foot or so high from slender and deep creeping subterranean 
shoots, at length spreading or decumbent, pubescent or hirsute-villous with (usually more 
or less viscid) many-jointed hairs: leaves ovate, occasionally subcordate, either repandly 
or saliently few-toothed or some nearly entire: corolla from three-fourths to a full inch in 
diameter, dull sulphur-yellow with a brownish centre: calyx-lobes narrowly triangular: 
pedicels half to an inch long, equalling or shorter than the fruiting calyx. — Dict. no. 4, & 
Fig. Pl. 138, t. 206, fig. 1; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 65 (by mistake “ P. Virginicu”). P. 
heterophylla, Nees in Linn. vi. 463, excl. syn. Walt. “ P. nutans, Walt. Car. 997” ex Nees, 
l.c.; but nosuch name in Walter. P. heterophylla, nyctaginea, & viscido-pubescens, Dunal, |. c. 
P. viscosa, Gray, Man., not L.— Light or sandy soils, Upper Canada to Florida and Texas. 
This early name of Miller, taken up for the present species in Proc. Am. Acad. 1. ¢., must 
from the size of the flower belong to it, or to a broad-leaved and hairy form of P. lanceolata. 
Miller’s remark that “the root does not creep in the ground,” is most applicable to the 
latter; but the color as well as size of the corolla and the “ pale yellow ” fruit, also the 
diffuse growth, best accord with this common species. 

Var. ambigua, Gray, 1.c. A coarse and very villous form with anthers violet! — 
P. Pennsylvanica, Hook. Fl., at least in part.— Wisconsin (Lapham) to Saskatchewan, 
Bourgeau, Drummond, &c. 

~-—P. hederefolia, Gray, 1.c. A foot or less high, erect or at length diffuse from a 
thick perennial stock or root, densely viscid-pubescent or on young parts more or less vil- 
lous, not unpleasantly scented: leaves roundish-cordate or almost reniform, or sometimes 
ovate, coarsely and obtusely angulate-toothed (three-fourths to an inch and a half in 
diameter): corolla half an inch in diameter: anthers yellow: calyx-lobes triangular: 
pedicels (2 to 4 lines long) shorter than the flower, much shorter than the fruiting calyx. — 
P. Alkekengi? var. digitalifolia & P. mollis, in part, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 153.— Rocky 
hills, New Mexico to S. W. Texas, Arizona, and adjacent parts of Mexico. ‘“ Herbage des- 
titute of the nauseous odor of the common viscid species, rather sweet-scented,” Wright. 

Var. pubérula, Gray, Lv. Pubescence short and minutely glandular, less viscid : 
stems inclined to be procumbent and leaves smaller. — Western borders of Texas, Wright. 
P. Palmeri. A span or two high from a thickish perennial stock, erect, viscid-pubescent 
with short jointed hairs: leaves ovate or deltoid-ovate, or the lowest rotund (rarely even 
subcordate), angulate-dentate with few obtuse teeth, the upper leaves acute (10 to 18 lines 
long): corolla light yellow with brownish centre, 7 or 8 lines in diameter: pedicels mostly 
longer than the flower: fruit not seen. — Rock Spring in the Providence Mountains, S. E. 

California, Palmer. Apparently allied to the preceding. 

+-— + + Perennials, not viscid, mostly low: anthers almost always yellow. 


++ Very minutely cinereous-puberulent or glabrous throughout, no stellular pubescence whatever : 
corolla (yellowish) wholly destitute of a darker eye: leaves all cordate or broad and abrupt at 
base, thickish: pedicels long and filiform. 

P. crAsra, Benth. (not Martins & Gal.), of Lower California, if found within the United 
States will be known by being gompletely smooth, and the leaves ovate- or hastate-lanceolate. 
P. crassifélia, Benth. Minutely puberulent, or the leaves at length nearly glabrous: 

stems a span to a foot long, branching from the base, sometimes soon procumbent : leaves 

ovate or rounded-subcordate, repand or entire: pedicels commonly an inch long: corolla 
ochroleucous, half inch in diameter: fruiting calyx an inch long, 5-angled. — Bot. Sulph. 

40; Gray, lc. & Bot. Calif. i. 541, the small-leaved form.—S. E. California and Western 

Arizona. (Lowér Calif.) 

Var. cardiophylla. A more upright form: leaves thinner and larger (6 to 15 lines 
long), sometimes with a few angulate and more prominent teeth. — P. cardiophylla, Torr. 

Bot. Mex. Bound, 153.— On or near the Rio Colorado, Fort Mohave, Fort Yuma, &c. 


236 SOLANACEZ. Physalis. 


++ ++ Pubescence stellular or branching, at least on the calyx, &c.: leaves all or most of them 
cordate or ovate with abrupt base: corolla usually with darker eye: anthers occasionally with a 
tinge of blue: fruiting calyx globose-ovate. 

P. Féndleri, Gray, |.c. Pruinose-puberulent; the pubescence microscopically minute 
and partly simple, partly branched or stellular, sometimes a little glandular: stems a span 
to a foot high from a deep tuberous stock, slender, much branched: leaves small (an inch 
or less long), from deltoid-ovate or slightly cordate to ovate-lanceolate, and from repand- 
undulate to coarsely sinuate-toothed, mostly acute: pedicels shorter than the flower : corolla 
half an inch in diameter. — P. mollis, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound., in part. — Rocks and plains, 
New Mexico, Fendler, Thurber, Wright, Bigelow, Parry. Also S. Colorado. 

P, mollis, Nutt. Softly cinereous-tomentose or canescent throughout with stellate or 
many-branched woolly hairs: stems a span to a foot or more high: leaves varying from 
ovate (or some of the lower obovate) to rounded-cordate, mostly obtuse, angulate-toothed 
or repand (an inch or two long), on slender petioles : pedicels usually filiform and equalling 
the petiole: corolla half to three-fourths inch in diameter: fruiting calyx an inch or more 
long. — Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, v. 194; Torr. l.c., in part; Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. x. 66. P. tomentosa, Dunal in DC. 1. c. ? not Walt. — Thickets and banks of streams, 
Arkansas (Nuttall, &c.) and Texas. (Mex.) Sometimes very white-woolly (as in coll. 
E. Hall); but passing into 

Var. cinerdscens, Gray, 1.c. Greenish; the pubescence much shorter and less 
dense, the hairs less compound: leaves roundish, rarely at all cordate, some of the lower 
with cuneate base : pedicels sometimes shorter. — P. Pennsylvanica, var. cinerascens, Dunal 
in DC. lL. ec, 485. — Indian Territory (Pulmer) and through Texas (Drummond, Schott, E. Hall, 
&c.) to Mexico. Berlandier collected it at Matamoras. 


++ ++ ++ Pubescence stellular, or simple and somewhat rigid, or nearly none: leaves from oval 
to lanceolate-linear and tapering into the petiole, or in the first species occasionally subcordate: 


style commonly clavate. 

«== P, viscésa, L. Cinereous or when young almost canescent with short and soft stellular or 
2-3-forked pubescence: stems ascending or spreading from slender creeping subterranean 
shoots, a foot or two long: leaves ovate or oval, varying to oblong and obovate, entire or 
undulate (14 to 3 inches long): pedicels about the length of the petioles: corolla two- 
thirds to three-fourths inch in diameter, greenish-yellow with a more or less dark throat: 
fruiting calyx globose-ovate, an inch or more long: berry yellow or orange. — Dill. Elth. 
t. 10; Jacq. Vind. t. 1386; Michx. Fl. i. 149; Gray, l.c. P. Pennsylvanica, L. Spec. ed. 2, 
1670, but not from Pennsylvania or near it, P. tomentosa, Walt. Car. 99. P. maritima, 
M. A. Curtis in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, vii.407. P. Jacquini, Link, Enum. Berol.; Dunal, Ll. c. 
P. Walteri, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 112.—In sands on and near coast, Virginia 
(L.), N. Carolina to Florida. (Buenos Ayres, &c.) Specific name from the viscous berry. 

Var. spathulefélia, Gray, l.c. Leaves spatulate or oblong-lanceolate, gradually 
tapering into the petiole. — P. pubescens, Engelm. & Gray, Pl. Lindh. i.19. P. lanceolata, 
var. spathiefolia, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 1. c. — Sea beaches, Florida and Texas. Glabrate 
forms approach the next. 

am P, angustifélia, Nutt. Bright green, very minutely stellular-pubescent when young, 
or glabrous from the first, except a fine soft stellular pubescence on the margins of the 
leaves, or at least on the calyx-lobes: stems erect or ascending from filiform running 
shoots, a span to a foot or more high: leaves from oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate to 
linear, tapering into a very short petiole (14-84 inches long): corolla three-fourths inch 
in diameter when expanded: flowering calyx broadly campanulate and 3 or 4 lines long, 
the subglobose fruiting calyx seldom an inch long.—Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 112; Gray, 
1. c. — Sandy coast and Keys of W. Florida. 


aumm P, lanceolata, Michx. More or less hirsute-pubescent with short and stiff (or on the 
stem often longer and somewhat villous-hispid) tapering hairs, most of which are simple, 
a few 2-3-forked, varying to nearly glabrous: stems a span to a foot high from rather 
stot subterranean shoots, angled, somewhat rigid: leaves pale green, varying from oblong- 
ovate to narrowly lanceolate, and from sparingly angulate-few-toothed to undulate or 
entire, mostly acute at base or tapering into a short petiole: corolla ochroleucous with 
more or less dark eye, two-thirds to three-fourths of an inch in diameter: calyx (4 or 5 
lines long) commonly hirsute, in fruit conical-ovate with sunken pyramidal base, 1 to 1} 


Lycium. SOLANACES. 237 


inches long ; berry reddish. — Fl. i. 149; Ell. 1.c.; Dunal in DC.1.¢.; Gray, lc. P. pumila, 
Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 193. P. Pennsylvanica, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 382, in 
part, not Linn.? P. Liliotti, Kunze in Linn. xx. 33. — Dry open ground and bottoms, Lake 
Winnipeg to Florida and Texas, Colorado, Utah, and New Mexico. Calyx-lobes vary- 
ing from triangular-lanceolate to ovate-triangular ; fruiting calyx pyramidal-ovate, large. 

Var. levigata, Gray, l.c. Glabrous or almost so throughout, or with some ex- 
tremely short and pointed appressed rigid hairs on young parts, calyx, &c., or on the mar- 
gins of the leaves: petioles commonly longer. — P. longifolia, Nutt. in Trans. Amer. Phil. 
Soc. le. P. pumila? var. Sonore, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. Ll. c.— Nebraska to Texas, New 

___Mexico and Arizona. 

“Var. hirta, Gray, l.e. A remarkable and ambiguous form, approaching P. mollis, 
var. cinerascens ; much of the hirsute pubescence of the leaves being 2-3-forked, as also 
are some of the villous-hispid abundant hairs of the stem. — P. Pennsylvanica, var., Gray in 
E. Hall’s list, Coll. Tex. no. 501.— Wet woods, Houston, Texas, Drummond, E. Hall. 
Lawrence, Kansas, J. H. Carruth. 


8. MARGARANTHUS, Schlecht. (Composed of yegyapor, a pearl, and 
rflog, flower, from a fancied resemblance of the corolla.) — Resembles an annual 
Physalis on a small scale, except in the globular (livid or violet-tinged) corolla ; 
the small berry wholly included in the globular and vesicular fruiting calyx, 
rather dry, 20-30-seeded. — Single species. 

———M. solanaceus, Schlecht. Nearly glabrous slender annual, a span to two feet high, 
erect, divergently branched: leaves membranaceous, ovate and ovate-lanceolate, entire or 
somewhat repand, occasionally 1-2-toothed, an inch or two long, slender-petioled : pedicels 
short, recurving: corolla barely 2 lines and globular-conical fruiting calyx 4 to 6 lines long. 
—Ind. Sem. Hort. Hal. 1838, & Hort. Hal. Ic. i. t. 1; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 154. Jf 
tenuis, Miers, Ill. ii. 74, t. 57, with more acute or acuminate leaves. — Southern and western 
borders of Texas (Berlandier, referred to Physalis divaricata by Dunal in DC. Prodr. 1. ¢. 
444) Ze Mexico, Wright, Bigelow. (Mex.) 


Z Settee iw Paarl 
9. NICANDRA, Adaré. opie-or-Perv. (Nicander of Colophon.) 


— Single species, sparingly naturalized, from gardens: fl, summer. 


<= N. puysatofpes, Gertn. Glabrous annual, 3 or 4 feet high, with the habit of an overgrown 
Physalis, and very smooth Stramonium-like leaves laciniate- or sinuate-lobed: pedicels 
solitary, recurved: flower rather showy: corolla blue or bluish (an inch long and with a 
broad nearly entire limb): fruiting calyx over an inch long: included fruit so dry and 
thin-walled as to appear capsular. — Fruct. ii. 237, t. 131; Miers, Ill. ii. t.48. Atropa phy- 
saloides, L.; Jacq. Obs. t. 98. — Waste grounds near dwellings and old gardens. (Peru, and 
now dispersed through warm regions.) 


10. LYCIUM, L. (Lycia, the country of the earliest-known species.) — 
Shrubby plants (of warm-temperate and dry tropical regions), often spinose ; the 
entire and usually narrow leaves commonly fascicled in the axils, often veinless. 
Flowers from greenish or white to purple, on solitary or fascicled terminal or 
axillary pedicels, in spring or summer. — Miers, Ill. S. Am. Pl. ii. 88; Gray, 
Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 45, vii. 888, & viii. 292. 

* Introduced from Old World, sparingly escaped from cultivation. 


-~= L. voredre, Dunal. (Marrimony-vine. Box-ruorn.) Tall, the long and slender 
branches recurving or somewhat climbing, glabrous: spines few or none: leaves oblong- 
lanceolate with a tapering base or somewhat spatulate: peduncles slender: corolla short- 
funnelform, dull greenish-purple; the style and slender filaments equalling its lobes: berry 
oval, orange-red. — Z. Barbarum, L., in part. — Escaped into waste grounds and thickets in 
Penn., &c. (Mediterranean region.) 


238 SOLANACER. Lycium. 


* %* Indigenous, southern and western: berries red or reddish (one species excepted), globular. 
+— Large-flowered: funnelform corolla nearly an inch long. 


L. pallidum, Miers. Glabrous: stems and branches widely spreading, 2 to 4 feet high, 
spiny: leaves pale, spatulate and oblanceolate, an inch or two long: pedicels about 
equalling the deeply 5-cleft calyx: corolla greenish, tinged with purple; the lobes broad 
and rounded: filaments exserted: anthers tipped with a deciduous point. —IIL. 1. ec. 108, 
t. 67; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 154; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 45.— New Mexico and Ari- 
zona: also 8. Utah, Fremont, Fendler, &c. 
+- + Large calyx, with lobes commonly longer than or equalling the tube, foliaceous and obtuse: 

corolla half inch long or less: stamens included: herbage puberulent. 
++ Flowers 4-merous. 

L. Palmeri, Gray. Apparently unarmed, with slender branches : leaves narrowly spat- 
ulate: flowers short-pedicelled, 4 or 5 lines long: calyx-lobes lanceolate, equalling the 
oblong-campanulate tube of the corolla, which is little longer than its oval lobes. — Proc. 
Am. Acad. viii. 292. — Yaqui River, W. Sonora, Mexico, added because it may reach 
Arizona. 

++ ++ Flowers 5-merous: corolla-lobes ovate, short, recurved-spreading. 

L. Codéperi, Gray. Branches stout, and with some very short spines; leaves spatulate, 
minutely viscid-pubescent or puberulent, half inch or more in length: pedicels at least 
equalling the cylindraceous at length campanulate calyx, both hirsute or pubescent; the 
oblong-lobes of the latter more or less shorter than the tube: corolla narrowly funnelform, 
apparently white, half inch long, its lobes obtuse: filaments hairy at base: anthers oval, 
mucronulate. — Proce. Am. Acad. vii. 388, & Bot. Calif. 542. South-eastern border of Cali- 
fornia and adjacent part of Arizona, Cooper, Palmer. 

Var. pubifidra. Corolla strongly pubescent outside : calyx shorter. — On the Mohave 
River, with the ordinary form, Palmer. ‘ 

L. pubérulum, Gray. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, with slender divergent and spinescent 
branches: leaves obovate and oblong-spatulate, a quarter to half inch long, minutely and 
densely puberulent: flowers solitary and sessile in the fascicles of leaves: calyx-lobes 
oblong, much shorter than the tube of the corolla, twice the length of their own tube: 
corolla 4 or 5 lines long, tubular-funnelform, white, with the triangular-ovate acute lobes 
not longer than the abruptly dilated throat and tinged with greenish-yellow: filaments 
glabrous, inserted in the throat: anthers roundish-cordate. — Proc. |. c. vi. 46. — Borders of 
Texas and New Mexico, on the Rio del Norte, near El Paso, !Wright. 

L. macrodon, Gray, l.c. Spiny: leaves spatulate-oblanceolate, glabrate, 2 to 4 lines 
long: pedicels at most a line anda half long: lobes of the minutely viscid calyx narrowly 
linear, twice the length of the short campanulate tube (3 limes long), half the length of 
the narrow corolla: filaments a little hairy at base: anthers oval-oblong. — California or 
Nevada? Fremont, 1849: not since seen. 
+— + + Short-flowered ; the tube and throat of corolla only a line or two long, and the limb 


comparatively large: calyx with short lobes or teeth or irregularly cleft: herbage glabrous or 
nearly so. 


++ Corolla comparatively large, nearly half inch in diameter: leaves fleshy. 


——L,. Carolinid4num, Walt. Glabrous, 2 or 3 feet high, widely spreading, spiny : leaves 
linear-spatulate or so thickened as to be clavate, an inch or less long: pedicels slender: 
flower 4-5-merous: calyx short, irregularly cleft in age: corolla purple, its almost rotate 
limb deeply parted into oval lobes: slender filaments (woolly at base) and style elongated. 
—Car. 84; Michx. Fl. i. 95; Miers, 1.c. t. 71. Z. salsum, Bartr. Trav. 9.— Salt marshes, 
8. Carolina to Texas. 
++ ++ Corolla small; the expanded limb under 3 lines wide, about equalled by the stamens: 

pedicels a line or two long or none: branches more or less spinescent: leaves linear-spatulate. 
—— L. Califérnicum, Nutt. Slender stems very much branched, 2 feet high: leaves thick- 
ish and apparently fleshy-coriaceous, very small (1 to 3 lines long), from obovate or spat- 
ulate to nearly linear: pedicels sometimes hardly any: tube of the white corolla included 
in the campanulate 4-toothed calyx ; its rotate 4-parted limb barely 2 lines in diameter. — 
Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 542.—Clayey hill-sides, California, near San Diego, Nuttall (without 
flowers), Cleveland, Palmer. (Islands of Lower California.) 


Datura. SOLANACE.E. 239 


L. parvifl6rum, Gray. Stems 2 to 4 feet high: leaves 2 to 5 lines long, narrow, not 
fleshy : corolla (2 lines long) funnelform, rather more than twice the length of the short- 
campanulate often irregularly 2-3-cleft calyx; the 4 lobes very short: style at length much 
exserted. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 48.— Southern Arizona, Thurber, Parry. 

L. barbinédum, Miers. Stouter, 6-10 feet high; the old spurs or nodes densely short- 
woolly: leaves linear-spatulate, 6 to 12 lines long: corolla (2 lines long) with narrow 
tube about equalling the commonly 2-8-cleft short calyx, abruptly enlarged into a broadly 
campanulate throat; the lobes 5, short, roundish. — Ill. 1. c. 115, t. 68, the corolla badly 
drawn and unlike the description. — N. W. Mexico (Seemann) and Magdalena, Sonora, Thur- 
ber (who says the berries are white and translucent) ; doubtless in adjacent Arizona. 

L. Brevires, Benth., and L. Ricui, Gray, are little known species of Lower California. 
+ + + + Long-flowered; the corolla tubular or when funnelform with tube and throat over 


two lines long and much exceeding the lobes, white, cream-color, or tinged with violet: stamens 
little if at all exserted. 


++ Leaves, pedicels, and calyx puberulent: flowers 5-merous. 

L. Fremonti, Gray. Stem 2 to 4 feet high: leaves spatulate, 4 to 9 lines long: pedicels 
shorter than or barely equalling the cylindraceous calyx: corolla narrowly tubular-funnel- 
form, 4 to 6 lines long, with very short ovate lobes: filaments nearly naked: style soon 
exserted. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 46, & Bot. Calif. i. 543.—S. E. California or Nevada, Fre- 
mont. Arizona, Palmer. 

Var. Bigelévii, Gray, l.c. Calyx shorter-campanulate: corolla broader and merely 
4 lines long: filaments slightly hairy at base. — Williams Fork, N. Arizona, Bigelow. 

L. gracilipes, Gray. Minute pubescence somewhat viscid or glandular: leaves small 
(2 to 6 lines long), spatulate or the smaller oblong-obovate, thickish: pedicels filiform, as 
long as the flower: calyx campanulate, short-toothed: corolla elongated-funnelform, half 
inch long, white with a violet tinge or sometimes deep violet; the lobes rounded-ovate, 
very obtuse, a line long: filaments inserted low in the throat, a little hairy at base: anthers 
and style not exceeding the corolla-lobes. — Proc. .Am. Acad. xii. 81.— Williams Fork, N. 
Arizona, Palmer. 
++ ++ Glabrous throughout, or merely some woolly pubescence on the spurs at the insertion of the 

Jeaves and pedicels: flowers in the same species either 5-merous or 4-merous. 
= Pedicels filiform, as long as the commonly 4-merous rather short funnelform corolla. 
L. Berlandiéri, Dunal. Spiny, 3 to 8 feet high, with mostly slender branches: leaves 
spatulate-linear, 6 to 12 lines long: corolla 3 or + lines long, mostly thrice the length 
of the campanulate calyx which nearly includes its narrow proper tube; the lobes oval or 
oblong (a line long): filaments villous at base. — DC. Prodr. xiii. 520; Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. vi. 47. JZ. stolidum & L. senticosum, Miers, 1. c. t. 68, 71.—S. Texas, Berlandier, 
Wright, to Arizona, Palmer. ; 
= = Pedicels (1 to 3 lines long) shorter than the tubular-funnelform corolla: flowers copious. 
L. Andersoénii, Gray. Exceedingly branched, 2 or 3 feet high: leaves mostly very 
small (2 to 6 lines long), linear-spatulate or broader: calyx short-campanulate: corolla 
half inch long or nearly, tubular, very gradually widening upward; the expanded limb 
only 2 or 3 lines wide; its rounded lobes with nearly glabrous edges: filaments slightly 
hairy at base: berries bright red, “edible.”’— Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 388, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. 
— Utah, 8. Nevada, and N. Arizona, first collected by Anderson. 
Var. Wrightii, Gray. More leafy and sparsely flowered, spiny, smaller-flowered : 
corolla 4 or 5 lines long. — Bot. Calif. 1.c. JZ. stolidum, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound., in part. 
L. Berlandieri, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 47, in small part. — 8. Arizona, JWright, Palmer. 

—— L. Torréyi, Gray, 1.c. More or less spiny, 4 to 8 feet high: leaves mostly larger than 
in the preceding, sometimes over an inch long and over 2 lines wide: pedicels 2 or 3 lines 
long: corolla 5 or 6 lines long, more funnelform ; the limb about 4 lines wide, and the lobes 
tomentulose on the edges: filaments woolly at base: berries red, “not edible.” — Z. barbi- 
node, Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. v. 368, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 154.— Western border of Texas, 
near El Paso, to 8. E. California. 


11. DATURA, L. Srramoyicu, Toorn-Aprte. (From the Arabic 


name, Tatorah.) — Herbaceoyg plants, or some tropical species woody and arbo- 
dl ath. : 
ae frack cette, GH 
. ‘ df 
7 tt. 
Q 


240 SOLANACER. Datura. 


rescent, of rank odor, and narcotic-poisonous qualities, natives of America and 
tropical Asia; with ovate leaves, and large flowers on short peduncles in the 
forks of the branching stems, produced through the season. Corolla commonly 
white or violet, usually more or less fragrant. 


D. arporea, the Tree-Stramonium, representing the section Brugmansia, with very large 
pendulous flowers, and oblong indehiscent fruit reflexed, cultivated in conservatories, may 
perhaps have become spontaneous on the southern borders of the United States. 


§ 1. Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed: border of the corolla with 5 acute teeth : cap- 
sule dry, 4-valved: seeds thickish, with a dark-colored and more or less rugose or 
pitted crustaceous coat: annuals, with flowers erect. 


%* Capsule strictly erect: seeds somewhat scrobiculate-rugose. 
D. 1nErmis, Jacq. Vind. iii. 44, t. 82, which may sometimes be met with in waste ground, is 
very similar to D. Stramonium, but with a perfectly smooth and unarmed capsule. 

== DD, Srraménium, L. (Common Stramonium or JAMESTOWN-WEED.) Green, glabrous, 1 to 4 
feet high: leaves sinuately and laciniately angled and toothed: corolla white, about 
3 inches long: capsule thickly armed with short stout prickles, the lower ones mostly 
shorter. — A weed of waste grounds, common, especially in the Atlantic States. (Nat. 
from Asia ?) 

se== DZD, TAtura, L. Stem purple, commonly taller: corolla pale violet: prickles of the capsule 
all nearly equal: otherwise similar to the preceding. — Waste grounds in the Atlantic 
States. (Nat. from trop. Amer.) 

D. querciréuia, HBK. Green, and young parts commonly somewhat pubescent: leaves 
sparingly but mostly deeply sinuate-pinnatifid: corolla nearly as of D. Tatula: capsule 
armed with large and unequal flattened prickles, some of the upper not rarely an inch long 
(nearly as in D. feroxr).—S. W. borders of Texas to Arizona. (Nat. from Mex.) 

* * Capsule nodding: seeds rugose-tuberculate. 

D. piscotor, Bernh. More or less cinereous-pubescent, low: leaves sinuately or laciniately 
toothed: corolla white tinged with purple, 2 or 3 inches long: globose capsule and its stout 
large prickles pubescent.— Linn. (in Lit.) viii. 188; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 165. D. 
Thomasti, Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. v. 362, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 155.— Colorado, Arizona, and 
S. E. California. (Introd.? from Mex.) 


§ 2. Calyx tubular, mostly 5-toothed: corolla large, 6 to 8 inches long; the 
border with 5 or 10 acute teeth : capsule nodding on the short recurved peduncle, 
globose, succulent, bursting irregularly at maturity: seeds flatter, with a softer 
and pale smoothish coat: flowers erect. 


waa D, meteloides, DC. Pruinose-glaucescent with minute puberulence or pubescence, a 
foot to 3 feet high from a (at least commonly) perennial root: leaves unequally ovate, 
merely repand or nearly entire: calyx cylindrical, about 8 inches long: corolla white 
suffused with violet, sweet-scented, 7 or 8 inches long when well developed, the widely 
dilated and very open funnelform limb 5 or 6 inches in diameter, and with 5 slender subu- 
late teeth: persistent base of the calyx narrow: capsule 2 inches in diameter, thickly 
muricate with short and equal prickles: seeds with a narrow and sometimes cord-like mar- 
gin. — Dunal in DC. Prodr. 1. c. 544 (the descr. and drawing of Mocino and Sesse wrong 
as to 10-dentate corolla); Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 154; Fl. Serres, t. 1266. D. Wrightii, 
Hortul.; Regel, Gartenfl. viii. t. 260. D. Metel, var. quinquecuspida, Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. 
vii. 18.— Along streams, 8. W. Texas, on the Rio Grande, to Arizona and Santa Bar- 
bara, California. (Adjacent Mex.) 


12. HYOSCYAMUS, Tourn. Hensanr. (From ve, v0c, a hog, and 
xvepog, a bean, said to poison swine.) — Natives of the Old World, one species, 
the medicinal Henbane, sparingly introduced. 


== H. nicer, L. (Brack Henpanz.) Biennial with a fusiform root, or sometimes annual, 
viscid-pubescent or villous, heavy-scented (narcotic), a foot or two high: leaves oblong, 


Nicotiana. SOLAN ACE.E. 241 


sinuate-toothed or somewhat pinnatifid, the upper all more or less clasping and partly de- 
current ; uppermost subtending the secund at length spicate flowers : corolla lurid-yellowish 
with reticulated purple veins. — Waste grounds and roadsides. (Nat. from Eu.) 


13. CESTRUM, L. (Ancient Greek name of some plant, applied by Lin- 
nus to this genus.) — Shrubs or low trees of tropical America. Leaves entire, 
short-petioled, pinuately veined. Flowers variously clustered on axillary pe- 
duncles, or forming a terminal panicle or corymb; the corolla narrowly tubular- 
funnelform or clavate: berries reddish or blackish.— Several are in cultivation, 
both day-blooming and night-blooming, the latter very sweet-scented. One 
species is sparingly spontaneous in Florida, viz. — 

C. pitvrxcm, L. Glabrous: leaves oblong, very bright green above: flowers scssile in a 
short close cluster on an axillary peduncle: corolla white, enlarging very gradually from 


base to summit, not narrowed at the throat, half an inch long, with lobes short and roundish, 
open through the day. (Dill. Elth. t. 154, fig. 186.) -Key West. (Adv. from W. Ind.) 


14, NICOTIANA, Tourn. Tosacco. (In memory of John Nicot, who 
was thought to have introduced Tobacco into Europe.) — Herbs, or one peculiar 
species arborescent, mostly American, narcotic-poisonous, heavy-scented, usually 
viscid-pubescent ; with entire or sometimes repand or pandurate leaves, and pani- 
culate or racemose flowers. 


§ 1. Tasicum, Don. Capsule septicidal, dividing the two placentz ; the valves 
at length 2-cleft at the apex: leaves ample: flowers diurnal, naked-panicled: 
corolla funnelform with ventricose throat and acute or acuminate spreading lobes 
or teeth, purplish-red or rose-color, sometimes white in cultivation. 


N. Tasdcum, L. (Common Tospacco.) Tall annual, more or less glutinous-pubescent: 
leaves from ovate- to narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, the lower commonly 2 or 5 feet 
long: flowers pedicelled: corolla about 2 inches long.—Cult. from 8. Amer., and sponta- 
neous in waste grounds along the south-western borders of the United States. 

Var. Uxpccara, Sendtner, a marked form, with long and narrow lanceolate gradually 
caudate-acuminate leaves, undulate below, and corolla-lobes caudate-acuminate. — Mart. 
Fl. Bras. x. 166. N. lancifolia, Willd., & VV. Ybarrensis, HBK. To this probably belongs the 
Yaqui Tobacco, found by Dr. Palmer cultivated in Arizona, and also iV. caudata, Nutt. Pl. 
Gamb., at Monterey, California. 


§ 2. Nicétra, Gray. Capsule septifragal, 2-4-valved (in anomalous forms 
several-valved) ; the thin dissepiment remaining with the entire central placenta: 
corolla mostly white or greenish. Ours annuals. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 907. 


* Corolla oblong-inflated, open throughout the day: leaves all broad and petioled. 

come N. etstica, L. A foot or two high, very viscid-pubescent: leaves ovate or the lower 
rounder and subcordate, very obtuse (often a foot long): flowers thyrsoid-paniculate : 
calyx with broad round-ovate teeth, not equalling the globular at first merely 2-valved 
capsule: corolla about three-fourths inch long, lurid yellowish or greenish, not thrice the 
length of the calyx, inflated from a short narrow base and with contracted orifice; the 
short and rounded lobes reticulate-veiny.— Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. i. 25; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. 
Germ. xx. t. 1626. — Spontaneous in waste grounds, rare. formerly cult. by Indians. Prob- 
ably indigenous to the Old World, but of unknown nativity. 


* Corolla salverform or tubular-funnelform: calyx-lobes narrow. 


+ Leaves undulate-crisped or repand, or panduriform, all the upper more or less clasping: flowers 
vespertine: tube of the corolla almost filiform. 1} to 2} inches long: filaments very short, inserted 
in the throat: stem loosely branching, racemoselv loose-flowered. 

N. plumbaginifélia, Viv. Somewhat scabrous-pubescent or glabrate: cauline leaves 
sessile and with partly clasping base, undulate and sometimes even crisped along the mar- 
gins; the lowest oblong or obovate-spatulate ; the others oblong-lanceolate and acuminate, 

16 


249 SOLANACEAE. Nicotiana. 


above passing into linear-subulate bracts: corolla greenish-white, less than 2 inches long, 
somewhat contracted between the limb and the subclavately dilated throat; the lobes 2 or 
3 lines long, acute. —Dunal in DC. 1. c. 569.— Damp grounds around Matamoras, Ber- 
landier. Probably on the Texan side of the Rio Grande also. (Mex., W. Ind.) 

N. repanda, Willd. Minutely pubescent or above glabrate, 2 or 3 feet high, with loose 
slender branches, extending into open racemose or somewhat paniculate naked inflores- 
cence: leaves thin (3 to 6 inches long and 1 to 4 wide), ovate, or the lower obovate and 
sometimes panduriform, commonly repand; the lowest contracted into a winged petiole ; 
upper deeply cordate-clasping: bracts minute or often wanting: calyx-lobes slender, fully 
as long as the short-campanulate acutely 10-ribbed tube: corolla with tube frequently 2 
inches long, somewhat clavate or funnelform at the open throat; the spreading limb 
white, or sometimes tinged with rose, 7 to 12 lines in diameter; its lobes short and obtuse 
or acutish.— Lehm. Nicot. 40, t. 8 (depauperate); Dunal in DC. 1. c., but not Hook. Bot. 
Mag. and perhaps not N. lyrata, HBK. WN. pandurata, Dunal, l.c. N. Roemeriana, Scheele 
in Linn. xxi. 767.— Low grounds, Texas. (Mex.) 


+— + Leaves entire, or the margins sometimes obscurely undulate: filaments slender, 


++ Equally inserted low down on the tube of the salverform corolla, which is not enlarged at the 
throat, and is very much longer than the small obtusely 5-lobed limb. 


== Leaves, even the lower, with more or less clasping base: flowers open throughout the day.’ 


— N. trigonophylla, Dunal. Viscid-pubescent: stem 1 to 3 feet high, simple or vir- 
gately branched: leaves all sessile or only the lower tapering into a winged petiole, and 
obovate-oblong ; the upper oblong-lanceolate with a broader cordate half-clasping base, or 
some spatulate-lanceolate with a dilated auriculate-clasping base (1 to 4 inches long): in- 
florescence at length loosely paniculate-racemose, with the later bracts very small or want- 
ing, and somewhat unilateral pedicels about the length of the calyx: calyx-lobes subulate- 
lanceolate but rather obtuse, equalling the campanulate tube, attaining the middle of the: 
corolla-tube, about equalling the 4valved capsule, somewhat callous-margined: corolla 
greenish-white or yellowish, about three-fourths inch long, somewhat pubescent, a little 
constricted at the orifice; the tube slightly enlarging upward; the sinuately-lobed limb 
about 4 lines in diameter. — DC. Prodr. xi. 562; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 545. NN. multiflora, 
Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. v. 362, excl. “Nutt. Pl. Gamb.” N. ‘pomopsiflora, Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. v. 166, and perhaps of Dunal, 1. c., but the figure in Mocino & Sesse, Ic. Fl. Mex. 
ined. t. 909, represents a more funnelform corolla. NV. glandulosa, Buckley in Proc. Acad. 
Philad. 1862, 166.— Texas to S. E. California. (Mex.) 

N. Palmeri. Viscid-tomentose throughout, except the corolla: stem apparently 8 feet 
high, loosely branched above: leaves as of the preceding, but acuminate and mostly with 
undulate margins, the larger 5 or 6 inches long: flowers sparsely racemose, short-pedicelled : 
calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate, somewhat unequal, longer than the tube, half the length 
of the corolla, conspicuously surpassing the capsule: corolla white tinged with green, an 
inch long, neither constricted nor dilated at the orifice, externally somewhat pubescent: 
the conspicuously 5-lobed limb 6 or 7 lines in diameter.— Northern Arizona, on Williams 
Fork, Palmer (no. 433, coll. 1876). i 


; 
== = Leaves not clasping: flowers vespertine, and closing before noon or under sunshine. 


—— N. Clevelandi. Viscid-pubescent, or the stem (a foot or two high) villous: leaves ovate 
or the upper ovate-lanceolate (2 or 8 inches long); the lower obtuse and with margined 
petiole not dilated at base ; the upper subsessile and gradually narrowing from a broad and 
rounded or truncate subsessile base into an acuminate apex: bracts lanceolate: flowers 
paniculate-racemose ; calyx-lobes Imear, unequal; the longer fully twice the length of the 
tube, more than half the length of the corolla: the latter greenish-white tinged with violet, 
almost glabrous, an inch long, quite salverform; the somewhat 5-lobed limb half inch in 
diameter. — California, in dry bed of streams, Chollas Valley near San Diego, Cleveland, 
Palmer (no. 267, coll. 1875). Near Santa Barbara, Rothrock, a smaller-flowered form. 

~ —-N. attenuata, Torr. More or less viscid-pubescent, a foot or two high: leaves all on 
naked and mostly slender petioles and acute or merely obtuse at base ; the lower ovate or 
oblong (1} to 4 inches long) ; the upper from oblong-lanceolate and attenuate-acuminate to 
linear-lanceolate or lincar: inflorescence loosely paniculate and naked above: pedicels 
short: calyx-teeth triangularlanceolate or subulate, with thin edges, almost equal, much 


Petunia. SOLANACEA. 243 


shorter than the tube, not over a line and a half long, and not surpassing the capsule: 
corolla dull white or greenish, glabrous, slender-salverform; the tube an inch to inch and 
a half long; the obscurely 5-lobed or angulate limb 4 to G lines in diameter. —Watson, Bot. 
King, 276, t. 27, fig. 1,2; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 545.— Dry ground, California and Nevada to 
Colorado. (Guadalupe Island off Lower California, Palmer, referred to NV. Biyeloris.) 


++ ++ Filaments more or less unequally inserted in the upper part of the tube of the tubular-fun- 
nelform or salverform but open-mouthed white corolla, which is vespertine and open by day 
only in dull weather: capsule thin-walled: herbage viscid-pubescent, often minutely so. 


== Ovary and ovate 4-valved capsule 2-celled as in all the foregoing: diameter of the limb of the 
corolla less than the length of the slender tube. 

N. Bigelévii, Watson. A foot or two high: leaves oblong-lanceolate, sessile or nearly 
so; the lower (5 to 7 inches long) with tapering base; the upper (3 to 14 inches long) more 
acuminate, with either acute or some with broader and partly clasping base: inflorescence 
loosely racemiform, with all the upper flowers bractless: calyx-teeth unequal, linear-subu- 
late, about equalling the tube, surpassing the capsule: tube of the corolla 1} to 2 inches 
long, narrow, with a gradually expanded throat; the 5-angulate-lobed limb 12 to 1% lines 
in diameter. — Bot. King, 276, t.27, fig. 8,4; Gray, Bot. Calif. lc. 546. NV. plumbagin:fulia ? 
var. Bigelovii, Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 127.— California, from Shasta Co. to San Diego, and 
eastward to Nevada and the border of Arizona. 

Var. Walldcei, a form with corolla smaller (the tube 12 to 16 lines long), and 
ealyx-teeth shorter, but variable, sometimes hardly surpassing the capsule: upper leaves 
more disposed to have a broad and roundish or subcordate slightly clasping base: herbage, 
&c., more viscid. — Near Los Angeles and San Diego, JVallace, Cleveland. 
== = Ovary and capsule globular, 4~several-celled, at first somewhat succulent: the valves at 

maturity thin and rather membranous: corolla with ampler limb and proportionally shorter more 

funnelform tube. — Polydiclia, Don. Pulydiclis, Miers. 

N. quadrivalvis, Pursh. A foot high, rather stout, more or less viscid-pubescent, low- 
branching: leaves oblong or the uppermost lanceolate, and the lower ovate-lanceolate, 
acute at both ends, mostly sessile (3 to 5 inches long); the lowest larger and petioled: 
flowers few: calyx-teeth much shorter than the tube, about equalling the 4celled (or 
sometimes 3-celled?) capsule: tube of the corolla barely an inch long, the 5-lobed limb an 
inch and a half or more in diameter ; its lobes ovate and obtusish, veiny. — Sims, Bot. Mag. 
t. 1778; Lehm. Nicot. 45, t.4; Nutt. Gen. i. 152; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1.¢. Polydiclis quadri- 
valvis, Miers, Ill. i. 164, & ii. 55, 60, fig. 2-14. — Oregon, and cultivated by the Indians from 
Oregon to the Missouri: their most prized tobacco-plant. Perhaps a derivative of the 
preceding species. 

Var. multivalvis, Gray, lc. An abnormal form of cultivation (by aborigines), 
generally stouter, with calyx, corolla (often over 2 inches wide), and stamens 5-8-merous, 
and capsule several-celled, sometimes an inch in diameter. — N. multivalvis, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 
t. 1057. Polydiclis multivalwis, Miers, 1. c. t. 60, fig. 1 & 9.— Oregon, probably known only 
as an escape from aboriginal cultivation. 

N. xAva, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 833, Nierembergia nana, Miers, must be Hesperochiron Culipurnicus. 


15. PETUNIA, Juss. (Petun is an aboriginal name of Tobacco.) — Viscid 
South American herbs, with entire leaves, the upper disposed to become opposite, 
and scattered flowers becoming lateral: two large-flowered species and their 
hybrids familiar in gardens ; an inconspicuous small-flowered one is a naturalized 
weed, and perhaps indigenous along the southern borders of the U.S. It forms a 
peculiar section, and has received several generic names. 

===« P. parvifléra, Juss. A small prostrate or diffusely spreading annual, much branched, 
more or less pubescent: leaves oblong-linear or spatulate, rather fleshy, seldom half an 
inch long, nearly sessile: peduncles very short : calyx-lobes resembling the smaller leaves : 
corolla purple with a pale or yellowish tube, 4 lines long, funnelform ; its short retuse lobes 
slightly unequal: capsule small, ovoid. —Juss. in Ann. Mus. ii. 216, t. 47; Miers, Ill. i. 
t. 23; Dunal. 1. ¢. 575. Nicotiana parviflora, Lehm. Nicot. 48.  Lindernia Montevidensis, 
Spreng. Callibrachoa procumbens, Llav. & Lex. Nov. Mex. Veg. ii. 3. Salpiglossis prostrata, 
Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 123. Leptophragma prostrata, Benth. mss. ex Dunal, 1. ¢. 578.— 


244 SOLANACEZ. Bouchetia. 


Waste grounds and coasts, S. Florida and Texas to California; also adventive at some 
seaports of the Atlantic States: an insignificant little weed. (S. Amer., &.) 


. 


16. BOUCHETIA, DC. (In memory of D. Bouchet, an obscure botanist 
of the south of France.) — Prodr. xiii, 589, in part; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 
908. — Single species. 

B. erécta, DC. 1.¢c. Much branched from a perennial root, ascending, a span high, mi- 
nutely appressed-pubescent: leaves oblong-spatulate, or the lower oval and petioled, and the 
upper lanceolate and sessile, rather small: peduncles terminal or lateral and scattered : 
corolla white, 6 to 9 lines long, about twice the length of the calyx; the broadly funnel- 
form limb deeply 5-lobed; lobes roundish. — Nierembergia anomala, Miers in Lond. Jour. Bot. 
iii. 175, & Ill. i. 99, t. 20; Dunal in DC. 1. e. 528; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 156. N. statice- 
folia, Sendtner in Mart. Fl. Bras. x. 179. Leucanthea Remeriana, Scheele in Linn. xxv. 250. 
— Moist prairies and rocky hills, Texas. (Mex., 8. Brazil, &c.) 


17. LEPTOGLOSSIS, Benth. (4enzoc, thin or small, and ylwoots, in 
place of jAwrzty, the mouth of the windpipe, the throat of corolla being narrow.) 
— Extra-tropical S. American herbs, resembling Mierembergia (which has 5 fer- 
tile stamens borne at and exserted from the orifice of the open saucer-shaped 
limb), but with tubular-funnelform throat, in the lower part or base of which the 
didynamous stamens are inserted. Besides the genuine species, a Texan and a 
Mexican species constitute a subgenus, 


§ 1. Bracuye.éssis, with strictly salverform corolla of Merembergia ; the 
long and filiform tube abruptly saccate-dilated just under the ample rotate limb: 
stigma rather narrowly 2-lobed, and the lobes alate-decurrent on the apex of the 
style: habit and foliage of —Bouchetia. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 164. 

L. Texana, Gray, l.c. Low perennial, diffusely much branched from a suffrutescent 
base, a span high, viscid-pubescent: leaves spatulate-obovate or oblong, acute (half inch 
long), narrowed at base, the lower into a short margined petiole : peduncles mostly shorter 
than the campanulate-funnelform 5-toothed calyx (the teeth deltoid): corolla apparently 
white ; the filiform tube 8 or 9 lines long; the almost regular broadly 5-lobed plane limb 
of about the same diameter; the very short campanulate throat hardly over a line in 
height and width: winged appendages under the stigma narrower than wide: capsule only 
half the length of the 10-merved calyx: seeds somewhat reniform, coarsely transverse, 
rugose, otherwise smooth. — Mierembergia (Leptoglossis) viscosa, § Browallia (Leptoglossis) 
Texana, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 155, 156. — Rocky hills, W. Texas, Wright, Bigelow. (Ad- 
jacent Mexico, at San Carlos, Berlandier, no. 8194.) L. Coulter’, Gray, 1.c., anearly related 
Mexican species of this section, is minutely pubescent, and has ovate leaves on slender 
petioles, longer peduncle, calyx cleft to the middle, and very broad wings to the apex of 
the style. 


OrprrR XCVI. SCROPHULARIACEZ. 


Terbs, shruhs, or rarely small trees, with leaves either alternate or opposite 
and destitute of stipules, primary inflorescence centripetal and the secondary when 
developed centrifugal, perfect flowers with the bilabiately irregular corolla (2) 
imbricated and not plicate in the bud, didynamous or diandrous stamens, 2-celled 
ovary with axile several-many-ovuled placentz, usually capsular fruit, and ana- 
tropous or amphitropous seeds (generally numerous), with a small and straight or 
only slightly curved embryo in fleshy albumen, the cotyledons little if at all 
broader than the radicle. The calyx and corolla are mostly 5-merous, and the 
former persistent ; but sometimes they are 4-merous, at least apparently, and 


SCROPHULARIACE. 245 


either with or without all four stamens present ; sometimes the corolla is nearly 
or quite regular, and even with all five stamens present and complete (uniformly 
so in Verbascum, abnormally in several species of Pentstemon) ; and the ovules 
are sometimes few and definite, rarely solitary. The posterior or superior stamen 
is the deficient or abortive one. Corolla wanting in one Synthyris. Style one 
aud undivided : stigma either entire, or 2-lobed, or bilamellar (bilabiate) ; its lobes 
and the cells of the ovary anterior and posterior. Seeds comparatively small, 
rarely winged. — This large order has its tribes arranged by Bentham and Hooker 
(Gen. ii. 915) under three series, hardly to be regarded as suborders, the first of 
which closely connects with the preceding order, except as to inflorescence. The 
ambiguous Salpiglossidee are referred to that order. 


I. (PsruposoLanez.) Leaves all alternate. Inflorescence simply centri- 
petal. Corolla hardly if at all bilabiate; the 2 posterior lobes external in the 
bud. All five stamens sometimes present and perfect. 


Trise I. LEUCOPHYLLE-E. Corolla campanulate or short-funnelform; the lobes 
plane or merely concave. 

1. LEUCOPHYLLUM. Calyx short, 5-parted; the lobes nearly valvate. Corolla with 
5 rounded‘and spreading nearly equal lobes. Stamens 4 and didynamous, or rarely 5 and 
the fifth imperfect, included: anthers with cells confluent at the apex, at length divari- 
cate. Stigma emarginate or bilamellar. Capsule 2-valved, and the valves at length 2- 
cleft. Tomentose shrubs. 

Trig Il. VERBASCEX. Corolla rotate, with hardly any tube. Anthers by con- 
fluence 1-celled. (None indigenous to America.) 

2. VERBASCUM. Stamens 5, all with anthers; all or the three superior filaments 


woolly-bearded. Style flattened and dilated at apex. Capsule globular or oblong, septi- 
cidally 2-valved; the valves 2-cleft at apex. Seeds very numerous, rugose. 


II. (ANTIRRHINIDES.) Leaves prevailingly opposite, at least the lower. In- 
florescence when simple centripetal, when compound the partial centrifugal ; i.e. 
the peduncle cymosely few-several-flowered. Upper lip or lobes of the corolla 
external in the bud, with a few occasional and irregular exceptions. Fertile 
stamens very seldom more than four. 


Tribe II. ANTIRRHINE.E. Corolla bilabiate and more or less tubular; the base 
of the tube gibbous or saccate or spurred on the lower side, and the lower lip often 
with an intrusion (palate) at the throat. Capsule opening by irregular perforations 
or lacerate chinks, not by normal valves, many-seeded. Inflorescence simple and 
racemose, or the flowers solitary and axillary. . 

* Stamens 4, with more or less 2-celled fertile anthers. 

3. LINARIA. Corolla with a spur at base (this rarely abortive) and a prominent palate 
nearly closing the throat. In the occasional monstrosity called Peloria, the corolla be- 
comes regular by the production of 5 spurs and 5 regular short lobes. 

4, ANTIRRHINUM. Corolla merely saccate or gibbous at base, otherwise nearly as 
Linaria, or the palate in some species much less prominent. Seeds destitute of any proper 
wing. : 

5. MAURANDIA. Corolla barely gibbous at base, nearly funnelform, ringent, with two 
longitudinal and commonly bearded intruded lines or plaits instead of palate. Capsule 
equal or hardly oblique. Seeds winged or wingless. 

* »* Antheriferous stamens only 2 (the anterior pair); the posterior reduced to small 
abortive filaments. 

6. MOHAVEA. Corolla with short tube merely gibbous at base, and very ample bilabiate 
but somewhat campanulate-erect limb; the lips obovate-dilated or fan-shaped, the upper 
2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed and bearing a prominent but comparatively small palate, bearded 
down its middle; lobes all broad, erose-denticulate, and abruptly short-acuminate. An- 
thers of the two fertile stamens one-celled by confluence. Style slender and straight: 


246 SCROPHULARIACE. 


stigma depressed-capitate. Capsule and the cyathiferous seeds of Antirrhinum § Pseudo- 
rontium. 


Trine IV. CHELONEZ. Corolla more or less bilabiate and tubular, not saccate 
or otherwise produced at base anteriorly. Antheriferous stamens 4, and rudiment 
of the fifth commonly present. Capsule dehiscent by valves. Inflorescence nor- 
mally compound (at least the peduncle 2-bracteate), and leaves opposite. (Chion- 
ophila is exceptional and of doubtful position, having flowers simply spicate, and 
the leaves sometimes alternate. In some species of Collinsia, the flowers are solitary * 
in the axils on a bractless peduncle or pedicel.) 


* Corolla gibbous or saccate on the upper or posterior side of the tube: ovules and secds 
few or solitary in the cells: calyx deeply 5-cleft, campanulate: peduncles or pedicels 
simple and ebracteate. 


7. COLLINSIA. Corolla declined, deeply bilabiate; its upper lip 2-cleft, with lobes more 
or less erect and replicate; lower larger and 3-lobed ; its lateral lobes pendulous-spreading ; 
middle one conduplicate into a keel-shaped sac which encloses the 4 declined stamens and 
style. Filaments long and filiform; the lower or anterior pair inserted higher on the 
corolla than the other: anthers round-reniform; their two cells confluent at the apex 
into one. Gland at base of corolla on the upper side represents the fifth stamen. Style 
filiform: stigma small, entire, or minutely 2-cleft. Capsule ovate or globose, at first sep- 
ticidal; the valves soon 2-cleft. Seeds amphitropous and peltate, concave ventrally. 
Leaves undivided. 

8. TONELLA. Corolla little declined, obscurely bilabiate, and the 5 more or less unequal 
lobes somewhat rotately spreading ; the lower not enclosing the soon ascending stamens; 
tube slightly gibbous posteriorly. Ovules and seeds 1 to 4 in each cell, oval. Cauline 
leaves mainly ternately divided or parted. 


* * (Genuine Chelonee.) Corolla-tube not gibbous posteriorly : ovules and seeds indefi- 
nitely numerous: calyx deeply 5-parted or of distinct sepals, imbricated: inflorescence 
mostly thyrsoidal, z.e. the axillary clusters centrifugal or cymose, or when reduced to a 
single flowér the peduncle or pedicel 2-bracteate: capsule septicidal. 


+ Sterile stamen represented by a scale on the upper side of the throat of the corolla. 


9. SCROPHULARIA. Corolla short; the tube ventricose and globular or oblong; lobes 
5, unequal, four of them erect and the two posterior longer; the fifth or anterior reflexed 
or spreading. Stamens 4, declined, usually included or shorter than the corolla lobes: 
anthers transverse and confluently 1-celled. Stigma entire or emarginate. Seeds margin- 
less, rugose. 


+ + Filament of the sterile stamen conspicuous and elongated: corolla from ventri- 
cose-campanulate to elongated-tubular; the limb either obscurely or strongly bilabiate. 


10. CHELONE. Seeds surrounded by a broad membranaceous wing. Otherwise nearly 
as Pentstemon. Anthers long-woolly as in the first division of that genus; the wool mainly 
confined to the inner face. 

11. PENTSTEMON. Seeds angulate, marginless. Antheriferous stamens 4, declined at 
base, ascending above: filaments filiform: anther-cells either united or confluent at apex. 
Style filiform: stigma small, entire. 


* * * Corolla-tube not gibbous: ovules and seeds rather numerous: calyx not deeply 
cleft: inflorescence simply spicate: capsule at first loculicidal. 

12. CHIONOPHILA. Calyx funnelform, thin-membranaceous becoming scarious, merely 
and obtusely 5-lobed. Corolla tubular, with slightly dilated throat and bilabiate limb, 
somewhat personate ; upper lip erect and slightly concave, barely 2-lobed, the sides some- 
what recurved; lower with convex densely bearded base forming a palate, and 3-lobed, 
the short lobes recurving. Stamens of Lupentstemon: cells of the anthers divaricate and 
confluent. Sterile filament small and short, or even minute, naked. Style filiform: stig- 
ma minute, entire. Capsule oblong, enclosed in the marcescent calyx and corolla, loculi- 
cidally 2-valved, and the valves soon septifragal and 2-parted; placental dissepiment 
flat. Seeds rather large, oblong, with a very loose and arilliform cellular-reticulated 
outer coat. 


Tribe V. GRATIOLEZ. Corolla from bilabiate to almost regular, not saccate or 
otherwise produced at base. Antheriferous stamens 2 or 4: no rudiments of the 
fifth. Capsule dehiscent, many-seeded. Inflorescence simple and centripetal; the 
pedicels solitary in the axil of bracts or leaves and ebracteolate. Leaves opposite (or 
verticillate), or only the uppermost alternate. 


SCROPHULARIACER. OAT 


* Calyx prismatic and barely 5-toothed, or rarely campanulate and hardly 5-cleft : corolla 
more or less bilabiate: stamens 4. 


13. MIMULUS. Corolla with either elongated or short tube; upper lip 2- and the lower 
3-lobed or parted; the former often erect and the sides turned back; a pair of palatine 
ridges (either bearded or naked and more or less intruded) running down the lower 
side of the throat. Stamens inserted low within the throat or on the tube. Anthers 
generally approximate in pairs, on filiform filaments ; their cells divergent, either distinct 
or confluent at the apex. Style filiform: stigma bilamellar, or sometimes peltate by the 
union of the two dilated lips, or rarely even funnelform. Capsule enclosed in the 
Sag] loculicidal ; the placentz either firmly united, or in one section barely contiguous 
in the axis. 


* * Calyx 5-parted: corolla more or less bilabiate: stamens 4, inserted below the throat, 
included: anther-cells distinct. 


+ Sepals narrow and nearly alike: capsule septicidal or septifragal. 


14, STEMODIA. Corolla with cylindraceous tube, somewhat erect and hardly 2-lobed 
upper lip, and more spreading lower one. Anther-cells separate and stipitate. Stigma 
2-lobed. Capsule with valves soon 2-parted: placente left in the axis. 

15. CONOBEA. Corolla nearly of the preceding, or more equally 5-lobed. Anther-cells 
distinct but not stipitate, parallel. Stigma bilamellar. Capsule septifragal; valves en- 
tire or rarely 2-cleft. Seeds striate. 

+— + Sepals unequal and imbricated ; the posterior one considerably or much broader than 
the anterior; the two lateral interior and usually much narrower: capsule septicidal or 
loculicidal ; the valves entire or 2-parted, separating from the undivided placentiferous 
column. 


16. HERPESTIS. Corolla with short cylindraceous tube, and spreading lips; upper 
emarginate or 2-lobed; lower 3-lobed, plane. Anther-cells parallel or divergent. Cap- 
sule globose or ovate. 


* * » Calyx 5-parted or deeply 4-5lobed: antheriferous stamens only 2, 


+— The posterior pair; the anterior pair sterile rudiments or sometimes wanting: flowers 
not minute: corolla manifestly bilabiate; upper lip entire or 2-lobed; lower 3-cleft: 
sepals narrow, little unequal : stigma dilated and mostly bilamellar. 


17. GRATIOLA. Corolla with cylindraceous tube and lips nearly of equal length. Sta- 
mens both fertile (with anther-cells distinct) and sterile inserted below the throat and in- 
cluded. Capsule both loculicidal and septicidal; valves separating from the placentif- 
erous column. Seeds striate and transversely reticulated. 

18. ILYSANTHES. Corolla with cylindraceous tube, or more dilated throat; upper lip 
erect and concave, 2-lobed; lower larger, spreading, with 3 broad nearly equal lobes. 
Fertile stamens inserted rather low down and somewhat included: sterile filaments 
inserted at the orifice and forked; one fork glandular and obtuse; the other smooth and 
naked, acute, sometimes reduced to a mere tooth, sometimes more elongated and even 
bearing the rudiment of an anther. Capsule ovoid or oblong, septicidal or septifragal ; 
the valves entire, at length separating from the placentiferous column. Seeds foveolate- 
rugose. 

+ The anterior pair of stamens antheriferous, at least only a single pair antheriferous, 
and no rudiments of sterile ones: flowers minute: corolla only 4-lobed: anthers short, of 
roundish distinct cells. 


19. MICRANTHEMUM. Calyxusually 4-cleft or 4lobed. Corolla with very short tube, 
obscurely bilabiate; its upper lip short or almost none; the lower 3-lobed and the middle 
lobe longer. Stamens inserted in the throat: filaments short, dilated or appendaged at 
base. Style short: stigma dilated or 2-lobed. Capsule globular, thin, becoming 1-celled 
by the vanishing of the partition, leaving the several-many-seeded placenta in the axis. 
Seeds oblong, minute. 

20. AMPHIANTHUS. Calyx 5-parted, unequal. Corolla funnelform, with spreading 4 
cleft limb; lobes rounded, one of them larger. Stamens on the tube of the corolla, 
included: filaments filiform, not appendaged. Style subulate: stigma minutely 2-cleft. 
Capsule obcordate, compressed, loculicidal; valves bearing the partition. Seeds numer- 
ous, linear-oblong, striate, transversely rugulose. 

* * * * Calyx and corolla both 5-lobed and nearly regular: antheriferous stamens 4, 
nearly equal: no sterile filament. 

21, LIMOSELLA. Calyx campanulate; the lobes short. Corolla between rotate and 
campanulate ; its lobes oblong or ovate. Stamens borne on the tube of the corolla: fila- 
ments slender, unappendaged: anthers by confluence 1-celled. Style short: stigma de- 
pressed-capitate. Capsule globose-ovoid, 2-celled only at base; the large central pla- 
centa many-seeded. Sceds ovoid, rugulose. 


248 SCROPHULARIACEE. 


III. (Rarvantutpe#.) Leaves various. Inflorescence simply centripetal. 
Lower lip or lateral lobes of the corolla external in the bud. Stamens very 
rarely more than 4. 


Trize VI. DIGITALEZ. Corolla usually little if at all bilabiate; the lobes all 
plane, the lateral or one of them external. Anther-cells contiguous at apex and 
often confluent. Herbs, or some shrubs, none parasitic. 

%* Stamens 4 or sometimes 5, nearly equal: corolla short-campanulate or nearly rotate. 


22. SCOPARIA. Sepals 4 or 5, rather broad, imbricated. Corolla 4-cleft, densely hairy in 
the throat. Stamens 4: anther-cells distinct. Style slightly clavate: stigma truncate. 
Capsule septicidal. Leaves opposite or verticillate. 

23. CAPRARIA. Sepals 5, narrow, hardly imbricated. Corolla 5-cleft. Stamens often 
5: anthers sagittate or horseshoe-shaped; the cells confluent at apex. Style with thick- 
ened apex: stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 2-sulcate, loculicidal. Leaves alternate. 


* * Stamens 2 (only abnormally 3 or 4), distant, straight, exserted, inserted at or below 
the sinuses between the two lateral and the posterior lobe of the corolla: style usually 
filiform, with terminal usually small-capitate stigma: capsule mostly compressed and 
obtuse or emarginate, few-many-seeded, loculicidal ; the valves tardily if at all separat- 
ing from the placentiferous axis. (Hypogynous disk mostly conspicuous and crateri- 
form or annular.) 


24, SYNTHYRIS. Corolla from oblong- to short-campanulate, 4-cleft, more or less irreg- 
ular (upper lobe longer), sometimes irregularly and variably parted, occasionally want- 
ing. Sepals 4, oblong. Anther-cells parallel or somewhat divergent below, not confluent 
at apex. Placente short, chiefly at the centre of the valves. Seeds discoidal, orbicular 
or oval, with very close and strictly conformed smooth coat. 

25. VERONICA, Corolla from rotate with very short or hardly any tube to salverform ; 
its lobes 4 (or sometimes 5), one usually smaller. Anther-cells more or less confluent at 
the apex. Seeds various. . 


Trips VII. GERARDIE. Corolla little or not at all bilabiate; the lobes all 
plane and mostly spreading, the anterior one external in the bud. Stamens 4: 
anther-cells distinct to the very apex, or sometimes one of them wanting. Capsule 
loculicidal, many-seeded. Herbs, most of them partially root-parasitic, and their 
green foliage inclined to blacken in drying: some African and Indian genera are 
wholly parasitic and destitute of green herbage, in the manner of Orobanchacec. 

* Anthers by abortion 1-celled: corolla salverform; tube slender: flowers 2-bracteolate. 


26. BUCHNERA. Calyx tubular or oblong, 5-10-nerved, 5-toothed. Corolla with 
straight or slightly curved tube, and almost equally 5-cleft widely spreading limb. Sta- 
mens didynamous: anthers approximate in pairs; the cell vertical. Style with somewhat 
clavate and entire apex. Valves of the oblong capsule separating from the placentifer- 
ous axis. Seeds with reticulated close coat. 


* * Anthers 2-celled; the cells equal and parallel: pedicels ebracteolate. 


+— Stamens equal or nearly so, more or less exserted: posterior lobes of the corolla united 
to near their middle. 


27. SEYMERIA. Corolla short, somewhat campanulate or rotate, pale yellow, calyx 5- 
cleft or parted. Filaments short, usually woolly at base: anthers obtuse at base, not 
exceeding the corolla-lobes. Capsule globular or ovate, with more or less pointed and 
compressed apex. Seeds with a loose reticulated coat. 

28. MACRANTHERA. Corolla (orange-color) salverform, with tube very much longer 
than the small lobes; its narrow orifice somewhat oblique; posterior and partly united 
lobes somewhat erect, the others soon reflexed. Calyx 5-parted; the divisions long and 
narrow. Stamens inserted toward the bottom of the corolla: filaments filiform, becoming 
conspicuously exserted, sparsely glandular-hairy, as are the linear-oblong anthers when 
young: cells of the latter acuminate at base. Style long and filiform: stigma simple or 
2-cleft. Capsule globose and bisulcate; the valves at length 2-cleft. Seeds obovate, 
lamellate-crested on the back. ' 


+ + Stamens conspicuously didynamous, shorter than the corolla. 


29. GERARDIA. Corolla from campanulate to funnelform; the throat ampliate; limb 
5-parted, and with the two posterior lobes often rather smaller or more united. Calyx 
campanulate, 5-toothed or 5-cleft. Stamens commonly more or less hairy: anthers more 
or less approximate in pairs. Style filiform: stigma clavate-thickened or flattened. Seeds 
usually angulate and with a rather loose coat. 


SCROPHULARIACE.E. 249 


Trine VIII. Evprrasrex. Corolla manifestly bilabiate; the upper lip erect and 
concave or galeate, entire or emarginate, rarely 2-cleft; the lower 3-cleft, mostly 
spreading, external in the bud. Stamens 4 and didynamous, or rarely 2, ascending 
under the upper lip: anther-cells distinct, sometimes one abortive or wanting. 
Style mostly filiform and stigma entire, rarely 2-lobed. Capsule loculicidal. Leafy 
herbs, not rarely drying blackish; these partially root- parasitic. 


* Ovules and usually the seeds numerous. 


+— Anther-cells unequal or dissimilar; the outer one affixed by its middle; the other pend- 
ulous from its upper end, mostly smaller, sometimes sterile or deficient: seeds with a 
loose reticulated coat: leaves alternate or only the lowest opposite. 


80. CASTILLEIA. Calyx tubular, laterally flattened, more or less cleft anteriorly or 
posteriorly or both; the lobes entire or 2-cleft. Corolla tubular, more or less laterally 
compressed, especially the elongated and conduplicate or carinate-concave and entire 
upper lip (galca); lower lip short and small, often very small, 3-toothed, 3-carinate or 
somewhat saccate below the short teeth; the tube usually enclosed in the calyx. Sta- 
mens 4, all with 2-celled anthers. 

31. ORTHOCARPUS. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 4cleft, or cleft anteriorly and pos- 
teriorly and the divisions 2-cleft or parted. Corolla mostly with slender tube; upper lip 
(galea) little longer and usually much narrower than the inflated 1-}saccate lower one. 
Stamens 4; the smaller anther-cell sometimes wanting. 

32. CORDYLANTHUS. Calyx spathaceous, diphyllous (anterior and posterior), or by the 
absence of the anterior division monophyllous. Corolla tubular, with lips commonly of 
equal length; the upper (galea) nearly as in Orthocarpus; the lower 3-crenulate or entire. 
Stamens of Orthocarpus, or sometimes the shorter pair wanting: anther-cells either ciliate 
or minutely bearded at base and apex. Style hooked at tip and somewhat thickened 
under the stigma. Sveds mostly few. 


+ + Anther-cells equal, parallel and alike in all 4 stamens. 
++ Flower 2-bracteolate under the calyx. 


33. SCHWALBEA. Calyx tubular, 10-12-ribbed, oblique, 5-toothed; the posterior tooth 
much smaller; the 2 anterior united higher. Corolla with cylindraceous tube and lips of 
almost equal length; the upper erect and galeate, oblong, entire; lower erect-spreading, 
2-plicate at base, obtusely 3-lobed at summit. Stamens slightly didynamous: anthers 
oblong; the cells barely mucronulate at base. Svceds linear, with a loose hyaline coat, 
including a small nucleus. 

++ ++ Flowers ebracteolate. 


34, EUPHRASIA. Calyx tubular or campanulate, 4cleft, and rarely with a fifth small 
posterior lobe. Corolla with dilated throat; upper lip erect, barely concave, 2-lobed, 
and the sides folded back ; lower larger, 3-lobed, spreading; its lobes obtuse or emargi- 
nate. <Anther-cells mucronate at base. Seeds numerous, pendulous, oblong, longitudi- 
nally sulcate. Leaves opposite. 

85. BARTSIA. Calyx equally 4cleft. Corolla with upper lip entire and sides not folded 
back. Sveds sulcate and with salient or alate ribs. Otherwise much as Euphrasia. 

86. PEDICULARIS. Calyx various, cleft anteriorly and sometimes posteriorly. Corolla 
with cylindraceous tube and narrow throat, strongly bilabiate: upper lip (galea) com- 
pressed laterally, fornicate or conduplicate; lower erect at base, 2-cristate above, 3lobed ; 
the lobes spreading or reflexed, the middle one smaller. Anthers transverse, approxi- 
mate in pairs. Capsule compressed and often oblique or falcate, rostrate. Seeds nu- 
merous, various. Leaves mainly alternate or verticillate. 

37. RHINANTHUS. Calyx ventricose-compressed, 4toothed, inflated in fruit. Corolla 
with cylindraceous tube; galeate upper lip ovate, obtuse, compressed, entire at the apex, 
but with a minute tooth on each side below it; lower lip shorter, with 3 spreading 
lobes. Anthers approximate in pairs, transverse, pilose, muticous. Capsule orbicular, 
compressed. Seeds few in each cell, orbicular, wing-margined. Leaves opposite. 


* * Ovules only two in each cell, one sessile and ascending, the other stipitate and later- 
ally attached: flowers ebracteolate: leaves opposite: flowers in our species scattered. 


38. MELAMPYRUM. Calyx campanulate or short-tubular, {toothed ; the teeth usually 
setaceous-acuminate, the posterior larger. Corolla with cylindraceous tube, enlarging at 
throat: galeate upper lip erect, compressed, obtuse, and with narrow replicate margins or 
a tooth to each; lower rather longer, erect-spreading, biconvex below, 3-lobed at apex. 
Stamens 4: anthers approximate in pairs, nearly vertical; the cells equal and parallel, 
mucronulate at base. Capsule compressed, oblique or falcate: cells 1-2-sceded. Seeds 
smooth, strophiolate. 


250 SCROPHULARIACEZ. Leucophyllum. 


1, LEUCOPHYLLUM, Humb. & Bonpl. (4evxdg, light or white, and 
gvddor, foliage.) — Low and much-branched shrubs (of Mexico and its northern 
borders), densely scurfy-tomentose with usually silvery-white wool; the flowers 
showy, on short bractless peduncles in the axil of the small obovate or roundish 


and short-petioled entire leaves; the corolla violet-purple. Fl. in summer. — 
Pl. Avquin. ii. 95, t. 109; Miers, Ill. ii. 76, t. 58. 


— L.Texdnum, Benth. Shrub 2 to 8 feet high: leaves tomentose, obovate, half inch or 
more long, almost sessile: calyx-lobes lanceolate-oblong: corolla almost campanulate ; the 
limb an inch in diameter, delicately soft-villous within. — DC. Prodr. x. 344; Gray in Bot. 
Mex. Bound. 115. — Southern borders of Texas, Berlandier, Wright, &c. (Adjacent Mex.) 

— UL. minus, Gray, 1.c. A foot or two high: leaves minutely silvery-canescent, obovate- 

spatulate with long tapering base, half inch or less long: calyx-lobes linear: corolla with 

narrower and more funnelform tube and throat which much exceed the limb; that half 
inch in diameter, sparsely pubescent within. — South-western Texas, Wright, Bigelow, Parry. 


2. VERBASCUM, L. Mutter. (Altered from Barbascum, old Latin 
name.) — Coarse weeds, from Europe, mostly biennials; cauline leaves sessile 
and often decurrent on the stem: flowering in summer: flowers ephemeral. Hy- 
brids abound. 

* Woolly or scurfy, tall and stout: flowers yellow, occasionally white. 
eee, V. THAprsus, L. (Common Muuzern.) Densely woolly throughout: stem simple, 3 to 6 
feet high, winged by the decurrent bases of the oblong nearly entire crowded leaves: 
flowers in a dense long spike, yellow: lower filaments mostly naked — Fields,‘a common 
weed in the Atlantic States, rare in the Pacific. A white-flowered form (V. elongatum, 
Willd.), probably of hybrid origin, occurs occasionally. (Nat. from Eu.) 
emma Vo Lyeunitis, L. (Waite Mutvein.) Clothed with fine somewhat mealy woolliness, 
often paniculate-branched at summit: leaves ovate, acute, somewhat crenate, not decur- 
rent, the upper surface becoming naked and green: racemes panicled, close: filaments 
white-woolly. — Fields, N. Atiantic States, rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.)’ 
%* Slender, green, more loosely-flowered, filaments all bearded with violet woolly hairs. 


=> V. Brarrdria, L. (Morn Muttery.) Below glabrous; the loose virgate raceme and 
calyx glandular: leaves oblong, obtuse, crenate or sometimes sinuate, not decurrent; the 
small upper ones ovate, acute, partly clasping: pedicels solitary and much longer than 
the linear-lanceolate calyx-lobes: corolla yellow or white and purple-tinged.— V. Claytoni, 
Michx. Fl. i. 148. Roadsides, Atlantic States. (Nat. from Eu.) 
V. vircAtum, Withering. Somewhat pubescent or hairy as well as glandular, especially 
the raceme : pedicels often in twos and threes, not longer than the calyx-lobes: otherwise 
very like a taller form of the last.—California. (Nat. from Eu. by way of Mexico ?) 


3. LINARIA, Tourn. Toap-Frax. (Name formed from Linwm, Flax.) 
— Herbs, chiefly natives of the Old World. .Calyx 5-parted. Style filiform: 
stigma small, nearly entire. Leaves, &c., very various. FJ. summer. 


%* Indigenous species, slender glabrous annuals or biennials; with entire leaves, linear and alter- 
nate on the erect flowering stems, smaller and oblong and mainly opposite or whorled on procum- 
bent shoots or suckers from the base: small blue flowers in a naked terminal raceme. 

=~ L. Canadénsis, Dumont. Flowering stems nearly simple, 6 to 30 inches high: leaves 
flat (a line or two wide): pedicels erect, not longer than the filiform and curved spur of 
the corolla.— Chay. Mon. Antirr. 149; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3473, Antirrhinum Canadense, 

L.; Vent. Cels, t.49. Linaria Terana, Scheele in Linn, xxi. 761, large-flowered form. — 

Sandy or gravelly soil, Canada to Texas, California, and Oregon. (S. Amer. &c.) 

L. Floridana, Chapm. Flowering stem at length paniculately branching, a span or 
two high; its leaves filiform: pedicels spreading, filiform, sparsely and minutely gland- 
ular-hixpid, much longer than the flower: raceme at length flexuous: spur very short and 
inconspicuous, subulate, slightly projecting below the calyx.— Fl. 290.—Sands of the 


Antirrhinum. SCROPHULARIACE.E. 251 


coast, E. and W. Florida. Corolla much smaller than in the preceding, 2 or 3 lines long. 
Seeds shorter, paler, smoother, and less broadly truncate at apex. 
* * Naturalized from the Old World. 


+— Perennial, erect, 1 to 3 feet high, glabrous, with narrow entire and alternate pale leaves, and 
yellow flowers in a terminal raceme. 


wee ZL. vurcAnis, Mill: (Ramstep, Butrer & Eces.) Leaves linear or nearly so, extremely 
numerous: raceme dense, often paniculate below: corolla an inch or more long, including 
the slender subulate spur: seeds winged. — Fields and road-sides, Atlantic States: a 
showy but pernicious weed. (Nat. from Eu.) 
L. Gexistrré.ia, Mill. Glaucous, paniculately branched: leaves lanceolate, acute: flow- 
ers smaller and more scattered: seeds wingless. ~ Sparingly naturalized near New York. 
(Adv. from Eu.) 


“+ + Annual, proeumbent, and much branched, with broad and abruptly petioled veiny alternate 
leaves, and purplish and yellow small flowers from their axils. 


cee. Ls. Evdtrye, Mill. Spreading over the ground, slender, hairy: leaves hastate or the lower 
ovate, much surpassed by the filiform peduncles: calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute: corolla 
3 or 4 lines long, including the subulate spur.— Sandy banks and shores, rather rare. 
Canada to Carolina. (Nat. from Eu.) 

ee=T,. sevria, Mill., like the preceding, but with roundish or cordate leaves and ovate or cor- 
date calyx-lobes, and one or two other Old World species occasionally spring up in ballast 
or waste grounds near citicSSSL. Cymbaldria, Mill., a smooth and delicate creeping species, 
is common in cultivation, but seldom becomes spontaneous. 


4, ANTIRRHINUM, Tourn. Snappracon. (Avzigivov of Theophras- 
tus, from the snout-like aspect of the flowers.) — Herbs, rarely shrubby, of very 
various aspect, indigenous to the warmer parts of the Old World and of North 
America and Mexico, in our species all or all but the lower leaves alternate. 
Calyx deeply 5-parted. Cells of the anthers either distinct or more or less con- 
fluent. 


§ 1. Oréntrum, Benth., partly. Capsule oblique, firm-coriaceous; the cells 
opening by a definite hole at the top: seeds cup-shaped on ventral face, with 
thickened incurved border, smooth and carinately one-ribbed on the back. 

A. Oroxtitm, L. Annual, a span or two high, erect, slender, glandular-pubescent: leaves 
oblong-linear or lanceolate, entire: flowers subsessile: corolla purple or white, half inch 
long. — Cult. and waste ground, sparingly spontaneous in Atlantic States. (Nat. from Eu.) 
§ 2. Psruporéytium, Gray. Capsule not oblique, somewhat didymous, char- 

taceo-membranaceous; the equal cells irregularly bursting at the apex: seeds 

strongly cup-shaped; the body muriculate on the back and far smaller than the 

involute wing. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 81. 

A. cyatuirervm, Benth. Bot. Sulph. 40, t. 19, of Lower California, appears to differ from 
the following in having linear-lanceolate sepals, of only half the length of the tube of the 
corolla, and a shallower cup to the seeds. : 

A. chytrospérmum, Gray, l.c. Annual, viscid-pubescent : stem a span to a foot high: 
leaves ovate, entire, 3 to 9 lines long and contracted into a margined petiole: flowers 
axillary, short-peduncled: sepals oblong-lanceolate, equalling the tube of the purple 
corolla (this barely 3 lines long): cup of the seed several times larger than the body. — 
Ehrenberg, Arizona, Palmer. 

§ 38, AnrIRRHINAsTRUM, Chavannes. Capsule more or less oblique; the per- 
sistent style or its base bent forward: cells opening by one or two holes: seeds 
rugose-alveolate or tuberculate, similar on the two sides: palate of corolla closing 
the orifice or nearly so: leaves entire, pinnately veined, and with short petioles 
or none. 


252 SCROPHULARIACES. Antirrhinum. 


* Perennial Old World species. 

A. mAsus, L. (Common Syappracon.) A foot or two high: leaves thickish, from oblong 
to linear, smooth: flowers short-pedicelled in a glandular-pubescent terminal raceme: 
corolla 14 or 2 inches long, purple, rose, or white. — Sparingly escaped from gardens to 
road-sides in Atlantic States. # 

* «* Indigenous Californian species, annual so far as the root is known, small-flowered: promi-. 
nent palate closing the orifice of the corolla ; its upper lip spreading and lobes of the lower usually 
deflexed: filaments dilated at their apex.—§ Serorhinum, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 872, but 
a misnomer, the palate not gaping. : 

+— Erect, in no way climbing, destitute of prehensile branchlets. 

++ Flowers racemose-spicate, mostly rose-colored: capsule surmounted by a slender style: seeds 
fimbrillate-favose. 

— A. virga, Gray. Glabrous throughout: root not seen: stem strict, simple, 2 or 3 feet 
high: leaves thickish, linear-lanceolate; the lower 2 or 3 inches long, often 3 lines wide; 
the upper passing into filiform-subulate bracts of the long virgate spiciform raceme: flow- 
ers sometimes secund, soon horizontal: corolla with cylindrical tube (half inch long) fully 
twice the length of the lips and of the ovate-lanceolate sepals; sac at base mammeform: 
filaments viscid-hirsute; the dilated tips of the longer pair broader than the anther: 
capsules erect, ovoid, longer than the unequal sepals. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 373, & Bot. 
Calif. i549. - W. California, Bridges, in flower. Mendocino Co. in fruit, G. R. Vasey. 

=== A. glanduldsum, Lindl. Very glandular-pubescent and viscid throughout: stem 
stout, branching, 3 to 5 feet high, very leafy: leaves lanceolate, mostly sessile, above 
gradually passing into bracts of the leafy dense spike or raceme; these equalling or 
shorter than the oblong tube of the corolla: sepals oblong-lanceolate, unequal; the longer 

equalling the capsule: filaments all moderately dilated upwards.— Bot. Reg. t. 1893; 

Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 291. —Dry ground, California, from Santa Cruz southward. 

++ ++ Flowers sessile or nearly so in the axils of all but the lowest almost uniform leaves: corolla 
only 3 or 4 lines long, yellowish or dull purplish ; the lips nearly the length of the tube; the sac 
prominent: sepals equal, linear, not longer than the ovate-globular capsule; the whole style indu- 
rated and persistent, stout at base. 

A. cornttum, Benth. Viscid-villous, simply branched, a foot or so high: leaves linear- 
oblong or lanceolate, obtuse (an inch long); the lower tapering into a short petiole: fila- 
ments all obliquely obovate-dilated at apex: style rather longer than the capsule: seeds 
echinate-favose. — Pl. Hartw. 328; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. Il. c.—Valley of the Sacramento, 
California, Hartweq. 

~— A. leptaleum, Gray, l.c. Viscid-villous, mostly simple, a span or two high: leaves 
nearly linear, mainly sessile (the lowest less than an inch long, uppermost small and spatu- 
late-oblong): shorter filaments hardly dilated at apex: style rather shorter than the cap- 
sule: seeds rugose-pitted. — A. cornutum, Durand in Pacif. R. Rep. v. 11, t. 10, not Benth. 

— California ; Sierra Nevada from Mariposa Co. to Kern Co. 

+— + Spreading or erect, branching, producing filiform and at-length tortile axillary branchlets 
by which the plant is disposed to climb: calyx unequal: corolla (purple, violet, or yellowish- 
white) short; both lips spreading, the lower usually conspicuously larger and as long as the tube. 


++ Flowers in a naked spike or dense raceme: bracts minute. 


===A.Coulterianum, Benth. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, gaining support by its numerous 
filiform tortile branchlets acting as tendrils, below glabrous, as also the (from linear to 
oval) distant leaves: inflorescence villous-pubescent with viscid and sometimes glandular 
hairs; the spike virgate, 2 to 10 inches long: pedicels shorter than the calyx: sepals 
linear or lanceolate, obtuse, the 3 upper a little longer, all shorter than the oval or ovate- 
oblong glandular-pubescent capsule, which is twice the length of the style. — DC. Prodr. 
x. 592; Gray, l.c.—Santa Barbara Co. to San Diego, California. Corolla either violet- 
purple or white with yellowish palate; the lower lip with its great palate forming the 
larger part of the flower; the tube only 3 lines long, its sac broad and mammeform. 
Tendril-shoots mostly below, sometimes also in the lower part of the inflorescence. 
++ ++ Flowers (purple) scattered along the slender diffuse branches, or somewhat racemose but 


leafy-bracteate at the summit, often accompanied by tortile prehensile branchlets from the same 
axils: upper sepal conspicuously larger than the others: leaves short, from linear to ovate. 


== Peduncles shorter than the flower, mostly shorter than the calyx or hardly any: tube of the 
corolla rather longer than the lips; seeds tuYerculate. 


Antirrhinum. SCROPHULARIACES. 253 


A. vagans, Gray, l.c. Very diffuse, sparsely setose-hirsute and often glandular, vary- 
ing to nearly glabrous: leaves from lanceolate to oblong-ovate, thickish : flowers compara- 
tively large (half inch long): sepals or at least the large and mostly oblong upper one 
equalling the tube of the corolla; the others linear: style slender, as long as the capsule. 
— Watson, Bot. King, 216, t. 21, fig. 5. A. Coulteriunum, var. uppendiculatum, Durand, 1. c. 
11, t. 11. — California, common through the western part of the State. 

Var. Bolanderi, Gray, |. c., a form with broader and thinner leaves, those of the tor- 
tile branchlets orbicular, and unusually large posterior sepal, grows mainly in the shade 
of Redwoods. ul. Breweri, var. ovalifolium, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. 375, from the upper 
part of the Sacramento River, may be a depauperate form of this, with shorter calyx, 
approaching the following. 

~- -A, Bréweri, Gray, l.c. Slender, at first erect, a foot or two high, minutely or softly vis- 
cid-pubescent : leaves from oblong-linear to oval (half to an inch long), obtuse: pedicels 
shorter than the calyx: flowers small; the tube of the corolla (only 3 lines long) con- 
siderably longer than the moderately unequal sepals, rather narrowly saccate at base: 
style subulate, glandular, at length strongly deflexed, rather shorter than the capsule. — 
California, common from Lake Co. to Plumas Co. and northward. 
== = Peduncles more conspicuous: tube of the corolla not longer than the widely spreading lips, 

merely gibbous at base: the weakly tortile branchlets bearing small leaves. 

== A, Nuttalli4num, Benth. Softly viscid-pubescent, sometimes glabrous below, at 
length diffusely much branched, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves ovate or subcordate (the largest 
an inch long), nearly all distinctly petioled: peduncles or at least the lower ones longer 
than the flowers, sometimes longer than the leaf and disposed to be tortile: sepals shorter 
than (or the ovate or oval posterior one equalling) the tube of the violet-colored corolla 
(this 2 or 8 lines long): palate very prominent: seeds almost alately costate. —- DC. Prodr. 
x. 592; Gray, 1.c.—Common through S. California, near San Diego, &c. : 

Var. effasum, Gray. Slender stems climbing over bushes by tortile leafy branchlets, 
reaching 4 or 5 feet high: filiform peduncles mostly twice the length of the leaves: ribs 
of the seeds less wing-like. — Bot. Calif. i. 622.—S. E. California, in the Mohave region, 
Parry, Lemmon, Palmer. 

A. Kingii, Watson. Slender, mostly erect, a span to a foot or more high, somewhat 
hairy at base, above nearly glabrous: leaves from narrowly lanceolate to linear; the upper- 
most minute: pedicels at length equalling or exceeding the sparsely glandular calyx: corolla 
small (2 or 8 lines long, dull white); its tube half the length of the linear-oblong poste- 
rior sepal and about equalling the other sepals; the lips small: persistent style short and 
subulate, glabrous, half the length of the slightly oblique globular capsule: seeds favose- 
tuberculate. — Bot. King, 215, t. 21, fig. 1-4. —N. W. Nevada to Utah, IVatson, Lemmon, &c. 


§ 4. Mavranpiiia, Gray,l.c. Capsule and calyx equal or nearly so: seeds 
as in preceding: corolla with prominent palate partly or quite closing the orifice : 
herbs with entire or lobed leaves (all but the lower alternate), destitute of pre- 
hensile branchlets, but mostly climbing by tortile filiform petioles or peduncles, 
x by both, mainly glabrous. — Afwrandia § Antirrhiniflore, Benth. in DC. 1. ¢. 


% Annuals, with mostly lanceolate or linear short-petioled Jeaves, but long and filiform prehensile 
peduncles: calyx rather shorter than the globose capsule. 

A. strictum, Gray, 1.c. Erect, nearly simple, a foot or two high: lowest leaves ovate- 
lanceolate ; upper ones linear, or the upper floral filiform, much shorter than the tortile race- 
mose peduncles: corolla violet-purple (nearly half inch long), with hairy palate and ‘gib- 
bous base: capsule crustaceous, tipped with a straight style of equal length. — Maurandia 
stricta, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 375; Benth. l.c.— California, near Santa Barbara, 
Douglas, Brewer. 

A. Coéperi, Gray, l.c. Climbing 2 to 4 feet high by the long filiform peduncles (of 2 or 
8 inches in length): very slender stems at length much branched: lowest leaves ovate or 
obleng; the others linear; upper floral minute: corolla bright yellow (half inch long), 
conspicuously saccate at base, with hairy palate: style deciduous from the nearly mem- 
pbranaceous capsule: seeds rough-rugose and with 3 or 4 corky ribs. — Ravines near Fort 
Mohave, S. E. California, Cooper, Almendinger. S. Utah, Parry. 


M..blervacawue, 
Ve 


254 SCROPHULARIACES. Antirrhinum. 


A. filipes, Gray, l.c. More delicate than the preceding, and with broader more mem- 
branaceous leaves: capillary tortile peduncles equally long: flowers very small, “ white.” 
— Ives Colorad. Exped. Bot. 19.— Arizona, in desert arroyos of the Colorado, Newberry. 
Flowers perhaps imperfect, the corolla little exceeding the calyx. Perhaps a depauperate 
or attenuated state of the foregoing. 


* * Perennial, climbing by the slender tortile petioles and axillary peduncles: calyx longer than 
the globular capsule. 


____ A. maurandioides, Gray, l.c. Low or tall climbing: leaves triangular-hastate or the 
lower cordate-hastate; the lateral lobes often with a posterior tooth: corolla purple or 
sometimes white (half to an inch long), with a nearly closing palate: sepals lanceolate, 
very acute: style slender: seeds strongly costate, the ribs corky.— Usteria antirrhiniflora, 
Poir. Jaurandia antirrhiniflora, Willd. Hort. Berol. t. 83; Bot. Mag. t. 1643; Benth. l.c. 
M. personata, Lagasca.— Texas to Arizona and the borders of California. Common in 
cultivation. (Mex.) 


§ 5. Gamptiia, Gray, lc. Capsule and seeds of preceding section: stems 
erect and more or less shrubby, not climbing: palate of the tubular corolla some- 
what prominent, but not closing the throat: most of the leaves opposite or in 
threes. — Gambelia, Nutt. Pl. Gamb. 149. 

A. specidsum, Gray, l.c. Shrub, 3 or 4 feet high, somewhat pubescent, leafy through- 
out: leaves oval or oblong, short-petioled, coriaceous: corolla “scarlet” or pink-red, 
hardly an inch long, thrice the length the lanceolate sepals, and the tube thrice the length 


of the narrow lips. — Gambelia speciosa, Nutt. l.c. t. 22. — California, on the Island of 
Catalina, Gambell. (Guadalupe Island, Lower Calif., Pulmer.) 


A. junceum, Gray, lc. Shrubby slender stems glabrous, 2 feet high: leaves small, 
oblong-linear, or above hardly any: tube of the corolla 8 to 12 lines long. —J/. juncea, 
Benth. Sulph. 41.—From San Diego southward (to the bay of Magdalena in Lower Cali- 

+ fornia, Winds; also Cerros Island, Dr. Streets). 


5. MAURANDIA, Ortega. (Dr. Maurandy, a botanical teacher at Car- 
thagena.) — Perennial herbs (Mexican and Arizonian), climbing by the slender 
tortile petioles and sometimes by the axillary peduncles; the leaves cordate- 
triangular or hastate, only the lower opposite ; and showy purple or rose-colored 
or rarely white flowers. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 877. Maurandia (excl. 
§ 1) and Lophospermum (Don), Benth. in DC. Prodr. 1.c. This comprises the 
two true Maurandias with wingless tuberculate seeds, Lophospermum, of one or 
perhaps two species, with seeds bordered by an irregular and lacerate wing; and 
the section Eprxiruium, Engelm., with a narrow entire wing to the seeds, and 
capsule pointed by the subulate indurated style, containing the following 
species. 

—— M. Wislizéni, Engelm. Glabrous, mostly low-climbing: leaves hastate, or some of 
them sagittate; the lowest obtuse, the others acuminate and with pointed basal lobes: 
peduncles short: corolla (pale blue, an inch long) with lips about half the length of the 
rather ample tube: sepals in flower linear-lanceolate, becoming in fruit triangular-lanceo- 
late and gradually acuminate, much enlarged, rather rigid, very veiny-reticulated, and 
strongly saccate-carinate at base, enclosing the coriaceous globose-ovate capsule, and 
about the length of the sword-shaped indurated style: seeds compressed, oval, surrounded 
by a narrow entire wing, the sides chaffy-rugose. — Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 111.— New 


Mexico, on the hanks of the Rio Grande, &c., and adjacent borders of Mexico, HW slizenus, 
Parry, Wright, Bigelow. 


6. MOHAVEA, Gray. (Name of the river on the banks of which the 
plant was discovered by Fremont. It had been previously collected, in fruit 
only, by Dr. Coulter.) — Single species. 


Collinsia. SCROPHULARIACER. 255 


M. viscida, Gray. Erect annual, a span to 2 feet high, corymbosely branched, pubescent 
and very viscid: leaves lanceolate, entire, 2 inches long, tapering to both ends, somewhat 
petioled; the lower opposite ; upper alternate: flowers short-pedicelled: sepals lanceolate, 
acuminate, nearly equal: corolla inch and a half long, sulphur-colored, with some purple 
dots: capsule globular: seeds very numerous, oblong, smooth and even on the back; the 
ventral face deeply cup-shaped, with thickened somewhat corky sides. — Gravelly banks, 
S. E. California and adjacent parts of Arizona: fl. early spring. 


7. COLLINSIA, Nutt. (Zaccheus Collins of Philadelphia, who published 
nothing, but was the most accurate botanist of his place and time.) — N. American 
winter-annuals, flowering early in spring and summer, low or slender; with 
simple opposite sessile leaves, or the lowest petioled and the upper verticillate, 
the uppermost often reduced to subulate bracts. Flowers handsome, in series of 
cymosely umbellate fascicles or in whorls, or sometimes solitary in the axils; the 
pedicels ebracteolate, and no common peduncle. Corolla not rarely 2-colored. 
The stamens and style occasionally rise out of the sac of the corolla into a more 
erect position before all the pollen is shed. Ovules and seeds usually few (6 to 
2) and sometimes solitary in each cell. — Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. i. 190, t. 9 ; 
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 91, & Bot. Calif. i. 553. 


* Flowers short-pedicelled or almost sessile, verticillastrate-crowded, below in the axils of leaves, 
above in the axils of bracts: corolla half to three-fourths inch long: sceds several or few, 
meniscoidal. 


+— Corolla strongly declined; the much-inflated and gibbous saccate body (which we denominate 
the throat) full as broad as long, and forming an obtuse or right angle with the very short proper 
tube: gland short and small, sessile: upper pair of filaments more or less bearded toward the 
base: ovules and seeds several. 
== C. bicolor, Benth. A foot or so high, from nearly glabrous to hirsute, or above viscid- 
pubescent: leaves more or less dentate and oblong or lanceolate; the upper usually ovate- 
lanceolate, sessile by a broad or subcordate and nervose base: pedicels shorter than the 
acute calyx-lobes, mostly several in the fascicle: corolla with lower lip violet or rose-pur- 
ple and the upper paler or white (occasionally both white) ; saccate throat very oblique to 
the tube; recurved-spreading upper lip a little shorter than the lower: sceds rugose-reticu- 
lated. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1734; Don, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 3807; Hook. Bot. Mag. 
t. 3488. C. heterophylla, Graham, Bot. Mag. t. 3695, rare form with lower leaves 3-cleft.— 
Moist grounds, common through the western part of California. Commonly cultivated. 
C. tinctéria, Hartweg, Like the preceding, but with more glandular and viscid brown 
or yellowish pubescence, which stains the fingers: flowers almost sessile: calyx-lobes lin- 
ear or oblong-linear, mostly obtuse: corolla yellowish, cream-color, or white, usually with 
some purple dots or lines; axis of saccate throat forming a right angle with the tube; the 
upper lip and its lobes very short: seeds smaller, rounder, and smoother. — Benth. Pl. 
Hartw. 328; Gray, Bot. Calif. lc. 553. (. barbata, Bosse in Verhand. Gartenb. Preuss. 
1853, & Bot. Zeit. xii. 905. C\ septemnervia, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 224, fig. 69.— 
Common in California, especially along the Sierra Nevada and its foot-hills. 


+- + Corolla less declined or oblique; the gibbous throat much longer than broad: stems only a 
span or two high: leaves crenate or obtusely dentate, obtuse, thickish, seldom over an inch long. 


++ Filaments and interior of corolla somewhat bearded : upper lip of the latter crestless, but with 
transverse callosity : calyx-lobes rather broad and obtuse. 
=<=C, bartsizefolia, Benth. Puberulent and somewhat glandular, rarely hirsute-pubes- 
cent above: stem strict: leaves from ovate-oblong to linear: flower-clusters 2 to 5 or 
fewer: corolla purplish or whitish; its upper lip about the length of the curved gibbous 
throat; the lower with narrow base and emarginate or obcordate lateral lobes: gland ses- 
sile and elongated, porrect: seeds only a pair in each cell, smooth. —DC. Prodr. x. 318; 
Gray, le. C. hirsuta, Kellogg, 1. c. 110, fig. 54, a hirsute form. — Sandy soil, common 
through California, less. showy than preceding. 
C. corymbésa, Herder. Almost glabrous, cespitose-branching from base and diffuse or 
decumbent: leaves oblong or oval, very obtuse, rather fleshy: flowers mainly in a soli- 


256 SCROPHULARIACES. Collinsia. 


tary leafy-bracteate capitate cluster: corolla straightish, white or ochroleucous; its upper 
lip blue or bluish and very short, the lobes being almost obsolete; lobes of elongated 
lower lip entire: gland small, oblong, compressed, short-stipitate: seeds 4 or 5 in each cell, 
rugose-reticulated. — Ind. Sem. Petrop. 1867, & Gartenfl. 1868, 35, t.568; Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. vii. 378, & Bot. Calif. 1.c.— Shore of the northern part of California, Bolander, &e. 
(Doubtless not ‘‘ Mexico.”) 

++ ++ Filaments and interior of corolla glabrous: upper lip of latter prominently fornicate-crested: 

flowers fewer: seeds about 4, smooth. 

C. Greénei, Gray. Slender and smaller, erect, glandular-puberulent: leaves oblong- 
linear, tapering to base, sparsely and coarsely dentate: flowers 2 to 6 in the clusters, on 
pedicels sometimes as long as the calyx: corolla violet-purple, 5 or 6 lines long; its upper 
lip much shorter than the oblong throat, about half the length of the lower; the crest 
under the origin of the limb developed into a pair of conspicuous callous teeth on each 
side ; lateral lobes of lower lip small: gland small and sessile. —Proc. Am. Acad. x. 75, 
& Bot. Calif. 1. v.—On rocks, Lake Co., California, Greene. 


* %* Flowers slender-pedicelled, umbelliform-verticillate, or sometimes solitary. 


+— Calyx-lobes acute, from lanceolate or even ovate to subulate, usually surpassing the capsule: 
plants glabrous, or the stems and pedicels puberulent, not glandular or viscid: leaves in the same 
species either somewhat serrate or entire: seeds about 4, smooth or nearly so. 


++ Eastern species : showy corolla half inch long, with very gibbous throat much shorter than the 
limb: upper filaments more or less bearded below. 

=. C. vérna, Nutt. 1.c. Stem 6 to 20 inches high: leaves ovate or oblong, or the lowest 
rounded and slender-petioled, and the upper ovate-lanceolate and partly clasping; the 
upper floral reduced to subulate-linear bracts: whorls about 6-flowered: pedicels filiform, 
longer than the flowers: throat of the corolla equalling the calyx-lobes; the ample lower 
lip bright blue; the upper white or purplish; lobes barely emarginate: gland subulate, 
porrect: seeds thick, not flattened, oblong, arcuate. — Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 220; Hook. 
Bot. Mag. t. 4927. — Moist woods, W. New York and Penn. to Wisconsin and Wentudley: 

— C. violdcea, Nutt. Lower: leaves thickish; the upper lanceolate : whorls 2-4-flowered : 
pedicels as long as the flower: corolla violet; the upper lip much smaller than the lower; 
all the lobes obcordate.— Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v.179; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad, 
xi. 93. Antirrhinum tenellum, Pursh, Fl. ii.421?— Arkansas, Nuttall, Pitcher. Little known 
species. 

++ ++ Western species, one extending north-eastward. 
== Flowers showy: corolla strongly declined; its saccate-ventricose throat shorter than the limb. 
— C. grandifléra, Doug]. A span toa foot high: leaves thickish; the lowest roundish 
and petioled; upper from oblong to linear and sessile; the floral in whorls of 3 to 7: pedi- 
cels in whorls of 3 to 9, about the length of the flower: calyx-lobes lanceolate gradually 
subulate-attenuate to a very acute point: corolla half to two-thirds inch long, white or 
purple with lower lip deep blue or violet ; its very saccate throat as broad as long, almost 
or quite transverse with the tube, as long as the recurving (internally 2-callous) upper lip; 
lobes of the larger lower lip merely retuse or emarginate: filaments glabrous: gland ses- 
sile and capitate: seeds roundish, smooth. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1107; Gray, 1.c. — Shady 
hills, &c., from Mendocino Co. California to Brit. Columbia along the coast. 
<—— Var. pusilla. Small form, a span or more high: corolla only 4 or 5 lines long, more 
blue or violet throughout. — Plumas Co. California to Brit. Columbia. 

——~ C. sparsifléra, Fisch. & Meyer. More slender: upper leaves all lanceolate and 
linear, all opposite, or the uppermost small bracts in threes: pedicels solitary or some of 
the upper 2 or 3 in a whorl, sometimes longer than the flower: calyx-lobes from ovate to 
deltoid-lanceolate, acute: corolla 4 to 8 lines long, violet; the saccate throat very oblique 
but not transverse ; upper lip hardly shorter than the lower: filaments hirsute below: gland 
sessile, etongates sublets: seeds meniscoidal, acute-margined, obscurely reticulated. — Ind. 
Sem. Petrop. 1835, ii.33; Gray, l.c. C. solitaria, Kellogg, l.c. 10.— Rocky places, Cali- 
fornia, from San Francisco northward. 
== = Flowers small, 2 or 3 lines long: corolla less declined or oblique; the oblong gibbous throat 

longer than the limb: stigma 2-cleft. 
=<=C. parvifléra, Dougl. Abouta span high, at length diffuse or spreading: leaves oblong 
or lanceolate ; the upper narrowed at base and entire; the floral often in whorls of 3 to 5 


“Ce 7 


Tonella. SCROPHULARIACEE. 257 


pedicels solitary or above 2 to 5 in the whorl, usually longer than the flowers: calyx- 
lobes lanceolate or triangular-subulate, usually almost equalling the blue (or partly 
white) corolla, hardly longer than the mature capsule: filaments glabrous: gland small, 
capitate, short-stipitate: seeds thickish, marginless. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t.1802; Hook. Fl. 
ii. 94 (misprinted C. pauciflora); Gray, l.c. —Shady moist grounds, Upper Michigan (shore 
of L. Superior) to the Pacific in Washington Territory, and south to Arizona and Utah. 
C. minima, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 47, of N. W. Rocky Mountains, is ambiguous, 
but apparently a dwarf and large-flowered form of C. parviflora, with corolla proportion- 
ally longer, 3 or 4 lines long. 
+— + Calyx-lobes obtuse: corolla (blue) 3 or 4 lines long, fully twice the length of the calyx: 
filaments glabrous: gland subulate or conical: stem slender, only a span or so high. 
++ Not glandular nor viscid: ovules and usually seeds 6 or 7 in each cell; the latter round-oval, 
when young discoidal, reticulated. 

C. Parryi. Puberulent: stem strict, simple: leaves (less than an inch long) lanceolate- 
linear, obtuse; the upper mostly entire and closely sessile; the lowest smaller, narrowly 
oblong, crenate, petioled: pedicels solitary, in pairs, or the upper in threes, as long as the 
flowers: calyx-lobes oblong, equalling the moderately oblique throat of the deep blue 
corolla, not exceeding the capsule: lips of the corolla almost equal in length, not longer 
than the throat; the lobes emarginate.—San Bernardino Co., South-eastern California, 
Parry, Lemmon (no. 296). 
++ ++ Filiform pedicels and upper part of the stems more or less glandular-pubescent and viscid: 

ovules solitary in the cells: seed oblong, thick, almust terete, somewhat arcuate, smooth: calyx 
shorter than the throat of the corolla. 

C. Childii, Parry, Herb. Stem mostly simple, puberulent: leaves thinnish; the lower 
obovate-rotund or oblong, obtusely more or less serrate, petioled; the upper oblong-lanceo- 
late with narrowed base, subsessile: flowers rather few: pedicels and calyx pubescent and 
partly glandular: lobes of the latter lanceolate or oblong, surpassing the capsule: corolla 
light blue; the oblong moderately oblique throat longer than the lips, the lobes of which 
are of about equal length and entire. — South-eastern California, in deep woods (of Libo- 
cedrus decurrens) in the San Bernardino Mountains, Parry & Lemmon, H. S. Child. Also Kern 
Co., Kennedy. 

e«=C. Torréyi, Gray. Stem divergently much branched, very floriferous: slender branches 
and pedicels viscid-glandular: leaves thickish, linear with attenuate base and entire, or the 
lowest spatulate or oblong and petioled; floral mainly reduced to subulate 3-Lnate bracts 
subtending whorls of 3 to 6 deep blue or violet flowers: corolla rather strongly declined, 
thrice the length of the calyx, the lobes of which are shorter than the capsule; upper lip 
equalling and the lower longer than the ventricose throat. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 378, & 
Bot. Calif. 1.c. —California, in open woods, through the Sierra Nevada from Mariposa 
Co. northward to Siskiyou Co. 


8. TONELLA, Nutt. (An unexplained and probably quite meaningless 
name.) — Two known species, slender annuals, small-flowered, with the habit of 
Collinsia. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 878, xi. 92, & Bot. Calif. i. 555. 


—— T.collinsioides, Nutt. Diffuse, nearly glabrous: filiform branches a span to a foot 
long: radical and lowest cauline leaves ovate or roundish (3 to 6 lines long), slender- 
petioled, mostly entire; the others shorter-petioled or sessile, many of them 3-parted or 
else quite divided into oblong or lanceolate divisions or leaflets; the floral in whorls of 
three ; uppermost simple and shorter than the slender filiform (solitary, geminate, or some- 
times ternate) pedicels: flowers minute: corolla blue, a line long; its 5 lobes of equal 
length; the lower one transversely oval or roundish, very much larger than the oblong 
lateral and upper ones, and separated from them by deeper sinuses: ovules solitary in each 
cell: capsule exceeding the calyx. — Collinsia tenella, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 593, where 
the mss. name of Tonella collinsioides of Nuttall is cited. —N. California and Oregon, in 
shady places. 

T. floribinda, Gray, l.c. Larger, a foot or two high: most of the cauline leaves 3-5- 
foliolate: whorls numerous in a loose elongated raceme, each of 3 to 7 flowers: corolla 
larger, more rotate, 3 or 4 lines broad, much exceeding the calyx, purple; the three lobes of 

Ae 


258 SCROPHULARIACEZ. Scrophularia. 


the lower lip obovate and nearly alike, smaller than those of the 2-cleft upper lip: ovules 
and seeds 8 or 4 in each cell. — W. Idaho, Spalding, Geyer, &c. 


9, SCROPHULARIA, Tourn. Fiewort. (A reputed remedy for 
scrofula.) — Rank herbs, chiefly perennials, of homely aspect; with mostly 
opposite leaves, and loose cymes of small flowers forming a narrow terminal thyr- 
sus, in summer, proterogynous. Stamens in our species always shorter than the 
corolla. 

* Corolla bright red, comparatively large, oblong-urceolate. 
S. coccinea, Gray. Glabrous, a foot or two high: leaves deltoid-ovate, slender-petioled, 
coarsely dentate, sometimes doubly so: pedicels and calyx minutely glandular: corolla 
two-thirds to three-fourths inch long; the 2-cleft upper lip much longer than the lower: 


rudiment of sterile stamen obovate. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 111.— New Mexico, in moun- 
tains near Santa Rita del Cobre, Wright, Bigelow. 


%* %* Corolla lurid-purplish or greenish, 3 or 4 lines long, ventricose-ovoid. 
— S. nodésa, L. Nearly glabrous, 2 or 3 feet high: thyrsus naked or nearly so, elongated 


and open: leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, and with rounded or subcordate base;~ ~ 


sharply and often rather doubly serrate: cymes pedunculate: calyx-lobes broadly ovate, 
nearly marginless: rudiment of fifth stamen orbicular. (Eu., N. Asia.) 
ese Var. Marilandica. Taller, sometimes 5 feet high: leaves larger and thinner, acu- 

minate, often ovate-lanceolate, seldom at all cordate, mostly simply serrate: pedicels more 
slender. — S. Marildndica, L. SS. lanceolata, Pursh, FI. ii. 419, form with narrower leaves. 
— Damp grounds, Canada to Florida, and west to Utah.and perhaps Oregon. 

<= >S, Califérnica, Cham. Leaves smaller, oblong-ovate, with truncate or cordate base, or 
the upper narrowly deltoid, acute, coarsely doubly toothed or sometimes laciniate-incised ; 
the lower occasionally with a pair of detached lobelets near the summit of the petiole: 
thyrsus very loose, mainly naked: peduncles and pedicels minutely glandular: rudiment 
of fifth stamen spatulate or cuneiform, either roundish or acutish at base. — Linn. ii. 585 ; 
Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 552. S. nodosa, var., Benth. Pl. Hartw. 827.— Moist grounds, nearly 
throughout California, and in W. Nevada. 


10. CHELONE, L. Turtie-neap, Batmony. (Xehovn, a tortoise, the 
corolla in shape resembling the head of a reptile.) — North American perennial 
herbs, glabrous or nearly so, large-flowered ; the leaves opposite and acutely ser- 
rate. Seeds upwardly imbricated, compressed as well as broadly winged. Sterile 
filament shorter and smaller than the others. Capsule ovate: valves entire. Fl. 
late summer. 


§ 1. Evcneiéne. Flowers in axillary and terminal short and close spikes : 
bracts and bractlets imbricated, ovate or orbicular, concave, membranaceous, and 
the broad sepals similar: corolla (white or rose-color) strongly ventricose and 
with lips of about equal length; the upper broad and carinate-fornicate, almost 
entire, and from under its apex protrudes the recurved tip of the long filiform 
style; the lower moderately spreading, broad, 8-lobed, the middle lobe ‘smaller, 
woolly in the throat: filaments woolly. 

e+ C. glAbra, L. A foot or two (or in Illinois 6 or 7 feet) high: leaves from narrowly to 
rather broadly lanceolate (4 or 5 inches long, 4 to 12 lines wide), gradually acuminate, 
serrate with sharp appressed teeth, narrowed at base usually into a very short petiole: 
bracts not ciliate: corolla white, or barely tinged with rose, an inch long. — Spec. ii. 611 ; 

Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t.76. C. glabra, alba, Pursh, &c.— Wet places, Newfoundland to 

Saskatchewan and south to Florida. 

——. C. obliqua, L. A foot or two high, less strict or with spreading branches: leaves from 
broadly lanceolate to oblong (2 to 5 inches long), sometimes laciniately serrate, more veiny 
and duller, acute or obtuse at base, mostly short-petioled: bracts ciliolate: corolla deep and 


Pentstemon. SCROPHULARIACE. 259 


bright rose-color.— Syst. Nat. & Syst. Veg.; Schk. Handb. t.172; Bot. Reg. t.175. C. 
Joliis ovato-lanceolatis, &c., Mill. Ic. t. 93. C. purpurea, Mill. Dict. C. glabra, var. purpurea, 
Michx., Pursh, &c. C. glabra, var. lanceolata, Nutt. Gen. ii. 51. C. latifolia, Muhl. Cat., ex 
EIL Sk. ii. 127.—Damp or wet shady grounds, Illinois and Virginia to Florida. Varies 
between the preceding and following. 

sam ©. Lyéni, Pursh. About 2 feet high: leaves ovate or subcordate, acuminate (4 to 7 
inches long), thin, evenly serrate, on rather slender naked petioles: bracts minutely cilio- 
late: corolla bright rose-purple. — FI. ii. 737; Don, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 293. C. major, Sims, 
Bot. Mag. t. 1684.— Wet ground, mountains of N. Carolina and Tennessee to Georgia. 


§ 2. NorHocHeLOne. Flowers pedicellate, in a loose open terminal thyrsus: 
bracts and sepals lanceolate, acuminate: no bractlets under the calyx: corolla 
(vivlet-purple) with widely open orifice, a very short 2-cleft and not at all forni- 
cate upper lip, and a 3-cleft spreading lower one; the throat and filaments gla- 
brous: upper part of the filiform sterile filament hirsute. Accords with Pentste- 
mon, except in the winged seeds. 


——C. nemorosa, Doug]. A foot or two high: herbage of rank somewhat unpleasant odor: 
leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acute, acutely dentate, 2 or 3 inches long; the cauline 
sessile or almost so by a truncate or subcordate base: peduncles 3-5-flowered, as long as 
the pedicels: corolla fully an inch long. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1211; Benth. in DC. lc. 
Pentstemon nemorosus, Trauttv. in Mem. Acad. Petrop. 1841, 250.— Woods along mountain 
streamlets, Washington Terr. to the northern borders of California, Newberry, Greene. 


11. PENTSTEMON, Mitchell. Brarp-Toneur. (Ievte, five, otjpor, 
stamen, all five stamens being conspicuously present, the fifth as a sterile filament, 
which in rare instances, in several species, has been found to be antheriferous.) — 
North American (a few Mexican and one N. E. Asian) perennials, mostly herba- 
ceous, some suffruticose ; usually with simple stems or branched from the base ; 
the leaves opposite, rarely verticillate or very rarely the upper alternate ; inflo- 
rescence from thyrsiform to almost simply racemose; and the flowers mostly 
handsome, in summer. — Nov. Gen. in Act. Phys. — Med. Nat. Cur. xiii. (1748) 
36 ; Soland. in Ait. Kew. ii. 360; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 320, 593; Gray, Proc. 
Am. Acad. vi. 56, & Bot. Calif. i.556. Pentastemon, Trauttv. in Mem. Acad. 
Petrop. 1841. 


§ 1. Evpentstiuon, Gray. Anther-cells soon divaricate or divergent, united 
and o-ten confluent at the apex, dehiscent for their whole length or nearly. 


* (ERTANTHERA.) Anthers densely comose with very long wool, in the manner of Chelone, pel- 
tately explanate in age: low and suffruticose, with coriaceous leaves. 

——~P. Menziésii, Hook. A span or less to a foot high, woody at base: leaves commonly 
ovate, obovate, or oblong, a quarter to an inch long, rigidly serrulate or some entire, gla- 
brous, or when young pubescent; the lower short-petioled: inflorescence mostly glandular 
or viscid-pubescent, racemose; the pedicels almost all 1-flowered, usually 1-2-bracteolate : 
sepals ovate-lanceolate or narrower and attenuate-acuminate: corolla (violet-blue to pink- 
purple) an inch or more long, tubular-funnelform and moderately bilabiate, the upper lip 
deeply 2- and lower 3-cleft: sterile filament short and slender, hairy at apex or nearly 
naked. —Fl. ii. 98; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 56 (var. Lewisii) & Bot. Calif. i. 556. 
Gerardia fruticosa, Pursh, Fl. ii. 425, t. 18. Pentstemon Lewisii, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 321. 
—On rocks and mountain tops, Brit. Columbia through the higher Sierra Nevada of 
California, and Rocky Mountains of Idaho and Wyoming. Corolla at the north and on 
Mt. Shasta, &e., bright violet or bluish. Passes into 

=== Var. Newbérryi, Gray, a form with rose-purple or pink corolla. —P. Newherry?, 
Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 82, t. 14. P. Menziesti, var. Robinsoni, Masters in Gard. Chron. 
1872, 969, fig. 227. — Sierra Nevada, California, the only form southward. 


260 SCROPHULARIACE. Pentstemon. 


Var. Douglasii, Gray, l.c., with entire and obovate-lanceolate or narrowly oblong 
leaves, and (as far as known) lilac-purple corolla, pink-red at base. —P. Douglasii, Hook. 1. c., 
in fruit only. P. crassifolius, Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxiv. t.16.— Interior of Oregon and Wash- 
ington Terr. Passes into 

Var. Scotleri, Gray, l.c. Leaves lanceolate, or even linear-lanceolate, acute; the 
larger 14 to even 3 inches long, sparsely and acutely serrulate: corolla commonly inch and 
a half long, violet-purple.— P. Scouleri, Dougl. in Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1277. — Interior of 
Oregon to Brit. Columbia. A form (var. Lyalli, Gray, 1. v. 76) is 2 feet or more high, with 
remarkably long willow-like leaves. 
* * (FRuticost.) Anthers glabrous, dehiscent through the apex and explanate after dehiscence: 


stems branching and shrubby, at least below: leaves coriaceous or chartaceous, small or short, 
mostly very short-petioled : filaments all bearded or pubescent at base. 


+— Corolla unknown: probably of this section. 


P. microphyllus, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent and glabrate, much branched: pri- 
mary leaves not seen; those of axillary fascicles only 2 lines long, obovate, obtuse, entire, 
thick-coriaceous: inflorescence racemose: sepals lanceolate-ovate, acute: persistent style 
(and therefore probably the corolla) short.— Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 119.—N. W. Ari- 
zona, on Williams Fork, Bigelow. 
+— + Corolla red, Jong and narrow-tubular, an inch or more in length; its upper lip erect and 

the lower more or less spreading: inflorescence somewhat glandular, mostly compound: sterile 
filament bearded down one side. 
== =P, cordifdlius, Benth. Somewhat scandent over shrubs by long sarmentose branches, 
very leafy, scabrous-puberulent: leaves subcordate or ovate with truncate base, acutely 
serrate or denticulate, veined, an inch or less long: thyrsus short and leafy: peduncles 
several-flowered: sepals ovate-lanceolate: corolla scarlet; its tube near an inch and lips 
half inch long.—Scroph. Ind. adnot., & DC. Prodr. x. 329.— California, common from 
Santa Barbara to San Diego. 

P. corymbésus, Benth. Erect, a foot or two high, cinereous-pubescent or glabrate: 
branches leafy up to the naked and few-many-flowered corymbiform cyme: leaves oblong 
or oval, barely obtuse at base, obscurely or sparingly denticulate, somewhat parallel- 
veined (half to 2 inches long): sepals lanceolate: corolla scarlet, an inch long. — DC. 
Prodr. x. 593; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 557. — California, from Shasta Co. to Santa Cruz, &c. 

P. terndtus, Torr. Glabrous and the long virgate flowering shoots (2 to 4 feet long) 
glaucous: leaves linear-lanceolate, rigid, acutely serrate or denticulate with salient teeth 
(8 to 18 lines long); the upper ternately verticillate: flowers in a long racemiform thyrsus: 
sepals ovate-acuminate: corolla pale scarlet, an inch long and the lips about 3 lines long. 
— Bot. Mex. Bound. 115; Gray, 1. c. — Mountains of 8. California, from Kern Co. south- 
ward. 

+ + + Corolla yellow or vellowish, merely tinged with purple, less than an inch long, with tube 


shorter than the ringent limb; upper lip fornicate and merely emarginate; the lower pendulous- 
recurved. 


<=, breviflérus, Lindl. Glabrous, 3 to 6 feet high, with slender or virgate branches 
leafy to the narrow many-flowered racemiform thyrsus: leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceo- 
late, denticulate, seldom if ever verticillate, an inch or more long: sepals ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate: corolla yellowish with flesh-color, striped within with pink, about half inch 
long: upper lip beset with long and viscid hairs: sterile filament naked. — Bot. Reg. t. 
1946; Gray, l.c. BP. carinatus, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. i.62.— Dry hills and banks, 
California to the borders of Nevada, common on the flanks of the Sierra Nevada. 
—=<P. antirrhinoides, Benth. Minutely cinereous-puberulent or glabrous, 1 to 5 feet high, 
much branched, very leafy: leaves small (barely half inch long), spatulate or oval, entire: 
inflorescence leafy-paniculate: peduncles 1-flowered, short: sepals broadly ovate: corolla 
ventricose, 8 to 12 lines long, unusually broad, lemon-yellow: sterile filament densely 
bearded on one side. — DC. Prodr. x. 594; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 6157; Gray, Lc. P. Lobddii, 
Illustr. Hort. 1862, t. 315.—S. California, San Diego Co., &e. 
+ + + + Corolla apparently purplish or flesh-color, not over half inch long, with tube and 
throat longer than the open lips: shrubby at base; the slender branches more herbaceous. 
P. Rothrockii. A span or two high, minutely puberulent, oval- or ovate-oblong, obtuse, 
mostly subcordate or truncate at subsessile base, usually undulate-dentate, 4 or 5 lines 


—_— 


Pentstemon. SCROPHULARIACE.E. 261 


long: inflorescence loosely spiciform, leafy below: subsessile and mostly solitary 2-brac- 

teolate flowers and their bracts or flural leaves commonly alternate: sepals ovate-lanceo- 

late, puberulent, slightly if at all glandular: corolla 4 lines long, rather narrow, glabrous: 
sterile filament glabrous. —S. E. California, on Little Olanche Mountain, toward the sources 
of Kern River, at 10,400 feet, Rothrock. 

P. Lemmoéni, Gray. Glabrous up to the pedicels, 2 to 4 feet high, slender, rather 
remotely leaved: leaves ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, thinnish, acutely and sparsely scrru- 
late, an inch or less long: thyrsus loose, leafy below: peduncles all opposite, slender, few- 
several-flowered : short pedicels and ovate-lanceolate sepals viscid-pubescent: corolla half 
inch long, somewhat campanulate-dilated above, viscid or glandular: filament strongly 
yellow-bearded on one side of the curved apex. — Bot. Calif. i. 557.— California, from 
Mendocino to Plumas Co., Kellogg, Lemmon. 

- + + + + Corolla (white or purplish) nearly an inch long, oblong-campanulate from the 
base, hardly at all bilabiate. 

P. frutéscens, Lamb. A span or less high from a woody (subterranean? or prostrate) 
stock: stems pubescent, leafy: leaves oblong, with somewhat narrowed base, denticulate, 
glabrous (14 to 3 inches long, 7 to 12 lines wide): thyrsus terminal, 3-9-flowered: pedicels 
and lanceolate acuminate sepals villous and viscid: lobes of the corolla short and broad, 
nearly equal and equally somewhat spreading: lower part of the fertile filaments and 
most of the sterile one hirsute-bearded.— Linn. Trans. x. 250, t. 6, fig. 1; Pursh, Fl. ii. 
428 (excl. hab.) ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 321. —“ Unalaschka, Pallas.” Not since detected 
there, and perhaps a mistake. Certainly not found “on the north-west coast” by Levis. 
(Kamtschatka and Japan!) 

* * * (AmeBicuI.) Anthers glabrous, reniform, not explanate in age, the line of dehiscence stop- 
ping a little short of the base of the cells: stem suffruticose and leaves thick-coriaceous. 

P. baccharifélius, Hook. Glabrous, or the rigid branches obscurely puberulent, 
2 feet high, leafy below: leaves oblong, nearly sessile, rigidly and acutely dentate, almost 
veinless, an inch long; the uppermost abruptly reduced to small ovate bracts of the loose 
and racemose glandular inflorescence: peduncles 1-3-flowered: sepals ovate: corolla deep 
carmine-red, an inch long, broadly tubular and with a short moderately bilabiate limb; 
upper lip somewhat erect, 2-lobed; lower recurved and 3-parted: sterile filament naked. 
— Bot. Mag. t. 4627; Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 115, & Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 58.—S. W. 
Texas, on the San Pedro River, Iright. 

* * * * (Exaicrera.) Anthers glabrous (rarely villous); the cells dehiscent from the base 
towards but not to the apex, consequently not explanate after dehiscence : corolla tubular, little 
ampliate upward, red: sterile filament mostly glabrous: herbs glabrous and usually glaucescent, 
glabrous even to the calyx and outside of the corolla, or merely pruinose-puberulent : stems vir- 
gate and simple: leaves all entire; the cauline sessile or partly clasping: thyrsus elongated 
and virgate, loosely-flowered, racemiform or paniculate. —Elmigera, Reichenb. § Llmigera 
(Benth. in DC. |. c., excl. spec.), Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. 1. ¢. 


+— Corolla strongly bilabiate; upper lip erect and concave, 2-lobed at apex; lower reflexed and 
3-parted: peduncles and pedicels mostly slender. 

P. barbatus, Nutt. Usually tall, 2 to 6 feet high: leaves lanceolate or the upper linear- 
lanceolate ; the lowest and radical oblong or ovate: sepals ovate: corolla inch long, from 
light pink-red to carmine ; base of the lower lip or throat usually bearded with long and 
loose or sparse yellowish hairs : anthers even in the bud divergent, soon divaricate. — Gen. 
ii.53; Benth. lc.; Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxv. t. 21, flesh-colored variety ; Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. vi. 59. Chelone barbata, Cav. Ie. iii. 22, t. 242; Bot. Reg. t. 116. C. ruellioides, Andr. 
Bot. Rep. t. 34. Elmigera barbata, Reichenb. in Steud. Nom. — Mountains of Colorado and 
New Mexico; and commonly cult. (Mex.) 

Var. Torréyi, Gray, l.c. (P. Torrey, Benth. in DC. Prodr. 1.c.), a tall and usually 
deep scarlet-red-flowered form, with few or no hairs in the throat; but in cultivated and 
even in wild specimens the distinction vanishes. — W. borders of Texas to Colorado and 
New Mexico. 

Var. pubérulus, Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 114, is pruinose-puberulent, otherwise 
like the preceding. — Guadalupe Cafion, Arizona, Thurber. 

Var. trichander, Gray, is also like a low form of var. Torreyi, except that anthers 
are beset with long woolly hairs!— Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 94.—S. W. Colorado, Brandegee. 

Var. labrésus, Gray. A low and narrow-leaved form, with almost simply race- 


mose flowers: cordila apparently red with , yellowish tube; the lips remarkably long (6 


=f Latrreee, fp 


262 SCROPHULARIACE. Pentstemon. 


to 8 lines), the lobes of the lower very narrow. — Bot. Calif. i. 622.—S. E. California; on 
Mt. Pinos, Kern Co. at 7,000 feet, Rothrock. San Bernardino Co., Parry & Lemmon. 

Var. Wistizént, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 59 (P. coccineus, Engelm. in Mem. Wisliz. 
107), known only from Chihuahua, Mexico, is between P. barbatus and P. imberbis, having 
nearly the corolla of the latter, with the early divaricate anthers of the former. 

+— + Corolla obscurely bilabiate and the lobes hardly spreading: peduncles and pedicels short. 


— — P. Hatoéni, Gray. A foot or two high, hardly glaucescent: leaves from lanceolate to 
ovate; the upper partly clasping: thyrsus virgate and strict, simple; the peduncles very 
short, 1-3-flowered, and pedicels seldom much longer than the ovate-lanceolate sepals: 
corolla an inch long, bright carmine-red, tubular, hardly enlarged at the naked throat; its 
broadly oval lobes (2 lines long) all nearly alike except that the two of the upper lip 
are united higher: anther-cells usually (but not always) early divergent or divaricate, 
dehiscent for only three-fourths their length: sterile filament sometimes minutely bearded 
at the apex.—Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 395, & Bot. Calif. i. 560, but flowers in Wallace’s 
collection, mistakenly referred to it, are of P. Clevelandi. P. centranthifolius, Watson, 
Bot. King, 219, not Benth. — Dry banks and cafions, Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, to 8S. 
Nevada and Arizona. Intermediate in aspect between P. barbatus and P. centranthifolius. 


* * * * * (SpPEcIosI.) Anthers with the diverging or divaricate and distinct cells dehiscent 
from base nearly or quite to, but not confluently through, the apex, not peltately explanate after 
dehiscence, either glabrous, hirsute, or rarely long-pilose: herbs with simple stems and closely 
sessile mostly very glabrous (rarely puberulent) entire cauline leaves: inflorescence never glan- 
dular-pubescent or viscid: flowers showy: corolla blue or violet, ventricose-ampliate above ; the 
lobes of the moderately or slightly bilabiate limb roundish and equally spreading. 


+— Corolla two-thirds to three-fourths inch long, funnelform, little ventricose. , 

P. Fremonti, Torr. & Gray. A span or more high, minutely and densely pruinose- 
pubescent: cauline leaves lanceolate or the lowest (like the radical) spatulate: thyrsus 
spiciform, virgate, rather densely flowered: peduncles and pedicels very short: sepals 
oblong-ovate, acute, with irregular scarious margins: corolla very obscurely bilabiate ; the 
lobes 2 lines long: anthers hirsute: sterile filament with dilated bearded apex. — Proc. 
Am. Acad. vi. 60.— Utah, “on the Uinta plains,” Fremont. 

Var. subglaber. A span to a foot high, merely puberulent below, glabrous above: 
upper leaves oblong-lanceolate: sepals conspicuously acuminate. —Idaho (in mountains 
near Fort Hall, Burke), &e. 

++ + Corolla an inch to an inch and a half in length, ventricose-ampliate above. 

P. strictus, Benth. Glabrous, or minutely pruinose, more or less glaucous: stem slen- 
der, virgate, 6 to 20 inches high: radical leaves from oval to spatulate ; cauline narrowly 
lanceolate or linear ; floral reduced to small subulate bracts of the elongated narrow and 
loose thyrsus: peduncles and pedicels commonly slender: sepals ovate or oval, obtuse, not 
over 2 lines long, barely half the length of the narrow proper tube of the violet-purple or 
blue (about inch long) corolla; the throat of which is strongly ampliate: anthers either 
thickly or sparsely comose with very long flexuous hairs: sterile filament naked or with 
some similar slender hairs. — DC. Prodr. x. 3824. P. comarrhenus, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 
xii. 81.— Rocky Mountains of W. Wyoming to those of 8S. W. Utah. The original speci- 
men (Fremont) is strict, with the inflorescence imperfectly developed, and no good corolla 
extant, the cauline leaves 2 or 3 inches long and 2 lines broad. The long and soft, but 
rather coarse hairs of the anther are not rarely a line and a half in length. 

“=~ P. gldber, Pursh. Glaucous or glaucescent and very glabrous: stems ascending or 
erect, a foot or two high: leaves mostly oblong-lanceolate or the upper ovate-lanceolate: 
thyrsus elongated and many-flowered: peduncles and pedicels short, commonly very short: 
sepals from orbicular-ovate and merely acute to ovate-lanceolate or strongly acuminate 
from a broadish base: corolla (1 to 14 inches long) bright blue to violet-purple: anthers 
(and also the apex of sterile filament) from glabrous to sparsely hirsute; the cells dehis- 
cent to or very near their apex. — Fl. ii. 728, & Bot. Mag. t. 1672, &c., under the form P. 
glabra. P. erianthera, Nutt. in Fras. Cat. & Gen. ii. 583, not Pursh. P. Gordoni, Hook. 
Bot. Mag. t. 4319. P. speciosus, Dougl. in Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1720; Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, 
t. 259; a narrower-leayed form, with anthers and sterile filament commonly naked. P. 
Kingii, var. glauca, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 89.— Plains of the Upper Missouri, in 
Nebraska and Dakota, to Colorado and Arizona, and west to the Sierra Nevada in Cali- 
fornia, and Oregon. — The following are extreme forms. 


Pentstemon. SCROPHULARIACES. 263 


== Var. alpinus, Gray. A span high: cauline leaves from narrowly to broadly lan- 
ceolate: thyrsus abbreviated and few-flowered. — P. alpinus, Torr. in Ann. Lyc. N. Y. i. 35. 
— Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains, from the Yellowstone to Pike’s Peak. 

Var. Utahénsis, Watson. Stems a foot or two high, strict and slender (some- 
times pruinose-puberulent): cauline leaves lanceolate, or even linear lanceolate, the lower 
tapering to the base: thyrsus virgate: sepals either narrower or much acuminate: sterile 
filament and usually the anthers hirsute. — Bot. King, 217.— Utah to Arizona and the 
borders of California, passing into the P. speciosus, Dougl., and the lower forms into the 
preceding variety. 

—— Var. cyananthus, Gray. Usually tall and less glaucescent: leaves all broad ; the 
cauline ovate or subcordate and ovate-lanceolate: thyrsus dense: sepals much acuminate 
or narrow: corolla bright blue: anthers and sterile filament from hirsute to nearly gla- 
brous. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 60. P. cyananthus, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4464; Watson, Bot. 
King, l. c.— Rocky Mountains, Wyoming and Colorado to the Wahsatch in Utah. Seems 
very distinct, but passes into P. glaber. 

P. Wardi, Gray. Low, a span or more high, minutely and densely cinereous-pubescent : 
leaves thick, oblong or the upper oblong-lanceolate: corolla externally pale and sparsely 
puberulent: anthers cartilaginous ; the cells dehiscent from the acutish base upward for 
little more than three-fourths of their length, glabrous: sterile filament also glabrous: 
otherwise like the preceding, of which it may be only a variety. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 
82.— Glenwood, Utah, ZL. F. Ward. 


* * * * * * (GexuINI.) Anthers dehiscent from base to apex and through the junction of 
the two cells, glabrous (or merely hirtello-ciliate at lines of dehiscence), open after dehiscence, 
usually explanate in age, in the greater number confluently 1-celled: herbs, or rarely suffrutes- 
cent at base; the species of the first following subdivision approaching the preceding. 


+— Glabrous throughout (or rarely minutely pruinose-puberulent or glandular) even to pedicels 
and calyx: leaves all entire, from linear to ovate, glaucous or pale: ‘stems simple and erect: 
thyrsus virgate or contracted, with short or hardly any peduncles: five lobes of the corolla plane: 
anthers of cartilaginous or coriaceous texture. 


++ Corolla less than an inch long, lilac or mauve-purple, or verging to violet, abruptly campanu- 
late-inflated, and the broad rather strongly bilabiate limb widely spreading or open. 

“> P. secunditilérus, Benth. A foot or two high, including the elongated and racemi- 

form strict many-flowered thyrsus: cauline leaves narrowly lanceolate (2 or 3 inches long 

» and lines wide); radical spatulate : peduncles 1-3-flowered: sepals ovate or oblong, acute 

or obtuse, with somewhat scarious but entire margins: corolla with narrow proper tube 

of nearly twice the length of the calyx, abruptly dilated into the broadly campanulate 

throat of about one-third inch in height and width; this nearly equalled by the widely 

spreading lips; the lobes round-oval: sterile filament glabrous or minutely bearded at the 

dilated tip. — Prodr. x. 324.— Mountains of Colorado, common at 8 or 9,000 feet. A well- 
marked and beautiful species. 

— P. Hallii, Gray. Allied to the foregoing, only a span or so high: leaves thickish, linear 
and linear-spatulate, or the lowest rather broader, obtuse: thyrsus short and more spici- 
form, 5-15-flowered, obscurely viscid: sepals broadly ovate and with widely scarious erose 
margins: corolla 7 to 10 lines long, broadly campanulate-inflated from a thickish and in- 
conspicuous proper tube which is shorter than the calyx; bilabiate limb rather short: 
sterile filament short-bearded from the apex downward. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 71. —Colo- 
rado Rocky Mountains, at 10-12,000 feet (common on Gray’s Peak), Hall & Harbour, Parry, 
Greene, &c. 

Var. Arizénicus. An ambiguous form, almost a foot high, with flowers apparently 
intermediate between those of P. Hallii and P. secundiflorus, and sterile filament of the lat- 
ter; but corolla lips shorter than the less abruptly expanded portion.— Mount Graham, 
Arizona, at 9,250 feet, Rothrock. 
++ ++ Corolla two-thirds or three-fourths inch long, from blue to lilac: the tube gradually and mod- 

erately dilated into the funnelform throat; lobes of the obscurely bilabiate 5-parted limb 

short and widely spreading. (See also P. confertus, Watsoni, &c., which, being glabrous and 
entire-leaved, might be referred here.) 

—__ P. acuminatus, Dougl. Glaucous, 6 to 20 inches high, generally stout and rigid, leafy: 
leaves coriaceous, somewhat cartilaginous-margined ; radical and lowest cauline obovate 
or oblong; upper cauline from lanceolate to broadly ovate, or the upper cordate-clasping, 
these mostly acute or acuminate: thyrsus strict, interrupted, leafy below, naked above ; 


264 SCROPHULARIACES. Pentstemon. 


the clusters several-flowered, and peduncles and pedicels mostly very short: sepals ovate 
and acute or lanceolate: corolla lilac or changing to violet; the limb half or two-thirds 
inch in diameter: sterile filament mostly bearded at the dilated tip: capsule firm-coria- 
ceous and acuminate.— Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1285; Hook. Fl. ii. 97; Benth. in DC. l.c.; 
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 61 (excl. syn. P. secundiflorus), & Bot. Calif. i. 559. P. nitidus, 
Dougl. ex Benth. in DC. lc. P. Fendleri, Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 168, t. 5, & Bot. Mex. 
Bound. 114, excl. syn. — Plains of the Saskatchewan and Upper Missouri to the interior 
of Oregon, and south “to Nevada, New Mexico, and the western borders of Texas. (Ad- 
jacent Mex.) Seems to pass into 

P. certileus, Nutt. Low: leaves (even the radical) all from lanceolate to narrowly 
linear (often 3 inches long and only a line or two wide): thyrsus spiciform and usually 
dense: sepals lanceolate-acuminate: corolla blue, varying occasionally to rose-lilac or 
white: sterile filament much bearded above. — Gen. ii. 52; Benth. in DC. 1. c.; Gray, l. ¢. 
P. angustifolius, Nutt. in Fras. Cat.; Pursh, Fl. ii. 738. — Plains of Dakota and Montana to 
Colorado at the base of the mountains. 
++ ++ ++ Corolla an inch or less long, red, tubular or funnelform, hardly bilabiate; the roundish 


or short-oblong lobes all alike, except that the two upper are rather more united: sepals ovate or 
roundish, obtuse or acute: peduncles usually manifest and pedicels slender. 


= Sterile filament filiform, naked: corolla narrow-tubular, deep scarlet; lobes short, little 
spreading. 

— =P. centranthifdlius, Benth. Very glaucous: stem strict, leafy, 1 to 3 feet high; 
leaves thick, from ovate-lanceolate or the lowest oblong to lanceolate-linear, the upper 
with subcordate-clasping base: thyrsus virgate, elongated: corolla fully an inch long; 
the lobes (2 lines long) hardly longer than the width of the orifice. — Scroph. Ind. & Prodr. 
1. c.; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5142; Gray, 1.c. Chelone centranthifolia, Benth. in Hort. Trans. ; 
Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1737.— Open grounds, California, from Monterey southward, and W. 
Arizona. : 
= = Sterile filament dilated at tip and retrorsely bearded down one side: corolla funnelform, 

and with rather large and rounded widely spreading lobes. 

P. puniceus, Gray. Very glaucous: stem stout, “1 to 6 feet high,” sparsely leafy: 
leaves thick, oblong or the lowest obovate and the uppermost ovate, sometimes connate- 
perfoliate: thyrsus virgate, interrupted, many-flowered: corolla almost an inch long, nar- 
rowly funnelform, “ brilliant scarlet ;” the limb two-thirds inch in diameter. — Bot. Mex. 
Bound. 113, & Proc. 1. ce. — Guadalupe Cajion, Arizona, Thurber, LE. A. Smith. 

P. Parryi. Less glaucous: stem virgate, a foot or two high: leaves from oblong to nar- 
rowly lanceolate; the upper with auriculate or roundish partly clasping base ; radical 
oblanceolate or spatulate: racemiform thyrsus more simple and fewer-flowered: corolla 
narrowly funnelform, half to three-fourths inch long, “bright pink” or cherry-red; the 
limb half inch in diameter. — P. puniceus, var.? Parryi, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 1. c.— 
Western Arizona, Parry, Palmer, Greene. Southern Nevada, Miss Searls, Palmer. Southern 
Utah, Parry. Some specimens of this have been referred to the preceding, some to the 
following species. & 

——<<=P, Wrightii, Hook. Pale and somewhat glaucous or glaucescent: stems rather stout, 
a foot or two high: leaves oblong or the lowest obovate (2 to 4 inches long, an inch or so 
wide); upper cauline partly clasping by a roundish base: thyrsus virgate and elongated, 
loosely flowered: sepals when in bloom with spreading tips: corolla bright rose-color, 
about three-fourths inch long and with ampliate throat, the expanded limb three-fourths 
inch in diameter. — Bot. Mag. t. 4601 (corolla too deep red), Gray, l.c.; Fl. Serres, vii. 
t. 685. — W. Texas and New Mexico, Wright, &e. 
++ ++ ++ ++ Corolla showy, inch and a half or more in length, ventricose-funnelform, somewhat 

bilabiate, the upper lip rather smaller: sterile filament hooked at apex: sepals ovate or oblong- 

lanceolate, barely acute: thyrsus virgate, with hardly any common peduncles to the few-flowered 
clusters: leaves glaucous, thickish, broad; the upper and the floral rounded, all but the obovate 
radical ones clasping or perfoliate: stem 2 to 4 feet high. 

~—P. grandiflérus, Nutt. Leaves all distinct at base: pedicels short: corolla lilac or 
lavender-blue, abruptly ventricose above the proper tube, which exceeds the calyx: sterile 
filament minutely pubescent at the dilated apex.— Fras. Cat. & Gen. l. c.; Benth. Lc.; 
Gray, l.c. P. Bradburi’, Pursh, FI. ii. 738. — Prairies, from Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Illi- 
nois to Nebraska and Kansas. Capsule almost an inch long. 


Pentstemon. SCROPHULARIACE.E. 265 


P. Murrayanus, Hook. Cauline leaves connate-clasping, and all the upper pairs 
united into an oval or orbicular concave disk : pedicels slender: corolla deep scarlet, grad- 
ually widening upward; the lobes rather small: sterile filament wholly glabrous. — Bot. 
Mag. t. 5472; Gray, l.c.— Prairies of E. Texas, collected first by Berlandier, then by 
Drummond, &e. 

+ + Glabrous and glandless throughout, even to the calyx: leaves oblong or ovate, rigid, glau- 
cescent, very acutely and as it were spinulosely dentate or denticulate with salient teeth: cymes 
of the open elongated thyrsus pedunculate: flowers ample and showy; the corolla an inch Jong: 
sepals ovate, short. 

==un P. spectabilis, Thurber. Pale or glaucescent, 2 to 4 feet high: leaves thinnish-coria- 
ceous, ovate or ovate-lanceolate or the lower oblong, acute; the upper pairs acuminate 
and their broad bases connate-perfoliate: thyrsus many-flowered, elongated-pyramidal or 
sometimes virgate, a foot or two long: peduncles and pedicels slender (half inch or more 
long): corolla rose-purple or lilac with the ample limb usually violet or blue, a full inch 
long, with narrow proper tube twice the length of the calyx, then abruptly dilated into 
the campanulate-ventricose or broadly funnelform throat, moderately bilabiate; the oval 
or roundish plane lobes 3 or 4 lines long: sterile filament glabrous. — Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. 

iv. 19, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 113; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4260.— Dry hills and plains, S. Cali- 

fornia (from San Gabriel) to Arizona and New Mexico. 

P. Cleavelandi, Gray. Resembling the preceding in foliage and growth: but leaves 
less broad at base and commonly distinct, sometimes connate-perfoliate ; the lower on 
naked petioles: thyrsus smaller and virgate : corolla crimson, three-fourths to a full inch 
long, much narrower, tubular-funnelform ; its lobes 14 or 2 lines long: sterile filament mod- 
erately bearded above on one side.— Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 94 & Bot. Calif. i. 559.—S. E. 
California, San Diego Co., Cleveland, Palmer, and San Bernardino Co., at Cucamonga, long 
ago collected (panicles only) by Wallace, and now near San Bernardino, by Parry & Lem- 
mon. (Adjacent Mex.) 
+— + + Very glabrous up to the loose elongated inflorescence and ovate appressed sepals: 

leaves coriaceous, glaucous, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, mostly spinulose-dentate : corolla abruptly 
much enlarged and remarkably wide. 
~=“~ P, Palmeri, Gray. Stems 2 or 3 feet high: leaves 14 to 4 inches long; the lower peti- 
oled; upper from closely sessile to completely connate-perfoliate, and from very sharply 
dentate or denticulate to nearly entire: thyrsus pyramidal-racemiform, glandular or 
pruinose-puberulent: lower peduncles 2-3-flowered, as long as the pedicels: corolla cream- 
white and usually suffused or particolored with pink; the short narrow proper tube 
hardly surpassing the calyx, very abruptly dilated into the ventricose-campanulate throat 
of about three-fourths inch in length and width at orifice; the lips broad; the upper 
erectish and 2-lobed ; lower 3-parted, widely spreading, sparingly bearded at base: sterile 

filament long- and densely (yellow-) bearded above.— Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 378, & viii. 

291; Watson, Bot. King, 220; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6064 (very highly colored). — Arizona 

and 8. Utah to W. Nevada and S. E. California. 

aoe eli collie Puberulent or pubescent and above viscid-or glandular : leaves from ovate to lan- 
ceolate-linear: thyrsus racemiform : corolla ample, purplish; its proper tube little if any longer 
than the lanceolate sepals, abruptly dilated into the ventricose-campanulate or broadly funnel- 
form throat; the spreading limb obscurely bilabiate: sterile filament more or less long-bearded. 


++ Corolla commonly 2 inches long: thyrsus lax and short: stem about a foot high: leaves large 

and broad, most of them acutely denticulate or serrate. 
=== P. Cobéa, Nutt. Soft-puberulent: leaves ovate or oblong, or the lower broadly lanceo- 

late and the upper subcordate-clasping (2 to 4 inches long): corolla abruptly campanulate- 

ventricose above the narrow tube, from dull reddish purple to whitish, glabrous within: 

slender sterile filament sparsely bearded. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. ser. v. 182; Hook. Bot. 

Mag. t. 3465. — Prairies, Kansas to Texas. 

++ ++ Corolla about an inch long: thyrsus strict, leafy below: stems a span or two high: leaves 
narrower, mostly entire, or the margins undulate. 

P. Jamésii, Benth. Pruinose-puberulent : leaves all narrowly or linear-lanceolate (13 to 
34 inches long): corolla abruptly dilated into a broadly cyathiform-campanulate throat, a 
little hairy within: sterile filament moderately bearded. — DC. Prodr. x 525: Gray, Proc. 
Am. Acad. vi. 67. P. alvdus,in part, Torr. in Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii, 229, not Nutt. — Prai- 
ries, &c., 8. Colorado, New Mexico, and W. Texas. 


266 SCROPHULARIACES. Pentstemon. 


P. cristatus, Nutt. Pubescent, or above viscid-villous: leaves from linear-lanceolate to 
narrowly oblong (1 to 3 inches long): corolla more funnelform, being less abruptly dilated 
upward; its lower lip long-villous within: sterile filament more exserted, inordinately 
yellow-bearded. — Fras. Cat. & Gen. ii. 52; Benth. l.c. P. erianthera, Pursh, FI. ii. 787, 
excl. syn., not Nutt. — Plains, &c., Dakota to Nevada and 8S. Colorado. 
be e+ + Pruinose-puberulent and glandular or nearly glabrous: leaves all linear and entire, 

narrow at base: corolla large, nearly inch and a half long, funnelform, purple or violet, very 
obscurely bilabiate; the rounded lobes 2 or 3 lines long: sterile filament wholly glabrous: in- 
florescence very loose, sometimes simply racemose: sepals ovate or oblong. 

P. dasyphyllus, Gray. A foot high, simple, densely puberulent, and the few-flowered 
simply racemose inflorescence glandular: pedicels alternate, bracteolate only at base: 
leaves 3 or 4 inches long, 2 or 3 lines wide (rarely shorter and wider); uppermost reduced 
to subulate bracts: sepals hardly acute. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 112, & Proc. 1. c.— Eastern 
Arizona and New Mexico. 

P. stenophyllus, Gray, 1.c. Glabrous or obscurely puberulent, 2 or 3 feet high: leaves 
8 or 4 inches long and the larger only 2 lines wide, attenuate-acute; the uppermost and 
floral nearly filiform: thyrsus loosely paniculate: peduncles and pedicels slender: sepals 
acuminate. — Southern Arizona, Wright. (Adjacent Mex., Wishzenus.) 

P. panceoLAtus, Benth., of Mexico, may reach our borders. It is minutely puberulent, 
has leaves mostly broader at base, racemose but not quite simple inflorescence, and a “red” 
corolla barely an inch long. 

ee et et + + Puberulent, or viscid-pubescent, at least the inflorescence, or sometimes gla- 


brous: leaves various: corolla from an inch down to 4 lines Jong, not abruptly campanulate- 
yentricose above, except in P. levigatus: sepals usually narrow or acuminate. 


a+ Leaves from ovate to lanceolate, or the upper cauline when narrower widest at base, undivided : 
stems erect or ascending: thyrsus mostly many-flowered. 


== Sterile filament bearded along one side, at least toward the apex. 


a. Corolla hardly at all bilabiate, funnelform, with proportionally rather ample and nearly equal 
spreading lobes, white or whitish, often with a tinge of purple, two-thirds or three-fourths inch 
long and the limb about as broad: sterile filament thinly short-bearded: leaves entire or barely 
and sparingly denticulate: thyrsus strict and verticillastriform-interrupted. 

== P, tubifldrus, Nutt. Wholly glabrous: stem 2 or 3 feet high, strict, naked above: 
leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate ; the floral shorter than the remote and densely-flowered 
clusters of the much interrupted virgate thyrsus: sepals ovate, merely viscid, only 2 lines 
long, very short in proportion to the rather slender tube of the corolla.— Trans. Am. 

Phil. Soc. ser. 2, v. 181; Benth. 1. c. —Low prairies, Kansas and Arkansas. Still rare 

and insufficiently known. Thyrsus a span to a foot long, of several whorl-like clusters. 


——.P. Albidus, Nutt. Viscid-pubescent, 6 to 10 inches high: leaves oblong-lanceolate or 
narrow: thyrsus strict, leafy below, of approximate few-several-flowered clusters: sepals 
lanceolate, densely viscid-pubescent, 3 or 4 lines long: corolla with shorter tube and more 
cyathiform throat.—Gen. ii. 53; Benth. l.c. P. teretiflorus, Nutt. in Fras. Cat. P. vis- 
cidulum, Nees in Neuwied Tray. app. 18.— Plains, Dakota to Celorado and Texas. 


b. Corolla more manifestly bilabiate; lower lip usually somewhat bearded or pubescent within. 


1. Leaves ovate, all or most of them serrate: corolla bright blue or changing to purple, rather nar- 
row, half or two-thirds inch long. 

P. pruindésus, Doug]. Stem a foot high, pubescent: leaves from ovate to oblong, glau- 
cescent, an inch or two long; the radical and lowest and also uppermost cauline commonly 
entire ; the others acutely and rigidly dentate or denticulate: thyrsus virgate, interrupted: 
peduncles (several-flowered) and pedicels short; these and the lanceolate attcnuate-acumi- 
nate sepals viscidly villous: lower lip of the deep blue corolla slightly hairy within. — 
Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1280; Benth. 1. c.—Interior of Oregon and Washington Territory, 
Douglas, Lyall. Little known. 

— P. ovatus, Doug. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, puberulent or pubescent: leaves ovate and 
the upper subcordate-clasping, all acutely serrate (or the radical rarely entire), bright 
green: thyrsus looser; the lower peduncles often longer than the clusters: sepals ovate or 
oblong, barely acute, glandular: lower lip of the purple-blue corolla bearded in the throat. 
— Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2903; Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 211; Benth. 1. c.— Woods and banks, 
Oregon to Brit. Columbia and the western part of Idaho. 


Pentstemon. SCROPHULARIACE. 267 


2. Leaves from oblong or ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, entire, or some denticulate, glabrous: corolla 
from a third to two-thirds of an inch in length. 

P. attenuatus, Dougl. Stem strict, a foot or two high; the summit and inflorescence 
more or less pubescent and viscid: leaves narrowly oblong to lanceolate, or the upper 
sometimes ovate-lanceolate: thyrsus of the next species or less compact: sepals ovate- to 
oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, narrowly scarious-margined, as long as the capsule: 
corolla narrowly funnelform, over half inch long, ochroleucous, sulphur-yellow, or some- 
times violet or blue. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1295; Hook. Fi. ii. 97; Benth. l.c. —Interior of 
Oregon, Idaho, &e. No indigenous specimens yet seen accord with the figure, in robust- 
ness, upper cauline leaves ovate-lanceolate and inch wide, and corolla 9 lines (or according - 
to Bentham 9 to 11 lines) long. The plants referred here verge to the next, but have longer 
corolla, 6 or 8 lines long. The species is still uncertain. 

“= P. confértus, Doug]. Glabrous throughout, or the inflorescence and calyx sometimes 
viscid-pubescent or puberulent, a foot or two high: leaves from oblong or oblong-lanceo- 
late to somewhat linear, usually quite entire: thyrsus spiciform, interrupted, naked, of 2. 
to 5 verticillastriform dense many-flowered clusters (either subsessile or the lower pedun- 
cled): pedicels very short: sepals from oblong-lanceolate to broadly ovate, with broad 
scarious margins commonly erose or lacerate, rather shorter than the capsule: corolla nar- 
row, 4 to 5 or rarely 6 lines long, in the typical forms from ochroleucous to sulphur-color ; 
lower lip conspicuously bearded within. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1260; Hook. 1. ¢.; Benth. 
l.c.; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi.72.— Moist or dry grounds, Northern Rocky Mountains to 
Oregon. The commoner state is 

c= Var. ceruleo-purptreus, Gray, l.c. A foot or two high, rarely more, or in the 
higher mountains from 10 down to 2 inches high ; the latter with capituliform inflorescence : 
sepals very variable, commonly very scarious and erose, sometimes with a long herbaceous 
acumination: corolla blue-purple and violet. — P. procerus, Dougl. ex Graham in Edinb. 
Phil. Jour. 1829; Hook. Bot. Mag. t 2954; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1616; Benth. lc. P. Tol- 
miei, Hook. Fl. ii. 97. P. micranthus, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 45.— Saskatchewan 
and along the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, west to Oregon and through the whole 
length of the Sierra Nevada, California. 

P. Watsoni. Glaucescent and glabrous throughout, or inflorescence and calyx minutely 
puberulent, but neither glandular nor viscid : stems a foot or more high, ascending or weak : 
cauline leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate (1 to 2 inches long, 
4 to 9 lines wide): contracted thyrsus rather loose: peduncles several-flowered; the lower 
slender: pedicels longer than the calyx: sepals broadly ovate or orbicular with a small acumi- 
nation, somewhat scarious-margined, little over a line long, barely half the length of the 
mature capsule: corolla narrowly funnelform, 6 to 8 lines long, violet-purple or partly white; 
lower lip almost glabrous within. —P. Fremonti, var. Parryi, Gray ex Watson, Bot. King, 
218. — Mountains of W. Colorado, Utah, and Nevada (Fremont, Parry, Watson, Wheeler, 
Tusey, Ward, &c.), to borders of Arizona, Palmer. 

——P. hiimilis, Nutt. Stems a span or two high, glabrous or above with the inflorescence 
and flowers viscid-pubescent: leaves glaucescent, from oblong to lanceolate (an inch or 
more long); the cauline commonly denticulate: thyrsus strict and virgate, 2 to 4 inches 
long: peduncles (2-5-flowered) and pedicels short : sepals ovate or lanceolate and acuminate, 
lax: corolla rather narrowly funnelform, half inch long, deep-blue or partly white; lower 
lip somewhat hairy within. — Gray, Proc. 1. c.; Watson, Bot. King, 220. — Rocky Moun- 
tains from the British boundary to 8. Colorado, and west to the Humboldt Mountains in 
Nevada. The larger forms may pass into P. gracilis. 

Var. brevifélius. A low and rather diffuse tufted form, with weak stems: leaves 
at most half inch in length; cauline elliptical-oblong; the radical oval or rotund: corolla 
light blue. —P. humilis, var.? Watson, 1. c.— Utah, in the Wahsatch Mountains, at 9,000 
or 10,000 feet, Watson, Eaton. 

8. Leaves from ovate-lanceolate to linear, often denticulate: corolla an inch or three-fourths inch 

long: cymes of the more or less open thyrsus pedunculate: sepals lanceolate, acute, marginless. 

=== P. gracilis, Nutt. A foot or less high, glabrous or merely puberulent up to the more or 
less viscid-pubescent strict thyrsus: stems slender: cauline leaves mostly linear-lanceolate 

(1 to 3 inches long, the serrations when present very acute or subulate) ; the radical spatu- 

late or oblong: peduncles 2-several-flowered: corolla tubular-funnelform or almost cylin- 


268 SCROPHULARIACEA. Penitstemon. 


draceous, lilac-purple or sometimes whitish, three-fourths to nearly an inch long; the 
throat open. — Gen. ii. 52; Graham in Bot. Mag. t. 2945; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1541; Benth. 
lc. P. pubescens, var. gracilis, Gray, Proc. 1. ¢. partly. — Saskatchewan to Wyoming, and 
south in the mountains to Colorado. Intermediate between the preceding and following: 
distinguished from slender forms of the latter by the open mouth and nearly terete throat 
of the narrow corolla. 

— = P, pubéscens, Solander. Stem a foot or two high, viscid-pubescent, or sometimes 
glabrous up tg the inflorescence: cauline leaves from oblong to lanceolate (2 to 4 inches 
long), usually denticulate ; the lowest and radical ovate or oblong: thyrsus loosely-flow- 
ered, mostly naked, narrow: flowers drooping: corolla dull violet or purple, or partly 
whitish, an inch long, very moderately dilated above the short proper tube, carinate- 
angled for the whole length of the upper and deeply plicate-bisulcate on the lower side, 
the upper part of the intrusive portion villous-bearded and forming a sort of palate; orifice 
crescentic or almost closed; the lips and their lobes short: sterile filament densely bearded 
far down. — Ait. Kew. ii.3860; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1424; Gray, Le. excl. syn. P. levigatus. 
Chelone hirsuta, L. (C. Pentstemon, L. Mant. 415. Asarina caule erecto, &c., Mill. Ic. t. 152. 
Pentstemon hirsutus, Willd. Spee. iii. 227. P. Mackayanus, Knowles in Fl. Cab. ii. 117, t. 74. 
P. longifolius, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 764? — Dry or rocky grounds, from Canada to lowa and 
south to Florida and Texas. 

= P, levigdtus, Solander, ].c. Mostly glabrous up to the glandular inflorescence: 
stem 2 to 4 feet high: leaves of firmer texture and somewhat glossy; cauline ovate- or 
oblong-lanceolate with subcordate-clasping base, 2 to 5 inches long: thyrsus broader: 
corolla about an inch long, white and commonly tinged with purple, abruptly campanulate- 
inflated above the proper tube, more or less obliquely ventricose, obscurely angled down 
the upper side, not at all intruded on the lower; orifice widely ringent, sparingly slender- 
bearded at base of the lower lip: sterile filament thinly bearded above. — Sims, Bot. Mag. 
t. 1425; Michx. Fl. ii. 21; Pursh, Fl. ii. 427. Chelone Pentstemon, L. Spec. ed. 2, 850, excl. 
syn. Arduin, Moris. &c.; Lam. Ill. t. 528. P. pubescens, var. multiflorus, Benth. in DC. Le. 
(P. Digitalis, var. multiflorus, Chapm.); a small-flowered and small-fruited form, answering 
to the figure by Lam. P. glaucophyllus, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 763? — Moist or rich soil, 
Penn. to Florida and westward, where the commoner form is 

w=. Var. Digitalis. Stem sometimes 5 feet high: corolla larger and more abruptly in- 
flated, white. — P. Digitalis, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 181; Reichenb. Exot. 
y. t. 292; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2587; Benth. in DC. 1. c. 327; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 828. Chelone 
Digitalis, Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 120. Penn. to Illinois, Arkansas, &c. 

P. glaicus, Graham. Glabrous up to the inflorescence, more or less glaucous: stems 
dwarf or ascending, a span to a foot high: leaves thickish, oblong-lanceolate or the radical 
oblong-ovate (one or two inches long), entire or denticulate: thyrsus short and compact, 
either simple or compound, villous-pubescent and viscid or glandular: corolla dull lilac or 
violet-purple, less than an inch long, campanulate-ventricose above the very short proper 
tube, gibbous, not at all plicate-sulcate; the orifice widely ringent; the broad lower lip 
sparsely villous-bearded within: sterile filament bearded mostly at and near the apex only. 
— Edinb. Phil. Jour. 1829, 348; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1286; Gray, Proc. Le. P. glaber, var. 
stenosepalus, Regel in Act. Petrop. iii. 121 ?— Rocky Mountains north of 49° (Drummond) to 
Wyoming and Utah; southward, chiefly in the form of 

=== Var. stenosépalus, Gray, |.c. Sometimes over a foot high: thyrsus compara- 
tively small and glomerate: sepals attenuate-lanceolate: corolla dull whitish or purplish. 
— Mountains of Colorado and Utah near the upper borders of the wooded region. 
= = Sterile filament beardless (rarely with a few minute short hairs), sometimes completely 
antheriferous in certain flowers. 

P. Whippleanus, Gray. Glabrous up to the inflorescence or nearly so: stems slender, 
a foot long, ascending from a decumbent base, leafy: leaves membranaceous, ovate or 
ovate-oblong, entire or repand-denticulate, acute or acuminate, commonly 2 inches long; 
lower petioled; upper cauline closely sessile or partly clasping by a broad base: thyrsus 
loosely few-flowered: peduncles 2 to 5, slender, 2-3-flowered: pedicels and the narrowly 
linear-lanceolate lax and attenuate sepals villous, somewhat viscid: corolla an inch long, 
campanulate-ventricose above the short proper tube, decidedly bilabiate ; the lower lip 
longer than the nearly erect 2-lobed upper one, sparsely long-bearded within: sterile fila- 


Pentstemon. SCROPHULARIACES. 269 


ment dilated, uncinate at tip.— Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 73.— New Mexico, Sandia Mountains, 
Bigelow. Corolla in size and shape, and probably color, resembling that of P. glaucus. 

o== P, detstus, Dougl. Completely glabrous; the calyx at most obscurely granular-prui- 
nose or glandular: stems a span to a foot high in tufts from a woody base, rigid: leaves 
coriaceous, from ovate to oblong-linear or lanceolate (an inch or two long), irregularly and 
rigidly dentate or acutely serrate, or some of them entire; upper cauline closely sessile: 
thyrsus virgate or more paniculate, mostly many-flowered: peduncles and pedicels short: 
sepals from ovate to lanceolate, nearly marginless: corolla ochroleucous or dull white, 
rarely with a tinge of purple, half inch or less long, either narrowly or rather broadly fun- 
nelform; the short lobes widely spreading. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1818; Benth. 1. c.; Gray, 
lie, & Bot. Calif. i. 559; Watson, Bot. King, 222, who has seen the “filament bearded 
with yellow hairs.” P. heterander, Torr. & Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 128, t. 8, a narrow- 
leaved form having the fifth filament in some flowers antheriferous.— Dry interior region, 
California, on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada, and north to the borders of Brit. 
Columbia and Montana. 

P. heterodéxus. A span or more high, leafy, glabrous nearly up to the inflorescence : 
leaves oval or oblong, obtuse, entire; the cauline closely sessile: thyrsus short, compact, 
viscid-pubescent : sepals lanceolate: corolla 7 lines long, narrow-tubular, hardly dilated up 
to the small limb, probably purplish: fifth filament filiform, resembling the others, in some 
flowers completely antheriferous.— P. Fremouti, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 622, not of Torr. & 
Gray. — High mountain near Donner Pass, in the Sierra Nevada, California, Torrey. 
Species imperfectly known, from insufficient specimens. 
++ ++ Leaves from linear-spatulate to obovate, or the uppermost sometimes ovate, entire: stems 

low-cespitose or spreading, leafy to summit, often suffrutescent at base, few-flowered: corolla 

over au inch long, mostly purple or blue, narrowly funnelform: sterile filament bearded down 
one side. 
== Leaves green and mostly glabrous, broad, half to quarter inch wide. 

——P. Harbotrii, Gray. Tufted nearly simple stems 2 to 4 inches high, puberulent: leaves 
about 3 pairs, thickish, obovate, oval, or the uppermost sometimes ovate, these sessile by a 
broad base: thyrsus reduced to 2 or 3 crowded short-pedicelled flowers: sepals ovate- 
oblong, villous and somewhat viscid: corolla little bilabiate, with rather broad cylindra- 
ceous throat and tube, barely twice the length of the round-oval lobes; lower lip bearded 
within. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 71.— High alpine region of the Colorado Rocky Mountains, 
Hall & Harbour, Parry. 
== = Leaves cinereous or canescent, a line or two wide: sepals lanceolate: corolla narrowly fun- 

nelform, mostly three-fourths inch long: flowering along the short stems in the axils of the 

leaves: short peduncles leafy-bracteolate, 1-3-flowered. 

——~ P. ptimilus, Nutt. Canescent (even to the marginless sepals) with a dense and fine 
short pubescence: stems an inch or two high, erect or ascending, very leafy: leaves lan- 
ceolate or the lower spatulate (the latter, including the attenuate base or margined petiole, 
an inch or more long): corolla with regularly funnelform throat, glabrous within: sterile 
filament sparsely short-bearded, or more abundantly at the tip.—Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 
46; Gray, l. c. 67.— Rocky Mountains in Montana? “on Little Goddin River,” Wyeth. A 
small and few-flowered plant. 

——Var. Thompsonie. Cespitose, from half inch to 4 inches high, suffrutescent at 
base: stems copiously flowering for their whole length: lowest leaves obovate; upper 
lanceolate: corolla two-thirds to three-fourths inch long.—S. Utah, Js. Thompson, Capt. 
Bishop (a dwarf and depressed form), also Siler, Palmer, a more developed and elongated 
form, with corolla apparently bright blue. 

Var. incAanus. A small and very white-hoary form, few-flowered: leaves only 2 or 3 
lines long, spatulate and obovate, more mucronate: corolla half inch long, slightly hairy 
within down the lower side, somewhat as in the next.— Pahranagat Mountains, 8. E. 
Nevada, J/iss Searls. S. W. Utah, Siler. 

—— P. cespitésus, Nutt. Minutely cinereous-puberulent, spreading, forming depressed 
broad tufts 2 to 4 inches high: leaves from narrowly spatulate to almost linear (3 to 8 
lines long, including the tapering base or margined petiole): peduncles mostly secund and 
horizontal, but with the flower upturned: sepals more acuminate, and the margins below 
obscurely scarious: corolla tubular-funnelform, and the lower side biplicate, the narrow 
folds sparsely villous within: sterile filament strongly and densely bearded. — Gray, Proc. 


270 SCROPHULARIACES. Pentstemon. 


Am. Acad. vi. 66; Watson, Bot. King, 219.— Rocky Mountains, Wyoming, W. Colorado, 
and Utah, Nuttall, Hall & Harbour, Parry, Watson. 

Var. suffruticésus. A span or more high from a stouter woody base: leaves from 
spatulate to obovate and more petioled, thicker, glabrate: sepals less acuminate: corolla 
and stamens not seen: probably a distinct species. — Utah near Beaver, Palmer, in fruit. 

++ ++ Leaves from narrowly linear-lanceolate with tapering base or linear-spatulate to filiform, 
entire: stems or branches racemosely several-many-flowered. 
== Stem herbaceous to the base, very simple, a foot or two high: corolla broad: sterile filament 
glabrous: peduncles mostly opposite. 

P. virgdtus, Gray. Minutely glandular-pruinose or glabrous: stem strict and elongated : 
thyrsus virgate: leaves all linear-lanceolate (14 to 4 inches long): peduncles short, 1-3- 
flowered: sepals ovate: corolla lilac with purple veins, three-fourths inch long, abruptly 
dilated into a broadly campanulate funnelform throat (as wide as long), distinctly bilabi- 
ate; the broad lips widely spreading: stamens nearly equalling the lips.— Bot. Mex. 
Bound. 112, & Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 66.—New Mexico and Arizona, Fendler, Wright, &c. 
Inflorescence and corolla in the manner of P. secundiflorus. 


== = Stems or tufted branches mostly simple from a woody base (or herbaceous in the last 
species), low: sterile filament longitudinally bearded: short peduncles commonly alternate. 


——p, linarioides, Gray, 1. c. Cinereous, minutely pruinose-puberulent: stems much 


— 


ra 


crowded on the woody base, filiform, rigid, very leafy, 6 to 18 inches high: leaves 6 to 12 
lines long, from oblanceolate-linear (at most a line wide) to nearly filiform, mucronulate; 
the floral short and subulate: thyrsus racemiform or sometimes paniculate; only the lower 
peduncles 2-4-flowered: pedicel shorter than the ovate or oblong acuminate sepals: corolla 
lilac or purple, half inch or more long, with dilated-funnelform throat, less bilabiate than 
in the preceding; lower lip conspicuously bearded at base. — Arid grounds, New Mexico 
and Arizona, Wright, Thurber, Parry, &c. 

Var. Sileri. A dwarf and suffruticulose form, with smaller and fewer flowers, mostly 
1-flowered peduncles subtended by proportionally longer floral leaves, and the lower lip 
less bearded. — P. ceespitosus, var., Parry in Am. Naturalist, ix. 8346, a much reduced form. 
—S. Utah, Siler, Parry. 

P. Gairdneri, Hook. Cinereous-puberulent: stems a span high, rigid: leaves linear or 
the lower more or less spatulate, obtuse, half to full inch long: thyrsus short and simple: 
peduncles usually one-flowered: sepals oblong-ovate, glandular-viscid: corolla half inch 
long, narrowly funnelform, obscurely bilabiate, purple. — Fl. ii. 99; Gray, 1. c.— Dry inte- 
rior of Washington Terr., Oregon, and W. Nevada. 

P. laricifélius, Hook. & Arn. Glabrous: lignescent caudex not rising above the 
soil: leaves very slender, when dry filiform (the larger a fourth of a line wide, and with 
margins revolute, an inch or less long), much crowded in subradical tufts and scattered on 


the (2 or 5 inch long) filiform flowering stems: flowers few, loosely racemose, slender'* -- 


pedicelled : sepals ovate-lanceolate: corolla tubular-funnelform, half inch long; the small 
limb obscurely bilabiate. — Bot. Beech. 876; Gray, l. c. — Interior of Oregon and Wyoming. 
== = = Stems paniculately branching and slender, woody toward the base: corolla between 


funnelform and salverform: sterile filament glabrous: peduncles slender, opposite, all the upper 
one-flowered. 


=P. ambiguus, Torr. Glabrous, a foot or two high, diffuse and often much branched: 


leaves filiform, or the lowest linear and the floral slender-subulate : inflorescence loosely 
paniculate: sepals ovate, acuminate: corolla rose-color and flesh-color turning to white ; 
the rotately expanded limb oblique but obscurely bilabiate ; lobes orbicular-oval; throat or 
its lower side somewhat hairy: sterile filament sometimes imperfectly antheriferous. — 
Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 228, & Marcy Rep. t. 16; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 64.— Plains of E. 
Colorado and New Mexico to S. Utah and Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) Var. foliosus, Benth. 
l.c., is an undeveloped state. Corolla in the typical form with a narrow and somewhat 
curved tube and throat, of half inch in length: but it passes into 

Var. Thurberi, Gray, l.c. (P. Thurberi, Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. vii. 15), with 
shorter tube and more dilated throat. The two extremes of this have, in the larger forms, 
limb of corolla half inch in diameter with tube and throat together only 3 lines long (Ari- 
zona, Palmer, &e.); in the smallest, corolla-limb only half the size, with tube and throat 
2 or 3 lines long (Arizona and adjacent Mex., Wislizenus, Rothrock). New Mexico, Arizona, 
and 8. Utah. 


Pentstemon. SCROPHULARIACE. 271 


4+ ++ ++ ++ Leaves pinnately parted into narrowly linear divisions! 


P. disséctus, Ell. Merely puberulent: stem slender, 2 feet high: leaves in rather dis- 
tant pairs; radical and lowest not seen; upper with 7 to 11 obtuse entire divisions, of 
barely half line in width, on a rhachis of equal breadth: thyrsus long-peduncled, umbelli- 
form or triradiate, few-flowered: pedicels slender: sepals ovate-oblong: corolla “ purple,” 
9 lines long, oblong-funnelform; the limb obscurely bilabiate: sterile filament bearded at 
the apex. —Sk. i. 129; Gray, L. ce. —- Middle Georgia, “ Jackson,” Darby. 


§ 2. Saccanrutra, Benth. Anthers sagittate or horseshoe-shaped ; the cells 
confluent at the apex, and there dehiscent by a continuous cleft, which extends 
down both cells only to the middle; the base remaining closed and saccate, some- 
times hirsute, never lanate.” Pacific-States species, herbaceous or some rather 
woody at base, mostly with ample and showy flowers. 


* Soft-pubescent and viscid, with broad and thinnish leaves mostly serrate or denticulate. 

—— P. glanduldsus, Lindl. Stem rather stout, 2 or 3 feet high: radical leaves ovate or 
oblong, 6 or 8 inches long, dentate: cauline from cordate-clasping to ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate, usually denticulate or few-toothed: thyrsus contracted and interrupted, 
leafy below: cymes short-pedunculate, few-several-flowered: sepals attenuate-lance- 
olate, lax: corolla lilac, over an inch long, with funnelform-inflated throat, and rather short 
broad and spreading lips: sterile filament glabrous. — Bot. Reg. t. 1262; Hook. Bot. Mag. 
t. 3868; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 830; Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 74. P.- staticifolius, 
Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1770.— Mountain woods and along streams, Oregon and Washington 
Terr. to Idaho. 

% % Glabrous or merely puberulent: leaves serrate, incisely dentate, or sometimes laciniate: sterile 
filament more or less hairy above: corolla funnelform and moderately bilabiate, lilac, purple, or 
light violet, 

+— Over an inch Jong: calyx remarkably small. 

P. ventstus, Doug]. Very glabrous: stems rather strict and simple, a foot or two 
high, leafy: leaves thickish in texture, oblong-lanceolate or the upper ovate-lanceolate, 
closely and subulately serrate (about 2 inches long): thyrsus naked, mostly narrow: pe- 
duncles 1-3-flowered: sepals ovate, acute or acuminate, only a line or two long, much 
shorter than the proper and narrow tube of the corolla: upper part of fertile filaments 
and of the sterile one (as also usually anthers and lobes of the corolla within) sparsely 
pilose. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1809; Benth. l.c.; Gray, Lc. P. amenus, Kunze in Linn. 
xvi. littbl. 107? — Oregon and Idaho. 
+— + Corolla barely or less than an inch long: calyx and pedicels mostly puberulent or viscid- 

glandular: stems (a foot or two high) ascending or diffuse: thyrsus paniculate. 

~—, P. diffisus, Dougl. Leaves from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, or the upper subcordate, 
sharply and unequally and sometimes laciniately serrate (14 to 4 inches long): thyrsus 
commonly interrupted and leafy: pedicels mostly shorter than the ovate or lanceolate and 
acuminate (sometimes laciniate-toothed) sepals: corolla three-fourths inch long: anthers 
glabrous: sterile filament villous-bearded above. —Lindl. Bot. Reg. t 1152; Hook. Bot. 
Mag. t. 3645; Gray, l.c. P. serrulatus, Menzies in Hook. Fl. ii. 95. P. argutus, Paxt. Mag. 
Bot. vi. 271, appears to be a form of this, connecting with the next species. — Wooded or 
rocky banks, Oregon to Brit. Columbia. 

— P. Richardsonii, Dougl. Stems often loosely branching: leaves ovate- to narrowly 
lanceolate in outline, from incised to laciniate-pinnatifid; the upper commonly alternate 
or scattered: thyrsus loosely panicled: sepals (gvate or oblong) and pedicels often gland- 
ular and viscid: corolla three-fourths to an inch long: sterile filament sparingly villous- 
bearded at apex. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1121; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3391; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 
1641. — Bare rocks, &c., Oregon and Washington Terr. 

—— P. triphyllus, Dougl. Stems slender, about a foot high, usually simple: cauline 
leaves lanceolate or linear (an inch or so long), rigid, from denticulate to irregularly pin- 
natifid-laciniate ; the upper sometimes ternately verticillate, sometimes alternate: thyrsus 
narrow, loosely paniculate : sepals lanceolate, acuminate: corolla comparatively small and 
narrow, half to two-thirds inch long: sterile filament densely bearded at apex. — Lindl. 
Bot. Reg. t. 1245; Benth. in DC. Prodr. 1. c. — Rocks, &¢., Oregon to British Columbia. 


272 SCROPHULARIACEZ. Pentstemon. 


* * * Glabrous or merely puberulent: leaves all entire. 
+— Corolla blue or violet, half inch long, slender-funnelform, moderately bilabiate: sterile filament 
lightly bearded. : 

==> P, graciléntus, Gray. Stems slender from a lignescent base, a foot or more high, 
rather few-leaved, naked above, terminating in a loose and rather simple paniculate thyr- 
sus: leaves glabrous and green, lanceolate, or the upper linear and the lowest sometimes 
oblong, all narrowed at base: peduncles (and calyx) viscid-puberulent, 2-5-flowered; the 
lower elongated: pedicels short: corolla-lobes only 2 lines long, moderately spreading. — 
Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 88, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 75, & Bot. Calif. i. 561.— Mountains, N. Cali- 
fornia and adjacent parts of Oregon and Nevada, at 5-8,000 feet. 
+ + Corolla blue to purple, more ventricose-funnelform, short-bilabiate, two-thirds to an inch 


and a half long: sterile filament glabrous. (Species too nearly allied, mostly lignescent or 
rather shrubby at base.) 


++ Inflorescence and calyx glandular or viscid-pubescent: thyrsus open-paniculate. 


P. letus, Gray. A foot or so high, cinereous-pubescent or puberulent, above glandular- 
pubescent: leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate and the lowest spatulate: sepals ovate or 
oblong, herbaceous: corolla an inch long, blue. —Jour. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc. vii. 147, Proc. 
Am. Acad. 1. c., & Bot. Calif. 1. c.—Open and dry grounds, California to the mountains 
above the Yosemite and apparently even to Siskiyou Co. 

a== P, Rezli, Regel. Smaller, a span to a foot high, below glabrous or minutely puberu- 
lent. leaves all lanceolate or linear, or the lower oblanceolate: thyrsus either narrow or 
more diffuse and compound, with the branches divergent: corolla smaller (from half to 
two-thirds inch long) and narrower, pale blue or violet.— Act. Hort. Petrop. ii. 326, & 
Gartenfl. 1872, t. 239; Gray, Bot. Calif. ii. 507. P. heterophyllus, var.t Torr. & Gray in Pacif. 
R. Rep. ii. 122.— Drier parts of the Sierra Nevada, California, from Kern Co. to frontiers 
of Oregon and adjacent Nevada. Approaches smaller forms of the preceding. 
++ ++ Inflorescence and calyx, as well as foliage, perfectly glabrous or else minutely puberulent 

without glandulosity; thyrsus usually narrow. 

P. Kingii, Watson. Hardly glaucous: stems a span or so high from the depressed 
ligneous base, leafy to the top, erect or ascending: leaves oblanceolate or lanceolate-linear, 
acutish or obtuse, mostly narrowed to the base, an inch or so long: thyrsus strict, 1 to 5 
inches long: sepals ovate-lanceolate and slender-acuminate, equalling the capsule: corolla 
comparatively small (two-thirds inch long), “ purple.” — Nevada and Utah, from the W. 
Humboldt to the Wahsatch and Uinta Mountains, Watson, &c. 

—— Pp. aztreus, Benth. Glaucous, rarely pruinose-puberulent: stems erect or ascending, 1 to 
8 feet high: leaves from narrowly to ovate-lanceolate or even broader, the uppermost 
wider at base: thyrsus virgate, loose, usually elongated: sepals ovate, with or without a 
conspicuous acumination: corolla from 1 to 14 inches long, azure-blue verging or changing 
to violet, the base sometimes reddish; the expanded limb sometimes an inch in diameter. — 
Pl. Hartw. 227; Gray, l.c.; “Paxt. Fl. Gard. t. 64; Lem. Jard. Fl. t..211; Moore, Mag. 
1850, t. 209.” — Dry ground, California, apparently through the length of the State, com- 
mon on the Sacramento, &c. Founded on a rather narrow-leaved form, but varies greatly 
in the foliage. : 

== Var. Jaffrayanus, Gray, l.c. A low form: leaves oblong or oval, or the upper 
ovate-lanceolate or ovate, very glaucous: peduncles 1-5-flowered: flowers large. — P. 
Jaffrayamus, Wook. Bot. Mag. t. 5045. P. glaucifolius, Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 82. 
P. heterophyllus, var. latifolius, Watson, Bot. King, 222? — Northern part of California and 
through the Sierra Nevada, also eastward to the Wahsatch Mountains in Utah, if the syn. 
Bot. King is rightly referred. 

Var. parvulus. Less than a foot high: leaves oblong and oval, barely an inch long: 
many-flowered thyrsus rather open: sepals broadly ovate: corolla hardly three-fourths 
inch long: would be referred to the preceding varicty, except for the smaller flowers. — 
Northern part of California, in mountains above Jackson Lake, at 8,000 feet, Greene. 

Var. angustissimus, the extreme narrow-leaved form: leaves narrowly linear or 
sometimes the uppermost narrowly lanceolate from a broad base. — Yosemite Valley, &c. 

Var. ambiguus, a rather tall form, paniculately branched and slender, with lanceo- 
late and linear leaves all narrowed at base in the manner of the following species, but pale 
and glaucescent, and the corolla violet-blue (only an inch or less long) ; sepals remarkably 


7 Pe Let tt ¢ 


Pentstemon. SCROPHULARIACEZ. 273 


small, ovate, merely mucronate. — P. heterophyllus, Watson, Bot. King, 222. —Cavions of 
the Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, viz. of the Provo and American Fork, Hutson, &e. 
=P. heterophyllus, Lindl. Green, seldom glaucescent: stems or branches 2 to 5 feet 
high from a woody base, slender: leaves lanceolate or linear, or only the lowest oblong- 
lanceolate, mostly narrowed at base: corolla an inch or sometimes more in length, with 
narrow tube rose-purple or pink, sometimes changing toward violet; the bud often yellow- 
ish: otherwise hardly distinguishable from narrow-leaved forms of the preceding. — Bot. 

Reg. t. 1890; Hook. & Arn. Bot, Beech. 376; Bot. Mag. t. 3853; Gray, |. c. — Dry banks, 

through the western and especially the southern part of California. 

+ + + Corolla scarlet-red, tubular-funnelform, conspicuously bilabiate, an inch long: sterile 

filament glabrous. 

P. Bridgésii, Gray. A foot or two high from a lignescent base, glabrous up to the vir- 
gate secund thyrsus, or pruinose-puberulent: leaves from spatulate-lanceolate to linear; 
the floral reduced to small subulate bracts: peduncles (1-5-flowered) and pedicels short: 
these and the ovate or oblong sepals glandular-viscid: lips of the narrow corolla fully one- 
third the length of the tubular portion; the upper erect and 2-lobed; the lower 3-parted 
and its lobes recurved: anthers deeply sagittate. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 379, & Bot. Calif. 
i. 560. — Rocky banks, Sierra Nevada, California, from the Yosemite southward, on Wil- 
liams Mountain, N. Arizona, and 8. W. Colorado (Brandegee). 

P. Nerrdruu, Beck in Am. Jour. Sci. xiv. 120, is wholly doubtful, perhaps P. /eriqatus. 

P. Cerroseéysis, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad ii. 19,.from Cerros Island, off the coast of 
Lower California, is said to have a tubular yellow corolla, 3-nerved sepals, &c. Probably 
not of this genus. 

P. caxoso-BARBaTUM and P. RosTRiFLoRUM, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 15, Californian 
species, remain wholly obscure. 


12. CHIONOPHILA, Benth. (Nir, snow, and gihos, beloved, growing 
on snow-capped mountains.) —— DC. Prodr. x. 351; Benth. & Hook. Gen. Pl. 
ii. 942. — Single species: fl. summer. 

s=—C. Jamésii, Benth. 1.c. Dwarf perennial, glabrous or nearly so: leaves thickish, entire, 
mostly radical in a tuft, spatulate or lanceolate, tapering into a scarious sheathing base; 
those on the scape-like (1 to 3 inches high) flowering stems one or two pairs, or occasionally 
alternate, linear: spike few-many-flowered, dense, mostly secund, imbricate-bracteate : 
bracts shorter than the flowers: corolla over half inch long, dull cream-color, in anthesis 
twice the length of the calyx, at length more nearly enclosed by it. — Gray in Am. Jour. 

Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii, 252.— Colorado Rocky Mountains, in the high alpine region, first col- 

lected by Dr. James, in Long’s Expedition, on James’, now Pike’s Peak. 


13. MIMULUS, L. Moyxey-rrower. (Latin diminutive of mimus, a 
mime, from the grinning corolla.) — Large genus, of wide dispersion, but far mo=t 
largely N. American; with opposite simple leaves, and usually showy flowers 
from the axils. or becoming racemose by the diminution of the upper leaves to 
bracts. Chiefly herbs, one polymorphous species shrubby; fl. in summer; sev- 
eral cultivated for ornament. — Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 563, & Proc. Am. Acad. 
xi. 95, Benth. & Hook. lc. Wmulus, Diplacus (Nutt.), Eunanus. & Herpestis 
§ Mimuloides, Benth. in DC. Prodr. 


§1. Euxixvs, Gray. Annuals, mostly very low, glandular-pubescent or viscid : 
flowers sessile or short-pedicelled: calyx 5-angled and 5-toothed; the angles and 
teeth more or less plicate-carinate: corolla in the typical species with long and 
slender tube: anthers approximate in pairs, forming crosses: upper part of style 
pubescent or glandular: stigma variable, not rarely funnelform or peltate-petaloid : 
placente separated in dehiscence and borne by the half-dissepiment on the middle 


of each valve. — Zunanus, Benth. in DC. 
18 


274 SCROPHULARIACER. Mimulus. 


%* Capsule cartilaginous, 2-4-sulcate, tardily dehiscent, oblique or gibbous at base: calyx gibbous 
at base and very oblique at the orifice: corolla purple or violet, with spotted or variegated throat: 
leaves entire or obscurely few-toothed. 


+— Corolla-tube filiform and long-exserted, in the earlier state much longer than the stems, an 
inch or more in length. — Gence, Gray in Pl. Hartw. 329. Mimulus § (noe, Gray, Bot. Calif. 
i, 503. 
== M. tricolor, Lindl. Leaves from oblong to linear, obscurely nerved, with narrowed base 
nearly sessile: calyx hardly gibbous at base, ampler toward the very oblique orifice : 
corolla abeut inch and a half long, with short-funnelform throat, lips of about equal 
length, and lobes similar: capsule short-oval or ovate, slightly compound, rather acutely 
angled before and behind: seeds‘ obovate, oblique, much larger than in related species. — 
Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. iv. 222 (June, 1849); Gray, lc. EHunanus Coulter’, Gray in Benth. 
Pl. Hartw. 329, Aug. 1849. — California, from the valley of the Sacramento to Mendocino 
Co. and eastward, Plumas Co. Stem when beginning to flower only a quarter inch high, 
at length may reach 3 inches. 
———~==—-~ “Var, angustatus, Gray, l.c. Leaves small and linear or nearly so: more slender 
tube of corolla sometimes nearly 2 inches long. — Plumas to Placer Co., Bolander, &c. 
== M. Douglasii, Gray, 1. c. Leaves ovate or oblong, the 3-5-nerved base contracted into 
a petiole: calyx soon very gibbous at base on upper side: lower lip of corolla very much 
shorter than the ample erect lower one, or even obsolete; the throat more amply funnel- 
form: capsule linear or linear-oblong, terete, 4-sulcate, gibbous or somewhat inflexed at the 
very base: seeds oval, small, apiculate at both ends, as in all the following species of the 
section: stigma very variable. — Jf. nanus, var. subuniflorus, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 378. 
Ewnanus Douglasti, Benth. in DC. 1. ¢. 874. — California, on gravelly banks, throughout the 
length of the State. Stem from a quarter of an inch to 6 inches high: corolla an inch 
to one and a half inches long. 
+— + Corolla-tube hardly exserted from the calyx: flowers not surpassing the subtending leaf. 
M. latifolius, Gray, l.c. Viscid-pubescent: stem a span high, loosely branching: leaves 
all broadly ovate or oval, slightly petioled, membranaceous, 5-nerved at base, 9 to 12 lines 
long: calyx in flower hardly oblique, in fruit very gibbous: corolla pink-purple, half to 
three-fourths inch long; the funnelform throat as long as the tube: capsule narrowly 
oblong, laterally sulcate. — Guadalupe Island, off Lower California, Palmer. 
%* %* Capsule coriaceous or membranaceous, symmetrical: calyx equal at base, campanulate or 


short-oblong: stigma peltate-funnelform, and entire or obscurely 2-lobed. —§ Eunanus, Gray, 
Bot. Calif. i. 564. 


+ Corolla small, 3 to 6 lines long; the tube slender and exserted: calyx-teeth nearly equal. 


M. leptaleus, Gray, 1].c¢.  Viscid-puberulent, 1 to 3 inches high, at length much 
branched: leaves from spatulate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, 2 to 6 lines long: calyx-teeth 
ovate or triangular, not equalling the oblong-ovate obtuse capsule: corolla crimson, with 
filiform tube, small throat, and oblique limb 15 to 8 lines wide. — California, in gravelly 
soil of the Sierra Nevada, at 5-8,000 feet. 

+ + Corolla ampler, half to fully three-fourths inch Jong, funnelform, with widely spreading 


limb and throat gradually narrowed downward into the included or partly exserted tube: stems 
from an inch to a span or more high. (Species nearly related.) 


++ Calyx hardly at all oblique; the teeth almost equal in length. 


=— WM. Bigeldovii, Gray, l.c. Leaves oblong; the upper ovate, acute or acuminate: calyx- 
teeth very acutely subulate from a broad base (2 or less lines long), half the length of the 
broadly campanulate tube, the anterior ones narrower ; throat of the corolla cylindraceous, 
and the ample limb rotate (crimson with yellow centre): capsule oblong-lanceolate, acute 
or acutish, a little exceeding the calyx; the valves membranaceous. — Eununus Bigelovii, 
Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 121.—S. California, W. Nevada, and S. Utah. 

—~M. nanus, Hook. & Arn. Leaves from obovate or oblong to lanceolate: calyx-teeth 
broadly lanceolate or triangular, acute (a line long), a quarter of the length of the tube: 
corolla sometimes rose-purple, sometimes yellow: capsule with tapering apex rather 
exceeding the calyx; the valves chartaceous.— Bot. Beech. l. e. 878, (var. pluriflorus) ; 
Gray, Le. Eunanus Tolmivi, Benth. lc. E. Fremonti, Watson, Bot. King, 226, not 
Benth. —Hills, &e., Sierra Nevada, California and adjacent parts of Nevada and Oregon 
to Wyoming. 


Mimulus. SCROPHULARIACE. 275 


——_ Var. bicolor, Gray, l.c. A doubtful and insufficiently known form; with throat of 
corolla short and abruptly dilated, dark purple; the limb yellow. — Eunanus bicolor, Gray, 
Proc, Am. Acad. vii. 381. — High Sierra Nevada in Fresno Co., Brewer. 

——M. Fremonti, Gray, lc. Leaves narrowly oblong or the lowest spatulate, obtuse: 
calyx-teeth ovate, obtuse or acutish (less than a line long), less than a quarter the length of 
the tube, surpassing the proper tube of the crimson corolla. —Eunanus Fremont’, Benth. 
1. c. —California, from Santa Barbara Co. southward and eastward, first coll. by fremont, 

++ ++ Calyx decidedly oblique at the orifice; the teeth unequal, reaching to the base of the fun- 
nelform throat of the corolla: stem rather slender: leave quite entire. 

M. Parryi, Gray, 1.c. Not pubescent, minutely glandular, 2 to 4 inches high: leaves 
oblong or oblanceolate, half inch long: teeth of the campanulate calyx acute; the upper 
and larger one ovate; the others subulate from a broad base, a third or fourth the length 
of the tube: corolla yellow or pink, two-thirds inch long: capsule oblong-lanceolate, not 
surpassing the calyx. — St. George, 8. Utah, on gravelly hills, Parry. 

w==M. Torréyi, Gray, l.c. Viscid-pubescent, a span to a foot high, simple or loosely 
branching: leaves oblong or almost lanceolate, sometimes an inch long: calyx-teeth all 
broad and obtuse; the posterior one larger and barely a line long: corolla half to three- 
fourths inch long, pink-purple : capsule chartaceous, lanceolate-oblong. —Eunanus Fremonti, 
Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 83, not Benth.— California, through the Sierra Nevada, at 
4,000 feet and upwards, from Mariposa Co. northward, first coll. by Vewberry. 
+— + + Corolla large and wide, an inch or more long, with proper tube very short and included 

in the calyx: teeth of the latter very unequal: stem simpler and taller: leaves often acutely 
dentate or denticulate with salient teeth. (Transition to Eumimulus.) 

M. Bolanderi, Gray, 1.c. A foot or less high, viscid-pubescent : leaves oblong, an inch 
or two in length ; the lower surpassing the flowers: teeth of the very oblique calyx lan- 
ceolate; the posterior and longer one 3 lines long and half the length of the oblong 
tube: corolla purple, an inch long, cylindraceous: capsule fusiform-subulate, somewhat 
coriaceous. — Jf. brevipes, Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 120, not Benth. — California, in foot- 
hills and lower part of the Sierra Nevada. 

—— M. brévipes, Benth. A foot or two high, very viscid-pubescent: leaves from lanceo- 
late to linear, 1 to 4 inches long: calyx-teeth very unequal, acuminate; the posterior fully 
half the length of the broadly campanulate tube: corolla yellow, sometimes 14 inches 
long, and the expanded limb nearly as broad, campanulate, with ample rounded lobes: 
capsule ovate, acuminate, firm-coriaceous.— DC. Prodr. x. 369; Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 
116.— California, from Monterey to San Diego and San Bernardino. 


§ 2. Dipracts, Gray. Shrubby, glutinous; with flowers as of the following 
and capsule of the preceding section: tube of the funnelform corolla about the 
length of the narrow prismatic carinate-angled calyx: style glandular: stigma 
bilamellar: placentas meeting but even in the ovary not united in the axis. in 
dehiscence borne on the linear firm-coriaceous valves. — Diplacus, Nutt. in Ann. 
& Mag. Nat. Hist. i. 137; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 368. 


=—M. glutinésus, Wendl. Shrub 2 to 6 feet high, nearly glabrous but glutinous: leaves 
from narrowly oblong to linear, from denticulate to entire (1 to 4 inches long), at length 
with revolute margins: flowers 14 to 2 inches long, short-pedicelled : corolla usually buff 
or salmon-color, obscurely bilabiate; the spreading lobes Jaciniately toothed or notched. — 
Obs. 51; Jacq. Scheenbr. iii. t. 264; Gray, Le. J. aurantiacus, Curt. Bot. Mag. t. 354. 
Diplacus glutinosus & D. latifolius, Nutt. 1. ec. D. stellatus, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 18. — 
Rocky banks, &c., California, common from San Francisco southward. Runs into many 
varieties, such as 
—— Var. puniceus, Gray,l.c. Flowers from orange-red to scarlet, often slender-pedi- 
celled: corolla-lobes commonly obcordate. — Diplacus puniceus, Nutt. 1. e.; Hook. Bot. Mag. 
t. 8655. D. glutinosus, var. puniceus, Benth. in DC. 1. ¢. W. California. 
Var. linearis, Gray, ].c. Flowers very short-pedicelled, red-brown to salmon- 
color: calyx commonly pubescent: leaves linear, more rigid, and revolute-margined. — J. 
linearis, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 27. Diplacus leptanthus, Nutt. 1. e.; Benth. 1. c.—From Mon- 
terey southward. 


276 SCROPHULARIACES. Mimulus. 


Var. brachypus, Gray, 1.c. Flowers very short-pedicelled, salmon-color, latge: 
calyx viscid-pubescent or villous: herbage often pubescent: leaves linear-lanceolate, 
mainly entire. — Diplacus longiflorus, Nutt. 1. c.— From Santa Barbara southward. 


§ 3. Eummutus, Gray. Herbaceous: proper tube of the corolla mostly 
included in the plicately carinate-angled 5-toothed calyx (the teeth traversed by 
the strong nerve): style glabrous: stigma bilamellar, the lobes or lips ovate or 
rotund and equal: placente remaining united in the axis of the capsule (or partly 
dividing. in Jf, rubellus completely), from which the thin and usually membra- 
naceous valves tardily separate. 


%* Large-flowered and perennial western species: corolla 1} to 2 inches long, red or rose-color, 
with cylindrical body longer than the limb: calyx oblong-prismatic; the short teeth nearly equal: 
anthers either villous or almost glabrous in the same species: pedicels elongated: capsule oblong: 
leaves several-nerved from the base: seeds with a dull and loose epidermis, longitudinally 
wrinkled. is 

=—=MWM. cardinalis, Doug]. Villous and viscid, 2 to 4 feet high: leaves ovate, or the lower 
obovate-lanceolate ; the upper connate; all erose-dentate: corolla scarlet, with remarkably 
oblique limb; upper lip erect and the lobes turned back; lower reflexed: stamens ex- 
serted. — Lindl. Hort. Trans. ii. 70, t.3; Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 358; Hook. Bot. Mag. 
t. 8560. — Along watercourses, through Oregon and California to Arizona. 


== M. Lewisii, Pursh. More slender, greener, and with minute or finer pubescence: 
leaves from oblong-ovate to lanceolate, denticulate: corolla rose-red or paler, with tube 
and throat proportionally longer; roundish lobes all spreading: stamens included. — Fl. 

ii. 427, t. 20; Gray, l.c. M. roseus, Dougl. in Bot. Reg. t. 1591; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3353; 

Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 210.— Shady and moist or wet ground, Brit. Columbia to Califor- 

nia along the whole length of the Sierra Nevada, east to Montana and Utah. 

%* %* Moderately large flowered eastern species, perennial, glabrous: corolla violet, at most an inch 
long, with narrow tube and throat more or less exceeding the nearly equal calyx, and personate 
limb: fructiferous calyx oblong: leaves throughout pinnately veined: seeds not wrinkled. 
(Corolla rarely varying to white, not very rarely with the lateral lobes of the lower lip exterior 
in the bud!) 2 

«== WM. ringens,, L. Stem square, 2 feet high: leaves oblong or lanceolate, closely sessile by 
an auriculate partly clasping base, serrate: pedicels longer than the flower: calyx-teeth 

subulate, slender: seed-coat rather loose, cellular.— Hort. Ups. 176, t.i.; Lam. Ill. t. 523; 

Bot. Mag. t. 283. — Wet places, Canada to Iowa and south to Texas. 

ew== VM. aldtus, Solander. Stem somewhat wing-angled: leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 
less, acutely serrate, tapering at base into a margined petiole: pedicels shorter than the 
calyx: teeth of the latter short and broad with abrupt mucronate tips: seed-coat close 
and smooth. — Ait. Kew. ii. 861; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 410; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t. 94. — 
Wet places, W. New England to Illinois, and south to Texas. 
* * % Small- or moderately large-flowered mainly western species: corolla from yellow or some- 


times partly white to brown-red or crimson ; the throat broad and open: seeds with a thin and 
smooth or shining (or in Jf. duéews duller and reticulate-striate) coat. 


+ Leafy-stemmed, not villous, nor leaves pinnately veined, but with 3 to 7 primary veins from or 
near the base, and hardly any, or only weak ones, from above the middle of the midrib. 


++ Calyx oblique at the orifice ; the posterior tooth largest: leaves mostly broad, dentate, at least 
the lower petioled: root fibrous. 


= Perennial by stolons or creeping branches: upper leaves sessile by a broad or somewhat clasp- 
ing base: lower lip of the corolla bearded at the throat. 
=== M. Jamésii, Torr. & Gray. Diffuse and creeping, freely rooting, glabrate: leaves 
roundish and often reniform, from denticulate to nearly entire (4 to 12 lines long), all but 
the uppermost with margined petioles: flowers all axillary and slender-pedicelled: corolla 
light ycllow, 4 to 6 lines long: fructiferous calyx campanulate, about 3 lines long: seeds 
oval, shining, almost smooth.— Benth. in DC. lc. 871 (with var. Fremontii); Gray, 
Man. ed. 2, 287. M. glabratus, Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 116, partly, hardly of HBK. — 
In water or wet places, usually in springs, Illinois to Upper Michigan and Minnesota, west 


to the Rocky Mountains in Montana, thence south to New Mexico and Arizona. (Adja- 
cent Mex.) 


Afimulus. ;; 


ee 277 


Tak. Texénsis. Larger: leaves more ovate, seldom subcordate, usually more strongly 
or even laciniately dentate; the uppermost sometimes reduced, so that the later flowers 
become somewhat racemose. — JV. glabratus, Bot. Mex. Bound. 1. ¢., mainly.— Texas, 
Wright, Lindheimer, &. Probably in drier soil: near J. glabratus, of S. Am. and Mex. 
= MM. luteus, L. Glabrous or puberulent: stems erect, ascending or with later branches 
spreading; the larger forms 2 to 4 feet high: leaves ovate, oval-oblong, roundish, or sub- 
cordate; the upper cauline and floral smaller, closely sessile, not rarely connate-clasping ; 
all usually acutely dentate or denticulate ; lower sometimes lyrately laciniate: inflores- 
cence chiefly racemose or terminal: pedicels equalling or shorter than the flower: corolla 
deep yellow, commonly dark-dotted within, and the protuberant base of lower lip blotched 
with brown-purple or copper-color, in the largest forms from 1 to 2 inches long: calyx ven- 
tricose-campanulate, half inch or less long: seeds oblong, rather dull, striate-reticulated 
longitudinally. — Spec. ed. 2, 884; Bot. Mag. t. 1501, 8363; Bot. Reg. t. 1030, 1796; Andr. 

Bot. Rep. t. 661; Gray, Lc. JL. guttatus, DC. Cat. Monsp. 127; Hook. Fl. ii. 99. AL 

varieqatus, Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1872. Jf. rivularis, Lodd. 1. c. t. 1575; Nutt. in Jour. Acad. 

Philad. vii. 47. Jf. lyratus, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 28, form with lower leaves laciniate at 

base. MM. Scouler’, Hook. Fl. ii. 100; a narrow-leaved form. Jf. Smith’, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 

t. 1674. — Moist or wet ground, Aleutian Islands and Alaska to California, and east to and 

through the Rocky Mountains. (Along the Andes, &c., to S. Chili.) Most variable and 

polymorphous : extreme forms are the following 

=== Var. alpinus, Gray. A span or so high, lax, leafy to top: stem 1—+-flowered: 
corolla $ to 14 inches long: seeds oval: some leaves rather distinctly pinnate-veined above 
the middle!— Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 71; Watson, Bot. King, 224; Gray, Bot. Calif. 

i. 567. MW. dentatus, Nutt. in DC. Prodr. 1. c. 372, appears from an original specimen to be 

between this and J. moschutus, var. longiflorus. AL. Tilingii, Regel, Gartenfl. 1869, 521, t. 631; 

plant which developed next year into a large many-flowered form, as figured in Gartenfl. 

1870, 290, t. 665 (corolla distinctly personate by a palatine protuberance of base of lower 

lip, as is often seen in other forms). JZ. cupreus, Regel, 1. c. 1864, t. 422 (throat of the 

corolla wide open). JJ. luteus, var. cuprea, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5478.— Alaska to high 

Sierra Nevada, California, and Colorado Rocky Mountains. (Chilian Andes.) 

Var. depauperatus, Gray. Includes reduced or depauperate forms, flowering as 
slender annuals, 2 to 10 inches high, with leaves 8 to 6 lines long, fructiferous calyx 2 or 3 
lines long, and corolla 3 to 7 lines long. — Bot. Calif. 1. ec. 1. microphyllus, Benth. in DC. 
1. c. 871. —Washington Terr. to California and the Rocky Mountains. 

| == = Apparently only annual: leaves all petioled: pedicels long and filiform. 

— — M. alsinoides, Benth. Very glabrous: stems slender, at length diffusely branched, 3 
to 12 inches long: leaves from rotund- to rhombic-ovate (from 4 to 16 lines long, besides 
the abruptly long-attenuate base or margined petiole), thin, the upper part salient denticu- 
late: pedicels at length divaricate: corolla light yellow (or lower lip with a brown spot), 
3 to 6 lines long; the limb small: calyx in flower narrow-cylindraceous, in fruit narrow- 
oblong; its teeth all very short. — Benth. l.c.; Gray, 1. c.— Wet shady places, Oregon 
to British Columbia, &c. 

Var. minimus, Benth. |.c., consists of very small and depauperate forms, half 
inch to 2 inches high, with corolla 2 to 4 lines long. — Same range. 

M. laciniatus, Gray, 1. c. Glabrous or slightly pubescent: filiform stem diffusely 
branched, a span or less high: leaves on filiform petioles, which mostly exceed the (quarter 
to half inch long) hastately 3-lobed or laciniately 3-5-cleft and obscurely I-nerved blade, 
about equalling the pedicels: corolla yellow, 2 lines long: calyx in fruit ovate, 2 lines 
long: the teeth rather conspicuous.— Sierra Nevada, California, on a branch of the 
Merced at Clark’s. : 

++ ++ Calyx equal or nearly so at the orifice, and the tecth almost alike: root annual. 
= Cauline leaves contracted at base into margined petioles. ; 

—— M. Pulsifere, Gray, lc. Viscid throughout, but hardly pubescent, a span high, loosely 
branching: leaves from broadly ovate to lanceolate-oblong, sparsely denticulate or entire, 
3nerved at base (half inch or more long), equalled or surpassed by the pedicels: corolla 
yellow, 5 lines long: calyx cylindraceous-campanulate, in fruit 3 or 4 lines long, with short 
ovate-triangular teeth. — California, in the northern part of the Sierra Nevada, on rocks, 
from Sierra Co. to Siskiyou Co., Bolander, Mrs. Pulsifer-Ames, Greene. 


278 SCROPHULARIACES. Mimulus. 


== = Cauline leaves mainly closely sessile by a broad base. 

M. inconspicuus, Gray. Glabrous, 2 to 7 inches high, simple or branched from the 
base: leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, entire, somewhat 3-5-nerved (quarter to half inch 
long): pedicels as long as flower: corolla 5 lines long, with rather small limb, yellow 
or rose-color: fructiferous calyx oval, 4 or 5 lines long, appearing as if truncate; the 
teeth very short.— Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 120, & Bot. Calif. 1. c.— Damp hillsides or rocks, 
Los Angeles to the Sacramento, California, Bigelow, &c. 
== = = Cauline leaves sessile or nearly so by a narrowed obscurely 3-nerved base: plants 

minutely viscid-pubescent or glandular, erect, branched from the base, from 2 to 10 inches high. 

———M. bicolor, Benth. Viscid-pubescent: leaves lanceolate or linear-oblong, sometimes 
spatulate, mostly denticulate, an inch long or less; the upper shorter than the pedicels: 
corolla half to three-fourths inch long, with ample limb, yellow, or lower lip commonly 
white: calyx narrowly oblong, purple-dotted, in fruit 4 lines long; the teeth comparatively 
large (a line long), triangular, acute. —Pl. Hartw. 328; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 568. dM. 
Prattenii, Durand in Jour. Acad. Philad. n. ser. ii. 98. — California, through the foot-hills of 
the Sierra Nevada. 

M. Palmeri, Gray. Viscid, but hardly at all pubescent: leaves lanceolate or the lower 
spatulate, mostly entire, half inch or so long, all shorter than the filiform pedicels: 
corolla nearly three-fourths inch long, ample-funnelform, crimson, thrice the length of the 
calyx; the lobes all about equal and equally spreading: fructiferous calyx 3 or 4 lines 
long, narrowly oblong; the teeth broad and obtuse. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 82.—S. E. 
California, on the Mohave River, Palmer, Parry & Lemmon. Corolla in shape and color as 
of the Hunanus section, foliage, aspect, and capsule of the present group. 

M. rubéllus, Gray. Viscid and sometimes pubescent: leaves from spatulate-oblong to 
linear, entire, rarely with a few salient teeth, a quarter to two-thirds inch long, commonly 
equalling the pedicels; the lower sometimes obovate or ovate: corolla 3 or 4 lines long, 
from one-third to twice the length of the calyx, yellow or rose-color, sometimes yellow 
varying or changing to crimson-purple: fructiferous calyx oblong, 3 lines long; its teeth 
mostly short and obtuse.— Bot. Mex. Bound. 116, & Bot. Calif. l.c.; Watson, Bot. 
King, 225. JM. montioides, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 380, in part. — Gravelly moist banks, 
Washington Terr. to Arizona, Colorado, and E. New Mexico, chiefly in the mountains. 

Var. latifidrus, Watson, 1.c. Stems an inch or two high: leaves from linear to 
oblanceolate : corolla yellow, half to two-thirds inch long, with slender exserted tube, funnel- 
form throat spotted with brown-purple, and comparatively large limb, resembling that of 

AL. bicolor. — M. montioides, Gray, 1. c., mainly. — W. Nevada, on the eastern side of the 

Sierra Nevada, &c., Anderson, &c. Adopted in this form in Bot. Calif. 1. c.; but probably 

a distinct species. 

+ + Leafy-stemmed, villous and viscid, diffuse: leaves membranaceons, more or less pinnately- 
veined and petioled, denticulate or serrate: corolla narrow, light yellow: calyx slightly if at all 
oblique; the teeth nearly equal. 

M. floribundus, Dougl. About a span high from an annual root, flowering from 
almost the lowest axils, at first erect, the lateral branches diffusely spreading: leaves 
ovate and the lower subcordate, an inch long or less; the upper shorter than the some- 
what racemose pedicels: calyx short-campanulate, becoming ovate or oblong and truncate 
in fruit, 5 or 4 lines long; the teeth short and triangular: corolla 3 to hardly 6 lines long, 
about twice the length of the calyx: capsule globose-ovate, obtuse. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 
1125; Benth. in DC. 1.¢. 372; Gray, l.c. AL. peduncularis, Doug). in Benth. Scroph. Ind. 
29, Cupraria pusilla, Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. 86.— Moist soil, Rocky Mountains of 
Colorado and Wyoming to California and Oregon. 

——-—M. moschatus, Dougl. (Musk Pranr.) More villous and viscous, musk-scented : 
stems spreading and creeping, thus perennial, a foot or so long: leaves oblong-ovate, an 
inch or two long, mostly exceeding the pedicels: calyx short-prismatic, oblong-campanu- 
late in fruit, 4 or 5 lines long; the teeth half the length of the tube, broadly lanccolate 
and acuminate, somewhat unequal: corolla usually two-thirds inch long and barely twice 
the length of the calyx: capsule ovate, acute. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1118; Benth. 1. c.; 
Gray, 1. 'c.— Wet places, along brooks, British Columbia to California and Utah. 

Var. longiflérus. Corolla elongated, reaching an inch in length, thrice the length 


of the calyx: later peduncles surpassing the leaves. — The usual form in California, also 
in Oregon. 


Conobea. SCROPHULARIACEZ. 279 


+— + + Scapose, i.e. peduncles scape-like: leaves 3-5-nerved, sessile. 

—=—M. primuloides, Benth. Perennial by filiform stolons : leaves all radical in a rosulate 
tuft, or crowded on an upright stem of 1 to 3 inches in height, soft-villous when young, 
glabrate with age, from obovate to oblanceolate, sparsely and sharply serrate or nearly 
entire, from 5 to 16 lines long: filiform and often solitary pedicels (1 to 4 inches long) and 
cylindraceous calyx glabrous: corolla golden-yellow, funnelform, a quarter to three-fourths 
inch long.— Seroph. Ind. Le, & DC. Le.; Regel, Gartenfl. 1872, t. 789; Gray, lL ¢.— 
Wet soil, through the Sierra Nevada, California, at 6-10,000 feet, extending to the Blue 
Mountains of Oregon. Like the other species varies greatly in size of flower as well as in 
stature. is 


§ 4. Mruvtofpes, Gray. Annual, with corolla of Humimulus, capsule with 
the divided placente of Hunanus, but the calyx campanulate and. 5-cleft; its tube 
not prismatic nor even carinate-angled, but almost nerveless; its lobes plane: 
stigma bilamellar.— Herpestis § Mimuloides, Benth. 


== M. pildsus, Watson. A span to a foot high, at length much branched, leafy, soft-vil- 
lous and slightly viscid, rarely glabrate, flowering from near the base: leaves lanceolate or 
narrowly oblong, sessile, entire, obscurely 3-nerved at base; the lower surpassing and the 
upper hardly equalling the pedicels: calyx oblique at orifice ; the tube somewhat 5-sulcate 
below the sinuses; the posterior tooth equalling and the others shorter than the tube; all 
oblong or ovate, rather shorter than the bright yellow (3 or 4 lines long) rather obscurely 
bilabiate corolla: lobes of the latter nearly equal, usually a pair of brown-purple spots on 
the lower: capsule oblong-ovate, acute. — Bot. King, 225; Gray, Lc. VW. exilis, Durand 
in Pacif. R. Rep. v. 12, t.12. Herpestis (\imuloides) pilosa, Benth. in Comp. Bot. Mag. 
ii. 57, & DC. 1. c. 394. —Gravelly soil along streams, nearly throughout California, and 
along the borders of Nevada to Arizona. 


— 14, STEMODIA, L. (Name shortened by Linneus from P. Browne's 
Stemodiacra, meaning stamens with two tips, in reference to the disjoined stipi- 
tate anther-cells.) — Chiefly tropical species, herbaceous or slightly shrubby, one 
reaching our borders. 


—— S. durantifélia, Swartz. Annual with indurated base, or sometimes perennial, viscid- 
pubescent: leaves either opposite or 3-4-nate, from oblong- to linear-lanceolate, serrate or 
denticulate, narrowed below and with somewhat dilated partly clasping base: inflorescence 
spiciform, leafy below: calyx 2-bracteolate: corolla purplish, quarter inch long. — Obs. 
t.240; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 383. Capraria durantifolia, L. Stemodia verticillaris, Link ; 
Reichenb. Ic. Exot. ii. t. 149.— Wet grounds, 8. Arizona. (Trop. Am.) 


15. CONOBEA, Aublet. (Unexplained name.) — Low or spreading an- 
nuals, all American; with opposite leaves, and small flowers on axillary pedicels, 
2-bracteolate under the calyx. — Our species belong to 


§ 1. Levcésporsa. Leaves pinnately 3—7-parted into cuneate-linear divisions : 
anther-cells completely disjoined but contiguous: seeds striate-costate. — Leuco- 
spora, Nutt., with Schistophragma, Benth. in Endl. Gen. & DC. Prodr. x. 392. 


«== C, multifida, Benth. lc. A span high, diffusely branched, minutely viscid-pubescent : 
pedicels as long as the greenish-white and purplish corolla: sepals very slender: capsule 
ovate: seeds small, white, longitudinally costate.—Capraria multifida, Michx. Fl. ii. 22, 
t. 35. Stemodia multifida, Spreng. Syst. ii. 811. Leucospora multifida, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. 
Philad. vii. 87. Sutera multifida, Walp. Rep. iii. 271.— Along streams and shores, Ohio to 
Illinois, Arkansas, and Texas: also adventive below Philadelphia. 

C. intermédia, Gray. More viscid-pubescent: pedicels shorter than the calyx: sepals 
narrowly linear-lanceolate; the posterior one rather longer: corolla larger (3 lines long) : 
capsule ovoid-lanceolate: seeds larger, spirally costate.— Bot. Mex. Bound. 117.—New 
Mexico and Arizona, Wright, Rothrock. 


280 SCROPHULARIACES. Herpestis. 


16. HERPESTIS, Gertn. f. (‘Eomyotijc, a creeping thing, the original 
species creeping.) — Low herbs (chiefly American), commonly glabrous; with 
opposite leaves, and mainly axillary flowers, in summer. 


§ 1. Corolla obviously bilabiate ; the two posterior lobes being united to form 
the upper lip: pedicels and calyx ebracteolate: style dilated and 2-lobed at the 
apex, or stigma bilamellar. — § Mercadonia, Mella, & Cheetodiscus, Benth. in DC. 
Prodr. & Gen. ii. 952. 


* Erect or ascending glabrous perennials, drying blackish: leaves pinnately veined, mostly petioled 
and serrate or crenate: anther-cells divergent: style curved at apex: stigmas obovate. 

«=H. nigréscens, Benth. A foot or two high, mostly erect, very leafy: leaves from 
oblong to cuneate-lanceolate, serrate, with entire tapering base (1 or 2 inches long): pedi- 
eels equalling and the upper surpassing the leaves: upper sepals oblong-lanceolate, not 
much broader than the narrowly-lanceolate lower ones: corolla whitish or purplish: 
valves of the capsule often 2-cleft.— Comp. Bot. Mag. ii. 56, & DC. Prodr. x. 894. Gratiola 
acuminata, Walt. Car. 61; Ell. Sk. i. 15; Curtis, Pl. Wilmingt. in Jour. Bost. Nat. Hist. i. 
130. — G. inequalis, Walt. Le. ? Gerardia cuneifolia, Pursh, Fl. ii. 422. 2/atourea nigrescens, 
Benth. in Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 173.— Wet places, Maryland (A. Hay), and North Carolina 
to Texas, along and near the coast. 

—— H.chameedryoides, HBK. A span or two high, generally diffuse or decumbent: 
leaves ovate or oblong, serrate (half or three-fourths inch long), mostly surpassed by the 
pedicels: upper sepal ovate; the lower ones ovate or oblong: corolla yellow. — Nov. Gen. 
& Spec. ii. 369; Benth. lc. Lrinus procumbens, Mill. Dict. ALercadonia ovata, Ruiz & Pav. ? 
Lindernia dianthera, Swartz.  AMicrocarprea Americana, Spreng. Syst. ii. 368. — Moist 
ground, Texas. (Mex., W. Ind., 8. Amer.) 

Var. peduncularis (//. peduncularis, Benth. 1 ¢.) is founded on a form with erect and 
simpler stems, smaller and narrower leaves, and filiform pedicels of thrice their length. — 
Texas, Drummond, also Berlandier, &c. A similar form, but with diffuse or procumbent 
stems (H. peduncularis, Chapm. Fl. 291), is from Key West, Florida. 

* %* Creeping, or ascending from a creeping base, stoloniferous-perennial, rather succulent: stems 


villous-pubescent or glabrate: leaves closely sessile and partly clasping, nervose from the base, 
entire or obscurely crenulate : capsule 4-valved: corolla blue or violet, varying to white. 


+— Leaves pellucid-punctate, aromatic when bruised : ovary girt by a slenderly 10-12-toothed hypo- 
gynous disk: anthers somewhat sagittate: stigma dilated, obscurely 2-lobed: upper lip of corolla 
obcordate. 

exwo.H. amplexicatlis, Pursh. Stems a span to a foot or two long, creeping at base, then 

ascending and nearly simple, very leafy: leaves ovate, obtuse, half to nearly an inch long, 

sometimes a little pubescent: pedicels shorter than calyx or hardly any: upper sepal 

cordate: corolla 5 lines long, ephemeral. — Fl. ii. 413; Benth. l.c. Obolaria Caroliniana, 

Walt. Car. 166. A/vnniera amplexicaulis, Michx. F]. ii. 22.— Margin of pine-barren ponds, 

New Jersey (?) and Maryland to Louisiana. 

+— + Leaves not punctate: hypogynous disk obscure and entire or none: anthers parallel: stigma 
2-lamellar: upper lip of corolla merely emarginate. 

H. répens, Cham. & Schl. Glabrous, or summit of the creeping stems puberulent: 
leaves oval and with broad clasping base (quarter to half inch long): pedicels about the 
length of flower and fructiferous calyx: upper and lower sepals broadly oval or sub- 
cordate, reticulate-veiny, in flower almost equalling the white or whitish corolla. — 
Linnea, v. 107; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 430. HZ. micrantha, Benth. 1. v., mainly (not Pursh, 
which is chiefly Alicranthemum) ; Ell. Sk. ii. 105, ex char. Grratiola repens, Swartz, Fl. Ind. 
Oce. i. 89, & Ic. t. 8. — Wet soil, 8. Carolina, &c. (W. Ind., Brazil.) 

==. H. rotundifélia, Pursh. Larger: spreading and creeping stems usually villous-pubes- 
cent; leaves obovate or rotund, with cuneate-narrowed but partly clasping flabellately 
many-nerved base, often an inch long: pedicels longer than the flower (commonly in 
threes): corolla blue, almost twice the length of the ovate and oval sepals. — Fl. ii. 418; 
Benth. l.c. Afonniera rotundifolia, Michx. 1. c.— Margin of ponds, Illinois and Missouri to 
Louisiana and Texas. (Possibly also in “S. Carolina and Georgia,” but ZH. rotundifolia of 
Elliot is probably the ZH. amplezicaulis.) 


Gratiola. SCROPHULARIACER. 281 


Hrprantugéricw Ecéxse, Poepp. of Brazil, with aspect of Herpestis, was picked up in 
New Orleans by the late J. Hale, and is enumerated in Mann’s Catalogue, also by Chapman 
in Bot. Gazette, iii. 10: but it is probably a ballast waif and transient. 


§ 2. Corolla obscurely bilabiate; the limb being almost equally 5-lobed; tube 
somewhat campanulate: stamens hardly didynamous: anthers sagittate: stigma 
capitate. — Bramia, Lam. § Bramia, Benth. 


«=: H. Monniéra, HBK. Glabrous perennial, prostrate and creeping, somewhat fleshy : 
leaves spatulate to obovate-cuneate, entire or obsoletely somewhat toothed, sessile (4 to 8 
lines long), nearly veinless: pedicels at length longer than the leaves, 2-bracteolate at 
apex: upper sepal oyate: corolla (4 or 5 lines long) pale blue. — Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2577. 
H. cuneifolia, Pursh, Fl. ii. 418. H. Browne’, Nutt. Gen. ii. 42.  Gratiola Monniera, L. 
Monniera cuneifolia, Michx. 1. c.— River-banks and shores near the sea, Maryland to 
Texas. (Cosmopolite near the tropics.) 


17. GRATIOLA, L. Hepcz Hyssop. (From the Latin gratia, grace 
or favor, i.e. Herb-of-grace.) — Low herbs, of wide distribution ; with opposite 
and sessile entire or dentate leaves, and solitary axillary pedicels, usually 2-brac- 
teolate under the calyx: fl. summer. 


§ 1. Grariotdria, Benth. Anther-cells transverse and separated by a mem- 
branaceous dilated connective: capsule ovate or globular: soft-herbaceous and 
diffusely branching, either annuals or fibrous-rooted perennials from a creeping 
base, growing in wet soil. 

¥* Sterile stamens wanting or reduced to minute rudiments. 
, + Calyx ebracteolate: Pacific species. 

—— G. ebracteata, Benth. A span high or less, erect, nearly glabrous, obscurely viscid : 
leaves lanceolate, entire, or sometimes sparingly and acutely denticulate: pedicels slender, 
in fruit strict: sepals foliaceous, 3 or + lines long, equalling the yellowish corolla, mostly 
surpassing the globular and somewhat 4-angled capsule: seeds oblong.— DC. Prodr. x. 
695; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 570.— Oregon and N. California. 

+ + A pair of foliaceous bractlets close to the calyx and equalling it: Atlantic species, one 

extending westward to the Pacilic. 
a+ Pedicels filiform, equalling or exceeding the leaves: seeds oblong or oval. 

= oe golden yellow: capsule ovate-conical, acute, much exceeding the reflexed or spreading 

calyx. 

G. pusilla, Torr. Minutely viscid, almost glabrous, slender, 2 or 3 inches high: leaves 
oblong-linear, obtuse, entire (14 to 4 lines long): corolla 4 lines long; lobes retuse or 
emarginate: capsule 2 lines long: seeds comparatively large, obliquely obovate-oblong. — 
Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 402. Arkansas and the adjacent parts of Texas, Leavenworth, 
Wright, &e. 
== = Corolla yellowish or whitish, commonly with a tinge of purple: capsule broadly or globose- 

ovate, equalled by the calyx. 

G. gracilis, Benth. 1.c. Glabrous or nearly so, small and slender, erect: leaves from 
oblong- to linear-lanceolate, entire or sparingly dentate: corolla 3 lines long: capsule 
globular, but acutish. —E. Texas, Drummond, &c. Little known. 

G. Floridana, Nutt. Glabrous or nearly so, erect, a span or two high: leaves oblong- 
lanceolate or broader, entire or repand, sometimes remotely dentate, narrow at base (an 
inch long): corolla 8 lines long, with yellowish tube 2 or 3 times the length of the calyx, 
and the rather large white lobes all emarginate: capsule broadly ovate. —Jour. Acad. 
Philad. vii.103; Benth. in DC. 1. c. (with var.? intermedia, a form verging to next species) ; 
Chapm. FI. 292.— Florida, Georgia, and Alabama. Tennessee, Gattinger. 

== G. Virginidna, L. Viscid-puberulent or more pubescent, or below nearly glabrous, 
divergently branched from the base, a span or less high: leaves commonly glabrous, 
oblong-lanceolate, acute, from entire to denticulate-serrate, mostly narrow at base (the 
larger an inch or two long): corolla 4 or 5 lines long, with yellowish tube barely twice the 


282 SCROPHULARIACE. Gratiola. 


length of the calyx; lobes nearly white, the two upper emarginate: capsule ovate.— Spec. 
i.17; Torr. Fl. 13; Benth. l.c. G. officinalis, Michx. Fl. i. 6, not L. G. Carolinensis, Pers. 
Syn. i. 14. G. neglecta, Torr. Cat. Pl. N. Y. G. Missouriana, Beck in Am. Jour. Sci. 
x. 253, the viscid form. Conobeu borealis, Spreng. Syst. ii. 771.—Canada to Florida and 
Texas, and west (chiefly northward) to British Columbia, Oregon, and the eastern part 
of California. 

++ ++ Pedicels short, mostly shorter than the calyx: seeds linear. 


e== G. spherocarpa, Ell. Glabrous or nearly so: stem thick, erect or ascending from a 
procunibent creeping base, a span to afoot high: leaves from oblong-lanceolate to obovate- 
oval, from acutely dentate to repand, narrow at base (an inch or two long): corolla 5 or 6 
lines long, white: capsule globose, large (2 lines in diameter), pointless, usually somewhat 
surpassed by the calyx and bractlets. — Ell. Sk. i. 14; Benth. l.c.; Chapm. Fl. 292. G. 
acuminata, Vahl, Enum. i. 92, not Walt. G. Virginica, Pursh, 1. c., as to short pedicel, excl. 
syn. Gronov., &c. G. Carolinensis, LeConte in Ann. Lyc. N. Y. i. 105.— Maryland and 
Illinois to Florida and Texas. Remarkable for the size and rotundity of the capsule, and 
the short pedicel. (Mex.) 

* %* Stemle stamens conspicuously represented by a pair of filiform filaments with a minutely 
capitate tip: cauline leaves seldom at all narrowed at the partly clasping base: pedicels slender: 
stems all more or less creeping at base, and somewhat quadrangular above. 

+— Corolla golden yellow. 

«== G. atrea, Muhl. Glabrous or obscurely viscid-puberulent: leaves lanceolate, mostly 
entire (5 to 10 lines long) : upper pedicels equalling the leaves: bractlets equalling the calyx, 
longer than the globose-ovate capsule: corolla half an inch long: sterile filaments short. 
—Cat. ed. 1, 1813; Pursh, Fl. i. 12 (but the sterile filaments overlooked), excl. syn.; Ell. 
Sk. i118; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1399; Benth. in DC. Prodr. s. 404.— Lower Canada to 
Florida, chiefly eastward. 


+— + Corolla white or purplish-tinged, and the tube yellowish within. 
++ Bractlets conspicuous, either surpassing, equalling, or little shorter than the calyx. 


G. officinalis, L. Wholly glabrous: stem quadrangular, « foot or more high: leaves 
lanceolate, distinctly 38-nerved, entire or sparingly serrulate (an inch or more long), all ex- 
ceeding the pedicels and flower: bractlets usually exceeding the calyx: corolla 8 or 10 
lines long: sterile filaments elongated: capsule ovate, acute.— Schkuhr, Handb. t.2; Fl. 
Dan. t. 363; Benth. l.e.; Chapm. 1c. (but corolla not “pale yellow”), not Michx.— 
Georgia, LeConte, in herb. Torr. As this specimen is the only known authority, it is ques- 
tionable whether it is really of American origin. (Eu., N. Asia.) 

aes G. viscésa, Schwein. Viscid-puberulent or pubescent, a span high, rather simple: 
leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acutely dentate or denticulate, conspicuously clasping 
(one or two-thirds inch long), shorter than the pedicels: sepals and bractlets broadly or 
ovate-lanceolate: corolla 5 lines long: sterile filaments short: capsule shorter than calyx. 
— LeConte in Ann. Lyc. N. Y. i. 106; Benth. 1. c.—N. Carolina and Kentucky to Georgia, 
in the upper country. 

—— G. Drumméndi, Benth. 1.c. Puberulent and somewhat viscid, a span or two high: 
leaves lanceolate, acute, sparsely and acutely serrate (6 to 10 lines long), about equalling 
the pedicels: sepals and bractlets linear-subulate, much longer than the capsule: corolla 
from 5 to 6 lines long: sterile filaments short. —Chapm. Fl. 293. — Georgia to Arkansas, 
Louisiana, and Texas. 

++ ++ Bractlets minute or obsolete. 

-—. G. ramdésa, Walt. Minutely viscid-puberulent, a span or more high: leaves lanceolate 
or linear-lanceolate, acute, serrate with sharp coarse teeth (6 to 10 lines long), equalling 
or shorter than the pedicels : sepals linear (2 or 3 lines long), half the length of the corolla: 
sterile filaments filiform. —Car. 61. G. Virginica, Lam. Ill. t. 16, fig. 2. G. quadridentata, 


Michx. Fl. i.6; Ell. 1. c.; Benth. 1. ¢. (this specific name later and no better than that of 
Walter). —S. Carolina to Florida. 


§ 2. Sornrondntur, Benth. l.c. Anther-cells vertical, contiguous; the con- 
nective not dilated: herbs with erect and strict rigid stems, hirsute or hispid, 
growing in less wet soil: flowers subsessile, small: sterile filaments manifest, 


ai) peed ee 


Ilysanthes. SCROPHULARIACE.E. 2335 


filiform, with minutely capitate tip: capsule oblong-conical, acuminate, about the 
length of the 2-bracteolate calyx: seeds oval or short-oblong: corolla white or 
purplish-tinged. 


G. pilosa, Michx. Stem a foot or two high from an apparently annual root: leaves 
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sparingly and acutely denticulate, closely sessile by a broad 
base: corolla 3 or 4 lines long, little exceeding the calyx; the tube oblong. — FI. i.7; 
Pursh, l.ce.; Benth. l.c.; Chapm. Fl. 293. G. Peruviana, Walt. 1. v., not L.— New Jer- 
sey to Florida and Texas. : 

G. subulata, Baldw. A span high from a ligneous perennial root, very leafy: leaves 
linear-lanceolate, obtuse, entire, with revolute margins, rigid: corolla half inch long, 
somewhat salverform; its slender tube nearly thrice the length of the calyx, marcescent 
and recurving in age. — Benth. in DC. 1. ¢.; Chapm. 1. ¢. Sophronanthe hispida, Benth. in 
Lindl. Introd. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 445.— Coast of Florida, in sandy pine barrens. 

G. mecatocArpa, Ell. Sk. i. 16, is a factitious species, established by Elliott wholly upon 
Pursh's G. acuminata, which is based upon Walter’s character, but evidently confused with 
some other plant. 

G. micrAntua, Nutt. in Am. Jour. Sci. v. 287 (E. Florida, Ware), is characterized as hav- 
ing an erect angulate stem, a foot high, lanceolate and serrate acute leaves attenuate at 
base, peduncles shorter than the leaves, ebracteolate calyx 4-parted, and stamens 4. Prob- 
ably Scoparia dulcis. 


18. ILYSANTHES, Raf. (‘J)vg, mud, and éy, blossom.) — Low and 
rather small flowered annuals, or chiefly so, glabrous, branching; with opposite 
undivided leaves, all but the lowest sessile, and flowers on filiform ebracteolate 
pedicels, which are either axillary or by reduction of the leaves racemose or 
paniculate, in fruit usually refracted. Calyx-lobes narrow. Corolla violet or 
bluish, or partly white. Sterile filaments in ours glandular with a glabrous lateral 
lobe. Flowering all summer, in wet soil.— Raf. Ann. Nat. 1820, 13; Benth. in 
DC. Prodr. x. 418. 


I. grandifiéra, Benth. I.c. Stems creeping at base, leafy throughout: leaves roundish, 
entire, thickish: peduncles all much surpassing the leaves: corolla (3 or 4 lines long) 
about thrice the length of the calyx: lobe of sterile filaments rather long and borne 
below. the middle. — Lindernia grandiflora, Nutt. Gen. ii. 48.— Eastern Georgia and Florida, 
Nuttall, Garber, &e. 

I. gratioloides, Benth. 1. c. Diffusely spreading from the base, or at first simple and 
erect, leafy: leaves ovate or oblong, often slightly and acutely few-toothed; the later 
ones reduced to bracts: corolla (3 lines long) hardly twice the length of the calyx: lobe 
of sterile filaments short: capsule ovoid, equalling the calyx.— Capraria gratioloides, L. 
Spee. ed. 2, 876. Gratiola anagallidea, Michx. Fl. 1.5. G. dilatata, Muhl. Cat. G. atten- 
uata, Spreng. Syst. 1.39. G. tetragona, Ell. Sk. i. 15% Lindernia pyxidaria, Pursh, FI. ii. 
419, not Allioni. ZL. dilatata & L. attenuata, Muhl. in Ell. Sk. i. 16; Bart. Fi. Am. Sept. i. 
31. Herpestis callitrichoides, HBK. Ilysanthes riparia, Raf. 1.c.— Canada to Florida and 
Texas; also Oregon and California. (S. Am., E. Asia, and nat. in W. Eu.) 

I. refracta, Benth. 1.c. Stems a span or two high, erect from a rosulate tuft of spatu- 
late-oblong or obovate radical leaves (of an inch or less in length), filiform, below bearing 
one or two pairs of small and oblong or oblong-linear entire or obscurely serrate leaves, 
and above only linear-subulate bracts, which are many times shorter than the almost 
capillary racemose pedicels: corolla narrow (3 to 6 lines long), four times the length of 
the calyx: capsule oblong, from one half to twice longer than the calyx: root perhaps 
biennial. — Lindernia refracta, Ell. Sk. i. 579, LZ. monticola, Nutt. Gen. addend. — Mostly on 
dripping rocks, Western N. Carolina to Florida. 

Var. saxicola. Apparently only a smaller form, barely a span high, with more leafy 
stems, shorter internodes, and capsule (as far as seen) little surpassing the calyx. — 
Lindernia monticola, Muhl. Cat. 61? Z. saricola, M. A. Curtis in Am. Jour. Sci. xliv. 85. 
Ilysanthes saxicola, Chapm. F]. 294.— Mountains of 8. W. North Carolina to E. Florida. 


284 SCROPHULARIACES. Micranthemum. 


19. MICRANTHEMUM, Michx. (Composed of przgdg, small, and 
arfeuor, flower.) — Creeping or depressed small (American) annuals, in mud or 
shallow water, glabrous, branching, leafy throughout; the leaves opposite, rounded 
or spatulate, sessile, usually 3-5-nerved, entire. Flowers solitary in alternate 
axils, white or purplish, inconspicuous. — Gray, Man. ed. 5, 330. Hemdanthus, 
Nutt., includes the species with limb of corolla as it were halved, the upper lip 
wanting or uearly so. 


=m M. orbiculatum, Michx. Creeping freely: leaves roundish, 2 to 4 lines long: pedi- 
cels shorter than calyx: corolla white, hardly equalling the 4-cleft calyx ; its upper lip or 
lobe manifest: stigma capitate. — Fl. i.10, t.2. I. emarginatum, Ell. Sk. i. 18. — N. Caro- 
lina to Texas. (S. Am.) 

M. Nuttallii, Gray. Creeping, with ascending branches an inch or two high: leaves 
oblong-spatulate or oval-obovate, 2 or 3 lines long: pedicels equalling the campanulate 
4-toothed calyx: corolla purplish or white, with obsolete upper lip; middle lobe of the 
lower lip linear-oblong, nearly twice the length of the lateral ones: appendage of the 
stamens nearly equalling the filament itself: stigma of 2 subulate lobes. — Man. ed. 4, 
831.  Herpestis micrantha, Ell. Sk. ii. 1052 Hemianthus micranthemoides, Nutt. in Jour. 
Acad. Philad. i. 123, t. 6.— Tidal mud of rivers, New Jersey to Florida: fl. late summer 
and autumn. 


20. AMPHIANTHUS, Torr. (Aug, on both sides, érOog, a flower; a 
blossom produced both at base and apex of the stem.) — Single species. 


A. pusillus, Torr. A minute annual, glabrous, bearing a radical tuft of oblong or obo- 
vate leaves (each a line or two long) and a subsessile flower, also sending up a capillary 
scape an inch or two high and terminated by another similar flower subtended by a pair of 
leaves: corolla white. — Ann. Lyc. N. Y. iv. 82; Benth. in DC. 1. c. 425. — Shallow pools 
on flat rocks, Upper Georgia, particularly on Stone Mountain, Leavenworth, Canby, &e.: 
fl. early spring. 


21. LIMOSELLA, L. Mupworr. (Limus, mud, and sella, seat.) — 
Small annuals, or proliferous-perennial by stolons, glabrous (of wide distribution) ; 
with fibrous roots and a cluster of entire fleshy leaves at the nodes of the stolons, 
and short scape-like naked pedicels from the axils, bearing a small and white 
or purplish flower, in summer. 


=== L. aquatica, L. Tufts an inch or two high: clustered leaves longer than the pedicels, 
when scattered on sterile shoots alternate, in the typical form with a’spatulate or oblong 
blade on a distinct petiole; this in mud rather short, in water elongating to the length of 2 
to even 5 inches, — Reichenb. Ic. Germ. t. 1722. — From Hudson’s Bay to S. Colorado and 
the Sierra Nevada, California, in brackish mud, and in fresh water; also on the Pacific 
coast? (Eu., N. Asia, Australia, S. Am.) 
= Var. tenuifdlia, Hoffm. Leaves subulate or filiform, with little or no distinction of 
petiole and blade, seldom over an inch or so in length. — Gray, Man. 1. c.; Reichenb. Ic. 
Germ. l.c. ZL. tenuifolia, Nutt. Gen. ii. 48. LZ. subulata, Ives in Am. Jour. Sci. i. 74, with 
plate. JZ. australis, R. Br. Prodr. 443. — Brackish river-banks and shores. Canada to New 
Jersey. (S. Am., Australia, Eu., &c.) 


22. SCOPARIA, L. (Scope, twigs used for brooms.) — Tropical Amer- 
ican undershrubs or herbs, much branched; with small and slender-pedicelled 
flowers in the axils of the opposite and verticillate leaves. 

—— 8. dulcis, L. Annual or suffrutescent, almost glabrous: leaves from oblong-spatulate to 
narrowly lanceolate, tapering at base, the larger serrate and incised: sepals 4: corolla 

white, 3 lines wide.— Lam. Ill. t. 85. Gratiola micrantha, Nutt. in Am, Jour. Sci. v. 287? 


—S. Florida and perhaps on the Mexican border. (Mex., Trop. & Subtrop. Am., and now 
in Asia, &c.) 


Synthyris. SCROPHULARIACE. 285 


23. CAPRARIA, L. (Cuprarius, relating to goats, i. e. Goat-weed. — 
Tropical American herbs or undershrubs ; with rather small white or flesh-colored 
flowers, on slender often geminate pedicels, in the axils of the alternate serrate 
leaves. One species barely reaches our southern border. 


C. bifléra, Li. Suffruticose, 2 to 4 feet high, pubescent or glabrous: leaves oblong-lanceo- 
late, sharply serrate above the middle: sepals lincar-subulate, equalling the capsule. — 
Key West, and S, Texas on the coast; the glabrous form, mostly 5-androus, C. Mexicana, 
Moricand in DC. (Tropical shores.) 


24, SYNTHYRIS, Benth. (From ovr, together, and Overy, little door or 
valve, the valves of the capsule long adhering below to the short placentiferous 
axis.) —W. North American perennials, nearly related to Wiudfenia of S. E. 
Europe and the Himalayas; but the anther-cells not confluent and seeds discoidal. 
Leaves largely radical and petioled; those of the simple stem or scape and the 
bracts all alternate. Flowers small, purplish or flesh-color, in a simple spike or 
raceme; in summer. Stamens inserted close to the sinuses of the corolla. — DC. 
Prodr. x. 454, & Gen. ii. 963. 


§ 1. Ovules and seeds only a pair in each cell, on a short partition: capsule 
divaricately 2-lobed; the cells transversely oblong: seeds with thickish margins 
incurved at maturity: acaulescent, with naked scapes. 


——. 8. rotundif6élia. Rootstock short and creeping, bearing a tuft of cordate-orbicular doubly 
crenate or crenate-incised leaves (glabrous or slightly hairy), and weak scapes hardly 
exceeding the petioles (3 or 4 inches long): pedicels of loose short raceme longer than the 
bluish flowers (about half inch long): sepals spatulate: corolla campanulate. —S. ren- 
Jformis, Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 571, chiefly, not Benth. — Oregon, in shady coniferous woods of 
the Columbia and Willamette, Nuttall, £. Hall; and probably first collected in woods N. E. 
of Fort Vancouver by Gairdner. 

Var. cordata, a form with smaller and thicker almost simply crenate leaves of cord- 
ate outline. — S. reniformis, var. cordata, Gray, 1.c.— Gravelly hillsides, Mendocino Co., 
California, Aellogg & Harford. 

§ 2. Ovules and usually seeds several or numerous in each cell: capsule merely 
emarginate: seeds plane or meniscoidal, thin-edged. 
* Flowers racemose rather than spicate: leaves of the preceding section: capsule orbiculate, much 
compressed, acute-edged. 

~——§. renifoérmis, Benth. 1.c. A span or so high: leaves orbicular-reniform, crenate and 
crenately somewhat incised, an inch or two in diameter: surpassed by the somewhat 
bracteate slender scape: pedicels mostly shorter than the bluish flowers: capsule trun- 
cate-emarginate. —Wuilfenia reniformis, Dougl. in Hook. Fl. ii. 102, t.71. (Fig. 3 repre- 
sents the capsule much too long and too turgid.) — Oregon and Washington Terr. “ Grand 
Rapids of the Columbia and Blue Mountains,” Douglas. 

Var. major, Hook. Leaves of thicker texture and with multilobulate margin, the 
lobelets crenate: raceme spiciform: capsule strongly emarginate. — Kew Jour. Bot. v. 257. 
—Idaho. Fertile northerly slopes of snowy mountains, highlands of Nez Percez, Geyer, in 
fruit. Porphyry Peak, Prof. JJarcy, in flower. 

% * Flowers in a dense spike terminating a stouter and more or less bracteate or Jeafv scape or 


stem: rootstock or caudex short, thickish, not creeping: capsule turgid, from short-oval to ellip- 
tical, slightly emarginate or retuse. 


+ Leaves laciniately cleft or divided, all radical: corolla cylindraceous, considerably longer than 
the calyx, 4-cleft to the middle. 

S. pinnatifida, Watson. Tomentulose-pubescent and glabrate: leaves slender-peti- 
oled, from round-reniform to oblong in circumscription, from palmately to pinnately 3-7- 
parted or below divided, and the divisions again laciniately cleft or parted: scape spar- 
ingly bracteate, a span high: spike narrow: flowers subsessile: corolla whitish. — Bot. 


286 SCROPHULARIACES. Synthyris. 


King, 227, t. 22, wrongly depicted with 2 styles! — Utah, in Wahsatch Mountains at 9,000 
feet, }’atson. S. Idaho, on mountains near Virginia City, Hayden. 
Var. laciniata. Leaves all of roundish or reniform outline, and laciniately many- 
cleft to the middle or less. — Fish-Lake Mountain, Utah, 11,700 feet, L. F. Ward. 
+— + Leaves undivided, merely crenate or crenulate: scape or stem leafy-bracteate. 
++ Corolla mostly 2-parted, rarely 3-parted, and stamens inserted on its very base. 
~_S. alpina, Gray. A span or only an inch or two high, early glabrate except the very 
lanuginous inflorescence: radical leaves oval or subcordate, an inch or so long on a longer 
petiole: base of stem or scape naked: spike very dense, oblong or cylindraceous: bracts 
and lanceolate sepals very long-woolly-villous at margins: corolla violet-purple, very 
unequal; its broad upper lip twice the length of the calyx, the 2-3-parted lower one 
small and included.— Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiv. 251.— Colorado Rocky Mountains in 
the alpine region, first collected by Parry. 
~~—-§, plantaginea, Benth. A footor less high, rather stout ; tomentulose-pubescent when 
young, tardily glabrate: radical leaves oblong, rarely cordate, usually obtuse at base, 
pale or dull, 2 to 4inches long: scape very leafy-bracteate: dense spike 3 to 5 inches long: 
bracts and ovate sepals glabrate and villous-ciliate: corolla purplish; its upper lip little 
exceeding the calyx, twice the length of the 2-3-lobed lower one. — Prodr. 1. v.; Gray, 
1. ec. — Rocky Mountains of Colorado and New Mexico, in subalpine woods, first collected 
in Long’s expedition, by James. 
s= §. Houghtoniana, Benth. A foot or two high, pubescent: radical leaves cordate or 
ovate, 2 or 3 inches long: scape or stem strict, very leafy-bracteate: spike 4 to 8 inches 
long, dense, or at base open: bracts and oblong-lanceolate sepals soft-pubescent: corolla 
greenish or dull yellowish, not longer than the calyx, variously 2-4-parted ; the divisions 
almost equal in length. —Gray, Man. ed. 5, 331. — Oak-barrens and prairies, Michigan and 
Wisconsin to W. Illinois. Rarely with 3-celled ovary, or 5-merous calyx, or 4 stamens, 
the additional pair later. 
++ ++ Corolla wanting: stamens inserted on the outside of the hypogynous disk. 
“~~, riibra, Benth. 1. c. A span to a foot or more high, rather stout, more or less pubes- 
cent, and the spike (2 to 5 inches long) tomentose: radical leaves ovate or obscurely 
cordate (1 to 3 inches long), thickish; the cauline similar, but small and sessile: sepals 
oblong: capsule turgid. — Gymnandra rubra, Dougl. in Hook. FI. ii, 103, t. 172. — Along 
streams, interior of Oregon to Brit. Columbia, Montana, and N. Utah. Name inappropri- 
ate: perhaps the stamens are reddish. 


25. VERONICA, L. Spreepwert, Brooxiie. (Flower of St. Vero- 
nica ?) — Herbs in all the northern temperate regions, &c. (in Australia and New 
Zealand, in a peculiar section, shrubby or even arborescent, and with a turgid 
septicidal capsule), of various habit; the leaves opposite or verticillate, or some- 
times the upper alternate, as are the bracts. Flowers small, racemose, spicate, or 
solitary in the axils, never yellow; in spring or summer. 


§ 1. Leprd4npra, Benth. in DC. Corolla salverform; the tube longer than 
the lobes: stamens and style much exserted, the former inserted low on the tube: 
capsule ovate, turgid, hardly at all compressed, not at all emarginate, dehiscent at 
apex by all four sutures, at length more loculicidal: seeds numerous, oval and 
terete, with minutely reticulated coat: tall perennials: leaves mostly verticillate : 
flowers in dense terminal and also upper axillary spikes, minutely bracteate. — 
Leptandra, Nutt. Gen. i. 7. Hustachya & Callistachya, Raf. 

Lepranpra anGustironia, Lehm. Del. Sem. Hamb. 1839 (Veronica angustifolia, Steud.), 
mistakenly said to have been raised from New Orleans seed, is V. tub/flora, Fischer & Meyer, 
of E. Siberia. 

ame V. Virginica, L. (Curver’s Puysic.) Nearly glabrous, or foliage pubescent: simple 
stems 2 to 6 feet high: leaves in whorls of 3 to 9, lanceolate and slender-acuminate, some- 


Veronica. SCROPHULARIACER. 287 


times oblong, very closely and sharply serrate, 8 to 5 inches long: terminal spike 6 to 10 
inches long, with commonly several shorter ones from upper axils: corolla white, some- 
times bluish. — Spee. i. 9 (Pluk. Alm. t. 70, fig. 2); Hoffm. Comm. Gett.xv. t.1; Thunb. 
Fl. Jap. 20; Michx. FL i. 5. LEustachya alba & purpurea, & Callistachya Virginica, &c., Raf. 
Leptandra Virginica, Nutt. 1. c. ZL. purpurea, Raf. Med. Bot. t.59. Veronica Sibirica, L. 
Spec. ed. 2, 1.12. VT. Japonica, Steud.; Mig. Prol. Jap. 50.— Moist woods and banks, 
from Canada and Winipeg Valley to Alabama and Missouri: fl. summer. (Japan and 
E. Siberia.) 


§ 2. VERONICA proper. Corolla rotate with very short tube: stamens at the 
upper sinuses: capsule from emarginate to obcordate-2-lobed: seeds more or less 
compressed anteriorly and posteriorly, or plano-convex, or the inner face hollowed : 
low herbs. 


* Perennials, stoloniferous or creeping at base: racemes in the axils of the opposite leaves. 

+ Capsules many-seeded, turgid, orbicular and mainly emarginate: seeds merely compressed or 
plano-convex : lower part of stems rooting in shallow water: racemes commonly from opposite 
aes and elongated: pedicels slender, widely spreading: corolla pale blue, often purple- 
striped. 

= V. Anagallis, L. Glabrous, or inflorescence glandular-puberulent: leaves sessile by 
broadish somewhat clasping base, and tapering gradually to the apex, oblong-lanceolate, 
entire or obscurely serrate. — Fl. Dan. t. 903; Engl. Bot. t. 781.— Canada to Ilinois, New 

Mexico, and Brit. Columbia. (Eu., Asia.) 

=== V. Americana, Schwein. Glabrous: leaves all or mostly petioled, ovate or oblong, 
truncate-subcordate at base, usually obtuse: pedicels more slender. — Herb. Hook.; Benth. 
in DC. l.c. V. intermedia, Schwein. in Am. Jour. Sci. viii. 268, name only. V. Beccabunga 
of older Am. authors. V. Anagallis, Bong. Veg. Sitk., &e. — Canada and N. Atlantic States 
to New Mexico, California, and Alaska. 

+— + Capsule several-seeded, strongly compressed contrary to the partition: seeds very flat: 
racemes or spikes from alternate or sometimes from opposite axils: corolla mostly pale blue. 

== V.scutellata, L. Glabrous: stem slender, ascending from a stoloniferous base, a span 

or two high: leaves sessile, linear or linear-lanceolate, acute, remotely denticulate (2 or 3 

inches long): racemes several, filiform, flexuous: flowers scattered on filiform elongated 

and widely spreading pedicels: capsule biscutelliform, being deeply emarginate at apex 
and slightly at base.—Fl. Dan. t. 209; Engl. Bot. t. 782; Michx. 1. c.— Swamps, Hud- 
son’s Bay and N. Atlantic States to British Columbia and N. California. (Eu., N. Asia.) 
see VY. Crnamstorys, L. Stem ascending from a creeping base, pubescent, at least in two lines: 
leaves ovate or cordate, incisely crenate, subsessile: racemes loosely-flowered : pedicels 
little longer than calyx: blue corolla rather large: capsule triangular-obcordate. — Engl. 
Bot. t. 673.—Sparingly introduced into Canada, New York, and Penn. (Nat. from Eu.) 
== V. officinalis, L. Soft-pubescent throughout: stems creeping and procumbent: leaves 
short-petioled or subsessile, obovate-oval or oblong, obtuse, serrate, pale (an inch long) : 
spikes few, alternate or solitary, rarely from opposite axils, densely many-tlowered: pedi- 
cels shorter than calyx: capsule obovate-triangular or cuneate, with a broad and shallow 

notch at the apex.—Fl. Dan. t. 248; Lam. Ill. t.13; Engl. Bot. t. 765; Michx. 1. c.— 

Dry hills and open woods, New England to Michigan, and south to the mountains of N. 

Carolina and Tennessee. (Eu., N. W. Asia.) 

V. Kamtchatica, L.f. Villous with somewhat viscid hairs: stems ascending, 1 to 3 
inches long, bearing 3 to 5 pairs of leaves separated by short internodes: leaves 6 to 18 
lines long, broadly oval, obscurely serrate, contracted into a short petiole-like base: pedun- 
cles 1 to 3, erect, surpassing the leaves, somewhat corymbosely 3-8-flowered: pedicels 
about the length of calyx and bracts: corolla half inch or more in diameter, perhaps 
bright blue.— Suppl. 83. V. grandiflora, of Gertn. in Comm. Act. Petrop. xiv. t. 18, not 
of Don, &c. V. aphylla, var. (Willd. Spec. i. 60; Cham. & Schlecht. in Linn. ii. 556) gran- 
diflora, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 476; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iii. 245.— Kiska, one of the Aleutian 
Islands, Dall. (Kamtschatka and adjacent islands.) 

* %* Low perennials, with ascending or erect flowering stems terminated by a single raceme: 


cauline leaves above passing into bracts: seeds numerous, much compressed or somewhat menis- 
coidal. (Specimens disposed to turn dark in drying.) 


V. FruTicuLosa, L., of Europe, is in Greenland, beyond our limits. 


288 SCROPHULARIACEZ. Veronica. 


+— Capsule ovate, elliptical, or oblong, merely emarginate: stems erect from a slender creeping 
rootstock : leaves all sessile or nearly so: corolla blue or violet. 

V. Cusickii. A palm high, glabrous or pubescent: leaves ovate or oblong, entire (half to 
three fourths inch long); the pairs crowded up to the naked peduncle of the 3-9-flowered 
raceme: pedicels slender, often as long as the flower and longer than the oblong-linear 
bracts: corolla 4 or 5 lines in diameter, with ample rounded lobes: these surpassed by the 
filiform filaments and style; the latter thrice the length of the deflorate calyx. — Alpine 
region of the Blue Mountains, W. Oregon, W. C. Cusick, a form with glabrous thickish 
leaves. Scott Mountains in N. California, at 8,000 feet, #. Z. Greene, form with narrower 
and hirsute-pubescent leaves, rarely with a denticulation or two. Nearly related to V. 
macrostemon of Bunge. 

V. Stélleri, Pall. A palm high, hirsute, leafy up to the sessile corymbose raceme: 
leaves ovate, copiously crenate-serrate (three fourths inch long): pedicels slender, longer 
than the flowers: corolla as in the foregoing: stamens barely equalling its lobes: slender 
style not surpassing the calyx: “capsule ovate, hardly emarginate.” — Rem. & Sch. Syst. 
Mant. i. 102; Cham. in Linn. ii. 557; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 481.— Unalaska and other 
Aleutian Islands. (Kamtschatka and Curile Islands.) 

“== V. alpina, L. A span or rarely a foot high, hirsute-pubescent or glabrate: leaves mostly 
shorter than the internodes of the simple stem, ovate to oblong, crenulate-serrate or entire 
(half to full inch long): raceme spiciform or subcapitate, dense, or interrupted below: 
pedicels erect, shorter than the calyx (at least in flower), much shorter than the bracts: 
corolla with comparatively small limb, 2 or 3 lines in diameter, surpassing the stamens and 
short style: capsule elliptical-obovate, emarginate.— Fl. Lapp. 7, t.9, fig.4; Spee. i. 11; 
Fl. Dan. t. 16; Benth. 1. c¢.; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iii. 248. V. Wormskioldii, Reem. & Sch. Syst. 
i. 101 (villous inflorescence) ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2975 (as var. of a/pina), the larger-leaved 
and villous-pubescent form, commonest in N. America. 17 nutans, Bong. Veg. Sitk. 39, — 
Alpine regions, White Mountains of New Hampshire, Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada 
for nearly their whole length, and north to Labrador, subarctic regions, and Aleutian 
Islands. (Iu., Asia, Greenland.) 

+ + Capsule Karly orbicular and obeordate: lower leaves short-petioled; upper sessile: corolla 
usually bluish or pale with blue stripes. 

w== V. serpyllifélia, L. Glabrous or puberulent: stems creeping and branching at base, 
with flowering summit ascending 3 to 9 inches high: leaves oval or roundish, entire or 
erenulate (half inch or less long); the upper passing into bracts of the leafy spiciform 
raceme: pedicels erect, as long as the calyx.—Fl. Dan. t. 492; Engl. Bot. t. 1075.— 
Open and grassy grounds. Labrador to the mountains of Georgia, New Mexico, and 
across the continent to California and Aleutian Islands. (Eu., Asia, S. Am.) 

%* * Low annuals: flowers in the axils of ordinary or of the upper more or less reduced and com- 


monly alternate leaves: corolla mostly shorter than the calyx. (AIl but the first naturalized 
from the Old World.) 


4— + Seeds flat or flattish, small and numerous: flowers very short-pedicelled, appearing some- 
what spicate, the floral leaves being reduced or unlike the others. 
== V. peregrina, L. (Neckwxrp.) Glabrous, or above minutely pubescent or glandular: 
stem and branches erect, a span or two high: leaves thickish; lowest petioled and oblong 
or oval, dentate; the others sessile, from oblong to linear-spatulate, mostly alternate ; 
uppermost more bractlike and entire: capsule orbicular and slightly obcordate. —V. J/ari- 
landica, Murr. Comm. Geett. 1782, 11, t.3; not L. V. Caroliniana, Walt. Car. 61. 1. Xala- 
pensis, HBK.— Low grounds, and a weed in damp cultivated soil, throughout the U.S. and 
Canada to Brit. Columbia. (8. Am., and now almost cosmopolite.) 
osx V. arvensis, L. Pubescent, a span or two high, soon spreading: lower leaves ovate, cre- 
nate, short-petioled: floral sessile, lanceolate, entire: capsule broadly obcordate. — Cult. 
and waste ground, Atlantic States to Texas: rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.) 
+— + Seeds fewer, cyathiform, much hollowed on the ventral face (§ Omphalospora, Bess.): pros- 
trate or spreading annuals: flowers on slender at length recurving pedicels from the axils of 
ordinary and petioled leaves. 
em V. AGRESTIS, L. Pubescent: leaves from round-ovate or subcordate to oblong, crenate-ser- 
rate, about equalling the pedicels: sepals oblong, surpassing the small corolla: ovules 
numerous: capsule orbicular with a deep and narrow emargination, maturing few or soli- 
tary seeds. — Sandy fields, New Brunswick to Louisiana: rare. (Nat. from Eu.) 


—= 


ad 


x 


wr, 


Seymeria. SCROPHULARIACES. 289 


V. Buxsatit, Tenore. More pubescent: leaves mainly roundish, crenate-dentate, shorter 
than the filiform pedicels: corolla larger, nearly half inch in diameter, blue: sepals 
divaricate in fruit, ovate-lanceolate: capsule broadly obcordate-triangular, with a widely 
open emargination, ripening several or rather numerous seeds. — Waste grounds, rare in 
Atlantic States. (Nat. from Eu.) 

V. ueper@réria, L. Hairy: leaves roundish, often subcordate (half inch long), somewhat 
3-5-lobed, commonly shorter than the pedicels: sepals triangular-subcordate, acute, at 
length erect: corolla small: capsule turgid, 2-lobed, 4-ovuled, 2~4-seeded. — Moist banks, 
New Jersey, Penn., &c.: rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.) 

V. MaritAnpica, L. Spec. i. 14 (Pl. Gronov. Fl. Virg.) is Polypremum procumbens. 

V. CarotiniAna, Poir, Dict. viii. 520, appears to be Mitreola petiolata. 

V. rENIFORMIS, Raf. in Med. Rep. & Jour. Bot. i. 228, is not made out: perhaps V. hede- 
refolia, but its flowers are not “subsessile,” nor are they said to be so in the original char- 
acter in Med. Repository. 

V. P&rsni, Don, Syst. iv. 573 (V. reniformis, Pursh, Fl. i. 10), collected by Lewis and 
Clark “ on the banks of the Missouri,” is not identified, although described in detail ; probably 
not of this genus. 


26. BUCHNERA, L. (ZL. G. Buchner, an early German botanist.) — Erect 
perennials or biennials (of both worlds), drying blackish, scabrous; with un- 
divided leaves, the lower opposite, and the upper gradually reduced to subulate 
bracts of a terminal spike; the flowers white, bluish or rose-purple, produced in 
summer. 


B. Americana, L. Rough-hispid: stem strict, 2 feet high: lowest leaves obovate or 
oblong, obtuse; the others from ovate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, coarsely and sparsely 
dentate, somewhat veiny, sessile: spike short, rather dense, or interrupted: calyx not half 
the length of the tube of the purple (inch long) corolla: lobes of the latter cuneate-ob- 
ovate, 3 or 4 lines long. — Spec. ii. 360; Michx. Fl. ii. 18; Benth. in DC. 1. v. 498. — Moist 
sandy or gravelly ground, Western New York and Wisconsin to Virginia, Arkansas, and 
Louisiana. 

B. elongata, Swartz. Scabrous, but seldom hispid, slender, a foot or more high, long- 
naked above: radical leaves obovate; lower oblong or lanceolate, obscurely or rarely den- 
tate; upper linear: spike slender, often few-flowered: tube of purple (“blue or white ”) 
corolla not twice the length of the calyx; its rounded lobes not over 2 lines long. — Fl. 
Ind. Oce. ii. 1061; sie 1. c. — Pine barrens, 8. Carolina to Florida and Texas. (W-.Ind., 


BD Leeks } ‘2 KBE. 

27. SE ji fioekers , Pursh. (Henry Seymer, an English amateur-naturalist.) 
— Erect and mostly branching herbs (mainly of Atlantic States and Mexico, one 
in Madagascar !) ; annuals or some perennials ; with copious and mostly opposite 
incised or dissected leaves, the uppermost reduced to bracts of the somewhat race- 
mose or spicate and comparatively small yellow flowers, produced in late summer. 


§ 1. Style filiform and long: stigma simple or slightly capitate: corolla gla- 
brous within, except a line at the insertion of the stamens: anthers dehiscent 
from the apex and tardily to near the base: leaves small: stems paniculately 
much branched. 

* Leaves filiformly dissected: corolla very deeply cleft; the lobes oblong. 


—— S. tenuifdlia, Pursh. Glabrous, or the branches puberulent, very slender, 2 to 4 feet 


high: leaves (half inch long) copiously 1-2-pinnately parted: pedicels filiform: corolla 
about 8 and capsule 2 lines long: calyx-lobes setaceous: filaments minutely woolly at 
base: anther-cells acutish. — Fl. ii. 737; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 511. Anonymos cassioides, 
Walt. Afzelia cassioides, Gmel. Syst. 927. Gerardia Afzelia, Michx. FI. ii. 20.— Low pine 
barrens, N. Carolina to Florida and Texas. 


* %* Leaves or their divisions linear or broader: corolla-lobes obovate or oval, about the length of 
the tube and throat: pedicels short. 


74 Jias KE. 19 


é 


290 SCROPHULARIACE. Seymeria. 


+ Capsule ovate and gradually acuminate, 4 or 5 lines long, glabrous or nearly so: anthers sagit- 
tate, the cells very acute. 

S. scdbra, Gray. Hispidulous-scabrous, not glandular, slender, 2 feet high: leaves 
sparingly pinnately parted into few narrow linear divisions, or the upper few-lobed or 
entire : calyx-lobes subulate-linear: corolla glabrous. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 118.— Mountains 
near Rio Limpio, 8. W. Texas, Wright. 

+ + Capsule broadly ovate and merely acute, 2 lines long, glandular-hairy: anthers very obtuse. 

—— S. pectindta, Pursh, l.c. Minutely viscid-pubescent or glabrate, about a foot high, 
slender: leaves pinnately parted into rather few short- or oblong-linear divisions, or the 
upper incisely few-toothed or entire: calyx-lobes linear: corolla hairy outside, especially 
in the bud. — Ell Sk. ii. 122; Chapm. Fl. 297.— Dry sandy soil, N. Carolina to Florida and 
Alabama, and perhaps to Texas. 

S. bipinnatisécta, Seem. Very glandular-pubescent and viscid, a foot or two high, 
stouter: leaves rather copiously 1-3-pinnately parted; the divisions from linear to oblong, 
small, often incisely toothed; even the bracts and sometimes the oblong-linear calyx-lobes 
lobed or incised: corolla somewhat glandular-pubescent outside. — Bot. Herald, 323, t. 59; 
Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 117, as var. Terana, with short pedicels, &c.; but early flowers 
more slender-pedicelled. — W. and 8. Texas, Lindheimer, Wright, Bigelow, &c. (N. Mex.) 


§ 2. Style short, with enlarged and compressed tip: corolla densely woolly 
within above the insertion of the very woolly filaments: anthers oblong, freely 
dehiscent to base: leaves ample. — § Brachygne, Benth. 


we S. macrophylla, Nutt. Somewhat pubescent or glabrate; stems rather simple, 4 or 
5 feet high: lower leaves pinnately parted, and the divisions lanceolate and incisely toothed 
or pinnatifid ; upper leaves lanceolate or oblong, mostly entire: flowers very short-pedi- 
celled in the axils of the upper leaves and bracts: calyx-lobes from oval to lanceolate, 
about the length of the tube: corolla barely half inch long; the ovate lobes not longer 
than the tube: capsule globose-ovate, with a flat mucronate point.— Gen. ii. 49; Benth. 
in DC. Le. Gerardia macrophylla, Benth. in Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 205.— River banks and 
copses, Ohio to Illinois, Arkansas, and Texas. 


28. MACRANTHERA, Torr. (Maxgde, long, and drOyo6g, used for 
anther, but it is here the filaments which are long.) — Genus of a single species, 
most related to Hsterhazya of Brazil. Fl. autumn. 


M. fuchsioides, Torr. Tall biennial, minutely puberulent or glabrate, 3 to 5 feet high, 
with some strict virgate branches: leaves all opposite, short-petioled, from entire to pin- 
natifid or pinnately parted (the larger 4 to 8 inches long) ; uppermost reduced to linear or 
lanceolate bracts of the elongated virgate raceme: pedicels (near an inch long) divaricate 
or decurved with incurved apex, so that the flowers are erect: tube of the calyx very 
short and broad; the divisions distant, narrowly linear or somewhat spatulate, often pin- 
natifid-incised, rather shorter than the minutely puberulent orange-colored corolla: tube of 
the latter cylindrical, half to three-fourths inch long, slightly curved at summit; the lobes 
ovate, about 2 lines long: filaments with short and lax glandular beard: anthers less 
bearded or glabrate ; the linear cells mucronate-pointed at base. — Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 208, 
& Ann. Lye. N. Y. iv. 81; Benth. lc. & DC. Prodr. x. 513; Chapm. Fl. 297. Conradia 
Suchsioides, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 88, t. 11,12. Dasystoma tubulosa, Bertol. Mise. 13, 
t. 3.— Pine barrens, Georgia, Alabama, and Florida (not “ Louisiana ”), Dr. Gates, &e. 

Var. Lecontei, Chapm. |.c. Calyx smaller, with subulate wholly entire lobes 
usually much shorter than the tube of the corolla: but passing into the preceding form. — 
M. Lecontei, Torr. 1. c. 83, t. 4. —Lower Georgia, LeConte. Middle Florida, Chapman. 


29. GERARDIA, L. (John Gerarde, the English herbalist of the 16th 
century.) — Annual or perennial erect and branching herbs (all American and 
mostly of Atlantic U. S.) ; with mainly opposite leaves, the uppermost reduced to 
bracts of the racemose or paniculate showy flowers. Corolla rose-purple or yel- 
low; the former color rarely varying to white. Fl. late summer and autumn. 


Gerardia. SCROPHULARIACEE. 291 


§ 1. Dasystoma, Gray, Man. Corolla more or less funnelform, yellow; the 
proper tube within, as also anthers and filaments, pubescent or villous-woolly : 
anthers all alike, hardly included; the cells aristate at base: rather tall and large- 
flowered perennials or biennials; with calyx-lobes sometimes foliaceous and 
incised, and comparatively broad leaves often incised or pinnatifid. (For root- 
parasitism, see Gray, Struct. Bot. t. 145.) —Dasystoma, Raf. in Jour. Phys. lxxxix. 
99; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 520. 


%* Pubescence partly glandular and viscid, especially on the slender pedicels and calyx; corolla 
pubescent outside: root biennial or annual. 

== G. pedicularia, L. Paniculately much branched, 2 or 3 feet high, soft-pubescent or villous 
and viscid, or the foliage hardly so: leaves mostly sessile, an inch or two long, oblong- or 
ovate-lanceolate in outline, all pinnatifid ; the divisions crowded and incisely pinnatifid or 
toothed: pedicels 4 to 12 lines long: calyx-lobes foliaceous, from linear to oblong, equalling 
or longer than the tube, often denticulate or incisely serrate: corolla from 1 to 14 inches 
long. — Spee. ii. 611; Lam. Dict. ii. 529; Ell. Sk. ii. 121. Dasystoma pedicwaria, Benth. in 
DC. 1. c.— Canada and west to the Mississippi, south to Florida. 

=== Var. pectindta, Nutt. <A southern more villous and glandular form, with rather 
narrower leaves, and more foliaceous lobes of the calyx longer than its tube. — Gen. ii. 48. 
G. pectinata, Torr. in Benth. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 206. Dasystoma pectinata, Benth. in DC. 
l.c.; Chapm. Fl. 298.—N. Carolina to Florida and Arkansas. 


* * No glandular pubescence: corolla glabrous outside: root perennial. 


== G. grandifléra, Benth. Densely cinereous-puberulent: stem much branched, 2 or 3 
feet high, leafy to the top: leaves somewhat petioled, ovate to oblong-lanceolate in out- 
line, incisely and often lyrately pinnatifid, or the lower more divided and the upper merely 
laciniate-dentate (2 inches long): inflorescence leafy : pedicels shorter or rarely twice longer 
than the turbinate calyx-tube: lobes of the calyx lanceolate, entire or sparingly toothed, 
equalling or shorter than the tube: corolla inch and a half long. — Comp. Bot. Mag. 1. c.; 
Gray, Man. ed. 5, 335. Dasystoma Drummondii, Benth. in DC. 1. e. — Oak openings, &c., Wis- 
consin and Jowa to Tennessee and Texas. 

Var. integritiscula. A form with slender branches, bearing either sparsely serrate 
or entire leaves; or the lower laciniate-pinnatifid. — G. serrata, Torr., Benth. l.c. Dasy- 
stoma Drummondii, var. serrata, Benth. in DC.— W. Louisiana, Hale. 

«=> G. flava, L. Densely puberulent and somewhat cinereous: stem nearly simple, 3 or 4 feet 
high: leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, entire, or the lower sparingly sinuate-toothed 
or pinnatifid (2 to 4 inches long): pedicels very short: calyx-lobes oblong or lanceolate, 
entire, about the length of the tube: corolla inch and a half long, much dilated upward. — 
Spec. ii. 610, as to syn. Gronov. & Pluk., not herb.; Michx. Fl. ii. 19; Pursh, Fl. ii. 423; 
Torr. Fl. N. Y. ii. 47, t. 74. Dasystoma pubescens, Benth. in DC. 1. c.— Open woods, Canada 
to Wisconsin and Georgia. 

= G. quercifdlia, Pursh. Glabrous: stem at first glaucous, 3 to 6 feet high, simple or 
commonly branching: lower leaves once or twice pinnatifid or incised (3 to 5 inches long) 
and the lobes acute; the upper often entire and lanceolate, acute: pedicels equalling or 
shorter than the calyx: corolla not rarely 2 inches long, more funnelform and narrower 
below than in the preceding. — FL. ii. 423, t.19. G. flava, L., as to herb. Rhinanthus Vir- 
ginicus, L., as to Syn. Gronov. G. glauca, Eddy, Cat.; Spreng. Syst. ii. 807. Dasystama 
guercifolia, Benth. in DC. 1. c. —Dry woods, from New England and W. Canada to Llinois 
and south to Florida and Louisiana. 

S  G. levigdta, Raf. Glabrous or obscurely puberulent, not glaucous: stem slender, a foot 
or two high: leaves lanceolate (14 to + inches long); all the upper entire; the lower often 
incised or irregularly pinnatifid: pedicels and lobes of the calyx shorter than its tube: 
corolla much dilated above the short tube, an inch long and the limb fully as broad. — 
Ann. Nat. (1820), 18. G. integrifolia, Gray, Man. ed. 1, 307, ed. 5, 335. Dasystoma querci- 
folia, var. ? integrifolia (& var. intermedia ?), Benth. in DC. 1. c.— Oak barrens, &c., Penn. to 
Illinois and the mountains of Georgia. 

G. patula, Chapm. Obscurely pubescent or glabrate, not glaucous: stem weak and 
slender, loosely branching above, 2 or 3 feet long: leaves as of the preceding, but thinner : 


292 SCROPHULARIACER, Gerardia. 


pedicels filiform, 8 to 15 lines in length, widely spreading, mostly longer than the bracts or 
upper floral leaves: calyx-lobes about twice the length of the tube, spreading: corolla, 
funnelform, an inch and a quarter long. —Chapm. in herb. Dasystoma patula, Chapm. in 
Bot. Gazette, iii. 10, 1878. — Upper Georgia, in the mountains, on the banks of Horse-leg 
Creek, «a tributary of the Coosa River, Floyd Co., Chapman. 


§ 2. OropHytita, Benth. Corolla short-funnelform with very ampliate 
throat, purple (rarely white), naked within, as also the filaments: anthers muti- 
cous, glabrous or sparingly villous ; those of the shorter stamens smaller: scabrous- 
hispid or hirsute annuals; with sessile entire or divided leaves, sessile flowers, 
and deeply cleft calyx. — Otophylla, Benth. in DC. 1.c. 


= + G. auriculata, Michx. A foot or two high, branching above: leaves lanceolate or 
ovate-lanceolate, an inch or two long, sessile by a broad base, entire, or some (at least the 
upper) bearing an oblong or lanceolate lobe on each side at base: corolla seldom an inch 
long. — Fl. ii. 20; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 335. Seymeria auriculata, Spreng. Syst. ii.810. Otophylla 
Michauzii, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 512. — Prairies and low grounds, W. Penn. to W. North 
Carolina, and west to Wisconsin and Missouri. 
G. densifléra, Benth. More hispid and rough, very leafy: leaves rigid, pinnately 
parted into 3 to 7 narrowly linear acute divisions; those subtending the densely spicate 
flowers similar and much crowded: corolla over an inch long. — Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 206. 
Otophylla Drummondi, Benth. in DC. 1. c. — Prairies, Kansas to Texas. 


§ 3. EucerarpiaA, Benth. Corolla from short-funnelform to nearly campanu- 
late, purple or rose-color (with one exception), varying occasionally to white: 
calyx-teeth or lobes short: anthers all alike; the cells either muticous or mucro- 
nulate at base: cauline leaves linear or narrower and entire, rarely reduced to 
mere scales; the radical rarely broader and sometimes incised: flowers from 
middle-sized to small; the corolla externally and the anthers usually more or less 
pubescent or hairy: herbage glabrous or merely hispidulous-scabrous. 

* Root perennial: leaves erect, very narrowly linear, acute: pedicels erect, as long as floral leaves: 

calyx truncate: anther-cells mucronate-pointed at base. 

G. Wrightii, Gray. Very scabrous-puberulent: stems (a foot or two high) and virgate 
branches strict : leaves nearly filiform, with revolute margins: calyx-teeth short and subu- 
late: corolla glabrous within (and stamens nearly so), three-fourths inch long, light yellow! 
— Bot. Mex. Bound. 118.— Valleys and hillsides along the Sonoita, &c., Arizona, Wright, 
Bigelow, Rothrock. 

— G. linifdlia, Nutt. Glabrous and smooth: stems 2 or 8 feet high, sparingly or panicu- 
lately branched: leaves flat, thickish, a line wide: calyx-teeth minute: corolla an inch 
long, minutely pubescent outside, villous within and lobes ciliate: anthers and filaments 
very villous.— Gen. ii.47; Benth. in DC. lc. (not of Comp. Bot. Mag.); Chapm. FI. 
299. — Low pine barrens, Delaware to Florida. (Cuba, C. Wright.) 


* * Root annual: stems more or less leafy: herbage blackish in drying except in the last. 
+- Pedicels little if at all longer than the calyx and capsule: inflorescence racemose or spiciform. 
++ Calyx-lobes as long as the turbinate tube, and the sinuses very acute. 

G. heterophylla, Nutt. Nearly smooth, a foot or two high, paniculately branched, or 
the branches virgate: leaves rather erect, thickish or rigid; the lowest 3-cleft or laciniate 
(according to Nuttall); the others narrowly linear, mucronate-acute, scabrous on the mar- 
gins; those of the branchlets short and somewhat subulate: pedicels very short, alter- 
nate: calyx-lobes subulately attenuate from a broad base, very acute, in age spreading: 
corolla an inch or less long. — Trans.Am. Phil. Soe. n. ser. v.180; Benth. Comp. Bot. Mag. 
i. 207, & Prodr. 1. c. 517.— Prairies, Arkansas (Nuttall) and Texas. 

++ ++ Calyx-lobes shorter than the tube, and mostly separated by broad or open sinuses. 

-— G. aspera, Dougl. Stem and branches strict: leaves rather erect, strongly hispidulous- 
scabrous, all filiform-linear: pedicels mostly equalling and sometimes moderately exceed- 
ing the calyx, erect, most of them alternate: calyx-lobes deltoid-subulate or triangular- 
lanceolate from a broad base, acute, about half the length of the tube: anthers obscurely 


Gerardia. SCROPHULARIACEZ. 293 


if at all mucronulate at base: capsule elliptical in outline, 4 lines long: otherwise nearly 
like a scabrous form of the next, into which it may pass. — Benth. in DC. l.c.; Gray, Man. 
Le. G. longifolia, Benth. in Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 208, not Nutt. — Plains and prairies, from 
Saskatchewan and Dakota to W. Arkansas, and east to Wisconsin and Illinois. 

=== G.purptrea, L. Commonly a foot or two high, with virgate rather spreading branches: 
leaves usually spreading, narrowly linear, either somewhat scabrous or smooth with 
merely scabrous margins: pedicels shorter than calyx, mainly opposite: teeth of the 
calyx acute, from very short and distant to half the length of the broad tube (then with 
broad base and narrower sinuses): corolla an inch or less long: anther-cells cuspidate- 
mucronate at base: capsule globular, 2 or 3 lines long. — Spec. ii. 610, in part (confounded 
with G. tenuifolia), & of syn. Pluk., &.; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t.97. G. maritima, var. 
major, Chapm. Fl. 300.— Low and moist grounds, Canada to Florida and Texas near the 
coast, also Great Lakes to Illinois, &e. (Cuba.) A polymorphous species, of which the 
following are extreme forms. 

Jt Var. fasciculdta, Chapm. Usually taller, 2 to 5 feet high: leaves (and mostly 
branches) often alternate (and the cauline fascicled in the axils), very scabrous, narrowly 
linear or nearly filiform: pedicels in great part alternate: corolla commonly a full inch 
long. — Fl. 800. G. fasciculata, Ell. Sk. ii. 115.—S. Carolina to Florida, Texas, and Ar- 
kansas, usually in brackish soil. 

== Var. paupércula. Aspan to afoot high, smoother: stem more simple or with stricter 
branches: pedicels mainly opposite: flowers decidedly smaller: corolla usually only half 
inch long, lighter rose-purple: calyx-teeth deltoid-subulate from a broad base, leaving com- 
paratively narrower sinuses, sometimes over half the length of the tube. — G. purpurea, 
Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2048; Hook. FI. ii. 204. G. intermedia, Porter, in herb., a name to be 
adopted if a distinct species. — Lower Canada to Saskatchewan, and southward from 
coast of New England to Penn., N. Illinois and Wisconsin. A maritime form has many 
spreading branches. 

= G. maritima, Raf. A span or two high, with short branches from below, smooth: 
leaves fleshy, obtuse; the floral small: flowers accordingly in a more naked simple 
raceme: pedicels about the length of the calyx: teeth of the latter broad, short, and very 
obtuse: corolla glabrous, half inch, or in a Texan form (var. grandiflora, Benth., G. spici- 
Jlora, Engelm. Pl. Lindh. i. 19), three-fourths inch long: anther-cells mucronulate at base: 
capsule globular or ovoid, 2 or 3 lines long. —N. Y. Med. Rep. ii. 361; Nutt. Gen. ii. 46; 
Benth. l.c. G. purpurea, var. crassifolia, Pursh, Fl. ii. 422.— Salt marshes on the coast, 
Maine to Florida and Texas. 
+~ +~ Pedicels from once to thrice the length of the calyx, always much shorter than the corolla: 
res ter a or ramification paniculate ; some flowers” appearing terminal: anthers mucronulate 
at base 
—G. Plukenétii, Ell. Commonly 2 feet high, with many slender spreading branches: 
leaves all filiform, smooth or barely scabrous, seldom in fascicles, only some of the upper 
alternate: pedicels 2 to 4 lines long and alternate in upper axils, and solitary terminating 
leafy filiform branchlets: calyx truncate and with very short subulate teeth: corolla 
three-fourths to near an inch long, loosely long-villous in throat, as are the filaments 
and anthers. —Sk. ii.114. <Antirrhinum purpureum, &c., Pluk. Alm. 54, t. 12, fig. 4, poor. 
G. linifolia, Benth. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 209, not Nutt. G. jfilifolia, var. Gatesii, Benth. in 
DC. Le. G. setacea, Chapm. Fl. 300, not Walt.? nor Ell.? nor Pursh, nor Nutt., &c. — 
Sandy or wet pine barrens, Middle Georgia, Alabama, and Florida. Larger leaves an inch 
long. 

Var. microphylla. Slender: cauline leaves setaceous, half inch or less long, 
rather few, and on the branchlets reduced to minute subulate bracts (mostly less than a 
line long): corolla half to two-thirds inch long.— G. aphylla, var. grandiflora, Benth. 
Comp. Bot. Mag. 1. c.— Louisiana, Drummond, Hale. Keys of Florida, Blodgett, &e. 
Plukenet’s figure (Alm. t. 12, fig. 4) may be rightly referred here ; but it is not character- 
istic. 

+ + + Filiform pedicels about equalling or commonly exceeding the corolla in length: woolly 
anthers cuspidate or almost aristate at base. 
4+ Leaves all but the lowest cauline alternate and copiously fascicled in the axils. 
G. filifélia, Nutt. Smooth, often 2 feet high, paniculately branched above, very leafy up 
to the loose paniculate-racemose inflorescence: leaves numerous in the fascicles, filiform 


294 SCROPHULARIACEZ. Gerardia. 


and slightly clavate, rather fleshy, less than an inch long: pedicels mostly from an inch 
to half inch long: calyx-teeth short, triangular-subulate: corolla an inch or three-fourths 
long. — Gen. ii. 48; Ell. Sk. ii. 116; Benth. 1. c. (excl. var.); Chapm. 1. c.— Low pine 
barrens, 8. Georgia, Alabama, and Florida. 
peter All or most of the cauline (or even the rameal) leaves opposite, and few or none fascicled in 
the axils, 
= Blackening more or less in drying: capsule globular, hardly surpassing the calyx. 

+ G. setacea, Walt. Mostly scabrous, at least the setaceous-filiform leaves, and loosely 
and paniculately much branched: inflorescence more or less paniculate: pedicels ascend- 
ing, from half to an inch and a half long: calyx-teeth subulate, from minute to a fourth 
of the length of the tube: corolla three-fourths to about an inch long, often pubescent out- 
side; the margins of the lobes thickly lanose-ciliate: anther-cells short-aristate. — Car. 
170; Pursh, Fl. ii. 422, excl. hab.; Nutt. Gen. ii. 47; Ell. L¢.; not Benth., nor Chapm. 
G. filifolia & tenuifolia, var. filiformis (leptophylla in Comp. Bot. Mag. i: 209), Benth. 1. ¢. in 
part. G. tenuifolia, var. filiformis, Chapm. Fl. 300.— Pine barrens, &c., South Carolina to 
Florida and Texas. 

Var. longifolia (G. longifolia, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 180, G. jilifolia, var. 
longifolia, Benth. in a l.c.) is described from simple-stemmed specimens, collected on the 
“banks of the Arkansas,” Nuttall, which have long (but not “2 inch ”) leaves, setaceous- 
subulate calyx-teeth about half the length of the tube (not “nearly its length”) as in 
some Texan specimens, and corolla barely three-fourths inch long. 

s== G. tenuifdlia, Vahl. Smooth or usually so, about a foot high, paniculately much 
branched, but the inflorescence racemose: leaves mostly narrowly linear and plane, equal- 
ling the lower but mostly shorter than the uppermost (half to inch long and commonly spread- 
ing) pedicels: calyx-teeth very short: corolla about half inch long, nearly glabrous outside, 
except the minutely ciliate margins of its nearly equal lobes: anther-cells cuspidate- 
mucronate at base.— Symb. iii. 79, excel. syn. Pluk.; Pursh, l.c.; Nutt. l.c.; Bart. FI. 
Am. Sept. iii. t.82. G. purpurea, L. in part (as to ped. filiformibus, &c.). G. erecta, Walt. 
l.¢.7; Michx. Fl. ii. 20. — Low or dry ground, Canada and Minnesota to Georgia and Louis- 
iana. This sometimes has very narrow leaves, approaching filiform: it varies on the other 
hand into 

Var. masrophytla, Benth. Stouter: larger leaves 14 to 2 inches long and 
almost 2 lines wide, scabrous: pedicels ascending : calyx-teeth usually larger: corolla 
little over half inch long. —Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 209.— Western Iowa to Colorado and 


a eet 
G. HAG ora, Benth. ‘Obscurely scabrous, excessively paniculate-branched, rigid, a 


foot or more high: leaves filiform-lincar passing on the branches into subulate; these 
erect and half to quarter inch long, rigid, shorter than the erect or ascending (half to 
three-fourths inch) pedicels: calyx-teeth short but conspicuous, subulate, very acute: 
corolla half inch long or more: anther-cells aristulate at base. —Comp. Bot. Mag. & 
Prodr. 1. ec. — Texas, Drummond, &e. 

—. G. divaricdta, Chapm. Smoothish throughout, very slender, a foot or so high, with 
numerous lax and long branches and elongated racemose inflorescence: leaves filiform, 
widely spreading; the larger over half inch long; upper gradually reduced to small seta- 
ceous bracts: pedicels opposite, divaricate, capillary, about inch long: calyx-teeth minute: 
corolla barely half inch long; the “two posterior lobes shorter, truncate, and erect:” 
anther-cells abruptly aristulate at base. — Fl. 299, G. Mettaueri, Wood, Class Book, 1861. 
— Low sandy pine barrens, W. & S. Florida, Chapman, &e. 

== = Herbage drying green. 

«=G. Skinneridna, Wood. Somewhat scabrous: stem simple or paniculately branched, 
strongly striate, a span to 18 inches high, slender: leaves mostly filiform, ascending; the 
larger an inch long; those of the branches much smaller, the uppermost reduced to small 
bracts: pedicels racemose-paniculate, ascending, 4 to 8 lines long: calyx-teeth mostly 
minute: corolla a third to half inch long, glabrous outside, delicately ciliate, usually rose- 
color. —Class Book, 1847, excl. syn. G. setacea, Benth. in Comp. Bot. Mag. & DC. 1. c¢.; 
Gray, Man., &c., not of Walt., nor of Chapm. G. parvifolia, Chapm. FI. (1860) 200. — Sandy 
low ground, coast of Massachusetts (W. E. Davenport, A/rs. Piper, but rare north-east- 
ward), and Penn. to Iowa, and south to Florida and Louisiana. 


Castilleia. SCROPHULARIACEE. 295 


* * %* Root annual: stems leafless: cauline leaves represented by minute subulate scales. 

G. filicatlis, Chapm. |. c. Smooth, glaucescent, apparently leafless: stem about a 
foot long, filiform and weak, diffusely much branched} the elongated paniculate branch- 
lets terminated by a flower or bearing a few short lateral pedicels: minute scales or bracts 
mostly opposite: calyx-teeth minute: corolla 3 to 5 lines long; the two posterior lobes 
more erect and shorter: anther-cells aristulate at base. — G. aphyjlla, var. filicaulis, Benth. 
in Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 210. G. Mettauer/, var. nuda, Wood, Class Book, 1861, 530, & later 
G. nuda, Wood. — Low and grassy pine barrens of Florida and Louisiana, Drummond, 
Chapman, &c. 


—— G. aphylla, Nutt. Smooth: slender stem 1 to 3 feet high, strict and simple below, 


—_ 


about 4-angled, simple or mostly paniculate-branched above; radical leaves (rarely seen) 
small and oval or oblong, thickish, hispidulous, half inch or less long; cauline reduced to 
appressed subulate and mostly scattered minute scales: pedicels short, rather crowded in 
virgate mostly spiciform naked racemes: calyx-teeth minute: corolla 6 to 8 lines long, vil- 
lous within ; “the upper lobes reflexed:” anther-cells hardly mucronulate at base.— Gen. 
ii. 47; Ell. 1. c.; Benth. 1. c. excl. varieties ; Chapm. 1. c.— Low and sandy pine barrens, - 
coast of N. Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. 


30. CASTILLEIA, Mutis. Parnrep-Cuv. (D. Castillejo, a botanist of 
Cadiz.) — Herbs (American, mostly N. American, and two in N. Asia); with 
alternate entire or laciniate leaves, passing above into usually more incised and 
mostly colored conspicuous bracts of a terminal spike; the flowers solitary in 
their axils and ebracteolate, red, purple, yellowish, or whitish ; but the corolla 
almost always duller-colored than the calyx or bracts, mostly of yellow or greenish 
tinge. Fl. in summer. (Primary divisions generally received are not distinct 
enough for subgenera, except Epichroma of Mexico, with a funnelform calyx. 
Ours accordingly may all be embraced in § Eucnroma, ELuchroma, Nutt. Gen. 
ii. 55.) — Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 835, & Bot. Calif. i. 573. 


* Annuals or some biennials with fibrous root: at least the upper part of the bracts and sometimes 
of the calyx petaloid (bright red or scarlet, occasionally varying to yellowish): pubescence vil- 
lous or soft-hirsute. 


+ Atlantic species, flowering in spring or early summer, a span to a foot high: floral leaves or 
bracts dilated: calyx equally cleft before and behind into 2 broad or upwardly dilated entire or 
retuse lobes: galea (upper lip) shorter than the tube of the corolla, little surpassing the calyx, 
much exceeding the short lower lip. 

C. coccinea, Spreng, (Parstep-Cup.) Biennial, at least northward: rosulate radi- 
cal leaves mostly entire, obovate or oblong; cauline and bracts laciniate or 3-5-cleft; the 
middle lobe of latter dilated: calyx-lobes quadrate-oblong. — Syst. ii. 775; Benth. in DC. 
Prodr. x. 259. Bartsia coccinea, L. Spec. ii. 602. (Pluk. Alm. t. 102, fig. 5.) Euchroma coc- 
cinea, Nutt. 1. c.— Low sandy ground, Canada and Saskatchewan to Texas. 

C. indivisa, Engelm. Leaves lanceolate-linear and entire, or sometimes with 2 or 3 
slender lateral lobes: bracts and calyx-lobes obovate-dilated, bright red. ~ Pl. Lindh. i. 47; 
Benth. in DC. 1. c.— Texas, Berlandier, Drummond, Lindheimer, &c. Winter-annual, flower- 
ing in spring, no tuft of radical leaves surviving. 
+— + Ultramontane and Pacific annuals, with virgate stems, mostly tall and slender: leaves and 

bracts all linear-Janceolate and entire; the latter or at least the upper with petaloid (red) linear 
tips: flowers all pedicellate, the lower rather remote in the leafy spike: calyx gibbous and broadest 
at base, ovoid or oblong in fruit. wholly green, about equally cleft before and behind to near the 
middle; the segments lanceolate and acute or acutely 2-cleft at apex: galea of the narrow and 
straight corolla very much longer than the small not callous lip: capsule oblong. 

C. minor, Gray. A foot or two high: corolla half to three-fourths inch long, yellow: 
the oblong galea much shorter than the tube. — Bot. Calif. 1.573. C. affinis, var. minor, 
Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 119, & Am. Jour. Sci. Lc.— Wet ground, New Mexico and 
Nebraska to W. Nevada. 

C. stenantha. Taller, 1 to 5 feet high: corolla linear, double the length of that of the 
preceding species ; the slightly faleate and commonly reddish galea one-half longer than 
the tube.— C. affinis, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 829, in part (no. 1897); Gray, I. c. in part.— 


296 SCROPHULARIACES. Castilleia. 


Moist grounds, California from Monterey to San Diego, and through the southern part 
of the Sierra Nevada. 
* * Perennials. 
+— Calyx deeper cleft before than behind, tubular-cylindraceous, mostly colored red, as are a part 
of the bracts: corolla large, an inch or two long, well exserted from the lower side of the spatha- 
ceous calyx and at length somewhat arcuate or falcate, exposing the protuberant and very short 
callous lip; its galea about equalling the tube: lower flowers commonly pedicellate. 

— C. affinis, Hook. & Arn. A foot or two high, mostly strict, villous-pubescent or gla- 
prate: leaves narrowly lanceolate, entire, or some of the upper laciniate-toothed at apex; 
lower floral or bracts similar; upper shorter and broader, red: spike or raceme lax below: 
calyx narrowly cylindrical, red, an inch long, its anterior fissure hardly twice the depth of 
the posterior; narrowly oblong lobes acutely 2-cleft at apex : corolla 1} to 1} inches long. 
— Bot. Beech. 154, 380; Benth. in DC. 1. c., & Pl. Hartw. no. 1896; Meyer, Sert. Petrop. 
ii. t. 15 4 — California, in moist grounds about San Francisco Bay, on the Sacramento, 
and south to Tejon, &e. * 

— C.laxa, Gray. A foot high, weak and slender, short-pubescent: leaves linear-lanceolate, 
entire, barely 2 inches long, 3-nerved, spreading: bracts similar or broader, the upper red- 
dish: flowers few and crowded: calyx broadly cylindraceous, inch long, its anterior fissure 
not twice the depth of the posterior, both short; the lobes broad and broadly 2-toothed : 
corolla inch and a half long, nearly straight; its galea shorter than the tube. — Bot. 
Mex. Bound. 119 & Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c.— Mountain side, southern border of Arizona 
near Santa Cruz, Wright. 

C. oblongifélia. Two feet or more high, very leafy, densely villous or pubescent: 
leaves widely spreading, 5-nerved, 1 or 2 inches long, narrowly elliptical and very obtuse, 
or the uppermost oblong-ovate and acute: bracts similar, the upper reddish: spike many- 
flowered: calyx-lobes narrowly lanceolate or linear: corolla 2 inches long; somewhat 
falcate narrow galea as long as the tube; lip very protuberant and fleshy globular-saccate, 
its minute lobes subulate. — Southern borders of San Diego Co., California, Palmer. Col- 
lected along with C. miniata. 

«== C. linariefolia, Benth. Mostly tall and strict, 2 to 5 feet high, glabrous below, the sev- 
eral-many-flowered spike somewhat pubescent or villous: leaves linear, entire, or some of 
the upper sparingly laciniate, and the uppermost and bracts 3-parted, 1-3-nerved; divisions 
not dilated: calyx narrowly cylindrical, over an inch long, mostly red or crimson, some- 
times pale; the anterior fissure very much deeper than the posterior; the long upper lip 
acutely 4-toothed or 2-cleft and the lobes 2-toothed: corolla 14 or 2 inches long; its nar- 
row falcate and much exserted galea as long as the tube. — DC. 1. c.; Gray, lL. ¢., & Bot. 
Calif. i. 573. C. candens, Durand in Pacif. R. Rep. v. 12, 4 pubescent form. — Through 
the mountains of Colorado and Wyoming to New Mexico, Arizona, and Sierra Nevada 
of California. 
++ + Calyx about equally cleft before and behind: floral leaves or bracts more or less dilated and 

petaloid-colored (red or crimson, varying to yellowish or whitish). 
++ Pubescence never tomentose nor cinereous-tomentulose. 
== Galea equalling or longer than the tube of the corolla; the lip very short. 


C. latifélia, Hook. & Arn. A foot or two high, diffusely branched from the base, 
villous-hirsute and viscid: leaves short (half inch or more), dilated-obovate or oval, very 
obtuse, some 3-5-lobed: spike leafy: calyx 2-cleft to the middle; the oblong-obovate lobes 
entire or emarginate, almost equalling the small (8 lines long) corolla. — Bot. Beech. 154. — 
Coast of California. e 

== C. parvifi6ra, Bong. A span to 2 feet high, villous-hirsute, at least above: leaves 
variously laciniately cleft into linear or lanceolate lobes, or sometimes the cauline mainly 
entire and narrow (rarely oblong): calyx-lobes oblong and 2-cleft at apex or to below the 
middle: corolla an inch or less long; only the upper part of the narrow galea exserted ; the 
small lip not protuberant.— Veg. Sitk. 157; Gray, l.c. C. Toluccensis, Cham. & Schlecht. 
in Linn. ii. 579%  C. coccinea, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1186. C. hispida, Benth. in Hook. Fl. ii. 
105, & DC. 1. c. 582. C. Douglasii, Benth. in DC. 1. c. 530; narrow-leaved and large-flow- 
ered form. of coast of California. uchroma Bradburi’, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 47. 
E. angustifolia, Nutt. 1. ¢., a low and small-flowered subalpine form: same as C. desertorum, 
Geyer, in Hook. Kew Jour. y. 258.—Dry or moist ground, Sitka to S. California and 


Castilleia. SCROPHULARIACE.E. 297 


mountains of Arizona, east to Dakota and Colorado. A most polymorphoys species, and 
the oldest name not a good one. Bracts, as in other species, varying from red to yellow or 
white. 

«=< C. miniata, Doug]. A foot or two high, mostly simple and strict, glabrous or nearly so 
except the inflorescence: leaves lanceolate or linear, or the upper ovate-lanceolate, acute, 
entire (rarely laciniate-3-cleft): spike dense and short: bracts from lanceolate to oval, 
mostly bright red, rarely whitish, seldom lobed: calyx-lobes lanceolate, acutely 2-cleft: 
corolla over an inch long; the galea exserted, linear, longer than the tube; very short lip 
protuberant and callous, as deep as long, with ovate short teeth involute. — Hook. FI. ii. 106 ; 
Benth. l.c.; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 574. C. pallida, var. Unalaschensis, Cham. & Schlecht. 
l.c., partly. C. pallida, var. miniata, Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. 337.— Alaska to Sas- 
katchewan and southward along the higher mountains through Colorado, Utah and Cali- 
fornia. 
hee decidedly shorter than the tube of the corolla and not over twice or thrice the length of 

& lip. 

= C. pallida, Kunth. A foot or so high, strict, commonly villous with weak cobwebby 
hairs, at Feast the dense and short leafy-bracted spike, or below glabrous, not glandular or 
viscid: leaves membranaceous, mainly entire; the lower linear; upper lanceolate or ovate- 
lanceolate: bracts oval or obovate, partly white or yellowish, equalling the (half to inch 
long) corolla: calyx cleft to or below the middle and again more or less 2-cleft; the lobes 
oblong or lanceolate: galea 2 to 4 lines long, barely twice the length of the lip, its base 
not exserted from the calyx. — Syn. Pl. Aquin. ii. 100: Benth. 1. c.; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 
575. C. Sibirica, Lindl. Bot. Reg. under 925. Bartsia pallida, L. Spec. ii. 602. — Subarctic 
N. W. coast and islands, Chamisso, &c. (Siberia.) Passes into 

== Var. septentrionadlis, Gray. <A span to 2 feet high, sometimes almost glabrous: 
bracts greenish-white, varying to yellowish, purple, or red: lip smaller, from half to hardly 
a third the length of the galea.— Bot. Calif. l.c. C. septentrionalis, Lindl. Bot. Reg. 
t. 925; Benth. l.e. C. pallida, Hook. Kew Jour. Bot. v. 258. C. pallida, var. Unalaschensis, 
latifolia, Cham. & Schlecht. l.c. C. acuminata, Spreng. 1. ec. Bartsia acuminata, Pursh, FI. 
ii. 429. — Labrador, alpine summits of White Mountains and Green Mountains of New Eng- 
land, and north shore of Lake Superior, to the Rocky mountains of Colorado and Utah, 
and north-westward to Alaska, Aleutian Islands, &c. Some larger forms appear to pass 
into C. miniata. 
== Var. occidentalis, Gray. Dwarf and narrow-leaved form, 2 to 6 inches high: 
bracts comparatively broad, mostly incised or cleft, the tips and flowers whitish: lip 
about half the length of the rather broad galea. — Bot. Calif. l.c. C. occidentalis, Torr. in 
Ann. Lyc. N. Y, ii. 230; Benth. 1. c.— High alpine region of the Rocky Mountains, Colo- 
rado, and Sierra Nevada, California. ; 

Var. Haydeni. More slender, 3 to 5 inches high: linear leaves sometimes with one or 
two slender-subulate lobes: bracts merely ciliatepubescent, laciniately 3-5-cleft into linear 
lobes, bright crimson: lip not half the length of the galea.— Alpine region of the Sierra 
Blanca, S. Colorado, Hayden, Hooker, & Gray. Seemingly very distinct from C. pallida, 
but connected through the preceding variety. 

C. viscidula. A span high, tufted, pubescent with very short stiff mostly glandular- 
tipped hairs and somewhat viscid, only the dense naked spike with some short villous 
hairs: stems slender: leaves linear, attenuate, entire, or uppermost 3-cleft: bracts 3-5- 
cleft, more or less dilated ; the upper rather shorter than the flowers, with reddish or whit- 
ish lobes: calyx-segments shorter than the cylindraceous tube, 2-parted into linear-lanceo- 
late lobes: corolla three-fourths inch long; galea hardly one-third the length of the tube, 
twice the length of the lip; lobes of the latter elongated-oblong, equal in length to the 
ventricose obscurely 3-carinate but not callous lower portion.— Nevada, in the E. Hum- 
boldt Mountains, at 9,000 feet, Watson (part of no. 810). 

=== C. Lemmo6ni. A span or more high, pubescent, and the dense oblong spike somewhat 
hirsute-villous, not glandular: leaves narrowly linear, entire or 3-cleft; uppermost more 
dilated and cleft: bracts 3-cleft, the upper with reddish lobes and equalling the flowers: 
calyx-segments as long as the tube, oblong, petaloid, emarginate or barely 2-cleft at apex : 
corolla fully three-fourths inch long; galea oblong, about a quarter the length of tube, 
hardly twice the length of the ventricose lip; lobes of the latter ovate, rather shorter than 


298 SCROPHULARIACER. Casitfleia. 


the saccate portion, the 3 narrow obtuse keels or plice of which terminate under the lobes 

in as many conical gibbosities. — Sierra Co., California, probably in the alpine region, Lem- 

mon. Referred in Bot. Calif. to C. pallida, var. occidentalis. One of the transitions to the 

first section of Orthocarpus. : 

++ ++ Herbage white-woolly throughout; the tomentum loose or flocculent with age: leaves linear 
and entire: bracts 3-parted; the divisions more or less spatulate-dilated and petaloid: calyx- 
lobes broad and with rounded entire or slightly 2-lobed summit: corolla almost included, 7 to 9 
lines long, slender; the narrow galea little shorter than the tube; lip very short. 

==~C, folioldsa, Hook. & Arn. A foot or two high, and many-stemmed from a woody 

base: woolly hairs intricately branched: leaves narrowly linear (inch or less long), 

crowded below and fascicled in lower axils: spike close: galea shorter than the tube of 

the corolla. — Bot. Beech. 154; Benth. l.c.; Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. & Bot. Calif. i. 

574. — Dry hills, coast of California from San Diego to Mendocino Co. 

C. landta, Gray. Apparently herbaceous to base, branching, white with appressed 
arachnoid wool: leaves larger (inch or two long); the galea longer than the tube: flowers 
larger, more scattered in the spike: corolla rather more exserted. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 118. 
—S. W. Texas to Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) 


++ ++ ++ Tomentulose or cinereous-puberulent, or the stem only lanate-tomentose: bracts, &c., 
conspicuously petaloid: primary calyx-segments 2-cleft or 2-parted into narrow usually acute 
lobes: corolla more exserted, inch long or over; galea shorter than the tube; 


= Lip very short; its lobes not longer than the more or less callous saccate portion. 

--—C. integra, Gray. A span to a foot high: stem rather stout, tomentose: leaves cine- 
reous-tomentulose, linear (14 to 3 inches long, 1 to 3 lines wide), entire: bracts of the 
short spike linear- or obovate-oblong, red or rose-color, entire or sometimes incised : corolla 
inch and a quarter long; galea rather broad; lip strongly tri-callous, its lobes very short. 
— Bot. Mex. Bound. 119, & Am. Jour. Sci. Lc. C. angustifolia, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 
118, in part, not Nutt. C. tomentosa, Gray, 1. c., a more tomentose form.— Dry grounds, 
W. Texas to Colorado and Arizona. 

C. Lindheimeri. A span or two high, branched or many-stemmed from the base, cine- 
reous-puberulent or the stem tomentulose: leaves narrowly linear, entire or sparingly 
laciniate, or the upper 3-5-cleft, as are the bracts of the dense spike; these mostly peta- 
loid and dilated, from brick-red to rose-color or sulphur-yellow: calyx equally colored: 
corolla (inch or so in length) rather slender ; the lobes of the lip ovate, not longer than the 
callous saccate portion — C. purpurea, Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. 338, not Don & Benth. 
— Stony or fertile mountain prairies, on the Pierdenales and Guadalupe, W. Texas, Lind- 
heimer, &. Much more showy than the next, and with different corolla. 

== = Lip of corolla with longer and narrow lobes, and base less saccate. 

C. purptrea, Don. A foot or less high, minutely cinereous-pubescent and the stem 
appressed-tomentose: leaves narrowly linear and entire, or mostly once or twice 3-cleft or 
laciniate, with divisions and lobes all narrowly linear: bracts similar or with cuneate- 
dilated base; the broader lobes of the upper and the calyx magenta-color or purple: 
corolla (over an inch long) narrow; galea very much shorter than the tube, only twice the 
length of the lip: lobes of the latter elongated-oblong, plane and petaloid, very much 
longer than the obscurely saccate and not callous basal portion. — Syst. iv. 615; Benth. 
le. Euchroma purpurea, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 180.— Hilly prairies, 
Arkansas, Nuttall. E. Texas, Drummond (iii. no. 286 in part), Miss Hobart, Reverchon. 


+ + + Calyx deeper cleft before than behind: corolla either slender or small, with galea much 
shorter than its tube and lip comparatively long: bracts and calyx if colored at all yellowish : 
leaves or their divisions narrowly linear, rather rigid: stems numerous from the root. 


++ Lip of corolla half the length of the short galea, more or less trisacculate and little if at all 
callous below the narrow lobes: flowers yellowish or greenish white: clefts of the calyx moder- 
ately unequal. 


= Cinereous-pubescent: leaves mostly 3-5-cleft and the slender divisions sometimes again 2-3- 
cleft: bracts similar or with more dilated base, not even their tips colored. 

C. sessiliflora, Pursh. A span or two high, very leafy, cinereous-pubescent: leaves 
2 inches or more long, with slender lobes, rarely entire: lobes of the tubular calyx slender : 
corolla exserted, about 2 inches long: lip with linear-lanceolate lobes very much longer, 
than the obscurely saccate base. — Fl. ii. 738; Benth. l.c.; Gray, Le. C. grandiflora, 
Spreng. Syst. ii..775.  Euchroma grandiflora, Nutt. Gen. ii. 65.— Prairies, Wisconsin and 
Illinois to Saskatchewan, Dakota, and south to W. Texas and New Mexico. 


Orthocarpus. SCROPHULARIACEZ. 299 


C. brevifléra, Gray. Barely span high, more pubescent: lower leaves often entire and 
upper only 3-6-parted, an inch or so long: bracts of the dense spike more dilated, not sur- 
passing the flowers: calyx ovoid-oblong; its lobes lanceolate: corolla little exserted, less 
than inch long: lip with somewhat callous oblong plice or saccate keels about the length 
of the oblong obtuse lobes. — Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. 338. — Rocky Mountains of Colorado and 
Wyoming, in the alpine region, Nuttall, Parry, &c. 
== = Very glabrous up to the merely pubescent naked dense spike: cauline leaves all entire: 

bracts shorter than the flowers, dilated and 3-cleft; the lobes with petaloid yellowish tips. 

C. linoides. Stems strict, a foot high, rigid, branching at summit, very smooth, as also 
the rigid leaves (these 1 or 2 inches long, a line or less wide): calyx and corolla nearly of 
C. breviflora, the former with narrower lobes and the latter only half inch long. — Clover 
Mountains, Nevada, Watson. In Bot. King, included under “ C. pallida, var.” 
++ ++ Lip of corolla very short, globular-saccate and callous, and with very short ovate lobes: 

anterior cleft of calyx deeper. 

C. flava, Watson. A foot high, with numerous slender stems, cinereous-puberulent, at 
least above, and the elongated spike more pubescent: leaves entire or the upper with one 
or two lobes :. bracts 3-cleft and with dilated base; the upper and calyx yellowish: corolla 
hardly an inch long; narrow galea little shorter than the tube.— Bot. King, 230.— 
Mountains of E. Utah and Wyoming, in and near the Uintas, Watson, Porter. 


81. ORTHOCARPUS, Nutt. (’Og46c, upright, and zaendg, fruit; the 
capsule not oblique as in J/elampyrum.) — Low herbs, almost all annual (W. 
North American and one Chilian) ; with mainly alternate entire or 3—5-parted 
and laciniate leaves; the upper passing into bracts of the dense spike and not 
rarely colored, as also the calyx-lobes ; the corolla yellow, or white with purple 
or rose-color, often much surpassing the calyx. Seeds numerous or rather few. 
Fl. spring and summer. — Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 535; Watson, Bot. King, 
230, 457; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 575. 


§ 1. CastitLerofpes, Gray. Corolla with lip (i.e. lower lip) simply or some- 
what triply saccate, and with conspicuous mostly erect lobes; the galea (i.e. 
upper lip) either broadish or narrow: anthers all 2-celled: bracts with more or 


less colored tips: seeds with very loose and arilliform cellular-favose coat. — 
Bot. Calif. 1. ¢. 


* Root perennial: lips of the short and yellowish corolla more equal and less dissimilar than in 
any of the following ; lower one rather obscurely saccate; galea broadish, obtuse: filaments gla- 


brous. Transition to Castilleia. 

O. palléscens, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent, not hairy: leaves 3-5-parted into linear 
lobes, or the lower entire: bracts similar with dilated base, or upper with shorter obscurely 
whitish or yellowish lobes: calyx deeply 2-cleft, with broad lobes merely 2-cleft at apex: 
corolla over half inch long. — Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiv. 339, & Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 
384, in part, but only as to Nuttall’s Ewchroma pallescens in herb. O. Parryi, Gray in Am. 
Naturalist, viii. 214.— Rocky Mountains of N. W. Wyoming to E. Oregon, Nuttall, Parry, 
Cusick. 

=== O. pilésus, Watson. From soft-villous to hirsute-pubescent, a span or two high, very 
leafy : leaves of the preceding or more divided: bracts usually more dilated and colored, 
from yellow or whitish to dull crimson: calyx-segments deeply cleft or parted; the lobes 
linear. — Bot. King, 231; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 576. O. pallescens, Gray, 1. c., except as to 

Nuttall’s plant. — Sierra Nevada, California, at 5-10,000 feet, to Oregon. Varies with lax 

and with rather rigid leaves, with soft-villous and with hirsute pubescence. &c. 

%* * Root annual: filaments glabrous: galea narrow and nearly straight, lanceolate-triangular or 
broadly subulate. naked: lip moderately ventricose and somewhat plicate-trisaccate for its whole 
length; the teeth or lobes conspicuous, erect, oblong-linear: capsule oblong or oval. 

——O. attenuadtus, Gray. Erect, slender, a span or two high, hirsute-pubescent above: 
leaves linear and attenuate, often with a pair of filiform lobes: spike virgate: lower 
flowers scattered: bracts with slender lobes barely white-tipped : corolla narrow throughout, 


300 SCROPHULARIACE. Orthocarpus. 


half inch long, white or whitish: narrow teeth of purple-spotted lip nearly equalling the 
galea. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 121, & Bot. Calif. 1. c.— Moist ground, San Francisco Bay to 
Puget Sound. 

O. densifié6rus, Benth. Erect or diffusely branched from base, 6 to 12 inches high, 
above soft-pubescent: leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, attenuate upward, entire or with 
a few slender lobes: spike dense, many-flowered, at length cylindrical, or lowest flowers 
rather distant: bracts 3-cleft, about equalling the flowers; their linear lobes and (8 to 10 
lines long) corolla purple and white: teeth of the lip shorter than the galea,— Scroph. 
Ind. 138, & DC. Prodr. x. 536; Gray, l.c. —Coast of California, in low grounds. San 
Luis Obispo to Sonoma Co. 


—- O. castilleioides, Benth. lc. At length diffuse and corymbosely branched, 5 to 12 


inches high, minutely pubescent, or below glabrate and above somewhat hirsute: leaves 
from lanceolate to oblong, commonly laciniate; the upper and bracts cuneate-dilated and 
incisely cleft, herbaceous, or the obtuse tips whitish or yellowish: spikes dense, short and 
thick: corolla nearly inch long, dull white or purplish-tipped; lip ventricose-dilated : 
seeds longer or larger than in the preceding. — Pine woods and low grounds near the sea- 
shore, from Monterey, California, to Puget Sound or nearly. . 


* * * Root annual: filaments mostly pubescent: galea attenuate upward, densely bearded on 
the back with many-jointed hairs, uncinate or incurved at the obtuse tip, rather longer and very 
much narrower than the open-saccate lip, the summit of which under the short and small recum- 
bent lobes is trisacculate and the middle sacculus didymous: stigma very large, depressed-capi- 
tate: capsule ovate. (Transition to § Triphysaria. ) 


<= O. purpurascens, Benth. |l.c. Erect, rather stout, at length much branched from 


base, 6 to 12 inches high, hirsute: leaves with lanceolate base or body, and laciniately 
1-2-pinnately parted into narrow linear or filiform lobes, or the upper palmately cleft: 
spike thick and dense: bracts equalling the (inch or less long) flowers, somewhat dilated : 
their lobes and calyx-lobes with upper part of corolla crimson to rose-color, or sometimes 
paler and duller.— California, common along and near the coast from Humboldt Co. 
southward. 

Var. Palmeri. Flowers smaller: galea more linear: filaments glabrous or almost so. 
— Arizona, near Wickenberg, Palmer. 


§ 2. True OrtHocarpus, Benth. Corolla with simply saccate lip incon- 
spicuously or obsoletely 3-toothed, and moderately smaller ovate-triangular galea ; 
its small tip or mucro usually somewhat inflexed or uncinate: stigma small, 
entire: anthers all 2-celled: seed-coat very loose, costate-reticulated: root an- 
nual. — Orthocarpus, Nutt. Gen. ii. 56. Oncorrhynchus, Lehm. 


* Bracts abruptly and strikingly different from the leaves, much dilated, entire or the lower with 
narrow lateral lobes, more or less petaloid (purplish), becoming papyraceous and imbricated in the 
dense fructiferous (oblong or at length cylindrical) spike, toward base often hispid-ciliate, other- 
wise naked: corolla mostly rose-color: cauline leaves linear-attenuate ; lower mostly entire and 
upper 3-5-parted. 


—— O. pachystachyus. A span high, scabrous-puberulent and the stem hirsute: bracts an 


—_— 


=—=> 


— 


inch long, all the upper entire and oblong, rose-purple as is the (14 inch) glabrous corolla: 
tube of the latter much longer than the calyx: galea with conspicuous and slender 
incurved tip: anther-cells linear-lunate, mucronate-attenuate at base, glabrous. —N. Cali- 
fornia, near Yreka, Siskiyou Co., Greene. 

O. tenuifdélius, Benth. More slender, taller, somewhat pubescent or hirsute: bracts 
about half inch long, oblong or oval, partly purplish: corolla purplish, half inch long, 
puberulent ; the tube little surpassing the calyx; inflexed tip of galea minute and incon- 
spicuous: anther-cells oblong, sparsely pubescent. —Scroph. Ind. 12, & DC. 1. c.; Gray, 
Bot. Calif. i. 577. O. imbricatus, Torr. in Watson, Bot. King, 458. Bartsia tenuifolia, Pursh, 
Fi. ii. 429, exel. “flowers deep yellow,” which must refer to O. luteus. — Dry ground, Mon- 
call a? 7c and sguth,to the Sierra Nevada, California. 

ye HS racts Herbaceous, not ‘co ored, less or little different from the leaves, all 3- (rarely 5-) cleft 

and with acute lobes. 
+— Spike dense or close, mostly many-flowered : seeds costate. 

O. bractedsus, Benth. 1.c. Hirsute-pubescent: stem strict, a foot or less high: leaves 

as of the preceding or the upper broader: bracts of the thickish and dense spike broadly 


Orthocarpus. SCROPHULARIACEE. 801 


cuneate-dilated, shorter than the flowers, the divergent lobes broadly lanceolate: corolla 
rose-purple, half inch long; tube moderately longer than the calyx: galea with minute 
inflexed tip. — Gray, Bot. Calif. 1.¢.— Dry ground, Brit. Columbia to Oregon and northern 
portion of Sierra Nevada, California. 

= 0. luteus, Nutt. Pubescent and hirsute, sometimes viscid: stem strict, a span to a foot 
high: leaves from linear to lanceolate, occasionally 3-cleft: bracts of the dense spike 
broader or with more dilated base, completely herbaceous, mostly 3-cleft, about equalling - 
the flowers: corolla golden yellow, less than half inch long, twice or thrice the length of 
the calyx; tip of galea obtuse and straight. — Gen. ii. 57. 0. strictus, Benth. 1. c.; Hook. 
Fl. ii. 104, t. 172. — Plains, &c., N. Minnesota and Saskatchewan to Colorado, eastern 
borders of California, and Brit. Columbia. 

O. Tolmiei, Hook. & Arn. Puberulent, a span or two high, loosely branched: leaves 
narrowly lanceolate-linear, chiefly entire: bracts of the small and short spikes little 
dilated, often 3-cleft, the upper shorter than the flowers: corolla bright yellow, half inch 
long, 3 or 4 times longer than the calyx ; minute tip of galea inflexed.— Bot. Beech. 379 ; 
Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 536; Watson, Bot. King, 230.— Utah, in the Wahsatch Mountains, 
to S. Idaho. 

+— Spike looser, few-flowered: seeds with loose reticulated coat. 

—-O. purpureo-d4lbus, Gray. Minutely pubescent, somewhat viscid, simple or branched, 
a span or two high: leaves entire or mostly 3-cleft, filiform: bracts similar or somewhat 
dilated at base: corolla three-fourths inch long, purple and often partly white, with tube 
twice or thrice the length of the calyx; tip of galea mucroniform, inflexed. —Watson, Bot. 
King, 458; Bot. Calif. 1. c.—New Mexico and S. Utah, Woodhouse, Newberry, Parry, 
Ars. Thompson. : 


§ 3. Tripnysfr1a, Benth. Corolla with conspicuously trisaccate lip very 
much larger than the slender straight galea; its teeth minute or small; tube fili- 
form or slender: stigma capitate, sometimes 2-lobed: bracts all herbaceous and 
similar to the leaves (or with somewhat colored tips in two species) : root annual. 
— Triphysaria, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. ii. 52. 


* Anthers 1-celled: lip of corolla saccately 3-lobed from the end: seed-coat close, conformed to the 
nucleus, apiculate at one or both ends. 
+ Stamens early escaping from their enclosure in the less involute oblong-lanceolate galea. 

— O. pusillus, Benth. Small and-weak or diffuse, branched from the base, a span or less 
high, somewhat pubescent: leaves once or twice pinnatifid and bracts 3-5-parted into fili- 
form or setaceous divisions: flowers scattered, small and inconspicuous, shorter than the 
bracts: corolla purplish, 2 or 3 lines long; tube not surpassing the calyx; lip moderately 
3lobed, beardless: capsule globose.—Scroph. Ind. 12, & DC. l.c.; Gray, Bot. Calif. 
i. 578. — Low ground, San Francisco Bay to Oregon. 

——oO. floribindus, Benth. l.c. Erect, a span or more high, branched above, almost 
glabrous: upper part of leaves pinnately parted into linear-filiform divisions, some again 
cleft: bracts of the mostly dense many-flowered spike 3-5-cleft and dilated at base ; upper 
ones not surpassing the calyx: corolla white or cream-color, half inch long; tube twice 
the length of calyx; lip with 3 divergent oval sacs, 2 hairy lines within; the teeth lanceo- 
late, erect, scarious.— Gray, Bot. Calif. lc. Chloropyron palustre, Behr in Proce. Calif. 
Acad. i. 62, 66 ? — Hillsides, California, around San Francisco Bay, &e. 
+— + Stamens more strictly enclosed in the acute involute-subulate galea: lip of 3 obovate or 

globular-inflated sacs, not more than a quarter of the length of the filiform and mostly densely 
pubescent tube, the two folds separating the sacs within villous-bearded: flowers numerous in a 
rather dense spike: upper bracts not exceeding the calyx; lower and the leaves pinnately parted 
above the broader entire base into setaceous or filiform divisions. 

O. eridnthus, Benth. l.c. Erect. a span or more high, fastigiately much branched, 
pubescent: corolla sulphur-color, with slightly falcate galea brown-purple: tube 6 to 8 
lines long, thrice the length of the calyx.— Low grounds, coast of California, from Mon- 
terey northward. 

Var. roseus, Gray, 1. cv. Corolla rose-colored, or probably cream-colored changing 
to rose-purple; the tube shorter. — Triphysaria versicolor, Fisch. & Meyer, 1. cv. ? — Sandy 
fields, Noyo, Mendocino Co., Bolander, &c. 


302 SCROPHULARIACEZ. Orthocarpus. 


—— O. faucibarbatus, Gray. Aspect of the preceding, but nearly glabrous up to the 
short-hirsute or appressed puberulent bracts, less branched: divisions of the leaves rather 
coarser: corolla apparently white, with smaller sacs and less beard within the lip; the 
straight galea pale. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 121; Bot. Calif. i.579.— Moist ground, San Fran- 
cisco Bay to Mendocino Co., California. 

* %* Anthers 2-celled (lower cell mostly imperfect in the first two succeeding species): seed-coat 
loose and arilliform, coarsely reticulated. 
+— Lip of corolla very broad; its sacs deeper horizontally than long. 
++ Galea truncate at tip: sacs small, somewhat conical: capsule oblong, obtuse. 

O. gracilis, Benth. 1.c. Minutely pubescent, or below glabrous, branched from the 
base: slender branches a span or more high: leaves mostly 3-parted, linear-filiform: upper 
bracts of the rather dense spike shorter than the flowers; the tips of their lobes purplish- 
tinged : corolla pubescent, purplish (over half inch long) ; slender tube twice the length of the 
calyx: lip decidedly shorter than galea.— California, near San Francisco or Monterey, 
Douglas, Nuttall. Little known. 
++ ++ Galea subulate: sacs ample, very ventricose: stem simple or few-branched: spike thickish 

and dense, at least above: capsule ovate. 

O. campéstris, Benth. Glabrous below, but the calyx hirsute: stem 2 to 4 inches high: 
leaves and bracts narrowly linear and entire or nearly so: corolla white (9 lines long, and 
lip 2 lines deep): teeth of the lip scarious, slender, rather conspicuous. — Pl. Hartw. 329; 
Gray, 1. c.— Fields, Butte and Plumas Co., California, Hartweg, Mrs. Ames. 

— O. lithospermoides, Benth. Copiously hirsute above, pubescent below: stem a span 
to a foot high, strict, simple or with some erect branches, very leafy: leaves lanceolate or 
somewhat linear, 2-5-cleft or lowermost simple: bracts of the dense many-flowered spike 
cuneate-dilated and 8-5-cleft, about equalling the flowers: corolla an inch or less long, 
cream-color, often turning pale rose-color; sacs 3 lines deep; the teeth short and incon- 
spicuous. — Scroph. Ind. & DC. le. ; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 579. — Moist and dry ground, 
California, from San Francisco Bay nothwani, 

+ + Lip not so ample, surpassed by the subulate galea; sacs not deeper than long: stems strict 


and simple, or branched above: leaves or their lobes linear, mostly attenuated: spikes leafy: 
calyx-lobes slender: pubescence hirsute. 


++ Corolla yellow; the sacs nearly as deep as long. 

O. lasiorhynchus, Gray. Soft-hirsute: leaves mostly 3-parted and bracts 4-5-cleft: 
corolla an inch long, with filiform tube; lip 3 or 4 lines long; galea subulate-linear, densely. 
white-villous. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 82.—8. E. California, on and near the Mohave 
River, Palmer, Parry & Lemmon. 

QO. lacerus, Benth. Rather soft-hirsute and above viscid: leaves pinnately and bracts 
palmately 3-7-cleft or parted: corolla half or two-thirds inch long; the lip only 2 lines 
long: subulate galea glabrous or merely puberulent.— Pl. Hartw. 329; Gray, Bot. Calif. 
i. 579. O. hispidus, Watson, Bot. King, 230, in part.— Dry ground, California ; common 
through the whole length of the Sierra Nevada, and valley of the Sacramento. 

++ ++ Corolla white or merely purplish; sacs longer than deep. 

—— O. hispidus, Benth. Soft-hirsute rather than hispid: stem strict, mostly simple: 
leaves with few and slender divisions, or the lower entire: leafy spike virgate: calyx-lobes 
much shorter than the tube: corolla white, half inch long; lip barely a line deep.— 
Scroph. Ind. & DC. 1. e., at least in part; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c.—Low grounds, W. Ore- 
gon and northern part of California. 

O. linearilobus, Benth. Hirsute or nearly hispid: stem stouter, more branched: divi- 
sions of the leaves and bracts long and slender; the latter equalling the densely spicate 
flowers, their tips sometimes purplish-tinged: calyx-lobes much longer than the tube: 
corolla three-fourths inch long (white or purplish ?): sacs deeper than in the preceding at 
the upper part, narrowing gradually downward. — Pl. Hartw. 350; Gray, 1. c.—N. Cali- 
fornia, in mountain pastures, &c., Butte Co. to Mendocino Co., HZurtweg, Bolander. 


32. CORDYLANTHUS, Nutt. (Koodviy, a club, and érfos, flower, the 
corolla somewhat clavate.) — W. North American branching annuals; with alter- 
nate and narrow leaves, either entire or 8-5-parted, and mostly dull-colored 


Cordylanthus. SCROPHULARIACES. 303 


flowers in small terminal heads or clusters, or more scattered along the branches; 
the bracts and calyx not colored, and corolla seldom much surpassing the calyx, 
Seeds comparatively few and large, often apiculate or appendiculate at one or 
both ends. FI. summer. — Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 597; Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. viii. 381, & Bot. Calif. i. 580; Watson, Bot. King, 450. Adenostegia, 
Benth. in Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 445, & in DC. Prodr. x. 537, but the name 
abandoned in the same volume for the more appropriate one of Nuttall. 


§ 1. AnisocuEita. Calyx diphyllous: corolla cleft to the middle; the lower 
lip only half the length of the upper, entire, hardly saccate: stamens 4, with 
one-celled anthers (and rarely a vestige of the lower cell): both divisions of the 
calyx 6-nerved: no gland at tip of leaves: corolla “ bright yellow.” 


C. laxiflérus, Gray. A foot or two high, much branched, very hirsute, above some- 
what viscid: leaves short, linear, entire, or the uppermost 3-cleft: flowers approximate or 
scattered on the leafy branchlets (8 lines long), either sessile and ebracteolate or short- 
peduncled and 1-2-bracteolate: corolla little longer than the calyx: filaments villous 
below: seeds coarsely favose, not appendaged.— Bot. Mex. Bound. 120, & Proc. Am. 
Acad. 1. c. 883.— Hills and ravines, Arizona, Thurber, Palmer, Rothrock. The habitat “Salt 
Lake, Utah, Fremont,” needs confirmation. 


§ 2. Apenost&era, Gray, l.c. Calyx diphyllous: corolla 2-lipped at summit ; 
lower lip about equalling the upper, 3-crenate: flowers short-peduncled or sub- 
sessile, 2-4-bracteolate : upper leaves and bracts commonly with & depressed gland 
or callosity at the truncate or retuse apex: corolla greenish-yellow or purplish. — 
Adenostegia, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 637. 

* Corolla more exserted and conspicuous, fully inch long: stamens 4: anthers 2-celled: seeds 

coarsely favose. 
~~ C. Wrightii, Gray. A foot or two high, loosely branched, almost glabrous, or above 
puberulent-scabrous: leaves setaceous-filiform, 3-5-parted; floral similar, the tips not 
dilated: flowers several in the mostly dense terminal heads: corolla purplish, with rather 
long lips: anthers villous. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 120, & Proc. Am. Acad. l. c. —S. W. borders 
of Texas to N. Arizona, Wright, Rothrock. 


* s Corolla almost included, half to three-fourths inch long. (Natives of California and adjacent 
istricts. ) 


+— Stamens 4: anthers 2-celled: filaments villous: both divisions of calyx 5-6-nerved; the pos- 
terior entire or emarginate. 
++ Seeds rather numerous, about 20, delicately favose. 

~-- C. ramésus, Nutt. 1.¢c. A span or two high, diffusely much branched, cinereous-puber- 
ulent: leaves filiform, all but the lower usually 3-7-parted; no distinct apical gland or 
dilatation: flowers few in the small terminal heads or upper axils: corolla dull yellow, 
barely half inch long. ~ Watson, 1. c.; Gray, 1. c. — Dry interior region of Oregon and W. 
Nevada, to Wyoming. 
++ ++ Secds fewer and larger, mostly apiculate or appendiculate at one end; the coat close, 


minutely and closely lineolate with sinuous lines or reticulations, or at maturity smooth and even 
se a obliteration: callous gland generally apparent at the tip of some of the upper leaves 
or bracts. 
== C. filifdlius, Nutt. Tall, 1 to 3 feet high, loosely branched above, roughish-puberulent 
and somewhat viscid or nearly glabrous below, commonly more or less hispid above, 
especially the margins of the floral leaves: leaves 3-5-parted or some of the lower entire; 
the divisions from filiform to linear; those of the upper and the more dilated bracts usually 
broadening upward and with retuse tip: heads rather many-flowered, often proliferous : 
corolla purplish, over half inch long.— Benth. l.c. Adenostegia rigida, Benth. in Lindl. 
Nat. Syst. & DC. 1. c. 537. (Name replaced in the same volume by the then unpublished 
one of Nuttall.) — Dry and moist banks, throughout all but perhaps the northern part of 
California. Varies greatly in foliage, pubescence, &c., but generally well marked by the 
hispid- or setose-ciliate bracts and floral leaves. 


304 SCROPHULARIACES. Cordylanthus. 


Var. brevibracteatus, Gray, is glabrous up to the floral leaves, these hispid-cili- 
ate with short bristles, also shorter and fewer, as are the flowers in the head. — Bot. Calif. 
i. 622. — Soda spring, Kern Co., Rothrock. 

— C.pilésus, Gray. Paniculately branched, 2 to 4 feet high, soft-villous throughout, 
somewhat viscid, no rigid hairs: leaves linear, all but the floral entire; these commonly 
3-parted and with emarginate or callous-3-toothed tip: flowers few in the irregular termi- 
nal clusters, or some lateral and solitary ; corolla yellowish or purplish, half inch or more 
long. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 383, & Bot. Calif. i. 581.— W. California, in open dry ground 
from Santa Clara Co. northward. 

Var. Bolanderi, Gray, 1.c. Lower, less pilose, more viscid or glandular: flowers 
all scattered. — Mendocino Co., Bolander. Also from Plumas Co. to Tuolumne Co. in the 
foothills of the Sierra. 

——~C. ténuis, Gray, l.c. Effusely paniculate, a foot or two high, minutely cinereous-puber- 
ulent, at summit sometimes more pubescent and glandular: leaves very narrowly linear, 
entire: flowers scattered along the almost filiform branches, or some loosely clustered at 
their summit: flowers as of the preceding or smaller and the upper sepal narrower. — Dry 
ground, California from the mountains of Mendocino Co. to Lake Tahoe, and adjacent 
borders of Nevada. 
++ ++ Stamens 2: anthers 1-celled: filaments nearly glabrous: posterior division of calyx only 

2-nerved, 2-cleft at apex: seeds few, minutely favose. 

—— C. capitatus, Nutt. <A foot or two high, paniculately much branched, soft-pubescent 
and cinereous: leaves very narrowly linear, or those subtending the several-flowered ter- 
minal head broader and 3-5-cleft: corolla purplish, half inch long: capsule 8-seeded. — 
Benth. lL. c. 597; Watson, Bot. King, 231, 459; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c.—S. Idaho and N. 
Nevada, Nuttall, Watson. 


§ 3. Hemist&G1a, Gray, I.c. Calyx monophyllous; the anterior division 
wanting: flowers strictly sessile in the axil of a clasping bract or leaf, ebracteolate : 
corolla purplish or yellowish: no callous gland at the tip of leaves: herbage not 
glandular: seeds (those of C. maritimus not seen mature) rather numerous, 
scarious-appendaged ; the coat cellular-favose. 

%* Stamens 2: anthers 2-celled: filaments glabrous: seeds somewhat reniform. 

C. mollis, Gray. Barely a foot high, rather stout, much branched, villous-hirsute : 
leaves and bracts oblong-linear, obtuse, entire or the upper laciniate-toothed or pinnatifid: 
flowers in a thickish short spike: corolla three-fourths inch long. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 
884, & Bot. Calif. 1. c.— Salt marshes of San Francisco Bay, California, around Vallejo, 
Wright, Greene. 

* %* Stamens 4: anthers of longer stamens 2-celled, of the shorter with only the small lower cell: 
filaments glabrous or nearly so: Jeaves and even bracts all entire, pale or canescent; lower ones 
linear; upper, and especially the loosely imbricated bracts, lanceolate or broader and concaye or 
somewhat conduplicate: inflorescence at first capitate, becoming short-spicate. 

—C. maritimus, Nutt. 1.¢. A span or two high, corymbosely branched, cinereous-pubes- 
cent: leaves glabrate, slightly fleshy: pairs of filaments very unequal. — Gray, lL. c.— 
California, in sandy salt marshes, from San Diego to San Francisco Bay. 

C. canéscens, Gray, l.c. A foot or less high, corymbosely much branched, canescent 
with soft and short villous pubescence: uppermost leaves and bracts from oblong- to 
ovate-lanceolate : smaller filaments sometimes obscurely hairy. — Saline soil, Sierra Nevada, 
on the castern border of California to Salt Lake, Utah. 

Var. Parryi. A slender form, with narrower bracts and sparser flowers: smaller 
filaments with some scattered hairs.— C. Parryi, Watson in Am. Naturalist, ix. 3846.— 
8. W. Utah, Parry, Palmer. 

* *& %* Stamens 4: anthers all 2-celled: filaments villous: leaves and bracts mostly 3-5-parted 
into linear-filiform divisions : habit and inflorescence of § Adenostegia. 

C. Kingii, Watson. A foot or less high, diffusely branched, viscid-pubescent or villous : 
leaves 1 or 2 inches long: flowers loosely glomerate or somewhat scattered at the summit 
of the slender branchlets: calyx 4-6-nerved: corolla less than an inch long, purplish. — 


Bot. King, 233, t. 22,—W. Nevada, Watson. 8. Utah, Parry, Siler. 8. W. Colorado, 
Brandcyee. 


== 4 Se o 


Pedicularis. SCROPHULARIACE.E. 305 


33. SCHWALBEA, Gronov. Cnarr-seep. (C. G. Schwalbe, who 
wrote a tract on Sarsaparilla in 1715.) Clayt. FL Virg. ed. 1, 71.— Single 
species. 

S. Americana, L. Perennial herb, minutely soft-pubescent: stem strict, 2 feet high, 
leafy: leaves sessile, ovate or oblong, 3-nerved, entire, an inch or more long; upper grad- 
ually reduced to bracts of the loose virgate spike: corolla full inch long, yellowish and 
purplish : bractlets linear. — Spec. ii. 606 (Pluk. Mant. t. 348, fig. 2) ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. 
x. 588. — Low sandy ground, Mass. to Louisiana, near the coast. Fl early summer. 


384, EUPHRASIA, Tourn. Evesrient. (Greek for hilarity, from 
reputed power to restore impaired eye-sight.) — Genus of wide distribution, but 
only a single and insignificant N. American species. 


os= Hi. officindlis, L. Low annual: leaves from round-ovate to oblong, incisely dentate ; 
the upper with very strong setaceous-tipped teeth; lowest crenate: galea and lobes of 
lower lip of the purplish or bluish corolla deeply emarginate. —N. E. coast of Maine and 
Canada: depauperate and small-flowered forms, perhaps introduced from Europe. Alpine 
region of White Mountains of New Hampshire, shore of L. Superior, northern Rocky 
“~~ Mountains to Aleutian Islands and far northward; chiefly the var. Yartarica, Benth. in 
DC. (E. latifolia, Pursh, Fl. ii. 480); a low form with small flowers (2 or 3 lines long), and 
mostly rounded leaves (3 to 6 lines long): fl. summer. (Eu., N. Asia.) 


35. BARTSIA, L. (Dr. I. Bartsch, an early friend of Linnzus, who died 
in Surinam.) — Herbs, the genuine species chiefly of mountains or cold regions, 
both of the Old and New World; with opposite sessile leaves, and subsessile 
flowers, in the upper axils and in a terminal leafy spike. 


<==B. alpina, L. A span high, simple from a perennial root, pubescent, leafy: leaves ovate, 
crenate-dentate, half inch long: spike short: corolla over half inch long, purple, with 
obovate somewhat arching galea: anthers hairy on the back.— Spec. ii. 602; Engl. Bot. 
861; Pursh, Fl. ii. 430.— Labrador. (Greenland, Arct. & Alp. Eu.) 

B. Oponrfres, Huds. A span or two high from an annual root, branching, scabrous- 
pubescent: leaves oblong-lanceolate, coarsely and remotely serrate: spikes elongated, 
loosely flowered, partly in the axils of ordinary leaves: corolla small, rose-red: anthers 
nearly naked. — Fl. Angl. 268; Engl. Bot. t.1415. Euphrasia Odontites, LL. Odontites rubra, 
Pers. Syn. ii. 150. — Coast of Maine and of Nova Scotia. (Sparingly nat. from Eu.) 


36. PEDICULARIS, Tourn. Lousewort. (Pediculus, a louse; no 
obvious application, unless the herb was used as an insectifuge.) — Large genus, 
of perennial herbs, or rarely biennial or annual (as in P. palustris and P. euphra- 
stotdes) ; many arctic-alpine, rather few N. American, still fewer S. American. 
Leaves commonly pinnately cleft or dissected, mainly alternate ; flowers in a ter- 
minal bracteate spike, rarely in a raceme or scattered; in spring or summer. — 
Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 560; Maxim. Diagn. in Bull. Acad. Petrop. x. 1877. 


* Cauline leaves and flowers verticillate or mostly so: calyx 5-toothed: galea toothless. 

P. Menziésii, Benth. About 10 inches high, nearly glabrous, simple: leaves deeply 
pinnatifid or pinnately parted into oblong incisely toothed divisions: lower whorls of the 
spike rather distant: calyx inflated-globose; the teeth short, ciliate, somewhat crested: 
tube of corolla exceeding the calyx; galea straightish, slightly if at all rostrate, shorter 
than the depending lower lip.— Prodr. 1. c. 563.—N. W. Coast, JJenzies, in herb. Smith. 
Not identified: char. copied. Corolla of P. versicolor, but with much-dilated throat. 

— P. verticillata, L. A span high, glabrate or above pilose: leaves 1-2-pinnately parted 
or pinnatifid into small ovate or oblong divisions or lobes: spikes interrupted: calyx-teeth 
entire or serrulate: corolla red (half inch long): galea short, barely incurved at the blunt 
apex, nearly equalled by the lower lip. — Jacq. Austr. iii. t.206; Benth. 1.¢.; Reichenb. Ie. 
Germ, t. 1762. — Alaska to arctic regions, and Aleutian Islands. (Asia, Eu.) 

20 


306 SCROPHULARIACER. Pedicularis. 


P, Chamissénis, Stev. Commonly a foot high, robust, glabrous: leaves deeply pinna- 
tifid; divisions lanceolate, serrate or incised: lower whorls of the spike remote: calyx- 
teeth entire: corolla yellow (over half inch long); galea with incurved acuminate beak, 
becoming straitish.— Monogr. in Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosc. vi. 20, t. 4, fig. 1; Hook. FI. ii. 
107. P. Romanzovii, Cham. in Spreng. Syst. ii. 778. — Aleutian Islands, Chamisso, Dall, &c. 
(Adjacent W. Asia.) 

* * Leaves alternate, or some occasionally opposite. 

+ Galea produced into a filiform porrect or soon upturned beak; throat with a tooth on each side; 
tube of corolla nearly included in the 5-toothed calyx: leaves lanceolate in outline, pinnately 
parted; the linear or lanceolate divisions acutely or laciniately serrate, or the larger again 
pinnatifid: stems simple, strict, from a span to a foot and a half high: spike dense and many- 
flowered, naked: corolla dull rose-red or crimson-purple. 

=== P. Groeenlandica, Retz. Glabrous: spike 1 to 6 inches long: calyx-teeth short: beak 
of the galea half inch or more long, twice the length of the rest of the corolla, decurved 
on the accumbent lower lip, thence porrect and soon upwardly recurved. — Fl. Scand. ed. 
2, 45; Fl. Dan. t. 1166 (with flowers not well developed); Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 228; 
Hook. l.c. P. Grenlandica & surrecta, Benth. 1. c. 566. P. incarnata, Retz, Fl. Scand. ed. 
1, 117, & Obs. iv. 27, t. 1 (representing well developed ascending beak), not Jacq. &c. — 
Wet ground, Labrador and Hudson’s Bay to Alpine and subalpine Rocky Mountains, 
extending south to borders of New Mexico, west to Brit. Columbia, and south in the 
Sierra Nevada to King’s River, California, Dr. Matthews. (Greenland.) 

= Pf. attdllens, Gray. More slender: spike loosely lanate-pubescent when young: flowers 
smaller: calyx-teeth nearly as long as the tube: corolla dull violet purple: galea much 
shorter than the broad lower lip, about half the length of the obtuse and abruptly 
upturned or retrocurved filiform beak, which is only 2 or 8 lines long.— Proc. Am. Acad. 
vii. 884, & Bot. Calif. i. 582.— Wet ground, Sierra Nevada, California, from the Yosemite 
district to Placer Co., at 6-10,000 feet, Bridges, Brewer, &c. 
+— + Galea of the (short, half inch long) white corolla produced into a slender elongated-subu- 

late circinate-incurved beak, nearly reaching the apex of the broad lower lip: calyx cleft in 
front: whole plant glabrous. ‘ 

—— P. contdérta, Benth. A foot or less high, simple: leaves pinnately parted into linear 
incisely serrate lobes ; the upper reduced to simpler small bracts: spike naked, cylindrical, 
rather loosely many-flowered: galea with the slender beak almost circinate.— Hook. Fl. 

. ii. 108, & DC. 1. ec. 575.— Mountains of Oregon and Idaho, Tolmie, Hayden, &c. 

—=P, racemosa, Dougl. <A foot or so high, simple or sometimes branching, leafy to the 
top: leaves lanceolate, undivided, minutely and doubly crenulate (2 to 4 inches long): 
flowers short-pedicelled, in a short leafy raceme or spike, or the lower in remote axils and 
uppermost with bracts hardly surpassing the 2-toothed calyx: slender beak of galea 
hamate-deflexed. — Hook. 1. u., & DC. 1. c.—Subalpine regions, British Columbia to N. 
California, Utah, and Colorado. 
++ + + Galea falcate and with a conical or thick-subulate beak, edentulate: leaves at least pin- 

natifid: flower about half inch long. 
++ Stems more or less leafy, low: leaves simply pinnatifid: corolla ochroleucous. 


— P. Lappénica, L. Merely puberulent: stems clustered, a span or more high, leafy up 
to the short close spike: leaves lanceolate, pinnatifid half way down in many and close 
small oblong and incisely toothed lobes: calyx cleft in front, minutely 2-toothed behind: 
galea erect, with abruptly incurved conical short beak. — Fl. Lapp. t. 4, fig. 1; Fl. Dan. 
t.2; Pursh, Fl. ii. 309.— Labrador and Arctic America: apparently uncommon. (Green- 
land, Lapland to Kamtschatka.) 

e= P. Parryi, Gray. Glabrous, or the inflorescence slightly pubescent: stem a span or two 
high, very leafy at base, slightly so above: leaves linear-lanceolate in outline, deeply pin- 
nately parted; the divisions linear-lanceolate, acute (2 or 8 lines long), closely callous- 
serrate; uppermost leaves reduced to narrow linear bracts: spike dense, 14 to 4 inches 
long: calyx 5-toothed; the teeth entire: corolla ochroleucous or more yellow; galea 
strongly faleate, with decurved subulate-conical beak, of about the length of the width of 
the galea.— Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxili, 250; Porter & Coulter, Syn. Fl. Colorad. 97.— 
Rocky Mountains, from Wyoming or Montana through Colorado to Utah, within and on 
the border of the alpine region. 


Pedicularis. SCROPHULARIACE. OWL 


++ ++ Stem scapiform, or sometimes bearing a pair of leaves, low: leaves doubly pinnatifid: 
corolla probably purple: decurved or porrect narrow beak longer than the breadth of the galea: 
plants nearly glabrous, only a span high. 

P. pedicellata, Bunge. Leaves pinnately parted, and the oblong or lanceolate divi- 
sions incisely pinnatifid ; lobes very small, dentate: spike capitate and with one or two 
more distant pedicellate leafy-bracted flowers at base: calyx-lobes toothed or incised: 
corolla fully half inch long: lower lip much smaller than the galea.— Walp. Repert. iii. 
432 (name only) & in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iii. 278; Maxim. 1.c. 111. P. nasuta, Bong. Sitk., not 
Bieb. P. subnuda, Benth. in DC. 1. v. 577. — Sitka, Mertens, &c. Norfolk Sound, Eschscholtz. 
Also Labrador, according to Bunge, 1. c. 

P. ornithorhyncha, Benth. Habit, foliage, &c., of the preceding, according to the 
character: “ spike interrupted: calyx ovate-inflated ; the teeth nearly entire.” — Hook. 1. u. 
& DC. l.c.—“On Mount Ranier, Oregon, Tolmie.” Said to be related to P. rostrata, but 
with more dissected leaves, having very acute lobes, and a smaller lip. 

+ + + + Galea falcate, arcuate, or with apex more or less incurved, or anteriorly curvilinear; 
the beak very short and thick, or commonly none. . 

++ Stems branching from a biennial or perhaps annual root: flowers from the axils and in short 
terminal spikes: galea about the length of the lip, slender-bidentulate at the lower part of the 
apex. 

P. euphrasioides, Stephan. A span or more high, puberulent: leaves lanceolate ; 
lower pinnately parted into lanceolate incisely serrate divisions; upper pinnatifid; upper- 
most closely crenate: calyx cleft in front and with 2 or 3 entire teeth behind: corolla half 
inch long, yellowish and purplish; galea little shorter than the tube, with a very short 
and truncate horizontal beak. — Willd. Spec. iii. 204; Reichenb. Iconogr. i. t. 14; Benth. 
lc. P. Labradorica, Houtt. Linn. Syst. viii. 39, t. 57.— Labrador to Behring Straits. 
(Kamts. to Greenland.) 

P. palustris, L., var. Wlassoviana, Bunge. A foot high, glabrous: leaves all pin- 
nately parted; the small segments oblong, incisely crenate: calyx 2-cleft; lobes incisely 
cristate : corolla narrow, half inch long, purplish; lips much shorter than the tube; galea 
not at all rostrate, nearly straight, the anterior face curvilinear, a pair of minute additional 
denticulations at the throat. —Ledeb. Fl]. Ross. iii. 283; Maxim. l. e. PB. WW/ussor/ana, 
Stev. Monogr. 27, t.9, fig. 1; Benth. Lc. P. parviflora, Smith, ex Benth. — Hudson’s 
Bay to Kotzebue Sound, and south to Oregon. (Siberia.) 
++ ++ Stems simple, from a perennial root, leafy, and along with the spike longer than the leaves. 

== Atlantic States species, not alpine: leaves pinnatifid: spike short and dense. 


== P, Canadénsis, L. Hirsute-pubescent and glabrate, a span to a foot high: leaves ob- 
long-lanceolate, rather deeply pinnatifid; lobes short-oblong, obtuse, incisely and the larger 
doubly dentate: spike leafy-bracteate: calyx cleft in front: corolla ochroleucous or tinged 
or variegated with purple, narrow, less than inch long; cucullate summit of the galea 
incurved, its slightly produced tip emarginate-truncate and below conspicuously cuspidate- 
bidentate: capsule gladiate-lanceolate. — Mant. 86; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2506; Sweet, Brit. 
Fl. Gard. t. 67. P. gladiata, Michx. Fl. ii.18. P. equinoctialis, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. ii. 
232.— Moist woodlands and gravelly banks, Canada to the Saskatchewan, south to 
Florida, and west to the Colorado Rocky Mountains. (Mex.) 

<=> P. lanceolata, Michx. Glabrous or sparsely pubescent: stem robust, 1 to 5 feet high: 
leaves not rarely opposite, thickish, lanceolate or oblong, moderately pinnatifid and the 
short and broad lobes doubly crenate-dentate, or the upper leaves merely crenate and the 
teeth minutely crenulate: leafy bracts shorter than the flowers: calyx 2-lobed ; lobes 
crested with a roundish appendage: corolla straw-color, an inch long, rather broad; cucul- 
late summit of the galea incurved and produced into a somewhat beak-like evenly trun- 
eate and edentulate apex: capsule ovate, oblique. — Fl. ii. 18; Benth. 1. c. 582. P. Vir- 
ginica, Poir. Dict. v. 126. P. pallida, Pursh, Fl. ii. 424. P. auriculata, Smith, ex Benth. — 
Swamps, Connecticut to Virginia, Ohio and the Saskatchewan. Perhaps this is also 
P. resupinata, Pursh, 1. c., from Canada. 


== = Rocky Mountain species, tall or slender, not alpine. 
a. Leaves undivided: galea bidentulate at tip, equalled by the lip. 


— P. crenulata, Benth. Villous-pubescent, at length glabrate: stems a foot or less high: 
leaves oblong-linear or narrower, obtuse (14 to 3 inches long), closely crenate and the 


308 SCROPHULARIACES. Pedicularis. 


broad crenatures minutely crenulate: spike short and dense: calyx cleft in front, 2-3- 
toothed posteriorly: corolla whitish or purplish, three-fourths of an inch long, like that 
of P. Canadensis, but the teeth at the apex of galea less conspicuous. — Prodr. 1. c. 568; 
Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorad. 97.— Meadows and parks, Colorado Rocky Mountains, at 
7 to 10,000 feet, Fremont, Vasey, &c. 

b. Leaves all pinnately parted and the lower divided, ample: divisions lanceolate or linear-lan- 
ceolate, acutely laciniate-serrate or the larger pinnatifid: spike naked, many-flowered: bracts 
unlike the leaves: calyx 5-cleft; the lobes slender and entire: galea almost straight, cucullate at 
summit. 

— P. bractedsa, Benth. Glabrous, or the dense cylindraceous (1 to 3 inch) and usually 
pedunculate spike somewhat pilose: stem 1 to 3 feet high: divisions of the leaves 4 to 2 
inches long, linear-lanceolate: bracts ovate, acuminate, shorter than the flowers: calyx- 
lobes slender-subulate, equalling the tube: corolla less than inch long, narrow, pale yellow; 
galea much longer and larger than the lip, its cucullate summit slightly produced at the 
entire edentulate orifice, but not rostrate. ~ Hook. Fl. & DC. l.c. P. recutita, Pursh, FI. 
ii. 425, probably. P. elata, Pursh? not Willd. — Mountain and subalpine woods, Saskatch- 
ewan to British Columbia, and south to Utah and the Colorado Rocky Mountains. 

== P. procera, Gray. Puberulent: stem robust, 14 to 4 feet high: leaves pinnately divided 
into lanceolate (1 to 3 inches long) and irregularly pinnatifid segments, or the uppermost 
deeply pinnately parted; lobes mucronately serrate or incised: bracts lanceolate, caudate- 
acuminate, mostly longer than the flowers, serrate or denticulate, or the upper entire: 
spike 8 to 15 inches long: calyx-lobes lanceolate or subulate, much shorter than the tube: 
corolla about an inch and a half long, sordid yellowish and greenish-striate; galea hardly 
longer than the ample lip; its broad cucullate summit slightly incurved, hardly at all 
extended at the orifice, the lower angle with a short triangular tooth on each side: capsule 
broadly ovate. — Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiv. 251.— Low or wooded grounds of the Rocky 
Mountains in Colorado and New Mexico, at 8 or 9,000 feet. Leaves more compound, 
the bracts and calyx-lobes longer, and corolla larger than in the allied Siberian P. striata, 
Pall. 

= = = Rocky-Mountain-alpine: stem few-leaved, only a span or so high. 

P. scopulérum, Glabrous, except the arachnoid-lanate dense oblong spike: calyx-teeth 
triangular-subulate, entire, membranaceous, very much shorter than the tube: galea of 
the reddish-purple (three-fourths inch long) corolla with its somewhat produced apex 
obliquely truncate, edentulate or produced on each side into an obscure triangular tooth: 
otherwise as the following. — P. Sudetica, var., Gray in Am. Jour. 1. ce. — Colorado Rocky 
Mountains, at 12 to 14,000 feet, Parry, Hall & Harbour, &e. 

= = = = Arctic-alpme, in America only in high northern regions. 
u. Galea falcate-incurved and with somewhat produced bidentulate summit. 

P. Sudética, Willd. Glabrous, or the spike commonly hirsute-villous or lanate: stem a 
span high, few-leaved: leaves simply pinnately-parted; divisions lanceolate, incisely ser- 
rate or crenate; the teeth somewhat cartilaginous: spike dense, mostly short: calyx- 
teeth lanceolate or linear, little shorter than the tube, serrulate: corolla purple (9 or 10 
lines long); galea longer than the erose-crenulate lobes of the lip; the tooth at the lower 
side of truncate apex on each side conspicuous and cuspidate, sometimes shorter and 
triangular-acuminate. — Spec. iii. 209; Stev. Monogr. 44, t. 15; Reichenb. Iconogr. iv. 
t. 390, & Ic. Germ. t. 1750; Bunge in Ledeb. 1. c.— Kotzebue Sound, St. Paul and St. 
Lawrence Islands, &e. (Adjacent Arctic Asia, N. Siberia to Lapland, E. Alps.) 

b. Galea less falcate or straightish, with rounded-obtuse summit not at all produced anteriorly, yet 
sometimes bidentulate: calyx 5-toothed: capsule acuminate, usually double the length of the 
calyx: spike dense, its evolution according to Maximowicz centrifugal or nearly coetaneous (but 
this hardly apparent), except in true P. Langsdor fii. 

P. Langsdorffii, Fisch. Stem stout, glabrous below, at base bearing numerous leafless 
brown scales, 3 to 8 inches high, including the at length elongated leafy-bracteate more or 
less hirsute or lanate spike: leaves pectinately pinnatifid or the radical parted into small 
oblong denticulate lobes: bracts mostly like the upper leaves: calyx-teeth or most of 
them denticulate: corolla rose-color or purple (rarely yellowish, 9 or 10 lines long), with 
oblong-linear somewhat falcate galea longer than the lip, commonly with a slender tooth on 
each side below the apex: filaments all or one pair more or less pilose above: capsule 
gladiate-lanccolate.—Stev. Monogr, 49, t. 9, fig. 2; Hook. Fl. ii. 109; Ledeb. FL. Ross. iii. 


Pedicularis. SCROPHULARIACEZE. 309 


288; Maxim. Lc. P. purpurascens, Cham. in Spreng. Syst. ii. 781.— Aleutian and more 
northern Islands, Kotzebue Sound, &c. (Adjacent N. E. Asia.) Evidently passes into 

Var. lanata. Spike conspicuously and densely lanate: galea rather shorter, nearly 
equalled by the lip, often edentulate: one pair of filaments glabrous: capsule ovate-acu- 
minate.— P. Langsdorffii, var., Stev. 1. ¢c. P. lanata, Willd. ex Cham. in Linn. ii. 583; 
Bunge, l.c. P. arctica, R. Br. App. Parry, 280, ex char. P. hirsuta, Benth. 1. c., in part. 
P. Kanei, Durand in Jour. Acad. Philad. n. ser. ii. 195. — Same range as the type on the 
north-west coast ; also arctic coast and islands, and high northern Rocky Mountains. (Green- 
land, Nova Zembla, Arctic Asia.) 

P. hirsuta, L. More sparsely-leaved, 2 to 10 inches high: leaves pinnately parted or 
divided down to the broad rhachis, which is almost as wide as the length of the (line long) 
divisions: spike capitate, lanate, or the calyx rather hirsute: corolla smaller, not over half 
inch long, flesh-colored ; the closed galea not excised or notched anteriorly: filaments all 
glabrous. — Fl. Lapp. t. 4, fig. 8; Fl. Dan. t. 1105; Bunge, 1. c. — Arctic seacoast, Capt. 
Parry. (Greenland, Spitzbergen, Lapland, Arct. Siberia.) 

P. flammea, L. Rather sparsely-leaved, glabrate or glabrous, 2 to 4 inches high: leaves 
deeply pinnately parted ; divisions crowded, ovate or oblong, incisely and doubly serrate 
(hardly 2 lines long): bracts of the narrow naked spike shorter than the pedicellate flow- 
ers, linear-lanceolate, merely denticulate: calyx-teeth lanceolate, unequal, much shorter 
than the cylindraceous tube: corolla narrow, half inch long, citron-yellow with crimson 
or dark purple tip to the oblong almost equal-sided but slightly arcuate galea, which much 
exceeds the small lip: filaments all glabrous. — Fl. Lapp. t. 4, fig. 2; Fl. Dan. t. 30, & t. 
1878; Bunge, 1. v.— Labrador to the northern Rocky Mountains and northward. (Green- 
land, Arct. Eu.) 

P. versicolor, Wahl. Like the preceding, mostly larger: calyx more deeply 5-toothed : 
corolla three-fourths inch long, with more arcuate and gibbous galea, dilated throat, and 
larger lip: two longer filaments hairy. — Veg. Helvet. 118 (not Fl. Suec.); Cham. & 
Schlecht. in Linn. ii. 585; Hook, l.c.; Bunge, 1. c.— N. W. Coast? Island of St. Lawrence, 
Chamisso. (Arctic E. Asia to Himalayas and Swiss Alps.) 
++ ++ ++ Stem scapiform, leafless or one-leaved, and with the head of few large flowers surpassing 

the radical leaves: galea edentulate: anthers muticous. 

P. capitata, Adams. Pubescent or glabrate: leaves pinnately divided; divisions 
ovate, pinnately incised and dentate: scape 1 to 4 inches high: bracts foliaceous: calyx 
campanulate, 5-cleft; the lobes incisely dentate: corolla over an inch long, “ white” or 
“yellow ;” its tube little exserted; galea elongated, arcuate-incurved, of equal breadth 
throughout, obscurely produced at the orifice, twice the length of the lip: filaments gla- 
brous. — Mem. Soc. Nat. Mose. v.100; Stev. Monogr. 1. c.19, t.3, fig.2; Cham. & Schlecht. 
1. c.; Trautv. Imag. 55, t. 386. P. Nelsoni, R. Br. in Richards. Frankl. App. 743; Hook. in 
Parry, App. 402, t.1. P. verticillata, Pursh, Fl. ii. 426, not L.— Arctic seacoast, Kotzebue 
Sound, Unalaska, and more northern islands. (Arct. Asia.) 
++ ++ ++ ++ Stem short or hardly any: radical leaves exceeding the short spike or head: galea 

edentulate: anther-cells mucronate or aristate at base: lower lip nearly the length of the galea: 
calyx 5-cleft into lanceolate unequal lobes: capsule ovate, nearly included in the calyx. 
=— P. semibarbata, Gray. Nearly acaulescent, depressed, pubescent and glabrate: leaves 
(6 to 9 inches long) in a radical tuft and as bracts to the lowest flowers, on petioles mostly 
exceeding the irregular sessile spikes, twice pinnately parted or nearly so, and the oblong 
lobes laciniately few-toothed: corolla yellowish and purplish, pubescent outside, two-thirds 
inch long; the almost straight galea rounded obliquely at summit, not cucullate: longer 
filaments villous above the middle: anthers mucronate at base.— Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 
385, & Bot. Calif. i. 583.— Open woods of the Sierra Nevada, California, at 5 to 10,000 
feet, south to San Bernardino Co. 
~—B. centranthéra, Gray. Glabrous: leaves (2 to 5 inches long) moderately exceeding 
the short and dense spike, deeply pinnatifid; the ovate or oblong divisions doubly crenate- 
dentate and their margins thickly bordered with minute white-cartilaginous teeth: bracts 
shorter than the flowers, similarly margined and toothed, or the upper and calyx-lobes 
nearly entire: corolla inch long, purple and yellowish; the galea slightly incurved and 
conspicuously cucullate at summit: filaments glabrous: anthers aristate at base. — Bot. 
Mex. Bound. 120.—W. New Mexico and S. Utah to S. E. California, Bigelow, Newberry, 
Ars. Thompson, Palmer, &c. 


310 SCROPHULARIACE. Pedicularis. 


++ + + + Galea completely straight and anteriorly rectilinear, edentulate, very much 
longer and larger than the depauperate lip, slightly broader upwards; the whole corolla therefore 
more or less clavate. 


—— P. densifi6ra, Benth. Pubescent or glabrate: stem stout, 6 to 20 inches high, leafy : 
leaves ample (4 to 12 inches long), of oblong outline, twice pinnatifid or pinnately parted, 
and the lobes laciniate-dentate; the irregular salient teeth cuspidate-tipped: spike at first 
very dense, oblong (2 or 3 inches long), in age looser and longer (sometimes a foot or more 
long); lower bracts leaf-like ; uppermost almost entire and equalling or shorter than the 
short-pedicellate or sessile flowers: calyx deeply 5-toothed; the teeth lanceolate or subu- 
late: corolla scarlet-red, fully an inch long; lip a line or two long: filaments glabrous. 
— Hook. Fl. ii. 110, & DC. 1. c. 574; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 583. P. attenuata, Benth. in 
DC. 1. c.— Dry hills, almost throughout California, at'least in the western part of the State. 
A variable but most distinct species. 


37. RHINANTHUS, L. Yeriow-rarriz. (Formed of gi, snout, and 
évOog, flower, now meaningless, for the species with beak to the upper lip of the 
corolla have been removed to another genus.) — Comprises a very few annuals of 
northern temperate zone; with erect stem, opposite leaves, and mostly yellow 
subsessile flowers in the axils, the upper ones crowded and secund in a leafy- 
bracted spike; in summer. Seeds when ripe rattle in the inflated dry calyx, 
whence the popular name. 

e=> R. Crista-galli, L. About a foot high, glabrous, or slightly pubescent above: leaves 
from narrowly oblong to lanceolate, coarsely serrate; bracts more incised and the acumi- 
nate teeth setaceous-tipped: corolla barely half inch long, only the tip exserted ; trans- 
verse appendages of the galea transversely ovate, as broad or broader than long: seeds 

conspicuously winged. — Spec. ii. 608, mainly; Engl. Bot. t. 657. 2. minor, Ehrh. Beitr. vi. 

144. — Coast of New England, rare, and perhaps introduced. Alpine region of the White 

Mountains, New Hampshire, Labrador and Newfoundland, Lake Superior, Rocky Moun- 

tains, extending south to New Mexico, and north-west to Alaska and Unalaska; clearly 


indigenous. (Greenland, Eu., Asia.) Varies much in size, but apparently we have no 
R&R. major, Ehrh. 


38. MELAMPYRUM, Tourn. Cow-Waueat. (The name, from pédag and 
mvgog, means black wheat: in Europe some species are weeds in grain fields.) — 
Low and branching annuals ; with opposite leaves ; chiefly European, one Atlantic 
N. American: fl. summer. 

«== M. Americanum, Michx. Nearly glabrous, a foot or so high, loosely branched : 
leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, short-petioled ; lower entire; upper with abrupt base 
and one or two bristly-acuminate teeth, or nearly hastate: calyx-teeth longer than the tube, 
subulate-filiform, one-third the length of the slender pale yellow (barely half inch) corolla: 
flowers scattered in the axils of ordinary leaves. — Fl. ii. 16; Gray, Man. 338. J/. lineare, 
Lam. Dict. iv. 23. df. latifolium, Muhl. Cat.; Nutt. Gen. ii. 58. Af. sylvaticum, Hook. FI. ii. 
106, not L. Al. pratense, var. Americanum, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 584. AL. brachiatum, 
Schwein. in Keating, Narr. St. Peter R. Appx. 115, a slender form. — Thickets, &c., Hud- 
son’s Bay to Saskatchewan, and through Atlantic States, chiefly eastward, to the moun- 
tains of N. Carolina. 


OrpER XCVII. OROBANCHACE. 


Root-parasitic herbs, destitute of green foliage (whitish, yellowish, reddish or 
brown), with alternate scales in place of leaves, the two (single or double) multi- 
ovulate placente parietal, and ovary consequently one-celled, the very small and 
innumerable seeds with a minute embryo having no obvious distinction of parts, 
otherwise nearly as Serophulariacee. Flowers hermaphrodite, 5-merous as to 


Orobanche. OROBANCHACE.E. 311 


perianth, with didynamous stamens and the dimerous pistil of all the related 
orders, but the stigmas and the placente sometimes divided or separated so as 
apparently to be four: all the flower commonly marcescent-persistent. Corolla 
ringent. Anthers always 2-celled. Ovary ovoid, pointed with a mostly long 
style: stigma sometimes peltate or disc-shaped and entire, often bilabiate, occa- 
sionally 4-lobed, i.e. the anterior and posterior stigma each 2-lobed, and some- 
times these lobes or half-stigmas combine laterally, forming two right and left 
stigmas which therefore are superposed to (instead of alternate with) the parietal 
placenta. When the latter are four, it is because the half-placenta are borne 
more or less within the margin of each carpel. Capsule 2-valved, each valve 
bearing on its face a single placenta or a pair. Hypogynous gland not rarely at 
the base of the ovary on one side. Flowers solitary in the axils of bracts or 
scales, sometimes on scapiform peduncles, sometimes collected in a terminal spike : 
evolution always centripetal. 
* Flowers all alike and fertile. 
+— Anther-cells deeply separated from below, mucronate or aristulate at base. 
++ Foreign, sparingly introduced from Europe. 


1. OROBANCHE. Flowers spicate, sessile. Calyx cleft before and behind almost or 
quite to the base into a pair of lateral and usually 2-cleft divisions. Corolla bilabiate ; 
upper lip erect, 2-lobed or emarginate; lower spreading, broadly 3lobed. Stamens 
included. Lobes of the stigma when distinguishable right and left. 


++ ++ Indigenous and peculiar to North America. 


2. APHYLLON. Flowers pedunculate or pedicellate, sometimes subsessile and thyrsoid- 
spicate. Calyx 5-cleft; lobes nearly equal, acute or acuminate. Corolla somewhat bila- 
biate ; upper lip more or less spreading, mostly 2-lobed, lower spreading. Stamens included. 
Stigma peltate or somewhat crateriform, or bilamellar, the lobes anterior and posterior. 
Style deciduous. Placente 4, either equidistant or contiguous in pairs. 


3. CONOPHOLIS. Flowers in a dense simple scaly-bracted spike, 2-bracteolate. Calyx 
spathaceous, deeply cleft in front, posteriorly about 4toothed. Corolla ventricose-tubular, 
strongly bilabiate ; upper lip fornicate and emarginate ; lower shorter, spreading, 3-parted. 
Stamens somewhat exserted; the pairs little unequal (rarely the 5th stamen present). 
Stigma capitate, obscurely 2-lobed; the lobes anterior and posterior. Placente 4, almost 
equidistant. Seeds oval, with a thick coat. 

+- + Anther-cells closely parallel and muticous at base. 

4. BOSCHNIAKIA. Flowers sessile in a dense simple scaly-bracted spike, ebracteolate. 
Calyx short, cupuliform, posteriorly truncate or obliquely shorter, and with 3 distant 
teeth in front. Corolla ventricose; upper lip erect or fornicate, entire; lower 3-parted. 
Stamens slightly exserted. Stigma dilated and bilamellar (the lobes right and left) or + 
lobed. Seeds with a thin reticulated coat. 

* * Flowers dimorphous; lower cleistogamous ; upper commonly infertile. 

5. EPIPHEGUS. Flowers subsessile and spicately scattered along slender paniculate 
branches. Calyx short, 5-toothed. Corolla cylindraceous, slightly curved and upwardly 
enlarged, almost equally 4lobed at summit; the rather larger upper lobe or lip fornicate 
or concave, barely emarginate. Stamens slightly exserted: anther-cells parallel, mucro- 
nate at base. Broad gland adnate to base of the ovary on the upper side. Style filiform: 
stigma capitate-2-lobed. Cleistogamous flowers short unopened buds: style hardly any. 
Capsule 2-valved at apex: a pair of contiguous placente on each valve. Seeds with a 
thin and shining striate-reticulated coat. 


1. OROBANCHE, L. Broom-Rape. (‘Opofog and dvydrm, a vetch- 
strangler.) — Old-World parasites, on roots of various plants, very numerous in 
species or forms, one species sparingly and probably recently introduced into the 
Atlantic United States. 

wee O. wivor, L. Parasitic on clover, New Jersey to Virginia, a span to a foot high, pubescent, 


pale yellowish-brown, or with purplish-tinged flowers in a rather loose spike: corolla half 
inch long. (Nat. from Eu.) 


312 OROBANCHACES. Aphyllon. 


2, APHYLLON, Mitchell. Cancer-roor. (From «privative, and pvAion, 
foliage, i.e. leafless.) — North American and Mexican, brownish or whitish, low, 
commonly viscid-pubescent or glandular, and with violet-purplish or yellowish 
flowers. — Noy. Gen. in Act. Phys.-Med. Acad. Nat. Cur. viii. (1748), 221; Gray, 
Man. ed. 1, 290, & Bot. Calif. 1. 584; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 983. 


§ 1. Gymnocatuis, Benth. & Hook. 1.c. Peduncles or scapes: long and slen- 
der from the axils of fleshy loose scales of a short and commonly fasciculate root- 
stock or caudex, naked, not bracteolate under the flower: calyx regularly 5-lobed : 
corolla with elongated somewhat curved tube, and widely spreading somewhat 
equally 5-lobed limb, only obscurely bilabiate: stigma peltate and slightly bila- 
mellar, broad and thin: placentw nearly equidistant: seed-coat thin and minutely 
reticulated. Fl. summer. — Aphyllon, Mitchell, 1. c. Orobanche § Gymnocaulis, 
Nutt. Gen. ii. 59. 0. § Anoplon, Wallr. Orobanch. 66. Anoplanthus § Huano- 
plon, Endl. Gen. 727. 


e== A. unifidrum, Gray. Scaly stem short and nearly subterranean, bearing few scapes (a 
span high): calyx-lobes mostly much longer than the tube, subulate, usually attenuate: 
corolla violet-tinged (and flower violet-scented, inch long) ; the lobes obovate and rather large. 
— Man. l.c. & Bot. Calif. i. 584. Orobanche uniflora, L.; Bart. Med. Bot. t. 50. 0. biflora, 
Nutt. lc. Phelipea biflora, Spreng. Syst. ii. 818. Anoplanthus uniflorus, Endl. Iconogr. t.72 
(stigma wrong); Reuter in DC. Prodr. xi. 41. Anoplon biflorum, Don, Syst. iv. 633.— 
Damp woodlands, Newfoundland to Texas, California, and Brit. Columbia: flowers early. 

“——~ A. fasciculadtum, Gray, ].c. More pubescent and glandular: stem often emergent and 

mostly as long as the numerous fascicled peduncles, not rarely shorter: calyx-lobes broadly 

or triangular-subulate, not longer than the tube, very much shorter than the dull yellow or 
purplish corolla; lobes of the latter oblong and smaller. — Orobanche fasciculata, Nutt. 1. ¢.; 

Hook. Fl. ii. 93, t.170. Phelipaa fasciculata, Spreng. 1c. Anoplanthus fasciculatus, Walp. 

Repert. iii. 480; Reuter in DC. 1]. c.— Sandy ground, Lake Michigan and Saskatchewan, 

southward west of the Mississippi to Arizona, and west to Oregon and California; on 

Artemisia, Eriogonum, &e. 

Var. luteum, a very caulescent and short-peduncled form, with sulphur-yellow corolla, 
and whole plant light yellow. — Phelipea lutea, Parry in Am. Naturalist, viii. 214. — Wy- 
oming, Parry. Parasitic on roots of grasses. 


§ 2. NoTHAPHYLLON, Gray. Caulescent, and the inflorescence racemose, thyr- 
soidal, or spicate: pedicels or calyx 1-2-bracteolate: corolla manifestly bilabiate ; 
upper lip less or not at all 2-cleft: stigma sometimes’ crateriform: seed-coat 
favose-reticulated: placenta approximate in pairs. 

%* Flowers all manifestly pedicellate: corolla lobes oblong, spreading; upper lip less so. 


— A. comdsum, Gray. Low, puberulent: short stout stem branching close to the ground: 
pedicels corymbose or paniculate-racemose, shorter than the (inch or more long) flower : 
bractlets one or two on the pedicel or sometimes at the base of the flower: calyx deeply 
5-parted; lobes subulate-linear and attenuate, about half the length of the pink or pale 
purple corolla: anthers woolly. — Bot. Calif. i. 584. Orobanche comosa, Hook. FI. ii. 98, 
t. 169 (but lobes of lower lip seldom so notched). Anoplanthus comosus, Walp. l.c.  Phelipaa 
comosa, Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 118.— Dry hills, parasitic on Artemisia, &c., Washington 
Terr. to California. 

—— A. Califérnicum, Gray, 1.c. More pubescent and viscid, and with stouter and simpler 
stem, about a span high: flowers crowded in an oblong dense raceme or thyrsus: pedicels 
shorter than calyx: bractlets close to the calyx, and with the subulate-linear lobes of the 
latter almost equalling the yellowish or purplish corolla; the lobes of which are shorter 
and less spreading: anthers glabrous or slightly hairy. — Orobanche Californica, Cham. & 
Schlect.:in Linn. iii, 134. Phelipwa Californica, Don. 1. ec. P. erianthera, Watson, Bot. 
King, 225, not Engelm. — California and W. Nevada. Lower pedicels sometimes half inch 
long; upper very short. 


Boschniakia. OROBANCHACE.E. 313 


* %* Flowers nearly sessile or the lower ones short-pedicelled, simply spicate or thyrsoid: calyx 
bibracteolate, deeply 5-cleft into linear-lanceolate Jobes: upper lip or all the lobes of the more 
tubular corolla less spreading: whole plant viscidly pruinose-puberulent. 

A. multifidrum, Gray, l.c. <A span or two high: calyx almost 5-parted, fully half the 
length of the ample (inch or more long) purplish corolla: anthers very woolly. — Orobanche 
multiflora, Nutt. Pl. Gamb. 179. Phelipwa Ludoviciana, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 110, in part. 
P. erianthera, Engelm. in Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 372.—Gravelly plains and pine woods, 
W. Texas, New Mexico, and 8. Colorado, to Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) 


—— A. Ludovicianum, Gray, 1.c. Rather less pubescent: spikes more frequently com- 


pound: calyx less deeply and somewhat unequally 5-cleft: corolla about half smaller; 

upper lip sometimes almost entire: anthers (before dehiscence) glabrous or nearly so. — 

Orobanche Ludoriciana, Nutt. Gen. ii. 58. Phelipwa Ludoviciana, Walp. |. c.; Reuter in DC. 

1. c.— Illinois and Saskatchewan to Texas, thence west to Arizona and the south-eastern 

borders of California. (Adjacent Mex.) 

%* * * Flowers subsessile or short-pedicelled, thyrsoid-paniculate, small, otherwise nearly as in 
the pete Paty Mowe with a thickened tuber-like squamose base: anthers glabrous: 
corolla vellowish, half inch long. 

A. tuberésum, Gray, lc. Pruinose-puberulent, seldom a span high: short and dense 
spikes corymbose-glomerate at the summit of the thick stem: calyx-lobes lanceolate, longer 
than the tube. — Phelipea tuberosa, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 871. — Dry ridges, Califor- 
nia, from Monterey to San Diego, and San Bernardino Co., Brewer, Palmer, Parry. 

A. pinetorum, Gray, 1.c. More pubescent: stem rather slender above the large tuber- 
ous base, a span to a foot high: flowers in a rather loose elongated panicle: calyx-lobes 
subulate from a broad base, not longer than the tube.— Orobanche pinetorum, Geyer in 
Hook. Kew Jour, Bot. iii. 297.— Oregon to British Columbia, on the roots of Fir-trees. 


3. CONOPHOLIS, Wallr. Squaw-root. (A«rog, cone, and gods, scale, 
the young plant, clothed with the imbricated dry scales and bracts, not unlike a 
slender Fir-cone.) — Single species. 


== ©. Americana, Wallr. Glabrous, simple, 3 or 4 and in fruit becoming 6 to 10 inches 


_— 


long, as thick as the thumb, light chestnut-colored, and with yellowish flowers: scales at 
first rather fleshy, at length firm-chartaceous. — Orobanch. 78; Endl. Iconogr. t. 81. Oro- 
banche Americana, L. f. Suppl. 88. — Oak woods, in clusters among decaying fallen leaves, 
New England to Michigan and#lorida: fl. summer. (Mex.) 


d LY CAMA, 

4, BOSCHNIAKIA. CA. Meyer. (In memory of Boschniaki, a Rus- 
sian botanist.) — Short and thick, simple-stemmed from a tuberous caudex, brown, 
glabrous, scaly ; the sessile flowers each subtended by a scaly bract nearly equal- 
ling the corolla; the whole forming a mostly dense cylindrical spike. W. N. 
American, E. Asian and Himalayan: fl. summer. 


* Calyx-teeth short and broad: placentae 2: scales (acutish) and corolla-lobes somewhat ciliate. 


B. glabra, C. A. Meyer. A span to a foot high: scales ovate: anterior calyx-tooth 
larger: lower lip of the ovoid ventricose corolla almost obsolete: filaments merely gland- 
ular at base. — Bong. Veg. Sitka, 158, where the genus was first described. Orobanche, &c., 
Gmel. Sibir. iii. 216, t. 46. O. Rossica, Cham. & Schlecht. in Linn. iii. 132. O. ( Bosch.) 
glabra, Wook. Fl. ii. 92, t. 167.— Aleutian Islands and east to Slave Lake. (Japan, 
Siberia.) The reference in DC. Prodr. to E. United States and Mexico was an oversight. 

B. Hookeri, Walp. Smaller: scales oblong, rather sparse: spike short: lower lip of 
the oblong corolla fully half the length of the upper; its lobes ovate-oblong: filaments 
bearded at base. — Rep. iii. 479; Reuter in DC. l.c. 39. Orobanche tuberosa, Hook. FI. ii. 92, 
t. 168. —N. W. Coast, Jfenzies: not since seen. 

%* & Calyx-teeth linear-subulate and longer than the tube: scales very broad and obtuse: pla- 
cente 4, equidistant. 

B. strobildcea, Gray. A span high or less, stout and thick, brownish-red, flowering 
almost from the base: scales much imbricated, orbicular and round-obovate : lower lip of 


314 LENTIBULARIACES. Epiphegus. 


the oblong (white and brownish-striped) corolla about as long as the upper; its lohes 
oblong, widely spreading : filaments densely bearded at base.— Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 118, & 
Bot. Calif. i. 585.— California; on dry steep hills, 8. Yuba, Biyelow. Santa Lucia Moun- 
tains, parasitic on Manzanita-roots, Brewer. San Bernardino Co., Lemmon. (Mex. ?) 


5. EPIPHEGUS, Nutt. (Written Epifagus.) Brecu-props, Cancer- 
RooT. (Composed of ézi, upon, and gryds, Beech, being parasitic on the roots 
of that tree.) — Single species. 

=== H. Virginiana, Bart. Annual, slender, a foot or so high, with thickened base produc- 
ing short fibrous matted roots, glabrous, dull purple or yellowish-brown, paniculately 
branched: scales and bracts minute and sparse: cleistogamous flowers a line and capsules 

2 lines long: developed corolliferous flowers along the upper part of the branches 3 to 6 

lines long, purplish and whitish.—Comp. FI. Philad. ii. 50; Gray, Man. 1. c.; Reuter in 

DC. Le. 4. £. Americanus, Nutt. Gen. ii. 60; Endl. Iconogr. t.80. Orobanche Virginiana, L. 

Leptamnium Virginianum, Raf. in Am. Month. Mag. 1819. Mylanche, Wallr. Orobanch. 75. 

— Beech woods, New Brunswick to Florida and Missouri: fl. autumn. 


OrnpER XCVIII. LENTIBULARIACEX. 


Herbs, growing in water or wet soil, when terrestrial acaulescent, with scapes 
or scapiform peduncles simple and one—few-flowered, calcarate corolla always 
and calyx usually bilabiate, a single (anterior) pair of stamens, confluently one- 
celled anthers contiguous under the broad stigma, no hypogynous disk, and a free 
one-celled ovary with free central multiovulate placenta (either sessile or stipi- 
tate) which becomes a globular many-seeded capsule ; the anatropous seeds with, 
a close coat, no albumen, and filled by the apparently solid ellipsoidal or oblong 
embryo. Style short or none: stigma bilamellar, or the smaller anterior lip 
sometimes obsolete. Upper lip of the corolla commonly erect or concave, or the 
sides replicate, from entire to 2-lobed, interior in the bud; lower larger, spreading 
or reflexed, 3-lobed, with a palate projecting into the throat and a nectariferous 
spur beneath. Flowers always perfect. Capsule commonly bursting irregularly. 
— The following are the two principal genera. (For action of bladders of Utri- 
cularia and leaves of Pinguicula, see Darwin, Insectivorous Plants, p. 8368-453.) 


1. UTRICULARIA, Calyx 2-parted or deeply 2-lobed; lobes mostly entire, nearly equal. 
Upper lip of strongly bilabiate and more or less personate corolla erect. Filaments thick, 
strongly arcuate-incurved, the base and apex contiguous. Dissected foliage or stems of 
aquatic species bladder-bearing. 

2. PINGUICULA. Calyx with upper lip deeply 3- and lower 2-cleft or parted. Corolla 

ringent or less personate, and the lobes all spreading. Filaments straighter : anthers nearly 
transverse. Terrestrial, with entire rosulate leaves next the ground. 


1. UTRICULARIA, L. Brapprrworr. (Uériculus, a little bladder.) 
— Cosmopolitan small herbs: terrestrial species with inconspicuous or fugacious 
radical leaves ; aquatic with the dissected leaves, branches, and even roots, bearing 
little bladders, which are furnished with a valvular lid, and commonly tipped with 
a few bristles at orifice. Scapes one-flowered or racemosely several-flowered, in 
summer. — Lentibularia, Vaill. 


§ 1. Scape bearing an involucriform whorl of dissected leaves, which are buoyant 
by ample inflated-bladdery petioles filled with air: cauline leaves of the immersed 
branching stems capillary-dissected and bladder-bearing, in the manner of the fol- 
lowing section: roots few or none. 


Utricularia. LENTIBULARIACES. 315 


awe U. inflata, Walt. Inflated petioles of the whorled leaves oblong or clavate, tapering to 
each end, the bases of the lower divisions also inflated; setaceous divisions pinnately 
multifid: scape 3-10-flowered, a span or so long: pedicels recurved after flowering: flow- 
ers rather large, yellow: spur conical-lanceolate, emarginate, appressed to and half the 
length of the lower lip: capsule apiculate with a short distinct style: seeds globular, 
squamose-echinate. — Car. 64; ELL Sk. i. 20; A.DC. Prodr. viii. 4; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 318. 
U. ceratophylla, Michx. Fl. i. 12; LeConte in Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. 78, t. 6, fig. 1. — Floating 
in still water, Maine to Texas along the coast. 


§ 2. Scape leafless, emersed from submersed or floating leafy stems, which are 
free swimming and mostly rootless in deep water, or in some sparingly rooting 
where the water is shallow: leaves dissected into capillary or filiform divisions, 
some or many of them (as also stems) bearing small bladders: chiefly perennial, 
or continued by hybernacular tuber-like buds set free in autumn, 

* Cleistogamous flowers along the submersed copiously bladder-bearing stems. 


~=e U. clandestina, Nutt. Leaves of the slender stems repeatedly forked: scapes slender, 
38 to 5 inches high, 3-5-flowered: corolla yellow, 3 lines long; lips nearly equal in length, 
the lower broader, somewhat surpassing the approximate thick and obtuse spur: cleisto- 
gamous flowers scattered on the leafy stems; their short peduncle soon deflexed: seeds 
(from the clandestine blossoms) depressed-globular ; the coat minutely reticulated. — Herb. 
Greene, & in Gray, Man. ed. 1 (1848), 287. U. striata, Tuckerm. in Am. Jour. Sci. xlv. 29, 
not of LeConte. U. geminiscapa, Benjamin in Linn. xx. 305% But that may be a form 
of UL’. intermedia. — Ponds, from New Brunswick and New England to New Jersey, near the 
coast. 

* * No cleistogamous flowers. 
+— Pedicels (few or several) recurved in fruit: corolla yellow. 

sm U.vulgdris, L. Stems long and rather stout, densely leafy: leaves 2-3-pinnately 
divided, very bladdery: bladders about 2 lines long: scapes a foot or less long, 5-16-flow- 
ered: corolla (half inch or more broad) with sides of lips reflexed; upper nearly entire, 
hardly longer than the prominent palate: spur conical, porrect toward the slightly 3-lobed 
lower lip, shorter than it, in the N. American plant (var. Americana) commonly narrower 
and less obtuse than in the European.— Lam. Ill. t.14; Engl. Bot. t. 253; Fl. Dan. 
t. 188; Gray, Man. l.c. U. macrorhiza, LeConte, 1. c.— Slow streams, &c., Newfoundland 
and Saskatchewan to Texas, and west to California and Brit. Columbia. (N. Asia, Eu.) 

“= U. minor, L. Leaves scattered on the filiform stems, repeatedly dichotomous, small, se- 
taceous: bladders barely a line long: scapes slender, 8 to 7 inches high, 2-8-flowered : 
corolla pale yellow, 2 or 3 lines broad, ringent; upper lip not longer than the depressed 
palate of the lower: spur very short and obtuse.— Fl. Dan. t. 128; Engl. Bot. t. 254; 
A.DC. lc. U. setacea, Hook. Fi. ii. 118, ex char. — Shallow still waters, Canada and 
Saskatchewan to New Jersey, mountains of Utah and Nevada, northern Sierra Nevada, 
and Brit. Columbia. (Eu., Siberia.) 

+ + Pedicels erect in fruit, few and slender: corolla vellow. 
++ Spur of corolla thick and conical, shorter than the lower lip and approximate to it. 

s== U. gibba, L. Branches delicate, root-like: leaves sparse, sparingly dissected, capillary, 
sparingly bladder-bearing: scape filiform, 14 to 3 inches high, 1-2-flowered: corolla 3 
lines broad ; the lips broad and rounded. — Spec. i. 18 (Gronovy. Fl. Virg.); Pursh, Fl. i. 116. 
U. pumila, Walt. Car. 64% Benjamin in Linn. xx. 318. U. fornicata, LeConte, lc. U. 
minor, Torr. Fl. N. Y. ii. 21, not L.—Shallow water, Massachusetts to Alabama and 
Illinois. Apparently in a subalpine pond in Colorado, Greene. 

U. bipartita, Ell. Sk. i. 22, from St. John’s, S. Carolina, said to have “spur scarcely 
half as long as the corolla, very obtuse,” and “lower lip of the calyx generally 2-cleft, 
sometimes divided to its base” (an anomalous character), has not been identified. 

++ ++ Spur of corolla narrower, equalling or little shorter than the lower lip. 
== Scapes 2 to 4 inches high, 1-3-flowered: corolla less than half an inch broad. 
-== U. bifléra, Lam. Floating or submersed stems filiform, small: dichotomously dissected 
leaves delicately capillary, usually copiously bladder-bearing: spur narrowly oblong, 


316 LENTIBULARIACES. Utricularia. 


obtuse, porrect or curved upward: seeds somewhat scale-shaped, imbricated, smooth. — 
Ill. i. 50; Poir. Dict. viii. 272; Vahl, Enum. i. 200; Ell. Sk. i. 238. WU. pumila, Walt. 1. v. 4 
a rather earlier name, but uncertain. U. integra, LeConte, l.c. ex Ell. O. jibrosa, Chapm. 
FL. 283, not Walt. & Ell.— Ponds and shallow waters, 8S. Virginia? and S. Illinois to 
Texas. 
== == Scapes 4 to 12 inches high, slender, few-several-flowered : corolla over half inch broad: 
leaves dichotomously dissected : bladders wholly or mostly borne along leafless portions of the 
slender stems. 

a=um UJ, fibrésa, Walt. Leaves somewhat scattered, small and capillary, sometimes bladder- 
bearing: scape 2-6-flowered: lips of the corolla nearly equal, broad and expanded; upper 
undulate, concave, plicate-striate in the middle; lower slightly 3-lobed, with projecting 
emarginate palate and reflexed sides; equalled by the nearly linear obtuse or emarginate 
spur: seeds minutely muricate.— Car. 64 (ex char.); Vahl, 1. c.? Ell. Sk. i. 20. U. 
longirostris, LeConte in Ell. 1. c. 21. U. longirostris & U. striata, LeConte in Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 
le. U. bipartita, Chapm. Fl. 283.— Shallow ponds and pine-barren swamps, Long Island 
and New Jersey to Florida and Alabama. 

== U. intermédia, Hayne. Leaves crowded, 2-ranked, repeatedly dichotomous, rigid ; the 
divisions filiform-linear, flat, with margins not rarely setaceous-serrulate: scape 1—4-flow- 
ered: lower lip of corolla very broad and with large palate, larger than the upper, some- 
what exceeding the conical-subulate acute. spur.— Schrad. Jour. i. 18, t. 5, & Fl. Germ. 
i. 55; Vahl, l.c.; Engl. Bot. t. 2489; Reichenb. Ic. Germ. t. 1824. U. vulgaris, minor, L. ; 
Oeder, Fl. Dan. t. 1262.— Shallow water, Newfoundland to New Jersey and Ohio, and 
thence far northward. Also Plumas Co., in the Sierra Nevada, California, Mrs. Austin. 
(N. Ew, N. Asia.) 

+ + + Pedicels erect in fruit, rather long: corolla violet-purple. 

== TJ. purpurea, Walt. Leaves verticillate on the rather long and large free-floating 
stems, petioled, decompound; the divisions capillary, rather copiously bladder-bearing : 
scape a span or two long, 2-4-flowered: corolla over half inch broad ; lower lip 3-lobed, its 
lateral lobes saccate and the central larger, about twice the length of the conoidal com- 
pressed spur: seeds globular, chaffy-muricate. — Car. 64% (doubtful, because the flowers 
are said to be small); Pursh, Fl. i. 15; LeConte, l.¢c.; A.DC. L¢.5. U. saccata, Ell. Sk. 
i. 21, said to have been so named by LeConte. — Ponds, Maine and N. Penn. to Florida, 
mainly near the coast. (Cuba.) 


§ 3. Scape leafless and solitary, the base rooting in the mud or bog, usually 
rising from or producing filiform and root-like creeping shoots, which bear slender 
subulate-gramineous (occasionally septate) simple leaves, or branches which take 
the place of leaves, to the lower part of which, as also to the colorless shoots, 
bladders are sparingly attached, usually fugacious or unnoticed, so that the flower- 
ing plant appears to be a leafless and naked scape only. 

* Flower violet-purple, solitary and transverse on the summit of the scape: leaves of the rooting 

shoots sometimes furnished with a few capillary lobes. 

e== (J). resupindta, B. D. Greene. Scape filiform, a span high: corolla 4 or 5 lines long, 
deeply 2-parted ; lips almost entire; upper narrowly spatulate; lower dilated and with a 
small palate: spur oblong-conical, very obtuse, ascending, shorter than and remote from 
the corolla, which appears as if resupinate: leaves an inch or so long, attenuate. — Hitch- 
cock, Cat. Pl. Mass.; Bigel. Bost. ed. 3, 10; A.DC. Prodr. 1. c. 11; Gray, Man. ed. 1, 
286, ed. 5, 319. U. Greenei, Oakes in Hovey, Mag. Hort. 1841. — Sandy bogs and borders of 
ponds, Maine to Rhode Island near the coast, B. D. Greene, Oakes, Olney. 

* * Flowers mostly yellow, solitary or several: spur descending: leaves entire, terete : these and 

the bladders seldom seen. 

—=. U. subulata, L. Filiform radical shoots and leaves rather copious, but commonly evan- 
escent: scape filiform, an inch to a span high, 1-9-flowered ; the raceme becoming zigzag: 
pedicels slender: corolla 2 or 3 lines broad; lower lip plane or with margins recurved, 
equally 3-lobed, much larger than the ovate upper one, nearly equalled by the oblong 
acutish appressed spur. — Spec. i. 18 (Gronov. Virg., ex herb. Clayt.); Pursh, l.c.; A. DC. 
lc. 16. U. setarea, Michx. Fl. i. 12; Vahl, 1. c.— Wet places in pine barrens, New Jersey 
to Florida and Texas near the coast. (W. Ind. to Brazil.) 


Ul, givnplese, C Mrgp@l” 


Pinguicula. LENTIBULARIACES. ew 


Var. cleist6gama. Aninch or two high, bearing one or two evidently cleistogamous 
purplish flowers, not larger than a pin’s head: capsule becoming a line long. (Gray, Man. 
5, 820; Ell. Sk. i, 24.)— With the ordinary form. Pine barrens of New Jersey, 

J. A. Paine. Evidently also seen in Georgia by Elliott. 

U. cornita, Michx. Filiform radical shoots apparently none: leaves fasciculate, evan- 
escent, rarely at all seen: scape strict, a span to a foot high, 1-10-flowered: pedicels very 
short, 2-bracteolate at base: corolla an inch long, including the long subulate acute spur; 
lower lip very large, the sides strongly recurved, and the central palate-like portion as if 
galeate, merely equalled by the obovate upper lip: seeds nearly smooth. — F1. i. 12; Pursh, 
lc.; A. DC. 1c. U. personata, LeConte, 1. c.; Bertol. Misc. viii. 21.— Sphagnous or sandy 
swamps, Newfoundl dto L, Su Se south to Florida and Texas. (Cuba, Brazil.) 


¥ ie es , : fi 
2, PINGUICULA, Tourn Bufterwort. (From pinguis, fat, in allu- 
sion to the greasy-viscid surface of the leaves.) — Terrestrial acaulescent herbs, of 
moist or wet ground (in northern hemisphere and the Andes) ; with fibrous roots, 
broad and entire leaves in a rosulate radical tuft, their upper surface with a coat- 
ing of viscid glands, to which insects, &c., adhere, the margins slowly infolding 
under irritation ; scapes naked, 1-flowered, circinate-coiled in vernation. Upper 
lip of the corolla 2- and lower 3-lobed or parted; the lobes sometimes incised ; 
the base anteriorly saccate, and the bottom of the sac contracted into a nectari- 
ferous spur. 
* Corolla distinctly bilabiate, purple, violet, or rarely whitish ; upper lip decidedly smaller, 2-lobed 
or parted; lower’3-parted; lobes mostly quite entire : boreal species. 

P, villésa, L. Small: leaves oval, nearly glabrous, half inch long or less: scape villous- 
pubescent, inch or two long: corolla (pale violet with yellowish-striped throat) 2 lines long, 
and with a slender spur of nearly the same length or half shorter. — Fl. Lapp. t. 12, fig. 2; 
Fl. Dan. t. 1021; E. Meyer, Labrad. 39; Reichenb. Iconogr. i. t.82; Cham. in Linn. 
vi. 568, P. aeutiilia, Michx. Fl. i. 11, the erect-rosulate oval and very acute leaves described 
are really the scales of a hybernacular bud, and the plant (with mature fruit) had lost its 
leaves. — Labrador, Hudson’s Bay, Northern islands and shores of the N. W. Coast. 
(Greenland, Arctic Eu., & Asia.) 

—— P. alpina, L. Somewhat glabrous: leaves oblong, barely inch long: scape 8 or 4 inches 
high: corolla (whitish) 4 lines long, and with a conical obtuse divergent incurving spur of 
less than half the length of the lower lip.—Fl. Lapp. t. 12, fig. 3; Fl. Dan. t. 455; 
Reichenb. Lc. t. 81; Engl. Bot. t. 2747.— Labrador, Steinhauer. Given by LeConte to 
herb. Collins. Specimen not wholly satisfactory, but apparently of this species, not else- 
where detected in America. (Ku. to Siberia.) 

«== P, vulgaris, L. Minutely puberulent or almost glabrous: leaves ovate or oval, an inch 
or two long, soft-fleshy: scape 1 to + inches high: corolla (violet) about half inch long, 
with campanulate or short-funnelform body abruptly contracted into a narrow linear- 
cylindraceous (acutish or obtuse) and mostly straight spur (of about 2 lines in length).— 
Oeder. FI. Dan. t. 98; Engl. Bot. t. 70; Reichenb. 1. ec. t. 8£; Hook. Fl. ii. 118; Herder in 
Radde, iv.96. P. grandiflora, Hook. l.c. P. macroceras, Willd.; Roem. & Sch. Syst. Mant. 
i.168; Cham. in Linn. vi. 568; A.DC. 1. c. 30; a longer-spurred and commonly larger- 
flowered form (corolla from two-thirds to almost an inch long). P. microceras, Cham. 1. c. 
(P. macroceras, Reichenb. 1. c. t. 82, fig. 169, 170), a depauperate small-flowered and shorter- 
spurred form of high northern region. — Wet rocks, Labrador, Northern New England 
and New York, L. Superior, &c., to Alaskan coast and islands, and northward; the macro- 
ceras and microceras forms north-westward. (N. E. Asia to Europe and Greenland.) 


* * Corolla light violet, varying occasionally to white, less bilabiate, the sinuses equal except 
between the two lobes of the upper lip; the three lower lobes usually emarginate or obcordate; 
alate conical or cultriform, very protuberant, clothed with a dense ‘vellow or sometimes white 
eard: spur abrupt and narrow from base of a short conical sac: upper, lip of stigma small, nar- 
rowly triangular; lower semi-orbicular: fl. spring. (P. cerulea, Walt. Car. 63, covers one or both 
the foliowing species, but the character is insufficient to secure the adoption of the name.) 


=== P. ptimila, Michx. Leaves half to full inch long, oval or ovate: scapes filiform, weak, 
2 to 6 inches high: corolla a quarter to half inch long; spur acute, longer than the rather 


318 LENTIBULARIACEZ. Pinguicula. 


narrow saccate base; lobes retuse or emarginate; palate puberulent-bearded, conical, 
salient.— Fl. i. 11; Pursh, Fl. i. 14; Ell. Sk. i. 19. #P. australis, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. 
Philad. vii. 103, the spur by no means “very short.” — Low pine-barrens, Carolina to 
Florida and Louisiana. 

—P. eladtior, Michx. Leaves oblong or spatulate-obovate, 1 to 3 inches long: scapes 6 to 
12 inches high: corolla an inch long or considerably smaller; spur obtuse, mostly shorter 
than the saccate base; lobes obcordate; palate oblong, parallel with the throat, the short 
free apex more conspicuously bearded. — Fl. l.c.; Vahl, Enum. i. 191; Pursh, Ll. c.; EIL 
1. c.— Wet soil, Carolina to Florida and Alabama in the low country. 


* * * Corolla golden yellow, not bilabiate, except that the two upper lobes are commonly more 
united, all or most of the lobes incisely 2-4-cleft, equal: stigma of the preceding, or lips less 
unequal. — Brandonia, Reichenb. 


w= P, litea, Walt. Leaves from ovate to oblong-obovate, an inch or two long: scapes 5 to 
12 inches high: corolla an inch or less long; the lobes longer than the short-campanulate 
tube with the saccate base, all or the lower and lateral usually 4-lobed or 2-cleft with the 
divisions obcordate, or variously sinuate; spur subulate, as long as the sac and tube; 
palate oblong, very salient, densely bearded. — Car. 63; Michx. l.c.; Ker, Bot. Reg. t. 
126; Ell. 1.c.; A.DC. Prodr. viii. 32. P. campanuata, Lam. in Jour. Hist. Nat. 1792, 336, 
t. 18, fig. 1.— Low pine barrens, N. Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. 
Var. edéntula, A.DC., l.c. (P. edentula, Hook. Exot. Bot. t. 16, cult. from Savan- 
nah), has lobes of corolla all simply and equally obcordate, shorter than the tube. Possibly 


) 
a hybrid of P. lutea and P. pumila. ' » 
f? I, anny a fever 
s fe ¢ 


ORDER XCIX. BIGNONIACEZ. 


Trees or shrubs, either erect or scandent (very rarely herbs), with mostly oppo- 
site leaves, and large and showy flowers, with more or less bilabiate corolla, tetra- 
dynamous or diandrous stamens, single style and bilabiate stigma, and numerous 
anatropous ovules of the preceding orders; distinguished from them by the large 
and flat usually winged and transverse exalbuminous seeds, indefinitely numerous, 
on parietal placenta, or usually on a partition which separates from the two valves 
of the capsule in dehiscence, although in the ovary and when the ovules are in 
many rows the placentation often appears to be central; the cotyledons broad 
and thin, plane, commonly emarginate or 2-lobed, and the short straight radicle 
included in the basal notch. Capsule either loculicidal or septicidal, often silique- 
like. Anthers 2-celled: suppressed stamens commonly represented by rudimen- 
tary filaments. Corolla bilabiately imbricated in the bud (in our genera, in a few 
others valvate). Calyx gamosepalous. Leaves compound, or in two of our genera 
simple; sometimes a pair of basal leaflets and sometimes an axillary pair of leaves 
imitate stipules. Chiefly a tropical and rather large order; but few North 
American. 


* Leaves opposite, compound: perfect stamens 4: seeds transversely winged, hypogynous 
disk conspicuous: stems mostly scandent. 


1, BIGNONIA. Calyx with undulate or barely 5-toothed margin. Corolla campanu- 
late or cylindraceous-ampliate above the narrow and short proper tube, somewhat equally 
bilabiate-5-lobed. Anther-cells divergent, glabrous. Capsule linear, compressed parallel 
with the flat valves and partition, marginicidal and septifragal, a filiform margin usually 
separating all round both from the edges of the valves and the partition. Seeds attached 
in a single series on each side of both margins of the partition; the thin wing entire. Ten- 
dril-climbers. 

2. TECOMA. Calyx distinctly 5-toothed. Corolla funnelform or somewhat campanulate 
above the short proper tube, somewhat bilabiately 5-lobed. Anther-cells divergent, 
glabrous or sparsely pilose. Capsule narrow, somewhat terete or turgid, loculicidal and 
septifragal ; the valves contrary to the partition. Seeds imbricated in one or two or more 
series on each side of the margins of the partition; the wing hyaline. Rootlet-climbing or 
erect shrubs; flowers in terminal panicles or corymbs. 


Catalpa. BIGNONIACES. oLU 


»* »* Leaves simple and entire: erect trees or shrubs: calyx closed in the bud, bilabiately 
or irregularly dividing or bursting in anthesis: corolla-lobes undulate-crisped, hardly 
unequal: anthers glabrous; the cells narrow, divaricate: hypogynous disk obsolete: 
capsule long-linear, loculicidal, terete; valves contrary to the partition: seeds narrow, 
: 2 or more series on each side of partition; lateral wings dissected into copious long 
airs. 

3. CATALPA,. Corolla ventricose-ampliate above, somewhat oblique, bilabiate-5-lobed. 
Antheriferous stamens 2, anterior, with filaments arcuate, and 3 rudimentary filaments 
(rarely 4 stamens antheriferous). Leaves mainly opposite and ovate or cordate. 

4. CHILOPSIS. Corolla more funnelform; the lobes erose. Antheriferous stamens 4; 
also a rudimentary filament. Leaves oftener alternate or irregularly scattered, linear. 


1. BIGNONIA, Tourn. (Commemorates the Abbé Bignon.) — A large 


tropical-American genus, with the following more northern one: fl. spring. 


== B. capreoldta, L. (Cross-vixe.) Extensively climbing, glabrous: transverse section 
of older stems exhibiting a medullary cross: leaves of a single pair of ovate or oblong 
acuminate and subcordate entire leaflets and a compound tendril; accessory leaves or 
leaflets in some axils imitate foliaceous stipules: pedicels in fascicles of 2 to 5 on axillary 
spurs: calyx membranaceous: corolla 2 inches long, orange-red without, yellow within: 
capsule 6 inches long, 9 lines wide; valves I-nerved.— Spec. ii. 624 (Catesb. Car. ii. t. 
82); Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 864; Jacq. Scheenb. t. 863; Michx. Fl. ii. 25. B. crucigera, L. 
as to syn. Clayt. & Gronov. Virg.; Walt. Car. 169. — Woods, in low grounds, Virginia and 
S. Illinois to Florida and Louisiana. 


2. TECOMA, Juss. Trumpet-FLower, or TRUMPET-CREEPER. (Abridg- 
ment of the Mexican name, Zecomaxochitl.) — Genus (of late divided into 
several by monographers, but retained nearly intact by Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 
1044, digitate species excluded) of several species, widely dispersed; ours impari- 
pinnate and the leaflets serrate, ovate, and acuminate. They have been referred 
to different genera or subgenera on account mainly of the number of ranks of 
seeds. Fl. summer. 


== T. radicans, Juss. Climbing by aerial rootlets: leaflets 9 to 11: flowers corymbose: 
corolla tubular-funnelform, orange and scarlet, 2} or 3 inches long: stamens not exserted: 
capsule lanceolate, slightly stipitate; valves very convex, acutely narrowly margined: 
seeds several-ranked.— DC. Prodr. ix. 223; Nutt. Sylv. iii. t. 104; Bureau, Mon. Bign. 
t. 14. Bignonia radicans, L. (Catesb. Car. i. t. 65); Wangenheim, Amer. t. 26; Sims, 
Bot. Mag. t. 485; Schk. Handb. t. 175. Campsis radicans, Seem. Jour. Bot. &c. — Moist 
soil, Penn. and Illinois to Florida and Texas: common in cultivation. 

= — T. stans, Juss. Erect shrub: leaflets 5 to 11, narrower or lanceolate, more incisely 
serrate: flowers racemose or paniculate: calyx small: corolla more campanulate, yellow, 
inch and a half long: fifth stamen often with abortive anther: capsule linear, elongated, 
sessile ; valves carinate-convex : seeds single ranked. — Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3191; DC. Le. 
224. Bignonia stans, L. (Plum. Ie. Amer. t. 54); Jacq. Stirp. Amer. t. 176. Stenolobium 
stuns, Seem. Jour. Bot. i. 87; Bureau, Lc. t. 13.—S8. Florida (introduced ?) and S. Texas 
to Arizona. (W. Ind., Mex., &c.) 


3. CATALPA, Scop., Walt. (Aboriginal name.) — There are a N. China 
and a Japanese species allied to our own, and a few somewhat anomalous West 
Jndian species. FI]. summer; showy. 


== C. bignonioides, Walt. Low or large tree, with spreading branches: leaves pubes- 
cent, at least beneath, ample, cordate, acuminate, rarely somewhat angulate-lobed, long- 
petioled: panicle large and loose, compound: lips of the calyx obovate, mucronate: 
corolla inch long and broad, white or nearly so, dotted with purple and yellow in the 
throat: pendulous slender capsules. a foot long. — Cav. 64; DC. 1. c. 226; Bureau, Mon. 
Bign. t.25. C. cordifolia, Jaume in Duham. Arb. t. 5; Ell. Sk. i.24.  C. syringcefolia, Sims, 


320 BIGNONIACES. Chilopsis. 


Bot. Mag. t. 1094; Pursh, Fl. i. 10. Bignonia Catalpa, L. (excl. syn.); Catesb. Car. i. 
t. 49; Michx. f. Sylv. ii. 64.— River banks, S. Illinois to Georgia, W. Florida, and Louis- 


jana. Cult. north to New ‘land. 
— rae bf LAUOZA, Vea 
__— 4. GHILOPSIS, Don. (Xéihog, lip, and owe, resemblance; name of no 
particular application.) — Single species. 

—C. saligna, Don. Shrub or low tree, 10 to 20 feet high, with hard wood, pubescent 
when young, soon glabrous: branches slender: leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 4 to 6 
inches long, of firm texture: lower leaves often opposite or verticillate: flowers in a short 
terminal raceme: corolla an inch or two long, white and purplish: capsule 6 to 10 inches 
long. — Edinb. Phil. Jour. ix. 261: G. Don, Syst. iii. 228; Gray, Bot. Calif. i587. C. 
linearis, DC. Prodr. ix. 227. Bignonia linearis, Cav. Ic. iii. 85, t. 269.— Water-courses in 
dry districts, $. Texas to 8. California. (Mex.) 

CrescénTiaA CuvEtE, L., the Calabash tree of the West Indies, the type of an anomalous 
tribe of this order, with indehiscent cucurbitaceous-like fruit, has been introduced on the 
Keys of Florida, and in consequence has been figured by Nuttall, Sylv. iii. t.103; but it 
has no claim to a place in our flora. 


ORDER C. PEDALIACEA. 


Herbs, with mucilaginous or watery juice, chiefly opposite simple leaves, and 
flowers as of the preceding order (to which it has more usually been annexed), 
except in the structure of the ovary and fruit. Ovary either one-celled with two 
parietal intruded placenta expanded into two broad lamellae or united into a 
central columella, or variously 2—4-celled by the extension of the placente and by 
spurious partitions from the wall. Fruit capsular, drupaceous, or nucumentaceous, 
few-many-seeded. Seeds wingless, mostly with a thick and close coat, filled by 
the large embryo; the cotyledons thickish. — A small extra-European and mainly 
African order, or suborder, of warm climates, represented in the United States by 
one sparingly naturalized, and one or two probably indigenous species. 


1. SESAMUM. Calyx herbaceous, 5-parted, persistent. Corolla ventricose-campanulate 
or funnelform ; limb bilabiately 5-parted, spreading ; upper lobes smaller. Stamens didy- 
namous: anther-cells parallel. Stigmas linear. Fruit an oblong quadrangular and 4-sul- 
cate capsule, septicidal at summit, spuriously 4-celled, a false partition from the dorsal 
suture of each of the two carpels reaching the columnar placenta at the centre. Seeds 

R numerous in a single series in each half-cell. 

2. MARTYNIA. Calyx 1-2-bracteolate, membranaceous, somewhat bladdery-campanu- 
late, 5-cleft, sometimes splitting anteriorly to base, deciduous. Corolla ventricose-funnel- 
form or campanulate, somewhat oblique or decurved; the lobes of the bilabiately 5- 
parted limb broad, somewhat undulate, slightly unequal. Stamens 4, strongly didynamous, 
or sometimes only the anterior pair antheriferous: anthers tipped by a gland; the cells 
divaricate. Stigma bilamellar. Ovary one-celled, with two parietal placente which 
meet in the axis and there diverge in broad lamelle, bearing single or double rows of 
ovules, Fruit fleshy-drupaceous, tapering into an incurved beak: fleshy exocarp at 
maturity 2-valved and deciduous: endocarp fibrous-woody, scrobiculate, cristate at the 
sutures, 2-valved through the slender beak to the summit of the cells, indehiscent below ; 
the cavity by the extension of the placente to the walls 4-locellate, and with a small 
empty central cavity. Seeds rather numerous, oblong, large, with a thick and somewhat 
spongy tuberculate-rugose coat. Cotyledons obovate, fleshy: radicle very short. 


1. SESAMUM, L. Bene, Oit-puant. (From the Arabic semsen.) — 
Chiefly African annuals; the following widely dispersed through cultivation. 
S. Inpicum, L. Somewhat pubescent annual, 1 to 3 feet high, with mucilaginous juice and 


oily seeds: leaves ovate-oblong or lanceolate, petioled; lower often 3-lobed or divided: 
corolla white or tinged with rose, inch long: capsule velvety-pubescent.— Bot. Mag. 


Martynia. PEDALIACER. 321 


t. 1688; Endl. Iconogr. t.70; DC. Prodr. ix. 249. S. Indicum & S. orientale, L., &e. — Spar- 
ingly naturalized in the Gulf Atlantic States. Seeds yield a useful oil. (Adv. from Old 
World.) 


2. MARTYNIA, L. Untcorn-prant. (Prof. John Martyn, of Cam- 
bridge.) — Diffuse and rank viscid-pubescent herbs (natives of America), of heavy 
odor; with ample rounded and subcordate petioled leaves, the lower usually oppo- 
site and upper alternate, and large flowers in short and loose terminal racemes : 
pedicels subtended by small bracts or none. FI. summer.— Our species belong 
to § Proposcipea, having 4 perfect stamens and beak longer than the body of 
the fruit, and the calyx is more cleft anteriorly. 

” M. proboscidea, Glox. Coarse and heavy-scented annual: leaves cordate, roundish, 
often oblique, entire or obscurely undulate-lobed (4 to 12 inches in diameter): bractlets 
oblong-linear: corolla 1} or 2 inches long, dull white, spotted within with some yellowish 
or purplish, also varying to light yellow: endocarp crested on the posterior suture only. — 
Obs. 14, ex DC. Prodr. ix. 253; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1056; Pursh, Fl. ii. 428. AZ. annua, L. 
excl. syn. & hab. J/. Louisiana, Mill. Dict. & Ic. t. 286. Banks of the Mississippi and 
lower tributaries to New Mexico. Also naturalized or cultivated about gardens farther 
north. (Mex., &e.) 

——_M. fragrans, Lindl. Iess stout: leaves from roundish to oblong-cordate, somewhat 
lobed and sinuate-dentate, 3 to 5 inches broad: corolla more campanulate, 1 or 2 inches 
long and wide, sweet-scented, from reddish- to violet-purple. — Bot. Reg. xxvi. misc., & xxvii. 
t.6; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4292. Af. violacea, Engelm. Pl. Wisl. 101; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 
110, partly. — South-western borders of Texas and southern part of New Mexico, Wright, 
Bigelow. (Northern Mex.) 

M. althezefélia, Benth. Low and small: leaves seemingly all alternate, long-petioled, 
roundish-ovate and cordate, sinuately 3-7-lobed, 1 or 2 inches broad: bractlets linear- 
oblong or oval: corolla inch and a half or less long, from buff- to chrome yellow, or whit- 
ish, mottled or dotted with brown and orange: endocarp armed with teeth on both sutures. 
—Bot. Sulph. 38. Jf. arenaria, Engelm. Pl. Wisl. 101; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 110.— 
S. W. Texas to 8. Arizona, Wright, Bigelow, Palmer. (Lower California.) 


OrveR CI. ACANTHACEA. 


Chiefly herbs, with opposite simple leaves, no stipules, and didynamous or dian- 
drous more or less bilabiate or irregular flowers with the general characters of 
Scrophulariacee, &c. ; but corolla not rarely conyolute in the bud; the anatropous 
ovules few and definite (from 2 to 8 or 10 in each of the two cells); fruit always 
capsular, 2-celled, elastically loculicidal scattering the seeds; seeds without 
albumen (except sparingly in the first tribe), either globose, or orbicular and com- 
pressed and the hilum marginal, wingless, in most supported on the upper face 
of curved processes from the placentz (indurated and persistent funiculi ?) called 
retinacula, the close coat not rarely developing mucilage and spiricles when 
wetted, in the manner of Polemoniacee. Cotyledons plane, orbicular with cordate 
base: radicle straight or accumbently incurved. Hypogynous disk conspicuous. 
Style filiform, undivided, with one or two small stigmas. Corolla from almost 
regular and 5-lobed (and then convolute in the bud) to deeply bilabiate (or in 
Acanthus with only a lower lip). Calyx persistent, of 5 or sometimes 4 sepals, 
commonly unequal and more or less imbricated, sometimes united. Inflores- 
cence various: flowers usually conspicuously bracteate and often 2-bracteolate. 
Stems commonly quadrangular. Cystoliths abound in the foliage. — A large 

21 


322 ACANTHACEA. 


and mainly tropical or subtropical order, one strongly marked tribe of which is 
represented in ornamental cultivation by Thunbergia, another sparingly so by 
the Acanthus of the Old World; the others have several North American repre- 
sentatives. 


Trine I. NELSONIEZ. Corollaimbricated in the bud ; upper lip exterior. Seeds 

small and globular, attached by a small ventral papilliform funicle, without reti- 
nacula, not mucilaginous when wetted: embryo in a thin layer of albumen! (In 
char. nearest to Scrophulariacee, but capsule and habit of Acanthacec.) 

. ELYTRARIA. Calyx 4parted; lower division sometimes 2-toothed. Corolla with 
cylindraceous tube, funnelform throat, and 5-lobed or somewhat bilabiate limb. Stamens 
2: filaments very short, inserted low in the throat: anther-cells equal and parallel. 
Stigma 2-lobed. Ovules 6 to 10 in each cell. Capsule oblong, thinner and contracted at 


base, acute at tip. Seeds globular. Bracts of the solitary or fasciculate-clustered spikes 
and the similar scales of the scape imbricated, glumaceous. 


ra 


Tripe II, Ruevires. Corolla convolute (sinistrorsely) in the bud, either bilabiate 
or nearly regular. Seeds flat, attached by the edge to retinacula. (Stamens in 
ours didynamous, the long and the short filament on each side contiguous or united 
at base by a membrane ; the anthers 2-celled, and the cells equal and parallel : 
style with linear or subulate stigmatose apex, the posterior lobe wanting or reduced 
to a minute tooth, or rarely 2 equal narrow stigmas.) 


* Corolla deeply bilabiate: capsule terete and 2-celled to the very base. 


2. HYGROPHILA. Calyx deeply and almost equally 5-cleft or parted. Corolla narrow ; 
lips erect at base and above (at least the lower) spreading, 2- and 3-lobed. Anthers oblong, 
muticous. Capsule oblong-linear, several-seeded. Flowers sessile in the axils. 


* * Corolla not obviously or only moderately bilabiate, the 5 lobes broad and roundish, 
spreading: capsule with the base more or less contracted into a solid short stipe. 


3. CALOPHANES. Calyx deeply 5-cleft or parted; lobes elongated setaceous-acuminate 
or aristiform. Corolla funnelform, with ample limb, either somewhat manifestly bilabiate, 
or with 5 equal broad and spreading lobes, the two posterior a little higher united. An- 
thers mucronate, or at least mucronulate, or sometimes aristate at base. Ovules a single 
pair in each cell. Capsule oblong-linear, 2-4-seeded. 

4, RUELLIA. Calyx deeply 5cleft or parted; lobes mostly linear or lanceolate. Corolla 
with funnelform or campanulate throat on a narrow and sometimes elongated tube; the 
5 ovate or rounded lobes nearly similar and spreading, or the posterior rather more 
united. Anthers muticous, oblong-sagittate. Ovules 3 to 10ineach cell. Capsule oblong- 
linear or clavate, several- (6-20-) seeded. 


Tribe I. JUSTICIE. Corolla imbricated in the bud; the posterior lobes or 
lip interior, Seeds and capsule of the preceding tribe ; in the last two genera the 
placentiferous half-portions separating below from the valve after dehiscence. 


* Stamens 4, in the throat of the corolla: filaments short: anthers one-celled, ovate-lan- 
ceolate or oblong, muticous at base, their tips sometimes lightly cohering by a minute 
beard: corolla with 5 plane obovate lobes, the two posterior usually united a little 
higher: stigma naked, truncate or obscurely funnelform : ovules 2 in each cell: calyx 
5-sepalous or 5-parted into narrow nearly equal divisions. 

5. STENANDRIUM. Lobes of the salverform corolla all equally spreading. Low herbs. 
6. BERGINIA. Posterior lobes of the corolla nearly erect, forming an upper lip, the 

3 others larger and widely spreading. Anterior pair of filaments bearded on the inner 

side: anthers ovate-lanceolate. Seeds (mostly 2) rugose. Fruticulose. 

* * Stamens 2 and no rudiments: anthers 2-celled: ovules 2 in each cell; capsule usu- 
ally more or less obcompressed, and with a conspicuous stipe-like solid base. 

+- Placente not separating from the valves of the capsule. 

++ Anther-cells equal, parallel and contiguous, muticous: limb of corolla somewhat 
equally 4-parted: shrubby plants: bracts and bractlets small and narrow or minute: 
calyx small, 5-parted or 5-cleft; the divisions narrow: stigma obscurely capitate or 
emarginate: filaments filiform, inserted in the throat. 

My CARLOWRIGHTIA. Corolla with narrow tube shorter than the lobes; throat not 
dilated; limb 4-parted down to the tube; lobes entire, oblong, nearly similar, widely 


Elytraria. ACANTHACES. B20 


spreading and plane, or the posterior (interior in the bud) at first concave-infolded and 
less spreading. Stamens nearly equalling the corolla-lobes. Capsule ovate, acuminate, 
obcompressd, on a slender clavate stipe. Seeds very flat, minutely scabrous. 

8. ANISACANTHUS. Corolla with elongated tube gradually somewhat wider at the 
throat; the 4 lobes similar, lanceolate, entire, erectish recurving; the posterior (or upper 
lip) rather more deeply separated. Stamens and style equalling or exceeding the corolla- 
lobes. Capsule ovate on the long clavate stipe. Sceds smooth or rugulose. 

++ ++ Anther-cells unequal or unequally inserted, one lower than the other or oblique ; 

== The lower calcarate or mucronate at base: corolla manifestly bilabiate ; upper lip 
erect and more or less concave, merely emarginate or 2-lobed at apex, not surpassed by 
the stamens; these inserted in or near the throat: calyx 5-parted (sometimes 4-parted), 
small. 

9. SIPHONOGLOSSA. Corolla with long-linear or filiform tube and short limb; lower 
lip broad and spreading, 8-cleft. Anther-cells contiguous and parallel, but one higher. 
10. BELOPERONE. Corolla deeply bilabiate, but with tube much longer than limb; 
throat narrow ; lower lip 3-lobed at apex, erect-spreading. Anther-cells somewhat unequal 

and oblique, on a more or less dilated connective. Seeds globular or thickened! 

11. JUSTICIA, Corolla with short tube, and rather ampliate throat seldom longer than 
the limb; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed. Anther-cells oblique and disjoined. Seeds, as far 
as known, flat. 

== = Antlers muticous, or both cells rarely mucronulate at base: calyx deeply 5-parted 
into narrow or subulate divisions, the fifth commonly smaller: stamens not surpassing 
the corolla. 

12. DIANTHERA Corolla bilabiate; upper lip erect and concave or fornicate, entire or 
2-toothed; lower spreading and 3-lobed, with a rugose or venose-reticulated convex base 
or palate. Anther-cells ovate or oblong, not parallel, moderately or conspicuously dis- 
joined on a dilated connective. Seeds glabrous, smooth, or echinulate-scabrous. Bract- 
lets small. 

13.GATESIA. Corolla with slender tube, somewhat ampliate throat, and almost equally 
4lobed spreading limb; lobes nearly similar, plane, ovate. Anther-cells oblong, contig- 
uous and similar, but one a little lower and oblique. Stigma capitellate. Seeds gla- 
brous, minutely rugulose. Spikes short and dense: bracts and bractlets membranaceo- 
foliaceous, 1-nerved and pinnately veined or triplinerved. 

+ + Placenta, by rupture of half-partition from the base upward, at length separating 
and diverging or incurving: anther-cells muticous, or rarely one or both mucronulate 
at base: calyx small, dry, or somewhat glumaceous, 4-5-parted; the divisions subulate 
or linear-lanceolate, equal, or the innermost (posterior) smaller: corolla with narrow 
tube: filaments filiform. 

14, TETRAMERIUM. Flowers solitary (rarely 2 or 3) covered by a large and herbaceous 
primary bract, and subtended by two small and narrow bractlets. Corolla with an almost 
equally 4-parted limb, or somewhat bilabiate; the 3-parted and widely spreading lower 
lip rather more separated from the less spreading or rather erect and slightly concave 
entire and obovate or oblong upper lip. Anther-cells equal and parallel or nearly so, 
either contiguous or separated by a slightly dilated connective. Seeds flat, muriculate 
or papillose. Spikes strobilaceous, quadrifarious. 

15. DICLIPTERA. Flowers not covered by primary bracts (of main axis), but involu- 
crate (either singly or in a fascicle) by 2 valvately opposed and nearly equal or 4 less 
dilated and unequal herbaceous bractlets. Corolla deeply bilabiate; upper lip erect, con- 
cave or plane, entire or emarginate; lower spreading, entire or 3-lobed at apex. Anthers 
with a narrow connective. Seeds either smooth or muriculate. Inflorescence various, 
not strobilaceous-spicate. 


1. ELYTRARIA, Michx. (‘Ehvtoor, a case or cover. the scape or pe- 
duncle and spike covered with imbricated bracts.) — Low perennial herbs (chiefly 
tropical American) ; with leaves crowded at base of a naked scape or at summit 
of a short naked stem, tapering to the base, thinnish; flowers small, solitary and 
sessile under the bracts; these and the scales of the scapes rigid-chartaceous or 
glumaceous, alternate! — Michx. Fl. i. 8 (1803); Vahl, Enum. i. 106 (1804), 
excl. spec. 


E. virgata, Michx. Acaulescent: leaves from oblong to elongated spatulate, obtuse (2 
to 6 inches long), with usually undulate margins: scape a foot or less high, bearing a short 


324 ACANTHACEZ. Elytraria. 


spike or a cluster of spikes: bracts ovate, cuspidate-acuminate: corolla white (3 or 4 lines 
long): seeds nearly smooth and even.—Fl. i. 9, t.1; Vahl, Le.; not “£. Vahliana,” as 
says Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 63. Anonymos Carolinensis, Walt. Car. 69. Tubiflora Caroli- 
nensis, Gmel. Syst. £. cupressina, Nees, 1. v. 65, if N. Amer. ? — Low grounds, S. Carolina 
to Florida: fl. summer. 

E. tridentata, Vahl, 1. c. Acaulescent or with proliferous low stems: leaves lanceolate 
or oblong, 2 or 3 inches long, clustered, as are the hardly longer peduncles or scapes, either 
at the root or at the summit of naked stems: spikes slender: bracts ovate, mostly scarious- 
margined; the upper commonly tricuspidate or aristate: corolla purple. — Griseb. Fl. W. 
Ind. 451; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 122. £. ramosa, frondosa, fasciculata, &e., HBK.; Nees, 
l.c. — Arizona and New Mexico, along the Mexican border. (Mex. to W. Ind. & 8. Brazil.) 


2. HYGROPHILA, R. Br. (From ‘vyoég, moist, and gute, affection ; 
plants which affect wet places.) — A large tropical genus, of which a single species 
reaches the southernmost Atlantic States. 


=== H, lactstris, Nees. Nearly glabrous: stem simple, 2 or 3 feet high from a creeping 
base: leaves lanceolate, sessile, entire (about 4 inches long), scabrous-ciliolate: flowers 
small, white: calyx-lobes and bracts subulate-lanceolate: anthers of the shorter stamens 
smaller.— DC. Prodr. xi. 86. Ruellia lacustris, Schlecht. in Linn. v. 96. R. justicieflora, 
Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 170.— Swamps, Texas and Louisiana, Drummond, Riddell, Lind- 
heimer, &c. W. Florida, Saurman. (Mex.) 


8. CALOPHANES, Don. (Kedog, beautiful, and gatvw, to appear.) — 
Low perennials, branched from the base, pubescent or hirsute, usually with pro- 
portionally large or showy axillary flowers, either solitary or usually clustered 
and nearly sessile ; the corolla blue or purplish, rarely white; its tube not longer 
than the calyx. Seeds as in Ruellia, or the hairs nearly destitute of rings or 
spiral fibres. FI. summer. 

* Eastern-Atlantic species: calyx deeply 5-parted: stems from slender creeping base or rootstocks: 

flowers solitary or few in the axils. 

C. humistrata, Nees. Glabrous or almost so throughout, no hirsute hairs: stems weak, 
erect or decumbent from the creeping base: leaves thinnish, oblong-obovate or the upper-- 
most oblong, narrowed at base into a petiole (6 to 18 lines long): corolla white, barely half 
inch long, seldom longer than the obovate or oblong foliaceous bractlets; the tube very 
short: sepals setaceous-aristiform from an oblong-lanceolate base, little shorter than the 
corolla: anther-cells oblong, barely mucronulate.— DC. Prodr. xi. 108. Ruellia humistrata, 
Michx. Fl. ii. 23. Dipteracanthus (Calophanes) riparius, Chapm. F]. 303, a luxuriant form. 
— Low grounds, 8. Georgia and Florida. 

—— C. oblongifdélia, Don. Pubescent or soft-hirsute, sometimes glabrate: stems usually 
erect and simple, a span to a foot high: leaves from narrowly oblong to oval, very obtuse, 
sessile (an inch or less long): corolla blue, sometimes purple-dotted or mottled, seldom an 
inch long, twice the length of the narrowly oblong bractlets; the tube shorter than the 
ample throat: sepals distinct almost to the very base, filiform-setaceous, hirsute, hardly 
half the length of the corolla: anther-cells oblong-linear, aristulate. — Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 
2, t. 181; Nees, l.c. (Ruellia biflora, L. Spec. ii. 6385, may be this, but it rests on a mere 
mention by Dillenius, without character.) Ruellia oblongifolia, Michx. FI. ii. 23; Pursh, FI. 
ii. 420. Dipteracanthus biflorus, Nees in Linn. xvi. 294. D. oblongifolius, Chapm. 1. c. — Sandy 
pine barrens, 8. Virginia to Florida. An almost glabrous large form in Florida. 

Var. angtista. <A reduced form, a span or so high, nearly glabrous, very leafy: 
leaves and flowers only half inch long, most of the former oblong-linear. — Dipteracanthus 
linearis, Chapm, I.c.—S. Florida; Key West and Biscayan Bay, Blodgett, Palmer. 

* * Texano-Arizonian species: calyx 5-cleft. 

C. linearis. Hirsute with somewhat rigid and short hairs, or glabrate, not cinereous: 
stems erect and strict (a span to a foot high), or branched and diffuse: leaves from linear- 
oblanceolate to oblong-spatulate (9 to 20 lines long), rather rigid: flowers usually foliose- 
glomerate; bracts and bractlets similar to and equalling the subtending leaves and about 


— 


—— 


Ruellia. ACANTHACER. 325 


equalling the corolla: calyx-lobes subulate-setaceous, more or less hispid-ciliate, hardly 
more than twice the length of the narrow tube: corolla purple? (10 lines long); the tube 
not longer than the abruptly ampliate throat: anther-cells linear-oblong, aristulate. — 
Dipteracanthus (Calophanes) linearis, Torr. & Gray in Pl. Lindh. i. 50. C. ovata, Benth. PL 
Hartw. 89, as to Texan sp.; Nees, l.c.; surely not Ruellia ovata, Cav. C. oblongifolia, var. 
Texensis, Nees, 1. c.; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 122 — Dry ground, Texas (Berlandier, Drum- 
mond, Wright, &¢.) to the border of New Mexico. (Adjacent Mex.) 

C. decumbens. Cinereous-puberulent throughout, not at all hirsute, nor scabrous: 
stems mostly spreading on the ground: leaves spatulate, or the lowest obovate and the 
uppermost oblanceolate, with attenuate base, but hardly petioled (6 to 14 lines long): 
flowers few in the foliose-bracteolate clusters : setaceous-subulate calyx-lobes hardly twice 
the length of the tube: corolla purple (8 or 10 lines long); its tube double the length of 
the throat, nearly equalling the calyx-lobes: anther-cells oblong, mucronate. — Calophanes 
oblongifolia, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 123, not Don.— Dry soil, western borders of Texas 
(Wright, &c.) to S. Arizona, Thurber, Wright, Rothrock, &. (Adjacent Mex.) 


4, RUELLIA, Plum. (J. Ruel, or de la Ruelle, of France, early herbalist.) 
— Large genus, chiefly American and tropical, perennials ; with mostly entire 
and broad leaves, and rather large flowers (in summer), usually violet or lilac- 
purple, solitary or commonly clustered in the axils or in evolute cymes ; in several 
species the earlier or later blossoms cleistogamous. Seeds in many clothed with 
fine appressed hairs, which when wetted diverge and elongate, either marked with 
fixed spiral bands or developing spiricles. — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1077. — Our 
species all rank under Ruellia proper (Cryphiacanthus and Dipteracanthus, Nees 
in DC.), with straight tube and almost, or quite regular limb to the corolla, and 
included stamens. Both stigmas equally developed occasionally in FR. strepens 
and #. ctliosa. Five stamens have been found in the latter. 


% Flowers in open pedunculate cymes from upper axils and forming a terminal panicle: bracts and 
bractlets small, linear or subulate: capsule 8-12-seeded, narrow: hairs of the seed developing 
long spiricles when wetted. 

R. tuberdsa, L. Glabrescent or minutely pubescent, a foot or two high, with somewhat 
tuberous-thickened roots: leaves (2 or 3 inches long) with undulate or obscurely repand- 
dentate margins, ovate-oblong or elliptical, and with base cuneate-contracted or decurrent 
into a rather long petiole: primary and secondary peduncles of the loose cyme slender: 
calyx-lobes subulate-filiform (half inch or more long), much exceeding the bractlets, hardly 
equalling the slender tube of the (inch and a half long blue or sometimes white) corolla, 
which is about as long as the funnelform-campanulate throat: capsule narrowly subcla- 
yate, 7 to 9 lines long, the stipitiform solid base mostly short but manifest. — Spec. ii. 635 ; 
Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 452, but hardly of Dese. Ant. ii. t.113.  R. clandestina, L. 1. c. (Dill. Elth. 
$28, t. 148.) BR. humilis, etc., Plum. Nov. Gen. Amer. 12, t.2.  Cryphiacanthus Barbadensis, 
Nees in DC. Lv. 197. Dipteracanthus nudiflorus, Engelm. & Gray, Pl. Lindh. i. 21. — River- 
bottoms, Texas. (WW. Ind., Mex., 8. Am.) 

Var. occidentalis. Rather large and tall: inflorescence and calyx conspicuously 
yiscid-pubescent ; the latter usually shorter than the tube of the (1§ to fully 2 inch) 
corolla: leaves from glabrate to velvety-pubescent, mostly ovate and with more abrupt or 
even subcordate base, sometimes 6 or 7 inches long. — W. & S. Texas, Berlandier, Wright. 
§. Arizona, Rothrock. “California” (or probably Arizona), Coulter. The two latter glabrate 
forms. (Mex.) 

%* * Flowers solitary or 3 and cymulose on an axillary pedunele as long as the leaf: bracts foli- 
aceous: seeds and capsule of the succeeding: stems branching. 

R. pedunculdta, Tdrr. Slightly puberulent, 2 feet high, with spreading branches: 
leaves ovate-oblong, acute, short-petioled (14 to 3 inches long): peduncles spreading, 
slender, 1 or 2 inches long, bearing a pair of bracts similar to the leaves (half inch or more 
long) and equalling the calyx and capsule of the single flower, or shorter than the similarly 
2-bracteolate pedicels when they are developed: calyx-lobes subulate-filiform, pubescent, 
about the length of the narrow tube of the corolla: throat of the latter dilated-funnel- 


326 ACANTH ACER, Ruellia. 


form: capsule puberulent. (Torr. in herb., unpublished.) —Dry woods, in W. Louisiana, 

J. Hale. Arkansas, Bigelow, Mrs. Harris. Corolla about an inch and a half long. 

%*  %* Flowers subsessile and commonly glomerate in the axils, when short-peduncled with 
foliaceous primary bracts or bractlets: stamens of almost equal length: capsule at most 8-seeded : 
short hispid hairs of the seed spreading when wet, containing a fixed spiral fibre or band, but no 
uncoiling spiricles. 

+ Suffrutescent: leaves rigid: corolla white: capsule oblong, with hardly any stipe-like base, 


R. Parryi. A span high, much branched from the lignescent base: leaves obovate-oblong, 
or the upper oblong-lanceolate, tapering into a distinct petiole, hispid-ciliate, otherwise 
glabrate, an inch or less long (the older have cystoliths): flowers mostly solitary in the 
axils, on a peduncle shorter than the petiole or subsessile: bractlets oblong, surpassing 
the slender-subulate often unequal calyx-lobes: tube of the corolla (inch long) slender, 
dilated at the summit into a small narrowly funnelform throat, which is shorter than the 
lobes. — Dipleracanthus suffruticosus, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound, 122 (but there is a R&R. suffru- 
tacosa, Roxb.).— South-western borders of Texas: at Presidio del Norte, Parry, in flower. 
Valley of the Pecos, in fruit, Wright. 

+ + Herbaceous: stems mostly simple: corolla usually blue or violet, except in R. tubifloras 
capsule more broadly clavate and obcompressed. 
++ Calyx-lobes filiform-attenuate, longer than the capsule: cleistogamous flowers seldom seen. 


R. noctifi6ra. Puberulent, or very young parts soft-villous, a foot or less high: leaves 
narrowly oblong (1 to 3 inches long), inostly with tapering base, but sessile: bracts and 
bractlets of the solitary or few flowers linear-lanceolate: calyx generally soft-puberulent ; 
its lobes somewhat linear-filiform and hardly widened at base {sometimes 18 lines long), 
barely half the length of the elongated (fully 2 inch) tube of the white corolla, the throat 
of which is funnelform.— 2. tubiflora, LeConte in Ann. Lyc. N. Y. i. 142, not HBK. 
Dipleracanthus noctiflorus, Nees in DC. 1. c., partly; Chapm. Fl. 304.— Low pine-barrens, 
Lower Georgia, LeConte. W. Florida, Rugel, Chapman, &. S. Mississippi, Ingalls. Night- 
blooming ? 

== R. ciliédsa, Pursh. Usually hirsute with long spreading hairs, especially the (about inch 
long) filiform attenuate calyx-lobes: leaves oblong or the lower oval (an inch or two long), 
almost sessile: tube of the blue corolla commonly twice the length of the calyx and of the 
limb with the obconical throat, the whole not rarely 2 inches long. — FI. i. 420; Gray, Man. 
ed. 5, 339. Dipteracanthus ciliosus, Nees in Linn. xvi. 294, & Prodr. 1. ¢., with var. hybridus, 
mainly. — Dry ground, Michigan and Illinois to Florida and Louisiana : in various forms. 

=== Var. longifiédra. Pubescence sometimes cinereous, with or without long hirsute 
hairs: stems sometimes flowering when 2 or 3 inches high, sometimes tall and slender: 
leaves narrowly oblong or the lower obovate-spatulate, usually small: slender tube of 
corolla 1 or 2 inches long. — &. humilis, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 182. Jus- 
ticia, with char. & no name, Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 235, Dipteracanthus Drummondii, 
Torr. & Gray in Pl. Lindh. i. 50. D. noctiflorus, Nees, in DC. 1. ¢., as to Texan pl. and var. 
humilis, also D eihosus, var. hybridus, in part. — Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas. 

Var. hybrida. Fither hirsute or cinereous-pubescent, sometimes almost velvety- 
pubescent: leaves from ovate to oblong, mostly with distinct petioles: tube of the corolla 
shorter than the throat and limb, sometimes shorter than the linear-setaceous calyx-lobes, 
which often want the hirsute hairs. — PR. hybrida, Pursh, Fl. ii. 420; LeConte in Ann. 
Lye. Le. R. strepens, L. as to Dill. Elth. t. 249, at least in part. A&R. hirsuta, Ell. Sk. ii. 109. 
Dipteracanthus ciliosus, var. hybridus, in part, & D. Aitchillianus, Nees, 1. ce. D. strepens, var. 
Dillenii, Nees, 1. ec. —§. Carolina to Florida. Verges to the two following species. 

Var. ambigua. Sparingly hirsute-pubescent or glabrate: leaves ovate-oblong, usu- 
ally short-petioled, larger: tube of corolla little exceeding the hardly hirsute calyx.— 
Dipterocarpus ciliosus, var. parviflorus, Nees, 1. c.— Virginia and Kentucky to Alabama. As 
if a hybrid between R£. ciliosa and R. strepens, with aspect of the latter, but the calyx of 
the former. 

R. Drummondiana. Cinercous-puberulent, tall: leaves ovate, 8 to 6 inches long, peti- 
oled: filiform-setaceous and canescent calyx-lobes (commonly an inch or more long) more 
or less shorter than the tube of the (inch and a half long) corolla. — Dipteracanthus Drum- 
mondianus, Nees in DC. l.e. D. Lindheimerianus, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 764, 1848.— Texas, 
Drummond, Lindheimer. 


Carlowrightia. ACANTHACES. 827 


++ ++ Calyx-lobes lanceolate or linear, hardly surpassing the capsule: cleistogamous flowers 
common. 


“== R. strépens, L. Greenand almost glabrous or pubescent, 1 to 4 feet high : leaves oblong- 
ovate or oblong, 2 to 5 inches long, mostly contracted at base into a short petiole: calyx 
sparingly soft-hirsute or ciliate: well-developed corolla 1} or 2 inches long, with tube 
about the length of the campanulate-funnelform throat and limb. — Spec. ii. 634 (partly) 
& Mant. 422; Schk. Handb. t.177; Pursh, l.c. Dipteracanthus strepens, Nees, 1. c., mainly. 
— Dry soil, Penn. to Wisconsin, Florida, and Texas. 

———. Var. cleistantha. Leaves commonly narrower and oblong: flowers for most of the 
season cleistogamous. — Dipteracanthus (Meiophanes) micranthus, Engelm. & Gray, Pl. Lindh. 
i. 49. D. strepens, var. strictus, Nees, 1. c., mainly. Hygrophila Illinoiensis, Wood in Bull. 
Torrey Club, v. 41.— Common with the ordinary form. 


5. STENANDRIUM, Nees. (Composed of otevdg, narrow, and ardgic, 
manhood, here taken for anthers.) — Low and small perennials, all American, 
commonly with leaves all at base of scapiform flowering stems; the flowers spi- 
cate; corolla rose-colored or purple. 


S. dulce, Nees. Hirsute-pubescent or glabrate: leaves all radical, oval or oblong, thick- 
ish, 9 to 16 lines long, either narrowed or abruptly contracted into a rather long naked 
petiole: scape equalling or shorter than the leaves, capitately few-flowered: bracts lanceo- 
late, longer than the calyx, usually hirsute-ciliate (either nerveless or 3-nerved) : tube of 
the corolla narrow, rather longer than the calyx, the limb half inch or more in diameter : 
capsule clavate-oblong, somewhat terete. — DC. Prodr. xi. 282, with S. trinerve. Ruellia 
dulcis, Cav. Te. vi. 62, t. 585, fig. 2. (Mex. to S. Chili.) 

Var. Floridanum. Glabrous, only the upper bracts and bractlets lightly hirsute 
ciliate. — Indian River, E. Florida, Palmer. 

S. barbatum, Torr. & Gray. Very hirsute with long and shaggy white hairs, many- 
stemmed from the root; a span or less high: leaves crowded, oblanceolate, attenuate at 
base into an indistinct petiole, above passing into the lanceolate and crowded foliaceous 
bracts of the rather many-flowered spike, which nearly equal the corolla: tube of the 
latter hardly longer than the calyx; limb over half inch in diameter: capsule ovate, 
obcompressed, not attenuate at base: seeds hispid. —Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 168, t. 4, & Bot. 
Mex. Bound. 122. — Hillsides, western borders of Texas and adjacent parts of New Mex- 
ico, Wright, Gen. Pope, &e. 


6. BERGINIA, Harvey. (In honor of If. Bergin, of Dublin.) — Benth. 
& Hook. Gen. ii. 1096. A single species. 


B, virgata, Harvey. Low and branching, apparently suffruticose, minutely cinereous- 
puberulent: branches slender: leaves linear-oblong, nearly sessile (half inch long); the 
upper smaller and passing into obscurely 3-nerved bracts of the loose and interrupted 
spike: calyx rather longer than the bracts, 2-bracteolate: corolla probably white, less 
than half inch long; its lower lobe bearded at and below the base.— Gray, Bot. Calif. 
i, 588. — “ California,” Coulter. Probably Arizona: not since found. 


7. CARLOWRIGHTIA, Gray. (Charles Wright, the discoverer of one 
species, the earliest explorer of the district it inhabits, a most assiduous and suc- 
cessful collector and investigator of the botany of several parts of the world.) — 
Much branched undershrubs, minutely cinereous-puberulent or glabrate; with 
slender branchlets, small and narrow entire leaves, and rather small loosely 
spicate or paniculate-racemose flowers: corolla purple. — Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. xiii. 364. 

C. linearifolia, Gray, l.c. <A foot high, ericoid-leafy: leaves filiform-linear, 4 to 8 lines 


long; uppermost passing into similar bracts and bractlets of the somewhat paniculate in- 
florescence: calyx deeply 5-parted; the divisions similar to and equalled by the bractlets: 


328 ACANTHACE. Carlowrightia. 


lobes of the purple and almost rotate corolla oblong, 24 lines long, twice the length of the 
tube: filaments hirsute-puberulent: anthers sagittate, the cells at base very obtuse or 
retuse: stipe as long as the body of the capsule. — Shaueria linearifolia, Torr. Bot. Mex. 
Bound. 123: referred by Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1114, to Dianthera, but it cannot properly 
be included in that genus. — Western Texas; on hills between the Limpio Pass and the Rio 
Grande, Wright. Burro Mountains and Great Cafion of the Rio Grande, Bigelow, Parry. 

C. Arizénica, Gray, l.c. Apparently low, diffuse: leaves oblong or lanceolate, 2 or 3 
lines long: flowers sparsely spicate on filiform branchlets: bracts subulate, shorter than 
the calyx: bractlets minute or none: calyx deeply 5-cleft; the lobes subulate: lobes of the 
bright purple corolla 4 lines long, thrice the length of the narrow tube, narrowly oblong, 
or the posterior broader above and with a yellow spot on the face, contracted below: fila- 
ments glabrous: anthers oblong: stipe shorter than the body of the capsule. — Arizona, on 
rocks near Camp Grant, Palmer, 1867. 


8. ANISACANTHUS, Nees. (Anoog, unequal, and éxavOog, the Acan- 
thus.) — Suffruticose or shrubby plants (of Mexico and its borders); with mostly 
lanceolate and entire petioled leaves, and usually loosely spicate or scattered red 
(an inch or more long) flowers: branches apt to be pubescent in alternate lines. — 
Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1117. 


A. pumilus, Nees. Low shrub, nearly glabrous: leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate 
(about 18 lines long) ; the larger short-petioled: calyx pubescent or tomentulose, 5-parted ; 
the subulate or linear lobes about equalling the stipe of the capsule, which is not longer 
than the body : corolla red or reddish. — DC. Prodr. xi. 445. Drejera puberula, Torr. Bot. 
Mex. Bound. 121.— 8. Arizona, Wright, Wheeler, -Probably not distinct from A. virgularis, 
Nees, the Justicia coccinea, Cav. and J. virgularis, Salisb. (Mex.) 

A. Thurberi. Shrubby, 2 to 4 feet high: young parts minutely hirsute: leaves oblong or 
lanceolate (an inch or less long), thickish, subsessile: flowers more pedicellate, in short 
leafy clusters at the axils: calyx-lobes long-attenuate, equalling the pointed capsule, twice 
the length of its stipe: corolla red, more funnelform; its lobes little shorter than the tube. 
— Drejera Thurberi, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 124.—S. New Mexico and Arizona, Thurber, 
Capt. Smith, Palmer. 

—— A. Wrightii. Suffruticose, 2 to 4 feet high, puberulent or the foliage glabrous, panicu- 
lately branched: leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate (an inch or two 
long): spikes loosely paniculate, naked: lobes of the deeply 5-cleft calyx oblong-lanceo- 
late, obtuse, very much (commonly thrice) shorter than the stipe of the pointed capsule 
(stipe 3 to 5 and capsule 3 or 4 lines long): corolla purplish-red, inch and a half long, with 
lobes considerably shorter than tube. — Drejera Wrightii, Torr. 1.c.—S. and W. Texas, 
between the Guadaloupe and the Rio Grande, Wright, &e. 

A. Gricen, Drejera Greggii, Torr. 1. ¢., of northern part of Mexico, has leaves as the 
last species, but more pubescent and veiny, longer and slender corolla, with linear lobes 
longer than the tube, tomentose calyx 5-cleft only to the middle, and the single capsule 
seen is obovate and obtuse or retuse, on a stipe of thrice its length and double the length 
of the calyx. 


9, SIPHONOGLOSSA, Oersted. (Lipo, tube, and yAdooa, tongue.) — 


Herbaceous or barely suffrutescent, chiefly Mexican. 


———§. Pilosélla, Torr. Low, branching from a suffrutescent base, hirsute with scattered 
spreading hairs: leaves ovate or oval, subsessile (5 to 15 lines long): flowers mostly soli- 
tary in the axils: sepals 5, subulate: corolla pale blue or purple, with tube 8 or 9 and limb 
3 or 4 lines long: lower anther-cell conspicuously mucronate-calcarate at base; upper less 
so at apex: seeds cordate-orbicular, rugulose. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 134. Adhatoda diptera- 
cantha, Nees in DC. 1. ¢. 896. Afonechma Pilosella, Nees, 1. v. 412. — Dry ground, Texas and 
S. New Mexico. (Adjacent Mex.) 

S. longifléra. Glabrous, or the slender stems cinereous-pubcrulent, barely a foot high : 
leaves lanceolate, glabrous, short-petioled, an inch or two long: flowers clustered in upper 


Dianthera. ACANTHACES. 329 


axils: corolla (white or yellowish-white) with tube inch and a half long: lower anther- 
cell mucronate-appendaged at base. — Adhatoda? longiflora, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 125.— 
S. Arizona, Schott, Rothrock. 


10. BELOPERONE, Nees. (Bédoc, an arrow or dart, and zevdvn, some- 
thing poiuted.) — Shrubby plants ; with red flowers, all but the following tropical 
American. 


B. Califérnica, Benth. Low shrub, with spreading often leafless branches, tomentose 
or cinereous-puberulent: leaves ovate, oval, or subcordate, petioled: racemes terminating 
the branches, short, several-many-flowered: bracts and bractlets small, deciduous: calyx 
deeply 5-parted; lobes subulate-lanceolate: corolla dull scarlet, an inch long; both the lips 
oblong and truncate ; lower 3-lobed at apex: anther-cells oval; lower mucronate at base: 
capsule obtuse, with broad and long stipe-like base obcompressed: seeds turgid, glabrous, 
coarsely rugose.— Bot. Sulph. 38; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 588. Jacobinia Californica, Nees 
in DC. lc. 729, Sericographis Californica, Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 125.— Desert region 
along the southern borders of California, and Lower California. 


11. JUSTICIA, Houston, L. (James Justice, a Scotch cultivator and ama- 
teur.) —A large and widely distributed genus, chiefly tropical, represented here 
by a single anomalous and little known plant. 


J. Wrightii. A span or less high and much branched from a suffrutescent base, cinereous- 
puberulent: leaves rigid, 3 or 4 lines long, sessile ; lowest obovate ; upper linear-lanceolate, 
mucronate-acute: flowers solitary and sessile in the upper axils; bractlets similar to the sub- 
tending leaf: corolla purplish, 4 lines long, somewhat campanulate; upper lip with a broad 
emargination and two short narrow lobes; lower larger with oval-obovate lobes: anther- 
cells oblong; the lower abruptly short-calcarate; the upper smaller and mucronate at base 
(fruit not seen: ovules 4). —Calcareous hills along the San Felipe, W. Texas, Wright (no. 
445 of 1st coll.). 


12. DIANTHERA, L. (4c, double, and drGyoc, blooming, used for 
anther.) — Chiefly perennial herbs, mostly American and of warm regions, various 
in inflorescence and habit: fl. summer. — Rhytiglossa, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 835. 


§ 1. EuprantHfrRA. Flowers capitate or spicate on a long and naked axillary 
peduncle: bracts and bractlets subulate or linear: tube of the (purple or violet) 
corolla shorter or not longer than the limb: glabrous perennials. 

—__—D. crassifélia, Chapm. Stem barely a foot high, simple or sparingly branched: 
leaves few in distant pairs, fleshy, linear, or the lowest spatulate-lanceolate and short, and 
the upper filiform and elongated (4 to 6 inches), about the length of the 2-6-flowered 
peduncles: corolla an inch long, bright purple: capsule (with the long stipe) of the same 
length. — Fl. 304.— Apalachicola, Florida, in wet pine barrens, Chapman. 

== D. Americana, L. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, sulcate-angled: leaves narrowly lanceolate, 

3 or 4 inches long, tapering at base, subsessile: peduncles mostly exceeding the leaves, 

capitately several-flowered: corolla pale violet or whitish, less than half inch long; base 

of lower lip rugose.— Spec. i. 27; Gray, Man. ed. i. 293. D. ensiformis, Walt. Car. 63. 

Justicia linearifolia, Lam. Ill. i. 41. J. pedunculosa, Michx, Fl. i. 7. J. Americana, Vahl, 

Enum. i. 140. Rhytiglossa pedunculosa, Nees in DC. 1. v. 839.—In water, Canada to South 

Carolina, Arkansas, and Texas. 

=== D. humilis, Engelm. & Gray. Stems a span to a foot high from a creeping base or 
rootstock, mostly slender: leaves from oblong or obovate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, ses- 
sile or slightly petioled, 1 to 3 inches long: flowers at length scattered in slender spikes on 
a peduncle shorter than the leaf: bract and bractlets much shorter than the 5 equal subu- 
late-linear calvx-lobes: corolla violet or pale purple, 4 or 5 lines long: anther-cells more or 
less mucronate at base.— PI. Lindh. i. 22. D. ovata, Walt. Car. 63; Chapm. Fl. 304 
(with var. lanceolata & angusta), a misleading name, as the leaves are never so broad 


330 ACANTHACES. Dianthera. 


as ovate. Justicia humilis, Michx. Fl. i.8; Pursh, Fl. 1.18; Vahl, Enum. i. 43. Jhyti- 
glossa humilis, Nees, 1. c. 340. R. obtusifolia, Nees, 1. c. 338, as to N, Am. plant? — Muddy 
borders of streams, S. Carolina, near the coast, to Texas. Narrowest leaved forms much 
resemble the tropical D. pectoralis, which has smaller flowers and fifth sepal small. 

D. parviflora, Drejera parviflora, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. Dec. 1861, is like the 
preceding, so far as an imperfect specimen shows: but leaves shorter (an inch or so long), 
lanceolate from a broader and rounded subsessile base, the younger with a few hairs, and 
the inflorescence puberulent, with also some short-stipitate glands. — W. Texas, Buckley. 


§ 2. Anomalous species, cinereous-pubescent: flowers small, in the axils of 
ordinary leaves and in slender spikes terminating the branches. (D. Sagreana, 
Griseb. with somewhat similar habit, is Justicia Sagreana, the lower anther-cell 
calcarate.) 


D. parvifdélia. Much branched from a somewhat woody root or base, a span or more 
high, erect or diffuse: leaves ovate, 3 to 8 lines long, petioled; upper axils floriferous: 
flowering branches mostly extended into slender sparsely-flowered spikes: bracts with 
bractlets and sepals subulate, small: corolla white or purple, 4 lines long; the lips nearly 
equal and about the length of the rather broad tube: anther-cells separated by a narrow 
connective, somewhat oblique and one a little lower. — Shaueria parvifolia, Torr. Bot. Mex. 
Bound. 122.— Dry soil, W. Texas to New Mexico, Wright, Schott, Lindheimer, &c. Re- 
ferred to this genus on the authority of Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1114. 


13. GATESIA, Gray. (In memory of Dr. Hezekiah Gates, who almost half 
a century ago made and distributed a collection of Alabama plants, upon one of 
which, viz. Petalostemon corymbosus, mistaken for a Composita, Bertoloni founded 
his genus Gatesia.) — Single species: fl. summer. — Proc. Am. Acad. xiii. 365. 


G. lete-virens, Gray, 1l.c. Perennial herb a foot or two:high, puberulent or almost 
glabrous: stem when dry with a contracted ring above each node, as if articulated: leaves 
bright green, membranaceous, ovate-lanceolate or oval and acuminate at both ends (2} to 
6 inches long), petioled: flowers in oblong and somewhat strobilaceous usually short- 
peduncled spikes, both terminal and axillary: bracts oval or obovate with narrowed base, 
mucronate, hirsute-ciliate (half inch long): bractlets similar but smaller, about half the 
length of the clavate-oblong firm-coriaceous capsule: calyx somewhat glumaceous, deeply 
5-parted ; lobes setaceous-subulate, sparingly hirsute-ciliate, the innermost smaller; corolla 
white or flesh-color, almost salverform (about half inch and the lobes 2 lines long): stipe- 
like base shorter than the body of the 4-seeded capsule. — Justicia lete-virens, Buckley in Am. 
Jour. Sci. xlv. 176 (1843). Rhytiglossa viridiflora (meant for viridifolia), Nees in DC. Prodr. 
xi. 846. Dicliptera Hale’, Riddell, Cat. Fl. Ludov. in N. Orl. Med. Jour. 1852; Chapm. FI. 
305. — Shady damp ground, Northern Alabama, Buckley, Cabell, Beaumont. Lookout Moun- 
tain, Tennessee, A. H. Curtiss. W. Louisiana, Hale. Eastern Texas, Wright. “Flowers open- 
ing in the nights corolla dropping early next day,” Dr. Cabell. More allied to Tetramerium 
than to Dianthera, having only the capsule of the latter, and the bractlets of Dicliptera. 


14, TETRAMERIUM, Nees. (Tergoegr¢, quadripartite, limb of corolla 
4-parted.) — Low perennial herbs, or barely suffrutescent at base (of and near 
Mexico) ; with oblong or ovate and petioled leaves, dense spike terminating stem 
and branches, its 4-ranked bracts imbricated and little exceeded by the (white or 
purplish) corollas. — Bot. Sulph. 147, & DC. Prodr. xi. 467. “¢Henrya, Nees, 
referred here in Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1121, is distinguished by its small 
primary bract, or ordinary leaf in place of it, and conspicuous herbaceous bractlets, 
as of Dicliptera, which are usually vaginate and connate.) 

T. hispidum, Nees, |.c. Hirsute-pubescent, and the ovate or oblong strongly 3-5- 
nerved spinulose-pointed bracts hispid: leaves oblong, 1 or 2 inches long: calyx 4-parted: 


lobes of the corolla shorter than its tube: seeds muriculate.— 7. nervosum, var., Torr. 
Bot. Mex. Bound. 125.—S. Arizona to the borders of Texas. (Mex.) 


Dicliptera. ACANTHACER. Bou 


T. platystégium, Torr. l.c. Scabrous-puberulent, not at all hirsute: leaves oblong- 
lanceolate: bracts subcordate, mucronate-acuminate (half or two-thirds inch long), lightly 
3-5-plinerved and veiny: bractlets minute and subulate: calyx 5-parted: tube of purple 
corolla longer than the narrowly oblong lobes : seeds muriculate-scabrous. — 8. borders of 
Texas, near Ringgold Barracks on the Rio Grande, Schott. 


15. DICLIPTERA, Juss. (Ait, two-valved, and azegdv, wing : applies 
to the involucre of the typical species, but was explained to relate to the bipar- 
tition and separation of the two parts of each valve of the capsule after dehiscence.) 
— Chiefly herbs, dispersed over the warmer regions of the world. FJ. summer. 
Corolla often seemingly resupinate as relates to primary axis, on account of the 
cymose inflorescence or the evolution of more than one flower in the involucre. 
Leaves petiolate. In the disruption of the valves of the capsule, the sides are 
usually carried away with the placente, leaving only a stalk-like base. 


§ 1. Evpicrierexa. Bractlets of the flat involucre a single pair and broad, 
opposite : internal bractlets small and thin like the sepals: anther-cells oval, dis- 
joined, one nearly over the other. 


D. resupinata, Juss. A span to a foot or two high from an annual or perennial root, 
nearly glabrous: stem 6-angled: leaves from ovate to lanceolate or oblong: involucres on 
naked simple or commonly trifid peduncles, 1-3-flowered, rotund- or deltoid-subcordate, 
rarely round-obovate, very flat, a third to half inch long and nearly as wide: lobes of the 
purple corolla obovate. — Ann. Mus. ix. 268; Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 474; Torr. Bot. Mex. 
Bound. 124. Justicia sexangularis, Cav. Ic. iii. 2, t. 203. J. resupinata, Vahl, Enum. i. 114. 
Dicliptera thlaspioides, Nees, 1.c.? §. Arizona (and California? Coulter), Thurber, Schott, 
Wright, &.  (Mex.) 

D. brachiata, Spreng. A foot or two high, from almost glabrous to pilose-pubescent : 
stem G-angled, rather slender, with numerous spreading branches: leaves oblong-ovate, 
mostly acuminate, membranaceous (2 to 4 inches long), slender-petioled: involucres clus- 
tered in the axils and more or less paniculate, short-peduncled and subsessile, somewhat 
convex, or at length ventricose, its valves narrowed at base, 3 to 5 lines long, from broadly 
obovate with rounded summit to spatulate-oblong, often unequal, frequently mucronate or 
mucronulate: lobes of the purple or flesh-colored corolla elongated-oblong, half inch or 
less long, about the length of the slender curved tube. — Syst. i. 86; Nees, 1. c.; Chapm. 
Fl. 305. D. resupinata, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 183, not Vahl. D. glandulosa, 
Scheele in Linn. xxi. 765, a villous-pubescent form.— Shady and moist ground, N. Caro- 
lina to Florida and Texas. 

Var. attenuata, a form with the involucral valves narrower, spatulate or oblong, and 
cuspidate-acuminate ; and attenuate-acuminate leaves on long (sometimes 2 inch) petioles. 
—E. Texas, IWright. Also Arkansas, Nuttall: therefore his D. resupinata, in part; but not 
according to his character “ bracteis bivalvibus subcordatis.” 

§ 2. DacrytostEécium. Bractlets 2 and narrow. and at base supplemented by 
and sometimes partially concreted with a smaller and alternate pair, being the 
outer and larger of the internal bractlets: anthers oblong-sagittate, the cells 
usually parallel and equal: flowers loosely secund-spicate or paniculate : primary 
bracts small and subulate. — Dactylostegium, Nees in F]. Bras., Oersted. § Dac- 
tylostegie, Nees in DC. Prodr. 

D. asstrgens, Juss. 1.c. Glabrous or puberulent: stem 1 to 3 feet high, with virgate 
branches: leaves ovate, acuminate, or the smaller upper ones oblong and obtuse: invol- 
ucres chiefly sessile and rather sparse in the slender simple or paniculate spikes: principal 
bractlets of the involucre linear-spatulate, 4 or 5 lines long, 1-nerved, mucronate, nearly 
twice the length of the slender-subulate interior ones: corolla much exserted, an inch long, 
red or crimson, arcuate; the nearly entire lanceolate-oblong lips shorter than the upwardly 
ampliate tube. — Nees in DC. lc. 489; Chapm. Fl. 305. Justicia assurgens, L. (P. Browne, 
Jam. 110, t. 2, fig. 1.) —Eastern 8. Florida. (W. Ind., Centr. Am.) 


332 SELAGINACER. Gymnandra. 


OrpER CII. SELAGINACES. 


Shrubs or herbs, of various habit, confined to the southern hemisphere, except 
two anomalous northern genera of dubious association, in character most like 
Verbenacee, but the solitary ovules anatropous and suspended, and the radicle 
of the terete straight embryo superior. 


1. GYMNANDRA, Pall. (Ioprég, naked, émjo, man ; stamens somewhat 
protruding.) — Calyx spathaceous, cleft anteriorly, entire or 2-3-toothed pos- 
teriorly. Corolla tubular, ampliate at the throat; limb 2-labiate; upper lip 
entire, erose- 2—-3-crenulate, or 2-cleft; lower usually longer, 2-3-cleft. Stamens 2, 
inserted in the throat of the corolla, not surpassing its lobes: anthers versatile, 
confluently l-celled. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovulate: style filiform and elongated: 
stigma subcapitate or 2-lobed. Fruit dry or slightly drupaceous, small, included 
in the calyx and marcescent corolla, separating into two akene-like nutlets, or one 
of them often abortive. Seed suspended: embryo a little shorter than the fleshy 
albumen. — Perennial and subcaulescent glabrous herbs; with the aspect of Syn- 
thyris in Scrophulariacee (p. 285) ; rootstock somewhat creeping: leaves alter- 
nate; the radical obovate or oblong and petioled; those of the scapiform and 
simple flowering stem sessile: flowers in a dense terminal spike, each solitary 
and sessile in the axil of a bract: corolla bluish. A few montane and arctic 
Asiatic species, two of them reaching N. America. — Pall. It. iii. 710; Choisy in 
DC. Prodr. xii. 24; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1130. 


G. Gmélini, Cham. & Schl. Somewhat robust, a span to a foot high: radical leaves 
ovate or oblong, mostly obtuse at both ends, repand-crenate (2 to 4 inches long): cauline 
smaller, passing into bracts of the dense and thick oblong spike: stamens much shorter 
than the upper lip of the corolla, exceeding the style.— Linn. ii. 561; Hook. Fl. ii. 102. 
G. borealis, var., Pall. l.c. G. ovata & reniformis, Willd. Lagolis glauca, Gertn. in Nov. Comm. 
Petrop. xiv. 533, t. 18, fig. 2. (Barista gymnandra, Pursh, Fl. ii. 430, referred here as to 
plant of Columbia River, is probably Synthyris rubra.) — Unalaska, Popoff Islands, &c., 
recently coll. by Harrington and Elliott. (Kamts., &c.) 


G. Stélleri, Cham. & Schl, 1.c. Slender and smaller: radical leaves oblong, acute, 
more attenuate at base, unequally and obtusely serrate: stamens about equalling the 
upper lip of the corolla, shorter than the style. — Hook. l.c. G. minor, dentata, & gracils, 
Willd. — Kotzebue Sound, Lay & Collie. Arctic coast, Richardson. Perhaps Island of St. 
Lawrence, Chamisso. St. Paul’s Island, Elliott. (Arctic Asia.) 


OrnvER CII]. VERBENACEZ. 


Herbs or shrubs (in tropical regions some are trees), with chiefly opposite or 
verticillate leaves, no stipules, bilabiate or almost regular corolla, with lobes 
imbricated in the bud, mostly didynamous stamens, single style with one or two 
stigmas, an undivided mostly 2-carpellary but more or less completely 2-4-celled 
(rarely 8-locellate) ovary, a pair of ovules to each carpel (one to each locellus or 
half-carpel) ; the fruit either drupaceous and 2—4-pyrenous, or dry and separating 
at maturity into as many nutlets; embryo straight, and in true Verbenacee with 
the radicle inferior. Phryma, appended to this order for lack of other affinity, 
is a notable exception. Albumen in our genera scanty or none. Inflorescence 
various. Foliage sometimes aromatic. 


VERBENACER. 333 


Trine I. PHRYMEZX. Ovary one-celled, and with a single erect or ascending 
orthotropous ovule. Seed without albumen. Radicle superior: cotyledons broad, 
convolute round their axis. Inflorescence centripetal. 


1, PHRYMA. Calyx cylindraceous, bilabiate; upper lip of 3 setaccous-subulate teeth; 
lower of 2 short subulate teeth. Corolla with cylindrical tube equalling the upper lip of 
the calyx. and a bilabiate limb: upper lip almost erect, emarginate; lower much larger, 
spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens didynamous, included: anthers 2-celled, opening longitudinally. 
Style slender: stigma 2-cleft. Fruit a dry akene in the bottom of the calyx. Calyx 
abruptly reflexed on the axis of the spike in fruit, strongly ribbed, and closed by the 
narrowing of the orifice: the long slender teeth hooked at the tip. 


Tribe WI. VERBENE.E. Ovary, or at least the fruit, with 2 to 8 cells or nutlets: 
ovules anatropous or nearly so, erect. Radicle accordingly inferior. Inflorescence 
centripetal and simple; the flowers in the spike commonly alternate: bractlets 
none. Leaves simple, sometimes divided, but not compound. Stamens in our 
genera included and distinctly didynamous. 

* Flowers spicate or capitate. 
+— Calyx ampliate-globular and closed over the fruit. 

2. PRIVA. Flowers slender-spicate. Calyx at first cylindraceous, with 5 ribs produced 
into short teeth, membranaceous and enlarging with and closely investing the dry indu- 
rated fruit, which splits into a pair of 2-locellate or by abortion 1-locellate nutlets. 
Corolla salverform, 5-lobed, obscurely bilabiate. 

+ + Calyx narrow, tubular, plicately 5-angled, 5-toothed, mostly enclosing the dry fruit: 
corolla salverform; limb somewhat equally or unequally 6-lobed: akene-like nutlets 
1-celled, 1-seeded. 

3. STACHYTARPHETA. Perfect stamens 2 (the anterior pair) and with divaricate 
vertical anther-cells: posterior reduced to sterile filaments. Stigma terminal, orbicular, 
subcapitate. Fruit separating into 2 oblong-linear nutlets. 

4. BOUCHEA. Perfect stamens 4: anthers ovate, the cells parallel. Stigma 2-lobed, 
one lobe abortive, the other subclavate-stigmatose. Fruit separating into 2 nutlets. 
Seed linear. 

5. VERBENA. Perfect stamens 4: anthers ovate; the cells nearly parallel. Stigma mostly 
2-lobed ; anterior lobe larger; posterior smooth and sterile. Fruit separating into 4 nutlets. 
+— + + Calyx small and short: anthers short, the cells parallel: cells of the ovary and 

nutlets of the fruit 2, one-seeded: style mostly short: stigma thickish, mostly oblique. 

6. LIPPIA. Calyx 2-4cleft or toothed, ovoid, oblong-campanulate or compressed and 
bicarinate, enclosing the dry fruit, which separates into 2 nutlets. Limb of corolla 
oblique or bilabiate, 4-lobed. 

7. LANTANA,. Calyx very small and membranaceous, truncate or sinuate-toothed. 
Limb of the corolla not bilabiate, obscurely irregular, 4-5-parted; the broad lobes obtuse 
or retuse; tube slender. Fruit drupaceous, merely girt at base by the calyx, fleshy or 
juicy; its nutlets bony, mostly roughened. 

x #* Flowers in open racemes, minutely bracteate: calyx tubular-campanulate, with trun- 
cate minutely 5-toothed border: corolla salverform ; the 5-parted limb somewhat oblique 
or unequal: anther-cells parallel: ovules amphitropous: drupe juicy, containing 2 to 4 
bilocellate 2-seeded bony nutlets: subtropical and tropical shrubs or trees. 

8. CITHAREXYLUM. Calyx in fruit girting the base of the drupe. Stigmas 2. Nut- 
lets 2. Sterile fifth stamen present, rarely antheriferous. 

9. DURANTA. Calyx in fruit ampliate and enclosing the drupe. Corolla commonly 
curved. Stigma unequally 4-lobed. Nutlets 4: seeds therefore 8. 


Trize III. VITICEE. Ovary, embryo, &c , of the preceding tribe. Ovules later- 
ally affixed, amphitropous. Inflorescence centrifugal, cymose. 
10. CALLICARPA. Flowers 4-merous (rarely 5-merous in calyx and corolla), nearly regu- 
lar. Calyx short, sinuately toothed. Corolla with short or campanulate tube. Stamens 
4, equal, exserted: anthers short; cells parallel. Style elongated: stigma capitate or 
2-lobed. Baccate drupe small, the base subtended by the calyx, containing 4 small 
1-seeded nutlets or by abortion fewer. Cymes axillary. 


Trine IV. AVICENNIEZ. Ovary imperfectly 4-celled, with a central 4-winged 
columella bearing + pendulous amphitropous ovules, these and the solitary seed des- 


334 VERBENACER. Phryma. 


titute of any coats. Fruit fleshy-capsular. Seed consisting solely of a large 
embryo, which begins germination at or before dehiscence: radicle villous, inferior: 
cotyledons large, amygdaloid, conduplicate longitudinally: plumule conspicuous. 
Flowers glomerate (inflorescence centrifugal); the capituliform clusters variously 
disposed. 

11. AVICENNIA. Calyx of 5 imbricated concave sepals. Corolla with short campan- 


ulate tube, and slightly irregular 4-parted spreading limb. Stamens 4, somewhat unequal 
and exserted. Style short or none. Stigmas 2. Fruit compressed, 2-valved. 


1. PHRYMA, L. Lorseep. (An unexplained name, substituted by Lin- 
neus for Leptostachya, Mitch. in Act. Phys.-Med. Nat. Cur. viii. 212, 1748.) — 
Single species. 

=== Pp, Leptostachya, L. Perennial herb, 2 to 4 feet high, slender, somewhat pubescent: 
leaves ovate, acuminate, coarsely serrate; lower ones long-petioled: flowers small and 
inconspicuous, sessile in slender and filiform at length much elongated terminal spikes, 
purplish, each in the axil of a setaceous bract and subtended by a pair of minute bractlets, 
at length strictly reflexed; the fructiferous calyx, detaching at maturity, apt to adhere to 
fleece and clothing by the hooked tips of the awn-like teeth in the manner of a bur. — 
Gertn. Fr. t. 75; Lam. Ill. t. 516; Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 520.— Moist and open woods, 
Canada to Florida and Missouri: fl. summer. (Japan to Nepal.) 


2. PRIVA, Adans. (Name of unknown derivation.) — Homely perennial 
herbs of warm climates; with petioled coarsely serrate leaves, and terminal spikes 
of small dull flowers, in summer. 

P. echinata, Juss. Somewhat pubescent: leaves ovate, somewhat cordate: flowers 
alternate in the slender spike: fruiting calyx hirsute with small hooked hairs: fruit ovate, 


4-angled, splitting into 2 nutlets, each 2-seeded, spiny-toothed on the back. — Jacq. Obs. 
t. 24; Sloane, Jam. t. 110; Chapm. FI. 206.—S. Florida. (Trop. Amer.) 


38. STACHYTARPHETA, Vahl. (Name formed of ozéyve, spike, and 
taopus, dense, written Stachytarpha by Link and some succeeding authors, that it 
might better accord with the etymology.) — Tropical herbs or undershrubs, chiefly 
American; with mostly serrate and sometimes alternate leaves, and dense ter- 
minal spikes; the flowers, or at least the fruiting calyx, often half immersed in 
longitudinal excavations of the stout rhachis, subtended each by a small and 
usually paleaceous bract. 

———~ §. Jamaicénsis, Vahl. Annual, but suffrutescent, glabrate: leaves oval or oblong, 
coarsely serrate, tapering into the petiole: spike as thick as a goose-quill, 6 to 10 inches 
long: bracts appressed, striate, aristulate-acuminate: flowers sunk in deep excavations of 
the thickening rhachis: calyx becoming compressed and 2-cleft: corolla blue, its border 


4 lines broad.— Enum. i. 206 (Sloane, Jam. t. 107; Desc. Ant. vi. t. 692); Chapm. Fl. 
308. Verbena Jamaicensis, L.—S8. Florida. (W. Ind. to Guiana.) 


4, BOUCHEA, Cham. (Charles and Peter Bouché, Berlin gardeners.) — 
Between the preceding and following genera, American, African, and Indian: 
flowers not immersed in the slender rhachis of the spike ; in summer. 


§ 1. Leaves petioled and serrate (as in the genus generally) : flowers small. 


B. Ehrenbérgii, Cham. Annual, a span to 2 feet high, barely puberulent, brachiately 
branched: leaves ovate or oval: spikes short: flowers crowded: corolla little exserted, 
bluish, 3 lines long: tip of fruit exserted from the shortish tube of calyx. — Linn. vii. 253; 
Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 558; Torr. in Bot. Mex. Bound. 126. Verbena prismatica, Jacq. 
Jc. Rar. t. 208.—S. Arizona, Thurber, Wright. (Mex. & W. Ind. to Venezuela.) 


Verbena. VERBENACEZ. 885 


§ 2. Leaves sessile or nearly so and entire: spikes lax : tube of (purple or white) 
corolla exserted, and limb 6 to 9 lines broad: fruit somewhat shorter than the 
narrow cylindrical calyx-tube. Peculiar species. 


B. spatulata, Torr. Suffrutescent, puberulent: branches terete, very leafy: leaves 
thickish, obovate, entire, obtuse, mucronate (9 lines long); upper ones passing into similar 
foliaceous bracts; uppermost lanceolate, about equalling the calyx. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 
126.—S. W. Texas, cafion of the Rio Grande, near Mount Carmel, Parry. 

B. linifélia, Gray. Fastigiately and alternately branched from a perennial or suffrutes- 
cent base, a foot or two high, glabrous and smooth: branches rigid, striate-angled and 
suleate, very leafy: leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, acute at both ends, 1-nerved ; upper- 
most passing into bracts of the loose spike: upper bracts subulate, much shorter than the 
slightly pedicellate striate calyx: throat of corolla funnelform.— Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, 
xvi. 98; Torr. 1. c.— Dry bed or banks of the San Pedro and Rio Grande, 8. W. Texas, 
Wright, Schott. 


3. VERBENA, Tourn. Vervary. (Roman name of a sacred herb, of 
Celtic derivation.) — A large genus of herbs (or a few S. American species suf- 
fruticose), chiefly American, some mere weeds, some ornamental; fl. summer. 
Spontaneous hybrids abound, not here to be described; many are noted by En- 
gelmann in Am. Jour. Sci. xlvi. (1848) 99. 


§ 1. Flowers small or comparatively so, in narrow spikes: anthers unappen- 
daged. 
* Spikes filiform, with the flowers or at least the fruits scattered, naked, and the inconspicuous 
bracts shorter than the calyx. 
+— Leaves 1-2-pinnately cleft or incised, sessile or nearly so. 

oes V. orricixAris, L. Annual, slender: stem glabrous or nearly so: leaves minutely strigu- 
lose-pubescent, chiefly once or twice pinnatifid or 3-5-cleft; lower obovate, sometimes only 
incised, narrowed below into a tapering base; uppermost lanceolate: spikes very slender, 
solitary or panicled: bracts shorter than calyx: lobes of the small purplish corolla usually 
less than a line long.— Fl. Dan. t. 628; Lam. Ill. t.17. V. officinalis & V. spuria, L. 
Spec. i. 18.— Road-sides and old fields, New Jersey to Texas, Arizona, and 8. California. 
(Nat. from Eu., &c.) 

<=: V. xttha, Lehm. Stouter and taller (2 or 3 feet high, from a perennial root‘), hirsute- 
pubescent: leaves more or less canescent, incisely pinnatifid or laciniate, or some of the 
lower 3-parted; lobes coarsely toothed: flowers more crowded in the strict spikes, larger: 
bracts equalling the calyx: lobes of the purple or blue corolla commonly a line and a half 
long. — Ind. Sem. Hamb. 1834, & Linn. x. Literb. 115. J”. strigosa, Hook. & Arn. Comp. Bot. 
Mag. i. 176, not Cham. JV. Luceana, Walp. Rep. iv. 23; Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 547. 
T. cerulea, Vatke in App. Ind. Sem. hort. Berol. 1876, 1.” sororia, Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 
104, & Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 202, is perhaps the same species. — Louisiana and Texas, southern 
borders of California. (Mex.) 

+- + Leaves merely serrate, or sometimes sparingly incised: root perennial. 

—<—< V.urticefdlia, L. From minutely hirsute-pubescent to almost glabrous, 3 to 5 feet 
high: leaves thin, petioled, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate or acute, evenly or 
doubly serrate: spikes slender-filiform, panicled, more or less sparsely flowered: bracts 
ovate, acuminate, shorter than the short calyx: corolla a line or two, and lobes only half 
a line long, white, sometimes bluish or purplish.— Waste or open grounds, Canada to 
Texas, &c. (Trop. Am.) 

—_ V. polystachya, HBK. Less tall, more scabrous, sometimes hirsute or hispid, panicu- 
lately branched: leaves from oblong to broadly lanceolate (1 or 2 inches long), sessile by a 
narrowed base or short-petioled, obtuse or acute, incisely serrate, occasionally somewhat 
lobed: spikes thicker and denser than in the preceding. — Gray, Bot. Calif. i. G08. V. poly- 
stachya, biserrata, & veronicefolia? HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spee. ii. 274, &c. V. Caroliniensis, 
Dill. Elth. ii. 407, t. 301, fig. 388: therefore V. Carolina, L. Spec. ed. 2, ii. 29, but not in 
Carolina. TV. Caroliniana, Spreng. Syst. ti. 748; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 156; Schauer 
in DC. 1. c. 546. California and Arizona: rare. (Mex.) 


336 VERBENACEZ. Verbena. 


-——— V. Carolinidna, Michx. Cinereous-puberulent and scabrous-pubescent: stems mostly 
simple, ascending, from 6 inches to 2 feet high, including the commonly solitary long and 
virgate spike: leaves oblong and the lowest obovate, obtuse, sessile, finely and often doubly 
serrate : flowers in the upper part of the spike crowded : bracts subulate, equalling the calyx: 
corolla flesh-color; the lower lobe a line long, the others shorter. — Fl. ii. 13; Ell. Sk. ii. 99. 
Phryma Carolimensis, Walt. Car. 166. Verbena Caroliniana, Ray, and as to this at least 
V. Carolina, L., but seemingly not V. Carolinensis, Dill. Elth. V. carnea, Med. ex Schauer 
in DC. l.c. 545.— Pine barrens, N. Carolina to Florida. 

%* * Spikes thicker or densely-flowered; the fruits crowded, mostly overlapping each other or 
imbricated: bracts inconspicuous, not exceeding the flowers: root perennial. 

++ Pubescence short, sparse and hirsute or scabrous: spikes dense, strict, naked at base or more 
or less peduncled: stem erect. 

== V. angustifolia, Michx. 1.c. Stem and spikes often simple, a foot or two high: leaves 
linear or lanceolate, coarsely rugose-veiny, serrate, tapering into nearly sessile base: 
corolla purple or lilac (3 lines long).— V. rugosa, Willd. Enum. 633. V. simplex, Lehm. 
Pugill. i. 37.— Dry or sandy ground, Massachusetts (Amherst) to Wisconsin and Florida. 

=< V.hastata, L. Tall, 3 to 6 feet high: leaves oblong-lanceolate, gradually acuminate, 
coarsely or incisely serrate, petioled, some of the lower commonly hastate-3-lobed at 
base: spikes numerous in a panicle: corolla blue. — V. paniculata, Lam.; Bot. Mag. t. 1102; 
name applied to the form which wants the 3lobed leaves; the better but the later name 
for the species. —Canada and Saskatchewan to Florida, New Mexico, and (according to 
Torrey in Wilkes Exped. Bot.) California: chiefly waste grounds and road-sides. — Var. 
pinnatifida, Schauer (V. pinnatifida, Lam.), is a probable hybrid, of occasional occurrence. 
++ +— Pubescence softer and denser, commonly cinereous or canescent: spikes mostly sessile or 

leafy-bracted at base. 

=== V7 stricta, Vent. Erect, rather stout, a foot or two high: leaves cinereous with dense 
soft-hirsute-villous pubescence, thickish, rugose-veiny, ovate or oblong, nearly sessile, very 
sharply and densely mostly doubly serrate, rarely incised: spikes comparatively thick, 
dense both in flower and fruit, canescent: bracts subulate-setaceous, equalling the calyx: 
corolla blue (4 or 5 lines long): nutlets linear.— Hort. Cels, t. 53. V. rigens, Michx. Fl. 
ii. 14. V. cuneifolia, Raf. in Med. Rep. N. Y. xi. 260%— Barrens and prairies, Ohio to 
Dakota, Texas, and New Mexico, where a hybrid occurs between it and V. bracteosa, 
V. lanceolata, Beck in Am. Jour. Sci. xiv. 118, may be one of the hybrids between 
V. stricta and V. angustifolia which occur at St. Louis. 

eV. prostrata, R. Br. Diffusely spreading, at length much branched, from soft-villous 
to hirsute: leaves obovate or oblong, with cuneate base tapering into a margined petiole, 
veiny, acutely incised and serrate, often 3-5-cleft: spikes solitary or somewhat clustered, 
elongated, hirsute or villous, dense when in flower: bracts subulate, shorter than the 
calyx: corolla violet or blue, 2 lines long: nutlets oblong.— Ait. Kew. ed. 2, iv. 41; 
Schauer, l. c.; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 609. V. las/ostachys, Link; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 
156. — Plains and open grounds, throughout W. California. Very variable. 
% ¥* Spikes (either thickish or slender) sessile and bracteose, i.e. the rigid and somewhat foliaceous 

bracts, or some of them, surpassing the flowers: root annual or becoming lignescent-perennial. 

=e V.bracteésa, Michx. Much branched from the base, diffuse or decumbent, hirsute: 
leaves cuneate-oblong or cuneate-obovate, narrowed mostly into a short margined petiole, 
pinnately incised or 3-cleft, and coarsely dentate: spikes terminating the branches, thick: 
lowest bracts often pinnatifid or incised; the others lanceolate, acuminate, entire, rigid, 
sparsely hispid, all exceeding the flowers: corolla purplish or blue, very small: nutlets 
with a broad and strongly convex or 2-facetted granulate-scabrous commissure. — Fl. ii. 
14; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2910. V. squarrosa, Roth, Catal. Bot. iii. 3. 1. canescens 2 Chapm. 
FL. 307, not HBK. — Prairies and open waste grounds, Wisconsin to W. Florida, and west 
to Oregon, California, and Arizona. 

Var. brevibractedta, a peculiar form, with dense spikes, most of the bracts little 
longer than the flowers, and the uppermost barely equalling them, in fruit all ascending or 
appressed. — W. Texas to Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) 

“== V.canéscens, HBK. Much branched from the base, ascending or erect, canescent- 
hirsute: leaves oblong-lanceolate and cuneate-obovate, contracted into a margined base, 
rigid, sharply toothed, incised, or some of them pinnatifid: spikes solitary, filiform, 
mostly loosely-flowered : bracts subulate, the lower almost filiform and more or less ex- 


Verbena. VERBENACES. Bar 


ceeding the flowers, the uppermost ovatelanceolate and only equalling them: corolla 
bluish (about 2 lines long): nutlets with a narrower almost smooth commissure. — HBK. 
Noy. Gen. & Spec. ii. 274, t. 136. V. gracilis, Desf. Cat. ed. 3, 393. V. remota, Benth. 
Hartw. 21. V. Remeriana, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 755?— Dry open grounds, W. Texas to 
8. California. (Mex.) 

Var. Neo-Mexicadna. Stems rather strict and slender: leaves bipinnately cleft or 
almost parted: bracts not longer than the calyx. — V. officinalis, var. hirsuta, Torr. Bot. 
Mex. Bound. 28. — Borders of thickets near the Coppermines, New Mexico, Hright, Bigelow. 
Appears as if a hybrid between V. canescens and J” officinalis. S. Arizona, similar in foliage 
but with long bracts, Rothrock. 


§ 2. Flowers more showy, at first depressed-capitate, becoming spicate in fruit : 
anthers of the longer stamens appendaged by a gland on the connective: tube of 
corolla at the upper part lined with reflexed bristly hairs, especially the anterior 
side: anther-cells slightly oblique or unequal. — Glandularia, Gmelin, Nutt. 
Billardiera, Mcench. Shuttleworthia, Meissner. Uwarowia, Bunge. 


* Gland of the anthers small and short, sometimes inconspicuous, on the middle of the back: 
mainly fibrous-rooted perennials; but seedlings flowering as annuals: nutlets reticulate-rugulose, 
mostly scabrous on the commissure. Species difficult to distinguish, apparently passing into 
each other. 

__-~ V. ciliata, Benth. Low or depressed, hirsute-pubescent or hispid, 3 to 10 inches high, 
diffusely spreading from an apparently annual root; the branches not creeping nor rooting 
at base: leaves once or twice 3-cleft or parted and variously incisely lobed, 6 to 12 lines 
long, with cuneate base contracted into a margined petiole; lobes from linear to oblong: 
spikes short-peduncled or sessile, dense, at most oblong: fructiferous calyx oblong, 24 or > 
lines long, with short subulate teeth: limb of the purple or bluish corolla 2 to 4 lines 
broad: gland of the anthers usually very small.— Pl. Hartw. 21; Schauer in DC. Prodr. 
xi. 553; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 608.— Dry plains, W. Texas to Arizona and the southern 
border of California. (Mex.) 

= V. bipinnatifida, Nutt. A span toa foot high, hispid-hirsute, perennial, rooting from 
subterranean branches: leaves (14 to + inches long), bipinnately parted, or 3-parted into 
more or less bipinnatifid divisions ; the lobes commonly linear or rather broader: spikes 
in age elongated. bracts setaceous-attenuate, mostly surpassing the calyx: teeth of the 
latter slender, subulate-setaceous from a broader base, unequal: limb of the bluish-pur- 
ple or lilac corolla 4 or 5 lines broad; lobes obcordate: nutlets at maturity usually 

retrorsely muriculate-scabrous or hispidulous on the commissure. — Jour. Acad. Philad. ii. 

123; Torr. in Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. 233; Schauer in DC. 1. c. 553. Glandularia bipinnatifida, 

Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 184. — Plains and prairies, Arkansas and Texas to 

the base of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado, &c. Cult. as “V. montana.” 

= V. Aublétia, L. A foot or less high, branching and ascending from a creeping or root- 
ing base, perennial (as rightly said by Jacquin), slender, soft-pubescent, hirsute, or gla- 
prate: leaves (1 or 2 inches long) ovate or ovate-oblong in outline, with truncate or broadly 
cuneate base tapering into a margined petiole, incisely lobed and toothed, often more deeply 
3-cleft: spikes pedunculate, elongated in fruit: bracts subulate or linear-attenuate, shorter 
than or equalling the similar slender and unequal teeth of the narrow calyx: limb of the 
reddish-purple or lilac (rarely white) corolla half or two-thirds inch broad: commissure of 
the nutlets minutely white-dotted or nearly smooth. —Jacq. Vind. ii. 82, t.176; L.f. Suppl. 

86; Bot. Mag. t. 308; Michx. Fl. ii. 13; Bot. Reg, t.294, t. 1925 (var. Drummondi) ; Schauer 

in DC. lc. 554. V. Obletia, Retz. V. longiflora, Lam. Buchnera Canadensis, L. Mant. 88. 

Glandwaria Curolinensis, Gmel. Billardiera explanata, Mench. V. Lamberti, Sims, Bot. Mag. 

t. 2200; Schauer, 1. c.; form with narrower and more incised leaves. 1}. Lamberti, var. 

rosea, Don, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 863, with large and light-colored corolla (three-fourths 

inch wide, fragrant).— Open woods and prairies, Florida to Illinois, Arkansas, and New 

Mexico. (Mex.) Cult., variously mixed. 

%* %* Gland of the anthers oval, as high and almost as large as one of the cells: stem erect from an 
annual root. 

V. Wrightii. Hispidulous-pubescent: stem simple below, 2? feet high: leaves pinnately 
3-+7-parted or deeply cleft, contracted at base into a margined petiole; lobes mostly lan- 


| hago eee, . 
n jleterta’.. 


338 VERBENACE. Verbena. 


ceolate, acute: fructiferous pedunculate spikes dense, oblong: fructiferous calyx with teeth 
very much shorter than the oblong tube: corolla light purple: nutlets, &c., of V. Aubletia. 
—Near Frontera, on the borders of Texas, and adjacent New Mexico, and Chihuahua, 
Wright (no. 1504). 
eV. venosa, Gillies & Hook., of S. America, one of the species cultivated for ornament, has 
escaped into prairies in the vicinity of Houston, Texas. 


6. LIPPIA, L. (Dr. A. Lippi, killed in Abyssinia early in the 18th cen- 
tury.) — Herbs or shrubs (American, mainly southern, a few African, &c., and one 
or two widely dispersed species) ; with spikes or heads of small flowers, in summer. 
Leaves often verticillate. 


§ 1. Axéysra, Schauer, Benth. & Hook. Flowers in slender and naked spikes, 
with small and narrow bracts: calyx about equally 4-cleft, herbaceous, often 
densely hirsute, the tube not compressed: nutlets thin-walled: shrubs, with foliage 
commonly sweet-aromatic. — Aloysia, Ortega. (L. eitriodora, of Uruguay, with 
smooth calyx, &c., is the Lemon Verbena shrub, of cultivation.) 


——L. lycioides, Steud. Shrub 4 to 10 feet high, with long and slender branches, sometimes 
spinescent, minutely puberulent: leaves (3 to 12 lines long) lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, 
l-nerved, scabrous above, pale beneath, veinless, small and entire on flowering branches, 
larger and incised or few-toothed on strong sterile shoots: spikes axillary, racemose- 
panicled, filiform: flowers white or tinged violet (fragrance of vanilla). — Schauer in Fl. 
Bras. ix. t.36 & DC. Prodr. xi. 574. Verbena ligustrina, Lag. Nov. Gen. & Spec. 18. — Texas 
to Arizona and “ California,” Coulter. (Mex., Uruguay, &c.) 

—L. Wrightii, Gray. Shrub 2 to 4 feet high, with many spreading slender branches, 
minutely canescent-tomentose: leaves (4 to 8 lines long) orbicular-ovate, crenate, rugose, 
abruptly short-petioled : spikes short-peduncled, densely flowered: calyx-teeth triangular: 
corolla white, glabrous within: ‘“ odor of Sage.” — Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xvi. 98; Torr. in 
Bot. Mex. Bound. 126.— 8. W. Texas to Arizona, Thurber, Wright, Palmer, &c. (Adjacent 
Mex., where var. macrostachya, Torr. 1. c., approaches L. scorodonioides, HBK., of S. Am.) 


§ 2. Zarfnta, Schauer, Benth. & Hook. Flowers capitate or in short and 
dense spikes, subtended and imbricated by broad bracts. 


* Bracts decussately 4-ranked, complicate-carinate, persistent: flowers very small. 


L. gravéolens, HBK. Shrubby, 2 to 4 feet high, cinereous with close pubescence : leaves 
ovate-oblong or oval, crenate-reticulate-rugose, hirsute-pubescent above, canescent beneath, 
petioled: umbellate peduncles 3 to 6 in each axil, shorter than the leaves: bracts thin, 

, ovate, acute, silky, shorter than the yellowish-white salverform corolla. — Nov. Gen. & 
Spee. ii. 266; Schauer, lc. LZ. Berlandieri, Torr. 1. v., not Schauer. — Texas, along and 
near the Rio Grande. (Mex., &c.) 
* * Bracts several-ranked, concave or flattish: calyx thin, more or less compressed fore and aft 
and the sides carinate. —§ Zapania, Schauer. 
+ More or less shrubby, erect: heads on short axillary peduncles. 


L. geminata, HBK. 1.c. Pubescent leaves ovate or oblong, closely serrate, triplinerved, 
pinnately veined, and with rugose-reticulated veinlets, minutely strigose above, canescently 
tomentose-pubescent beneath, petioled: peduncles mostly solitary in the axils, hardly 
longer than the petiole: head globular, at length cylindraceous: bracts broadly ovate, 
abruptly cuspidate-acuminate, villous-canescent, a little shorter than the purple or violet 
corolla. (Foliage with odor of citron.) — Verbena lantanotdes, L.—S. Texas on the Rio 
Grande. (Mex. to Uruguay.) 

* * Herbaceous, procumbent or creeping: pubescence of fine and close hairs fixed by their middle 
and both ends acute: peduncles chiefly axillary and slender: bracts closely imbricated: calyx 
strongly flattened fore and aft, with carinate margins, and cleft into 2 lateral more or less con- 
duplicate lobes : limb of corolla manifestly bilabiate; the smaller upper one retuse or emarginate: 
pericarp crustaceous or corky, not readily separating into the two nutlets. 

ee, L. cuneifdlia, Steud. Diffusely branched from a lignescent perennial base, procumbent 
(not creeping), minutely canescent throughout: leaves rigid, cuneate-linear, sessile, incisely 


Lantana. VERBEN ACES. 339 


2-6-toothed above the middle, nearly veinless, the midrib prominent: peduncles mostly 
shorter than the leaves: heads at length cylindraceous, almost half inch thick: bracts 

-Tigid, broadly cuneate, abruptly acuminate from the truncate or retuse dilated summit: 
calyx deeply 2-cleft ; the lobes oblong and emarginate, shorter than the tube of the (white!) 
corolla: fruit oblong-oval.— Torr. in Marcy, Rep. 293, t. 17. Zapania cuneifolia, Torr. in 
Ann. Lye. N.Y, ii. 254.— Plains, Nebraska to New Mexico and Arizona. 

ex. L. nodifiédra, Michx. Creeping extensively, some branches ascending, “annual” or 
probably perennial, cinereous or greenish: leaves cuneate-spatulate or oblanceolate, sessile 
or nearly so, obscurely veiny or almost veinless, the long tapering base entire, sharply ser- 
rate from above the middle to the apex: peduncles filiform (1 to 4 inches long), much 
exceeding the leaves: heads cylindraceous in age, quarter inch thick: bracts mucronate or 
pointless: lobes of the calyx linear-lanceolate: corolla rose-purple or nearly white, short: 
fruit globose or didymous. — FI. ii. 15. Zapania nodiflora, Lam. Ill. t.17. Verbena nodiflora, 
L.; Sibth. Fl. Gree. t. 555.— Low grounds, Georgia to Texas and southward: also Cali- 
fornia. (Cosmopolite in torrid zone.) 
e== J. lanceolata, Michx. 1.c. Like the preceding, and perhaps passes into it, but greener, 

minutely and sparsely strigulose: leaves thinner, mostly broader (name therefore inapt), 
varying from obovate and lanceolate-spatulate to ovate, narrowed at base mostly into a 
petiole, above sharply serrate, pinnately straight-veined; veins ending in the sinuses: 
corolla bluish-white.—Gray, Man ed. 5, 341. Z. reptans, HBK. 1. ¢.2  Zapania lanceolata, 
Beck in Am. Jour. Sci. xiv. 284. — River banks, E. Penn. to Illinois and Missouri, south to 
Florida and Texas. (Mex.) 


7. LANTANA, L. (An old name of a Fiburnum, transferred by Linneus, 
in view of some resemblance to this genus, which should have retained Plumier’s 
name of Camara).— Shrubs or undershrubby plants of warm regions; with 
mostly rugose and somewhat glaudular-odorous pinnately veined petioled leaves 
(not rarely in threes), and axillary pedunculate heads of rather showy small 
flowers ; in summer. Several species common in gardens, two or three indigenous 
to our southern borders. 


§ 1. Drupe thin-fleshed or somewhat dry, at least with nutlets contiguous and 
usually cohering more or less into a 2-celled putamen: stems never prickly. 
(Transition to Lippia.) 


—.._..._ L. involucrata, L. Canescent, much branched: leaves obovate-oval or ovate, rounded 
at the apex, crenate, rugulose and veiny, scabrous above, soft-tomentose beneath, cuneate 
at base, rather slender-petioled: peduncles equalling or exceeding the leaf: head hemi- 
spherical or at length globose, not elongating: bracts silky, ovate, or the outermost some- 
times oblong, these as long as the (white or lilac) flowers, and forming an involucre. — 
8. Florida (Z. involucrata, var. Floridana, Chapm.; a form with long peduncles and white 
flowers). 8. borders of Texas (ZL. odorata, var. Berlandieri, Torr. Mex. Bound. and L. parvi- 
Jolia, Raf.?): a form with less obtuse leaves and white flowers. JZ. odorata, L. Syst., scems 
not distinct. (Trop. .\m.) 

L. canéscens, HBK. Cinereous-canescent throughout with fine and soft strigose pu- 
bescence: branches slender: leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate and gradually 
acuminate, with cuneate base, somewhat appressed-scrrate, lineate-veined and minutely 
rugose, about the length of the slender peduncles : heads ovoid, small, in age short-oblong: 
bracts ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, lax; the exterior larger, spreading and in- 
volucrate : corolla small, white. — Nov. Gen. & Spee. ii. 259. Lippia pallescens, Benth. Hartw. 
245. As yet collected only on the Coahuila (Mexican) side of the Rio Grande, Berlundier, 
Bigelow. (Trop. Am.) 

L. macrépoda, Torr. Cinereous with minute strigulose pubescence: stems slender, 
1 to 3 feet high, herbaceous almost or quite to the base: leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, 
acute, coarsely and sharply serrate, obtuse or somewhat cuneate at base, petioled, usually 
scabrous above and slightly canescent beneath, not at all rugose-reticulated, the primary 
veins conspicuous and running straight to the sinuses: peduncles twice or thrice the length 


340 VERBENACES. Lantana. 


of the leaf (2 to 5 inches long): heads globular, at length oblong: bracts ovate, cuspidate- 
acuminate, nearly equalling the white or purple corolla; the outermost gradually larger 
but hardly forming an involucre.— Bot. Mex. Bound. 127.—8. W. borders of Texas 
(IWright, &c.), and adjacent parts of Mexico, Gregg, Palmer. 


§ 2. Drupe juicy; the 2 nutlets separated, at least at base. Stems sometimes 
prickly or hispid, but this very variable. 


L. Camara, L. Scabrous and more or less hirsute, 1 to 4 feet high: prickles on the stem 
short and hooked: leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, often subcordate, crenate-serrate, very 
scabrous above, scabrous-hirsute or softer-pubescent beneath (about 2 inches long) : pe- 
duncles rigid, about the length of the leaf: head flat-topped in anthesis; the rhachis not 
elongating: bracts lanceolate, strigose-hirsute, about half the length of the yellow at 
length orange or even flame-colored corolla. — Plum. Ic. t.71; Dill. Elth. t. 56. Z. horrida, 
var. parviflora, Schauer in DC. 1. c.; Torr. l.c.—S. Georgia and Florida, 8. Texas and 
southward. (Trop. Am.) 


8. CITHAREXYLUM, L. (Name composed of xAéoa, guitar or lyre, 
and £vAor, wood, a translation into Greek of the colonial-English Fiddle-wood ; 
but this name, unfortunately for the etymology, is an English corruption of the 
earlier French-colonial name, dois fidéle, meaning a wood trustworthy for strength.) 
— Tropical American shrubs or trees ; with somewhat coriaceous leaves, and small 
flowers on a filiform rhachis, each subtended by a minute bract. 

C. villésum, Jacq. Soft-pubescent or glabrate: leaves oblong-obovate or oblong, entire 
or occasionally few-toothed above the middle, veiny and with finely reticulated veinlets, 
shining and barely scabrous above, pale and sometimes soft-canescent beneath, biglandular 
at the narrowed base, tapering into the petiole: racemes declining, loose, but spike-like : 


flowers very short-pedicelled: corolla white, glabrous externally. — Coll. i. 72, & Ic. Rar. 
t. 118; Chapm. Fl. 309. — Key West, 5. Florida; perhaps 8. Texas. (W. Ind., Mex.) 


9, DURANTA, L. (Castor Durantes, wrote upon W. Indian plants in the 
16th century.) —W. Indian and S. American shrubs, often armed with axillary 
spines; one has reached our borders. 


D. Plumiéri, Jacq. Minutely pubescent or glabrate: branches 4-angled: leaves obovate, 
oblong, or ovate, mostly entire, contracted at base into a short petiole: racemes panicled, 
loose: lower bracts often leafy: calyx-teeth subulate from a broad base: corolla lilac : 
drupe yellow; the enclosing persistent calyx also yellowish, closed into a straight or con- 
torted beak. — Jacq. Stirp. t. 176, fig. 76, & Ic. Rar. t. 502; Bot. Reg. t. 244; Chapm. 1. c. 
D. spinosa & D. inermis, L.; the branches sometimes spiny, sometimes unarmed. D. Ellisia, 
Jacq. Amer. t. 176, f. 77, & Hort. Schoenb. iii. t. 99; Bot. Mag. t.1759. Elisa acuta, L. — 
Key West, S. Florida, Blodgett. (Trop. Am.) . 

— 10, CALLICARPA, L. (Kedos, beauty, and xaomdg, fruit: the berry- 

like drupes ornamental.) — A rather large E. Asiatic and American genus, chiefly 
of the warmer regions, one in the Atlantic States; fl. late summer. Pubescence 
stellular-branched or scurfy. 

e==C. Americana, L. (Frencn Muunerry.) Shrub low, with scurfy-stellate down and 

glandular-dotted : leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, obtuscly serrate, greenish above, whitish 
or rusty beneath, acute or cuneate at base: cymes shorter than the petiole, many-flowered : 
corolla bluish, hardly 2 lines long: fruit violet-colored. — Catesb. Car. t.47; Lam. IIL. t. 69. 


Spondylococcus, Mitchell, Nov. Gen. Burchardia Americana, Duham. Arb. ed. 1, i. t. 44.— 
Rich or moist grounds, Virginia to Texas. (W. Ind.) 


11, AVICENNIA, L. Wuite Mancrove. (Dedicated to Avicenna, 
the Latinized name of Jbusina, most illustrious of Arabian physicians ; died in 


LABIATZ. 341 


1037.) — Maritime evergreen trees, of tropical regions, spreading from creeping 
shoots ; their opposite entire and mostly canescent coriaceous leaves connected at 
base by an interpetiolar line, giving the branchlets the appearance of being articu- 
lated: peduncles axillary and terminal, commonly cymosely trichotomous : flowers 
small, white or whitish, in late summer. 

A. nitida, Jacq. Leaves oblong or lanceolate-elliptical, glabrate and at length sometimes 
shining above: peduncles ternate or trichotomous: lobes of corolla minutely sericeous or 
tomentulose both sides: style as long as stamens. —Jacq. Amer. t. 112, fig. 1; Schauer in 
DC. Prodr. xi. 699 ; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 502. A. tomentosa, Meyer, Essequib.; Nutt. Sylv. 
iii. 79, t. 105, exserted style shown. A. oblongifolia, “Nutt.?”” Chapm. Fl. 310: name not 
mentioned by Nuttall in Sylv. 1. e.— Keys and coasts of 8. Florida, and mouth of the 
Mississippi. (W. Ind. to Brazil.) 

A. TOMENTOSA, Jacq. 1. c. fig. 2, with hardly any style, and corolla-lobes glabrous above, is 
in the Prodromus and in Chapman’s Flora attributed to “ Florida, Nuttall.” But Nuttall’s 
species figured under this name in the Sylva is clearly the A. nitida, and that is probably our 
only species. 


OrnpER CIV. LABIAT. 


Herbs or low shrubs, with aromatic herbage (usually dotted with small im- 
mersed glands replete with volatile oil), with square stems, opposite simple leaves 
and no stipules; the perfect flowers with irregular more or less bilabiate corolla, 
didynamous or diandrous ; filiform style mostly 2-cleft and 2-stigmatose at apex, 
and around its base the divisions of a 4-parted (sometimes only 4-lobed) ovary, 
which are uniovulate and ripen into akene-like nutlets, in the bottom of a gamo- 
sepalous calyx. Ovule and seed mostly amphitropous or anatropous, and erect. 
Embryo straight except in the Scutellarinee, with plane or plano-convex coty- 
ledons and inferior radicle: albumen usually none or hardly any. Lobes of the 
corolla imbricated in the bud, the posterior or the upper lip exterior and the 
middle lobe of the lower lip innermost. Stamens borne on the tube of the corolla. 
distinct or rarely monadelphous; the fifth (posterior) stamen, and in diandrous 
flowers the adjacent pair also, not rarely represented by sterile filaments or rudi- 
ments: rarely the 4 fertile stamens equal. Hypogynous disk generally present, 
sometimes as (one to four) gland-like lobes. Pistil as in all the related orders 
dimerous, each carpel deeply 2-parted or 2-lobed. Inflorescence thyrsoidal ; the 
general evolution of the clusters in the axilsof leaves or primary bracts (these 
occasionally reduced to single flowers) centripetal; that of the clusters (cymes or 
glomerules) centrifugal. The pair of sessile clusters, one to each axil, having 
the appearance of a whorl (vertécil) form what has been termed a verticillaster, 
Bracts or bractlets various. Leaves occasionally verticillate. Seed transverse 
and the radicle incurved in Scutellarinee. (The Ajugotdee connect with the 
tribe TVticee of the preceding order, and therefore are placed foremost. <A 
larger proportion of our Labiate are Old World naturalized plants than of 
any other order.) — Benth. Lab. & in DC. Prodr. xii. 26; Benth. & Hook. Gen. 
ii. 1160. 

I. Nutlets rugose-reticulated, with introrsely very oblique or even ventral and 
comparatively large areola (scar of the attachment): ovary merely 4-lobed or not 
deeply 4-parted. (Seeds in the tribe here represented, as in most of the order, 
exalbuminous.) 


842 LABIATAE. 


Trine I. AJUGOIDE®. Stamens ascending, mostly exserted from the upper side 
of the corolla, 4 in all our genera. Nutlets obovoid, dry. Ovule and seed more 
or less amphitropous: calyx 5-10-nerved. 


* Limb of the corolla merely or hardly oblique, of 5 somewhat equal and similar lobes, 
therefore obscurely if at all bilabiate. 


1. TETRACLEA. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, regular; the lanceolate lobes twice the length 
of the short turbinate tube. Corolla nearly salverform in anthesis, with narrow tube sur. 
passing the calyx; limb globular and erect (not oblique) in the bud; lobes oval or oblong- 
obovate, similar and equally spreading, the three lower obscurely more united at base. 
Filaments filiform, involute in bud, exserted: anthers cordate-oblong ; cells permanently 
parallel and distinct. Ovary barely 4-lobed. Ovule and seed descending-amphitropous, 
i.e, attached above its middle, rostellate at the micropyle. Areola of the nutlet very 
large and ventral. é 

2. TRICHOSTEMA. Calyx barely 5-cleft, either oblique or almost regular. Corolla 
with narrow tube and more or less oblique limb; the somewhat similar lobes oblong, more 
or less declined. Filaments spirally coiled in the oblique unopened limb, curved in an- 
thesis, capillary, very long-exserted, didynamous, sometimes monadelphous at base: 
anther-cells divaricate or divergent, at length often confluent. Ovary deeply 4-lobed. 
Amphitropous ovule and seed ascending, being attached below the middle. 

8.ISANTHUS. Calyx nearly equally 5-cleft, campanulate; lobes lanceolate. Corolla 
shorty tube included in the calyx; throat somewhat campanulate ; limb almost regularly- 
5-parted ; lobes obovate, not declined. Stamens slightly incurved-ascending, not longer 
than the corolla, didynamous: anther-cells at length divergent. Ovary deeply 5-lobed. 
Ovule and seed nearly anatropous and erect. Areola of nutlet introrsely basal. 

* * Limb of corolla irregular, seemingly unilabiate ; the upper lip being either split down 
or very short: stamens exserted from the cleft. 

4, TEUCRIUM, Corolla deeply cleft between the two small lobes of the upper lip, 
which are united one on each side with the lateral lobes of the declined lower lip; middle 
lobe much larger. Anthers confluently one-celled. Nutlets with a broad introrse areola. 

5. AJUGA. Corolla with very short and as if truncate upper lip ; the large and spreading 
lower lip with middle lobe emarginate or 2-cleft. Anther-cells less confluent. 


II. Nutlets smooth or granulate; areola basal, small: ovary deeply 4-parted. 


Trise I. OCIMOIDEZ. Stamens declined toward or resting on the lower lip of 
the corolla, didynamous, all fertile. Corolla declined; lower lip apparently formed 
of the anterior lobe only, which is unlike the other somewhat equal four lobes. 


6. OCIMUM. Calyx deflexed after flowering; its posterior tooth broad, orbicular or 
obovate, and with decurrent often wing-like margins; the 4 others narrower. Corolla 
with short tube, and flat or concave declined lower lobe. Disk enlarging into glands. 

7. HYPTIS. Calyx mostly equally 5-toothed. Corolla with the lower lobe saccate, 
abruptly deflexed at the contracted and callous base. Disk entire or with a gland on the 
anterior side. Nutlets ovoid or oblong. 


Tribe III. SATUREINE. Stamens not declined; the posterior pair shorter or 
wanting: anthers (in ours) 2-celled; the cells distinct or more or less confluent, 
short. Corolla less strongly bilabiate and the lobes flatter than in succeeding tribes; 
upper lip not galeate or concave, except in Acanthomintha. 


* Corolla with lower lobe larger and pendent, fimbriate or lacerate-toothed, very unlike 
the 4 shorter and nearly equal lobes, which in appearance form the upper lip: stamens 
straight and long, divergent: anther-cells divaricate and contiguous, or at length some- 
what confluent: flowers in terminal racemes. 


8. COLLINSONIA, Calyx short, small in flower, enlarging and declined in fruit, about 
10-nerved, mostly somewhat hirsute in the throat, bilabiate; the broader and at length 
flattish upper lip 3-toothed ; the lower 2-parted. Corolla elongated, somewhat funnelform, 
with a bearded ring inside at the insertion of the stamens. Stamens 2 or 4, much exserted, 
spirally coiled in the bud. 


* * Corolla about equally 4-lobed, small and short, hardly irregular, but the upper lobe 
often broader than the others and emarginate: stamens erect, straight and distant: 
anther-cells parallel, destitute of any thickish connective: flowers capitate-glomerate, 
and the clusters sometimes confluent-spiked. 

9. MENTHA. Stamens 4, similar and nearly equal. Calyx campanulate or short-tubular, 
and 5-toothed. Upper lobe of corolla sometimes emarginate. 


LABIAT.S. 343 


10. LYCOPUS. Stamens only 2 with anthers; the upper pair sterile rudiments or else 
wanting. Calyx campanulate, 4-5-toothed, naked in the throat. Upper lobe of corolla 
entire. Nutlets 3-sided, truncate at top, narrow at base, thickened-margined. 


* * * Corolla more or less evidently bilabiate ; the upper lip erect, entire or emarginate, 
or in Monardella 2-cleft ; the lower spreading and 3-cleft, destitute of bearded ring within, 
except in Poliomintha. Calyx striatenerved or costate, not much changed after 
flowering. 


+- Stamens distant and straight, often divergent, never convergent nor curved. 
++ Antheriferous stamens only 2; with or without abortive rudiments of the upper pair. 


11. CUNILA. Calyx ovate-tubular, equally 5-toothed, very villous in the throat, 10-13- 
nerved. Upper lip of corolla emarginate; the lower somewhat equally 3-cleft. Stamens 
long-exserted. Nutlets smooth. 


++ ++ Antheriferous stamens 4, didynamous: calyx 15-nerved. 


12. HYSSOPUS. Calyx tubular, equally 5toothed, naked in the throat. Tube of corolla 
short: upper lip emarginate ; the lower 3-cleft, its middle lobe larger and 2-cleft. Stamens 
exserted, divergent: anther-cells linear, divaricate. 


++ ++ ++ Antheriferous stamens 4, didynamous: calyx 10-13-(in Monardella 15-)nerved, 
== Naked in the throat: flowers capitate-verticillastrate, or sometimes sparser. 


13. PYCNANTHEMUM. Calyx ovate-oblong or tubular; the 5 teeth equaJ, or the 3 
upper more or less united. Corolla short, with entire or barely emarginate upper lip, and 
es ies one ; the lobes all short, ovate, obtuse. Stamens little unequal: anther-cells 
parallel. 

14. MONARDELLA, Calyx tubular, narrow ; the 5 teeth equal or nearly so. Corolla 
glabrous within; the 2-cleft upper lip and lobes of the 3-parted lower one all linear or 
narrowly oblong, plane. Stamens strongly or moderately unequal, exserted: anther- 
cells often divergent or divaricate. Flowers densely capitate-verticillastrate in the man- 
ner of Jfonarda. 


= = Calyx villous or hirsute-bearded in the throat: corolla short. 


15. ORIGANUM. Calyx ovate-campanulate, in our (introduced) species equally 5-toothed. 
Stamens exserted. Flowers spicate- or capitate-verticillastrate, imbricated with broad 
colored bracts. 

16. THYMUS. Calyx ovate, declined in fruit, villous in the throat, distinctly bilabiate ; 
upper lip 3-toothed, spreading; lower 2-cleft, its divisions subulate and ciliate. Flowers 
scattered or crowded, the bracts inconspicuous. 


+ + Stamens ascending (at least the lower part) or arcuate, often more or less con- 
verging and sometimes ascending parallel under the erect upper lip of the corolla: con- 
nective of the anther commonly more or less thickened, sometimes separating the 
oblique or divaricate cells. 


++ Calyx only about 10-nerved, naked in the throat, not declined nor gibbous: fertile 
stamens 4+. 


17. SATUREIA. Calyx campanulate or short. Tube of the corolla short, or not ex- 
ceeding the bracts. 


+e ++ Calyx 12-15-nerved: upper lip of the corolla plane or slightly concave and straight, 
as in the tribe generally. 


== Style beardless: anthers muticous. 
a. Stamens 4, all antheriferous. 


18. MICROMERIA, Calyx oblong or tubular, terete, not gibbous nor declined, about 
equally 5-toothed. Corolla short, its straight tube usually shorter or hardly longer than 
the calyx. Stamens arcuate, shorter than the corolla. 

19, CALAMINTHA. Calyx oblong or tubular, often gibbous, bilabiate; the upper lip 
3-toothed or 3-cleft, the lower 2parted. Corolla with a straight tube mosily exceeding 
the calyx, and a commonly enlarging throat. Stamens ascending parallel under or 
beyond the upper lip, or conniving in pairs. 

20. MELISSA. Calyx oblong-campanulate, bilabiate as in the preceding, but the broad 
upper lip becoming flatter. Corolla rather short ; its tube at base declined, then ascend- 
ing, included in the calyx. Otherwise like Calamintha. Leaves ovate, serrate, veiny. 

21. CONRADINA. Calyx, &c., of Calami.tha. Corolla with a narrow and straight tube 
rather shorter than the calyx, abruptly bent backwards at the throat, deeply bilabiate, 
ringent; the upper lip somewhat concave and incurved, emarginate or retuse ; the lower 
dependent, contracted at the base, deeply 3-lobed; the lateral lobes roundish, the dilated 


344 LABIATAE. 


middle one emarginate-2-lobed. Stamens arcuate-ascending under the upper lip, parallel : 
cells of the anther at length separated on a transversely dilated connective, their base 
bearing a small tuft of delicate villous hairs. Leaves linear, with entire revolute margins, 
one-ribbed. 


b. Stamens 2 antheriferous, ascending parallel under the upper lip ; the posterior pair either 
wanting or rudimentary, or with imperfect (rarely perfect and polliniferous) anthers : 
calyx tubular or tubular-campanulate, more or less villous-bearded in the throat. 


22. POLIOMINTHA. Calyx cylindraceous or cylindrical, terete and regular, 13-15- 
striate, bearded in the throat, equally 5-toothed or nearly so. Corolla mostly with a hairy 
ring within the throat or tube; upper lip erect, emarginate ; lower 8-cleft and spreading, 
the broader middle lobe emarginate. Posterior filaments mere subulate rudiments. 
Fruticulose and canescent. 

23. HEDEOMA. Calyx from tubular to oblong, usually gibbous, more or less bilabiate 
or unequally 5-toothed (the two lower teeth different and longer), mostly 13-striate, hairy 
or villous-bearded in the throat, which is commonly contracted in fruit. Tube of corolla 
naked: upper lip erect, entire or 2-lobed; lower 3-cleft, spreading. Posterior stamens 
either none, or sterile, or in the original species sometimes antheriferous! Low herbs. 


== = Style bearded or villous, sometimes sparingly so: antheriferous stamens 4 or some- 
times 2. 


24. POGOGYNE. Calyx very deeply and unequally 5-cleft, at least the two longer (lower) 
* lobes much longer than the campanulate or turbinate 15-nerved tube; throat naked. 
Corolla straight, tubular-funnelform, with short lips; the erect entire upper lip and the 
spreading lobes of the lower one oval and somewhat similar. Stamens ascending and 
above somewhat approximate in pairs: anther-cells parallel and muticous: posterior fila- 
ments much shorter and sometimes sterile. Style more or less hirsute-bearded above. 
Flowers verticillastrate-glomerate and spicate: bracts and calyx strongly ciliate. 

25. CERANTHERA. Calyx tubulose-campanulate, 13-nerved, nearly terete, villous in 
the throat, bilabiate; lips short; the upper recurved-spreading and entire or slightly 
3-toothed ; the lower scarcely longer and 2-cleft. Corolla with a straight narrow tube 
barely exceeding the calyx, an abruptly much-dilated short throat, and rather short and 
spreading lips; the upper one nearly entire, the lower 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 4: filaments 
capillary, somewhat ascending, exserted, and above diverging: cells of the anther divari- 
cate on a broad connective, aristate or pointed! Style long-exserted, pubescent. Leaves 
linear, entire. 


++ ++ ++ Calyx 18-nerved: upper lip of corolla concave and more or less incurved or 
fornicate, after the manner of the succeeding tribes. 


26. ACANTHOMINTHA. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 13-nerved, naked in the throat, 
bilabiate ; upper lip 3-toothed; lower 2-cleft; teeth all acerose-spinulose from a broader 
base ; the anterior shorter. Corolla with tube exceeding the calyx, naked within ; upper 
lip entire, oblong ; lower broad and spreading, 3-lobed; lobes short and rounded, middle 
one deeply and the lateral slightly emarginate. Stamens 4, inserted high in the ampliate 
throat: anterior pair fertile, ascending under the upper lip, bearing 2-celled anthers, the 
cells divaricate and somewhat confluent: posterior pair much shorter, with filiform fila- 
ments, and small imperfect or abortive anthers. Style 2-lobed at apex; lobes or stigmas 
subulate, the posterior shorter. Nutlets smooth. 


* * * * Corolla obscurely bilabiate: a hairy ring at base of the tube within: calyx 
irregularly about 10-nerved, reticulate-veiny, enlarging and commonly inflated after 
flowering. 


27. SPHACELE. Calyx campanulate, deeply and nearly equally 5-toothed, membra- 
naceous at least in fruit, naked within. Corolla with a broad tube, and 5 broad or 
roundish and plane rather erect lobes, the lower one longest. Stamens 4, distant, some- 
what ascending: filaments naked: anthers somewhat approximate, the cells diverging. 
Leaves veiny. ¢ 


Trine IV. MONARDE. Antheriferous stamens only 2 (the posterior pair rudi- 
meutary or wanting), straight or commonly parallel-ascending; the anther with nar- 
row usually oblong-linear cells, which are either widely separated on the upper and 
lower ends of a linear or filiform commonly filament-like connective (which is usually 
longer than the filament itself and articulated with it), or the lower cell wanting or 
difformed, or the two cells confluent into one linear cell. Corolla bilabiate. 

* Anther dimidiate on the elongated filament-like connective, which is articulated with 


the filament, a fertile anther-cell at the ascending end, and sometimes one at the lower. 
Calyx bilabiate ; its lower lip 2-cleft. 


LABIATA. 345 


28. SALVIA. Corolla with upper lip erect (entire, emarginate, or rarely 2-lobed above), 
straight or falcate, usually concave; the lower spreading, its middle lobe often emar- 
ginate. Stamens inserted in the throat of the corolla: connective commonly linear or fili- 
form, transverse on the short (sometimes very short) and mostly horizontal filament, its 
descending or porrect portion continued beyond the articulation and either more or less 
dilated and naked, or bearing an abortive rudiment of the second anther-cell, or some- 
times one which is polliniferous but unlike the upper one. Nutlets commonly developing 
mucilage and long spiricles when wetted. 

29. AUDIBERTIA. Corolla with upper lip spreading, 2lobed or emarginate; lower 
spreading and 3-lobed, the middle lobe broad and emarginate. Filaments slender, exserted, 
seemingly simple and bearing a linear one-celled anther, or with an articulation, showing 
that the portion above the joint answers to a filiform connective, the lower end of which 
sometimes obliquely projects into a subulate point, but never bears even a trace of an 
anther-cell. Otherwise as Su/eia, but the calyx (always naked in the throat) more deeply 
cleft Ny front, or oblique, or as it were spathaceous. Nutlets smooth, unchanged when 
wetted. 


* * Anther with both cells fertile and similar, contiguous and divaricate, more or less 
connate or confluent at their junction, so as to become or to imitate a single linear 
cell, on @ very small and inconspicuous dorsal connective: corolla with slender tube, 
and lips of somewhat equal length ; the upper erect, linear or oblong, entire or barely 
emarginate; the lower spreading, 3-lobed, its middle lobe retuse or emarginate : stamens 
inserted in the throat of the corolla, ascending, usually more or less projecting from 
the upper lip: calyx tubular, 13-l5-nerved: inflorescence verticillastrate-capitate, 
dense, many-flowered, multi-bracteate: outer bracts and bractlets broad; inner from 
lanceolate to setaceous. 


30. MONARDA. Calyx elongated-tubular, mostly 15-nerved, regular or nearly so, almost 
equally 5-toothed, more or less villous-bearded or hirsute at the orifice. Corolla narrow 
or dilated at the throat; middle lobe of lower lip larger or longer than the lateral. 

31. BLEPHILIA. Calyx shorter, naked in the throat, bilabiate; upper lip 3- and the 
shorter lower one 2-toothed ; teeth aristiform or subulate. Corolla dilated at the throat; 
lower lip broader ; its linear-oblong middle narrower than the roundish lateral lobes. 


Trine V. NEPETE.E. Stamens 4, both pairs fertile; the posterior (inner or upper) 
pair surpassing the anterior. Corolla distinctly bilabiate. Calyx usually 15-nerved; 
the upper teeth or lip commonly larger or longer. 


* Anthers separated or distant (not approximate in pairs) ; their cells parallel or nearly so. 


32. LOPHANTHUS. Stamens divergent or distant, exserted; the upper pair usually 
declined; the lower or shorter pair ascending. Calyx tubular-campanulate, more or less 
oblique, 5-toothed. Corolla with tube not exceeding the calyx; upper lip nearly erect, 
2-lobed at the apex ; lower spreading, its broad middle lobe crenate. 


33. CEDRONELLA. Stamens parallel, ascending. Calyx campanulate or short-tubular, 
5-toothed, the throat little oblique. Corolla with short lips; the flattish erect upper one 


2-lobed; middle lobe of lower lip largest, commonly crenulate-erose and more or less 
2-lobed. 


x * Anthers more or less approximate in pairs; their cells divaricate or divergent : fila- 
ments ascending, not exserted. 


84, NEPETA. Calyx more or less oblique at the throat, equally (or somewhat unequally) 
5-toothed. Corolla with tube narrow at base; throat dilated; upper lip somewhat con- 
cave, emarginate or 2-lobed; lower spreading, with middle lobe large. 

85. DRACOCEPHALUM. Calyx equal at the throat, 5toothed; the upper tooth (at 
least in ours) very much larger than the others, sometimes the 3 upper partly united. 
Corolla, &e., of Nepeta. 


Trine VI. SCUTELLARINE, Visiani. Stamens +. ascending and parallel; both 
pairs fertile; the anterior (lower or outer) pair longer and with anthers mostly one- 
celled by abortion (the other cell rudimentary or wanting); those of the posterior 
pair 2-celled. Corolla bilabiate; but with the small lateral lobes more connected 
with the galeate upper lip; lower lip therefore of a single lobe. Calyx bilabiate, 
closed in fruit; the lips entire. Upper fork of the style very short or none. Ovule 
campylotropous or amphitropous. Nutlets depressed or globular, rough-granulate 
or tuberculate: seed transverse. Embryo curved; the short radicle incumbent on 
one of the cotyledons! Herbage bitterish, little or not at all aromatic. 


346 LABIATAE. 


36. SCUTELLARIA. Calyx in anthesis campanulate, gibbous, with a crest-like or 
casque-shaped projection (answering to the upper sepal) on the back, closed after the 
corolla falls, not inflated, at maturity of the fruit splitting to the base; upper part not 
rarely falling away ; the lower persistent. Corolla with long exserted tube, naked within ; 
its anterior lobe or lower lip with the sides recurved. Anthers ciliate-pilose. Nutlets very 
rarely wing-margined. 

87. SALIZARIA. Calyx globular or at first oblong, barely repand-bilabiate, not appen- 
daged or gibbous on the back, much enlarged after anthesis, becoming vesicular-inflated 
and reticulated. Nutlets depressed, tuberculate-roughened, marginless. Corolla, &c., of 
Scutellaria. 


Trize VII. STACHYDEZ, Benth. (Lab., with part of Scutellarinew.) Stamens 4; 
both pairs fertile, parallel and ascending under the concave and commonly galeate 
upper lip of the bilabiate corolla (or in Afarrubium included in the throat); the an- 
terior (lower or outer) pair longer (except in a Phlomis): anthers 2-celled or con- 
fluently somewhat 1-celled. Calyx 5-10-nerved, or veiny. Bitter-aromatic or with 
hardly aromatic herbage. 


* Calyx reticulate-veiny, membranaceous or chartaceous, more or less inflated, deeply 
bilabiate ; the lips flattened and closed in fruit; upper lip plane and broad: corolla 
with inflated throat from a more or less exserted tube. 


88. BRUNELLA. Calyx oblong, somewhat 10-nerved; upper lip truncate, 3-toothed, its 
teeth very broad and short; lower 2-cleft, its teeth lanceolate. Corolla with assurgent 
tube, ringent lips, and slightly contracted orifice ; upper lip galeate, entire ; lower 3-lobed ; 
its middle lobe dependent, rounded, concave, denticulate. Filaments, at least of the upper 
pair, 2-toothed at the apex, one tooth naked, the other bearing the 2-celled anther, the 
cells of which are divaricate. Nutlets smooth and glabrous. Inflorescence verticillas- 
trate-capitate or spicate. 

89. BRAZORIA. Calyx short-campanulate, indistinctly nerved, mostly declined in fruit ; 
both lips broad; the upper 3-lobed and somewhat recurved; the lower 2-lobed and sur- 
rected in fruit. Corolla with inflated throat, broad and barely concave upper lip, and 
spreading 3-lobed lower one ; its lobes short and roundish. Filaments simple: anthers with 
somewhat divergent cells. Nutlets smooth, glabrous or pubescent. Inflorescence race- 
mose-spicate. : 

* * Calyx more or less membranaceous and inflated or enlarged after flowering, obscurely 
nerved, but somewhat veiny, 3-5-lobed, not bilabiate, open: corolla showy; throat in- 
flated; upper lip more or less concave, not galeate: filaments more or less villous. 


40. PHYSOSTEGIA. Calyx nearly regular, and equally 5-toothed ; the tube campanu- 
late or oblong, hardly nerved or veined, moderately turgid in fruit. Corolla gradually 
inflated upward ; lips short ;‘the upper erect, rounded, entire; lower somewhat spreading, 
8-parted, its roundish middle lobe emarginate. Anthers uniform; the cells nearly parallel, 
denticulate or slightly spinulose along the edges of the valves. Style almost equally 
2-clett at apex. Nutlets triquetrous, smooth and even. Flowers simply opposite in the 
spikes, one under each bract. 

41. MACBRIDEA, Calyx tubular-campanulate or funnelform, 3-lobed ; upper lobe nar- 
rower, oblong, entire, obtuse ; the two others broad (each of two combined sepals) and 
2-lobed or entire. Corolla much inflated above, rather deeply bilabiate ; upper lip round- 
ish and fornicate, entire or nearly so; lower spreading, with 8 roundish lobes, middle one 
larger. Anthers unconnected, hairy on the face; cells divergent. Style equally 2-toothed 
at apex. Nutlets oblong, nervose. Inflorescence terminal and capitate, 2 or 8 flowers 
under each bract. 

42, SYNANDRA. Calyx campanulate, inflated, membranaceous, deeply 4-cleft ; the lobes 
lanceolate-subulate, somewhat equal; the 2 lower slightly smaller, the fifth or uppermost 
wanting. Corolla with narrow tube, inflated above into a very ventricose throat ; upper 
lip somewhat fornicate, entire ; lower widely spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe emar- 
ginate, Filaments very villous above: anthers nearly glabrous; the cells divergent, the 
contiguous ones of the upper stamens sterile and connate! Upper fork of the style very 
short. Nutlets smooth, ovate-compressed, with lateral angles almost winged. Inflores- 
cence simply and loosely leafy-spicate. 


* * * Calyx of firmer texture, distinctly 5-10-nerved or striate, 5-10-toothed. 


+— Stamens included in the short tube of the corolla, the upper lip of which is merely 
concave. 

43, MARRUBIUM. Calyx tubular-cylindraceous, strongly ribbed, and with 5 or 10 sub- 

ulate or spinulose teeth. Tube of corolla included in the calyx ; lips short’; the upper 


Trichostema. LABIATAE. 347 


erect and narrow, 2-lobed ; lower spreading, 3-cleft. Anther-cells more or less confluent. 
Nutlets ovoid, smooth, obtuse. Leaves rugose. 


+ + Stamens ascending under the galeate upper lip of the corolla. 
++ Introduced and naturalized from the Old World: stamens not deflexcd after anthesis. 

44, BALLOTA, Calyx funnelform-dilated at the throat or border, 10-nerved, 5-toothed in 
ours. Corolla nearly as in Stachys. Filaments not appendaged. 

45. PHLOMIS. Calyx tubular, 5-10-nerved, 5-toothed in ours. Upper lip of the corolla 
strongly galeate; the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Upper pair of stamens (in our species 
rather longer) furnished with a subulate or hooked appendage at base ! 

46. LEONOTIS. Calyx tubular, 10-nerved, at length incurved above, oblique at the 
orifice, and with 5 or more unequal spinulose-tipped teeth, the upper one largest. Corolla 
slender; the upper lip erect or incurved and elongated, entire ; lower short and spreading, 
3-cleft, its middle lobe not larger. Filaments not appendaged at base: anthers approxi- 
ates in pairs. Upper fork of the style very short. Flowers densely capitate-verticil- 
astrate. 

47. LEONURUS. Calyx turbinate, 5-nerved, with nearly equal truncate orifice, and 5 
rigid and at length spreading subulate-spinescent teeth. Corolla short; upper lip oblong, 
entire. Filaments not appendaged: anther-cells parallel or sometimes divergent; valves 
naked. Nutlets smooth, truncate at apex. Leaves cleft or incised, veiny, all longer than 
the capitate-verticillastrate flowers. 

48, LAMIUM. Calyx tubular- or turbinate-campanulate, somewhat 5nerved, commonly 
oblique at the orifice; the 5 teeth subulate but not spinescent. Corolla dilated at the 
throat; upper lip ovate or oblong, fornicate, narrowed at base; lower lip spreading, its 
lateral lobes truncate down to the throat, or sometimes oblong, and with or without a 
tooth-like appendage ; middle one broad, emarginate, contracted and as it were stipitate 
at base. Filaments not appendaged: anthers approximate in pairs; their cells oblong, 
divaricate, sometimes hairy; valves not ciliate. Nutlets truncate at the apex. Leaves 
mostly cordate. 

49. GALEOPSIS. Resembles Zamium in habit and Stachys generally in flowers. But 
anthers transversely 2-valved; the inner valve of each cell hirsute-ciliate, the outer and 
larger one naked. 
++ ++ Indigenous (chiefly): stamens all or the lower pair sometimes deflexed to the sides 

of the throat or contorted after anthesis. 

50. STACHYS. Calyx tubular-campanulate or turbinate, 5-10-nerved, equally 5-toothed, 
sometimes the upper teeth larger and more or less united. Corolla with cylindrical or 
cylindraceous tube, not dilated at the throat; upper lip erect, more or less fornicate or 
concave, sometimes rather thrown back, entire or emarginate; lower spreading, 3-lobed, 
its middle lobe larger. Filaments naked: anthers approximate in pairs; the cells either 
parallel or divergent. Nutlets obtuse at the apex, not truncate. 


1. TETRACLEA, Gray. (From terod, four, and xdetc, to close, referring 
to the four distinct or closed nutlets of the fruit: first described as a Verbenaceous 
genus.) — Single species. 

— T, Coulteri, Gray. Herb a foot or more high from a perennial root or suffrutescent base, 
minutely puberulent: leaves petioled, ovate, nearly entire: flowers 2 or 3 on the short 
axillary peduncles, short-pedicelled, cream-colored, in summer. — Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xvi. 
98; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 134, t.41; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1220.— Rocky hills, 8. W. 
Texas to Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) 


2. TRICHOSTEMA, Gronov. (TricHostTEmMa of some.) Brive-Cer.s. 
(From orS, hair, and ozjue, for stamen, referring to the capillary filaments.) — 
Herbs or suffrutescent plants, sweet-aromatic or strong-scented, mostly low; with 
eutire leaves, and commonly blue or violet corolla and stamens: fl. summer: all 
belonging to #@e U. 5. 

§ 1. Calyx very oblique and bilabiate ; its 3 upper divisions twice or thrice the 
length of the lower two and united to above the middle: tube of the corolla 
shorter than the limb: flowers loose, 1 to 3 on slender bibracteate peduncles, or 
scattered on paniculate branches; the alar ones, becoming lateral and secund or 


348 LABIATS. Trichostema. 


decurved, appear as if resupinate, and have the two short teeth of the calyx 
uppermost: cismontane, low and paniculately branched annuals. — § Strepto- 
podium, Benth. 


== T. dichétomum, L. Viscid with rather minute pubescence: leaves oblong or lanceo- 
late-oblong, obtuse, short-petioled: corolla blue or pink, sometimes white: stamens half 
inch long. — Spec. ii. 598; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. 93. 7’. pilosum, Roth. —Sandy fields, 
E. Massachusetts to Kentucky, Texas, and Florida. 

-ex- T. linedre, Nutt. Puberulent: leaves linear, sometimes nearly glabrous: stems more 
slender: corolla rather larger: otherwise similar.— 7. dichotomum, Roth. TY. brachiatum, 
Lam., not L. 7. linaricefolium, Bertoloni, Misc. xiii. t. 2.— Connecticut to Alabama and 
Louisiana, near the coast, in sandy ground. 

§ 2. Calyx campanulate, regular, almost equally 5-cleft (as in Jsanthus): far 
western species. — § Orthopodium, Benth. 
_.* Tube of corolla not exceeding the calyx. 
a Peduncles (in the manner of the preceding) loosely 1-5-flowered and much longer than the 
eaves. ‘ 

T. ArizOnicum, Gray. Puberulent, a foot or less high from a ligneous perennial root: 
leaves ovate or oval, half inch long, short-petioled: pedicels as long as the calyx: bracts 
minute: calyx-lobes ovate or oblong, sometimes irregularly united: lobes of the blue or 
whitish corolla 3 to 5 lines long, oblong-spatulate, very much longer than the tube, much 
shorter than the filaments. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 871. 7. dichotomum, Torr. Bot. Mex. 
Bound. 134, not L. +S. Arizona, Wright, Rothrock. 
+— + Peduncles and pedicels short; the inflorescence shorter than the leaves, which are similar to 

the summit of the stem, and are narrowed at base into short petioles: corolla small and inconspic- 
uous: branching annuals. 

T. micranthum. A span high, cinereous-pubescent : leaves lanceolate, not costate-veiny : 
peduncles about the length of the 3-7-flowered cymule: calyx-lobes little longer than the 
tube, nearly equalling the (only line long) corolla: stamens moderately exserted. — San 
Bernardino Co., California, in Bear Valley, Parry & Lemmon. 

“—~T, obl6ngum, Benth. A span to a foot high, soft-villous: leaves oblong or oval with 
narrowed base, membranaceous, costate-veined: glomerate cymules many-flowered, sub- 
sessile, villous : calyx-lobes narrow, much longer than the tube, nearly equalling the (3 line) 
corolla: filaments 4 or 5 lines long. — Lab. 659; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 606. — Oregon and 
California to Mariposa Co. 

%* #* Tube of the corolla slender and exserted, longer than the limb: nutlets sometimes tuberculate. 

+— Annuals, a span to two feet high, leafy to the summit: leaves nervose-costate: cymes several— 
many-flowered, when fully developed the pedicels becoming secund-racemose in age: calyx-lobes 
ovate or triangular-lanceolate: tube of blue corolla about 3 and limb 2 lines long: stamens half 
an inch longer. 

T. la4xum, Gray. Diffusely branched, minutely soft-pubescent, rather sparsely leafy: 
leaves lanceolate and oblong-lanceolate, acuminate-obtusish (2 or 3 inches long), rather 
slender-petioled: cymes pedunculate, loose. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 887, & Bot. Calif. Lc. 
— California, from Sonoma Co. northward. 

<anl'. lanceolatum, Benth. 1.c. More strict and simple, with ascending branches from the 
base: leaves crowded, sessile, lanceolate or the upper almost ovate-lanceolate, gradually 
tapering from near the broad base to a very acute tip, strongly 3-5-nervose (an inch or 
more long): cymes subsessile or short-peduncled, dense, mostly undivided: calyx villous: 
corolla somewhat pubescent. — California, throughout the whole western part of the State, 
and north to Oregon. F 

+ + Shrubby, taller: cymes in a naked terminal thyrsus: leaves Rosemary-like. 

===—T. landtum, Benth. |.c. Very leafy: leaves thickish, narrowly linear and with revolute 
margins, l-nerved, glabrate and shining above, canescent-tomentulose beneath, sessile, many 
fascicled in the axils; uppermost reduced to bracts: thyrsus racemiform, interrupted ; 
cymules short-peduncled or subsessile ; whole inflorescence with calyx and even corolla 
clothed with dense violet or purple wool: corolla half inch long and filaments an inch 
or more longer. — Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 134, t. 40; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 607. — Rocky 
places, California, from Santa Barbara southward. 


Ajuga. LABIATZ. 349 


3. ISANTHUS, Michx. (From ioog, equal, and évos, flower: calyx and 
corolla nearly regular.) — Single species. 


-— I. certileus, Michx. Low and erect annual, somewhat viscid-pubescent, pungently 
aromatic, copiously branched: leaves oblong-lanceolate or broader, acute at both ends, 
somewhat petioled: peduncles axillary, 1-3flowered: corolla blue, 2 or 3 lines long, 
little exceeding the calyx. — Fl. ii. 3, t. 30. Trichostema brachiatum, L. l.c. (Dill. Elth. 
t. 285.)— Dry or sterile ground, common from Canada to Georgia, Kentucky, and Texas: 
fl. all summer. 


4, TEUCRIUM, L. Geruanper. (Teucer, first king of Troy.) — Less 
aromatic herbs or undershrubs, mainly of the Old World: fl. summer. 


* Erect perennial herbs: leaves undivided: flowers in naked terminal spikes or racemes, short- 
pedicelled, 1 to 3 to each bract: calyx campanulate, moderately 5-lobed; two lower teeth tri- 
angular-subulate; three upper ovate: nutlets globular and with a roundish scar. 

== T. Canadénse, L. Soft-pubescent to canescent-tomentose, 1 to 3 feet high: leaves 
oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate, short-petioled: spike at length 6 to 12 
inches long: flowers short-pedicelled: corolla purple, roge, or sometimes cream-color, half 
inch long: calyx canescent, sometimes distinctly short-pubescent ; the 5 upper lobes very 
obtuse. — Spec. ii. 504. 7. Virginicum, L. l.c. (pl. Gronoy. Virg.) ; Schk. Handb. t. 155. — 
Low grounds, Canada to Texas. (Mex.) 

Var. angustatum. Leaves lanceolate, very acutely serrate (2 inches long, 3 to 6 
lines wide) : pubescence all minute. — Camp Grant, Arizona, Palmer. 

—. T. occidentale. Loosely pubescent, more branched, a foot or two high: leaves smaller 
(1 or 2 inches long), ovate-oblong to broadly lanceolate: corolla 4 or 5 lines long: calyx 
villous with viscid hairs; upper lobes acute or the middle one acuminate. — Nebraska, 
(Hayden, &c.) to New Mexico (Fendler, Wright), Arizona (Pa/mer), and on the Sacramento, 
California (7. Canadense, Torr. in Bot. Wilkes), collected there only by the Wilkes Expe- 
dition. (7. inflatum, Swartz, has a globular fructiferous calyx, with upper lobes obtuse, 
nutlets angulate ventrally, &c.) 

* %* Low and diffuse herbs: leaves multifid or incised, having solitary pedicellate flowers in their 
axils; the uppermost more or less reduced or bract-like: calyx almost 5-parted into subulate- 
lanceolate equal lobes. 

T. Cubénse, L. Glabrous or nearly so, branched from the annual root, about a foot 
high: leaves cuneate; the lower obovate-cuneate or rhomboidal and short-petioled, cre- 
nately incised, sometimes 3-5-cleft to the middle; upper sessile, palmately 3-cleft or 3-6- 
toothed, exceeding the flowers: corolla (pale blue or white, 3 or + lines long) hardly 
exceeding the calyx: nutlets suberous-thickened, obscurely few-ribbed lengthwise and 
punctate-impressed between the ribs. — Mant. 80; Jacq. Stirp. t. 183, f. 74. & Obs. t. 30, 
T. levigatum, Vahl, Symb. i. 40.— Texas to S. E. California. (W. Ind., Mex. to Buenos 
Ayres.) 

—- T. lacinidtum, Torr. Glabrous or hirsute-pubescent, much branched from a lignescent 
perennial root, a span or so high: leaves pinnately 3-7-parted into narrow linear entire or 
2-3-lobed or toothed divisions, rather rigid; the floral much crowded, 3-parted ; upper 
equalling the flowers: corolla (pale blue or lilac, 6 to 10 lines long) with spatulate lower 
lobe much surpassing the calyx: nutlets not obviously costate. — Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. 231; 
Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 578. J. Cubense, in part, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 135. — Plains 
of Colorado to W. Texas and Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) 


5. AJUGA, L. (Formed of « privative, and Cuyor, a yoke, from the seeming 
absence of a yoke-fellow to the lower lip of the corolla.) — Low herbs of the Old 
World (Europe to Japan and Australia), one scantily naturalized in a few stations : 
fl. summer. 


=== A. Réprans, L. Perennial, a span or so high, with copious creeping stolons : leaves obovate 
or spatulate, sometimes repand-sinuate ; cauline sessile ; lowest and radical with long taper- 
ing base; floral approximate, subtending several sessile blue flowers. — Fields, Montreal, 
Canada, Jfaclagan. Saco, Maine, Goodale. (Eu., N. Asia.) 


350 LABIATA. Ocimum. 


6. OCIMUM, Tourn. (Ocymum of some authors.) Basin. (‘Qxmor, the 
ancient Greek name.) — Sweet-aromatic herbs or suffrutescent plants, of warm 
regions, largely African and Brazilian. 

O. Basfiicum, L., of the Old World, the Sweet Basil, is one of the sweet herbs of the 
gardens. 

O. micrdnthum, Willd. Glabrate or nearly glabrous low annual: leaves long-petioled, 
ovate, more or less serrate: flowers in terminal racemes, about 8 to each early deciduous 
small bract: calyx with large and roundish upper tooth, in fruit the decurrent wing ex- 
tending down to the short pedicel: corolla white, 2 lines long: filaments separate, naked, 
toothless. — Enum. 630. O. Campechianum, Chapm. Fl., not Mill. — 8. Florida, Key West. 
(W. Ind., S$. Am.) y 


7. HYPTIS, Jacq. (’Ynrwg, resupinate, or turned back, referring to the 
lower lobe of the corolla.) — A large genus in South America, a few species 
within our borders. Fl]. summer. 

Herbs, minutely pubescent or smoothish, not canescent or white-woolly: flowers capitate or 

spicate: leaves slender-petioled. 
=H, radiata, Willd. Stems tall, mostly simple from a perennial root: leaves ovate-lan- 
ceolate, toothed, and with entire long-tapering base: axillary peduncles usually shorter 
than the leaf, bearing a many-flowered soft-puberulent capitate glomerule which is mostly 
shorter than its involucre of several lanceolate obtuse whitish bracts: calyx campanulate : 
its teeth lanceolate-subulate and rigid: corolla white, purple-dotted. — Spec. iii. 84; Poit. 

Ann. Mus. vii. t. 27. Clinopodium rugosum, L.— Low ground, from North Carolina towards 

the coast to Texas. 

H. spicigera, Lam. Stem stout, from an annual root, rough-muriculate on the angles: 
leaves ovate-lanceolate, unequally serrate: flowers in small and sessile glomerules aggre- 
gated in dense and narrow spikes (1 to 8 inches long): bracts linear and subulate, equalling 
the calyx ; teeth of the latter subulate, strict, rigid, equalling the small white corolla. — 
Dict. iii. 185; Desc. Ant. viii. t. 581; Chapm. in Bot. Gazette, iii. 10.—S. Florida, Garber. 
Perhaps an introduced weed. (W. Ind. to Brazil, Afr., E. Ind.) 

~—«H. spicata, Poit. Stem tall from an annual root, branching, rough-angled : leaves ovate, 
acuminate, unequally serrate: flowers in small capitate glomerules, which are short- 
peduncled or sessile, and form interrupted and often paniculate terminal racemes or spikes : 
calyx cylindrical, with base somewhat inflated in fruit, then much exceeding the bracts ; 

teeth subulate-setaceous, short, strict. —S§. Florida. Ann. Mus. Par. vii. 474, t. 28, fig. 2; 

Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 121. — (Mex., 8. Am.) 

— H. vorysrécuya, HBK., allied to this, is said in Bot. Beechey, 156, but doubtfully, to have 
been collected in California. 

%* #* Shrubby, at least the calyx and short pedicels white-woolly with many-branched implexed 

hairs: bracts inconspicuous. 

_—_ -H. Emoryi, Torr. Shrub 5 feet high, lavender-scented, furfuraceous-canescent: leaves 
ovate, crenate (inch or less long), rather slender-petioled: flowers on pedicels about the 
length of the lanate-furfuraceous calyx, in axillary short-peduncled cymes, and in denser 
somewhat paniculate clusters at the end of the branchlets: corolla violet, only 2 lines 
long. — Bot. Ives Colorad. Exped. 20; Gray, Bot. Calif. i591. 7. lanata, Torr. Bot. Mex. 
Bound. 129, excl. syn. — Arid region, S. E. California and Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) 

H. Arpipa, HBK. of Mexico, not yet found within our borders (although a form of H. 
Emoryi has been mistaken for it), has more oblong leaves, and sessile glomerules crowded in 
terminal naked spikes. 

H. vayirxora, Benth. Bot. Sulph. t. 20, a remarkable species, with rotund and angulate- 
dentate glabrous leaves on slender petioles, open cymes on filiform peduncles, and very 
densely long-woolly calyx (the wool dendritic-branched), is known only from Cape San Lucas, 
in Lower California. 

H. repurépes, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 164, from the same place, collected by Xantus, 


is minutely canescent, except the furfurageous calyx, and has subsessile lanceolate leaves, 
and paniculate inflorescence. v 
‘ 


#. ‘ 


ol 


co 


Mentha. LABIAT.E. 


8. COLLINSONIA, L. Horse-Batu, Crtronerra. (Peter Collin- 
son of London, who corresponded with Linnzus and John Bartram, and received 
from the latter the original species.) — Odorous and large-leaved perennials (of 
Atlantic North America) ; with thickened roots or rootstocks, ovate and serrate 
veiny leaves, mostly on long petioles, and simple or panicled naked terminal 
racemes of yellow or whitish flowers; mostly only a single naked pedicel to each 
small bract. 


# Fertile stamens 2; upper pair rudimentary or obsolete: calyx-teeth all subulate-acute: flowers 

in late summer or autumn, on slender pedicels, sulitary from the axil of each smal! subulate bract. 

=== C. scabritscula, Ait. Glabrate or minutely pubescent, 1 to 3 feet high from a tuberous 

stock, commonly leafless below : leaves small for the genus (2 or 3 inches long), broadly 

ovate, often rather scabrous above: corolla 3 or + lines long, yellowish or purple-spotted. 

— Ait. Kew. ed. 1, i. 47 (1789); Benth. Lab. & in DC. Prodr. xii. 255. C. preecoxr, Walt. Car. 

65? (1788), but not early flowering. (’. tuberosa, Michx. Fl. i. 17. C. scabra, Pers. Syn. 

i. 29; Pursh, Fl. i. 20; Ell. Sk. i. 35. ©. ovalis, Pursh, l.c., from the char.? — Open 
woods, S. Carolina to Florida and E. Arkansas. 

«=== C. Canadénsis, L. (Horse-weep, Stone-root, &c.) Glabrous, or the inflorescence 
glandular-puberulent, 2 to 4 feet high, leafy: leaves ample (4 to 9 inches long), from 
broadly ovate to oblong, rarely subcordate: racemes amply paniculate: calyx in flower a 
line, in fruit 4 or 5 lines long: corolla lemon yellow, lemon-scented, 5 or 6 lines long. — 
Hort. Cliff. t. 5, & Spec. i. 28; Torr. Fl. N. Y. t. 75. C. decussata, Moench, Meth. 579. C. 
ovalis, Pursh, 1. c. & herb., ex Benth. — Rich woods, Canada to Wisconsin and south to 
Florida, chiefly in the upper country. 

—= Var. punctata. Inflorescence more puberulent and glandular: leaves minutely 
-tomentose-pubescent beneath and more obviously punctate. — C. serotina, Walt. Car. 69. 
C. punctata, Ell. Sk. i. 36. — Rich soil, Carolina and Georgia, towards the coast. 
* * Fertile stamens 4, usually 2 ascending and 2 descending: corolla rather broader, about half 
inch long, viscid-pubescent: flowers earlier. 

C. verticillata, Baldw. Stem a foot high, leafless and glabrous below, at summit 
bearing two approximate pairs or a seeming whorl of thin and large (3 to 7 inch) ovate 
coarsely serrate and glabrous leaves: peduncle mostly simple and slender, viscid-pubes- 
cent, supporting a single raceme: bracts minute: lower pedicels often in pairs or threes: 
calyx-teeth all attenuate-subulate: corolla yellow or purplish, Ell. Sk. i. 37; Benth. Lab. 
& in DC. 1. ¢.; Chapm. FI. 516.— Rich woods, western part of S. Carolina and Georgia to 
Tennessee and Mississippi: fl. May. 

C. anisata, Sims. (Citrovetra, Frencu Tra.) Copiously viscid-pubescent, or the 
foliage glabrate, sweet-scented: stem 2 or 3 feet high, leafy : leaves ovate, rarely subcord- 
ate, obtusely serrate, veiny, somewhat rugose, 3 to 8 inches long: racemes paniculate; 
bracts ovate, conspicuous, mostly subtending single short pedicels: upper lip of calyx with 
very broad and ovate mostly obtuse teeth; those of the lower lanceolate: corolla yellow- 
ish or cream-color. — Bot. Mag. t. 1213; Pursh, Fl. i. 21; Ell. Sk. i. 37.—8. Carolina to 
Alabama and Florida, chiefly in the middle country: fl. summer. 


9. MENTHA, Tourn. Miyt. (Mir6y, the ancient Greek name.) — Odorous 
perennial herbs, mostly spreading by slender creeping rootstocks : calyx naked at 
the throat in our species. Flowers small, whitish or purplish, glomerate (in 
summer), not rarely gynodicecious, i.e. some individuals produce female flowers 
with impotent stamens instead of perfect ones. 

* Introduced from the Old World, to which most of the species belong. Many hybrids. 
+ Inflorescence terminal. 


++ Densely capitate glomerules all much crowded in leafless narrow spikes: leaves either sessile or 

very short petioled. 
MM. syivéstris, L. (Horse Mixt of Eu.) Finely pubescent or canescent: leaves from 
ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate, often glabrous above: spikes 
rather slender, canescently pubescent or cinecreous. — Spec. ed. 2, ii. 804; Engl. Bot. ed. 


352 LABIATA. Mentha. 


Syme, t. 1022. — Road-sides, &c., Pennsylvania, Porter. Also a seeming hybrid between it 
and M. viridis. (Nat. from Eu.) 
ew «Var. aLorecurofpes, Baker. Intermediate between the above and the next species: 
leaves larger, more nearly sessile, broadly oval and obtuse, often subcordate, coarsely and 
sharply serrate, more veiny, but not rugose: spikes usually thicker; bracts broader.— 
Baker in Seem. Jour. Bot. iii, 238; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Isl. 279. J/. alopecuroides, Hull, ex 
Smith; Engl. Bot. ed. Syme, t. 1021. MM. rotundifolia, Sole, Menth. Brit. t. 4, not L.— 
Penn. and New Jersey, Porter, Parker, Leggett. (Nat. from Eu.) 
om M. notunpirouia, L. Tomentose-canescent: stem strict: leaves from broadly elliptical to 
roundish-subcordate, sessile, rugose, rather finely serrate: spikes slender, not canescent. — 
Reichenb. Ic. Germ. t. 1282; Engl. Bot. ed. Syme, t. 1020. AV. sylvestris, Sole, 1. v. t. 3, not 
L.— Atlantic States, at a few stations, Maine to Texas: rare. (Nat. from Eu.) 
wae M. virivis,L. (Srearminr.) Glabrous or nearly so: leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblong, 
sparsely and sharply serrate: bracts linear-lanceolate and subulate, conspicuous. — Wet 
ground, in cultivated districts. (Nat. from Eu.) 
++ ++ Less capitate glomerules in interrupted leafless spikes, or some in the axils of upper leaves: 
flowers distinctly pedicellate: leaves distinctly petioled: stems less erect. 
wee VV. riperira, L. (Perrerminr.) Glabrous, or in one variety somewhat hairy, very pun- 
gent-tasted: leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate: spikes nar- 
row, of numerous glomerules. — Along brooks, escaped from cult. (Nat. from Eu.) 
swew VM. aquArica, L. Soft-pubescent or glabrate, the stem with reflexed hairs: leaves ovate, 
roundish, or subcordate: spikes oblong and interrupted or capitate, thick: calyx and 
usually the pedicels hairy. —J/. citrata, Ehrh.; Engl. Bot. ed. Syme, t. 1029 (BrerGamor 
-====Muinr), a more glabrous and sweet-odorous variety. — Wet places, New England to Penn- 
sylvania, &c.; rare. (Nat. from Eu.) 
ewe Var. crispa, Benth. <A glabrous or glabrate form, with lacerate-dentate and crisped 
leaves. — J. crispa, L. ; Engl. Bot. ed. Syme, t. 1028. — Wet ditches, New Jersey, &ce. (Nat. 
from Eu.) 
+ + Inflorescence axillary, in dense verticillastrate glomerules, on stems leafy to the top: leaves 
more or less petioled, ovate or oblong-ovate, pubescent or glabrate. 
es M. arvénsis, L. Leaves obtusely serrate: calyx-teeth deltoid, acute or obtuse, about one- 
third the length of the campanulate tube: otherwise same as forms of the next, which 
passes into it.— Engl. Bot. ed. Syme, t. 1038. — New England, &c., at a few stations. (Nat. 
from Eu.) . 
<—=ee M. sativa, L. Taller, generally more pubescent, the stem with reflexed soft hairs: leaves 
sharply serrate: calyx-teeth triangular-subulate, half the length of the cylindraceous 
tube, commonly hairy. — Engl. Bot. ed. Syme, t. 1031, 1032. JZ. gentilis, Smith in Linn. 
Trans. vy. 208, & Engl. Bot. t. 2118, a glabrate variety with only calyx-teeth hairy, and 
these longer. — Waste damp places, Mass. to Penn.; uncommon. (Nat. from Eu.) 
* * Indigenous: inflorescence axillary, consisting of distant sessile verticillastrate glomerules 
in the axils of leaves, as in the preceding species, the uppermost axils flowerless. 
o== VM. Canadénsis, L. Stem often simple: leaves varying from oblong-ovate to oblong- 
lanceolate, sharply serrate, acute, generally tapering into the petiole: calyx hairy; the 
short teeth triangular-subulate. — Spec. ii. 577. — Wet places, through the Northern U. S. 
from Atlantic to Pacific, and Canada and Saskatchewan to New Mexico and California. 
Villous-hairy, with Pennyroyal odor: passes into 
Var. glabrata, Benth., with leaves and stem almost glabrous, the former sometimes 
very short-petioled, and a sweeter scent, as of Monarda.— JL. borealis, Michx. FI. ii. 2.— 
Similar range. 


10. LYCOPUS, Tourn. Water Horenounp, BuGie-weEpD, Gipsy- 
Wort. (4vx0s, wolf, movs, foot, wolf’s-foot.) — Perennials, of wet or low ground 
(northern temperate and Australian), Mint-like, but bitter and only slightly 
aromatic ; with sharply toothed or lobed leaves, and small white or whitish flowers 
in their axils, in sessile capitate-verticillastrate glomerules, the uppermost axils 
flowerless. Fl. summer.— Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 285. 


Cunila. LABIAT. 393 


* Stoloniferous: long filiform runners produced in summer from the base of the stem, often tuberi- 
ferous at their apex. 


+ Calyx-teeth 4, or sometimes 5, obtuse or barely acutish, as also the very short bracts, in fruit 
shorter than the nutlets. 

w=. Virginicus, L. (Bucir-weep.) Glabrous or somewhat pubescent: stem obtusely 
angled, 6 to 24 inches high: leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, coarsely serrate in the 
middle, acuminate at both ends, tapering into a short petiole: calyx-teeth ovate or lanceo- 
late-ovate: sterile stamens minute rudiments. — Spec. i. 21; Raf. Med. Fl. t. 61. Z. uni- 
Jlorus, Michx. i. 14 (LZ. pumilus, Vahl, £. Viry. var. pauciflorus, Benth.), a diminutive and 
northern few-flowered form, a span high. JL. macrophyllus, Benth. Lab. & in IC. Prodr. 
xii. 177 (var. macrophyllus, Gray, 1. c.), a tall and large-leaved form of Northern Pacific 
coast. — Labrador to Florida, Missouri, and north-westward to Brit. Columbia and Oregon. 

+ + Calyx-teeth 5, or occasionally 4, very acute, in fruit longer than the nutlets. 
++ Bracts minute: corolla nearly twice the length of the calyx: rudiments of posterior stamens 

very short, oval or lingulate: herbage glabrous or puberulent: stems 6 to 20 inches high. 
ao L. sessilifolius, Gray, l.c. Stem ascending, rather acutely 4-angled: leaves all closely 
sessile, ovate or lanceolate-oblong (inch or two long), sparsely sharply serrate: calyx-teeth 
subulate, rigid. —L. Europeus, var. sessilifolius, Gray, Man. ed. 5,345. —~ New Jersey, in pine 


bee lateflowering, Gents: Parker. 
a= Li fu us, Menclr enrTather obtusely 4-angled, erect or ascending: leaves ovate- 


oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate in the middle, attenuate-acuminate at both 

ends (:} inches long), petioled: calyx-teeth triangular-subulate, not rigid-pointed. — Mench, 

Meth. Suppl. 446; Fresenius in Regensb. Flora, 1842; Benth. in DC. l.c. L. obtusifolius, 

Vahl? not Benth. Z. Arcaasanus, Fresenius, l.c¢.. puberulent form, with rather broader 

triangular-lanceolate less pointed calyx-teeth, the rudiments of sterile stamens varying 

from lingulate to linear-spatulate. L. Kurojccus, var. integrifolius, Gray, Man. 1. ¢.— Penn.? 
and Ohio to S Carolina, Louisiana and Arkansas. 

++ ++ Outer bracts conspicuous, very acute, often equalling the flowers: corolla hardly exceeding 
the calyx: rudiments of sterile stamens slender and capitellate or clavate-tipped. 

L. lucidus, Turez. Stem strict, stout, 2 or 3 feet high, hirsute-pubescent or glabrate, 
acutely angled above: leaves lanceolate and oblong-lanceolate (2 to 4 inches long), acute 
or acuminate, very sharply and coarsely serrate with triangular-subulate ascending teeth, 
sessile or nearly so by an obtuse or acute base, coarsely punctate: calyx-teeth attenuate- 
subulate. (Siberia, Japan.) 

a= Var. Americanus, Gray, 1.c. Leaves dull, often minutely puberulent both sides : 
calyx-teeth less rigid. — Bot. Calif. i. 592. LZ. obtusifolius, Benth. in DC. 1. ec. ? — Saskatche- 
wan to Kansas, Arizona, and California. 

%* * Not stoloniferous, but rootstocks more or less creeping: calyx-teeth 5, cuspidate or spinulose- 
tipped, rigid, nearly equalling the corolla, in fruit surpassing the nutlets: subulate outer bracts 
often equalling the flowers. 

c=a= ],. sinudtus, Hill. Stem erect, 1 to 3 feet high, acutely 4-angled, glabrous, roughish, or 
minutely pubescent: leaves oblong or lanceolate (1} or 2 inches long), acuminate, irregu- 
larly incised or laciniate-pinnatifid, or some of the upper merely sinuate or incisely toothed, 
tapering at base mostly into a slender petiole: calyx-teeth triangular-subulate and short- 
cuspidate: rudiments of sterile stamens slender, conspicuous, and with a globular or sub- 
clavate tip. —Sk.i.187. ZL. Furopeus, Walt. &c. L. sinuatus, eraltatus & anqustifolius, EL 
le ZL. vulgaris & L. angustifolius, Nutt. Gen, without char. L. Europeus, var. sinuatus, 
Gray, Man. 1. c.—N. Canada to Florida, Texas, and west to Oregon and N. California. 
oe=],. Ecror.tvs, L., has less acutely angled stems, mostly broader and shorter subsessile leaves 
with less unequal teeth or lobes, subulate-spinulose calyx-teeth, and rudiments of sterile 
stamens obsolete or minute. — Occurs as a ballast-weed at Norfolk and Philadelphia, Durand, 

Parker. (Probably not yet nat. from Eu.) 


11. CUNILA, L. Drirrayy. (An ancient Latin name of some Labiate 
plant, applied by Linnzus to a small American genus.) — Perennials, with small 
purplish flowers, in summer. (Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8. 365.) 

T=—C. Mariana, L. Herbaceous, cymosely much branched, a foot high, glabrous except the 


nodes: leaves nearly sessile, ovate with subcordate or rounded base, serrate, much punc- 
23 


304 LABIATE. Hyssopus. 


tate: flowers in peduncled loose cymes, rudiments of the upper pair of stamens generally 
apparent. — Spec. ed. 2,i. 80; Bart. Med. Bot. t. 42; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1205; Sweet, Brit. 
Fl. Gard. t. 243; Torr. Fl. N. Y. t. 76. Satureia origanoides, L., ed. 1.— Dry soil, S. New 
York and Ohio to Georgia. 


12. HYSSOPUS, Tourn, Hyssov. (The ancient name, from a Hebrew 


word.) Only one species. 
c= 4H. orricinxAris, L. Perennial herb, with somewhat woody base, virgate branches, lanceo- 
late or linear entire leaves, and blue-purple flowers in small spiked clusters, in summer. — 
Sparingly on roadsides eastward, and in California, escaped from gardens. (Nat. from 
Eu. and Asia.) 


13. PYCNANTHEMUM, Michx. Movunrarn Mint or Basiz. (From 
Tlvxvog, dense, évfeuor, blossom: glomerate inflorescence.) — Perennial erect 
herbs (all N. American, and all but one eastern), pleasantly pungent-aromatic, 
branching above; with capitate-verticillastrate glomerules or dense cymes (com- 
monly multibracteate) in the upper axils, or mainly cymosely terminal; flowers 
small, whitish or purplish, often purple-dotted, in summer. — Michx. FI. ii. 7, with 
Brachystemum, |. c.5; Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. xlii. 44, 


§ 1. Flower-clusters naked in a terminal corymbose cyme, small, rather dense ; 
the proper bracts minute and loose: calyx short-tubular; the teeth equal: leaves 
sessile and small. 

——P. nidum, Nutt. Nearly glabrous; stem strict, 2 feet high: leaves oval, nearly entire, 


less than inch long, shorter than the internodes: calyx-teeth triangular, villous. —Gen. ii. 
34. — Low pine barrens, N. Carolina? to Florida, Alabama, &c. 


§ 2. Flowers densely verticillastrate-cymose or glomerate, usually conspicuously 
much bracted: calyx oblong or short-tubular. (Many of the species difficult of 
discrimination, perhaps on account of hybridizing.) 


* Bracts and equal calyx-teeth aristate-tipped, rigid, naked, equalling the corolla: leaves slightly 
petioled, rather rigid. 
= Dp. aristatum, Michx. Minutely soft-puberulent, mostly canescent: leaves ovate- and 
lanceolate-oblong, sparingly denticulate ; flower-clusters dense or capitate, terminal. — Fl. 
ii. 8, t. 33. P. verticillatum, Pursh, not Michx. P. setosum, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. 
vii. 100. Origanim incanum, Walt. — Pine barrens, New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana. 
Var. hyssopifoélium, Gray, 1c. (P. hyssopifolium, Benth.): leaves narrowly 
oblong or almost linear, nearly entire, obtuse. — Virginia to Florida. 
* * Bracts and equal (or later species nearly equal) and similar calyx-teeth not aristate. 
+— Leaves linear or lanceolate, nearly sessile, entire, mostly glabrous, very numerous throughout 
the stems and copious branchlets : capitate glomerules small and numerous, densely fastigiate- 
cymose, copiously imbricaied with short appressed rigid and subulate-pointed or acute bracts, 
which do not exceed the equally 5-toothed calyx: lps of the corolla very short. (Brachystemum 
Virginicum, Michx.) 
<== P.linifélium, Pursh. Glabrous up to the canescent inflorescence, 2 feet high, slender: 
leaves linear, somewhat 3-nerved : bracts subulate or cuspidate-tipped from a broad base : 
ealyx-teeth lanceolate-subulate, rigid-pointed. — Fi. ii. 409. Saturcia Virginiana, L., as to 
syn. Pluk. Kallia capitata, Mench, Meth. 408. Brachystemum linjfolium, Willd. Enum. 623. 
Pycnanthemum tenuifolium, Schrad. Hort. Gott. 10, t.4.—Dry ground, Massachusetts to 
Illinois, Florida, and Texas. 
s+ P. lanceolatum, Pursh, l.c. Stem stouter and somewhat pubescent : inflorescence 
villous-canescent: leaves lanceolate or almost linear, nervose-veined, obtuse at base: 
bracts ovate or lanceolate: calyx-teeth ovate-deltoid, merely acute — Sutureia Virginiana, 
Herm. Parad. t. 218; L. Spec. ii. 567. Thymus Virginicus, L. Mant. 409. 7. lanceolatus, 
Poir. Suppl. v. 805. Nepeta Virginica, Willd. Spee. tii. 56. Brachystemum lanceolatum, Willd. 
Enum. 625. Pycnanthemum Virginicum, Pers. Syn. ii. 128. — Dry ground, Mass. and Canada 
to Nebraska and Georgia. 


Pycnanthemum. LABIAT.E, 


[ate] 


+ + Leaves from lanceolate to ovate sessile, or almost so, denticulate or sometimes entire, pin- 
nately veined: Howers in larger and fewer less dense heads: verticillastrate glomerules, subtended 
by fewer and looser bracts. 

— P. Califérnicum, Torr. Usually tomentose-canescent, rather stout: leaves ovate- 
lanceolate or almost ovate, with rounded or subcordate sussile base; glomerules terminal 
and in the axils of 2 or 3 uppermost pairs of leaves, at first very dense (6 to 12 lines in 
diameter): bracts setaceous, lax: teeth of the calyx lanccolate-triangular, villous, 3 or 4 
times shorter than the cylindraceous tube. — Jour. Acad. Philad. n. ser. ii. 99, & Pacif. R. 
Rep. ir. 122; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 592. California and borders of Nevada. Passes into 

Var. glabéllum, not canescent : leaves and stems from pubescent to almost glabrous : 

inflorescence less dense. — Torr. 1. ce. — Upper Sacramento, Bigelow, Brewer, &c. 

=P. muticum, Pers. 1.c. Puberulent, cinereous-pubescent, or glabrate but pale, much 
branched: leaves from lanceolate to ovate, subsessile, rather rigid, commonly obtuse at 
base; those subtending the (sometimes proliferous) dense capitate glomerules canescent : 
calyx-teeth ovate-deltoid or triangular-lanceolate, acute. — Brachystemum muticum, Michx. 

Fi. ii. 6, t. 32. Pyc. Arkansanum, Fresenius in Regensb. Flora, 1842, 325. — Maine to Flor- 

ida and Arkansas. — Brachystemum verticillatum, Michx. 1. c. t. 31 (coll. at Pittsburgh, Penn.), 

is intermediate between the typical (eastern) plant, with short bracts, shorter and broader 
calyx-teeth, and leaves glabrate or minutely cinereous, and 

-~ Var. pilésum. . Cinervous with looser pubescence: leaves thinner, oblong-lanceolate, 
mostly acute or acutish at base, sometimes ovate (Memphis, /endler) : bracts and especially 
the rather narrower calyx-teeth canescent with more copious often villous pubescence. — 

P. pilosum, Nutt. Gen. ii. 33; Gray, 1. c.— Ohio to Illinois and Arkansas. — Calyx often 

(but inconstantly) somewhat unequal, two or three of the teeth more united. 

—~ P.léptodon. Soft-pubescent, or glabrate below, loosely branched, tall: leaves mem-- 
branaceous, green (14 or 2 inches long), lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, subsessile: glom- 
erules larger and looser than in the preceding, canescent-hirsute: long-acuminate bracts 
and calyx-teeth slender-subulate, villous-hirsute. — P. pilosum, var.? leptodon, Gray in Am. 
Jour. Sci. 1.c.— North-western N. Carolina and 8. Missouri, Gray & Carey, Geyer. — Per- 
haps a hybrid between P. muticum, var. pilosum, and P, Tullia, var. dubiwn. 

+ + + Leaves linear- or oblong-lanceolate, short-petioled, not even the uppermost canescent : 
flowers in mostly terminal capitate glomerules, which are dense even in fruit: calyx almost or quite 
equally 5-toothed, canescently pubescent, the teeth subulate. (Ambiguous species. ) 

— —P. Torréyi, Benth. Puberulent: stem strict, corymbose at summit; leaves narrowly 
lanceolate, green, glabrate, entire or slightly and sparingly denticulate: heads cvmose- 
corymbed, small; the bracts subulate, mostly eae corolla rather large. — Prodr. 
le. 18s. P. Virginicum, Nutt. Gen. 1. c. 1 — Dry ground, 8. New York to Pennsylvania. 

——P. clinopodioides, Gray, |.c. Pubescent: leaves broadly or oblong-lanceolate, sharply 
denticulate or sometimes entire: heads fewer and larger: bracts loose. — Dry soil, 5. New 
York to E. Pennsylvania. 

* * * Calyx distinctly bilabiate through the union of three teeth to form the upper lip: the teeth 
and the tips of the luose bracts if slender not rigid: flowers in dense flattened glomerate cymes, 
which are usually expanded with age: leaves membranaceous, mostly serrate, distinctly petioled, 
the uppermost more or less canescent: stems loosely branching. 

== Pp. Tullia, Benth. Rather stout, loosely more or less pubescent: leaves ovate- or lanceo- 
late-oblong, acuminate, obtuse or acutish at base, somewhat serrate, thin (2 to 4 inche: 
long), pale green both sides, only the uppermost tomentulose-whitened: calyx-tecth aristi- 
form-subulate, equalling the tube in length, above and the long-attenuate tips of the bracts 
setose-barbate. — Lab. 328, & in DC. lc. i. 87. Tulha Pycnanthemoides, Leavenworth in 
Am. Jour. Sci. xx. 243, t.5.—S. Virginia and N. Carolina to Tennessee and Georgia, 
chiefly in and near the mountains. 

Var. dubium. Greener, not canescent, except the setose-villous bracts end calyx; 

the teeth of the latter shorter than the tube: leaves lanceolate. — P. dubium, Gray, l. c.— 

Ashe Co., N. Carolina, Gray & Carey. Perhaps a hybrid between P. Tullia and P. leptodon, 

or even P. muticum, var. pilosum. 

—— P. incdnum, Michx. 1. c. Cinereous-pubescent: leaves ovate-oblong, with obtuse or 
rounded base, serrate (2 to 4 inches long), the lower surface or both surfaces of the upper- 
most canescent, at least when young, and with more or less loose or villous pubescence : 
calyx-teeth subulate or triangular-lanceolate and cuspidate or pointed, not exceeding half 


356 LABIAT 2. Pycnanthemum. 


the length of the tube, often bearing one or two bristle-like hairs. — Clinopodium incanum, 
L. Spee. ii. 588. Origanum punctatum, Poir. Pycnanthemum Loomis, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. 
Philad. vii. 100; form approaching the next.— New England and W. Canada to Ohio, and 
south to Florida and Louisiana. 

P. albéscens, Torr. & Gray, |. c. Stems slender, puberulent, all the parts smaller 
leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, obscurely serrate, small (inch or so long), canescent 
beneath and the uppermost on both sides with a minute close pubescence, as also are the 
short and beardless calyx and bracts; teeth of the former short, triangular-ovate, obtuse, 
— Am. Jour. Sci. loc. P. incanum, var. albescens, Chapm. Fl. 316.— Alabama and Florida 
to Texas. 


§ 3. Flowers densely verticillastrate-capitate ; the globose glomerules sessile 
and solitary at the summit of the stem and in some of the upper axils, copiously 
and conspicuously bracteate: calyx tubular; the short teeth nearly equal: aspect 
somewhat of Monarda. 

P. monténum, Michx. Sweet-aromatic, glabrous or nearly so: leaves ovate- or 
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, acutely serrate, membranaceous (2 to 4 inches long), short- 
petioled: bracts thin, lanceolate, long-acuminate, villous-ciliate: calyx-teeth triangular- 
subulate, naked, very much shorter than the narrow tube.— Fl. ii. 8; Gray, Lc. Mfonar- 
della montana, Benth. Lab. 331. Monarda gracilis, Pursh, Fl. i. 17?— Moist woods, Alle- 
ghany Mountains, 8. Virginia and Tennessee to Georgia and Alabama. 


14. MONARDELLA, Benth. (Diminutive of Monarda, which this 
wholly western American genus resembles in aspect, inflorescence, and calyx ; 
while in the rest of the flower it is near Pycnanthemum.) — Flowers in terminal 
and solitary verticillastrate heads, subtended or involucrate by broad often mem- 
branaceous and colored bracts: corolla red, rose, purple, or rarely white. Pleas- 
antly aromatic fragrant herbs, mostly entire-leaved. — Benth. Lab. 331, & in DC. 
Prodr. xii. 190; Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 100. 


§ 1. Flowers large and comparatively few, rather loosely glomerate: tube of 
corolla much longer than the limb: anther-cells oval-oblong, divaricate: root 
perennial. 


M. macrantha, Gray. A span high from creeping suffrutescent rootstocks, puberulent 
or pubescent: leaves subcoriaceous, ovate, obtuse, glabrate, 5 to 10 lines long, slender- 
petioled: heads 10-25-flowered, with lax and thin ovate or oblong obtuse bracts: calyx- 
teeth lanceolate, acute: corolla very much exserted, inch and a half long, scarlet, with 
tube slightly trumpet-shaped, and comparatively small lanceolate lobes only 3 or 4 lines 
long. — Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. & Bot. Calif. 1.593; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6270. — San Diego 
Co., California, Cleveland, Palmer. Also, in a more foliaceous and less showy form (taller, 
more hirsute-pubescent, with leaves thinner and a full inch long, and flowers rather 
smaller), San Bernardino Co., Parry & Lemmon. 

M. nana, Gray, l.c. Hirsute-pubescent, a span high: leaves and heads nearly of the 
preceding: corolla slender, less than an inch long, white tinged with rose; pubescent tube, 
little exceeding the calyx. —S8. California, in mountains behind San Diego, Cleveland. 


§ 2. Flowers smaller, more numerous, and densely capitate: calyx only a 
quarter or a third of an inch long: tube of the corolla little exserted and little 
longer than the limb: anther-cells shorter and less divaricate. 


* Perennials, in tufts, often slightly lignescent at base: corolla from whitish or flesh-color to rose- 
purple; the lobes linear: calyx-tecth lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, merely or hardly acute, 
soft. (Seemingly transitional forms occur between all but the first species. ) 


+- Leaves from ovate to lanceolate, petioled, more or less obviously pinnately veined: bracts 
obtuse and pointless. 


M. hypoletica. Pubescent, a foot or two high: leaves densely tomentose-canescent 
beneath, silvery-white when young, glabrate and green above, ovate-oblong, obtuse, entire, 


Monardella. LABIATAE. 357 


an inch or two long, all distinctly petioled; veins conspicuous, impressed above: heads 
large: bracts orbicular and ovate, nervose. — 8. E. California, San Bernardino Co., Parry 
& Lemmon. 
—— M. villésa, Benth. Soft-pubescent, or the heads and lower face of leaves villous, or 
sometimes the whole herbage glabrate, a span to a foot high: leaves ovate, 5 to 14 lines 
_long, all petioled, from sparsely crenate-dentate to nearly entire: veins conspicuous, widely 
spreading: bracts ovate, foliaceous, more or less pinnately veined. — Lab. 332, Bot. Sulph. 
t.21, & DC. 1. ¢. 190; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 592. —- Woods and banks, nearly throughout tle 
western part of California, especially along the coast. Leaves in the typical form often 
tomentose beneath. 

Var. leptésiphon, Torr. A rather large-flowered form, cinereous with a finer 
pubescence, and ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate nearly entire leaves. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 
129. —In the central part of the State. 

Var. glabélla, Gray. Minutely cinereous-pubescent or puberulent, or glabrate, 
except the head: leaves oblong, entire or barely and sparingly denticulate ; upper ones 
sometimes subsessile: veins much less conspicuous. — Bot. Calif. lc. Af. Shelton’, Torr. in 
Jour. Acad. Philad. n. ser. ii. 99.— Pine woods, through the Sierra Nevada and valley of 
the Sacramento. There are transitions to the next. : 
= —\M. odoratissima, Benth. |. c. Cinereous-puberulent or minutely tomentulose, or 

nearly glabrous, but pale; a span to a foot high: leaves from narrowly oblong to broadly 
lanceolate, entire or nearly so, short-petioled, or the upper subsessile, firm in texture, both 
sides alike; the veins inconspicuous or obscure: bracts thin-membranaceous and colored 
(whitish or purple), nervose: calyx-teeth (as in the preceding) hirsute without and within : 
odor of Pennyroyal.—Dry hills, Washington Terr., Oregon, and through the higher 
mountains of California, Nevada, and Utah. 

+— + Leaves linear or oblong-linear, entire, thickish and nearly veinless, half to two-thirds inch 

long, subsessile, or the lower oblong and petioled and with a few veins. 

M. linoides, Gray. Canescent or cinereous with an almost imperceptible puberulence : 
stems a span to 18 inches high, strict and rigid: bracts ovate, mucronate-acute, scarious- 
membranaceous and white with pinkish, pinnately nervose: calyx-teeth narrowly lanceo- 
late, merely pubescent: odor of Bergamot. — Proc. Am. Acad. & Bot. Calif. le. — Southern 
California, in mountains of San Diego UC *. and on the Mohave, Cleveland, Palmer, Parry & 
Lemmon, &e. 

M. Palmeri. Glabrous and green, or obscurely puberulent up to the pubescent and pro- 
portionally large head, a span high: bracts ovate, very obtuse, more nervose, otherwise 
as in the preceding: calyx-teeth linear-lanceolate. — San Luis Obispo Co., California, under 
Redwoods in the Santa Lucia mountains, Palmer. 


—— 


% * Annuals: from a span to a foot or more high, loosely branching: leaves entire or merely 
undulate, more distant, narrowed at base into a petiole: calyx-teeth mostly with rather strong 
marginal nerves. 


+— Bracts rigidly cuspidate-acuminate, white and transparent-scarious, except the nerves or veins: 
corolla bright rose or purple. 

M. Douglasii, Benth. 1. c. Pubescent: leaves lanceolate: bracts ovate and ovate-lan- 
ceolate, tapering gradually into the cusp, more or less hirsute, fenestrate, the pinnate 
spreading greenish veins running from midrib to stout marginal nerves, forming a firm 
frame for the hyaline and silvery interspaces: teeth of the hirsute calyx rigid and subu- 
late: scent strong. — JV. candicans, var. venosa, Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 123. — California, 
through the valley and westward. 

M. Bréweri, Gray. Puberulent: leaves ovate-oblong: bracts broadly ovate, abruptly 
cuspidate-pointed, less translucent, and with slender more nervose and whitish veins, only 
those of the outermost bracts strongly pinnate, destitute of strong marginal nerves: calyx- 
teeth triangular-subulate, merely acute. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 886, xi. 102, & Bot. Calif. 
i. 594. — California, in Corral-Hollow, Contra-Costa Co. 

+ + Bracts acute or obtuse: nervose, less translucent or the outer herbaceous: corolla rose-color 
or purple: calyx-teeth not subulate, short. 

M. lanceolata, Gray. Green and almost glabrous, or the stem puberulent: leaves 
oblong-lanceolate or narrower, tapering into a slender petiole; the uppermost and the 
ovate or ovate-lanceolate bracts acute; the latter with cross-veinlets between the nerves or 


= 


358 LABIATA. Monardella. 


primary veins: calyx-teeth acutish, glabrate outside, densely hirsute within. — Proc. Am. 
Acad. xi. 102, & Bot. Calif. 1. c.— California, common nearly through the State except on 
mountains. 

M. undulata, Benth. 1.c. Cinereous-pubescent or glabrate: leaves spatulate-oblong to 
oblanceolate or linear with tapering base, obtuse, undulate-margined: heads mostly villous 
or pubescent: bracts broadly ovate, thin, whitish-scarious, obtuse, no cross-veinlets be- 
tween the parallel nerves: calyx-teeth villous, obtuse: “ odor of peppermint.” — Gray, l.c. 
— California, near the coast. 


+ + + Bracts obtuse or obtusely and slightly acuminate, broadly ovate, more or less white- 
scarious, nervose, and with some cross-veinlets between the nerves: corolla white or nearly so, 
small and short, not over 3 or 4 lines long: calyx-teeth villous and with white-scarious tips: 
herbage cinereous or canescent. 


M. cAndicans, Benth. Soft-puberulent, cinereous, but hardly canescent: leaves lan- 
ceolate or narrowly oblong, obtuse, tapering into a slender petiole: bracts minutely pubes- 
cent outside, ovate, greenish along the numerous nerves, at least the tip and margins 
white-scarious, shorter than the flowers: calyx-teeth short, rather broad and obtuse, villous 
both sides. — Pl. Hartw. 330; Gray, 1. c.— California, valley of the Sacramento and foot- 
hills of the neighboring Sierra Nevada. 

Var. exilis. Smaller: bracts mostly with a short scarious acumination: calyx-teeth 
acute. — 8. E. California or adjacent Arizona, Palmer. 

M. leucocéphala, Gray. Low, much branched, cinereous-pubescent : leaves oblong or 
broadly lanceolate, short-petioled: bracts ovate-orbicular with slight acumination, wholly 
thin-scarious and bright white, lightly nervose and with very sparing cross-veinlets (about 
4 lines long and broad): calyx hirsute; the teeth attenuate-subulate. — Proc. Am. Acad. 
vii. 385, xi. 102, & Bot. Calif. 1. c.— California, on the plains near Merced, in sandy soil, 


pi tpingtic b 
5. ORI ANUM, ” ieee Marsoram. (Ancient Greek name, 


from 6gog, a mountain, and ycérog, delight.) — Old World plants, one introduced. 


«ees QO. vurcdre, L. Branching erect perennial, villous: leaves ovate, petioled: short spiciform 
branches of the cymes densely panicled, crowded with ovate and obtuse purplish-colored 
bracts : corolla purple. — Roadsides, Atlantic States : fl. summer. (Sparingly nat. from Eu.) 


16. THYMUS, Tourn. Trym. (Classical name, perhaps from Ow, to 
burn perfume, Thyme having been used for incense.) — Low and small-leaved 
and small-flowered perennials, with persistent often somewhat woody base; fl. 
summer. Old World genus, one species introduced. 

ee=T, Serryittum, L. (Creepixc Tuyme.) Prostrate-tufted: leaves green, flat, ovate, entire, 
veiny, more or less ciliate, short-petioled, 2 to 4 lines long, the floral ones similar: flowers 


crowded at the end of the ascending branches, purplish. — Old fields, E. Massachusetts and 
Pennsylvania. (Sparingly nat. from Eu.) 


17. SATUREIA, Tourn. Savory. (Ancient Latin name.) — Small- 
leaved and low plants, sweet aromatic ; the genuine species all of the Old World; 
the single American one almost generically distinct. 


§ 1. Sarureta proper. Bracts of the loose inflorescence small or none: calyx 
mostly equalling the tube of the corolla: fl. summer. 
=== §. norrénsis, L. (Sumwer Savory.) Annual, much branched, minutely pubescent: leaves 
oblong-linear or lanceolate, tapering at base: flowers in axillary clusters, above becoming 
interruptedly spicate: corolla short, pale purplish: stamens short. —Cult. as a sweet-herb ; 
escaping from gardens is sparingly wild in Ohio, Illinois, Nevada, &e. (Nat. from Eu.) 
§ 2. Pycnotuymus, Benth. Flower-clusters crowded in a terminal oblong 
head or spike, conspicuously bracteate: bracts as long as the corolla: calyx very 
small, thin, much shorter than the slender tube of the corolla: fl. spring. 


Calamintha. LABIATS. 359 


S. rigida, Bartram. Cespitose-procumbent, suffrutescent: leaves crowded, rigid, subu- 
late-lanceolate, with strongly revolute margins, obtuse, quarter inch long. scabrous or 
becoming smooth, above passing into the broader and flatter villous-hirsute bracts: calyx 
equally and deeply 5-cleft, membranaceous: corolla light purple; the tube (3 lines long) 
much shorter than the lips: filaments at length exserted. — Benth. Lab. 354, & DC. Prodr, 
xi. 211. — E. Florida, in sand. 


18. MICROMERIA, Benth. (Mizose, small, and uéoos, a part, from small 
size of flowers, &c.) — Chiefly of the Old World. Our two species, of the section 
Hesperotuywes, are diffusely spreading or creeping perennial herbs, with slender 
stems, rounded and petioled veiny thin leaves, and 1 to 3 slender-pedicelled purplish 
flowers in their axils; in summer. To these an anomalous Californian species is 
added. 

M. Brownei, Benth. Glabrous, or nearly-so: leaves roundish, obscurely crenate: pedi- 
cels bractless : calyx villous in the throat; teeth lanceolate-ovate.— Lab. 372; Schmidt in 
Fi. Bras. viii. t.32. Thymus Brownei, Swartz. — River-banks, Florida. (W. Ind., 8. Am.) 

Var. pilosiuscula, with leaves (perhaps shorter-petioled) and sometimes stem and 
calyx sparsely pilose-pubescent : passes into Jf. Xalapensis, Benth., and as such is enume- 
rated in Bot. Mex. Bound. 129. —Texas, near San Antonio (Thurber), and southward. (Mata- 

moras, Berlandier, Mex., &e.) 

—=—M. Douglasii, Benth. 1.c. (Yerba Brey.) Somewhat pubescent: trailing and creep. 
ing stem elongated : leaves broadly ovate or roundish: pedicels 2-bracteolate below: calyx 
naked in the throat; the teeth subulate.— J/. barbata, Fisch. & Meyer. Thymus Douglasii 
& T. Chamissonis, Benth. in Linn. vi. 80.— Woods, Vancouver’s Island to Los Angeles Co., 
California. 

M. purptrea, Gray. Erect, much branched, probably from an annual root, minutely 
and loosely pubescent: leaves short-petioled, lanceolate, acuminate, acutely serrate (inch 
long), with dense umbelliform cymules subsessile in their axils : calyx oblong-campanulate, 
a line and a half long, about equalling the pedicels, naked in the throat; teeth slender- 
subulate, almost equalling the small “ purple-blue” corolla. — Bot. Calif. i. 595. Hedeoma 
purpurea, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. v.52. (All 4 stamens antheriferous.) — Webb’s 
Landing on an island in the San Joaquin River, California, Aellogg. 

M. vracreordra, Benth. 1. ¢., founded on “ Hedeoma bracteolata. Pubescent, stem simple, 
slender: leaves linear-sublanceolate, acute at each extremity, entire: pedicels setaceously 
bracteolate, 3-5-flowered: calyx oblong, equal: corolla minute? In Carolina.’ — Nutt. 
Gen. Addend. This is wholly obscure. 


19. CALAMINTHA, Tourn, Mench. Catamtnt. (Old Greek name 
of some plant of this order.) — Herbs or undershrubs, chiefly of warm-temperate 
regions, of various habit, flowering all summer. Ours are perennials, and are 
various in habit. 


C. PAtwert, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 100, an annual, of the Acinos section and the habit 
and odor of /Zedeoma, belongs to Lower California, much beyond our limits. 


§ 1. Flowers loose, and without long-subulate bracts: calyx in ours usually 
villous in the throat: anthers naked. 


* Herbaceous, small-flowered: corolla pale purple or nearly white. 


+ Introduced, pubescent: peduncles short but mostly distinct, several-flowered: calyx conspicu- 
ously villous in the throat. 


eC. Néveta, Link. (Basix Tuyme.) Villous- or cinereous-pubescent, 1 to 3 feet high: leaves 
roundish-ovate, crenate (half inch long), short-petioled; uppermost reduced to bracts: 
bractlets minute : corolla 4 lines long. — Benth. Lab. & in DC. xii. 228. elissa Nepeta, L. 
Thymus Nepeta, Smith, Engl. Bot. t.1414.— Dry waste grounds, from Maryland to Arkansas. 
(Nat. from Eu.) 
C. orFicrxAtis, Moench, Meth. 409, the common Calamint of Europe, is inclined to escape 
from cultivation in a few places. 


360 LABIATZ. Calamintha, 


+ +— Indigenous on wet limestone river-banks, glabrous or nearly so, except a villous ring in the 
throat of the calyx: common peduncles in the axils hardly any: pedicels 1 to 5: conspicuous 
bracts at their base subulate-acuminate : petioles short or none. 

C. glabélla, Benth. Stems lax or decumbent, a foot or two long: leaves oblong or 
broadly lanceolate with tapering base; the larger ones serrate: axils 3-5-flowered: calyx- 
teeth of both lips attenuate-subulate: corolla nearly half inch long, barely twice the length 
of the calyx. —DC. Prodr. xii. 230. Cunila glabella, Michx. Fl. i. 13. Zizophora glabella, 
Rem. & Sch. Syst. i. 209. — Banks of the Tennessee near Nashville (Michaux) and of the 
Kentucky River near Frankfort, Short & Peter. 

=< C. Nuttallii, Benth. 1.c. Stems slender, branching, erect or ascending, a span or two 
high, copiously stoloniferous at base: leaves entire, thickish and veinless, with slightly 
revolute margins; cauline linear or the lower spatulate, sessile, 5 to 9 lines long; those of 
the creeping stolons ovate and orbicular, short-petioled, 2 or 3 lines long: flowers 1 to 

8 in the axils: corolla a third of an inch long, fully twice the length of the calyx.— 

Gray, Man. ed. 1 (1848), 325. Hedeoma glabra, Nutt. Gen. i. 16. H. Arkansana, Nutt. in 

Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 186. Cunila glabra, Torr. Fl. 23. A/icromeria glabella 

(mainly) & M7. Arkangana, Benth. Lab. 730, 871. AL. glabella, var. angustifolia, Torr. Fl. 

N. Y. ii. 67. Calamintha glabella, var. Nuttallit, Gray, Man. ed. 2, 307, ed. 5, 349. — Niagara 

Falls to Lake Superior, 8. Missouri to Texas. 

% %* More or less woody or shrubby at base: a foot or two high: lips of the calyx-teeth more un- 
equal; the broader upper one barely and mostly obtusely 3-toothed. 

C. Caroliniana, Sweet. Nearly glabrous: leaves ovate, obtuse, somewhat crenate 
(6 to 14 lines long), abruptly narrowed into a short petiole: flowers few or several in the 
axils, in a crowded subsessile cyme: bracts foliaceous : calyx oblong, strongly striate, very 
villous in the throat, scarcely gibbous; corolla pink-purple or whitish and purple-spotted, 
half inch long; the upper lip somewhat concave and incurved. — Hort. Brit. 809; Benth. 
in DC. Prodr. lc. 229. Thymus Carolinianus, Michx. ii. 9. T. grandiflorus, Sims, Bot. 
Mag. t. 997. Melissa Caroliniana, Benth. Lab. 388.— Dry ground, N. Carolina to Florida. 

«=== C. coccinea, Benth. 1. c. Very minutely cinereous-puberulent or glabrous, bushy: 
branches virgate: leaves obovate or cuneate-oblong, obtuse, subsessile, entire or obscurcly 
crenate, with somewhat revolute margins, thickish, veinless, about half inch long: short 
peduncles 1-3-flowered: corolla scarlet, narrow, inch and a half long; the lips much 
shorter than the tube. — J/elissa coccinea, Spreng. Syst. ii. 224. Cunila coccinea, Nutt. ; Hook. 

Exot. Fl. t. 163. — Gardoquia Hookeri, Benth. Lab. 401; Bot. Reg. t. 1747; Brit. Fl. Gard. 

ser. 2, t. 271. Satureia coccinea, Bertol. Misc. viii. 23.— Sandy soil, W. Florida to Mobile, 

Alabama, near the shore; flowering late. 

C. dentata, Chapm. Tomentulose-cinereous, diffusely branched: leaves obovate or 
somewhat cuneate, few-toothed at the rounded apex, subsessile, canescent and obscurely 
veined beneath: flowers solitary or in threes, short-pedicelled: calyx shorter than in the 
preceding; the short obscurely 3-toothed upper lip tinged with purple; subulate teeth of 
the lower lip hairy: “upper stamens abbreviated, sterile.” — Fl. 118. — Sand ridges near 
Aspalaga, W. Florida, Chapman. In foliage, &c. much resembles C. coccinea, apparently 
smaller-flowered: no perfect corolla seen. 

* * * Herbaceous to the base? and large-flowered: calyx less bilabiate; the teeth of the upper 
lip very like those of the lower: corolla orange. 

C. mimuloides, Benth, Tall, somewhat viscidly hirsute: leaves ovate, coarsely ser- 
rate, membranaceous, on slender petioles: flowers mostly solitary in the axils, on slender 
pedicels foliaceous-bracteate at base: calyx tubular (8 lines long), nearly naked in the 
throat; the teeth cuspidate from a broad ovate or triangular base, equal in length, those 
of the upper lip spreading: corolla inch and a half long, with a narrow tube twice the 
length of the calyx.— Pl. Hartw. 33, — California, on shady banks of Carmel River, near 
Monterey, Hartweg. 


§ 2. Crinopépium, Benth. Flowers verticillastrate-capitate, and as it were 
involucrate with conspicuous setaceous-subulate rigid bracts: calyx nearly naked 
in the throat: anthers naked. 


==C; Clinopédium, Benth. (Basiz.) Herbaceous, hirsute: leaves ovate, obtuse, almost 
entire, petioled : verticillastrate heads globular, many-flowered: teeth of the narrow tubu- 


Hedeoma. LABIATZ. 361 


lar and gibbous calyx and the bracts very hirsute, nearly equalling the light purple nar- 
row corolla. — Clinopodium vulgare, L.; Smith, Engl. Bot. t. 1401. — Borders of thickets and 
fields, common northward, and seemingly introduced: indigenous from the Great Lakes to 
the Rocky Mountains. (Eu., Asia.) 


20. MELISSA, Tourn. Barx. (Greek name of the honey-bee, trans- 
ferred to a plant the blossoms of which are sought by bees.) — Herbs, of the Old 
World, only one common species. 

awed. oFFIcINALIs, L, (Common Bata.) Upright or spreading and branching perennial, 
pubescent ; with broadly ovate or cordate crenate-toothed lemon-scented leaves, and loose 
axillary cymes of white or whitish flowers; in summer. — Escaped from gardens to waste 
grounds, eastward. (Sparingly nat. from Eu.) 


21. CONRADINA, Gray. (Named in memory of Solomon W. Conrad, of 
Philadelphia, botanist, and publisher of his friend Muhlenberg’s works.) — Proc. 
Am. Acad. viii, 244. Founded on a single species; with leaves resembling Rose- 
mary. 

C. canéscens, Gray, l.c. Somewhat shrubby, much branched, minutely canescent, 
leafy: the leaves also fascicled in the axils, narrowly linear, obtuse, with revolute mar- 
gins: flowers solitary or in threes in the upper axils, short-pedicelled: teeth of the calyx 
and sometimes the tube villous with long spreading hairs: corolla pink or white, dotted in 
the throat, hairy outside, half inch long. — Calamintha canescens, Torr. & Gray in DC. 
Prodr. xii. 229; Chapm. Fl. 318. — Sandy sea-shore and adjacent pine woods, Alabama and 
Florida, from Mobile to Tampa Bay (Hulse), and Indian River on the east (Palmer): fl. 
summer. 


22. POLIOMINTHA, Gray. (Ioliég, hoary-white, and pirfc, Mint.) — 
Texano-Mexican low suffrutescent plants, canescent throughout or nearly so; 
with entire leaves, and few-several-flowered cymes or glomerules in their axils, 
the uppermost sometimes diminished and bract-like. Corolla rose-color or purple, 
with tube either equalling or much surpassing the calyx. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 
295, 865; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1189. (Genus too near Gardoquia, of the 
Andes from Mexico to Chili, not to be distinguished if that becomes really 
diandrous.) 

P. incana, Gray, l.c. <A foot or so high, very much branched, silvery with very close 
and minute tomentum: branches virgate: leaves linear or the lower oblong (8 to 9 lines 
long), sessile, veinless and the midrib obscure; the upper floral shorter than the 1 to 3 sub- 
sessile flowers in their axils: calyx oblong or cylindraceous, 15-nerved, white-villous 
(5 lines long), with conspicuous subulate teeth, half the length of the corolla, equalling its 
tube, which is pilose-annulate at the summit. — Hedeoma incana, Torr. Mex. Bound. 130.— 
Western Texas to 8. Utah, Wright, Bigelow, Parry, Brandegee, Mrs. Thompson, &c. 

P. mollis, Gray, 1.c. A foot or more high, more tomentose, herbaceous nearly to the 
base: leaves ovate or oval, narrowed into a short petiole, 3-5-plinerved: calyx-teeth 
minute, unequally spreading, one-fifth the length of the 13-striate tube, which is hardly 
half the length of the corolla: tube of the latter not annulate but sparsely pilose within. 
— Hedeoma mollis, Torr. 1. c. 129.— Borders of Mexico and Texas, on cliffs of the Rio 
Grande at Puerte de Paysano, Bigelow. 


23. HEDEOMA, Pers. (Name altered from the Greek ‘Hdvoouor, a sweet- 
smelling herb. probably of this family. The plants have the scent and taste of 
the European Pennyroyal, Wentha Pulegiwm.) — Low herbs. all American, chiefly 
of Atlantic U. S. and Mexico; with small flowers, in summer. — Gray, Proc. Am. 
Acad. viii. 866; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1188. 


362 LABIATA. Hedeoma. 


§ 1. Evnepedéma, Gray, 1.c. Flowers pedicellate, cymulose or rarely sub- 
solitary in the axils of the leaves, the uppermost of which are sometimes dimin- 
ished and bract-like: corolla with an even open throat: throat of the calyx in 
fruit closed with a ring of villous hairs (except in H. acinotdes): low and diffuse 
or much branched herbs, of dry soil, pungently sweet-aromatic, with small and 
whitish or purplish flowers: pubescence of the stem usually retrorse. 


* Filaments of the posterior stamens manifest, bearing a capitate rudiment or sometimes a polli- 
niferous anther: calyx rather short, conspicuously bilabiate; its upper and lower lips very 
dissimilar. 

«== H. pulegioides, Pers. (American Pennyroryat.) Annual, erect, minutely pubes- 
cent: leaves ovate or oblong, somewhat serrate, narrowed at base into a slender petiole ; 
floral similar or the upper merely smaller: calyx in fruit ovate-campanulate or oblong, 
strongly gibbous; upper lip broad and spreading, with 3 triangular.teeth, about equalling 
the two setaceous-subulate and hispid-ciliate teeth: corolla hardly exserted, 2 or 3 lines 
long. — Syn. ii. 181; Bart. Med. t. 41. Melissa & Cunila pulegioides, L. Canada to Iowa 
and southward; common. 

* * Filaments of the posterior stamens minute subulate rudiments, or sometimes obsolete: teeth 
of both lips of the calyx subulate, 

++ About equal in length, all erect or in fruit curved upward: bracts linear or acerose-subulate, 
spreading or at length reflexed: erect annuals, with the upper flowers somewhat capitately or 
spicately crowded. 

H. acinoides, Scheele. Minutely pubescent, slender: leaves nearly glabrous, thinnish, 
slender-petioled, obscurely denticulate ; the lower ovate, upper oblong, or the upper floral 
oblong-linear: bracts equalling the slender pedicels: calyx tubular, gibbous at base (3 lines 
long), barely hairy in the throat; limb slightly bilabiate; the teeth setaceous-subulate, 
minutely ciliate, barely one-third the length of the tube: tube of the purple corolla 
exserted, slender (4 lines long) ; its lower lip much larger than the upper, and middle lobe 
deeply emarginate. — Linn. xxii. 592; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 366. — Arkansas, Leaven- 
worth. Texas, Wright, Lindheimer, &c. 

= =H. hispida, Pursh. Mostly low: leaves all similar, linear, entire, thickish, somewhat 
nervose-veined, nearly sessile, crowded, almost glabrous, but their margins at least towards 
the base hispid-ciliate: bracts mostly equalling the calyx, rigid: limb of the calyx bilabi- 
ate; the lips about half the length of the oblong gibbous hispid tube ; the teeth of the 
upper subulate, of the lower more aristiform and hispid, equalling the (3 lines long) bluish 

corolla. —Fl. ii. 414. H. hirta, Nutt. Gen. i.16. Cunila hispida, Spreng. Syst. i. 64.— 

Plains west of the Mississippi, from Dakota to Louisiana and Arkansas; also Illinois, 

there apparently lately introduced. 

_ as cane lower calyx-teeth decidedly longer than the three upper: bracts mostly erect. and 
subulate. 


++ Leaves entire, or in the first species with rare and obscure denticulations or crenulations, into 
which the few and inconspicuous veins do not run: root either indurated and perduring-annual or 
perennial. 

—— H.thymoides. Cinereous-pubescent or puberulent, about a span high, at length diffusely 
branched from the base: leaves ovate, obtuse (3 to 5 lines long), petioled ; the lower little 
exceeding and the upper shorter than the flowers: bracts mostly subulate and shorter than 
the pedicels: calyx oblong-tubular and at length rather strongly gibbous (the tube 1} or 2 
lines and the setaceous lower tecth a line or sometimes more in length); teeth of the upper 
lip recurved away from the straightish and moderately longer lower ones: corolla little ex- 
serted, only 3 lines long. — 17. dentata, var. nana, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 130. H. piperita ? 
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 366, not Benth., which must have much larger calyx, flat pedicels, 
and more crenate leaves. — E. New Mexico to Arizona, Wright, Bigelow, Palmer, &c. 

Var. oblongifélia., Stems erect, even strict, sometimes a foot high: leaves oblong, 

or the lower ovate, shorter-petioled; the reduced floral ones subsessile and acute. — H. 
piperita, var. oblongifolia, Gray, 1. c.— New Mexico and Arizona; same collectors. 

<== H. Drumméndi, Benth. Cinereous-pubescent or puberulent, a span or two high, 

copiously branched: leaves from oblong (or the lowest oval) to linear, obtuse, subsessile, 

or narrowed at base into a very short petiole, thickish; the upper mostly rather shorter 

than the few flowers in their axils: small subulate bracts not longer than the pedicels: 


Hedeoma. LABIATS. 363 


calyx hirsute or hispid, from cylindraceous to at length ovate-tubular, slightly gibbous, in 
age more or less curved, not obviously bilabiate; the subulate-setaceous teeth at length all 
connivent and slightly curved upward; the lower nearly twice the length of the upper: 
corolla from 3 or 4 lines long, and little exserted, to 6 lines and double the length of the 
calyx. — Lab. Sus, & DC. 1. v. 245; Gray, Le. H. ciliata, Nutt. Gamb. 183, not Benth. — 
Common from Texas to Arizona, and north to the plains of Colorado and even Nebraska. 
(Adjacent Mex.) 

Var. Reverchoni. Rigid: leaves greener, coriaceous, elliptical (half inch long, 3 
lines or more broad), or the floral oblong, hirsute-pubescent or at least ciliate, the few 
veins more prominent beneath. — Rocks, Brown Co., Texas, Reverchon. 

«=e FH. hyssopifélia, Gray. Nearly glabrous throughout: stems slender, erect and simple 
from a lignescent perennial base, 8 to 12 inches high: leaves all sessile and entire, nervose 
veined (especially beneath), narrowly linear-lanceolate and about half inch long, or the 
lowest much shorter and oblong or oval: short peduncles linear-bracteate, 1-5-flowered : 
calyx obscurely pubescent, narrowly cylindrical, not gibbous (the tube 24 lines long), not 
bilabiate ; the subulate-setaceous lower teeth nearly twice the length of the similar upper 
ones, all straightish: corolla much exserted, 7 or 8 lines long, purplish. — Proc. Am. Acad. 
xi. 96; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. ined. t. 17. — Arizona, on Mount Graham, Rothrock. 
++ ++ Leaves serrate with salient acute and callous teeth in which the veins terminate, all sub- 

sessile or the lower short-petioled: many-stemmed perennials: cymes few-flowered: calyx nar- 

row, at length somewhat gibbous or curved, 2 or 3 lines long, minutely hirsute. 

H. dentata, Torr. Hirsute-pubescent: stems erect and slender, a foot high: leaves 
oblong-lanceolate (4 to 6 lines long), coarsely few-dentate ; veins ascending, rather indis- 
tinct: calyx-tube slender; limb hardly bilabiate; subulate-setaceous lower teeth erect and 
moderately longer than the recurved-spreading upper ones: corolla pink, nearly twice the 
length of the calyx, 4 lines long. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 130, in part; Gray, ].c. —S. Arizona, 
near Santa Cruz, Thurber, Rothrock. 

H. plicata, Torr. 1.c. Minutely soft-pubescent, a span or more high, at length diffuse: 
leaves approximate, rigid, rhombic-ovate or the lower roundish-ovate and the uppermost 
floral oblong (3 or + lines long), numerously and coarsely callous-serrate, conspicuously 
lineate with the copious strong and straight mostly simple veins, which are very prominent 
beneath and extend from the midrib through the acute teeth: calyx of the preceding, but 
less slender and more gibbous or curved, also more evidently bilabiate: corolla shorter, 2 
or 3 lines long. — Mountains along the Rio Limpio and Rio Grande, 8. W. Texas, IWrijit, 
Bigelow. (There is a similar, but larger flowered and villous species, H. costata, S. Mex., 
Ghiesbreght, no. 815.) 


§ 2. Stacnypeéma, Gray, 1. c. Flowers sessile or subsessile, verticillastrate 
in a terminal interrupted spike, the floral leaves diminished to bracts, except 
sometimes the lowermost: throat of the pink or purple corolla with a pair of 
longitudinal projecting folds under the lower lip: calyx hardly at all gibbous, 
rather short, long-hirsute : stem erect: leaves all sessile or nearly so, glabrous or 
glabrate, with at least the uppermost hirsute-ciliate. 


H. cilidta, Benth. A span or two high from an annual root: stem retrorsely puberu- 
lent and above mostly hirsute with some spreading hairs: leaves oblong, obtuse, entire, 
veinless (inch or less long) : flowers several in the clusters of the spike: calyx moderately 
bilabiate ; its 15-nerved tube and the subulate-linear bractlets conspicuously white-hirsute ; 
throat villous-bearded; teeth more naked, similar and of equal length, slender-subulate 
ciliolate, connivent after anthesis: tube of the rose-purple corolla not exserted ; upper lip 
2lobed; throat hairy at the insertion of the short included stamens: sterile filaments 
wanting. — DC. Prodr. xii. 245; Gray, 1c. 867.—Sandy ground, Texas, Berlandier (ex 
Benth.), Drummond, E. Hall. 

H. gravéolens, Chapm. Stems numerous, a foot or more high from a perennial base 
or root, strict, often simple, soft-hirsute or pubescent: leaves round-ovate, subcordate, 
obscurely pinnately veined (the larger half inch long); lower short-petioled and sparingly 
dentate; upper passing into similar bracts, which are shorter than the usually solitary 
flowers they subtend: bractlets oblong, foliaceous: tube of the 12-13-nerved and conspic- 


364 LABIAT2. Pogogyne. 


uously bilabiate calyx oblong-campanulate; the teeth especially hispid or hirsute with 
long whitish hairs; those of the broad upper lip short and deltoid; the two of the lower 
aristiform subulate, equalling the tube of the purple and spotted corolla: fertile stamens 
equalling the emarginate upper lip of the corolla; sterile filaments subulate, sometimes 
with small rudiments of anthers. —Gray, l.c.; Chapm. in Bot. Gazette, iii. (1878), 10.— 
Low pine barrens, W. Florida, Chapman. From the name the species apparently is not 
sweet-scented. 


24, POGOGYNE, Benth. (Iayar, beard, yvr7, female ; the style bearded.) 
— Californian annuals, of low stature, sweet-aromatic; with oblong-ovate or ob- 
lanceolate mostly entire leaves, the lower narrowed into a petiole, the upper 
diminished into bracts, these and the calyx usually conspicuously ciliate-bearded 
with hirsute or hispid hairs. Flowers verticillastrate-glomerate and sessile, at least 
the upper glomerules spicate or capitate. Calyx-teeth mostly 3-nerved. Corolla 
blue or violet purple, sometimes paler. Fl. spring and summer. — Benth, Lab. 
414, & DC. l.c. 243; Gray in Bot. Calif. i. 596. 

§ 1. Stamens all four with perfect anthers: style conspicuously bearded above ; 
its subulate lobes or stigmas almost equal: corolla 6 to 9 lines long, with funnel- 
form tube, and throat surpassing the (variable) calyx. 

* Inflorescence oblong- or cylindrical-spicate and nearly continuous, conspicuously white-hirsute or 

hispid with the long and rigid marginal hairs of the bracts and calyx. 

P. Douglasii, Benth. 1.c. Rather stout, a span to a foot high: leaves spatulate-oblong 
or narrower, veiny, rarely dentate: bracts linear, acute: flowers comparatively large, blue 
or violet; lower calyx-lobes twice the length of the tube, much longer and narrower than 
the others. — Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5886; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 597. P. multiflora, Benth. 1. ¢., 
is merely a smaller form, with rather shorter bracts. — California, through the foothills of 
the Sierra and westward. 

P. parvifi6ra, Benth. |. c. More slender and lower: leaves narrower: spike shorter: 
bracts mostly obtuse: corolla barely half inch long: lower calyx-lobes hardly longer and 
the upper ones shorter than the tube. — From San Francisco Bay northward, Douglas, 
Bolander, &e. 


* * Verticillastrate clusters more or less distant: bracts and calyx REO TED IeD URE hirsute-ciliate : 
anthers of posterior stamens smaller but polliniferous. 


P. nuditiscula, Gray. A span to a foot high: branches slender, puberulent: leaves 
spatulate or narrower, obtuse, not over an inch long, glabrous: bracts linear-subulate and 
cuspidate: corolla only half inch long, about twice the length of the calyx: lobes of the 
latter lanceolate- or linear-subulate and cuspidate. — Bot. Calif. i. 597.—Near San Diego, 
D. Cleveland. 


§ 2. Hepeomoipes, Gray, |. c. . Posterior stamens sterile: style sparingly 
hairy, its lobes very unequal: flowers smaller, some of the lower ones often dis- 
tant and solitary or nearly so in the axils of ordinary leaves. 


P. TenurrLOra, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 100, of Guadalupe Island off Lower California, 
has the tube of corolla longer than the calyx, as in the preceding section. In the following 
species the corolla is only 2 lines long, and at least its tube included. 

P. ziziphoroides, Benth. Stem 2 to 6 inches high: leaves ovate or oval, thickish ; 
uppermost, with the rigid narrow bracts and calyx, hirsute-ciliate with strong and white 
bristly hairs: inflorescence capitate or short-spicate: calyx-lobes slightly unequal, broadly 
lanceolate, very acute, hardly twice the length of the tube, the longer about equalling 
the corolla: posterior filaments as large as the anterior, but their anthers abortive. — 
PL. Hartw. 330; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. — Valley of the Sacramento River, Hartweg, Andrews, 
Bolander. 

P. serpylloides, Gray. Stems slender, branched from the base, ascending or at length 
diffuse, 3 to 6 inches high: leaves obovate-oval or spatulate, 3 or 4 lines long; the lower 
distant, most of them single- or few-flowered in the axils; upper more floriferous, approxi- 
mate and becoming bracts to the oblong or often longer ‘and much interrupted spike; the 


Sphacele. LABIATZ. 365 


base of these and the calyx hirsute: lobes of the latter unequal, all much longer than the 
tube, the longer fully equalling the violet or bluish corolla: sterile filaments small, with 
small capitellate rudiment of anthers: style bearded above with very few coarse hairs. — 
Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 386, & Bot. Calif. 1.598. Hedeoma? serpylloides, Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. 
iv. 123. — Monterey to Humboldt Co.; common. 


25. CERANTHERA, Ell. (Kégag, a horn, and drfnoa, anther: cells of 
the anther cornute.) — Peculiar to the southern Atlantic States, nearly glabrous 
and slender erect annuals, a foot high, sweet-aromatic; with broadly or narrowly 
linear and obtuse entire leaves ; the uppermost on the virgate branches diminished 
to similar bracts of the thyrsoid-racemose inflorescence. Flowers autumnal, 
handsome: corolla pink-purple and spotted, the calyx commonly purplish. — 
Sk. ii, 93; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1191. Diécerandra, Benth. in Bot. Reg. 
1300, Lab. 418, & DC. Prodr. xii. 242. 


C. linearif6lia, Ell. 1.c. Inflorescence loose : cymes short-peduncled, few-flowered : calyx- 
teeth obscurely ciliolate, hardly equalling the tube of the (about half inch) corolla: anther- 
cells slender-aristate. — Dicerandra linearis, Benth. Lab. l.c. D. linearifolia, Benth. in DC. 
Prodr. 1. c.; Chapm. Fl. 318. — Sandy pine barrens, Georgia, Florida, and Alabama. 

—— C. densifiléra. Inflorescence dense; the pedicels shorter and peduncle hardly any: 
calyx-teeth appressed-ciliate, equalling the tube of the corolla: anther-cells conical-cor- 
nute: leaves mostly shorter and broader. — Dicerandra densiflora, Benth. in DC. Prodr. 1. ¢. 
—E. Florida, J. Reed, &c. 


26. ACANTHOMINTHA, Gray. (A4xarba,a prickle or thorn, and pirda, 
mint.) — Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1192. Calamintha? § Acanthomintha, Gray, 
Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 368, & Bot. Calif. i. 4596. — Single species. 


ee A. ilicifolia, Gray, l.c. Low and nearly glabrous annual, slightly aromatic (rather 
heavy-scented), branching from the base, leafy to the top: leaves coriaceous, rotund or 
broadly cuneate, coarsely crenate-dentate (half inch or more long, the blunt teeth of the 
upper ones mostly mucronate or cuspidate), contracted at base into a slender petiole: 
axils nearly all verticillastrate-floriferous: bracts a pair in each axil, almost as large as the 
leaves, but sessile, equally coriaceous and more rigid, orbicular or dilated-subcordate, pin- 
nately few-veined and with fine reticulated veinlets, the callous margin armed with a few 
distant and long slender prickles, each pair subtending 3 to 5 sessile flowers: corolla white 
and rose-color, half inch long. — Southern borders of California, San Diego Co., Wm. Rich, 
Cleveland. Allied to Glechon of Brazil, which is also referred to this tribe, rather than to 
the Stachydec. 


27. SPHACELE, Benth. (Sgdzoy is the Greek name of Sage, which 
these plants resemble in joliaye.) — Shrubby or suffrutescent plants (chiefly S. 
American) ; with the floral leaves gradually reduced in size, and the flowers single 
in their axils, above forming a leafy raceme. 


S. calycina, Benth. Shrubby at base, 2 to 5 feet high, tomentulose-villous or glabrate: 
branches leafy: leaves (2 to 4 inches long) ovate or oblong, obtuse, from crenate or 
obtusely serrate to entire, obtuse or rarely subcordate at base, rugose-veiny, more or less 
petioled; uppermost and bracts of the short raceme sessile: lobes of the very loose calyx 
triangular-lanceolate, rather shorter than the purplish or lead-colored (inch long) corolla: 
anthers short. — Lab. 563, & DC. Prodr. xii. 255: Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 131, t.37; Gray, 
Bot. Calif. i. 598. — Hillsides, common throughout the western part of California, especially 
from San Francisco southward. 

Var. glabélla, Gray, 1.c. .\ minutely tomentulose and soon glabrate form, prob- 
ably of shady places. — Santa Barbara Co., and southward. 

Var. Wallacei. Copiously villous: lower cauline leaves with truncate or hastate- 
subcordate base: calyx-lobes attenuate-lanceolate from a narrower base, over half inch 
long. — Probably near Los Angeles, Ialluce. 


366 LABIATZ. Salvia. 


28. SALVIA, L. Saaz. (The old Latin name, from salveo, to save.) — A 
vast genus, widely dispersed, comparatively few species N. American, and those 
mainly southward: fl. chiefly in summer. 


—— S. orricinALis, L., Common Sage, of the Old World, represents the genus in the gardens. 
S. sPLENDENS, Sellow, of Brazil, ands. FULGENS, Cav., of Mexico, are the two commoner 
red-flowered species of ornamental cultivation. 


$1. Savidstrum, Gray. Throat of the calyx conspicuously bearded and in 
fruit closed by a ring of long and dense villous hairs : upper lip with 3 broad and 
short teeth, lower 2-parted into lanceolate teeth, all cuspidate: corolla ringent 
(blue or purple), pilose-annulate within : upper emarginate—2-lobed ; lower ample, 
with 3 roundish spreading lobes, middle one 2-lobed: stamens separate: lower 
anther-cells porrect, shorter, more or less polliniferous: nutlets abundantly spiril- 
liferous: Texan low perennials, simple-stemmed, with copious mostly narrow 
and entire leaves; the diminished floral or bracts persistent, subtending 1 to 3 
flowers; these racemose or spicate.— Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 308. Salviastrum, 
Scheele in Linn. xxii. 584; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1196. § Trichosphace, 
Engelm. in Bot. Zeit. ix. 45. 


S. Texana, Torr. Stems (a span or two high) with margins of the leaves and the calyx 
hirsute with long and spreading bristly hairs: flowers spicate, the upper floral leaves not 
exceeding the calyx, which equals the dilated throat of the widely ringent blue corolla. — 
Mex. Bound. 182; Gray, 1. c.  Salviastrum Texanum, Scheele, l. v.; Torr. & Gray, Pacif. R. 
Rep. ii. t. 6. — Open rocky soil, W. Texas to the borders of New Mexico. 

Var. canéscens, Gray, |. c., a form with leaves hoary-white with fine tomentum, 
all narrowly linear, with strongly revolute margins, and fewer flowers in the axils of the 
upper ones. — Hills of the Pecos and Rio Grande, 8. W. Texas, JWright, Schott. 

S. Engelmanni, Gray, 1.c. Minutely puberulent and glabrate, the setose hairs few 
and scattered or nearly wanting: leaves thinner; lower sometimes denticulate; floral 
mostly equalling the more scattered flowers: corolla (an inch or more long) with narrower 
tube and throat twice the length of the calyx, light purple. — W. Texas, Wright, Lindheimer. 


§ 2. EcutnéspuHace. (§ Echinosphace & § Pycnosphace, Benth. Lab.) Throat 
of the calyx villous-hairy or naked: upper lip much longer than the lower, more 
or less incurved, 3—2-toothed; the lower 2-parted; teeth all spinulose-aristate : 
corolla ringent (blue or purple); tube pilose-annulate inside ; upper lip 2-lobed : 
stamens separate, remote from the upper lip; lower fork of the long filiform 
connective bearing a polliniferous anther-cell: Californian winter-annuals; with 
pinnatifid leaves, and densely capitate-verticillastrate inflorescence: globular heads 
many-flowered, involucrate with the persistent bract-like floral leaves. (Called 
Cura: nutlets abundantly mucilaginous in water, infused for drink.) 


==. carduacea, Benth. White-woolly with lax cobwebby hairs: stem stout, simple, a 
foot or two high, naked and scape-like, only at base subtended by a cluster of oblong sin- 
uate-pinnatifid and spinulose-toothed Thistle-like leaves: verticillastrate heads 1 to 4 (an 
inch or more in diameter), equalled or somewhat surpassed by the involucrate whorl of 
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate bracts, which are oftener pectinate with spinescent teeth: 
calyx long-lanate ; the tube multi-nervulose between the principal nerves; the large upper 
lip strongly 8-toothed, the middle tooth much the larger, the latcral distant, mostly sur- 
passing those of the lower lip: throat villous: corolla lavender-color (an inch long); its 
tube slightly exserted ; upper lip erose-dentate or fimbriate and 2-cleft; lower with small 
lateral erose lobes, and a larger flabelliform and deeply fimbriately multifid middle one: 
proper filament hardly any: anther-cells pubescent. — Lab. 302, & Prodr. 1c. 349; Hook. 
Bot. Mag. t. 4874; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 599. 8. (chinosphace) gossypina, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 
830.— Dry grounds through the lower parts of California, especially southward. 


Salvia. LABIAT®. 367 


==» S. Columbérie, Benth. Soft-puberulent: stems slender, branching and leafy below, 
6 to 20 inches high, naked and pedunculiform above, terminated by solitary or two pro- 
liferous heads; leaves deeply 1-2-pinnatifid or pinnately parted into oblong crenately 
toothed or incised obtuse divisions, muticous, rugose: involucrate floral leaves or bracts 
not exceeding the head, broadly ovate, entire, resembling the more membranaceous some- 
times purplish abruptly acuminate-aristate inner bracts: flowers small: calyx naked with- 
in; its large upper lip arcuate-concave, hispid at base outside, tipped with a pair of con- 
nivent and partly connate short aristiform teeth (the third or middle tooth apparently 
always wanting), very much surpassing the two small at length porrect teeth of the 
lower lip: corolla blue, hardly exceeding the calyx; its upper lip emarginate-2-lobed at 
apex, the lower with small lateral lobes and a much larger transversely oval short- 
unguiculate somewhat 2-lobed but otherwise entire or merely crenulate middle one: fila- 
ments slender. — Common through California, and in adjacent Arizona and Nevada. 


§ 8. Heterdésruace, Benth. Throat of the calyx naked (or in a single species 
ciliate-hirsute) ; the upper lip broadly truncate and remotely 3-toothed ; the lower 
2-cleft: corolla elongated, mostly pilose-annulate inside; upper lip emarginate or 
entire: stameus separate: connective shorter than the slender often exserted fila- 
ment; the porrected lower fork also bearing a polliniferous anther-cell: herbs, 
ours Atlantic-American perennials, with mostly lyrately-lobed or toothed or pin- 
nately divided leaves; inflorescence loosely racemose, the small bract-like floral 
leaves persistent. 

* Corolla blue or violet, thrice the length of the calyx: leaves at most pinnatifid; the cauline, 

if any, sessile or narrowed at base into wing-margined petioles. 

-—== S. lyrata, L. Perennial from a somewhat tuberous root, pilose or hirsute: stem com- 
monly scapiform, a foot or more high: radical leaves obovate, sinuate- or repand-dentate, or 
lyrate-pinnatifid; cauline of one or two somewhat similar pairs, or none; floral oblong or 
lanceolate and mostly shorter than the calyx: raceme of few or several at length dis- 
tant about 6-flowered loose clusters, rarely branching : calyx campanulate, membranaceous ; 
the broad and truncate upper lip with short or very short widely separated aristulate 
teeth; lower with 2 longer lanceolate cuspidate-pointed teeth: corolla (almost an inch 
long) ampliate-funnelform beyond the calyx; its erect upper lip much shorter and smaller 
than the lower.— Spec. i. 23 (Dill. Elth. t. 175; Moris. Hist. &c.); Michx. Fl. i. 14. 
S. lyrata & 8. obovata, Ell. Sk. i. 33; Benth. in DC. 1. c. 353; the latter merely a form with 
thin and barely dentate leaves; calyx-teeth variable in length. — Sandy woodlands, New 
Jersey to Illinois, Florida, and Texas; flowering early. 

* * Corolla scarlet-red, four times the length of the calyx: herbage softly and often canescently 

pubescent: cauline leaves all slender-petioled, at least the lower ones 3-5-foliolate. 

S. Remeriana, Scheele. Stems (afoot or two high) and petioles below often sparsely 
hirsute with long spreading hairs ; leaves or terminal leaflet roundish or reniform-cordate, 
coarsely repand-toothed or crenately incised (an inch or two broad), membranaceous ; the 
lower usually with 2 or 3 similar but smaller (subsessile or slender-petiolulate) lateral 
leaflets, these occasionally reduced to dentiform appendages on the petiole: raceme loose 
and elongated: floral leaves mostly shorter than the pedicels: calyx somewhat pubescent, 
naked within; its upper lip 3-aristulate or with the middle tooth obsolete; the 2-parted 
lower one of triangular-lanceolate cuspidate-acuminate teeth: corolla (an inch or more 
long) deep scarlet, puberulent, narrowly tubular-funnelform, somewhat arcuate; its 
spreading lower lip with rounded and obcordate—2-cleft middle lobe, hardly longer than the 
erect strongly emarginate upper lip; lobes of the style more or less unequal. — Scheele in 
Linn. xxii. 586; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 132. S. porphyrantha (or porphyrata), Decaisne in 
Rey. Hort. 1854, t. 16; Fl. Serres, t. 1080; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4959.— In light fertile soil, 
W. Texas, Wright, Lindheimer, &. (Adjacent Mex.) 

~— S. Hénryi, Gray. More slender, less soft-pubescent: leaves or mostly leaflets smaller, 
seldom cordate, angulate-lobed ; lower floral ones often similar, all as long as the pedicels: 
calyx hirsute, ciliate-bearded or villous in the sinuses and throat: corolla apparently nar- 
rower and with shorter less notched lips; the bearded ring at base within obsolete. — Proc. 
Am. Acad. viii, 368. S$. Remeriana, Torr. 1. ¢., in part.—New Mexico, on the Mimbres, 


368 LABIAT ZA. Salvia. 


Dr. Henry, Thurber ; Florence Mountains, Bigelow. Adjacent borders of Texas, Wright. — 
Throat of the calyx rather sparsely but not inconspicuously bearded! 


§ 4. CaLéspHack, Benth. Throat of calyx naked, and of corolla not pilose- 
annulate: anterior portion of the connective deflexed, linear or gradually some- 
what dilated downward, closely approximate or connate, and destitute of an 
anther-cell: all American species, with upper lip of corolla erect and concave. 


* Corolla crimson, its tube villous-annulate towards the base inside; upper lip conspicuously 
larger and longer than the lower: anterior fork of connectives free and spatulate-dilated down- 
wards, obscurely one-toothed at base, longer than the filament. 

S. pentstemonoides, Kunth. Perennial, nearly glabrous, or below sparsely hirsute: 
stems 2 to 5 feet high, leafy to the summit: leaves thickish, oblong-lanceolate, acute, 
mucronate, entire or obscurely denticulate and with ciliolate-scabrous margins, the lower 
(3 to 5 inches long) on long margined petioles; upper gradually much smaller and sessile ; 
the floral and the similar persistent bracts and bractlets of the elongated racemiform or 
narrowly thyrsoidal inflorescence ovate-lanceolate or narrower, cuspidate: cymules subses- 
sile, 3-5-flowered: calyx equalled by the pedicels, campanulate, strongly bilabiate (half 
inch long), glandular-puberulent; upper lip broad, truncate, with 3 short and broad cuspi-, 
date-mucronate teeth; lower 2-parted, its teeth lanceolate and cuspidate: corolla inch and 
a half long, slightly pubescent; its large and nearly straight upper lip half the length of 
the gradually enlarged exserted tube ; middle lobe of the small lower lip concave and entire : 
style glabrous. — Ind. Sem. Berol. 1848, 18. — W. Texas, on the Cibolo and Pierdenales and 
towards the Rio Grande, Lindheimer, Wright. 

%* %* Lower and sterile forks of the connectives mostly united with each other longitudinally, linear, 
oblong, or semihastate: corolla naked within throughout, 


4— Red or scarlet, with tube exserted; the spreading lower lip longer than the erect upper one, its 
broad middle lobe 2-cleft: upper lip of tubular-campanulate calyx and teeth of the 2-parted lower 
lip ovate, mucronate-acute: inflorescence naked-racemose ; the small floral leaves or bracts more 
or less deciduous or caducous. 

S. Gréggii, Gray. Shrubby, 1 to 3 feet high, glabrous or obscurely farinaceous-puberu- 
lent: branches slender, leafy: leaves coriaceous (3 to 9 lines long), 1-ribbed, almost vein- 
less, oblong, very obtuse, entire, narrowed at base into a short petiole: flowers rather few 
in the raceme: calyx slightly pubescent or glandular (barely half inch long), with at 
length spreading lips fully half the length of the tube: corolla (inch long, “red” or “ pur- 
plish-red ”) glabrous ; its tube enlarging and strongly ventricose-gibbous ; throat abruptly 
contracted under the lower lip, which nearly equals the slightly glandular-puberulent upper 
one: lower fork of connective oblong-linear: style hairy along the upper side. — Proc. Am. 
Acad. viii. 8369. S. microphylla, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 131, not HBK.—S. borders of 
Texas, on the Rio Grande, Parry, Schott. (Near Saltillo, Mex., Gregg.) 


e==S. coccinea, L. Perennial or annual, canescently pubescent or glabrate, or hirsute tow- 
ards the base with long spreading hairs: leaves membranaceous, veiny, cordate or ovate, 
mostly acute, crenate, slender-petioled, mostly soft-tomentulose beneath: raceme virgate ; 
the clusters few-several-flowered and rather distant: lips of the calyx hardly half the 
length of its tube: corolla (inch or less long, pubescent or puberulent outside) deep scar- 
let-red, twice or thrice the length of the calyx; its narrow tube moderately enlarging 
above; lower lip twice the length of the upper, from which the stamens protrude: lower 
forks of the connective long and narrowly linear: style glabrous.— Mant. 88; Murr. 
Comm. Gott. 1778, t. 1.— Var. pseudo-coccinea is a commonly tall form of this species, 
with stem, petioles, and often margins of floral leaves conspicuously beset with hirsute 
hairs. 4S. pseudo-corcinea, Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 209; Bot. Mag. t. 2864. S. ciliata, Benth. Lab. 
286.— S. Carolina to Florida (but probably introduced), S. Texas. (Mex., &c.) 


+— + Corolla blue or purplish, sometimes white, never red. 
4+ Herbs. 


== Flowers from near an inch to over half inch and calyx fully quarter inch long: inflorescence 
virgate-racemose or spiciform, sometimes paniculate: small floral leaves or bracts mostly decidu- 
ous: corolla with prominently exserted tube, erect and very concave or galeate and pubescent 

upper lips the lower longer and much larger: style bearded above: perennials, 1 to 5 fect high. 
~—..§. farinacea, Benth. Minutely and canescently puberulent, or below glabrous: stems 
numerous in a cluster: lower leaves ovate-lanceolate or even ovate, with obtuse or cuneate 


Salvia. LABIATAE. 369 


or rarely subcordate base, coarsely and irregularly serrate, on slender petioles; upper lan- 
ceolate or linear-lanceolate, sometimes entire; floral subulate or ovate-lanceolate, mostly 
caducous: spiciform inflorescence on a long naked peduncle, interrupted, of densely many- 
flowered clusters, finely and the calyx very densely and softly white-tomentose (often 
tinged with violet); the latter oblong-cylindraceous and in age striate-sulcate, as it were 
truncate ; the teeth 3, very broad and obtuse, exceedingly short: lower lip of the violet- 
blue corolla with middle division obcordate-two-lobed. — Lab. 274; Braun in Bot. Zeit. 

ix. 44. 8. trichostyla, Bischoff, Ind. Sem. Heidelb. 1847. S. umabilis, Kunth, Ind. Sem. 

Berol. 1848. .S. cesta, Scheele in Linn. xxii. 588. — Texas, in rich soil; common. 

== §. aztrea, Lam. Glabrous or puberulent: lower leaves lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, 
denticulate or serrate, tapering into a slight petiole; upper narrower, often linear, entire ; 
floral or bracts subulate, somewhat persistent: spiciform inflorescence looser, more inter- 
rupted, and fewer flowers in the clusters, sometimes thyrsoidal or paniculate-branched: 
pedicels short: calyx oblong-campanulate, usually minutely puberulent, obscurely bila- 
biate; the very broad and obtuse upper lip and the two similar but acutish lobes of the 2- 
parted lower lip distinct but short : corolla deep blue (sometimes varying to white) ; lower 
lip sinuately 3-lobed and emarginate. —“ Diar. Hist. Nat. i. 409,” & Dict. vi. 625; Pursh, 
Fl. i. 19; Bot. Mag. t. 1728. S. Mexicana, Walt. Car. 65, not L. S. acwminatissima, Vent. 
Cels, t. 50. S. angustifolia, Michx. Fl. i. 18, not Cav. S. acuminata, Pers. Syn. i. 24. 9. 
eluta, Poir, Dict. vi. 625. SS. coriifolia, Scheele in Linn. 1. c, —S. Carolina to Florida and 
Texas. Westward varies insensibly into 

«=m Var. grandifiéra, Benth. Cinereous-puberulent: denser inflorescence and calyx 

tomentulose-sericeous. — DC. Prodr. xii. 302. S. Pitcher, Torr. in Benth. Lab. & DC. 1. c. 

S. elongata, Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 231, not HBK.  S. longifolia, Nutt. in Trans. Am. 

Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 185. — Mississippi to Kansas, Colorado, and Texas. 

——- 8. angustifolia, Cav. -Slender, usually glabrous, except usually some scattered spread- 
ing bristly hairs, especially at the nodes: leaves linear (1} to 3 inches long, 1 or 2 lines 
wide), entire or obscurely denticulate, acute, somewhat petioled: inflorescence virgate, 
slender, of distant few-flowered clusters: pedicels very short: calyx narrowly oblong or 
cylindraceous, with lips half the length of the tube; upper ovate, entire, acute; lower of 2 
similar but more pointed lobes: lower lip of the blue corolla as wide as long; the middle 
lobe emarginate or undulate.—Ic. iv. 9, t.517; Benth. l.¢.; Bot. Reg. t. 1554; Brit. Fl. 
Gard. n. ser. t. 219. S. reptans, Jacq. Schenbr. t. 319. S. virgata, Ort. — (Mex.) 

Var. glabra. Wholly glabrous, even the hairy ring at the nodes wanting or obsolete. 
— S. azurea, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 181, in part: that including these three species. — 8. W. 

Texas, Wright, &c. (Mex., Hartweq.) : 

== = Flowers barely half inch long or shorter, and bilabiate calyx a quarter inch long: corolla- 
tube hardly at all exserted: style glabrous or nearly so. 

a, Annuals: leaves from linear- to oblong-lanceolate, tapering into the slender petiole: inflorescence 
virgate-spiciform, interrupted, naked, the floral leaves or bracts very small: upper lip of calyx 
ovate and entire. 

5. lanceolata, Willd. Puberulent or nearly glabrous, branched from the base, 5 to 
12 inches high: leaves lanceolate or linear-oblong, obtuse, irregularly serrate with obtuse 
appressed tecth or nearly entire: the inconspicuous floral ones lanceolate or subulate, 
somewhat persistent, seldom exceeding the pedicels: calyx minutely hairy on the nerves, 
deeply bilabiate; its lower lip 2-cleft, the teeth ovate and mucronate-acute: corolla small 
(4 lines long), little exceeding the calyx, its lower lip little prolonged: lower fork of the con- 
nective narrowly linear, bearing its lateral lobe nearer the insertion. — Enum. 37 ; Jacq. f. 
Ecl. i. t. 13. S. trichostemoides, Pursh, Fl. i. 19.— Plains, Nebraska to Texas, Arizona, and 
southward. Also E. Florida, Leavenworth. (Mex.) 

“=. subincisa, Benth. More pubescent above, a foot or more high: leaves oblong-lan- 
ceolate, incisely dentate (inch or two long) ; the floral minute, ovate, caducous: calyx gland- 
ular-pilose, hardly equalling the throat of the (half inch) corolla; the broad lower lip 
merely 2-toothed: lower fork of the connective bearing its lateral lobe at the middle. — PI. 
Hartw. 20. — New Mexico and Adjacent Texas, Fendler, Wright, Bigelow. (Mex.) 

b. Perennials, or the Arizonian species uncertain: leaves ovate, serrate, mostly slender-petioled ; 
those of the interrupted spiciform or racemiform inflorescence small and caducous. 

S. serdétina, L. -\ span to 2 feet high, much branched, pubescent: leaves ovate and 
with truncate or subcordate base, obtuse, crenate-serrate (9 to 20 lines Jong) ; floral minute : 
24 


370 LABIATE. Salvia. 


racemes simple, at first oblong, and the flowers crowded: calyx glandular-hirsute, with 
oblong-campanulate tube (3 lines long in fruit) of nearly thrice the length of the lips ; 
upper lip broadly ovate, acutish; lower deltoid-ovate, mucronate-acute: corolla 3 to 5 
lines long, the whole tube included: style beardless.— Mant. 25; Jacq, Ie. Rar. t. 3; 
Chapm. Fl. 319. 3S. Dominica, Vahl, Enum. i. 233; Swartz, Obs. 18, t. 1, fig. 1, not L. — 
S. Florida. (W. Ind.) ; 

S. albiflora, Mart. & Gal. Glabrous throughout, 2 to 4 feet high, paniculately branched : 
leaves rhombic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, acutely serrate (inch or two long) ; 
floral abruptly reduced to minute lanceolate and subulate bracts: clusters of rather loose 
raceme approximate: calyx (often amethystine-tinged) with campanulate tube (2 lines 
long), twice the length of the lips; upper lip broadly ovate and entire; lower 2-toothed 
or parted into broad acute lobes: corolla (probably bluish) 4 or 5 lines long, with tube 
almost included: style bearded along the base of the much longer upper lobe. — (Bull. 
Acad. Brux., ex Benth. in DC. Prodr. 1. v. 3077) Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 131.—S. Arizona 
or Mexican border near it, Thurber, Schott. (Mex.) 

— 8S. Arizénica. Glabrous, except 2 puberulent lines down the stem, a foot or more high: 
leaves deltoid-ovate or with abruptly cuneate base, acute, coarsely and obtusely serrate (an 
inch long besides the slender petiole) : inflorescence spiciform and interrupted ; clusters sev- 
eral-flowered : pedicels short (a line long) : floral leaves abruptly reduced to membranaceous 
ovate-lanceolate and caudate bracts, which equal the flowers and are caducous: calyx 
4 lines long, bilabiate to the middle or nearly; its upper lip subulately 3-toothed and 
lower more strongly 2-toothed: corolla (blue) fully half inch long, with tube a little 
exserted : style beardless.—S. Arizona, on Mount Graham, at 9,250 feet, Rothrock. 

— 5S. urticifélia, L. A foot or two high, villous-pubescent and somewhat viscid, or glabrate : 
leaves coarsely and obtusely serrate, ovate, acute, with truncate or sometimes cuneate 
base decurrent into a winged petiole, pale beneath, 2 to 4 inches long; floral all reduced to 
small ovate and slender-acuminate very caducous bracts: inflorescence racemose-spiciform, 
of numerous and several-flowered distant clusters: pedicels as long as the tube of the 
oblong-campanulate calyx; the broad lips of which are divergent and half the length of 
the tube, the upper mucronately (often minutely) 3-toothed, lower 2-cleft, its teeth broadly 
triangular-ovate and mucronate: corolla blue and white (5 or 6 lines long), twice the 
length of the calyx, its ample sinuately 3-lobed lower lip about twice the length of the 
upper, its broad middle lobe emarginate: connective ciliate opposite the insertion; its 
subulate antheriferous fork obtusely toothed toward the base, and lower fork semihastate : 
style strongly villous-bearded along the base of its much longer upper fork. — Spec. i. 24. 
S. Claytoni, M. A, Curtis, Cat. PL. N. Car., not Ell.? — Maryland and Kentucky to Georgia 
and Louisiana. 
= = = Flowers only a third or a quarter inch long: corolla tube not exserted: inflorescence 

slender-spicate ; the flowers or small clusters mostly distant. 
a. Style-lobes or stigmas one or both subulate. 

S. Chapmani. Tall and erect perennial, tomentulose or cinereous-puberulent: leaves 
thickish, ovate or ovate-lanceolate with short cuneate base, somewhat appressed-serrate or 
crenulate (2 or 3 inches long); the floral all reduced to small and membranaceous ovate 
cordate-acuminate caducous bracts: calyx campanulate, in fruit 2 lines long; teeth short 
and broad, mucronate: corolla 4 lines long and with the ample lower lip of the preceding 
species. — S. urlicifilia, var, major, Chapm. Fl. 819. — Middle Florida, Chapman. Alabama, 
Buckley. 

S. Blodgéttii, Chapm. Fl. 319, founded on incomplete specimens from S. Florida (Key 
West), Blodyett, apparently an annual, with indurated base; thin ovate leaves obtuse at 
both ends, about half inch long, on filiform petioles of equal length; bracts of filiform 
racemes lanceolate or subulate, rather persistent, shorter than the pedicels; these a line 
long; calyx 2 lines, very like that of S. serotina. It may prove to be cither S. tenella, 
Swartz, or S. micrantha, Vahl (referred to it by Grisebach), weedy and insignificant W. 
Indian species, likely to stray to Key West. 

b pele lies or stigmas both broad and thin, roundish, very obtuse or truncate: calyx glandular- 
Ivsute. 

S. occidentalis, Swartz. Diffuse annual, minutely pubescent or nearly glabrous up to 

the very slender inflorescence (which has the aspect of that of Verbena officinalis) : stems 2 


—— 


’ 


Salvia. LABIAT. 371 


to 6 feet long: leaves ovate, with rounded or cuneate base, serrate; floral or bracts 
minute, ovate, acuminate, persistent: flowers few in the clusters, subsessile. seldom 2 lines 
long including the slightly exserted corolla: calyx oblong, with very short pointless or 
mucronate teeth, nearly closed in fruit, then only 2 lines long. — Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 43; Benth. 
in DC. 1. c. 296.—S. Florida, Garber. (Trop. Am., &c.) 

S. privoides, Benth. l.c. Resembles the preceding (and both stigmas in our specimens 
obtusc): but flowers more pedicellate, larger; with fructiferous calyx fully 3 lines long, 
rather deeply bilabiate: the upper lip and the lobes of the lower abruptly aristulate. — 
Bot. Sulph. 150 & in DC. Le. 5. occidentalis, var.? Gurberi, Chapm. in Bot. Gazette, iii. 10. 
— Manatee, Southern Florida, Garber. A much less hairy form than the original, and more 
resembling the West Indian 5. micrantha, Vahl, except in the style and the awn-tipped 


calyx-lobes. (Tropf Am.) « 
tates 
VOLT: pale’, + ++ Shrubby. 
£ Leaves oblong or elliptical, short-petioled: calyx eylindraceous or campanulate. 


S. chamzedryoides, ‘Cav. Low, much branched, canescent and scabrous: leaves 
thickish, more or less crenulate, obtuse (less than inch long); bract-like floral ones .cadu- 
cous: flowers geminate or few in the clusters of the raceme: calyx cylindraceous-campan- 
ulate (4 lines long), striate, hispidulous on the nerves; ovate upper lip and teeth of the 
2-parted lower lip acute or acuminate, not half the length of the tube: corolla blue, over 
half inch long; middle lobe of lower lip broader than long, obcordate-lobed. — Ic. ii. 77, 
t. 197; Bot. Mag. t.808. S. Chamedrys, Willd. Hort. Berol. t. 29.—%. W. borders of 
Texas, in cafions of the Rio Grande, &c., Wright, Parry. Specimens insufficient, probably 
of this species. (Mex.) 

S. Parryi, Gray. Low, much branched: leaves ovate-oblong, mostly with truncate 
base, obtuse, crenate, short-petioled, tomentulose-canescent, as are the branchlets: bract- 
like floral leaves ovate, acuminate, membranaceous, glabrous above, apparently persistent, 
longer than the interruptedly spicate flowers: these several in each cluster: calyx campan- 
ulate, densely lanate with white dendritic-branched hairs; upper lip 3-toothed, lower 2- 
cleft, equalling the tube of the short and small (blue?) slightly dendritic-pubescent 
corolla: upper lip of the latter emarginate ; middle lobe of the lower ample, 3-lobed, with 
its middle portion much larger, rounded, and emarginate: connectives free; lower fork 
semihastate, as long as the subulate antheriferous one.—Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 369. 
S. spicata? Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 131, not Rem. & Sch.— Apache Springs on the Rio 
Grande, on the borders of Texas. Lower leaves not seen, upper 9 to 5 and floral 3 or 4 
lines long. 
== = Leaves mostly ovate, slender-petioled: calyx short-funnelform, in fruit with ampliate reti- 


culate-veiny 2-3-lobed limb exceeding the tube of the short corolla: lower fork of the connective 
linear-oblong: style ciliate-bearded above. 


S. balloteefidra, Benth. (Masorayxo of the Mexicans.) Shrub 2 to 8 feet high, 
tomentulose-canescent: leaves ovate or somewhat oblong, truncate-cuneate or subcordate 
at base, crenate, reticulate-veiny, mostly rugose, glabrate and green above, white beneath 
(4 to 12 lines long): flowers in short and rather dense simple racemes and in axils of upper 
ordinary leaves, + lines long: calyx twice the length of the pedicel, in flower 2 or barely 3 
and in fruit 4 or 5 lines long, then pendulous; narrow tube striate-nerved; its 3 lobes 
broadly ovate, obtuse, entire, almost equal: connective hairy opposite its insertion: throat 
of small bluish or purple corolla ventricose-gibbous. — Benth. Lab. 270; Torr. Bot. Mex. 
Bound. 131. S$. balloteflora & 5S. lara, Benth. in DC. 1. c. 313.— Southern and Western 
Texas. (Adjacent Mex.) . 

S. pratycHeEiLa, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 292, from Carmen Island in the Gulf of 

California resembles the preceding, but has the lower lip of the calyx similar to the upper, 

except that the apex is 2-toothed. 


§ 5. Scr4rea, Benth. & Hook. Throat of calyx naked. and of corolla not 
pilose-annulate: anterior portion of the connectives deflexed, abruptly dilated 
an connected by the callose lower extremity, destitute of an anther-cell, or with 
a sterile rudiment: upper lip of corolla erect and concave, or falcate-compressed. 
Old World species. sparingly introduced. 


372 LABIATA. Salvia. 


S. ScrdArea, L. (Crary.) Biennial, villous-pubescent, viscid: stem stout, 2 or 3 feet high: 
leaves ample, long-petioled, ovate and cordate, crenate, rugose; floral forming bracts of 
the cylindrical. or interrupted spike, ovate, acuminate, tinged with white and rose-color: 
calyx campanulate; teeth spinulose-acuminate: corolla white and bluish, rather large, 
widely ringent ; its short tube included; long upper lip falcate and compressed. — Penn- 
sylvania, escaped from gardens. (Nat. from Eu.) 

— S. versendcea, L., Muhl. Perennial, pubescent or villous, a foot or two high: leaves ovate 
or oblong, often cordate at base, obtuse, mostly sinuate-incised or moderately pinnatifid 
and the lobes crenate-toothed, rugose, almost glabrous; the few cauline mostly sessile ; 
the floral inconspicuous, rounded-ovate: raceme interrupted: calyx reflexed after flower- 
ing; its broad and rounded upper lip recurved-spreading, with 3 minute connivent teeth ; 
the lower of 2 longer triangular-subulate and cuspidate teeth, equalling the throat of the 
small bluish corolla, the upper lip of which is nearly straight.— S. Clayton’, Ell., excl. 
reference to Clayton, whose plant is S. lyrata?—Dry sandy pastures around Beaufort, 
S. Carolina, Elliott. Sparingly seen in the Middle States. (Nat, from Eu.) 


29, AUDIBERTIA, Benth. (M. Audibert of Tarascon, Provence.) — 
W. North American (all Californian, one species of wider range), fruticose or 
perennial-herbaceous, mostly canescent-tomentose ; with crenate or crenulate and 
reticulated leaves, and flowers resembling those of Salvia of the S. officinalis 
type: fl. spring and summer. (Noted bee-plants in S. California.) 


§ 1. Inflorescence densely verticillastrate-glomerate and interrupted-spicate, 
much bracteate: corolla with tube longer than the limb. 
* Large-flowered: corolla fully inch and a half long, crimson-purple; upper lip rather erect and 
short, emarginate: lower leaves cordate or hastate at base. 

A. grandiflora, Benth. Stem villous and glandular, stout, suffrutescent, 2 or 3 feet 
high: leaves very rugose, tomentose beneath, sinuate-crenate; lower mostly hastate-lan- 
ceolate, obtuse, 3 to 8 inches long, on margined petioles; upper oblong and sessile; floral 
and bracts of the large heads broadly ovate, membranaceous: calyx spathaceous, deeply 
cleft between the two small anterior cuspidate-tipped teeth; ample concave upper lip 
3-denticulate: stamens much exserted: a conspicuous slender tooth representing the lower 
fork of the connective. — Lab. 312, & DC. Prodr. xii. 359; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. -t. 38 
(sterile filaments wrongly represented) ; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 600, — California Coast Ranges, 
&c., from San Mateo Co. southward. 


%* * Smaller-flowered: corolla less than an inch long, violet or bluish: leaves not cordate. 

+ Bracts, upper floral leaves, and bilabiate calyx scarious-membranaceous, reticulated, usually 
colored, obtuse and muticous (or at most mucronate); the former large and roundish, half inch or 
more long, imbricating the close heads: corolla only half inch long, narrow, and with short limb: 
low suffruticose species of the interior arid region. 

ex==s- A. incana, Benth. 1.c. Closely tomentose-canescent, leafy : leaves spatulate or obovate, 
obtuse or retuse, not rugose, entire (or sparsely crenulate), seldom inch long: bracts 
obovate or oval, pubescent and ciliate, purple-tinged: calyx turbinate; anterior teeth 
ovate or oblong, rather shorter than the truncate and emarginate very broad upper lip: 
stamens much exserted: connective with or without a dentiform appendage. — Lindl. Bot. 
Reg. t. 1469; Gray, l.c. — From interior of Washington Terr. and Idaho south to Arizona, 


nd alo: eaciem pend rs of California. 
a! Capi ata, as O etiocepubernlents leaves oblong, acutish, very rugose, crenu- 


late, slender-petioled: bracts of solitary head ovate or oval, apparently whitish: flowers, 
&c., of the preceding. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 887, & Bot. Calif. 1. c.— Providence Moun- 
tains, San Bernardino Co., S. E. California, Cooper. ~ 
+- + Bracts more or less herbaceous, at least not colored: leaves minutely rugose, crenulate: 
species restricted to California. 
++ Corolla barely half inch long: all the calyx-teeth and bracts subulate or aristate-tipped. 


—— A. htmilis, Benth. 1. c. Stems simple and only a span high from a thickened suffruti- 
cose base, almost leafless and scapiform : leaves crowded at the base, lanceolate or spatu- 
late-oblong, very obtuse, finely rugose, densely crenulate, canescent, an inch or more long, 


2) 


Audibertia. LABIATE. Bie 


e 


tapering into a slender petiole; the mostly inconspicuous floral ones and the bracts vil- 
lous, membranaceous, ovate-lanccolate and lanceolate: calyx distinctly bilabiate but 
rather more deeply cleft between the anterior tecth; these and the 3 tceth of the ample 
concave upper lip subulate but not rigid; lower lip of the corolla crenulate-erose : stamens 
and style long-exserted: connective continuous with the filament.— From the Yuba River 
to San Diego Co., but rare. 

A. stachyoides, Benth. lc. Shrubby, branching and leafy, a yard or more high, 
cinereous-tomentulose or glabrate, rigid: leaves somewhat less rugose than in the last, 
more crenate, oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at base or short-petioled; the floral and ovate 
or oblong bracts with the teeth of the bilabiate calyx cuspidate-acuminate or spinulose- 
aristulate (rarely almost muticous): style and especially the stamens little exserted : sub- 
ulate appendage of connective often manifest. — From San Francisco Bay to the southern 
borders of the State: forming thickets. 
++ ++ Corolla from two-thirds to three-fourths inch long, with tube much surpassing the calyx and 

short more or less pointed thinnish bracts: upper lip of the calyx 1-3-mucronate; teeth of the 
lower cuspidate: stamens and stvle moderately exserted: stems woody below, + to 8 feet high, 
with herbaceous lone and virgate branches: glomerules rather large, scattered or rather distant: 
foliage minutely tomento-e-canescent. 

A. Palmeri, Gray. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute (not unlike those of the preceding 
species), the larger 2 or 3 inches long: verticillastrate heads several (4 to 8) and remote in 
the elongated virgate spike: bracts oblong or lanceolate, slender-cuspidate or acuminate : 
lower calyx-teeth subulate-setaccous. — Bot. Calif. i. 601. — Near Tighe’s Ranch, mountains 
north-east of San Diego, Palmer. 

——-A. Clevelandi, Gray. Leaves oblong, or the upper lanceolate-oblong, all obtuse, s¢l- 
dom over an inch or so in length: heads fewer, often solitary or terminating short axillary 
branches: bracts ovate or oblong, mucronate or abruptly short-pointed, viscid-pubescent, 
as is the calyx; the lower teeth of which are short and subulate, the upper lip entire and 
cuspidate-tipped.— Proc. Am. Acad. x. 76, & Bot. Calif. 1. ¢.— Mountains behind San 
Diego, Cleveland, Palmer. 
++ ++ ++ Corolla barely half inch long; its tube hardly exceeding the herbaceous obtuse and 

muticous bracts and calyx teeth: whole plant hoary-white. 

A. nivea, Benth. Canescent with a close white-farinose tomentum, 3 or 4 feet high, 
shrubby below, leafy: leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the lowest ovate, obtuse; upper with 
truncate base, very short-petioled: bracts oval or oblong: calyx splitting down anteriorly, 
at length emarginate posteriorly : corolla light-purple: stamens and style much exserted : 
connective almost continuous with the filament.—Lab. 313 & DC. 1. c.—Dry hills, from 
Santa Barbara to San Diego Co. 


§ 2. Inflorescence thyrsoid-paniculate: floral leaves, bracts, and bractlets small 
and loose, at length reflexed, lanceolate or subulate, cuspidate-tipped: corolla with 
ample lower lip twice the length of the upper; the tube very short. 

A. polystachya, Benth. 1.c. Shrubby, 3 to 10 feet high, minutely tomentose-canes- 
cent: branches and elongated naked thyrsus virgate : leaves mostly very white, oblong-lan- 
ceolate, minutely rugose and crenulate, 2 or 3 inches long: flowers subsessile, loose: upper 
lip of the calyx truncate or 3-toothed, at length concave or galeate, longer than the trian- 
gular-subulate lower teeth: corolla pale or white; lower lip half inch and tube quarter 
inch long: style and divergent stamens long-exserted : filiform connective continuous with 
the filament, its lower end usually indicated by a minute tooth. — Arid hills, Santa Bar- 


bara to Vibes Co. One of thg shrubs called Grease-wood. 
yur (ite ad 
30. MONARDA, L. ordé-Minr. (Meolas Monardes, early writer upon 


American medicinal plants.) — Aromatic erect herbs (of Atlantic N. America, 
reaching to the Rocky Mountains). usually tall; with the large verticillastrate-capi- 
tate glomerules single, or as if proliferous-spicate, or in upper axils, and involu- 
crate by numerous sometimes colored outer bracts and floral leaves: flowers rather 
large, in summer. (Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 369.) 


374 LABIATE. ne rere 


§ 1. Evmonfrpa, Benth. Heads solitary and terminal or sometimes 2 or 3, a8 .- +--+ 
if proliferous: stamens and style conspicuously exserted from the linear and mostly 
acute upper lip of the (red, purple, or white) corolla: leaves acutely more or less 
serrate, pinnately veiny: root perennial. 

* Leaves distinctly petioled: calyx-teeth little if at all longer than the width of the tube: corolla 

with middle lobe of lower lip longer and narrower, emarginate. 

==> M. didyma, L. (Osweco Tea, Bee-Bawm.) Villous-hirsute to glabrate: stem acutely 

4-angled: leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate: bracts, &c., tinged with red: calyx 

slightly hirsute in the throat; teeth narrowly subulate: corolla nearly glabrous, scarlet- 

red (14 or 2 inches long).— Spec. i. 22; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 546; Schk. Handb. t. 2. J. 

purpurea, Lam. Dict. iv. 256. J. fistulosa, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 145. if. coccinea, Michx. Fl. 

i. 16; Dese. Ant. v. t. 369. M. Kalmiana, Pursh, Fl. i. 17, t.1. Al. Oswegoensis, Bart. Prodr. 

Penn. i. 34.— Wet banks of streamlets, Canada to Michigan, and south to Georgia in the 

mountains; also in gardens. 

=< M. clinopodia, L. Nearly glabrous to villous-pubescent: stem rather acutely angled : 
leaves ovate-lanceolate and ovate, slender-petioled, thin, coarsely and sharply serrate: 
bracts whitish: calyx moderately hirsute in the throat: corolla slightly pubescent, dull 
white or flesh-colored, an inch long. —Spec. i. 22, excl. syn. Gronov. J. glabra, Lam, 

Dict. iv. 256. J. rugosa, Ait. Kew. ed. 1, i. 36. A. altissima, Willd. Enum. 33; Reichenb. 

Ie. Exot. ii. t. 182. Pycnanthemum Monardella, Michx. Fl. fi. 8, t. 34. Monardella Carolin- 

jana, Benth. Lab. 832.— Shady places, ravines, &c., W. Canada to Illinois, and along the 

mountains to Georgia. 

ex WM. fistuldsa, L.1.¢. Soft-pubescent with short hairs, or somewhat hairy, or glabrate: 
stem mostly with obtuse angles: leaves commonly of firmer texture than in the preceding: 
bracts whitish or rarely purplish, the inner mostly hirsute-ciliate: calyx conspicuously and 
densely bearded at the throat: corolla pubescent, at least on the upper lip, purple or pur- 

plish-dotted, an inch or more long. — Oriyanum fistulosum Canadense, Cornuti, Canad. 13, 

t. 14. Monarda oblongata, Ait. 1. ¢., narrow-leaved form. AZ. longifolia, Lam. 1. ¢., narrow- 

leaved form. AZ. allophylla, Michx. Fl. i. 16. Jf. varians, Bart. 1. ec. AL. involucrata, and 

many others, Wenderoth, Sem. hort. Marb. JV. altissima, mollis (Willd.), undulata (Tausch), 

& affinis (Link), Reichenb. Ic. Exot. t. 170, 171, 181, 182. —Dry soil, Canada and Vermont 

to Florida and Texas, west to Brit. Columbia and Arizona. The following are the more 

marked forms of this polymorphous species. 

Var. rabra. Corolla bright crimson- or rose-red: habit of Mf. didyma, but upper lip 
of corolla villous-bearded on the back at tip: throat of calyx conspicuously hirsute, with 
external bristly hairs widely spreading. — J/. purpurea, Pursh, 1. c., excl. syn. Bot. Mag.? 
— Alleghany Mountains, in moist ground. 

Var. média. Corolla deep purple. — Af. media, Willd. Enum. 32; Sweet, Brit. Fl. 
Gard. t.98. 1. purpurea, Lodd. Cab, t.1896.— Alleghany and southern Rocky Mountains. 

=o Var. mollis, Benth. Corolla from flesh-color to lilac, glandular, and its upper lip 
hairy outside or more bearded at the tip: leaves paler, soft-pubescent beneath, often 
shorter-petioled; throat of the calyx mostly filled with dense beard, with or without an 
external ring of more bristly widely spreading hairs. — A/. mollis, L. Ameen. Acad iii. 399; 
Reichenb. l.¢c.t.171. Af. scabra, Beck (in Am. Jour. Sci. x. 260), & AL menthefolia, 
Graham, in Bot. Mag. t. 2958; form with smaller firmer leaves and stem roughish-hirsute 
on the angles. 4d. Lindheimeri, Engelm. & Gray, Pl. Lindh. i. 20.— This extends to Sas- 
katchewan, Brit. Columbia, interior of Oregon and Arizona. 

%* %* Leaves subsessile or very short-petioled; floral ones often purplish or whitish: corolla flesh- 


color or whitish, its lower lip usually spotted with purple: calyx-teeth loose or stellate-spreading 
after flowering: stem slender: head solitary. 


a=—M. Bradburiana, Beck. Pubescent with slender hairs or glabrate: leaves ovate or 
ovate-lanceolate from a broad roundish or subcordate base, acuminate: calyx hirsute and 
somewhat contracted at the orifice ; its teeth elongated and aristiform: tube of the corolla 
not exceeding the long and narrow pubescent upper lip; the middle lobe of its broad 
lower lip much longer than the lateral ones. — Am. Jour. Sci. x. 260; Benth. Lab. 317. 
AM, fistulosa, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3310, excl. syn. AL amplericaulis, Bischoff, Ind. Sem. 
Heidelb. 1838. MY. villosa, Martens; Walp. Repert. iii. 683. — Thickets, Illinois to Tennes- 
see and Kansas. 


Monarda. LABIAT&. 375 


— M. Russelliana, Nutt. Slender, sparingly pubescent: leaves lanceolate or narrowly 
ovate-lanceolate from a rounded or subcordate base: calyx naked at orifice; its slender- 
subulate teeth muricate-glandular: corolla nearly glabrous, slender, with long and much 
exserted tube; lower lip shorter, obscurely 3-lobed at the extremity. — Trav. -Arkans. & 
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vy. 185; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2513 & Exot. Fl. t. 130; Sweet, 
Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 166.— Arkansas, Nuttall, T. L. Harvey. 


§ 2. Cuertyctis, Benth. Heads (i.e. verticillastrate glomerules) commonly 
in the axils of all the upper pairs of leaves, or interrupted-spicate, foliose-brac- 
teate: upper face of the floral leaves and larger bracts often canescent and some- 
times purple-tinged : corolla with shorter almost included tube, more dilated throat, 
aud oblong lips; the upper archiny, emarginate or cleft at apex (either sparsely 
bearded or glabrous in the same species), seldom at all surpassed by the stamens ; 
lower with middle lobe often broadest: leaves lanceolate or oblong, sparsely ser- 
rate or denticulate, tapering into the petiole: minute pubescence more or less 


cinereous. — Cheilyctis, Rat. .Wonarda § Coryanthus, Nutt. 

%* Corolla yellowish with copious brown-purple spots: calyx-teeth lanceolate- or triangular-subulate : 

floral leaves and involucrate bracts mostly muticous: root perennial. 
=—M. punctata, L. (Horse-Mixt.) Stem commonly 2 feet high: floral leaves and bracts 

(either whitened or purplish or both) often slender-acuminate: calyx-teeth rigid, soon stellate- 

spreading, hardly longer than the width of the villous orifice of the tube.— Spec. i. 22; 

Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 546; Bot. Reg. t. 87. /. lutea, Michx. Fl. i. 16.— Sandy ground, New 

York to Wisconsin, and south to Florida and Texas. Varies in foliage, pubescence, &c., 

passing into 

Var. lasiodénta, Gray, 1. c¢., with throat and teeth of calyx densely villous: plant 
sometimes robust, often smaller, and narrow-leaved. — Texas, Drummond. New Mexico and 

Arizona, Wislizenus, \Wooodhouse, Rothrock. 

* * Corolla white or pinkish, not spotted, but more or less punctate: calyx-teeth aristiform or 

subulate-setaceons: involucral bfacts conspicuously aristate-tipped: root annual. 

M. pectindta, Nutt. Rather low and slender: floral leaves and bracts of the compara- 
tively small heads mostly green; the latter oblong, short-aristate, obscurely 3-nerved, hir- 
sute-ciliate : calyx-teeth subulate-setaceous from a broad base, soon spreading, villous-hir- 
sute within, twice the length of the width of the very villous orifice. — Pl. Gamb. 182. 
AM. citriodora, var. aristulata, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 369, in part, where Nuttall’s name 
was inadvertently written “ Jf. penicillata.” —New Mexico, near Santa Fé, Gambel. Not 
since seen. Seemingly a hybrid between J. punctata and A. citriodora. 

M. clinopodioides. Slender, a foot or more high: bracts of the rather small heads 
mostly green or greenish, erect, oblong-ovate to obovate-lanceolate, rigid, strongly 3-5- 
nerved, hispid-ciliate: calyx-teeth always erect, rigid, aristiform-attenuate (tapering grad- 
ually from the base), fully two-thirds the length of the hirsute tube, purplish, sparsely 
hispid; throat densely short-villous. — JL. aristata, Hook. Bot. Mag. t.3526, not Nutt. Jf 
citriodora, var. aristulata, Gray, 1. v., in part. — Texas, Drummond, Wright, Reverchon. 

===). citriodéra, Cerv. Usually more robust, the larger forms (2 or 3 feet high) with the 
aspect of Jf. punctata: bracts narrowly oblong, similarly whitened or purple-tinged, at 
least their spreading or recurving and abruptly aristulate or slender aristate tips: throat 
of the calyx densely villous; the teeth slender-aristiform, at length usually spreading, 
half or two-thirds the length of the mostly glabrous tube, from sparsely hirsute-plumose 

with long soft hairs to naked. — Cervantes in Lag. Nov. Gen. & Spec. 2 (1816); Gray, l.c., 

the var. tenui-aristata. .M. aristata, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. u. ser. vy. 183; Benth. 

Lab. 318, & DC. 1. cv. 863: excl. the char. of the calyx-teeth at the close, which was taken 

from J. punctata, var. lasiodonta.— Plains of Nebraska to Texas, Eastern Colorado, and 

Arizona. (Mex.) 

M. cricizis, Pursh, Fl. i. 17, described from a specimen in Lyon’s herbarium, said to 
come from the mountains of South Carolina (to which Virginia and the accustomed v. ¢. are 
added by Pursh), is not identified by the description. It may not improbably be Pycnanthe- 
mum montanum, Michx. 


376 LABIATE. Blephilia. 


31. BLEPHILIA, Raf. (From fiepagic, the eye-lash, suggested by the 
conspicuously ciliate bracts, &c.) — Perennial herbs, of the Atlantic United 
States, resembling Monarda in foliage, &e., but with smaller verticillastrate-capi- 
tate glomerules, the upper more spicate; and sinall purple or bluish-white corolla, 
with the lower lip darker-spotted: fl. summer. 


gen 8. cilidta, Raf. Stem a foot or two high, often simple, downy with short soft pubes- 
cence: leaves short-petioled, oblong, obtuse, obscurely serrate; the upper sessile and 
mostly narrowed at base; lower floral similar, uppermost and outer bracts of the mostly 
spicate-approximate heads ovate, cuspidate-acuminate, chartaceo-membranaceous, some- 
what colored, strongly ciliate, conspicuously many-nerved from a stout midrib, about 
equalling the calyx: corolla villous-pubescent outside, purple. — Jour. Phys. Ixxxix. 98; 
Benth. Lab. 819 & DC. Prodr. xii. 864. Monarda ciliata, L. Spec. i. 23 (Pluk. Alm. t. 164, 
fig. 3; Moris. Hist. iii. sect. 11, t. 8, fig. 6.) — Dry ground, Penn. (and recently at Hadley, 
Mass.), to Wisconsin, Georgia, and Missouri. Varies westward with more villous pubescence. 

ge» B. hirstita, Benth. 1.c. Taller, loosely branching, villous-hirsute: leaves slender-peti- 
oled, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, with rounded or subcordate base; lower floral 
similar, subtending remote heads; upper floral and the bracts lanceolate and linear, subu- 
late or aristate, few-nerved, hiraite with long hairs, as is the calyx: corolla less pubes- 
cent, pale, with some conspicuous dark spots. — B. nepetoides, Raf. 1. ce. Monarda hirsuta, 
Pursh, Fl. i. 19. JL. ciliata, Michx. FL. i. 16, not L.— Moist shady places, Canada and 
Vermont to Wisconsin, south to Missouri and E, Texas, and through the Alleghanies to 
Georgia. 


32. LOPHANTHUS, Benth. (Adgos, crest, and éfog, flower: appli- 
cation not evident.) — Perennial erect herbs (of N. America and N. E. Asia), 
mostly tall and coarse; with serrate and veiny petioled leaves, the lower usually 
subcordate and the upper ovate, and small flowers in dense and sessile verticillas- 
trate glomerules, which are congested into a terminal spike, either continuous or 
interrupted below: floral leaves reduced to short ovate and acuminate bracts. 
Nutlets minutely hairy or glandular at the top. Fl. summer. — Bot. Reg. xv. & 
Lab. 462. Agastache, Clayt., Gronoy. Virg. ed. 2, 88. 


* Calyx-teeth green and herbaceous, ovate, obtuse: corolla greenish-yellow, almost included. 


e==-JT,. nepetoides, Benth. |. c. Glabrous or barely puberulent: stem 23 to 5 feet high, 
acute-angled: leaves ovate, acute: spike cylindrical, linear, nearly continuous. — Hyssopus 
nepetoides, L. Spec. ii. 569; Jacq. Vind. t. 69.— Borders of woods, Vermont and Connecti- 
cut to Wisconsin, and south to mountains of Carolina and Texas. 

* x Calyx-teeth acute, membranaceous, more or less colored: corolla purplish or bluish, more con- 
spicuous. 

«== T,, scrophulariefolius, Benth. l.c. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, stout: leaves ovate or the 
lower cordate, acuminate, more or less pubescent or glabrous: spikes thickish, mostly 
interrupted, 4 to 16 inches long: calyx-teeth ovate-lanceolate, acute, whitish: corolla dull 
purplish. — 7. scrophularicefolius, Willd. Spec. iii. 48.— Borders of thickets, New York to 
Wisconsin, Kentucky, and mountains of N. Carolina. 

ea==L. anisdtus, Benth. |.c. Glabrous or very minutely puberulent, 2 or 3 feet high: leaves 
ovate, often subcordate, canescent beneath, anisate-scented when crushed: spike short and 
narrow, interrupted, sometimes leafy below and paniculate: calyx canescently puberu- 
lent; the teeth ovate-lanceolate and merely acute, tinged with purple or violet: corolla 
blue. — Bot. Reg. t. 1282. Hyssopus anisatus, Nutt. Gen. ii. 27. H. discolor, Desf. Cat. Par. 
Stachys foniculum, Pursh, Fl. ii. 407. — Piaing, Wisconsin to Saskatchewan, the northern 
Rocky Mountains, and Nebraska. 

===L. urticifélius, Benth. 1.c. Like the last, but leaves green both sides, mostly crenate 
and more or less cordate, sweet-aromatic : calyx-teeth lanceolate, subulate-acuminate : 


corolla light violet or purplish. Western slopes of Rocky Mountains to Oregon, Nevada, 
and California. 


Nepeta. LABIAT.E. 3i7 


33. CEDRONELLA, Mench. (Diminutive of «Sgr, oil of cedar, 
from the sweet-scented leaves of C\. triphylla of the Canaries and Madeira, the 
Balm-of-Gilead of English gardens.) — The following are the other species; 
sweet-odorous perennials; with petioled leaves, and flesh-colored or purplish 
flowers, in summer. — Meth. 411; Benth. Lab. 501. 


§ 1. Tube of corolla little exserted beyond the ample calyx, its throat inflated : 
stamens shorter than the upper lip: flowers rather few, loosely and almost simply 
spicate. 


C. cordata, Benth. 1.¢. Low, hirsute-pubescent, producing long leafy runners: leaves 

long-petioled, cordate, crenate; the floral reduced to ovate bracts, each subtending 1 to 3 
short-pedicelled minutely bracteolate flowers: calyx campanulate: corolla purplish, hairy 
inside, over an inch long. — Dracocephalum cordatum, Nutt. Gen. ii 35. — Moist shady banks, 


W. Penn. to Kentucky and mountains of N. Carolina and Tennessee. 


§ 2. Corolla slender, with tube exserted beyond the narrow calyx: stamens 
exserted: erect herbs of the Mexican region; with the verticillastrate glomerules 
or condensed cymes interrupted-spicate in the manner of Lophanthus, but less 
condensed. 

—— C. Mexicana, Benth. Puberulent or almost glabrous: stems 1 to 3 feet high: leaves 
ovate-lanceolate, or the lower ovate and cordate, crenate-dentate; lower floral sessile and 
often entire; upper ones lanceolate and reduced to short bracts of the many-flowered 
spicate clusters: teeth of the purplish calyx subulate: corolla bright pink (an inch or 
more long), thrice the length of the calyx.— Dracocephalum Mexicanum, HBK. Nov. Gen. 
& Spec. ii. 522, t. 160. Garduquia betonicoides, Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxiv. misc. $4 ; Hook. Bot. 
Mag. t. 3960.— Mountains of $. Arizona, near Santa Cruz, Wright. A form with mainly 
ovate and obtuse coarsely crenate leaves, resembling V. pallida, Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxxii. t.23, 
but with (inch long) much exserted corolla. (Mex.) 

Var. cana, Gray. Pale and very minutely cinereous, or inclined to be so: leaves 
smaller (half to inch and a half long), less toothed: corolla an inch long or sometimes 
much smaller. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii 370. (. cana, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4618: Torr. Bot. 
Mex. Bound. 135, chiefly. — New Mexico, Wright, Bigelow, &. A form with much smaller 
(seemingly not well-developed) flowers is C. pallida, var., Torr. l.c. and Hyptis spicata? Torr. 
1. ve. 129.— 8. Arizona, Wright, Thurber. (Adjacent Mex.) 

C. micrantha, Gray, l.c. Puberulent: stems slender, branching above: leaves thin, 
slender-petioled, cuarsely erenate-dentate; the lower cordate-ovate, obtuse; upper ovate- 
lanceolate or oblong; upper floral reduced to minute bracts and shorter than the calyx: 
capitate clusters sessile, many-flowered, mostly approximate in a cylindrical naked spike : 
calyx ovate-campanulate, less than 2 lines long, greenish; the triangular-subulate teeth 
about half the length of the tube: corolla (whitish, barely 2 lines long) and stamens little 
exserted. — 8. W. Texas, towards the border of New Mexico (station not recorded), J¥rigit. 


Spipes 2 inch ng. 
OLB. a 
34, NEPETA, L. Cat-Mist. (Probably from the Etrurian city Vepete.) — 
A large genus in the Old World; two are naturalized weeds in the New, repre- 


senting distinct sections, differing in habit and inflorescence, rather than in the 
flowers, which are produced all summer. 


C 


x 


om N. Cardinia, L. (Caryre.) Erect, branched, tall, minutely tomentose: leaves ovate or 
oblong and cordate, coarsely crenate, green above, canescent beneath: glomerate cymes 
many-flowered, spicate-crowded at the extremity of the branches, subtended by small 
floral leaves: bracts and calyx-teeth slender-subulate, soft: corolla whitish with some 
dark dots; the middle lobe of lower lip crenate-dentate.— Common eastward, especially 
near dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.) 

cee N. Grecuéma, Benth. Procumbent or creeping, slender, somewhat pubescent, equally leafy 
throughout: leaves long-petioled, reniform or round-cordate, coarsely crenate: flowers 2 or 


378 LABIATA. Dracocephalum. 


8 together in the axils of the leaves, short-pedicelled: bracts setaceous: calyx-teeth seta- 
ceous-acuminate from a broad base, soon spreading: corolla light blue, inch or less long: 
pairs of stamens very unequal: anthers in perfect flowers closely approximate in pairs; 
the anther-cells diverging at a right angle, and each pair forming a cross: but the plant is 
gynodiecious, i. e. some produce only female flowers with abortive stamens. — Lab. 485. 
Glechoma hederacea, l.— Damp or shady places east of the Mississippi, in woods as well as 
near dwellings. Popularly named Gill-over-the-Ground. (Nat. from Eu.) 


35. DRACOCEPHALUM, Tourn. Dracon-neap (as the name, com- 
posed of dyuxwv and xegudyj, denotes). — Herbs, chiefly of North Asia, one 
North American, peculiar for its small and included corolla. 


——D. parviflérum, Nutt. Annual or biennial, 6 to 20 inches high, rather stout, some- 
what pubescent: leaves lanceolate or oblong, petioled, incisely dentate, or the lower pin- 
natifid-incised ; the lower floral similar: flowers numerous in sessile glomerules crowded in 
a thick terminal leafy-bracted head or short spike interrupted at base: bracts pectinate- 
laciniate and the teeth aristate: upper tooth of the calyx ovate, the others lanceolate and 
subulate-acuminate: corolla bluish, slender, hardly exceeding the calyx.— Gen. ii. 35; 
Benth. in DC xii. 400. Rocky or gravelly soil, N. New York (shore of Lake Ontario) and 
L. Superior, to Brit. Columbia, and along the mountains to Utah and New Mexico: fl. spring. 


36. SCUTELLARIA, L. Sxutecar. (Scutella, a dish or platter, from 
the form of the fruiting calyx.) — Large and widely diffused genus, of bitter 
(not aromatic) chiefly perennial herbs, rarely undershrubby; with single (mostly 
blue or bluish) flowers in the axils of leaves, or when the floral leaves are reduced 
to bracts then in (commonly secund) spikes or racemes: fl. spring and summer. 
Corolla arrect. All but two of our species are perennial, and the flowers in sl ------------- 
are opposite, one in each axil. 


§ 1. Nutlets wingless, mostly marginless, on a low or slightly elevated gynobase. 
* Flowers small (only a quarter inch long), in axillary and sometimes also terminal racemes. 


ess §. lateriflodra, L. (Map-poc Sxuxtcar.) Glabrous, a foot or two high, leafy : leaves 
thin, oblong-ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, rounded at base, 
slender-petioled ; the lower floral ones of the terminal racemes similar: lips of the corolla 
short, equal in length. — Spec. ii. 598; Lam. Dict. t. 515; Raf. Med. Fl. t. 84; Bart. Fl. 
Am. Sept. i. t. 21.— Wet borders of streams, Canada to Florida, New Mexico, and north- 
wardly to Oregon and Brit. Columbia. 
* * Flowers larger (half to full inch long), in terminal single or panicled racemes, which are 
commonly more or less leafy below, the floral leaves being gradually reduced to bracts. 
+ Cauline leaves all cordate, crenate-toothed, and slender-petioled : lateral lobes of the corolla 
almost equalling the short upper lip: anthers minutely ciliate. 
a=—= §, versicolor, Nutt. Soft-pubescent: stem rather stout, erect, 1 to 8 feet high: leaves 
rugosely very veiny, broadly cordate, mostly obtuse (8 or 4 inches long); the floral ovate, 
entire (half inch long), crowded: racemes glandular-pubescent: corolla bright blue with 
lower side and lip whitish. — Gen. ii. 88. S. Caroliniana, Walt. Car. 163% S. cordifolia, 
Muhl. Cat. — Banks of streams, Penn. and Wisconsin to Florida and Texas. 

Var. bracteata, Benth. Robust, with larger and firmer floral leaves, many of the 
lower occasionally longer than the flowers, which thus appear to be axillary rather than 
racemose. — Lab. 453. — Texas. 

Var. minor, Chapm. Low, slender, and thin-leaved : floral leaves small. — Fl. 323. 
S. rugosa, Wood, Class-Book. — Mountains of Virginia, &c. 

S. saxatilis, Riddell. Slightly and sparsely pubescent, or glabrous: stems slender, weak, 
ascending (a span or two high), stoloniferous from the base: leaves thin, moderately 
veiny, cordate-ovate, obtuse, crenate-dentate (inch or two long); floral ovate or oblong, 
entire: raceme simple, loose: corolla light blue. — Cat. Pl. Ohio, Suppl. (1836) 14; Benth. 
in DC. Prodr. xii. 422; Gray, Man. ed. 1, 827, Shaded moist banks, Delaware to Ohio 
and Tennessee. 


Scutellaria. LABIAT-E. 379 


Var. arguta. Pilose-pubescent: thin leaves narrower, acutish, more deeply crenate- 
dentate. — 5. arguta, Buckley in Am. Jour. Sci. xlv.175; Chapm. FI. 323. 5. sazatilis, 
var. ? pilosior, Beuth. 1. ¢., at least in part. S. Chamedrys, Shuttleworth in Ind. Sem. Lips., 
on char. — Mountains of Carolina and Georgia. 

+- + Cauline leaves crenate-denta‘e or serrate, only the lowest if any cordate at base, more or 


less petioled: lateral lobes of the blue corolla shorter than the galeate upper lip and more con- 
nected with it. ; 


++ Corolla a full inch lons, nearly glabrous: stem (a foot or two high) and loosely flowered some- 
what leafy erect raceme simple, or rarely a pair of racemes at the base of the terminal one: 
leaves (3 to 5 pairs) coar-cly and sharply serrate, acute or acuminate, mostly acute at base, 2 to 4 
inches long; the lowest floral usually large and similar; upper entire and lanceolate. 

S. montana, Chapm. Softpubescent: leaves oblong-ovate or the lowest subcordate : 
calyx velvety-pubescent: tube of the corolla ampliate upward, and the lips very broad, 
the upper emarginate. — Bot. Gazette, iii. 11. — Dry woods and fields, in the mountains of 
the north-western part of Georgia, Chapman. 

<= 5S. serrata, Andr. Glabrous, or obscurely pubescent: leaves thin, ovate or ovate-ob- 
long: corolla with narrow tube, moderately ampliate throat, and rather narrow upper lip. 
— Bot. Rep. t. 44; Benth. in DC. 1. ¢. 422. — Woods, Penn. to Illinois and N. Carolina. 
++ ++ Corolla two-thirds or three-fourths inch long, canescently puberulent: racemes numerous, 

thyrsvid-paniculate, many-flowered. 

== S. canéscens, Nutt. Minutely and canescently pubescent: stem 2 to 4 feet high, 
leafy : leaves from oblong-ovate to lanceolate-oblong, crenate-serrate, acute (3 or 4 inches 
long), the base obtuse or rounded, or of the uppermost acute, and lowest occasionally sub- 
cordate, the upper surface green and glabrous, the lower canescent, as also the racemes 
and especially the calyx: upper lip of corolla considcrably surpassing the lower. — Gen. 


ii. 55: Benth. lc. S. pubescens & S. incana, Mubl Cat. 8. serrata, Spreng. Syst. ii. 703, 
not .Andr. — River-tanks, W. Canada and Penn. to Illinois, and the mountains of Carolina 
: and N. Alabama. Varies with the foliage greener, only a little paler beneath, and in 
——~—-_:- Var. punctadta, Chapm., glabrate and minutely punctate beneath. — Georgia and 
Florida, Chapman. 
++ ++ ++ Corolla half inch long, nearly glabrous: raceme simple and terminal, or also from the 
axils of one or two pairs of leaves. 

“= S. pilédsa, Michx. Hirsute-pubescent: stem slender, a foot or two high: leaves rather 
remote, oblong-ovate, obtuse, crenate, veiny (inch or two long); the lower subcordate and 
slender-petioled; upper cuneate at base and subsessile; floral oblong: bracts of the oblong 
raceme spatulate.— Fl. ii.11; Benth. l.e. S$. Coroliniana, Walt. Car. 1637 S. edliptica, 
Muhl. Cat.4 5S. polymorpha, C. Hamilton, Monogr. 39, in part, ex Benth. — Dry or sterile 
ground, S$. New York and Michigan to Florida and Texas. 

Var. hirstta, a large form, sometimes nearly 3 feet high, more hirsute: larger leaves 
2 or 3 inches long, very coarsely crenate. — S. hirsuta, Short, Cat. Pl. Kentucky. — Richer 
soil, Kentucky, Short. 
Var. ovalifélia, Benth., a form with shorter and finer pubescence, and narrower 
less veiny leaves. — 5. ovalifolia, Pers. Syn. ii. 136. — New Jersey to Virginia. 
S. vitiosa, Ell. Sk. ii. 90, from upper part of Georgia (villous, and with lanceolate leaves 
3 or 44 inches long, coarsely dentate and acute at both ends, brachiate racemes, but flowers 
not seen), is not identified. 
+ + + Cauline leaves entire (except in the first species), obtuse, narrowed at base: racemes 
ameuy simple and terminal, leafy below: corolla blue, upwardly much ampliate and with large 
Ips. 
4+ These much shorter than the downwardly attenuate tubular portion: pubescence wholly soft 
or cinereous. 
ee §. integrifolia, L. Manifestly pubescent or puberulent: stems mostly simple from a 
fibrous root, 8 to 20 inches high, slender: leaves thinnish, from oblong to nearly linear, an 
inch or more long; the upper narrowed at base and subsessile or short-petioled; lowest 
varying to ovate or even cordate and slender-petioled, often with a few coarse crenatures 
or obtuse teeth: corolla slightly pubescent, near an inch long; lower lip about equalling 
the upper: anthers long-ciliate: nutlets tuberculate. — (Pluk. Alm. t. 315, fig. 4.) 8. avte- 
grifolia & S. hyssopifolia, L. Spec. ii. 599, the latter a narrow-leaved form. 5. Caroliniana, 
Lam. Ul. t. 515, fig. 3. S. polymorpha, A. Hamilton, Monogr. 38, in part.— Dry ground, 
New England to Florida and Texas. 


880 LABIATZ. Scutellaria. 


S. brevifdlia, Cinereous-puberulent throughout: stems numerous from a suffrutescent 
base, rigid, a foot or less high, very leafy: leaves thickish, narrowly oblong, 6 to 8 lines 
long by 2 or 8 wide, all subsessile; the floral similar, gradually smaller: corolla soft- 
pubescent, three-fourths inch long; lower lip rather longer than the upper: anthers short- 
ciliate: nutlets granulate. — S. integrifolia, var. brevifolia, Gray in Cat. Coll. Tex. Hall, no. 
458. — Dry banks, Dallas, Texas, LE. Lfall, Reverchon. 

++ ++ Lips of the corolla about the length of the broad tube and throat. 

S. Floridana, Chapm. Obscurely puberulent : stems slender, a foot or more high, rather 
remotely leafy and with some axillary fascicles: leaves very narrowly linear (8 to 12 lines 
long, seldom a line wide), with somewhat revolute margins ; the lowest minute and scale- 
like: raceme rather loose: corolla nearly inch long: anthers long-ciliate. — Fl. 324. — Pine- 
barren swamps, Apalachicola, Florida. : 


* ¥* * Flowers solitary in the axils of cauline leaves, or some occasionally imperfectly racemose 
through the reduction in size of the upper Jeaves of the stem or branches. 


+ Annuals, loosely branched from the base: corolla pubescent, half inch or less long: nutlets 
muriculate. ; 

S. cardiophylla, Engelm. & Gray. Puberulent, slender, a foot or two high, with 
virgate branches: leaves cordate-ovate or deltoid-subcordate, mostly obtuse, thin, veiny ; 
principal cauline inch long, coarsely crenate, slender-petioled ; floral gradually smaller and 
less toothed, the uppermost entire and subsessile (3 lines long, barely exceeding the calyx) : 
corolla slender, blue. — Pl. Lindh. i. 19; Benth. in DC. 1 ev. 429.— Open woods, Arkansas 
and Texas. 

—— §. Drummondii, Benth. Villous-pubescent, a span or more high, soon diffuse, leafy: 
leaves ovate or obovate-oblong, very obtuse, half inch or more long, contracted at base, 
the lower into distinct petioles; floral subsessile and about equalling the flowers; all entire 
or nearly so (rarely subcrenulate) : corolla violet purple or blue (3 to 6 lines long), com- 
monly with the calyx villous-pubescent, at least when young; lower lip longer than the 
upper, violet-spotted.— Lab. 441, & DC. Prodr. xii. 428.— Damp or rich soil, Texas; 
common. (Mex.) 
+— + Perennials, from a firm or ligneous stock, neither stoloniferous nor tuberiferous: nutlets 

granulate. : 

===§, Wrightii, Gray. A span or so high, many-stemmed in a tuft, minutely cinereous- 
puberulent, very leafy: leaves ovate, oval, or spatulate-oblong, entire, subsessile, about 
half an inch long; upper floral shorter than the flowers: corolla pubescent, half an inch 
long, usually violet; lips nearly equal in length; tube rather slender. — Proc. Am. Acad. 
viii. 570. — Texas, quite to the western borders, Wright, Lindheimer, E. Hall, &c. Kansas, 
Gordon, L. Watson, with a white-flowered variety. 
+- + + Perennials, completely herbaceous and fibrous-rooted, mostly producing filiform stolon- 


like rootstocks : : 
++ These more or less moniliform-tuberiferous. 


== Flower 2 to 4 lines long: leaves broadest at base and all but the lower sessile; primary veins 
prominent underneath. 
==—='S. parvula, Michx. Minutely (sometimes more conspicuously) pubescent, branching 
from the base, commonly erect, 4 to 10 inches high: filiform subterranean shoots bearing 
a long moniliform string of small tubers: leaves ovate or the uppermost ovate-lanceolate, 
sessile by a truncate or slightly cordate base, about half inch long; some of the lower with 
one or two coarse teeth, the lowest slender-petioled: pedicels as long as the calyx: corolla 
violet. pubescent, twice or thrice the length of the calyx: nutlets strongly muricate, girt 
with a thickish ring or border, which is conspicuous when young. — Fi. ii. 12; Hook. Exot. 
t. 106. S. ambigqua, Nutt. Gen. ii. 87. — Sandy banks, W. New England and along the Great ° 
Lakes to Wisconsin, South Florida, and Texas. 
=== Var. mollis, Gray. More spreading, softly pubescent throughout (the pubescence 
somewhat viscid): leaves larger, less firm. — Sandy banks of the Mississippi, at Oquawka, 
S. Illinois, &c., H. N. Patterson. A remarkable form, with somewhat the aspect of S. 
Drummondii. 
= = Flower half or two-thirds inch long: leaves narrowed at base or petioled: plants depressed 
or weak and diffuse. 
S. nana, Gray. Minutely cinereous-puberulent, 2 inches high, much branched: filiform 
subterranean shoots copiously moniliform-tuberiferous : leaves crowded, from ovate to 


Scutellaria. LABIATAE. 381 


spatulate-obovate, entire, thickish, nearly veinless, half inch long, tapering into a petiole: 
corolla white, rather broad and with dilated throat, hardly exceeding the leaves; lips of 
equal length. — Proc. Am. Acad. ii. 100, & Bot. Calif. i 604.—N. W. Nevada, near Pyra- 
mid Lake, Lemmon. 
=~S§S. tuberdsa, Benth. Soft-pubescent or villous: stems slender, rather sparsely leafy, 
1 to 4 inches high and erect, or sometimes reaching a foot in length and trailing: leaves 
mostly ovate, either truncate or cuneate at base, thin, coarsely and obtusely few-toothed, or 
rarely entire (a quarter to inch and a half long), nearly all petioled; floral about equalling 
or longer than the violet or blue narrow corolla: nutlets strongly muricate. — Lab. 441; 
Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 601. — Hills, &c., nearly throughout California. 
= = = Flower larger, violet-blue: stems erect, equally leafy: leaves from oblong to linear, all 
but the lower sessile and entire: moniliform tubers more rare or obscure, except in the first species. 
—~. S. resinésa, Torr. Barely a span high, branched from the base, minutely pubescent and 
resinous-atomiferous, somewhat viscid: leaves uniform, oval and oblong, or uppermost 
narrower, obtuse, mostly sessile (5 to 10 lines long), nervose-veined : pedicels shorter than the 
calyx: corolla pubescent, an inch long, with slender tube and ampliate throat; lower lip 
glabrous inside: nutlets tuberculate.— Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 232; Benth. 1. c.— Plains of 
Colorado, Wyoming, and Nebraska. 
== §. angustifolia, Pursh. Aspanto a foot high, minutely puberulent or almost glabrous : 
stems or branches often simple and slender: leaves from linear to narrowly oblong (6 to 12 
lines long), all but the lower acute or contracted at base; lower more petioled and some- 
times few-toothed; radical orbicular or cordate and small: pedicels as long as the calyx: 
corolla three-fourths to nearly inch long, puberulent, with slender tube and moderately 
ampliate throat; lower lip villous inside: nutlets minutely granulate. — Fl. ii. 412; Gray, 
Bot. Calif. i. 603. — Moist ground, British Columbia and Montana to California, even as 
far south as San Bernardino Co. 
Var. canéscens, Gray, lc. More branching, tomentulose-canescent: corolla more 
arrect by the curvature of the base of the tube. — S. siphocampylodes, Vatke in Bot. Zeit. 
xxx. 717. — Western part of California, in cafions, &c. 

S. antirrhinoides, Benth. Resembles broader leaved forms of the preceding: stems 
more branching, diffuse or ascending: leaves oblong (6 to 9 lines long), mostly obtuse at 
base as well as apex, more petioled: corolla shorter and broader, 7 to 10 lines long: the 
tube shorter and less slender. —Bot. Reg. xviii. under 1493, & DC. 1. c. 428; Gray, Proc. 
Am. Acad. viii. 396. S. resinosa, Watson, Bot. King, 237.— Moist shady ground, Oregon, 
northern part of California, and mountains of Nevada. 
rs ++ Filiform rootstocks or subterranean stolons not tuberiferous: corolla half to two-thirds inch 

lon, 
== Dull yellow or whitish, with ampliate-inflated throat, villous within (at least the lower lip), and 
short proper tube: all the upper leaves entire, obtuse. 
aay §. Califérnica. Puberulent: stems 8 to 20 inches high, slender: leaves from lanceolate- 
oblong to oval-ovate, mostly roundish at base, short-petioled ; the lower an inch or more 
long, often somewhat serrate; upper gradually reduced to half inch or less; uppermost 
shorter than the flowers: lips of the corolla about equal: nutlets obscurely rugose-granu- 
late. — S. antirrhinoides, var. Californica, Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 396, & Bot. Calif. 
l. ¢., mainly. —Banks of streams, California, from Tehama Co. southward, and in the 
Sierra Nevada. Narrow-leaved forms resemble the preceding; broader-leaved forms are 
more like the following species. 
== §. Bolanderi, Gray. Pubescent: stem simple or branched from the base, a foot high, 
equably and very leafy to the summit: leaves ovate-elliptical, very obtuse, closely sessile 
by an obscurely cordate base, an inch or less long, veiny from the base: flowers very short- 
pedicelled, seldom equalling the leaf: lower lip of the corolla rather longer. — Proc. Am. 
Acad. vii. 387, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. — Sierra Nevada, California, in Mariposa and Plumas Co., 
Bolunder, Lemmon. ° 
== = Corolla violet-blue, with slender tube and less ampliate throat, naked within. 
o== §,. galericulata, L. Nearly glabrous or slightly pubescent, slender, 1 to 3 feet high, 
simple or paniculately branched above : leaves membranaceous, ovate-lanceolate or oblong- 
lanceolate, broadest next the subsessile or very short-petioled subcordate base (2 inches or 
less long), all but the upper and more reduced ones appressed-serrate: pedicels shorter than 


382 LABIATZ. Scutellaria. 


the calyx: corolla puberulent ; lower lip nearly erect and surpassing the upper: nutlets 
densely muriculate-scabrous. — Spee. ii. 599; Engl. Bot. t. 593; Schk. Handb. t. 167. — Wet 
soil, Atlantic States, from mountains of Carolina to Newfoundland, Mackenzie River, and 
westward from mountains of Arizuna to Brit. Columbia. (Eu., N. Asia.) 


§ 2. Nutlets raised on a slender gynobase, each surrounded by a conspicuous 
membranaceous wing in the manner of Perilomia, the faces muricate. (Here 
also a Japanese species, S. Guitlielmi.) 

o—=x, 8S. nervosa, Pursh. Glabrous: rootstocks or stolons filiform: stems slender, rather sim- 
ple, 4-quetrous (10 to 20 inches high): leaves membranaceous, coarsely few-toothed, rather 
prominently quintuple-ribbed from near the base; the lowest cordate and short-petioled ; 
the others sessile or nearly so; middle ones ovate; floral ovate-lanceolate, gradually 

smaller and more entire, much surpassing the axillary secund flowers: corolla bluish, 4 

lines long, with lower lip exceeding the straightish merely concave upper one. — Pursh, Fl. 

ii. 412; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 370. 8. teucrifolia, Smith. S. gracilis, Nutt. Gen. ii. 

37.— Moist thickets, New York to Virginia, Ohio, and Missouri. 


37. SALIZARIA, Torr. (In honor of Don José Salizar y Larrequi, the 
Mexican Commissioner of the U. 8S. and Mex. Boundary Survey.) — Bot. Mex. 
Bound. 1838, t. 39. — Single species of a remarkable genus. 


S. Mexicana, Torr. 1.c. Shrubby,2 or 8 feet high, with diffuse or sarmentose slender 
soft-canescent branches: leaves remote, glabrate, small, oblong or broadly lanceolate, 
short-petioled, mostly entire; floral reduced to bracts of the short and loose terminal 
racemes: flowers Iess than inch long: corolla purplish, or the spreading lower lip deep 
purple: fructiferous vesicular calyx half inch or more in diameter. — Bot. Calif. i. 604. — 
Ravines, $8. E. California in the Mohave desert, S, Nevada and Utah, Arizona, Fremont, 
Parry, Cooper, Pulmer, (Adjacent Mex.) 


—_ 


38. BRUNELLA, Tourn, Serr-weat, or Heat-Att. (Commonly 
written Prunella, but said to come from the old German word Breune or Bravne, 
an affection of the throat, which the plant was thought to cure.) — Low peren- 
nials ; with nearly simple stems, terminated by a short verticillastrate-spicate or 
capitate inflorescence, with imbricated round-ovate and nervose bracts or floral 
leaves of about the length of the calyx, each subtending 3 subsessile flowers: fl. 
all summer. 

e==—- B. vulgaris, L. Leaves ovate-oblong, entire or toothed, slender-petioled, commonly pubes- 
cent: corolla not twice the length of the purplish calyx, violet, purplish, &c., rarely white. 

— Fields and borders of copses, Newfoundland to Florida, and west to California and 

northward ; evidently indigenous in some of the cooler districts. (Eu., Asia, Mex.) 


39. BRAZORIA, Engelm. & Gray. (Discovered on the Rio Brazos, 
Texas.) — A genus of two annuals, of rather low stature: leaves oblong, mostly 
sessile, denticulate ; lowest tapering into a petiole; floral diminished to small 
ovate or oblong-lanceolate bracts to the single flowers of the virgate racemes or 
spikes : corolla rose-purple: fl. summer. — Pl]. Lindh. i. 47 ; Gray, Chloris, 34, 
t.5; Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 434, 


B. truncata, Engelm. & Gray, |.c. Somewhat pubescent, at least the raceme and 
calyx viscid-hairy: spike dense and strict, simple or sometimes branching: calyx much 
reticulated, truncate, its broad lips of equal length, obscurely lobed, mucronately denticu- 
late (3 or 4 inches in fruit): corolla three-fourths inch long; upper lip and middle lobe 
of lower deeply eniarginate, all the lobes denticulate; palate somewhat prominent; tube 
pilose-annulate near the base; anthers somewhat hairy: nutlets puberulent. — Chloris, 1. ¢. 
t.5.  Physostegia truncata, Benth. Lab. 305: Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3494.— Sandy soil, in 
plains and prairies of E. Texas, Berlundier, Drummond, Lindheimer, &e. 


AMacbridea. LABIATE. 383 


B. scutellarioides, Engelm. & Gray, l.c. Almost glabrous: spikes or racemes 
loose, mostly panicled: lips of the calyx unequal; the upper with 3 ovate-rounded, lower 
with 2 triangular-lanceolate lobes, all but the uppermost cuspidate: corolla (a third inch 
long) not pilose-annulate ; its lobes entire or merely retuse: anthers barely ciliolate: nut- 
lets glabrous. — Physostegia truncata, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3494 (wrongly cited in DC. under 
preceding species). — Richer prairie soil, Texas, Drummond, \Vright, Lindheimer, &c. 


40. PHYSOSTEGIA, Benth. Farse Dracoy-weap. (eau, bladder, 
and otéj7, covering; from the turgid fruiting calyx, but more applicable to the 
inflated corolla.) — Perennial erect N. American herbs, almost glabrous ; with 
lanceolate or oblong and callose-denticulate or serrate leaves; the upper ones 
sessile, lowest tapering into a petiole, floral reduced to small subulate bracts of 
the simple or panicled spikes, most of them shorter than the calyx. Flowers 
cataleptic (remaining in whatever position they may be turned on the short 
pedicel, either right or left of the normal position). Corolla showy, rose or flesh- 
color, often variegated: in summer. 


e=>P, Virginiana, Benth. 1.c. Stem in larger forms 3 or 4, in smaller 1 or 2 feet high, 
terminated by a simple virgate or sometimes several panicled spikes: leaves thickish : 
calyx tubular-campanulate or somewhat turbinate-campanulate, in fruit broader and with a 
narrowed base ; its teeth ovate-triangular and very acute, only half the length of the tube: 
corolla commonly an inch long. — Dracocephalum Virginianum, L. Spec. ii. 594; Sims, Bot. 
Mag. t. 467. D. lancifolium, Moench, Meth. 410. D. varéegqutum, Vent. Cels, t. 44. Prasium 
purpureum & P. coccineum, Walt. Car. 166.— Wet grounds, N. Vermont, W. Canada and 
Saskatchewan to Florida and Texas: common in gardens. Varics greatly ; the extremes are 

===> Var. speciosa, a tall form, with very acutely serrate lanceolate leaves, and dense and 
panicled spikes. — Dracocephalum speciosum, Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 98, with horizontal 
flowers Physostegia imbricata, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3356 (not Benth.), a Texan form, with 
erect imbricated flowers. 

Var. denticulata, a more slender and commonly low form, with crenulate-denticu- 
late or obscurely serrate leaves, and more slender or loosely-flowered spike. — Dracocepha- 
lum denticulatum, Ait. Kew. ii. 317; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 214. — Middle Atlantic States. 

Var. obovata, with oblong or obovate and often obtuse leaves. — Dracocephalum 
oboratum, Ell. Sk. ii. 86.— Georgia to Arizona. 

P. intermédia, Gray. Stem slender, 1 to 3 feet high, remotely leaved: leaves linear- 
lanceolate, repand-denticulate : spikes filiform, commonly rather remotely flowered: calyx 
short and broadly campanulate; the triangular acute teeth about as long as the tube: 
corolla 5 or 6 lines long, much dilated upwards. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 571. Dracocephalum 
intermedium, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 187.— Barrens, W. Kentucky and 
Arkansas to Louisiana and Texas. 

—— P. parvifiéra, Nutt. Stem rather slender, leafy, afoot or two high: leaves lanceolate or 
ovate-lanceolate, denticulate; spikes short (1 to 4 inches long): calyx short-campanulate, 
inflated-globular in fruit and with short mostly obtuse teeth: corolla rather narrow, half 
inch long. — Nutt. (ex Benth., under P. imbricata, Benth. L. c., not Hook. Bot. Mag.); Gray, 
Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 371.— Banks of streams, Saskatchewan and Wyoming to Brit. 
Columbia, and Oregon. 


41. MACBRIDEA, Ell. (In memory of Dr. James Macbride.)  Gla- 
brous or sparsely hirsute perennials (of S. Atlantic States); with simple stems, a 
foot or more high, lanceolate or spatulate-oblong repand-toothed or entire minutely 
punctate leaves; the floral becoming thickish and rounded imbricated bracts of 
a capitate and rather few-flowered capitate inflorescence. Flowers showy (corolla 
over an inch long), in late summer. (Anthers not pilose within the cell, as stated, 
but mainly on the inner face.) — Ell. Sk. ii. 56; Chapm. Fl. 324. 


M. pulchra, El. lc. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, mostly acute at both ends and tapering 
into a petiole, thinnish ; floral or bracts ovate, acute: lateral lobes of the calyx entire or 


384 LABIATE. Mucbridea. 


emarginate: corolla rose-purple (streaked with a deeper hue and white); its upper lip 
entire. — Af. pulchella, Benth. Lab. 505, & DC. Prodr. xii. 435. Thymbra Caroliniana & Pra- 
sium incarnatum, Walt. Car. ex Benth. Melittis Caroliniana, Spreng. Syst. ii. 700. — Pine- 
barren swamps, southern borders of N. Carolina to Georgia and Alabama. 

M. alba, Chapm.1.c. Leaves spatulate-oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, thickish, all but 
the lowest sessile ; floral ones round-ovate or orbicular: lateral lobes of the calyx strongly 
emarginate or 2-cleft: corolla white; its upper lip emarginate. — Low pine-barrens, Ww. 

. Florida near the coast, Chapman. 


42, SYNANDRA, Nutt. (Sv, together, and eyo, for anther, the pos- 
terior and sterile anthers counate.) — Single species, large-flowered, and with the 
aspect of Lamium. 

=s= §. grandiflora, Nutt. Fibrous-rooted biennial, a foot or two high, hirsute: leaves mem- 
branaceous, cordate, coarsely crenate, all but the floral long-petioled; these reduced to 
ovate sessile bracts, each subtending a single flower: corolla inch and a half long, white or 
nearly so: filaments bearded. — Gen. ii. 29; Benth. 1. v.— Shady banks of streams, S. Ohio 
to Illinois and Tennessee: in spring. 


— 43, MARRUBIUM, Tourn. Horenounp. (From Hebrew word, mean- 
ing bitter.) — Perennials ; all natives of the Old World, but one species widely 
dispersed and naturalized, viz. 

=== WV. vutcAre, L. Hoary-woolly, branched from the base, aromatic-bitter (hence used in 
popular medicine): leaves roundish, crenate, very rugose-veiny: flowers verticillastrate- 
capitate in the upper axils: calyx with 10 short recurving teeth, these and the bracts at 
length hooked at the tip.— Escaped from gardens into waste or open ground: fl. late 
summer. (Nat. from Eu.) 


44. BALLOTA, L. Brack Horenounp. (Greek name, of obscure 
derivation.) —Weedy perennials of the Old World; with bitter and unpleasant- 
scented herbage; fl. summer. 

=— BB. xfcera, L. Soft-pubescent, but not hoary, spreading: leaves ovate, crenate or toothed, 
slightly rugose, slender-petioled: flowers numerous in rather loose axillary verticillastrate 
cymes: bracts setaceous: calyx with dilated somewhat foliaceous mucronate-tipped teeth, 

equalling the purplish corolla.—Sparingly in waste places, New England, Penn., &c. 

(Nat. from Eu.) 


45. PHLOMIS, Tourn. Jerusarem Sacre. (Ancient Greek name of a 
woolly plant, perhaps of this genus.) — Perennials, of the Old World, one spar- 
ingly introduced, viz. 

P. rurerésa, L. Tall, 3 to 5 feet high, from a thick tuberous root, somewhat glabrous : 
lower leaves ovate and cordate, crenate, slender-petioled, rugose-veiny ; floral oblong-lan- 
ceolate and mostly sessile, subtending dense verticillastrate-capitate clusters: bracts seta- 
ceous, hirsute: calyx-teeth setaceous-subulate from a short and dilated truncate-emargi- 
nate base, divaricate : corolla pale purple, its upper lip densely white-bearded. — 8. shore of 
Lake Ontario, New York: fl. early summer. (Nat. from Eu.) 


46. LEONOTIS, R. Br. (A¢wr, lion, and ov, oz60, ear, from the corolla.) 

— African plants; with dense verticillastrate-capitate clusters of showy scarlet or 
orange flowers ; sparingly naturalized on our southern borders: fl. summer. 

—-L, nerveteroria, R. Br. Tall annual, minutely soft-pubescent: leaves long-petioled, ovate, 

coarsely serrate or crenate, veiny ; upper floral lanceolate: verticillastrate heads large and 


dense : calyx about 8-toothed: corolla an inch long, orange-red, densely hirsute. — Bot. Reg. 
t. 281.— Waste grounds, Georgia and Florida. (Nat. from Afr.) 


Galeopsis. LABIAT. 885 


47. LEONURUS, L. Motnerwort. (4ér, a lion, and ovod, tail.) — 
Herbs of the Old World, weeds or escapes from gardens in the New: herbage 
bitter : flowers small, in summer. 


o=— T,, Carpfica, L. (Common Moruerwort.) Tall perennial, more or less pubescent: leaves 
long-petioled, palmately cleft; the lower rounded; floral rhombic-lanceolate, 3-cleft ; 
lobes lanceolate: flowers much shorter than the petioles; corolla pale purple ; its upper lip 
very villous outside, narrowed at base, hardly galeate, at length often recurved; lower 
defiexed, spotted: stamens often recurving outwards after anthesis: anther-cells parallel. 
— Waste and cult. ground, in manured soil. (Nat. from Eu.) 

L. Marrvsidstrem, L. Tall biennial, minutely soft-pubescent : leaves ovate or oblong, or 
the floral lanceolate, coarsely serrate or incised: calyx-teeth slender, rather aristiform 
than spinescent: corolla minute, whitish, almost glabrous ; its lips less divergent: stamens 
little exserted beyond the throat: anther-cells diverging. — Chaiturus Merrubiastrum, Ehrh. 
— Waste grounds, New Jersey to Delaware, and southward; rare. Related as much to 
Sideritis as to Leonurus; might be placed next to Murrubiwn. (Nat. from Eu.) 

L. Sipiricus, L. Tall biennial, minutely puberulent or nearly glabrous: leaves 3-parted ; 
the divisions 2-5-cleft, or deeply 3-7-cleft and incised: corolla purplish, twice the length of 
the calyx; upper lip fornicate, lower little spreading.— Waste grounds, Pennsylvania 
(near Philadelphia, .artindule), New Mexico, &c. (Sparingly nat. from Eu. & -Asia.) 


48, LAMIUM, Tourn. Deap-NettLe. (From dios, the throat, alluding 
to the ringent corolla.) —Spreading or decumbent herbs, with mostly cordate 
incised or doubly toothed leaves; the lower long-petioled ; upper becoming sessile 
or roundish at base, subtending sessile and loose or capitate clusters of purple or 
sometimes white flowers. Anthers in our species hirsute. Natives of the Old 
World, some naturalized in waste places or fields, eastward. 

= L. AMPLEXICAULE, L. Biennial or winter annual, weak and slender, low: leaves distant ; lowest 
small, roundish-cordate, coarsely crenate, long-petioled; upper subsessile or clasping, cre- 


nately lobed and incised : corolla slender, purple, with spotted lower lip, truncate lateral lobes, 
and upper lip villous on the back. — Rather common, Canada to Florida. (Nat. from Eu.) 


was], PURPUREUM, L. Resembles the last, but with leaves (even the upper floral) all petioled 
and only crenate-serrate: calyx-teeth more slender: small lateral teeth to the orifice of the 
corolla. — Penn. and New England. (Sparingly nat. from Eu.) 

v= LL, Arercu, L. Stouter, a foot or two high, more leafy and hirsute-pubescent: root peren- 
nial: leaves ovate, cordate or truncate at base, acuminate, coarsely serrate, mostly peti- 
oled: corolla white, an inch long, with tube curved upwards and throat rather narrow ; 
upper lip oblong; a long slender appendage at each side of the throat.— E. New England. 
(Sparingly nat. from Eu.) 


49. GALEOPSIS, L. Hemp-Netrie. (Tadée, a weasel, and ours. re- 
semblance, * very like a weasel” to a lively imagination only. The popular name 
is little less natural.) — Annual weeds of Europe: naturalized in waste places 
and garden soil: fl. late summer. 

eee G. Tetrinit, L. Hispid: stem swollen below the joints: leaves ovate, acuminate, coarsely 
serrate: corolla light purple, variegated, 6 to 10 lines long. — Common. (Nat. from Eu.) 


G. LApanxcm, L. Pubescent, lower and smaller: leaves oblong-lanceolate : corolla red or rose- 
color. — E. New England, in few places. (Barely nat. from Eu.) 


50. STACHYS, Tourn. Wocspwort. (Sréyv;. a spike. primarily a 
spike or ear of corn, and the ancient Greek name of this genus or of some similar 
plants, from the spicate inflorescence.) — A large genus, widely dispersed: ours 
all herbs, with the flowers verticillastrate-capitate or clustered, or sometimes few 

25 


386 LABIAT&. Stachys. 


or solitary in the axils of the floral leaves, forming usually an interrupted spicate 
inflorescence ; in summer. 


%¥ Root annual: corolla with short tube, mostly purplish or reddish. 
+— Even the lower lip hardly exceeding the subulate or aristulate tips of the calyx-teeth: leaves 
obtuse, crenate, an inch or less long; lower subcordate and slender-petioled : upper subsessile : 
stems a span or two high: lower flower-clusters remote. 

S. arvensis, L. Hirsute, often decumbent: upper leaves ovate with cuneate base: verti- 
cillastrate clusters in their axils few-flowered : calyx oblong-campanulate, 3 lines or more 
long, almost hispid, in fruit declined; the lanceolate teeth aristulate.— Waste grounds, 
E. Mass. (Locally nat. from Eu.) 

—— S. agraria, Cham. & Schl. Hirsute pubescence finer and softer: stems slender, erect : 
upper leaves subcordate or oval; upper floral shorter than the small and several-flowered 
clusters: calyx even in fruit not over 2 lines long and not declined, short-campanulate ; 
the subulate teeth cuspidate-aristulate. — Linn. v. 100; Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 479. 
S. Grahami, Benth. Lab. 551. — Moist or shady places, common in Texas. (Mex.) 

+ Lips of the corolla surpassing the slender-subulate and aristulate calyx-teeth: fructiferous 
calyx 4 lines long: stem a foot or two high. 

S. Drummoéndii, Benth. Soft-hirsute: leaves ovate and oval, obtuse, crenate, all the 
lower cordate: upper pairs distant; floral with narrowed base, the uppermost lanceolate 
or subulate and shorter than the flowers: these mostly in sixes: calyx-tube in fruit glob- 
ular-campanulate and rather shorter than the setaceous-attenuate teeth: upper lip of the 
corolla nearly 2, and lower 3 or 4 lines long.— Lab. 551, & DC. 1. c.— Moist ground, 
Texas, Drummond, Wright, Lindheimer. (Mex.) 

—— S. Annva, L., an Old-World species, with glabrous leaves not cordate, and whitish flowers 
only four lines long, sparingly occurs as a ballast weed, near Philadelphia. 


%* %* Root perennial. 
+- Corolla white or whitish, with tube shorter or hardly longer than the calyx-teeth ; lips only 2 
or 3 lines long; the upper villous-bearded or woolly on the back: flowers sessile or nearly so: 
herbage from soft-hirsute to white-tomentose. (Californian and one New Mexican species.) 

-"~§. Rothréckii, Gray. <A span high, branched from the base, canescently lanate-pubes- 
cent throughout : leaves all sessile and lanceolate, obtuse, almost entire (inch long) ; floral 

» gradually smaller and oblong, subtending about 3 flowers: spike rather dense and short: 
calyx campanulate; the teeth ovate- or subulate-deltoid, with very acute but soft tips: 
corolla 4 or 5 lines long; the tube included. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 82.— Zuni village, 
New Mexico, Rothrock. 

-~--§. ajugoides, Benth. A span to a foot high, villous with very soft white hairs: leaves 
oblong, very obtuse, crenately serrate, 1 to 8 inches long, roundish or acutish at base; the 
lower petioled; upper sessile ; even the upper floral as long as the (about 3) subtended 
flowers: clusters mainly distant: calyx short-campanulate or in fruit turbinate, very silky- 
villous; the teeth triangular-ovate, aristulate-acuminate, barely equalling the tube of the 
corolla. — Linn. vi. 80, & DC. 1. c. 474; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 605. — California, common in moist 
ground. Also (in a dubious form) Willow Spring, Arizona, Rothrock. 

S. albens, Gray. Tall (1 to 5 feet high), soft-tomentose or lanate with white or whitish 
wool, leafy : leaves oblong or ovate, usually with more or less cordate base, acutish, cre- 
nate, 2 or 8 inches long; lower short-petioled; upper nearly sessile; most of the floral 
shorter than the dense interrupted capitate clusters of the virgate spike: calyx turbinate- 
campanulate ; the teeth triangular and aristulate, nearly equalling the tube of the corolla. 
—Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 887, & Bot. Calif. 1. ¢. iS. pyenostachya (meaning S. pycnantha, 
Benth.), Torr. in Wilkes Exped. xvii. 408.— Wet ground, mountains and foothills of 
California, from Shasta to Kern Co. 

S. pycnantha, Benth. Soft-hirsute with somewhat fulvous hairs, leafy, 2 or 8 feet 
high: leaves oblong-ovate and subcordate, obtuse, crenate, 2 to 4 inches long, mostly rather 
long-petioled ; floral all reduced to small bracts of the dense oblong or cylindraceous spike 
(of 1 to 3 inches long), each subtending about 3 flowers: calyx-tecth deltoid, mucronulate, 
very hirsute, fully equalling the tube of the corolla: upper lip of the latter strongly 
bearded. — Pl. Hartweg. 331; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. G05. — California, in the Coast Range, 
from Monterey to above San Francisco, Hartwegq, Kellogg. 


Stachys. LABIAT. 387 


+ +- Corolla purple or rose-red (not scarlet-red), with tube equalling or longer than the calyx: 
flowers sessile or subsessile, 


++ Not over half inch long: tube of the corolla not exceeding the tips of the calyx-teeth: spike 
mostly much interrupted: stems erect from filiform and sometimes tuberiferous rootstocks. (At- 
lantic species, one extending north-westward to the Pacific.) 


= Leaves obscurely or not at all cordate, sessile or short petioled. 


==5S. hyssopifélia, Michx. Glabrous and smooth throughout, or sometimes a hirsute 
ring at the nodes: stems slender, about a foot high: leaves linear, sometimes oblong-linear 
(1 or 2 inches long, 1$ to 3 lines wide), entire or merely denticulate, even the lowest nar- 
rowed at base and sessile: spike rather short and slender; the clusters 2-6-flowered : calyx 
2 or 5 lines long, occasionally with a few bristly long hairs; teeth broadly subulate: 
corolla glabrous. — Fl. ii. 4; Benth. Ll ¢c.; Gray, Man. ed. 2, 317, ed. 5,358. 8. palustris, 
Walt. Car. 162, not L.— Wet and sandy soil, coast of Mass. to Michigan and Florida. 
Var. ambigua. Stouter, 1 or 2 feet high, sometimes with seattered retrorse bristles 
on the angles of the stem: leaves broader, 8 to 6 lines wide, serrulate. — Georgia, Le Conte. 
Kentucky and Illinois, Short, Buckley, E. Hall, &e. 

e== §. palustris, L. From densely soft-pubescent to roughish-hirsute, leafy: stem 1 to 3 
feet high, hirsute or hispid: leaves from ovate- to oblong-lanceolate, crenate-serrate, mostly 
acute or acuminate (14 to 3 inchvs long), sessile or subsessile by a broad and abrupt or 
obscurely subcordate base; the lowest little petioled; all sometimes almost velvety- 
tomentose beneath: clusters of the spike mostly approximate, 6-10-flowered : calyx pubes- 
cent or hirsute; the teeth subulate, nearly the length of the tube: upper lip of corolla 
distinctly pubescent. — Spee. ii. 580; FL Dan. t. 1103; Engl. Bot. t. 1675; Benth. 1. e.— 
Wet ground, Newfoundland to the Pacific in Oregon, south to Pennsylvania, and in the 
Rocky Mountain region to New Mexico, north to Mackenzie River. (Eu., N. Asia.) 

o== §. aspera, Michx.1].c. Taller, 2 to 4 feet high, usually less leafy, sparsely hirsute or 
hispidulous-pubescent to nearly glabrous: stem mostly retrorse-hispid on the angles: 
leaves thinner, from oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate (14 to 44 inches long), acute or 
acuminate, rather obtusely serrate, nearly all distinctly petioled and with truncate or 
merely subcordate base: calyx glabrous or glabrate, or with some scattered bristles; the 
tube obscurely striate when dry: corolla glabrous throughout. — Benth. l.c. 5. arvensis, 
Walt. Car. 162, not L. 8S. hispida, Pursh, FI. ii. 407. S. palustris, var. aspera, Gray, 1. ¢. 
— Wet ground, Canada to Florida and W. Louisiana. Too near %. palustris. (Japan.) 
== Var. glabra. Even the angles of the stem smooth and naked or nearly so: leaves 
more conspicuously petioled, acuminate, and serrate.— S. annua, Walt. Car. 161, not L. 
S. tenuifolia, Willd. Spee. iii. 100. S. glalra, Riddell, Cat. Ohio Pl. Suppl. (1836), 16.8. 
aspera, var. glabrata, Benth. 1. ¢. S. palustris, var. glabra, Gray, Man. 1. c. — W. New York 
to Illinois and southward. Filiform stolon-like rootstocks more or less tuberiferous. 
== = Most of the leaves distinctly petioled: lower all long-petioled and cordate: corolla glabrous 
or nearly so throughout, barely 5 lines long. 

—.—§. Floridana, Shuttlew. Barely a foot high. with filiform stolon-like rootstocks termi- 
nated by a moniliform tuber (of 2 or 3 inches in length), nearly glabrous, or the slender 
stem minutely hirsute, at least the angles: lower leaves cordate-oblong, very obtuse, cre- 
nate-dentate (three-fourths to 3 inches long), slender-petioled ; floral small and with ecune- 
ate subsessile base, hardly surpassing or shorter than the rather remote clusters of the 
short spike: calyx-teeth aristulate-subulate, little shorter than the oblong-campanulate 
tube. — Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 478; Chapm. Fl. 327, but root not annual. — E. Florida, 
Rugel, Buckley, Canby, Palmer, Curtiss. 

ess S. cordata, Riddell. Two or three feet high, rather weak, hirsute: leaves all ovate- or 
oblong-cordate, acuminate, crenate (2 to 5 inches long), nearly all long-petioled; the floral 
mostly minute: spikes slender, of numerous and small few-flowered clusters: calyx (only 
2 lines long) with broadly subulate teeth much shorter than the campanulate tube. — Cat. 
Ohio Pl. Suppl. (1836), 15. 3. sy/vatica, Nutt. Gen. ii. 80, not L., but near it. S. Nuttallii, 
Shuttlw. in DC. Lc. 469. S. palustris, var. cordata, Gray, Man. 1. ec. — Thickets, §. Ohio to 
Virginia and Tennessee. — Not rarely leaves as broad at the base as in S. sylvatica. 


++ ++ Flowers half inch long: tube of corolla somewhat exceeding the calyx. (Pacific species.) 


== §. bullata, Benth. <A foot or two high from a slender rootstock, hirsutc-pubescent, 
varying to villous or to somewhat hispid: leaves mostly petioled, ovate to oblong, usually 


388 LABIATZ. Stachys. 


obtuse, cordate or roundish-truncate at base, crenate, sometimes bullate-rugulose, not 
rarely villous-canescent, especially beneath: spike naked, interrupted: teeth of the 
calyx deltoid-subulate and aristulate-acuminate, fully half the length of the campanulate 
tube: corolla with the little or more manifestly exserted tube about 4 lines long, nearly 
equalled by the widely spreading lower lip; the short upper lip villous or pubescent on 
the back. — Lab. 547, & DC. 1.c. 474; Gray, Bot. Calif. i606. S. Californica, & S. Nuttallii, 
var.? occidentalis, Benth. in DC. 1. c. 469. iS. Nuttallii, var. leptostachya, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 
831. S. rigida, Nutt. ex Benth. in DC. 1.v. 472. S. coccinea, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 156, 
ex Benth. S. sylvatica & S. agraria, Torr. in Wilkes’s Exped. xvii. 408. — California to 
Oregon, near the coast, and south-eastward to the Mohave. — A variable species : leaves 
thinner and not rugose when growing in shade. 
++ ++ ++ Flowers ample: tube of the rose-red corolla over half inch long, fully twice the length 
of the lower lip and of the cylindraceous-campanulate calyx: leaves mostly Bind (3 to 5 inches 
long), petioled, oblong-ovate and subcordate, crenate, veiny: stems 2 to 6 feet high, almost 
always retrorsely hispid on the angles: verticillastrate clusters of the spike mostly 6-flowered. 
S. Chamissénis, Benth. Leaves softly villous-canescent beneath, sericeous-hirsute 
above, oblong-ovate, rather obtuse, rugose-veiny ; petioles retrorsely hispid: short spike 
mostly naked; the floral leaves reduced to bracts and shorter than the flowers: calyx 
densely hirsute-pubescent ; teeth deltoid. and cuspidate: tube of corolla commonly three- 
fourths inch long; outside of the lips (at least of the upper) hirsute-pubescent. — Linn. vi. 
80; & DC. 1. v. 468; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 155; Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 606. — California, 
in swamps along San Francisco and Bolinas Bay, &e. 


-->—§. ciliata, Doug]. Green and glabrate, or sparsely pilose-pubescent : leaves thin, ovate, 


oma 


mostly acute or acuminate: petioles and angles of the stem retrorsely hispid-ciliate : 
lower floral leaves often similar to the cauline and much surpassing the flowers ; upper- 
most reduced to small bracts, merely equalling the calyx, which is more tubular than in 
the preceding, cither nearly glabrous or pilose-pubescent, and the teeth narrower: corolla 
rather smaller, nearly glabrous. — Benth. Lab. 539, & DC. 1. c. 467.— Oregon to Brit. 
Columbia along the coast, in damp and shady places. 

Var. pubens. Soft-pilose-pubescent or villous-hirsute, especially the calyx and lower 
face of the leaves: flowers commonly rather smaller or shorter. — S. Riederi, Cham. & 
Benth. le. S. palustris, var., Torr. in Wilkes Exped. 1. c. — Washington Terr. to Fraser 
River, &e. Connects S. ciliata with S. Chamissonis. 

— + + Corolla scarlet-red, with narrow cylindrical tube much exceeding the calyx and the lips : 
flowers short-pedicelled or subsessile: cauline leaves slender-petioled : pubescence short and soft. 

S. coccinea, Jacq. Rather slender, a foot or two high: leaves ovate-lanceolate with 
cordate base, or oblong-deltoid, obtuse, crenate (inch or two long); floral sessile; the upper 
very small: spike interrupted: flowers generally distinctly pedicelled: calyx in flower 
cylindraceous, with tube twice the length of the slender-subulate teeth (in fruit more cam- 
panulate), a third to nearly half the length of the (9 to 12 lines long) corolla. — Hort 
Scheenb. iii. 18, t. 284; Bot. Mag. t. 666; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 310; Benth. in DC. 1. c. 467. 
S. cardinalis, Kunze in Bot. Zeit. ii. 645, ex Benth. — W. Texas to 8. Arizona. (Mex.) 

S. Bigelévii, Gray. Minutely cinereous-pubescent, slender: foliage, &c., nearly of the 
preceding: flowers fewer in the clusters, almost sessile: calyx (only 3 lines long) oblong- 
campanulate ; its teeth broader: tube of the (red?) corolla only half inch long; lower 
lip 8 lines long, much larger than the upper. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 371.—S. W. Texas, 
in crevices of basaltic rocks, IVright, Bigelow. 

Betonica orricinAris, L., or Sracuys Brronica, Benth., Wood Betony, of Europe, has 


been found in thickets near Boston, an escape from gardens. 


OrpDER CV. PLANTAGINACEZ. 


An anomalous order of Gamopetale, chiefly acaulescent herbs with one-several- 


ribbed or nerved radical leaves, simply spicate inflorescence, and regular 4-merous 
flowers having a free ovary, a filiform and entire long-stigmatose style, amphi- 
tropous and peltate ovules and seeds, a mostly straight embryo in firm-fleshy 
albumen, the cotyledons little broader than the radicle, and the corolla scarious 


Plantago. PLANTAGINACEZ. Bba 


and veinless, mostly marcescent-persistent. Consists of one European and one 
Andine-American genus, each of a single or at most two species and moneecious 
or dicecious, and of the large and widely dispersed genus, 


1. PLANTAGO, Tourn. Pranxrais, Riswort. (The Latin name.) — 
Flowers perfect or polygamo-diccious, each subtended by a bract. Calyx of 
4 imbricated sepals, persistent. Corolla salverform with a short tube, or nearly 
rotate; limb 4-parted ; lobes imbricated in the bud, two lateral exterior. Stameus 
4, or sometimes 2,0n the tube of the corolla: filaments commonly capillary: 
anthers 2-celled, versatile. Ovary 2-celled (or rarely falsely 3-4-celled), with one 
or more ovules in each cell. Style or stigma mostly hairy. Capsule (pyxidium) 
circumscissile toward the base, and with a loose partition falling away with the 
lid; the seeds attached to its face. Seed-coat developing copious mucilage when 
wetted. Scape from the axils of the radical or subradical leaves, mostly bearing 
a single simple spike or head of greenish or whitish small flowers, in summer. 


§ 1. Stamens 4: flowers all perfect: corolla remaining expanded, never closed 
over the fruit. 


* Flowers dichogamous, proterogynous; the stvle projecting from the apex of the unopened 
corolla; the anthers long-exserted on capillary filaments after the corolla has expanded. 


+— Corolla glabrous (as also the whole inflorescence, except in P. macrocarpa): seeds not hollowed 
(or barely concave) on the inner face: leaves 3-8-nerved or ribbed, plane: root perennial. 

++ Ribs or nerves of the broad leaves mainly confluent with the thick and dilated lower portion of 
the midrib: ovules only 2 in each cell: seeds by abortion sometimes solitary. 

=P. cordata, Lam. Glabrous and very smooth: leaves cordate or ovate (3 to 8 inches 

long), sometimes repand-dentate, long-petioled, 7-9-ribbed: scape fistulous, stout, a foot or 

two high, including the narrow spike: bracts rotund-ovate, convex, fleshy, with slightly 

scarious margins, very obtuse, as are the ovate and obovate sepals and the corolla-lobes: 

capsules broadly ovoid, very obtuse, about twice the length of the calyx: seeds 4 to 2, 

large, oblong, flat on the face. — Ill. i. 338; Jacq. Eclog. t. 72. P. Kentuckensis, Michx. Fl. 

i. 94.— Along streams (Canada? Pursh), New York to Wisconsin, Alabama, and Louis- 

jana, common only westward. 


++ ++ Ribs or nerves of the leaf free quite to the contracted base. 


== Leaves ovate or oval, or in small forms oblong, rarely subcordate; several-ribbed ; base abruptly 
contracted into a distinct petiole, not fleshy, varying from glabrous to pubescent, and from entire 
to <paringly repand-dentate: ovules and seeds at least 2 in each cell: scapes with the spike a span 
to 2 feet high. 

«=> P. major, L. (Common Prantaiy.) Spike commonly dense, obtuse at apex: sepals 
rotund-ovate or obovate, scarious-margined ; the exterior and the bract more or less cari- 
nate: ovules 8 to 18: seeds as many or by abortion fewer, small, angled by mutual press- 
ure, usually light brown, minutely reticulated: capsule ovoid, very obtuse, circumscissile 
near the middle and near the level of the summit of the sepals. — Waysides and near 
dwellings throughout the country, doubtless introduced from Europe, but also native from 
Lake Superior far northward. Runs into some monstrosities and several varieties, an 

és extreme in saline soil being var. minima, Decaisne in DC. Prodr. xiii. 695 (P. minima, DC.), 
with scapes 2 to 5 inches high, and leaves proportionally small. (Cosmop.) 

Var. Asidtica, Decaisne. Capsule usually more broadly ovoid, circumscissile 
near the base and much within the calyx. —P. Asiatica, L. Spec. i. 113; Franchet & 
Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. 384. (Includes perhaps P. Aamtschatica, Cham. and Link, or 
plants cultivated as such, with 4, 5, or 6 seeds). — A very large indigenous form, coast of 
California near San Francisco (capsule globose-ovoid) to the borders of British Columbia ; 
Saskatchewan to the Arctic Sea. Perhaps a distinct species. (N. Asia, Himalaya.) 

me P. Rugélii, Decaisne. Leaves paler, commonly thinner: spikes long and thin, atten- 
uate at the apex: sepals oblong, all as well as the similar bract acutely carinate: cap- 
sules erect in the spike, cylindraceous-oblong (somewhat over 2 lines long, one-sixteenth 

e 


390 PLANTAGINACE.E. Plantago. 


inch in diameter), about twice the length of the calyx, cireumscissile much below the 
middle: ovules 6 to 10: seeds 4 to 9, oval-oblong (about a line long), opaque and dull 
brown, not reticulated. — Prodr. 1. c. 700, founded on a small and slender 4-sceded form : 
but the species is often large, with its spike a foot or more long, and seeds more than 
4. — P. major, Ell. Sk. i. 201; Torr. Fl. 183, & Fl. N.Y. ii. 14; Darlingt. Fl. Cest. ed. 2, 110. 
P. Kamtschatica, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. ii. 61; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 811, not Cham. — Cana- 
da, Vermont to Illinois, and south to Georgia and Texas: prabably truly indigenous, as 
no trace of it is found in the Old World. 

== = Leaves mostly narrower, fewer-ribbed, entire or obscurely denticulate, tapering at base into 

more or less of a petiole: ovules and seeds never over 2 in each cell. 

c= P. sparsifiléra, Michx. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, thinnish (4 to 7 inches long), 
tapering into a slender petiole, villous-pubescent or glabrous, 3-5-nerved: scape with the 
filiform sparsely-flowered spike 8 to 20 inches long: bracts ovate, shorter than the oval 
rather rigid coriaceous sepals: corolla-lobes oblong-ovate, acute: capsule oblong, umbili- 
cate, fully twice the length of the calyx: seeds (also ovules) solitary in each cell, oblong, 
narrowly shallow-concave on the face. — Fl. i. 94; Decaisne, l. c. 721. P. Virginica, Walt. 
Car. 85%? BP. interrupta, Poir. Dict. v. 375. P. Caroliniana, Pursh, Fl. i. 98, not Walt. — 
Low pine barrens, S. Carolina and Georgia. 

—— P. eridpoda, Torr. Usually a mass of yellowish wool at the crown: leaves oblanceolate 
to oval-obovate, fleshy-coriaceous, 3-7-nerved, 3 to 5 inches long and with short or stout 
petiole, mostly glabrous: scapes pubescent or glabrate, and with the cylindrical and dense 
or sometimes sparsely-flowered spike a span to a foot high; bracts broadly ovate or round- 
ish, convex, scarious-margined, sometimes pubescent-ciliate : sepals roundish-obovate, sca- 
rious except the fuscous or greenish midrib: corolla-lobes broadly oval or ovate: capsule 
ovoid, slightly exceeding the calyx: ovules a pair in each cell: seeds as many or fewer, 
oval, flat on the face. — Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. 287; Watson, Bot. King, 212. P. attenuata, 
James in Long Exped. i. 445, not Wall. P. lanceolata, var. y & B in part, Hook. FI. ii. 123. 
P. virescens, Barneoud, Monogr. 33; Decaisne in DC. 1. c, 721. P. Richardsonii, Decaisne, 
1. ¢. 698. — Moist and saline soil, Colorado (.James, &c.) to Nevada ( IWatson), and N. California 
(Grrene), north to Wyoming, Saskatchewan, and Mackenzie River. 

P. macrocarpa, Cham. & Schl. Leaves thinner, lanceolate, acute, 5-7-nerved, 4 to 
15 inches long, 4 to 12 lines wide, gradually tapering into long margined petioles: scapes 
equalling or surpassing the leaves, bearing an oblong dense spike (in fruit 2 inches long) ; 
the rhachis, &c., tomentose or pubescent: bracts round-ovate or oval, fleshy-herbaceous and 
scarious-margined : sepals similar but almost wholly scarious: corolla-lobes oval: mature 
capsule ovoid-oblong (3 or 4 lines long), separating from the base and then fissile, 2-ovuled, 
1-2-seeded: seeds narrowly oblong, flat or slightly concave on the face.— Linn. i. 106; 
Bong. Veg. Sitk. 42. P. macrocarpa & P. longifolia, Decaisne, 1. c.— Coast of Washington 
Terr. to Alaska, and the Aleutian Islands. 
+— + Corolla with tube externally pubescent: capsule 2-4-seeded (in ours seldom incompletely 

3-4-celled): seeds not excavated nor concave on the face: leaves linear or filiform, fleshy; ribs 
usually indistinct or obsolete in the fresh plant: commonly some wool among the bases of the 
leaves. (Maritime species.) 

===P. maritima, L. Root perennial: leaves mostly obtuse: spike dense, oblong or cylin- 
drical: bracts mostly rotund and shorter than the calyx: sepals oval, more or less acutely 
carinate : corolla-lobes obtuse or hardly acute. — P. juncoides, Lam. IIL. i. 342 (Magellan) ; 
Decaisne in DC. Le. 731, partly. P. pauciflora, Pursh, Fl. i. 99; a dwarf form, with short 
and few-flowered spike, from Labrador ; therefore P. oliganthos, Rem. & Sch. Syst. iii. 122. 
P. borealis, Lange in Bot. Not. 1873, 129 & Fl. Dan. t. 2707, a similar few-flowered form. — 
Atlantic coast north of the Gulf of St. Lawrence; the abbreviated form. Pacific coast 

from California to the Aleutian Islands and Behring Straits. (Eu., Asia, Patagonia.) 
=== P, decipiens, Barneoud. Root annual (perhaps sometimes biennial) : leaves from fili- 
form to rather broadly linear and plane, attenuate-acute: spike slender, with flowers either 
sparse or dense (with the scape from 3 to 15 inches high): lower bracts cominonly ovate- 
subulate and equalling or exceeding the calyx: sepals ovate-orbicular: corolla-lobes very 
acute. — Monogr. 16, poorly characterized on a specimen from Labrador, but marked as 
an annual, P. juncoides, Decaisne, 1. c. in part. P. maritima, of U. 8. authors generally. 
P. pauciflora, Pursh, 1. c. in part. P. maritima, var. Juncoides, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 311. — Salt 
marshes, Atlantic coast from Labrador and New Brunswick to New Jersey ; flowering late. 


Plantago. PLANTAGINACE.E. 891 


+ + + Corolla glabrous, nearly rotate: ovules and seeds 2, solitary in each cell; the latter 
hollowed on the face: leaves strongly 3-5-ribbed, not fleshy. 

om P, vanceoiira, L. (Rippre- or Riperass, Excristt Praxtary.) Root biennial or short- 
lived perennial herbage villous or glabrate: leaves oblong-lanceolate, tapering into a 
slender petiole, usually much shorter than the (foot or two long) slender deeply sulcate and 
angled scape: spike at first capitate, in age cylindrical, dense: bract and sepals broadly 
ovate, scarious, brownish; two of the latter usually united into one. —Commonly natural- 
ized in fields, from Eu. (Varieties said in Hook. FI. ii. 125, to be indigenous far north- 
ward; but some of these plants belong to P. eriopoda, others perhaps to P. macrocarpa.) 

* * Flowers heterogonous, in the greater number of individuals cleistogamous, but with normal 
corolla: this with broad cordate or ovate widely expanding lobes nearly equalling the tube: 
ovules solitary in the two cells: seed cymbiform, deeply excavated on the face: inflorescence 
and commonly the narrow leaves silky-pubescent or lanate. 

“= P. Patagoénica, Jacq. Annual, silky-lanate or glabrate: leaves from narrowly linear to 
oblanceolate, acute or callous-pointed, tapering below into a petiole, entire or sparingly 
denticulate, 1-3nerved: scape terete, 3-12 inches high including the dense cylindrical or 
oblong spike: sepals very obtuse, scariously margined from a thickish and firm central 
herbaccous portion; the anterior oblong, posterior oval: lobes of the corolla usually a line 
long, roundish: seeds oblong-oval. (Filaments in the long-stamened individuals capillary 
and much exserted, and the anthers of usual ample size; style less exserted; apparently 
not proterogynous. Stamens and style in the other and more fruitful form short, included, 
or the effete anthers barely protruded from the throat; these very small, in the cleisto- 
gamous manner.) — Gray, Man. ed. 2, 269, Pacif. R. Rep. iv.117, & Bot. Calif. i601. P. 
Patagonica, Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 306, & Coll. Suppl. 35; Barneoud, Monogr. 38; Decaisne in 
DC. l.c. 713; to which add most of the dozen species of the same subdivision in the 
Prodromus, and their synonyms. — Prairies and dry plains, from Kentucky,‘Ilinois and 
Wisconsin north to Saskatchewan, south to Texas, and west to California and Brit. 
Columbia. (Mex., 5. Am.) 

—— Var. gnaphalioides, Gray, may be taken as the commoner N. American type, can- 
escently villous ; but the wool often floccose and deciduous: leaves from oblong-linear or 
spatulate-lanceolate to nearly filiform: spike very dense, 1 to 4 inches long, varying to 
capitate and few-flowered, lanate: bracts oblong-or linear-lanceolate, or the lowest deltoid- 
ovate, hardly surpassing the calyx. — P. Lagopus, Pursh, Fl. i. 99, not L. P. Purshii, 
Rem. & Sch. Syst. iii. 120. P. gnaphalioides, Nutt. Gen. i. 100. P. Hookeriana, Fisch. & 
Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. 1838, 89.— Runs through 

axe Var. spinuldsa, Gray, |. ¢. (P. spinulosu, Decaisne, 1. c.), a canescent form with 
aristately prolonged and rigid bracts, and 

Var. nida, Gray, |. c. (P. |W rightiana, Decaisne, 1. c.), with sparse and loose pubes- 

cence, green and soon glabrate rigid leaves, and short bracts, to 
=== Var. aristdta, Gray, l.c. Loosely villous and glabrate: leaves green: bracts 
attenuate-prolonged to twice or thrice the length of the flowers. — P. aristata; Michx. Fl. 

i. 95. P. gnaphalioides, var. aristata, Hook. Fl. l.c. A slender and depauperate form is 

P. squarrosa, Nutt.in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 178, and P. Nuttallii, Rapin ex Barneoud, 

1.¢., also P. siliformis, Decaisne, 1. c.— All the forms most abound west of the Mississippi, 

from Nebraska to Texas. 

§ 2. Stamens 4 or 2: flowers subdicecious or diccio-cleistogamous ; the corolla 
in the fertile or mainly fertile plant remaining closed or closing over the matur- 
ing capsule and forming a kind of beak, and anthers not exserted: seeds flat or 
barely concave on the face. (American species.) 

%* Leaves comparatively broad: stamens 4: ovules and seeds 1 or 2 in each cell. 

w= P. Virginica, L. Small winter-annual or fibrous-rooted biennial, soft-pubescent or more 
villous with spreading articulated hairs: leaves spatulate or obovate-oblong, little if at all 
petioled, entire or repand-denticulate, thin, an inch or so long, obscurely 3-5-nerved: 
scapes 2 to 6 inches high, slender: spike mostly dense, and an inch or two long: bracts 
equalling or shorter than the calyx: sepals ovate or oblong, more or less hairy on the 
back: corolla-lobes subcordate-ovate: substerile flowers widely open, with capillary fila- 
ments, style long-exserted (the style commonly earlier), and large oval anthers: flowers 
of the fully fertile spikes with corolla remaining closed, small anthers on short filaments, 


. 


392 PLANTAGINACER. Plantago. 


and short style not protruded. — Spec. i. 113 (Gronov. Virg. 16; Moris. Hist. iii. 259, 
sect. 8, t. 15, fig. 8); Michx. Fl. i. 94; Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 117. P. Caroliniana, 
Walt. Car. 84. P. purpurascens, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. lL. c.; the staminate and 
substerile plant. — Sandy fields, &c., S. New England to 8. Illinois, Florida, and Texas. 
A depauperate form (perpusilla) has a filiform scape an inch high, from an annual root, 
much exceeding the leaves, and 2-5-flowered: Florida, Chapman. 

exaus= Var. longifélia. A coarser plant: leaves oblong-spatulate, 3 to 5 inches long and 
tapering into a margined petiole, often with some coarse salient teeth: scapes with the 
spike 5 to 12 inches long: flowers rather larger.— P. purpurascens, Nutt. l.c. P. occiden- 
talis, Decaisne in DC. 1. c. — Arkansas and Texas to §. Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) 

P. hirtélla, HBK. Root perennial, thick: leaves oblong-ovate or oblong-spatulate, gla- 
brate, rather fleshy, entire or sparsely denticulate, 5-7-nerved, 4-10 inches long, narrowed 
into a short and broad base or a broad-margined petiole: scape and long dense spike a foot 
or two high, stout, hirsute: flowers longer than in the preceding (3 lines long), with corolla- 
lobes ovate, acute; those of the fertile closed form with apex of slender style commonly 
protruding and the anthers perhaps sterile. (Staminate and open-flowered form as in P. 
Virginica or more fertile, but not yet seen from California). — Nov. Gen. & Spec. ii. 229, 
t.127; Decaisne, in DC. 1. e. 723. P.Hartwegi, Decaisne, 1. c. 724. P. Urville’, Delile, Cat. 
Hort. Monsp.? & P. Candollei, Rapin? P. Durvillei, var. Californica, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. 
Sem. Petrop. P. Kamtschatica, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 156? P. Virginica, var. maxima, 
Gray, Bot. Calif. i. 611.— Coast of California, from San Francisco Bay southward: usually 
in a remarkably large form. (Mex., Chili.) 


%* * Leaves linear or filiform: flowers very small: stamens only 2: small and slender annuals, 
minutely pubescent or nearly glabrous: the individuals having exserted stamens and style and 
open corolla not rarely fully fruitful. 


+— Spike short, thick, and dense, in fruit an inch long: mature capsule 2 lines long. 

~_-P. Bigelévii, Gray. Mostly glabrous and green: leaves 1} to 4 inches long, rather 

fleshy, obtuse, entire, shorter than the scapes: mature capsule ovoid-oblong, half longer. 

than the calyx, 4-seeded: only form known fully fertile, with style conspicuously and 

the two stamens slightly exserted from the open corolla. —Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 117, & Bot. 

Calif. i. 612.— Brackish marshes, Bay of San Francisco, California, at Benicia and Oak- 

land, Bigelow, Greene, Bolander. Vancouver Island, a smaller form, Macoun. 

+ + Spike filiform or slender, at length sparse-flowered, and half inch to three inches long: 

capsule about a line long: leaves occasionally with a few denticulations or divergent lobes. 

«== P. pusilla, Nutt. Somewhat cinereous-puberulent: leaves about an inch long and half 
line wide: capsule short-ovoid, little exceeding the bract and calyx, 4-seeded: seeds elon- 
gated-oblong. — Gen. i. 110, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. (excl. syn.) ; Torr. Fl. 184, & Fl. 
N. Y. ii. 16. P. linearifolia, Muhl. Cat. 15? P. hybridu, Bart. Fl. Philad., & Fl. Am. Sept. 
iii. t. 98, fig. 1. P. Bigeloviit, Watson, Bot. King, 212, not Gray, a rather larger-flowered 
form. — Sandy or gravelly soil, 8. New York to Virginia and Louisiana, Illinois, Nebraska ; 


also Salt Lake, Utah, and interior of Oregon. 
/— Bhicterophyils, Nutt. Greener or nearly glabrous, often taller, and with spikes 2 to 5 


inches long: leaves sometimes 4 inches long and 1 or 2 lines wide: capsule conoidal-oblong 
and at length considerably surpassing the bract and calyx, 10-28-seeded: seeds oblong, 
usually angled by mutual pressure, obscurely rugose-pitted. — Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. 
ser. v. 177 (char. imperfect) ; Gray, Man. 1. c.; Chapm. Fl. 278. P. Caroliniana, Pursh, Fl. 
i. 98% not Walt. P. perpusilla, Decaisne in DC. 1. c. 697.— Low sandy ground, Penn. to 
Florida, Texas, and Arkansas. 
=-—P. mEp1A, L., enumerated by Muhlenberg as of the United States, is not met with in this 
country. 
P. cucurrAra, Lam., which is P. maxima, Jacq., another Old-World species, said by Pursh 
to inhabit Canada and Maine, is not found. Pursh may have taken a large P. Rugelii for it. 
P. evoncAta, Pursh, Fl. ii. 729, of Bradbury’s collection on the Missouri, is unknown; 
probably a glabrate form of P. Patagonica. 
P. crdsra, Nutt. Gen, i. 100, on arid soil near Fort Mandan, on the Upper Missouri, is not 
identified; perhaps a form of P. eriopoda, Torr., with loose spike. 


ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 


Page 5. LOBELIA. ToL. paludosa, add: 
Var. Floridana. The larger form, 2 to 5 feet high: tube of corolla 3 or 4 lines long. 
— L. Floridana, Chapm. in Bot. Gazette, iii. 9, Feb. 1878. — Common in Florida, also Louis- 
jana, Drummond. 


Page 19. GAYLUSSACIA. To G. frondosa, add: 

—— Var. nana. Stems lower and strict, only a foot or so high: leaves more reticulated in 
age and smaller than in the northern plant : racemes and their pedicels shorter. — Pine bar- 
rens of Florida, &c. Apparently there the common form, of which the var. tomentosa is 
a downy-leaved state. 


Page 59. PRIMULA. To P, angustifolia, add: 

Var. Cusickiana. Larger: scape 3 or 4 inches high, surpassing the leaves, 2-flow- 
ered, and with more conspicuous involucre of a pair of unequal lanceolate bracts: calyx 
more campanulate, a farinose white line below each sinus; lobes ovate-lanceolate, about 
the length of the tube: corolla-lobes only retuse or emarginate. — Rocky hills, Union Co., 
eastern border of Oregon, W. C. Cusick, 1877. 


Page 64. CHENTUNCULUS. After C. minimus, add: 

C. pentandrus, R. Br. Pedicels equalling or surpassing the ovate leaves: flowers com- 
monly 5-merous. — Prodr. 427 ; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 390. C. tenedlus, Duby in DC. Prodr. viii. 
72; Chapm. in Bot. Gazette, iii. 10. Anagallis pumila, Swartz. Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 345. MWicro- 
pyxis pumila, Duby, l. c.—S. Florida, Chapman, &. (Trop. Am., E. Ind., Australia. ) 


Page 84. ECHITEHS. After BH. Andrewsii, add: 

E. paludésa, Vahl. Habit of the preceding: peduncle elongated, 1-3-flowered: corolla 
white, 2 inches long or more; tube slender, as long as the obconical-campanulate throat, 
about thrice the length of the oblong and mucronate spreading calyx-lobes: anthers 
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, not appendaged: beak of the seeds plumose to the base. — 
Ecl. Am. ii. 19, & Ic. t.5; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 415. Rhabdadenia paludosa, Mull. Arg.— 
Muddy islets of Caloosa River, S. Florida, Chapman, published in Bot. Gazette, 1. ¢., as E. 
biflora. (NV. Ind. to Isthmus.) 


Page 1022. VINCETOXICUM. 
WV. palistre. Add syn. Cynoctonum maritimum, Maxim. in Bull. Acad. Petrop. ix. 800. 


Page 104. GONOLOBUS. 
G. hirstGtus. Add: Corolla from straw-color or greenish to dull and dark purple in the 
same cluster. Dr. Jellichamp. 
——-G. Carolinénsis. This has the fleshy crown considerably surpassing the stigma: flowers 
with a cimicine odor, according to Engelmann, who finds it in 8. Missouri. 
G. Baldwinidnus has a clear white corolla, according to Chapman. — After G. Caroli- 
nensis, add : 


394 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 


G. flavidulus, Chapm. Corolla sordid yellow, ovate in bud; lobes broadly oblong, 
reticulated, 3 or 4 lines long: crown thinnish, equalling the stigma, 15-dentate; teeth of 
about equal length; 5 broad, obtuse or retuse, alternate with 5 pairs of narrower subulate 
ones; the sinuses deeper between those of each pair, which are accordingly rather distant. 
— Bot. Gazette, iii. 12, Feb. 1878. G. macrophyllus, Ell. Sk. i. 3277 G. hirsutus, Chapm. 
Fl. 368, not Michx. — Light clay soil, Gadsden Co., Florida, Chapman. 


Page 136. (See also p. 145.) COLLOMIA. 


—€. aggregata, T. C. Porter, in Wheeler Rep. ined. The character which appeared 
well to distinguish Collomia from Gila, namely the unequal insertion of the stamens, 
unfortunately tails in Giliu aggregata, Spreng. (Cantua aggreyata, Pursh), which on p. 145 
is associated with (. coronopifolia, the type of the section Zpomopsis, and is in other respects 
also a most polymorphous species. In many specimens, and we believe in the original, 
the anthers are all of the same height and the insertion of the filaments equal, or not 
obviously unequal: in others from all localities (but especially in the southern ranges of 
the species), the insertion varies from obviously to excessively unequal, as much so as in 
any Phlox. It seems impossible to divide the specimens into two or more species. As the 
inequality prevails, and as the nearest relatives of the species have been already placed in 
Collomia, it seems necessary to transfer Gilia aggregata also to that genus, as has been 
done by Professor Porter in the still unpublished Report of the Botany of Wheeler’s 
Surveys. 

Page 138. GILIA. After G. aurea, add: 


=——G.Lemmoni. Of § Dactylophyllum, with foliage of G. pusilla, var. Californica, and corolla 
of the same, but more funnelform and tube rather longer: stem erect, simple, 2 or 3 inches 
high: leaves very much shorter than the internodes: flowers sessile in the manner of 
Leptosiphon, but few: calyx turbinate-prismatic, strongly 5-costate; lobes acerose-subulate, 
rigid, equalling the yellow throat of the corolla: anthers oval. capsule narrowly cylindri- 
cal, many-seeded.— 8. E. California, in San Bernardino Co., Parry & Lemmon. Proper 
tube of corolla, the yellowish throat, and the (apparently white) rounded-obovate lobes 
each a line long. 


Page 160. PHACEHLIA. After P. crenulata, add: 

oom P, Arizénica. Much smaller than P. crenulata, (with depauperate forms of which it has 
been confounded), depressed instead of erect, lighter green: leaves oblong-linear or nar- 

rowly oblong in outline, all but the lower sessile, deeply pinnatifid (6 to 15 lines long), 
appressed-pubescent; lobes oval or short-oblong, entire or crenulate: corolla only 2 lines 

long, white, with some purple lines, rotate-campanulate ; the lobes quite entire: stamens 

and style much exserted: capsule globular: seeds oval. —S. Arizona, Thurber, Greene, &c. 

~— =P. Menziésii, p. 166, add: appendages of the corolla connivent in pairs over the base 
of the midnerve of each petal, forming 5 nectariferous grooves alternate with the stamens. 


Page 193-196. HRITRICHIUM. 
To the character of the subsection Eukrynitzia, on p. 193, E. pusillum forms an exception, 
having acute-angled nutlets, as rightly described under the species. 
E. Texanum, p. 195, has been collected in Colorado, at the base of the Rocky Mountains, 
by J. D. Hooker & A. Gray, 1877. 
EH. holépterum, p. 196. The wing of the nutlets appears to be sometimes reduced to a 
narrow border: but mature fruit is still unknown. The root is annual. 

Var. submolle, Gray. Low: inflorescence and obtuse calyx more canescently 
pubescent, nearly destitute of hispid hairs: immature nutlets merely wing-margined. 
Proc. Am. Acad. xiii. 374.— St. George, 8. Utah, Palmer, 1877. 

HE. setosissimum. Nutlets flattish or barely convex and not carinate on the back. 
Those of £. glomeratum are distinctly carinate. 


Page 216. CONVOLVULUS: add: 
C. Havanénsis, Jacq. Suffruticose, prostrate, canescent and glabrate: leaves oblong 
or elliptical, obtuse or retuse and mucronate, entire (6 to 12 lines long), abruptly contracted 
or sometimes tapering into a short petiole: peduncle few-several-flowered: pedicels longer 


ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 395 


than the calyx: corolla white, half inch long: lobes acute: stigmas oblong: capsule split- 
ting into several valves. — Obs. ii. 25, t. 45, fig. 8 (flower and leaf); Griseb. Cat. Cub. 207. 
C. ruderarius, ABK. CL Garber’, Chapm. in Bot. Gazette, 1. c. 8. Zpomea Havanensis, 
Choisy in DC. Prodr. ix. 368, referred to that genus at a venture. — Sandy coast, Cape 
Sable, 8. Florida, Garber. (Cuba.) 


Page 225. CHAMAISARACHA. 
To the character should be added: Corolla with roundish tomentose twin appendages or 
elevations at the throat, alternate with the stamens. These in 


C. Corénopus are large and very protuberant, densely tomentose, and the corolla is 
greenish-white, not “yellowish.” In the two other species they are smaller and less 
conspicuous. 


Page 236. PHYSALIS. To P. Fendleri, add: 


Var. cordifélia. Leaves larger; all the lower ones subcordate, or the lowest reni- 
form. — St. George, S. Utah, Palmer. 


Page 255. MOHAVEHA viscida: add syn. 
Antirrhinum confertiflorum, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 592. 


Page 329, under DIANTHERA, add: 

JacoBiNIA NEGLECTA, Sericographis neglecta, Oersted, a native of the Mexican coast-region, 
has been received, through P. J. Berckmans, in living specimens from Florida, where it is said 
to be spontaneous. It is somewhat shrubby, with oblong-lanceolate or broader and acumi- 
nate leaves, flowers (inch and a half long) secund, in naked triple spikes on a slender axillary 
peduncle: calyx and bracts short: corolla light brick-red and narrowly tubular: connective 
of the anthers broad enough to refer the plant to Dianthera, the slightly higher and larger 
cell (or rather the connective) apiculate. 


Page 334. STACHYTARPHEHTA. 
As to the derivation of the name, Lemaire, in Flore des Serres, June, 1846, has happily sug- 


gested that Vahl formed the latter part of the word from rapes, crowded or dense, and 
wrote Stachytarpheia, and that the / was mistaken for a t by the printer. 


IN DE X. 


NameEs of Orders are in CAPITALS; of Suborders and Tribes, in SMALL CAPITALS; of genera, in 
ordinary type; of subgenera or sections, synonyms, and genera merely referred to, in Jtalic type. Popular 
or vernacular names are also in ordinary Roman type. 


emer ACANTHACE.E, 321. 
=Acanthomintha, 344, 365. 
Acanthus, 321. 
mapaicerates, 86, 98. 
asmAcerates, 88, 89. 
aA chiras, 67. 69. 
Acinas By, 
ase Actinocyclus, 46. 
emAdelia, 76, 77. 
—-Aldenostegra, 303. 
Adhatoda, 328. 
we Ee uchloa, 141, 142. 
mel ftelia, 289. 
ewe A yarisin, 33. 
ewe yistrche, 376. 
alyauria, 33. 
wos Ajuga, 342, 349. 
ame \.JUGOIDE.F, 3842. 
exe Ale, 159. 
—~—~Allotropa, 18, 48. 
—— Aluysin, 338 
Amblynuthera, 84. 
al melia, 46. 
e~Ainer. Cowslip, 57. 
Ammobroma, 51. 
—Ammyrsine, 43. 
Amphianthus, 247, 284. 
maf mphistelma, 102 
soamA msinckia, 179, 197. 
==—Ainsonia, 7, 81. 
o——Anagallis, 56, 63. 
Anagallis, 393. 
Anantherix, 86, 88. 
emm Anchusa, 204. a 
—Andrewsia, BR /2Z 
amemAndrocera, 231. 
aor ndromeda, 15, 30. 


eww 2] romeda, 20, 28, 33-37. 


ome A NDROMEDE.E, 15. 
=e Androsace, 56, 60. 
alndrosace, 59. 
~— Anisacanthus, 323, 326. 
_-. xiniseta, 209. 
Anisocheila, 303. 
smmednoplanthus, 312. 
sed noplon, 312. 
Antiphytum, 179, 199. 
xe Antirrhinastrum, 251. 
om~"A NTIRRHINE-E, 245. 
=~ Antirrhinum, 245, 251. 
x Antirrhinum, 250, 395. 
== Aphyllon, 311, 312. 
=~ APOCYNACEA, 79. 
«== Apocynum, 80, 82. 
ex A pple-of-Peru, 237. 


peARBUTES, 15. 

peA rbutus, 15, 26. 
Arbutus, 2-28. 

i Arctostaphylos, 15, 27. 
tA retous, 27. 
h—Ardisia, 65. 
PoAretia, 59. 

be Armeria, 54. 
mASCLEPIADACES, 85. 
PASCLEPIADE®, 85. 
= Asclepias, 80, 89. 
em Asclepias, 88, 89. 

= Asclepiodora, 86, 88. 
m=Ash, 73 
Astephanus, 85, 87. 
Athenan, 233. 
peeritropa, 237. 

PTA TRUPE.E, 225. 
eet\udibertia, 345. 
Avicennia, 334, 340. 
AVICENNIE.®, 333. 
mem tzuled, 39-44. 

tb Azaleastrum, 40. 


PBallota. 347, 384. 
be Balm, 361, a 
e=Balmony, 258. 
e=eartonia, 111, 127. 
t~Bartsia, 249, 305. 
= Bartsia, 297, 300. 
te Basil, 350, 360. ” 
eeasil Thyme, 359. 
me Bussorig, 224. 
mescfdtis, 211. 
PBitudendron, 20. 
we Bitschia, 24, 
mBearberry, 27. 
m=Bee-Balm, 374. 
meeechlrops. 314. 
me Befaria, £3. 
mBejaria, 17. 43. 
fBell-flower, 11. 
—Beloperone, 323, 329. 
peBelredere, 53. 
Bene, 320. 

Pr Benthamir. 198. 
r-Bergamot, 352. 
Berginia, 322, 327. 
LeBetonica, 388. 
[“Betony, 388. 

eH Beurreria, 180. 
mBigeluria, 76. 

= Bienonia. 318, 319. 
Bignonit, 107, 319, 320. 
PBIGNONIACEE, 318. 


phabbat tying oa 


ci dpenged api ah diyyt t by ate 


\{ 


\Wenema 
La 


Cel dure tiahi tol deed 


iwWwaeen 


henge eta p ede ft 


Bilberry, 20, 23, 24. 
"Billardiera, 337. 
weDindweed, 214. 
p=Dittersweet, 228. 
Bird Pepper, 231. 
Bladderwort, 314. 
Pe Blanfordia, 53. 

rm Blephilia, 345, 376. 
m Blueberry, 20, 21. 
mBlue-curls, 347. 
P“ilue Tangle, 19. 
p=Blueweed, 207. 
 Bolivaria, 78. 
p—Bonamica, 217. 
p=Borage, 180. 
P“BoRknaGcE-*®, 178. 
PBORKAGINACEA, 177. 
t- Burrage, 180. 
e=Borya, 76, 77. 

+ Boschniakia, 311, 313. 
Bouchea, 333, 334. 
Bouchetia, 226, 244. 
re Bourreria, 177, 180. 
m=Boxberry, 30. 
m=Box-thorn, 237. 
P—Brachyglossis, 244. 
mB rachyyyne, 290. 
peBrachystemum, 354. 
eeBramia, 281. 
Brazoria, 346, 382. 
rm Breweria, 208, 217. 
P"Brooklime, 286. 
=Brookweed, 64. 
-=Broom-Rape, 311. 
rBrowalliu, 244. 

p> Brunella, 346, 382. 
pBryanthus, 16, 36. 
P"Buchnera, 248, 289. 
m= Buck bean, 128. 
m=Buckthorn, 68. 
eBuddleia, 107, 109. 
p=Bugle-weed, 352, 353. 
t= Buzloss, 207. 

f Bumelia, 67. 
urchardia, 340. 
utter-and-eges, 251. 
ssButterwort, 317. 


Calabash tree, 320. 
fCalamintha, 343, 359. 
mCalamintha, 365. 
P"Calamint, 359. 
FCalico-bush, 38. 
=Callibrachoa, 243. 


cepbday 


P Callicarpa, 333, 340. 


398 


ewe (allistach ya, 286. 
—Calluna, 16, 36. 
——~Calonyetion, 209. 
w——Calophanes, 322, 324. 
=Calosphace, 368. 
—Calyptrospermum, 78. 
ee(alystegia, 214. 
“Camara, 339. 
exe Campanula, 10, 11. 
er CAMPANULACE, 9. 
amm( AMPANULEA, 9. 
me Campsis, 319. 
Campylocera, 10. 
ee=Cancer-root, 312, 314. 
(anchalagua, 112. 
ew Cantug, 136, 145. 
Cape Gooseberry, 233. 
Capraria, 248, 285. 
= Capraria, 279. 
——Capsicum, 224, 231. 
= Carlowrightia, 322, 327. 
=—Cassandra, 16, 35. 
a=e-Cassiope, 16, 35. 
== Castilleia, 249, 295. 
ese= (ustilleioides, 299. 
=—Catalpa, 319. 
——Cayenne Pepper, 231. 
——Cedronella, 345, 377. 
——-Centaurella, 127. 
_-Centaurium, 125. 
—=Centaury, 112. 
==Centunculus, 56, 64, 393. 
——~—Ceranthera, 344, 365. 
me Cerinthe, 200. 
eames Ceropegit, 102. 
=a" CHSTRINEB, 225, 
~—-— Cestrum, 226, 241. 
exe ()etudiscus, 280. 
Chaffseed, 305. 
a——Chaffweed, 64. 
Chauiturus, 385. 
ame haimeduphne, 35. 
eee Chiameledon, 44. 
== Chumephysalis, 233. 


--~-~Chameesaracha, 225, 232, 395. 


e=eCheckerberry, 30. 
ome Cheilyctis, 375. 
=—Chelone, 246, 259. 
—~—Chelone, 261, 264. 
em CHELONEE, 246. 
—Chia, 366 


aemeChickweed-Wintergreen, 60. 


--~-Chilopsis, 319, 320. 

== Chimaphila, 17. 45. 

wee Chiogenes, 15, 25. 

sf Chionanthus, 73, 77. 

=== Chionophila, 246, 273. 

—— Chiron, 1 

wm Chondrophylla, 120. 
Chrysophyllum, 66, 67. 

—Chihamalia, 104. 

—— Cicendia, 112, 113. 

—™~Citharexylum, 333, 340. 

—~ Citronella, 351. 
Cladothamnus, 17, 44. 

ewes Clethra, 17, 44. 

emma CLETHRE, 17. 

ee (linopodium, 350, 356, 360. 

=Clintonia, 8. 

eee (Clislogrammica, 220. 

== Cochranea, 186. 

ae (Celanthe, 120. 
Celostylis,, 108. 

~—Coldenia, 177, 181. 

were Collinsia, 246, 255. 


INDEX. 


Collinsonia, 342, 351. 
Collomia, 129, 134, 394. 
Collomia, 140, 146, 
Collomioides, 143. 

oluinbo, 125. 
Comarostaphylis, 29. 
omfrey, 206. 

onanthus, 153, 171. 
Conobea, 247, 279. 
Conopholis, 311, 313. 
Conradia, 289. 

Conradina, 343, 361. 
CONVOLVULACEA, 207. 
CoNVOLVULE&, 208. 
onvolvulus, 208, 214, 394. 
‘onvolvulus, 209-214, 217. 
Corallophyllum, 51. 

ordia, 177, 180. 


Jourtoisia, 135. 
Cowberry, 25. 
Cow-Wheat, 310. 
Cranberry, 20, 25. 


Crossopetalum, 116. 
‘ryphincanthus, 325. 
ulver’s Physic, 286. 
Cunila, 343, 353. 
Cuscuta, 208, 219. 
CuscurEs, 208. 
Cyanocuceus, 21. 
Cycladenia, 80, 83. 
CYNANCHE.E, 85. 
Cynanchum, 102. 
Cynoctonum, 102, 108, 393. 
Cynoglossum, 178, 187. 
Cynoglossum, 189, 190. 
CYPIIE.E, 2. 

Cyrilla, 65. 


Detyloph ylum, 137, 394. 
Ductylostegium, 331. 
uphnidostaphylis, i" 
Disystoma, i 29 * 
Date-Plum, 69. 
Datura, 225, 239. 
ead-Nettle, 385. 
Decachena, 19. 
Decamerium, 19. 
Decemium, 155. 
Deerberry, 21. 
Dendrium, 43. 
Dianthera, 323, 329. 
ianthoides, 138. 
Diapensia, 52. 
IAPENSIACEZ, 51. 
DIAPENSIEA, 52. 
Dicerandra, 365. 
icliptera, 323, 331. 
Dicliptera, 330. 
Dichondra, 207. 
ICHONDREA, 207, 
Dictyolobus, 108. 
GITALE.E, 248, 
Diospyros, 69. 
Dipholis, 67. 
Diplacus, 273, 275. 
Dipteracanthus, 324-327. 
Dittany, 353. 


ke odder, 219. 
Dodecatheon, 56, 57. 
e=Dogbane, 82. 

l= Douglasia, 56, 59. 

m= Downingia, 2, 8. 

be- Dracocephalum, 345, 378. 
P=Dracocephalum, 377, 383. 
Draperia, 153, 158. 
Drejera, 328, 330. 
Duranta, 333, 340. 

k= Dysmicudon, 10, 11. 


af Pande 


bo RENACE.E, 69. 
Echidiocarya, 179, 198. 
Echinoglochin, 190. 

Le chinospermum, 179, 188. 
kel chinosphtice, 366. 

- Echites, 80, 84, 393. 

be Ichites, 83, 85. 

he .CHITIDE.L, 80. 
TEchium, 180, 207. 
Eddya, 182. 

|_—hretia, 177, 181. 
}-EHRETIES, 177. 

be laphocera, 143. 
Elliottia, 17, 44. 

be Illisia, 152, 157. 

Ellisia, 340. 

pe Elmigera, 261. 
Llytraria, 822, 323. 
eEmmenanthe, 153, 170. 
Emorya, 107, 110. 
eefinslenia, 86, 100. 
L-pichroma, 295. 

bel pigea, 15, 29. 

bed piphegus, 311, 314. 
W—Hiianthera, 259. 
Lirica, 36. 

> ERICACES, 14. 

fm ERICE, 16. 

PAE RICINER, 15. 
—Herinus, 280. 

= Lriodictyon, 153, 175. 
melritrichium, 179, 190, 394. 
Eritrichium, 199 
feorythrea, 110, 112. 
be rythrorhiza, 53. 
be ubotrys, 34. 
be Huchroma, 295. 
Mucrypta, 157. 
uninus, 275 

ks Euphrasia, 249, 305. 
ke DUPITRASIE®, 249, 
tWuploce, 183. 
pedusiuchya, 286. 
p“Eustoma, 111, 116. 
meiutocd, 158, 164, 171. 
PLvolvulus, 208, 218. 
be larrcum, 112. 
beliyebright, 3805. 


{it 


Lye ity 


ae 


phad PVinNdal (decd pit 9 


aa 


Pingel h 


eFalse Dragon-head, 383. 
pelarkle-berry, 20. 
(—Featherfoil, 57. 
p—Fenzlia, 138. 
eTetterbush, 32. 

fe iowort, 258. 

be Fischer, 43. 
belloating Heart, 128. 
m lowering Moss, 52. 
p=lorget-me-not, 202. 
pet'orestiern, 73, 76., 
bee! orstcronia, 85. 

P= Forsythia, 72 
pedrasera, 111, 125. 


Ciibultborrite 3 


buphacehe | 


emeFyaxinaster, 74. 
amet RAXINEA, 72. 
ome raxinus, 72, 73. 
French Tea, 351. 
ened rige-tree, 77. 


—= GALACINEA, 2. 
~——Gulapagoa, 182. 
— (Galax, 52, 53. 
—~Galeopsis, 347. 
Gambelia, 254. 
——Cardoquia, 360. 
Gatesia, 323, 330. 
wee Gaultheria, 15, 29. 
om Gaultheriu, 26, 
—Gaultiera, 30. 
mee ulicnt, 29, 
==— Gay lussacia, 15, 19, 893. 
am GELSEMIE.E, 106. 
== Gelsemium, 106, 107. 
a= Gentian, 116. 
=== Gentiana, 111, 116. 
Gentinna, 124, 
oe (3 ANE. r, 110, 
wer Gk TAN ACE.E, 110. 
om Centinnella, 116. 
m= Gerardia, 248. 290. 
=x Cerardia, 280), 289. 
oe GER ARDIE.E, 248. 
== Germander, 349. 
@—Gilia, 124, 437, 304. 
—Giliu’, 135, 136. 
— Gilndra, 146. 
——" Giliupsis, 136. 


— Gill-over-the-ground, 378. 


= 352. 
wm (oi eis, 9. 
adie 337. 
=> = 56, 68. 
<= Glycyphylla, 26. 
Goatweed, 285. 
mes Gomphocarpus, 86, 100. 
eG ONOLOBE, 87. 
exe Gonolobus, 87. 102, 393. 
— GOODENIACE, 1. 
Grammica, 269. 
wwema(STatiola, 247, 281. 
am Grativlaria, 281. 
eee GRATIOLEE, 246. 
Greasewood, 373. 
o=e= (Greek Valerian, 149. 
——— Gregoria, 59. 
eee Gromvwvell, 203. 
eee Ground Cherry, 233. 
== Ground Laurel, 29. 
= Ground Pink, 181. 
——Gruvelia, 187. 
— Guiltheria, 29. 
— Cualtieria, 2). 
Gy mnandra, 332. 
—Gymnandra’ 286. 
Gymnobythus, 163. 
mr ymnocaulis, 312. 
Gyrandra, 112. 


—alehie, 111, 127. 
em="Falesia, 70, 71. 

Haplophyton, 80, 82. 
om— Harebell, 11. 
“—Harpagonella, 178, 186. 
“=[eal-all, 382. 
t——=Heath, 36. 

_Heather, 36." 
—Hedeoma, 844, 361. 

Hedeoma, 364. 


INDEX. 


Hedeomoides, 364. 

pe ledge Hyssop, 281. 
—Teliophyium, 183, 186. 

—-Heliotrope, 183. 

—eHELIOTROPIES, 177. 
<—Heliotropium, 177, 183. 

—t Hemianthus, 284. 

peed] emipogon, 3. 

“THemistegia, 304. 

Hemitomes, 50. 

—~7~Hemp-Nettle, 385. 

— =Henbane, 240. 

— Henrys, 330. 
~—aHerpestis, 247, 280. 
mr er pestis, 279. 

Hesperelia, 73, 77. 

=Hesperochiron, 153, 172. 

Hesper ge 259. 

t—Heterocodon, 10,14. 

paileterosphace, 37. 

“TT ippoglossum, 2060. 

TT Moitzia, 141. 
SHIelopagun, 3. 
etfonclocaryum, 188. 

FTomoch ius, 3. 

ated oper, TU. 

orehound, 384. 

mHorse-Balin, 351. 

h—Horse-Mint, 375. 

heHorse-sugar, 71. 

orse-weed, 351. 

r-Hottonia, 55, 57. 

L-HUTTONIE.E, 55. 

CC P=tfoundstongue, 187. 
Huckleberry, 19, 20. 

mTugelia, 143. 

L_ Aydranthelium, 281. 

. Hydrolea, 154, 176. 

mH YyDROLER, 153. 

ITY DROPHYLLACEE, 152. 

me HypRoPpHYLLE®, 152. 

pHydrophyllum, 152, 154. 

= Hygrophila, 322, a? 

> HroscyaME.k, 225. 

Ptlyoscyamus, 225, 240. 

HT ypopitys. 49. 

mHyptis, 842, 350. 

PH yssop, 354. 

 Hyssopus, 343, 354. 

Tr Hyssopus, 376. 


Lt 


HA ey 


mlysanthes, 247, 283. 
Indian Hemp. 82. 
Indian Pipe, £). 

~ Indian Tobacco, 3. 

po Ipomeria, 145. 

= Ipomoea, 208. 

™ Ipomea, 214-216, 394. 
DC Jpomopsis, 135, 145. 
PIsanthus, 342, "349, 


| Jacobinia, 395. 
Jacobinia, 329. 
Tacob's Ladder. 149. 

7 Jacquemontia, 208, 214. 

r Jacquinia, 65, 66. 

IJ ASMINE.E, 73. 
Jerusalem Cherry, 228. 
Jerusalem Save, 384. 

-Justicia, : 29. 

me Justicia, 330. 

be JUSTICIE.E, 322. 


{f{ 4 HEH 


{| 


= Kalmia, 16, 37. 
me Kryniizkia, 190, 193. 


Yt ody 


VEWe CURMUPARTRVORVE LW ie Oh TE) “HEHE Lac cer 


Wey V4 


399 


tiles tenospermum, 187. 


LABIAT.E, 341. 


e=mt—Labrador Tea, 43. 
ames Lachnostumd, 104, 


Lagotis, 332. 


eehambkill, 38. 
“——~Lamium, 347. 


Lantana, 333, 339. 
p~Lappula, 188. 

e=Laurel, 37, 42. 

+—Laurentia, 2, 8. 
mLeadwort, 55. 

= Leather-leaf, 35. 

mLedum, 16, 43. 
fLeiophyllum, 17, 43. 
eeLemmonia, 153, 173. 

LEN NOACEA, 50. 

ee Lentibularia, 314. 
PLENTIBULARIACES, 314. 
e-Leonotis, 347, 384. 

mL epidanche, 222, 223. 
peLeplamnium, 314. 

pe Leptamdru, 286. 

pe Leptoductilun, 140. 

~~ Leptoglossis, 226, 244. 

imal eptophrayma, 243. 

PZ eptosiphon, 139. 
Leptustuchya, 334, 
Lencanthea, 244. 
ke LEUCOPHY LLE.R, 
p=Leucophyllum, 243 
mel ecucospora, 27. 
mLeucothoe, 16, 33. 
PLigustrum, 72. 

Lilac, 72. 
Limnanthemum, 111, 128. 
mLimosella, 247, 284. 
—Zinanthus, 138. 
eeLinaria, 245, 250. 
m=Lindernia, 243, 283. 
fexLing, 36. 

Lippia, 333, 338. 

Pp Lisvanthus, 116. 
eLithospermum, 179, 203. 
PLithospermum, 198-201. 
peLobelia. 2, 3, 393. 
LLubelin, 8. 

LOBE LIACE. E, 1, 3. 

P LOBELIE.”, 

Lochnera, an 
p=Loeselia, 129, 136. 
P=LOGANIACE.L, 106. 
PELOGANIE.E, 106. 

@ Loiseleuria, 17, 44. 
Lomatogonium, 124. 

p= Lonicera, 108. 
=Loosestrife, 62. 
PLophanthus, 345, 383. 
Lophospermum, 254, 
beLopseed, 334. 
beLousewort. 805. 
beLycium, 225, 237. 

Ly copersicum, 224, 226. 
beLi-copsis, 179, 207. 

bs Lycopus, 343, 352. 

eZ yonia ( (Nutt. ), 82. 

eet yonia (Ell.), 102. 

eel ~imachia, 56, 62. 

pe Lysimachia, 61. 


Macbridea, 346, 383. 
Macranthera, 248, 290. 
pfacromeria, 205. 


va 


[ucromeri: ides, 205. 


400 


~~=-Macrosiphonia, 80, 83. 

wr Madrofia, 27. 

~——_Majorano, 371. 
‘Mundevillea, 84. 

oN anzanita, 27. 
Margaranthus, 225, 237. 

maria, 32. 

=—=—Marjoram, 358. | 

—=Marrubium, 346. 

—==Marsh Rosemary, 54. 


—=Martynia, 320, 321. 
Mntierte 01 74 dorirca 
o==\atrimony-vine, 237. 


-——~Maurandia, 245, 254. 
Maurandella, Bio. y 
~——“"May flower, 25. 
——Meiophancs, 327. 
——Melampyrum, 249, 310. 
Melinia, 87, 101. 
== Melissa, 343, 361. 
Melittis, 384. 
Hella, 280. 
Mentha, 342, 351. 
w== Menziesia, 16, 39. 
ame fencicsid, 37, 
Menodora, 73, 78. 
Menodoropsis, 79. 
ome Menyanthes, 111, 128. 
eM ENY ANTHIDEA, 111. 
en fercudonia, 280. 
—Nertensia, 179, 199. 
———dessersmidtia, 183. 
—Metagonin, 25. 
——Metastelma, 86, 101. 
e=—Micranthemum, 247, 284. 
Microcala, 110, 112. 
———Microcurpea, 280. 
~~ Microgenetes, 158, 169. 
Microgilia, 146. 
-~-~Micromeria, 343, 359. 
Micropyzis, 393. 
w—Milkweed, 89. 
Mi ititzra, 170. 
em Mimulus, 247, 273. 
eri muloides, 273, 279. 
——~Mimusops, 67, 68. 
er Mint, 351. 
= Mitrcola, 107, 108. 
Mohavea, 245, 254, 395. 
== Monarda, 345, 373. 
em Monarda, 376. 
eee MoNARDEA, 344. 
aeee Nonardella, 343, 356. 
ewe Monardella, 356, 874. 
—Monechma, 328. 
= oneses, 17, 46. 
eme=Moneywort, 63. 
=~ Monkey-flower, 273. 
eo JMonniera, 280, 231. 
Monogynella, 223. 
ese onotropa, 18, 49. 
ewme\[ONOTROPE.L, 18. 
Monotropsis, 49, 
ewe forcella, 227. 
== Morning Glory, 208, 209. 
ere Moss Pink, 131. 
a= Motherwort, 385. 
—“Mountain Dasil, 354, 
-——=Mountain Mint, 354, 
comm Mudwort, 284. 
w= AMullein, 250. 
ewe fy linche, 314. 
em yosotis, 17, 202. 
mm Myosotis, 189, 191-197. 
——Myrica, TT. 


INDEX. 


{-MYRSINACEA, 64. 
| Myrsine, 65. 

+} Myrsinea, 65. 
tyra, 180. 


t—Vuma, 158, 172. 

be AMER, 153. 
Naseberry, 69. 
paVaumburgia, 63. 
pWavarretia, 135, 141. 
YZNeckweed, 288. 
NELSONIE#, 322. 
—==-Nemacladus, 2, 3. 
_ 
= 


===>Nama, 153, 178. 
_ 

= 

Ca 


mNemophila, 152, 155. 
p—Vemophila, 155. 
——Nepeta, 345, 377. 
—NeEvETEs, 345. 
Neriandra, 84. 
= -Nerium, 79.— 
Newberrya, 19, 50. 
fNicandra, 225, 237. 
WVicotia 241. 
F=“Nicotiana, 226, 241. 
pee icotiuna, 173, B43. 
P=Nightshade, 226. 
pVierembergia, 243, 244. 
--NVothaphyllon, 312. 
F=Vothacerates, 98. 
1 -Nothochelone, 259. 
perVycterium, 231. 


mObolaria, 111, 127. 
=()CIMOIDEA, 342. 
Ocimum, 342, 350. 
Ocymum, 350. 

| Odontites, 305. 
Oil-plant, 320. 
eOlea, 72, 78. 
r-OLEACEE, 72. 

r~ Oleander, 79. 

fm OLEINE., 73. 
Olive, 72. 
Omphalodes, 180. 
m=Oncorrhynchus, 300. 
Ee ees 205. 
> Ophiorhiza, 108. 

m= Origanum, 343, 358. 
POriganum, 374. 
t-Ornus, 73. 


Citidday 


| 


fread bach 


POrobanche, 311. 

m Orobanche, 312-314. 
Orontium, 251. 
POrtheutoca, 164. 
C_Orthocarpus, 249, 299. 
Orthopodium, 348. 

m= Orthostackys, 184. 
Oryctes, 225, 232. 

me Osmanthus, 73, 78. 
Mm Osmothamnus, $1. 

m= Osweeo Tea, 374. 

pe ophyllit, 232. 

P Ourisit, 173. 

pe Oxycoccus, 20, 25. 

r Oxydendrum, 15, 33. 


r Painted-cup, 295. 

|. Palmerella, 2, 8. 
pParabryanthus, 37. 
=> Parechites, 85. 
pPectocarya, 178, 187. 
P PEDALIACE A, 320. 
Pm Pedicularis, 249, 305. 
e Pennyroyal, 362. 


Loitest) dado ain 


fF OROBANCHACES, 310. 


7 ee 205. 
w=er Pentastemon, 259. 
= Pentstemon, 246, 259. 
w—}-—-Pentstemon, 259. 

oT Pepper-bush, 45. 

a Peppermint, 352. 
Periploca, 85. 

w= Periwinkle, 82. 

=> Persimmon, 69. 

=~ Petunia, 226, 243. 

= "Phacelia, 153, 156, 394. 
—+Phacelia, 158. 

wee PHACELIE.E, 152. 
ern Phalervcarpus, 26. 
—T-Pharbitis, 209. 
47 Phelipea, 312. 
=P hilibertia, 85, 87. 
Phillyreoides, 31. 
Phloganthea, 131. 
+—Phlomis, 347, 384. 
=T-Philox, 129. 
Phlox, 136, 141. 
Pholisma, 51. 
| Phryma, 333, 334. 
P~PHRYMES, 333. 
—Phylloduce, 36, 37. 
{- Physalis, 225, 233, 395. 
| Physostegia, 346, 383. 
Physostegia, 382. 
r-Pickeringia, 65. 
| Picrococcus, 21. 
Picrocolla, 146. 
Pieris, 31, 32. 
[~Pimpernel, 63. 
r-Pine-sap, 49. 
r-Pinguicula, 314, 317. 
r-Pipe-wood, 34. 
-Pipsissewa, 45. 
[~Piptolepis, 76, 77. 
|-Playiobothrys, 190, 191. 
{~Plantago, 389. 


Littl: 


Plantain, 389. 

| Pleuricospora, 18, 50. 

” PLEURICOSPORE.E, 18. 
Pleurogyne, 111, 124. 

| PLUM BAGINACEA, 53, 
| Plumbago, 54, 55. 

. PLUMERIN, 74. 

[> Prenmonanthe, 120. 

1” Podostemma, 98. 
Podostigma, 86, 88. 
Pogoeyne, 344, 364. 
—+-POLEMONTIACEA, 128. 


SRG heas een! 


ELE ol 


t-Polemonium, 129, 149. 

t+-Polemonium, 147, 157. 

-+Poliomintha, 344, 361. 

Polydiclin, 223. 

Poly diclis, 243. 

~~. |--Polyotus, 99. 

~~ Polypremum, 107, 109. 
Pongatium, 10. 

Porterella, 8. 
Portuna, 31. 

Potato, 227. 

=P rash, 382. 
—t-Preslun, 184. 
—-Primrose, 58. 

- | Primula, 56, 58, 393. 
-|-PRIMULE.E, 55. 

—PPRIMULACE.E, 55. 

Prince’s Pine, 45. 

Priva, 333, 334, 

~-L-Privet, 72. 


| Prunetla, 382. 


PF PLANTAGINACEA, 888. 


-Pseudocollomia, 143. 
~ Pseudo-M. ‘yosotts, 197. 
Pseudorontium, 231. 
PsktuDosuLANE.®, 245. 
———Pterospora, 18, 48. 
~Plerostyraz, 71. 
—— Plerygium, 195. 
—Prilocalyx, 181. 
Puccoon, 204. 
~~ Pulmoneris, 200, 201. 
—- Purshia, 206, 
—— Pyenanthemum, 343, 354. 
——— Pyenosphace, 366. 
Pycnothymus, 358. 
-——Pyrola, 18, 46. 
—— Pyrola, 45, 46. 
an PY ROLE, 17, 
—— Prroiixee, ay 
sme he xidanthera, 52. 
——Pyzothamnus, 25. 


-- Quamoclit, 209, 


— ~ Ramsted, 251. 

—— Rapanea, 65. 
Rhabdadenia, 84, 393. 

~— RHINANTHIDE®, 248. 

——~ Rhinanthus, 249, 310. 

—— RiopopENDREs#, 16. 
2 ao 16, 39. 

—~ Rhodora, 40, 4 

ee Ehodoreee, 16. 
Rhodothamnus, 40. 

—— Rhynchospermum, 85. 

—— Rhytiglossa, 329, 380. 

-—— Ribgrass, 391. 
Tibwort, 389. 

——~ Ripplegrass, 391. 
Rochelia, 197. 

—— Romanzoffia, 153, 172. 

—-- Rose Bay, 39. 
Roulinia, 86, 200: 

—— Ruellia, 392/325. 

—— Ruellia, Be 

aria IUELLIES, 322. 


—_— cee 113. 
> Suceunthera, 271, 
—— Salal, 30. S. 
Salpichroa, 225, 231. 
~—— SALPIGLOSSIDE, 226, 
a Salpiglossis, 243. 
— Salvia, 345, 366. 
Salriastrum, 366. 
ee 65. 
———-Samodia, 64. 
---—= SAMOLE. bk 56. 
— ~Samolus, 56, 64. 
meet SAPOTACEA, 66. 
Sappadilla, 69. 
~— Sarucha, 232. 
—— Barcodes, 18, 49. _ | 
oo Srtercos femme, 36. 7°. 
Satureia, 343, 358. 
Satureda, 34. 
SATCREINEA, 342. 
Savory, 358. 
Scevola, 1. 
Schiuueria, 328, 330. 
Sehizocudon, 52. 
Schizonotus, 86, 100. 
= Schistophragma, 279. 
——™ Schleidenia, 184, 185. 
Schwalbea, "919, 305. 
Schweinitzia, 18, 49. 


~- 


INDEX. 
x 


Sclarea, 371. 
Scoparia, 248, 284. 
-~Scrophularia, 246, 258. 


r Scutellaria, 346, 378. 
ese UTELLARINE®, 345. 
PSea Lavender, 54. 

~-+ Sea-Milkwort, 63. 
Sebestenvides, "180. 
~—r-Secondatia, 85. 
SELAGIN ACEA, 332. 
—7Self-heal, 382. 

Serico, graphs, 829, 395. 
«1. Sesamum, 320. 
—Seutera, 102. 

=> Seymeria, 248, 289. 
——Shallon, 30. 

—T Shin-leaf, 46. 

—t+ Shooting Star, 57. 
Shortia, 52, 53. 
~+Shuttleworthia, 337. 
Sideroxylon, 66, 67. 
~-Sideroxylon, 68. 
—TSilkweed, 89. 
—[Sitver-bell pet, J 71. 
~T-Siphocampylus, 3. 
—siphonelln W140. 
—TSiphonoglossa, 323, 328. 
— Skullcap, 378 
—tSnapdragon, 251. 
—7-Snowberry, 26. 

—t+ Snowdrop tree, 71. 
—-Snow-plant, 49. 

7 SOLANACEA, 224. 
~-SoLane-E, 224. 
TSolanum, 224, 226. 
“TSolanum, 226, 232, 233. 
a i Solenandria, § 53. 

a L- Sophronanthe,, 282, 283. 
| Sorrel-tree, 33. 

—T Sour-wood, 33. 

—r-Sp arkle-berry, 20. 

a Spearmint, 352. 

—+ Specularia, 9, 10. 

—T Speedwell, 286. 
Sphacele, 344, 365. 
Sphenoclea, 9, 10. 
SPHENOCLE, 9. 


aun, 3f2—l-Spigelia, 106, ‘107. 


-Spondylococcus, 340. 
~y~ Squaw-root, 313. 
~4-STACHYDEA, 346. 
~f Stachys, 347. 
—T Stachytarpha, 334. 
— Stachytarpheta, 333, 384, 895. 
—-Stagger-bush, 32. 
STAR-APPLE, 67. ° 
~+—Star-Hower, 60. 
+ Statice, 54. 
Statice, 55. 
~-}- STATICEs, 54. 
—T-Steenhammera, 200. 
——Sfegnocarpus, 181. 
——Steironema, 56, 61. 
+ Stemodia, 247, 279. 
Stenandrium, 322, 327. 
—t- Stenhammaria, 200. 
—Stenolobium, 319. 
—T Stickseed, 188. 
—~ Stipecoma, 84. 
—+Stone-root, 351. 
=—r~Storax; 71. 
~-+-Stramonium, 239. 
——T> Streptopodium, 348. 
Stylandra, 88 


28 


= 
=P SCROPHULARIACER, 244, — 


a4 


fi 


_ 


401 


~- Stylisma, 217. 

~ STYRACACEA, 70. 
- STYRACE.®, 70. 
Strrax, 70, 71. 

r- Sweet-leaf, 70. 

Sweet Potato, 211. 
Swertia, 111, 124. 
Swertia, 124-127. 
Symphytum, 179, 206. 
SYMPLUCINEA, 70. 
Symplocos, 70. 
Synandra, 346, 384. 
Synthyris, 248, 285. 
Syringa, 72. 


Tabernemontana, 81. 
Tecoma, 318, 319. 
r—Tetraclea, 342, 347. 

Tetramerium, 323, 380. 
|-Teucrium, 342, 349. 
Thelain, 46. 
THEOPHRASTE.E, 65. 
Thevetia, 79. 
|~Thorn-A pple, 239. 
Thunbergia, 321. 
Thymbra, 384. 
Thyme, 358. 


- ~Thymus, 343, 358. 


~ 


a 


1 


Liaif 4 


tit 


L_Thyrsanthus, 63. 
|_ Fiaridium, 185. 
+—Tiquilia, 182. 


-|- Tiquiliopsis, 182. 


[~Toad-Flax, 250. 
Tobacco, 241. 

Tolmiea, 44. 

Tomato, 226. 
t-Tonella, 246, 257. 

| Tournefortia, 178, 182. 
-~Tournsole, 183. 
 Trachelospermum, 80, 84. 
| Trailing Arbutus, 29. 
[-Tretrorhiza, 120, 
Trichosphace, 366. 
[—Trichostema, 342, 347. 
|~Lrichostemma, 347. 
Tricardia, 153, 172. 
t--Trientalis, 56, 60. 
[~Triodallus, 10. 

| Lriodanis, 10. 
Tripetaleia, 44. 


— Triphysaria, 301. 


! 


~Trumpet-creeper, 319. 
+~Trumpet-flower, 319. 
ST ubiflora, 324. 


—t 
—-Tullia, 355. 


|-Turtlehead, 258. 


—+ Unicorn-plant, 321. 


I rananthus, 116. 


Urechites, 84. 


Ltr icularia, 314. 


~ Tra- Orsi, 27. 


—HUe arowia, 887. 


—TVACCINIER, 14. 
—7- Vaccinium, 15, 20. 


~~ Vaccinium, 19, 26, 30. 


—-Vallesia, 79, 81. 


a Furronia, 180. 
~+—Venus’s Looking-glass, 10. 
-T VERBASCEA, 245. 


1 Verbascum, 245, 250. 


-+-Verbena, 333, 3385. 
=F erbena, 334, 338. 
a VERBENACEE, 332. 


402 


—~-VERBENE®, 333. 
— Veronica, 248, 286. 
-~WVervain, 335. 
—V illarsia, 128, 173. 
- Vinca, 80, 82. 


—-Vincetoxicum, 87, 102, 393. 


~Vincetoxicum, 103. 
“—VITICE&, 333. 
~~~ Viticella, 58, 155. 

Vitis-Idea, 24. 


... Water Horehound, 852. 


INDEX. 


Waterleaf, 154. 
+--Water-Pimpernel, 64. 
White Alder, 44. 
White Mangrove, 340. 
“P-Whitlavia, 164. 
—-Whortleberry, 24. 
—T Wicky, 38. 

— Tr Wigundia, 176. 
Winter Cherry, 233. 


ee 
—Withania, 224, 232. 
“TW oundwort, 385. 


|. Wintergreen, 29, 45, 46. 


y= Wulfenia, 285. 


~—-Xerobotrys, 27. 
~~ Xylococcus, 28. 


—r-Yerba Buena, 359. 
~7-Yerba Santa, 176. 
-—|- Yellow-rattle, 310. 


—1-Zapania, 338. 
Zenobia, 31. 
Zizophora, 360. 


Cambridge: Press of John Wilson & Son. 


SSH 
=