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ELORA —

OF

BRITISH INDIA.

Dates of Publication of the Several Parts of this Volume.

Part XVII. pp. 1-224, was published Dec. 1890.
» XVIII. pp. 225-448
» XIX. pp. 449-672

4 July 1892,

‘i Sept. 1893.
, XX. pp.673toend _,, April 1894.

THE

FLORA OF BRITISH INDIA.

BY

SIR J. D. HOOKER, C.B., K.C.S.I.

M.D. F.BR.S., D.C.L. OXON., LL.D. CANTAB.
CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE INSTITUTE OF FRANCE, AND HON, MEMBER OF THE

ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL.

ASSISTED BY VARIOUS BOTANISTS.

VOL. VI. - Gus

ORCHIDEZH TO CYPERACEZ.

PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR
INDIA IN COUNCIL.

Lonnon: L. REEVE & CO.,
PUBLISHERS TO THE HOME, COLONIAL AND INDIAN GOVERNMENTS.
6, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN,

1894.

bo

CXLVIIL oRCHIDESZ. (J. D. Hooker.) [ Hulophia.

Pseudobulb large, conico-obpyriform. Leaves many, 6-10 by 3 in., midrib
stout. Scape 1-8 ft.; sepals 3-1 in., and petals green with reddish nerves; lip as
long as the sepals, white with red crested nerves; spur short, subcylindric or
conical.—Rheede’s xii. t. 26 is, I think, this ; his t. 25 may be Z. graminea.

2. EH. graminea, Lindl. in Wall, Cat. 7372; Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 182;
in Journ. Linn. Soc, iii. 23; leaves grass-like, bracts small lanceolate,
sepals lanceolate acuminate and elliptic-lanceolate acute petals tessellate,
lip obovate-oblong, side lobes small, disk with 3-5 lamellate or crested
nerves which are fimbriate on the rounded midlobe. JH. inconspicua,
Griff. Notul. 349; Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 326; Lindl. in Journ. Linn, Soe.
iii. 25,

Assam, Mann. Beneat, J. D. H., Clarke. TrwasseRim, Parish. NIcoBAR
Istanps, Kurz. Singapore, Wallick. Matacca, Maingay. TRavancor3, Wight.
Cryrton, at Damballa, Trimen.

Habit of E. virens and colour of flower, but leaves usually shorter, fowers much
smaller, and spur cylindric with often a clavate tip.—Cuming’s specimens No. 2059

are marked as from Malacca in some collections, from Bohol Island (Philippines)
in others.

+t Roots tuberous, hypogeal. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate. Scape
unbranched.

§ Lip longer than broad, side lobes short or 0.

3. EB. ochreata, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 24; leaves elliptic
acuminate, scape with broad loose ochreate sheaths, bracts lanceolate
equalling the ovary, sepals linear-oblong, petals broadly elliptic acute, lip
broadly ovate entire, tip rounded, nerves all fimbriate. Dalz. & Gibs.
Bomb. Fi. 265.

The Concan and Canara, Law, Dalzell, &e.

Stem stout. Leaves 3-5, 4-10 in., many-uerved, sessile. Scape 10-12 in., very

stout below ; raceme many- and rather dense-fld., bracts 34 in.; sepals 2 in. long;
spur a sinall sac.

4, EH. herbacea, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 182; in Journ. Linn.
Soc. iil. 24; bracts very long, flowers large, sepals linear-lanceolate acu-
minate, petals elliptic or lanceolate obtuse or acute very many-nerved, lip
obovate-oblong, side lobes small rounded, midlobe ovate-oblong, disk with
many fimbriate nerves. Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 265. EE. brachypetala,
Lindl, in Journ. Linn, soc. l.e. Hi. albiflora, Edgew. mss. Limodorum
bicolor, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 469.

WesTERN Himauaya; Garwhal, alt, 4-7000 ft., Rovle, Falconer, Edgeworth, &e.
Bena@at, Roxburgh ; at Rungpore, Clarke. Conoan, Dalz. Xf Gibs. le.

Stem 4-6 in., rather slender, sheathed. Leaves 6-8 in., linear-lanceolate,
variable in breadth, many-nerved. Scape 2-3 ft., stout ; sheaths large, acuminate 3
raceme short, 8-10-fid. ; bracts 14-2 in. ; pedicel with ovary 3-1 in.; sepals 12 in.,
green; petals very variable, white, nerves purple; lip white, nerves yellow ; spur
very short, obtuse.—The flowers secm to be often produced before the leaves. Lindley
gives Ceylon, Macrae, as a habitat, probably by the same error as affects EZ. explanata.

5. B. lachnocheila, Hook. f.; scape stout, raceme lax-fld., bracts
equalling or exceeding the ovary subspathaceous, sepals lanceolate acumi-
nate and shorter elliptic petals many-nerved, lip narrow pubescent, side
lobes short rounded, midlobe obovate-oblong retuse, margin waved, disk
densely softly spiny.

Eulophia] CXLVII, ORCHIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) 3

Urrex Burma; at Maypongo, Herb. Hort. Calextt.

Tuber globose. Stem 4-6 in. Leaves 2, linear-lanceolate, acuminate. Scape with
the raceme 18 in.; sheaths 2, acuminate; raceme 6-8-fld.; bracts 2-1 in., mem-
branous, linear-lanceolate, subspathaceous ; flowers 1 in. diam.; lateral sepals inserted
at the base of the column ; lip shorter than the sepals ; hypochile obovate, as long as
the rather narrower epichile; spur short, cylindric; column rather long.

6. EH. bracteosa, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7366; Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 180;
in Journ. Linn, Soc. iii. 23; bracts very long, sepals oblong, tip rounded,
petals broadly obovate very many-nerved, lip narrowly obovate-oblong,
obscurely 3-lobed, disk with 5-crenulate veins. HH. grandiflora, Lindl.
Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 181. }

Kuasta Hitts; on the north slopes, alt. 3-4000 ft, J. D. H. & T. T.
Cuitragone, Wallich. TENASSERIM, alt. 3500 ft., Parish.

Stem 4-6 in., sheathed. Leaves 1-3, 10-18 in., linear-lanceolate, petioled,
3-nerved. Scape stout, shorter than the leaves, clothed with long sheaths; raceme
short, few-fid.; flowers fleshy; bracts 1-1} in.; sepals 2 in., yellow; lip white or
lilac, streaked; spur short, obtuse. Capsule 1 in.—Lindley’s habitat of Ceylon for
grandiflora is no doubt an error.

7. &. elata, Hook. f.; bracts equalling the ovaries, sepals falcate
lanceolate acuminate 5-nerved, petals elliptic-lanceolate obtuse strongly
5-nerved, lip narrowly ovate-oblong obtuse entire, disk with 3 slender
moniliform nerves.

Perak, Scortechini, 2023.

Leaves 12-14 in., petioled, elongate, linear-lanceolate. Scape 33 ft., very stout
below, sheaths appressed ; raceme elongate, lax-fid.; bracts 4-4 in.; sepals as long,
fleshy ; lip equalling the sepals; spur a small sac; column short, stout, hooded ;
young fruit 2 in., deflexed.

8. HE. explanata, Lindi. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 180; bracts shorter
than the ovary, sepals oblong-ovate subacute and broader elliptic petals
5-nerved, lip subpanduriform, base saccate with spreading nerves, disk with
two thick crenate lamella, midrib greatly thickened and caruncled towards
the truncate emarginate tip. Dipodium scariosum, Herb. Ham.

NepaL; at Maghada, in the Morung, Hamilton. Nortu-West Inpia
(Ie. Falconer).

Leaves very young at the flowering time, surrounded at the base, along with 1 or
2 scapes, with short broad $—1 in. long sheaths. Scape 4-8 in., rather stout, 10-12-fid. ;
bracts 4-4 in. ; pedicels with ovary 2 in.; perianth yellow and purplish, spreading,
2-3 in. diam.; lip sessile, base adnate to the lateral sepals; sac or spur broadly
conical, obtuse; column very short.—An anomalous species. Lindley’s specimens
being counterparts of Hamilton’s, his Ceylon habitat is doubtless an error.

§§ Lip broader than long, side lobes short or 0.

9, E. obtusa, Hook. f.; bracts equalling the ovaries, sepals oblong-
lanceolate acute 7-nerved and broadly elliptic obovate obtuse many-nerved
petals tessellate, lip clawed 3-lobed, side lobes rounded, midlobe much longer
oblong, disk with 2 lobed calli at the mouth of the spur and 3-5 thickened
nerves ending in calli within the apex, claw with a reniform callus on each
side. Cyrtopera obtusa, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 190.

Norru-West Inp1a; on the banks of the Tonse river, Royle.

Leaves 12 in., narrowly ensiform. Scape very tall; raceme elongate, lax-fid. ;
bracts 4-4 in., ovate-lanceolate, acuminate i sepals 2 in.; petals rather shorter, but

B

4 CXLvI. oncHIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) [Hulophia.

much broader; lip as long as the sepals; spur conic, acute, curved, placed between
the lateral lobes; column short, stout.—Placed by Lindley in Cyrtopera, but there
is no foot to the column; he also errs in describing the sepals and bracts as obtuse.

10. BE. pratensis, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soe. iii. 25; bracts shorter
than the ovary, sepals oblong obtuse 5-nerved, petals subsimilar, lip sessile
broader than long, side lobes large oblong rounded, midlobe small semi-
circular, disk with three crenate nerves ending in crenate calli on the mid-
lobe. Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 265. E. ramentacea, Wight Ic. t. 1666
(not of Lindl.).

The DEccAN PENINSULA ; in pastures, from the Concan southwards.

Leaves few, 10-12 in., long-petioled, narrowly lanceolate, strongly 3-nerved.
Scape 1-3 ft.; sheaths acute, appressed; bracts 4-2 in., ovate-lanceolate ; sepals
3 in., fleshy; spur conical, acute. Capsule 1} in., elliptic, turgid.—The broad lip
is like that of E. macrostachya. Lindley and the Bombay Flora err in describing
this species as leafless when flowering.

1l. E. macrostachya, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 183; in:Bot. Reg.
t. 1972; bracts lanceolate, sepals lanceolate acute, petals rather broader,
lip broader than long, side lobes short obtuse, midlobe revolute rounded,
disk 2-lamellate at the base. Bot. Reg. t. 1972; Bot. Mag. t. 6246; Wight
Te. t. 1667-8; Walp. Ann. vi. 646.

Travancore and Nineurri Hints, Wight. Cxyuon, in the Central Province,
ascending to 4000 ft., Thwaites, &c.

Pseudobulb 2-6 in., fusiform. Leaves 2-8, 6-10 in., petioled, elliptic-lanceolate, |
3-nerved. Scape stout and raceme together 2-8 ft.; sheaths appressed, obtuse ;

bracts caducous ; sepals and petals } in., green; lip golden yellow with red stripes ;
spur a 2-lobed green sac. Capsule 2 in.

12. EB. Mannii, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. ined. ; scape tall, raceme many-
fid., bracts shorter than the ovary, sepals oblong-lanceolate acute many-
nerved, petals broader elliptic many-nerved, lip rhomboidly ovate obtuse
obscurely lobed, disk with branching crested nerves. Cyrtopera Mannii,
Reichd.f. in Flora 1872, 274,

Urrer Assam, Mann.

Leaves 12 by § in., narrowly linear-lanceolate. Scape with raceme 3 ft.;
sheaths appressed, acute; bracts }-} in., ovate-lanceolate; sepals 2 in, long, lip
shorter ; spur conical; column short, clavate.

** Flowers appearing long before the leaves. (I have not seen the
leaves of any species of this subdivision.)

13. B. campestris, Wall. Cat. 7617 ; bracts variable, raceme many-
fid., sepals 3-$ in. linear-lanceolate acute 5-7-nerved, petals oblanceolate
3-5-nerved, lip cuneate-obovate or oblong, side lobes short, midlobe orbicu-
lar quadrate or oblong crenulate, disk with 3 central nerves lamellate
at the base and tubercled or spinulose on the midlobe. Lindl. Gen. & Sp.
Orchid. 185 ; in Journ, Linn. Soc. iii, 24 (excl. syn. Wight) ; Walp. Ann. vi.
647. E. ramentacea & rupestris, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7367, 7368; Gen.
& Sp. Orchid. 185; in Journ, Linn. Soc. iti. 25. HE. hemileuca, Lindl. in
Journ. Linn, Soc. iii, 25. Limodorum ramentaceum, Roxb, Hort. Beng.
63; Fl, Ind. iii. 467. L. dubium, Ham. mss. Bletia Dabia, Don Prodr.
30. Dipodium ramentaceum, Herb. Ham.

Puatns or Inpra; from the Panjab to Oudh, Bengal, Chittagon
the Deccan.—Distais. Affghanistan, : , as eonne ead

Eulophia. ] OXLVUI. orcHiDEs, (J. D. Hooker.) 5

Scape 6-18 in., stout or slender from a deformed tuber; sheaths subappressed,
acute ; flowers many, subsecund ; sepals slightly attached to the base of the lip,
variable in breadth, acute or acuminate, yellow or green striped with pink; petals
narrower ; lip as long as the sepals, side lobes rounded or subacute, midlobe usually
purple; spur conical, subclavate or subacute; column rather slender. Capsule } in.,
ellipsoid.—The lip of #. hemileuca is rather tubercled than spinulose.

14, BH. stenopetala, Lindi. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 26; scape-sheaths
loose, bracts longer than the ovaries, raceme few-fid., sepals 3 in. linear-
oblong 5-nerved, petals lanceolate acuminate 3-nerved, lip broadly cuneate,
side lobes rounded much larger than the suborbicular crisped midlobe, disk
with 3 nerves tubercled between the side lobes and on the midlobe.

Buotan Himazaya; ary hills at Punaka, Griffith.

Scape 12-18 in., slender; sheaths obtuse; bracts 4-2 in.; lip as long as the
sepals, spur clavellate.—Specimens indifferent. Very near #. campestris, but the
lip is much broader and side lobes more spreading.

15. EB. decipiens, Griff. in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xvii. 155, +. 18,
f. 8-12; flowers secund, bracts minute, sepals and petals 3 in. linear
hardly falcate acute 5-nerved, lip obovate concave 3-lobed above the middle,
midlobe much the largest, margin crisped, disk 5-nerved at the base, 10-13-
nerved in the middle of which 4-5 form fleshy fibres on the midlobe, spur
short slender saccate.

Nicopak Isnanps ; at Kamorta, Kurz.

Scape 2-3 ft.; root tuberous; sheaths small, lanceolate. Zeaves not seen.
Raceme 8-4 in.; pedicel with ovary }-} in.; sepals and petals white; spur ~ in.—
“Closely resembles Pachystoma senile, but pollinia of Eulophia.” T have seen no
specimens.

16. E. densiflora, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 25; scape robust,
bracts shorter than the ovaries, sepals 1-14 in. narrowly oblanceolate
acuminate, petals narrower, lip obovate-oblong, side lobes small rounded,
midlobe orbicular, disk with 8 lamelliform nerves which are crenate or
interrupted from the middle to near the apex, spur long slender.

Srxxim Himazayva; at the foot of the hills, J. D. H. Buoran, Griffith.

Scape 1-3 ft., from a depressed tuber; lower sheaths obtuse, upper acuminate ;
raceme many-fid. ; flowers secund, deflexed, very narrow ; column short.—The long
narrow flowers are very characteristic of this species.

17, EB. burmanica, Hook, f.; scape robust, sheaths short loose,
raceme many- and dense-fid., bracts filiform equalling the ovary, sepals
Lin. oblong obtuse many-nerved, petals narrower 3-nerved, lip cuneately
obovate, side lobes short rounded, midlobe small ovate, disk with 2 carun-
culate nerves.

Uprrr Burma; Bhamo, Griffith. :

Tuber or base of scape oblong. Scape 14 in.; sheaths1in.; raceme 4 in. ; bracts
4-1 in., almost capillary, reflexed; pedicel with ovary aslong; spur conical; column
short; pollinia globose.—A remarkable species, of which there is but one very bad
specimen, with twisted scape; it is possibly near H. macrobulbon.

Sect. II. Cyrtopera. Column produced into a foot.
* Lateral sepals inserted on the spur of the lip (see also C. explanata).

18. BE. nuda, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7371; Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 180 ;
tall, raceme elongate many-fld., bracts various, flowers large green

6 OXLvuI. orcHIpEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) [ Eulophia.

or purple, sepals linear-oblong acute, petals shorter elliptic-oblong many-
nerved, lip obovate-oblong obtuse, side lobes obscure, midlobe rounded or
retuse crisped, disk crested with many crenulate or tubercled nerves.
E. bicolor, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ, Bot. iii. (1857) 343; Dalz. & Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 264; Walp. Ann. vi. 647. Cyrtopera fusca, Waght Ic. t. 1690;
Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 31; Thwaites Enum. 429; Walp. l. c. 668.
C. plicata, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7362; Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 190. C. nuda,
Reichb. f. in Flora 1872, 274. C. Gardneri, Thwaites Enum. 302. C.myso-
rensis, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 82. C. laxiflora, Gardn. mss.
Dipodium Roniayte & plicatum, Herb. Ham.—? Rheede Hort. Malab. xii.
t. 26,

Tropica Himanaya, from Nepal eastwards, Assam, the Khasia Hills,
Munyiporz, Prev and Tenasserim. Upper Burma (Herb. Hort. Calcut.).
The Deccan Prntnsvza; from the Concan southwards. Cxryion; in the Central
Province. : :

Tuber large. Leaves 10-14 in., elliptic-lanceolate, very variable in breadth.
Scape 1-8 ft., stout ; sheaths appressed; bracts rarely equalling the ovary; sepals
1 in.; mentum rounded or conical; lip shorter than the sepals. Capsule 13 in.,
fusiform.—There may be more than one species here, so great are the differences in
colour of the flower, from a pale green to a dull purple. There is in Herb. Wight
a very fleshy-flowered species or variety (C. Brunoniana, Wight mss.) from the Kaitea
Falls (Nilghiris), with a root as large as the fist, the lip with a short horn and a
linear-oblong pointed shaggy disk; its sepals are green and petals and lip white.

19. BE. squalida, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1841, Mise. 77; raceme elon-
gate many-fid., bracts equalling the ovary, sepals oblong-lanceolate
acuminate, petals elliptic-oblong many-nerved, lip as broad as long sub-
equally 3-lobed strongly closely nerved, midlobe crisped retuse, disk naked.
Cyrtopera squalida, Aeichb. 7. in Bonpland. 1857, 388; Lindl. in Journ.
Linn, Soc. iii. 81; Walp. Ann. vi. 668. :

Penane; on Govt. Hill, Curtis, Sinaapore, Ridley.—Disreis. Malay Islands,

Stem rooting from the base without a tuber. Leaves 8-12 by 13-2 in., narrowly
lanceolate, some long-petioled. Scape 18-24 in., stout or slender ; sheaths appressed ;
sepals 2-1 in. long; lip 2 in. across the side lobes, base rounded ; mentum conical.

** Lateral sepals inserted on the foot of the column, free of the spur of
the lip or nearly so.

20, E. bicarinata, Hook. f.; raceme oblong densely many-fd.
sepals linear-oblong acute undulate, petals shorter broader many-nerved,
lip obovate-oblong, side lobes narrow, midlobe large orbicular crisped we
lateral nerves forming long calli at the base of the disk and with the
median nerve tubercled on the midlobe. Cyrtopera bicarinata, Lindl. in
Wall. Cat. 7363; Gen. § Sp. Orchid. 189; in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii, 31
(excl. cit. Ic, Griff.). Epipactis P bicarinata, Herb. Ham. Cymbidium
Griff. Notul. iii. 348, No. 9; Ic. Plant. Asiat. t. 320, £.3 (pollen), ?

Sixxim Himataya, Gamble. Assam, Hamilton. Kaast
Clarke. Munyiporz, Watt. Upprr Burma, Griffith. ata. Hruns, alt, 2-300 ft.,

Flowering before leafing. Scape 8-80 in., stout or slender; sheaths inflated :
bracts slender, short or long; flowers resupinate, purplish brown, greenish or
yellowish ; sepals 14 in. long; lip longer than the sepals, tip rounded or notched ;
spur conical, obtuse.—Flowers often streaked with pink. I have not seen leaves,

?

and Griffith does not describe them ; he says the flowers are purplish b
lip broadly obtusely spurred. Purp rown and the

21. BE. candida, Hook. f.; flowering with the leaves, Scape slender

Eulophia. | OXLVI. oRCHIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) 7

raceme short many-fid., bracts shorter than the ovary, sepals linear-oblong,
petals shorter elliptic obtuse, side lobes of lip short, midlobe large orbicular
crisped, nerves of disk as in £. bicarinata. Cyrtopera candida, Lindl. in
Journ. Linn. Soe. iii. 31 (in part).

Sixxm Himazayra, alt. 83-4000 ft., J. D. H. Assam, Mann.

Flowering before leafing. Zeaves 8-18 by 3-34 in, elliptic-lanceolate, caudate, !
5-nerved ; petiole 6-8 in., slender. Scape 18-24 in.; sheaths rather loose; raceme
8-4 in.; bracts 3-4 in., more turgid than in Z. dicarinata; flowers 14 in. diam.,
white or greenish; spur conical. Capsule 1 in., narrowly ellipsoid.— Perhaps a
var. of E. bicarinata. Lindley’s description is taken from a specimen gathered by
myself, and a drawing of H. nuda (Ic. Cathcart), from which the root, the colour,
and the anther are taken.

22. EB. flava, Hook. f.; tall, robust, flowers very large, sepals oblong-
lanceolate finely acuminate, petals as long much broader elliptic many-
nerved, lip large saccate, side lobes large rounded, midlobe orbicular, disk
with 2 small pyriform basal calli and 3 crenate lamellew. Cyrtopera flava,
Lindl. in Wali. Cat. 7364; Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 189; Royle Til. 370, t. 88;
Reichb. f. in Gard. Chron. 1870, 1407. C. Culleni, Wight Ic. t. 1754;
Walp. Ann. vi. 667. Dipodium flavum, Herb. Ham.

WeEsteRN Tropical HimatayaA;. from Garwhal, alt. 4-5000 ft., to Nepal.
TravancorzE, Cullen.—DistTrIB. Hong Kong.

Flowering before leafing. Scape 2-5 ft.,as thick as the finger or less; raceme
1-2 ft.; bracts 4-2 in.; flowers lemon-yellow ; sepals 1-1} in. long, variable in
breadth; lip as long as the sepals; spur a broad sac; anther witha 2-fid top, and
long anterior process; pollen obtusely angled.—Wight describes the leaves as 2 ft.
long, lanceolate. .

23. B. macrobulbon, Parish ¥ Reichb. f. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx.
144; scape robust, raceme densely many-fid., bracts filiform, sepals linear-
oblong acute, petals shorter elliptic obtuse many-nerved, lip cuneate, side
lobes short subterminal, midlobe small orbicular crisped, disk with two
nerves thickened at the base and together with the middle nerve crenate
towards the apex.

Srxxim Himataya (Ic. in Herb. Caleutt.), TrnasseRIm; at Moulmein,

Parish. ;

Tuber large. Scape with raceme 18 in., as thick as the little finger; sheaths basal,
oose; bracts 4-% in., equalling the filiform pedicels; sepals 4-2 in. long ; petals
rather broader ; lip shorter than the sepals; spur conic, obtuse ; anther with a pro-
duced 2-fid top; pollinia oblong.—Parish describes the leaves as oblong, acuminate
(more likely elliptic-lanceolate), sepals and petals brown, lip yellow, spotted red. The
Sikkim drawing represents a stem as thick as the middle finger, with sessile obovate
leaves 1-2 ft. long, purple beneath and on the margin; a scape as thick as a goose-
quill, dark purple, as are the flowers ; raceme 12 in., many-fid.; bracts very slender,
as long as the ovary ; sepals 3 in. long and petals violet-purple ; lip paler.

24. B. macrorhizon, Hook.f; scape robust, raceme lax-fld., bracts
long slender, sepals lanceolate acuminate and shorter obovate petals many-
nerved, lip broad obtusely 3-lobed many-nerved, 3 median nerves tubercled,
disk of mid- and side-lobes rough, spur conical.

Srxxim Himataya; at Ryang, alt. 2000-ft., King (in Herb. Calcutt.).

Rootstock elongate, as thick as the thumb, ringed. Leaves not seen. Scape
8-12 in., sheaths 3-4, loose, obtuse ; raceme 2-4 in.; bracts 2-3 in., about equalling
the ovary ; flowers 1 in. diam., reddish sepals adnate to the foot of the column but
free of the spur of the lip; lip much shorter than the sepals, nerves slender, con-

8 OXLvI, oRoHIDE. (J. D. Hooker.) [ Eulophia.

tracted above the broad rounded base, then dilating into the rounded side lobes,
margins of midlobe crisped and orenate.

95. H. sanguinea, Hook. f.; flowers large, sepals ovate-lanceolate
acuminate, petals shorter elliptic apiculate many-nerved, lip short, side
lobes rounded, midlobe orbicular or ovate, disk with many crenulate
nerves. Oyrtopera sanguinea, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iti. 32; Bot. Mag.
t. 6161.

Srzxim and Buoran Himanaya, alt. 2-5000 ft., J. D. H., &. Kuasia
Hits, alt. 5000 ft., Mann.

Flowering before leafing. Scape 6-10 in., stout; sheaths loose, Raceme 6-12-fld. ;
bracts slender, about equalling the ovaries; flowers 1} in. diam.; disk red purplish
or brown; lip white, pink or green; spur large, broad, obtuse; petals (always ?)
with an apiculate notch at the apex; top of anther obscurely notched, pollinia
ovoid.— Leaves unknown.

26. BH. andamanensis, Reichb. f. in Flora 1872, 276; raceme
lax-fid., bracts short, sepals linear-lanceolate 3-5-nerved acuminate, petals
rather broader obtuse 38-nerved, side lobes of lip obtuse, midlobe large
broadly clawed orbicular crisped retuse, disk with the 3 median nerves
thickened between the side lobes, all other nerves thick divaricating and
much branched.

TENASSERIM ; at Moulmein, Parishs ANDAMAN IsLaNps, Kurz.

Stem at the base tuberous, with thick roots, Leaves short during flowering,
linear-lanceolate. Scape 1-2 ft.; sheaths short; bracts shorter than the pedicels ;
sepals 2 in. long; lip shorter than the sepals, white with green edges and nerves;
spur conic, obtuse; anther 2-tubercled,—This much resembles E. virens, but the
leaves are much broader, and the column produced into a foot.

SPECIES UNKNOWN TO ME. ‘

CyRTopERa RUFA, Thwaites Enum. 302; rootstock tuberous, leaves not seen,
scape 2 ft. reddish, sheaths 3 distant, bracts narrowly lanceolate equalling the ovary,
flowers rufous 2 in. diam., sepals oblong-lanceolate acute rather longer than the
obovate acute petals, lip cucullate, nerves within pilose, side lobes obtuse, midlobe as
long rounded apiculate, spur short obtuse, column linear slightly contracted in the
middle, capsule 23 in. long oblong.—Ceylon, at Hantani, alt. 3000 ft., Thwaites
(C.P. 3566).

E. arro-virens, Lindl. Gen. § Sp. Orchid. 183, described by Lindley from a
drawing made for Wallich in the Calcutta Garden, and hence supposed to be a native
of India, is a Mauritian species, E. monophylla, Spens. Moore in Baker’s Flora of
the Mauritius, p. 360 (where it is erroneously confounded with the Brazilian
E. maculata). .

EvLoputa sp., Trimen Cat. Pl. Ceyl. 89 (C.P. 3958). Not named or described.

I fail to recognize the following Hulophias described in Griffith’s Notule, vol. iii.
p- 162, and Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 285, f. 2; p. 263 and t. 285, f. 2; p. 266 and t, 285, f.3;
p. 350 and t. 351 B, fi. 14.

40. CYMBIDIUM, Swartz.

Epiphytes, rarely terrestrial; stem very short, rarely elongate
pseudobulbous; roots tufted. Leaves reer las, narrow and ae
rarely short. Scape loosely sheathed; flowers often large in suberect or
drooping racemes., Sepals and subequal petals free, erect or spreading.
Lip sessile at the base of the column and embracing it upwarda, base

Cymbidium. ] CXLVII. ORCHIDEZ. (J. D, Hooker.) 9

concave, side lobes erect, midlobe recurved; disk with usually 2 pubes-
cent median ridges. Column long, toot 0; anther 1- or imperfectly
2-celled ; pollinia 2 deeply grooved or 4, subglobose or pyramidal, sessile on
the broad strap or gland.—Species about 30, tropical and subtropical, on
the Mountains of Asia, with a few African and Australian.

* Leaves rudimentary or 0 at flowering time.

1. GC. macrorhizon, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 162; terrestrial, root-
stock creeping branched, bracts narrow membranous.

N.W. Inpia, Royle,Faleoner. Kyasia Hixxs, alt. 5-6000 ft., Lobb, &c. ;
Naga Hits (Herb. Calcutt.).

Rootstock as thick as a goose-quill, branched. Scape very short, with the raceme
6-9 in., ascending, 6-8-fd. ; basal sheaths short, or elongating to 2 in. and narrowly
subfoliaceous ; bracts }—} in., narrow, membranous ; pedicel with ovary 1 in. ; flower
14-12 in. broad, sepals linear-lanceolate, acuminate, and rather broader petals
white or pale yellowish with pink strie; lip white spotted with crimson, side lobes
narrow, midlobe ovate obtuse, disk with 2 thick ridges between the side lobes;
anther papillose; pollinia 4, subhemispheric—A remarkable species, a parasite
according to Clarke. Lindley describes the rootstock as jointed, and the ridges of
the lip as arcuate.

2. G. sikkimense, Hook. f.; epiphytic, bracts minute triangular-
ovate.

Srxxim Hrmataya; Lachen Valley, alt. 6000 ft., J. D. H.

Rootstock very stout. Scape with many obtuse basal sheaths 2-3 in. long, those
higher up 1 in. long; raceme 4-8 in., more or less decurved, rather stout, 20-30-fld. ;
bracts 2 in.; pedicel with ovary 4-3 in.; dorsal sepal linear-oblong, obtuse ;
lateral lanceolate, acute, subfalcate; petals elliptic, acute; lip as broad as long,
rhombic-ovate, side lobes obscure rounded, narrowed into the very short ovate mid-
lobe, disk without ridges but with 2 obscure rounded callii—A very distinct
species, overlooked by Lindley when studying my Sikkim Orchids, and mixed up with
C. aloifolium.

**® Leaves elliptic-lanceolate.

3. C. lancifolium, Hook Exot. Fl. t. 51; leaves long-petioled
plicate, scape shorter than the leaves few-fid., bracts lanceolate shorter
than the ovary, flowers long-pedicelled, disk of glabrous lip with two
median lamella between the side lobes. Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 164; in
Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 30; Wall. Cat. 7351; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 927. C. Gibsoni,
Paxton Fl. Gard. iii. 618, fig. 301; Walp. Ann. vi. 623. C.javanicum, Blume
Bijdr. 380; Lindl. 1. ¢. 170.—Griff. Ic. Plant, Asiat. t. 300, fig. 1.

Suprropican Himaztaya; from Nepal to Mishmi. Kuasia Hrzzs, alt.
4-6000 ft., Griffith, &c. PERAK, alt. 2-4000 ft., Scortechini, &c.—DisTRis. Java,
China, Japan.

Stem 2-6 in., fleshy, fusiform ; sheaths ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; roots very
long, thick and spongy. Leaves 6-10 in,, petiole slender, sometimes as long. Scape
nodding, 6-8-fid.; flowers 14-2 in. diam.; sepals white, yellowish or greenish,
lanceolate, acuminate; petals rather broader, white with a pink midrib; lip white
spotted with red-purple, side lobes narrow, midlobe ovate obtuse.

4, ©. tigrinum, Parish in Bot. Mag. t. 5457; leaves short-petioled
very coriaceous, scape with raceme longer than the leaves few-fld., bracts
lanceolate shorter than the ovary, flower long-pedicelied, lip with 2 glabrous
ridges on the disk between the side lobes.

10 CXLVIII. onCcHIDEZ. (J.D. Hooker.) [Cymbidium.

TENASSERIM ; on Moolee-it, alt. 6000 ft., Parish. Burma; on the Siam frontier,
Berkeley. ;

Pseudobulbs 1-14 in., turgidly ovoid, top contracted. Leaves 3-5 in., recurved,
petiole rarely lin. Scape suberect, with the raceme 6-8 in., 3-5-fid. ; sheaths few ;
bracts small, ovate-lanceolate ; pedicel with ovary 1-1} in.; flowers 2-23 in. diam. ;
sepals linear, subacute, dull yellow-green ; petals subsimilar; lip narrowed at the
base, white spotted with red, side lobes rounded erect, midlobe oblong, tip rounded
apiculate; anther smooth; pollinia 8 angular, gland broadly triangularly obtuse
above, sides acute.

5. ©. Devonianum, Part. Mag. Bot. x. 97, cwm ic.; leaves stoutly
petioled thickly coriaceous, petiole articulate, scape with raceme as long
as the leaves drooping very many-fid., bracts very small, pedicels very
short, disk of lip with two short ridges with swollen tips between the
side lobes. Warner Orchid. Ald. t.170; Reichd. f. in Gard. Chron. 1881,
1. 895.

Srxximm Himataya, Mann. Kyast1a Hints, Gibson; on Kollong rock, alt, 5000 ft.,
J.D. H. & T. 7.

Stem very stout at the base, obscurely pseudobulbous. eaves several, 6-12 in.,
narrowed into a petiole 3-5 in. Scape very stout, 8-10 in. ; basal sheaths 14 in.,
imbricating ; bracts 2 in. ; pedicel with ovary 4-$ in.; flowers 14 in. diam.; sepals
oblong-lanceolate and petals green speckled with red, or-pale reddish yellow streaked
with red; lip short, side lobes rounded narrowing into a small triangular ovate
obtuse midlobe, purple with a darker blotch on each side lobe; anther and pollen as
in CO. eburneum, var. Parishiit. Capsule 1} in., turgidly ellipsoid.—The flowers appear
to vary extremely in colour. Reichenbach describes the sepals and petals as light
brown with dull mauve streaks and blotches. Ina specimen from Assam the tip of
the lip is white with purple spots.

*** Leaves loriform, very long, tip broadly unequally 2-lobed.

6. ©. aloifolium, Swartz in Nov. Act. Upsal. vi. 73; in Schrad.
Journ. Bot. 1779, ii. 218 ; racemes elongate pendulous or decurved many-Ad.,
flowers 13-2 in. broad, sepals and petals linear-oblong subacute, epichile
broadly oblong or suborbicular equalling or shorter than the hypochile,
disk with 2 curved thick lamella. Roxb. Fl. Ind. iti. 458; Lindl. Gen.
& Sp. Orchid. 165; Wall. Cat. 7352 C; Walp. Ann. vi. 624 (excl. Ic.
Wight). C. pendulum, Swartz, & Lindl. ll.c.; Walp. l. c. (excl. cit, Bot.
Reg.); Roxb. Cor. Pl. i. 35, t. 44; Fl. Ind. iii, 458. C. crassifolium, Wall.
Cat. 7357. CO. Mannii, Reichb. f. in Flora 1872, 274, Epidendrum aloi-
folium, Zann. Sp. Pl. 953. Alrides Borassi, Smith in Rees Cyclop.
Suppl.—Rheede Hort. Mal, xii. t. 8.

TgopicaL Himatayva, from East Nepal eastwards. Assam and southwards to
TENassERIM and the ANDAMAN IsLaNnDs, (? Malabar, Rheede.)—DistR1B. China ?

Stem short, stout. Leaves 1-3 ft. by 2-2 in. Raceme 12-18 in.; flowers
variable in colour and size, usually dull purplish brown with pale borders.—I am
much puzzled with this and the following species, which appear to differ, in so far
as all my copious materials show, only in the comparative length of the epichile and
hypochile of their lips, and in their geographical ranges, alodfolium being strictly
northern and eastern, and bicolor as strictly western. These characters would be
absolute were it not that Rheede’s figure of the Malabar plant has the lip of
aloifolium. According to drawings in Herb. Kew and Calcutta, C. aloifolium is
very variable in other respects, and three varieties are distinguishable. 1. Racemes
shorter suberect fewer-fld., sepals and petals obtuse dull purple with yellowish pale
margins, This exactly resembles the Chinese ? C. aloifolium, Lodd. Bot. Cat. t. 967 3
Jacq. Hort. Schoenb. iii. 69, t. 383.—2. Flowers larger, sepals and petal sub-

Cymbidium.) OXLVIII. ORCHIDE. (J. D. Hooker.) 11

acute bordered with white, lip yellowish streaked with red—all as described by
Rheede.—3. Swartz’s C. pendulum, which he says is too near O. aloifolium;
flowers small or large, sepals and petals pale dirty yellow or greenish with a more or
less broad dirty purple centre, lip streaked with red. To this belongs Wallich’s
C. crassifolium with pale flowers.— Lindley distinguishes C. pendulum from alvifolium
chiefly by the lamelle of the lip of the former being interrupted clavate and arched
behind, and of the latter continuous, approximate, confluent at their tips. Thwaites
gives aloifolium as a native of Ceylon (Jaffna, Gardner), but as he cites Wight’s Ic.,
no doubt bécolor is intended. Lindley’s aloifoliwm of Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 27
includes this, bicolor and sikkimense, Reichenbach’s description of C. Mamnii is
that of aloifoliwm, of which there are specimens in Mann’s Herb. (kindly lent to
me); as to his habitat of ‘‘Obres,” Mr. Mann informs me he knows of no such
place.

7. G. bicolor, Lindl. Gen. § Sp.164; characters of C. alotfolium, but
epichile longer than the hypochile ovate-oblong narrowed towards the tip.
C. aloifolium, Wight Ic. t. 1687-8; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 266; Thwaites
Enum. 308. ?C. erectum, Wight Ic. t.1753. Epidendrum aloifolium, Bot.
Mag. t. 387.

The Deccan PENINSULA, from the Concan southwards, and CEYLON.

For remarks on this see under C. aloifolium, from which Lindley distinguishes it
chiefly by the saccate base of the lip and sigmoidly curved clavate lamella, which
are interrupted in the middle and callous at the base, and the smaller differently
coloured flowers, none.of which characters appear to me to be satisfactory. He cites
the Javanese C. aloifolium, Blume Bijdr. t. 19,.for it—Wight’s figure of C. erectum
from the Iyamallay Hills, which has an erect raceme, and flowers nearly 2 in. diam.,
is, I have little doubt, an exaggeration; the sepals described as obtuse are figured
as acute. The only Iyamallay Cymbidium in his herbarium is much smaller flowered,
and true bicolor.

8. ©. Finlaysonianum, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7358; Gen. & Sp.
Orchid. 164; habit, foliage, inflorescence and bracts of C. aloifolium, but
flowers larger, 2} in. diam., midlobe of lip oblong contracted at the base,
ridges on disk straight continuous or interrupted. C. Wallichii, Lindl.
Gen. & Sp. 165. C. aloifolium, Wall. Cat. 7352 A, B. OC. pendulum, Bot.
Reg. 1840, t. 25 (excl. syn.). C. pendulum, var. brevilabris, Lindl. in Bot.
Reg. xxx. t. 24. C. tricolor, Mig. Choiz, t. 19.

Penane, Porter, Curtis. Singapore, Hort. Loddiges.

Leaves 1-2 ft. by 2-12 in. Raceme 2-3 ft., slender; basal sheaths short, inflated ;
flowers 1-2 in. apart; sepals and petals subequal, linear-lanceolate, acute or obtuse,
dull yellow; lip not saccate, side lobes acute, streaked with red, midlobe white, red-
purple towards the tip.

9. C. pubescens, Lindl, in Bot. Reg. 1840, Misc. 75; 1841, t. 38;
leaves 1-2 ft. by 4 in. obtuse, scape short naked decurved, raceme short
pendulous 6-10-fld., flowers 1-1} in. broad, sepals and petals linear obtuse,
lip pubescent, hypochile saccate, disk with thick arched lamelle, side lobes
acute, midlobe as long as the hypochile ovate-oblong obtuse.

SINGAPORE, Cuming (Hort. Loddiges). DistEr1B. Borneo (Ic. in Herb. Kew).

A wuch smaller plant with narrower leaves, shorter racemes, and fewer flowers
than any other of this section. Sepals and petals similar, dark purple with a yellow
or green margin; lip yellow with a broad band of red-purple, or red-purple within
the margin of the midlobe.

**** Leaves linear or elongate linear-lanceolate acute or acuminate.

+ Bracts very small.

10. CG. eburneum, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1847, t. 67; in Journ, Linn.

12 CXLVII. oRcHIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) [ Cymbidium.

Soc. iti, 28; scape suberect 2-3-fld. sheathed to the top, flowers 4-5 in.
diam. white, hypochile of lip with a very thick 3-5-grooved pubescent
golden ridge. Bot. Mag. t. 5126; Part. Mag. Bot. xv. t. 145; Warner
Sel. Orchid. t.21; Jennings Orchid. t. 16; Gartenfl. 1880, t.155 ; Orchidoph.
1882, 297; Wien. Ill. Gartenz. 1887, t. 7, 8; Gard. Chron. 1882, i. 496,
f. 78; 1884, ii. 77, £.17. C. syringodorum, Griff. Notul. iti. 338.

Eastern Himanays; Nepal (Ic. in Herb. Kew), Sikkim, alt. 1000 ft., Clarke.
Kaasta Mrs., alt. 5000 ft., Griffith, &c.

Leaves 12-24 by 3-$ in., acute or acutely 2-fid. Scape 8-12 in. ; sheaths equitant,
erect, lanceolate, finely acuminate; bracts acuminate; pedicel with ovary 14-2 in.;
flowers very odorous; sepals very variable in breadth; petals subfalcate ; side lobes
of lip narrow, obtuse, midlobe small, short, undulately crenate, dark yellow.

Var. Parishii; leaves broader, lip blotched with dark purple or crimson. C.
Parishii, Reichd. f. in Trans, Linn, Soc. xxx, 144; Xen. Orchid, iii. 55, t. 224 (very
dad); in Gard. Chron. 1874, i, 338, 566 ; 1878, ii. 74; Warner Orchid. Ald. t. 25.—
Tenasserim, on Nat-toung, alt. 5000 ft., Parish.—Reichenbach distinguishes this by
the callus of the lip having no velvety line, by the spots on the lip, and by acute
setiferous angles of the pollinia. The sepals and petals are very much narrower than
in Warner’s figure.

Var. Williomsiana, Reichb., f.in. Gard. Chron, 1881, i. 5380, has the midlobe and
sides of the lip light purple and column light rose-cold.

Var, Dayana ; leaves 4ft. by 3 in, corky beneath, flowers yellow white with purple
streaks, C, Dayanum, Reichb. f. in Gard. Chron. 1869, 710.—Assam (Hort. Day).
—I have not seen this,

ll. C. grandiflorum, Griff. Notul. iii. 342; Ic. Plant. Asiat. t. 321;
leaves 8-24 by 2-1 in., scape very robust decurved, sheaths lax, raceme
6-12-fid., flowers 83-4 in. diam., sepals and petals oblong-lanceolate acute
green, lip yellowish pubescent and ciliate, midlobe large suborbicular
waved and crenate blotched or speckled with red. C. Hookerianum,
Reichb. f. in Gard. Chron. 1866, 7; Batem. in Bot. Mag. t. 5574. C.
giganteum, in part, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc, iii. 29.—Cymbidium sp.,
Griff. Itin. Notes 145, No. 698,

Eastern Himataya; East Nepal, Sikkim and Bhotan, alt. 5~7500 ft.,
Griffith, &e.

Leaf-sheaths 2-8 in., deeply ribbed and grooved. Scape 12-18 in.; lower sheaths
short, obtuse, upper 4 in., acute; racemes 10-18 in., drooping ; bracts very small;
flowers fleshy, sweet-scented ; dorsal sepal incurved, lateral recurved; lip with 2.
hairy ridges on the disk between the side lobes.

12. ©. giganteum, Wail. Cat. 7355; leaves 1-2 ft. by 3-12 in.
elongate lanceolate acuminate, scape very robust 6-12-fld., decurved or
suberect, flowers 2-24 in. diam., sepals and petals oblong-lanceolate acute
green streaked with red, lip yellow blotched with purple pubescent
and ciliate all over, midlobe large orbicular waved. Lindl. Gen. & Sp.
Orchid. 163; Sert. Orchid. t.4; Bot. Mag. t. 4844; Pazt. Mag. Bot. 241,
and Fl, Gard. ii. 14, f. 143 (flower); Warner Orchid. Alb. vi. t. 284; Griff
Notul. iii. 841; Walp. Ann. vi. 626. Iridiorchis gigantea, Blume Orchid.
Archip. Ind. 91, t.26. Limodorum longifolium, Ie. Hamilt. ( fid. Lindl.).

TroPpican Himanaya ; from Kumaon, ascending to 4000 ft. eastwards to Bhotan
and the Knasta MTs., alt. to 4-5000 ft.

Habit of C. grandiflorum and leaves nearly as broad, but flowers smaller and
differently coloured.—Blume founds the genus Iridiorckis on the protuberant base of
the column forming a small sac, a character not shown in his analysis, and which I do
not find in drawings on dried specimens. There are drawings of several varieties of

Cymbidium.] OXLvU. OROHIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) 13

this in Herb. Kew and Calcutta, varying much in the depth of colouring of the
flowers. The veins of the lip are very strong, arched and purple on the broad hypo-
chile, which has 2 central hairy ridges, villous and diverging, and again meeting
at the base of the epichile.

Var. ? Lowiana, Reichb., f. in Gard. Chron, 1887, i.684; leaves 2-3 ft. by $-2 in.,
finely acuminate, side lobes of lip pale yellow green, midlobe dark purple with golden
margins, C. Lowianum, Reichd. f. in Gard. Chron. 1879, 332, 405, f.56; Floral
Mag. N. S.t. 353; Berlin Gartenz. 1885, t. 73; Orchidoph. 1882, 321; 1885, 145.—
Burma, Bowall (Hort. Low).—Perhaps a distinct species; the leaves are more like
those of C. longifolium. The racemes attain 5 ft. in length, the very numerous
flowers vary in colour, and the lip in breadth.

18. C. longifolium, Don Prodr. 36; leaves 2-3 ft. by 3-% in. nar-
rowly linear finely acuminate, scape suberect or decurved many-fld., flowers
2-23 in, diam., sepals and petals linear-oblong or -lanceolate acute greenish
streaked with red or purple, lip papillose within not ciliate, midlobe broadly
ovate or orbicular white or yellowish spotted with red. Lindl. Gen. & Sp.
Orchid. 163; in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 29; IReichb. f. in Gard. Chron. 1874,
14. ©. erythreum, Lindl. i. c. 30. Limodorum angustifolium, Herb.
Ham. (ex Lindl. Gen. & Sp.). ;

SuBtropicaL Himatara, alt. 5-6000 ft., from Kumaon, Blinkworth, eastwards.
KHASIA MTs., common. ;

Resembles C. gigantewm, but the leaves are very narrow, flowers smaller, and their
colouring different. The lip is similar in shape, in the strong purple nerves, and
pubescent ridges. Lindley’s C. erytkraum is founded on a drawing of mine of the
flowers and fruit of a plant gathered in Sikkim, but of which I preserved no
specimens ; it has a small golden midlobe of the very narrow lip, but it otherwise does
not seem to differ from longifolium, to which the specimens of erytkreum in Lindley’s
Herbarium certainly belong.

+t Bracts large, lanceolate or cymbiform.

14. G. eyperifolium, Wail. Cat. 7353; leaves 2-3 ft. by 4-3 in.,
scape erect few-fld., bracts very slender equalling or exceeding the ovary,
sepals and petals linear-lanceolate acute pale green and yellow streaked
with red, lip narrow glabrous, greenish or white spotted with red. Lindl.
Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 163; in Journ. Linn. Soc. iti. 28. C. hamatodes, Lindl.
Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 162. OC. viridiflorum, Griff. Itin. Notes 126, No. 454.
Cyperorchis P Wallichii, Blume Orchid. Archipel. Ind, 92. Limodorum
longifolium, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 468.

SuprRoPrioaL Himazaya; from Garwhal, alt. 5000 ft., Edgeworth, eastwards.
The Kuasta, NaGa and MunniporE Hitts, alt. 3500-6500 ft.

Leaves rigid, often petioled. Scape shorter than the leaves, slender ; sheaths 3-2 in.,
distant ; flowers 4-7, distant, sweet-scented ; lip pubescent within ; pollinia 4, broadly
oblong, plano-convex, each pair of a large and small placed face to face, The
Roxburghian figure of L. longiflorum, from the Khasia Hills, agrees in every respect
except that the flowers are rose-cold.; it is described in the Flora Indica as having a
fusiform bulb and calcarate lip; in the drawing the bulb is the caudex denuded of
leaves, and there is no trace of a spur; the bracts, which in the drawing are
14-2 in. long, are undescribed. The species approaches Cyperorchis, differing in
habit. Lindley gives Ceylon, Macrae, as a habitat for his C. hamatodes (which is
certainly eyperifolium), probably through the same error as affects other plants
attributed by him to that country and collector.

15. G. ensifolium, Swartz in Nov. Act. Upsal. vi. 77; leaves 2-3 ft.,
by §-17 in, sessile or petioled ensiformly lanceolate, bracts shorter than the

14 cxLvi. oRcHIDEZ. (J.D. Hooker.) [Cymbidium.

ovary, sepals and petals lanceolate acute green streaked with red, lip
glabrous white or yellowish spotted with brown or red. Willd. Sp. Pl. iv.
112; Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 162; Bot. Reg. t. 1976 (var. estriata) ;
Bot. Mag.+.1751. OC. sinense, Lindl. in Journ. Linn, Soe. iii. 30 (P Willd.)
Epidendrum ensifolium, Linn. Sp. Pl. 90; Smith Spicileg. Bot. 22, t. 24;
P Bot. Repos. t. 344. Limodorum ensatum, Thunb. F7, Jap. 29; Kempf. Ic.
t. 8.

Srzxim Himataya; in the Terai. Kuasia Hrutzs, alt. 2-4000 ft., J. D. H.
& T. T., &. CEYLON; in the Central Province, Thwaites.—Distr1s. China,
Japan.

The Khasia plant agrees very well with Kempfer’s figure, which alone repre-
sents the leaves as narrowed into a long petiole. In the Bot. Repos. the leaves are
only a span long and quite sessile. The Bot. Mag. represents a very small plant with
spotted lip, The Ceylon ensifolium has broader inflated lanceolate bracts. The
Sikkim specimen has sessile leaves, many flowers, and a white lip with pale brown
bars along the margin of the midlobe (much as in the Bot. Reg. figure) and no spots.
I doubt C. sixense differing from ensifolium. Lindley would combine them.

DOUBTFUL AND EXCLUDED SPECIES.

C. assamicum, Linden Cat. 1863 (name only), ex Ill. Hortic. xxviii. (1881) 95.

C. carnosun, Griff. Notul. iii. 339, is probably a Eulophia.

C. cHLoRANTHUM, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1843, Misc. 68; in Journ. Linn. Soc,
iii. 29; Bot. Mag. t. 4907, is C. variciferum, Reichb. f. in Bonpland. 1854, 91, an
Australian species.

C. rnrpiorpEs, Don Prodr, 36, from Nepal, Wallich, doubtfully referred by
Lindley to C. giganteum, is probably a Calogyne.

CrMBID. sp., Griff. Notul. iii. 343 ; Ic. Plant. Asiat. t. 319, is Tainia latifolia.
The reference is omitted at vol. v. p. 820.

41. CYPERORCHIS, Blume.

Habit, foliage and inflorescence of Cymbidium, but racemes dense-fld.,
perianth segments narrow and connivent below the middle or higher, lip
nearly straight, erect, epichile small and very much shorter than the
elongate hypochile, and pollinia usually pyriform ou a short subquadrate
gland.—Species 3, all Indian.

Except by the narrow lip, long hypochile, and small usually orbicular epichile (or
midlobe), it is not easy to separate this genus from Cymbidium, for the pollinia vary
much in form in both genera, and Cyp. Mastersit resembles very much Cymd.
eburneum.

1. G. elegans, Blume Rumph. iv. t. 47; Orchid. Archip. Ind. 98,
t.48 C; raceme elongate, flowers 1-1} in. long straw-cold. or white, lip
sparsely hairy towards the base, central ridges terminating below in 2 long
pubescent calli, capsule lin. Bot. Mag.t.7007. Cymbidium elegans, Lindl.
in Wall. Cat. 7354; Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 163; Sert. Orchid. t. 14; in Journ.
Linn. Soc. iii. 28; Reichb. f. in Gard. Chron. 1875, i. 429. C. densiflorum,
Griff, Notul. iii. 337 (the Myrung plant only).

SuprropicaL Himaraya, alt, 4-7000 ft., from Nepal to Bhotan. Kasra Mrs.
and Munnivorg, alt. 4-6000 ft. ‘

Leaves 11-2 ft. by }-lin. Scape 6-18 in., curved, densely clothed with imbri-
cating compressed lanceolate acuminate sheaths 2-5 in. long; raceme pendulous,
4-8 in. long; rachis slender; flowers densely imbricate, inodorous; bracts small,
membranous, acute; sepals and petals linear-oblong, acute, tips concave ; lip as long
as the petals, very slightly recurved ; hypochile narrowly cuneate, side lobes spread-
ing, broadly oblong, obtuse, nearly as long as the suborbicular or obcordate undulate
midlobe; column very slender, base hairy in front. Capsule turgidly ellipsoid.

Cyperorehis. | OXLVII., OROHIDEZ. (J. D, Hooker.) 15

In Griffith’s Herb, this is named C. syringodorum, doubtless through a misplace-
ment of labels (see C. eburneum, p.12). In Herb. Calcutt. there are drawings of 3
forms apparently of this :—1. raceme laxer-flowered, flowers larger nearly white
flushed with pale pink, lip not represented; 2, leaves 12-18 in., scape stout,
sheaths distant, 2 in. long, and raceme inclined, flowers few, secund, drooping,
pale yellow-green, lip yellow, no ridges shown; 3, a smaller plant, leaves 9 in.,
scape 7 in., densely clothed with imbricating sheaths 3 in. long ; raceme suberect,

secund, 5-fid. ; flowers yellowish, 1} in. long: this last is named Cymbid. elegans,
var. lutescens.

2. ©. Mastersii, Benth. in Journ. Linn, Soc. xviii. 818 ; raceme short,
flowers 2 in. long white, lip quite glabrous purple spotted, central ridge
evanescent below, column glabrous, capsule 2 in. long. Cymbidium Mas-
tersii, Griff. mss. ex Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1845, t. 50; in Gard. Chron. 1845,
643; Pact. Fl. Gard. t.78; Floral Mag. N. 8. t. 891; Jard. Fleur. t. 289 ;
Reichenbachia, t. 66. C. micromeron, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soe. iii. 29
(excl. lip). ?C. affine, Griff. Motul. ii. 336; Ic. Plant. Asiat. t. 291, £. 3;
Lindl. l. ¢. 28.

Assam, Mann. Kuasia Mrts., alt. 4-5000 ft., Griffith, &e.

Habit and foliage of C. elegans, but raceme very short, decurved at the top,
flowers larger, always white with a little red on the lip and smelling of almonds, lip
broader, without the basal calli and quite glabrous; column stouter and _pollinia
broader; capsule very much larger.—It is not easy in the case of indifferent
dried specimens to distinguish this from Cymbid. eburneum except by the smaller
flower. Lindley’s Cymbid. micromeron consists of a flowering and fruiting speci-
men of this, together with the loose lip and column of a Celogyne, from which
the specific character is drawn. The same author, referring to Griffith’s descrip-
tion of C. affine (from Churra), to that of C. densiflorum from Myrung, and of
another species from Surureem (all in the Khasia Mts.), observes, “It is impos-
sible to reconcile the statements made for Griffith by his editor, without
assuming that some confusion has taken place.” To this confusion Lindley has
added by transferring the name afine, Griff., from the Churra to the Surureem
plant. Of the three the only one certainly recognizable by the description is
C. densiflorum, which is certainly Cyperorchis elegans (I have gathered it. at
Myrung). C. affine and the unnamed one, having white flowers, are both probably
C. Mastersii, a name which Griffith’s afine would have superseded, had he really
given it; but on referring to his mss. preserved at Kew, I find no such name,
Griffith’s description being headed “Ccelog. affine,” meaning simply that it is a
plant allied to Calogyne, and the Churra plant is so ticketed by himself in
both his own herbarium (at Kew) and in Lindley’s, to whom he sent a specimen.
No doubt the error was the editor’s, who replaced Calog. by Cymbidium. The name
of Mastersii is an mss. one of Griffith’s given to cultivated specimens which he sent
from the Calcutta Gardens to the Royal Horticultural Society.

C. affine, Warner Orchid. Alb. t., 140; Floral Mag. N. S. t. 346, is certainly not
the plant described and figured under that name by Griffith; it has widely spreading
sepals and petals, and the lip of a true Cymbidium,

3. ©. cochleare, Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soe. xviii. 318; raceme
elongate, sepals and petals very narrow, flowers 2 in. long, greenish brown,
lip glabrous, median ridge strong 2-fid or spathulate at the tip vanishing
downwards, column very slender glabrous, pollen pyriform, capsule 14 in.
long. Cymbidium cochleare, Lindl. in Journ, Linn. Soc, iii, 28.

Sixxim Himaaya, alt. 4-6000 ft., J.D. H., &c. Kasra Hixts, alt. 5-6000 ft.,
Clarke; at Myrung, Griffith. Tezpore in Assam, Mann.

Leaves 2-3 ft. by 4-3 in. Scape 12-18 in., very slender; sheaths 3-4 in., lax ;
sepals and revolute petals brownish green; lip yellow speckled with red, midlobe
suborbicular, golden-yellow.

nN

16 CXLVII, orcHIpEs. (J. D. Hooker.) [Cremastra.

41/1, CREMASTRA, Lindl.

A terrestrial herb; rootstock tuberous. Zeaves radical, elliptic, plicate.
Scape solitary, stout, sheathed. Flowers in secund racemes, pendulous.
Sepals and petals very long, narrow, connivent in a tube below, lanceolate
acuminate and spreading and recurved above. Lip adnate to the base of
the column, erect, linear, base subsaccate, tip dilated 3-lobed, lobes linear,
disk with a tongue-shaped appendage. Column very long, slender, straight,
top dilated 3-lobed; anther shortly stipitate, 1-celled; pollinia 4, ovoid,
compressed, caudicle and gland membranous.

C. Wallichiana, Lindl. Gen. § Sp. Orchid. 172; Franch. § Savat.
Enum. Pl. Jap. ii. 24. Hyacinthorchis variabilis, Blume Cent. Plant.
Nov. 1829, 4; Mus. Bot. 48, fig. 16; Walp. Ann. iti. 628.

TEMPERATE Himazaya; Nepal, Wallich. Sikkim, alt. 5-7500 ft., J. D. H., &e.
—Disrzis. Japan.

Tuber the size of a chestnut. Leaves 6-10 by 2-24 in., subsessile or petioled.
Scape with raceme 1-2 ft.; sheaths long, loose ; flowers 14 in. long, narrow, purple ;
pedicels short; bracts linear.—I find no evidence of Blume’s ‘‘ Centuria ” ever having
been published, or even printed ; if it was so, his name has priority.

42. GEODORUM, Jackson,

Terrestrial herbs, rootstock tuberous hypogeal. Leaves elliptic, acute,
plicate. Scape from the rootstock, stout, erect, sheathed, shorter than the
leaves ; flowers crowded in decurved racemes, bracts narrow membranous.
Sepals and broader petals conniving or spreading. ip sessile on the base
or short foot of the column, cymbiform, membranous, margins involute,
disk with or without ridges ending in calli, and with a forked b sal
callus. Colwmm short, stout; anthers 2, cells, appendaged after dehiscence
by the persistent detached faces of the cells; pollinia 2, broad foveolate
sessile or subsessile on a broad strap or gland.—Species 6-8? Indian,
Malayan and Australian.

T am unable to define the species from Herbarium specimens, or to reduce to any
system the descriptions and drawings of Roxburgh, Brown, Lindley and Griffith.
The following descriptions are provisional only. I have spent days to no purpose in
endeavours to improve on it by the analysis of specimens.

1. G. purpureum, Br. in Hort. Kew, Ed. 2, v. 207 (Char. reform.) ;
usually tall, leaves at length petioled, sepals linear-oblong acute 3-nerved,
petals rather broader okovate-oblong apiculate 5-nerved, lip subpanduri-
formly oblong, tip dilated 2-lobed, disk with a broad channelled ridge
ending in rased calli or a crenate callus. Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 175;
Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 266. G.dilatatum, Wall. Cat. 7376. Limodorum
nutans, Roxb. Cor. Pl.i.t.40; Fl. Ind. iii. 470 (descr. and fig. in both erro-
neous). Malaxis nutans, Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. 93.

Troricat Himataya, from Nepal eastwards; Brnaau, Assam, Burma, &c.
Deccan PsninsuLa and Ceyzton.—Disrris. Malay Islands, Australia ? :

Brown’s G. purpurewm was founded on Roxburgh’s drawing of Limodorum nutans,
a native of the Circars, but of which no specimen is recorded to exist. It is repre-
sented and described as having the scape longer than the leaves, a lax-fid. raceme
and an acute lip; characters not hitherto found in any Geodorum. But if it be
allowed that the elongate scape and lax-flowered raceme are due to the lengthening

Geodorum.| CXLVIII. ORCHIDEH. (J. D. Hooker.) 17

of the axis of the scape after flowering, and that the appearance of an acute lip is
due to the infolding of its margins towards the apex, then the G. purpurewm is the
commonest and widest-distributed Indian species. Dalzell and Gibson alone identify
a plant with G. purpurewm, Br., and I have examined authentic specimens of
it, which they did not, for they give Brown’s characters for the species, whilst
those of their specimens are what I have given above. G. purpureum is the
tallest and largest-leaved Indian species; its flowers vary from white veined with
red-purple to pale purple with stronger veins.

2. G. dilatatum, Br. in Hort. Kew, Hd. 2, v. 207; leaves usually
sessile, sepals linear-oblong subacute 3-5-nerved, petals obovate-oblong
5-7-nerved, lip broadly cymbiform, tip dilated recurved crenulate or un-
dulate, disk smooth or with granulate nerves ending in irregular small tu-
bercles. Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 175; Ladd. Bot. Cab.t.1797; ? Wight
Ie. +. 912. Limodorum recurvum, Roxb. Cor. Pl. i, 33 t.389; Fl. Ind. iii.
469. Malaxis cernua, Willd. Sp. Pl.iv. 93. Otandra cernua, Saligd. in
Trans. Hort. Soc. i. 261.

Assam, SILHET, Burma, the Deccan PENINSULA and CEYLON (all more or less
doubtful).

If I am right in respect of this species, it differs from purpurewm in its lower
stature, broader petals and lip, the disk of which is smooth, granulate or subcaruncled.
Wight’s figure is probably an expecration of the flowers. Dalzell and Gibson
describe it as a Concan plant, but I have seen no specimens so named by them.

3. G. candidum, Wall. Cat. 7374; flowers ascending or erect, sepals
linear-oblong, petals almost orbicular 7—9-nerved, lip very broad narrowed:
upwards from the 2-crested dilated base, disk nearly naked, tip crenulate.
Lindl. Fol. Orchid. (in part). G. attenuatum, Griff. in Cale, Journ. Nat.

Hist. v. 358, t. 24,

Burma, Grifith; Tenasserim, at Moulmein, Wadlich.

Griffith further describes his G. attenuatum (which is certainly the same as
Wallich’s candidum) as having a truncate spike, subequal sepals and petals (which
they are not in bis drawing in Herb. Calcutt.), inodorous white wide flowers, less
spreading than usual, tip of lip coricave, almost conduplicate, emarginate, crenate,
disk with a callus, column sprinkled with cellular pubescence below the stigma and
along the broad nerves of the lip, and a very short column with a bidentate tooth on
each side of the apex.—It is a very distinct species, A single specimen of @. citrinum
is on the sheet with Wallich’s specimens of this. ;

4, @. citrinum, Jackson in Andrews’ Bot. Rep. t. 626; flowers 1} in.
diam. yellow, sepals and petals very broad acute, lip large oblong deeply
saccate with an obtuse gibbosity or spur, more or less streaked with red or
purple, disk nearly smooth yellow, tip rounded or emarginate. Lindl.
Gen. § Sp. Orchid. 176; Fol. Orchid. 3; Bot. Mag. t. 2195; Wall. Cat.
7375; Walp. Ann. vi. 633.

Currracone, Wallich. Movunmxin, Wallich, Parish. Pxznana (Ic. in Herb.

wD).
a he figure in the Bot. Repository represents a plant with bracts hardly exceeding
the ovary, 4-5 pale yellow flowers 1} in. in diameter, a large saccate subcalcarate
lip broadly oblong with recurved margins, emarginate tip, and yellow and faint purple
markings on each side of the smooth disk. The Bot. Mag. plant has flowers as large,
but pale green, the lip is similar but not emarginate, and is streaked with red nerves ;
the pedicels are much longer with the ovary 14 in. long, and there are many long
bracts below, but not on, the raceme, where they aresmall. The G. citrinum, Jacks. ?
of Wall. Cat. 7375 has the long bracts below the inflorescence of the Bot. Mag. plant,
but very short pedicels and a smooth lip with incurved and then reflected margins.—
The Penang drawing shows short pedicels, pule greenish white flowers, a saccate lip
with recurved marginé and red nerves; there are only one or two bracts below the

Vou. VI. Cc

18 CXLYIIL. ORCHIDES. (J. D. Hooker.) [Geodorum.

inflorescence, and the floral are as long as the ovaries. —The var. 8. albido-purpurewm,
Par. & Reichb. f, in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. 145, from Moulmein, has bracts as long
as the flowers, but none below the inflorescence, green sepals and petals, and a dingy
purple streaked lip.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES.

G. PALLIDUM, Wall. in Don Prodr. 81. There is no specimen of this in
Wallich’s Herbarium, nor is the name in his Catalogue ; but there is a Geodorum in
Herb. Kew, sent to Sir W. Hooker by Wallich from Nepal in 1818, which is, I think,
purpureum as defined above. G..pallidum, Griff. 1. c. 357, from Assam and Silhet,
described from garden specimens, is perhaps the white-fld. purpureum ; its flowers
are described as rather small.

G, APPENDICULATUM, Griff. in Cale. Journ, Nat. Hist. v. 360, t. 24, is probably,
as suggested by Griffith, Brown’s @. dilatatum.

G. canDipuM, Lindl. Fol. Orchid. 3, Limodorum candidum, Rowb., from Silhet,
Khasia and Moulmein, is probably dilatatum ; it is certainly not G. candidum, Wall.
Cat. 7374.

G. pinatarum, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. t. 675, is, I think, pale-fld. purpureum.

G. FucatuM, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. t. 1687 ; Fol. Orchid. 5, from Ceylon, resembles
asmall G. purpureum. Thwaites states that he has never seen it.

G, LaxiFLoruM, Griff. 1. c. 356, t. 24, from Assim, Jenkins, strongly resembles
G. citrinum in its broad petals, dilated undulate emarginate white lip with the disk
tinged with yellow and purplish base.

G. RaRiFLoruM, Lindl. Fol. Orchid. 8, from Assam, is, I think, certainly
G. purpureun.

GropoRuM sp., a narrow-leaved plant, with the habit of G. purpureum, from
Mount Ophir, Malacca, Griffith, resembles the Philippine @. semicristatum, Lindl.

G, savantoum, Lindl. Fol. Orehid.2. (Cistella cernua, Blume Bijdr. 293, t. 55),
of Java, is a small-fld. species confidently referred by Reichenbach (Bonpland. 1857,
43) to G. dilatatum, with the observation that Wight’s @. dilatatum is a totally
different plant.

43. GRAMMATOPHYLLIUM, Blume.

Large stout epiphytes. Leaves linear, distichous, jointed on their
sheaths. Scapes lateral, long, stout; flowers large, racemose. Sepals and
petals subequal, spreading. Lip small, adnate to the base of the column
(mobile?) erect, concave; its side lobes embracing the column, midlobe
short recurved. Column semiterete, foot 0, top incurved; anther broad, 2-
celled; pollinia 2, subglobose, 2-cleft, attached one to each horn of a curved
strap or gland.—Species 3 or 4, Malayan.

G. speciosum, Blume Bijdr. 377, fig. 20; Rumph. iv. 47, t. 191;
gigantic, flowers 6 in. diam. golden spotted with brown. Lindl. Gen. & Sp.
Orchid. 628; Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. iti. 708; Bot. Mag. t. 5157; Part. Fl.
Gard. ii. t. 69; Fl. des Serres, t.1386 ; Batem. 2nd Cent. Orchid.t. 181 ; Jard,
Fleur, t. 235; Gard. Chron. 1878, ii. 181, £. 36; 1890, i, 289, 2.46; Walp.
Ann, vi. 628. G. fastuosum, Lindl. in Paxt. Fl. Gard. ii. 159 under t. 69.
G. macranthum, Reichb. f. Xen. Orchid. ii.16; Walp. Ann.l. c. Pattonia
macrantha, Wight Ic. t. 1750. Gabertia scripta, Gaud. in ‘Freyc. Voy.
Bot. 425. Cymbidium scriptum, Swartz in Schrad. Diar. 1799, 228 3 Willd.
Sp. Pl. iv. 100. Epidendrum secriptum, Linn. Sp. Pl. 1851.—Rumph.

moboin. vi. 95, t. 42.

TENASSERIM, Parish, PERAK, Scortechini. Matacca, Griffith (Kew Distrib.
5318), Maingay (K. D. 1655).—Disrris. Java, Borneo.

Stems 8-10 ft., tufted, as thick as the wrist. Leaves 13-2 ft. by 11-18 in.,
equitant, lorate, acute. Scape 4-6 ft., as thick as the finger, terete ; bracts ovate ;
pedicels 4-6 in., asthick as a goose-quill; sepals and petals fleshy, obovate-oblong,
variable in breadth, undulate, spreading and reflexed; lip half the length of the
sepals, side lobes short, subacute; midlobe ovate, hirsute, disk with depressed

Grammatophyllum. ] CXLVIII. ORCHIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) 19

straight nerves and two linear ridges between the side lobes.—I cannot find
characters whereby to distinguish G. fastwosum & macranthum; the latter was
founded on Griffith’s specimens. The flowers vary much in size, and the sepals and
petals of the Perak plant are narrower than in the others.

44. DIPODIUM, Brown.

Stems leafy, tufted and epiphytic in the Indian species (terrestrial and
leafless in Australian). Leaves coriaceous, jointed on their sheaths, equitant.
Racemes long-peduncled, flowers rather large; perianth of Grammatophylium,
but with the base of the lip forming a small sac with the column, and
the side lobes reduced to small teeth; pollinia separately stipitate on a
globose gland.—Spegies 6, Australian, Malayan and Pacific.

1, D. pictum, Reichb. f. Xen. Orchid. ii. 15, and 20, t. 107; stem
elongate scandent epiphytic from a terrestrial root, leaves spreading and
recurved linear, Walp. Ann. iii. 562, vi. 647. Wailesia picta, Lindl. in
Journ. Hort. Soc. iv. (1849) 262; in Part. Mag. Bot. xvi. 321, with fig.
Grammatophyllum scandens, Griff. Notul. iii, 345; Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 324.
Leopardanthus scandens, Blume Rumph. iv. 47; Mus. Bot. i. 47, t. 15.

Matacoa, Griffith, Maingay.—Distrip. Java.

Leaves 12-18 in., tip oblique acute. Peduncle with the raceme 10-12 in., purple ;
bracts short, ovate; pedicels short, stout ; flowers 14 in. diam., yellowish white blotched
with crimson; sepals and petals elliptic-oblong obtuse; lip ovoid, narrowed into a
broad tomentose claw ; side lobes linear acute, midlobe ovate acute concave, pinkish
streaked with crimson, disk and lip villous.

2. D. paludosum, fReichb. f. Xen. Orchid. ii..15; stem and scape
strict erect, leaves strict ensiform erect. Walp. Ann. vi. 648. Gtamma-
tophyllum paludosum, Griff. Notul. iii. 344. G. affine, Griff. Ic. Pl.
Asiat. t. 323. Wailesia paludosa, Reichb. f. in Bonpland. 1854, 93.

Matacca, in swamps, Grigith (Kew Distrib. 5317), Maingay (K. D. 1657)
Prrax, Wray.

Stem 1-2 ft. Pedunele as long; bracts small, ovate, acute; pedicels very short ;
flowers 1} in. diam., sweet-scented, white blotched with purple; sepals and petals
reflexed ; lip lanceolate, acute, with a villous ridge from the base to the cuspidate
tip; side lobes reduced to small teeth.

45, THECOSTELE, Reichd. f.

Epiphytes, pseudobulbous. Leaf 1, shortly petioled. Scape basal,
slender; flowers racemed. Sepals subequal, broad. Petals much nar-
rower. Lip connate with the foot of the column, 3-lobed; base with the
foot forming a ventricose tube perforate in front; side lobes small, erect ;
midlobe entire or 3-lobulate, velvety. Column slender, arched, with
incurved apical wings; anther 2-celled; pollinia 2, subglobose, separately
stipitate on a scale-like gland.—Species 3.

1. T. Zollingeri, Reichb. f. in Bonpland. v. 37; Xen. Orchid. ii.
138, t. 147; side lobes of lip subclavate sigmoid, midlobe broadly obcor-
date. TT. alata, Par. f Reichb. f.in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx.135. Cymbidium
alatum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 459.

Cuittagone, Roxburgh. TENAssERIM, Parish.—Disteis. Borneo.

Pseudobulbs the size of a nutmeg or narrower. Leaf 5-9 in., oblong or linear-
oblong. Scape with the raceme 5-8 in., decurved; bracts minute, acute, persistent ;
flowers 4 in, diam., blotched with brick-red; sepals acute, dorsal lanceolate genicu-
lately arched, lateral falcate ovate. 12

20 CXLVIII. ORCHIDER. (J. D. Hooker.) [ Thecostele.

2. T. Maingayi, Hook. f. Ic. Plant ined. ; side lobes of lip fan-shaped,
midlobe broadly ovate reflexed.

Matacca, Maingay.

Pseudobults oblong, 2-1 in. Leaf 3-5 in., from obovate- to linear-oblong. Scape

with 6-8-fld. raceme 4 in.; flowers 1 in, diam.; sepals acuminate.—Only one
specimen seen,

8. T. quinquefida, Hook. f. Ic. Plant ined.; side lobes of lip linear,
midlobe deeply 3-lobulate, side lobules hatchet-shaped, mid-lobule ovate
acute. ;

Matacoa, Maingay. s

Pseudobuibs 1 in., oblong. Leaf 5-7 in., linear-oblong, tip obtuse very oblique.

Scape with raceme 3 in.; flowers 1 in. diam.; sepals acute, lateral very broad ; lip
5-fid from the deep lobing of the midlobe.

46. BROMHEADIA, Lindl.

Terrestrial erect rigid leafy herbs, pseudobulb 0. Leaves distant.
Flowers in terminal simple or branched rigid racemes or panicles ; bracts
thick, imbricate, persistent. Sepals and petals subequal, narrow, widely
spreading. ip adnate to the base of and embracing the column, erect,
side lobes erect, midlobe spreading, entire. Column membranous, broadly
2-winged, foot 0, top hooded ; anther sub-2-celled; pollinia 2, ovoid, sulcate,
sessile on a scale-like gland.—Species 2.

1. B. palustris, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1841, Misc. 89; 1844, t. 18;
tall, leaves 8-5 in., racemes many-fld. Bot. Mag. t. 4001; Wight Ic.
t. 1740; Walp. Ann. vi. 630. B. Finlaysoniana, Reichd. f. in Walp. l. ¢.
882. Grammatophyllum P Finlaysonianum, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7561 ;
Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 173.

PENnangé, PERAK, Matacoa and Sin@apoRE (in dry exposed places, Ridley).—
Distr1B. Sumatra, Philippines.

Stem 4-8 ft., terete, very stout. Leaves 3-5 by 3-4 in., tip 2-lobed, many-
nerved. Pedunele 6-12 in., strict; sheaths many, appressed; raceme 1-7 in., bracts
ovate, obtuse, thickly coriaceous (rachis appearing serrate); pedicel with ovary 1 in. ;
flowers 23-3 in. diam., sweet-scented ; sepals linear-oblong, obtuse, spreading and
recurved, white or pale pink; petals broader; lip white, disk purple, side lobes sub-

acute streaked with purple; midlobe rounded apiculate, yellow, granulate; column
elongate cymbiform.

P2. B. aporoides, Reichb.f. Ot. Bot. Hamb. 44; dwarf, leaves 13-2 in.,
peduncle very short 1-2-fid.

TENASSERIM ; at Moulmein, Parish.

Stems tufted, 1-1} in., clothed to the base with coriaceous falcate ensiform acute
leaves. Peduncle 3 in., clothed at the base with small coriaceous imbricate sheaths ;
flowers 1 in. long; sepals and petals oblong-lanceolate, acute, white ; lip oblong, side
lobes triangular acute streaked with red, midlobe small ovate yellow papillose ;
column slender ; gland of pollinia lunate.—I have seen only very imperfect specimens,
which differ so greatly in habit, foliage and the slender column from B. palustris,

that I suspect the species will prove to be generally distinct. The habit is that of
Dendrobium atropurpureum.

47. POLYSTACHYA, Hook.

Pseudobulbous leafy epiphytes. Leaves few, distichous, narrow,
coriaceous, jointed on their sheath. Scape terminal, sheathed ; flowers very
small, in narrow panicles. Sepals free, dorsal ovate, lateral triangular
adnate to the foot of the column. Petals very narrow. Lip superior,
clawed, jointed on the foot of the column, erect, 8-lobed, side lobes small

Polystachya.] OXLVIII. ORCHIDEZ, (J. D, Hooker.) 21

erect, midlobe spreading or recurved. Column short, broad; anther 1- or
sub-2-celled; pollinia 4, ovoid, cohering or connate in pairs, attached to a
very short strap, or gland?—Species about 40, all tropical, chiefly
American. .

1. P. Wightii, Reichd. f. in Walp. Ann. vi. 640; stem 4-6 in.,
flowers yellow, lip broader than long, side lobes nearly as long as the short
broad rounded midlobe, disk with the median ridge densely furfuraceous.
P. luteola, Wight Ic. t. 1678.

Mawasaz; on the Iyamallay Hills, Wight (Kew Distrib. 2990). ? Penana,
Curtis. ? CEYLON. :

Leaves 2-3, 4-6 by 3-1 in. Stem stout; panicle glabrous, branches short;
sheaths long, coriaceous, flattened; bracts small, acute, persistent ; flowers yellow ;
sepals $ in. long, acute. Capsule } in. long.—P. luteola, Hook. Exot. Flor. t. 105,
figured from a cultivated specimen said to have been sent by Wallich, has
been pronounced by Lindley (Bot. Reg. 1838, Misc. 78) to be « West Indian plant.
No original specimen of it was preserved, Lindley distinguishes it trom the Indian
plant by the capsule being nerveless between the ribs, whilst those of the latter are
reticulated. The figure in Flor. Exot. represents the sepals as obtuse. Much better
specimens of the Indian species are wanted to determine their differences from one
another and from the Mauritian and others, and the genus wants working up.

2. P. purpurea, Wight Ic. t. 1679; flowers purplish, lip longer than
broad, side lobes much shorter than the large rounded midlobe, disk with a
short median ridge furfuraceous. Walp. Ann. vi. 640.

TRAVANCORE ; on the Jyamallay Hills, Wight (Kew Distrib. 2991).

Very near if not a variety of P. Wightii, but the flowers are smaller, and if my
analysis is correct (the materials are unsatisfactory) the lip is much narrower.

3. P. zeylanica, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1838, Misc. 78 (excl. Syn.) ; stem.
12-18 in., lip cuneate-obovate, side lobes small acute, midlobe rounded,
disk furfuraceous, capsule 4 in. reticulate between the ribs. Walp. Ann.
vi. 639.

Cryton, Walker, Gardner.

Avery much larger plant than either of the former, with a stout stem, and
panicle 6-10 in. long with branches 1-3 in. long, flowers larger, and Jeaves larger
and broader upwards. The Mauritian P. mauritiana, Spreng. Syst. Veg. iii. 742
(Dendrobium polystachys, Thou. Orchid. Afric, t. 85), which Lindley referred to this
more resembles P, Wightu.

48, PLOCOGLOTTIS, Blume.

Terrestrial herbs with the creeping rhizome, habit and inflorescence of
Tainia and Chrysoglossum, from which they are only distinguishable by the
short erect quadrate lip having its sides confluent with the sides of the short
column, and by having the four pollinia attached in pairs by 2 stipes to a
gland.—Species 4 or 5, Indian and Malayan.

1. P. acuminata, Blume Mus. Bot. i. 46; ‘leaf solitary, bracts lan-
ceolate as long as the pedicel or longer, raceme puberulous. Miquel Fl.
Ind. Bat. iii. 676.

Perak, alt. 2-3000 ft., King’s Collector.—DistTE1B. Java, Sumatra,

Leaf-blade 10-12 by 23-3 in., elliptic-lanceolate, longer than the slender petiole.
Scape as long or longer, slender ; raceme very lax-fid., simple or with a branch from the
base; bracts 2 in., lanceolate, acuminate; pedicel with ovary as long; flowers 1 in.
diam., sparsely puberulous; dorsal sepal lanceolate ; erect lateral oblong-lanceolate,
falcate, finely acuminate, 5-nerved ; petals narrowly lanceolate, falcate ; lip quadrate,
contracted above the base, angles rounded, retuse in front with a long cusp; spur a
conical gibbosity.— The specimen is not very good, but I think it is P. acuminata.

22 oxtyttt, orcHIpERZ, (J.D, Hooker.) — [Plocoglottis,

2. P, javanica, Blume Bijdr. 380, t.21; Orchid. Archip. Ind. t. 14;
Mus. Bot, i. 46; leaf solitary, bracts short ovate, raceme glabrous. Lindl.
Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 132.

Perak, alt. 3-1200 ft., Scortechini, King’s Collector.—Distx1B. Java.

Leaf-blade 10-12 by 3-4 in., as long as the very slender petiole. Scape much
longer than the leaf, very slender; raceme 8-10 in.; bracts 3-4 in., often recurved ;
flowers 2 in. diam., pale yellow speckled with red; dorsal sepal long, arched, nar-
rowly lanceolate; lateral oblong-lanceolate, faleate, acute ; petals narrowly oblanceo-
late, falcate ; lip broadly obovate, angles and tip rounded, acuminate or cuspidate ;
spur a gibbosity.—A Plocoglottis from Malacca, Maingay, resembles this, but has a
shorter raceme, and is described (by Maingay) as having obtuse sepals; the specimen
is flowerless

49. LUISTIA, Gaud.

Tufted epiphytes ; stem terete, rigid, sheathed, pseudobulbs 0. Leaves
elongate, terete, obtuse. Zowers drooping, small, spicate on a short or
very stout erect axillary rachis ; bracts very short, thick, imbricating, per-
sistent. Sepals subequal or the decurved dorsal smaller. Petals often
longer, narrower. Lip sessile on the base of the column, base flat concave
or saccate. Column very short, truncate; anther 2-celled; pollinia 2, sub-
globose, seated on a replicate short strap. Capsule narrow, erect.—Species
about 15, tropical Asia to N. Caledonia.

The materials at my disposal for the elucidation of this remarkable genus are,
though considerable, far from being sufficient. Above all careful drawings for living
plants should be obtained, when the following attempt at diagnosing the Indian
species will want revision and probably correction.

* Petals not much longer than the lateral sepals (most so in L. primulina).

1. L. teretifolia, Gaud. Bot. Freyc. Voy. 427, t. 37; leaves 4-6 in.,
flowers small, lateral sepals subacute keel winged, petals linear-oblong
obtuse hardly longer than the sepals, hypochile subquadrate saccate, epi-
chile broadly cordate. Blume Rumph. 1.t. 194, £. 3, t.197 D; Mus. Bot.
i. 63; Lindl. Fol. Orchid. 2 (excl. in all Syn. Ep. triste). L. burmanica,
Lindl. l.c. UL. brachystachys, var. flaveola, Par. & Reichb. f. in Trans.
Linn, Soc. xxx. 144. L. platyglossa, Reichb. f. in Walp. Ann. vi. 622.
L. zeylanica, Lindl. .c. Cymbidium triste, Rorb. Fl. Ind. iii. 461 (not of
Willd.; ; Bot. Mag. t. 3648 ; Wight Ic. v.11 (text, not Ic.) ; Griff. Notul. iii.
340 (the Mergui plant). C. tenuifolium, Wight 1. c. t. 1689 (Ic, not text).

Sixzim Hrmataya (Ic. Catheart). The Knasta Mrs., at Churra (Je. Jerdon).
Beneat; in the Sunderbunds, Roxburgh. Prau and TENASSERIM, Griffith, &c.
The WEsTERN Guats, from Canara to Travancore. CEYLON, Macrae, &c.—DistRiz.
Malay Islands to New Caledonia.

Stem 6-12 in., stout; internodes 3-% in, Leaves variable in thickness. Rachis
of spike 3-3 in. Petals 1-4 in. long. Lip equalling or rather exceeding the sepals.
Column very short. Capsule 3-11 in.—Blume erred in referring Willdenow’s
Cymbidium triste to Gaudichaud’s Lwisia teretifolia. The latter appears to accord
with the Indian plant, and Wight’s t. 1689 is very characteristic. Blume’s t. 194 has
larger flowers. A coloured drawing of Lindley’s burmanica by Griffith is excellent.
The petals vary in length and form, but never much exceed the sepals. The lip is in
five Indian drawings purple. Blume figures a purple hypochile and yellow epichile
with purple disk. Roxburgh describes the lip as dark purple with yellow spots.
Griffith figures it green with black purple blotches. Wight says, ‘ Flowers pale pink,
lip conformable, afterwards purple.” In var. flaveola, Par. & R. f., the flowers
are yellow, the hypochile purple and epichile streaked with purple. Lindley’s
L. zeylanica (Macrae, 1829) is identical with the Peninsular species, but there are
along with it flowers of a different and a garden plant, which he referred to Vanda
trichorhiza, Hook. Reichenbach’s L. brachystachys, founded on Wight’s t. 1689, is

Luisia.] OXLVI. onvHIDEZ, (J, D. Hooker.) 23

consequently teretifolia. Lindley’s L, trichorhiza consists of three Nilghiri speci-

mens of L. teretifolia (mislabelled Khasia Mts.), and one fruiting Khasian specimen

(es indicated by Reichenbach in Herb. Lindl.). For Cymbid, triste, Willd., see
. tristis.

2. L. brachystachys, Blume Rumph. iv. 50; Mus. Bot. i.64; leaves
2-6 in. slender, sepals and petals as in L. teretifolia, lip obovate-oblong
nearly flat grooved hardly constricted at the base of tho broadly ovate
epichile. Reichb. f. Xen. Orchid. i. 204, t..78, £. 1; Lindl. Fol. Orchid. 3.
Mesoclastes brachystachys, Sindl. in Wall, Cat. 1994; Gen. & Sp.
Orchid. 45.

TropicaAL Western Himazaya; Garwhal, Falconer; Kumaon, Stewart.
SinHer and the Kuasia Hinis, Wallich. Bena@at, at Jessore and Dacca, Clarke.
TENASSERIM (Ic. Parish).

A more slender plant than Z. teretifolia, but perhaps a variety; flowers of the
same size, but with a very different lip, which varies a little in breadth, and in the
distinctness of the hypochile from the epichile. The lip is rather thin, with usually
strong parallel grooves or nerves, though sometimes it is very thick and fleshy when
the grooves are not visible (in the dried state). Colwmn very short. Capsule
$-1 in.—Clarke describes the sepals green without, rose-purple within; petals rose-
purple with green tip and base ; lip yellow at base, black-purple for 2 of upper part,
but variable.

3. GL. trichorhiza, Blume Mus. Bot. i. 63; leaves 4-6 in. stout, flowers
twice as large as in L. teretifolia, petals } in. long about as long as the
lateral sepals, lip obovate-oblong rather longer than the sepals flat grooved
constricted at the insertion of the broadly ovate epichile with the quadrate
hypochile, column rather long. Lindl. Fol. Orchid. 2; Reichb. f. Xen.
Orchid. t. 77. f. 878. ? Vanda P trichorhiza, Hook. Fl. Exot. t. 72.

TropioaL Himanaya, Wallich; Garwhal, Falconer. :

I have seen only two native specimens of this plant, a flowering and a fruiting, '
from Garwhal, they bear tke mss. name of JL. retusa, Reichb. f. It is the
only species that approaches the Flora Exotica Vanda? trichorhiza in the size of
the flower and length of the column, differing from it only in the lip not being
longer than the sepals, which is a very variable character. Flowers of V. ? trichorhiza
in Lindley’s Herbarium closely resemble this, except in having a longer lip. A spike
of flowers of V. trichorhiza in Herb. Hook. is presumably from the type plant; the
flowers are on slender pedicels, with the lip grooved as in brachystachys, but with
the sepals and petals narrower and more acute. Of the hairy roots of V. trichorhiza
described in Fl. Exot. I know nothing, but Lindley, who no doubt saw the original
plant, says that it has sometimes an enormous development of downy roots.

4, Is filiformis; Hook. f.; stem elongate slender, leaves 6-12 in.,
very slender, rachis of spike very stout short few-fid., flowers 3-2 in. diam.,
lateral sepals cymbiform, keel broadly winged, petals linear and lip fleshy,
hypochile broad flat smooth, epichile subquadrate deeply many-grooved, tip
incurved fleshy, column very short broad.

Singer; at Terrya Ghat, Mann.

Stem probably several feet long; internodes 1-2 in. Leaves as thick as a crow
quill. Petals hardly longer than the lateral sepals.—Hxcept in the short petals this
a good deal resembles L. Grovesii.

5. QL micrantha, Hook. f.; stem short robust, leaves 2 in. slender,
rachis of spike short thick few-fid., flowers 3 in. diam., lateral sepals ovate
‘subacute midrib very stout, petals oblong obtuse, hypochile of lip oblong
concave with 2 strong incurved teeth on each side, epichile lozenge-shaped
fleshy, column rather long.

Assam, Grifith (in Herb. Wight), Kasia H1zs, alt. 83-4000 ft, Mann.

24 oxy, oronipEZ, (J. D, Hooker.) (Luisia,

Stem 2~5 in, ; internodes 4-} in, Leaves as thick as a sparrow quill. Rachés
of spike clothed with imbricate ovate acute bracts; pedicels decurved; flowers
punctulate ; dorsals sepal oblong obtuse and similar petals l-nerved ; lip as long as
the sepals, epichile about balf as long as the hypochile both concave.—Griffiths
specimens are not in flower but appear to be the same as Mann’s, which are so.

6. &. primulina, Par. & Reichb.f. in Trans. Linn, Soc, xxx. 144,
t. 30, £.1; stem short very stout, leaves 3-4 in. very stout, rachis short
few-fid., sepals subequal oblong acute, petals larger obovate-spathulate
obtuse, lip much longer than the lateral sepals yellow, hypochile small
short saddle-shaped, epichile large triangular-ovate obtuse, margin
obscurely lobulate.

TrNnasseRim ; at Moulmein, Parish.

Stem 3-4, in.; internodes short. Leaves 1 in. diam. Flowers 2 in. diam., pale
yellow with a purple column.— Described chiefly from a drawing by Parish. A draw-
ing in Herb. Calcutt. of apparently the same species (collected at Moolyet, Moulmein)
has elliptic-acute sepals, a shorter cordate epichile, a larger hypochile with a purple
disk, and a yellow column; its concave lateral sepals are spurred at the back. There
are in Herb. Kew flowers and leaf of a cultivated plant from Burma (Hort. Kew),
resembling this, but with a purple lip.

7. Z. macrotis, Reichb. f. in Gard. Chron. 1869, 1110; habit and
leaves of DL. Psyche, sepals triangular keeled, petals longer triangular
ligulate acute flat base broad, lip much longer than the sepals violet-black
triangular-ovate from a broad 2-auricled base sulcate.

Assam (Hort. Day).

Ihave seen only flowers of what I take to be this (Hort. Kew), in which the
sepals are ovate-oblong, subacute, the petals much longer (4 in. long), linear-oblong,
obtuse, and the lip very like that of L. primulina, and of the same size, but dark
purple. The shape of the petals distinguishes it from primulina,

** Petals much longer than the sepals.

8. &. Psyche, feichb. f. in Bot. Zeit. 1863, 98; in Gard. Chron.
1865, 342; stem tall stout, leaves 3-5 in. stout, rachis short, flowers few
large, petals linear-spathulate or obovate obtuse twice as long as the obtuse
concave sepals, lip broadly ovate-oblong retuse, base contracted saccate
2-auricled., Bot. Mag. t. 5558.

TENasseRIM; at Moulmein, Parish. ? Kuasia Hixts, alt. 3000 ft., Mann.

Stem 1 ft., internodes 1 in. Leaves strict, } in. diam. Sepals } in. long,
petals 13 in., variable in breadth, both pale greenish yellow. Zip convex, nearly
1 in. long, violet-brown, tessellated with white or yellow, auricles erect, embracing
the white column. Capsule 13-2 in. long.—Mann's specimen is in fruit only. It
has a large clavate capsule as figured by Parish in his drawing of L. Psyche.

9. L. tenuifolia, Blume Rumph. iv. 50; Mus, Bot. i. 68; stem long
slender, leaves 4-7 in., rachis $ in., Howers few large, petals narrow twice
as long as the ovate subacute concave sepals, lip narrowly panduriform
convex base broad 2-auricled, lip with 2 divergent lobes. Lindl. Fol.
Orchid.2; Thwaites Enum. 302; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 266; Walp. Ann.
vi. 619. LL. Birchea, Blume Rumph.iv. 50; Mus. Bot. i. 63. LL. zeylanica,
Thwaites mss. (C. P. 2347). Birchea teretifolia, A. Rich. in Ann. Sc. Nat.
Ser. 2, xv. 66, t.10. Cymbidium tenuifolium, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid,
167 (excl. Syn.). C. triste, Wight Ie. t. 911 (non Willd).

On the Wrstern Guars, from the Concan to Travancore, Wight, Dalzell, &e.
OEYLON ; in the Central Province, Macrae, Thwaites.

Leaves very variable in thickness, somctimes very long and slender. Sepals
k-3 in. long, yellowish green stained or streaked with red; petals more green ;

Inisia.] OXLVII, oRcHIDEZ, (J. D, Hooker.) 25

lip twice as long as the lateral sepals, white or greenish with deep purple base
and lobes, or purple and streaked with paler lines (Dalzell), disk with 8 large
calli. Macrae’s Ceylon specimen is like the Malabar plant. A. Richards’ figure of
Birchea teretifolia is a very bad one. Rheede’s figure in xii. t. 5, on which Linnzeus’
Epidendrum tenuifolium (Cymbidium, Willd.) was founded, is not a Lwisia, the leaves
are grooved, and spike very different.

10. G. volucris, Lindl. Fol. Orchid. 1; stem stout, leaves 3-5 in.
stout, lateral sepals cymbiform with an acute dorsal wing, petals 2-4 times
as long 1-14 in. linear dilating to the rounded tip, hypochile oblong with
incurved basal auricles, epichile as long much broader ovate-cordate obtuse
fleshy. Walp. Ann. vi. 619.

Sizxim Himataya, J.D. H. Kuasta Mrs. and Sinuet, Lob), J. D. H. § T. T.
? Chittagong Hills, Zc. in Hort. Calcutt.

Stem 6-10 in., internodes 4 in. Rachis of spike 4 in., very stout. Petals
and sepals very pale yellow-green; lip dark purple, epichile hardly cordate (as
described by Lindley). Capsules 1 in.—Flowerless specimens closely resemble
L. teretifolia. In the drawing of the Chittagong plant the stem is slender, the in-
ternodes are 1% in. and leaves 7-9 in., the petals not dilated at the tip, and the
epichile of the lip green and grooved.

1l. &. antennifera, Blume Rumph. iv. 50; Mus. Lugd. Bat. i. 64;
stem stout, elongate, leaves 3-4 in., rachis of spike very stout 3-1} in.,
petals linear 3 in. long twice as long as the cymbiform sepals, lip cuneately
oblong, epichile hardly distinct from hypochile which has a broadly
2-auricled base. Reichb. f. Xen. Orchid. i. 265, t. 78, f. 2.

Perak, Scortechini, King’s Collector.—DistR1B. Borneo (Low).

Stem a foot and upwards ; internodes 1 in. (the largest of the genus except tristis),
as are the spikes. Flowers in Low’s drawing pale green with purple lip as long as

,the sepals; in note by King’s collector, ‘‘ pale greenish white waxy inner petals
dark blue,” possibly the dark blue is meant for the lip. The form of lip is the same
in a drawing by Scortechini of the Perak plant.

12. L. tristis, Hook. f.; stem stout elongate, leaves stout 3-5 in.,
rachis of spike very stout 1-2 in., petals 2 in. long linear twice or thrice as
long as the sepals, hypochile of lip quadrate base 2-auricled, epichile short
broadly ovate-cordate grooved. Cymbidium triste, Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. 99.
Epidendrum triste, Forst. Prodr. No. 314.

PrnanG, Curtis.—Distais. New Caledonia.

Very like L. antennifera, having the same stout habit, foliage, and thick long
rachis of the spike, but the lip is very different, and isas far as can be judged from the
indifferent specimens in Herb. Forster, identical with that of his Hpidendrum triste.

13. Lh. Grovesii, Hook. f.; stem very slender elongate, leaves 6-10 in.
filiform, rachis of spike very short few-fld., flowers 1 in. diam., lateral sepals
cymbiform, petals twice or thrice as long narrowly linear obtuse, hypochile
of lip subquadrate flat, epichile broadly cordate, column very short broad.

Eastern BENGAL; in the Looshai Hills, G. B. Groves (in Herb. Caleutt.).

Closely resembles L. filiformis, but at once distinguished by the long petals.—
Described from two drawings of plants cultivated in Hort. Calcutta, one of a speci-
men without locality, the other localized as above. The sepals and petals are pale
yellowish, the hypochile and column dark purple, the epichile pale purplish in one
with darker margins, greenish in the-other, in both dark purple at the base.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES.
LL. MIOROPTERA, Reichd. f. in Gard. Chron, (1870) 1503; leaves terete rather
stout, raceme few-fid., flowers small, sepals ligulate acute, longer than the petals,
both straw-cold., lip half purplish half yellow, hypochile ovate uncinate at the base

26 CXLVUI, oncHIDES., (J. D, Hooker.) [Ludsia.

on each side, epichile broadly triangular-ovate, column purplish, anther with 2 yel-
lowish eyes in the centre of each half,—Assam, Benson (Hort. Vettch).—Description
from the author], c, Possibly the sepals longer than the petals is an error, due to the
omission of a comma in the phrase “ sepalis ligulatis acutis petalis longioribus.”

CymBIDIuM TENUIFOLIUM, Willd. of Thwaites mss. (C. P. 3530) is certainly not
L. tenuifolia, Bl., having short petals and a broad lip. It is probably a new species
near filiformis, but the specimen being solitary and only 1-fid. I leave it
undescribed.

50. COTTONIA, Wight.

An epiphyte, stem leafy. Leaves long, narrow, coriaceous. Scape tall,
very slender, branched. Flowers in short terminal racemes. Sepals sub-
equal and narrower petals widely spreading. ip sessile at the base of
the column, much longer than the sepals, flat, spreading ; side lobes minute
basal; midlobe subpanduriform, retuse. Colwmn short, foot 0; anther short,
2-celled ; pollinia 2, pyriform, 2-cleft; strap linear, sides recurved; gland
minute. Capsule slender, elongate.

Cc. macrostachya, Wight Ic. t. 1755; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl.
263; Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 39; Bot. Mag. t. 7099. CO. pedun-
cularis, Reichb. f. in Cat. Orchid. Schiller 1857, 52; Thwaites Enum. 303 ;
Walp. Ann. vi. 860. Vanda peduncularis, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 216;
Pazt. Fl. Gard, iii. t. 253.

The Deccan PENINSULA; on the Ghats from the Concan southwards. CEYLON;
in the Central Province.

Stem 4-8 in., leafy; internodes short. Leaves 5-6 by 4-2 in., lorate, recurved,
unequally obtusely 2-lobed. Scape 12-18 in., strict, erect ; branches few, tipped by
short racemes ; pedicels long, slender; bracts ovate; flowers 3 in. diam.; sepals ob-
long and subspathulate; petals dirty orange with red streaks; lip dark purple with a
broad villous golden margin; side lobes ear-like with 3 calli between them, the
median pubescent, disk of midlobe with median callus ; column puberulous ; rostellum
obscure. Capsule 1} in.—Lip like that of Ophrys aranifera,

50/1. DEIPLOPRORA, Zook. f.

Stem short, slender. Leaves falcately lanceolate, acuminate. Scape
short, simple, few-fid. Sepals widely spreading, keeled. Petals obovate.
Lip as long as the petals, margins adnate to the sides of the column, cym-
bitorm and sigmoidly curved, suddenly narrowed into a compressed
2-caudate tip, disk keeled. Colwmn very short, foot 0; anther 2-celled;
pollinia 2, globose; strap short linear, sides recurved ; gland small. Capsule
slender.

D. Championi, Hook. f.; Ic. Plant. ined. Cottonia Championi, Lindi.
in. Hook. Journ. Bot. vii. (1855) 35; in Jowrn. Linn. Soc. iii.89; Benth. FT.
Hongk. 357. Luisia bicaudata, Thwaites Enum. 302. Vanda bicaudata,
Thwaites l, e. 429.

Buoran Himauara, Gammie. Knasia Mvs., alt. 83-4000 ft., J.D. H. & 7. 7.
TENaSSERIM, Parish. CEYLON, Thwaites.—Distris. Hong Kong.

Stem 1-3 in., ascending. Leaves 3-4 by 3-$ in., thin and many-nerved when
dry. Scape 1-2 in., stout ; rachis flexuous ; flowers few, 4 in. diam., yellow; lip
with a deep longitudinal ridge within, sides streaked with red; column papillose,
Capsule 11 in.—Very distinct from Cottonia in habit, folinge, inflorescence and lip,
and much nearer Phalenopsis, but wants the appendages on the disk of the lip and the
side lobes, and differs strikingly in habit.

Stauropsis. ] OXLYVIl. oRcHIDER, (J, D, Hooker,) 27

51. STAUROPSIS, Reichs. f.

Epiphytes; stem stout, leafy. Leaves distichous, coriaceous, flat,
2-lobed. Flowers in lateral racemes. ‘Sepals and similar but smaller
petals widely spreading. Lip sessile, adnate to the base or sides of the
column, incurved, base simple or saccate, lobes narrow, disk naked or hairy.
Column short, thick, foot 0, top truncate ; anther 1-celled; pollinia 2, sub-
globose, 2-cleft; strap broad, gland large—Species about 8, Malayan.

1. S. giganteus, Benth. in Gen. Plant. iii. 572; flowers very large
golden-yellow ocellately blotched with cinnamon, sepals and petals spathu-
lately obovate, lip white hatchet-shaped obtuse, base cordate, side lobes
rounded, midlobe narrow obtuse fleshy, disk with a broad conical callus.
Fieldia gigantea, Reichd. f. Xen. Orchid. ii, 39; Walp. Ann, vi. 871.
Vanda gigantea, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7326; Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 215; Fol.
Orchid. 2; Bot. Mag. t. 5189. Reichd. f. l. c. 38, t. 112; Il. Hortic. 1861,
277; Rev. Hortic. 1874, t. 291. V. Lindleyana, Griff. Notul. iii. 353.

TENassERIM ; at Moulmein, Wallick, Griffith.

Stem pendulous. Leaves 1-2 ft. by 2-3 in., very thick, flat. Raceme 10-15 in.,
decurved, many-fid.; rachis very stout; bracts short, broad; flowers 3 in. diam.;
lateral sepals horned behind below the tip.—Griffith describes two sterile stamens
between the lateral sepals and petals,

2. S. undulatus, Benth. mss.; flowers 14 in. diam. nearly white,
sepals and petals spathulately oblanceolate waved, base of lip saccate
adnate to the sides of the column, midlobe laterally compressed 3-ridged
Vanda undulata, Lindl, in Journ. Linn. Soe. iii. 42; Reichd. f. in Gard
Chron. 1875, ii. 212; 1878, i. 168. .

Eastern SustropricaL Himazaya; Sikkim and Bhotan, ascending to 6000 ft.
The Kuasta Hr11s, alt. 5-6000 ft.

Stem 6-10 in.; sheaths and scape minutely warted. Leaves 3-4 by 3-3 in.,
unequally obtusely 2-lobed. Scape 5-8 in, and raceme strict, erect, laxly few-fid.
near the top; bracts 4 in. long, broad, obtuse; flowers white flushed with pink or
purplish; sepals acuminate, undulate, lateral deflexed; petals similar but smaller ;
lip yellow, base orbicular, sides streaked with pink; midlobe linguiform; tip
truncate, sometimes purplish; pollinia globose, strap short, gland large transverse. —
Iam very doubtful as to the affinity of this plant, which differs from 9. giganteus
in the base of the lip being adnate-to the sides of the column, and forming with it a
cup with a thickened rim.

52. ARACHNANTHE, Blume.

Characters of Stawropsis, but lip jointed on to the base of the column
and mobile.—Species 5 or 6, Himalayan and Malayan.

This character of the mobile lip requires confirmation in the living plant of some
species,

* Flowers in simple racemes. Side lobes of lip much smaller than the
midlobe.

1. A. Catheartii, Benth. in Gen. Plant. iii. 573; scape few-fid.,
lateral sepals and petals broadly elliptic obtuse, side lobes of lip small
rounded. Esmeralda Cathcartii, Reichb. f. Xen. Orchid, ti. 38; Walp.
Ann. vi. 871. Vanda Catheartii, Hook. f. Ill. Himal. Pl. t. 23; Bot. Mag.
+. 5845; Lindl.Fol. Orchid. 8; Ill, Hortic. 1858, 187 ; Flore des Ser. t. 1251 :
Warner Orchid. Alb. t. 168; Jenning’s Orchid. t. 10; Floral Mag. N. 8.
t. 66; Gard. Chron. 1870, 1409.

28 OXLVIIL, oncHIDEH. (J. D. Hooker.) [Arachnanthe.

East Nepat and Sixxrm Himaa¥A, alt. 3-6000 ft., Grifith’s Collectors, J.D. H.,
&e. Buoran (Ic. in Hort. Oalcutt.). : ;

Stem 12-18 in., stout. Leaves 6-9 by 1-17 in., flaccidly coriaceous, lorate,
unequally obtusely 2-lobed. Scape longer than the leaves, 4-6-fid. ; bracts short,
broad; flowers 2-24 in, diam., fleshy ; sepals whitish beneath, above yellowish closely
barred with chocolate or red, dorsal obovate ; lip shorter than the sepals, oblong,
variable in breadth, side lobes erect speckled with red ; midlobe | shoe-shaped, obtuse,
yellow, margins incurved sharply 2-keeled. Capsule 4 in., linear-oblong or sub-
pyriform.

2, A. bilinguis, Benth. in Gen. Plant. iii. 573; scape few-fd., lateral
sepals and petals oblanceolate, lip with a large recurved spur under the
limb, side lobes very small rounded. Renanthera bilinguis, Reichd. f. Xen.
Orchid. i. 7,%. 4. BR. labrosa, Reichd. f. 1. c. 88. Arrhynchium labrosum,
Lindl. in Past, #1. Gard. i. 142.

a at Moulmein, Parish, &. The Kuasia Mrs.; at Nurtiung (Ie.
Jerdon).

Stem elongate, as thick as a swan’s quill or less. Leaves 5-8 by 3—$ in., keeled,
coriaceous, unequally 2-lobed. Scape long or short, greenish brown; flowers 4-6,
distant, 1} in. diam. ; sepals and petals obtuse, yellowish with broad red-brown or
blotched margins; lip yellow, very narrow, recurved; spur adnate, recurved, as long
as the limb, the tip of which is hence bifid with the lobes superposed; strap of
pollinia short, gland large.

3. A. Clarkei, Rolfe in Gard. Chron. 1888, ii. 567; scape few-fd.,
sepals and petals linear-spathulate obtuse. Bot. Mag. +. 7077. Esmeralda
Clarkei, Reichd. f. in Gard. Chron. 1886, ii. 552.

Srxxim Himauaya, alt. 6600 ft., Clarke. Buotan (Je. in Hort. Calcutt.).

Stem 12-18 in., stout. Leaves 5-6 by 14-14 in., flaccidly coriaceous, lorate,
unequally obtusely 2-lobed. Scape 2-3-fild.; flowers 33 in. diam., yellow barred
with pale cinnamon-brown; lateral sepals and petals falcate; dorsal sepal erect;
lip half the length of the sepals, base narrowed; side lobes short, broad, obtuse ;
midlobe ovate-cordate, obtuse, ridged ; column speckled with red. Capsule 2% in.,
oblong, very thick.

** Flowers panicled, Side lobes of lip nearly equalling or exceeding the
midlobe.

4, A. Maingayi, Hook. f.; lateral sepals broadly obovate, dorsal
narrower, petals linear-spathulate falcate, side lobes of clawed lip quadrate,
midlobe as long oblong fleshy, spur red beneath.

Maxacoa, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1645).

Stem 4-6 ft., sheaths smooth. Leaves 3-5 in., linear-oblong ; tip narrowed, notched.
Panicle 1-3 ft.; branches short, divaricate ; pedicel and ovary stout; flowers 2 in.
diam.; lip fleshy, not half as long as the sepals, yellow, sides blotched with red (“ claw
elastic,” Maingay) ; column short, truncate; strap of large oblong furrowed pollen
broadly linear, gland transverse.

5. A. moschifera, Blume Rumph. iv. t. 196, 199 ; lateral sepals and
petals narrowly linear-spathulate falcate, dorsal sepal straight, side lobes
of lip quadrate, midlobe as long obovate acuminate shortly spurred beneath.
Arachnis moschifera, Blume Bijdr.865, t. 26. Aerides arachnites, Swartz
in Schrad. Journ. 1799, 235; Willd. Sp. Pi.iv.131. Renanthera Arachnitis;
Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 217. R. Flos-aeris, Reichb. f. Xen. Orchid. i.
88; Walp. Ann. vi. 878. Limodorum Flos-aeris, Swartz in Nov. Act. Upsal.
1740, 87. Hpidendrum Flos-aeris, Linn. Sp. Pl. 1348,

PERAK, alt, 4-6000 ft., King’s Collector,—Disrris. Java, Borneo.

Avachnanthe.| | cXLvIII. ornowipE®. (J. D. Hooker.) 29

Stem 4-6 ft., as thick as a swan’s quill, sheaths smooth, Leaves 4-7 in.,
loriform or linear-oblong, tip narrowly notched. Panicle 2-3 ft.; branches very
short, divaricate, 2-3-fid.; pedicel with ovary 1 in.; flowers 3-4 in. diam., dark
preen or yellow barred with maroon; upper margin of side lobes recurved; anther
broad, truncate; pollinia very large, flattened; strap broad with a median ridge.

53. PHALZENOPSIS, Blume.

Epiphytes ; stem short, leafy; pseudobulb 0. Leaves distichous, coria-
ceous. Scape lateral; flowers usually large, loosely racemed. Sepals
widely spreading. Petals narrower or broader. Lip clawed or sessile,
adnate to the base or foot of the column, side lobes erect, midlobe various,
spur 0; disk variously appendaged, with usually a forked plate or callus.
Column suberect, foot long short or 0; anther 2-celled; pollinia 2, sulcate
or 2-partite, strap linear or spathulate, gland large or small.—Species
about 25, Indian and Malayan.

The genus requires revision, and a careful examination of the lip, which is very
imperfectly figured and described by the authors who have had access to living
i caetee The beautiful P. amabilis has been sent from Singapore, where it is
cultivated. i

* Lateral sepals inserted by a narrow base to the base or very short
foot of the column. .

+ Rachis of raceme compressed ; bracts fleshy, distichous.

1. P. Cornu-cervi, Par. & Reichd. f. in Hamb. Gartenz. 1860, 116;
scape 6-10 in., flowers 2 in. diam. yellow-green barred with brown. Rolfe
in Gard. Chron. 1886, ii. 276. Polychilus Cornu-cervi, Breda Orchid. Jav.
t.1; Bot. Mag. t. 5570.

TENasszRIM; at Moulmein, Lobb, Parish. PrRax, Scortechini.—DIstTRIB.
Sumatra, Java, Borneo.

Leaves 3-8 in., oblanceolate. Scape stout, simple or branched; rachis 3-5 in. ;
bracts 4 in., oblong, tip rounded; sepals oblong-lanceolate; petals shorter; lip
subsessile, side lobes oblong, midlobe ovate acute with a short falcate wing on each
side of the tip; disk with a broad 2-awned plate at the base, and a flattened sword-
shaped compressed spur in front of it.—Habit of a Strcochilus.

2. P. violacea, Teysm. & Binn. in Batav. Nat. Tydschr. xxiv.
(reprint 10); scape 2-12 in., flowers 1in. diam. Reichb. f. in Gard. Chron.
1878, ii. 234; 1881, ii. 145, fig. 32, 187; Warner Orchid. Album, t. 182; Flor.
Mag. N. 8. t. 342; Rolfe in Gard. Chron. 1886, ii. 277; It. Hortic. 1855,
ee (var. Schrederi). Stauritis violacea, Reichd. f. in Hamb. Gartenzeit.
1802, 34.

Perak (Ic. Scortechini). SINGapors (fid. Warner 1. c.).—DistRIs. Sumatra.

Leaves 4-10 in., elliptic or oblanceolate, acute. Scape very stout, 1-7-fld. ;
bracts ovate, acute; lateral sepals oblong-lanccolate, unequal-sided, acute, deflexed ;
petals smaller, oblanceolate; lip narrow, incurved, broadly clawed or stipitate; side
lobes erect, narrow, linear, truncate; midlobe cuneately obovate, apex triangular
acute crenulate, disk with a bicuspidate appendage at the base; column rather long.
—Colours of flower apparently very variable; Scortechini describes the sepals and
petals as deep carnation with green tips, the side lobes of lip yellow dotted with
purple, the midlobe purple; Warner’s figure has a very short scape, few flowers, a
violet lateral sepal with cream-cold. inner margins, cream-cold. dorsal sepals and petuls,
and a violet lip, According to Reichenbach the raceme is sometimes brariched,—
Perhaps two species are confounded under violacea.

30 CXLvi. oncHIDEH. (J.D. Hooker.) [Phalcenopsis.

tt Rachis of raceme terete.

3. P. Lowii, Reichb. f. in Bot. Zeit. 1862, 214; in Gard. Chron. 1862,
979; Xen. Orchid. ii. t. 151; petals fan-shaped very much larger than the
oblong sepals, rostellum much longer than the column. Bot. Mag. t. 5351;
Fl. des Serres, t.1910; Warner Select. Orchid. Ser. 2, t.15; Rolfe in Gard.
Chron. 1886, ii. 276.

TENassuBIM ; at Moulmein, Parish,

Leaves 3-5 in., ovate-oblong or lanceolate, acute. Scape with lax-fid. raceme
10-24 in., slender, simple or branched ; flowers 13-2 in. diam. ; sepals white, dorsal
largest and broadest; petals flushed with violet towards the base ; lip sessile, as
long as the lateral sepals, narrowly oblong, side lobes small, uncinately recurved
yellow, midlobe obcuneately oblong truncate and crenate at the tip purple; disk
keeled and furnished with a transverse forked plicate callus at the base of the side
lobes in front, and with some soft spines behind; column and rostellum pale
purple.

4. P. Mannii, Reichb. f. in Gard. Chron. 1871, 902; 1876, 508;
lateral sepals lanceolate acuminate, petals oblanceolate, lip clawed, side
lobes faleately oblong, midlobe panduriform truncate with two spreading
and recurved oblong caruncled apical lobules. Rolfe in Gard. Chron, 1886,
ii. 276,

Assam, Mann.

Leaves 6-10 in., oblong-lanceolate. Scape 12 in., branched; flowers many,
scattered, 13 in. diam.; sepals and petals yellow blotched with brown ; lip white
with purple blotches, disk with a forked appendage at the base of the midlobe, in
front of which is a flattened sword-shaped spur ; foot of column very short.—Flower
and appendages of lip very like those of P. Cornu-cervi; in both the column is long,
the pollinia ellipsoid. :

5. P. speciosa, Reichd. f. in Gard. Chron. 1881, i. 562; 1882, ii. 744,
fig. 180-132; sepals elliptic-lanceolate acute, petals similar but smaller,
lip sessile, side lobes small linear-oblong truncate toothed, midlobe laterally
compressed fleshy, tip dilated mallet-like papillose. Warner Orchid. Album,
t. 158; Gard. Chron. 1882, ii. 745, £. 180-182; 1886, ii. 277, fig. 56-58;
Reichenbachia, ii. t. 57; Rolfe in Gard. Chron. 1886, ii. 277.

AmpamaNn Isuanps, Berkeley.

Leaves 8-12 in., obovate-oblong or -lanceolate. Scape tall, simple or branched ;
flowers 2 in. diam., scattered, white or rosy with darker blotches ; lip with a forked
callus; column long, tip toothed, foot very short; pollinia oblong.—Var. Chris-
tiana, R.f., has rose-madder sepals and white petals; var. purpurata, R. f., has
rose-purple flowers.

6. P. tetraspis, Reich. f. Xen. Orchid. ii. 146; in Gard. Chron.
1881, ii. 562, 656; flowers as in P. speciosa, but waxy white with 2 2-awned
basal calli on the hairy disk. Rolfe in Gard. Ohron. 1886, ii. 277.

ANDAMAN IsLanps, Col. Man.—Distris. Sumatra.

Leavés 12 by 2-4 in., cuneately obovate. Scape tall, stout, branched.—I have
seen no flower of this.

7. PB. Kunstileri, Hook. f.; sepals obovate apiculate, petals rather
smaller, tip rounded, lip shortly clawed, side lobes small broadly cuneate
truncate, midlobe obovate with 7 thick parallel ridges, tip rounded.

Prrax, Kunstler,

Leaves 4-6 in., obovate oblanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, acute, pale green,
Scape about equalling the leaves, 2-3-fld, at the tip ; bracts very small, ovate; flowers

Phalenopsis.| oxtvi. orncniDEm. (J.D. Hooker.) 31

1 in. diam. ; sepals and petals dull yellow green mottled closely with dull red for
the basal half; lip small, white, side lobes orect streaked with red, midlobe red
purple between the ridges; forked appendage small, with uw 2-lobed callus behind
it; column about half the length of the lip; pollinia globose, strap short, cuneate,
gland quadrate.—Described from dried flowers and a drawing of the whole plant in
Hort. Calcutt.

** Lateral sepals inserted by a broad base on the elongate foot of the
column.

8. P. Esmeralda, Reichb. f. in Gard. Chron. 1874, ii. 582; lateral
sepals orbicular-ovate, petals broadly obovate, claw of lip long geniculate
with two narrow recurved auricles, side lobes broadly falcately obovate,
midlobe oblong. Rev. Hortic. 1877, t. 107; Warner Orchid. Alb. vii. t. 21.
Floral Mag. N. S. t. 358; Rolfe in Gard. Chron. 1886, ii. 276; Orchodoph.
1881, t. 9. P. antennifera, Reichd. f. in Gard. Chron. 1878, 398; 1882, 520;
Rolfe 7. c. 1886, ii. 276. :

Burma, Hort. Low.—Dristein. Cochin China.

Leaves 4-6 in. Scape 1-2 ft., simple or branched, slender; rachis elongate ;
flowers lin. diam., amethystine ; side lobes of lip erect, appressed, red-purple ;
disk with a 2-awned callus in front of the auricles, and a raised thickened fleshy ridge
from the base of the side lobes to the tip of the midlobe.

9. P. Parishii, Reichd. f. in Gard. Chron. 1865, 410; 1871, 802; Xen.
Orchid. i. 144, t. 156, £.1. in Saunders’ Refug. Bot. t. 85; flowers small,
lateral sepals subrotund, lip short sessile, side lobes small falcate, midlobe
much broader shortly stipitate reniformly cordate. Bot. Mag. t. 5815;
Rolfe in Gard. Chron. 1886, ii. 276.

Eastern Himaxaya, Lobb, Mann. Cacnar, Keenan. TunassEriu, Lobb.

Leaves 3-5 in., linear or obovate-oblong. Scape 3-4 in., 6-8-fid.; flowers
$ in. diam.; sepals and obovate petals cream-cold. ; lip mobile, purple-brown ; disk
with a narrow 4-awned appendage at the base overlapping a much broader ciliate
lamina; rostellum 3-partite.—The figure in Saunders’ Refug. is of var. Lobbii, R. f.,
which has a white lip with two chestnut bands.

SPECIES OF DOUBTFUL POSITION.

P. Fusoata, Reichb. f. in Gard. Chron. 1874, ii. 6; “allied to P. Cornuscervi,
roots short, leaves very broad oblong obtuse acute, flowers medium-sized, sepals
oblong obtusely acute, petals cuneately oblong obtuse, lip 3-partite, side segments
ligulate retuse one toothed on each side, umbonate on the middle of the lower side,
mid-segment oblong acute keeled in the middle, base with a 2-toothed callus, and
with an aristate ligula on each side behind it, column not angled (exangulata) at the
base.”’—Malayan Peninsula, Hort. Bull.—Characters from Reichenbach 1. ¢., who
does not describe the inflorescence, or whether the column has a foot or not,

54, DORITIS, Lindi.

Characters of Phalenopsis, and having the same 2-awned plate on the
disk of the lip, but the column is narrowly winged, its foot longer forming
a spur-like mentum with the side lobes of the lip.—Species 5, Indian and
Malayan.

D. pulcherrima, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7348 (Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 178, Reichb. f.
Xen. Orchid. ii. 7), a Siam species, with flowers nearly 1 in. diam. in a panicle 2-3 ft.
long, probably occurs in the Straits region. ‘

1. D. tenialis, Benth. in Gen. Plant. iii. 574; scape short few-fid.,
mentum acute, side lobes of lip very narrow spathulate reflexed on the
disk, tips of the forked appendage of the lip hooked. rides teoniale,

32 OXLVIU. ORCHIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) [Doritis.

Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 239; in Journ. Linn. Soc, iii. 41. HE. carnosum,
Griff. Notul. iii. 365; Ic. Plant. Asiat. t. 338 A.

Suprroricat Himataya; from Kumaon, alt. 3-6000 ft., eastwards to Baotan,
the Kwasra Mrs., Munniporg and BugMa. :

Roots 1-3 ft., flat, }-} in. broad, forming large tortuous tufts, Leaves few, 3-5in.,
obovate-oblong, obtuse or subacute, narrowed to the sessile base, soft when dry.
Scape 1-2in.; bracts small, broad; flowers 3 in. diam., mauve purple; midlobe of
lip dark red or purple. Capsule 12 in., fusiform.

2. D. Wightii, Benth. in Gen. Plant. iii. 574; scape elongate simple
or branched, side lobes of spreading lip broad cuneate-obovate, midlobe
obcordate. Phalaenopsis Wightii, Reichd. f.in Bot. Zeit. 1862, 214. Zirides
latifolium, Thwaites Enum, 430.

Eastern Himataya; Sikkim (Ic. in Hort. Caleutt.) ; Bhotan, Lister, CHITTa-
cone (Hort. Calcutt.). Burma; Moulmein, Parish; Mougong, Griffith. The
Crrcars, Heyne. Matanar, Wight, &e. CEYLON, Thwattes.

Habit of D. tenialis, but leaves rather larger, scape much longer, and lip very
different.

55. RH YNCHOSTYLIS, Blume.

Epiphytic, stem stout leafy, pseudobulbs 0. Leaves very thick, linear,
Q-lobed. Flowers in long dense drooping cylindric racemes, bright-cold.
Sepals and broader petals obtuse, spreading, contracted at the base. Lip
adnate to the base of the column, deeply saccate, mouth of sac pubescent
within, side lobes 0, outer margin produced into a clawed dilated limb.
Column short stout, foot 0; rostellum shortly beaked ; anther imperfectly
2-celled ; pollinia 2, subglobose, 2-cleft, strap filiform, gland small.—
Species 2 or 3, Indian or Malayan.

R. retusa, Blume Bijdr. 286, t. 49; leaves deeply channelled keeled
pramorse or retuse, raceme drooping, sac cylindric much longer than the
limb of the lip. R. premorsa, Blume lic. R. guttata, Reichb. f. in Bonpland.
ii. 93. R. Garwalica, Reichb. f. in Walp. Ann. vi. 888. Saccolabium gutta-
tum, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7308; Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 220; in Journ. Linn.
Soe. iti. 32; Bot. Mag. t. 4108; Wight Ic. t. 1745-6; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. 263; Hartm. Parad. ii. t.3; Orchidoph. 1888, 273 (var. gigantea); De
Vriese Orchid. t. 14. Warner Sel. Orchid. Ser.2,t.18; Griff. Ic. Pl. Asiat.
t. 819. §. praemorsum, Lindl. l. c. 221. 8. Rheedii, Wight Ic. v.19. 8.

-retusum, Fl. des Serres xiv. 191, +t. 1463-4, 8. Heathii, Hort.,ex Gard. Chron.
1885, 369. S. Blumei, Lindl. Sert. t. 47 ;in Bot. Reg. 1841, Wise. 55 ; Il. Hortic.
t. 545; Puydt. t. 37; Warner Orchid. Alb. t.169 and t. 238 (var.) ; Pescator.
t. 21. §. garwalicum, Dindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iti. 832; in Gard. Chron.
1879, 102. Sarcanthus guttatus, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. t. 1443. Alvides gut-
tatum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 471; Regel Gartenfi. 1868, 415. AL. retusum,
Swartz in Schrad. Dia. 1799, 130; Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. 180; Grah. Cat.
Bomb.Pl. 204. Al. spicatum, Don Prodr.31. Al. praemorsum, Willd. 1. ¢.
Limodorum retusum, Swartz in Nov. Act. Upsal. vi. 80. Epidendrum
seats Linn, Sp. Pl.1351.E. Hippium, Herb.|jHam.—Rheede Hort. Mal.
xii. t. 1.

TropicaL Himanaya, from Garwhal eastwards to Assam and Tenasserim, and
southwards to BEN@aL, the WESTERN PENINSULA and CrYLon.—DisTRIB. Malay
Islands.

Stem stout, creeping in trees. Leaves 6-20 by 3-2 in., curved. Racemes 4-18 in.;
bracts broad, obtuse, membranous ; flowers }—$ in. diam., white blotched with pink or
violet; lateral sepals gibbously orbicular-ovate, obtuse or apiculate, dorsal oblong ;

Rhynchostylis.] oxuvit. orcawea. (J. D. Hooker.) 33°

petals elliptic, obtuse; epichile of lip very variable in size, usually cuneiform, entire or
emarginate at the tip, disk flat or obscurely channelled. Capsule 1-14 in., clavate.—
Lindley errs in describing the fruit of R. Garwalica as different from RB. retusa, also in
describing the blade of the lip of Sace. guttatum as lanceolate, which misled Wight,
who founded his S. Rheedii on the difference,

SPECIES UNKNOWN TO ME. _

SaccoLaBiuM BERKELEY, Reichb. f. in. Gard Chron. 1888, i. 814; from the
author’s remarks (there is no description) this appears to be near R. retusa, but the
lip is acute; the flowers are white with| amethyst spots. Its habitat is unknown,
but probably Indian.

SAcCoLABIUM LITTORALE, Reichb. f. l.c. 1881, ii. 198, has very long leaves, a
short raceme, and the epichile cucullate, keeled and turned obliquely on one side.

56. SARCOCHILUS, Br.

Epiphytes, stem short or long, pseudobulbs 0. Leaves distichous, cr 0 at
flowering time. Flowers racemose or spicate. Sepals spreading; lateral
adnate by a narrow base to the base of the column, or by a broad base to
its foot, and sometimes to the lip also. Petals usually narrower. Lip
sessile or clawed, very varied in form, side lobes small or large fleshy or
petaloid, midlobe sometimes reduced to a pubescent callus, disk very
various with often a callus or spur within. Column short or long, foot more
or less produced; anther 2-celled; pollinia 2, suleate, or 4 in pairs, strap
short broad. Capsule usually long, strict, slender.—Species about 40 known,
tropical Asiatic, Australian and Pacific.

A polymorphous genus, no doubt to be dismembered when better known. The
following attempt to group the Indian species possibly indicates the lines upon which
some of the genera may be established.

A. Flowers loosely inserted all round the rachis of a more or less elongate raceme
or spike.

: Lateral sepals inserted by a narrow base to the base of the column, or base of
the column and sides of the lip. Foot of column 0 or very short.

Sect. I. Lip shortly clawed. Column short; rostellum minute, PrzRoceRas,
Hasselt. (Sp. 1-4.)

Sect. Il. Lip sessile or subsessile. Colwmn long; rostellum very long, slender.
Stereocuitus, Lindl. (Sp. 5.)

Sect. III. Lip long-clawed. Column short; rostellum very short. (Sp. 6~7.)

Sect. IV. Stem elongate, scandent. Lip sessile. Colwmn short; rostellum very
long ; strap of globose pollinia very slender, gland minute. Microrera, Lindl,

Sp. 8-11.
: Pye eal sepals inserted by a very broad base to the elongate foot of the
column, :

Sect. V. Leafless when flowering. Stem0O, Side lobes of ip large, erect, mid-
lobe a tomentose pulvinus. CaiLoscHista, Lindl. (Sp. 12-15.)

Sect. VI. Leafing and flowering together. Jip various. (Sp. 16-19.) ,

B. Flowers in very short spikes at the apex of a slender scape, bracts persistent,
imbricate.

Sect. VII. Fornicaria. (Sp. 20-26.)

C. Flowers distichous on a compressed rachis, which is pectinate from the
uniform persistent laterally compressed fleshy bracts. :

Sect. VIII. Pedunciles stout, solitary. Lip stipitate, articulate with the foot of
the column, Cucunta. (Sp. 27-33.)

Sect. IX. Peduncles filiform, fascicled. Lip sessile. Ripueya. (Sp. 34.)

Sect. I. Prerocuras, Hasselt (gen.). (See above.)

1. S. suaveolens, Hook. f.; leaves lorate acutely 2-fid, raceme
VOL, VI. D

+

34 OXLVIIN. oRCHIDEZ. (J.D. Hooker.) [Sarcochtlus.

elongate glabrous, side lobes of lip falcate, midlobe decurved with a re-
curved tip. Afrides suaveolens, Rob. Fl. Ind, iii. 473. Ornitharium stria-
tulum, Lindl. in Pazt. Fl. Gard. iii. 473 (figure bad). Ornithochilus
striatulus, Hort. Calcutt. Thrixspermum teres, Reichb. f. Xen. Orchid.
ii. 121, 123 t. 140 (excel. syn.), in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. 136.

CuITTagona, Roxburgh. Trnasserim; at Moulmein, Parish. :

Stem slender, scandent. Leaves 3-5 by 3-$ in., many-nerved, coriaceous, base
contracted. Racemes 3-6 in., shortly peduncled, lax-fid, ; rachis stout; bracts small,
rounded ; flowers 3-4 in, diam., yellow speckled with red, very fragrant ; lip rather
laterally compressed; midlobe light purple or speckled with pink.—Reichenbach has
referred this to the Javan P. radicans, Hassk. (Dendrocolla teres, Blume), a very
much larger plant, with oblong obtusely 2-lobed or notched leaves, racemes 2-8 ft.
long, and larger flowers (of which there is a drawing in Herb. Lindl.). The lip is
curious, the limb being a terete spur with a minute mouth close to the claw, much
as in Micropera and Sarcochilus Berkeleyi.

2. S. muriculatus, Reichd. f. in Gard. Chron. 1881, ii. 198; leaves
6-9 in. lorate, racemes very short, peduncle and rachis viscid, lip shortly
clawed saccate, side lobes broadly ovate obtuse, midlobe small. obtusely
2-partite pubescent.

ANDAMAN Iszanps, Kurz, Berkeley.

Stem 6-8 in., stout, rooting below. Leaves 1-in. broad, obliquely notched or
2-lobed, lobes rounded. Scape with raceme 23-3 in., strict; bracts broad, obtuse ;
flowers about } in. diam., light yellow, sweet-scented ; sepals and petals with two
purple bars; column rather long; anther ovate, pollinia globose, strap short flat,
gland small.—tThe lip is that of Sect. II.

3. S. stenoglottis, Hook. f.; stem very short stout, leaves broadly
lorate, tip broad rounded emarginate, peduncle shorter than the leaves
pendulous many-fid., sepals subsimilar oblong obtuse, petals as long
narrower obovate-oblong acute, lip nearly as long as the sepals very narrow
laterally flattened curved shortly clawed, with two small rounded auricles
beyond the claw, an elongated cup with toothed margins along the top
and an ellipsoid compressed terminal spur.

? Perax, Scortechint.—DistRis. Sumatra, King’s Collector.

Stem as thick as the thumb. eaves decurved, 6-10 by 14-2 in., nearly flat.
Peduncle, 3 in., stout, deflexed, dull purple; bracts very small, ovate; pedicel ‘with
ovary 4 in.; flowers 3-2 in. diam., very pale primrose; sepals and petals many-
nerved ; lateral sepals with faint red bars near the base; lip white, the elongated
cup on the upper margin is edged with pink, and extends for about two-thirds of its
length, a perforation at the distal end leads to the hollow compressed ellipsoid
straight spur, which is in a straight line with the body of the lip, aud resembles a
terminal lobe ; column winged narrowly to near the base, tip acute, rostellum beaked ;
anther shortly beaked, membranous ; pollinia long, strap spathulate, gland small._—
Described from similar materials as 8. aureus.

4. S. brachyglottis, Hook. f.; stem very short, leaves elongate
oblanceolate acuminate, peduncle short few-fid., sepals spreading subequal
lanceolate acuminate, tips horned at the back, petals nearly as long oblong-
obovate obtuse, lip very small laterally flat as seen in profile subcuneate
and obtusely 3-lobed in front, column very short subglobose, foot 0.

Perak, King’s Collector.

Stem 1-2 in., curved. Leaves 4-8 by 1-14 in., pendulous, finely acuminate,
nearly flat, keeled beneath. Peduncle 1 in., stout; bracts minute, broad, persistent ;
flowers % in. diam.; sepals and petals white with a faint pink blush, nerves obscure ;
lip not half the length of the sepals, adnate to the foot of the column, so compressed

Sarcochilus.] oxivitt, oroHIDERZ, (J. D. Hooker.) 35

that the sides are almost in contact, leaving a narrow slit along the top as the opening
to the cavity; of the three short lobes seen in looking sideways at it, that towards
the column represents the side lobes, a shorter below it a spur? and the interme-
diate the apex of the lip; there are no internal caruncles or sepals; the edges of the
lip are smooth and yellow, and there are a few red spots on tHe side; column with a
narrow base, very oblique top, sloping backwards, and very concave face; rostellum
minute, erect, 2-fid; auther shortly beaked, 2-celled; pollinia globose, strap short,
gland oblong.—It is impossible to describe the form of the minute lip of this curious
species intelligibly. I shall hope to give figures of it and of S. aureus in King’s
** Annals of the Calcutta Botanical Gardens,”

Sect. If. Srzrzocurtus, Lindl. (gen.). (See p. 33.)’

5. S. hirtus, Benth. in Gen. Plant. iii. 576; leaves lorate very thick
straight horizontal, raceme pubescent, lip a conical sac with short acute
2-toothed side lobes and a large double callus below the column within.
Stereochilus hirtus, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 58.

Kuasia Mts., alt. 5000 ft., J. D. H. § T. T. Tenasserim, Parish.

Stem very short. Leaves 3-5 in., very thick. Racemes 1-3 in., drooping ;
peduncle and rachis slender; bracts short, broad, membranous ; flowers 4-3 in. diam.,
pink, pubescent ; lateral sepals adnate to the obscure foot of the column and base of
lip ; petals narrower, falcate, obtuse ; lip white and pink ; column white; anther purple,,
long-beaked, 2-celled ; pollinia 4, oblong, stipitate in pairs on the spathulate end of a
very long slender strap, gland minute. Capsule not seen.—Lindley errs in describing
, the lip as solid with a pair of horns at the base ; it is a conical cup, the mouth oblong,
and the horns are the 2-fid side lobes which appear to rise out of the cup. The
callus below the column is that of. Cleisostoma, and the strap and stipitate pollinia
are those of Saccolab, § Uneifera.

Sect. III. (See p. 33.)

6. S. aureus, Hook. f.; stem very short, leaves large long loriform
2-lobed, peduncle stout several-fid., flowers large, sepals lanceolate acumi-
nate many-nerved, petals subsimilar, lip shorter than the sepals, claw long
narrow rigid linear, side lobes falcately cuneate, midlobe ashort erect crest
at the base of the globose subdidymous spur.

PERAK, King’s Collector. ‘i

Stem as stout as the little finger. Leaves 4-10 by 14-2'in., very coriaceous,
keeled. Peduncle from below the leaves, 2-7 in., stout, nearly straight; flowers
scattered towards the end of the peduncle; bracts very short, broadly ovate, per-
sistent ; pedicel with ovary # in., straight ; sepals 1 in., and petals golden yellow; lip
about 4 shorter than the sepals, claw caruncled where it expands to meet the blade,
and then perforated for the passage to the globose spur ; side lobes erect, white barred
with dull pink ; disk with a caruncled transverse crest over the base of the spur;
column stout, rostellum inconspicuous ; anther very shortly beaked, pollinia globose,
strap subspathulate, gland narrow.—A_ beautiful species, described from several
drawings lent by Herb. Calcutt. and the analysis of dried flowers.

7. S. cladostachys, Hook. f.; stem very short, leaves loriform tip
narrowed bifid, peduncle much shorter than the leaves clavate few-fd.,
sepals and petals narrowly elliptic-lanceolate finely acuminate, lip shorter
than the sepals, claw narrow rigid linear, side lobes oblong obtuse, midlobe
3-fid, side lobules quadrate retuse, mid-lobule (spur ?) short rounded.

‘Matava, Kunstler (Ic. in Herb. Caleutt.). ? Perak, Ic. Scortechini.

Stem 1 iv., not very stout. Leaves recurved and pendulous, 6-12 by 14-2 in.,
flat, keeled. Peduncle 14 in. or more, green; bracts ovate; pedicel with ovary 4 in.;
flowers white, 14 in. diam.; sepals 3 in. pe: and petals spreading, cream-cold. ;

D

36 CxLVIl. oncHIDEa. (J.D. Hooker.) [Sarcochilus,

claw of lip spotted with purple, lateral lobes purple, midlobe cream-cold., spur speckled
with purple; column rather short ; anther hardly beaked, yellow, pollinia subglobose,
strap. short.—Described from a drawing in the Calcutta Gardens. _ Evidently allied
to S. aureus in the form of the lip, but the whole plant is much smaller. The peduncle
is clavate, the sepals and petals much smaller and narrower, and as well as the lip
differently cgloured. Scortechini’s drawing is of a young plant,

Sect. IV. Microrgna, Lindl. (gen.). (See p. 33.)

8. S. purpureus, Benth. mss.; raceme peduneled lax-fld., flowers pale
purple, lip strongly laterally compressed hatchet-shaped, ‘side lobes 0, sac
with a strong included recurved spine under the tip. Micropera pallida,
Wall. Cat. 7321 (in part). Camarotis purpurea, Lindl. in Wall, Cat. 7329 ;
Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 219; Sert. Orchid. +. 19; in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 37;
Past, Mag. Bot. vii. t. 25. C. rostrata, Reich. f.in Walp. Ann. vi. 881.
Airides rostratum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 474,

Kuasia Mrs., near Churra. Siter and CHITTAGONG, Roxburgh, Wallich., &e.
Stem 2-3 ft., as thick as a goose-quill. Leaves 3-4 by 4 in., obtusely 2-lobed,
toothed or notched. Racemes equalling or exceeding the leaves, laxly many-fid. ;
bracts short, broad; flowers 4-4 in. diam.; sepals and ratber smaller petals very

obtuse; beak of column turned on one side, flexuous. Capsule 13-2 in. long,
slender,

9. S. Roxburghii, Hook. f.; raceme long-peduncled decurved rather ,
dense, flowers cream-white, lip slipper-shaped laterally compressed, side
lobes large rounded, sac with an exserted spine under the tip. Micropera
pallida, Lindi. in Bot. Reg. under t. 1522; in Wall. Cat. 7321 (in part);
Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 219, -Camarotis ee Lindl, in Journ. Linn. Soe. iti,
37, Airides pallidum, Roxb. Fl, Ind. iii. 475 (not of Lindley).

Bencat; at Comilla, Clarke. CHITTAGONG, Roxburgh, &e. TENASSEERIM ; at
Mergui, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 5241), Helfer (K, D. 5254).

Stem 2-3 ft. Leaves 2-3 by 4 in., tip rounded, notched. Peduncle with raceme
longer than the leaves ; bracts persistent ; flowers many, 3 in. diam, 3 Sepals and petals
as in M. purpurea, but nearly white; beak of column straight. The Micropera
pallida of Wallich’s Herb, in Linn. Soc. consists of one sheet of 8. purpurea, one
of Saccolab. ramosum, and one of Sarcanthus secundus ; but there are specimens of
pallida under his number 7321 in Herb. Lindley.

10. S. obtusus, Benth. mss. ; raceme very shortly peduncled erect, lip
slipper-shaped tip obtuse decurved, side lobes incurved ; anticous scale erect

under the truncate 3-lobed tip. Camarotis obtusa, Lindl. in Bot. Reg.
1884, Mise. 73; Walp. Ann. vi. 881.

TENASSERIM ; at Moulmein, Griffith, Parish,

Stem 6-8 in., not so thick as a goose-quill, simple or branched. Leaves 2-3 by
$in., subacute, keeled, often recurved. Raceme subsessile, lax-fld.; bracts broad,
acute ; flowers 2 in, diam., pale rose-cold. ; sepals and petals linear-oblong, obtuse ;
lip yellowish with a subsaccate decuryed apex, mouth with an exserted anticous
lamella, midlobe minute 8-toothed ; beak of column long, obliquely incurved. :

11. S. Mannii, Hook. f.; raceme very short sessile few-fld., lip slipper-

shaped obtuse decurved, side lobes obtusely triangular incurved, anticous
scale truncate, close under the fleshy entire tip,

Kuasta Hiuxs, alt. 2-3000 ft., Maun.
Stem as thick as a goose-quill. Leaves very coriaceous, 4 by 2% in. Raceme

#-$ in, Jong; flowers 2 in, diam., apparently pale; sepals and petals spathulately

Sarcochilus.] OXLVI. oROHIDEZ, (J. D. Hooker.) _ 37

oblong; lip with the claw as long as the saccate portion.—Very much stouter and
ie more coriaceous-leaved than §. ob¢usus. Lip with a ridge along the posticous
face, ,

Sect. V. Cartoscmista, Lindl, (gen.). (See p. 33.)

12. S. usneoides, Reichd. fin Walp. Ann. vi. 497 ; racemes elongate
many-fid., howers white, capsule 11-2 in. Chiloschista usneoides, Lindl. in
Wall. Cat. 7330; Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 219; Bot. Reg. under t. 1522; Ser.
Orchid. Frontisp. £.4; in Journ. Linn. Soc. iti. 48; Gard. Chron. 1846, 135.
Thrixspermum usneoides, Reichd. f. Xenia, ii. 120.

Tropical Himataya; Nepal, Wallich. Sixxim, J. D. A.

Roots densely tufted, tortuous; stem 0. Raceme 3-6 in.; bracts ovate, acute,
membranous ; flowers subsessile, 3 in. diam.; sepals spreading, oblong, obtuse; side
lobes of lip linear-oblong, obtuse ; disk between the lobes pubescent ; midlobe truncate,
emarginate; column very short; rostellum indistinct ; anther broadly ovate, with 2-3
slender set; pollinia 2, 2-lobed, strap very short broad, gland large. Capsule
slender, slightly curved, glabrous,

uo

13. S. luniferus, Reichb. f. in Gard. Chron. 1868, 786 (Thrixsper-
mum); racemes elongate, many-fld. flowers yellow spotted with purple.
Sarcochilus luniferus, Bot. Mag. t. 7044. .

Sixzim Himazaya, J. D. H.; at Mungpo (Ze. in Hort. Calcutt.). Tunas.
SERIM ; at Moulmein Parish.

Except in the colour of the flowers I can find no difference between this and
8. usneoides, the authority for the colours of which latter is a drawing made by
Wallich’s artists during his visit to Nepal, and another in Sikkim. Parish observes
that very small leaves are sometimes produced, and these have been seen in Kew
Gardens.

14. S. Wightii, Hook. f.; racemes short few-fld., flowers white or
cream-coloured, capsule 3 in. ae Chiloschista usneoides, Wight Ic. t.1741
(eel. the left-hand figure) (not of Lindl.); Walp. Ann. vi.498. ? Hiceoceadus
Retzii, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 237. Epidendrum pusillum, Retz Obs.
vi.49. Limoderum pusillum, Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. 126.

Maxapar; at Cochin, Johnson. ‘Ninauin1 Hitzs; on the western slope of the
Wynaad, Wight, &e. CryYLon, on trees in the Botanical Gardens; Trimen,

A very imperfectly known species ; Wight’s figure represents the side lobes of the
lip as somewhat crenate, and the sepals and petals as glabrous without and hairy
within, the flowers as much smaller than in C. usneoides, the capsules as much
shorter and stouter.—The left-hand figure (No. 7) on Wight’s plate represents a very
different plant, which I do not recognize. There is in Herb. Kew a specimen,
apparently of S. Wightii, from Ceylon (Herb. Hort, Peradeniya), sent by Dr. Trimen
(C.P. 4017), who has since informed me of its locality.

15. S$. minimifolius, Hook. f.; raceme few-fld., capsule } in. long
Cymbidium minimifolium, Thwaites mss.
Czytow; Central Province, at Hattegodde Hill, Thwaites.
Roots much more slender than in S. usneoides. Leaves 2, very minute. Raceme
in.; flowers 4 in. diam.; side lobes of lip rounded, nearly as large as the
lateral sepals. Capsule much curved, pubescent.—The specimens are insufficient for

a further description. ;
ape P Sect. VI. (see p. 33).

16. S. Berkeleyi, Reichb. f. in Gard. Chron, 1882, 557 (Thrix-
spermum); raceme elongate decurved, lip long-clawed produced into an
elongate ‘clavate laterally compressed obtuse spur with an inflated tip,
side lobes small erect, midlobe minute incurved.

38. CXLVIII. oRCHIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) (Sarcochilus.
Nicosak Istanps; Berkely. : :
‘ Leaves 6-9 by 1-1} in., lorate, narrowed from above the middle to the base,
obliquely obtusely 2-lobed. Peduncle short, compressed ; raceme 4-6 in., drooping,
with many erect white flowers; bracts short, broad, membranous; sepals 4 in. long,
broadly ovate, lateral inserted on the long foot of the column; petals broadly obovate ;
midlobe of lip violet ; column rather long, rostellum 2-cuspidate ; anther broad, low ;
pollinia 2, globose, strap short broad, gland orbicular. Capsule 5 in., narrow, curved.
ia is unlike that of any other species of the -genus, resembling rather that of
rides.

17. S. leopardinus, Par. & Reichb. f. in Trans. Linn. Soe. xxx. 145
(Thrixspermum) ; stem short, raceme few-fld. much shorter than the leaves,
sepals broadly oblong, petals much smaller, lip sessile, side lobes wing-like
oblong obtuse, midlobe small, spur large urceolate.

-TENASSERIM ; at Moulmein, Parish.

Stem 2-3 in., curved. Leaves 4-6 by $-1 in., lorate, fleshy, narrowed from the
middle downwards, obtuse, many-nerved. Peduncle very stout; lower sheaths
annular; bracts short, broad, obtuse; flowers yellow spotted with purple; sepals
iin. long, obtuse, lateral inserted on the long foot of the column, dorsal smallest ;
hp with a large dorsal callus over the mouth of the descending fleshy round-based
spur; midlobe recurved, broadly ovate, caruncled, white spotted with purple; anther
depressed, pollinia broadly pyriform, sessile on a small gland.

18. S. viridiflorus,; Hook. f. ; stem very short, leaves 2 by 2 in.
faleately oblong, raceme shorter than the leaves 4-8 fid., lip narrowly
clawed, side lobes falcate obtuse as long as the cylindric obtuse spur,
midlobe reduced to a broad humid carunculate lobe. ADrides viridiflorum,
Thwaites Enum. 430. 3

CzyLon ; on trees in the Central Province, Gardner (C.P. 3385), Trimen (C.P.
4016).. :

. , Leaves sessile, fleshy, nerveless, obliquely notched. Raceme half as long, few-fid. ;
bracts small, broad, obtuse, membranous ; flower 4 in. diam. ; lateral sepals broadly
obliquely ovate, obtuse, 5-nerved, adnate to the short foot of the column for half
its length, the other half forming the claw of the lip; petals linear oblong, obtuse
1-nerved.—I have seen only one small specimen and a coloured drawirg. ,

19. S. hirsutus, Hook. f.; stem short, leaves lorate emarginate
base narrowed, peduncle and very short raceme hirsute, lateral sepals ovate
obtuse, petals oblong-obovate, lip very short stipitate on the prolonged foot
of the column, side lobes elongate ftalcate, midlobe laterally compressed.
disk with a broad transverse plate in front of the side lobes. :

Perak, Kunstler (Hort. Bot. Cale.) , : a

Leaves 4-8 by 1-14 in., flat, narrowed from beyond the middle d Js. ti
rounded with a notch. Peduncle with 4-6-fid. Pose 1-2 in. ; bracts cate al
with ovary } in. ; flower subglobose, expanded 2 in. diam. ; sepals and petals golden
barred with carmine ; lip pale, half as long as the sepals, claw dilated and concave at
the base of the side lobes, a short serrated cupular membrane rises between the base
of the side lobes over the base of the narrow compressed midlobe; column rather
long, base contracted; anther shortly beaked, apiculate behind, 1-celled; pollinia,
globose, strap short linear, gland small.—Described from drawing in Hort. Caleutt.,
and analysis of dried flower. It is very difficult to describe the structure of the lip;
its claw may be the base of the column produced beyond the insertion of the broad:
based lateral sepals.

Sect. VII. Fornicania, Benth. in Gen. Plant. iii. 575. (See p. 33.)
20, S. Hystrix, Reichb. f. in Walp. Ann. vi. 500; peduncle about as

Sarcochilus.] | oxuvtt. orontpE. (J.D. Hooker.) 39

long as the short loriform leaves, bracts erect subulate-lanceolate, side
lobes of the lip glandular-hairy. Dendrocolla Hystrix, Blume Bijdr. 291.
Airides Hystrix, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 242, Thrixspermum Hystrix,
Reichd. f. in Trans, Linn. Soc. xxx. 145. Grosourdya Hystrix, Reichd. f.
Xen, Orchid. ii. 123; in Bot. Zeit. 1864, 297.

*

TENASSERIM ; at Mergui, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 5232), Parish.—DisTr1B. Java.

Stem 1-3 in, Leaves 2-3 by 1-2 in., obtusely 2-lobed; sheaths ribbed.
Peduncle 2-3 in., stout or slender, 2-3 sheathed ; spike 3-4 in.; flowers white ;
sepals and petals } in. long, lanceolate, acuminate; lip stoutly clawed, spotted with
yellow, base saccate, side lobes triangular, midlobe truncate glandular-pubescent
within ; column very short ; anther broad; pollinia 2 bipartite or 4 in very unequal
pairs, strap broad, gland rounded. Capsule 24-4 in., linear, straight—Reichen-
bach is my authority for this being a Javan plant, and for the Javan synonymy.

21. S. pulchellus, Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Plants, 89; characters of S.
Hystriz, but side lobes of lip glabrous. Dendrocolla pulchella, Thwaites
Enum. 430. Cylindrochilus pulchellus, ibid. .c. 307.

CEYLON ; in the Central Province, ascending to 2000 ft. ;

Bentham (Gen. Plant. iii. 575) suspects that this and Hystrix are one, but in the
absence of good specimens of either I hesitate to unite them.—Capsule 2-24 in. ; the
sepals and petals are lanceolate, acute, lateral inserted on the very short foot of the
short column. Capsule 24-34 in., slender, straight, subacute.

22. S. hirtulus, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. ined.; peduncles hirtulous, much
shorter than the falcately lanceolate obtusely acuminate leaves, bracts
minute, spur long incurved, column very long contracted at the base.”

Prax, Scortechini. Mataccoa, Maingay.

Stem very short, or 0. Leaves 3-5 by 3-2 in., coriaceous, falcate, narrowed from
the middle downwards, tip recurved. Peduncle 3-1 in.; spike 1-3 in.; bracts
spreading; flowers membranous; lateral sepals } in. long, obovate-oblong, acute,
3-nerved; petals narrower ; lip clawed, side lobes very narrow, elongate, recurved,
midlobe much broader than long, formed of two falcately recurved lobes with an
intermediate tooth; spur swollen above the narrow apex; anther shortly beaked;
pollinia 2, globose, stipitate on the cuneiform strap, gland minute. Capsule 1} in.,
very slender.—A curious little plant with a longer column than usual in the genus.

23. S. recurvus, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. ined. ; peduncles much longer than
the shortly loriform leaves, spike oblong, bracts broadly ovate densely
imbricate acuminate recurved. :

Prrax; Limbo Hills, in Larut, King’s Collector.

Stem very short. Leaves 1-2 in., narrowed to the base, obtuse or retuse.
Peduncles 4-5 in., rather stout; spike 4-2 in. ; bracts very coriaceous; flowers not
seen. ;

94. S. trichoglottis, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. ined.; stem elongate,
peduncles shorter than the shortly loriform leaves, spike short, bracts
ovate-lanceolate, lip sessile saccate hirsute within, side lobes rounded hairy
on both surfaces, midlobe a minute tooth.

PrBRax, Scortechini, King’s Collector, StnaaPorE, Ridley.

Habit and foliage of S. Hystria, but sepals and petals much narrower, and lip
hairy.—Described from King’s specimen and drawings by Scortechini and Ridley,
who has sent me a sketch of a flower of what appears to be this species from Singa-
pore. The lateral sepals are inserted at the base of the footless column.

25, S. filiformis, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. ined.; stem elongate, leaves

40 CxLVUI. oRCHIDEEZ. (J.D. Hooker.) — [Sarcochilus.

8-10 in. filiform terete, peduncle much shorter than the leaves, lip a spur-
like cylindric sac with orbicular side lobes.

PERAK; at Larut, on branches of trees, King’s Collector.

Stem in the only specimen 3 in.; sheaths 4 in., strongly ribbed; roots very long
and slender. Leaves about } in. diam., flexuous. Peduncles 13-3 in.; spike 2-4 in. 5
bracts 4, in., broadly ovate, obtuse, fleshy; pedicel and ovary 4 in.; flowers white;
sepals 2 in., oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, lateral adnate to the broad foot of the column ;
petals obtuse, 7-nerved ; lip sessile, side lobes large, midlobe the lunate apex of the
subcylindric round basal sac, calli 0; column very short, foot broad fleshy.—
Flowers much like those of S. Trimeni, but habit very different. ,

26. S. merguensis, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. ined.; stem short, peduncles
much shorter than the small linear-oblong leaves, bracts imbricate erect,
capsule 1-13 in. linear terete beaked.

Tenasserim; at Mergui, Griffith (in Herb. Lindl.). <TR

A remarkable little species, with the stem 3 in. long, clothed with the imbricating
bases of the distichous leaves, which are about an inchlong, Peduncles 1-1 in., fili-
form; raceme 1 in.; bracts ovate, acuminate, Capsule shortly pedicelled, 3 in.
diam., striate, beak 7 in. ; :

Sect. VIII. Cucurua, Benth, in Gen, Plant. iii. 575. (See p. 33.)

27. S. lilacinus, Griff. Notul. iti. 334; Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 320, f. i.;
stem elongate, leaves amplexicaul ovate-cordate, peduncle very long, sepals
and petals broadly ovate many-nerved, lip saccate, side lobes falcate obtuse,
midlobe small recurved, disk with a prominent callus. Walp. Ann. vi. 499.
S. amplexicaulis, Reichb. f. in Walp. l. c. Dendrocolla amplexicaulis,
Biume Bijdr, 288. Airides amplexicaule, Lindl. Gen. & Sp.. Orchid. 239.
Orsidice amplexicaulis, Reichb. f. in Bonpland. ii. 938. Thrixspermum
amplexicaule & lilacinum, Reichb. f. Xen. Orchid. ii. 121.

Matay PeninsuLa; from Perak to Singapore, in’ marshes.—DistTR1B. Malay
Islands.

Stem 2-8 ft., as thick as a goose-quill, decumbent, internodes 1-2 in. ; roots very
slender, Leaves 14-2 in., tip rounded, sheathssmooth. Peduncle 8-10 in. ; sheaths
obtuse, appressed ; raceme 1-8 in., few or many-fld.; rachis 4-angled ; bracts } in.,
obtuse, not imbricating; ovary very slender; sepals 2 in., lateral adnate to the
produced foot of the column, and petals white lilac or bluish; lip white, yellowish
and pubescent within, base with a tuft of hairs; column very short; anther hyaline;
pollinia 4, pairs very unequal, oblong, sessile on a reniform strap. Capsule 4-6 in.,
linear, straight, angles narrowly winged.

28. S. Scopa, Reichb. f. mss. in Herb. Kew (Thrixspermum); leaves
linear-oblong sessile obtuse, peduncle rather longer than the leaves, sepals
and petals lanceolate with very long capillary ‘tails many-nerved, lip
shortly stipitate saccate, side lobes falcate acute, midlobe small acute
papillose, disk with a columnar callus.

Perak ; at Larut, on branches of trees, King’s Collector.

Stem and roots like those of S. lilacinus ; internodes 2 in. Leaves 3-4, in.,
coriaceous. Peduncle 2-3 in., at right angles to the stem; raceme 1 in.; bracts
3 in., ensiform, subacute; sepals 14 long and petals many-nerved, margins of lip
papillose.

29. S. Scortechini, Hook. f.; leaves oblong lorate 2-lobed, peduncle
very long rather slender, sepals and petals lanceolate with long narrow .
tips, lip saccate, side lobes short, midlobe conical obtuse fleshy.

Sarcochilus.) OXLVIIL. ORCHIDER. (J. D. Hooker.) 41

PrRax, Scortechini.

Stem 6 in., very stout, covered by the sheaths, internodes $ in. Leaves 4-6 by
1-1} in., coriaceous. Peduncle equalling or longer than the leaves (9 in. in Ic, Scort.) ;
raceme 2 in., bracts close set, 2 in. long; sepals 24 in. long, } in. broad at the base
and petals yellow; lip yellowish, thickly mottled with rusty red outside; pollinia
4, 2 much smaller, adnate to the larger; gland lunate, strap oblong. Capsule
4-5 by 4 in.—I know these noble species only from a drawing and description by
Scortechini.

30. S. Arachnites, Reichd. f. in Walp. Ann. vi. 498; stem elongate,
leaves loriform, peduncles shorter than the leaves, sepals and petals linear-
lanceolate caudately acuminate 3—5-nerved, lip saccate, side lobes faleate,
midlobe tongue-shaped laterally flattened obtuse puberulous. S. serra-
formis, Reichb. f. lc. Dendrocolla Arachnites, Blume Bijdr. 287, t. 67.
ABrides Arachnites, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid, 238. Liparis serreeformis,
Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 1946; Gen. 4 Sp. Orchid. 33 (excl. Ceylon plant).
Thrixspermum Arachnites, Reichb. f. Xen. Orchid. ii. 121.

Assam, Jenkins, Mann. Kuasia Mrts., alt. 4000 ft., Clarke. TsNassERIM and
Tavoy, Wallich, Parish. Panana, Kunstler (Ic. in Hort, Caleutt.).—Distxip.
Java.

Stem 6-12 in., curved or tortuous, internodes short; roots most numerous and
long. Leaves 3-6 by 3-2 in. Peduneles many, 2-4 in., solitary or in pairs, bracts
2 in.; sepals and petals 13 in., yellow; lip mottled with red; column very short;
pollinia oblong, curved, strap very small, quadrate, gland still smaller, lunate.
Capsule 2-24 in.

31. S. complanatus, Hook. f.; habit, foliage and inflorescence of
S. Arachnites, but flowers very much smaller, sepals and petals 4-} in.
acute not caudate, lip a small sessile cup with an incurved mmute midlobe
and a callus in the concavity. Dendrocolla serreformis, Lindl. Gen. & Sp.
Orchid. 33 (the Ceylon plant only); Thwaites Enum, 307. Epidendrum
complanatum, Retz Obs. vi. 50. Limodorum complanatum, Wilid. Sp. Pl.
iv. 126; Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 127.

Crrton, Macrae, Walker; Ambagamowa and Saffragam districts, rare, Thwaites.

Like §. Arachnites. I can distinguish it only by the very different flower
and form of the lip; and for these characters I am indebted to a copy of a drawing
in the Peradeniya Bot. Garden. The Jeaves vary from 2-7 by 3-2 in., obtuse or un-
equally notched ; the peduncle from 1-3 in., and the raceme from 1-5 in.; capsule
2-24 in., linear, straight; pollinia 4 in unequal pairs narrow, quite distinct, and without
strap or gland in the figure.—There is a specimen of this in Herb. Rottler, without
habitat, named Epidendrum complanatum, Retz. Obs. vi. 50.

32. S. brachystachys, Hook. f.; stem rigid, sheaths 3-3 in. strongly
ribbed when dry, leaves oblong, peduncle with the few-fid. raceme much
shorter than the leaves, sepals oblong and obovate-oblong petals obtuse,
side lobes of sessile lip falcate incurved, midlobe as long fleshy oblong,
spur scrotiform.

Prnana ; on blocks of stone amongst decayed leaves, Maingay.

Stem as thick as a goose-quill. Leaves 23-3 by 2-1 in., obtuse, notched,
Peduncles at every node with the raceme 1 in., very stout, rigid ; bracts 3-4, 3 in.
long, rounded ; sepals and petals about 1 in. long, keel narrowly winged; column
very short ; anther low, not beaked.

33, S. pauciflorus, Hook. f.; stem rigid, leaves rather distant ob-
long obtuse, peduncle much shorter than the leaves 2-3-fd., sepals oblong-
lanceolate acute, petals nearly as large obovate-obloug obtuse, lip stipitate,

42 OXLvI. orncHIDEx. (J. D. Hooker.) [Sarcochilus.

side lobes broad rounded obtuse, midlobe small fleshy obtuse with a conic
callus at its base, sac or spur short recurved obtuse.

PEBAK; on the Larut range, alt. 3000 ft., Scortechint.

Stem 2 in, diam., flexuous, Leaves 21-3 by 13-11 in., coriaceous. Pedwncle
with raceme 1 in., basal sheaths imbricate; bracts } in., subacute; sepals 3 in. long,
white; lip yellow, with a broad lamella between the side lobes; column very short ;
anther depressed ; pollinia 2, each 2-lobed, strap short.

Sect. IX. Riptzya, gen.P (See p. 33.) P

34. S. notabilis, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. ined.; sepals and petals filiform
from a narrowly lanceolate 3-nerved base, lip sessile at the base of the
column deeply saccate, mouth dilated, tip contracted into a capillary tail.

Sinearore, Ridley.

Stem very short. Leaves 13-2 in., subsessile, elliptic oblong, strongly striate
when dry. Peduncles 3 or more from one point on the stem, 4% in. long, curved,
naked; raceme 2% in., rachis } in. diam. across the ovate incurved coriaceous subacute
bracts; pedicel and ovary very slender, } in. long; perianth very membranous,
white? sepals and petals ? in. long, 3-nerved at the base; lip a large sac rounded at
the base, delicately veined; column very short, foot 0; anther low, membranous,
2-celled; pollinia 2, clavate, sessile on a rather large gland.—A very singular and
beautiful little plant, which I hesitate to remove from Sarcochilus as a genus, and
dedicate to its discoverer. It closely resembles in flower 8S. Arachnites, but the
stemless habit, foliage, inflorescence and footless column are very different.

SPECIES UNKNOWN TO ME OB IMPERFECTLY KNOWN.

THRIXSPERMOM FREEMANI, Reichb. f. in Gard. Chron. 1877, 749; dwarf,
roots warted, leaves 6-7 by 1} in. ligulate unequally 2-toothed, racemes many-fld.,
bracts semiovate larger than the small ovary, sepals linear long narrow, petals a
little shorter, lip small saccate 3-toothed, with 4 small stipitate globose warted bodies
before the base, centre white, lateral parts yellow with brown streaks.—Assam,
Freeman.—Raceme like a yellow-brownish spotted broom.

S. SILLEMIANUS, Reichb. f. in Gard. Chron. 1882, i. 524; habit of Vanda teres,
leaves slender elongate terete, peduncle 2-fid., bracts very short triangular, flowers
milk-white suffused with yellow, mentum long, dorsal sepals elliptic, lateral cuneate-
oblong, petals obtusely rhomboid, lip erect trifid, spur corniform nearly as long as
the pedicel of the ovary, side lobes subquadrate striped with purple, midlobe shorter
thick retuse 4-grooved, white outside with 2 purple blotches, yellow within, calli 0,
column short thick, anther inappendiculate.—Burma ?

8.—Sect. Cuculla ; resembles S. brachystachys, but stem much more slender,
internodes 4-1 in., not strongly ribbed when dry.—Mergui, Grifith (No. 1124).

S.—Sect. Cuculla; resembles 8. Arachnites, but capsule 4 in. long and pro-
portionately stout.—Perak, Scortechini.

§.—Sect. Cuculla; a very small species; stem 1-2 in., curved, peduncle 1 in.,
slender, bracts few distant acute, young capsule 1 in., very slender.—Khasia Hills,
at Amwee, J. D. H. & T. T.

57. TRICHOGLOTTIS, Blume.

Epiphytes; stem elongate, leafy. Leaves distichous, flat, narrow.
Flowers in branched panicles or solitary or few in very short racemes.
Sepals and petals widely spreading oblanceolate or subspathulate. Lip
adnate to the sides of the very short column, narrow, base saccate or
spurred ; side lobes one or.two pairs of narrow processes; midlobe straight, or
decurved from the middle, hairy. Colwmn very short, sides produced into

Sarcochtlus.] OXLVIII. OROHIDE#. (J. D. Hooker.) 43

2 spurs or horns; anther incompletely 2-celled; pollinia 2, globose, strap
rather short, gland moderate.—Species 3 or 4? Malayan.

In the absence of good materials, I am doubtful as to the correctness of the above
definition of Trichoglottis. Bentham refers Blume’s T. retusa to Saccolabium ; and
by replacing that author’s character of ‘lip adnate to the whole length of the
column, with a process on each side,’ by “lip adnate to the foot of the column and
forming with it a long borizontal spur-like mentum” and omitting that of a hairy
lip, he excludes the others, I am disposed to regard the hairy-lipped species figured
by Blume jn his Bijdragen (7. retusa, 860, fig. viii.) as the type of the genus. That
this is Kurz’s and Reichenbach’s view appears from the plants they have referred to
it. In this case Trichoglottis is referable to the group with no foot to the column.
There are amongst Scortechini’s drawings of Perak Orchids, one or two that are
referable to this genus, but the analyses are insufficient.

1. ¥. Dawsoniana, Reichb. f. in Gard. Chron. 1872, 699; flowers
panicled pale green spotted with brown or purple, sepals and petals cuspi-
date on the back below the concave tip, lip saccate at the base tip 2-fid.
Cleisostoma Dawsoniana, Reichb. f. in Gard. Chron. 1868, 815.

TENASSERIM ; at Moulmein, Parish. :

Stem 1-2 tt., stout, rooting. Leaves few 3-6 by 3-lin.. Panicle 18 in., erect,
stiff, branches spreading; bracts broadly ovate; pedicel with ovary 4 in.; flowers
1-14 in. diam. ; anther 2-lobed, crested ; pollinia large, strap short slender.—Near
T. fasciata, R. f., erroneously supposed to be a native of Ceylon, of which there is a
fine drawing in Hort. Calcutt., giving Manilla as the habitat.

2, ©. quadricornuta, Kurz in Journ. Beng. As. Soc. xlv. 156,
t. 13; glabrous, leaves linear-lanceolate subsessile acuminate, flowers
solitary or 3-4-panicled, sepals obovate-oblong obtuse, petals similar but
narrower, lip strongly arched inflexed 2 posterior lobes acute twice as long
as the basilar, with a hirsute callus between them, terminal lobes reflexed
linear 2-fid, with a callus under the tip, spur subobtuse rather longer than
the midlobe.

Nicopaz Iszanps; forests of Kamorta, Kurz.

Leaves 2-3} in., base narrowed, twisted. Flowers leaf-opposed ; pedicel } in.;
sepals 3 in. long, lateral subfalcate ; column very short ; pollinia globose.—Description
from Kurz I. c., I have seen no flowers.

58. HGRIDES, Lour.

1

Epiphytes; stem leafy, pseudobulbs 0. Leaves linear, coriaceous.
Flowers usually many and highly coloured, in dense or Jax decurved racemes
(few large or sessile in Sect. 1.). Sepals broad, spreading, lateral adnate to
the base or foot of the column. etals broad, spreading. Lip spurred,
side lobes large-small or 0; midlobe larger than the side lobes or smaller
and incurved between them. Column short, foot long or short, rostellum
short or long and bifid; anther 2-celled, beaked or not, pollinia 2, globose,
sulcate; strap long or short, gland large or small.—Species about 10,
‘Eastern Asiatic.

I am indebted for aid in determining the cultivated species of Sect. ii. & iii. to
Messrs. Veitch for specimens, and to great knowledge of his assistant, Mr. Kent,
and of Mr. Rolfe (of the Kew Herbarium) for valuable information respecting them.

Sect. I. Leaves terete, grooved in front. (See also &. mitratum.)
Pedunele 1-2-fid. Spur slightly incurved, with a callus half way down
the tube. Anther shortly beaked.

44 CXLVII. oRCHIDES. (J.D. Hooker.) [derides.

1, H. Vandarum, Reichd. f. in Gard. Chron. 1867, 997 ; 1875, 590;
1885, ii. 629, fig. 148; leaves 6-10 in., peduncle stout, side lobes of lip nar-
rowly lanceolate, outer margin toothed, midlobe clawed tip dilated 2-partite.
AQ. cylindricum, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4982 (not of Lindl.) ; Lindl. im Journ.
Linn, Soc. iii. 41 (the Sikkim plant); Warner Orchid. Alb. iii. t. 116.

SusrropicaL SikKrm Himanaya, alt. 5000 ft. J.D.H. Kasia HIts,
alt. 4-5000 ft., J. D. H. § T.T. Munwnipors, alt. 4000 ft., Watt.

Stems 1-2 ft., tufted, as thick as a goose-quill ; roots 2 in. broad, flat. Leaves
as thick as a duck’s-quill. Peduncle 1-1} in.; flowers 1}-2 in, diam., white ;
perianth with crisped margins; sepals obovate-oblong ; petals broader ; side lobes
of lip flexuous, as long as the cylindric spur; segments of midlobe orbicular,
toothed ; pollinia globose; strap narrowly cuneate, gland large. Capsule 14-23 in.,
fusiform.

2. HE. longicornu, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. ined.; leaves 6-8 in., peduncle
very slender, side lobes of lip 2-partite, segments elongate subulate, mid-
lobe narrow clawed, tip slightly dilated 2-fid. Mesoclastes uniflora, Lindl.
in Wall. Cat. 1993; Gen. & Sp. Orehid. 45. Luisia uniflora, Blume
Rumph. iv. 50; Mus. Bot, i. 64; Lindl. Fol. Orchid. 3. ,

Nepat, Wallich. Uprnr Assam; Naga Hills, alt. 5500 ft., Clarke.

Much more slender than 4. Vandarum. Leaves as thick as a sparrow-quill.
Peduncle 1 in.; flowers 1 in. diam., white; perianth with crisped margins; lateral
sepals much larger than the orbicular-oblong petals; side lobes of lip shorter than
the long spur, segments curved forwards, outer shortest, midlobe membranous, lobes
divaricate. Capsule 2 in., fusiform; peduncle and pedicel very slender.

3. HE. cylindricum, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7317; Gen. & Sp. Orchid.

, 240; leaves 2-6 in., peduncle short stout, side lobes .of lip oblong obtuse,
midlobe short cuneiform fleshy many-ridged. Wight Ic. t.1744; Gard.

Chron. 1875, i. 537; 1886, i. 405, fig. 81. Epidendrum subulatum, Retz
Obs. vi. 50. Limodorum subulatum, Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. 126. Cymbidium
elegans, Herb. Heyne.

Deccan Peninsuts; from the Coorg Hills, Heyne, to Travancore, Wight, &c.

Stem elongate, as thick as a goose-quill. Leaves as thick as a crow-quill, very
obliquely acuminate. Flowers 2-3, 1} in, diam., white or tinged with pink; sepals
obovate-oblong, obtuse, lateral decurved; petals broader, shorter ; side lobes of lip
erect, nearly as large as the midlobe, which is yellowish at the base; spur recurved ;
column rather long ; strap of pollinia short, broad. Capsule 2 in.,fusiform or sub-
clavate.—The ridged lip is that of Vanda.

Sect. IT, Leaves lorate, keeled (semi-terete in . mitratum). Side
lobes of Zip very small, midlobe large; spur incurved.

* Lip horizontal or inflered.

4, HE. mitratum, feichb. f. in Bot. Zeit. 1864, 415; leaves very
long filiform, side lobes of lip minute uncinate, midlobe broadly ovate
retuse, spur short inflated. Bot. Mag. t. 5728.

TENASSERIM ; at Moulmein (Hort. Day).

Stem 1-2 in., and roots very stout. Leaves 2-3 ft., din. diam., deeply grooved
above. Racemes many, suberect, 3 in. long, cylindric ; peduncle very stout ; bracts
minute, acute; flowers 3 in. diam.; petals and sepals subsimilar, oblong, tips
rounded, white or tipped with violet; lip longer and broader than the sepals,
violet ; spur contracted at the neck, inflated, compressed, base truncate, obtuse, tip
pointing forwards.

5, HH. multiflorum, Roxb. Cor. Pl. iti, 63, t. 271; Fl. Ind. iti. 475;
midlobe of lip hastately ovate tip rounded, spur short straight. Belg.
Hortic, 1876, 286; Walp. Anw. vi. 897. AX. affine, Wall. Cat. 7316;

Airides. | oXLviit, on¢HipEa, (J. D. Hooker.) 45

Lindl, Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 239; Sert. Orchid. t. 15; in Journ. Linn. Soc.
iii. 41; Bot. Mag. t. 4049; Warner, Sel. Orchid. Ser.i.t.21. AL. roseum,
Lodd., ex Paxt. Fl. Gard. ii. 109, t. 60; Jard. Fleur. ii. t. 200; Gartenft.
viii. 253, t. 267; I7l. Hortic, iii. t. 88. Al. Lobbii, Hort. ex. Ill. Hort. 1868,
t.559 (an Teism. & Binn.?). Al. Veitchii, Hort. ex Morven in Belg. Hortic.
1876, 291; William’s Man. 70. AX. trigonum, Klotzch. in Otto & Dietr.
Allgem. Gartenz. 1855, 177. Epidendrum geniculatum, Herb. Ham.

Trorican Himataya; from Garwhal eastwards, the Knasrta HILLS, and south-
ward to TENASSERIM.

Stem 4-10 in., stout. Leaves 6-8 in., deeply channelled and keeled, variable in
breadth, 2-lobed. Racemes 6-12 in., rarely branched, shortly peduncled; flowers
$-1} in. diam., rose purple, sometimes spotted with darker; sepals and petals sub-
equal, oblong, tips rounded; lip twice as long, sides recurved, claw geniculately
inflexed, spur $ as long as the midlobe, pointing forwards under it with an incurved
fleshy 2-lobed callus on the base of the midlobe; column beaked ; anther long-
beaked, strap long slender. Capsule 3-2 in., subclavate, stoutly pedicelled.—
Common and variable. Lindley overlooked Roxburgh’s works. In Griffith’s
Eastern Himalayan collections, a fruiting specimen of which is a different species,
or perhaps a very large var. of this or the following, with leaves 12-14 by 14 in.,
and a stout raceme 12-16 in., the capsules are of multiflorum.

6. HE. Fieldingii, Lodd. ex Morren in Belg. Hortic. 1876, 286, t. 10;
characters of 4. multiflorum, but a much more robust plant, with a
different habit of growth, and an acute apex of the hastate midlobe of the
lip. Jenning’s Orchid. t. 20; Reichd. f. in Hamb. Gartenzeit. 1855, 225 ;
Morven. Belg. Hortic. 1876, 286. AX. Williamsi, Warner Sel. Orchid. Ser.
i. t. 21.

Sixxim Hrmataya and Assam.

I am indebted to Mr. Kent, of Messrs. Veitch’s establishment, for calling my
attention to the differences between this and Z. multiflorum. They are difficult of
detection in Herbarium specimens. According to the published figures ‘the flowers
vary in colour, white, red, and purple. 4. Williamsi is a white flowered variety.
The figure of Z. affine in Bot. Mag. (cited above under muiltiflorum) is referred to
Fieldingii by Morren, but it is of far too slender a habit.—The Foxbrush Orchid. of
gardens.

7. Z.maculosum, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1845, t. 58; in Gard. Chron,
1845, 691; midlobe of lip ovate tip broad obtuse or retuse margins
undulate, spur slender uncinately incurved. Paat. Mag. Bot. xii. t. 49;
Walp. Ann. v. 897; Pescatorea, i. t. 33; Lindenia, i.t. 11. Saccolabium
speciosum, Wight Ic. t. 1674, 1675.

Western Guats; from the Concan to Travancore. Raspoorana; on Mt.
Abo.

Near 4. multiflorum, but stem shorter, leaves more flat, racemes more often
branched, flowers larger but very variable in size, pale spotted with purple, tip
bright rose, spur longer and more slender.—Var. Schrederi, Jard, Fleurist. t. 54;
Gardner’s Mag. Bot. ii. 121, with fig.; Pesiatorea, t. 86. Ai. illustre, Reichd. f. in
Gard. Chron. 1882, 7, is a robust form with fewer shorter leaves, and large flowers
blotched with purple, and amethystine tip.

8, HE. crispum, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7319; Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 239;
in Bot. Reg. 1841, t. 55; in Gard. Chron. 1842, 7 (with fig.); in Journ,
Linn. Soe. iti. 41; midlobe of lip large broadly ovate-oblong , obscurely
8-lobed crenate or toothed, spur very short obtuse. Bot. Mag. t. 4427;
Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 265; Flore des Serres, v. t.48; Walp. Ann. vi,
896; Ill. Hortic. 1847,123; Gard. Chron. 1859, 24, with Fig.; Belg. Hortic.
1876, 287; Warner Orchid. Alb. vii. t. 293 (var.). AG. Lindleyanum, Wight

46 OXLVII. OROHIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) [4@rides.

Ic. t. 1677 bis.; Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 41; Wall. l. ec. 879, A.
Brookeii, Lindl. in Gard. Chron. 1841, 518; 1842, 559; Batem. in Bot.
Reg. 1841, Misc. 55; Paxt. Mag. Bot. ix. t. 145; Flore des Serres, t. 151.
\ A. Warneri, Hort.

Western Guats; from the Concan to Travancore. : :

Stem 4-10 in., very stout. Leaves 4-8 in., from oblong to lorate, variable in
breadth, thickly coriaceous, lobes unequal rounded. Racemes 8-12 in., inclined or
drooping, simple or branched; pedicels very robust; flowers 1} in. diam., sweet-
scented ; sepals and petals very broad, pale rose; lip geniculately inflexed at the
claw, rose or purple, 2-cornute at the base; spur much shorter than the blade, and
projecting forwards under it; anther long-beaked, strap of pollinia slender below,
dilated above. Capsule 14-2 in., clavate or pyriform, angles subalate.—I find no
character whereby to separate 4. Lindleyanum. . Lindley says of ft. Brookeit,
more odorous than 4. odoratum.

9. FB. faleatum, Lindi. in Pact. Fl. Gard. ii. 142; side lobes of lip
half as long as the clawed midlobe dimidiate oblong or falcate, midlobe
ovate or ovate-cordate sides replicate erose, spur parallel to the midlobe
and concealed under it. Reichb. f. Xen. Orchid. i. 220, t. 92; Morren
Belg. Hortic. 1876, 288; Walp. Ann. vi. 897. Al. Larpentae, Hort. Makoy
Prix Cour. 1862; Reichb. f.in Otto & Dietr. Gartenz. 1856, 219. Al. retro-
fractum, Wall. mss.

TENASSERIM, Wallich, Parish, &c.

Stem 6-8 in., robust. Leaves 8-12 by 1-1} in. Raceme decurved or pendulous,
lax-fid.; flowers 1-14: in, diam., white, pale-violet, purple or pink; sepals and
petals often, tipped with a darker shade, and lip usually darker ; lateral sepals with
a very broad base; column beaked; foot elongate; anther long-beaked; strap of
pollinia slender, gland small. :

10. HB. crassifolium, Par. & Reichb. f. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. 145;
characters of 4. falcatum, but much more robust, with shorter leaves,
dark purple flowers and the spur geniculate at the base and not hidden
under the midlobe of thelip. Reichd. f. in Gard. Chron. 1877, i. 633, and
li, 492, fig. 96; Otia Hamburg. 43; Warner Sel. Orchid. Ser. 3, t. 12.
Ai. expansum, freichb. f. 1. c. 1882, ii. 40.

TENASSERIM ; at Moulmein, Parish.

Very nearly allied to Z. falcatum, the chief difference being the form of the
spur and that the sides of the midlobe of the lip are so reflected as that their under
surfaces meet.—Var. Leone, Reichb. f. in Bull. Soc. Tor. d’Orticult. x. t. 14;
Williams’ Orchid. Man. t. 14, is described as having retuse side lobes of the lip and *
an expanded midlobe.

** Tip deflexed.

11. HE. radicosum, A. Rich. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. xv. 65, t.i. 6.3
stem short very stout, leaves 4-10 by 3-14 in. unequally 2-lobed, racemes
or panicles very stout rarely exceeding the leaves, sepals orbicular and
rather smaller petals 5-nerved, side lobes of lip minute, midlobe ovate,
disk with 2 large basal“calli, spur longer than the sepals stout incurved
obtuse. Saccolabium Wightianum, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7303 (in part);
Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 221 (excl. Syn.); in Journ, Linn. Soe. iii. 36 (excl.
Khasia); Wight Ic. t. 917. S. rubrum, Wight Ic. 1673 (not of Lindl.).
S. ringens, Lendl. in Wall. Cat. 7313; Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 220; in Journ,
Linn. Soe. iii. 36; Walp. Ann. vi. 884.

The Deccan PENINSULA; on the Nilghiri and Pulney Hills, and at Quilon,
Wight, &c.

Stem as thick as the thumb. Leaves leathery, rigid, mottled with purple in

Aiyides.| CXLVIMI. OROHIDERZ. (J. D. Hooker.) 47

Wight’s S. rubrum. Peduncle very short and stout; raceme simple or sparingly
branched, rachis stout; bracts minute ; flowers 2 in. diam., bright red in Wight’s
S. rubrum, nearly white with rosy tips in his 8. Wightianum; spur about as long
as the blade of the lip, incurved, obtuse; anther beaked; strap of pollinia short,
subtriangular, gland large. Capsule 2 in. long, pyriform, angled and grooved.

12. HE. lineare, Hook. f.; stem short stout, leaves 6-12 by 3~2 in.
very unequally 2-lobed, panicle long peduncled much branched longer
than the leaves, flowers as in .4. radicosum, but rather smaller rose-cold.
Saccolabium lineare, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7312. S. paniculatum, Wight Ic.
t. 1676; Reichd. f. in Bonpl. iii. 225. Cymbidium lineare, Herb. Heyne.

Deccan PENINSULA ; on the Ghats from Canara southwards, alt. 5-7500 ft.,
Wight, &c. CEYLon ; in the Doombera district, Thwaites.

As far as I can judge from dried specimen &. tineare is with difficulty dis-
tinguishable from 4. radicosum, except by the more slender very much branched
panicle, and rather smaller flowers. Wallich’s specimens of Sace. lineare are very
bad,—The synonyms of this and the preceding may be mixed. :

Sect. III. Leaves lorate, keeled. Midlobe of lip incurved between the
much larger side lobes.

13. HE. odoratum, Lour. Fl. Coch. 525; lobes of leaf large rounded,
lateral sepals much larger than the dorsal and petals, midlobe of lip
oblong-lanceolate acute entire or erose. Lindl, Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 239;

‘ in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 41; Bot. Mag. 4189; Pazt. Fl. Gard. ii. t. 148;
Flor. Cal. ii. 75; Maund Botanist. iv. t. 180; Knowles & West. t. 75;
Harim. Parad. ii. t.4; Walp. Ann. vi. 898, Lindenia, t. 14(var.). Al. cor-
nutum, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 63; Fl. Ind. iii. 472; Bot. Reg. t. 1485.

Tropical Himataya; Nepal, Wallich ; Sikkim, J.D.H. The Kuasta HIttzs,
SirweEt, Coittagone and TenasseRim. The Conoan, Heyne in Herb. Rottl.—
Distris. Java, China, Cochin-China. :

Stem 4-12 in., very stout, Leaves 6-10 by }-1%in. Racemes many, 10-12 in. ;
peduncle and rachis stout; flowers purple to nearly white, sweet-smelling, often
purple-spotted or -tipped; side lobes of lip subcuneate, midlobe short ; spur very
large, uncinately incurved; column short ; anther obtuse ; strap of pollinia not long,
linear, gland small. Capsule 1-1} in., oblong-clavate, angles obtuse ; pedicel 3 in.,
very stout.

_ Var. dicuspidata; midlobe of lip with a bicuspidate tip—Matacca, Maingay
(Kew Distrib. 1648), Prax (Ic. in Hort. Calcut.). A specimen of this sent from
Caleutta (Garden?) to Herb. Hooker by Dr. Carey is named by the latter &.
cornutum,

14, Hi. suavissimum, Lindl. in Journ. Hort. Soc. iv. 263; in Past.
Fl. Gard. ii. 141, t. 66; differs from 4. odoratum in the midlobe of the lip
being longer and emarginate. Jard. Fleur. t. 213; Rolfe in Gard. Chron.
1890, i. 43; Walp. Ann. vi. 898. A. Reichenbachii, Linden in Koch &
Fintelm. Wochenschrift, 1858, 61; Reichb. f. Xen. Orchid. u. 11, t. 104.
Ai. nobile, Warner Sel. Orchid. Ser. 1. t. 11; Gartenfl. 40, t. 641. AN.
Rohanianum, Reichd. f. in Gard. Chron. 1884, i. 206. Al. flavidum, Lindl.
in Pact. Fl. Gard. ii, 101. 2. Ballantinianum, Reichd. f. in Gard. Chron.
1885, ii. 198.

Pzenane and BuRMA. ’

Said to be the sweetest scented species of the genus, but more definite characters
are wanting to distinguish it from . odoratum. The sepals and petals are rosy
with often darker tips, the spur yellow mottled red. 2. Ballantinianwm is an early
flowering form.

15, Hl. Emericii, Reichd. f. in Gard. Chron. 1882, 586; lobes of

48 cxivint. orcHipEa#. (J. D. Hooker.) [ 4rides.

leaf long narrow subacute, sepals longer than the petals, midlobe of lip
lanceolate acute.

Aypaman Isnanps, Berkeley. :
Stem 6-8 in. Leaves 10-12 by 3-14 in., lobes much longer than in 2. odoratum.

Racemes 6-8 in.; flowers } in. diam., pale lilac, pedicels 1 in., side lobes of lip
rounded, entire; spur short, stout; foot of column very short; anther shortly
beaked ; strap of pollinia long, linear.—Much the smallest flowered of the Indian
species.

SPECIES UNKNOWN TO ME.

A. Borasst, Ham. ex. Smith in Rees Cyclop. xxxix. No. 8, is undeterminable.

Zi. DECUMBENS, Griff. Notul. iii. 865 (without deseript.); Ic. Plant. Asiat.
t. 820, fig. 1; Lindl. in Journ. Linn, Soc. iii, 423; from Mogoung in Burma.
Stem very short. Leaves 2-4 in., elliptic, acute, many-nerved ; peduncles several,
short, stout, few-fid.; bracts small, triangular; pedicels with ovary } in., erect;
flowers 2 in. diam.; lateral sepals very broad, obtuse.—This has the habit of a
Phalenopsis. :

A, LAsioperatum, Willd, Sp. Pl. iv. 130, is undeterminable.

A. tepipum, Reichd. f. in Gard. Chron. 1883, i. 466; leaves lorate obtusely
2-lobed, flowers white ascending, sepals and petals subequal oblong apiculate, tips
and of lip and spur purple, side lobes of lip short triangular, midlobe larger triangular,
spur filiform curved as long as the pedicelled, with a slender curved ascending tooth
in the middle of the cavity.—British India, Berkeley,

A. Munpatit, Jenning’s Orchid. under t. xxx., without description, is probably
. faleatum.

Ai, PACHYPHYLLUM, Reichb. f. in Gard. Chron. 1880, ii. 280; leaves short
most fleshy obtusely unequally 2-lobed, raceme short few-fild., sepals and rather
shorter petals oblong-ligulate obtusely acute crimson-lake, side lobes of lip subtrian-
gular short, midlobe purple triangular minute, spur white cylindric obtuse inflated
longer than the pedicelled ovary, column white.—Burma (Hort. Veitch.).

A. BiaipuM, Ham. ew, Smith in Rees Cyclop. xxxix. No. 12, is undeterminable.

59. RENANTHERA, Lour.
Epiphytes; stem elongate, branched, leafy; pseudobulbs 0. Leaves

rigid, 2-lobed. Flowers large or medium sized, in lateral spreading -

panicles. Sepals narrow, widely spreading, dorsal erect, lateral deflexed
or placed under the lip, oblanceolate or spathulate, at first parallel or
connate. Petals narrow. Lip very small sessile, jointed on the base of
the column, saccate, side lobes erect. Column short, truncate, foot U;
pollinia large, 2-grooved or 2-partite, strap short, gland transverse.—
Species 5, Indian, Chinese and Malayan.

1. R. coccinea, Lour. Fl. Cochin Ch. ii. 687; flowers 2~24 in. diam.,
lateral sepals free, much larger than the dorsal, midlobe of lip ovate-
lanceolate recurved. Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 217; Bot. Reg. t. 1181;
Bot. Mag. t. 2997-8; Paxt, Mag. t. 49; Reichd. Fl. Erot.t. 114; Walp.
Ann, vi. 875,
ge 3 at the Moscos Isds., opposite Tavoy, Parish.—Disrris, Cochin

ina.

Stem 1-8 ft., stout. Leaves 2-4 in., distant, oblong or shortly lorate. Peduncle
2-3 ft., erect ; branches long, divaricate, lux-fid.; bracts very small, broad; lateral
sepals scarlet, dorsal and petals linear, orange-red, spotted ; lip yellow, tip of small
spur and midlobe scarlet ; strap of pollinia linear acute,

2. R. elongata, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 218 ; flowers % in. diam.,
sepals subequal lateral free, midlobe of lip tongue-shaped revolute with 2

Renanthera.] cx. orcaipEa. (J. D. Hooker.) 49

basal calli. eichb. f. Xen. Orchid. i. 88; Walp. Ann. vi. 876. R.

matutina, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1843, t. 41 (not of Gen. & Sp.) ; Prescatorea, i.
't. 11. BR. micrantha, Blume Mus. Bot. i. 60; Reichb. f. l. c.i. 87. Sacco-

labium reflexum, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7309; Gen & Sp. Orchid. 225.

Sinaarorn, Wallick. Punax, Scortechini, &c. Matacoa, Griffith (Kew
Distrib. 5242), Maingay (K. d. 1644)-—Disrzis. Malay Islands.

Habit and foliage of R. coccinea, but much more slender, bracts ovate reflexed,
flowers much smaller and more numerous, orange yellow with red spots. Lip. with
the side lobes short, broad, margins revolute ; spur large, cylindric, obtuse, some-
what recurved; strap of pollinia linear acuminate, gland small. Capsule 1 in.,
fusiform, angles acute.—King’s collector describes the flowers as dark-red.

3. R. angustifolia, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. ined.; flowers 1+ in. diam.,
lateral sepals lanceolate abruptly clawed, at first connate, midlobe of lip
minute acute recurved.

Prerax ; on Gunong Bata Pateh, Wray.

Stem as thick as a goose-quill. Leaves 4-5 by }-$ in., linear, recurved. Scape
long, sparingly branched ; pedicel with ovary 1-1} in.; lateral sepals inserted by a
point, and narrower dorsal acuminate ; side lobes of lip very small, rounded; spur
i ae top of column hispid; pollen large, oblong, strap broad, gland
large.

SPECIES UNKNOWN TO ME.

R. uistRionica, Reichd. f. in Gard. Chron. 1878, ii. 74; low, leaves lanceolate
acuminate, raceme laxly few-fid., sepals and petals cuneately ligulate obtusely acute,
lip 3-fid, side lobes triangular, midlobe ligulate acute with two incumbent trian.
gular or quadrate lamelle at its base, spur short conic.—Singapore ? or Malacca ?,
Hort. Day. Flowers yellow purple spotted and margined, lip white, side lobes spotted
with purple, spur orange, column yellow and purple.—The first species with acuminate
leaves,— Description from Reichb. 1. v.

60. VANDA, Br.

Epiphytes; stem leafy. Leaves very coriaceous or fleshy, flat keeled or
terete. Flowers usually large, highly coloured, in simple lax or dense ra-
cemes. Sepals and petals subequal, spreading or incurved, bases narrowed.
Lip large, base usually saccate or spurred, side lobes large or small (rarely
0), placed on the sides of the sac or spur; midlobe various, fleshy, disk
usually ridged or lamellate. Column short, stout; foot not or very
shortly produced; anther 2-celled; rostellum obscure; pollinia 2, didy-
mous, subglobose or obovoid, strap broad short or long geniculate, gland
rather large (slender in § Anotis and gland small).—Species about 20,
tropical Asiatic and Australian.

Sect. I. Euvanpa. Sepals and petals widely spreading (not incurved).
Lip with erect side lobes. Strap of pollinia flat, geniculate, gland large.

* Leaves terete. Scape few-fid. See also Brides cylindricum.

1. V. teres, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7324; Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 217;
Fol. Orchid. 7; in Bot. Reg. t. 1809; midlobe of lip 2-fid., lobes hatchet-
shaped, sac long conical. Bot. Mag. t. 4114; Pact. Mag. v. t. 198; Grif.
Notul, iti. 352; Warn. Sel. Orchid. Ser. iii. t. 2; Retchenbachia, i. t. 27;
Rev. Hortic. 1856, t. 22. Dendrobium teres, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 485.

Lowrr Bren@at; at Seeb Sagur, Clarke. Assam, SILHET, the Kuasia HILLs,
Cuirtagone and Urrrg Burma, Roxburgh, Wallich, ke. .

Stem many feet long, branched, and leaves as thick as a goose-quill. Leaves
6-8 in. Pedunele 6-12 in.; bracts short, ovate ; flowers 3-6, 4 in. diam., white or

VOL, VI. E

50 oxivit. orcnipex, (J. D. Hooker.) [Vanda.

rose-cold. ; sepals and petals undulate ; lip hairy towards the base; side lobes broad,
incurved, yellow within, crimson spotted; midlobe much larger, flabellately reniform
purple or rose-cold., sac 1 in. long ; column hairy in front. Capsule 1Lin., clavate.

2. V. Hookeriana, Reichd. f. in Bonpland. 1856, 324; tm Gard.
Chron. 1882, ii. 488; midlobe of lip very large reniformly flabellate
8-lobed, sac very short. 70. Hortic. 1883, t. 484; Orchidoph. 1886, t. 158;
Reichenbachia, i. t. 74. Warner Orchid. Alb. t. 73, 1882.

Perax, Scortechini; in swamps, Wray. StncaPoreE, Ridley (in litt.). :

Habit of V. teres, but leaves shorter, 2-3 in. ; scape longer; flowers 3-5, 2 in.
diam. ; lateral sepals oblong or obovate-oblong, cream-cold; petals broader, lilac or
carnation ; lip towards the base and column hairy; side lobes purple; _midlobe as
large as the rest of the flowers, white or lilac, base 2-glandular; sac conical, obtuse.
Capsule 4 in.

¥* Leaves flat or chanelled and keeled. Scape usually many-fid.
+ Flowers 3-1} in. diam. (See also V. Bensoni.)

3, WV. parviflora, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. xxx. Misc. 45; peduncle and
raceme strict erect, flowers }-$ in. diam., sepals oblong and spathulate
petals yellow, lip rather shorter than the sepals, midlobe cuneate-obovate
with a dilated truncate 2-lobed tip, disk with fleshy blue ridges, spur
slender conical half as long as the lip. Wight Ic. t. 1669; Reichb. f. in
Gard. Chron. 1877, 166. Atrides Wightianum, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7320;
Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 288; im Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 40; Bot. Mag. t. 5138 ;
Wight Ic. v. p. 8; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 265.

Western Himataya; Kumaon, Atakmunda river, alt. 3-4000 ft., Edgeworth.
Nepat, Wallich. AssaM, Mann. Burma, Berkely, WrEsTERN PENINSULA ; from
the Concan to Travancore. CuyLon, Walker, &e.

Stem 4-6 in. Leaves 4-8 by 4-3 in., unequally obtusely 2-lobed. Peduncle and
rachis stout; pedicel with ovary 1-1} in.; side lobes of lip small, ovate. Capsule
1-12 in., long pedicelled, clavate.

Var. testacea ; sepals and petals brown. V. testacea, Reichb. f. in Gard. Chron.
1877, 166. rides testaceum, Lindl. Gen. § Sp. Orchid. 288; Past. Fl. Gard, ii.
t. 142; Walp. Ann. v. 897.—Ceylon.

Var. albiflora; sepals and petals white, lip white, ridges speckled with red, spur
broader obtuse.—Moulmein (Ie. Parish).

4, WV. coerulescens, Griff. Notul. iii. 352; Ic. Plant. Asiat. t. 331 ;
raceme drooping, flowers 1-15 in. diam., sepals obovate and spathulate,
petals pale blue, lip rather shorter than the sepals, midlobe cuneate-obovate
with a dilated truncate 2-lobed tip, disk with fleshy dark blue ridges,
spur slender conical half as long as the lip. Lindi. Fol. Orchid. 9 ; Walp.
Ann. vi. 868 ; Bot. Mag. t. 5834 and 6828; Warner Orchid. Ald. t. 48;
Floral Mag. N. 8. +. 256; Orchidoph. 1863, t. 687; Reichd. f. in Gard.
Chron. 1869, 498 ; 1870, 529, f. 97.

Upper BurMA, Griffith. Pxrau; on hills near Prome, alt. 1500 ft., Benson.

Stem 6 in. Leaves 6-10 by % in., much broader in cultivation, acutely 2-fid or
8-fid. Pedunele with racemes 1 ft. or less; pedicel with ovary 1-1} in.; flowers

variable in colour, from blue to nearly white (vars. Bowallit, R. f. and Louriana,
R.f.); spur and column blue.

5. V. spathulata, Spreng. Syst. Veg. iii. 719; leaves short, peduncle
very tall, raceme terminal few-fld., flowers 1} in. diam. golden yellow,
sepals and petals spathulately oblong flat, lip clawed as long as the sepals,
side lobes very small, midlobe suborbicular. Lindi. Gen. & Sp. Orchid,
216; Fol. Orchid.9; Wight Ic. t. 915; Walp, Ann. vi. 869. Epidendrum

Vanda. | CXLVIII. oRcHIDER. (J.D. Hooker.) 51

spathulatum, Linn. Sp. Pl. 1348. Limodorum spathulatum, Willd. Sp.,
Pl. iv, 125. AMirides maculatum, Smith in Rees Cyclop. Suppl.—Rheede
Hort. Mal, xii. t. 8.

WESTERN PENINSULA; from Malabar to Travancore and CEyLon.

Stem 2 ft. Leaves 2-4 by 4-1} in., shortly obtusely 2-lobed. Peduncle
12-18 in., robust, few-fld. and at the tip only; bracts large, ovate, acute; pedicel
and ovary 1-13 in. ; side lobes of lip broadly obovate, midlobe obscurely 3-fid ; spur
conical. Capsule 13-22 in., clavately fusiform.

tt Flowers 2 in, diam. and upwards (smaller in V. Bensont).

6. V. coerulea, Griff, ex Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1847, under +. 30; Fol.
Orchid. 8; peduncle elongate many-fld., flowers 3-4 in. diam. pale blue,
lateral sepals obovate, petals clawed broadly obovate, lip much shorter
than the sepals dark blue linear-oblong, side lobes small rounded, midlobe
with 2 thickened ridges ending in a bigibbous tip. Paat. Fl. Gard. t. 36;
Jard. Fleurist, t.102: Fl. des Serres. t. 609; Reichb. f. Xen. Orchid. i. 8,
t.5; Pescatorea, i. t. 29; Ill. Hort. vii. t. 246; Warner Sel. Orchid. t. 18;
Jennings Orchid. t. 34; Reichenbachia, ii. 19, t. 57; Lindenia, iv. t. 160°
V. coerulescens, Journ. Hort. Soc. vi., Proc. vii. with fig. Vanda, Griff
Itin, Notes, 88, No. 1284. :

Kwasta and JyntTEa Mrs., on oaks, alt. 4000 ft., Grifith, &c. i

Stem 3-6 in., very stout. Leaves 3-10 by 2-1 in., keeled, 2-lobed or tip obliquely.
truncate and toothed. Peduncle with lax-fld. 6-20-fld. raceme 1-2 ft., perianth
segments somewhat waved and obscurely tessellate; lip not one-third the length of
the sepals ; spur conical obtuse. Capsule 3 in., fusiform, long pedicelled.

7. V. Denisoniana, Benson § Reichb. f. in Gard. Chron. 1869,
528; 1885, 105, f. 21; peduncle very short, flowers 2 in. diam., white,
sepals and petals waved and twisted, lateral sepals largest broadly obovate
falcate deflexed, petals clawed spathulate, lip longer than the sepals, side
lobes large subquadrate, midlobe panduriform with two orbicular diverging
and recurved terminal lobes. Bot. Mag. t. 5811; Jil. Hort. WV. S. t. 105;
Lindenia, t. 21; Warner Orchid, Alb. t. 248.

TENASSERIM ; at Moulmein, Parish. ARRacAN, Benson.

Stem short. Leaves 6-10 in., deeply unequally 2-lobed. Peduncle stout, with
the raceme 6-10 in,; pedicels with ovary 2 in. ; midlobe of lip with rounded sides,
and a very acute terminal sinus; disk with 5 thick obtuse ridges; side lobes con-
cave, with orange streaks; spur short, villous within. Capsule 3-5 in., clavately
fusitorm,

8. V. Bensoni, Batem.in Bot. Mag. t. 5611; leaves narrow, peduncle
tall inclined many-fd., flowers 14-2 in. diam., sepals and petals dull yellow-
green spotted with red-brown, lateral sepals broadly obovate, petals spathu-
lately obovate, lip nearly as long as the sepals blue, side lobes triangular-
ovate, much smaller than the panduriform midlobe which has 2 broad
recurved terminal lobes. Reichb. f. Xen. Orchid. ii. 188; Gard. Chron.
1867, 180; Flore des Serres, t. 2329.

Preu ; near Rangoon, Benson. TENASSERIM; at Moulmein, Parish.

Stem short. Leaves 4-6 in. obliquely truncate and toothed. Peduncle with the
raceme 18 in.; midlobe of lip with 3 obtuse ridges; spur conical obtuse.—Very
near V. Denisoniana, but flowers much smaller, quite different in colour, not so
waved, midlobe of lip more contracted, the terminal lobes uncinate.—A form with
brown flowers figured by Parish and called ¢ristis may be this or V. brunnea (see end
of genus).

9. V. Parishii, Veitch / Reichb. in Gard, Chron. 1867, 180, with fig. ;
E 2

52 eXnvitt. OrcHipe#, (J. D. Hooker.) ( Vanda.

leaves broad obtusely 2-lobed, peduncle short stout erect, bracts large,
flowers 2 in. diam., fleshy spotted mauve-brown or purple, lateral sepals
broadly ovate-oblong and orbicular petals apiculate, lip half as long as the
sepals, side lobes rounded, midlobe small cuneately flabelliform. Reichb.
SJ. Xen. Orchid. ti, 188; in Gard. Chron, 1870, 890; Warner Orchid. Alb.
t. 15, and 61 (var.). .

TENASSERIM ; at Moulmein, Parish.

Stem very short, stout. Leaves few, 8-10 by 2-3 in. Pedunele very short ;
raceme 6-8 in., drooping, 6-8-fid.; bracts acuminate; flowers variable in colour.
The short stems and broad flat leaves are not those of Vanda proper, and more
resemble Stawropsis or Arachnanthe. In var. Marriottiana, Reichb. f. in Gard.
Chron. 1880, 743 ; 1881, 726, the sepals and petals are mauve, the side lobes of the
lip white with mauve stripes and 2 yellow blotches below the column, and the mid-
lobe is carmine. In var. purpurea, N. E. Br. in Gard. Chron. 1883, 307, the sepals
and petals are mauve-purple with white bases, and the lip bright mauve.

10. V. bicolor, Griff. Notul. iii. 354; It. Notes, 182, No. 546; Je.
Plant. Asiat. t. 3830; leaves preemorse, peduncle short erect 4—6-fid.,
flowers 2 in. diam. brownish-purple obscurely tessellate, waved, lateral
sepals obovate deflexed, dorsal small, lip nearly as long as the sepals, purple
side lobes large orbicular, midlobe small panduriform, tip contracted 2-lobed.
Lindl, Fol. Orchid. 6; Walp. Ann. vi. 867; Reichb. f. in Gard. Chron.
1875, 620.

Eastern TropicaL Himataya; Sikkim (Je. ix Herb. Caleutt.); Bhotan,
alt. 2000 ft. Grifith. Assam (Zc. in Herb. Calcutt.).

Stem 2-3 ft. Leaves 6-10 in., sometimes unequally rather obtusely 2-lobed.
Scape very stout; bracts ovate, acute; dorsal sepal much the smallest, dilated
in the middle; petals clawed, spathulate; side lobes of lip margined with yellow.
Capsule almost a span long.—Near V. Roxburghii, but at once distinguishable by
the large orbicular side lobes of the lip. A little-known species.

ll. V. Roxburghii, Br. in Bot. Reg. t. 506; leaves premorse,
raceme suberect, flowers 14-2 in. diam. tesselated with brown, sepals and
petals subequal clawed obovate waved, lip nearly as long as the sepals,
side lobes small acute, midlobe panduritorm violet tip dilated truncate
Q-lobed. Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 215; Fol. Orchid. 2; Wight Ic. t. 916;
Fil. des Serres, ii.t.11; Paxt. Fl. Gard. t.42,£.2; Reichd. Il. Hxot. +. 121 ;
Ill. Hort. t 185 (var.). V. tesselloides, Reichb. f. in Walp. Ann. vi. 864.
Cymbidium tesselloides, Rowb. Fl. Ind. iii. 463. C. tessellatum, Swartz in
Nov. Act. Upsal. vi.75; Willd, Sp. Pl. iv. 102; Roxb. Fl. Ind. lc. C.
Alagnata, Herb. Ham. Epidendrum tessellatum. orb. Cor. Pl. i. 34,
t. 42. Afrides tessellatum, Wight in Wall. Cat. 7318; Lindl. Gen. & Sp.
Orchid. 240.—Vanda, Jones in Asiat. Res, iv. 302.

BENGAL, BEHAR and westwards to GuzERatT and the Concan, and southwards
to TRAVANCORE, TENASSERIM and CEYLON.

Stem 1-2 ft., climbing. Leaves 6-8 in., narrow, complicate. Peduncle 6-8 in.,
6-10-fid. ; sepals and petals yellowish-green or blueish except from the clathrate-
brown nerves, margins white ; lip half as long as the sepals or more, disk cf midlobe
convex with fleshy ridges and white margins and mesial lines; spur conical.—
Reichenbach in Gard. Chron. 1883, i. 9, describes a var. Wightiana, with purple lip,
the side lobes with more or less developed anterior teeth... ‘he colouring in the Fl.
des Serres, ii, t. 11, is unlike that of any form known to me. Roxburgh distin-
guishes his C. tessellatwm from his C. tesselloides, by the former having the lip
with the sides incurved into a tube, and the blade tapering entire acute; whilst in
the latter the lip is channelled above, concave underneath, and the tip of 2 obtuse
lobes, The latter (the typical V. Roxburghit) is the only form known to Indian

Vanda. | CXLVIII. ORCHIDEZ, (J. D. Hooker.) 53

botanists, and I suspect that the form of the lip of C. fessellatum is due to withering.
Var. unicolor, Bot. Mag. t. 3416 is I suspect the Chinese V. concolor, Blume.

Sect. II. Anora, Lindl. _ Raceme dense-fld. Sepals and petals widely
spreading. Lip without side lobes. Strap of pollinia long, slender,
straight.

The two species of this section (the following and V. violacea) have been re-
ferred to Saccolabium, Vanda, and one of them to Rhynchostylis. In whichever
genus placed they are aberrant; the ridged lip is quite that of Vanda; but the
lip and strap of the pollinia is as in Rhynchostylis; and the spur is hardly that
of Vanda, but rather of Saccolabium.

12. V. densiflora, Lindl. in Paxt. Fl. Gard. under t. 42; Fol.
Orchid. 2; leaves truncately excised, lip cuneate tip shortly obtusely 3-lobed,
base with 2 pubescent ridges descending into the spur. FU. des Serres,
t. 1765; Reichb. f. in Gard. Chron. 1866,1194. Saccolabium giganteum,
Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7306; Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 221; Bot. Mag. t. 5635.
Reichenbachic t. 22; Jennings Orchid. t.8; Lindernia, Ff. 683; Orchidopl.
1888, t. 163.

Prev; at Prome, Wallich. Rangoon, Benson.

Stem short, as thick as a child’s wrist ; roots 4-3 in. diam. Leaves imbricating
at the base, 6-12 by 13-2 in., very thick, channelled, lobes acute. Peduncle very.
short, stout ; raceme 8-14 in., cylindric, very dense-fid.; flowers 1-1} in. diam.,
white with a few purple spots at the base of the petals; lip fleshy, white with
bright purple shining terminal lobes ; spur short, inflated, pointing backwards.

Sect. III. Cristarm. Racemes shortly peduncled, few-fid.; pedicels
decurved. Sepals and petals incurved. Strap of pollinia very short, gland
large.—Infloresceuce and flowers of Luisia, but habit and foliage of Vanda.

13. V. cristata, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7328; Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 216 ;
Sert. Orchid. Frontisp. f. 10; in Bot. Reg. 1842, t. 48; Fol. Orchid. 10;
sepals and petals narrow yellow or green, side lobes of lip erect triangular,
midlobe subpanduriform golden striped with purple, tip with 2 divaricate
spindle-shaped lobes and an intermediate depressed one, spur conical.
Bot. Mag. t. 4304; Warner Orchid. Ald. vii. t. 290; Gartenfl. t. 680; Walp.
Ann, vi. 869. V. striata, Reichb. f. Xen. Orchid. ii. 137, t. 150. Abrides
cristatum, Wall. mss. Airides sp. Griff. Itin. Notes, 203, No. 1188.

TropicaAL HimatayA; from Kumaon to Bhotan, Wallich, &. S1nueEt,
J.D. HU. & T. BP.

Stem 3-6 in., very stout. Leaves 3-5 in., rigidly coriaceous, recurved, keeled,
truncately 3-toothed. Raceme equalling or shorter than the leaves ; bracts very
short, broad; pedicels with ovary long, stout; flowers 14-2 in. diam. ; side lobes of
lip acute truncate or toothed, midlobe as long as the sepals; spur short, obtuse.
Capsule 2-23 in., narrowly clavate.

14. V. alpina, Lindl. Fol. Orchid. 10; sepals and petals narrow
yellowish, side lobes of lip rounded, midlobe concave ovate obtuse or re-
tuse pale yellow streaked with purple, spur 0. V. Griffithii, Lindl. in
Past. Fl. Gard. ii. 22, and Fol. Orchid. 10 (exel. cilat. Griffith). Luisia
alpina, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1858, Misc. 56.

SuprroricaL Himaaya, alt. 3500-5000 ft., from Garwhal, Thomson, to
Bhotan. Kuasia Hits, alt. 4-5000 ft., J. D. H. & 7. T.

Habit of V. cristata, but smaller, leaves rather shorter, racemes always much
shorter than the leaves, flowers only 1 in. diam., lip very different. Capsule not
seen.—Lindley’s citation of Griffith’s Itin. Notes, No. 526, from his V. Griithi,
is (as he states in Fol. Orchid.) an error. But he again errs in referring this
same plant to Vanda bicolor, It is his V. undulata (Stauropsis undulatus, p. 27).

15. Vi pumila, Hook. f.; sepals and petals narrow pale yellowish

54 CXLVUI. orRcHIDEa. (J. D. Hooker.) [ Vanda.

or white, side lobes of lip rounded, midlobe broadly ovate concave obtuse -
pale streaked with purple, spur conical as long asthe midlobe. V. cristata,
var. Lindl, Fol. Orchid. 10.

S1xxim and Booran Himazaya, alt. 2000 ft. (Ic. Cathcart & in Herb.. Caleutt.).

A smaller species than either cristata or alpina, with the lip of the latter, but
furnished with a long conical spur. In the Cathcart drawings the leaves are
5-6 in. and sepals and petals white; in that of the Calcutta Herb. the leaves are only
8 in. long, and the sepals and petals are yellow. The latter is ticketed as from
Mongpo, in Sikkim.

SPECIES UNKNOWN TO ME.

V. BRuNNEA, Reichb. f. Xen. Orchid. ii. 189; leaves long narrowly ligulate
emarginate, flowers as large as in V. concolor (of China) olive within, sepals and petals
cuneately oblong obtusely acute, lip and column pale yellowish white, side lobes semi-
rotund, midlobe ligulate 2-lobed retuse, spur acutely conical.—Moulmein, Parish.—
There is a drawing at Kew, by Parish, of what may be this species named V. tristis,
Par. mss., the perianth is brown on both surfaces, the lip and column pale brown.
(See V. Parishii, p. 51.)

V. Sran@nana, Reichb. f.in Bot. Zeit. xvi. (1858) 351; allled to V. fusco-
viridis, Lindl. (of Java), auricles of the lip semiovate divergent, blade gradually
narrowed from a broad semicordate base, lip slightly 2-lobed, a pair of small calli
before the mouth of the spur, dorsal sepal cuneate-ovate about equalling the petals,
lateral sepals larger.—Sepals and petals golden green tesselated with beautiful ches-
nut brown ; lip and column white ; lip pale violet in front, with a streak of red dots
on each side of the spur, and a furrow under the column between the auricles.—
Assam (Hort. Schiller). ;

| V.Vipant, Reichd. f. in Gard. Chron. 1882, ii. 134, 29; leaves very narrowly linear
decurved deeply unequally 2-toothed, raceme few-fid., sepals and rather smaller petals
cuneate-oblong obtuse undulate gradually narrowed to the base pale olive-green
or ochreous barred with short brown-purple lines, lip panduriform, side lobes semi-
ovate golden yellow, midlobe olive-green 2-callous at the base, spur conical glabrous
within.—Burma, Vipan.

V. Wieuti, Reichb. f. in Walp. Ann. vi, 932 ; allied to V. Stangeana, Reichb. f.,
Jeaves more than a foot long narrowly ligulate unequally acutely 2-lobed, scape
few and lax-fid., side lobes of lip subquadrate, midlobe broadly ovate, lip contracted
ligulate obtusely 2-lobed, disk with 2 thick ridges, pilose at the base of the ridges
and side lobes, spur conical, column slender for the genus.—Nilghiris, Wight.

61. SACCOLABIUM, Blum.
62, Scoayorcuis, Bl. 63 Uncrrera, Lindl. 64 Acampz, Lindl.

. Epiphytes ; pseudobulbs 0. Leaves flat keeled or terete. Peduncles lateral ;
flowers usually small spicate racemed panicled or subcorymbose. Sepals
and petals adnate to the base of the column, spreading, subsimilar, free.
Inp sessile at the base of the column usually consisting of a large saccate
or conic cylindric spur, small lateral lobes and a small midlobe; sac or
spur not septate within and without a large scale or callus within under
the column (except 8. longifolium). Column short, broad, truncate, rarely
beaked, foot 0; anther 1- or imperfectly 2-celled; pollinia 2, entire or
2-partite.—Species about 40, Eastern Asiatic.

Of the genera enumerated above, Schenorchis is not British Indian, a fact which
I overlooked when drawing out the key to the genera, though it is noted in Gen.
Plant. Uncifera I refer to Saccolabium ; its character of the incurved spur is insuf-
ficient; and that of the pollinia stipitate on the strap, or rather on the geniculate
apex of the strap, though curious, is, considering how variable this organ is in the
genus and its allies, not a dependable one for generic purposes. For Acampe I can find
no characters whatever, and it is difficult to retain it us a section ; its lip is that of sect.
Calceolaria, as is the subcorymbose or umbellate inflorescence of most of the species.

Saccolabium.] OXLVII., ORCHIDER, (J. D. Hooker.) 55

The following sections are, I think, natural, but are not clearly definable by words.

Sect. I. MiokantHz. Leaves flat terete or channelled. Flowers small, often
minute, in simple or panicled racemes or spikes. ip various; spur long or short.
(See also Sect. vi. Uncifera). (Sp. 1-19).

Sect. II. Canczozaria. Leaves lorate, flat, flaccid. Flowers subcorymbose on
a short stout peduncle ; bracts short, broad rounded. Lip a large hemispheric sac, with
truncate or short side lobes and a short triangular or reniform adnate erose or
fimbriate midlobe which is warted or echinate on the disk. Colwmn very short; strap
of globose pollinia linear. (Sp. 20-27).

Sect. III. Acampz. Stem usually long and very stout. Leaves keeled, thickly
coriaceous, Flowers corymbose as in § Calceolaria, rarely in large spreading panicles,
Lip as in § Calceolaria, but with a thicker warted reniform or ovate midlobe (spur
cylindric in S. ochraceum). Column very short; strap of globose pollinia linear,
(AcampE, Lindi.) (Sp. 28-34).

Sect. IV. Puatyraizon. Stem 0, or very short ; roots very long, flattened. Leaves
lorate, flaccid. Flowers racemed. Lip very small, spur saccate or conical, midlobe
small reniform. Column very short; strap of globose pollinia linear, gland large.
(MicroPERa, Dalz.) (Sp. 35-36).

Sect. V. DisticHOoPHYLLZ. Stem tufted very slender pendulous, leafy through-
out. Leaves uniform, distichous, lanceolate. Flower smal), in very short racemes,
Lip small, spur saccate. Column very short, strap of pollinia slender, gland
sagittate. (Sp. 37-38).

Sect. VI. Spectosm. Stem very stout as are the long roots. eaves linear
rigid, keeled, often recurved. Flowers highly coloured, in dense racemes. Lip with
a linguiform midlobe, small side lobes and a long cylindric spur. Column short or
rather long ; strap of globose pollinia slender.—Habit of Arides sect. II.; but there is
no foot to the column. (Sp. 39-41).

Sect. VII. Uncirera. Stem veryshort. Leaves distichous, coriaceous. Flowers
in dense racemes. Lip with a large funnel-shaped incurved spur much longer than
the sepals. Column decurved, rostellum elongate; anther long-beaked ; pollinia
globose, seated near the geniculately inflexed apex of a very long slender strap with
recurved margins; gland large, linear, or sagittate. Unoirara, Lindl. (Sp. 42, 43.)

Sect. I. Micrantam. (See p. 54.)
* Stems elongate pendulous ; leaves terete, filiform, or semiterete.

1. Ss geminatum, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1838 Misc. 50; leaves strongly
curved terete channelled 3-toothed, racemes slender panicled, sepals ovate-
oblong 1-nerved about equalling the conic obtuse spur, petals smaller obo-
vate 1-nerved, midlobe of lip cymbiform obtuse. Walp. Ann. vi. 885.

Eastepn Hiwaaxa, alt. 3-5000 ft.; Bhotan Grifith ; Sikkim J. D. H. Kuaasia
and Jyntea Huns, alt. 2-4000 ft., common.

Stem 6-12 in., curved, rooting at the base. Leaves 2-4 in., fleshy, 3} in. diam.
Panicles longer than the leaves, branches spreading ; bracts small, acute, flowers 4 in.
long ; sepals white, or purple with white tips; petals purple; lip variable, blade

fleshy, sometimes laterally compressed, side lobes very small; column very short,
anther ovate, strap of pollinia short, broad, gland very large. Capsule subsessile
2-1 in, long, oblong, curved.

2. S. niveum, Lindl. Gen. £ Sp. Orchid. 224; stem short, leaves
recurved semiterete channelled notched, racemes slender panicled, sepals
ovate-oblong I-nerved about equalling the ovoid obtuse spur, petals
cuneately oblong truncate 1-nerved, midlobe of lip spathulate fleshy
concave. Thwaites Enum. 304.

Cryton ; in the Central Province, alt. 3~4000 ft., Walker, Thwaites. :

Stem stout; 1-4 in., curved. Leaves 2-4 in., fleshy, i-tin. diam. Panicles
longer than the leaves, branches spreading ; bracts minute, acute; flower +5 in. long,

56 oxivi. orcHInEx. (J. D. Hooker.) [Saccolabium

white; tips of lateral sepals fleshy at the back; lip with minute rounded side lobes ;
column very short; anther hemispheric; strap of pollinia very short, gland Med
large. Capsule 2 in., oblong.—Gardner (n. 872) has a form with much broader
leaves, 3 in. diam. and stouter scapes.

3. S. filiforme, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 36; stem slender,
leaves slender terete acuminate, racemes short stout simple, sepals linear,
petals orbicular, shorter than the cylindric obtuse recurved spur, limb of
lip ovate acute deflexed, side lobes large rounded. Walp. Ann. vi. 887.
Sarcanthus filiformis & roseus. Wight Ic. t. 1684 (exel. capsule) 1685.
Schenorchis juncifolia, Thwaites Enum. 804 (not of Blume.).

Mazazar and TRAVANCORE ; on the Nilghiri hills, at Neddawuttum and Pycara,
Wight; Pulney and Anamallay hill, Cotton, &e. CEYLON; Central Province,
alt. 46000 ft., Walker, &c. 3

Stem 6-10 in. ; internodes 3-2 in. Leaves 2-6 in., as thick as a sparrow quill or
more slender. Racemes 14-2 in., stout, subsesile, often deflexed ; bracts lanceolate ;
flowers 1 in, long, red, or orange streaked with crimson ; sepals 1-nerved, petals with
3 nerves rugose on the back; spur of lip inflated; anther hemispheric; strap of
globose pollinia short, dilated upwards, gland very large. Capsule 3 in., pyriform,
pedicelled.—Flowers rose coloured in Wight’s plant, orange with red stripes in the
Ceylon plants.

4, S. perpusillum, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. ined.; stem short curved,
leaves terete recurved acute, racemes erect stout flowering to the base, bracts
subulate persistent, flowers minute pubescent, sepals ovate-oblong, petals
obovate-oblong obtuse, lip oblong slightly concave, tip with a fleshy acute
subcordate appendage, spur short cylindric obtuse incurved.

SInGAPORE; at Sungei Buloh, Ridley.

Stem 3-5 in., as thick as a sparrow’s-quill, rigid. Leaves 1-14 in., subsecund.
Racemes }-% in.; rachis stout; flowers jj, in. diam.; pedicel very short; sepals
1-nerved, lateral acuminate ; petals as long, obtuse, glabrous, 1—nerved ; lip as long as
the sepals ; spur large; fleshy appendage at the tip of the lip didymous on the upper
face.—A remarkable little species, unlike any other.

5. S.? inconspicuum, Hook. f.; stem rather stout, leaves 2-3 in.,
nearly straight terete obtuse, flowers small shortly peduncled clusters,
sepals and petals broadly oblong acute, hypochile of lip hemispheric
margins entire (side lobes 0), epichile broadly ovate retuse inserted on the
margin of the hypochile. Cymbidium inconspicuum, Wall. mss.

Lower Assam, Jenkins (Ic. in Herb. Calcutt.)

Stems 6-8 in. long, interlaced, flexuous, as thick as a duck’s-quill; internodes
4 in. Leaves rather more slender, slightly curved, but not falcate. Flowers 4 in.
diam., shortly pedicelled, pale green; sepals and petals subequal, spreading and
recurved ; lip about as long as the sepals; hypochile green suffused with purple, large
for the size of the plant, margins everted, epichile as long as the hypochile, flat,
smooth; column short, very stout, purple, rostellum not beaked; anther broader
than long low, pollinia 2 globose, strap short, gland ovate.—The lip is like that of
sect. Calceolaria. Described from the drawing in the Calcutta Herbarium.

** Stem short or long. Leaves flat or channelled.
t Spur of lip longer than the sepals. (See also 16, S. rostellatum.)

6. S. Pumilio, feichd. f. in Walp. Ann. vi. 886; in Gard. Chron.
1875, ii. 98; stem very short, leaves faleately oblanceolate obtuse notched or
2-fid, racemes about equalling the leaves laxly many-fid., lateral sepals
broadly ovate obtuse, petals oblanceolate obtuse, side lobe of lip very
short rounded, midlobe anie flat triangular 3-nerved smooth, spur much
longer than the sepals slender incurved. S&S. discolor, Reichb. f. Ot. Hamb.

Saccolabium.] OXLVIM. ORCHIDEZ.. (J. D, Hooker.) 57

42. §. pusillum, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 36 (not of Blume).
Cceoclades pusilla, Lindl, in Wall. Cat. 7332: Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 237.

S1nuet, Wallich.

Roots very many, slender, tortuous. Leaves 2-3 by 4 in., fleshy, thin when dry.
Racemes slender ; bracts ovate, membranous; flowers i in. broad, pedicelled mem-
branous; dorsal sepal obovate; column rather long, beaked in front; anther low;
strap of pyriform pollinia dilated above, gland small oblong. Capsule $ in., shortly
pedicelled, narrow, 6-ribbed.—The citation of “Herb. Wight” under Wall. Cat.
7332 B, is doubtless an error,

7. S. penangianum, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. ined.; leaves narrowly’
linear-lanceclate acuminate with a lateral notch, raceme short very stout
dense-fld. pubescent, sepals broadly ovate 1-nerved, not half, the length
of the conical angled abruptly incurved spur, petals oblong 1-nerved, limb
of lip minute, disk fleshy terminal, side lobes rounded.

Prenane; on the Sonkey River, Curtis. Prax, Kunstler (Ic. in Herb.
Calcutt.)

Stem flexuous, internodes 4 in. Leaves 24-3 by 4 in. thick, nerve strong
beneath. Racemes 1-1} in., fruiting decurved; bracts subulate; flowers 4 in., pube-
rulous, white edged with yellow and a little pink; column short; strap of globose
pollinia elongate, spathulate, gland small. Capsules } in. long. oblong, sessile,
crowded, reflexed.

8. S. Helferi, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. ined. ; stem short, leaves loriform tip
contracted notched, panicles shorter than the leaves, sepals orbicular-ovate
1-nerved shorter than the saccate broad spur, petals oblong, blade of lip
reniform, half embracing the spur quite entire, lateral lobes narrow erect.

TENASSERIM, or ANDAMAN IsLanDs. Helfer (Kew Distrib. 5256). Moulmein,
Parish ; Mergui, Griffith.

Stem 1-3 in. Leaves few, close set, 24-33 by 1-4 in., sheaths short, black.
Panicle about equalling the leaves, slender; bracts minute, acute; flowers ,1 in.;
dorsal sepal much smaller than the lateral; blade of lip shorter than the spur;
column very short; anther short, broad ; pollinia globose, sessile on a large cuneate
strap or gland.

9. S. gracile, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 225; in Journ. Linn. Soc.
iii. 35; stem short slender, leaves elongate linear-lanceolate acuminate,
racemes slender many-fid. longer than the leaves, sepals oblong obtuse
l-nerved, much shorter than the straight tubular acuminate spur, petals
narrower oblong l-nerved, blade of lip very small ovate acute, side lobes 0.
Thwaites Enum, 304.

Cryzion; Central Province, alt. 3000 ft. Macrae, &c.

Stem 2-8 in., often zigzag, internodes 3-3 in. Leaves 24-4 by 2 in., straight or
faleate, narrowed at base and tip, midrib obscure. Racemes 4-6 in., erect; bracts
minute, subulate; flower 4 in. long, white; mouth of spur very oblique; column
short; anther short, broad, strap of globose pollinia very slender. Capsule globose,
4 in. diam., pedicelled.

10. S. brevifolium, Lindi. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 225, in Journ. Linn,
Soc. iii. 35; stem rather stout scandent, leaves short linear-oblong un-
equally 2-lobed, racemes very short few-fld., sepals and petals subequal
orbicular-ovate l-nerved not half as long as the conico-cylindric straight
obtuse spur, limb of lip very minute, side lobes 0. Thwaites Enum, 230.
S. virescens, Gardn. mss.

CEYLON ; Central Province common, Macrae, &c.

Stem 6-10 in., internodes $ in. or less. Leaves 1-1} by 4-4 in., fleshy, midrib
obscure. Racemes 1 in., recurved; bracts very minute; flowers } in. long, rose-

58 XLVI. oncHIDER, (J.D. Hooker.) — [Saccolabium.

purple or greenish white; spur as long as the pedicel; column short; anther en
broad, apiculate, strap of globose pollinia short, gland as long very large 2-fid.
Benthamiin Gen, Plant. iii. 579 errs in referring Gc. tenera to this; it is'my Cletsostoma
tenerum.

1l. S. roseum, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 225; stem very slender,
leaves fleshy flat narrowly linear unequally notched, racemes very short
simple, sepals ovate-oblong obtuse 1-nerved, petals as large rounded 1-nerved,
spur of lip longer than the sepals cylindric obtuse, lip minute ovate
acute, side lobes rounded. Thwaites Enum. 304, Sarcanthus Walkerianus,

- Wight Ic. t. 1686 (bad). S. Walkerianum Reichb. f. in Walp. Ann. vi. 887.

Cryton; Central Province, up to 5000 ft., common; Macrae, Se. .

Stem curved, as thick as a pigeon’s-quill. Leaves 2-3 by }} in. Raceme 1-1; n.,
slender; bracts minute; flowers 2 in long, rosy in Ic. Walker, lilac in Ic, Thwaites ;
column short; anther short broad, pollinia 2, strap short slender, gland large.
Capsule 1-4 in., pyriform, pedicelled.

12. S. flavum, Hovk. f. Ic. Plant. ined.; stem short very stout,
leaves close set loriform deeply unequally acutely 2-cleft, raceme lax-fid.,
sepals oblong obtuse, lip small, infundibular spur much longer than the
sepals with small toothed side lobes and truncate mouth.

TENASSERIM ; at Moulmein, Parish. : \

Stem 6 in., stout, Leaves 4-5 by 3 in,, dark green with darker nerves, apiculate
between the lobes; sheaths 4 in., deeply grooved. Raceme from the base of the
stem, with the slender scape 4in.; bracts small, recurved; flowers } in. diam., pale
yellow; column short, broad; rostellum large, 2-lobed, apparently fleshy.—A remark-
able species with the pollinia approaching that of sect. Uncifera (and of Sarcanthus
mirabilis, Reichb.), but having no trace of a midlobe to the lip. Described from a
beautiful drawing by Parish, who observes that there is no apparent septum in the
spur. Reichenbach has (on the drawing) named it Saccolab. buccosum (see No. 14),
alluding to the cheek-like rostellum, but it is not the plant he has described under
that name (Gard. Chron. 1871,\938). It closely resembles Sarcanthus Parishii, but
the flowers are yellow. There is no midlobe of the lip and no septum in the spur.

18. S. fragrans, Par. & Reichb. f. in Journ. Bot. xii. (1874) 197; dwarf,
stem very short, leaves crowded oblong obtuse very thick, raceme shortly
peduncled decurved many- and dense-fid., flowers rose-red, lateral sepals
orbicular-oblong, petals linear-oblong obtuse, lip large saccate, base sud-
denly contracted into a decurved spur longer than the sepals and with an
inflated tip, limb rhomboidly subspathulate fleshy acute toothed towards
the tip. Reichb. f. Otia. Hamburg. 41.

TrENASSERIM ; at Moulmein, Parish.

Stem 4 in. Leaves 5-8 by 1 in., bases closely imbricate, deeply channelled.
Raceme as long as the leaves; flowers about , in. long, odour of violets ; lip twice
as long as the sepals, with a callus at the insertion of the tumid straight blade ;
column very short, sides acute; anther with a recurved tip; pollinia globose, sessile
on the broad end of the short strap, gland lanceolate much longer than the strap.—
Described chiefly from a drawing by Parish.

++ Spur of lip shorter than (rarely equalling) the sepals.

14. S. buccosum, Reichb. f. in Gard. Chron. 1871, 938; stem scan-
dent, leaves linear-cblong obtusely 2-lobed, raceme simple or branched
much longer than the leaves, sepals broadly ovate much longer than the .
bottle-shaped spur, lip large, side lobes spreading rounded, midlobe nar-
rowly oblong. S. parvulum, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 36 (in note).
Cceoclades paniculata, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7334; Gen. & Sp. Orchid.
236. Cymbidium Satyrium, Herb. Ham.

Saccolabium.] OXLVII, ORCHIDER. (J.D. Hooker.) 59

Buoran Himabaya, Lister, Assam; at Goalpara, Hamilton. SyYiHeEt,
Wallich, TrNnassErim, Parish,

Stem stout, rigid, internodes 4 in. Leaves 3-5 by 4-% in., fleshy, 5-nerved.
Raceme with long slender peduncle 5-6 in., laxly many-fid. ; bracts subulate ; flowers
% in. diam., yellowish; sepals 5-nerved; petals much smaller, cuneately obovate,
3-nerved ; lip yellow, mouth of spur a very narrow chink, neck contracted, base
globose didymous; side lobes of elongate column broad, roundéd, top recurved ;
anther long-pointed; strap of globose pollinia very slender arched, gland very
minute.—Column and lip so different from the genus that Reichenbach 1. c. suggests
its separation. Lindley’s name of parvulum is too misleading to be adopted.

15. S. micranthum, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7300; Gen. & Sp. Orchid,
220; leaves lorate unequally obtusely 2-lobed, scape stout flowering to
the base, racemes very many and dense-fld., sepals broadly ovate obtuse
3-nerved, petals oblong or lanceolate serrulate, spur of lip shorter than the
sepals subtruncate, blade obovate-spathulate with 2 basal calli, lateral
lobes broad obtuse. Saunders’ Refug. Bot. t. 110.

TropicaL Himanaya; from Garwhal and Kumaon, alt. 2-3000 ft., Falconer,
Duthie; to Bhotan, Griffith, Assam, SILHET and the Naga Huiuzs, Prain,
TENASSERIM, Griffith, Parish.

Stem 6-10 in., curved, as thick as a goose-quill or less. Leaves 3-5 by $-1 in.,
narrowed to the base. Raceme equalling the leaves; bracts small, broad; flowers
about } in, diam.; 3-nerved sepals and petals violet; lip rose-red; column very
short; anther very broad, acuminate globose; pollinia strap very short broadly
cordate, gland orbicular. Capsules } in., subfusiform.

16. S. rostellatum, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. ined.; stem very short,
leaves 4-7 in. lorate flat unequally 2-fid, raceme much shorter than the
leaves, bracts minute, sepals broadly ovate-oblong obtuse, lip infundidular
narrowed below into a stout obtuse spur rather longer than the sepals,
side lobes truncate, midlobe an incurved beak.

SIxxIM ; at Darjeeling, alt. 7000 ft., Gamble (in Herb. Calcutt.).

Roots very many and long, tortuous, flat, appressed to the bark. Leaves $-} in.
diam., nearly straight. Peduncle with 8-10-fid. raceme 2 in., slender; tlowers
} in. long from the tip of the dorsal sepal to that of the spur ; petals oblong, obtuse,
smaller than the sepals; column very short; rostellum subulate; pollinia large,
globose, cleft. :

17. S. minimifiorum, ook. f. Ic. Plant. ined.; stem very short,
leaves elliptic-lanceolate narrowed at both ends acute, scape much longer
than the leaves very slender very many-fid., bracts subulate equalling the
very minute flowers, sepals and petals oblong obtuse, lip conico-saccitorm,
side lobes 0, midlobe an incurved beak with a globose tubercle at the
mouth of the sac.

Perak, Scortechini.

Roots slender, tufted. Leaves 14-2 in., black when dry, thinly coriaceous,
reddish beneath. Scape with raceme 2-6 in., with a few subulate empty bracts
below ; flowers greenish yellow mottled, about 4, in. long or broad; lip larger than
the rest of the perianth, its beak-like laterally compressed terminal lobe incurved
over the mouth; column sbort; anther long-beaked.—A curious little plant. I
have had difficulty in dissecting the few available flowers, and thereby confirming a
description and rude drawing by Scortechini, who mentions “a something membra-
nous whitish which I cannot make out whether it is a rostellum or stipes.’ This I
presume to be a recurved elongate body which appears to be attached to the base of
the column.

18. S. FJerdonianum, Reichb. f. in Walp. Ann. vi. 836; leaves
linear subacute, racemes simple or branched slender, sepals ovate 1-nerved

60 OXLVII. ORCBIDEZ. (J. D, Hooker.) [Saccolabium.

longer than the small saccate or subglobose spur, petals linear 1-nerved,
blade of lip oblong concave subtruncate, side lobes small rounded. Taenio-
phyllum Jerdonianum, Wight Ic. t. 1756.

MaxaBaB; on branches of trees, Jerdon.

Stem 1-3 in., tufted. Leaves 1-11 by 2 in. Racemes much longer than the
leaves ; bracts ovate, acuminate; flowers ; in. long; column short; anther broad ;
al with a short strap and large narrow gland.—Described chiefly from

ight. ;

19. S. lanatum, Hook. f.; stem short, leaves linear-oblong broadly
2-lobed, peduncle very stout longer than the leaves, spikes dense-fld.
tomentose or woolly, sepals ovate tips keeled, side lobes of lip triangular,
midlobe ovate bicuspidate, spur short saccate traversed by a pubescent
ridge from the base of the column to that of the midlobe. Cleisostoma
lanatum, Lindl. in Journ. Hort. Soc. iv. 264; Walp. Ann. 889.

TENASSERIM ; at Moulmein, Parish, Scott.

Stem very stout. Leaves 3-4 by 1-1} in., thickly coriaceous, keeled. Scape
with long appressed sheaths, simple or branched ; spikes 4—7 in, ; bracts 4 in., large,
ovate, acuminate, spreading or reflexed ; flowers 4 in. long; sepals dingy purple and
green ; petals obovate, ciliate, yellow and purple; side lobes of lip notched on the
inner margin, ciliate; midlobe with a large pubescent gibbous compressed callus
descending into the spur, mouth of spur contracted to a slit with a pubescent raised
border ; column stout, recurved, tumid below, shortly beaked; anther beaked ;
pollinia globose, suleate, strap long slender dilated and forked above, each arm
spathulate and with the globose pollinia immersed in their ;concave tips, gland
small oblong.—A remarkable plant, put by Lindley into Cleiséstoma, but I do not
find the great gland in the spur under the column.

Sect. IT. Cancroraria. (See p. 54)

The species of this section wants a thorough revision with much better material
than is at my disposal.

20. S. calceolare, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7302; Gen. & Sp. Orchid.
223 ; Sert. Orchid. Frontisp.6; in Bot. Reg. 1888; Mise. 139; in Journ.
Linn. Soe. iii. 33 (exc. syn.); leaves acutely unequally 2-lobed or -cleft,
blade of lip reniform erose disk echinate all over. Griff. Notul. iii. 356;
Itin. Notes 170, No. 869; Ic. Plant. Asiat. t. 334; Walp. Ann. vi. 883.
Aerides calceolare, Smith in Rees Cyclop. Suppl. Ae. leopardorum, Wall.
mss. Gastrochilus calceolaria, Don Prodr. 32. Sarcochilus nepalensis,
Spr. Syst. Veg. iii. 721. Epidendrum calceolare, Ham. mss.

Tropicat Himataya; from Garwhal to Bhotan, Assam, SILHET and the
Kuasta Hints. TENnasserim, Parish. PERrak, Carter.—Disrris. ? Java.

A very common plant, and, if two species are not included, very variable.
Stem very short. Leaves in Wallich’s 7342 A from Nepal 6-12 by 1-3 in., strongly
falcate. His B from Silhet (which is the common form elsewhere) is a much smaller
plant, with nearly straight leaves 4-5 by 3-2 in. Peduncle 1-11 in.; pedicels
4-1 in. ; flowers 1~2 in. diam., yellow or greenish speckled barred or blotched with
red brown ; lip white or yellow, speckled with red. Capsule in 7342 A 2 in. long ;
in the ordinary form 3-1 in.—Griffith’s Tab. 334 represents a plant with the leaves
of iwtermedia and lip of calceolare, but it is impossible to determine satisfactorily his
Saccolab. No. 2, 3 and 4 of Notul. iii, 356, 357, and his Ic. Plant. Asiat. t. 333, 334.

21. S. nilagiricum, Hook. f.; leaves narrow deeply unequally
2-lobed, sepals and petals each with two series of large blotches, limb of
lip fimbriately erose, disk smooth. Vanda pulchella, Wight Ic. t. 1671.

Ninenixt Hrirrs ; on the banks of the Kaitairy river and at Quelin, Wight.

Stem short. Leaves 5-10 by 3-3 in., flexuous, lobes very unequal, obtuse, often

t

Saceolabium.] oxtvut. orowwee. (5. D. Hooker.) 61

divaricate, the longer sometimes 1 in. long. Flowers } in, diam, ; perianth strongly
incurved. Capsule }-% in.—United with §. calceolare by Lindley (in Journ, Linn.
Soc.), but I think as different as any other of this section.

22, S. acutifolium, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 223; Sert, Orchid.
Frontisp. No. 2; in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 33; stem elongate, leaves acute
or acuminate, blade of lip erose, disk naked or very sparingly tubercled.
Reichb. f. Otia Hamburg. 42; Walp. Ann. vi. 883. $8. denticulatum, Pazt.
Mag. Bot. vii. t. 145; Reichb. f. lt. ¢c.; P Bot. Mag. t. 4772. Aerides umbel-
latum, Wall. mss.

Sixxim Hrminaya, alt. 83-5000 ft. Kuasta Mts., Gibson.

Usually a larger plant than the small states of S. calecolare, with longer stems
(4-8 in.) and larger leaves, 4-6 by 3-14 in. broad, never 2-fld., but very variable.
Perianth whole-cold. and yellowish red, or more yellow or greenish and mottled with
brown; lip white, centre yellow often speckled with red. Capsule in Sikkim sp.
3 in. long.—Paxton’s S, denticulatwm has greenish yellow flowers speckled with
brown, and the lip is described as erose. Lindley refers it to S. acutifolium. The lip
of the Bot. Mag. plant, apparently derived from the same source, is not erose, but with
a broad thick white fringe of long papille.

23. S. intermedium, Griff. mss. ex. Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soe. iii.
33; stem rather long, leaves very narrow acuminate or 2-toothed, blade of
lip fimbriate, disk smooth. eichb. f. Otia Hamburg. 42. 8. calceolare,
Paxt. Mag. Bot. vi. 97.—Saccolab, Griff. Notuwl. iii. 357; Ic. Plant. Asiat,
t. 333.

Buoran Himatraya, Grigith. Kuasta Hixzs, alt, 83-5000 ft., Griffith, Gibson,
LDAYET |

Perhaps a small form of 8. acutifolium, but the stem is more slender, the leaves
narrower, and the flowers and capsules (} in.) much smaller,

24, S. bellinum, Reichb. f. in Gard. Chron. 1844, i. 174; 187, i.
145; stem rather long, leaves deeply unequally cleft, bracts and flowers
large, blade of lip erose disk echinate and with cushions of oilia at the
base. Warner Orchid. Alb. t. 156; Bot. Mag. t. 7142.

Burma, Bowall.

This resembles a large state of S. ealceolare, the flowers are 1-1% in. diam.,
bright yellow with large purple blotches,

25. S. obliquum, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7304; Gen. & Sp. Orchid.
223 ; in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 33 ; stem very short stout, leaves broad and long
unequally broadly 2-fid, bracts and flowers large, blade. of lip fimbriate,
disk papillose with a large 2-lobed callus. Reichb. f. Otia Hamburg. 42.
Vanda obliqua, Wall, mss.

Burma; at Taingdong, Wallich, ? Kuasia Hits, J. D. H. & T.T.

Leaves 6-8 by 1-2 in. ; flowers 1 iu. diam, ; sepals and petals narrow, whole-cold.,
all (in Ie. Wallich) pale yellow, with the lip white speckled with yellow. The
Khasia specimens have the shorter leaves of bigibbum.

26. S. bigibbum, Reichb. f. ix Bot. Mag. t. 5766; Otia Hamburg.
43; stem very short, leaves oblong or obovate-oblong 2-fid, bracts small,
blade of lip fimbriate, disk smooth with a large 2-lobed callus.

Rana@oon, Benson, Gilbert. Prrax, Scortechini.

Probably a_small state of 8. odliquum, but the leaves are shorter and broader,
3-4 by 1-12 in., and the large bracts seem to be wanting, Flowers whole-cold.,
pale straw-cold. in a drawing by Mr. Gilbert, bright yellow in Bot. Mag.

27. S. acaule, Hook f.; stem very short, leaves unequally 2-lobed,
sepals obovate, limb of lip broadly ovate acute toothed and erose, disk rough

62 cxtvim. orcHIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) [Saccolabium.

thickened. Cleisostoma acaulis, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 227. Vanda
fimbriata, Gardn. mss.

Crrzon, Macrae; at Hantani, Gardner. :

Leaves 5-6 by }-L in. Peduncle and pedicels very sHort, 4 in , stout ; aa
in. diam., apparently very fleshy.—Possibly a form of 8. nilagiricum, but the leaves
and lip appear to be very different. The specimens are very scanty and poor.

Sect. III. Acampz. (See p. 54.)

The species of this section are very difficult of discrimination in a dried state,
and the following diagnoses and citation are not very reliable, owing to imperfection
of specimens and vagueness of published descriptions. (See two species at the end of
the genus.)

* Peduncle rather slender; flowers in large panicles. Spur of lip
cylindric ; midlobe ovate.

28. S. ochraceum, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1842, Misc. 2. 8. lineo-
latum, Thwaites Enum. 304. Acampe dentata, Lindl. Fol. Orchid. 3;
Reichb. f. in Gard. Chron. 1872, 1752; Walp. Ann. vi. 894. A. Wightiana
var. longepedunculata, Thwaites 1. c. 303.

Eastern Troprcan Himataya; Sikkim, J. D. H., Bhotan, Griffith (Kew
Distrib. 5233). Kaasta Mrs. and TENASSERIM, Griffith, &c. MALABAR, te.
Jerdon. CryLon, Walker, §c.

Stem 1-2 ft. Leaves 7-9 by 1-11 in. Panicle longer or shorter than the leaves,
branches distant lax-fid.; flowers }-1 in. diam.; midlobe of lip ovate, crenate,
2-auricled and with fleshy teeth at the base; spur cylindric, as long as the limb,
hairy within, Capsule 1-12 in., fusiform.—Bentham in Gen, Plant. iii. 581, misled
by a mixture of specimens of different species, errs in referring S. lineolatum to
Cleisostoma maculosum; it is clearly this plant.

** Peduncle very stout, simple or very sparingly branched. Lip a
hemispheric or conic sac, midlobe reniform.

29. S. longifolium, Hook. f.; leaves 6-16 in., peduncle 6-7 in.,
internodes long, flowers subcorymbose, midlobe of lip ovate obtuse, sac
broad conical with an erect dorsal hairy plate in the cavity. Acampe
Plongifolia, Lindl. Fol. Orchid. 1. PA. multiflora, Lindl. 1. c. Vanda
longitolia, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7322; Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 215; im Journ.
Hort. Soc. vii. 267; Walp. Ann. vi. 872. V. multiflora, Lindé. Collect. t. 38.

Tropical Sikkim Himaaya (Ic. in Hort. Calcutt.). Uppzr Assam, Mann.
TrnassSERIM, Wallich, &¢.—DistRis. China. ?

Stem very stout. Leaves 14-2 in. broad. Peduncle with racemes 6-7 in., as
thick as a swan’s quill, with often a few short lateral branches ; bracts annular ;
flowers crowded, $ in. diam., golden yellow banded with red on both surfaces. The
dorsal plate in the cavity of the lip recalls Cleisostoma.

30. S. Wightianum, Mook, f.; leaves 4-6 in., peduncle 1-3 in.,
internodes very close, midlobe of lip ovate keeled, sac rounded papillose
within. S. papillosum, Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fil. 264 (excl. some syn.).
Acampe Wightiana, Lindl. Fol. Orchi¢d.2. Vanda Wightiana, Lindl mss.
Pin Wight Ic. t. 1670; Thwaites Enum. 303; Walp. Ann. vi. 873. V.
fasciata, Gardn. mss.— Rheede Hort, Mal. xii. t. 4.

WesTERN Guats; from the Concan southward. Cryton, Gardner, &e.

Stem 12-18 in. Leaves 2-14 in. brvad. Scape very stout ; bracts very broadly
ovate, acute; flowers 2-1 in. diam., subcorymbose, yellow barred with crimson, not
papillose. Capsule 2-22 in., fusiform.

31. S. premorsum, Hook. f.; leaves 5-7 in. narrow, scape 1-2 in.

Saccolabium.] OXLVII. oRCHIDEA. (J.D. Hooker.) 63

very stout, internodes short, sheaths annular, bracts semicircular, flowers
papillose, midlobe of lip broadly ovate or rounded, sac rounded tubercled
and pubescent at the base within. Acampe excavata, Lindl, Fol. Orchid.
3; Walp. Ann. vi. 874. Cymbidium premorsum, Swartz in Nov. Act.
Upsal. vi. 75; Willd. Sp. Pl. iv.103; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 465. Epiden-
drum premorsum, Roxb. Cor. Pl. i. 34, t. 43.—Rheede Hort. Mal. xii. t. 4.
Aerides undulata, Smith in Rees Cyclop. xxxix.

WESTERN PENINSULA; in the Circars, Roxburgh; the Concan, Law.

Apparently near S. Wightianum, but more slender, leaves narrower, lip deeply
ae very complicate, flowers small, papillose all over, 3-2 in. diam. Capsule

in.

32. S. papillosum, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. t. 1552 (ewel. syn.); Gen. &
Sp. Orchid. 222; stem elongate branched scandent, leaves 3-4 in., scape
1-2 in., internodes close, bracts semicircular, midlobe of lip ovate, spur
conical pubescent within. S. carinatum, Griff. Notul. iii. 354. Acampe
papillosa, Lindl. Fol. Orchid. 2; Walp. Ann. vi. 873. Sarcochilus pre-
morsus, Spreng. Syst. Pl. iii. 721, fid Steudel. ; i

Bene@at and the lower Himataya Mrs., from Sikkim eastwards, Assam, the
Gane@etic Detra, the CIrcaRgs and TENAS3ERIM.

Stem 2-3 ft., as thick as a goose-quill. Leaves obliquely notched. Scape closely
scarred to the base; flowers 2 in. diam.; ovary very short. Capsule 1} in., fusi-
form.—The lip is broader in Lindley’s figure than in Sylhet specimens, in which they
are oblong-ovate.

33. S. cephalotes, Hook. f.; stem very short, leaves 3-5 in. narrow
with a unilateral semicircular sinus at the tip, peduncle 1 in., midlobe of
lip broadly ovate crenulate, sac conic hairy within. Acampe cephalotes
Iindl. Fol. Orchid. 3; Walp. Ann. vi. 873.

Sinuet; H.f. & T.

A small species, of which there are very few specimens; it appears to differ from
S. papilloseum in the short stems, longer crowded leaves and small yellow green
flowers barred with purple; lip pale rose with darker spots, disk fimbriate.

34. S. congestum, Hook. f.; stem short very stout, leaves 6-8 in.,
scape 13-2 in., internodes very short, bracts broadly ovate acute, flowers
crowded, limb of lip rhomboid acute-angled, spur shortly conical or saccate
hairy within. S. papillosum, Wight Ic. t. 1672 (not of Lindl.). Acampe
congesta, Lindl. Fol. Orchid. 3; Walp. Ann, vi. 873. Vanda congesta,
Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1839, Mise. 61.

Marazar, Wight. Cryton (Hort. Loddiges).

Lindley’s V. congesta from Ceylon is described as having obliquely mucronulate
leaves, yellow and brown flowers, lip with an excavate pubescent base, and columu
with mucronate angles (a single flower only is in Herb. Lindl.). Wight 8. papit-
‘losum, is figured with deeply 2-lobed leaves and a curved spur; his specimens (in
Herb. Lindl. 1019/1836) have curved leaves 8-10 by 1-1} in.

Sect. IV. Pratyruizon. (See p. 54).

35. S. viridiflorum, Lindl. in Journ, Linn, Soc. iii. 36; leaves
1-22 in., racemes shorter than the leaves subcorymbose, spur acute glabrous
within parallel to the blade of the lip. Dalz. ¢ Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 263;
Walp. Ann. vi. 885. Micropera viridiflora, Dalz. in Hook. Journ. Bot. iii.
(1851), 282.

The SoururEn Concan; in the Western Ghats, Law, Dalzell. CYLON, near °
Kandy (Ie. in Herb. Kew).

Leaves 4~} in. broad. Raceme 3-5-fid.; bracts short, broad, obtuse; flowers

64 xtvitt, ordHtpes. (J.D. Hooker.) — [Saceolabium.

3-2 in, diam.,-greerish white; lip clouded with rose-colour, blude situated at the
mouth of the spur which it embraces, broadly deflexed flabelliform membranous
outer margins crenulate or trifid, side lobes free rounded; spur very short, conical,
incurved.

36. S. maculatum, Hook. f.; leaves 4-6 in., raceme elongate much
longer than the leaves laxly many-fid., spur obtuse villous within. Micro-
pera muculata, Dalz. in Hook. Journ. Bot. iii. (1851), 282; Dalz. § Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 263; Lindl. in Journ. Linn, Soc. iii. 38. Sarcochilus macu-
latus, Benth. in Gen. Plant. iii. 575.

The SourHerNn Concan and Canara; on the Western Ghats, Dalzell, Stocks,
Ritchie, &c.

Leaves 1-2 in., broad, linear-oblong to cuneately oblong, 2-lobed. Raceme
8-12 in., very shortly peduncled ; bracts short, broad; rachis stout ; flowers 4 in,
diam., subsessile ; sepals and petals yellow with a central purple spot; lip white and
rose-cold., blade situated below the mouth of the short saccate obtuse spur, which it
overlaps, very coriaceous, entire; side lobes connate below, narrow, erect and re-
curved. Capsule 14 in., fusiform, 6-ribbed.—Allied, I think, to S. viridiflorum,
and not a Sarcochilus, to which Bentham has referred it.

Sect. V. Disticua. (See p. 54.)

37. S. distichum, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 36; leaves 1 in.
lanceolate acuminate or 2-3-cuspidate, peduncle 2-8-fld., sepals and petals
obovate-oblong, lip with a saccate subhemispheric spur, midlobe small semi-
circular fleshy entire with a didymous callus at the base. Reichb. £. Otia
Hamburg, 43.

Sixxim Himataya, alt. 6-8000 ft., Grifith’s Collectors. Kuasta HItts,
alt. 5-6000 ft., J.D. H. & T. T. Muwnnipors, alt. 6900 ft., Watt.

Stems 4-8 in., filiform. Leaves very fleshy. Pedunele rarely longer than the
leaves; flowers racemose, }—} in. diam.; bracts small; sepals and petals green or
yellowish spotted with purple; side lobes of lip 0; column very short. Capsule
2 in., fusiform.

38. S. tenuicaule, Hook. f.Ic. Plant. ined.; leaves 3-4 in. linear-lau-
ceolate, flowers shortly pedicelled on a tubercle of thestem, sepals broadly
obliquely ovate acute, petals smaller, side lobes of lip erect subacute nearly
as long as the lanceolate incurved bicuspidate midlobe, spur short con-
stricted above the saccate incurved base, villous within at the constriction.

PENANG ; on West Hill, Curtis. Perak, Scortechini, Wray.

Stem 8-12 in., as thick as a crow-quill, simple or branched, rooting at the base
only, deeply grooved. Leaves 4-} in. broad, strict. Flowers } in. diam., pale green ;
sepals thin, nerves 3 faint; petals l-nerved ; column stout; midlobe of lip cymbi-
form smooth. Column short, anther membranous, almost flat, acuminate ; rostellum
projected, styliform ; strap of small reniform pollinia broad, with a dilated subreni-
form apex, gland small.

Sect. VI. Spzctosm. (See p. 54.)

39. S. ampullaceum, Lindl.in Wail. Cat. 7307; Sert. Orchid. t.17;
in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 35 (excl. syn.); leaves suberect acutely 2-fid. or
truncate and toothed, raceme subsessile, shorter than the leaves, spor
straight. Pawt. Mag. Bot. xiii. t.49; Bot. Mag. t. 5595; Warner Orchid.
Alb. t.191. Aivides ampullaceum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 476.

TropicaL Himaaya, alt. 1-3000 ft., from Nepal eastwards. SILHET,
Munnipore, Burma, and TENASSERIM.

Stem short, stout. Leaves 2-6 in., deeply channelled. Racemes shorter than
the leaves, cylindric; bracts minute; flowers $ in. diam., rose-red; sepals and
petals broadly obovate, widely spreading; spur longer than the blade of the lip.

Saccolabium.] oxuvmt. oncuipex. (J.D, Hooker.) 65

Capsule 1 in., subclavate, angles acute, pedicel 4 in.—Lindley in Journ. Linn, Soc.
by oversight probably, refers his S. rubrum to this instead of to curvifolium.

40. S. curvifolium, Lindl. Gen. § Sp. Orchid. 222; leaves strongly
recurved very narrow, racemes much shorter than the leaves, spur straight.
Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 222; Ill. Hortic. xii. t. 493; Warn-r Orchid.
Alb. t. 107; Puydt Orchid. t. 38. S. rubrnm, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7310;
Gen. & Sp. Orchid, 222. 8. miniatum, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5826 (not of
Lindi.). ;

* Assam; Ic. in Hort. Caleutt. Burma, Wallich, Griffith, &c.—DistTRrB.
ava.

Very closely allied to S. ampullaceum, but the leaves are twice as long, much
narrowed and strongly recurved, the flowers more scarlet with a golden lip.—The
strap of the pollen is figured in Bot. Mag. as broadly triangular, it should be very
slender. Lindley’s habitat of Ceylon is no doubt an error, or referable to a culti-
vated specimen ; or an derides may have been intended.

41. S. trichromum, Reichb. f. in Hamb. Gartenzett, 1859, 51; Xen.
Orchid. 119, t. 189; leaves spreading obtusely 2-lobed, racemes much
shorter than the leaves, flowers subsecund, spur incurved. S. pallens,
Lindl. (not Cathcart) in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 35.

Srxximm Himanaya (Ie. Catheart), Buoran and Assam (Ic. in Herb. Cal-
cutt.).

Stem 1-3 ft. Leaves 2-1 in. broad. Racemes 3-5 in., lax-fld., shortly pe-
duncled ; pedicel with ovary § in., sigmoid ; sepals linear-oblong, acute and broader
shorter petals yellowish-white with a rose-cold. midrib; lip yellowish or rose-cold.,
speckled with piok; spur 3-% in. long, horn-like; limb short, acute, with a
flattened hooked callus at the throat.

Sect. VI. Uncrrzra. (See p. 55.)

42. S. obtusifolium, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. ined.; leaves broadly
lorate 2-lobed, raceme elongate, lip cymbiform subacute or bifid, spur
incurved “pon the side of the lip, tip thickened. Uncifera obtusifolia,
Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. $0.

Sixxim HimawayA. alt. 5000 ft., Clarke. Buotan;.in the Gheet Valley,
Lister. Kuasta H1vis; Churra, alt. 4000 ft., J. D. H. f T. T.

Stem 2-4 in., as thick as a goose-quill; roots very many ‘and long. Leaves flat,
4-6 by 9-1 in., very thick, lobes obtuse. Peduncle with raceme very stont, 2-3 in. ;
* bracts rather large, ovate, persistent, at length reflexed; pedicel with ovary } in. ;
flowers 3-2 in. diam., pale lemon-coloured, at first greenish; limb of lip shorter
than the obovate-oblong obscurely nerved sepals, tip of lip thickened, side lobes
truncate ; column very short, rostellum beaked ; anther long-beaked ; pollinia small
on the face of the refracted end of the elongate spathulate strap, the margins of
which are recurved, gland very long.

43. S. acuminatum, Hook. f.; Ic. Plant. ined.; leaves linear- or
oblong-lanceolate obliquely acuminate, raceme short, lip cymbiform obtuse,
spur arcuate, tip acute. Uncifera acuminata, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soe.
ini. 40.

Stzgm Himataya, alt, 6-7000 ft., Gamble. Kuasta HILis, Griffith (Kew
Distrib. 5257), &e.

A much more slender plant than S, obtusifolium, with narrower shorter leaves
and shorter racemes, a much less curved spur, flowers about the same size and colour,

VOL, VI. F

66 OxLvII1, oncHIDEZ. (J.D, Hooker.) [Saccolabium.

but spur not so long or so much incurved, gland of the pollinia smaller. Capsule
4-1 in., narrowly fusiform, shortly pedicelled.

DOUBTFUL AND IMPERFECTLY KNOWN SPECIES.

S. cravarum, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid, 223. (Epidendrum clavatum, Retz
Obs. vi. 50. Limodorum clavatum, Willd. Sp. Pl. iv.126; caulescent, peudulous,
leaves linear clavate 2-toothed, spikes leaf-opposed, lip inflated bearded.—East
Indies, on trees. —It is impossible to say what this is; it had better be suppressed. :

S. pasypocon, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 222. (Aerides dasypogon, Smith in
Rees Cyclop. Suppl. Epidendrum umbellatum, Ham. mss.); stemless, leaves
ovate-oblong acute obliquely 2-toothed, corymbs subumbellate, sepals and petals in-
curved linear-oblong green without blood-red within, lip white dotted with blood-
red, limb dilated subcordate toothed.—Nepal, Hamilton.—(Probably 8S. calceolare).

S. Pecuit, Reichb. f. in Gard. Chron. 1887, i. 447; leaves very broad 7 by 2 in.
ligulate obtusely 2-lobed, raceme few-fid., flowers as in Sect. Calceolaria, as large as
S. bellinum, sepals and petals cuneately oblong ochreous spotted with red, lip a
cupular spur, side lobes retuse and angular over the transversely triangular midlobe,
blade white and yellow base of the spur spotted with red.—Moulmein, Peché.—(I
have seen only imperfect cultivated specimens in Herb. Kew. It appears to be a
very distinct large-leaved species of Sect. Calceolarta, J. D. H.)

AcaMPE GRIFFITHII, Reichb. f. in Flora, 1872, 277; near A. dentata, spur
cylindric hairy within, midlobe of lip triangular angled on each side at the base pro-
truding, two intermarginal lamella (‘ lineatis apice lobosis ’’), disk warted all over.—
The rest as in A. dentata, Tiindl.—Bhotan, Griffith.

ACAMPE INTERMEDIA, Reich. f. in Otto. & Dietr. Algemein. Gartenzeit. 1856,
217; near A. multiflora, Lindl.; flowers like those of A. papillosa, Lindl., leaves
shorter lovate lip equally 2-lobed, raceme short corymbose, lip (‘‘labello aplectro”),
canal between the lateral lobes hairy, midlobe oval acute tubercled.

65. SARCANTHUS, Lindi.

Characters of Saccolabium, but spur with a dorsal usually 2-lobed callus
or an erect plate within, inserted under the column, and with the cavity
more or less divided by a vertical septum.—Species about 20, Tropical
Asiatic.

But for the inconvenience attending the substitution of a new generic name
for the numerous species of this genus, I should unhesitatingly unite it to
Cleisostoma, and both to Saccolabium. The only character whereby its species can be
distinguished is the more or less septate cavity of the spur, often a very obscure one,
and almost inappreciable when the septum is reduced to a mere ridge.

* Leaves elongate, filiform.

1. S. filiformis, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1842, Misc. 61; leaves 8-10 in.,
racemes long lax-fid., sepals oblong obtuse, petals smaller and narrower,
lip broadly conically, saccate base 2-lobed, side lobes acute incurved, mid-
lobe short broad toothed on each side at the base. Bot. Mag. t. 4639;
Jard. Fleur. 266.

Sixuim Himauaya, Grifith’s Collector. Kuasta Hinus, Lobb. TENASSEEIM,
Parish.

Stem pendulous, as thick as a duck’s quill, terete. Leaves distant, 2 in, diam.,
obtuse. acemes 6-10 in., curved; bracts minute, ovate; pedicels very short ;
flowers § in. diam. ; sepals and petals dark purple, margins and midrib green ; lip
fleshy, white, base broad yellow, midlobe white, sac with a narrow lamina from
the base of the midlobe downwards, and a very large-lobed hispid callus below the
very broad, thick, yellow column ; strap of oblong pollinia rather broad, gland angular.

‘

Sarcanthus.] | oxuvtt, orcarpea. (J. D. Hooker.) 67

2. S$. WilHamsoni, Reichd. f. in Hambd. Gartenzeit. 1865, 333; in
Gard. Chron, 1865, 674; leaves 4-5 in., racemes long laxly many-fid.,
sepals ovate-oblong, petals smaller oblong, side lobes of lip erect oblong
arias subfalcate, midlobe incurved fleshy thickly clawed acuminate, spur
globose.

TENASSERIM ; at Moulmein, Parish. AnDaman IsLanps, Berkeley.

Stem nearly as thick as a goose-quill. Leaves + in. diam., curved, obtuse,
Racemes 6-8 in., slender, sometimes branched ; bracts ovate-lanceolate ; flowers 4 in.
diam., pedicelled, amethystine; spur with a narrow lamella from the base of the lip
downwards and a large lobed pubescent dorsal callus; anther short; pollinia very
minute subglobose, strap broadly obcordate (short, slender in Ic. Parish),

3. S. appendiculatus, Hook. f.; leaves 3 in., racemes short few-
fid., sepals oblong, petals smaller and narrower, side lobes of lip triangular
acuminate, midlobe short incurved, column pubescent at the base in front,
spur funnel-shaped slightly curved obtuse. 8. teretifolius, Feichd. f.
in Trans. Linn, Soc. xxx. 136 (not of Lindl.). Aerides appendiculatum,
Wall, Cat. 7315; Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 242.

Tavoy, Wallich, TuwassERim ; at Moulmein, Grifith, Parish.

Stem as thick as a duck’s quill, rigid. Zeaves } in. diam., obtuse. Racemes
1-2 in. ; bracts minute; pedicels short ; flowers } in. diam.; petals and sepals re-
flexed, yellow-green ; lip rose-pink, spur 2-celled below the middle by a lamina
descending from the base of the midlobe; dorsal callus very large, lobed, pubescent
at the base; anther short; pollinia very large, strap broadly triangular-ovate.—
Very near 8. teretifolius of China, but flowers very much smaller and spur longer.

** Leaves flat or channelled.
+ Steni elongate, scandent or pendulous.

4. S. secundus, Griff. Notul. iti. 362; Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 336; stem
slender elongate, leaves 4-7 ‘nm. narrowly linear-lanceolate acuminate,
racemes slender, flowers subsecund, sepals oblong obtuse, petals smaller,
side lobes of lip tooth-like, midlobe small ovate acute concave, spur conico-
infundibular obtuse gibbous dorsally. Micropera pallida, Lindl. in Wall.
Cat, 7321 (in part), (not of Gen. & &p. Orchid.). ‘

Sinnzt, Wallich. Upper Assam, Griffith.

Leaves 4-4} in. broad, rigid, 5-nerved ; sheaths 2-1 in., deeply grooved when dry.
Racemes sborter than the leaves, peduncle and rachis slender; bracts minute,
pedicel with ovary } in.; flowers 4 in. diam.; sepals and petals red with white or
yellowish margins and central band; lip rose-cold., very fleshy, spur white with a
longitudinal septum, dorsal callus 2-lobed ; column stout, short, rostellum subulate ;

* anther lohg-beaked, strap of globose pollinia slender, dilated above, gland minute.

Capsule 4-3 in., ellipsoid or oblong, ribs low.—Referred to under S. peninsularis as
possibly that plant by Lindley (in Journ. Linn. Soe. iii. 39), but is very different.
From a so-named drawing in Herb, Calcutt. this would seem to be the original
S. oxyphyllus, of Wallich’s mss. ; and that Lindley inadvertently transferred that
name.to No. 16.

5. S. peninsularis, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. iii. (1857), 243;
racemes 1-6 in., flowers deflexed, sepals and smaller petals obovate-oblong
obtuse, side lobes of lip short erect subacute, midlobe small incurved acute,
spur conical subacute dilated above. Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soe. iii. 39 ;

alp. Ann. vi. 891; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 264. S. pauciflorus, Wight
Ie. t. 1747 (bad). Saccolabinm a Thwaites Enum. 34,

F

’

68 OXLVIIL, ORCHIDE. (J.D. Hooker.) [Sarcanthus.

The Deccan Pewrxsuta; on the Ghats from the Concan to Travancore.
Cgyton; in the Saffragam district. :

Stem 10-12 in., as thick as a duck’s quill, flexuous, pendulous. Leaves uniform,
6-8 by 3-4 in., rigid, strict or curved, 3-5-nerved, acuminate, tip obtuse, sheaths
ribbed. Racemes slender, bracts minute; flowers 3} in. diam., greenish or yellow
with pink margins anda violet lip; sepals and petals rather spreading; spur
more or less perfectly 2-celled, dorsal callus small; column short ; anther beaked,
pollinia didymous, strap slender dilated upwards, gland small, Capsule $-§ in.,
deflexed, narrowly oblong.

6. S. insectifer, Reichb. f. in Bot. Zeit. 1857, 159; leaves many
3 by 2 in. oblong amplexicaul, spikes very short stout few-fid., sepals ovate-
oblong obtuse, petals oblong, side lobes of lip rounded, midlobe large trian-
gular-ovate fieaky, spur short broadly conical.

Bewag; at Burkutta, J.D. H. Cacuar, Mann, Curtragone (Ie. in Hort.
Caleutt.). TenassERIM, Parish. 4

Stem a foot and upwards, robust, scandent, thicker than a goose-quill, Leaves
subimbricate, obliquely obtusely 2-lobed with sometimes an intermediate apiculus,
thickly corinceous. Spikes } in., sessile; bracts small, deciduous; flowers 4 in.
diam., greenish-yellow striped with red-brown; lip white and pink or purple, mid-
lobe acute or acuminate, spur semiseptate mouth with a pubescent ridge, dorsal
callus large; column very short, stout, tip reclinate and with uncinate recurved
arms; anther truncate, pollinia globose didymous, strap short very broad, gland
transverse.

7. S. Scortechinil, Hook. f.; leaves 3-5 by 13 in. subpetioled
ohlong-lanceolate acute flat, spike about equalling the leaves very stout
many-fid., sepals oblong acute, petals half as broad, side lobes of lip ob-
solete, midlobe hastately deltoid, spur longer than the sepals conical obtuse
curved.

Prrak, Scortechini; on rocks, Wray.

Stem elongate, robust, as thick as a goose-quill. Leaves very thick. Spikes
2-6 in., flowers 4 in. diam. ; sepals and petals lurid purple with green midrib and
margins; lip 2in., yellowish, spur 2-celled, dorsal callus large ; column short ; anther
obtusely beaked; pollinia 4, broadly oblong, strap Jinear. Capsules 1 in.,
linear-oblong, deflexed.—Described from fruiting specimens and a drawing by
Scortechini.

8. S. pallidus, Lind!. jn Bot. Reg. 1840, Misc. 78; in Journ. Linn.
Soe, iii. 39; leaves 10-14 in. lorate flat, panicle very large copiously
branched laxly many-Hd., sepals and smaller petals oblong obtuse, side
lobes of lip triangular acuminate, midlobe a small incurved ovate acute
fleshy beak, spur a cylindiic obtuse sac. S. racemifer, Reichd. f. in Walp.
Ann. vi. 891. 8. tricolor, RB. f. in Bonpland. ii. 214. Saccolabium racemi-
ferum, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 224. Aerides racemiferum, Wall. mss.

East Nepat, alt. 4000 ft., J. D. H. Buoran and the Kaasta Hitts,
alt. 4-6000 ft., Wallich, &c.. Burma, Berkeley.

Stem as thick as the thumb; roots very stcut. Leaves very coriaceous, 2 in.
broad, deeply obtusely 2-lobed. Panicle with the stout peduncle 2-3 ft., branches
long, slender; bracts at the forks ovate-lanceolate, floral subulate, persistent ;
pedicel with ovary 3 in. ; flowers 4 in. diam.; sepals and petals dark purple edged
with yellow ; lip white, spur thick-walled, about as long as the sepals, semiseptals
longitudinally, dorsal callus 2-lobed; column short, stout, rostellum obscure ;
anther broad, acute, pollinia cblong, strap dilated above, gland small. Capsule
4 in., ellipsoid or clavate——The KE. Nepal specimen has shorter leaves and an ellipsoid
capsule,

Sarcanthus.] oxLvitt, oRontpEa, (J.D. Hooker.) 69

tt Stem short or 0.

9. S. erinaceus, Reichb. fin Bot. Zeit. 1864, 298; leaves linear-
oblong subacute channelled, racemes longer than the leaves pendulous
laxly many-fid. hirsute, sepals and smaller petals oblong-obovate white,
side lobes of lip broad _midlobe ovate-oblong obtuse, spur shorter than the
sepals saccate. Bot. Mag. t. 5630. 8S. Stowellianus, Batem. mss.

TrNassERIM ; at Moulmein, Parish.

Stem short, as thick as the little finger. Leaves close set, 2-3 by 2 in., recurved,
coriaceous. Racemes 4-6 in., rachis slender purple; bracts minute; flowers 2 in.
diam. ; pedicel with ovary $—{ in. ; side lobes of lip with acute outer angles, spur with
asinuous ridge at the mouth, and with a broad plate extending downwards from the
base of the pink midlobe, dorsal callus didymous ; column stout, recurved, beak
decurved, base broad; anther long-beaked, strap of pollinia very slender, gland
minute.

10. S. laxus, Reichb. f. in Bot Zeit. 1886, 378; in Saunders Refug.
Bot. t. 109; leaves very short broad fleshy, raceme 6-8 in., sepals broadly
oblong obtuse, petals obovate-oblong, side lobes of lip erect, midlobe very
short obtuse concave, spur broadly conical obtuse.

TENASSERIM ; at Moulmein, Griffith, Parish.

Stem 0. Leaves 24-3 by 1-12 in., linear-oblong, obtusely 2-lobed, clouded with
purple beneath. Peduncle slender, branched at the base, very Jax-fld.; bracts
minute; pedicel with ovary horizontal, 2 in. long; flowers yellow, resupinate; spur
with a narrow longitudinal plate at the base within ; dorsal callus 2-lobed, glabrous ;
column rather long rostellum elongate, deflexed; strap of globose pollinia very long,
slender, gland minute.—Very near 8. erinaceus. There are two specimens in Herb,
Kew., both from the Royal Gardens; in one the sepals and petals are much broader
than in the other, and the raceme much longer. A drawing of a flower of this species
is in Herb. Lindl., marked ‘India (Griffith) Loddiges.”” ‘The ridge within the spur
hardly amounts to a septum, and the species is therefore intermediate between
Sarcanthus aud Cleisostoma.

1l. S. Parishii, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5217 ; leaves 4-6 in. lorate keeled
unequally obtusely 2-fid, racemes or panicles elongate many and lax-fld.,
sepals ovate obtuse, petals smaller narrower oblong, side lobes of lip
rounded, midlobe broadly ovate, straight or recurved, spur longer than the
sepals narrowly conical curved.

TENASSERIM ; at Moulmein, Parish.

Stem 1-2 in., roots very stout. Leaves few, divaricate, bases closely imbricating.
Racemes 6-16 in.; bracts minute, ovate, acute; flowers 2 in. diam., golden yellow ;
sepals and petals striated with red; spur septate below the middle, dorsal callus
large; column short; anther acuminate, pollinia didymous oblong shortly stipitate
below the tip of the narrowly spathulate strap (a3 in sect. Uncifera of Saccolabium),
gland minute.

12. S. lorifolius, Parish mss.; leaves very thick curved linear
channelled keeled obtusely notched, scape flexuous and rachis of panicled
dense-fid. spikes stout, bracts reflexed, lateral sepals broadly obovate,
petals more oblong obtuse, side lobes of lip subulate, midlobe ovate concave,
spur longer than the sepals, Hook.f. Ic. Plunt. ined.

TRNASSERIM ; at Moulmein, Parish. ;
Stem 3-4 in., stout, few leaved. Leaves 4— by 4-} in., sheath very short.
Peduncle 4 in., green, sheaths obtuse; spikes 3-4 in. ; bracts ovate-subulate ; sepals
‘and petals yellow with red; spur white, half 2-celled by vertical lamella, dorsal callus
‘didymous ; columa short; anther short, broad, pollinia didymous, strap not long

70 oxy. orcHipEZ, (J.D. Hooker.) [Sarcanthus.

gland ovate.—Described from an excellent drawing by Parish. Habit, spike and
bracts of Cleisostoma spicatum; but the flowers are smaller, yellow, and the spur
distinctly septate within. ‘

18. S. oxyphyllus, Wall. ex Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1840, Misc. 58;
leaves 6-12 by 3-% in. rigid acuminate, racemes short dense-fid., sepals
oblong obtuse, petals smaller obovate-oblong, side lobes of lip acuminate,
midlobe small ovate incurved, spur much longer than the sepals sub-
cylindric obtuse. ? Cleisostoma subulatum, Blume Bijd. 362. Angrecum
pugioniforme, Klotzsch in Cat. Sem. Hort. Berol. ;

TrNASSERIM; at Moulmein, Parish.

Stem short. Leaves thickly coriaceous, margins recurved, narrowed to both ends.
Raceme 4-6 in.; bracts minute, acute; flowers 4 in. diam., dull purple, with yellow
disk and margins; spur large, obtuse, septate below the middle, dorsal callus large
lobed ; column rather long, rostellum minute; anther acuminate, pollinia didymous,
strap very slender, gland minute.—Very near S. pugioniformis, Reichb. f. in Otto and
Diet. Gartenzeit, 1856, 219, but the leaves in that are broader and racemes much
longer. Lindley (Bot. Reg. 1. c.) says that oxyphyllus is nothing but a narrow leaved
var. of the Chinese 8S. rostratus, but as noted under S. secundus there has been a
misapplication or transference of Wallich’s name of oayphylius by Lindley or
Wallich,

SPECIES UNKNOWN TO ME.

S. aRIETINUS, Reichd. f. in Gard. Chron. 1869, 416; stem 5 in., leaves 3 in.
straight stout terete as thick as a quill, raceme small deflexed many-fid., bracts trian-
gular not half the length of the pedicelled ovary, flowers small greenish, lip rosy, sepals
oblong, petals ligulate obtusely acute, lip 3-fid, side lobes obtuse-angled plaited in
the middle, midlobe triangular acute yellowish, spur retrorse with an erect lamellate
grooved callus under the column, column slender velvety at the angles of the lip near
the fovea. Assam (Hort. Day). Stiff, as if made of tin.

S. aspeRsus, Reichb. f. in Hamb. Gartenzeit, 1865, 297; near S. Parishii ; leaves
ligulate broadly 2-toothed, peduncle long slender, flowers racemed equalling S.
paniculatus, sepals green, lip purple-spotted, sepals ovate apiculate, petals spur
curved with a longitudinal septum, side lobes semi-ovate involute auricled at the
isthmus and at the base, midlobe sessile triangular.—Burma, Hort. Soc.

S. CHRYSOMELAS, Reichb. f. in Gard. Chron. 1869, 662; leaves broadly lorate
unequally 2-lobed, panicle simple, bracts triangular much shorter than the pedicelled
ovaries, flowers yellowish, disk of sepals and petals blackish-purple, sepals and sub-
equal petals oblong, side lobes of lip triangular with an ascending awn, midlobe
triangular, spur straight conical, septum running from the posticous base of the spur
along the anticous and excurrent on the midlobes, callus under the column bicrural,
column slender, base puberulous.—Tenasserim, at Moulmein, Benson (Hort. Veitch.)
S. paniculatus has a 3-fid midlobe of the lip; S. racemifer (Saccolab..racemiferum
and Sarcanth. pallidus, Lindl.), has a totally different column anther, callus, and
different side lobes of lip.

S. MacRoDON, Reichb f. in Gard. Chron. 1872, 1555 ; leaves short oblong-ligulate
with 2 triangular forcipate teeth, raceme elongate laxly many-fid., bracts most
minute, pedicelled ovary and cylindric spur equal, sepals and petals oblong straight
ribbed on the back, lip 3-fid, side lobes subquadrate anticous angle folded inwards,
midlobe triangular concave, column short with a styliform deflexed process on
each side next to the elongate deflexed linear triangular rostellum.— Madras Presi-
dency, Benson (Hort. Veitch.). :

8. MIRABILIS, Reichd. f. in Gard. Chron. 1878, ii. 300; leaves 54 by 2 in. ligulate
2-fid, lobes ligulate obtuse, panicle 13 in. elongate slender, branches distant erect
ends racemose, bracts inost minute, flowers small yeliowish, spur purple, sepals oblong
acute dorsal arched gibbous, petals ligulate, lip 3-fid, side lobes short erect oblong
acute, midlobe triangular horizontal, spur cylindric semicurved grooved septate,
dorsal callus forked, strap of pollinia oblong bent over the compressed androclinium,
pollinia blue on a forked appendage of the strap.—Burma ? (Hort. Hobart).—Near 8.

Sarcanthus.] oxLviul. ORCHIDEH. (J.D. Hooker.) 71.

Parishii, with even more remarkable pollinia. [The strap of the stipitate pollinia must
resemble that of Saccolab. sect. Uncifera, J. 7 H.}. : : es

CLEISOSTOMA, Blume.

Differs from Sarcanthus only in the spur not being septate, and from
Saccolabium in having a dorsal scale or callus within the spur beneath
the column.—Species (known) probably 15 or 20.

Under Sarcanthus Ihave given my reason for not bringing that genus under this ;
to which I may add that if bcth were brought under Saccolabium, the result would be
perhaps more satisfactory still. ‘There are no characters of habit or habitat whereby
the three can be distinguished, and the structural are very minute and often
obscure. In Cleisostoma and Sarcanthus the dorsal appendage within the spur is either
a 2-lobed callus or a thin scale, suggesting the propriety of rearranging the species of
both genera by this character, but it is one so difficult of accurate observation in
dried specimens that I hesitate to adopt it.

* Stem more or less elongate. Peduncle stout, usually longer than the
leaves, branched, erect ; flowers in short spikes or racemes terminating the
branches, (as in Sarcanthus pallidus). ;

1. G. latifolium, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1840, Misc. 60; stem very
stout, leaves 23-9 by 13-2 in., from oblong to lorate, peduncle very stout,
side lobes of lip short truncate, midlobe reniformly ovate caruncled
towards the base, spur saccate. Walp. Ann. vi. 889. C.fuscum, Lindl. in
Journ. Hort. Soc. 1850, 80; Walp. l.c. :

Perak, Wray, (Ic. Scortechini) ; SINGAPORE and Mauacoa, Griffith. (Kew Dis.
trib, 9235), Maingay, (K.d. 1647).

Stem 6-10 in., as thick as the middle finger. Leaves thickly coriaceous, flat,
obtusely broadly 2-lobed, base narrowed. Peduncle 12-18 in., rather flexuous;
sheaths annular; branches 1-2 in.; rachis of spikes very stout, bracts minute,
broad ; flowers 3 in. diam.; sepals and petals obovate-oblong, greenish margined or
spotted with red-brown ; spur sometimes inflated below, dorsal scale truncate erose ;
column very short, rostellum inconspicuous; anther low, broad, strap of globose
pollinia linear, gland small. Capsule 1 in., fusiform.—Of Lindley’s C, latifolium
there is no specimen in his Herbarium. It was described from a Singapore plant
* cultivated by Loddiges, and agrees in characters with C. fusewm, of which Lindley
himself says it is probably only a form of latifolium.

2. GC. andamanicum, Hook. f.; leaves 4-6 by 3-4 in. lorate, pe-
duncle equalling or exceeding the leaves, side lobes of lip short truncate,
midlobe very short reniform, spur cylindric.

Sourn ANDAMAN Istanps, Kurz. '

Stem ag thick as a goose-quill. Leaves very coriaceous, recurved, obtusely un-
equally 2-lobed. Peduncle 5-7 in.; sheaths annular and bracts and flowers as in
C. latifolium ; flowers } in. diam., pale greenish-yellow with a purple band within the
margin ; lip yellow, spur spotted with red, dorsal callus retuse ; column very short, ros-
tellum large, prominent ; anther ovate, acuminate, strap of globose pollinia slender,
gland medium-sized.—Closely allied to datifolium, but much more slender, leaves
smaller and narrower and spur cylindric.

3. ©. maculosum, Lindi. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 227; in Bot. Reg.
1840, Mise. 37; leaves 6-7 by 2-3 in. narrowly lorate, peduncle stout
shorter or about equalling the leaves, side lobes of lip short truncate, mid-
lobe very short ovate papillose, spur saccate. Walp. Ann. vi. 888. C. ga-
leatum, Thwaites Enum. 305. Saccolabium galeatum, Gardn. mss,

72 oxivit. orcuidex. (J.D. Hooker.) — [Cleisostomd.

Cryton; in the Central Province, Macrae, &c.

Stem as thick as a swan’s quill. Zeaves coriaceous, obtusely unequally 2-lobed.
Pedunele with annular sheaths; bracts short, broad; flowers } in. diam., yellow
spotted with red; spur much smaller than the obovate-oblong sepals, dorsal scale
truhcate ; column very short, rostellum short; anther small, strap of globose pollinia
linear, gland small. Capsule 14 in., narrowly clavate.—Beutham (Gen. Plant. iii.
580) erroneously unites Thwaites’ Saccolabium lineolatum, C.P. 2741 (S. ockraceum,
Lindl.) with Lindley’s C, maculosum. :

4. G. crassifolium, Lindl. in Part, Fl. Gard. iii. 125,t. 99; leaves
8-10 in. obtuse keeled, peduncle long stout branched, spikes recurved, lip
witha pubescent ridge at the mouth of the cylindric spur, side lobes rounded,
midlobe broadly ovate, lateral angles acute recurved. dard, Fleur. iv. t.
897; Walp. Ann. vi. 889; Lindenia iii. t. 189.

TENASSERIM ? (Hort, Veitch.).

Stem as thick as the thumb. Leaves recurved, very thick, channelled above.
Peduncle equalling the leuves ; flowers 3 in. diam. ; sepals oblong, obtuse, and petals
green and spotted; lip rose-culd., mouth of spur closed by the thickened ridge, disk
of midlobe thickened; dorsal callus compressed, decnrved; column very short;
anther acuminate, pollinia 4, subglobose, strap linear, gland small.

**® Stem short. Peduncle slender; flowers scattered on the slender
branches cf the panicle.

5. ©. ramosum, Fook. f.; stem short, leaves loriform obliquely
2-lobed, panicles broad, sepals obovate equalling the conical spur, side lobes
of lip very small, midlobe triangular-ovate obtuse, disk at base and short
spur within pubescent. Saccolabium ramosum, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid.
224, $8. flexuosum, Lindl. in Journ, Linn. Soc. iii.86. C&ceoclades flexuosa,
a in Wall, Cat. 7333; Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 236. Aerides ramosum,

all. mss.

Sixxrm Himanaya; in hot valleys, J.D. H. Lowsr Benaat and the Sunder-
oe Wallich, Clarke. Burma; on the Attran River, Wallich; Moulmein,
Parish.

Stem 1-3 in. Leaves 3-5 by 4-1 in. Panicle erect; bracts minute; flowers
3 in. diam., buff, or yellowish flushed or faintly blotched with red, or dull red with
green margins ; sepals and smaller obovate petuls 3-nerved; lip white, flushed with
pink or banded with yellow; dorsal scale in spur erect 2-fid, pubescent ; column
very short, broad ; anther short very broad, pollinia (4, 2 very small, Cvarke), strap
diluted upwards and suddenly contracted at the tip. Capsule } in., fusiform.—
Wullich’s specimens from Burma have very narrow leaves.

*#* Stem usually elongate. Peduncle slender or stout rarely branched,
usually shorter than the leaves.

6. C. spicatum, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1847, under t. 3%; leaves 4-8 by
3-2 in., spike stout simple dense-fd., bracts ovate-subulate deflexed, side
lobes of lip broad rounded, midlobe small ovate fleshy, spur contracted
above the inflated 4-lobulate base. Sarcanthus densiflorus, Par. & Reichb.

. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. 136. Saccolabium densiflorum, Lindl. in Wall.
Cat, 7311; Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 220; in Bot. Reg. 1838, Mise. 56. Airides
densiflorum, Wal/. mss.

“ TENASSERIM ; at Moulmein, Parish. Prnane, Wallich, Curtis—DistTR1p.
orDeo, 7

Stem as thick as the middle finger in Penang, more slender in Moulmein.
Leaves oblong or linear-oblong, broadly unequally 2-lobed. Spike decurved or pen-
dulous ; flowers } in. diam., glabrous or subfurfuraceous; sepals and petals broad,

Cletsostoma.] cxuvut, oncHIDEA. (J.D. Hooker.) 73

dull red with a pale central band; lip yellowish flushed with red, midlobe incurved,
spur sometimes transversely septate towards the base, dorsal callus forked; column
very short, rostelluin short ; anther beaked, strap of globose pollinia slender, dilated
upwards, gland small.—'lhe spur is like that of Saccolab. buccosum.

7. C. tenerum, Hook. f.; stem scandent, leaves 1-2 in. oblong,
base cordate, raceme few-fid. on a short stout leaf-opposed peduncle, side lobes
of lip large truncate crenulate, midlobe ovate obtusely 3-lobed fleshy, spur
very short conical incurved. Ciceoclades tenera, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid.
236; Wight Ic. t. 1680; TLhwaites Hnum. 306; Walp. Ann. vi. 895.
(Konia Palata, A. Rich. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 8, xv. 67, +.7. Saccolabium
Ptenerum, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 36.

NiLe@arri Hitis ; in woods near Neddubetta, Perrottet. CzYLON; in the Central
Province, alt, 3-5000 ft., Macrae, &c.

Stem 1-2 ft., as thick as a duck’s quill. Leaves scattered, fleshy, tip rounded
or notched. Peduncle 4-3 in., woody; basal sheaths cupular; bracts cymbiform ;
flowers 2 in. diam., fleshy, yellow or greenish, nerves red ; sepals and petals oblanceo-
late obtuse, lateral sepals decurved ; midlobe of lip white, dorsal callus fleshy ;
column rather long ; anther short broad acute, strap of globose polliuia slender, gland
small, Capsz/e 1 in., turgid, elliptic-oblong or pyrifurm.—Erroneusly referred to
Saccolad. brevifolium in Gen. Plant. (iii. 579). I have seen no Nilghiri specimen.

8. C. bipunctatum, Hook. f.; stem slender scandent, leaves 4-6
by 3~2 in. subacute, peduncle very short, 1-2 fid. side lobes of lip small
subfaleate, midlobe large ovate-lanceolate, spur very small incurved
obtuse, saccate. Saccolabium bipunctatum, Par. & Reichb. f. in Trans.
Linn. Soe. xxx. 145,

TrenassEEImM ; at Moulmein, Parish.

Stem about as thick as a duck’s quill. eaves lorate, laterally notched towards
the tip; costa stout beneath. Flowers about } in. diam., yellow and purplish;
bracts obscure ; sepals oblong-lanceolate, acute, 3-uerved, and linear-oblong 1-nerved
petals falcate ; midlobe of lip longer thau the sepals, white, 3-nerved with a basal
callus, dorsal scale membranous toothed; column very short; anther short, very
broad, strap of subglobose pollinia linear, gland small.—I have seen only a very small
specimen. Reichenbach, though describing the scale in the spur, places this in
Saccolabium.

9. G. brevipes, Hook. f.; stem elongate, leaves 4 in. distichous
uniform linear-lanceolate acute fleshy, spike short sessile dense-fld., rachis
very thick, bracts short, flowers 2 in. diam., sepals and petals subsimilar
ovate-oblong obtuse orange-yellow with two purple bands, lip pale yellow,
side lobes falcate acute, midlobe short hastate with a membranous 2-
awned tip, disk thickened, spur a short sac tip rounded.

Srxxim Himataya, (Ie. in Hort. Caleutt.) ; alt. 5000 ft. Gamble. Assam, (Hort.
NV. Campany.) ; ;
Stems tufted, 8-12 in., as thick asa goose-quill, internodes 3-3 in., rugulose.
_ Leaves erecto-patent, sessile, 2 in. diam., flat, hard, tip micronate, Spike 1-1} in.;
basal sheaths short, annular, and bracts brown; ovary 4 in., green striped with dull
purple; sac of lip shining, thickened disk extending backward to meet the thick
callus at the base of the column, thus closing the orifice of the BAC 3 column short,
stout, pollinia subquadrate, strap compressed, gland large, 2-partite. Capsule 1-14
in,, fusiform, terete, fleshy, striate.—-Described from fresh cultivated specimens
sent to Kew. ;

74 CXLVIIL oRCHIDES. (J.D. Hooker.) [Cletsostoma.

#EEX Stem very short. Leaves subradical. Pedunele and raceme or
spike much shorter than the leaves.

10. GC. undulatum, Reichd. f. in Flora, 1872, 274; leaves 4-8 by
2-12 in. lorate narrowed at both ends undulate, raceme many-fid., sepals
oblong, side lobes of lip orbicular, midlobe suborbicular caruncled obscurely
3-lobed, spur short globose. Saccolabium undulatum, Lindl. in Wall.
Cat. 7301; Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 222.

SinuEt, Wallich. Caittacone, hill tracts, Gamble.

’ Stem 1-11 in., roots fascicled. Leaves unequally obtusely 2-lobed, often falcate,
sheath very short, flattened, midrib beneath strong. Raceme 3-1 in.; bracts
minute; flowers + in. diam., yellow blotched with red; sepals faintly 3-nerved ;
petals spathulately obovate, obtuse, 1-nerved ; spur contracted at the mouth, mem-
branous, dorsal scale erect bifid; column very short, rostellum minute, deflexed;
anther broad, membranous, 1-celled, strap of globose pollinia slender, gland minute.

Capsule % in. long, linear-oblong.

11. C. uteriferum, Hook, f.; stemless, leaves 6-8 by 1} in. lorate
tip broad rounded or retuse margins undulate, spike stoutly peduncled
shorter than the leaves dense-fld., sepals obovate-oblong undulate tip
rounded, petals smaller and narrower, side lobes of lip truncate, midlobe
very small ovate fleshy, spur a large inflated subglobose sac sulcate in front,
neck contracted.

| Perax, Kunstler (Hort. Bot. Calc.).

Leaves flat, base hardly contracted. Spike with peduncle 3 in.; rachis very
stout, strict; bracts minute; ovary very short, 3; in.; flowers 3 in. diam., thick,
sepals and petals dirty yellow, dull red towards the base, nerves obscure ; lip shorter,
spur longer than the sepals, slightly incurved, grooved down the front, walls thin,
dorsal scale large semicircular convex entire ; column very short indeed, rostellum
small, protruded ; anther broad, truncate, l-celled, pollinia globose, seated on the
contracted capex of a rather broad lanceolate strap, glund oblong.—Near C. undu-
latum and Wendlandorum, but with a much larger inflated spur, smaller midlobe of
lip, and broad strap of the pollinia. Described from an analysis of dried flowers
and a fine drawing in the Calcutta Herbarium.

12. ©. Wendlandorum, Reichb. f. in Otto & Dietr. Allgemein.
Gartenzeit. 1856, 219; leaves 6-10 by 1-13 in., broadly lorate, raceme simple
or branched many-fid., sepals obovate-oblong, petals narrower, side lobes
of lip obscure rounded, midlobe small orbicular fleshy, spur short in-
flated. C. callosum, Reichd. f. in Bonpland (not of Blume.) Pomatocalpa
spicatum, Kuhl & Hasselt. ex. R. f. in Otto SY Dietr. Allgemein.
Gartenzeit. Ll. ec. :

Cacnazr ; Keenan. Trnassrrim, Parish. ANDAMAN IsLaNDs, Berkeley.

Stem 1-1} in., very stout, roots fascicled. Leaves coriaceous, 2-lobed, nerveless,
midrib beneath slender. Raceme or panicle 4-6 in. ; bracts obscure ; flowers 33, in.
broad, yellow, papillose ; spur very short broad truncate, dorsal scale semicircular
erose ; column very short, rostellum beaked ; anther broad, strap of globose pollinia
linear, gland small. Capsule (in Cachar) 1 in., linear-oblong.—A much larger
plans than C. undulatum, named after the two Wendlands of Herrenhausen, father
and son.

18. ©. Mannii, Reichd. f. in Flora, 1872, 273; leaves lorate narrowed
at both ends, raceme simple or branched many-fld., sepals and petals
obovate, side lobes of lip truncate obtusely angled, midlobe orbicular-ovate,
spur short inflated. ;

Cleisostoma. | OXLVII. ORCHIDERZ. (J. D. Hooker.) 75

Assam, Mann, Sixxim? (Ie. in Herb. Caleutt.)

I have seen but one specimen; it is as small as CO. undulatum, from which it
differs in the much longer stouter peduncle and raceme, and very small flowers about
zs in. diam. (pale golden: yellow flushed with red at the base of the sepals and
petals, according to the Sikkim drawing). Dorsal scale of spur erect, 2-fid; column
very short, anther broad, obtuse, pollinia subglobose, strap dilated upwards, rather
long, gland small.

14, ©. decipiens, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1884, Misc. 11; leaves 8-10 by
1 in. thick purple dotted beneath, peduncle simple or branched, spike
many-fid., sepals and petals ovate or oblong-ovate, lip broader than long
entire, spur short broad gibbous. C. maculosum, Thwaites Enum. 304 (C.
ee) (not of Lindl.) O.Thwaitesianum, Trimen in Journ. Bot. 1885,
244,

CEYLON ; on trees in the low country, Thwaites (C.P. 3193).

A drawing of this plant from the Perideniya Herbarium represents the stem 14
in. long, the leaves 5-6 by }-1 in., lorate, unequally obtusely 2-lobed, sheaths 4 in.
long, and underside of leaf speckled with purple. Flowering peduncle stout,
speckled with purple, with the dense-fid. spike 2 in., lengthening to 6 in. in fruit ;
bracts minute, subulate; flowers 2 in. diam., yellowish, more or less suffused with
red. Capsule sessile, } in., linear-oblong.—The specimen in Lindley’s herbarium
(from Hort. Lcddiges) consists of an imperfect leaf 4 by % in. anda few inches of a
branched panicle, the flowers not 1 in. diam., are crowded in elongate spikes with a
stout rachis. The sepals as drawn by Lindley are obovate-oblong, obtuse, reddish-
brown, with a broad golden margin; side lobes of lip erect, truncate, midlobe white,
spur yellowish ; dorsal scale of spur broad erect; column and rostellum very short ;
strap of globose pollinia linear, with an apiculate tip.—Trimen rightly suspects his
Thwaitestanum to be Lindley’s decipiens.

15. C. bicuspidatum, Hook. f.; leaves 3-4 by 4-1 in. acutely 2-fid,
raceme lax-fld. much shorter than the leaves, sepals orbicular-obovate obtuse,
petals oblong-obovate, side lobes of lip plicate truncate, midlobe very
stout ovate acute incurved, spur cylindric longer than the sepals obtuse.

Sixxim Himazaya; near Darjeeling, Anderson (in Herb. Calcutt.). Kuasta
-HInts ; alt. 2000 ft., Mann. TreNassERim, Parish (Ic. in Hort. Calcutt.).

Stem very short. Leaves flat, narrowed towards the base, lobes very acute, often
unequal, the longer $ in. Peduncle with 5-6-fld. simple or branched raceme 2-5 in. ;
bracts small, ovate; flowers }—3 in. diam., spreading or reflexed; sepals and petals
yellowish-green, with a median stripe; lip white, speckled or flushed with rose,
spur longer than the sepals, mouth infundibular with a thickened ridge, dorsal callus
2-lobed ; column very short, rostellum long decurved; anther beaked; strap of
globose pollinia dilated upwards, tip rounded produced beyond the pollinia, margins
recurved, gland minute.

SPECIES UNKNOWN TO ME.

C. piscotor, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1845, Misc. 59; leaves oblong channelled
obliquely truncate, peduncle long slender dull purple branched at the extremity,
sepals orbicular-ovate 5-nerved, and petals elliptic; both dull yellow with a greenish
tinge, lip 3-fid, side lobes plicate with a conical caruncle in the inner faces within,
dorsal tooth undivided keeled, spur longer than the sepals obtuse nearly white.—
India (Hort. Loddiges). In Lindley’s fragment the leaf is 3; by nearly 1 in., the
very slender peduncle has some small ovate obtuse sheaths; bracts small, broad,
membranous; fl. buds about + in. diam., membranous; spur cylindric, longer than the
broad sepals, walls thin; side lobes of lip truncate, subcrenate ; midlobe very short
continuous with the side lobes, incurved, ovate, acute, concave, thin, without calli;
callus below the column 2-lobed, puberulous; pollinia each didymous, strap clavate
with recurved margins, gland very small. ; :

WG bes het gy HS i

76 oxLvit, orcHipea. (J.D. Hooker.) [ Cletsostoma.

C. toratuM, Reichb. f. in Flora, 1872, 278; stem short, leaves cuneately lorate
obliquely acuminate, racemes stout strict, flowers small, bracts small triangular
persistent, sepals and petals ligulate obtusely acute, side lobes of lip transverse
retuse with a minute callus at each internal angle, spur short hemispheric, scale
under column sharply 2-fid to the middle, limb ovate obtusely acute,—Assam.

EcHIoGtossum stRIATUM, Reichb. f. in Gard. Chron. 1879, 390; stem erect
strict branched, sheaths very rough (arpophylaceous), leaves linear-ligulate un-
equally acute very coriaceous kecled towards the tip, racemes short drooping,
flowers small dense yellow streaked with red, sepals and narrower petals oblong
obtusely acute, lip obtusely conic, side lobes triangular erect, midlobe hastately
triangular, tip acutely 2-toothed, callus below the column ligulate, strap of pollen
linear, gland very large, hippocrepiform. Sikkim Himalaya (Hort. Mackay)—(Hchig-
glossum is reduced to Cleisostoma in Gen. Piant.)

67. ORNITHOCHILUS, Wail.

Epiphytes: Stem very short, pseudobulb 0. Leaves few, broad, flat.
Scapes lateral, slender; flowers small, racemed or panicled. Sepals spread-
ing, subequal, lateral obliquely obovate. Petals linear. Lip much larger
than the sepals, clawed, side lobes subquadrate, midlobe clawed inflexed
lobulate and fimbriate, with a velvety flap over the mouth of the
short incurved spur, which is distant from the base. Column short, foot 0,
rostellum forcipate; anther low 2-celled, pollinia 2, subglobose or oblong,
grooved, strap obcuneate.—Species 1 or 2, Indian and Chinese.

O. fuscus, Wall. in Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 242. O. cublepharum,
Hance in Journ. Bot. xxii. (1884), 364. Aerides difforme, Wall. in Lindl,
1. c, 242, Sert. Orchid. Frontisp. t.7; Reichb. f. in Gard. Chron. 1865, 698 ;
Lindl. in Journ. Linn, Soc. iii. 41; Walp. Ann. vi. 899; A. Hystrix. Lindl.
in J. L. &. 42 (not of Gen. & Sp. Orchid.).

TropicaL Himataya; from Garwhal ? Falconer, to SIKKIM, and the Kasia
Hixtzs, alt. 4-5000 ft. Tenassexim; at Moulmein, Parish.—DistTRiB, China.

Stem 3-4 in., 2-3-leaved. Leaves 3-7 by 1-1} in., obliquely elliptic-oblong,
acute, many nerved, base narrowed. Racemes simple or sparingly branched, 6-12 in.,
lax-fid. ; bracts small, subulate; flowers 4-3 in. broad; sepals and petals yellow
streaked with red ; side lobes of lip striped with brown, midlobe variable in breadth,
red, its lobules reflexed, the mid-one eutire or fimbriate. Capsule 1 in,, fusiform,
pedicelled.

68. THENIOPHYLLUM, Blume.

Small stemless epiphytes, leafless when flowering, roots flattened»
pseudobulbs 0. Leaves linear or few or 0. Pedunele very short, filiform,
simple, flowers very minute, spicate. Sepals and petals subequal, free or
connate at the base. Lip sessile, saccate or spurred; side lobes short,
broad, midlobe small fleshy. Column short, broad, foot 0; anther 2-
celled; pollinia 4, in superposed pairs, strap linear, gland small.—Species
about 6, Indian, Malayan, Australian and Pacific.

There are several Perak plants in Scortechini collections that are probably Tenio-
phylla; but the species are obscure, minute, and very imperfectly known, and there
are no doubt many to be discovered.

i T. retin Lindl. a Journ. Linn, Soe.’ iii. 42; peduncle glabrous,
sepals and petals connate, lip cymbiform. Thwaites Enum. 305. Reichb.
f. Xén, Orchid. 67, t. 116, ote

Tentophyllum.] cxivint. orcuipex. (J. D. Hooker.) 17

Cryron; in the Ambagamowa district, De Alwis.

Roots fleshy. Peduncle 3 in.; bracts keeled; flowers most minute, pale green ;
sepals, petals and lip connate into an acutely 6-toothed perianth ; margins of lip free;
column short; anther square, sub-4-celled ; pollinia 4, pyriform, sessile on the gland.—
Descript. from Thwaites.

2. T. scaberulum, Hook. f.; peduncle } in. scaberulous, sepals
etals and lip connate at the base, lip deeply saccate with a minute
incurved midlobe.

TRAVANCORE; on teak branches, at Cottayam, Johnson,

Rvots about 54, in. diam., compressed. Peduncle 2-3-fld.; bracts broad ; flowers
sessile, 1; in. diam.; sepals and petals oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, fleshy ; sac or spur
nearly as long as the limb of the lip, base rounded; column very short; anther
truncate in front, pollinia pyriform. Capsule (young), 4 in., slender, curved,
scaberulous,

3. ©. serrula, Hook. f.; leafless, spike sessile many-fid. appearing
serrulate from the number and regularity of the very minute subdis-
tichous bracts, sepals and petals free or nearly so, lip cymbiform, side
lobes low rounded, midlobe very short thick, spur scrotiform.

PeRak ; at Larut, King’s Collector.

Roots stout, 3 in. diam. Spikes 4-1 in.; bracts concave, obtuse; flowers about
} in. diam., reddish-yellow ; sepals lanceolate, obtuse and narrower petals with one
thick nerve ; side lobes of lip incurved; column very short, papillose. Capsule 2-13
in., trigonous,

69. MICROSACCUS, Blume.

Small densely tufted epiphytes; stems densely leafy. Leaves disti-
chous, narrow or scalpeiliform, fleshy. Zowers minute, subsessile or very
shortly racemose. Sepals and petals subequal, widely spreading. Lip
small, adnate to the base of the column, base broadly saccate; side lobes
small or 0, midlobe broad subentire. Colwmn very sbort, truncate; anther
obtuse; pollinia 4, distinct, ellipsoid or globose, sessile on the slender
strap, gland small or medium sized. Capsule small.—Species 3 or 4,
Malayan.

1. MW. javensis, Blume Bijdr. 367; leaves equitant scalpelliform,
flowers subsolitary. Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 219. Saccolabium
Griffithii, Par. & Reich. f. in Trans. Linn, Soc. xxx. 145.

TenassEEIM; at Mergui, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 5244), Helfer (Kew Distrib.
5884), Parish. PrBax, Scortechini.—Distr1B. Malay Islands, Cambodia,

Stems 2-4 in., curved, 4 in. diam. across the leaves. Leaves broad!y ovate,
obtuse, somewhat recurved, wrinkled when dry. Flowers yy in. diam., almost con-
cealed by the leaves, cellular, white; bracts scarious, sheathing; sepals lanceolate ;
petals rather narrower; lip obtusely 3-lobed. Capsule } in., sessile, ellipsoid.—
Description of flower from «a drawing by Griffith in Herb. Lindl. I have seen
‘no authentic Javan specimen, but the Indian plant agrees well with Blume’s
description.

2. Mf. virens, Hook. f.; leaves linear-oblong trigonous, flowers in
very short racemes. ? Adenoncos virens, Blume Bujdr. 381; Lindl. Gen.
& Sp. Orchid. 235.

Perak, Scortechini.—DistR1B. Java, Borneo. ; .

Stems 8 in,, very stout, strongly incurved. Leaves 1-1} by } in., very thick
and fleshy, subacute. Racemes much shorter than the leaves, 3-6-fld. ; bracts dis-
tichous, ovate, acute, very coriaceous and persistent; flowers coriaceous, about } in.

78 OXLVII. ORCHIDEEZ, (J. D, Hooker.) [Microsaccus.

diam. ; sepals lanceolate, greenish ; petals shorter and narrower ; lip orbicular, apicu-
late, thick, greenish, base constricted into 2 obscure side lobes ; pollinia 4, globose,
gland rather large.—Described chiefly from a drawing and description by Scortechini.
The Java and Bornean specimens are not in flower, but otherwise agrees with the

Indian.

70; DIPLOCENTRUM, Lindi.

Epiphytes; stems short leafy, pseudobulbs 0. Leaves distichous,
narrow, fleshy, subterete or complicate. Peduncle lateral, often branched ;
flowers small, in long subspiciform racemes. Sepals free, connivent, sub-
equal or the lateral larger. Petals like the dorsal sepal. Lip sessile,
jointed on the base of the column, spreading, entire, shortly 2-spurred,
disk fleshy. Column very short, 2-auricled, truncate; anther 2-celled;
pollinia 2, ovoid, sulcate or 2-partite, attached by a broad strap to a
broad gland.—Species 2-3, Indian.

1. D. recurvum, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. under t. 1522; in Wall. Cat.
7381; Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 218; leaves 4-6 in. linear, panicle long-pedun-
cled, branches spreading. Wight Ic. t. 1680, and D. longifolium, Wight
l.c. t. 1681. Cymbidium alofolium, Herb. Heyne.

NILGHERY and TRAVANCORE, Wight, &c. CEYLON, in the Central Province,

Stem 2-6 in., densely leafy. Leaves linear, keeled, 3-3 in. broad, unequally
obtusely 2-fid, recurved. Panicle with peduncle 5-8 in. ; flowers } in. diam., densely
crowded towards the ends of the spreading branches; bracts minute, acute; sepals
and petals deep pink or brownish tinged with pink; lip ovate-oblong, longer than
the petals, entire, pinkish lilac or crimson spur much shorter than the blade of the
lip, conical, incurved, obtuse; column very stout, auricles incurved, rostellum
inconspicuous; anther truncate, cells basal, strap of pollinia narrowed from the broad
base upwards. Capsule 4 in., clavate.

2. D. congestum, Wight Ic. t. 1682; leaves 2-3 in. broadly
oblong, spike very stout stoutly peduncled simple or shortly branched at
the base.

TRAVANCORE; in the Iyamallay Hills, Wight.

Stem very short. Leaves 3-2 in. broad, deeply unequally 2-lobed, lobes obtuse.
Peduncle with dense-fld. spike 4-6 in., rachis very stout; bracts minute, acute ;
flowers about } in. diam.; colour, lip, spurs, column, anther and pollen m uch like
D. recurvum.

70/2. MYSTACIDIUM, Lindl.

Epiphytes, pseudobulbs 0. Leaves few, distichous, linear, coriaceous.
Flowers in axillary racemes, small. Sepals and petals subequal, free, spread-
ing. Jip adnate to the base of the column, 3-lobed, spurred. Column
very short, foot 0; anther hinged on to the top of the column; pollinia 2,
globose, attached by separate straps to the gland.—Species about 20,
tropical African and one Cingalese.

This genus should, I think, be reduced to Angraecum.

M. zeylanicum, Trimen. Cat. Ceylon Pl. 90. Angraecum zey-
lanicum, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 40; Thwaites Enum. 306.

CryLon ; near Galle, Champion.

Stem 3-4 in. Leaves 6-10 by 2-4} in., flat, narrowed to the acuminate apex,
rigid, many-nerved. Scapes many, shorter than the leaves, very slender, rigid,

if
Mystacidium.] CXLVII. oRCHIDES. (J. D. Hooker.) 79

lax-fid. ; bracts minute, truncate, membranous; pedicel with ovary } in. ; sepals as
long, lanceolate, 5-nerved; petals narrower, 3-nerved; lip ‘nearly as long as the
sepals, broadly ovate, finely acuminate, cymbiform, quite entire; spur as long as the
sepals, suberect, slightly clavate ; anther firmly attached by a point to the column.
Capsule 3 in., pedicelled, narrowly ellipsoid, ribs slender.—I have seen only indif-

ferent specimens, from which the pollen was gone. Dr. Trimen informs me that it
is found in several parts of Ceylon.’

71. ACRIOPSIS, Reinwdt.

Epiphytes; pseudobulbs clustered, 1-3-leaved. Leaves flat, linear, not
plaited. Scape from the base of the bulb, slender, simple or branched ;
raceme lax-fld.; bracts small acute. Sepals narrow, spathulately obovate,
obtuse, dorsal arched, lateral connate placed under the lip. Zp adnate to
the column above its middle, spreading, more or less 3-lobed, disk with 2
short erect lamella on the mesial line. Column incurved with 2 styliform
horizontal or decurved processes on each side of the stigma, and a cucul-
late top concealing the anther; rostellum suberect, acute ; anther membra-
nous, 2-celled; pollinia 2 or 4 in 2 pairs, narrowly pyriform attached by a
strap to a small gland.—Species 5 or 6, Indian and Malayan.

In Herb, Calcutta is a fine drawing of what may be a new species from

Moulmein, with a large quadrate clawed pubescent lip; it may be intended for
A. javanica.

l. A. javanica, Reinwdt. in Flora Literat. 1825, ii. 4; in Syllog.
Ratisb. 1828; side lobes of lip broad rounded or subtriangular, midlobe
very small clawed oblong concave, claw lamellate. Blume +Biydr. 377;
Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 140; Walp. Ann. vi. 492. A. picta, Lindl. in
Bot. Reg. xxix., Misc. 105. A. Griffithii, Reichbd. f. in Bonpland. ii. 92;
Walp. l. c. A. crispa, Griff. Notul. iii. 333; Ic. Plant. Asiat. t. 318.
P Spathoglottis P trivalvis, Wall. Cat. 3742; Lindl. Gen. & Sp. 120.

TrNassERIM, Parish, PxERax, Scortechini, and Sin@aPorE, Waillich, &c.
Matacca, Griffith, Maingay.—DistRis. Java, Philippines. -- 3
Pseudobulbs $-11 in., oblong or ovoid. Leaves 4-6 by 4-4 in., 2-dentate. Scape
6-18 in., simple or branched; pedicels 2 in., capillary; sepals 3} in., white with
purple tip and central broad or narrow band; petals subsimilar; lip white with a
“purple band and Jamella. Capsule 3 in., broadly ellipsoid. —It is difficult to reconcile
Griffith’s figure with the above description of the lip, but his habitat being that of
Maingay’s plant (Orchard trees, Malacca) seems to identify it.

2. A. indica, Wight. Ic. t. 1748 (bad); lip oblong subpanduriform
tip rounded, lamella opposite the contraction. Walp. Ann. vi. 492.

TenassERIM, Griffith (in Herb. Lindl.), Parish. Psnana, Maingay.

A much smaller plant than A. javanica, with more densely tufted pseudobulbs,
very narrow leaves, scapes shorter, more branched, and smaller flowers ; the sepals are
2 in. log and the very different lip is inserted higher up, just under the column.—
Wight who had lost the locality of the species he figured probably received it
from Griffith. Ina drawing by Parish the flowers are yellow green faintly blotched
with purple. Wight’s figure of the lip is quite unlike that of the specimen he
depicted, which is now in Herb. Kew.

3. A. Ridleyi, Hook. f.; lip with small oblong obtuse side lobes and
a large orbicular or transversely oblong clawed smooth midlobe, lamellz
on the claw. ,

80 oxLvin. orcHIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) [Aeriopsis.

SingaporE; at Bukit Mandi, Ridley.

Pseudobulbs broadly ovoid, compressed. Leaves 3-4 in., linear, olive green.
Scape simple (always?); raceme lax-fid.; flowers yellow, sparsely spotted with
crimson ; lip white, lamelle crimson.

72, PODOCHILUS, Blume.

Stems tufted, erect or diffuse. Leaves many, uniform, distichous, flat
or equitant and laterally compressed. Peduncles terminal or leaf-opposed ;
flowers minute, racemed or spicate; bracts persistent. Lateral sepals
adnate with the prolonged foot of the column and together at the base,
forming a mentum. Petals broad or narrow. Lip clawed, jointed to the
foot of the column, mobile (always?) erect, with a basal appendage.
Column very short; rostellum terminal, triangular, erect, bifid or bipar-
tite; anther erect; pollinia 4, each pair half enclosed in a calyptriform
‘stipe fixed by a gland to the top of the rostellum. Capsule very small,
ellipsoid.—Species 12 or more, Indian and Malayan.

The flowers of all the species want careful examination on a living state. There
are great differences in the columnar structure and pollinia that cannot be satisfac-
torily determined from dried specimens, These last are almost in all cases deficient
in flowers, which are easily detached, and so minute as to escape the notice of
collectors.

* Leaves equitant, laterally compressed, not articulate with the sheath.
Flowers secund, on inclined or decurved lax-fid. racemes.

1. P. cultratus, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7336; Gen. & Sp. Orchid.
234; in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 37; leaves ensiform subfalcate acute, lip
cuneately oblong truncate 5-nerved, base saccate.

Tropical Himataya; Nepal, Waillich; Sikkim, J. D. H. Assam, Masters.
Cacuar, Clarke. TENAssERIM ; the Attran River, Parish.

Stem 3-7 in., with the leaves 4-2 in. broad. Leaves 3-2 in.,.many nerved.
Peduncle short, decurved ; bracts ovate-lanceolate ; flowers } in. long; dorsal sepal
broad, 5-nerved, lateral subacute ; petals broadly obovate, acute, 3-uerved ; mentum
saccute; base of lip broad. Capsule 4 in.—The lip resembles that of an
Appendicula ; 1 doubt its being articulate and mobile.

2. P. faleatus, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid, 234: leaves ensiform
obtuse, lip narrowly clawed oblanceolate 3-nerved, base with a short
notched appendage. Thwaites Enum. 306.

CryYton ; Central Province, alt. 3-600 ft., common.

Habit of P. eultratus, but stems longer, 6-12 in. Rostellum with an involute
top, round which the capillary tails of the pollinia are curved, gland minute. In
var. angustata, Thw. (C.P. 3889), the leaves are so closely appressed to one another,
a nut even the points are free, and the breadth of the stem across the leaves is
only 3 in.

3. P. malabaricus, Wight Ic. t. 1748, fig. 2; leaves obtuse, spike
many-fid. much longer than the leaves, mentum very short, lip linear-
lanceolate obtuse contracted in the middle. Walp. Ann. vi. 893.

Matasar, Jerdon ; Wynaad jungles, Drew. TRAVANCORE, Johnson.

Stem 3-5 in., fleshy, } in. across the leaves. Zraves } in, straight, Spike
1-1} in., inclined or horizontal, few-fid. ; bracts broadly ovate; flowers white tipped
with pink ; petals lanceolate ; lip constricted in the middle,—I have seen no flowers.
Wighwv’s expression of lip contracted in the middle probably implied that the basal
appendage is as large as the blade. Probably not different from P. falcatus.

Podochilus. | OXLVIII. ORCHIDES. (J. D. Hooker.) 81

4. P. saxatilis, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 235 ; leaves short recurved
obtuse, lip oblanceolate obtuse 3-nerved.. Thwaites Enum. 307.

Cryton ; Hantani and Ambagamowa districts, Macrae, Thwaites.

Stems 2-3 in., fleshy. Leaves 4-} in. Peduncle terminal, 3 in., drooping,
few-fld. ; bracts ovate, smaller than the yellow flowers ; lip red in the middle; lateral
sepals obtuse ; petal obovate-oblong, obtuse ; mentum short.—Description of flowers
from a drawing by Lindley. ;

** Leaves flat, not equitant or laterally compressed.
+ Leaves broad. Scapes lateral.

5. P. unciferus, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. ined. ; leaves 3-14 by 3-2 in.
oblong, tip rounded, peduncles many very slender flowering at the tips,
lip spathulate, basal appendage long slender uncinately recurved.

Perak, Scortechini.—Distris. Borneo, Philippines.

Stem erect, 18-24 in. Leaves }-amplexicaul, shining, tip minutely mucronately
toothed. Peduncle longer than the leaves, erecto-patent, flexuous, with scattered
acicular sheaths ; raceme terminal, capillary, 1-2-fld.; bracts orbicular ; flowers } in.
long ; dorsal sepal broad, 3-nerved, lateral acuminate; mentum cylindric; petals
broad, acute, 3-nerved ; claw of lip slender, jointed on the shortly free foot of the
column ; basal appendage grooved, truncate; column unarmed.

+t Leaves very small, linear acicular or lanceolate. Scape terminal or
nearly so.

6. P. microphyllus, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7335 A;° Gen. & Sp.
Orchid. 234 in part; stems filiform diffuse, leaves 4-4 in. elliptic-lanceo-
late awned, spike as‘ long as the leaves capillary flexuous 3-4-Ad., bracts
most minute, lip ovate oblong or lanceolate 3-nerved, basal appendage
quadrate.

TENASSERIM; at Mergui, Parish. Matay PENINSULA, common,—DIstTRIB.
Borneo, Cambodia.

Stems 6-8 in., flexuous, rarely branched. eaves articulate on the sheaths,
7-9-nerved. Flowers ~5 in. long, white and purplish; mentum very variable,
saccate, sometimes constricted at the top and 2-lobed at the base; dorsal sepal ovate,
l-nerved, lateral subacute ; petals oblong, obtuse, l-nerved; lip variable, obtuse or
subacute; basal appendage erect, 4-3} the length of the blade, concave or margins .
convolute; rostellum narrow ; anther lanceolate, acute. Capsule 4 in., ellipsoid.—”’
Scortechini mss. describes hyaline wings of the column, which I have not detected. .
‘Blume’s P. similis of Borneo is very near this.

7. P. khasianus, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. ined.; stems suberect slender,
leaves $-3 in. linear acute, spike very short few-fld., bracts as long as the
flowers ovate-lanceolate, lip narrowly oblong emarginate 3-nerved, base
cordate. P. microphyllus, Wall. Cat. 7335 B; Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid.
234 in part; in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 37. '

Situxut, Wallich. Kuasia Hinus; at Amwee, J. D. H. & T. T.

Stems 4-6 in., simple, suberect. Leaves articulate on the sheath, rigid, often
twisted. Peduncle shorter than the leaves; bracts rigid, strongly nerved; flowers
zz in. long; lateral sepals acute, nerve strong; mentum globose; petals obovate-
oblong, obtuse, 1-nerved ; claw of lip inserted I think at the base of the column (not
of its foot), I failed to discover the appendage; column very short, winged, divided
(after flowering) to the base into two long erect arms concave posteriorly, much
longer than the shortly calyptrate pollinia, the stipe of which is very short; anther
_very short, 2-cuspidate.—This differs in every respect of foliage and habit from
microphyllus, but especially in the structure of the column.

VOL, VI. G@

82 oxLvi. orcHIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) [Podochilus.

8. P. lucescens, Blume Biidr. 295, t. 12; Rumphta iv. 43 (in Obs.) ;
stem slender erect, leaves }-} in. elliptic- or linear-oblong obtuse or apicu-
late, spikes elongate many-fld., bracts.spreading and incurved, lip obovate
or oblong obtuse, base sagittate. Lindl. Gen. & Sp..Orchid, 234; Reichd. f.

in Bonpland. v. (1857) 41; Ot. Bot. Hamb. 45; in Trans. Linn. Soe, xxx. 145.

TrenassERiM ; at Mergui, Helfer, Parish.—DistriB. Sumatra, Java, Borneo.

Stems 4-8 in., rigid. Leaves black when dry, opaque, many-nerved. Spike
3-1 in., flexuous, flowering to the base; bracts 34, in., strongly nerved ; flowers
zy in. diam.

9. P. acicularis, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. ined.; stems densely tufted
filiform, leaves 2-3 in. acicular, spike very short 3-4-fid., lip broadly
oblong or obovate 8-nerved, base cordate with an incurved horn on
each side.

Penanc, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1653/2). Perax, Scortechint, &e.

Stems 6-8 in., flexuous, diffuse. Leaves suberect, finely acuminate. Flowers
¢z in. long, white; bracts very minute; sepals obtuse or acute; petals linear, obtuse,
l-nerved ; mentum short, rounded, sometimes globose and 2-lobed; columnar ‘arms
ensiform, obliquely truncate, tips at first cohering with the bidentate tip of the
rostellum, and carrying away the pollinia; anther ovate-cordate, at length 2-fid;
each pair of pollinia half enclosed in a calyptriform caudicle which is attached by a
slender stipe to a linear gland.—Very near a Bornean species, with a cuneate
5-nerved lip truncate at the base, and shorter columuar wings.

73. APPENDICULA, Blume.

Stems tufted, leafy, often compressed. Leaves numerous, distichous,
uniform, vertical, jointed on their sheaths. -Pedwncles terminal and leaf-
opposed ; flowers minute, racemed spicate or capitate ; bracts persistent.
Sepals connivent, lateral connate at the base aud adnate to the produced
foot of the column, forming 4 mentum. [Petals various. Lip erect, in-
serted on the foot of the column or with its sides adnate to it. Column
very short, rostellum erect 2-fid.; anther dorsal, erect; pollinia 8, 4 often
imperfect, clavate, attached in fours to the tip of the rostellum by a point
or gland. Cupsule very small.—Species 20 or more, Tropical Asiatic,
Australian, and Polynesian.

* Lip adnate below by a broad saccate élaw to the sides and face of
the foot of the column.

t Limb of lip with a large callus on the disk.

‘l. &. bifaria, Lindl. in Hook. Kew Journ. vii. (1855), 85; leaves
1-1} by 3 in. oblong obtusely 2-toothed, racemes chiefly terminal very
short, mentum saccate rounded, lip ovate-oblong base calceolar, sides of
column produced into ensiform processes as long as the rostellum.
Benth. Fl. Hongh. 358; Walp. Rep. vi. 893. A. reduplicata, Reichd. f. in
Ot, Bot. Hamb. 45.

. on i Keenan. TENAssERIM, Helfer. Sinaarorz, Ridley.—Disrris. China,
orneo

Stem 10-24 in., simple. Leaves often apiculate between the obtuse apical teeth.
acemes terminal, rarely lateral or leaf-opposed, 6-8-fid.; bracts reflexed, oblong ;
flowers about 4 in. long; sepals obtuse; petals obovate-oblong, 3-nerved ; lip cal-
ceolar at the base, that is having a horse-shoe membrane within the border,
slightly constricted beyond the middle, callus on its disk globose or oblong, entire ;

Appendicula.] OXLVIII. ORCHIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) 83

arms of column obliquely truncate or 2-lobed. Capsule 4 in. long, turgidly ellip-
soid.—Lindley in describing the Chinese plant assumed it to be the Dendrobium
bifarium of Wall. Cat. 2002, which consists of two very distinct Penang plants, a
Dendrobium (D. bifarium, Lind1., see v. V. p. 732) and an Appendicula in fruit only,
very like indeed the Chinese plant, but differing in the numerous lateral racemes.
Specimens from Perak in flower exactly accord in foliage with Wallich’s Penang in
having many racemes, but differ in having a more 3-lobed lip, a broader margin to
the base of the lip, and a 2-lobed callus. Assuming that the Perak and Wallich’s
Penang plant are the same, they may be either a different species from bifaria, or a
variety. For the present it is safer to assume the latter and to call it :—

Vaz. ? Wallichiana ; racemes numerous lateral, lip with a broad rounded base
surrounding the calceolar membrane, callus of disk 2-lobed in front. Dendrobium
bifarium, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 2002, in part.—Penang, Wadllich. Perak,
Scortechint.

tt Lip without a median callus on the disk.

2. A. callosa, Blume Bijdr. 303; leaves 3-1 by + in. oblong strongly
2-fid., sheaths 2-cuspidate, flowers in terminal bracteate heads, lip very
shortly ovate with a large transverse basal appendage. Lindl. Gen. & Sp.
Orchid. 230; Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 362, t. 62; Saunders
Refug. Bot. t. 45; Reichb. f. Otia Bot. Hamb.45, A. stipulata, Griff. Notul.
iii. 358; Ic. Plant. Asiat. t. 335, f. 2.

TENASSERIM, Griffith, Parish. Prnane, Walker, &c. PERAK, Scortechini, &.
—Distzis. Java, Borneo.

Stem 6-18 in., simple. Leaves close together, coriaceous, base truncate, tip not
contracted. Heads of flowers sessile; bracts lanceolate, scarious, obtuse, many-
nerved; flowers }in. long, erect, cream-cold.; mentum saccate ; petals linear, obtuse ;
claw of lip as long as the foot of the column and adnate to it throughout its length ;
limb broadly ovate, narrower than the appendage, which has divergent lobes and is
tubercled in the sinus; column with short truncate wings.—The leaves are often

curiously pitted.

3. A. Lewisii, Grif. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 378, t. 19;
Notul. iii. 360; Ic. Plant. Asiat. t. 337; leaves 1-8 by 3-3 in. linear- or
oblong-lanceolate 2-dentate, racemes very short leaf-opposed, mentum
subglobose, lip ovate many-nerved, base caleeolar. Walp. Ann. vi. 893.
A. cyathifera, Reichd. f. mss. Metachilum cyathiferum, Lindl. in Wall.
Cat. 2022; Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 74. Dendrobium vaginatum, Wall. mss.

Penang, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1616). Curtis, Purax, Seortechini, Wray.

Sineapors, Wallich. :
Stem 6.18 in., unbranched, flattened, 4 in. broad. Leaves rather distant and

membranous; sheaths 1 in. long. Racemes axillary and terminal, 1-12 in., many-
fid.; bracts small, ovate-lanceolate, reflexed ; flowers about ¢ in. long, yellow-green ;
sepals acute; petals elliptic, l-nerved; claw of lip adnate throughout its length to
the foot of the column; column without arms. Capsule 3 in., subcylindric.

_** Lip attached by a short free claw to the apex only of the foot of the
column.

4. A. cordata, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. ined.; leaves 1 by 5 in. oblong
obtusely bidentate, spikes very short incurved few;fld., mentum obscure,
foot of column very short, lip ovate-cordate 3-nerved with a semilunar

ridge towards the base.

techim.
Soe Ot oe “gay specimen) 7 in., unbranched, Leaves rather membranous,
@2

84 OXLVIII. ORCHIDEZ. (J.D. Hooker.) [Appendicula.

apiculate between the teeth, sheaths3}-3 in. Spikes 4 in., 3—4-fld.; bracts sheathing
the rachis, erect during flowering, then reflexed, strongly nerved ; flowers about
zs in. long, dotted; sepals ovate, obtuse, 1-nerved, base of lateral gibbous ;
petals large, obovate, 1-nerved; column unarmed; rostellum very large, ovate.—
The cumous incurved spikes and spreading nearly symmetrical lateral sepals,
and short foot of the column, are all unlike other species of the genus. The solitary

specimen may not represent the plant fairly.

5. A» Koenigii, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. ined.; leaves 3? by 3 in. oblong-
lanceolate obtuse and minutely obtusely 2-fid., racemes minute leaf-
opposed 2-3 fid., flowers most minute, mentum globose, lip ovate or oblong
5-nerved base calceolar. Hpidendrum: hexandrum, Kenig in Retz Obs.
vi. 45.

Inpia, Herb. Rottler (1779).

FR Stem densely tufted, 4-6 in., very slender. Leaves close set, membranous, base
rounded; sheaths 4 in. Racemes 4-4 in., decurved; rachis slender, flexuous;
bracts lanceolate, reflexed after flowering ; flowers 2, in. long; sepals ovate, acute,
and elliptic petals 1-nervetl ; lip saccate at the base; column unarmed.—Of this very
distinct species I have seen only one specimen in Rottler’s Herbarium, now at Kew.
In its slender tufted habit (upwards of twenty stems on a tuft) and minute racemes
and flowers it is like no other ; no locality is attached, to the specimen or to Koenig’s
description, and as Rottler received (through Heyne) plants of both Indian Penin-
sulas, none can be assumed.

-6. A. torta, Blume Bydr. 308 ; leaves } by } in. oblong tip rounded
emarginate, bracts of terminal sessile spike as long as the leaves densely
equitantly imbricate acute falcately recurved complicate and enclosing the
solitary flowers, mentum cylindric, lip narrowly panduriform twisted,
margins incurved waved, narrow base calceolar suddenly dilated into a
broad transversely oblong retuse serrulate concave terminal lobe. Lindl.
Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 230; Reichb. f. Xen. Orchid. ii. 117, t. 188.

Prrak, Scortechini.—Distrizs. Java, Borneo.

Stem 6-18 in., simple or branched, compressed, + in. broad. Leares close-set,
shining, thin, base rounded ; sheaths 2-1 in. Bracts of spike membranous, forming a
terminal flattened coloured crest as broad as the rest of the branch, and coterminous
with it; flowers 3 in. long, quite sessile; lateral sepals erect, aristately acuminate,
midrib very stout; petals oblong-lanceolate, strongly 3-nerved ; column unarmed,
rostellum slender, deeply 2-fid_—Blume’s description is very meagre, but I cannot
doubt belongs to this plant, of which there is an unnamed specimen in Herb. Kew,
collected in Borneo by Lobb. .

7. A. xytriophoray, Reichb. f. in Seem. FI. Viti 299: leaves $13 by
3+ in. oblong- or elliptic-lanceolate obtuse apiculate, raceme elongate
terminal slender Jaxly many-fid., mentum broad incurved, lip obovate sub-
truncate 5-nerved base narrowed calceolar.

Perak, Scortechini.—Disrris. Philippine Islands.

Stem 12-18 in., simple, compressed. Leaves rather close-set, membranous ; base
d-amplexicaul. Racemes 2-@ in., suberect ; bracts oblong-lanceolate, membranous,
obtuse, 5-nerved; flowers 3 in. long; sepals greenish tips purple; petals elliptic,
obtuse, 3-nerved ; lip concave, yellow and purple; column unarmed; anther short.
Capsule } in., slender. ‘

8. A- lancifolia, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. ined. ; tall, leaves 3-4 by 2-2 in,
lanceolate obtuse 2-dentate, racemes elongate simple or branched stout
many- and dense-fd., mentum cylindric, lip obovate-oblong 3-lobed, side
lobes small rounded, midlobe broadly ovate acute, base narrowly calceolar.

Appendicula.] | CXLVUI. ORCHIDEH. (J. D. Hooker.) 85

PERAK ; on Gunong Batu Pateh, alt. 83-4000 ft., on rocks, King’s Collector.

: Stem 12-24 in., stout, terete. Leaves rather thin, base semi-amplexicaul ; sheaths
tin. Racemes 3-6 in., terminal and leaf-opposed, sessile or peduncled, erect; rachis
stout; bracts 3 in., oblong, obtuse, coriaceous, recurved, strongly nerved ; flowers
Zin. long, bright yellow with a red centre; lateral sepals recurved, acute; petals
obovate-oblong, 3-nerved; column unarmed; anther as broad as long. Capsule
tin., fusiform, strongly ribbed, claret-coloured.—Very like A. cristata, Blume, of Java,
but the limb of the lip is not ‘“‘ rounded emarginate and crested on either side.”

9, A. Maingayi, Hook.f. Ic. Plant. ined. ; leaves 2-3 by 4-} in. linear-
lanceolate tip dilated apiculate, racemes terminal many and dense-fid.,
bracts spreading and incurved, mentum sub-cylindric or shorter, lip elliptic-
or ovate-oblong 5-nerved, base calceolar, tip rounded.

Purak, Scortechini. Psnane, Maingay, (Kew Distrib. 1617).

Stems 6-16 in., rather slender or stout, unbranched. Leaves suberect, narrowed at
the base, tip. minutely 2-fid or rounded. Racemes 1-2 in., simple or branched
at the base, suberect, flexuous; bracts j,—} in., deflexed, then incurved, coriaceous,
subacute, 5-ribbed; flowers 3; in. long; lateral sepals broad, obtuse, nerve slender ;
petals linear- or obovate-oblong, 3-nerved; lip concave; column unarmed, rostellum
short, triangular; anther ovate, acuminate. Capsule 4 in., fusiform.—The Perak
specimens are more slender than the Penang, the mentum is longer and more
cylindric, the petals narrower, l-nerved. The species should be compared with
A. graminifolia, Teysm. and Binnend.

IMPERFECTLY KNOWN SPECIES.

10, A. echinocarpa, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. ined.; leaves 3-3 in. close
set orbicular-oblong coriaceous margin thickened upper base reflexed, spike
short terminal few-fid., bracts orbicular concave, capsule ellipsoid, valves
densely clothed with soft bristles.

Pzrax ; lower camp in Gunong Batu Pateh, alt. 3400 ft., Wray.

Stem 4-6 in., slender but rigid; internode 2in. Leaves semi-amplexicaul, pale,
opaque, rather waved ; tip rounded, obscurely 2-fid. with incumbent teeth ; upper base
usually reflexed, like an ear. Capsule 4 in. long, turgid.—A very remarkable
species.

A. LONGIFOLIA, Blume Bijdr. 304; Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 230? Thwaites
Enum. 806. Ceyton, Ambagamowa district, rare, Thwaites (C.P. 3208). Of the
plant thus doubtfully referred by Thwaites to the Javan A. longifolia, this author
says that the flowers are mot in a sufficiently perfect state for analysis. Blume thus
describes longifolia, “Stems simple compressed, leaves linear-lanceolate retuse,
flowers densely capitate.” Thwaites adds, ‘‘ leaves 3-5 by % in., retuse, mucronate.”
Can the Ceylon plant be an Agrostophyllum or Phreatia?

A, vers, Griff. Notul. iii. 359; Ic. Plant. Asiat. t. 332, is Ccratostylis teres,
R. f. see v. v. p. 825.

A. sp., Griff. Notul. 359; Ic. Plant. Asiat, 335, fig. 1, analysis only, from
Affghanistan, cannot (as Lindley in Hook, Kew Journ. vii. 36 observes) be an
Appendicula.

74, LHELASIS, Blume.

Epiphytes, with either small 1-2-leaved pseudobulbs, or with short
compressed stems clothed with equitant leaf sheaths. Leaves oblong or
linear-oblong flat, or loriform and jointed on the sheath. Scape from the
base of the pseudobulb, or lateral on the stem, with 1-3 small sheaths ;
flowers very minute, spicate, cellular. Sepals connivent, dorsal flat, lateral
concave keeled or winged. Petals narrow, membranous. Lip sessile at the

\
86 CXLVII. oRCcHIDEB. (J. D. Hooker.) [Thelasis.

base of the column, erect, ovate or oblong. Colwmn very short, sessile,
foot 0; rostellum terminal, large, erect ; anther elongate, dorsal, erect, base
2-4 celled ; pollinia very minute, globose, attached by long threads to the
tip of the rostellum, gland small. Capsule very small, turgidly ovoid.
—Species about 10, tropical Asiatic and Pacific. ,

Lam not well satisfied as to the character of lateral sepals in this genus, as to
their being winged or not; the sepals are very soft, and their exact structure nob very
clear in specimens that have been dried, and again moistened.

Sect. I. Eurnenasis. -Pseudobulbs 1-2-leaved.
* Lateral sepals distinctly strongly keeled or winged.

1.3]. pygmeea, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soe. iii. 63; scape 1-2 in.
longer than the solitary linear leaf, spike very short lax-fld., lip ovate
acute contracted towards the tip. Par. 5 Reichb. f. in Trans..Linn. Soc,
xxx. 145; Walp. Ann. vi. 923; Euproboscis pygmwa Griff. in Cale. Journ.
Nat. Hist. v. 371, t. 72; Wight Ic. t. 1732.

Nepat (Cult. in.-Hort. Bot. Cale. fid. Griffith.) MataBar, Jerdan, TENASSERIM,
at Moulmein, Parish.

Pseudobulbs 3-2 in. diam. Scape very slender, curved ; spikes 1~} in. long ; bracts
ovate, acuminate; flowers 5 in. long; dorsal sepal ovate-lanceolate acute, lateral
linear-oblong; lip 3-nerved, with rounded sides from the middle to the base ; rostellum
2-fid—The Malabar plant seems the same as the Tenasserim, but is in a Peloria
state, triandrous, with the petals and lip similar, ovate-lanceolate, 1-nerved ; ovary
with imperfect ovules.

Var. multiflora; leaf larger 3-4 by 3 in., scape stouter 4-5 in., spike 14-2 in.
—Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 1000 ft., Treutler.

2. T. teapitata, Blume Bidr. 386; scape 4-6 in. stout longer
than the solitary linear leaf, spike cylindric dense-fid., rachis pitted, lip
oblong-ovate obtuse.

Perak, Scortechini.—Distr1B. Sumatra, Java.

Pseudobulbs small, oblong, on a stout creeping rhizome. Leaf 3-4 in., obtuse or
subacute. Spike 1 in.; bracts very close set, ovate, acute, recurved ; flowers 3, in.
long ; dorsal sepal ovate-lanceolate, lateral oblong concave thickly keeled or shortly
winged; petals lanceolate, acuminate; rostellum elongate, subulate, entire.—
Differs from the Sumatran capitata in the long spike, acuminate petals and entire
rostellum. It more resembles the raceme of P. triptera, R.f. of Manilla, which has an
ovate lip narrowed to the apex.

3. T. elongata, Blume Orchid. Archip. Ind. 23, t. 7, f. 2, and t. 5, fig.
C; scape 4-6 in. longer or shorter than the solitary linear leaf, spike
cylindric dense-fld., lip ovate acute or acuminate.

Sinaarore ; at Johore, &., Ridley. LANGKAWI, Curtis.

Pseudobulb very various in form. JZeaves and spike as in Z. capitata, from
which it differs in the form of the lip. Blume’s figure is a very bad one, and does not
show the strong keels on the lateral sepals and angles of the ovary.—The species of
this section are very difficult of discrimination in a dried state, and possibly eapitata,
elongata, triptera and others are all forms of one.

** Lateral sepals not strongly keeled or winged.
4. I. bifolia, Hook. jf. Ic. Plant. ined.; scape 8 in. much longer than

the two opposite elliptic-lanceolate acuminate leaves, spike very lax-fid.,
lip broadly elliptic obtuse.

Thelaste.| OXLVII., OROHIDEH. (J. D. Hooker.) 87

Kuasta Mts., Lobb.

Pseudobulb % in. diam. Leaves 3} by 14 in., spreading, base contracted.
Spike 2 in.; bracts broadly ovate, obtuse ; flowers 3 in. long ; sepals broad, obtuse ;
petals obovate-oblong, l-nerved ; lip obscurely 5-nerved, broadest in the middle ;
rostellum very long, acuminaté, entire.

5. T. khasiana, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. ined.; scape with spike 3-5 in.
about equalling the solitary petioled linear leaf, spike elongate lax-fld., lip
ee subacute. ‘I. pygmea, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soe. iii. 62 (in

Kauasta Mrs,, alt. 34000 ft., Lobb, J. D. H. & T. T.

Pseudobulbs 2-in., depressed-globose. Leaves 2-4 by 3-2 in. Scape and spike
rather stout ; bracts ovate-lanceolate ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, obtuse; petals lanceolate,
obtuse ; lip 3-nerved, broadest rather nearer the base than tip; rostellum large, acute.
my like T. pygmea, but a much larger plant, without keel or wing on the
sepals,

6. T. longifolia, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. ined. ; scape stout with the
spike 6-9 in. about equalling the solitary leaf, spike elongate lax-fid., lip
elliptic-ovate acute.

Kuasia Mts. J. D. H. § T. T.

Differs from 7. khastana in being very much larger, and in the acute lip.
Pseudobulb 3-1} in. diam., depressed-globose. Leaf sometimes falcate, 2-14 in.
broad; flowers 2 in. long.

Sect. II. Oxyanruzra, Brongn. (Gen.). Pseudobulb 0; stem short,
clothed with the equitant sheaths of the linear leaves which are jointed
at the sheath. (Oxyanthera is a very natural group).

7. T. elata, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. ined.; leaves 10-14 by 1-12 in. tip
rounded, scape equalling or exceeding the leaves, raceme long slender
lax-fid.

Pzrak, on decayed wood, King’s Collector.

Rootstock as thick as the little finger. Leaves few, sheaths 2-24 by } in., com-
plicate, coriaceous. Scape very slender, flexuous; sheaths 3-4, } in. long,
membranous, lanceolate ; bracts ovate, acuminate, spreading and reflexed ; flowers
in., narrow, shortly pedicelled ; sepals linear-oblong, acute, I-nerved, venation dis-
tinct; petals lanceolate, acute; lip erect, claw short broad, limb linear subacute,
margins waved, base broadly 2-auricled, auricles revolute; rostellum 2-partite, seg-
ments obtuse; pollinia 8, shortly obovoid.—Near T. carinata, Bl. (of which I have
seen no flowers), but the leaves are very much longer, the scape very slender, raceme
longer, and bracts acuminate.

8. ©. decurva, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. ined.; leaves 4-6 in., tip narrow
or rounded and obtusely notched or subacute, scape very slender, raceme
very short decurved, bracts reflexed, lip dagger-shaped from a concave
cuneate base terete and fleshy beyond the middle with the crisped margins
inflexed and close to the mesial line.

Sinq@avoReE; at Krangi, Ridley. PENANG, or Government Hill, Maingay.

Leaves 4-3 in. broad. Scape shorter than the leaves, filiform, flexuous, sbeaths
1-2 lanceolate; raceme } in.; pedicels } in., longer than the oblong bracts; flowers
1 in. long, pale fawn colour; sepals ovate-lanceolate acute and narrowly oblong
obtuse petals 1-nerved.—This much resembles the figure of O. micrantha Brong.,
which is figured as having a stout broadly ovate obtuse lip narrowed into a broad
short claw, base concave. The leaves of some specimens are narrow at the tip,
others have 2 rounded lobes.

88 OXLVIII, ORCHIDER. (J. D. Hooker.) [ Thelasis.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES.

T. carinata, Reichb. f. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. 187; ? of Blume Bijdr. 385 &
Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 253, In the absence of flowers it is impossible to say
what species this may be; it differs greatly from the figure of Blume’s T. carinata
(from Java) in its small size, slender scape, short decurved raceme, and bracts, in all
which, as in foliage, it closely resembles 7’, decurva, and is nearer to the Molucean
O. micrantha, Brong. (in Duperrey Voy. Bot. 198, t. 37 B.) than to T. carinata,

Tribe II]. NEOTTIEZE. (See vol. v., p. 668.)
75. GALEOLA, Louw.

Leafless, rarely leafy, yellow or brown, climbing or erect herbs; stem or
branches terminating in loosely panicled often drooping racemes or
panicles; flowers rather large. Sepals subequal, concave, connivent or
spreading. , Petals as long, narrower or broader. Lip sessile at the base of
and loosely embracing the column by its base, short, broad, concave ; lateral
lobes short or 0; midiobe broad. Column short or long, incurved, top
dilated membranous; anther 2-celled; pollinia hippocrepiform, powdery
or subwaxy. Capsule usually 2-4 valved, without septa; seeds winged or
not.—Species 8 or 9, Indian, Malayan and Australian.

* Stem simple, erect.

1. G. Lindleyana, Reichb. f. Xen. Orchid. ii. 78; tall, very robust,
sepals broadly ovate-oblong strongly ribbed dorsally, anther recurved
clothed with long papilla. Cyrtosia Lindleyana, Hook. f. & Thoms. in Ill.
Himal. Plant. t. 22. Hrythorchis Lindleyana, Reichd. f. in Bonpland, v.
37. ,

Sixxim Himauaya, alt. 4-7000 ft., J. D. H., &. ?KHaAsta HILLs, alt. 4000 ft.,
JO D.H.§ T. T. Nag@a Hints, Prain.

Rootstock elongate, very stout, 1-1} in. diam., tortuous, dark pink; roots very
stout simple fibres. Stem 2-3 ft., glabrous, with short }-amplexicaul obtuse sheaths
below, brown purple. Panicle loosely braucbed, branches horizontal, and yellow flowers
furfuraceously tomentose; bracts small; perianth subglobose, 1 in. diam.; petals
broadly ovate, tip obtuse, crenate; lip nearly hemispheric, margins and short ex-
panded rounded limb erosely fimbriate, glabrous without, almost bearded within.
Capsule 5-6 by 2 in., fusiform, subacute, obtusely trigonous, red-brown, tardily
dehiscing.

2. G Falconeri, Hook. f.; tall, very robust, sepals broadly ovate
dorsally nearly smooth, anther glabrous. Pogochilus, Fale. in Hook.
Journ. Bot. iv. (1842), 73.

SuprropicaL Himaraya; from Gurwhal, Falconer, to Sikkim, Thomson, &c.

Habit and stature of G. Lindleyana, but differing in the larger flowers and the cha-
racters given above. The rootstock is sometimes as thick as the wrist. Possibly only
a form of Lindleyana, but recognized as distinct by all collectors in Sikkim. .I did
not find it myself.

3. G javanica, Benth. in Gen. Plant. iii. 590; dwarf, stem very,
stout glabrous below furfuraceous above, sepals oblong membranous,
anther subhemispheric. Cyrtosia javanica, Blume Bijdr. 396, t. 6;
Rumph. i. 199, t. 69; Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 438; Reichb, f. Xen.
Orchid. ii. 76, t. 120.

Assam, Masters (Ic. in Hort. Caleutt.).—DistR1s. Java,

Galeola. } CXLVIIL. OROHIDEE. (J.D. Hooker.) ~ 89

Stem a span high from branching tubers. Flowers 3 in. diam.—The identification
of the Assam drawing with Blume’s figure and description is necessarily imperfect ;
but as far as it goes there is no reason to suppose that these represent two species,

4. ?G@- pusilla, Hook. f.; stem flexuous from a woody nodose root-
stock, with several short tubular basal sheaths and two open ones higher
up 3-fid., bracts lanceolate equalling the ovary, sepals broadly ovate-oblong
subacute, petals as large obtuse, lip orbicular concave retuse with a very
small obtuse apical lobe in the sinus, disk papillose with 3 central low
ridges.

Prav ; on the Pookee ridges, Kurz (in Herb. Calcutt.).

Whole plant 5 in. high, white; rootstock tortuous, woody, as thick as a sparrow’s
quill, with woody roots as thick as the stock. Stem slender, basal sheaths 1-2 in.,
truncate, funnel-shaped ; bracts } in. long, membranous ; flowers about 2 in. diam. ;
sepals and petals 5—7-nerved; lip with a brown lunate band, apical lobe recurved ;

_ column long, semiterete ; anther erect, oblong, 2-celled; pollinia hypocrepiform ? ;
stigma below the clinandrium in front.—I have seen but one specimen of this curious
little plant, as to the genus of which I am doubiful.

** Stem branched, scandent.

5. G altissima, Reichb. f. Xen. Orchid. ii. 77 ; quite glabrous, stem
very slender, spikes very many-flowered, sepals and petals linear-oblong,
lip with a broad fleshy ridge and a 2-lobed woolly mass on the disk. Cyrtosia
altissima, Blume Bijdr. 396; Rumph., i. t. 70; Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid.
26. Hrythorchis altissima, Blume Rumph. i. 200; Lindl. 1. c, 438, in part.
Hematorchis altissima, Blume l. c. iv. t. 200 B.

Psenane, Curtis, Prax, Scortechint.—Distr1p. Malay Islands.

Root of fleshy thick fibres. Stem 50-120 ft., excessively branched, flexuous, fleshy
and hard, reddish, branches slender, internodes swollen ; spikes 6-10 in., pendulous ;
flowers 4 in. long; sepals obtuse, 5-nerved, and narrower 3-nerved petals with
rounded tips ; lip cymbiform, tip rounded erosely waved, disk with a median broad
fleshy puberulous disk reaching to the middle, beyond which is a 2-lobed woolly
mass ; sides of lip thin, transversely barred with purple, with slender nefves and
impressed hairs; column rather long; anther mitriform. Capsule linear, 3-10 in.
long, acuminate, valves membranous,

6. G. Hydra, Reichb. f. Xen. Orchid. ii. 77 ; furfuraceously puberulous,
lateral sepals obliquely ovate, dorsal oblong, petals elliptic, hp cymbiform
erose papillose within and with a compressed erect grooved callus towards
the base. G. altissima?, Reichd. ff, in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. 135.
Vanilla pterosperma, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7402. ? V. rubiginosa, Grif.
Notul. ii. 247. Erythorchis altissima, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 438, un
part (not of Blume).

Sixxim Himazaya; in the Rishap Valley, King. TrnAssrRim ; at Moulmein,
Parish. PENANG, Curtis. Prax, Stveaporz, and Maracca, Wallich, &c.—
Disrris. Java, Sumatra. .

A lofty climber; branches yauch stouter than in G. altissima; inflorescence
loosely branched ; flowers much larger, 3 in. diam., sepals and petals broader, and
lip without the flat ridge and tuft of wool.—Blume’s specimens of G. aléissima in
Herb. Kew consists of fruit of that plant and flowering branches of this.

7, G Catheartii, Hook. f.; branches very robust, sepals and petals
linear-oblong revolute, lip cymbiform acute, margins everted undulate and
ciliate, disk naked.

Sizxim Himazaya (Ie. Cathcart).

90 oxtvim. orcHipEz. (J. D, Hooker.) [Galeola.

Mr. Catheart’s drawing represents a portion of a stem as thick as the little
finger, bearing a branched panicle a foot long, which, as well as the flowers, is dull
yellow and furfuraceous; the flowers are 1-1} in. diam., the lip not nearly as concave
as in G. Hydra, yellow with red veins.—A remarkable plant, very unlike its con-
geners, but the drawing of the habit, column, anther, and pollen leave no doubt as
to its genus.

76. VANILLA, Swartz.

Climbing, rooting, branched, leafy or leafless shrubs; stems terete or
angled. Leaves subsessile, coriaceous or fleshy. Peduneles short, axillary ;
flowerslarge. Sepals and petals subequal, spreading. Lip with the claw
adnate to the column, which is embraced by its broad concave limb.
Column elongate; anther incumbent, cells separate; pollen granular.
Capsule long, Heshy, 1-celled, loculicidally 8-valved, without septa.—
Species about 20, tropical.

The Indian species of this genus are most scantily represented in Herbaria, and
imperfectly by drawings or descriptions..

* Stem leafless.

1. V. Walkeriw, Wight Ic. t. 932; stem very stout, flowers 2 in.
long, sepals oblanceolate, petals broader spathulately obovate acute margins
undulate, epichile of lip ovate acute margins undulate, disk with two
ridges below the middle. Thwaites Enum. 311.

TRAVANCORE and TREVANDRUM, Wight. Crxion, Walker.
Stem as thick as the thumb. Racemes 5-6 in., many-fid. ; flowers white ; bracts
ovate.

2. V. Wightiana, Lindl. in Wight Cat. 2091; flowers 1 in. long,
sepals linear-oblong, petals lanceolate, epichile of lip ovate, its disk fringed
with long hairs. V.aphylla, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 436, in part (not
of Blume).

The Deccan Peninsuta, Wight.

The specimens are very imperfect, and the description of the flowers is taken from

a rude sketch by Lindley. The flowers are not half the size of those of
V. Walkeria.

3. V. Parishii, Reichb. f. Otia Bot. Hamb. 39; flowers 1-13 in. long,
sepals linear-oblong, tips dilated cuspidate, petals broadly oblanceolate
acuminate, lip trumpet-shaped, epichile small ovate or rounded crisped
with a thick belt of long hairs down the centre and a dense brush at the
base, side lobes with long scattered hairs within.

TENassERIM, Parish. ,

This may prove the same as V. Wightiana, Lindl. It is very near the Javanese
V. aphylla, Blume. :

*& Stem leafy.

4, V. Moonii, Thwaites Enum. 312; leaves elliptic- or linear-oblong
often falcate obtusely acuminate, lip with a broad crenulate undulate
apex, a thick pencil of excessively fine hairs on the disk, and beyond it
towards the apex some loose flexuous bristles.

Leaves 5~7 in., many-nerved, subsessile. Spikes 1-3 in., very stout, many-fid. ;
bracts ovate, 1 in., obtuse; sepals about 1 in. long; pencil of hairs on the disk
terminating below in a stout stipe, hairs of equal length forming a truncate brush.

Vanilla.] OXLVIII, OROHIDEZ, (J. D. Hooker.) 91

5. WV. albida, Blume Bijdr. 422, t. 34; Rumph. i. 197, t. 67; leaves
ovate lanceolate elliptic or oblong cuspidate or acuminate, lip oblong sub-
panduriform margins undulate and serrate, disk of hypochile with a large
globose woolly ball, epichile retuse or 2-lobed strongly echinately
earuncled. Sandi. Gen. & Sp. Orchid, 485. V. Griffithii, Reichd. f. in
Bonpland. ii. (1854), 88. Vanilla, sp. Griff. Notul. iii. 207; Ic. Plant.
Asiat. t. 281. Vanilla, Wall. Cat. 7401.

Pensyne, Wallich, Curtis. Prrax, Stncaporg, and Matacea, Griffith, &c.—
DistriB. Java.

‘Climbing to 50 ft. Leaves very variable, 3-7 by 14-4 in., sessile or shortly
petioled. Spikes 2-3 in., very many- and dense-fld.; bracts 4 in., oblong; flowers
waxy white ; sepals 2 in. long, concave, obovate, obtuse, very thick ; petals as long,
but thinner and many-nerved, with a thick dorsal grooved keel that abruptly ends
below the apex ; column rather long; anther appressed to the woolly ball of the lip.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES.

V. APHYLLA, Blume?, ex Wight Ic. t. 931; leafless, stem angular, peduncle
elongate as thick as a swan’s quill, racemes 3-4 in. very stout many-fid., bracts ovate
acute, pedicel with ovary 2 in., sepals as long oblanceolate-oblong acute, petals
very much broader obovate acute margins crenulate, hypochile of lip with rounded
angles and two rows of bristles on the disk, epichile ovate acuminate crisped naked.
—tTravancore, near Trevandrum, Wight.—From Wight’s remarks under it I suspect
this to be a most rude representation of Lindley’s V. Wightiana; if so, the
flowers are greatly exaggerated, and the hairs of the epichile are transferred to the
hypochile. :

77. CORYMBIS, Thouars.

Tall, terrestrial, rigid, leafy herbs, roots fibrous. Leaves broad, plaited.
Flowers in short axillary stiff sessile spreading panicles. Sepals and petals
very narrow, linear, at first cohering in a tube with spreading tips, per-
sistent. Lip erect from the base of the column, linear, channelled, tip
dilated and recurved. Column usually as long as the petals, erect, terete,
tip clavate and 2-lobed or -auricled; rostellum at length 2-fid.; stigma
erect, transverse, saccate; anther narrow, erect, acuminate, 2-celled; pollinia
clavate, attached by a subulate caudicle toa peltate gland. Capsule linear
or fusiform.—Species 6-7, tropical.

1. G. veratrifolia, Blume Orchid. Archip. Ind. 125, t. 42 HE, 43 £. 1
(Corymborchis) ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate caudate-acuminate, flowers 1-14
in. long, sepals and petals subsimilar narrowly oblanceolate, blade of lip
lanceolate acuminate, ribs of capsule smooth. OC. disticha, Lindl. Fol.
Orchid. 1 (in part). Macrostylis disticha, Breda Gen. & Sp. Orchid.
Javan. t. 2. Hysteria veratrifolia, Reinw. in Bot. Zeit. 1825, ii. 5;
Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid, 439. Rhyncanthera paniculata, Blume Bijdr.
t. 78. Corymborchis assamica, Blume Orchid. Archip. Ind. 126, t. 48,
£2 A.

Sixxrm Himanaya; in tropical ravines, J. D. H. Assam, Griffith, Jenkins,
Cuirtacone, J. D. H. & T. T. AnpamAN IsLanDs, King’s Collector. Matay
PeninsvLa, Maingay, &c. Matasar; the Nilghiri Hills and Courtallam, Wight.
Cryton ; Matturatte, Moon.—Disrris, Java, Sumatra, Borneo.

Stem 4 ft. high, as thick as a swan’s quill. Leaves 12-18 in., sessile on the
sheaths, nerves very many’and strong. Panicles 4-6 in. long ard broad; bracts
4-4 in., ovate-lanceolate; flowers greenish white; column long. Capsule, in Ic.
Blume, 2 in. long.—I am not sure that the plants from the above localities are all of
one species. ‘Che Sikkim and Assam ones are in a young state only; the Perak and

92 CXLvi. orncHIDEa. (J. D. Hooker.) [Corymbis.

Nilghiri in flower only. The ripe fruit of the Andaman species is 1 in. Jong. The
Ceylon one has much shorter points to the leaves, but the fruit is as large as in
Blume’s figure. Blume distinguishes C. assamica by the column being as long as the
capsule ; which they are in typical veratrifolia.

2. C. longifiora, Hook. f.; leaves elliptic-lanceolate acuminate,
flowers 13-2 in. long, sepals very slender with very narrow blades, petals
oblanceolate, blade of lip orbicular cuspidate.

Perak, Scortechini, King’s Collector. Matacca, Maingay (Kew Distrib.

1661).
Stem 8-10 ft. high, as thick as the little finger; leaves much broader than in
C. veratrifolia, and flowers twice as large, white. Column long. Fruit not seen.

3. CG. rhytidocarpa, Hook. f; leaves lanceolate acuminate, flowers
lin. long, sepals narrowly oblanceolate, petals oblanceolate crenate, blade
of lip triangular-ovate acuminate, ribs of fruit strong wrinkled.

Perak, Scortechini, King’s Collector, Wray.

Stem 4 ft. high and leaves as in C. veratrifolia, from which the broader petals,
form of the lip, and deeply ridged fruit 1-1; in. long with wrinkled ribs
distinguish it. Column long.

4, ©. brevistylis, Hook. f.; leaves 5-6 in. elliptic acuminate sub-
petioled, column 3 in. long.

PERAK ; on limestone rocks, King’s Collector.

Stem 1-2 ft., slender. Leaves 7-nerved, 2-3 in. broad. Panicles few-fid. “Young
fruit 1 in. long.—A very distinct species, probably the same as an undescribed Javan
one,

78. TROPIDIA, Lindl.

‘Terrestrial, glabrous, leafy herbs. Stem often branched, roots rigid.
Leaves sessile, membranous, subplicate; petiole sheathing. Flowers small,
in axillary and terminal sessile or peduncled spikes; bracts coriaceous,
often imbricate, strongly nerved. Sepals connivent, lateral more or less
connate, dorsal free. Petals as long, or shorter, broad or narrow. Lip
superior, sessile at the base of the column, cymbiform or produced into an
obtuse spur, undivided, acute or with a reflexed tip, disk with short or long
intramarginal ridges on lamella; column short or long; rostellum long,
erect, at length 2-fid; stigma anticous; anther erect, acute or acuminate,
cells contiguous; pollinia 2, clavate, 2-cleft, caudicle long or short, gland
el Capsule cylindric-oblong.—Species 6-8, Indian, Malayan, and

inese.

Sect. I. Cnrmrpia. .Lip spurred. Spike terminal, peduncled. -

1. T. angulosa, Blume Orchid. Archip. Ind. 122; leaves elliptic
or ovate acuminate 9-11-nerved, spike many-fld., bracts slender spreading,
lip oblong. T. Govindovii & semilibera, Blume l.e. Decaisuea angulosa,
Lindl. in Wall. Cat.7388. Cnemidia angulosa & semilibera, Lindl. Gen.
& Sp. Orchid. 463. Govindovia nervosa, Wight Ie. t. 2090.

Sixxim Himaara, alt. 1000 ft., Clarke, King. Sinuet, Wallich. TENAssERIM
Parish. Urrer Burma, Grifith. Maapar and Travancore, Wight, &c. i
Stem 8-12 in. Leaves 3-5 by 2-3 in., base rounded or cordate. Peduncle
short ; spike 1-2 in.; bracts 3-3 in., as long as the flowers; sepals 3-5-nerved,
lateral lanceolate, acuminate, connate nearly to the apex, dorsal linear-lanceolate,
acute; petals rather narrower, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, 3-5-nerved, midnerve very

Tropidia. | OXLVUI. oncHIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) 93

stout; lip nearly as long as the petals, obtuse, lateral nerves narrowly lamellate
below the middle; column with a long slender rostellum; anther narrowly lanceo-
late; pollinia clavate, grains lamelliform, caudicle long slender, gland minute.—
I have examined Lindley’s specimen of T. semilibera, and find that he was in

error in supposing that the lateral sepals are free to below the middle; it does
not differ from 7. gngulosa.

Sect. II. Troprp1a Proper. Lip cymbiform, not spurred.
* Flowers in short sessile axillary or axillary and terminal spikes.

2. T. curculigoides, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7386 A; Gen. & Sp.
Orchid. 497 ; bracts ovate acuminate, lip with a reflexed tip a thickened
midnerve and intramarginal ridges from beyond the middle to the base
- the reflexed tip. T.assamica, Blume Orchid. Archip. Ind. 124, t. 41,
Qs

Sixrxim Himataya, King. Sinner, Assam, and Burma, Wallich, &e
P PeRak, Wray.

Stem 1-2 ft. Leaves 6-10 by 1-12 iu, elliptic- or linear-lanceolate, caudate-
acuminate, 5-nerved. Spikes 3-3 in., erect or decurved ; bracts imbricate, 4 in.,
ovate-lanceolate, upper narrower; sepals 4 in. long, strongly 5-nerved, dorsal
linear-lanceolate, lateral strongly recurved, lanceolate from an ovate base, taper-
pointed ; petals rather shorter, obliquely ovate-oblong, obtuse, 5-nerved; lip much
shorter than the sepals. Capsule 2 in. long.—Bentham in Flora of Hong Kong has
referred Schauer’s Péychochilus septemnervis of China to this, but according to
Schauer’s figure it differs in the much smaller flowers with ovate acute sepals, and
a lip without the reflexed tip. Wallich’s 7386 B from Burma is a different species,
but in too imperfect a state for analysis.

3. &. graminea; Blume Orchid. Archip. Ind, 124, t. 41; leaves
lanceolate strongly 3-5-nerved, spikes very small and few-fid., lip obtuse
with short intramarginal lamelle towards the middle, tip shortly recurved.
Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 747.

Matay PeninsuLa; on Mount Ophir, Grigith, Lobb.—Disrriz. Java.
Stem 18 in., slender. Leaves 6-8 by 1-12 in., acuminate as in C. ctreuligoides.
Spikes } in. long, 1-2-fid.; bracts 3 in., about equalling the ovary ; flowers 3 in.

long, strongly recurved; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, 3-nerved; petals falcately

gibbously lanceolate, 1-2-nerved ; lip ovate, subacute, margins undulate towards the
apex tip recurved.—Described from a single specimen. Blume’s figure represents
the leaves shorter and broader, and the spikes as with rather more flowers and

‘ terminal only.

** Flowers in peduncled spikes.

4, f. Maingayi, Hook. f.; spikes terminal and axillary, bracts
subulate, lip with a median and intramarginal lamellae extending from the
base nearly to the acute tip.

Matay Penrnsvza; on Mount Ophir, Maingay.

Stem 12-18 in. Leaves 4-6 by 3-1 in., elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, 5-nerved.
Peduncle 14-2 in., flexuous, sheathed ; spike short ; bracts very variable, lower
14 in., upper smaller; flowers } in. long; sepals oblong-ovate, subacute, lateral
5-nerved, dorsal narrow; petals obliquely oblong, 3-4-nerved ; lip with no reflexed
tip.—Very like 7. pedunculata, Blume, of Sumatra, but the flowers are not fur-
furaceous, the sepals are 5-nerved, and the intramarginal lamelle of the lip are
continuous.

5. T. Thwaitesii, Hook. f.; spike terminal subcapitate, bracts

94 oxLvur. orncHIDES. (J. D. Hooker.) [Tropidia.

subulate, lip ovate intramarginal lamelle continuous to the base of the
reflexed apex. Cnemidia circuligoides, Thwaites Enum. 315 (not of
Lindl.).

CEYLON; in hot dry places, Macrae, Thwaites. :

Stem 6-12 in. slender. Leaves 3-6 by 4-2 in., narrowly linear-lanceolate,
acuminate, 3-5-nerved. Peduncle 1 in., naked; spike in.; bracts rather longer
than the smooth ovaries; flowers 3-2 in. long; sepals with very thick midnerves,
dorsal oblong 3-nerved, lateral ovate-lanceolate acuminate 5-nerved; petals oblong,
obtuse, 3-nerved ; lip rather thick.

IMPERFECTLY KNOWN SPECIES.

CNEMIDIA BAMBUSEFOLIA, Thwaites Enum. 314; stem 2-3 ft., leaves few 6-8
by 13-23 in. elliptic-lanceolate caudate-acuminate 5-nervéd, spike terminal sessile
3 in. long, bracts crowded lanceolate lower narrower 4 in. long.

CreyLon; Suffragan district, Thwaites.—Descript. from Thwaites.

Troprpra sp. (T. curculigoides, Kurz, from the Andaman Islands), a small slender
species, with lanceolate subacute 3-nerved leaves 2-3 by 4-2 in.

Troprvia sp.; from Sikkim, alt. 1500 ft. (King in Herb. Calcutt.).—Resembles
T. curculigoides, but is much larger, with 7-9-nerved leaves 7-11 in. long by 2-23
broad, and small fruit 4 in. long.

79. PHYSURUS, Richard.

Terrestrial, leafy herbs; stem below creeping; roots fibrous. Leaves
petioled, membranous, ovate or lanceolate. Flowers small, spicate. Sepals
free, dorsal smaller forming a hood with the petals. Lip erect from the
base of the column, spreading or recurved; spur exserted beyond the
bases of the sepals. Column very short, not appendaged in front, rostellum
2-fid; stigma anticous, prominent; anther erect, 2-celled; pollinia
2, clavate.—Species about 20, Asiatic and American.

1. PB. Blumei, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7397; Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 504;
in Journ. Linn. Soc. i. 181; bracts equalling the ovary, lip short, terminal
lobe transversely oblong entire, spur much shorter than the ovary 2-lobed.
Thwaites Enum. 314. P. humilis, Blume Orchid. Archip. t. 27, f. 2.

Sinuet, Wallich. CrYLon; in the Central Province, Macrae, &c,—DiIsTRIB.
Java.

Stem 1-2 ft., slender, glabrous below. Leaves scattered, 23-3 in., petioled,
obliquely ovate or subcordate, acute, 3-nerved. Scape pubescent ; sheaths distant,
finely acuminate; spike 2-5 in., villous; sepals 2 in. long, brownish-red, obtuse,
l-nerved ; petals spathulate, 1-nerved; lip white, contracted at the base of the ter-
minal lobe, spur subcylindric or inflated, nerves strong hooked.

2. P. hirsutus, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. i. 180; tall, stout,
villously hirsute, leaves ovate acuminate 7-nerved subglaucous beneath,
pay one Goodyera hirsuta, Griff. Notul. iii, 398; Ic. Plant. Asiat.
t. 347.

Assam ; on the Burmese frontier, Griffith.

Stem as thick as a goose quill. Leaves 4-5 in., oblique. Sepals, petals, and
lip brownish, blade of the latter white.—A very imperfectly known plant, of
which there are no specimens in Griffiths’ Herbarium at Kew.

80. ANZECTOCHILUS, Blume.

Terrestrial herbs; stem below creeping. Leaves petioled, ovate or
lanceolate. Flowers in glandular-pubescent spikes. Sepals free, dorsal

Anectochilus.| oxuvi. orcHiDsx. (J. D. Hooker.) 95

smaller and forming a hood with the narrow acuminate petals, lateral
spreading. ip adnate to the base of the column, contracted into an entire
toothed or pectinate claw beyond the saccate spurred base, and having two
rarely four terminal wing-like lobes; spur exserted beyond the bases of
the sepals, and with 2 calli within. Colwmn short, appendaged in front,
stigmatic lobes lateral; anther 2-celled; pollinia narrowed into short or
long caudicles.—Species 8, Indian and Malayan.

* Claw of lip deeply fimbriate.

1. A. regalis, Blume Orchid. Archip. Ind. 46, t.17 D; spur as long
as the sepals, terminal lobes of the lip short quadrate much shorter than
the claw. A. setaceus, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. t. 2010; Gen. & Sp. Orchid.
499; Bot. Mag. t. 5208; Fl. des Serres, ii. t. 15. Satyrium repens. Linn.
Sp. Pl. 1339.

Cryton ; ascending to 3000 ft. ;

Stem 6-10 in. Leaves 1-14 in., ovate-cordate, acute, usually dark velvety
green and netted with golden nerves. Scape stout or slender, sheaths 2; spike
3-5-fid.; bracts lanceolate ; sepals 3 in. long, ovate, subacute, green ; petals broadly
falcate, white; fimbria of white lip as long as the claw, spur inflated, tip subacute
notched ; column with 2 vertical lamelle in front.—Withont an examination of
living plants it is impossible to say whether Blume is correct in separating the Ceylon
from the original Javanese A. setaceus,—Var. inornata, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5208 is
a variety with whole coloured coppery-purple leaves.

2. A. Roxburghii, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7387; Gen. & Sp. Orchid.
499; spur as long as the sepals, terminal lobes of lip cuneately obovate as
long as the claw. Blume Orchid. Archip. Ind. 50, t.12 B,f.2. Chryso-
baphus Roxburghii, Wall. Tent. Fl. Nep. t. 27.

TRopicaAL Himataya; from Simla to Bhotan. Assam, SILHET, and Munni-
PorE.—Distziz. China. .

Very near A. regalis, and leaves similarly netted with golden nerves, and has a
variety (var. 8. Lobbiana, Blume l. c.), with nearly whole-coloured leaves which have
arosy disk passing into yellowish-white.

3. A. elatior, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. i. 178; very tall, spur of
lip as long as the sepals, base of claw hastate, terminal lobes of lip oblong
shorter than the claw fringes very long.

Nizeniet Hitzs; near Walla Ghaut, M‘Ivor. ;
Leaves 1} in. diam., orbicular-ovate, shortly petioled. Scape 12 in.; spike
3-4 fid., bracts 3 in., broadly ovate-lanceolate; flowers much larger than in 4. Roz.
. burghit; lip 2 in. long, fimbrie longer; spur inflated, tip subacute emarginate ;
column larger, with a didymous large hatchet-shaped appendage in front ; rostellum
long ; anther large, lanceolate, acuminate.—The column differs a good deal from
that of regalis and Roxburghii. Only one specimen seen.

4, A. Reinwardtii, Blume Orchid. Archip. Ind. 48, t. 12, £2; spur
of lip nearly as long as the sepals, terminal lobes of lip falcately oblong, base
of claw cordate, fringes very long.

Prnane; on Government Hill, Curtis. Prrax, Scortechini; on Maxwell’s Hill,
Wray.—Disrris. Sumatra.

Leaves 13-2 in., orbicular- or elliptic-ovate, netted with golden nerves or not.
_Scape'4-6 in., often very stout; flowers as in 4. elatior; column with a long
process descending into the spur.

5. &. brevilabris, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 499; spur of lip saccate

*

96 CXLVIU. oRcHIDEZ. (J. D,. Hooker.) [ Ancectochilus.

much shorter than the sepals, terminal lobes obtusely hatchet-shaped,
claw of lip very short, fringes few. A. albolineatus, Par. gs ‘Reichb. f. in
Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. 141. Dossinia marmorata, Lindl. in Journ. Tnnn,
Soe. i. 185 (not of Morren).

Sixxim Himanaya (Je. Cathcart § J. D. H.). Kuasta Hits, alt. 45000 ft.,
Mack, &c. Trnassenim, Parish. ;
Leaves ovate, green with a white mesial band and golden nerves, red beneath.

Spike asin A. Reinwardtii; sepals and petals green tinged with pink; lip white;
column very large with a forcipate appendage projecting from the base.

*® Claw of lip entire or nearly so.

6. A. Griffithii, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. ined. ; claw of lip entire or with
a membranous tocthed margin and a trapeziform base, terminal lobes
hatchet-shaped lobulate or toothed.

Eastern Himataya, Griffith. Naga Hills, in Uppzr Assam, Prain.

Leaves 14-14 in., orbicular-ovate, apiculate. Scape 4-6 in.; spike 10-20-Ad. ;
lobes of lip equalling or longer than the claw; column short with a broad folded
appendage in front and a flap over the mouth of the very short saccate 2-fid spur;
anther short.—The margin of the claw of the lip is broader and more toothed in the
only Naga specimen I have seen. :

7. A. tetrapterus, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. ined.; claw of lip quite
entire, terminal lobes each 2-partite.

Muwyiporz ; at Eerung, alt. 2000 ft., Clarke.

Leaves 2 in., shortly petioled, ovate, caudate-acuminate. Scape 2 in., and few-fid.
spike tomentose; sheaths and bracts large; claw of lip arched, narrow; lobules
cuneate-obovate, terminal pair smallest; column with broad auricles in front that
terminate in a 2-fid membrane overhanging the mouth of the very short conical
obtuse spur ; anther lanceolate, acuminate.

81. VRYDAGZYNEA, Blume.

Terrestrial, leafy herbs; stem below creeping, roots fibrous. Leaves
petioled, ovate. Flowers small, spicate, suberect. Sepals subequal, free,
dorsal smaller forming a hood with the petals. Lip included, sessile at the
base of the column, membranous, concave, entire; spur large, inflated,
exserted beyond the base of the sepals, with 2 stipitate calli within.
Column short, inappendiculate; stigmatic lobes lateral; rostellum short ;
anther short, cells distant; pollinia 2, sessile on a large gland.—Species
8-10, Indian, Malayan and Pacific.

This genus is described as having two stipitate calli descending from the base of
the column into the sac or spur of the lip; the stipites appear to me to be always
more or less adnate to the walls of the sac, and represent two vascular bundles or
nerves.—The name is variously spelled. All the species want revision and description
from living plants.

1. V. viridiflora, Hook. 7; bracts ovate-lanceolate acuminate, lip
orbicular-oblong tip truncate, disk with a high median ridge from the base
to the middle, spur inflated. P Physurus viridiflorus, Lindl. in Journ. Linn.
Soc. i. 180 (ered. Syn. Neottia viridiflora, Bl., which is a Goodyera).

Lower Breneat; Luckempore, on the Megua, Clarke-—DisTRIB. ? Java.

A span high. Leaves 13-2 in., ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute, membranous,
shortly petioled. Scape 1-1} in.; spike few-fid., rachis pubescent ; bracts 4 in. and

*

Vrydagzynea,] CXLVIII. OROHIDEH. (J. D. Hooker.) 97

sheaths membranous ; flowers 4 in. long, pale yellow and pink; blade of lip as long
as the oblong inflated spur, margins incurved.—Only cne specimen seen.

26V. albida, Blume Orchid. Archip. Ind. "5, t. 19, £. 2, 3; bracts
oblong subacute, lip oblong retuse with a short obtuse tooth, disk with a

low hispidalous ridge from the base to beyoud the middle. Etaria albida,
Blume Bijdr. 410; Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 491.

Perak ; in the Padang Valley, Wray.—DrstTriz. Java.

Whole plant 8-10 in. high, glabrous. Leaves 14-2 in. long, ovate or elliptic,
subacute. Scape slender, 1-3 in.; sheaths broadly acuminate, membranous ; spike
very many-fid. ; bracts 3 in. long, exceeding the pale green flowers; sepals 2 in.
long, obtuse; blade of lip as long as the inflated spur. Capsule 4 in. long.—The
specimen as in fruit, but the withered flowers are well preserved. A drawing appa-
rently of this by Scortechini represents the leaves as more lanceolate with waved
margins.

3. V. gracilis, Blume Orchid, Archip. Ind. 72, t. 17, and t. 20, f.1;
bracts lanceolate acuminate, lip oblong, tip rounded apiculate, disk with a
slender ridge from base to apex.

Perak ; at Horum, Scortechint.—DistR1B. Sumatra.

Whole plant 3-8 in. high, simple or branched, glabrous. Leaves 3-1 in., petioled,
ovate or ovate-cordate, subacute. Scape very short; spike few-fld., papillose ; sepals
in. long, acute, agglutinate to the narrow petals; spur obtuse, nearly aslong as the
blade of the lip; anther with a membranous tip.

82. CYSTORCHIS, Blume.

Characters of Vrydagzynea, but lip clawed as in Zeurine, and with a
large exposed didymous sac.—Species 3 or 4, Malayan.

Atheria fusca, Lindl., referred here by Bentham, is a true Goodyera, with the
shallow sac of the lip partially exposed. It must be by oversight that its habit is
described as altogether that of Cystorchis, trom which it differs in its tufted roots,
radical leaves, robust habit, and alpine habitat. Amongst Scortechini’s drawings of
Perak Orchids there are several probably referable to Cystorchis, but unaccompanied
with specimens,

1. ©. javanica, Blume Orchid. Archip. Ind. 87, t. 24, f. 1; leaves
dark green with crenate pinkish margins, lip with a long straight claw and
dilated tip. Eteria javanica, Blume Bydr. 410; Lindl. Gen. & Sp.
Orchid. 491 (Aitheria).

Perak, Scortechini.—DisTR1B. Java.

Stem a span long, leafy above. Leaves 3-13 in., petioled, ovate, obtuse or subacute,
margins entire orcrenulate. Scape and short raceme puberulous; sheaths lanceolate,
acuminate; bracts equalling the ovary; flowers } in. long; lateral sepals ovate-
lanceolate, 1-nerved, puberulous ; petals linear-oblong, obtuse, l-nerved ; sac of lip
membranous, claw rigid grooved, the margins being inflexed; rostellum ovate;
anther sessile, very convex, umbonate; gland of pollinia ovate, acute.—Specimen
not good, but I think referable to Blume’s plant, of which the leaves are described
as undulate, dark purple above and pale flesh coloured beneath.

2. GC. variegata, Blume Orchid. Archip. Ind. 89, t. 24, f. 3, and 36C;
leaves pale green with dark transverse bands, scape slender, raceme
puberulous, beak of lip with incurved sides and a small dilated tip.

Singapore, Ridley.—DistRiB. Java.

Leaves 2-24 in., ovate-oblong or -lanceolate acute ; petiole 3 in. Scape with
VOL, VI. H

98 CXL. oRcHIDEM. (J. D. Hooker.) [Cystorchis.

raceme 4-6 in,, glandular-pubescent; flowers about 3 in. long; lateral sepals very
gibbous at the base.—Named by Mr. Ridley, The flowers in the specimen he has
kindly sent are far too young for analysis.

838. HERPYSMA, Lindl.

A terrestrial leafy herb; stem stout, erect. Leaves ovate-lanceolate,
petioled, membranous; sheaths very large, hyaline. Flowers in a dense
short sessile spike. Sepals subequal free; dorsal forming a hood with
the oblong petals. Lip adnate to the sides of the column, spreading,
spur elongate, straight, exposed, tip 2-fid. Colwmmn short, not appendaged
in front; stigma anticous ; rostellum short, erect, 2-fid ; anther sessile, erect,
linear-oblong, 2-celled; pollinia narrow, tipped with 2 hard lanceolate
appendages or glands, pollen grains fattened.

H. longicaulis, Lind/. in Wall. Cat. 7389; in Bot. Reg. under
t. 1618; Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 506; in Journ. Linn. Soc. i. 178, 190.

Eastern Himanaya; Nepal, Wallich. Sikkim, alt. 38-4000 ft., J. D. H., &c.
Kuasia Mrts., alt. 4500 ft., Clarke.

Stem 6-12 in., elongate and creeping below, then ascending, as thick as a swan’s
quill or less, clothed below with the white, truncate leaf sheaths 2-1 in long.
Leaves 2-3 in., membranous, shortly petioled. Spike 1-2 in., pubescent; bracts
3-% in., ovate-lanceolate; flowers with ovary rather longer, suberect, pale pink ;
sepals 3 in. long, 5-nerved, and shorter petals obtuse; lip shorter than the sepals,
subpanduriform, reflexed from the middle, strongly 5-nerved, disk with 2 flattish
calli about the middle, and a thick lamella extending to the rounded tip; spur
longer than the blade, strongly nerved; base of white column contracted below the
broad pulvinate stigma.—I do not find the two lamelle in the spur, which is longitu.
dinally grooved or infolded at the back.

84. ODONTOCHILUS; Blume.

Habit and character of Anectochilus, but sac or small spur of the lip
hidden between the more or less connate bases of the lateral sepals.—
Species about 12, Indian, Malayan and Pacific.

The pollen varies greatly in structure in this genus. The species are most difficult
of analysis and definition from dried specimens. Myrmechis, Blume, is only
distinguishable by the fewer often erect flowers and stem with numerous small
leaves.

* Stem stout, leafy. Flowers solitary or very few. (Mynuxcuts, Bl.)

1. @. macranthus, Hook. f. Ic. Pl. ined.; leaves ovate acumi-

nate, flowers very large solitary erect, claw of lip entire, margins involute,
limb small orbicular.

Prax, Scortechini; on Maxwell’s Hill, Wray.

Stem 2-3 in., from a nodose procumbent base, Leaves $ in,, shortly petioled.
Flower white, nearly 1 in. long, with a sheathing bract on the very short peduncle ;
sepals erect, lateral linear-oblong froma gibbous base, l-nerved; dorsal ovate-lan-
ceolate, long-acuminate ; petals fuleately dimidiate-ovate, long-pointed ; sac of lip
subglobose, enclosed calli small; limb shortiy exserted; column very short, frontal
appendage erect lanceolate; rostellar arms very long, slender ; anther linear-lanceo-
late; pollinia clavate, united caudicles long slender, gland elongate.—Resembles
Myrmechis glabra, Blume of Java, but the narrower flowers, long anther, pollen and
rostellar arms at once distinguish it.

Odontochilus.| uXLvtt1. oncHIDER. (J. D. Hooker.) 99

2. O. calearatus, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. ined.; leaves very small ovate
acuminate, flowers 1-3, claw of lip crenate, lobes small quadrate or
rounded, column with a linear process descending into the cylindric or
incurved spur.

Perak, Scortechini’; alt. 8900 ft., Wray.

_ Stem 3-5 in., slender, flexuous, Jeafy. Leaves 4-4 in., sessile or petioled,
aristately acuminate, Peduncle very short, and bracts lanceolate, quite glabrous ;
flowers white; sepals linear, 1-nerved, lateral with the outer bases connate and
enclosing the spur; petals linear-lanceolate, 1-nerved; lip 3 in. long, spur half as
long as the sepals, with a columnar caruncle enclosed, tip straight or incurved ;
column short; rostellar arms long, slender ; anther ovate-lanceolate ; pollinia short,
each attached to the gland by a long stout caudicle.—Wray describes the leaves as
green dashed with crimson, veined with gold, and bordered with red, the flowers
white. Scortechini says, leaves dark purple, sepals pale carnation, lip white.
This is a Myrmechis with the claw of lip of Odontochilus.

3. O. pumilus, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. ined.; leaves 4-4 in. scattered
petioled ovate, scape 1-3-fid., bracts oblong ciliate, lateral sepals ovate
subacute, claw of lip crenulate, terminal lobes subquadrate. Cheirostylis
pusilla, in part, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. i, 188 (not of Gen. & Sp.
Orchid ). ‘

Srxx1m Hrmaraya, alt. 8-10,000 ft., J. D. H., Thomson, King.

Stem with scape 2-3 in., ascending from a prostrate base, stout for the size of the
plant. Leaves acute, rather thick; nerves obscure; sheaths very short. Scape
with one membranous ciliate sheath ; flowers subglobose, 3 in. diam., white; dorsal
sepal broadly ovate with an obtuse recurved tip, l-nerved, lateral triangular-ovate,
very oblique at the base, 1-nerved; sac of lip simple, internal calli very large;
terminal lobes shortly exserted, thick.—So like Cheirostylis pusilla that it was con-
founded with it by Lindley. The specimens I have seen are very few, and the
flowers very difficult of analysis. '

** Stem elongate. Leaves1 in. or more long. Spikes few- or many-fid.
(Opontocuitts, Bi.).

4. ©. crispus, Hook. f.; leaves few ovate acute, bracts shorter than
the glabrous ovary, claw of 2-winged lip quite entire, wings toothed much
larger than the sepals. Ancsctochilus crispus, Lindl. in Journ. Linn.
Soc. i. 180. :

Sixxim Htmavaya, alt. 5-6000 ft., Je. Cathcart, Clarke. Kasia Hints; at

Surureem, alt. 5000 ft., Clarke.

Stem slender, elongate below the 2-4 leaves. Leaves 3 in., petiole 3-1 in. Spike
4-8-fld., rachis and ovate-lanceolate bracts pubescent ; lateral sepals 1 in. long,
dorsal much smaller ; petals dimidiate-ovate, falcate, acuminate ; claw of lip exceed-
ing the sepals, slender ; 2-winged limb 4 in. diam., white; aac minute, didymous,
enclosed caruncles large; column and rostellar arms very short indeed; anther very
short, tip recurved ; pollinia globose, sessile at the truncate end of the very large
fleshy ? cuneiform caudicle ; gland minute.—A Sikkim specimen of Clarke’s very like
this has pubescent sepals, and a few minute tubercles on the claw of the lip.

5. O. pectinatus, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. ined. ; stem leafy, leaves ovate
acute, spike few-fld. laxly villous, bracts as long as the ovary, claw of lip
pectinate, limb larate or broadly 2-winged, sac globose, rostellar arms
long.

Perak, alt, 34000 ft., King’s Collector; Maxwell’s Hill, Wray. ; .

Stem 6-12 in, Leaves 13-24 in., light green, thick, fleshy, petiole 4-} in. Spike

H 2

100 CXLVIN. oRcHIDEZ, (J. D, Hooker.) [ Odontochilus.

6-8-fld. ; bracts 4 in. long, pubescent, laxly villous, ovary glabrous; sepals ovate-
lanceolate, 1-nerved, softly pubescent ; petals lanceolate, unequal sided, long pointed ;
sac of lip with 2 large caruncles; column very short, with 2 ascending auricles in
‘front; rostellar arms long and broad; anther lanceolate; pollinia ebovoid, much
shorter than their broad thick coherent caudicles.

6. O. brevistylis, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. ined.; leaves towards the top
of the stem obliquely ovate-lanceolate acute, spike few-fld. pubescent,
bracts as long as the ovary, claw of lip slender with few curved spinous
teeth, sac globose, limb bipartite, segments semicircular, rostellar arms
very short.

Perak; on Gunong Batu Pateh, alt, 3400 ft., Wray.

A span high. Leaves 14-2 in., pale green; petiole} in. Spike short; flowers
white; ovary glabrous; sepals 4 in. long, lateral broadly obliquely ovate, acute,
hairy, dorsal much smaller; petals semicircular with long points; sac of lip with 2
large caruncles, claw narrow, limb larger than the sepals; column exceedingly
short, frontal appendages obscure ; rostellar arms triangular, subacute ; anther short,
ovate, obtuse; pollinia subglobose, sessile on the truncate base of the united caudicles
which form a large fleshy triangular plate acute at the top, gland minute.—The
pollinia and their caudicle are a good deal lke those of O. crispus.

7. O. EBlwesii, Clarke mss.; stem above and few-fid. spike hirsute,
leaves ovate acute, flowers large, bracts as long as the hirsute ovary, sepals
hairy, claw of lip broad irregularly toothed, sac scrotiform, lobes of limb
eee rostellar arms subulate, pollen grains lamellate. Hook. f. Ic.
Plant. ined.

Sixxim Himazaya, alt. 4-6000 ft., Clarke, King. Knasta H1nzs; on Shillong,
alt. 6100 ft., Clarke. MunNiporE; on Kohima, Prain.

Stem stout below, 6-8 in. high. eaves 13-2 in., rather crowded, dark green
with 3 red nerves. Spike 2-4-fid.; lateral sepals ovate, acuminate, 1-nerved, green
purple-tipped or white, dorsal much smaller ; petals semicircular, with long or short
points; sac of lip 2-lobed, claw dark purple, centre and subquadrate lobes white ;
column very short, frontal appendages triangular; anther short, apiculate, con-
nective very thick; pollinia broadly elavate, grains flat, caudicles 0, gland linear.—
This and O. grandijlorus have lamellate ecaudiculate pollen.

8. O. grandiflorus, Benth, in Gen. Plant. iii. 598; tall, leafy, leaves
3-5 in. obliquely elliptic acute, spike stout many-fid., rachis pubescent,
bracts about equalling’ the glabrous ovary, sepals glabrous, spur of lip
decurrent on the ovary, claw with 5-6 pair of long recurved spines, wings
large cuneate, anther lanceolate, pollinia clavate, grains lamellate. Ancecto-
chilus grandiflorus, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 1. 179.

Sixrxim Himawaya, alt. 4-6000 ft., J. D. H. Kuasia Hi {
IDES. Lis, alt. 4000 ft.

Stem with spike 12-15 in., as thick as a goose-quill below. Leaves 2-24 in.
diam., base acute or rounded ; petiole 13-2 in. Spike 4-6 in.; bracts } in., pink,
slightly pubescent ; lateral sepals 4 in., faleately oblong-lanceolate, subacute. connate
at the base and with the sac of the lip, and dorsal and petals mottled with pinkish
white and green, dorsal much smaller, ovate; sac of lip rather long, calli within
large crenate, limb 3-2 in. diam.; column longer than in its congeners, with 2
ascending frontal wings; rostellum very broad, 2-cuspidate; pollinia lamellate,

without caudicles, narrowed upwards, the narrowed portion lamellate down to the
small gland.

9. O. Clarkei, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. ined. ; tall, leaves 2-22 in. obliquely
elliptic acute, spike subtomentose many-fid., bracts longer than the

_Odontochilus. | OXLVIII. OROHIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) 101

pubescent ovary, sepals glabrous lateral free at the base, sac of lip small
globose didymous, claw with broad round auricles at the base and 2-3
pair of spines, wings hatchet-shaped, anther elongate, pollinia subglobose
with a long fleruous thick caudicle, grains cuneiform.

Sixxim Himataya; Mongpo, alt. 3000 ft., Clarke.

A foot high including the spike. Zeaves as in grandiflorus, but much smaller.
Spike 5 in., very many-fid.; bracts 4 in., pink, pubescent; lateral sepals 4 in.,
broadly ovate-oblong, pink, 1-nerved, dorsal and petals coherent in a small deeply
cordate pink cuspidate hood; sac of lip with 2 caruncles, claw expanding just
beyond the sac into an orbicular or obcordate plate, wings as large as the sepals;
column with 2 ascending frontal appendages ; rostellum broad, bifid; long caudicle
of the pollinia rather stout golden, gland small.—The only species with a dilated
base of the claw of the lip. The specimen is a solitary one.

10. O. lanceolatus, Benth. in Gen. Plant. iii. 598; leaves 2-3 in.
ovate or ovate-lanceolate acute, spike many-fid., rachis pubescent, bracts ag
long or longer than the glabrous ovaries, flowers small glabrous, sac of lip
globose didymous, claw with 3-4 pairs of recurved spines, wings subquad-
rate, anther very short, pollinia globose sessile on a broad fleshy triangular
caudicle. O. flavus, (error for luteus), Benth. 1. ec. Ancectochilus lanceo-
latus, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 499; in Journ. Linn. Soc. 1.179. A.
luteus, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soe. l. ¢. \

Srxxim Himaraya, alt. 5-6000 ft., Grifith’s Collectors (Kew Distrib. 5345,
5354), &c. Kuasia Mrs., Mack, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 5852), &e.

Stem with the spike 6-8 in., few or many-leaved. Leaves green. Spike 2-3 in.;
bracts 3-4 in., usually broader and whiter than in other species, nearly glabrous;
lateral sepals 4 in., ovate, obtuse, green, 1-nerved ; dorsal and petals connate in an
obtuse hood broader than long; lip golden yellow, sac with a pair of curved spurs
within, claw not dilated at the base, limb $ in. diam.; column very short indeed,
frontal appendages obscure ; rostellum broad, 2-cuspidate ; anther short, thick, with a
recurved beak, grains of pollen cuneiform.—The pollen is like that of O. brevistylis
& crispus. I cannot distinguish dried specimens of Lindley’s Ax. luteus from his
lanceolatus. According to native drawings A. luteus should have much the largest
flowers.

8. HAEMARIA, Lindi.

Terrestrial herbs ; caudex creeping. Leaves petioled. Flowers racemed.
Sepals subequal, free ; dorsal erect forming a hood with the petals; lateral
broad, widely spreading. Lip adnate to the base and sides of the column,
elongate with a small basal sac which is concealed by the sepals; sides
winged or auricled, blade of two spreading lobes, sac with 2 Jarge internal
calli. Column very large, clavate, stigma anticous; anther large, sub-
horizontal, cells distinct; pollinia 2, clavate, sulcate, granular, attached
by a fleshy gland to the forked rostellum.—Species 4, Malayan and
Chinese.

HH. discolor; Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 490; Mig. Choiz. Pl. t. 16.
Ludisia discolor; A. Rich. in Dict. Class. Hist. Nat. vii. 457; Blume
Orchid. Archip. ‘Ind. 118, 114, t. 34, £. 2, 8, and t. 42. Goodyera discolor,
Ker in Bot. Reg. t. 271; Bot. Mag. t. 2055; Ledd. Bot. Cab. t. 143.
Myoda rufescens, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7390; Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 489.

Matay Peninsuza; at Johore, Ridley. PENANG, Wallich.—DistRiz. Hong
Kong, Cochin China.

102 OXLVII. oRCHIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) [Haemaria.

Caudea very short. Stem ascending from the base, 6-10 in., stout or slender,
pubescent. Leaves subradical, 1-3 in., shortly petioled, elliptic or ovate, apiculate,
fleshy, dark red beneath. Racemes many-fid.; rachis and ovary tomentose ; bracts
large, concave, membranous, acuminate, coloured; perianth 3-3 in. diam.; petals
pinkish, broadly ovate, apiculate, l-nerved, nerve with flexuous nervules ; sepals
linear, 1-nerved ; lip longer than the sepals, recurved ; sac small, 2-lobed ; claw with
dilated sides; lobes of limb divaricate, quadrately oblong.—Reichenbach’s var.
Dawsoniana from Moulmein (Trans, Linn. Soc, xxx. 142) consists of leaves only and
is probably an Anectochilus; it may or may not be his var. Dawsonianus, Gard.
Chron. 1872, 321° (Anectochilus Dawsonianus, Low in Gard. Chron, 1868, 1038)
with red reticulations on the leaves.

86. DOSSINIA, Morr.

A Bornean genus, not hitherto found in British India. The plant referred to it
by Lindley is Anectochilus brevilabris (see p. 95).

87. SPIRANTHES, Rich.

Terrestrial herbs, roots fibrous or tuberous; stem leafy, or the flowering
leafless. Leaves various. Flowers small, secund, in often twisted spikes.
Sepals subequal, free, or more or] 3>h>sring with the petals in an erect
hood, lateral gibbous at the base. Lip sessile or clawed, erect, entire or
3-lobed, base concave, disk callous or lamellate. Column short, terete,

_ base often decurrent on the ovary; stigma anticous, broad, rostellum
erect obtuse or elongate and 2-fid ; anther erect, 2-celled ; pollinia pendulous
from the gland of the rostellum.—Species about 80, temperate and
tropical.

1. S. australis, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. t. 823; Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 464;
Journ. Linn. Soe. i. 178; tall, pubescent, root of many fleshy fibres, leaves
on the base of the flowering stem-linear-lanceolate or linear obtuse or acute
or oblanceolate, spikes slender, bracts ovate exceeding the ovary, lip oblong
crisped, base saccate 2-glandular, tip dilated retuse or apiculate, disk hairy.
Dalz. § Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 270; Wight Ic. t. 1724 (middle and right-hand
Jigs.). §.longispicata, A. Rich. in Ann. 8c. Nat. Ser. 2,xv.78. 8. flexuosa,
& parviflora, Lindl, in Bot. Reg. under t. 823. S. pudica, Lindl. Coll. Bot.
t. 30. S.amena, Bunge Enum. Pl. Chin. 63. 8. nove Zelandice, Hook. Fi.
New Zeald. i. 243. Neottia australis, Br. Prodr. 319; Don Prodr. 27.
N. crispata, Blume Bijdr. 406. N. flexuosa & parviflora, Smith in Rees
Cyclop. N. sinensis, Pers. Syn. ii. 511. N. amcena, Bieb. Fl. Taur.
Caue. iti. 606. Gyrostachys australis, Blume Fl. Jav. 107, t. 37, 38.—
Spiranthes, Griff Notul. iii. 884; Ic. Plant. Asiat. t. 348.

Throughout Inp1a from the PangaB and W. Tipet to UPPER Assam, and south-
wards to CryLon and Cartragone ; ascending to 7500 ft. in the Sikkim Himalaya
and 7000 ft. in the Nilghiris.—Disrris. Affghanistan, N. Asia, China, Java, Australia,
N. Zealand. ,

Plant 6-18 in. high, stout or slender, sometimes almost tuberous. Leaves
1-5 in., very variable, rarely oblong and sessile, often scattered and lower long-
petioled; sheaths rather distant. Spike 3-6_in., twisted, glandular-pubescent ;
flowers secund, close-set; perianth ~,-3 in. long, horizontal, reddish or white :
sepals obtuse, tips (and of truncate petals) recurved.—There is a great difference in
the size of the flowers of this species, but the large and small fid. seem to inhabit
the same areas.

Var. Wightiana, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. 465; very stout, sheaths many almost

Sptranthes,] OXLVII, OROHIDEZ. (J.D. Hooker.) 103

imbricating, flowers in a dense cylindric spike. S. Wightiana, Lindl. in Wall. Cat.
7878. S, densa, 4. Rich. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 2, xv. 79: 8. australis, Wight Ic.
t. 1724. (left-hand fig.).—Nilghiri Mts.

2, S. autumnalis, Rich. Orchid. Europ. Ann. 57; glandular-pubes-
cent, root of elongate stout tubers, leaves in a tuft at the side of the flowering
stem ovate, bracts ovate-lanceolate acuminate exceeding the ovary, lip
oblong-panduriform glabrous, base 2-glandular. Lindl. Gen. & Sp.
Orchid. 469; in Journ. Linn. Soc. i. 277; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 90;
Reichb. FI. t, 47.

Western Himataya; at Lohoo Ghat, Thomson (Fl. May).—Distris. Affghan-
istan, Caucasus to the Atlantic, :

Root of 2 fleshy fusiform or subcylindric tubers 4-1} in. long. Leaves 1-14 in.,
on a very short lateral stem that flowers in the following year. Scape with the
rather stout raceme 4-6 in.; spike twisted ; flowers secund greenish white, variable
in size, usually larger than in S. australis——This common European species has not
been recorded from any locality between the Caucasus and Affghanistan. Boissier
errs in describing the tubers as napiform. In Europe it flowers in October to
December ; in India and Affghanistan in April and May.

88. NEOTTIA, Linn.

Terrestrial erect brown leafless herbs; rootstock with fibres, stem
simple laxly sheathed. Flowers racemose. Sepals subequal, free, lanceo-
late, concave at length spreading, lateral faleate. Petals narrow. Lip pen-
dulous fromthe base of the column, larger than the sepals, 2-fid, base flat or
concave. Column erect or incurved, subterete; stigma transverse ; anther
erect or inclined forwards, cells contiguous; pollen in loosely connected
masses, pendulous from the gland of the rostellum.—Species 3, temperate
Europe and Asia.

Neorria straTevMatioa, Br. Prodr. 319 (in note). In a note under Neottia
australis, Brown refers the Orchis strateumatica of Linneus (Flor. Zeylan. n. 319;
Sp. Plant. 1. i. 943) to Spiranthes, on the faith of a specimen in Hermann’s
Herbarium; but Linnaeus’ character of “spur slender as long as the ovary” is
quite opposed to this determination. I do not know what it is.

N. listeroides, Lindl. in Royle Ill. 368; Gen. & Sp. Orchid, 458 ;
in Journ. Linn. Soc. 1.176. N. Lindleyana, Dene in Jacquem. Voy, Bot.
163, t. 163.

Temperate Himazava; from Kashmir eastwards to Sikkim, alt. 5-10,000 ft.

in Kumaon, and 10-11,000 ft. in Sikkim. ;
= Bian with the raceme 8-14 in., high, stout or slender, stiff, flexuous ; sheaths 3-4,

lax. Raceme 6-12 in., lax-fid., laxly pubescent ; bracts 3-4 in., sheathing, mem-
branous, as long as the erect pedicels; flowers %in. long, red brown; sepals trun-
cate, 1-nerved ; petals much narrower, margins convolute ; lip 2-3 times as long as
the sepals, linear-oblong, cleft into two ovate or linear-subacute parallel lobes from
a third of the way up, nearly flat with a dorsal ridge; ovary pubescent. Capsule

} in. long, ellipsoid, erect.
89. LISTERA. Br.

Terrestrial erect 2-leaved herbs, with fibrous roots from a short root-
stock. Leaves broad, subopposite. Flowers rather small, racemed. Sepals
and petals subequal, free, spreading or reflexed. ip pendulous from the
base of the column, usually longer than the sepals, narrow, entire or 2-fid.

104 CXLVII. oRCHIDEH. (J.D. Hooker.) [Listera.

Column stout; rostelium terminal; anther inclined forwards, celis 2 con-
tiguous; pollinia 2, usually 2-partite, pendulous from the gland of the
rostellum.—Species 10, N. temperate regions.

1. G. ovata, Br. in Hort. Kew, v. 201; leaves ovate, lip linear 2-fid.
Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 455; Boiss. Fl. Orient. iv. 92; Ledeb. Fl.
Ross. iv. 80; Reichb, Ic. Fl. Germ. xiii. t. 479.

Norru-West Hrmataya?, Faleoner.—DistEis. Europe to the Ural and the
Caucasus.

Whole plant 12-18 in. high. Root of fleshy fibres. Stem 2-4 in., naked.
Leaves 2-4 in., sessile, subacute. Scape with raceme 6-10 in., with 1-2 small
sheaths; raceme 8-6 in., pubescent; bracts broadly ovate, membranous; pedicel
as in.; flowers 3 in. ong, greenish ; sepals ovate ; petals linear; lip twice as long
us the sepals, very narrow, 2-fid. Capsule 2 in. long, globosely ellipsoid.—Falconer’s
is the only Indian Herbarium in which this plant occurs, and as it has not hitherto
been found eastwards of Long. 80° H. the specimen may not be Indian, but have
been inadvertently placed by him in his Indian Herbarium.

2. L. tenuis, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. i.176; leaves ovate acute,
lip cuneately obcordate.

Srxxm Hrmatayva; Lachen valley, alt. 11,500 ft., J. D. H.

Whole plant 4-5 in. high, very slender; leaves nearer the raceme than the root,
4-1 in. long, sessile, 3-5-nerved. Scape almost filiform; raceme few-fid., puberu-
lous ; bracts ovate, acute, membranous; pedicels short; flowers } inong ; lip twice
as long as the petals, lobes rounded ; column short.

3. . pinetorum, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. i. 1753; leaves orbi-
cular cordate acute, lip cuneately broadly obcordate from a narrow base,
lobes broad.

Stxxim Himataya; in pine woods of the Lachen valley, alt. 10-11,000 ft.,
J. D. H ; Chumbi, King’s Collector.

Whole plant 4-8 in, high, slender. Zeaves 1-14 in., much nearer the raceme
than the root, about as broad as long, very shallowly cordate, 5-7-nerved. Scape
rather stout, very short and few-fld.; raceme pabescent ; bracts appressed to the
scape, ovate, acuminate, herbaceous; tlowers decurved, } in. long, greenish brown;
lip twice or thrice as long as the sepals, deeply 2-lobed, sinus obtuse; column long,
incurved.

_ 4, E. micrantha, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. i. 176; leaves sub-
radical broadly ovate, lip 3-lobed short.

Sizxim Himataya; Lachoong valley, alt. 10,000 ft., J. D. H.

Whole plant 3-5 in. Leaves 3 in. Scape filiform, and lax-fld. ; raceme pubes-
cent ; bracts minute, ovate, acute, shorter than the ~, in. pedicels; flowers very
minute, ;4; in long; lip very much smaller than the sepals, cuneate, truncately
3-lobed, lobes acute ; column very short.—A remarkable little species.

90, CHEIROSTYLIS, Blume.

Terrestrial herbs. Leaves membranous. Flowers small, racemed.
Sepals connate in a gibbous based tube to the middle. Petals narrow,
Lip inserted at the base of the column, erect, narrow, base saccate, limb
shortly clawed broadly dilated entire toothed or crenate. Column short
with 2 appendages in front, rostellum 2-cleft; stigmatic lobes lateral;
anther erect, cells short; pollinia 2, caudicle short, gland oblong.—Species
about 8, Indian and Malayan.

Chetrostylis.] OXLVII. ORCHIDEZ, (J. D. Hooker.) 105
* Appendages of column as long as the rostellum.

1G. pusilla, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 489; in Journ. Linn. Soe.
iii. 188 (tx part); glabrous, leaves very small ovate, raceme 2-3-fid., limb
of lip 2-lobed, lobes quadrate deeply toothed. Etzeria pusilla, Wall. Cat.
ee Zeuxine moniliformis, Griff. Motul. iii. 397; Ic. Plant. Asiat.

Knuasra HItts, alt. 45000 ft., Wallich, &c.

- Stem 3-6 in., prostrate below, often moniliform from the swollen internodes.
Leaves 3-4 in., scattered, acute acuminate or aristate; petiole short. Scape 1-3 in.;
sheaths and bracts oblong-lanceolate, ciliate; flowers inclined, } in. long; sepals
pink, obtuse ; petals spathulate; lip white, base shortly saccate, nerves with a few
iesby sete within, claw finely hairy towards the tip; columnar appendages fleshy,
as long as the rostellar arms; anther lanceolate ; pollinia pyriform, gland very long.
—Closely resembles Oduntochilus pumilus, and was confounded with it by Lindley.

2.G. malleifera, Parish & Reichb. f. in Trans. Linn, Soc. xxx.
141; glabrous, leaves very small ovate acute, raceme 3—-5-fld., lobes of lip
entire.

TENASSERIM ; on Zwakabin, Parish.

Very like C. pusilla, but there is no appearance in the specimens of a moniliform
stem, leaves rather larger, flowers not half the size, lip with a longer and shallower
base, and quite entire somewhat hatchet-shaped lobes; anther with a dilated
membranous apex.

8. ©. Griffithii, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. i. 188; scape pubescent,
flowers 1-3 large, limb of lip reniform laciniate, appendages of column linear.
Goodyera No. 9, Griff. Notul. iii. 393.

Kuasta Hints, alt. 4-5000 ft., Griffith, Lobb, Clarke. Prao, Kurz (in Herb.
Caleutt.). TENasszrIM ; on Mt. Tungoo, Parish.

Stem below prostrate. Leaves 1 in., shortly petioled, ovate, acuminate; sheaths
very large, cupular, hyaline. Scape 3-8 in., slender; sheaths and bracts large,
loose, lanceolate ; flowers nearly 1 in. long with the ovary, white with 2 green spots
on the lip; sepals connate to the middle; ypetals narrowly spathulate; base of lip
elongate, concave, with 2 series of glandular sete within; claw short, Capsule
% in., pedicelled, pyriform.

4, C. parvifolia, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1839, Misc. 19; Gen. & Sp.
Orchid. 488; in Journ. Linn, Soc. i. 187; raceme puberulous lax-fld.,
flowers minute, limb of lip subquadrate 6-8-lobed, appendages of the
column dilated upwards rather short. Thwaites Enum. 313.

Cryton ; Ambagamowa district rare, Thwaites.

A span high. Leaves 2-3 about the middle of the slender stem, 4-14 in., ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate. Scape slender, puberulous; raceme 8-10-fid.; bracts as
long as the short pedicels ; sepals } in. long, glabrous, pink ; petals oblong-obovate,
obtuse, white; lip with a subsaccate base containing 2 small forked calli, limb
white ; column very short, rostellar arms subulate ; anther ovate-cordate; pollinia
pyriform, caudicle very short, gland linear.—The specimens are very poor, and the
species is perhaps better placed in the following section.

** Anpendages of column shorter than the short rostellum, rarely
as long.

5, C. fabellata, Wight Ic. v.16; scape glandular-pubescent, flowers
subcorymbose, limb of lip suborbicular deeply 2-cleft, lobes sub 5-fid,

106 OXLVII. ORCHIDEZ. (J.D. Hooker.) [Chetrostylis.

appendages of column subspathulate; Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soe. i. 187;
Thwaites Enum. 313 (excl. in both Syn. Zeuxine); Dalz. in Hook. Jowrn..
Bot. iv. (1852) 112; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb, Fl. 271. Monochilus flabellatus,
Wight Ic. t. 1727. Goodyera flabellata, A. Rich in Ann. Se. Nat. Ser. 2,

xv. 79, t. 12.

Buotan Himauaya, Griffith. TsnasszRim, Parish. The Concan, Dailzel,
Ninesrer Hixzs, alt. 6000 ft., Wight, &e, CzyLton; Ambagamowa district,
Thwaites, Beckett.

Stem sometimes moniliform below as in C. pusilla, but stouter. Leaves 4-2 in.,
petioled, ovate, acute. Scape 6-8 in.; sheaths and bracts loose, acuminate ; flowers
2-10, white, glandular-pubescent, perianth hemispheric ; petals linear-oblong, falcate ;
sac of lip cymbiform, with 2 calli within; base hairy, claw short with 2 green spots ;
column very short, appendages subterminal and rostellar arms both subspathulate ;
anther with a dilated membranous tip; pollinia pyriform, subsessile on the elongate
lanceolate gland.

6. ©. pubescens, Parish & Reichb. f. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. 141;
scape pubescent, limb of lip 2-lobed, lobes subquadrate crenate, appendages
of the column cuneately obovate much shorter than the subspathulate
arms of the rostellum.

TENASSERIM ; at; Moulmein, Parish.

Stem stout, ascending. Leaves 14-3 in., ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ;
petioleslender. Scape 3-6 in.; sheaths and bracts lax, acuminate 5 raceme 3-10-fid. ;
perianth 3 in. long; sepals connate to the middle; lip with a smalkconcave 3-nerved
base, lateral nerves with one slender callus; claw rather broad; anther truncate.
Capsule } in., pyriform, pedicelled.

91. ZEUXINE, Lindi.

Terrestrial herbs; stem creeping below. Leaves membranous. Flowers
small, spicate. Segals subequal, dorsal concave, cohering with the petals;
lateral free. Ip inferior, adnate to the base of the column, cymbiform or
saccate with a shortly-clawed or sessile entire 2-lobed or 2-winged terminal
lobe; sac with 2 calli or spurs near the base within. Column very short
2-keeled or -winged in front; stigmatic lobes 2, marginal, distant; anther
membranous, cells contiguous ; pollinia pyriform, attached by an oblong
gland to the erect rostellum with often an intermediate appendage or a
linear caudicle.—Species about 20, tropical Asia and Africa.

T refer to Zeuwine those species of Heteria that have large termi
: i erminal lob;
lip. The appendage between the gland of the pollinia and ike pollinia iteelf jer
Very curious organ, and its real nature has not been ascertained, whether rostellar or
pollinar ; it occurs only in some species, and in these under very various forms, so
ae it Hagens relied on as a generic character. It is further so difficult of
oe ag in dried specimens, that much allowance must be made for my description

Sect. 1. Huzzuxine, Lindl. Leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate.

1. Z. suleata, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 485+ in Y Soe. i
186; Grif’. Notul. iti. 396; Te, Plant. Asiat. +, 8496 Fine :
Ind. 67; Miquel Fi. Ind. Bat. iii. 723. Z. bracteata, brevifolia, @ reinsee
Wight Ic. 1724 bis, 1725, 1726. Z. membranacea, Lindl. Gen. '& Sp. 486,
in Journ. Linn. Soc. l.c.; Blume Orchid. Archip. Ind. 68. Z "Triple r ;
Lindl. in Journ. Linn, Soc. l.c. Z. integerrima, Lindl, Gen. & Se 486,

Zeusine.] OXLVII. ORCHIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) 107

Blume Fl. Jav, 55, t.19 and 23 0; Orchid. Archip. Ind. 67; Miquel. 1. ¢.
Z. emarginata, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. l.c. Z. procumbens, Blume Fl. Jav. 56,
t, 22, £. 3 and t. 23 B; Orchid. Archip. fad, 68. Tripleura pallida, Lindl.
im Wall. Cat. 7391; Gen. & Sp. 452. Adenostylis emarginata & integerrima,
Blume Bijdr, 414, t.17. Pterygodium sulcatum, Roxb. Fl. Ind, iii. 452,
Corycium ? humile, Herd. Ham.

Throughout Inp1a, in the plains and lower hills, from the Panjab and Scinde to
Assam, CHITTAGONG, and southward to CEYLon.—DIsrRis. Affghanistan, Java
China, Philippines. : pe

Stem 2-16 in., erect, glabrous, leafy to the top. Leaves few or many, 1-2 in.,
erect, acuminate, margins usually recurved. Spike 4-2 in., dense-fld., nearly
glabrous ; bracts #4 in., erect, lanceolate, acuminate, hyaline, 1-nerved ; flowers
white, yellow, or very pale rose; sepals 2 in. long, oblong, obtuse, membranous ;
petals oblong, obtuse, hyaline ; lip yellow, equalling the sepals, cymbiform, con-
tracted into a short pubescent claw bearing a hammer-headed terminal lobe or 2
small lobes; column short, rostellum short ; anther short, ovate; pollinia pyriform,
attached within the tip of a linear appendage of the gland. Capsule } in. long,
ellipsoid.—The commonest Indian Orchid, very variable in size. The tall form, Z.
membranacea, has large flowers, and may prove distinct, but there appears to be many
intermediate forme.

Sect. 2. Monocuizus, Wail. (Gen.). Leaves ovate.—All scapigerous.
* Claw of terminal lobes short with involute margins.
+ Terminal lobe of lip very small, entire or subentire.

2. Z. goodyeroides, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 486; leaves ovate
green with a median pale stripe, spike nearly glabrous, lip cymbiform
terminal lobe orbicular or oblong concave membranous. Monochilus
galeatus, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. i. 187.

Eastern Himazaya; from Sikkim, alt. 6-8000 ft., to Mishmi, Griffith, &c.
Prev, Kurz in Herb. Calcutt. :

Stem 2-4 in. Leaves 1-1} in., sessile or shortly petioled, obtuse acute or acumi-
nate, sheaths short. Scape 3-6 in., slender; spike lax-fld.; bracts equalling
the glabrous ovary ; sepals } in. long, dorsal ovate, acute, lateral lanceolate 1-nerved ;
petals faleate, very obtuse; lip wholly included, coriaceous, with 2. short spurs
within ; rostellar arms small; stigmatic lobes distant ; pollinia pyriform, attached by
a slender caudicle to the oblong gland.

3. Z. reniformis, Hook. f. Jc. Plant. ined.; leaves approximate
ovate-lanceolate acuminate, scape short pubescent, bracts longer than the
pubescent ovary, sepals ovate 3-nerved subacute glabrous, lip included,
sac hemispheric with 2 toothed calli within, terminal lobe reniform
crenate.

PrERak, Scortechini.

Stem 6-10 in. below the leaves. Leaves 2-3} in., membranous, base rounded ;
petiole 4 in., slender, sheath short inflated. Scape 2 in.; spike about as long;
bracts 4 in., lanceolate, hyaline; sepals 4 in. long, membranous, ovate, obtuse,
3-nerved ; petals 4 in., orbicular, long-beaked, 3-nerved ; limb of lip with 2 small
appendages at the base; column 2-winged in front; rostellar arms long, fleshy,
trumpet-shaped ; anther lanceolate; pollinia pyriform attached separately to the
face of a large cuneately quadrate horny appendage which is continuous with the

_ , triangular gland, margin of gland and appendage recurved.

tt Terminal lobe of lip 2-winged.
4, Z. longilabris, Benth. in Gen. Plant. iii. 600; spike pubescent,

108 CXLVIII. ORCHIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) [Zeuaine.

lip much longer than the sepals, wings of terminal lobe elongate toothed.
Monochilus longilabre, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 487; in Journ. Linn,
Soc.i. 186. M. affinis, Wight Ic. t. 1728 (not of Lindi.).

Assam, Lower Benaat and Cuittacone, Clarke. WsTERK GHATS; in the
8. Concan, Stocks, and Travancore, Wight. CEYLON, in the drier parts of the
island, Macrae, Thwaites.

Leaves 1-1} in., near the base of the short stem, shortly petioled. Scape very
slender and elongate, lax-fid. ; spike glandular-pubescent ; bracts about equalling the
ovary ; sepals } in. long, broad, obtuse, green; lip twice as long, sac with 2 spurs
within, wings toothed on the outer margin, variable in breadth; anther beaked ;
pollinia clavate, adnate for about two-thirds of their length to the linear appendage
of the gland.

5. Z. regia, Benth. in Gen. Plant. iii. 600; leaves ovate-lanceolate
with a median pale stripe acute, spike pubescent, sepals and petals with
recurved tips, lip rather longer than the sepals, wings suborbicular or
cuneiform. Monochilus regium, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 487.

Cryiton; damp woods in the Central Province, ascending to 4000 ft.,
Macrae, &e.

Stem slender, elongate. Leaves 14-23 in.. dark green, variable in breadth;
petiole and sheath short. Scape 3-5 in.; spike few-fid.; bracts as long as the
ovary; sepals 3 in. long, very obtuse; lip with a short saccate base; anther broadly
ovate, beaked ; pollinia clavate, pendulous from the small oblong gland, append-
ages 0.

6. Z. nervosa, Benth. in Gen. Plant. iti. 600; leaves broadly ovate
acute, sepals ovate obtuse tips straight, spike pubescent, lip rather longer
than the sepals, wings cuneate. Monochilus nervosum, Wall. in Lindl.
Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 487; in Journ. Linn. Soc. i. 187, Etzria nervosa,
Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7381. :

Srxxim Hrwazaya, alt. 2-4000 ft, J. D. H. Siuuet, Wallich. Canan,
Keenan. BENGAL; at Comilla, &c., Clarke.

Stem rather stout. Leaves 1-2 in. Scape 2-5 in., stout or slender; spike
1-8 in,, lax or dense-fid.; bracts equalling the ovary ; sepals 3 in. or less, green or
purplish ; anther didymous, apiculate ; pollinia and their appendages as in Z. reni-
formis.—The Ceylon habitat cited by Thwaites is an error.

7. Ze flava, Benth. in Gen. Plant. iii. 600; leaves ovate acute, spike
glabrous or pubescent, flowers very small, lip shorter than the sepals,
wings broadly obovate or hatchet-shaped. Monochilus flavum, Wall. in
Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 487 ; in Journ. Linn. Soc. 1.187. Eteria flava,
Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7380 A, B.

Nepat, Wallich. Assam, Grifith; on the Naga hills, Prain. TENASSERIM,
Helfer, Griffith. Czyion ; Central Province, alt. 3000 ft., Thwaites.—DistTRiB,
Java, Borneo. 6

Stem usually elongate, slender. Leaves 1-1} in., usually scattered, petioled or
not; sheath usually much inflated, hyaline. Scape 3-6 in., very slender; spike
1-14 in., lax-fld.; bracts usually exceeding the ovaries; sepals 1, in., obtuse ; lip
included, sac with 2 long spurs within; anther ovate-lanceolate; pollinia
subglobose, attached by a simple caudicle to the lanceolate gland.—_Much the smallest
fld. species. A drawing in Herb. Peradeniya represents the flowers as white with
a red lip.

8, Z. affinis, Benth. in Gen. Plant. iti. 600; leaves ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, spike and ovaries pubescent, lip longer than the sepals, wings

Zeuxine. | CXLVIII. OROHIDE#, (J.D. Hooker.) 109

obovate-oblong or subcuneate. Monochilus affine, Inndl, Gen. & Sp.
Orchid. 487 (excel. hab. Courtallum). Eteeria affinis, Lindl. in Wall. Cat.

7883. E. flava, Wall. Cat. 7380 OC. Adtheria mollis, Lindl. in Journ.
Linn, Soc. i. 184,

Sixxim Himataya; in the Terai, Gamble. KHASIA Hruzs, alt. 5000 ft., Griffith,
&c. Burma; at Taong Dong, Wallich. TENAssERIM; at Moulmein, Lobb,
Parish, PEnanc, Maingay.

Very like Z. flava, but the flowers are much larger, and much more numerous,

the sepals 3 in. long, and the pollinia are pyriform, attached by an elastic caudicle
to the oblong gland.

9, Z. abbreviata, Hook. f.; leaves lanceolate acuminate, bracts
ovate-lanceolate shorter than the slender erect glabrous ovaries, sac of lip
with 2 lamellz on the midrib and 2 large calli on each side, wings of
terminal lobe obliquely ovate subacute entire. Eteria abbreviata, Lindl.
in Wall. Cat. 7385; Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 491 (Aitheria). E. lanceolata,
Reichb. f. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. 142. Dossinia lanceolata, Lindl. in
Journ. Linn, Soc. iii. 186.

Nepat, Wallich. Kuasta HI1ts, alt, 45000 ft., J. D. H. & T. T.

Whole plant 1 ft. Zeaves 2} in., many nerved; petiole 3-2 in. Spike puberu-
lous ; sepals pink, broadly ovate, acuminate ; petals semi-orbicular or lunate ; column
with 2 membranous wings on the face; rostellum very short, 2-fid.; anther ovate,
obtuse ; pollinia elongate, clavate, lamellate down to the large gland.

** Claw of terminal lobe of lip slender, not margined.

10. Z. moulmeinensis, Hook. f.; slender, leaves elliptic, spike
glandular-pubescent few-fid., bracts ovate-lanceolate shorter than the
slender glabrous ovaries, sepals and petals aristately acuminate, sac of lip
large globose didymous with 2 large calli within, claw straight rigid, lobes
narrowly falcately cuneate lacerate. Htzria moulmeinensis, Par. & Reichb.
J. in Trans. Linn. Soe. xxx. 142.

Trenassezim ; at Moulmein, Lobb, Parish.

Stem slender, with the spike 12-18 in. Leaves 2-8 in., elliptic, acute or
acuminate, membranous; petiole 1 in., slender. Spike 2-3 in., few-fid.; flowers
not secund, spreading ; ovary slender, 4 in. long ; sepals membranous, 1-nerved, dorsal
ovate, lateral much broader ; petals broadly dimidiate ovate with recurved points ;
sac of lip with caruncled callous sides, sub- 4-celled by imperfect transverse and lon-
gitudinal septa, claw slender pubescent, lobes divaricate as long as the rest of the
lip; column very short and stout with projecting cheeks on the anterior face ;
rostellum short, 2-fid; anther short, ovate, obtuse; pollinia pyriform, attached to
the gland by very short caudicles.—Possibly a Cystorchis.

ll. Z. longifolia, Hook. f.; tall, very robust, leaves large lanceolate
acuminute, spike elongate laxly many-fid., rachis puberulous, bracts
shorter than the long slender glabrous ovaries, sepals and petals aristately
acuminate, lip very broad saccate, sac with trapeziform sides two caruncles
within towards the base and a flattened uncinate one on the midrib, claw
beyond the lobe narrow rigid, wings flabellate lacerate. Hetzeria longi-
folia, Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xviii. 346. Rhomboda longifolia,
Lindl. in Journ, Linn, Soc, i. 181.

Sixxim Himazaya; in lower valleys, J. D. H.

Stem procumbent at the base, as thick as a swan’s quill, branched. Leaves 6-8
by 14-2 in., many-nerved, midrib stout; petiole 1-13 in.; sheaths short. Spike
7in.; flowers very obliquely gibbous, not secund; bracts ovate-lanceolate; ovary

110 CXLVIII. ORCHIDEH. (J. D. Hooker.) [Zeuxine.

$in,, very slender upwards; sepals 1-nerved, dorsal ovate, lateral triangular-lanceo-
late ; petals semi-lunate with long points; lip when spread out subtriangular, truncate
in front with the stout straight stiff claw projecting from between the lobes and
bearing 2 wings; column very large, hollow, broadly truncate, almost cupular, with
2 cuneate ridges down the face, a very small rostellum, and a small stigmatic lobe on
each side; anther sunk in the column, lanceolate; pollinia narrowly clavate.—A

very singular plant.
92. HYLOPHILA, Lindl.

Terrestrial herbs; stem elongate, creeping. Leaves petioled, obliquely ovate-
lanceolate. Flowers small, spicate, subglobose; perianth horizontal, con-
nivent. Sepals acuminate, dorsal with the petals forming a hood ; lateral very
broadly ovate, concave. Petals falcate or subspathulate. Lip a subglobose
sac contracted at the mouth, with a very small linear blade, and 2 glands
within near the base. Column very short, appendages 0 or minute; stigma
prominent, frontal under the very long forked rostellum; anther elongate,
cells short ; pollinia shortly caudicled.—Species 2, Malayan.

1. H. mollis, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7396; Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 490;
leaves flat acuminate, bracts subulate, sepals $ in. long pubescent. Blume
Orchid. Archip. Ind. 115, t. 35, 36 F.

Singapore, Wallick. Matacoa, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 5337). Pzpax, Score
techini.—Distris. Sumatra.

Caudex flexuous, roots very thick. Leaves 3-4 in., black when dry, base unequal, .
acute. Scape 8-12 in., very slender, sheaths } in., scattered, subulate; spike 4—6 in. ;
bracts 3 in., equalling the flowers; sepals 3-nerved; petals falcately lanceolate,
acute.

2. H. lanceolata, Hook. f.; leaves caudate-acuminate, margins
waved, bracts lanceolate, sepals } in. long nearly glabrous. Dicerostylis
lanceolata, Blume Orchid. Archip. Ind. 116, t. 38, f. 1.

Perak, Scortechint.—Distris. Java.

A much stouter plant than H. mollis; leaves larger, 4-5 in., petiole 1 in., red
brown when dry; scape in the only specimen seen much shorter and stouter,
bracts broader and more concave, flowers twice as large, ovary twisted, sepals
5-nerved, petals dimidiately obovate, 3-nerved. Column with a minute subulate
process on each side below the stigma.

93. GOODYERA, Br.

Terrestrial leafy herbs; stem short, or elongate and creeping below.
Leaves subradical, petioled. Flowers small, in often twisted spikes. Sepals
subequal, dorsal erect, concave, forming a hood with the narrow petals ;
lateral free, erect or spreading, covering the sac of the lip or not. Lip in-
ferior, sessile at the base of the column, entire, cymbiform or subsaccate,
usually acute, naked or setose within. Colwmn various, top cupular;
stigma broad, anticous; rostellum erect; anther-cells distinct; pollinia
granular, caudicled or not, pendulous from the rostellar gland.—Species
25, temp. and trop. Europe, Asia, N. America, N. Caledonia, and the
Mascarene Islands.

* Stem tall, stout, 18 in.-2 ft. Leaves large, suberect, petioled, lanceo-
late or elliptic lanceolate acuminate.—The species of this group are not
allied inter se, agreeing only in stature.

Goodyera. | OXLVIII. ORCHIDER. (J. D. Hooker.) 111

UL G. procera, Hook. Exot. Flor. t. 39; spike dense-fid., flowers
minute, lip saccate softly setose within and with 2 large calli within the ob-
tuse recurved tip, column very short, anther obtuse. Lindl. Gen. & Sp.
Orchid. 493; in Journ. Linn. Soc. i. 183; Don Prodr. 28; Wight Ie.
t. 1729. G. carnea, A. Rich. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 2, xv. 80. Cionisaccus
lanceolatus, Breda Orch. Kuhl et Hassk. t. 1. Cordylestylis foliosa, Fal-
coner in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. (1842) 75. Neottia procera, Ker in Bot. Reg.
- Oa yale Hoffman Preisverz. Orch. 1842, ew Linnea, xvi.,

Tropical Himaxaya, alt. 1-3000 ft., from Garwhal to Upper Assam, the
Kuasia and Naga Hruzs, and Prev. Ninesrmi Hirts and Manasar Grats,
Wight. CrYLon, ascending to 4000 ft.—Disrris. Java, China,

Root of thick tufted fibres. Stem 10-30 in., usually many-leaved. Leaves
4-8 by 1-2 in., thick, petiole very stout. Spike 3-8 in.; rachis glabrous or pube-
scent; bracts equalling the subglobose whitish fragrant flowers, which are + in,
diam.; sepals broadly ovate, obtuse, 1-nerved; petals spathulate; lip not longer
ie the column; pollinia broadly pyriform, sessile on the gland. Capsule } in.
usiform.

2. G. rubens, Blume Orchid. Archip. Ind. t. 9C, D; spike rather
lax-fid., lip saccate beaked densely clothed within with soft tubercles or
short setz, column long slender, anther lanceolate, pollinia powdery nar-
rowed into one slender caudicle.

Perak; upper part of the Batang Padang Valley, alt. 2000 ft., Wray.—
DistzrB. Java, Philippines.

Habit and foliage of G. procera, but leaves obliquely elliptic-lanceolate and petiole
more slender. Scape sheathed; spike 4-5 in.; rachis bracts and buds pubescent ;
bracts lanceolate, longer than the brownish-pink flowers; sepals $ in. long, 1-3-
nerved, dorsal oblong-Janceolate, lateral broader below, not covering the sac of the
lip, which is shorter than the column; column keeled in front; rostellar arms large,
erect, stigma at their base very large orbicular ; caudicles of pollinia as long as the
clavate body.—A remarkable plant, with the exposed sac of the lip of Cystorchés,
but all other characters of Goodyera except the very long column.

3. G. fumata, Thwaites Enum. 314; spike rather lax.-fid., lip con-
cave rhomboidly orbicular caudate-acuminate glandular within column
clavate, anther ovate subacute.

CrYton ; in the Central Province, rare, Thwaites. : aie

Three feet high and very stout. Leaves many, 6-10 by 3-4 in., obliquely elliptic.
lanceolate ; petiole 2-4 in., stout. Scape stout and spike glandular-pubescent ;
bracts shorter than or equalling the greenish-red flowers, lower sometimes elongate ;
sepals 3-4 in. long, ovate, acute, 1-nerved; petals dimidiate lanceolate, acuminate,
falcate; lip as broad as lohg, many-nerved, abruptly contracted into a revolute
ligulate tail; column almost funnel-shaped, rostellar beaks short.

** Stem 4-8 in., rarely more. Leaves 1-2 in., usually rosulate, ovate-
cordate or lanceolate.

+ Lip smooth channelled or lamellate within, but with no hairs or soft
seta, :

4. G. repens, Brown in Hort. Kew, Ed. 2, v.198; leaves ovate acute
shortly petioled, spike secund pubescent, bracts equalling or exceeding the
flowers, lip ventricose shortly beaked channelled within, column very
short ovate. Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 492; in Journ. Linn, Soc. i. 183;
Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. xiii. t. 482; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iv. 86; Boiss. Fl. Orient.

“312 OXLVIII, ORCHIDEH. (J. D. Hooker.) [ Goodyera.

v. 90. G. marginata, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7894; Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 498 ;
in Journ. Linn. Soc. l.c. Satyrium repens, Linn. Sp. Pl. 1339.

TemMepRate Hrwanaya, alt, 8-11,000 ft., from Simla eastwards to Sikkim.—
Distris. Europe, N. Asia, N. America.

Stem 4-8 in. Leaves dark grey or mottled with paler, 4-lin. Spike 1-4 in.,
often twisted, sometimes almost glabrous; flowers whitish; lateral sepals } in.,
ovate, acuminate, 1-nerved,,dorsal narrow; petals linear, falcate; rostellar arms
short ; pollinia small, pyriform, sessile on the small gland.

5. G. fusca, Hook. f. Ic. Pl. ined.; very robust; leaves radical broadly
ovate, spike secund pubescent, bracts exceeding the flowers, lip deeply sac-
cate with « decurved beak strongly ridged within, column very short,
anther very small stipitate didymous. Aitheria fusca, Lindl. in Journ.
Linn. Soc. i. 184. Cystorchis fusca, Benth. in Gen. Plant. iii. 599.

Supatpine Himataya; Harung, Munro; Garwhal, alt. 13,000 ft., Duthie ;
Sikkim, in the inner ranges, alt. 12-14,000 ft., J. D. H.

Roots densely tufted. Stem 6-12 in., often as thick as a swan’s quill. Leaves
revolute, 1-1} in., subacute, coriaceous ; petiole very short and broad. Spike very
many- and dense-fid. ; sepals ¢ in., obtuse, dorsal narrow, 1-nerved, lateral ovate-
oblong, sub-3-nerved ; petals gibbously falcate; sac of lip protruding beyond the
base of the sepals, 5-7-ridged within ; column broad, rostellar arms subulate ; anther
apiculate.—Closely allied to G. repens, though much larger. Besides differing in
habit and locality it wants the calli in the lip of Cystorchis, under which genus
see observation. -

6. G. recurva, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. i. 283; leaves linear-
lanceolate acute, spike secund sharply deflexed glandular-pubescent, bracts
filiform exceeding the small flowers, lip deeply saccate, beak nearly straight
5-ridged within, column with long slender rostellar arms, anther acu-
minate.

Kuasia Hints, Lobb; at Moflong, alt. 6000 ft.. on mossy trunks, J. D. H.

TP,

Stem 4-6 in., sheathed by the leaves, suddenly decurved at the top, so that the
spike is pendulous. Leaves 2-3 by 3~% in., thick, acute, nerveless, not reticulate,
narrowed into the broad petiole. Spike 3 in. long; flowers completely secund ;
sepals 2 in. long, l-nerved, acuminate, dorsal ovate-lanceolate, lateral broader,
jalcate ; petals obliquely linear-lanceolate; lip rather longer than the column, tip
obtuse. Capsule pedicelled, ellipsoid, 3 in, long.

7. G. Prainii, Hook. f. Ic. Pl.ined.; leaves ovate acute, spike secund
recurved glandular-pubescent, bracts lanceolate equalling the flowers, lip
cymbiform obtuse lamellate within, column with long rostellar arms, anther
acuminate.

Naca Hizzs in Upper Assam; on Pulinabadya, alt. 7200 ft., Prain.

Very near G. recurva, but the leaves are 1-1} in., ovate and strongly reticulately
nerved, the spike recurved, but not deflexed, the sepals are broader, the lateral not
falcate, and the lip is less saccate.

8. G. gracilis, Hook. f. Ic. Pl. ined.; leaves few petioled elliptic-
ovate, stem very slender nearly naked, spike short puberulous, bracts
shorter than the flowers, lip straight oblong concave beaked below the
emarginate tip, with two large calli at the base within, and a very thick
channelled lamella on the disk, column short, rostellar arms slender.

PeERak, Scortechini.
Whole plant 8-10 in. high ; stem slender, with 2-3 distant lanceolate sheaths.

Goodyera. | CXLVIII. ORCHIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) 113

Leaves 1~1} in., obtuse or apiculate, nerves obscure, not reticulate, margins minutely
erenulate. Spike 3-1 in., few-fid., twisted; flowers crowded; sepals 2 in. long,
linear-oblong, obtuse, 1-nerved ; petals linear, nearly as broad as the dorsal sepal ;
lip nearly as long as the sepals, narrow, margins incurved, very thick; rostellar
arms slender; anther lanceolate, pollinia narrow, sessile on a long gland.—In a
drawing of this by Scortechini corresponding to his specimens the leaves are repre-
sented as more ovate, acute and strongly crenate.

tt Lip within setose and tubercled.

9. G. foliosa, Benth. in Herb. Kew; stem with an elongate decumbent
base leafy to the tip, leaves petioled ovate-lanceclate, spike glandular-
pubescent, bracts much exceeding the flowers, sepals }-} in. 3-nerved, lip
saccate, beak rather dilated, base within copiously setose, column short,
rostellar arms very long slender, anther lanceolate. Georchis foliosa,
Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 496. G. secundiflora, Griff Notul. ii. 393
(excl. Plate).—Goodyera sp. Griff. It. Notes, 36, No. 591; Motul. iii. 396,
No. 11; Ic. Pl. Asiat. 346, f. 1.

Sixxuim Himazaya, alt. 5-6000 ft.,'7. D. H.,&c. Assam, the Kuasra and Na@a
hills, ascending to 5000 ft., common. Burma, Grigith. Prrax, alt. 7000 ft.,

Tay.

Stem 6-12 in., rather slender. Zeaves 14-2} in., oblique, acute, green, 3-5-
nerved, not reticulate; petiole 4-2 in., sheath short. Spike 2-3 in.; bracts 4-2 in.,
nearly glabrous; flowers pink; sepals ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, 1-nerved ; petals
dimidiate-oblong, as broad as the dorsal sepal, 1-nerved ; pollinia with slender united
caudicles.—Distinguished from all others of this section by the elongate and leafy
stem, except G. vittata, which has a glabrous spike.

10. G. secundiflora, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. i. 182 (erel. cit.
Griff. Notul. in part & Ic.); leaves few subradical ovate acute, mottled with
white, spike glandular-pubescent lax-fid. secund, bracts shorter than the
flowers, petals oblanceolate, lip saccate sparsely setose within, beak short
lamellate in the disk, column short, rostellar arms slender, anther ovate

‘ acuminate. Goodyera sp. Wo. 6. Griff. Notul, iii. 392; Ic. Plant. Asiat.,

t. 847, £. 2.

Kuasta Hirzs, alt. 4-5000 ft. Grigith, &c. Monnrrors, alt. 9000 ft., Watt.
—Distzis. China (Herb. Lindl,).

Stem strict, with spike 6-10 in., subtomentosely glandular above. Leaves
14-2 in., rarely elliptic, acute, petiole 3-4 in. Spike 2-3 in.; flowers all secund,
pubescent, white; sepals l-nerved, lateral 3% in. long, ovate, acute, dorsal much
narrower; petals subfalcate, crenate on the outer edge, l-nerved; lip setose on the

5-7 nerves within.

11. G. robusta, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. ined. ; very robust, leaves sub-
radical ovate-lanceolate acute, spike glandular-tomentose lax-fid., bracts
shorter than the secund flowers, petals spathulate, lip saccate sparsely
setose within, beak short lamellaté in the disk, rostellar arms slender,
anther lanceolate.

Kuasia Hixts, alt. 4000 ft. J.D. H. & 7. T. :

Closely allied to G. secundiflora, but three times the size, and very robust, 18 in.
high, including the spike, which is 7 in. long; the leaves are 3-4 in. long, whole
coloured, the lateral sepals 4-4 in. long, and the petals are clawed, gibbously
spathulate and acute-—Named by Lindley @. secundiflora; but I think it quite
different.

12. G. vittata, Benth. in Herb. Kew; quite glabrous, leaves sub-
radical ovate acute dark green with white nerves, bracts about equalling

VoL. VI. I

114 CXLVIII. ORCHIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) [Goodyera.

the flowers, lip saccate long-beaked setose within, beak 2-lamellate on
the disk. Hook. f. Ic Plant. ined. Georchis vittata, Lindl. in Journ. Linn.
Soe. i. 184,

Sixx Himazaya, alt. 6-9000 ft., J. D. H.

Stout, 4-6 in. high, leafy nearly up to the spike. Zeaves 1}-3 in., fleshy, dark
green above, purplish beneath. Spike 2-3 in.; flowers subsecund; sepals 3-nerved,
white with pink tips, lateral ovate acuminate, dorsal oblong-lanceolate ; petals oblan-
ceolate, falcate, 3-nerved; lip 7-nerved, acuminate; columnar arms elongate, sub-
ulate; anther ovate-lanceolate; pollinia with short caudicles and a long gland.—
The only perfectly glabrous Indian species of this group.

13. G. hispida, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. i. 183; leaves subsessile
ovate-lanceolate acuminate, spike and flowers hispidly glandular, bracts
shorter than the small flowers, lip saccate shortly obtusely beaked sparsely
setose within. Hook. f. Ic. Plant. ined.

Kuasia H111s, at Churra, alt. 4000 ft., J. D. H. § T. T.

Described from a solitary specimen, by Lindley, who observes its similarity to G.
repens, except in the larger leaves, but who does not appear to have examined the
lip, which differs from that of repens in the setose sac. It is nearer G. secundiflora.
—Whole plant only 5in. high. Leaves 2 in., whole-coloured, not reticulate; spike
twisted ; flowers white; sepals l-nerved, lateral 4 in. long, ovate-oblong, obtuse ;
petals oblong-lanceolate, nearly straight, 1-nerved ; columnar arms subulate ; anther
lanceolate ; pollinia narrow, with short caudicles and a large gland,

14. G. cordata, Benth. in Herb. Kew; leaves subradical ovate-
cordate, spike puberulous few and lax-fid., bracts shorter than or equalling
the large suberect flowers, lip rhomboid-ovate obtuse many-nerved setose
at the subsaccate base within. Hook. f. Ic. Plant.ined. Georchis cordata,
Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 496 (excl. habitat); Reichb. f. in Gard. Chron.
1879, ii. 520. :

Kuasia Hitts, alt. 83-4000 ft. J. D. H. & T. 7. si
HILtis, we Re PERAK, Scortechint. 7 Beet aes

Rather slender, 6-12 in. high. Leaves 14-24 in., variable in d i
acute; petiole 3-3 in., slender. Spike 4-8-fid. ; flowers pubescent og ene
3-nerved, subcqual, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse; petals dimidiate-obovate 2-3-nerved 3
column stout, with projecting cheeks; rostellar arms and anther very long and
slender ; pollinia slender, with long slender connate caudicles.—The largest flowered
Indian species, except G. biflora. In the Perak specimen the front row of sete within
the lip are clavellate.

15. G. biflora, Hook. f. 1c. Plant. ined.; stem short stout1
ovate, spike 2-4 fid. pubescent, bracts slender shorter than the pected
secund flowers, sepals narrow, 3-nerved lateral cuneate at the base,

; lip sac-
cate at the base with a long recurved beak, sac setose withi orchi
biflora, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7379; Gen. & Sp. Orchid. “496. eter

TEMPERATE WESTERN HIMALAYA, alt. 4-6000 ft. ih «
Bageworth ; Simla, Gamble. ‘ Mepaly. Waliiehis: Garwhely

Stem 2-3 in., leafy. Leaves 1-2 in., obtuse or subacute, petiole 4} in.
hardly exceeding the leaves, rachis stout; bracts 1 in.; ceils 1 Sr eae
lanceolate recurved, lateral nearly straight; petals linear, falcate, 3-nerved; lip
with a setosely 5-nerved base, beak twice as long as the sac, margins membranous
waved ; column concave in front, rostellar arms and anther very long and slender.
Capsule nearly 1 in. long. .

94, HETHERIA, Blume. (Erma).
AtueBta, Endl.
Characters of Goodyera, but lip usually superior, and adnate to the

Goodyera. | OXLVIIT. OROHIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) 115

sides of the column, and stigma with 2 lateral lobes.—Species about 13,
Indian.

io. Gardneri, Benth. in Gen. Plant. iii. 604; tall, slender, leaves
elliptic acute, spike very long glandular pubescent, bracts equalling the
very small flowers, petals linear-spathulate, lip saccate membranous with
a few small calli on the nerves within. Rhamphidia Gardneri, Thwaites,
Enum. 313.

CEYLON ; in the Central Province, Walker, &c.

Stem 12-20 in., stout and leafy below.. Leaves 2-4 by 14-2 in., often oblique,
8-nerved, membranous; petiole 4-1 in., sheath large, short. Spike 4-10 in., very
many-fid.; flowers hardly secund; bracts } in.; sepals 4 in. long, obtuse, dorsal
ovate 1-nerved, lateral oblong 3-nerved ; petals linear-spathulate, 1-nerved ; lip
cymbiform ; column very short, stigmatic lobes large, lateral ; rostellar arms and
anther short, pollinia subglobose, each caudicled.Thwaites describes the lip as
with a very few short hairs within.

2. Hf. ovalifolia, Benth. in Gen. Plant. iii. 164; slender, leaves
elliptic acute, spikes elongate glandular-pubescent, bracts éxceeding the
very small flowers, petals obovate-oblong, lip saccate tip obtusely 3-
toothed, nerves with tooth-like calli towards the base. Goodyera ovalifolia,
Wight. Ic., t. 1730. Rhamphidia ovalifolia, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soe. i.
181 (exel. habitat).

Matazak ; at Courtallam, Wight.

Very near to H. Gardneri, but smaller, 10-14 in. long, leaves the same, bracts
rather longer. Flowers tinged with pink; dorsal sepal broadly ovate, obtuse,
l-nerved ; lateral oblong, 3-nerved; column very short, stigmatic lobes marginal,
very large’; rostellar arms minute, pollinia as in H. Gardneri.—Lindley in Journ. Linn.
Soc. whilst wrongly ascribing a Sikkim specimen of H. rubens to this, rightly
describes the lip as 3-fid.

3. H. rubens, Benth. in Gen. Plant. iii. 164; tall, leaves elliptic
acute, spike puberulous, bracts equalling or exceeding the flowers, petals
hammer-shaped, lip subhemispheric with a small transverse terminal lobe
and a jagged callus on each side towards the base within. Hook. f. Ic.
Plant. ined. BRhamphidia rubens, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. i. 182.
Cerochilus rubens, Lindl. in Gard. Chron. 1854,87. Goodyera, No. 4, Griff.
Notul. iii. 390.

Sixxim Himawara, alt. 1500-3000 ft., J. D. H., Clarke, Assam, Mann. Uprer
Burma, Griffith (Kew Distrib., 5341 and 5342).

Rather stout, 10-18 in. high. Leaves 4-5 by 13-2 in., as in ovalifolia, reticulately
nerved in the Sikkim specimen; flowers twice as large, greenish-purple ; sepals
l-nerved, broadly ovate; petals clawed, very gibbous on one side; lip short, terminal
lobe sometimes 2-fid; column very short indeed, with two small wings in front;
anther ovate-cordate; pollinia pyriform, subsessile on the gland; stigmatic lobes
large, rostellar arms very short.

4, H. Helferi, Hook.f. Ic. Plant ined.; slender, leaves elliptic, spike
uberulous twisted, bracts shorter than the flowers, petals linear falcate,
ip membranous cymbiform acuminate with a few fleshy cilia on each side

towards the base within.

TEN ASSERIM ; Misses Hider Islands, Helfer.

Stem 6-10 in. with the raceme. Leaves 3-4 in., acute, many-nerved, mem-
branous. Spike 3-6 in.; bracts narrowly lanceolate; sepals $ in. long, subequal,
ovate-oblong, obtuse, hairy, 1-nerved; lip small; column short with 2 membranous
wings in front, and very short rostellar sey ; anther ovate-cordate.

‘

116 OXLvI. oncHIDEH. (J. D. Hooker.) [ Goodyera.

5. H. elongata, Lindi. in Wall. Oat. 7384 (Hteria); Gen. & Sp.
Orchid. 494; tall, slender, leaves petioled oblong subacute, scape and
elongate lax-fld. raceme and flowers laxly tomentose, bracts shorter than
the erect ovary, sepals oblong obtuse, petals broadly obliquely obovate
apiculate, lip cymbiform acute 5-nerved, nerves with 1-2 soft spines
towards the base. Hook. f. Ic. Plant. ined. Goodyera? elongata, Lindl.
Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 494.

Matay Peninsvna, Herb. Finlayson.

Stem with scape and racewes 18 in., lower half leafy. Leaves 2-3 in., mem-
branous, lower obtuse; petiole 4-2 in., slender; lower sheaths hyaline, inflated.
Scape with distant lanceolate sheaths; raceme 4 in. ; bracts $ in., lanceolate ; sepals
4 in. long; lip superior, membranous, adnate to the sides of the column; column
short, flat, without wings or membranes in front, as long as the sepals; stigmatic
lobes lateral ; rostellar arms subulate; anther ovate-cordate ; pollinia subglobose,
caudicles as long slender, gland rather large, oblong.

6. H. elata, Hook. f. Ic. Plant ined.; spike dense-fid., flowers minute,
lip minute hemispheric, base within with 2 large calli on each side and with
a thickened incurved transverse fold towards the apex which is tipped with

a small orbicular membranous appendage, column very short, anther
obtuse.

Perak, Scortechini ; or Batang Padong, alt. 4900 ft., Wray.

Habit of Goodyera procera, but petioles more slender, flowers rather smaller,
lateral sepals more acute, petals broader, denticulate, and lip very different ; column
very short and broad, with short distant subacute rostellar arms, and two marginal
stigmatic lobes.—The structure of the fleshy lip which is only 3, in. long is difficult
to make out, it is no larger than the column.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES.

H. anomata, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. i. 185; leaves ovate acute, spike few-
fid. and flowers hispidly hairy, sepals ovate-oblong, petals linear-spathulate very
narrow, sac of lip with 2-3 cellular flattened crenate calli, terminal lobe transverse
white wings subquadrate. Goodyera, Griff. Notul. iii. 394,

Upper Assam in the Tingree Tea forests, Griffith.

A foot anda half high. Leaves petioled, 5-nerved. Buds posticous; bracts
ovate-lanceolate pubescent, longer than the ovary ; sepals greenish-brown, with white
tips, hispid with reflexed hairs; lip continuous with the base of the short column,
which has a membranous tooth on each side, an anticous stigma, subulate rostellar
arms, and with a crested cellular process in front towards the centre; anther ovate
fleshy ; pollinia narrow, slender, sectile, sessile on the lanceolate gland, grains elon-
gate scale-like.—Description from Griffith, who adds a notice of deformities of the
column, the stigma being posticous, i.e. facing the anther, &c.

95. APH YLLORCHIS, Blume.

_ Terrestrial leafless herbs, caudex tuberous (or of fascicled fibres P); stem
simple,sheathed. Flowers small, racemed orsubspicate. Sepals subequal,
free, erect or spreading. Petals narrower. Lip sessile or shortly clawed,
at the base of the column, as long as the sepals; base 2-auricled or not,
blade oblong, entire or 3-lobed. Column rather long; stigma short, ovate,

concave; anther shortly stipitate, cells contiguous; pollinia reniform.—
Species 5? Indian and Malayan.

* Flower buds straight.

_ 1, & montana, Reichb. f. in Linnea, xii. 57; sepals and petals
linear-oblong obtuse, lip narrowly obovate-oblong contracted beyond the

Aphyllorchis.] oxuyut. orcaipea. (J. D. Hooker.) 117

middle, and side lobes rounded at the base, claw short broad with 2
linear-calli tip obtuse thickened. Apaturia montana, Thwaites Enum.
801 (not of Lindl.).

? Kasia Mrs., alt. 3500 ft., and Sixxim HImAnaya, Griffith. Czyton; Am-
bagamowa district, rare, Thwastes.

Stem 2 ft. with 8-10 loose stout basal sheaths, and a few distant higher up ;
yellowish tinged with purple. Raceme 4-8 in., lax-fid.; bracts 3-3 in., lanceolate,
acuminate; pedicel with ovary 2-1 in.; sepals 4-2 in., and petals straw-coloured,
backs and tips purple; lip broader than the sepals, base contracted into the sub-
saccate short claw, nerves with diverging nervules; column very slender.—lI find no
sufficient character whereby to separate the Sikkim and Khasia specimens, but these
latter are quite insufficient for identification.

2. A. Prainii, Hook. f. Ic. Plant, ined.; sepals and petals linear-
oblong obtuse, lip ovate, claw saccate with two falcately ovate acute
wing-like auricles.

Naga Hitis; Prain.

Very like 4A. montana in size, habit, and inflorescence; distinguished by the
winged claw of the lip. I have seen but one specimen.

3, A. ? vaginata, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. ined.; stem stout clothed with
lax obtuse sheaths, lip sessile lanceolate acuminate.

Kuasia Hirts ; at Mamloo, in woods, alt. 5000 ft., J. D. H. & 7. T.

Stem 6 in., stout; sheaths 4 in., loose, membranous, obtuse. Raceme few-fid.;
bracts large sheathing ; flowers subsessile, erect, about 4 in. across, dingy red ; sepals
broadly ovate, obtuse, 3-nerved ; petals lanceolate, acuminate, 1-nerved ; lip broader
than the sepals, as long, with no vestige of claw or caruncle; column shorter than in
the other species of the germ, acuminate.—I have seen but one specimen of this
curious plant which differs from its congeners in the sessile lip and shorter column.
The flowers are young, and too much confidence must not be placed in the diagnosis.

*® Flower buds decurved.

4, A. pallida, Blume Biydr. t. 77; Orchid. Archip. Ind, 52, t. 13, £.1
&17D.; sepals and petals falcate, claw of lip*with large oblique auricles,
limb 38-lobed, base cordate, side lobes oblong, midlobe oblong obtuse
caruncled.

Prrax, Scortechini, in rocky places, alt. 800-1000 ft., King’s Collector, alt. 3900
ft., Wray.—DisTR1B. Java.

Root of long tomentose fibres. Stem 12-18 in., rather flexuous, slender, spotted
with brown-pink ; sheaths few, obtuse. Racemes 2-6 in., lax-fid.; bracts oblong,
upper ovate ; pedicel erecto-patent, with the ovary 3—3 in. ; flowers Zin. long, decurved,
pale brownish-pink, spotted with dark brown; sepals linear-oblong, obtuse, concave ;
petals strongly falcate, l-nerved; lip recurved; column subclavate; anther
didymous; pollinia (Ice. Scortechini) pyriform (in Zc. Blume, reniform).

96. CRYPTOSTYLIS, Br.

Terrestrial herbs; caudex short, stout. Leaves basal, long petioled ;
membranous. Scape leafless. Flowers loosely racemed or subspicate.
Sepals subequal, and petals very narrow, widely spreading Lip superior,
erect, lanceolate from a broad base which embraces the column, con-
tracted above it, entire. Column very short; stigma stout; rostellum
broad, thick, erect, acuminate; anther obtuse or actiminate; pollinia

118 OXLVII, oRCHIDEZ. (J.D. Hooker.) [Cryptostelis.

pyriform, free, or fixed to the rostellum.—Species 7, Indian, Malayan, and
Australian.

C. Arachnites, Blume Orchid. Archip. Ind. 182, t. 45. Zosterostylis
Arachnites, Blume Bijdr. 419, t. 82. Z. zeylanica, Lindl. Gen. & Sp.
Orchid. 446; Thwaites Enum. 312. Z. Walker, Wight Ic, t. 1748 f. 4.

Kuasia Hitz, Griffith ; at Churra, alt. 4500 ft., Clarke. Prrax, Scortechini, &c.
Prnane, Hullett. Cuyton, Walker, ascending to 4000 ft., Thwaites.—DistTRIB.
Java.

Root of long fleshy tomentose fibres. Leaves 1-3, all radical, 3-6 in., elliptic
or elliptic-lanceolate, acute, many-nerved and trabeculate, primary nerves 3 in-
distinct ; petiole rather longer, embraced at the base by membranous sheaths. Scape
8-18, slender; sheaths acuminate. Raceme 4-8 in.; bracts convolute, acuminate,
equalling the ovary ; pedicel with ovary decurved ; sepals $-$ in., greenish, acuminate,
margins revolute; petals rather shorter, reflexed ; lip as long as the petals, acumi-
nate, purple, mottled. Capsule 4 in., ellipsoid.—There is some little difference in the
breadth of the lip between the Ceylon and Malayan forms, broader in the former,
but I do not find that organ to be pubescent in either, or in the Khasian.

‘

97. CORYSANTHES, Br.

Very small, terrestrial, 1-leaved, 1-fld. herbs. Leaf suborbicular.
Flowers large, red-purple. Dorsal sepal falcate; laterals and petals fili-
form, or petals 0. Lip large, erect, base tubular, dilating into a broad
reflexed toothed or fimbriate limb. Column short, erect, 2-winged at the
tip; stigma broad; anther erect; pollinia oblong, free or sessile on the
rostellum. Capsule erect on an elongate pedicel.—Species about 15,
Australian and Malayan.

1. C. picta, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid., 394; lateral sepals and petals
much longer than the dorsal sepal, limb of lip broadly obovate erose
puberulous within. Blume Orchid. Archip. Ind. 174, t. 644.1. Calcearia
picta, Blume Biydr. 417, t. 33 right-hand figure.

PrERax; near the top of Tambak Batak, Scortechini.—Distriz. Java,

Stem 1-2 in., base scaly. * Leaf terminal, ovate, deeply cordate, acuminate,
margins waved. Flower sessile, bracts 4 in., subulate-lanceolate ; dorsal sepal with
a long claw, margined with white, and a broad deep violet cuneate emarginate hood ;
lip strongly recurved, claw embracing the column produced and 2-fid at the base,
limb reflexed deep violet.

2, ©. fornicata, Lindi. Gen. § Sp. Orchid, 394; lateral sepals and petals
shorter than the dorsal sepal, limb of lip flabelliform ah many rough
short ridges. Blume Orchid. Archip. Ind. 175, t. 64, £. 2. Calcearia
fornicata; Blume Bijdr. 417, t. 33, left-hand figure.

Prraxz, Gunong Enar and Tambok Balak, Scortechint.—Distrip. Java.

Stem 4-2 in. Leaf 4-2 in., ovate-cordate, margin not waved. Flower sessile;
bracts 4 in., subulate-lanceolate; claw of dorsal sepal 2 in., blade spathulate,
5-ribbed, rose-coloured ; lip with a long erect convolute tube produced into two spurs
at the base, and erose recurved glabrous ribbed limb marked with short blackish purple
rugose concentric nerves that end abruptly at the same level towards the claw, and
do not reach the margin,

98. POGONTA, Griff, Sect. Nervi.
Terrestrial tuberous 1-leaved herbs, leafing after flowering. Leaf very

Pogonta.] OXLVIII, ORCHIDE#, (J, D. Hooker.) 119

broadly cordate or orbicular, strongly plicate. Flowers solitary, few, or
many,racemed, horizontal or pendulous. Sepals and petals subequal, narrow,
connivent or widely spreading. Lip inferior, adnate to the base of the
column, sessile or sub-clawed, usually narrow, entire or 2-fid or 3-lobed;
spur a very short sac. Column elongate, tip clavate, stigma oblong or
broader; rostellum short; anther substipitate; pollinia 2 or 4. Capsule
erect or pendulous.—Species about 30; of Sect. Wervilia about 12.

The above characters apply exclusively to the section Wervitia, (genus of
Gaudichaud), to which all the Old World species of Pogonia belong; and which all
flower before leafing. All the other species, except one Japanese, are New World,
and their flowering stems bear leaves.—The species are very difficult of analysis
from Herbarium specimens, but I have been greatly aided by the drawings in
Herb. Kew, and those of Herb. Calcutt., kindly lent by Dr. King. All want
revision. “

* Stem 1-3-fid.

1. P. plicata, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 415; leaf orbicular-cordate
hairy, stem 1-3-fld., lip embracing the column, tip dilated 2-lobed.
Epipactis plicata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 454. Arethusa plicata, Andr. Bot.
Rep., t. 321.

Lower BENGAL, the Conoan & Mysorz, Roxburgh, &c.

Tuber globose. Leaf 2-4 in, diam., very many-nerved; petiole 1-3 in., often
rusty-purple or brown. Flowering stem 4-6 in.; bracts small; flowers 13 in. diam. ;
sepals and petals widely spreading, narrowly oblanceolate, acuminate, greenish ; lip
embracing the column, sides convolute, whitish or rose-coloured, tip pink,—Roxburgh
observes and figures the tuberiforous suckers propagated from the apex of the petiole
under the surface of the soil. ‘ ‘ i

2. RP. biflora, Wight. Ic. 7399; leaf unknown, stem 2-fid., lip
obovate obtusely 3-lobed about the middle, embracing the column.

MaaBaB; in the Wynaad jungles, Jerdon.

Tuber globose. Flowering stem 2-4 in.; bracts slender; flowers 1} in. diam.;
sepals and petals narrowly oblanceolate, white; lip pink, contracted at the base, side
lobes rounded, midlobe emarginate crisped.— Amongst Parish’s drawings is one of a
similar Moulmein plant in flower only, with red-brown stem, pink sepals and
petals, and @ more clavate column than in Wight’s figure.

3. P. juliana, Wail. Cat. 7399; leaf ovate-cordate glabrous, stem
1-fid., lip with 2 narrow falcate side lobes near the base which embrace the
column, and a longer rhombic-lanceolate acuminate midlobe which is hairy
atits base. Hook.f. Ic. Plant.ined. Epipactis Juliana, Roxb. Fl, Ind. iii.
453.

Assam (Ic. in Herb. Caleutt.). Sinuzr, Clarke. LOwreR Beneat, Roxburgh,
Clarke. CEYLON; in the Doombera district; ZThwaites.

Tuber globose. Leaf 2-3 in., 5-7-nerved, green or purple beneath; petiole
short. Flowering stem 3-6 in. ; bracts ensiform ; flower about 23 in. diam. ; sepals and
petals narrowly oblanceolate, acuminate, green; side lobes of lip white, midlobe
spreading, white mottled with pink.—Amongst Parish’s drawings is one of a Moulmein
plant (P. cuprea, Par. mss.) like juliana, but with purple-green sepals and petals, and
the hypochile longer than the epichile; it is in flower only.

4, P. velutina, Par. & Reichd. f. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. 142;
leaf orbicular-cordate velvety on both surfaces, stem 2-fld., lip shorter
than the sepals embracing the column oblong-ovate obtuse.

TEN ASSERIM ; at Moulmein, Parish.

120 OXLVIII. ORCHIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) [Pogonia.

Leaf 5-6in. diam., many-nerved, rust-coloured; petiole very short. Flowering
stem 4-12 in.; bracts very small; sepals and petals 13 in. long, narrowly lanceolate,
dirty purple; lip ventricose towards the middle, flushed with pink, with two red
purple branching nerves down the middle; column gibbously clavate.

5. P. macroglossa, Hook. f. Ic.. Plant. ined.; leaf unknown, stem
1-fld., lip longer than the sepals embracing the column strap shaped
obtuse.

Sizzrm Himataya; in hot valleys, J.D.H.; at Tumlong, alt. 6500 ft., Clarke.

Flowering stem 3-6 in. ; bracts small, slender ; sepals 1-1} in., linear-lanceolate,
acuminate, white flushed with pink; lip 14 by }in., of the same breadth from the
rounded base to the rounded apex, except across the very small side lobes that
project beyond the middle, nerves very slender ; there is an appearance of lines of
roughness on each side of the midrib opposite the side lobes. Column very slender,
tip clavate.—Near velutina, but very distinct in the rather broader sepals, and shape
of the remarkable lip which exceeds the sepals.

6. P. maculata, Par. & Reichb. f. in Trans. inn. Soc. xxx. 148;
leaf orbicular-cordate glabrous, stem 2-fid., lip shortly spurred at the base
embracing the column ovate-lanceolate 3-lobed about the middle woolly
within. Hook. f. Ic. Plant. ined.

TENASSERIM; at Moulmein, Parish.

Leaf about 2 in. diam., about 13-nerved, green with a black-purple spot at
the base of each fold beyond the middle; petiole 2-3 in. Flowering stem 5-6 in.,
slender; bracts minute; sepals and petals $ in., narrowly oblanceolate, green;
lip equalling the sepals, yellow green with dark green veins; column rather
slender ; anther purple,

** Flowers racemose. Bracts elongate, linear-lanceolate, reflexed.

7. P.Gammiena, Hook.f, Bot. Mag. t. 6671; leaf orbicular- or ovate-
cordate acuminate glabrous, margin waved, sepals and connivent petals
spathulately oblanceolate acute, lip saccate at the base, hypochile narrow
much longer than the orbicular waved hairy epichile.

TropicaL Himataya; from Garwhal, Falconer, &c., to Sikkim, Gammie, &c.

Leaf 6 in. broad and less, many-nerved, pitted between the folds ; petiole 4-10 in.,
stout. Flowering stem 3-12 in., stout; bracts 3-$ in., reflexed; sepals and petals
1 ae long, conniving, concave, pink ; lip greenish-white or yellowish, as long as the
sepals,

8. P. Scottii, Reichd. f. in Flora, 1872, 276; leaf large reniform
many-nerved glabrous, flowering stem tall stout, sepals and petals conni-
vent linear-lanceolate acuminate, lip subclawed, base saccate, 3-lobed about
the middle, side lobes obtuse, midlobe suborbicular velvety. P Pogonia,
No. 2, Griff. Notul. iii. 377; Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 345.

Sixuim Himazaya; at Darjeeling (ew Reichb.). Cuittacone; at Seetakoond
(de. in Herb. Caleutt.). ? Burma, Grigith.

Leaf 8 in. diam., abruptly acuminate, green, margin subundulate; petiole 12 in,,
very stout. Flowering stem dark brown, with raceme 18 in.; bracts 3 in., reflexed 5
flowers horizontal, almost geniculate with the decurved ovary ; sepals and petals Sin.,
connivent, dull green with red nerves ; lip as long, yellow-white with purple nerves ;
top of column hairy on the back.—Lindley refers Griffith’s plant to P. carinata, but
the saccate base of the lip, and flowers set on at an angle with the ovary,
rather indicate P. Scottii. These characters are not, however, shown in Griffith’s
drawing. :

Pogonia. | OXLVIIL, ORCHIDER. (J. D. Hooker.) 121

_, 9B. carinata, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 414; in Journ, Linn, Soe.
iii, 45 (encl. syn. Griff.); leaf orbicular or cordate 7-9-nerved glabrous,
sepals and petals narrowly oblanceolate acuminate, lip 3-lobed about the
middle pubescent, side lobes very short, midlobe broadly, ovate acute
crenate, nerves rectangular. P Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 270. Epipactis
carinata, Roxb, Fl. Ind. iii. 452.

Prains oF Inpra ; from Rohilcund to Lower Bengal, and the Decoan PeninsvLa.
Pav, Kurz.

Leaf 14-24 in. diam., cuspidate, not waved ; petiolel-2 in. Flowering stem with
raceme 6-12 in., green ; bracts 2 in. ;:sepals and petals 1 in., green; lip not saccate
at the base, white with red or purple veins.—I am unable to discriminate satis-
factorily in Herbarium specimens of the flower (carefully moistened and laid out)
between this and flabelléformis.

10. P. flabelliformis, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7400; Gen. & Sp.
Orchid. 415 ; in Journ. Linn, Soc. iii. 45; leaf large orbicular-cordate many-
nerved, lip 3-lobed about the middle, side lobes obtuse, midlobe ovate acute
crisped and hairy. P Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 270. P. Nervilia, Blume
Mus, Bot. i. 32. P. carinata, Wight Ic.t.1720. Nervilia Aragoana, Gaud.
in Freyc. Voy. Bot. 422, t. 35.

Tropical Himataya; from Garwhal, alt. 4-5000 ft., Falconer, &c., eastwards.
? TEnassERIM, Parish.—DistTRis. Marianne Islands, Timor. :

Leaf 4-10 in, diam., cuspidate, margin waved; petiole 4-8 in. Flowering stem
stout, 6-12 in. ; raceme lax-fid.; flowers pale green; sepals 2 in. long, linear-lan-
ceolate, acute; petals rather narrower, obtuse; lip shorter than the sepals, like that
of P. carinata, but white, and glabrous.—Differs from carinata in the many-nerved
leaf; the flowers are not readily distinguishable in dried specimens. In a drawing
by Parish the lip is represented as saccate at the base, truncate at the apex, with
three green medial nerves meeting in the apex, and many red side nerves, In his
specimen the tip of the lip varies to rounded, the side lobes are rounded, not acute
as in carinata, and its nerves are not rectangular but ascending.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES,

Poconta No. 1, Griff. Notul. iii. 376; stem 4 in, 1-fld., flower 1 in. long,
sepals linear-lanceolate acuminate pale purplish-brown, petals narrower, lip white 3-
lobed, side lobes rounded-oblong denticulate, midlobe obovate crisped pubescent white
spotted and veined with purple and with 2 green veins and a yellow-green crest from
the middle downwards, margins papillose.—Fields at Suddyah, in Upper Assam, smell
of violets.

99. DIDYMOPLEXIS, Grif.
(Leucorcuis, Blume.)

Slender (parasitic P) leafless, tuberous herbs. Scape simple, flexuous;
flowers few, small, racemed; pedicels greatly elongate in fruit. Sepals
dorsal and petals connate forming a 3-fid upper lip, lateral connate into
an entire or 2-fid lower lip, forming a small mentum with the foot of the
column. J%p inserted on the short foot of the column, very short, broad,
entire, included, base and disk with small calli. Column long, narrowly
2-winged above and 2-toothed ; stigma broad; anther low, shortly stipitate ;
pollinia 2, reniform, bipartite, 4? Capsules very long pedicelled.—Species
2-or 8, Indian, Malayan and Pacific.

122 OXLVIII, oRCHIDE. (J.D. Hooker.) [Didymoplexis,

D. pallens, Grif. in GCaleutt. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 383, t. 17;
Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc, xx. 311, t. 28; Kurz in Seem. Journ. Bot. 1866,
40 (excl. Syn. Epiblema & Gastrodia), Leucorchis sylvatica, Blume Mus.
Bot. i. 31; Orchid, Archip. Ind. 147, with woodcut. Apetelon minutum,
Wight Ic. t.1758. Arethusa ecristata, Griff. Notul. in. 378; Ic. Plant.
Asiat. t. 348, 344, A. bengalensis, Hort. Bot. Cale. Hpiphanes pallens,
Reichd. f. in Seem. Fl. Vit. 296.

Lower Beneat; from the foot of the Sikkim Himalaya to Calcutta. Kure;
in bamboo jungles, Jerdon. PxERax, Scortechini, Wray.

Root branching and tuberous; stem 4-6 in., sheaths loose. Racemes terminal,
4-8 fld.; bracts broadly ovate; flowers shortly pedicelled, dull yellow-white, perianth .
4 in, diam. subcampanulate ; dorsal sepal ovate, obtuse, hooded ; petals shorter and
broader than the dorsal sepal, truncate, 3-nerved ; lateral sepals united to the middle,
free portions obtuse ; lip stipitate, transversely or obcuneately oblong, membranous,
with 3-median nerves between which the disk is papillose. Capsule 1-13 in., erect,
fusiform, pedicel 3-8 in.—Ridley 1]. c. distinguishes his D. pallens from Blume’s
sylvatica by the entire lower lip of the latter, overlooking Blume’s woodcut of the
sylvatica, which represents it as 2-lobed.

100. GASTRODIA, Br.

Terrestrial leafless brownish tuberous herbs; stem erect, sheathed.
Flowers in lax racemes. Sepals connate with the petals into a ventricose
5-lobed tube slit anteriorly. Zip short, base adnate to the foot of the
column and to the perianth, blade entire. Column usually long, narrowly
2-winged, foot short or 0; rostellum small; stigma prominent; anther
tumid; pollinia ecanudate, free.—Species 7, Asiatic, Malayan and
Australasian.

* 1. G. orobanchoides, Benth. in Gen. Plant. iii. 617 ; lip adnate to
the tube of the perianth with a short sessile ovate obtuse free plane blade.
Hook. f. Ice. Plant. t. 1852. Gamoplexis Fale. in Royle Ill. 364; Lindl.
Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 384; G. orobanchoides, Fale. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx.
293, t. 13.

TreMPERATE HimatayA, alt, 7-8000 ft., from Kashmir to Garwhal, Falconer,

Root a large oblong or ellipsoid annulate tuber, parasitic by a small fibrous base
to roots. Stem 10-24 in., usually very stout; sheaths short, loose, truncate. Raceme
loosely many-fid. ; bracts oblong, acute, variable in size ; flowers suberect, pedicels
short ; ovary turgid ; perianth 4-2 in. long, ventricose, base gibbous, lobes very short
obtuse, sepaline rather longer than the petaline; lip longer still, sessile, ovate,
obtuse, recurved. Capsule $ in., erect, turgid.

2. @. elata, Blume Mus. Bot. ii. 174; Orchid. Archip. Ind. 148,
t. 58; claw of lip adnate to the perianth and furnished with a pair of large
fleshy prominent calli, limb free ovate-oblong.

Cuumst; a Tibetan province east of Sikkim, King’s Collector.—Dista1s. China,
Japan.

PHabit, inflorescence and flowers of @. orobanchoides, but differing in the lip,
the adnate claw of which has an almost reniform callus on each side, whereas in the
first-named species the position of the claw on the perianth is marked by two
thickened lines. The Chumbi specimen is a bad one, but having examined many
flowers of it and of the Japan plant, I have no reason to doubt their identity. ,

Gastrodia.] OXLVIII, ORCHIDER, (J. D. Hooker.) 123

8. G. javanica, Endl, Gen. Plant. 212; lip free from the tube of the
perianth, blade broadly hastately cordate with two thickened ridges
on the disk. Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 384; Thwaites Enum. 311; Blume,
Orchid. Archip. Ind. 145; Mus. Bot.ii.175. Epiphanes javanica, Blume
Bijdr. 421, t. 4,

Crrton ; near Ratnapoora, &c., Thwaites.

I have seen no specimen of the Ceylon plant, only the copy of a drawing in the
Peradeniya Garden, kindly made for me by Thwaites, but it gives no analysis. This
represents a slender plant with few flowers, an almost globose perianth divided to

about the middle, and not representing a specimen of what may be the Javan
plant in Herb. Kew collected by Lobb,

4. G. ?Hasseltii, Blume Mus. Bot. ii. 175; Orchid. Archip. Ind.
145, t. 52, £. 5-8; stem 6 in. rather slender, flowers few broadly campanu-
late 3 in. long, lip quite free, claw slender, limb suborbicular with a broad
truncate tip.

PeRak, Ic. Scortechini.—Distx1B. Java.

Without specimen either of Blume’s or Scortechini’s plants identification is
impossible.

5. G. exilis, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. ined.; very slender, flowers minute,
lip free sessile by a very small point ovate with 2 long wing-like lamellw
on the middle of the disk.

Kuasia Mrs, ; at Amwee in grassy places, alt. 3000 ft., J. D. H. & T. T.

Tuber 4-4 in., oblong; stem 6-12 in., filiform. Racemes few and lax-fid.; bracts
ovate ; flowers (with ovary) 4-4 in. long, erect, whitish; perianth cylindric, very
shortly 5-lobed ; sepaline lobes broad, obtuse; petaline much smaller, rounded,
fimbriate (or glandular) ; lip as long as the column, membranous, faintly 5-nerved,
base rounded; column acutely toothed at the truncate top. Capsule (unripe)
4 in. fusiform.—A very singular species ; difficult of analysis after having been dried.

100/1. YOANTA, Mazin.

A low stout leafless herb; stem with cucullate sheaths. FVowers race-
mose, long and stoutly pedicelled. Sepals oblong, obtuse, fleshy. Petals
broadly ovate. Lip sessile at the foot of the column, very shortly clawed,
cymbiform, obtusely apiculate. Column short, broad, margined, mid-
lobe triangular, side lobes erect ; stigma concave, transverse; anther long-
beaked, 2-celled; pollinia 4, pulpy, sectile, attached in pairs to a viscid
gland.

VY. japonica, Mazin. in Bull. Acad. St. Petersb. xviii. 68; Mel.
Biol. viii. 647; Benth. in Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 1864.

Munwirorz ; crest of Bareil range (S. W. of Japoo), alt. about 7000 ft., and on

Kohima, Prain.—Distris. Japan. :
Brownish-white, glabrous. Rootstock stout, branched. Stem 3-6 in., tortuous
in the Munnipore plant, erect in the Japanese, as thick as a goose-quill ; sheaths

_ ¥in,, shortly rounded ; raceme short, 4-6 fid. ; bracts like the sheaths ; pedicel with

ovary 1-12 in. ; sepals $ in. long, and oblique obtuse petals many-nerved ; lip very
shortly clawed, almost hemispheric, with a thickened apex and axis, w small con-
cavity within the lip and four strong flexuous nerves on each side. Capsule 2-23 in.
long, stoutly pedicelled, erect, narrowly fusiform, ribs very” stout.—Except in that
the stems are sometimes curved, and the margins of the lip appear to be abruptly

124 OXLVIII. ORCHIDEZ. (J, D. Hooker.) ( Yoania.

thickened towards the tip, I find nothing to distinguish this from the Japan plant ;
the column and anther are identical; I failed to find pollen. The flowers, black
when dry, are so fragile that I had great difficulty in making out their structure.

101. EPIPOGUM, Gimelin.

Terrestrial leafless brownish herbs; root tuberous or coralloid; stem
erect, sheathed. Flowers laxly racemed. Sepals and petals subequal, free,
narrow, erect or spreading. Lip sessile at the base of the column, superior
or inferior, ovate, entire or 3-lobed, spurred, base broad, disk with rows of
papille. Column short, foot 0; stigma broad, prominent; anther thickened,
dorsally 2-celled; pollinia 2, separately attached by a filiform strap toa
small gland.—Species the following.

1. BE. aphyllum, Swartz Summ. Veg. Scand. 1814; root branching,
column cylindric, spur very large as long as the superior 3-lobed lip
inflated incurved, Palmstr. Svensk. Bot. +t. 512; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 93;
Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. xiii. t. 468; Nees Gen. Fl. Germ. Monocot. iii. No. 23.
E. Gmelini, Richard Orchid, Europ. Annot. 36; Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid.
383 ; in Journ. Linn. Soc. i. 176; Bot. Mag. t. 4821. Satyrium Epipogium,
Linn. Syst. Veg. 676; Jacq. Fl. Austr. t. 84.

Western TEMPERATE Himaraya, alt. 6-8500 ft., Kashmir, Clarke; Simla,
Thomson; Garwhal, Duthie.—DistR1B. Europe, N. Asia.

Stem 4-8 in., often very stout and swollen at the base; sheaths 1-2, short,
appressed, truncate or obtuse. Racemes 3-6-fid. ; bracts large, membranous, oblong,
obtuse or acute; flowers pale yellow or pinkish, spotted, ovary turgid ; sepals 4-3 in.
long and subequal petals lanceolate, margins involute ; lip oblong, whitish, with lines
of red glandular warts, lateral lobes small, very variable in size ; spur obtuse.

2. HE. nutans, Reichd. f. in Bonpland. 1857, 86; root an oblong
tuber, spur straight shorter than the inferior entire lip. Lindl. in Journ.
Dinn. Soec.i. 177; Benth. Fl. Austral. vi. 308; H. roseum, Lindl. l. c. Galera
nutans, Blume Bijdr. 415, t. 3; Mus. Bot. ui. 187; Orchid. Archip. Ind.
139, t.52 & 54 E; G. rosea, Blume Mus. Bot. 188, & Orchid. Archip. Ind.
139; Podanthera pallida, Wight Ic. t.1759. Ceratopsis rosea, Lindl. Gen.
& Sp. Orchid. 383. Limodorum roseum, Don Prodr. 30.

TropicaL Himanaya; Nepal, Wallich; Sikkim, in hot valleys, J. D. H.
Clarke. Kuasta Mrs., alt. 6000 ft., Mann. Deccan PENINSULA, in the Wynaad,
Jerdon. CEYLON, Thwaites.—DIstRiB. West Africa, Java, Australia,

Root like a small potato. Stem 4-8 in., stout or slender; sheaths several, short,
inflated, truncate. Racemes few or many-fid.; bracts large, membranous, oblong,
acute ; flowers pale yellow or pinkish white, speckled or stained with pink; sepals and
petals narrowly lanceolate, 3-2 in. long; lip entire, disk with 2 or 3 glandular
ridges.

102. CEPHALANTHERA, Richard.

Terrestrial herbs, leafless and tuberous rooted, or with leafy stem and
fibrous roots. Leaves sessile, plicate. lowers suberect, spiked or
racemed. Sepals and petals subsimilar, free, conniving. Lip included,
erect from the base of the column, hypochile concave or saccate embracing
the column, epichile short. Column semi-terete, rostellum short or obso-
lete ; stigma avticous; anther erect; pollinia 2, 2-partite. Capsule erect.
—Species about 10, north temperate regions,

Cephalanthera.] OXLvii1. OROHIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) 125

C. ensifolia, Richard Orchid. Annot. 29; leaves ovate or lanceolate,
bracts of the upper flowers much smaller than the almost glabrous
ovaries, epichile triangular obtuse 5-ridged. Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid.
412; in Journ. Linn. Soc. i.172, 175; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 85. C. Xypho-
phyllum, Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. xiii. t. 470. C. acuminata, Lindl. in Wail.
Cat. 7405 ; Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 1. c.; Wight Ic. t. 1721; Done. in Jacquem. Voy.
Bot. 164, t. 164.

TEMPERATE Himaraya; alt. 6-12,000 ft., from Kashmir to Bhotan.—DisreEis.
Europe, Western Siberia, and from Afghanistan to Northern Africa.

Rootstock creeping ; stem 6-18 in. Leaves lower lanceolate or oblong, acute or
obtuse, upper linear. Raceme laxly 6-20-fld., glabrous; bracts ovate, acute; flowers
4-4 in. long, white or lip spotted with yellow ; sepals lanceolate, acute ; petals elliptic,
obtuse ; ridges of lip crested.

SPECIES UNKNOWN TO ME.

C. Taomsont, Reichb.f. in Linnea, xli, 54; a span high, leaves (of C. grandiflora)
oblong acute, ypper linear-lanceolate, bracts linear-lanceolate, lower much longer
than the flowers, sepals oblong-ligulate acute, petals narrower, lip expanded at the
base into a very short conical sac trifid, side lobes broadly ligulate crenulate, midlobe
oval transverse with a deflexed apiculus, keels two in theentire base lamellate, with
many small papille between the posticous lacinie.—Sikkim, T. Thomson., 1857.—
C. eucullata, Boiss. Held. differs in the shorter hypochile with short quite entire
lacinie, in the median nerves of the epichile keeled to the tip, in the keels not
lamelliform, and in the conico-cylindric spur being thrice as long.—(The above is
from Reichenbach. I have examined no Cephalanthera answering to the descrip-
tion, nor, as I am informed by King, is there any in the Calcutta Herbarium, whence
Reichenbach’s specimens must have been sent to him.)

103. EPIPACTIS, Br.

Terrestrial leafy erect herbs. Leaves sessile, plaited. Flowers racemose,
pendulous; bracts long, leafy. Sepals and petals broad, acuminate, strongly-
nerved. Lp sessile on the base of the column; hypochile concave or
saccate, epichile contracted at the base, entire. Column short; stigma
anticous ; rostellum broad, prominent ; anther erect, obtuse, cells contiguous ;
pollinia 2, 2-partite, gland globose.—Species 8 or 10, of the temperate N.
hemisphere.

Lindley (én Journ. Linn. Soc. i. 172) is disposed to refer all the Himalayan
species to states of H. latifolia, in which I do not concur.

1. EB. latifolia, Swartz in Act. Holm. 1800, 232; flowers subsecund
glabrous or nearly so, lip short, hypochile subglobose, epichile as long or
shorter ovate-cordate, base with 2 calli. Lindl. Gen. & Sp.. Orchid. 461;
Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 87; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. xiii. t. 184-136. E. macro-
stachya, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7404; H. consimilis, Don Prodr, 28. E.
Dalhousie, Wight Ie. t. 1723.

Trmprrate Hrmaraya, from Kashmir, alt. 6500-10,000 ft., to Sikkim, alt.
10-11,000 £t.—Disreis, Europe, N. Africa, N. Asia to Japan.

Stem 1-3 ft., stout, puberulous above. Leaves 3-5 by 2-3 in., usually from
orbicular to ovate-lanceolate rarely lanceolate, often with ciliolate margins, flowers
4-4 in. diam, in often crowded bractate racemes, green variegated with yellow
white or purple. Column very short. ;

Var. herbacea; smaller, leaves elliptic. acute, raceme dense-fid., flowers $ in.
diam, glabrous pale greenish white. E. herbacea, Lindl. in Royle Ill. 368; Gen. x
Sp. Orchid, 462.—Western Himalaya,

126 CXLVIIZ. ORCHIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) [ Epipactis.

Var. Thomsoni ; small, slender, leaves lanceolate recurved margins quite glabrous,
raceme lax-fid., flowers 1 in. diam. quite glabrous. HE. macrostachya, Wight Ic. t.
1722 (not of Lindl.)—Western Tibet, alt. 10-11,000 ft., Thomson.— Wight does not
know the origin of his specimen, which is a very bad one.

Var. intrusa ; very slender, leaves few small, flowers few very distant, epichile
without calli, E. intrusa, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. i. 175.—Sikkim, alt. 11,000
ft., J.D. H. This is hardly more than a starved state of H. latifolia, with which it
grew.

2. HE. consimilis, Wail. Cat. 7403 (not of Don); raceme lax-fid., flowers
large pubescent or tomentose, lip nearly as long as the sepals, hypochile
narrow oblong, epichile longer lanceolate inflexed at the base then re-
curved. H. veratrifolia, Boiss. & Hohen. Diagn. Ser. 1, xiii. 11; Boiss. Fl.
Orient. v. 87. Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc.i. 174. E. amcena, Herd. Ham.

WESTERN TEMPERATE Himataya; from Peshawur and Kashmir to Nepal.—
DistR1B. westward to Syria.

Stem 1-2 ft., rather slender, pubescent above. eaves 4-7 in., lanceolate,
acuminate, Raceme lax-fid.; braets long, rarely short; flowers 1-1} in. diam.,
distant, long-pedicelled, pubescent or ovary- tomentose, greenish; column much
longer than in Z. latifolia.—Lindley is no doubt right in referring Don’s E. con-
similis to E. latifolia. A drawing by Jerdon of a plant grown on limestone rocks,
overhanging water at Saugor in Malwah closely resembles this.

3. BH. Royleana, Lindl. in Royle Ill. 368; Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 461 ;
in Journ. Linn. Soc. i: 174; raceme lax-fid. puberulous, hypochile large sac-
cate very much broader than the ovate or ovate-lanceolate epichile. ? E.
americana, Lindl. in Ann. Se. Nat. iv. 385; Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 462. B.
gigantea, Dougl. mss. in Hook. Fl. Bot. Am. ii, 220, t. 202. Cephalanthera
Royleana, Regel in Act. Hort. Petrop. vi. 490 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 85.

TemPERate Himauaya; from Kashmir, alt. 7000 ft. to Sikkim, alt. 8-12,000
ft.—DistErs. Samarcand ? N. America.

Stem 1-2 ft. Leaves from lanceolate to orbicular, 4-7 by 1-14 in., margins
eciliolate. Raceme 6-10 in.; flowers distant, 1 in. diam., green with a yellowish
(or reddish ?) lip; bracts long, lanceolate-—The very broad strongly many-nerved
hypochile, broader than long, with rounded erect sides, are unlike any other species
but 2. americana, which I suspect is the same, and if so, the latter is the earliest
name. Lindley’s description is taken from a very bad specimen, in which the
epichile is constricted in the middle, probably by accident, as this organ contracts
much in drying. Regel cites Lindley’s Bpip. Royleana for his Ceph. Royleana, and
gives Samarcand as a locality.

Tribe IV. OrpHrypEsz. (See Vol. v. p. 673.)
104. ORCHTIS, Linn.

Terrestrial erect leafy herbs, with entire oblong or palmately lobed
tubers. Leaves sheathing, not plicate. Flowers racemed or spicate. Sepals
free, subequal, lateral spreading, or conniviug in a hood with the petals and
dorsal. Petals usually smaller. Zip shortly adnate to the column,
spreading or pendulous, spurred, entire or 3-lobed. Column very short,
rostellum cupular or saccate; anther adnate to the face of the column,
cells parallel or converging below; pollinia 2, caudicles adnate to 1 or 2
glands, which are concealed in one pouch formed by the rostellum.—Species
about 80, of north temperate regions, and the Mascarene Islands.

With the exception of O. latifolia, I do not feel confident that the species here

Orchis.] OXLVIIT. oRCHIDERZ. (J.D. Hooker.) 127

below referred to Orchis are referable to that genus, This is owing to my inability to
determine satisfactorily in specimens that have been pressed, the structure of the
minute rostellum, and its relation to the glands of the pollinia. Moreover, as stated
under Habenaria, I have in various minute flowered species of that genus been
unable to determine whether the glands are hidden between folds of the rostellum,
or are covered by pouches ora flap of that organ. Careful drawings of the column
and anther, and a comparative study of the extra Indian species are wanted, in order
to describe them with accuracy. ance

1. O. latifolia, Linn. Sp. Pl. 1334; tubers palmate, leaves erect
oblong linear-oblong or lanceolate, spike cylindric dense-fid., bracts green
acuminate usually much exceeding the flowers, lateral sepals ovate reflexed,
lip oblong or rhomboid crenate entire or very obtusely 3-lobed sides de-
flexed, spur stout equalling or shorter than the ovary pendulous. Boiss.
Fl. Orient. v. 71; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ, xiii. t. 50. O. latifolia, 8 indica,
Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 260. O. Hatagirea, Don, Prodr. 23; Wall. Cat.
7062.

Western Temperate Himataya; from Nepal to Kashmir, and in WesTERN
TrBet, alt. 8-12,000 ft. (16,000 ft., Heyde.)—Distris. Westward from Afghanistan
to N. Afrien and the Atlantic, N. Asia.

Stem 1-8 ft., usually fistular, leafy upward. Leaves many, 2-6 in., often spotted
in Europe, tip flat or concave. Spike 1-6 in.; flowers about 2 in. from dorsal sepal
to tip of lip, dull purple; sepals and petals acute or obtuse; lip spotted with darker
purple, midlobe small or obsolete; spur straight or curved.—The Himalayan speci-
mens have, as far as I can make out from dried specimens, the leaves unspotted and
tips concave, and are therefore referable to the European var. incarnata (O. incarnata,
Lian.). Lindley’s var. indica is characterized as having larger flowers, a rounded
sub-lobed lip shorter than the spur, which is as long as the ovary. Lindley is dis-
posed to refer some of the specimens from N.-W. India to O. maculata, but_the lip
in these is not lobed as in the European plant. 0. latifolia is as variable in India as
in Europe, from slender to ‘very robust, with a lax or dense-fld. spike, and bracts
equalling to or much longer than the flowers.

2. O. Chusua, Don. Prodr. 23; leaves few linear or linear-lanceolate
acute, spike very short, bracts longer than the ovaries green, lateral sepals
reflexed, dorsal much smaller orbicular, lip longer than the sepals broadly
obovate 3-lobed, spur as long as the ovary stout cylindric obtuse. Gymna-
deria Chusua, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7058; Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 280. G.
puberula, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7059.

Auprns Himataya; alt. 10-18,000 ft., Kumaon, Duthie ; Nepal, Wallich.
Sizxim, J. D. H., &e. :

Very variable in height and stoutness, 3-18 in., flexnous. Tubers oblong,
entire. Leaves 1-8, rarely more, 3~6 by 3-8 in., almost filiform in very alpine
forms. Spike 2-4 in., 2-many-fid.; bracts 4-4 in., lanceolate, acuminate; flowers
4-2 in. diam., white or purple; lateral sepals oblong-lanceolate, suberect; petals
shorter, spreading, oblong, obtuse ; lip variable in breadth, often broader than long,
lobes spreading, broad, rounded, erose or crenate, rarely oblong with the midlobe
retuse; spur thin-walled, slightly incurved, tip sometimes clavate ; anther-cells
parallel.

3. O. spathulata, eichb. f. mss.; leaf solitary radical elliptic,
spike few-fid., bracts much larger than the flower, sheaths leafy, sepals
subequal lateral suberect, lip obovate not longer than the sepals entire or
obscurely 3-lobed, spur shorter than the ovary stout. Hook. f. Ic. Plant. ined.
Gymnadenia spathulata, Lindl. Gen, & Sp. Orchid. 280,

128 CXLVIIl OROHIDEZ. (J.D. Hooker.) {Orchis.

Atpine Himataya; alt. 11-13,000 ft.; Kumaon and Garwhal, Royle, Duthie,
Sizxim, J. D, H.

Stem very short, sheathed; root elongate, stout, branching into thick fibres.
Leaf 1-3 in, sessile or petioled, obtuse, fleshy, base narrowed. Scape 2-5 in., very
stout, flexuous ; flowers 2-4, dark purple, 4 in. diam.; bracts $-1 in., ovate, obtuse ;
dorsal sepal ovate, obtuse, lateral oblong, subacute ; petals ascending, elliptic, obtuse ;
lip variable in breadth, from elliptic to cuneate-obovate, crenulate, spur variable in
length, stout, obtuse ; anther-cells parallel.

4. O. Stracheyi, ook. f. Ic. Pl. ined.; leaf solitary radical elliptic
or obovate, spike few-fld., bracts longer than the flowers leafy, sepals
subequal lateral suberect, lip longer than the sepals broadly cuneate
3-lobed to the middle, lobes obtuse, spur as long as the ovary stout
incurved obtuse.

WersTERN Himataya; Garwhal, near Rogile, alt. 11,000 ft., Strachey and
Winterbottom (No. 35 Gymnad. puberula.)

This has the solitary leaf of O. spathulata, and the flowers of O. Chusua, can
it be a hybrid ?

105. HERMINIUM, Linz.

Terrestrial small erect tuberous herbs ; tubers oblong, undivided. Leaves
solitary or few. Flowers small, spicate. Sepals subequal, 1-nerved, free
or conniving in a hood, the lateral spreading. Petals smaller or nearly as
large, often thick and fleshy. Lip continuous with the base of the column,
shorter or longer than the sepals, broad or narrow, spreading or pendulous,
entire or 2-3-fid, base flat concave or very shortly saccate. Colwmn very
short; stigma 2-lobed or with 2 globose or clavate processes; rostellum
short; anther adnate to the face of the column, cells parallel or slightly
diverging below; pollinia 2, caudicles very short, glands naked, small
or large, or with each gland and its caudicle sheathed by a conical naked
coriaceous extinguisher-like shiny brown appendage.—Species 6 or 8,
European and N, Asiatic.

There is no character by which Herminium can be distinguished from Habenaria,
except that the lip has never a spur, only a gibbous sac. H. fallaw & Duthiei,
and some other species appear to me to be referable to either genus, but these from
habit and locality I retain here. The glands of the pollinia vary extraordinarily in
the several species, from small and orbicular, to extinguisher-like bodies, truncate,
hollow, coriaceous, brown, shining, and sometimes split down one side. The candicle
appears to be inserted at the bottom of this organ, which isa development of the
gland itself; it is exposed at the base of the anther-cell, and like the ordinary gland,
is removable with the pollinium. The Indian Herminia are all mountain or alpine,
and attain the greatest elevation of any orchids.

* Lip 3-lobed.

1. H. Monorchis, Br. in Hort. Kew. Ed.2, v. 191; leaves 2 rarely 3
linear-oblong, flowers decurved, bracts equalling the ovary or shorter,
petals ovate hardly longer than the sepals, lip hardly longer than the sepals
3-fid, lobes narrow. Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 805; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v, 82.
Reichb. Ic, Fl. Germ. xiii. t. 415. Ophrys Monorchis, Linn. Sp. Pl. 1342.

ALPINE Himataya and WEstTEEn Tizzt, alt. 10-13,000 ft., from Kashmir to
Sikkim.—Disrris. Europe, N. Asia.

Four to ten in. high; root ellipsoid. Leaves 1-4 in. Scape naked, rarely 2.
leaved or 1 sheathed; spike 1-2 in.; flowers subsecund, 4 in. diam., yellow-green ;

Herminium.] OXLVII, ORcHIDEH. (J. D. Hooker.) 129

musky at night; sepals and petals subconnivent ; sepals oblong, obtuse; petals un-
equal-sided towards the base, tips fleshy; lobes and lip narrow, base concave;
rostellum prominent between the base of the anther-cells.

2. H. angustifolium, Benth. mss.; tall, leaves elongate linear, spike
very long slender many-fid., bracts equalling the ovary or shorter, flowers
decurved, petals linear very narrow l-nerved, lip linear equalling the
sepals in length or longer narrow trifid beyond the middle, side lobes
filiform, midlobe very short. Accras angustifolia, Lindl. in Wall. Cat.
7061; Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 232; Bot. Reg. under t. 1525; in Journ. Linn.
Soe. iii. 43; Royle Ill. t.87; Wight Ic. t. 1691. H. longicruris, Wright in
Mem. Acad. Philad. Ser. 2, vi. 411.—Thisbe, Fale. in Lindl. Veg. Kingd.
183, c (name only).

TemMPeRATE Himanaya, from 4-8000 ft. in the North West, and 6-15,000 ft.
(Clarke) in Sikkim. Kuasia Hitts, alt. 5-6000 ft. Uppzr Assam, in the Naga
Hills, alt. 7000 ft., Clarke, Prain. TENassrRim Parish.—DistrRiB. China, Man-
churia, Japan.

Stout or slender, 1-3 ft. high, 1 or several leaved. Leaves scattered, 2-8 in., acute,
rarely 4 in. broad. Spike 2-10 in.; flowers often very many, subsecund ; perianth
connivent, 1,—} in. diam., green ; sepals oblong, obtuse ; petals membranous, acute ;
lip from as long to twice as long as the sepals or more, base not concave, lateral lobes
very slender. Anther-cells parallel, pollinia clavate, glands large, staminodes large
spreading; stigmatic lobes obscure or 0; rostellum minute, 2-lobed. Capsule 4 in.,
erect, oblong, turgid.—Has in Sikkim an extraordinary range in altitude.

3. H. fallax, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. inmed.; slender, leaves 1-2 towards
the middle of stem linear or linear-lanceolate, spikes many-fld. subsecund,
bracts longer than the short decurved ovaries, sepals spreading oblong-
or ovate-lanceolate broader than the erect narrow falcate petals, lip shorter
than the sepals obtusely 3-lobed, sac incurved subdidymous subglobose or
clavellate with an inflated tip. Peristylus fallax, Lindl. Gen. & Sp.
Orchid. 298. Herminum fallax, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7412. Cybele, Fale.
in Lindl. Veg. Kingd. 198, c. C. alpina, Fale. mss.

ALPINE and Sup-ALPINE Himataya, alt. 7-12,000 ft., from Garwhal to Sikkim.

Very variable in height, from 4-18 in.; stem with long tubular sheaths at the
base, and one or two lanceolate sheaths above the leaf. Leaves usually solitary about
the middle of the stem, 2-5 by 4-1 in., acute, sometimes two subopposite towards
the base of the stem. Scape naked; spike 2-5 in., lax or dense fid.; lower bracts
2 in. or less, lanceolate; ovary 3-} in., shortly beaked ; sepals % in., 1-nerved, and
petals variable in absolute and relative breadth ; lip short and fleshy or nasrower,
thin, and with distinct nerves, base of limb truncate at the short broad concave claw ;
anther very small, cells parallel, tubes 0; pollinia ovoid, of few very large grains,
sessile in the large solid shining glands which are exposed, one on side of the
inconspicuous rostellum ; stigmatic processes very short, subglobose.

** Lip entire. Bracts short in all but H. gramineum.

4, WH. Josephi, Reichd. f. in Flora ly. (1872) 276; stout, leaves 2
rarely 3 lanceolate or oblanceolate, bracts minute, flowers large + in. diam.
suberect, sepals and petals erect, lip broadly ovate acute. H. grandiflorum,
Lindl. in Herb. Ind. Or. H. f. & T.

Sizxim Himazay, alt. 11-14,000 ft., J. D. H. ;

Plant, 5-12 in. high. Leaves 3-5 by 7-1 in., obtuse acute or acuminate. Spike
1-4 in.; flowers 4 in. diam., not secund ; bracts much shorter than the gibbous
ovary; sepals 3-nerved, lateral falcately ovate, base rounded; petals as long, uate;
tips narrowed thickened obtuse ; lip larger than the sepals, flat, with a thickene

K
VOL. IV,

130 CXLVIII. ORCHIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) [Herminium.

midrib and point; anther-cells spreading at the base, pollinia clavate, terminating
in horn-shaped or conical rigid truncate pouches, which embrace the caudicle gland
and base of the pollinium ; stigmatic processes obscure; rostellum small.—I do not
find the single lanceolate sheath under the spike described by Reichenbach.

5. H. Duthiei, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. ined.; leaves 2 towards the
middle or base of the stem linear or oblanceolate, spike many-fid. sub-
secund, bracts much shorter than the short ovaries, sepals obtuse, dorsal
broadly oblong, lateral smaller, subfalcate petals ovate-lanceolate fleshy,
lip as long triangular or orbicular-ovate entire subacute or obtuse, sac
globose.

Western Himataya; Garwhal, near the Khasi Pass, alt. 11-12,000 ft., Duthie.

Whole plant, with the spike, 4-6 in. eaves shorter than the scape, acuminate.
Scape stout, curved, naked; spike 2-4 in. ; ovaries 2 in., turgid, curved, almost
beaked ; perianth 3 in diam. ; lip variable in form, as large as the sepuls, sometimes
orbicular with a contracted point, base with a narrow chink opening into the spur ;
anther oblong, cells parallel, pollinia clavate sessile on the conical truncate horny
glands or caps of the glands; staminodes large, spreading; stigmatic processes
clavate, large; rostellum subulate, erect.

6. H. congestum, Lind?. in Wail. Cat. 7068; Gen. & Sp. Orchid.
305 ; in Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 43; leaves 1-3 oblanceolate, scape elongate,
spike many-Ad.; bracts minute, flowers minute decurved, sepals obtuse,
dorsal broadly ovate, lateral oblong, petals rather longer acute, lip ovate
or triangular-ovate fleshy acute, base saccate. H. unalaschcense, Reichb.
f. Ic. Fl. Germ. xiii. 107, t. 418. Habenaria Schischmareffiana, Chamiss,
in Linnea, iii. 29, Platanthera Schischmareffiana, Lindl. Gen. et Sp.
Orchid. 286. Neottia macrophylla, Don Prodr. 27. Spiranthes macro-
phylla & unalaschcensis, Spreng. Syst. iii. 708.

ALPINE Himataya; Nepat, Wallich; Sikkim, alt. 11-16,000 ft., J. D. H.
Distris. Aleutian Islds. ,

Stem 6-18 in., leafy towards the base or upwards. Leaves 38-6 by }-2 in. Seape
rather stout, naked above; spike 2-4in.; ovary short, gibbous, longer than the ovate
bracts; flowers {-3 in. diam. ; dorsal sepal orbicular, lateral broadly oblong ; petals
ovate, equalling the sepals, fleshy; lip fleshy, variable in breadth; sides some-
times almost dilated into lobes, base very distinctly saccate; anther-cells parallel,
pollinia subglobose, caudicles short inserted in large spur-like corneous body split on
one side ; stigma obscure; rostellum minute, erect. Capsule } in, erect, twisted.

7. H. pugioniforme, Lindl. mss.; leaf solitary elongate-spathulate
obtuse, spike few-fld., bracts minute orbicular, flowers minute suberect,
petals oblong-ovate, lip dagger-shaped, base dilated.

ALPINE Himataya ; Kashmir, alt. 12,000 ft., Attehison ; Garwhal, alt. 14-15,000
ft., Duthie ; Sikkim, alt, 15-16,000 ft., J. D. H. i

Plant 2-5 in. high. Leaf shorter than the scape, 4-2 in. broad. Scape rather
stout; bracts very small ; flowers minute, =; in. diam. ; dorsal sepal orbicular,
lateral very broad obtuse ; petals smaller ; lip hardly longer than the sepals.—Very
near congestum, but I think different, the flowers appear to be nearly erect.

8. H. orbiculare, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. ined.; stem very slender 1-2-
leaved and with minute subulate sheaths, bracts minute, flowers very
minute secund, sepals orbicular-oblong obtuse dorsal smaller, petals broadly
oblong, lip orbicular fleshy with a pit towards the centre and gibbous
beneath. ;

Sixxim Himataya; Rungboo in the Chumbi Valley, King’s Collector.

Herminium.] CXLVII, ORcHIDER. (J. D. Hooker.) 131

Stem with spike 4-6*in. Leaves 2, towards the base of the stem, 1-14 in: long,
oblanceolate ; bracts much shorter than the ovaries which are $ in. long, curved ;
flowers 2; in. diam. ; sepals and petals 1-nerved, all membranous ; anther-cells rather
divergent, Lollinia clavate, gland orbicular translucent ; stigmatic processes obscure ;
rostellum minute.—A very distinct little species, but the flowers are so minute that
I cannot satisfactorily analyze the column,

9. H. gramineum, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7413; Gen. & Sp. Orchid.
305; very slender, 1-leaved, spike lax-fid., lowers minute secund suberect,
bracts subulate equalling the ovary, petals erect linear subfalcate, lip
ovate acuminate equalling or shorter than the sepals. Royle Il. t. 87.
Neottia monophylla, Don Prodr. 27. Spiranthes monophylla, Spreng.
Syst. Veg. iti. 709.

WrstzRn and CENTRAL HimaLaya; Nepal, Wallick; Kumaon and Garwhal, alt.
5-8000 ft.

Plant 2-6in. Leaf linear, acute, as long as the scape or longer. Spike 1-3} in.;
rachis striated with rough ridges ; perianth 5-4 in. diam.; dorsal sepal oblong or
broadly ovate, lateral ovate obtuse spreading; petals as long as the sepals, obtuse,
thick; lip flat, with a concave base, variable in breadth, slightly saccate beneath ;
anther-cells parallel, pollinia subglobose, caudicles short, glands large shining coria-
ceous brown ; stigmatic processes low; rostellum very large, as long as the anther,
recurved, retuse, fleshy.

106. HABENARIA, Willd.

Terrestrial leafy herbs with undivided or lobed tubers, and fleshy
radical fibres. eaves not plaited, bases sheathing. Flowers spicate or
racemed. Sepals subequal or the dorsal shortest, lateral ascending spread-
ing reflexed or deflexed. Petals smaller or larger, simple or cleft (sect.
Ate). Lip continuous with the base of the column, entire 3-lobed or
3-partite, base spurred. Anther adnate to the very short column, cells
parallel or divergent below, bases often produced into a long or short
tube; pollinia clavate or pyriform; caudicle long, short, or 0, sometimes
winged, glands exposed, rarely overlapped by the rostellum; staminodes
granular surfaces on the side of the anther, rarely elongate; stigma a
single or double viscid area on the column below the anther, or two globose
or clavate processes; rostellum usually small and erect between the cells
of the anther, rarely wholly obsolete.—Species about 400, temperate and
tropical.

After devoting many months to the examination of the Indian species of
Habenaria, I propose the following grouping of them into sections as tentative ouly.
I accept Bentham’s view, that the genera which he has brought under it (in Gen.
Plant.) cannot be separated from one another by natural or artificial characters.
To these Herminium should be added, were it not for the consequent disturbance of
much nomenclature and the multiplication of synonyms; and so should also be
Diplomeris and Hemipilia, which, though they have recognizable differential charac-
ters, these are of less importance than those of the four last sections here adopted.

Of all the floral organs of the genus, that of the rostellum is the most difficult of
analysis ; and in the minute flowered species especially, of definition also. In respect
of its relation to the glands of the pollinia it is often in moistened herbarium specimens
impossible to determine whether the rostellum nearly overlaps these, or holds them
exposed between its folds, or forms pouches beneath them, or a flap over them. By
means alone of careful drawings of the rostellum of all the species nade from living
plants, can its modifications of form be understood ; but 1 doubt whether even this
will help much towards the classification of the species, for I think its value in this
respect has been gieatly overrated in both Se a and Vandee.

K

132 oxLvitt. ORCHIDES. (J. D. Hooker.) [ Habenar ta.

The structure of the stigma has been compendiously described by Bentham in the
Journal of the Linnean Society (xviii. 356), and I agree with him in thinking that
to found genera on the modifications or even in the presence or absence of processes,
would lead to a violation of affinities.

For observations on the Indian species referred to Orchis, see that genus.

The characters which I have taken for the primary groups, marked A and B,
of lateral sepals reflexed spreading or deflexed, and erect or ascending, are in most
cases obvious; but in dried specimens of some species placed in Sect. V. it is
difficult to say whether the lateral sepals are reflexed naturally or accidentally, or
whether, though erect in early flowering, they afterwards spread. The root and ‘its
tubers require investigation throughout the genus.

The staminodes present great variety ; iu most species they aré mere warts on
the sides of the anther, but in several not otherwise allied they are linear or styliform
processes, attached either to the anther or base of the column, as in Diphylaw and
Dithria.

At the end of the genus I have placed four monotypic sections founded on plants
differing remarkably in habit from any of their congeners; some of these will, I
expect, eventually be regarded (and rightly) as monotypic genera, but in my present
imperfect knowledge of any but the Indian species of this very large genus, I prefer
keeping them as sections, awaiting their confirmation as genera under the authority
of a monographer of the whole tribe of Ophrydec.

Key To THE SECTIONS.
A. Lateral sepals spreading deflened or reflexed.

In some small-flowered species of Sect. v. Peristylus, the lateral sepals appear
e be spreading or deflexed during or after flowering, and might hence be placed in
ect. iil. :

Sect. I. Ars. Petals truncate 2-fid or 2-partite. Lip 3-lobed or
-partite. (Sp. 1-14.)

Sect. II. Puatyetosss. Petals entire. Lip 3-lobed or -partite, side
oe ae (narrow in H. platyphylla) petaloid, mid-lobe narrow. (Sp.

Sect. III. Trimenoctossa. Petals entire. Lip 3-partite, side lobes
very narrow, entire, usually filiform (lip entire in Peloria forms of H.
Mandersii and reniformis). (Sp. 35-66.)

Sect. 1V. Hotoctossa. Petals entire. Lip entire, linear. (Sp. 37-66.)

B. Lateral sepals erect, or ascending parallel to the dorsal and petals, or
forming a hood with these, rarely at length spreading or deflexed.

Sect. V. Prrisrytus. Petals entire. Zip usually 3-fid or 3-partite
(entire in H. breviloba).—Flowers usually very small, and petals broader
than the lateral sepals and often fleshy ; spur rarely exceeding the ovary,
usually very short or saccate. (Sp. 67-99.)

Sect. VI. Puytiostacnya. Petals entire. Lip broad, entire, petaloid ;
spur conico-infundibular. Flowers large, in the axils of sheathing leaves ;
aces processes 0; rostellum obscure. (See also 32. H. triflora.) (Sp.

ABERRANT SPECIES (OR GENERA P) OF GROUP B.

_ VIL. Puectoeiossa. Flowers large, in the axils of imbricating leaves.
Lip coriaceous, clawed, 3-fid, longitudinally 3-plicate in bud, spur long

(So. 103 ome processes large, rhomboid; rostellum broad, triangular.
p- A

Habenaria. | OXLVIII. ORCHIDER. (J. D. Hooker.) 133

VIII. Drruyiax. Flowers small, secund ; lip entire; spur short, fusi-
rine F al with a setiform staminode on each side as long as itself.
p- ;

_ IX. Dirvua. Flowers small, secund. Lip 3-fid, spur inflated. Pol-
linia sessile on a single large obcordate gland seated ina sinus of the broad
2-lobed rostellum. Stigmatic processes small. (Sp. 105.)

X. Dirsatx. Flowers small, secund, tubular; sepals petals and lip
coherent at the base. Jip oblong, 3-fid, base saccate. Staminodes 2,
filiform, capitate, inserted on the back of the anther. Stigma a transverse
cushion; rostellum a transverse plate below the anther. (Sp. 106.)

Sect. 1. Atz. See p. 132.
* Petals truncate or 2-fid.

1. H. lucida, Wail. in Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 814; leaves fascicled
towards the base of the tall scape, sepals cymbiform, petals subpanduriform
truncate. Platanthera lucida, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7047.

Prev; at Rangoon, Wallick. TENASSERIM, at Moulmein, Parish.—D1istR1B.
Siam.

Leaves 4-8 by 2-24 in., petioled, obovate or oblanceolate. Scape with the very
lax-fid. raceme 12-20 in. ; bracts broadly ovate, half as long as the slender pedicelled
beaked ovary, or longer, tips subulate; flowers 3 in. diam., greenish; lateral sepals
reflexed, obtuse; petals smaller and narrower, contracted below the truncate end ;
lip subequally 3-partite, midlobe narrow 3-nerved thick, rather longer than the
sepals, lateral as long spreading and incurved ; spur slender, curved, nearly as long
as the ovary or longer, mouth with a short ligule; anther-cells short, erect,
approximate, tubes short upcurved; pollinia pyriform, gland long narrow; stig-
matic processes short, clavate ; rostellum minute, :

2. H. barbata, Wight in Wall. Cat. 7034; stem leafy, petals 2-fid
pubescent. Ate virens, Lindl. Gen. § Sp. Orchid. 327; Wight Ic. t..928 ;
Thwaites Hnum. 309. '

TRAVANCORE; in the Pulney and Dindyghal Mts., Wight, Cryion; in the
Maturatta district. ;

Stem 10-12 in. Leaves 3-5 in., erect, lanceolate, acuminate. Racemes few-
fld.; bracts large, sheathing, as long as the flowers, or longer ; flowers $ in. diam.,
green; lateral sepals narrowly falcate, acuminate; petals much broader, base
rounded, upper lobe much the longest, tips filiform, lower broad acuminate, sinus
rounded; lip longer than the sepals, scabrid, limb linear, trifurcate at the
end, the segments subulate; spur as long as the ovary, mouth with a very long
recurved ligule ; anther-cells parallel, tubes as long as the cells upcurved, pollinia
clavate, caudicles very long, glands small ; stigmatic processes very long spreading ;
rostellum minute. Capsule }in. long, linear-oblong.

3. H. acuminata, Thwaites in Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 91; stem leafy,
petals 2-fid glabrous. Ate acuminata, Thwaites Hnum. 309.

Crxxon; in the central province, Walker, Thwaittes.

Stem 1-2ft. Leaves 2-4 in., erect, lanceolate, and as well as the large cymbiform
bracts setaceously acuminate. Racemes elongate, lax-fid.; flowers subsecund,
} in. diam., green; lateral sepals broadly ovate, obtuse; upper lobe of petals
slender exceeding the dorsal sepal and about twice as long as the subulate lower ;
lip as long as the sepals, broadly 3-lobed, dark purple, lobes broad fleshy obtuse very
variable in length ; anther-cells spreading below, tubes recurved, pollinia clavate, as
long as their caudicles, glands minute ; stigmatic processes large, globose ; rostellum

small, triangular,

134 OXLVII. oRCHIDER. (J. D. Hooker.) [ Habenaria.

** Petals 2-partite.
+ Stem leafy upwards. Racemes many-fld.
§ Sepals with filiform tips.

4. H. stenopetala, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 319 (not 324); tall,
leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate base narrowed or broad and amplexicaul,
raceme dense-fid., bracts as long as the ovaries, segments of petals slender
equal or the lower shorter, segments of tripartite lip filiform, spur long
slender equalling the ovary.

Norra West Invra; road to Kashmir, Royle. Srixxim Himanaya, alt. 83-6000
ft., J. D. H. &e. Uppzr Assam; the Naga hills, Grefith, Prain. Lowzx Beneat;
at Mymensing, Clarke. Orissa; at Singboom, Clarke. The Concan ; Stocks, &c.

Stem 1-2 ft.,stout. Leaves, 6-8 in., base contracted into a broad petiole or sessile,
Raceme short; 4-6 in. ; bracts membranous; flowers very variable in size, greenish ;
sepals oblong-lanceolate, }-4 in. lgng, membranous, 3-nerved, filiform tips as long
as the blade or shorter ; lower segment of the petals sometimes obsolete ; segments of
lip very variable, the lateral sometimes as long or longer than the middle one, at
others they are much shorter and subulate; spur equalling the ovary; anther-cells
narrow, parallel, tubes nearly as long as the cells; caudicles of pollinia slender,
glands small; stigmatic processes elongate, clavate; rostellum large, triangular,
erect. Capsule 4-2 in., linear-oblong.—A very variable plant ; the flowers of the
Orissa and Bengal specimens are remarkably small ; of some Sikkim ones also very
small.

5. H. macrostachya, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 307; leaves large
crowded above the middle of the robust stem, raceme lax-fld., bracts equal-
ling the ovary, segments of petals subequal filiform, segments of 3-partite
lip subequal filiform, spur shorter than the ovary. Thwaites Enum. 309.

TRAVANCORE ; on the Anamallay hills, Beddome (in Herb. Caleutt.). Cynon,
Macrae, alt. 4000 ft., Thwaites. ;

Stem 2 ft. Leaves 5-7 in., obovate or oblanceolate, acute, broadly petioled.
Raceme 6-8 in.; bracts and ovary very narrow ; sepals } in. long; petals and lip
spotted with red; lip longer than the sepals, spur very slender, thickened down-
wards ; anther-tubes as long as the parallel cells, suberect, pollinia pyriform, glands
minute ; stigmatic processes long, slender, adnate to the mouth of the lip; ros-
tellum small.—The spur is stoutest in the Travancore specimen. :

6. H. andamanica, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. ined.; leaves crowded
towards the middle of the stout stem, raceme lax-fid., bracts rather shorter
than the ovary, upper segment of petals very slender, lower broader divided
above the middle into 3 filiform laviniz, side lobes of lip palmately multifid,
midlobe linear 3-fid, spur shorter than the ovary.

ANDAMAN Isnanps; Parish.

Stem 12-18 in. Leaves 3-4 in.; ovate-lanceolate, acute. Raceme 6-8 in.;
bracts. lanceolate; ovary 13 in., very slender; sepals 4 in. long; lacinia of mid.
lobe of lip filiform ; anther-cells parallel, tubes rather shorter than the cells ; glands
of pollinia minute ; stigmatic processes subcylindric, elongate; rostellum erect.

8§ Sepals without filiform tips.

?. H. digitata, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 307; leaves ovate or
ovate-oblong, raceme laxly many-fid., lateral sepals ovate acute, dorsal
suborbicular, petals bipartite, segments subequal or the upper broader, lip
tripartite segments linear, spur equalling the ovary. Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb.

Habenaria.) OXLVII. oRCHIDEZ. (J.D, Hooker.) 135

Fl. 267. H. trinervia, Wight Ic.t. 1701. Bonatea punduana, Lindl. in
Wall. Cat. 7063. B. benghalensis, Griff. in Cale, Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 382.
B. herbacea, Wall. mss.

Kasumir, Falconer. Assam, Simmons. Stnuet, Wallich. Brneat, Griffith,
TENASSERIM, Parish. The Wzstrrn Guats, from the Concan southwards.

Stem 1-2 ft., leafy. Leaves 2-5 in., very variable, acute or acuminate, rarely
narrowed into a petiole, from orbicular to lanceolate. Raceme 3-5 in. 3; bracts large,
lanceolate, often almost foliaceous and exceeding the flowers ; pedicels very short;
flowers 3-3 in, broad, green; segments of petals variable in length, sinus between the
segments narrow or rounded ; midlobe of lip shorter or longer than the side lobes ;
spur subclavate, sometimes inflated, with an erect ligule at the mouth ; anther-cells
parallel, tubes short upcurved; glands of pollinia minute; stigmatic processes
clavate; rostellum erect, triangular. Capsule shortly pedicelled, 4 in., fusiform,
ribs thick. .

Var. foliosa; smaller, 6-12 in. high, leaves shorter broader imbricating, raceme
dense-fid., bracts shorter, segments of lip filiform. H. foliosa, 4. Rich. in Ann. Sc.
Nat. Ser. 2. xv. 71; Wight Ic. t. 1700; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 267. H. laciniata,
Dalz. in Hook. Journ. Bot. ii. (1850) 261. Platanthera marginata, Wall. Cat.
7038 B. Orchis mysorensis, Herb. Heyne.—Nilghiri Mts., alt. 6-8000 ft. Bombay,
at Salsette, Dalzell,—I have not seen the Salsette plant (H. laciniata) of Dalzell,
which he describes as having the posticous segment of the petals spirally twisted,
and the mid segment of the lip broader than the others; he refers it to H. foliosa
quoting Wight’s plate, and adds that it is allied to H. lancifolia, A. Rich.

8. H. travancorica, Hook. f.; leaves scattered ovate-oblong amplexi-
caul, raceme lax-fid., lateral sepals ovate acute pubescent within, petals
bipartite, segments narrow lower shortest, lip tripartite, segments subequal
filiform, spur shorter than the ovary. H. Lindleyana, Wight Ic. t. 922
(not of Steudel).

TRAVANCORE ; on the Pulney Hills, Wight.

Stem slender, 12-18 in. Leaves 1-2 in. Raceme 3-5 in.; bracts as long as the
beaked ovary or longer; flowers 3-4 in. diam.; dorsal sepal orbicular;-lip longer
than the sepals.—The pubescent sepals (not observed by Wight) and habit distinguish
this from all forms of H. digitata, of which however it may prove to be a variety.
The leaves and flowers are much smaller, and the ligule at the mouth of the spur
very short.

9, H. Gibsoni, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. ined.; very stout, leafy, leaves
linear-oblong, raceme few-fid., bracts equalling or exceeding the ovary,
flowers 1 in. diam., petals bipartite, segments narrow subequal, lip tripar-
tite segments lJinear-subulate subequal fleshy, mouth of clavate spur
broad without a ligule. .

The Concan ; near Kyreswur and at Kandalla, Gibson.

Stem 8-12 in. Leaves 4-6 in., base sheathing. Raceme short, 6-8-fld.; bracts
1-13 in., membranous, broadly lanceolate, the lower exceeding the flowers ; flowers
white P as in H. digitata, but twice as large; upper segment of petals broadest, fleshy,
and anther broad, stigmatic processes adnate to the back of the broad mouth of the
spur; rostellum small, triangular, exposed.—Much like a gigantic state of Z.
digitata, but very robust, with much longer leaves, narrower for their length, and
few very large flowers, and no ligule at the very broad mouth of the spur.

+

10. H. dolichostachya, Thwaites Enum. 309; stem leafy upwards,
leaves oblong-lanceolate amplexicaul, raceme lax-fld., bracts as long as the
flowers, lateral sepals ovate-lanceolate acute, petals bipartite, lower seg-
ment short stbulate, lip tripartite, segments filiform the middle longest,
spur as long as the ovary slender.

136 CXLVIn. oRCHIDEa. (J. D. Hooker.) [Habenaria.

CEYLON ; in the Central Province, alt. 5000 ft., Gardner, Thwaites.

Stem 2-8 ft., leafless below, slender. Leaves 2-3 in. Raceme 1 ft.; flowers
subsessile, about } in. broad; dorsal sepal orbicular, mucronate ; lip longer than the
sepals, side segments spreading ; spur as long as the hardly beaked ovary, mouth with
a short ligule ; anther broad, cells parallel, tubes long upcurved, glands of pollinia
small; stigmatic processes clavate, incurved round the mouth of the spur; ros-
tellum short, triangular—Nearly allied to H. digitata, but the flowers are smaller
and the base of the leaves amplexicaul.

11. H. corymbosa, Parish & Reichb. f. in Trans. Linn, Soc. xxx.
141; very stout, leaves lanceolate, raceme dense-fid., bracts longer than
the long-pedicelled beaked ovary, sepals broad acute, petals bipartite, seg-
ments slender lower subulate half the length of the upper, lip 3-partite,
segments subulate subequal or lateral smaller.

TrENnAssERIM ; at Moulmein, Parish.

Stem 2-8 ft., leafy upwards, but naked below, and with only sheaths for the
upper half. Leaves 3-6 in., base contracted. Raceme 3-4 in., very dense-fid. ;
pedicels filiform; bracts 3-1 in., lanceolate; flowers } in. diam.; sepals 3-nerved ;
lip not longer than the sepals, spur equalling the ovary, tip clavate; anther-cells
divaricate below, tubes as long as the cells; pollinia narrow, glands :ninute; stig-
matic processes elongate, clavate; rostellum triangular, acute.

12. H. dichopetala, Thwaites Enum. 309; leaves crowded about
the middle of the stem ovate or ovate-lanceolate, lateral sepals ovate acute,
dorsal orbicular, petals bipartite, segments divaricate elongate lowest
narrowest and longest, lip tripartite, segments, equal elongate setaceous,
spur as long as the ovary slender pendulous.

Crrton ; Bintenne district, Thwaites (in Herb. Lindl.). :

Stem 1-11 ft. Leaves dark green with a red midrib, petioled. Raceme lax-fid. ;
bracts lanceolate; flowers greenish about 3 in. diam.—The above description is from
“Thwaites’ Enum.” There are two specimens from Thwaites in Lindley’s Herba-
rium which differ somewhat from that description, the leaves are linear-oblong erect
and sheath the stem all the way up, the bracts 4—-%, ovary with pedicel 2-1 in.,
segments of petals subequal on the lower rather than longest, mid segment of lip
the shortest, anther-cells distant, stigmatic processes globose ; rostellum short.

++ Stem leafy at or near the base only.

13. H. grandiflora, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7082; leaf solitary
radical orbicular- or ovate-cordate, flowers few long-pedicelled, petals
bipartite upper segment obliquely ovate acuminate lower longer filiform,
lip tripartite lateral segments filiform terminal linear or elongate lanceolate,
spur longer than the ovary. Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 267. H. rotundi-
folia, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 306. Orchis grandiflora, Herb. Heyne.

The Concan; on the Ghats at Belgaum, Mahabuleshwar, &c., Heyne, &c.
, Leaf 1-2 in. Scape 3-6 in., naked or with 1-2 sheaths, 2- or more-fid.: bracts
sheathing, shorter than the pedicel, which with ovary is 1-12 in.; flowers ‘14 in.
broad, white; sepals broad; petals rather smaller; margins of mid-segment. of lip
recurved, spur obtuse or thickened at the tip, mouth with a caruncled callus;
anther 3-cuspidate, cells parallel, tubes rather short broad spreading, glands of polli-
nia large orbicular; stigmatic processes Jarge, clavate; rostellum elongate, erect,

14, H. rariflora, A. Rich. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 2, xv. 70, t.2:
leaves radical or subradical linear-oblong or lanceolate acute, flowers few
long-pedicelled, upper segment of petals ovate acuminate lower usually
much longer filiform, lip tripartite, lateral segments filiform, median

Habenaria.] CXLVIII. ORCHIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) 137

linear, spur very long and stout. Wight Ic. t. 924; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb.
Fi, 269. H. uniflora, Dalz. in Hook. Journ. Bot. iii. (1857) 344.

The Deccan PeninsvLa; on the Ghats, ascending to 6000 ft., from Canara to
Travancore,

Leaves very variable, in small specimens 2-3 by 4-3 in. and linear, in others 3-4
by 1 in. and elliptic-oblong, in some cauline 3-5 by 33 in., or ovate complicate and
recurved. Scape 2-10 in., with 1-2 sheaths; bracts shorter than the stiff erect
pedicels, which are as long as the ovary, together 1-2 in.; flowers very variable in
size and length of lip, white; dorsal sepal 4-} in. broad, lateral 5-nerved; upper
segment of petals 3-4-nerved; spur 1-3 in., upcurved ; anther large, apiculate, cells
parallel, tubes short upcurved, glands of pollinia orbicular; stigmatic processes
clavate ; rostellum erect slender.—In Dalzell’s H. uniflora the segments of the petals
are described as subequal.

Sect. II. Pratyerossa. (See p. 182.)

* Side lobes of the lip lacerate to the middle orinner margin, midlobe
linear.

15. H. Susanne, Br. Prodr. 312; tall, robust, leaves ovate-oblong
upper sheathing, flowers few very large, lateral sepals subquadrately
oblong ascending, petals linear acute, lip not longer than the sepals, side
lobes very broad pectinate, spur twice as long as the ovary. Blume Bijdr.
402. H. gigantea, Don Prodr. 24; Bot. Mag. t. 3374; Grah. Cat. Bomb.
Pi. 201. Plantanthera Susanne, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 295; Wight
Ie. t. 920; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 269. P. gigantea, Lindl. in Wail,
Cat. 7052. BP. robusta, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7036; Gen. & Sp. Orchid.
295. Orchis Susanne, Linn. Sp. Pl. No. 989. O. gigantea, Sm. Exot.
Bot. t. 100. O.altissima, Herb. Ham.

TroricaL Himataya, from Garwhal eastwards; the Kuasta, Naaa and
Mownirors Hits, Burma and the Deccan PENINSULA to TRAVANCORE.—DIsTRIB.
China, Malay Islands.

Stem 2-4 ft.; tubers 3-4 in. long. Leaves 2-6 in., imbricating up to the
flowers, upper cucullate. Raceme 3—-5-fld.; bracts leafy ; flowers 3-4 in. diam., sub-
sessile, white, fragrant; sepals spreading, lateral obtuse, dorsal very broad rhomboid
spreading ; petals small; side lobes of lip truncate; midlobe linear, or dilated down-
wards ; anther very broad and large, cells slightly divergent, tubes adnate to the
sides of the column; pollinia linear, about as long as their caudicle; stigmatic sur-
faces obscure; rostellum confluent with the face of the column.—This is a true
Platanthera, in wanting the produced stigmatic processes, and the obscure rostellum,
which is marked by a triangular line only.

16. EH. pectinata, Don Prodr. 24; leaves ovate-lanceolate, spike
dense-fld., bracts leafy, flowers large, dorsal sepal lanceolate, lateral ovate-
lanceolate, petals linear falcate glabrous, lip not longer than the sepals,
spur rather longer than the ovary. Wall. Cat. 7029 A, and B in part.
H. Gerardiana, Wall. Cat. 7081. H. ensifolia, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid.
321. Orchis pectinata, Smith Hrot. Bot. t. 99.

Temperate HimatayA, from Simla, alt. 5-8000 ft., eastwards, ascending to
9000 ft. in Sikkim. Kuasta Hruts.

Stem 1-2 tt., robust, very leafy. Leaves 4-6 in., strongly 3-nerved, upper or all
sheathing, rarely linear-lanceolate. Spike 3-8 in.; bracts equalling or exceeding
the flowers which are 1-2 in. diam. white or greenish ; sepals 5-nerved, dorsal erect;
petals obtuse, variable in breadth, somewhat dilated on the outer margin, 3-5-nerved ;
lip as long as the sepals, spur }~2 in., tip subclavate; anther very broad and large,

,

138 CXLVIII. ORCHIDEZ, (J. D. Hooker.) [Habenaria.

cells rather divergent, tubes short, glands of pollinia small; stigmatic processes
elongate, tips often falcate dilated and upcurved ; rostellum obscure. Capsule 2in.,
sessile, fusiform, ribs thick.—Black when dry.

17. H. arietina, Hook, f.; habit and foliage of H. pectinata, but
petals pubescent broader than the dorsal sepals gibbonsly dilated on the
outer (lower) margin, spur rather longer than the ovary. H. pectimata,
Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 341; Wall. Cat. 7029 B in part, and C.

TemMPERATE Himaaya ; from Simla eastwards, alt. 5-8000 ft. and to 10,000 ft.
in Sikkim. Kasra Hixtzs, alt. 5-6000 ft.

So similar in a dried state to H. pectinata as to be with difficulty distinguish-
able, and though separated by Lindley, perhaps only a variety. Unfortunately
Lindley in describing both species gave Don’s name to the wrong plant, as I have
proved by examining Smith’s original specimen of O. pectinata in his Herbarium at
the Linnean Society, which is of a very small state.—Black when dry.

18. H. intermedia, Don. Prodr. 24; leaves ovate or oblong acumi-
nate, flowers few very large, dorsal sepal recurved, lateral reflexed narrower
than the dimidiate obovate falcate glabrous petals, lip longer than the
sepals, spur twice as long as the ovary. Lindi. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 322;
Wall. Cat. 7030; Reichd. f. in Gard. Chron. 1879, 136.

TEMPERATE HiMALayA; from Kashmir to Sikkim, alt. 5—7000 ft.

Stem 8-10 in. Leaves 2-4 in., scattered, 5-7-nerved, base rounded or cordate.
Racemes few-fid.; bracts broad, equalling the ovary ; flowers 2 in. diam., white or
greenish ; lateral sepals falcately lanceolate, acuminate, reflexed, 5-nerved ; petals
strongly 5-nerved; spur very stout; anther-cells with long erect filiform tubes,
glands of pollinia small ; stigmatic processes long, slender, incurved ; rostellum adnate
to the face of the column between the anther-cells. Capsule 14-2 in., pedicelled,
fusiform, beaked, terete.

19. H. trichosantha, Wall. Cat. 7028; leaves ovate-oblong or lan-
ceolate, spike lax-fid., bracts shorter than the long-decurved narrow ovary,
lateral sepals ovate-oblong or -lanceolate acuminate puberulous, petals
linear falcate acuminate, lip longer than the sepals, side lobes capillaceo-
multifid, spur longer than the ovary.

Burma, at Taongdong, Wallich; Moulmein, Parish; Attran, Brandis (in
Herb. Calcutt.).

Stem 8-18 in. Leaves few, 3-6 in., 5-7-nerved. Raceme 4-10-fld.; ovary 1 in,
sessile; lateral sepals 3 in., deflexed; petals dilated upwards, entire or serrulate,
l-nerved; spur 1} in.; anther-cells short, with short free tubes, pollinia much
shorter than their caudicles, glands small; stigmatic processes short, globose ; rostel-
lum an obscure plate between the anther-cells. Capsule 1 in., fusiform, shortly
beaked, deeply channelled.

** Side lobes of lip petaloid, outer margins entire, toothed, or fimbriate,
midlobe narrow.

t Lip deeply 3-lobed or -partite, not or hardly longer than the lateral
sepals.

20. H. geniculata, Don Prodr. 25; stem tall leafy with many
slender sheaths above, lateral sepals acute, petals linear-oblong, lip sub-
orbicular, side lobes cuneate or rounded fimbriate or crenate, spur longer
than the beaked ovary geniculate. Platanthera geniculata, Lindl. in Wail.
Cat. 7042.—Habenaria, Griff. Notul. iii. 406; Itin. notes, 31, No. 494;
Ie. Plant. Asiat. t. 340.

Habenaria.] CXLVIII. OROHIDER. (J. D. Hooker.) 139

Suprroproat Himavaya; from Nepal eastwards.. Kuasta and Naga Hinzs,
alt. 2-5000 ft. Burma, Wallich.

Stem 1-2 ft., stout. Leaves 2-6 in., sessile, oblong-lanceolate. Spike 4-20-fid.;
bracts as long as the ovary; flowers 2-1 in. long, white; lateral sepals 4 in. ; lip often
2 in. broad ; spur subclavate below the knee ; anther-cells broad, divaricate, tubes elon-
gate, upcurved, glands of pollinia small; stigmatic processes, clavate, incurved, muar-
gining the mouth of the spur; rostellum low, broad. Capsule 1 in., shortly pedicelled,
beaked, deeply grooved and thickly ribbed. :

21. H. Richardiana, Wight Ic. t.1713; stem rather slender sheathed
above, leaves oblong-lauceolate, spike few- and lax-fid., sepals ovate
acuminate glabrous, petals gibbously triangular subacute, lip cuneate
strongly nerved, side lobes narrow deeply toothed, spur stout twice as long
as the beaked ovary.

NILGHIRI and TRAVANCORE HIttzs, alt. 6-8000 ft., Wight, &e.

Stem 6-8 in. Leaves often subradical, 4—6 in., cauline much smaller, or reduced
to sheaths. Spike 8-10-fld.; bracts large, lanceolate, shorter than the curved
ovaries, which are 2 in. long; flowers obscurely puberulous, about 3 in. diam.; dorsal
sepal smaller than the 5-nerved lateral ; side lobes of lip recurved, acuminate, longer
or shorter than the linear 3-nerved midlobe, spur 1} in., slightly thickened down-
wards; anther-cells distant, tubes short upcurved, glands of pollinia cupular; stig-
matic processes large, clavate ; rostellum triangular.

22. H. cephalotes, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 322; stem short
stout closely sheathed above, leaves short broad, spike dense-fild., lateral
sepals obliquely ovate and shorter broad gibbous petals and lip scurfily
pubescent within, lip cuneately obovate, side lobes fimbriate, spur shorter
than the beaked ovary. Wight Ic. t. 1711.

NiteHiRi and TRAVANCORE HILts, alt. 7-8000 ft., Wight.

Habit and foliage of H. Richardiana, but stouter, stem more densely sheathed,
and flowers smaller, crowded in a cylindric or oblong spike ; dorsal sepal very broad,
obtuse ; petals in Wight’s figure with a deep sinus on the lower margin; midlobe of
lip rather longer than the side lobes; anther-cells broad, nearly parallel, tubes rather
long upceurved, ‘glands of pollinia minute ; stigmatic processes long clavate ; rostellum,
short broad.

93. HZ. polyodon, Hook. f.; stem short stout sheathed above, leaves
ovate-lanceolate, spike many-fld., bracts sheathing as long as the ovary, |
sepals obtuse glabrous, petals triangular-ovate obtuse, lip broadly obcor-
date, side lobes erose or pectinately fimbriate, spur very stout exceeding
the stout curved ovary. H. timbriata, Wight Ic. t. 1712.

Niveniri His, Wight, &e.

Stem 8-10 in., leafy to the top; tubers large. Leaves 2-3 in., sheathing, upper
cymbiform. Spike 3-4 in., lax- or dense-fid. ; flowers 2 in. diam. ; bracts cymbiform ;
sepals broadly ovate, obtuse, dorsal smallest ; petals smaller, triangular, fleshy ;
midlobe of lip short. oblong, spur clavate; anther broad, cells subparallel, tubes short
ascending, pollinia longer than their caudicles, gland minute ; stigmatic processes very
large, short, stout ; rostellum very short, broad.

. 4, EB. longicornu, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7027; Gen. & Sp. Orchid.
322 (longicornis); leaves subradical linear-oblong or lanceolate acuminate,
spike lax-fld., ‘bracts shorter than the ovar , lateral sepals. ovate acute
glabrous, petals lanceolate or linear-oblong, lip tripartite, side lobes re-
curved cuneate fimbriate or crenate, spur stout twice as long as the very
long-beaked ovary. H. montana, A. Rich. in Ann. Se. Nat. Ser. ii. xv. 73;
Wight Ic. t. 925 and t. 1714, centre figure and lower right-hand flower.
Orchis longicornu, Herb. Heyne.

140 OXLVII. ORCHIDES. (J. D. Hooker.) [ Habenaria.

Nineuizi and Travancore Mrs., Heyne, &e.

Stem 6-12 in. Leaves 2-5 in., usually linear-oblong, rarely (as figured by
Wight) shorter and broader. Spike 3-6-fld.; upper half of ovary almost filiform ;
flowers nearly 1 in. long ; side lobes of lip longer than the linear midlobe ; mouth of
spur caruncled; anther-cells broad, parallel, tubes rather long spreading, pollinia
as long as their caudicles; stigmatic processes short, clavate ; rostellum low, broad.

25. H. platyphylla, Spreng. Syst. Veg. iii. 690; scapigerous, leaves
sessile orbicular or elliptic, spike short dense-fid., bracts shorter than the
long-beaked ovary, sepals broadly oblong obtuse, petals linear narrow, lip
8-lobed, side lobes small rounded, midlobe lanceolate, spur longer than the
ovary slender. Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 323; Grak. Cat. Bomb. Pl. 201;
Wight Ie.t.1709. Orchis platyphyllos, Willd. Sp. Pl.iv.10; O. plantaginea,
Roxb. Cor. Pl. 32, t. 37; Fl. Ind. iii. 450. O. Roxburghii, Pers. Syn. ii.
503. ;

The Ducoan Penrnsuta; from the Concan and the Circars to Travancore.

Leaves 3-6, appressed to the earth, fleshy, 3-5 in. long,and as broad or narrower.
Scape 6-18 in. ; stout, strict; sheaths many, erect, narrowly subulate ; spike 2-4 in.,
round-topped, flowers white, sweet-scented ; sepals concave ; ovary 1 in., beak slender,
as long as the body; lip much less deeply lobed than in others of this group, margins
erose, spur sometimes twice as long as the ovary, mouth funnel-shaped, with a short
tooth; anther-cells divergent, tubes long, polliniar glands small; stigmatic processes
subglobose ; rostellum short triangular.

26. H. Lindleyana, Steud. Nomencl. Ed. 2,716; leaves subradical
large ovate-oblong acute, scape tall with a few lanceolate sheaths at the
tip, raceme few-fd., flowers large, bracts narrowly lanceolate shorter than
the very long ovary, dorsal sepal much smaller than the large oblong acute
entire lateral, petals small falcate, side lobes of lip narrow linear much
shorter and narrower than the linear-oblong obtuse midlobe, spur filiform
longer than the ovary. H. latifolia, Lindl, Gen. & Sp. Orchid 323.

Matay Pentnsuua (Ic. Finlayson in Herb. Kew).

Leaves 5-6 by 2-2} in., membranous, almost petioled, many-nerved. Scape
12 in.; bracts 2 in., linear-lanceolate, membranous ; ovary 1} in.; flowers white, spur
green; dorsal sepal broadly ovate, acuminate, reflexed, lateral 2 in. long, subfalcate,
5-7-nerved ; petals much smaller, acuminate; lip 1 in., rather longer than the
sepals, midlobe 3-nerved ;; tube of anther-cells long, slender; stigmatic processes
elongate.—A noble species, Lindley gives “Ceylon, Macrae” as its origin, but as a
fine drawing by Finlayson (who collected only in the borders of Siam) is in Herb.
Kew, and Thwaites never saw the plant in Ceylon, this is, no doubt, one of several
plants in Herb. Lindley wrongly attributed to Ceylon. It is evidently nearly allied to
I. platyphytla.

27, HZ. suaveolens, Dalz. in Hook. Journ. Bot. ii. (1850) 263; leaves
subradical linear or linear-oblong acuminate, scape slender, spike few-fid.,
flowers secund, bracts longer than the ovary narrowly cymbiform acumi-
nate, sepals subequal, petals as long but broader, lip cuneately flabellate,
side lobes broad, midlobe as long narrow, spur as long as the curved beaked
ovary, tip subclavate. Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 268 (excl. syn.). :

The Concan ; between Vignorla and Malwan, rare, Dadzell.

Leaves 4-6 by }-% in., rather thick. Scape 6-12 in., often flexuous; sheaths
1-3 in. ; bracts 2 in. long, finely acuminate, herbaceous ; flowers 3-6, $ in. broad,
white, jasmine-scented ; dorsal sepal orbicular-ovate, obtuse, lateral subfalcate,
ovate-oblong, acute; petals triangular-ovate, subacute ; lip as long as the lateral
sepals, as broad as long, side lobes toothed or entire ; anther narrow, erect, apiculate,
cells contiguous narrow, tubes 0; pollinia clavate, as long as their stout caudicles;

Habenaria.] OXLVI. oncHIDE#. (J. D. Hooker.) 141

glands large orbicular, lying close together on each side of the erect acute rostellum ;
(stigmatic processes short, truncate, Dalzell).—A very anomalous species of this
‘section.

tt Lip deeply 3-lobed or -partite, much longer than the lateral sepals.

28. EH. longifolia; Ham. in Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 324; stem tall
slender leafy, leaves very narrow, spike few- and lax-fid., bracts slender
longer than the slender beaked ovaries, sepals small, petals gibbously
ovate, lip flabelliform, side lobes semi-circular quite entire, spur slender

twice as long as the ovary. Gymmnadenia longifolia, Lindl. in Wall. Cat.
7060.

Western Himataya; Kumaon, Royle; Nepal, at Nathpur, Hamilton.

Stem 10-18 in. Leaves 3-5 in., scattered, erect, linear, acuminate. Spike 2-3
in.; bracts $-1 in. ; ovary 4-3 in., curved ; flowers white ; lateral sepals 4 in., oblong-
lanceolate, 3-nerved, dorsal smaller; petals 3-nerved, as long as the dorsal; lip 4-2
in. long and broad, twice or thrice as long as the lateral sepals, midlobe linear,
shorter than the side lobes ; anther beaked, cells parallel, tubes upcurved; stigmatic
processes short, clavate, incurved, surrounding the mouth of the spur ; rostellum long,
subulate, erect.

29. H. plantaginea, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 323; scapigerous,
leaves narrowly oblong, scape slender, spike lax-fld., bracts half as long as
the beaked ovary, sepals small, petals linear-lanceolate, lip flabelliform,
side lobes semi-ovate entire or toothed, midlobe as long linear, spur as
long as the ovary very slender. Wight Ic. t. 1710. Gymnadenia platy-
phylla, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7053. Orchis platyphyllos, fowb, Ft, Ind, ii.
609. O. tenuis, Herb. Rottl.

SuprropicaL Himataya, alt. 83-7000 ft., from Garwhal to Sikkim. Brnar,
CenrRaL Inp1a, and the Dzccan Prninsuna, from the Concan southwards,
Heyne, &c. CEYLON, in the hot drier parts of the Island.

Leaves 3-6 in., radical, horizontal, acute or obtuse, membranous. Scape 8-12 in.,
slender; sheaths small, acuminate; spike 2-3 in.; flowers subsecund, white; bracts
setaceous or lanceolate; ovary % in., curved; sepals 3 in. long, subequal, acute,
3-nerved, dorsal ovate-oblong, lateral falcately oblong; lip 3-3 in. broad, twice as
long as the lateral sepals, puberulous, spur 1-1} in. green ; anther rather broad, cells
divergent, tubes short upcurved, pollinia a8 long as their caudicles, glands elongate ;
stigmatic processes large, clavate; rostellum triangular, broad. Capsule 2 in.,
turgidly fusiform, curved, beak short slender.—In this species the caudicles of the
pollinia are at first inserted in the hollow of a single concave 2-lipped or incurved
gland of a lanceolate form, which afterwards splits longitudinally, each pollinia
carrying away one half.

30. H. longicalcarata, A. Rich. in Ann. Se. Nat. Ser. 2, xv. 71, t.
3; subscapigerous, leaves linear-oblong or lanceolate, flowers 1-4, bracts
long convolute much shorter than the long-pedicelled beaked ovaries, sepals
broad obtuse, petals oblong-lanceolate acuminate, side lobes of lip dimi-
diate-ovate acuminate fimbriate or toothed, spur several times longer than
the long narrow ovary. Wight Ic. t. 925; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fil. 268.
H. decipiens, Wight. Ic. v. Pt.i. 14, H. montana, Wight Te. $. 1714 (upper
right and left hand figures) (not of A. Richard.) H. longicorniculata,
Grah. Cat. Bomb. Pl. 202. H. macroceratitis, Herb. Rottl.

The Deccan PENINSULA; onthe Western Ghats, from the Concan to Travancore,
ascending to 6000 ft. : : :

Stem or scape 10-18 in. ; sheaths few, distant. Leaves 2-4 in. Flowers white,
asmine-scented ; bracts $-lin.; ovary 1 in., suberect, its pedicel sometimes as long ;
sepals } in. long, 3-nerved; lip 4-1 in. long, spur thickened from below the middle to

143 CXLVII, oRcHIDEa. (J. D. Hooker.) [Habenaria.

the tip ; anther very broad, tubes as long as the cells, pollinia narrowly pyriform
shorter than their slender caudicles, which are narrowly winged on one side, glands
very small ; stigmatic processes surrounding the mouth of the spur ; rostellum obscure.
—Allied to H. longicornu, but much more slender, leaves longer, flowers much
larger, lip longer than the sepals, its side lobes broader, and spur very much longer.

31. H. crinifera, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 323; scapigerous, leaves
oblong or lanceolate, raceme lax-fid., bracts much shorter than the
pedicelled ovary, sepals broad obtuse, petals linear acuminate, lip clawed
sub 4-partite, side lobes cuneate or dimidiate-ovate crenate caudate, mid-
lobe 2-lobuled, spur very sleader incurved much longer than the filiform
beaked ovary. Wight Ic. t. 926; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 269. H.
schizochilus, Grah. Cat. Bomb. Pl. 282. Symmeria schizochilus, Grah.
2. c. on last (unnumbered) page.

The Deccan PENINSULA, from the Concan to Travancore. CEYLON.

Leaves 1-6 in., very variable in breadth. Scape 1-18 in., very slender ; sheaths
scattered, subulate: bracts lanceolate ; flowers white, $-14 in. long; dorsal sepal
orbicular, subacute, lateral broadly ovate ; lip much longer than the sepals, as it were
4-lobed, the lobes tailed; spur with a long erect ligule at the mouth; anther
tubes long, straight; caudicles of pollinia winged as in H. longicalearata, glands
minute; stigmatic processes clavate, adnate to the mouth of the spur; rostellum
very short, obtuse.

32. H. triflora, Don Prodr. 25; stem leafy 1-2-fid., leaves short
sheathing, bracts long embracing the ovaries of the large erect flowers,
dorsal sepal oblong-ovate, lateral oblong-lanceolate, petals small linear-
subulate, lip very large, side lobes semi-oblong hatchet-shaped crenulate,
midlobe shorter linear, spur very slender as long as ovary straight.
Platanthera candida, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7035; Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 295.

WesTERN HimaLaya ; Kumaon, alt. 5000 ft., Strachey § Winterbottom; Nepal,
Wallich. Lower Bene@aL; at Mymensingh, Clarke.

Stem 8-12 in., rather slender. Leaves 1-3 in., oblong, acute, sometimes all im-
bricating, or the lower larger and spreading, upper acuminate. Flowers shortly
pedicelled; bracts and slender ovary 1-1} in. long; sepals } in. long, suberect ;
petals 1-nerved; lip 1-1} in. broad, sessile on the mouth of the spur, and there
bigibbous; spur slightly thickened at the tip, mouth funnel-shaped ; anther very
broad, quadrate, truncate, cells marginal, tubes short free, glands of pollinia
minute; staminodes prominent; stigmatic surface inconspicuous; rostellum broad
obscure.—The suberect lateral sepals, and sheathed stem recall the species of the
Phyllostachya section,

¥*k Tip short, 3-lobed at the broad apeu.

33. H. Orchidis, Hook. f.; stem stout leafy, leaves oblong or linear-
oblong erect acute, spike short cylindric very dense-fld., bracts longer
than the short curved ovaries, flowers small, sepals puberulous, dorsal
elliptic, lateral oblong, petals shorter rhombic-orbicular, lip cuneately
cbovate, spur as long as_the ovary slender incurved. Gymnadenia
cylindrostachya, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7056; Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 278. G.
Orchidis, and violacea, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. 1. c. Platanthera Orchidie,
Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7039 A.

Temperate Himataya; Garwhal, alt. 8-9000 ft., Duthie; Kumaon, Wallich;
Sikkim, alt. 8-1000 ft., J. D. A.

Stem 1-2-ft. Leaves 2-6 in., broad or narrow, sheathing, sometimes short and
imbricating. Spike 2-5 in.; bracts lanceolate, herbaceous; ovary § in. long, in-
curved, subrostiate; flowers $3 in. diam., pink, odoriferous, perianth spreading ;

Habenaria.] OXLVIII. ORCHIDER. (J.D. Hooker.) 143

dorsal sepal oblong; lobes of strongly nerved lip very short, obtuse, equal or the
midlobe longest and broadest ; anther short, broad, cells parallel contiguous, tubes
0, pollinia clavate almost sessile on the large oblong gland, grains very large and
loose; stigmatic processes very large, globose, placed close under the anther, and
swelling up after fertilization so as almost to cover it; rostellum minute. Capsule
small, sessile, 2 in. long, broadly ellipsoid or subglobose.—A very anomalous member
of the section.

34. H. monophylia, Collett & Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ined.;
leaf solitary subradical, stem and many-fld. raceme scurfily pubescent,
bracts as long as the ovary or shorter, sepals and petals subequal oblong
obtuse glabrous, lip much larger than the sepals clawed cuneately obovate
3-lobed, lateral lobes broad erose, midlobe smaller ovate obtuse, spur as
long as the lip incurved obtuse.

Upper Burma, Collett.

A foot high, rather slender. JZeaf 2 in., oblong, obtuse, sheathing the base of
the stem. Stem flexuous; sheaths 2-3, 4 in., and bracts lanceolate, acuminate.
Raceme 2 in., rather dense-fid.; bracts 4 in.; flowers about as broad as long; side
lobes of lip as broad as long, diverging, disk puberulous, speckled; anther ovoid or
globose, cells parallel contiguous, tubes 0, glands of pollinia contiguous orbicular,—
Closely allied to H. Orchidis. Described from a single indifferent specimen.

Sect. III. Trrmeroctossa. (See p. 132.).
* Tubes of the anther-cells long.

_ t Perianth membranous; lateral sepals with deeply looped or arched
nerves.

35. H. commelinifolia, Wall. in Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 325;
tall, robust, leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, bracts longer than the long-
. beaked ovary slender, dorsal sepal orbicular much smaller than the gib-
bously hatchet-shaped beaked lateral, petals oblong, lip with a linear blade
dividing into 3 very long filiform segments, spur very long. Griff. Notul.
iii, 8372; Ic. Plant. Asiat. t. 389. Platanthera commelinifolia, Lind/. in
Wall. Cat. 7037. Orchis commelinifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 451; Grahk.
Cat. Bomb. Pi. 201. O. stylosanthes, Herb. Ham.

Tropica WxrsteRN Himataya; Kumaon, alt. 3500 ft., Royle, Strachey &
Winterbottom. The Concan and Canara, Stocks, Law, &e.

Stem 2-8 ft.; tubers ellipsoid (2-9 in. long, Rowbd.). Leaves 3-6 in., upper or
sheaths lanceolate. Spike 4-8 in.; ovary 1-1} in., upper two-thirds filiform ;
flowers 3-2 in. diam., white, incdorous; mid segment of lip deflexed, scaberulous,
lateral widely spreading; spur 1-23 in., incurved, green, mouth funnel-shaped ;
anther reflexed, tubes long straight erect ; staminodes seated on the long aris of the
column; stigmatic processes large, clavate, incurved; rostellum short, triangular.
Capsule } in., sessile, fusiform, beak twice as long as the body.

36. H. malleifera, Hook. 7.; tall, stout, leaves clustered large ob-
lanceolate acute, spike long many-fld. furfuraceous, dorsal sepal orbicular
cucullate much smaller than the large deformed lateral, petals very small,
lip longer than the sepals tripartite to the base, segments filiform subequal
or central longest, spur half as long as the long-beaked ovary, tip involute
globose or clavate.

ixxim Himarara; at Senadah, alt. 6000 ft., Wing (Herb. Calcutt.). Kuasia
ities Lobb; at Myrung, alt. 5000 ft., J. D. H. f 7. 7.

144 CXLVilt. oncHIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) [Habenaria.

Stem with raceme 12-18 in.; hairs cellular, svattered. Leaves clustered below
the middle of the stem, 5-8 by 14-24 in. Raceme 4-6 in., lax-fid. ; sheaths large,
ovate, finely acuminate; bracts 3-1 in., shorter than the ovary, ovate-lanceolate ;
flowers greenish, about 3 in. diam.; ovary 3-1 in., beak very slender ; dorsal sepal
embracing the anther, lateral reflexed triangular-oblong in outline but with the
lower margin so gibbous as to form an obtuse false apex to the 5-nerved sepal, the
true apex in which the looped nerves end being close to the base of the sepal;
petals gibbously triangular; staminodes adnate to the sides of the anther; anther
recumbent, tubes very long decurved; pollinia clavate, caudicle very long, glands
minute; stigmatic processes very long ; rostellum obscure.

37. H. Murtoni, Hook. f.; leaves petioled crowded towards the base
of the stem oblanceolate, spike puberulous, dorsal sepal orbicular hooded.
much smaller than the deformed lateral, petals small triangular, lip much
longer than the sepals tripartite to the base, segments filiform subequal
or lateral shorter, spur longer than the long-beaked ovary slender.

Matay PreninsvLa; Perak, on limestone rocks, Scortechini, Kunstler. Sin@a-
PORE, Murton.

Stem 2-3 ft., with rather close-set ovate-lanceolate leafy sheaths, 1-2 in. long
above the leaves. Leaves 6-10 by 2-8 in., narrowed into a broad petiole. Spike
lax-fid. ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, equalling the decurved ovary ; flowers 3~$ in. diam.;
upper margin of lateral sepals very short straight, tip lateral, nerves forming deep
loops; anther-cells very much as in H. malletfera, tubes very long; pollinia shorter
than their long caudicles, glands minute; stigmatic processes globose; rostellum
obscure.

38. H. Kingii, Hook. f.; robust, leaves large crowded towards the
pase of the stem petioled, spike puberulous, dorsal sepal obovate cucullate
as long as the cultriform beaked strongly falcate lateral, petals linear-
lanceolate obtuse, lip much longer than the sepals tripartite to the base,
segments very slender subequal, spur as long as the slender long-beaked
ovary.

PeRAK; on limestone rocks, King’s Collector.

Stem 1-23 ft. Leaves 5-10 in., acute or acuminate. Spike lax-fid.; bracts
ovate-lanceolate, as long as the ovaries; flowers pale silvery green; sepals about
i in. long, acuminate, 5-nerved ; petals shorter than the dorsal sepal, 1-nerved ; spur
slightly thickened downwards ; anther closely embraced by the hooded dorsal sepal,
tubes very long stigmatic processes and rostellum as in H. Murtoni.—Differs from
H. Murtoni in the form of the lateral sepals, the long dorsal, and in the petals
and spur. Both these and H. furfuracea are near H. ciliolaris, Kranzlein of China,
and H. muricata, Vidal, of the Philippine Islands.

39. H. furfuracea, Hook. f.; tall, leaves large obovate or oblanceo-
late clustered, spike lax-fid. furfuraceous with short cellular hairs, dorsal
sepal broadly ovate acuminate hooded as long as the cultriform strongly
curved lateral, lip subequally tripartite to the base, spur shorter than the
long-beaked ovary tip fusiform.

Kuasta Hits; at Nunklow, alt. 3-4000 ft., J. D. H. & T. T.

Closely allied to H. Kingii, but more slender, with a furfuraceous spike and a
shorter spur with a fusiform tip. The anthers stigmatic apparatus, &c., are nearly
the same inboth. This and Kingii differ remarkably from H. malleifera & Murtoni
in the less deformed lateral sepals,

40. H. pubescens, Lindl. Gen. § Sp. Orchid. 322; stem leafy
towards the base and elongate many-ild. raceme pubescent, leaves elliptie-
lanceolate base narrowed, dorsal sepal hemispheric nearly as long as the
dimidiate-ovate obtuse lateral, petals linear, lip much longer than the

Habenaria.| CXLVIn. orcHIDEZ. (J.D. Hooker.) 145

sepals tripartite, segments linear obtuse central broadest, spur slender as
long as the curved beaked ovary tip acuminate.

Western Himantaya; Kumaon or Garwhal, Royle, Falconer.

Stem 12-18 in., stout; upper sheaths free, ovate-lanceolate. Leaves 4-6 by
1-13 in., not margined. Spike 8-10 in. ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, ciliolate, shorter
than the ovary which is curved, 4 in., pubescent, beak slender; lateral sepals 1-3 in.
long ; tubes of anther-cells long, straight; staminodes large; stigmatic processes
globose.—Much the smallest flowered of its subdivision.

4l. H. spatulefolia, Par. & Reichd. f. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx.
140; leaves 2-3 subradical obovate-spathulate, scape slender 2-fid., sheath
and bracts large broad cymbiform, dorsal sepal hemispheric as long as the
hatchet-shaped lateral, petals linear-oblong falcate, lip tripartite to the
base, segments filiform side ones short central very long incurved, spur
longer than the ovary tip clavate.

TENASSERIM ; at Mergui, Parish.

Leaves 4-5 by 1-13 in., not margined, subpetioled. Scape as long; sheath sub-
solitary ; bracts much shorter than the filiform straight beaked pedicelled ovary
which is 14 in. long; sepals iin. long; tubes of anther-cells very long, slender ;
stigmatic processes short.—Habit of Diplomeris.

tt Lateral sepals curved or nearly straight, nerves straight or moderately
arched.

42. H. pterocarpa, Thwaites Hnum. 309; stem leafy, leaves long
linear-lanceolate, bracts equalling the ovary, flowers few very large, dorsal
sepal ovate-oblong rather shorter than the falcate oblong-lanceolate acumi-
nate lateral, petals linear-oblong falcate, lip twice as long as the sepals
3-cleft to above the middle, side lobes subulate-lanceolate falcately
recurved longer than the straight midlobe, spur very large thrice as long
as the beaked ovary thickened from below the middle.

Cryton; at Kandy, Walker; at Ramboddi, alt. 3000 ft., Thwattes.

Stem 6-18 in. Leaves 4-10 in., base contracted. Spike 3-10-fld.; bracts large,
ovate-lanceolate ; ovary narrowly winged, shortly pedicelled ; flowers 1}—2 in. diam.,
white; ovary 14 in. long; lateral sepals spreading or deflexed, dorsal rather shorter
acute as long as the petals; spur 34 in., green, narrowly clavate, mouth with a
tooth ; midlobe with deflexed sides ; anther-cells divaricate ; caudicles of pollinia
exactly as in H. longicalcarata ; stigmatic processes elongate, clavate; rostellum
triangular.

43. H. rhynchocarpa, Hook. f.; stem leafy, leaves lanceolate,
spike short dense-fld., dorsal sepal cymbiform half as long as the broadly
ovate-oblong lateral, petals linear, lip as long as the sepals 3-lobed to the
middle, lobes linear-lanceolate acute mid one longest, spur much longer
than the long slender beaked ovary. PH. stenopetala, Lindl. Gen. &
Sp. Orchid, 324 (not of p. 319). Platanthera rhynchocarpa, Thwaites
Enum, 310.

Cuyton ; above Galagama, alt. 4000 ft., Thwaites. : ; ;

Stem 1-2 ft., leafy below the middle. Leaves 2-6 in., sessile. Spike 2-3 in.,
dense-fid.; bracts slender, equalling the ovary or longer ; flowers white, 3-% in.
diam.; lateral sepals deflexed, subacute; spur 1-14 in., cylindric, green, obtuse ;
auther-cells divaricate, tubes straight; glands of pollinia minute; stigmatic pro-
cesses elongate, incurved, adnate to the mouth of the lip ; rostellum minute. —
Lindley’s H. stenopetala of p. 824 (not of p. 319) is I think a starved specimen of

rhynchocarpa.

VOL. VI 2 L

146 CXLVII. oRCHIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) | Habenaria.

44, H. vidua, Par. & Reichb. f. in Trans. Linn, Soc, xxx. 140, t. 27,
f. 2; leaves subbasal elliptic-lanceolate acute, scape above and flowers
puberulous, raceme lax-fid., bracts much shorter than the ovary, dorsal
sepal orbicular pubescent rather smaller than the oblong subacute lateral,
petals hatchet-shaped, lip tripartite, segments filiform subequal longer
than the sepals side ones recurved over .the flower, midlobe deflexed, spur
longer than the long-beaked ovary acute.

TrnassERiM ; at Moulmein, Parish,

Stem short, stout, with 1-2 spreading sheaths above the leaves. Leaves 3-5 by
li in. Raceme 4-6 in.; bracts ovate, acuminate; flowers 4 in. diam., green and
white, sweet scented; pedicel with ovary 3-1 in., nearly straight; lateral sepals
reflexed, margins revolute ; spur thickened below; tubes of anther-cells divaricate ;
pollinia much shorter than their slender caudicles, glands small; stigmatic processes
short, clavate, adnate to the mouth of the spur; rostellum short, broad. Capsule
4 in., shortly pedicelled, straight, fusiform, beak short.

45, H. Mandersii, Hemsl. & Collett in Journ. Linn. Soc. ined. ; tall,
lower leaves linear-oblong upper narrow lanceolate, raceme glabrous,
bracts as long as the slender pedicelled long-beaked ovaries, dorsal sepal
ovate obtuse as long as the oblong obtuse lateral, petals as long as the
sepals linear-oblong obtuse, lip as long as the sepals entire or tripartite
nearly to the base lateral segments 0 or shorter than the linear midlobe
and recurved, spur twice as long as the ovary geniculate tip clavate.

Burma; at Mandalay, Anderson (in Herb. Calcutt.), Collett.

Stem with raceme 18 in. Leaves (imperfect) 3 in., upper narrow ones erect,
1-ldin. Raceme 4in.; bracts 1 in., ciliolate, lanccolate ; ovary narrowly winged ;
sepals $ in., 3-nerved, lateral subfalcate; petals usually straight, 3-nerved ; mar-
gins of midlobe of lip revolute, spur 1-2 in., mouth with a large obtuse ligule
with revolute sides, the convex face (towards the mouth) has 2 short conical spurs
side by side and a median tooth above them ; anther very large, tubes long erect ;
pollinia much shorter than their long narrowly winged caudicle; glands ovate;
stigmatic processes clavate.—The organ at the,mouth of the spur is very curious,

46. H. rostrata, Wall. in Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 825; leaves
lanceolate acuminate, upper passing into many slender erect sheaths,
spike many- and lax-fid., dorsal sepal cymbiform much shorter than the
broadly ovate falcate lateral, petals broadly oblong obtuse, lip much
longer than the sepals segments very long filiform, spur shorter than the
very long-beaked ovary, tip pyriform. Platanthera rostrata, Lindl.in Wall.
Cat. 7051 A. :

Peet and Trnasserim, Wallich.

Stem 6-12 in. Leaves 4-6 by 4-3 in. Spike 2-4 in.; bracts very slender,
ciliolate, longer than the ovary; flowers yellow spotted with brown, about 3-4 in.
diam.; sepals coriaceous lateral dimidiate oblong, deflexed, 5-nerved, tips turned
up; petals oblong, pubescent, falcate, shorter than the sepals ; tubes of anther-cells
elongate, caudicles of pollinia long, glands linear; stigmatic processes forming a

ring round the mouth of the ovary ; rostellum very short, triangular. Young fruit
with the beak as long as the body.

47, H. acuifera, Wall. in Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 325; slender,
leaves scattered linear-lanceolate acuminate upper setaceous, spike short,
bracts longer than the beaked ovary, sepals obtuse, dorsal broadly oblong
shorter than the concave oblong lateral, petals much smaller linear-oblong,
lip as long as the sepals, side lobes short subulate, midlobe linear, spur
half as long as the ovary. H. linguella, Lindl. 1. c.525 (eael. hub. Ceylon).

Habenaria, OXLVIN. ORCHIDER, (J. D. Hooker.) 147

Platanthera acuifera, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7045. BP. rostrata, Lindl. in
Wall. Cat. 7051 B.

Kuasia Hits, alt. 4-5000 ft., common. Naga Hints, Prain. Tavoy,
Wallich.—Disrris. China.

Stem 10-18 in., flexuous. Leaves 2-4 by 4-3 in., erect, base sheathing, upper and
linear lanceolate ciliolate bracts very finely acuminate ; ovary 4-2 in., rugose, beaked
for half its length; flowers golden, 2 in. diam.; dorsal sepal strongly 3- lateral 5-
nerved ; petals l-nerved; margins of midlobe of lip revolute, spur slightly clavate ;
anther large, apiculate, tubes long erect, caudicles of pollinia long very slender, glands
minute ; stigmatic processes clavate, incurved.—Lindley errs in describing the leaves
as all radical, and in giving Ceylon as a habitat.

48. H. chlorina, Reichb. f. in Trans. Linn, Soc. xxx. 140; habit
and character of H. acuifera, but rather stouter, leaves broader, spike
longer, sepals and petals 3-nerved, side lobes of lip large and spur incurved
below the middle with a large clavate ellipsoid tip.

TrEnassERIM; at Moulmein, Zobd, Parish, Suan Staves, alt. 4400 ft.,
Collett.

Leaves 4-3 in. broad. Spike 2-3 in. long; flowers at first yellow-green, then
spotted with brown, at last brown.—Probably a form of H. acuifera, but besides the
above difference the flowers are smaller.

‘** Tubes of anther-cells short.
{ Stem leafy upwards.
§ Bracts lanceolate, acuminate. Flowers not or hardly secund.

49. H. elliptica, Wight Ic. t. 1706; leaves all linear-oblong or
lanceolate acuminate narrowly margined, spike many-fid., bracts longer
than or equalling the ovaries, dorsal sepal shorter than the broadly oblong
obtuse lateral, petals triangular-ovate ciliolate, lip as long as the sepals
trifid beyond the middle lobes oblong obtuse, spur stout equalling the
shortly beaked incurved ovary.

‘TpavancorE; on the Pulney Mts., Wight.

Stem 12-18 in., rather stout. Leaves 2-3 by 4-% iv., upper short sheathing,
erect or incurved. Spike 2-4 in., cylindric; bracts finely acuminate; flowers
greenish-white, about § in. diam. ; perlanth thick subpuberulous; sepals 3-nerved,
dorsal ciliolate almost orbicular, lateral ovate-oblong ; petals 3 shorter, fleshy ; lobes
of lip parallel ; anther broad, cells distant divaricate, tubes short; pollinia longer
than their stout caudicles, glands small ; stigmatic processes large, clavate ; rostellum
broad, triangular.

50. HX. fusifera, Hook. f.; leaves oblong acute narrowly margined,
spike many-fid., bracts longer than the ovary, dorsal sepal suborbicular
nearly as long as but broader than the oblong obtuse lateral, petals larger
than the sepals triangular-ovate, lip larger than the sepals 3-partite to the
base, side segments filiform longer than the linear mid segment, spur
shorter than the curved ovary fusiform with a short narrow neck.

Travancore; on the Annamallay Hills, Beddome (in Herb. Calcutt.).

Habit of H. edliptica, but very different in the shorter not beaked ovary, larger
dorsal sepal, and petals, 3-partite lip, and spur; flowers yellow; anther broad,
cells divaricate, tubes short ; pollinia clavate, caudicles short, glands small; stigmatic
processes clavate, incurved, adnate to the mouth of the spur.—I have seen only one
specimen. 28

148 cxLviu. orcurpea. (J. D, Hooker.) (Habenarra.

51. H. trifurcata, Hook. f.; leaves petioled elliptic-lanceolate
acuminate, spike many-fid., bracts equalling the ovary, sepals subequal
ovate-lanceolate acute, petals narrowly linear, lip as long as the sepais 3-
partite to near the base segments subulate, spur as long as the ovary or
longer slender.

Kaasra Hits ; at Nowgong (Herb. Calcutt.).

Stem 10-12 in., rather slender, leafless below. Leaves 3-4 in., alternate, mem-
branous, not margined, upper or sheaths lanceolate. Spike many-fid.; bracts
slender, lanceolate; ovary 4—} in., slightly curved; sepals 4 in. long, membranous,
3-nerved ; petals as long, 1-nerved; anther oblong, cells contiguous, tubes short
divaricate ; stigmatic processes elongate, clavate, adnate to the sides of the lip; ros-
tellum narrow, erect.—The petioled scattered leaves and petals distinguish this at
once from H. furcifera, and the petals and spurs from fusifera,

52. H. avana, Hook. f.; leaves linear-lanceolate acuminate, spike
many-fid., bracts longer than the flowers, dorsal sepal very broad, lateral
oblong acute, petals as long triangular, lip longer than the sepals tripartite
from beyond the base, segments linear-subulate lateral incurved, spur as
long as the short not beaked ovary.

Burma; at Ava, Mrs. Burney (Herb. Calcutt.).

Stem 6-10 in. Leaves, lower 2 in., with long tubular sheaths, upper many erect
very narrow. Spike dense-fld.; lower bracts $ in.; ovary } in., curved; sepals
rather shorter, dorsal broadly ovate obtuse 5-nerved, lateral deflexed 3-nerved ;
petals 2-nerved ; lip hardly twice as long as the sepals, linear before forking ; anther
short, rather broad, tips of cells recurved hardly tubular ; caudicles of pollinia very

short, glands large; stigmatic processes long, clavate, adnate to the lip; rostellum
broad, acute, flat.—The specimens are indifferent.

§§ Bracts large, cucullate. Flowers secund.

53. EH. Heyneana, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 320; stem stout, leaves
subimbricate short sheathing acute, bracts cymbiform acuminate sheathing
the flowers, sepals subequal obtuse, petals as long narrow, lip equalling
the sepals 3-partite side lobes linear obtuse midlobe longer and broader,
spur as long as the ovary or shorter straight subclavate. Wight Ic. t. 923,
1708-4; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 268. H. glabra, A. Rich. in Ann, Se.

Nat. Ser. 2, xv. 75,t.5 A. Platanthera Heyneana, Lindl. in Wall. Cat.
7044.

The Deccan PENINSULA; on the Ghats, from the Concan southwards, ascending
to 7500 ft. on the Nilghiris.

Stem 6-10 in. Leaves 1-1} in., ovate, erect or recurved, rarely scattered and
narrower. Spike 2-4 in.; bracts imbricating, lower 1 in. long; ovary 4 in., not
beaked ; flowers greenish-yellow ; sepals 4-1 in., thick, nerves obscure, dorsal ovate-
oblong, lateral narrower ; petals linear-oblong; lip thick, variable, midlobe oblong
or ovate-lanceolate ; anther short, cells rather spreading, tubes 0; caudicles of pol-
linia very short stout, glands very close together, large, orbicular; stigmatic pro-

cesses very large, spreading, clavate; rostellum short, triangular, acute——Turns
black in drying.

54, H. subpubens, A. Rich. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 2, xv. 75, t.
4C; leaves linear or linear-oblong scattered, bracts narrowly boat-shaped
acuminate, sepals subequal, petals as loug talcate, lip spathulate clawed
3-fid, as long as the sepals, side lobes linear midlobe broader, spur as long
as the ovary acute. H. candida, Dalz.in Hook. Journ. Bot. ii. (1850), 262;
Dalz, & Gibs. Bomb. Fi. 267.

Habenaria.] OXLVIN. ORCHIDES. (J. D. Hooker.) 149

. The SourHeRN Concan, Perrottet, Jacquemont, Dalzell, and NiteurRi HIL1s,
c.

Very near H. Heyneana, and perhaps only a form of it, but more slender, leaves
scattered linear 2-2} in., bases narrowed, bracts narrower, flowers white, lip very
different, spur more slender, anther apiculate, glands of the pollinia approximate and
even cohering oblong with recurved sides, stigmatic processes longer, adnate to the
claw of the lip.—Does not turn black in drying.

, tt Leaves more than three, clustered towards the middle or base of the
stem.

55. H. furcifera, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 319; leaves elliptic,
spike long many-fld., bracts as long as the ovary, sepals subequal dorsal
ovate-oblong obtuse, lateral falcately oblong-lanceolate subacute, petals as
long oblong retuse, lip longer than the sepals trifurcate, side segments
filiform longer than the linear mid segment, spur longer than the ovary
very slender involute. H. hamigera, Grif’.in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv.
880, t. 20. H. tenuicornis, Wail. mss.

Tropioal Himataya; Garwhal, alt. 2-3000 ft., Royle, Edgeworth. BHoTaN,
King. Assam, Wallich. Onissa, Clarke. Kast Beneat, Griffith.

Stem 10-18 in., stout, with distant small sheaths above the leaves. Leaves 4-6
by 13-2 in., acute or acuminate, base contracted, not petioled. Spike 5-7 in.,
narrow ; bracts ovate-lanceolate ; ovary i in., curved, hardly beaked ; sepals 2 in.
long, 3-nerved, lateral reflexed; petals as long, membranous, 2-nerved ; anther
rather small, tubes upcurved ; stigmatic processes short. Capsule 4 in., fusiform,
turgid, decurved, ribs thick, beak 3 as long as the body.

56. H. affinis, Wight Ic. t. 1707; leaves large elliptic-lanceolate
acuminate, spike elongate cylindric, bracts equalling or exceeding the
curved beaked ovary, sepals subequal or dorsal longest. ovate-oblong ob-
tuse, petals as long linear- or oblong-lanceolate obtuse, lip longer than the
sepals 3-partite, side segments narrow longer than the linear obtuse mid
segment, spur half as long as the ovary slender incurved. ;

Centra Inp1a; at Singboom, Clarke. The Concan and Canara, Low,
Ritchie, &. TRAVANCORE; on the Anamallay Hills, Beddome (in Herb.
Caleutt.

ee stout, 1-2 ft.; clothed above the leaves with many erect lanceolate
sheaths. Leaves 4-6 by 2-24 in., hardly petioled, not margined. Spike 4-10 in.,
rachis. stout ; bracts 1-2 in.; flowers green; ovary 3 in,, beak short; sepals } in.,
B3-nerved ; lip twice as long as the sepals; anther broad, cells parallel, tubes shortly
upeurved, glands of pollinia small; stigmatic processes large, clavate.—The
Travancore specimen has broader segments of the lip than the northern ones.

57. H. ovalifolia, Wight Ic. t. 1706; subscapigerous, leaves elliptic-
lanceolate acute, scape tall, raceme elongate slender lax-fid., bracts as long
or half as long as the ovary, dorsal sepal orbicular as long as the ovate
obtuse lateral, petals as large as the lateral obtuse, lip as long as the sepals
3-partite side lobes linear-oblong obtuse incurved shorter than the ovate
fleshy midlobe, spur slender rather longer than the slender beaked ovary
incurved tip thickened acute.

Deccan PENINSULA; on the Ghats, from the Concan to the Nilghiris.

Tall, 1-2 ft. Leaves 2-8, 6-8 by 2-43 in., sessile or subpetioled, acute or acu-
minate. Scape with a leafy sheath below and slender ones above the leaves; spike
10 in. and under; flowers distant, } in. diam, greenish ; bracts lanceolate ; nerves
of sepals and petals obscure ; spur straight, pendulous ; anther short, cells diverging,
tubes short upcurved, caudicles of pollinia short, glands small; stigmatic processes
clavate ; rostellum short, broad.

150 CXLVIII, ORCHIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) [Habenaria.

58. H. marginata, Coleb. in Hook. Fl. Exot. t. 136; subscapigerous,
leaves few subradical sessile oblong or linear-oblong margins yellow, spikes
many-fild., bracts equalling the ovary, dorsal sepal broadly ovate as long as
the oblong-lanceolate lateral, petals ovate falcate, lip longer than the sepals
tripartite side segments slender longer than the linear obtuse central, spur
stout equalling the curved ovary or shorter inflated below. Lindl. Gen. &
Sp. Orchid. 320; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 268; Griff. Notul. iii. 371; Te.
Plant. Asiat.t. 841; in Calcutt. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. 382. Platanthera
marginata, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7038. H. promensis, Wall. Cat. 7033;
Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 320. Orchis mysorensis and clavata, Herb.
Heyne. —

WerstTERN Himataya; from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 5~7000 ft. Brrar and
BENGAL (wild in Bot. Gard. Cale.). Burma, Wallich. ‘The Deccan PENINSULA,
common on the Western Ghats.

Leaves $-5 in. Scape 4-10 in. ; sheaths many, erect, lanceolate, broad or narrow.
Spike 2-6 in., cylindric; bracts ciliolate; flowers 3 in. diam,, yellow-green ; lateral
sepals 3-5-nerved, deflexed; petals as long, 2-nerved; spur clavate or fusiform
below the middle; anther-cells distant, tubes short spreading funnel-shaped;
caudicles of pollinia short, glands large ; stigmatic processes long, adnate to the lip;
‘shies triangular, acute. Capsule } in., fusiform, turgid, curved, obscurely

eaked.

59. H. flavescens, Hook. f.; scape slender, leaves few radical linear-
oblong yellowish when dry margined with yellow, scape slender few-fd.,
bracts equalling the ovary, dorsal sepal broadly ovate, lateral oblong-lan-
ceolate acute, petals larger than the sepals ovate-oblong, lip rather longer
than the sepals 3-partite side-segments slender, mid-segment linear-oblong
margins recurved, spur shorter than the ovary tip clavate.

The Concan, Law, &e.

A much more slender plant than H. marginata, turning yellow when dry, with

fewer smaller flowers, and a more distinctly beaked ovary; but ‘perhaps only a form
of that plant,

60. H. viridiflora, Br. Prodr. 312; scapigerous, leaves shorter than
the scape linear-lanceolate not margined, raceme many-fid., bracts much
shorter than the beaked ovaries, dorsal sepal orbicular-ovate much shorter
than the broadly oblong lateral, petals broadly obliquely ovate as long as
the dorsal sepal, lip longer than the sepals 3-partite, segments slender.
spur as long as the beaked ovary thickened below. Lindl. Gen. & Sp.
Orchid. 319; Wight Ic. t. 1705. H. graminea, A. Rich. in Ann. So.
Nat. Ser. 2, xv. 73 (not of Lindl.). H. tenuis, Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat.
Hist. iv. 379, t. 20; Motul. iti. 369; Ie. Plant. Asiat. t. 342, Orchis
viridiflora, Swartz. in Act. Holm. 1800, 206 ; Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. 13.

Lower BENGAL, Griffith, Clarke. The Deccan sin ri
Heyne, &c. CEYLON, ig aed ft., Walker, &c. i as ante

Tubers ovoid, 1 in. long. Leaves many, 2-4 by 1-3 in
obscure. Scape 4-14 in., slender, sheaths many and bracts lanceolate; raceme
rather close-fid. ; flowers 4 in. diam., greenish-yellow; sepals 3-nerved lateral re-
flexed ; segments of lip variable in length; ovary 3 in. long; anther-cells short
divaricate, ae short Snag rather shorter than their pollinia ; stigmatic

rocesses Clavate; rostellum short, broad. Ca $i if trai
Bare, beak short, pedicel 3 in. Rea ter eas ee

Var. Dalzelliz; leaves radical linear 3-5 in

rather smaller, spur longer than the ovary slende

+, acuminate, nerves

+ Scape very slender wiry, flower
r incurved, Czeloglossum luteum

Habenaria.] CXLVIIL ORCHIDER. (J. D. Hooker.) 151

Dalz. in Hook. Journ. Bot. ii. (1850), 263; Dalz. § Gibs. Bomb. Fl, 269 (ewel.
syn.).—The Deccan Peninsula; Malwan, Dalzell, &c.

61. H. khasiana, Hook. f.; scapigerous, leaves linear not margined,
scape slender, raceme elongate, bracts much shorter than the ovary, sepals
3-nerved, dorsal nearly as long as the rather narrower lateral, petals as
long ovate-lanceolate, lip much longer than the sepals, side segments much
the longest filiform, spur as long as the beaked ovary rather stout slightly
incurved. H. graminea, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 318 (not of Sprengel).
Platanthera linifolia, Lindl. in Wail. Cat. 7041 (the Silhet plant).

Kuasia Hinus; in grassy places, alt. 45000 ft., common.

Leaves 3-4 by 1-4 in., acute or acuminate. Scape with elongate raceme 8-12 in. ;
sheaths very few and bracts lanceolate; ovaries 4-2 in., suberect, curved, shortly
pedicelled and beaked ; flowers sweet-scented, yellow, narrow; the strictly deflexed
lateral sepals and erect dorsal sepal are in one line, 4 in. long; anther broad, cells sub-
parallel, tubes short; caudicles of pollinia short stout, gland rather large ; stigmatic
processes clavate, adnate to the mouth of the spur; rostellum very short, broad.
Capsule 4 in., subsessile, fusiform, not beaked.—Very near H. viridiflora, from which
the narrower leaves, shorter pedicels, subequal sepals, of which the dorsal is narrower
and erect, and stout spur distinguish this.

62. H. ditricha, Hook. f.; scapigerous, leaves linear acute not mar-
gined, spike few-fid., bracts as long as the ovary, sepals 1-nerved dorsal
broadly ovate as long as the lanceolate acute lateral, petals as long ovate-
lanceolate acute, lip much longer than the sepals 3-partite, side segments
capillary, spur longer than the beaked curved ovary slender incurved.

TeNASSERIM ; at Moulmein, Lodd. #

Leaves as in H. khasiana. Scape with few-fld. raceme 2-4 in. ; sheaths few,
membranous ; bracts 1-4 in., ovate-lanceolate ; flowers few, 3 in. broad ; ovary } in.,
sessile, curved ; dorsal sepal obtuse, obscurely 5-nerved ; mid segment of lip shorter
than the lateral; spur hardly thickened at the tip; anther-cells divaricate, tubes
short ; pollinia and stigmatic processes as in H. khasiana.—Very near H. khasiana,
but the scape is very short, the bracts different, the ovary shorter, and the flowers
smaller. Lobb’s specimens have all short scapes.

+tt Leaves 2, rarely 3, radical or opposite on the stem, sessile, broadly
ovate-cordate or oblong.

63. H. crassifolia, A. Rich. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 2, xv.72, t. 3 C;
leaves radical orbicular or broadly ovate-cordate margined fleshy, raceme
many-fid., bracts large exceeding the ovary, sepals and petals short broad,
lip subequally 3-fid hardly longer than the sepals, lobes linear-oblong
obtuse, spur equalling the beaked ovary. H. brachyphylla, Leichb. f. in
Trans. Linn. Soc. Ser. 2, iii. 113. Platanthera brachyphylla, Lindl. Gen.
§ Sp. Orchid. 293; Wight Ic. t. 1694; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb, F1, 269.

The Deccan Peninsuza; from the Concan to the Nilghiris, common. ;

Leaves 2-3, 1-14 in.diam. Scape 6-12 in., stout ; sheaths many, finely acuminate.
Spike 6-8 in., narrow ; bracts ovate-lanceolate, sheathing; flowers a in, diam.,
greenish-white, rather fleshy ; sepals 3-nerved ; petals 1-nerved ; side lobes of lip
hardly spreading ; bases of anther-cells distant, tubes very short spreading ; stig-
matic processes short; rostellum small, erect.—The Khasian habitat taken by
Reichenbach from Lindley’s Herbarium is an error.

64, H. diphylla, Dalz. in Hook. Journ. Bot. ii. (1850) 262; leaves
radical orbicular cordate margined, raceme many-f'd., bracts much shorter

152 CXLVIII. oncHIDEs. (J. D. Hooker.) [Habenaria.

than the ovary, sepals ovate-oblong subequal, petals as long linear, lip
much longer than the sepals 3-partite, segments filiform lateral longest,
spur about equalling the ovary inflated acute. Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fi.
268. H. Jerdoniana, Wight Ic. t.1715. H. Sutleri, Reichb. f. in Linnea
xxv. 229. Platanthera canarensis, Lindl. in Plant. Hohenack exsicc.,
No. 142. Liparis diphyllos, Nimmo in Grak. Cat. Bomb. Pl. 252.

Western Himataya; Garwhal, Falconer. EastrErn Brenean; Dacca, Clarke.
The Deccan Peninsuta; from the Concan to Malabar.

Leaves 1-2 in. diam., thinly fleshy. Scape 4-1v in., slender; sheaths many,
small. Spike 2-4 in., narrow; bracts 3 in., acute; flowers about 3 in. diam. ; ovary
% in., hardly beaked; dorsal sepal ovate, lateral oblong, acute, 3-nerved ; anther
broad, cells diverging, tubes very short; stigmatic processes elongate, clavate,
adnate to the mouth of the spur; rostellum obscure.

65. H. Aitchisoni, Reichd. f. in Trans.. Linn. Soc. Ser. 2, Bot. iti.
118; leaves opposite orbicular cuspidate, scape tall, spike elongate, flowers
subsecund erect, bracts half as long as the ovary, sepals subequal oblong-
ovate obtuse, petals as long ovate-lanceolate, lip as long as the sepals 3-
partite above the base, side segments longest spreading and recurved, spur
shorter than the short curved ovary clavate. H. brachyphylla, itch. &
Hemsl. in Journ, Linn. Soe. xix. 118.

TemprRate Himataya; Kashmir, alt. 7000 ft., Faleoner, &c.; Kumaon,
alt. 9-12,C00 ft., Duthie; Sikkim, alt. 10-11,000 ft., J. D. H—Distris. Aff-
ghanistan.

Very variable in size and stoutness, 10-18 in. high. Leaves inserted above the
base of the stem, 1-3 in. broad, not margined. Scape sometimes as thick as a goose=
quill ; sheaths few, small; spike rather dense-fid.; bracts } in., acute or acuminate ;
flowers 3 in. diam., greenish ; sepals 3-nerved, lateral spreading, dorsal erect ; petals
l-nerved ; mid-segment of lip straight; anther short, broad, cells parallel, tubes very
short upcurved ; stigmatic processes large, clavate ; rostellum minute.

Var. Josephi; smaller, 2-4 in. high, leaves 1-13 in., spike few-fid. H. Josephi,
Reichd. f. l. ce. 114.—Kumaon, alt. 10-11,000 ft., Duthie ; Sikkim, alt. 12-14,000 ft.,
J. D. H., King’s Collector.

66. H. reniformis, Hook. f.; leaves 1-2 radical orbicular or oblong,
scape slender few-fid., bracts much shorter than the ovary, sepals and petals
subequal ovate or ovate-lanceolate acute, ip longer than the sepals entire
or 3-partite with slender segments, spur shorter than the ovary or 0.—
Herminium reniforme, Lindl. in Wall. Cat.7067. Aopla reniformis, Lindl.
in Bot. Reg. under t. 1701; Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 304, 457; Benth. FI.
Afongk. 363. Listera reniformis, Don Prodr. 28.

Nepat, Wallich. Kuasia HI1ts, alt. 4-5000 ft., Zod, &c.—Distais. China.

Leaves 3-2 in. long, fleshy, very variable in form, sessile, obtuse. Scape with
4-6-fid. spike 3-6 in., wiry; sheaths few, small; bracts lanceolate; flowers about
3 in, diam., green ; sepals 3-nerved, lateral deflexed ; lip (in the Peloria state) entire
and linear-oblong, or with two small basal teeth; in the perfect state with three
very narrow often tortuous divaricate segments longer than the sepals ; spur usually
wholly absent, if present slender, nearly as long as the ovary, slightly incurved ;
anther-cells nearly parallel, tubes very short ; caudicles of pollinia short, glands large? :
stigmatic processes large, subcylindric or clavate ; rostellum short, triangular acute. —
A puzzling little plant, which in the Khasia usually and in Nepal has been “collected
only in the Peloria form, without spur, and with an entire lip. Bentham (in Gen.
Plant.) retains it in Herminium from which it differs in being normally spurred. It
is obviously allied to H. Aitchisoni.

Habenaria.] CXLVIII. ORCHIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) 153

Sect. IV. Hoxociossa (see p. 132). See also H. Mandersit and reni-
Sormis.

* Stigmatic processes large.
+ Stem leafy upwards.

67. H. latilabris, Hook. f.; leaves sessile ovate or oblong acumi-
nate, spike many-fld., bracts green longer than the ovary, dorsal sepal
broadest, lateral broadly ovate, petals dimidiate-ovate or broadly ovate,
lip linear or lanceolate, spur tlexuous longer than the curved beaked ovary.
Platanthera acuminata, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7040; Gen. & Sp. Orchid.
289. P. latilabris, Lindl. Gen. § Sp.t.c. P. orchidis, Wall. Cat. 7039 B.

TEMPERATE Himataya; from Kashmir, alt. 5-10,000 ft, to Sikkim,
alt. 7-12,000 ft. CznrraL Inpia, Hope (Herb. Clarke).

Stem 6-18 in., stout or slender, leafy. Leaves 3-5 in., usually sheathing.
Spike 3-10 in., lax-fid.; bracts ovate-lanceolate, lower leafy ; ovary 3-4 in., curved ;
flowers yellow-green, 3-3 in. diam. or more ; sepals 3-5-nerved, glabrous or ciliolate,
lateral spreading or deflexed, dorsal orbicular concave; petals as long as the lateral
sepals, variable in shape, fleshy, lower base gibbous; spur stout or slender, often
involute and upcurved ; anther-cells contiguous, tubes 0; caudicles of pollinia very
short, glands small; stigmatic processes large, subglobose; rostellum short, tri-
angular, obtuse. Capsule 3 in., sessile, fusiform, shortly beaked, more or less curved
or twisted.—A very common and variable species in the Himalaya.

68. H. stenantha, Hook. f.; leaves many sessile oblong, spike many-
fld., bracts green much longer than the flowers, dorsal sepal oblong, lateral
linear deflexed, petals erect as long as the sepals linear, lip linear obtuse,
spur flexuous longer than the straight obtuse ovary.

TemPrERatTe Himaraya; Sikkim, alt. 8-12,000 ft., J. D. H., Clarke.

Very near to H. latilabris, differing in the form of the lateral sepals and petals,
which are very narrow, and straight ; and the former being sharply deflexed, whilst
the latter are erect; the flower hence looks as if laterally compressed. The lip
also is very narrow, but more so than in forms of acuminata, with which stenantha
agrees in the column, anthers, pollinia, stigma and rostellum.

69. H. densa, Wall. in Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 326; tall, stout,
leaves many ovate or oblong acuminate base sheathing, spike very long
narrow stout, bracts sheathing and exceeding the very short ovaries, flowers
very small, sepals obtuse puberulous, lip linear obtuse as long as the sepals,
spur clavate shorter than the ovary. Platanthera densa, Lindl. in Wall.
Cat. 7046. P. clavigera, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 289.

TemprratE Himataya; from Simla to Sikkim, alt. 5-9000 ft.

Stem 1-3 ft. usually much stonter than in any form of H. acuminata or its allies.
Leaves 3-5 by 1-2 in. Spike 8-14 in., rather dense-fid. ; rachis stout; bracts
4-2 in., finely acuminate; ovary % in., stout, curved, shortly beaked ; flowers erect,
din. diam. ; sepals subequal, thick, 3-nerved; petals nearly as long, obliquely ovate
or narrower, obtuse, fleshy ; lip with a tooth at the mouth of the spur; anther short,
broad, cells parallel, tubes 0; pollinia subglobose, almost sessile on the large orbicular
gland; stigmatic processes large, shortly clavate ; rostellum small, erect.— Varies
greatly in size; a Wallichian specimen from Nepal is 3 ft. high, with leaves
6 by 2in., and a fruiting spike nearly 18 in. long. The most distinct species of its
group.

++ Leaf solitary at or below the middle of the stem (rarely 2). Flowers
subsecund. Rootstock or root branching (I think in all).

154 CXLVII. ORCHIDEZ. (J. D, Hooker.) [Habenaria.

70. H. oligantha, Hook. f.; stem slender naked above the usually
solitary oblong leaf, bracts lanceolate herbaceous much longer than: the
flower usually divaricate, sepals and petals subequal, spur stout about as
long as the shortly beaked ovary incurved clavate.

Sixxim HimauayraA; in the interior valleys, alt. 10-12,000 ft., J. D. H.

Stem 5-10 in. Leaf sessile, 2-4 by 3-1} in., obtuse or subacute. Spike 14-4 in.,
lax-fid. ; bracts spreading, lower 2-1 in., green, upper gradually smaller, uppermost
hardly exceeding the short sessile curved ovary; sepals } in. long, oblong or oblong-
lanceolate, subacute, obscurely 3-nerved, subciliolate; petals as long, triangular-
lanceolate, base of lower margin gibbous; lip linear-lanceolate, fleshy ; anther-cells
parallel, tubes 0; pollinia pyriform, caudicles short, glands minute ; stigmatic processes
short ; rostellum fleshy, triangular, obtuse.

71. H. leptocaulon, ook. f.: stem slender, with 2-3 narrow distant
sheaths above the linear-oblong acute leaf, spike slender few-fld., bracts
equalling the erect curved ovary, sepals and petals subequal, spur slender
as long as the ovary incurved.

Srxxim Hrmataya ; Lachen Valley, alt. 10-11,000 ft., J. D. H.

Stem 8-12 in. Leaf below the middle of the stem, 13-4 by 2 in.; sheaths above
the leaves 1-14 in., linear-lanceolate, erect. Spike 3-8-fid., 1-2 in., rachis slender;
bracts 4-4 in., erect, slender; sepals 3 in. long, 1-nerved, lanceolate, acute; petals
broader than the sepals, triangular-lanceolate from a broad gibbous base, fleshy ;
anthers as in H. oligantha, but rostellum shorter, and glands of pollinia large, oblong,
resting on the sides of the rostellum; stigmatic processes short.—Near H. oligantha,
but distinguished by the narrow leaves, the sheaths above them, small bracts, and
long slender spur.

72. H. pachycaulon, Hook. f.; stem short very stout with 2 or 3
large herbaceous sheaths above the solitary oblong leaf, spike short
dense-fid., bracts herbaceous much longer than the flowers, sepals and
petals subequal, lip ovate-lanceolate, spur equalling the ovary incurved
clavate.

Sixxim Himauaya; Lachen Valley, alt. 12,000 ft., J. D. H.; Nattong, King’s
Collector.

Rootstock branched ; roots thick, fleshy. Stem 4-6 in., as thick as a goose-quill
orless. Leaf 23-8} by $-1} in., thick, obtuse; sheaths 1-14 in., lanceolate. Spike
14-2 in.; bracts $-1 in., many-nerved ; flowers purple; ovary } in,, hardy beaked ;
sepals thick, linear-oblong, 1-nerved, ciliolate ; petals shorter, ovate-oblong, fleshy ;
lip fleshy, subacute; anther-cells parallel; glands of pollinia oblong resting on the
sides of the short acute rostellum ; stigmatic processes obscure.

73. H. nematocaulon, Hook. f.; stem very slender naked or with
one or two sheaths above the small oblong subacute leaf, spike very
slender lax-fid., bracts half the length of the erect ovary, flowers minute,
sepals erect and petals subequal, lip oblong-lanceolate, spur very short
clavate.

Sixxim Himataya; alt. 10-12,000 ft. J. D. H., Clarke.

Stem 3-8 in. Leaf towards the base of the stem, 1-14 in. ; sheaths usually very
small, rarely green and leaf-like. Spike 2-4 in. long; bracts membranous; ovary
3-} in., hardly beaked ; flowers 7; in. long; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, 1-nerved ;
petals as broad as the dorsal sepal, triangular-ovate, acute, l-nerved; lip not fleshy,
5-nerved, obtuse; spur not half the length of the sepals, neck contracted; anther
short, broad, cells parallel, glands of pollinia rather large, resting on the sides of the
erect fleshy rostellum ; stigmatic processes globose. Capsule 4 in. long, sessile, erect,
fusiform, beaked.—The erect lateral sepals, minute flowers and short spur, are those

Habenaria.] OXLVIII, ORCHIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) 155

of Sect. Peristylus, to which this species is perhaps referable, but the branched
rootstock, habit, and habitat induce me to refer it here.

** No stigmatic processes.

74, H.arcuata, Hook. f.; stem very robust leafy, leaves oblong or
lanceolate, bracts herbaceous narrow longer than the large flowers, dorsal
sepal beaked, petals small linear membranous, lip twice as long as the
sepals linear, spur many times longer than the ovary. Platanthera ar-
cuata, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 289.

Western Himanaya; Royle; Naini Tal, Davidson.

Stem as thick as the little finger. Leaves 3-4 in., oblong, subacute, upper
lanceolate, bases sheathing. Spike many-fld. ; lower bracts 1-12 in., linear-lanceolate ;
ovary 1} in., hardly beaked, curved ; sepals 4 in. lcng, dorsal cucullate, lateral larger,
oblong, obtuse, 3-nerved, deflexed; petals very narrow, l-nerved ; lip large, linear,
with rounded shoulders at the bise, puberulous, sides reflexed, spur 2-24 in., in-
curved, acute; anther large, broad, cells divergent, tubes erect ; pollinia with stout,
short caudicles, glands very large, ovate; rostellum broad, flat, acute.-—A very
remarkable species, with the lip of Hologlossa, but anther of the larger Trimero-
glosse. J have seen but one specimen from Col. Davidson, and a rude tracing in
Herb. Lindl., of Royle’s plant.

75. H. sikkimensis, Hook. f.; stem stout leafy, spike elongate lax-
fid., bracts herbaceous longer than the large flowers, petals as large as the
sepals triangular-lanceolate, lip as long as the sepals linear, spur rather

onger than the ovary very stout obtuse strongly incurved.

Sixxim HimaayA; on Sinchal, alt. 8-9000 ft., Thomson.

Stem with spike 10-12 in. Leaves 3-4 in., narrowly oblong. Spike 3-4 in.;
bracts lanceolate, acute, lower 1} in., spreading and reflexed; ovary $ in., strongly
curved, hardly beaked; sepals 3-nerved, green, dorsal broadly ovate obtuse rather
shorter than the oblong-lanceolate acuminate spreading lateral; lip linear; anther
broad, cells narrow, distant, tubes short; pollinia rather shorter than their stout
caudicles, glands small ; rostellum obscure, very broadly triangular.—Closely allied
to H. acuminata, but flowers much larger, and there are no stigmatic processes or
rostellum. The broad anthers and its cells are those of H. arcuata. Only one
specimen seen.

76. H. concinna, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. ined. ; small, stem many-leaved,
leaves small sessile erect ovate or oblong, spike many-fid., bracts longer than
the small flowers herbaceous, lateral sepals linear longerand much narrower
than the dorsal and petals, lip linear from a broad base as long as the
sepals, spur as long as the ovary slender incurved acute.

Kuasta Hittzs; at Kala-pane, alt. 5000 ft., J. D. H. § LT. T.; Clarke.

Root of thick tuberous fibres. Stem with spike 4-8 in. Leaves almost imbrica-
ting, amplexicaul, lower 1-1} in. obtuse, upper gradually smaller acute; spike 2-4
in., rather dense-fld.; bracts 4 in., ovate-lanceolate, acute; ovary + in., suberect ;
dorsal sepals 3-nerved, ovate, obtuse; lateral 2 in. long, retlexed, obtuse, 1-nerved ;
petals as long as the dorsal sepal, 1-3-nerved ; lip narrow ; anther large, cells distant,
bases slightly divergent, tubes 0; pollinia as long as their caudicles, glands small ;
rostellum triangular.—The habit is that of Sect. Peristylus.

77. HL. zosterostyloides, Hook. f.; radical leaves long-petioled
elliptic acute, cauline sessile ovate-cordate amplexicaul, racemes long
sparse-fid., bracts as long as the ovary, lateral sepals linear-obloug
obtuse rather longer than the rounded ovate dorsal, petals as large as
the dorsal sepal triangular-ovate, lip linear as long as the sepals, spur as
long as the ovary slender acute.

156 CXLVIII. ORCHIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) [Habenaria.

Matayan PEninsvxa ; on Mt. Ophir, Grifith (Kew Distrib. 5359), Lobb, PERaAx,
Scortechini, alt. 7000 ft., Wray.

Root of thick tomentose fibres spreading from the crown, which gives off one or
more long-petioled leaves and a tall rather slender scape. Radical leaf 4-6 in. Scape
with the raceme 12-18 inches high, with membranous basal sheaths, and bearing
one or more sessile or oblong leaves about the middle, and with 2-8 small distant
ovate herbaceous sheaths above them. Spike 4-6 in.; flowers distant ; bracts } in. long,
lanceolate, acuminate ; sepals dorsal, 3-nerved, nearly orbicular, lateral } in. subacute,
reflexed; lip elongate, linguiform, obtuse; anther broad, cells distant divergent,
tubes hardly any; pollinia shorter than their stout caudicles, glands large orbicular ;
stigmatic processes 0 ; rostellum very obscure. Capsule (immature) sessile, curved.—
A remarkable species, in habit unlike any other. The solitary long-petioled radical
leaf, sometimes distant from the flowering stem, is very peculiar, and closely resembles
that of Cryptostylis (Zosterostylis, Blwme), zeylanica.

Sect. VI. Pzristyius. (See p. 132.)
* Spur as long the sepals, or longer, or shorter in H. aristata.
+ Leaves scattered along the stem, or radical. (See also 838. H. Gardneri.)

78. H. bicornuta, Hook. f.; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,
spike long many-fld., bracts equalling or exceeding the ovary, lateral
sepals linear obtuse, petals as long elliptic, lip tripartite, segments fili-
form, lateral longer than the sepals recurved over the flower, mid-seg-
ment shorter, spur longer than the sepals clavate or fusiform incurved.
Peristylus Richardianus, Wight Ic. t. 1097.

The WesTeRN Guats ; on the Nilghiri and Pulney hills, ascending to 6500 ft.

Stem 1-2 ft., rather stout. Leaves 2-3 in., sessile, acute or acuminate, 5-7-
nerved. Spike 6-10 in., rather dense-fid. ; bracts herbaceous, lanceolate, acuminate,
lower 4-2 in.; sepals } in. long, dorsal oblong obtuse sub 5-nerved, lateral erect at
length spreading; petals l-nerved; lip with a large concave claw, mid-segment
variable in length from triangular to linear, straight, obtuse; spur stout; anther
minute, cells parallel, tubes 0, pollinia clavate, caudicles short; stigmatic processes
long, lying in the claw of the lip; rostellum truncate, plicate, concealing the base of
the cells and pollen glands P—Blackens when dry. Differs from stenostachya in the
larger flowers, long side lobes of the lip, and spur.

79. H. stenostachya, Benth. Fil. Hongk. 362; leaves lanceolate
acuminate, spike narrow lax- or dense-fild., flowers small, bracts equalling
or exceeding the ovary, lateral sepals linear obtuse, petals larger than
the sepals triangular-ovate or oblong fleshy, lip as long as the sepals 38-fid,
side lobes subulate, midlobe usually shorter broader and obtuse, spur straight
about as long as the ovary. H. peristyloides, Wight Ic. t.1702. Platan-
thera stenostachya, Lindl. in Hook. Journ. Bot. vii. (1855) 37. Gymna-
denia ? tenuis, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7057. Coeloglossum densum, Lindl.
Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 302. C. peristyloides, Reichb. f. in Bonpland. 1856,
321. C. cernuum, #7. /. c. 1855, 250.

Sixxim Himataya, King (Herb. Calcutt.), the Kuasta Hizis, TENASSERIM,
and the Deccan PENINSULA, from the Concan Southward.—Disrris. China.

Stem with the spike 6-80 in., usually slender, with many small sheaths above the
leaves. Leaves 14 in., sometimes all subradical, erect, buses sheathing, 5—7-nerved.
Spike 3-5 in.; flowers small, erect, greenish yellow or white, about 3 in. diam. ;
bracts 4-3 in., broadly ovate-lanceolate, finely acuminate ; ovary i in.; sepals din.
long, subequal, concave, lateral suberect, at length spreading, nerve very thick,
produced into a point under the apex of the sepal; lip with a large excavate base,
very variable in the length of the lobes, lateral spreading or recurved; anther

Habenaria.] —_oxtvitr. or¢utonm. (J, D. Hooker.) 157

minute, cells parallel, tubes 0; pollinia short, grains large, caudicle and gland
obscure ; stigmatic processes clavate ; rostellum erect, truucate, toothed, plicate, con-
cealing the glands of the pollinia.—Habit of H. viridiflora. In the Khasia specimens
the midlobe of the lip is much longer than in the Peninsular, I have had diffi-
culty in choosing a specific name, for Bentham, in adopting stenostachya, overlooked
the older published one of tenuis. That of peristyloides may be objected to from the
plant being sectionally a Peristylus, though Wight did not recognize it as such, and
it is preoccupied by A. Richard for an Abyssinian species.

80. EH. cubitalis, Br. Prodr.312; tall, slender, leaves scattered or sub-
radical, linear oblong or lanceolate acute, spike long narrow, flowers
minute, bracts as long as the curved ovary or shorter, sepals linear-oblong
concave keeled, petals larger ovate-oblong, lip not exceeding the sepals
3-fid, side lobes spreading and recurved, midlobe shorter broad obtuse,
spur straight as long as the sepals nearly cylindric. Platanthera
cubitalis, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 292; Thwaites Enum. 310. Orchis
cubitalis, Linn. Fl. Zeyl. 820.

The Knasra Mrs., TenassERim, Parish, &c. CxyLon; Hermann, at Pasdoon
Corle, Thwattes.

Stem with the slender spike 1-3 ft. Leaves 2-6 in., sessile, flat, nerves obscure.
Spike 8-12 in.; bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, lower 3 in.; ovary 3 in., erect,
tip decurved ; sepals 4; in., obtuse, 1-nerved, nerve produced beneath the tip,
dorsal longest and broadest; petals obliquely oblong, obtuse; lip with a short
concave claw, lateral lobes shorter than or equalling the sepals ; anther minute, cells
parallel, tubes 0, pollinia short granular, caudicles and glands obscure ; stigmatic
processes clavate ; rostellum erect, truncate, toothed, plicate, concealing the glands
of the pollinia.—Near H. stenostachya, but flowers much smaller, There are two
forms in Ceylon, one with leaves scattered along the stem, and another also found in
Tenasserim with radical leaves ; the latter is,—

Var. brevifolia; leaves very short 1-1} in, radical linear-oblong. Culoglossum
brevifolium, Lindl. Gen. ¥ Sp. Orchid. 302 (ewel. had. Nepal).—Tavoy, Wallich.
Ceylon, Walker & Gardn. Wallich’s specimen in Herb. Linn. Soe. are not numbered 2
by him, but are ticketed, “Tavoy, Dec. 16, 1827.” The number 7041 which has —
been put on the sheet by another hand, Wallich gave only to the Khasian plant, his
linifolia (H. khasiana, p.151), To var. brevifolia he gave the mss. name of com-
melinifolia (not micrantha, as Lindley states in his Herbarium).

+t Leaves clustered round the middle of the stem (sometimes scattered
in H. Gardneri.) Slender species; spike long, lax-fld.

81. H. tipulifera, Par. & Reichb. f. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. 139;
leaves 4-6 linear-lanceolate acuminate, bracts very slender equalling the
slender ovaries, lateral sepals linear obtuse, petals broader ovate-oblong
obtuse membranous, lateral segments of lip many times longer than the
sepals capillary, mid one short subulate, spur clavate as long as the
sepals. ? Peristylus gracilis, Blume Bijdr. 406.

TeNASSERIM ; at Moulmein, Purish.

Stem 1-2 ft., with appressed sheaths below the leaves, and 1-2 lanceolate ones
above them. eaves 5-8 by 3-1 in., clustered about the middle of the stem, mem-
branous, sessile. Spike 6-10 in.; flowers erect, small, distant; bracts 3-% in.;
ovaries as Jong, straight; sepals } in. long, l-nerved, dorsal ovate-oblong broad or
narrow, lateral erect ; lip divided close to the narrow concave claw ; anther minute,
cells parallel, tubes 0, pollinia clavate, caudicles very short, glands oblong ; stigmatic
processes margining the claw of the lip; rostellam broad, plicate, concealing the
bases of the anther-cells and glands. Capsule} in., very slender, straight, erect.—
Very near H. aristata, differing in the long narrow leaves, and much longer very
slender ovary.

158 CXLVII. ORCHIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) [ Habenaria.

82. H. aristata, Hook. f.; very slender, leaves 3-5 elliptic-lanceolate
membranous, spike very slender lax-fid., bracts shorter than the shortly
beaked ovaries, sepals subequal linear obtuse, petals broader oblong mem-
branous, lip longer than the sepals 3-partite lateral segments longest
filiform or capillary, spur clavate or fusiform equalling or shorter than the
sepals. Peristylus aristatus, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 300; Thwaites
Enum. 310 (in part excl. syn.). P. exilis, Wight Ic. t. 1698.

Kuasta Hitts, alt. 4-5000 ft. J.D. H.g 7. T. Travancore; on the Pulney
Mts., Wight. Ceyion; at Newera Elia, Tiwaites. ot

Stem with spike 18-20 in. Leaves 2-3 in., clustered around the middle of the
stem, sessile or subpetioled. Seape with a few narrow sheaths; bracts 4 in., ovate-
lanceolate ; flowers distant, } in. diam., greenish; ovary 3 in., erect; sepals and
petals membranous, I-nerved, 2 in. long; lip with a retrose spur over the concave
claw, lateral segments broad at the base sometimes very long and circinnate, spur
variable; anther minute, cells parallel; tubes 0, pollinia minute of few grains,
caudicles and glands obscure; stigmatic processes clavate; rostellum obscure.
Capsule 4 in., fusiform.—The very minute column is so distorted by pressure that I
have failed to detect the relations of the rostellum to the gland of the pollinia.

83. Ht. Gardneri, Hook. f.; tall, leaves oblong-lanceolate acute,
spike narrow many-fld., bracts as long as the ovary, lateral sepals linear-
oblong falcate obtuse, petals larger broadly oblong obtuse, lip rather
longer than the sepals 3-partite lateral sesments subulate recurved mid-
segment shorter obtuse, spur as long as the sepals incurved tip globose
didymous. Peristylus aristatus, Thwaites Enum. 310 (in part).

Cryton, Gardner, Walker; Adam’s Peak, Thwaites (C.P. 3081. Ic. in Herb.
Peradeniya, 2373 in Herb. Lindl.).

Stem with spike 14-30 in., stout or slender, naked below and above except for a
few sheaths. Leaves 2-3 in., usually clustered towards the middle of the stem,
spreading or suberect, strongly 5-7-nerved beneath, bases sheathing. Spike 6-14 in.,
rather stout ; lower bracts 4 in., ovate-lanceolate, acuminate ; ovary erect, 4—2 in. ;
sepals } in, long and petals spreading, lateral sepals falcate linear obtuse ; lip thick,
claw concave ; anther small, cells parallel, tubes 0, pollinia pyriform grains large,
caudicles and glands obscure ; stigmatic processes clavate; rostellum erect, truncate,
toothed, plicate, concealing the glands of the pollinia. Capsule 4 in., erect, fusiform,
hardly beaked, very shortly pedicelled.—Differs from H. aristatu in the large size,
robust habit, less membranous leaves with strong nerves, larger flowers and longer
ovary and capsule. Near H. stenostachya, but the spike and ovaries are much
longer, the stem naked below for several inches, and the spur shorter,

84. H. Stocksii, Hook. f.; rather stout, leaves obovate or elliptic
obtuse acute or acuminate, spike strict twisted, flowers secund, bracts
longer than the ovaries, lateral sepals linear-oblong, dorsal elliptic, petals
larger ovate obtuse fleshy, lip shorter than the sepals obtusely 3-fid, spur
as long as the sepals straight or incurved subclavate.

The Concan and Mysorz, Stocks, Ritchie, &e.

Stem with spike 6-18 in. Leaves more or less clustered towards the middle of
the stem, 4-6 in. long, usually petioled. Spike 3-6 in.; lower bracts often 2 in,
long, finely acuminate; ovary 3-3 in., curved; flowers % in. diam., yellowish ;
lateral sepals at length reflexed ; lateral lobes of lip incurved, claw broad concave;
anther minute, cells parallel, pollen clavate; stigmatic lobes clavate; rostellum
minute, erect, 2-fid.— Very like H. Lawii, but spur quite different.

** Spur much shorter than the sepals, globose or ellipsoid.

x

Habenaria.| oxuvin. orowtoem. (J.D. Hooker.) - 159

t Stem leafy, leaves scattered or subimbricate.

85. H. breviloba, Hook. /.; slender, leaves oblong-lanceolate acumi-
nate, spike short dense-fld., bracts about equalling the ovary, lateral sepals
lanceolate, petals bruadly oblong, lip as long as the sepals obcordate sub-

flabelliform, spur minute inflated incurved. Peristylus brevilobus, Thwaites
Enum. 311.

CEXLON ; near Ratnapoora, Thwaites.

Stem with spike 10-18 in., naked below. Leaves 2-3 by 2-% in., bases sheathing,
nerves very slender. Spike (young) 1 in.; bracts lanceolate, finely acuminate ;
ovary % in.; lateral sepals linear-lanceolate, subacute, 1-nerved; petals oblong,
obtuse, 3-nerved ; lip sessile at the base of the column; anther oblong, truncate,
cells parallel, tubes 0; stigmatic processes 0; rostellum 3-fid, concealing the small
polliniar glands.—A very anomalous species, the flowers are too yonng for satis-
factory analysis. Thwaites describes the lip as having a minute midlobe.

86. H. malabarica, Hook. f.; stem leafy, leaves many ovate or
lanceolate acuminate upper passing into bracts longer than the flowers,
spikes many-fld., ovary very short, lateral sepals linear, petals obliquely
ovate-oblong obtuse, lip as long as the sepals deeply trifid, lateral seg-
ments subulate recurved, mid one straight, spur a small globose didymous
or page sac. Peristylus brachyphyllus, 4A. Rich. in Ann. Se. Nat. Ser.
2, xv. 70, t. 2 A.

Nina@uiri, and Bababudan Hills in Canara, Heyne, Perrottet, Stocks.

Stem rather stout, 6-12 in. Leaves 1-2} in., bases sheathing, nerves very
slender. Spike 2-4 in., rather dense-fid.; bracts herbaceous, lower 3-$ in. or
longer, often twice as long as the flowers, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sheathing ;
ovary 4 in.; lateral sepals as Jong, erect or spreading, 1-nerved, apiculate below the
tip, dorsal elliptic obtuse faintly 3-nerved; base of lip 3-lobed above the concave
claw, contracted at the base of the segments; spur incurved or not; anther-cells
parallel, glands of pollinia concealed by the 3-fid rostellum; stigmatic processes
clavate.—Habit of H. peristyloides & concinna.

87. H. torta, Hook. f.; small, slender, subbasal leaves linear-lanceo-
late upper passing into narrow sheaths, spike very slender lax-fid. twisted,
bracts longer than the very small secund flowers, lateral sepals linear
obtuse, petals linear-oblong, lip equalling the sepals 3-cleft beyond the
middle, lobes short obtuse lateral spreading or incurved midlobe straight,
spur a minute sac. Peristylus spiralis, Ad. Hich. in Ann. Se. Nat. Ser. 2,
xy. 69,t.2 B; Wight Ic. t. 1696.

On the Westrrn Guats ; from the Concan to Travancore, Wight, fc. CEYLON,
in the Central Province, alt. 4~7000 ft.

Stem with the spike 6-18 in., often flexuous. Leaves 1-2} in., obtuse acute or
acuminate, nerveless, passing into the sheaths of the scape. Spike 2-4 in., rachis
often flexuous; bracts 3~} in., lanceolate, acuminate; flowers decurved, greenish
white; lateral sepals reflexed, y5-} in. long, dorsal linear-oblong obtuse ; lip very
variable, fleshy, broader or narrower than long, base truncate above the short
concave claw; anther minute, cells parallel; stigmatic processes clavate; ros-
tellum between the cells, 3-fid.—The Ceylon plant has larger flowers than the
Peninsular.

88. H. Prainii, Hook. f.; stem slender naked above or with one or
two sheaths, leaves few oblong or ovate-oblong acute, spike many-fld., bracts
as long or longer than the ovary, lateral sepals linear-oblong obtuse, petals

160 OXLvitt. oRcHipEm. (J.D. Hooker.) [Habenaria.

broadly ovate fleshy obtuse or apiculate, lip shorter than the sepals broad
obtusely 3-lobed at the apex, spur a minute globose sac.

Naca Hinrs in Upper Assam; on Kohima, Prain. Upper Burma (in Herb.
Caleutt.).

Sie 12-18 in., naked below, and above except for a few lanceolate sheaths,
Leaves 14-2 in., obtuse or acute, sessile, nerves obscure. Spike 2-3 in., rather
dense-fid. ; bracts subulate-lanceolate, acuminate, not herbaceous, lower } in. ; ovary
3-4 in. ; flowers nearly horizontal; sepals }—1 in. long, apiculate behind the tip,
1 nerved ; lip with a broad concave claw; anther small short broad, cells parallel ;
stigmatic processes rather long; rostellum minute, 3-fid.

89. H. robustior, Hook, f.; stem tall slender naked below, leaves
close set ovate-lanceolate acuminate passing into foliaceous imbricating
bracts much longer than the flowers, spike many-fid., flowers erect, lateral
sepals linear acute, petals oblong obtuse, lip longer than the sepals 3-partite
lateral segments elongate subulate recurved over the flower, mid one shorter
straight obtuse, spur very small ellipsoid or fusiform. Peristylus lancifo-
lius, A. Rich. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 2, xv. 69, t. 2 C. P. robustior, Wight
Ic. t. 1699. Gymnadenia secunda, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7054. Coelo-
glossam secundum, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 303. Satyrum foliosum,
Herb, Heyne.

Mazapar; in the Bababudan Hills, Heyne. Nizeutrt Hirus, Perrottet, Lobb.
TRAVANCORE; in the Pulney Hills, Wight.

Stem 1-2 tt., sometimes naked for a foot, then leafy, the leaves gradually
diminishing upwards. . Leaves 2-3 in., suberect or spreading, bases sheathing,
nerves obscure. Spike 2-6 in.; bracts twice as long as the flowers, lower 3-1 in.
long, green; ovaries } in. long, nearly straight; lateral sepals 4 in., l-nerved,
reflexed; petals nearly as long, 2—-3-nerved ; lip 2-auricled at the small concave
claw; anther-cells parallel; stigmatic processes long ; rostellum 3-fid, between the
cells. Capsule i in., oblong, erect.—Wight’s figure ot P. robustior has the flowers
large, bracts shorter and side segments cf lip much larger and more slender than in
his specimens, which bear the mss. name of P. persimilis.

90. H. Hamiltoniana, Hook. f.; stem tall slender naked below,
leaves linear-lanceolate acuminate, spike dense-fid., bracts filiform much
longer than the minute flowers, lateral sepals linear-oblong obtuse, petals
broadly oblong, lip shorter than the sepals broad shortly obtusely 3-lobed,
spur globose. Herminium Hamiltonianum, Lindl. in Wail. Cat. 7069.
Peristylis Hamiltonianus, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 299. Orchis
micranthema, Herb. Ham.

Nepat; in the Morung, Hamilton. Sixxim Himataya, Griffith’s Collectors
(Kew Distrib. 5356). Kaasra Mts.; on Shillong, Clarke.

Stem 6-12 in., stout or slender, elongate and sheathed below the leaves, and with
one or two filiform sheaths above them. Leaves 4~6 by 4-2 in., or broader, some-
times overtopping the spike, nerves obscure. Spike 3-6 in.; bracts 1—% in., often
tortuous (when dry) ; ovary }-% in., slender, suberect ; sepals 4 in., 1-nerved, nerve
strong, excurrent below the tip, dorsal oblong; lip broadly cuneate, base broad,
concave, lobes variable; spur large for the size of the flower, bladdery ; anther-
cells parallel, glands of pollinia exposed on each side of the minute rostellum:
stigmatic processes large, clavate.—Habit of H. robustior, but the flowers are much
smaller, the lateral sepals obtuse, and the spur globose.

tt Leaves clustered about the middle of the stem.

91. H. gigas, Hook. f.; stem very stout and tall, leaves elliptic
acuminate, spike very many and dense-fld., bracts membranous longer

Habenaria.] CXLVIU. ORCHIDEE. (J. D. Hooker.) 161

than the flowers, lateral sepals } in. long lanceolate acuminate, petals as
long gibbously ovate obtusely acuminate, lip as long as the sepals obtusely
trifid lobes subparallel, spur very shortly oblong.

PERAK ; in the Patong Padang Valley, Wray.

Stem 4-5 ft., hollow at the base, nearly an inch diam., nearly 3 ft. before leafing ;
sheaths above the leaves few. Leaves 8-10 by 3-4 in., narrowed into a petiole.
Spike 8 in., cylindric, lax-fid. below; bracts $ in., lanceolate; ovaries 4in.; flowers
pale green; sepals l-nerved, } in. long, dorsal linear-oblong, obtuse; petals with
fleshy tips; lip rather oblong, lobes subequal; spur an incurved sac; anther orbi-
cular, cells parallel, tubes upcurved, pollinia clavate subsessile on the large oblong
glands which have recurved sides; stigmatic processes large, clavate, adnate to the
sides of the lip; rostellum small. Capsule $ in., sessile, linear-oblong, obtuse, not
twisted.—Resembles a huge H. goodyeroides, but leaves petioled, flowers smaller, lip
shorter, capsule much longer.

92. H. goodyeroides, Don Prodr. 25; stem 1-2 ft. stout, leaves
elliptic-oblong or -lanceolate acute, spike elongate dense-fid., flowers sub-
secund, bracts equalling or exceeding the ovary, lateral sepals } in. linear-
or ovate-oblong obtuse, petals gibbously ovate, lip as long as the sepals
trifid, spur minute. Peristylus goodyeroides, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid.
299; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 270: Royle Ill. t. 87, f. 2. P. grandis,
Blume Bijdr. 405. Herminium goodyeroides, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7066.

SusrropicaL Himataya; from Kumaon to Bhotan, alt. 2-5000 ft. The
Kuasta Mrs. and SInnet, MUNNIPORE, TENASSERIM and the ANDAMAN IsLANDs.
The Deccan Prenrnsuxa, from Behar (on Parusnath) and the Concan to Travancore.

—Distzis. Java, Philippine Islands.
Stem 1-2 ft., stout. Leaves 6-10 by 2-3 ft., base contracted, hardly petioled.

Spike 4-12 in.; bracts lanceolate, membranous; flowers about } in. diam., very
variable in size, yellowish green; sepals 4-1 in.; lip recurved, sessile, lobes very
variable, spur subglobose fusiform or clavate; anther small, tubes very short,
pollinia clavate, caudicles hardly any; glands small; stigmatic processes short
clavate; rostellum erect, toothed. Capsule } in., sessile, fusiform, acute.—The
Ceylon habitat given by Thwaites no doubt refers to H. Wightii, which has been

confounded with this.

93. H. constricta, Hook. f.; stem stout tall, leaves elliptic acute
or acuminate, spike dense-fid. cylindric, bracts as long or longer than the
flowers, lateral sepals linear-lanceolate, petals larger ovate-oblong gibbous
on the lower side, lip rather longer than the sepals 3-fid to the middle
side lobes slender longer than the midlobe, spur globose. Platanthera con-
stricta, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7043. Herminium constrictum, Lindl. in
Bot. Reg. under t. 1449. Peristylus constrictus, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid.
300. Orchis leucantha, Herb. Ham.

Susrropicat Sixxim, J. D. H. Kuasta Hitts, alt. 2-4000 ft.. J. D. H. &
7.7, &. Tenasserim ; at Moulmein, Helfer (Kew Distrib. 5357), &e.

Stem with spike 2-8 ft. Leaves 4-6 by 24-4 in., narrowed at the base or broadly
petioled. Spike 4-8in.; bracts large ; ‘flowers yellowish; sepals a-$ in., dorsal
lanceolate ; lobes of lip very variable, claw hardly any; anther minute, cells
parallel, tubes short; pollinia clavate, caudicles short, glands large ; stigmatic pro-
casses clavate; rostellum 2-fid, erect.

94. H. Parishii, Hook. f.; stem short stout, leaves sessile ovate-
oblong, spike narrow elongate, bracts linear-lanceolate longer than the
small fowers both erect, lateral sepals linear-oblong obtuse, petals broader
ovate-oblong, lip as long as the sepals shortly 3-lobed beyond the middle,

M

VOL, VI.

162 CXLVUI. oRCHIDEE. (J. D. Hooker.) [ Habenaria.

spur very short fusiform. Peristylus Parishii, Reichb. f. in Trans. Linn.
Soc. xxx. 139.

TrNnAssERIM ; at Moulmein, Parish.

Stem below the leaves very stout, 3-4 in., laxly sheathed, above the stem 3-6 in.,
with 2-3 lanceolate sheaths. Leaves 3-5 by 14-2 in., acute or acuminate. Spike
4-6 in.; bracts 4-4 in. with filiform tips and flowers appressed to the rachis; ovary
4 in.; sepals 2 in. ; petals ovate-cordate, obtuse; lip very variable in form, broad or
narrow, lobes short obtuse, or the middle one narrower and longer.—Turns black in
drying. The specimens are not good. Perhaps a form of goodyeroides.

95. H. Wightii, Trimen Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 91; tall, leaves oblong-
lanceolate acuminate, spike elongate narrow dense-fid., bracts longer than
the ovary, flowers small, lateral sepals oblong obtuse dorsal shorter
orbicular or very broadly ovate, petals very broad obliquely orbicular
nerves branched, lip shorter than the sepals broad entire or shortly
3-lobed, spur small scrotiform. H. goodyeroides, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 33897
(not of Lindl.). Peristylus plantagineus, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 300 ;
Wight Ic. t. 921; Thwaites Hnum. 310. P. elatus, Dalz. in Hook. Journ.
Bot, iti. (185) 344.

The Concan, Nimmo; Malwan, Dalzell, &&. TRAVANCORE; at Paul Ghat,
Wight. Cryion, Macrae.

Stem 1-2 ft., rather stout, loosely sheathed below the leaves and with lanceolate
sheaths above them. Leaves 5-7 by 24-3 in., acute or acuminate. Spike
4-8 in.; bracts 4 in., lanceolate; ovary 4-} in.; flowers greenish white; sepals
l-nerved, lateral 2 in., apiculate below the lip, dorsal } in. shorter; lip contracted
beyond the very short broad concave base; anther rounded, cells parallel with
short recurved tubes; pollinia clavate, caudicles very short, glands small solid ;
stigmatic processes short ; rostellum short, acute.—Dalzell describes the petals as
longer than the sepals. I do not find the erect long narrow processes on each sido
of the anther figured in Bot. Mag.—The Travancore plant figured by Wight pre-
cisely resembles the Concan one.

96. H. Gawii, Hook. f.; stem slender not tall, leaves few elliptic or
lanceolate, spike slender, flowers few or many distant very small, bracts
longer than the ovary, sepals obtuse, dorsal elliptic, lateral linear-oblong,
sepals very broad obtuse, lip as long as the sepals broadly obtusely 38-fid,
spur smail globose or clavate. Peristylus Lawii, Wight Ic. t. 1695; Dalz.
& Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 270.

= eres on Parusnath, alt. 4200 ft., Clarke. The Concan and Maltsor,
aw, &e. :

Stem 6-10 in., loosely sheathed below the leaves. Leaves 3-5, membranous, 3-4
by 1-2 in., subpetioled, acute. Spike narrow, strict, 2-3 in., lax-fld.; bracts +-} in.,
ovate-lanceolate, membranous; ovary 3 in., straight or curved, almost beaked ;
flowers } in. diam., yellow; sepals {4 in., 1-nerved, at length spreading ; petals
thick ; lip broad with a concave claw ; anther-cells parailel, tubes 0, pollinia clavate,

caudicle 0, glands small, stigmatic processes clavate ; rostellum short, acute.— Wight’s
figure is of a very indifferent few-fid. specimen.

97. Hl. Brandisii, Hook. f.; very slender, leaves scattered towards
the middle of the stem linear- or oblong-lanceolate acute, spike very long
laxly many-fld., bracts nearly as long as the erect not beaked ovary, lateral
sepals linear obtuse, petals broader ovate-oblong, lip clawed 3-partite,
segments much longer than the sepals, lateral segments capillary, midlobe
short, spur very short globose.

Puav, Brandis (Herb. Hort. Caleutt.).

Habenaria.] CXLVII, ORCHIDEZ. (J.D. Hooker.) 163

Stem with spike 20 in. Leaves 8-5 in., membranous, upper smaller. Spike
8 in., very slender; bracts } in., ovate-lanceolate; flowers 4 in. diam.; sepals and
petals membranous, I-nerved, lateral sepals deflexed ; long segments of lip 1 in.;
spur sub 2-lobed, with a very short contracted neck; ovary small, with a thick
dorsal ridge and terminal beak, cells parallel (tubes short upcurved ?); pollen grains
few, large, glands not seen; stigmatic processes clavate; rostellum erect between
the cells.—Closely allied to H. aristata, though with so different a spur.

ttt Leaves few radical, or solitary and cauline.

98. H. lacertifera, Benth. Fl. Hongk. 362; stem or scape stout or
slender with few or many erect sheaths, leaves usually radical ovate or
oblong, spike elongate few- or many-fid., bracts narrow longer than the
erect very small flowers, lateral sepals linear-oblong obtuse, lip equalling
or longer than the sepals trifid tripartite or obtusely 3-toothed, lobes or
segments short subequal or the lateral long, spur minute ovoid or globose.
Cceloglossum lacertiferam & acuminatum, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 302.
Peristylus chloranthus, Lindl. in Kew Journ. Bot. vii. (1855) 87. Gymna-
denia ? tenuiflora, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7055. Cheradoplectron Spiranthes,
Schauer in Pl. Meyen. 436, t. 13 C.

Kuasra, Naca and Muwyipore Hits, alt. 2~4500 ft., TewassERIM, Tavoy
and Penane, Wallich.__Distrip. Hong Kong.

Stem 6-10 in. ; sheaths 4-1 in., lanceolate. Leaves few, 1-2 in., spreading,
acute or obtuse. Spike 3-10 in., slender, lax- or dense-fid.; loweribracts often 2 in. ;
ovary 4-4 in., slender, erect, not beaked; sepals 4-3 in., 1-nerved, dorsal ovate-
oblong, obtuse ; petals variable, rather thick; lip very variable in length, and in
length of lobes or segments, limb with a short spur over the short broad claw;
anther minute, cells nearly parallel, tubes 0; pollinia ovoid, grains large, glands
obscure; stigmatic processes small; rostellum a plicate-membrane stretched across
the base of the anther but not? concealing the glands. Capsule 2 in., sessile,
oblong, obtuse.—Both this and the following var. are found in Penang. Lindley
errs in giving “Nepal, Wallich,” asa habitat. I suspect that Lindley’s Glossula
tentaculata (Bot, Reg. t. 862), of Hong Kong, is only a form of this with elongate
filiform side lobes of the lip.

Var. robusta; very stout, 12-18 in., leaves 3-5 by 3-1 in., spike very long
many-fld., lateral segments of lip slender exserted much longer than the middle
one.—Penang, Wallich, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1662, Spiranthes), Curtis.

99. H. gracillima, Hook. f.; stem long filiform, leaves subradical
narrowly linear, spike elongate, flowers few minute distant, bracts shorter
than the curved ovaries, lateral sepals linear-oblong, petals broader ovate
obtuse fleshy, lip very short fleshy trifid lobes obtuse, spur very short
inflated 2-lobed. Coeloglossum Mannii, Reichb. f. in Linnea xii. 54.

\ Kasra Hints, alt. 45000 ft., on grassy hills, common. Munnrrors, Clarke.

Stem 6-16 in., with a few subulate sheaths. Leaves 1-3 by 3-7 in., alternate,
acuminate. Spike 2-6 in.; flowers tin. apart; bracts }in.; ovary 2 in.; sepals
ty in., l-nerved ; lip shorter than the sepals, claw as broad as and hardly shorter
than the blade, midlobe rather the longest; pollinia most minute, broadly pyriform,
subsessile on one large flat ovate (2-fid ?) gland, grains large.

Sect. VI. Puytiostacuya. (See p. 132.)

100. H. galeandra, Benth. Fl. Hongk. 263; leaves oblong obtuse
or subacute base contracted, bracts ovate, fowers 4 in. diam., lip broadly
cuneiformly obovate or obcordate, spur a short conical sac. Platanthera
obcordata, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7050 5 Gen. & Sp. Orchid, 290. P. gale-

M

,

164 CXLVII, oncHIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) [Habenaria.

andra, Reichb. f. in Linnea, xxv. 226. P. Championi, Lindl. in Hook.
Journ. Bot. vii. (1855) 88. Gymnadenia obcordata & galeandra, Reichd. f.
Ot. Hamb. 32, 33. Orchis obcordata, Don Prodr. 230, O. Susanne,
Herb. Heyne.

Western Hrmataya; Nepal, Wallich; Kumaon, Blinkworth, alt. 7000 ft.,
Strachey § Winterbottom. CrntRat Inp14; Hawalbagh, Clarke.—Distu1z.
China. 3

Tubers small, globose or oblong. Stem 6-8 in., rather slender, glabrous or
puberulous. Leaves 1-2 in., rarely subacute; bases not sheathing. Spike 2-4 in, ;
bracts oblong-ovate or lanceolate, lower twice as long as the pale purple flowers,
upper shorter; ovaries 4 in. long, glabrous or puberulous; dorsal sepal ovate,
lateral falcately lanceolate; petals rather narrewer, obtuse; lip shortly clawed,
base puberulous; anther-cells approximate; rostellum very minute.—I do not find
the difference between the spurs of the Indian and Chinese plant that Lindley
indicates, -

Var. nilagirica; leaves broader acute, bases sheathing. Platanthera affinis,
Wight Ic. t. 1698,—Travancore, on the Pulney Mts., Heyne, Wight.

Vax. major; stem 12-18 in., leaves and larger flowers more remote,—Khasia
Hills; at Myrung, alt, 5000 ft., J. D. H. & 7. T.

101. H. jantha, Benth. in Gen. Plant. iii. 626; leaves imbricate
ovate or lanceolate amplexicaul acuminate, flowers 3 in. diam., lip broadly
flabelliform or orbicular-obovate retuse crenulate, spur very short conical
obtuse. Platanthera jantha, Wight Ic. v.11 (? t. 1692).

MataBar and TRAVANCORE; on the Nilghiri and Pulney Mts., Wight.

Except in being more robust and having much larger flowers, this hardly. differs
from H. obcordata. Wight gives the larger flowers as a character, but in his figure
t. 1692 they are represented as even smaller. In his specimen the lip is }in. diam. ;
he describes the flowers as deep lilac, and the leaves as of the same colour and
streaked with a darker shade.—Probably a large state H. obcordata. ;

102. H. Helferi, Hook. f.; stem pubescent, leaves and bracts linear-
or oblong-lanceolate acuminate, flowers: 1-1} in. diam., lip very large
orbicular cucullate, spur infundibular acute. Gymnadenia Helferi, Reichb.
J. in Flora 1872, 276 ; in Trans. Linn. Soc, xxx. 139. - ‘

Assam (Herb. Wight) Kuasta Mts., Simons. Trnassepim, at Moulmein, Lobb.
Helfer, Parish.

Stem 12-18 in., rather stout; tubers oblong. Leaves 4-8 in., sessile, acuminate,
base narrowed. Flowers shortly pedicelled; sepals falcately-lanceolate, acuminate,
nearly 1 in. long, green, lateral at length recurved ; petals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
green ; lip twice as large as the sepals, very concave with recurved edges, folded down
the centre, purple; anther obtusely apiculate, cells narrow parallel, tubes very short,
pollinia clavate, as long as their broadly winged caudicles, glands approximate, rather
large; stigmatic processes obscure; rostellum small, fleshy, 3-lobed, erect between
the gland. Capsule 3 in., linear-oblong, sessile, erect, ribs thick— Reichenbach
describes the lip as broad or narrow.

Sect. VII. Przctogtossa. (See p. 182.)

103. H. Perrottetiana, A. Rich. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 2, xv. 74,
t. 4B. Platanthera lutea, Wight Ic.t.919. H. lutea, Benth. in Journ,
nnn. Soe. xviii. 854; Gen. Plant. iii. 626. ‘ :

TRAVANCORE; as the Pulney Mts. amongst long grass, Wight. Nilghiri Hills,
Perrottet.

Stem 1-2 ft., very stout; clothed with short imbricating amplexicaul sheathing
acuminate leaves 2-3 in. long that pass upward into the bracts. Spike 6-8 in. ;

Habenaria.] OXLVIII. OROHIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) 165

bracts foliaceous, broadly ovate, 14-2 in. long, cymbiform, acuminate; ovary 2 in.
long, erect, slender, beaked, narrowly. winged; sepals erect, % in., ovate-oblong,
obtuse, concave ; petals erect, as long, linear, obtuse; lip as long as the sepals, very
coriaceous, triplicate in bud, being folded longitudinally down the middle, with the
side lobes appressed to the midlobe, and each also folded down the middle with the
concavity inwards, long clawed, cuneately obovate, obtuse, claw geniculate ; side lobes
linear-oblong, obtuse, incurved, shorter than the triangular ovate midlobe; spur

; pendulous, subclavate ; anther broad, bases of cells shortly upcurved ; pollinia large,
pyriform, grains large, caudicles short, glands small orbicular.—The stigmatic pro-
cesses differ from those of any other Indian Habenaria, A. Richard figures them
as clavate as in most Habenaria, but I have never found them so, though I have
examined many flowers. The rostellum? forms a broad triangular acute plate
extending across the column, and reaching to the bases of the anther-cells.

Sect. VIII. Dirnytax. (See p. 133.)
_ 104, H. urceolata, Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxv. 73, t. 30.
Diphylax urceolata, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. t. 1865.

- a ca Himataya; Yakla, alt. 10,000 ft., and Naga Hints, alt. 9000 ft.,
arke. 3 : \

Root unknown. Stem very slender, recurved, with the raceme 4-6 in. high.
Leaves one large (2-4 in.) subradical, ellipticelanceolate, acute, and several small
scattered ones alternate higher up, all membranous, 5-7-nerved. Racemes 2-3 in.,
decurved ; flowers secund, 4-1 in. diam., very shortly pedicelled ; bracts ovate or
lanceolate, as long as the short ovary; sepals white and rosy ; petals 1-nerved; lip
recurved, lanceolate, terminal‘half solid terete acuminate green, spur inflated, nearly
as long as the sepals; anther beaked, cells contiguous, parallel, pollinia’ oblong,
grains large, caudicles very short.

Sect. IX. Drrvzta. (See p. 133.)
105. H. secundifiora, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. ined.

Sus-ALpine Hrmaraya; Kumaon, alt. 9-10,000 ft., Duthie. Sikkim, alt. 14,000
ft., J.D. H.; in Chumbi, King’s Collector.

Tubers globose, small. Stem 8-5 in., erect or recurved. Leaves 2-5 in., linear,
acuminate, sides complicate, bases sheathing. Spike 1-2 in., more or less recurved,
dense-fid.; flowers secund, pink; bracts linear-lanceolate, lower 3-3 in. longer than
the flowers ; ovary 1 in., curved; sepals lanceolate, l-nerved ; petals much narrower,
acuminate ; lip as long as the sepals, sessile, linear-oblong, trifid to about the middle,
puberulous, strongly-nerved, lobes parallel, lanceolate, acuminate ; spur nearly as
long as the sepals, conoidal,. slightly contracted at the base, inflated, apex subacute ;
anther membranous; pollinia clavate, grains very large, caudicles short, glands large,
cordate, membranous, —The resemblance to H. urceolata is remarkable ; lobes of the
rostellum inflected over the glands of the pollinia like two flaps or doors, whence the
name.

Sect. X. Drrnzix. (See p. 133.).

106. H. (Dithrix) decipiens, Hook. f., Ie. Plant. ined.—Herminium,
Griff. Notul iii. 270; Ic. Plant. Asiat. t. 285 £. 1.

Norru-Wesr Inpia; Edgeworth, alt. 3000 ft. ; Lahul, alt. 4~5000 ft., Thomson.—
Disterp, Afghanistan, Grifith, (Kew Distrib, 5826.) Kurrum Valley, Aitchison
No. 322. '

Tubers small, oblong. Stem 5-8 in., rather slender, erect or flexuous, laxly ~
leafy. Leaves 1-24 in., lower larger, elliptic- or linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, mem-
branous, lower subpetiolate, upper sessile, bases sheathing. Spike 1-2 in.; flowers
close-set, decurved; bracts ovate-lanceolate, longer than the ovary, membranous ;
ovary 4-2 in., curved, and sepals about as long, soft, 1-nerved ; dorsal ovate-lanceolate,

obtuse, lateral linear-oblong, tip rounded, petals as long, narrowly lanceolate, sub

166 OXLVIIT. ORCHIDES. (J. D. Hooker.) [Habenaria.

3-nerved ; lip as long as the sepals, obscurely 3-nerved, narrowed from the base up-
wards, terminal teeth acute, middle one longest.—The analysis of the dried flowers
has been very difficult, and repeated many times; the capillary stamnodia long
escaped detection. Resembles a small Spiranthes of the S. estivalis type, with
which it was confounded in Griffith’s Herbarium.

IMPERFECTLY KNOWN SPECIES.

H. arrinis, Don Prodr. 25; Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. is a small state of
H. goodyeroides.

H. CARANJENSIS, Dalz. in Hook. Journ. Bot. ii. (1850) 262; Dale. f Gtibs.
Bomb. Pl. 267; lower leaves somewhat rounded, upper oblong-lanceolate 3-nerved,
bracts shorter than the ovary 3-nerved, flowers small, yellow, dorsal sepal rounded,
petals half ovate obtuse, lip tripartite, midsegment oblong rather obtuse, lateral
shorter cuneate truncate, spur clavate shorter than the ovary.—The Concan ; Island
of Caranjah, Dalzell.

H. @Racitis, Coleb. in Hook. Exot. Fl. t. 185, a Silhet plant, figured and
described by Colebrooke (in Hook. Eaot. Fl.), and to which he attributes an
articulated fibrous root. I know of no plant in this least like the figure. Lindley
(Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 302) suggests its being possibly his Caloglossum brevifolium
(H. cubitalis, 8). It is possibly a bad drawing of H. peristyloides.

H. Lossr, Reichd. f. in Linnea, xli. 50; leaf cuneately oblong ligulate
acuminate, raceme 2 ft, lax-fld., bracts half as’ long as the pedicelled ovary
oblong acuminate, dorsal sepal ovate apiculate cucullate 3-nerved, lateral triangular
yetrorse 8-nerved, petals linear falcate 1-nerved, lip tripartite, lateral segments
linear retrorse, midsegments twice as long linear obtusely acute, spur filiform shorter
than [the pedicelled ovary tip clavate, anther erect emarginate, tubes ascending,
staminodes triangular.—H. Indies, T. Lobb. Flowers rather larger than those ot
H. leptoceras, Hook. Bot. Mag., t. 2726 (a Brazilian species).

H. LoNGIBRACTEATA ; Hook. f.; stem stout leafy 2-3 ft., leaves 6 by 3-1 in.
linear-oblong acute margins thickened, bracts 2-3 in. narrowly linear-lanceolate
finely acuminate, lip 3-partite, segments linear lateral shorter, spur short obtuse.
Platanthera longibracteata, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7048; Gen & Sp. Orchid. 293.—
Burma, on the banks of the Irawaddy at Seendya, Wallick. Wallich’s specimens
are in very young bud only, and the description of the flowers taken from Lindley
cannot be depended on. It is a noble species, and should be sought for in Burma.

H. mopesta, Dalz. in Hook, Journ. Bot. ii. (1850) 262; Dalz. Y Gibs. Bomb, Fi.
267 ; stem leafy at the base, naked above, bracts half as long as the ovary, flowers
greenish white, lip 3-fid, lateral divisions linear lanceolate free spreading, mid one
shorter ovate obtuse cohering with the tips of the petals and upper sepal and con-
cealing the column, spur filiform hardly clavate a little longer than the ovary.—The
Concan, at Salsette, Dalzell. Description from Dalzell, who does not appear to have
seen leaves; itis, perhaps, H. stenostachya.

H. peboriomwes, Par. & Reichd. f. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. 189, t. 27, f. As
tall, robust, leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate passing into copious sheaths, spike
many-fid., bracts large equalling the ovary ciliclate, sepals subequal lanceolate
acuminate, lip linear, spur 0. Tenasserim; Amherst by the seaside, Parish, Stem
a foot high. Leaves 2-3 in., largest subradical; upper sheaths slender, passing
into the bracts the lower of which are 1} in. long. Spike 2-3 in., many-fid. ;
sepals 2 in. long, membranous; petals as long as the sepals, lanceolate, 1-nerved ; lip
very narrow; anther-cells elongate, with very long erect tubes, stigmatic processes
long. Capsule } in., sessile, fusiform.—An anomalous plant, clearly a Peloria form.
I have seen but one indifferent specimen.

H. untrtora, Don Prodr, 25. Platanthera uniflora, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid,
2957 is probaby a state of Z. triflora.

107, DIPLOMERTIS, Don.
Terrestrial small 2-fld. and 1-2-leaved. Leaves ensiform or oblong,

Diplomeris. | CXLVII, ORCHIDEEZ. (J.D. Hooker.) 167

Flowers large. Sepals subequal, free, lanceolate, spreading. Petals longer
and broader. Jip sessile at the base of the column, spreading, very broad,
entire, spurred. Column very short; rostellum broadly dilated, mem-
branous, beneath which is a broad oblong lamina from the column; anther-
ceils thick, parallel, tubes very long incurved ascending; caudicles of
pollinia very long siender, glands small naked; stigmatic processes 0 ;
rostellum prominent between the anther-cells.

1. D. pulchella, Don Prodr. 26 (excl. hab.); glabrous, leaves ensi-
form, lip broadly obcordate. Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 330; in Journ.
Linn, Soe. iii. 44, Diplochilos longifolium, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 7064; in
Bot. Reg. under t.1499. Orchis uniflora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 452; Griff.
Notul, iti. 368. Habenaria uniflora, Griff. Ic. Plant. Asiat. t. 338, f. 2.
Paragnathis pulchella, Spreng. Syst. Veg. iii, 694.

Kuasta Hints, alt, 4-5000 ft., Roxburgh, Wallich, &e.

Rootstock creeping, subtuberous and fibrous; stem short. Leaves usually 2,
erect, 3-4 by 4-4 in., acute. Scape about equalling the leaves, naked, 1-fld. ;
bract cymbiform, green, acuminate; flower 1-1} in. diam., white; sepals ovate-
lanceolate, acute ; petals much larger, broadly obovate rounded or ovate-oblong ;
lip 2 in. diam., sinus cuspidate ; spur 14 in., incurved or upcurved, thickened beyond
the middle, tip acute——Don gives “ Nepal, Wallick,” as the habitat, but Wallich’s
specimens are from the Silhet Mts, (Khasia hills). Don’s generic description is unintel-
ligible, and he erroneously describes the flowers as rose purple.

2. D. hirsuta, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 331; hirsute, leaf oblong,
lip cuneately orbicular. Diplochilos hirsutum, Lindl. in Wall, Cat. 7065 ;
in Bot, Reg. under t. 1499.

TropicaL Himanaya; Nepal, Wallich; Western Bhotan, alt. 1500 ft., Gammie.

Tubers globose. Leaf 2-24 in., radical, with sometimes a small second. Scape
1-134 in.; flowers 1} in. diam. ; bract oblong, sheathing ; sepals 5-nerved, ovate-
oblong, subacute ; petals very much larger, orbicular ; lip,with a short slender claw,
apex retuce or rounded, apiculate or not; spur 1} in., very slender, incurved and

ascending.
108. HEMIPILIA, Lindi.

Terrestrial 1-leaved tuberous herbs. Leaf radical, broad. Flowers
laxly racemose. Sepals equal in length, lateral spreading. Petals broadly
ovate, entire. Zip continuous with the column, broad, obscurely 3-lobed,
spreading; spur trumpet-shaped. Column very short; rostellum broad
projecting from between the anther cells, complicate; stigmatic processes
0; anther-cells subdivergent, tips produced into grooves of the rostellum ;
pollinia 2, caudicles long, glands distant exposed.

1. H. cordifolia, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 296; leaf ovate-cordate,
‘lip obovate-oblong, spur longer than the sepals. Platanthera cordifolia .
Lindl. in Wail. Cat. 7049; Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 296.

Western TEMPERATE Himataya ; alt. 4-500-7000 ft., from Nepal, Wallick, to
Simla, Gamble. !

Tubers oblong. Leaf 2-4 in.,amplexicaul, acute, many-nerved. Scape with few or
many-fid. racemes, 4-10 in.; bracts shorter than the ovary ; flowers 4-2 in. diam. ;
dorsal sepal oblong obtuse, lateral falcately oblong; petals subacute; lip with low
rounded side lobes and a broad subcrenate midlobe, spur recurved; anther sessile,
cells nearly parallel, pollinia clavate, caudicles short, glands rather distant.

9, H. calophylla, Par. & Reichb. f. in Journ. Bot, xii. (1874) 197;

168 CXLVII. ORCHIDEZ, (J. D. Hooker.) [Hemipitia.

leaf ovate or oblong, lip obcordate, spur shorter than the sepals, eichb. f.
tn Ot. Hamb. 38; Bot. Mag. t. 6920.
“ ‘Tew assERIM 3 on limestone rocks at Moulmein, Gilbert, Parish.

Leaf 3-5 in., from almost orbicular-ovate to linear-oblong acute, and slender scape
and bracts dark green mottled with brown. Scape with few-fid. racemes 6-8 in. ;
flowers distant, 2 in. diam. ; bracts shorter than the ovary ; dorsal sepal oblong, and
lateral and petals white; lip purple, side lobes low, rounded, midlobe broad, 2-lobed ;
pollinia small, oblong, adnate to the elongate spathulate caudicles.

109. SATWRIUM, Swartz..

Terrestrial leafy erect herbs, tubers undivided. eaves broad or narrow.
Flowers in dense spikes. Sepals and petals subsimilar, free, spreading
or deflexed. ip superior, sessile at the base of the column, erect, broad,
hooded, 2-spurred or -saccate behind. Colwmn erect, terete ; stigma terminal,
broad, concave, for forming with the rostellum a 2-lipped body; anther
dorsal, cells subparallel ; pollinia 2,"caudicles recurved, glands large naked
sometimes connate.—Species 50, African and Indian.

S.nepalense, Don Prodr. 26; Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 340; in
Journ, Linn. Soe. iii. 44; Wight Ic. t. 929; Bot. Mag. t. 6625; Wail. Cat.
7025, §. Perrottetianum, A. Rich. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 2, xv. 76, t. 53;
Wight Ic. t. 1716. 8. albiflorum, A. Rich. l.c.; Wight Ic. t. 1717. 8.
pallidum, A. Rich. 0. c.

TemPERATE Himataya, from Kashmir, alt. 46000 ft., eastwards, ascending to
14,000 ft. in Sikkim. Kauasta H11ts, alt. 4-6000 ft. The Deccan Peninsuta, from
Concan to Travancore. CEYLON, alt. 4-6000 ft. ?Burma; Shan states, alt. 4000
ft, Manders.

Stem with spike 6-30 in., usually very stout, sheathed above. Leaves few, from
oblong to linear-oblong, 4-10 by 2-4 in., rather fleshy, sessile, base sheathing.
Spike 1-6 in., dense-fid.; bracts much larger than the flowers, oblong or lanceolate,
erect spreading or recurved; ovary turgid, 4 in. long; flowers from dark pink to
white, fragrant; sepals linear-oblong, obtuse, spreading and recurved ; petals rather
narrower; lip superior, broadly oblong, concave, strongly keeled on the back, spurs
variable in length and stoutness, about as long as the ovary ; column contracted-and
terete at the base ; anther broad, cells turgid, tubes short, pollinia clavate, caudicles
short, glands orbicular ; stigma large, concave.—A very common and variable plant,
The Burmese specimen has orbicular leaves at the very base of the stem. :

Var. Wightiuna; radical leaves few broad, spike short dense-fid. 8, Wighti-
enum, Lindl. Gen. § Sp. Orchid. 340; in Journ. Linn. Soc. l.c. 3; Wight Ic. t. 1718.
—Nilghiri Mts.

Var. ciliata, Lindl. 1. 1, c.; a small plant with spurs hardly longer than the
sepals,—Sikkim, alt. 7-12,000 ft., J. D. H. Bhotan, alt. 10,000 tt., @rigzth. .

‘ 110. DISPERIS, Swartz.

Terrestrial leafy herbs ; tubers entire. Leaves 2 or more, scattered, sessile,
cordate. Flowers solitary or few. Dorsal sepal very narrow, coherent
with the broad petals into a subglobose hood ; lateral spreading or deflexed,
free or bases connate, disk with a depression within answering to a cone
without. Zip confluent with the column to above the anther, appearing as
if it surmounted the column. Column short in the Indian species, terete
below, stigmas on a transverse hyaline membrane, the ends of which form
twisted tubular processes that sheath the candicles and glands of the

Disperis. | CXLVIII, ORCHIDER. (J. D. Hooker.) 169

pollinia ; anther oblong, obtuse, completely 2-celled ; grains of pollinia 3-4-
serlate, secund on the rachis, cuneiform, caudicles rather long, twisted,

glands large naked. Capsule fusiform.—Species 20, Africa and the
following.

The above description applies to the two Indian species of this highly interesting
genus, the fertilization of which deserves a careful study. The analysis of dried
specimens is so difficult that I advance the description of the membrane of the
column and its appendages (which differs from that of others) with hesitation.

1. D. zeylanica, Trimen Cat. Pl. Ceyl. 91; lateral sepals concave
not waved, petals semilunate obtuse. D. tripetaloides, Lindl. Gen. & Sp.
Orchid. 371 (in part); Thwaites Enwm. 311; Wight Ie. t. 930 & v. 15.

CEYLON ; in the Central Provinces alt. 83-5000 ft., Walker, &c, The MALaBaR
& Canara Ghats, &., Wight, &e.

Stem 6-10 in. erect from the subglobose tubers, 1-3-leaved. Leaves 2-1 in., dis-
tant, amplexicaul, acute. Flowers 4 in.diam., subcorymbosely, spicate ; bracts leafy ;
ovary 3 in., straight ; lip included under the hood, erect from the top of the column,
2-partite from a narrow cuneate base, arms falcately recurved, papillose; a pendu-
lous linear appendage, with a rounded dilated papillose apex bearing a central cone,
is inserted on the cuneate base of the lip. Capsule } in.

2. D. neilgherrensis, Wight Ic. t. 1719; lateral sepals strongly
waved, petals lunate cuspidately acuminate.

Niteurer Hitrs, Wight.

Larger and stouter than D. zeylanica, with larger reddish white flowers spotted
with crimson ; the lateral sepals are free or connate, and pubescent at the base.—
Perhaps a form of D. zeylanica.

Tribe V. Cyprivepizz. (See vol. v. p. 668.)

111. CYPRIPEDIUM, Linn.

Terrestrial herbs, with a leafy stem, plaited leaves, and terminal flowers,
or stemless with distichous radical coriaceous often tessellately coloured
leaves and 1--fid. scapes. Flowers large, solitary or few. Sepals spread-
ing, free on the lateral connate and placed under the lip, Petals free, very
various. Lip sessile, side lobes small, spreading or inflexed, midlobe very
large saccate, inflated oblong or helmet-shaped. Column short, terete;
anthers 2, globose, together with the disciform deflexed stigma.hidden under
a large disciform staminede; ovary 1 celled.—Species about 40, Europe,
temp. and trop. Asia and America.

In describing the Scapigerous species I have largely availed myself of published
plates and the description in Veitch’s excellent Manual, made from living plants, I
have made no attempt to enumerate even the multitude of named hybrid forms that
have been produced by crossing the Indian species with one another. They are well
systematized in Veitch’s Manual, where nearly 50 are assigned to their parents, C.
barbatum alone has been crossed with upwards of 15 other species,

* Leaves 2, opposite on the stem, plicate.

1. CG. elegans, Reichb. f. in Flora, 1886, 560; villous with cellular
hairs, leaves orbicular-ovate or oblong, flowers solitary.

Srxxim Hrmaxaya, alt. 1000 ft., Pantling. Eastern T1sET; North of Phari,
King’s Collector. :

Stem 1-2 ft. high below the leaves. Leaves 1-2 in. broad. Scape shorter than the
leaves ; bract elliptic; flower about 1 in. diam.—A very interesting plant, the nearest
ally of which is C. japonicum, I have seen only a single small specimen,

170 OXLVIM, ORCHIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) [ Cypripedium.

* Leaves several, alternate, plaited.

2. C. cordigerum, Don Prodr. 37; sepals and narrower petals
spreading ovate-lanceolate acuminate green or white, lip oblong white,
staminode ovate- or oblong-cordate. Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 527;
Dene in Jacquem. Voy. Bot. 165, t. 166.

Temperate Himaztaya; from Kashmir, alt. 9-11,000 ft., Clarke, to Kumaon,
alt. 7-9000 ft., Royle.

Stem 10-24 in., robust or slender, and ovary puberulous. Leaves 3-6 by 2-4in.,
approximate or scattered, from nearly orbicular to lanceolate, acute or acuminate.
Flower solitary ; bract 1-4 in., leafy ; sepals 13-2 in., longer than the lip, the con-
nate lateral entire or split at the apex ; column yellow. Capsule 1} in., erect, clavate.
—As Lindley observes, this is not distinguishable except by colour from the European
C. calceolus, which extends from Britain to Dahuria. It would be well to compare
living specimens before uniting then.

3. G. macranthon, Swartz in Act. Holm. 1800, 251; dorsal sepal
from linear- to ovate-oblong acute, connate lateral narrower, lip subglobose
much inflated purple, staminode ovate-oblong. Lindl. Gen. § Sp. Orchid.
528; in Bot. Reg. t. 1534; Bot. Mag. t. 2938; Reichd. Fl. Exot. ii. t. 16,
No. 99; Ic. Fl. Germ. xiii. t. 498; Fl. des Serres, t. 1118; Ill. Hortic.
1857, t.147; Belg. Hortic. vii. 353, t. 61; Gartenfl. 1863, t. 409; Trans.
Russ. Hort. Soc. 1868, t. 185; Orchidoph. 1887, t. 75, f.1; Ledeb. £1. Ross.
iv. 87.

ALPINE Himata¥yA; from Garwhal to Sikkim, alt. 11,500-14,000 ft.—Disrz1B.
Northern and Subarctic Europe and Asia to Japan.

Stem 1-13 ft., usually very stout, pubescent. Leaves 3-6 by 2-4 in., ovate or
oblong, acute, puberulous. Flowers 1-2, 13-2 in. diam.; sepals and petals very
variable in length and breadth, longer or shorter than the lip, yellowish or greenish
with dark purple stains, or all purple; combined lateral acute or bidentate; lip
inflated, light or dark purple, mouth small crenate, sides often grooved concentrically.
—lIn Sikkim specimens gathered by myself, the dorsal sepal is broadly oblong 1 in.
long, and the petals as long but narrower and lanceolate, both yellow-green and

striped with dark red.

Var. ventricosa; Carriére in Rev. Hortic. 1877, 310; dorsal sepal broader,
and petals usually much longer, often 2 in. long, lip very large 1-1} in. diam. C.
ventricosum, Swartz in Act. Holm. 1800, 251; Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 529 ; Sweet
Fl. Gard. iv. t.1; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. xiii. t. 497.—Chumbi, in Tibet, N.E. of
Sikkim, King’s Collector.—Distrib. Siberia.—In King’s Tibétan specimen, of which
he has lent me a drawing, the dorsal sepal is broadly ovate, 1} by $ in., the petals 2
by # in., oblong-lanceolate, both white striped with red.

** Leaves radical, distichous, oblong or lorate, coriaceous, not plaited.
Scape 1-3-fd., pubescent or villous.

a. Petals as broad as the dorsal sepal, short, sessile, broadly oblong,
margins not undulate nor warted.

4, ©. concolor, Batem. in Bot. Mag. t. 5513; leaves oblong or linear-
oblong tessellated, scape short 1-2-fld., sepals suborbicular and elliptic-
oblong petals yellow ciliate, sac of lip subcylindric, staminode subrhom-
boidly ovate apiculate. IUI. Hort. 1865, t. 444; Gartenjl. 1874, t. 803; FU.
des Serres, t. 2321; Williams Orchid. Alb. t. 302; Reichb. f. in Gard,
Chron. 1865, 626 ; 1883, i. 19, fig. 3; Veitch Man. 17, with fiy.

TENASSERIM; near Moulmein, Parish, UPrrr Burma; in the Shan hills,
Prayer.—Disrrip, Cambodia,

Cypripedium. ] CXLVIII. ORCHIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) 171

Leaves 3-5 in., crowded, obtuse, pale green above, fascicled with undulate bands
of dark green, purple or purple spotted beneath. Scapes 1-2 in. and cymbiform
bract dark purple; flowers 2-3 in, diam., pale yellow, sparsely dotted with purple;
petals hardly longer than the sepals ; lip small, mouth slightly dilated—Reichb. f.
describes (Gard. Chron, 1886, 294) a var. chlorophylla with an interrupted line
of purple spots along the midribs of the sepals and petals, and var. sulphurina (1. ¢.
1888, ii, 264) with unspotted sulphur coloured flowers. Other vars. are tonkinensis,
Lindenia, ii. t. 77, and Regneri, Orchidoph. 1886, 226.—The C. Godefroyi of Siam
is very closely allied, but has dorsal sepals and petals broader than long, copiously
spotted, and a 3-toothed staminode.

, 5 G niveum, Reichb. f. in Gard. Chron. 1869, 1038; Xen. Orchid.
ii, 155; leaves linear-oblong tessellated, scape elongate 1-2-fid., sepals
orbicular‘and broadly oblong petals ciliate, sac of lip ovoid mouth con-
tracted, staminode large transversely oblong. Bot. Mag. t. 5922; IU.
Hort, 1871, t. 83; Flor. Mag. 1871, t. 548 ; Jennings Orchid. t. 28; Reichen-
bachia, i. t. 384; Gard. Chron. 1883, ii.; fig. 1. Veitch Man. 39, with fig.; OC.
concolor, var. nivea, Reichb. f. in Gard. Chron. 1. c.

StRarrs oF Matacca; Langkawi Islands, south of Penang.—Disrris. Tambilan
Island, between Singapore and Borneo, and W. coast of Siam.

Leaves 4-6 in., green above with darker blotches, lurid purple beneath. Scape
1-2-fid. ; bracts very short; flowers 3 in. diam., pure white more or less dotted with
purple ; dorsal sepal very broad, stained with purple on the back; petals rather
longer, variable in size and breadth ; staminode closing the mouth of the lip.

B. Petals as broad as the dorsal sepal or nearly so, spathulate, clawed,
margins not warted.

6. C. villosum, Lindl.in Gard. Chron. 1854, 125 ; leaves loriform, not
tessellate, scape elongate, villous bract nearly as long as the ovary, dorsal
sepal suberect obovate-oblong with the lower margins revolute and spathu-
late petals ciliate, lip helmet-shaped, staminode obovate base cordate. IU1.
Hort. iv. t. 126; Pescator. t. 48; Fl. des Serres, t.1475. Lindenia, iii.
t. 182; Warner Sel. Orchid. ii. t. 830. Veitch Man. 54, with fig. C. Boxalli,
Reichb. f. in Gard. Chron, 1877, i. 367 ; Ill. Hort. xxvi. 345.

TenassExim ; Moulmein, alt. 4-5000 ft., Lobb, Parish.

Leaves 10-18 in., green above, paler beneath. Scape 1-fld. ; bract spathaceous
and ovary villous; flowers 5-6 in. diam., glossy ; dorsal sepal green with brown-
purple base and white margins, keel hirsute; petals hirsute towards the base, and
lip brownish yellow, mouth and staminode tawny yellow.—C. Bowalli is a var. with
black spots on the dorsal sepal and more tessellated petals. Var., aurea (Gard.
Chron, 1883, i. 374) has a bright yellow-green dorsal sepal margined with white
and golden yellow petals and lip.

7. C. hirsutissimum, Lindl. in Bot. Mag. t. 4990; leaves lorate
acute not tessellate, bract small and flower hirsute, dorsal sepal erect
orbicular-ovate obtuse, petals horizontal spathulate claw crisped or undu-
late, lip helmet-shaped, staminode quadrate angles rounded. Warner Sel.
Orchid. i. t. 15; Belg. Hortic. vii. 353, t. 61; Ill. Hort. iv., Misc. 67; Xen.
Orchid. ii. 107, t. 182; Rev. Hortic. 1859, 182 ; Fl. des Serres, t. 1480; Veitch
Man, 29, with fig.

Kuasia Hitxs; on the Assam face, Simons.

Leaves 9-12 in., green. Scape 12 in., green, hairs of bracts and flowers dark
purple ; flowers 4 in. diam. ; dorsal sepal green with a dull purplish spotted disk ;
petals nearly as broad as the dorsal sepal, violet-purple, the lower half with green
sides and midrib and copious dark spots, and hairs; lip green flushed with dark
purple, minutely warted, mouth green within ; staminode green, base white.

172 CXLVIIL oRcHIDEB. (J.D. Hooker.) [Cypripedium.

y. Petals narrower but not much longer than the dorsal sepal, sometimes
warted on the surface, but not on the margins, which are glabrous.

8: C. Drurii, Beddome Ic. Plant. Ind. Or. 23, +t. 112; leaves ligulate
glabrous not tessellated, scape tall 1-fld. pubescent, bract much shorter
than the ovary, dorsal sepal broadly ovate ciliolate arched, petals linear-
oblong obtuse surface warted and hirsute towards the base, lip helmet-
shaped mouth open, staminode subquadrate. Reich. f. in Gard. Chron.
1876, 68; Xen. Orchid. ii. 223; Ill. Hort. 1877, t. 265; Lindenia,i. t. 6;
Flor. Mag. N. 8. t. 425; Veitch Man. 22, with fig. ;

Travancore Mrs,, alt. 5-6000 ft., Drury. :

Leaves 7-10 in., bright green. Scape 9-12 in. and small obtuse bracts and ovary
pubescent ; flowers 3 in. diam.; dorsal sepal greenish yellow with a broad dark
median band and a dorsal keel with black hairs; lower connate sepals smaller;
petals incurved tips rounded, bright ochreous yellow, with « dark median band,
warts and hairs blackish ; staminode much smaller than the mouth of the lip, which
is bright yellow dotted with purple within, and with acute margins.

9. Cs insigne, Wall. mss. in Lindl. Coll. Bot. t. 32; leaves ligulate
glabrous not tessellated, scapes elongate 1-2-fld., bract equalling the ovary,
dorsal sepal large arched orbicular-ovate margins subrecurved, petals
linear-oblong glabrous margin undulate, lip broadly helmet-shaped, stami-
node subquadrate. Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 580; Hook. Fl. Exot.
t. 84; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1321; Bot. Mag. t. 3412; Williams Orchid. Ald.
iv. t. 155; Griff. Notul. 344; Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 322; Veitch Man. 32;
Flore des Serres, 1564.

Kuasta Hits, alt. 4-5000 ft., Wallich, &c.

Leaves 8-12 in., acute, pale green. Scape 12 in., 1-2-fid. and large oblong com-
pressed bracts and ovary pubescent; flowers 4-5 in. diam., glossy ; dorsal sepal
apple-green, purple-spotted, tip white, lateral smaller, paler ; petals rather longer
than the sepals, margins subcordate, green with white tips and purple veins; lip
broad yellow or green suffused with purple, tawny yellow within; staminode pubes-
cent with a central callus.—The above description is of the wild form; cultivated
specimens vary greatly in colour, and have numberless synonyms, the principal given
by Veitch are

Var, Chantinti, Rafar. in Rev. Hort. 1866, 249; 1878, 130, with fig.; dorsal
sepal margined with white purple spotted, lower combined sepals longer more acute,
petal veined with amber, lip chesnut brown, #1. des Serres, xxi. 72; Orchidoph.
1885, 36; Williams Orchid. Ald. vi. t. 278; Gard. Chron. 1882, ii. 717, fig. 127.

Var. Muulei, Moore in Flor. Mag. 1861, t. 57; flowers larger, margins of dorsal
sepal revolute towards the buse white at the tip, petals paler, lip longer narrower
paler. Fl. des Serres, xv. t. 1564; Gard. Chron. 1882, ii. 716, jig. 126.

Var. Sanderae ; flowers primrose yellow, except the white margins.

Other vars. are aspera; aurea, Fl. & Pomol. 1882, 75, and albo-marginata,
Williams Orchid, Alb. v. t. 232, 178. For figures of the flowers of many varieties
see Gard. Chron. 1882, ii. 716, f. 126.

10. GC. Spicerianum, Reichb. f. in Gard. Chron. 1880, i. 40, 74,
fig. 7; leaves ligulate subacute not tessellated, scape tall 1~2-fid., bracts.
much shorter than the ovary, dorsal sepal very large erect rhombic-obovate
hirsute sides strongly recurved below, petals shorter deflexed ligulate
margins ‘undulate and crisped, lip helmet-shaped mouth dilated, stami-
node orbicular. Bot. Mag. t. 6490; 122. Hort. 1883, t. 473; the Garden,
1883, t. 378; Williams Orchid. Alb. iii. t.119; Belg. Hortic. 1883, 289, t. 18 ;
Orchidoph. 1890, 415 ; Gard. Chron, 1880, i, 41, £.7; Vetch Man, 46, with fig.

Cypripedium.] cxivul. oRcHIDEH, (J. D. Hooker.) 173.

Assam (Low’s and Sander’s Collectors).

Leaves 6-9 in., dark green, margins more or less waved, beneath purple-spotted
near the base. . Scape 9-12 in., slender, pubescent ; bract narrow ; flowers about
3 in. diam.; dorsal sepal horizontal, sides at the base so stoutly reflexed as to
appear clawed, white base purple dotted on a green ground, midline purple; petals
shorter than the lip, obtuse, yellow- or olive-green with a red median band and
spots; lip brown, tinged with crimson; staminode ‘ved, edged with white, ‘base
contracted into auricle-like folds.

6. Petals narrower than the dorsal sepal, very long in C. Parishii,
margins bearded or hirsute and warted.

11. G. venustum, Wall. in Bot. Mag. t. 2129; Cat. 7028; leaves
elliptic-oblong or loriform tessellate, scape 1-2-fld., bracts half as long as
the ovary, dorsal sepal broadly ovate or cordate, petals linear-oblong
bearded sparsely warted, lip subcylindric reticulate, staminode semi-lunate.
Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 580; Hook. Exot. Flor. t. 35; Bot. Mag. t. 2129 ;
Bot. Reg. t. 788; Reichb. Fl. Hot. 100; Lodd. Bot. Cal. 585; Warner Sel.
Orchid, ii. t. 24; Veitch Man. 53. C. pardinum, Reichd. f. in Gard.
Chron. 1869, 554, and 1887, i. 382, fig. 76 (pardinum var.); Flor. Mag.
N.S. t. 51.

TropicaL Sikxim Himataya, alt. 83-4000 ft., J. D. H., Clarke. SinuEr and
Assam, Wallich, Griffith, &c.

Leaves 4-10 in., dark green, marbled with pale green above and dull purple
beneath. Scape 6-9 in., pubescent; flowers 2-24 in.diam.; dorsal sepal white with
dark stripes ; petals spreading, subspathulate, green and purplish, warts blackish ;
lip yellow green, flushed with pink, and with green reticulations, inflexed Jobes
yellow nearly closing the mouth.—The var. pardina has larger flowers, whiter
sepals, and larger and more scattered wart on the petals.

12. CG. Fairieanum, Lindl. in Gard. Chron. 1857, 740; leaves linear-
oblong or loriform not tessellate, scape slender 1-fld., bracts half as long as
the glandular hairy ovary, dorsal sepal large erect suborbicular obtuse,
petals linear-lanceolate falcately upcurved margins crisped bearded and
with black tubercles, lip slipper-formed pubescent, staminode orbicular
with a deep notch and included spur in front. Bot. Mag. t. 5024; Fl. des
Serres, +. 1244; Xen. Orchid. ii. 108, t. 138; Orchid. Ald. ii. t.70; Veitch
Man. 24, with fig.

‘” Assam, Tronson (Ie.in Hort. Calcutt.).

Leaves 4-6 in., acute, bright green. Scape 4-6 in., green 5 bract green ; ovary
purple ; flower 24-3 in. diam. ; dorsal sepal greenish white with broad purple reticu-
lated nerves, ciliate, margin waved, keel hairy; petals yellow- or greenish-white
with purple nerves and margins; lip green with purple veins and spots ; staminode
deeply notched and 3-fid in front, side lobes acute incurved, midlobe as long, straight
acute, | |

18. G. superbiens, Reichd. f. in Bonpland. 1855, 227 5 in Algem.
Gartenzeit, 1856, 323; Xen. Orchid. ii. 9, t. 108; leaves elliptic-oblong
tessellate, scape 1-fld, bract much shorter than the ovary, dorsal sepal
orbicular-ovate acute, petals broadly linear deflexed fringed with black
hairs and warted, lip helmet-shaped, staminode suborbicular notched in
front, base 2-lobed. Gartenjl. 1863, 49; Warner Sel. Orchid. ii. t. 12; F7.
des’ Serres, t. 1996; Veitch Man. 51, with fig.; Gard. Chron. 1886, ii. 405,
f. 88, 84. C. Veitchianum, I7l. Hort. xii. t. 429; De Puydt, Les Orchid.
Frontisp. p. 267 ; Rev. Hortic. 1871, 595, fig. 78, 79. _C. barbatum Veitchii,
FI. des Serres, t. 1453. C. barbatum superbum, Belg. Hortic. 1883, 97.

174 CXLVI. oROHIDEZ, (J.D. Hooker.) [Cypripedium

Matay Peninsuta ; Mt. Ophir, Lobéd.
Leaves 5-7 in., pale or dark green with dull blotches. Scape 9-12 in., 1-fld.;

flowers ciliolate, 4 in. diam.; dorsal sepal white striped with green; petals longer
than the dorsal sepal, white veined with green; lip brownish purple, inflexed, lobes
crimson, warted.

14. GC. barbatum, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1841, Mise. 58; 1842, t. 17;
leaves oblong to linear-oblong acute tessellate, scape 1-2-fld. pubescent,
bract much shorter than the ovary, dorsal sepal broadly ovate or orbicular
acute or obtuse, petals longer linear-oblong spreading and decurved ciliate
and with a few black warts along the upper or both margins, lip helmet-
shaped mouth dilated, staminode hypocrepiform. Bot. Mag. 4234; Fl.
des Serres, iii. t. 190, and xviii. t. 1879 (var. grandiflorum); Belgique
Hortic, xxxiii. 96, t.7; Warner Sel. Orchid. Ser. 8, +t. 11 (var. Warneri) ;
Veitch Man. 12. Gard. Chron. 1886, ii. 308, £. 63. C. purpuratum, Wight
Te. t. 1760 (not of Lindl.). C. Warnerianum, Reichb. f. in Gart. Zeit.
1883, fase. ix. CO. orbum, Reichb. f. in Gard. Chron. 1887, ii. 778. C.
Crossii, Belg. Hortic. xv. 227; Veitch Man. 12, with fig.

Pewane, Maingay. Matacca; on Mt. Ophir, Griffith, &¢.—Distris. W.
Siam.

Leaves 4-8 in., pale green above with darker oblong spots. Scape 10-12 in.;
flowers 2-3 in. diam.; dorsal sepal folded in the middle, white with purple veins and '
greenish base, lower connate sepals much narrower; petals greenish brown towards
the base, purple towards the tip; lip dark purple. Variable in the size and colour
of the flowers. Veitch retains two varieties, 1, Crossii, leaves paler with more
scattered deep green spots, under which are C. Warneriana and orba, and 2,
Obrieni, with leaves paler, spots smaller, petals and lip deeper coloured.—C. orbum
is described as a hybrid by Reichenbach, but Veitch regards it as a synonym of var.
Crossii.

15. ©. Parishii, Reichd. f. in Flora, 1869, 822; in Gard. Chron.
1869, 814, with fig. ; leaves ligulate 2-fid not tessellated, scape stout 4-7-fld.,
bracts spathaceous, dorsal sepal suberect broadly elliptic-ovate with the
basal margins revolute, petals very long lear pendulous twisted margin
sparsely warted below, lip helmet-shaped, staminode obovate-oblon
obtusely 2-fid, base spurred. Bot. Mag. t. 5791; Williams Orchid. Alb.
ii. t. 86; De Puydt. Orchid. 188; Orchidoph. 1887, t. 91. Ill. Hort. 1875, t.
214; Gard. Chron. 1869, 814; Veitch Man. 41. Selenipedium Parishii,
Rev. Hort. 1885, 132. .

TENASSERIM ; at Moulmein, Parish,

Leaves 9-15 by 13-24 in., glossy green, Scape 12-18 in., pale green, hairy ;
bracts and hirsute ovary green ; flowers 3—4 in. diam. ; dorsal sepal arched, keeled,pale
yellow green; petals 4-6 in. long, spreading, at length pendulous, basal half green
with pale undulate margin and a few bristly marginal tubercles, the other half dark
purple, tip obtuse pubescent ; lip green or stained with purple, mouth green within;
staminode greenish yellow, margins white.

112. APOSTASIA, Blume.

Terrestrial herbs, with a short caudex and leafy rigid stems. Leaves
narrow, strongly nerved. lowers small, in terminal or axillary simple or
panicled often decurved or deflexed spikes. Sepals, petals and lip all equal
and alike, free, spreading or recurved. Ovary very slender, 3-celled.
Column short; anthers 2, at the sides of the rostellum, shortly stipitate,
narrow, erect, 2-celled, cells parallel; staminode erect, behind the stigma,

Apostasia.] CXLVIII. orncHIDEEZ, (J. D. Hooker.) 175

or 0; stigma terminal long erect, tip discoid.—Species 6, Indian, Malayan
and Australian.

1, A. Wallichii, Br. in Wall. Cat, 4448; in Pl. As. Rar. i. 75, t. 84
(A. odorata); leaves linear-lanceolate 5-7-nerved, spikes panicled, peduncle
naked below, anthers versatile cell bases unequal, staminode adnate to the
style. Blume in Ann. Se. Nat. Ser. 2, ii. 93; Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 748;
Thwaites Enum. 315; Rolfe in Journ. Linn, Soc. xxv. 237, t. 48, £. 22-24,
Mesodactylus deflexa, Wall., ew. Pl. As. Rar. 1. c. 74.

Tropicat Nepat, Wallich, Kuasta Huts, J.D. H.§ T.T. Assam, Griffith.
Penang, Curtis. Prrax, Scortechini, King’s Collector, Ctyxon; in the Suffragan
district, Twaites.— DistTR1B. Sumatra, Java, N. Guinea. ‘

Stem 1-2 ft. Leaves 4-8 in. Panicle decurved, 4-10 in.; bracts subulate ;
flowers subsecund, } in. diam., yellow; ovary 3-$ in. Capsule 3-4 in.

9. A. nuda, Br. in Wall. Cat. 4449; in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. i. 76, t. 85;
leaves narrowly linear-lanceolate finely acuminate 3-5-nerved, spikes
panicled many-bracteate at the base, anthers erect cell-bases equal, stami-
node 0. Blume in Ann. Sc. Nat. Ser. 2, ii. 938; Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. iii.
748; Rolfe in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxv. 239, t. 48, f.20, 21. A. Brunonis, Griff.
Notul. iii. 243; Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 282.

Kuasia Hiuis and Cuirtacone, J.D. H. & T. 7. TENAsserim; at Mergui,
Griffith (Kew Distrib. 5604). Matacca, Maingay, top of Mt. Ophir, Hullett.
SincaPork, Lob’. Perak, Wray—Disrrin, Sumatra, Java. _

Stem 10-12in. eaves 4-10 in. Panicle decurved, much shorter than in A.
Wallichii, as are the ovaries.

3, A. latifolia, Rolfe in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxv. 242; leaves petioled
elliptic-lanceolate finely acuminate very many nerved, spikes panicled,
peduncle naked at the base, anther erect bases equal staminode 0.

PERAK, Scortechini, Wray.

Stem 3 ft. Leaves 4-6 by 1-14 in., nerves very close; petiolel-l}in. Panicle
stouter than in nuda and Wallichii, bracts broader ; ovaries } in., curved; flowers
very small,

113. NEUWIEDIA, Blume.

Terrestrial herbs, with a short caudex and leafy stiff stems. Leaves
elongate, petioled, strongly nerved. Flowers small, in a terminal simple
erect dense raceme, clothed with long bracts. Sepals and petals equal
and similar, free, or the latter rather broader. ip subspathulate.
Column short; stigma terminal, long, erect, tip discoid; anthers 3, erect,
narrow, stipitate, one on each side of the stigma, and one dorsal, cells
parallel. Ovary 3-celled.—Species 6, Malayan.

1. NM. Bindleyi, Rolfe in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxv. 232, t. 48, f. 10-12 ;
peduncle elongate, raceme elongate many and dense-fld. and flowers
puberulous, bracts 1-1} in. membranous, erect and recurved.

Penang, Curtis—Distz1B. Borneo.

Stem very short, stout. Leaves many, 1-2 ft. by 2-3 in., oblanceolate, mem-
branous, many-nerved, stoutly petioled. Raceme 1-2 ft., stout, erect, rachis stout ;
bracts much longer than the flowers, narrowly lanceolate; flowers 1 in. long,
horizontal, pedicelled; ovary % in.

9. N. Curtisii, Rolfe in Journ, Linn. Soc, xxv. 233, t. 48, £. 18, 14;

‘

176 CXLVHI, ORCHIDEH. (J.D. Hooker.) [Neuwiedia.

peduncle short, raceme short many-fid. and flowers pubescent, bracts
1334 .
3-4 In. erect.

Prnane ; on West Hill, alt. 2000 ft., Curéis—Distrip. Sumatra.
Leaves as in N. Lindleyi, but peduncle and raceme very short, and bracts
glandular-pubescent,

3. N. Griffithii, Reichd. f. Xen. Orchid. ii, 215; peduncle short,
spike short many-fld. and flowers subhiypidly pubescent, bracts 4-2 in.

Matacoa, Griffith, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1682). Pxrpax, King’s Collector.

Stem very short. Leaves 4-10 in., elliptic-lanceolate, finely acuminate, many-
nerved, petioled. Raceme 2-3 in.; flowers white, very shortly pedicelled, 2 in. long,
decurved. Capsule 4 in. long, turgid, trigonous.

SUPPLEMENT TO ORCHIDEE, WITH ADDITIONS AND
CORRECTIONS.

During the elaboration of the Orchidee for this Flora, very large collections of
species, from many parts of India, were being received at intervals by the Herbarium
of the Royal Gardens, Kew, especially from the rich stores of the Royal Gardens of
Caleutta, together with the loan of a magnificent series of original drawings of Orchids
from thesame source. The most important of these collections were Malayan, abound-
ing in novelties, from Penang, Perak, Singapore and Malacca, made by the late Father
Scortechini (presented, together with the loan of the Rev. father’s pencil drawings
of many species, by the Government of Perak), by Kunstler, a collector sent from
the Calcutta Bot. Gardens by Dr. King, by Curtis, Hullett, Wray and Ridley.
Important collections were also sent by Mann, from Assam, Bhotan, and the Khasia
hills; by Gamble (on loan) from various parts of India; by Duthie from Garwhal ;
by Clarke from Sikkim, the Khasia hills, and Bengal, together with a few from
Central India; and (on Joan) by Dr. Trimen from Ceylon. These successive arrivals
necessitated many consecutive revisions and emendations of the work already pre-
pared, some printed, some in the press, and some in mss., besides adding many
species and some genera to the Indian Flora,

Vol. v. p. 667. Kry To THE TRIBES AND SUBTRIBES.

The Key to the Indian Genera Subtribes and Tribes was extracted, with a few
modifications, from that prepared by Bentham for the Genera Plantarum; which,
whether as regards the difficulties that attend the analysis of the plants of
this most complicated Order, or the chaotic state into which the family had fallen
since Lindley’s days, is a masterpiece of research and scientific taxonomy. As may
be supposed, the detailed examination of so many Indian genera and species as are
contained in this Flora (about 1400), and of alarge proportion of which Bentham had
no knowledge, or only a superficial one, has suggested a few emendations in his
classification, but these are very slight, and I shall notice them in their order, in the
following pages. ‘

Sub-order Maraxzm. I have departed from Bentham, in including LipaARIEx
and MALAxE# under one sub-order, The essential character of Lipariee, the
incumbent anther, fails in a great measure when Oberonia is placed in it, for the
pollinia of this genus are as Griffith points out (Notul. iii. 273) in O. anthropophora
and trilobata (ensiformis, Lindl.) at first accumbent; and in these and others he
describes them as ‘‘ accumbenti-incumbentia,” Added to this the habit of Miero-
stylis, which is placed in Malamee, is that of Liparis; and of Oberonia, which is
placed in Lipariee, is that of Malaxis. The clinandrium is’so minute in Oberonia
and Microstylis, that I have little confidence in my own results obtained by softening
these parts in dried specimens, but my impression is that in Microstylis the anther
will be found to both accumbent and incumbent, very much as in Oberonia, Lastly
the pollinia of Oberonia are variously described and figured as 2 or 4. I think

Supplement, §c.] cXtvi1. oncHIDER, (J. D, Hooker.) 177

that 4 is the rule, but one of each pair is often much smaller, and I suspect sometimes
suppressed, z

In line 3 of the character of subtribe Malazee for not incumbent, read accum-
bent or incumbent.

P. 667. Subtribe Erizm. The inflorescence is often subterminal in Fria, and
appears.to be truly terminal in the anomalous genus 10/2 Claderia. (See p. 810.)

P. 668. The Subtribe Cyrtoropirz of Bentham, is here included as far as the
Indian genera are concerned in Eulophiee, though by oversight, it is introduced at
p- 671. Hulophiee are described in the “ Genera’? as pseudobulbous, and having a
spurred lip, but very few indeed of the Indian species are pseudobulbous, many have
a mere sac to represent the spur, in many the so-called spur is a true mentum, and
Bolus “Orchid of Cape Peninsula” describes species that have neither a spurred
nor saceate lip. The only character given for Cyrtopodiew, as distinctive from
Eulophiea, is that of the column being produced into a foot; but this is invalidated
by my having to follow Blume, Bolus and others in replacing Cyrtopera, which in
the “ Genera” is referred to Cyrtopodiwm, in Eulophia; and asI find no character by
which Plocoglottis, the only other Indian genus of Bentham’s Cyrtopodiee, can be
excluded Eulophiee, I propose as a character— ;

Subtribe EunorpHizm. Terrestrial, never epiphytic. Stem rarely pseudo-
bulbous. Lip usually spurred saccate or forming with the lateral sepals a mentum.

‘ 39. Evnopuia. Lip free from the sides of the column, aduate to its base or
oot.

48. PLocoetortis. Lip adnate by a membrane to the sides of the column,

Suborder Cympip1Ez. Terrestrial or epiphytic. Lip neither spurred nor con-
spicuously saccate ; adnate to the base of the column,—Genera as at p. 671, including
Cremastra, which has to be added.

Suborder Vanittex. The free often hippocrepiform pollinia, without caudicle or
gland, distinguish the Indian species from Corymbee and Spiranthee.

Subtribe ConymBeg, differs from all other Indian NeoTTIE# in the hard almost
woody stem, and rigid leaves, in which respect the species resemble Apostasia,

Tribe OPHRYDEX. In 4th line insert ‘long or” before short.

Subtribe EvoparypDEx. IfIam correct in my analyses of the rostellum in some
of the smaller Habenarie, it may prove difficult to separate this subtribe from
Habenariee. Under any circumstances the modifications of the rostellum are so
great in both, that I doubt its forming a subtribal character.

After Subtribe D1szm should follow (as at p. 675)—

Subtribe CoRYCIER, to include 110 DisPERis. This genus and Safyriwm are the
solitary Indian representatives of the extensive S. African Subtribes Disee and
Corycieg, which are distinguished from one another by Bentham, and more recently
by Bolus (the Orchids of the Cape Peninsula) by the former having the sepals and
petals all free, and the lip at the base of the column, whilst in the latter the dorsal
sepal and petals cohere, and the lip is adnate to the colamn nearly to its tip.

Tribe CypRirEDIEx, This tribe I think includes two subtribes, if not two,
tribes; namely—

Cyprirepizx. Flowers very irregular. Lip inflated. Anthers 2, one on each
side of a large dilated rostellum, Staminode very large.

Apostasiz&. Flowers regular. Lip like the sepals and petals, Anthers 2 or 3
on the sides of a stnall erect rostellum ; staminode very small or 0.

Kry To THE GENERA.
P. 669. After 9. BULBOPHYLLUM, insert—
9/1. Hunosts, see Vol. v. p. 771, and for amended characters p. 189 of this
volume.
P, 670. After 18, CHBXSOGLOSSUM, insert—

VOL. VI. ay

178 OXLVII. ORCHIDEZ. (J.D. Hooker.) [Supplement, Sc.

18/2, CortaniuM. Scape tall, raceme long. Lip jointed on to the trumpet-
shaped foot of the column. Pollinia 2, 2-cleft, united by a viseus. (See Vol. v.
p. 784.) ‘

After 19. Entra, insert—

19/1. CuapErra. Terrestrial, subscandent. Leaves plicate. Inflorescence ter-
minal. Lip sessile at the base of the long sigmoid column, PPollinia 2?

21. Pacuystoma, add to description. Flowers small; and insert after it—

21/1. Tpsua. Scape leafless. Flowers large. Sepals spreading. Column elongate,
foot 0. Pseudobulb 1-2-leaved.

28, For JosrpHa read JOSEPHIA. ,

29. Guomera. Cancel this genus. (See Vol. v. p. 823.)

P. 671. EutopHia. See remarks under Subtribes EULOPHIES, at p.177 of this
volume. The character of ‘petals like the dorsal sepal,” is subject to many
exceptions.

41, Cyprrorcuis, though removed in “Gen. Plant.” from proximity to Cym-
didium, should stand next to it. The two genera are hardly separable. After it
insert—

41/1. CrrmastRa, Sepals and petals and lip very narrow and conniving in a
tube. Leaf solitary on a tuberous rhizome. Scape leafless, sheathed; flowers race-
mose, secund.

Subtribe 3. CyrropopIE® and 48. Plocoglottis. For remarks on these see
Subtribe Hulophiee, at p. 177 of this volume.

Subtribe 4, SarcanrHex, The classification of the genera of this subtribe
presents great difficulties. In so far as the Indian genera are concerned I have not
been able to improve upon Bentham’s arrangement ; though I find numerous excep-
tions to the characters given under the three subdivisions marked by stars.

49. Luista. The Crisiaria section of Vanda unites that genus with this.
The incurved sepals and petals of Sect. Cristaria are those of Luisia, but the foliage
and habit are those of most Vande. The lip of one species of Sect. Cristaria
is spurred or saccate as in Vanda, of another it is flat as in Luisia, without spur or
sac.

50. Corronza. - Replace the character by,—Sepals and narrower petals spreading.

~ Lip sessile, not jointed at the base of the column, flat. Stipes of pollinia long,
narrow. Raceme very long-peduncled,—and follow it with—

50/1. Drptoprora. Sepals and broader petals spreading, Lip with the sides

adnate to the sides of the column, cymbiform, with a compressed bicaudate tip.
Stipes of pollinia short, narrow, Raceme very shortly peduncled.

P. 672, 53. PHatmwopsis. Add to character of lip, disk with a forked callus
or plate, and after foot short, add—or long or 0.

_ 54, Doritis. In this genus the foot of the column forms a conical mentum
with the lateral sepals.

55. RuyNcHosTYLis is placed by Bentham in a division of Sarcanthee with a
foot to the column anda mentum, but appears to me to have these characters very
obscurely if at all, The lip and spur are exactly those of Saccolabiwm,

56. SARCHOCHILUS is inconstant as regards the presence or absence of afoot to the
column, and in having a mentum or spuror neither. It is a truly polymorphous
genus, incapable of precise definition.

58. Agrpzs. I do not find the lip to be truly articulate with the foot of th
column as described in ‘“‘ Gen. Plant.” The speutes of the first ééstion eith tents
leaves closely approach the terete leaved Vande, and those of Section II, **
resemble Saccolabia. The stipes of the pollinia is sometimes short and broad.

60, Vanpa. See above under 58 Arides, and 49 Luisia for remarks. The Sect
Anota (V. densiflora) has so short a foot to the column that it might well be clseed
in Saccolabium. The stipes of the pollinia varies greatly in length and breadth,

Supplement, §c.] oxuvmt. orcuwex. (J. D. Hooker.) 179

61. Saccotasrom. The sepals and petals are often incurved. To the character
should be added—Spur without a callus under the column within, or a septum.

62. Scua@worcuis. As stated at p. 54 of this volume this genus was inserted by
oversight, Saccolabium filiforme having been mistaken for it by Thwaites,

63. Unorrera and 64 Acamrz I have been obliged to include under SACoOLA-
Blum. See remarks under the latter genus in this volume, p. 54.

65. Sarcantaus and 66. CLEIsosroma, are separated from Saccolabium, and
from one another, by characters so minute and trivial, that they might well rank as
sections of that genus, to which 67. Ornithochilus might be added.

P. 673. Subtribe 3. SprRaNTHEm. The Indian genera of this subtribe are most
difficult of classification. The following attempt which may aid the student, requires
critical revision with living specimens; the characters of the minute fleshy column
and stigma being extremely difficult of accurate analysis in herbarium specimens,
however carefully their organs may be moistened or laid out.

Key To tue InpIAN GENERA OF SPIRANTHES,

* Spur or sac of the lip exposed beyond the base of the lateral sepals. (See also
a few species of Goodyera.) ;

79, Puysurus, Lip not clawed beyond the spur, limb broad abruptly con-
tracted at the base; spur eglandular within; column not appendaged in front;
stigma anticous. ;

80. Anmcrocuitus. Lip clawed beyond the spur, limb 2-winged; spur 2-glan-
dular within ; column appendaged in front; stigmatic lobes lateral.

81, Vrypaazynea. Lip not clawed, limb oblong membranous entire; spur
2-glandular within ; column not appendaged in front; stigmatic lobes lateral.

82. Cysrorcuis. Lip saccate, contracted into a beak with a small dilated tip ;
sac 2-glandular within (or not?); column not appendaged in front; stigma
anticous.

83. Herpysma. Lip adnate to the-sides of the column, limb spreading; spur
long, naked within; column not appendaged in front ; stigma anticous.

** Lip if spurred, with the spur or sac covered by the bases of the lateral sepals
(except in a few Goodyera).

+ Lip clawed beyond the spur or sac.

84. OpontocHiLus. Lateral sepals connate at the base; claw of lip crenate
toothed or fimbriate, limb usually 2-winged; sac 2-glandular within; column
appendaged in front ; stigmatic lobes lateral.

85. Hamarra. Sepals free; lip adnate to the base and sides of the column, claw
winged, limb 2-winged; sac 2-glandular within; column large, clavate; stigma
anticous.

90. Cuzrrostrtis. Sepals connate to the middle in a tube; lip with a saccate or
cymbiform base and 2-lobed toothed or pectinate limb, sac 2- or multi-glandular
within ; columnar appendages long, fleshy ; stigmatic lobes lateral.

91. Zzuxinz. Sepals free; lip with a cymbiform or saccate base, a short broad
entire toothed or crenate claw, and broadly dilated limb ; sac 2-glandular within ;
column with two linear appendages in front; stigmatic lobes lateral.

++ Lip saccate or spurred, not clawed beyond the sac or spur.

92. Hytopuits. Lip a large globose sac with a narrow linear inflexed blade ;
sac 2-glandular within ; column minutely appendaged in front; stigma anticous,

93. GoopyERA. Lip cymbiform or subsaccate, naked or setose within; column

not appendaged in front; stigma anticons.
94, Hermria, Sepals free at the base or connate, lip adnate to the sides of the
column, limb entire or 2-lobed; sac 2-glandular or setose within; column winged

or not in front; stigmatic lobes lateral. 5
N

180 CXLvi. oncHIDEZ. (J.D, Hooker.) [Supplement, Sc.

+t+ Lip flat, neither clawed spurred or saccate. (Subsaccate in Spiranthes, and
see also some Goodyere.)

87. SprranTtHIs. Leaves several.

88. Neotr1a. Leafless herbs.

89. ListeRA. Two-leaved herbs.

P. 674. After 100. Gastropia, insert—

100/1. Yoania. Sepals and petals tree. Lip sbortly clawed, cymbiform. Column
8-lobed. A stout leafless herb.

P, 675. 105. Herminium. The Herminia will with a saccate base of the lip
differ in no way from HABENARIA.

P. 675. 1. O.1mrprro1sa, Lindl. is not the iridéfolia of Bot. Mag. t. 4517, which
is O. tahitensis.

P. 676. After 4. O. GRIFFITHIANA, insert—

4/1. INSECTIFERA, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. t. 2004; stem 0, leaves 2-4 in. ensiform
straight narrowed from the base to the tip, scape very short, spike about equalling
the leaves, flowers subwhorled sessile, sepals ovate subacute and linear petals reflexed,
lip much longer than the sepals, side lobes 2-3-partite segments elongate, midlobe
with 2 long' slender tails.

Perak; at Larut, King’s Collector,

Leaves 3 in, broad, coriaceous, acute, shortly sheathing. Scape minutely bracteate ;
bracts with subulate tips, minutely erose ; flowers about A; in. from the tip of the
dorsal sepal to that of the lip; sepals hyaline, obscurely 8-nerved ; petals 1-nerved ;
lip papillose, like a minute 2-tailed insect, the 3-partite side lobes representing its legs.
Capsule very shortly pedicelled.—The flowers closely resemble those of O. Griffithiana,

trom which this differs in the absence of stem, short scape, ensiform leaves narrowed
from the base to the tip, and longer lip.

4/2. O. Lunata, Lindl. Gen. § Sp. Orchid. 17; stemless, leaves ensiform erect
straight or falcate acuminate, scape and spike stout nearly as long as the leaves,
bracts broadly ovate, flowers in crowded whorls sessile, sepals ovate acuminate nerve-
less, petals linear-lanceolate, lip semilunar erosely fimbriate. Malaxis lunata, Blume
Bijdr. 394.

SINGAPORE; at Selitan, Ridley.—DisTRis. Java.

Leaves 3-5 by 3-3 in., not very fleshy, broadest about the middle. Peduncle
1-1} in., with many subulate bract-like scales ; spike 2-3 in., straight or decurved ;
flowers 3 in. diam,, whitish, sepals and petals membranous ; lip with the broad sides
or lateral lobes sometimes drawn up into large auricles (like a Microstylis of Sect.*),
tip notched or retuse, smooth. Capsule (young), sessile, tripterous.

P. 678. 12. O. Fanconeri. After Hook. f. insert—Jc. Plant. t. 1780.
P. 680. After 19. O. REcuRVA, add—

19/1. O. RosEA, Hook. f. Ic, Plant. t. 2005; stem short, leaves narrowly
ensiform, scape very short, spike as long as the leaves or shorter, bracts lanceolate,
flowers sessile, petals elliptic erose, lip hardly longer than the sepals, side lobes
quadrate, midlobe cuneiform retuse.

Matay Peninsuta, Norris. PERAK; Gunong Batu Pateh, Wray; Larut,
alt. 38-4000 ft., King’s Collector.

Stem sometimes flexuous. Leaves 2-3} by 3-3 in., slightly curved, acuminate.
Scape rather stout, naked ; flowers about ;1, in. diam., pink ; sepals rounded-ovate,

obtuse, nerveless; petals as long ; side lobes of lip incurved or spreading. Capsules
subsessile.

19/2. O. Mannul, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. t. 2003; stem elongate, leaves linear-
ensiform subacute recurved, spike very slender, flowers very minute subfascicled, bracts
ovate erose, petals ovate-oblong erose, lip longer than the sepals quadrately oblong,

side lobes small subulate-lanceolate divaricate, tip bifid with a minute lobule in the
sinus, segments subulate. _

a

Supplement, fe.] OXLVil. oRCHIDES. (J. D. Hooker.) 181

JyNTEA Hixxs, north of Silhet, alt, 3000 ft., Mann.

Stem 3-4 in. Leaves alternate, 1 in. long, } in. at the base. Spike 2in.;
flowers 4; in. broad, green; sepals rounded-ovate, obtuse; petals obtuse, nerveless ;
side lobes of lip decurved, terminal segments diverging or dependent. Capsules
minute, shortly pedicelled.—Habit of O. angustifolia, which has more obtuse shorter
leaves, an obcordate midlobe and linear-oblong side lobes of the lip. It would be
better to transfer angustifolia and place it with Mannii, in the broad petaled division
with a 3-lobed lip.

P. 681. 28. O. pacnyRacuis, add to habitats—Khasia Hills, alt. 45000 ft., Mann,

P. 682. 29. O. cAULESCENS, may be easily confounded with 36. O. angustifolia
from which the many straight acuminate leaves narrowed to the base, and pedicelled
ovaries, at once distinguish it.

P. 684. 36. O. ancustirouia, add to collectors’ names in the Khasia— Griffith,
—As mentioned under O. Mannii, O. angustifolia had better be referred to the
division + 5 at p. 680, and placed next to that plant. ‘

P. 686. After 40 insert—., ;

41/1. O. ciuioLaTa, Hook. f.; caulescent, leaves broadly equitant short broadly
ensiform obtuse, spike dense-fld., bracts minute lanceolate, sepals ovate acute nerve-
less and narrow petals ciliate with long hairs, lip quadrately oblong truncate
pectinately irregularly toothed.

SINGAPORE ; at Krangi, Ridley.

Stem 14-8 in., 2 in. broad across the base of the leaves. Leaves erecto-patent,
1-14 by }4 in., straight, rather broadest at the base, not very coriaceous. Scape
shorter than the leaves ; spike 2-3 in.; flowers hardly whorled, 4, in. diam., shortly
pedicelled, sparsely hairy externally, as are the bracts and young fruit. Capsules
pedicelled, 3, in. long, turgid, thickly 3-winged.

After * Sides of the lip produced upwards into large auricles, add—(CREPipiuM,
Blume). :
2. M. KHASIANA, after Hook. f. insert—-Ic. Plant. t, 1831.
P. 687. 6. M. Scorrrr, add—Tc. Plant. t. 2001.

P. 688. 8. M. potyopon, add—Zc. Plant. t. 2002.

P. 689. Under synonyms of 15. MicRostYLis coneEstA, enter—Neottia planta-
ginea, Don Prodr. 26, fid. Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 458; and under habitats,
enter—PENANG, Singapore, and Maacoa, Ridley in litt.

P. 691. 22. Microstynis cRENULATA, Mr. Ridley informs me that the lip is much
more rounded than in any other species, that it is a much smaller plant than
MM. Rheedii, and that it may be a curious form of M. versicolor.

P, 692. 38. L. Tawaitesi1, add—Ic. Plant. t. 2006.
P. 696. 20. L. acuminata, add—Te. Plant. t. 2007.

21/1, L. Wearii, Hook. f.; leaves 3-4 large elliptic.acuminate, scape shorter than
the leaves, bracts minute, sepals subequal linear-oblong 3-nerved, lip deflexed from
above the 2-tubercled base cuneately flabelliform beyond the contracted middle trun-
cately 2-lobed, lobes fimbriately toothed.

Upper Perax, alt. 300 ft., Wray (in Herb. Calcutt.).

Stem stout, 3-5 in., base swollen; roots stout. Leaves 4—6 in., sessile or con-
tracted into a broad petiole. Scape rather stout ; raceme 2-4 in., glabrous; pedicels
4-3 in. ; flowers 4 in. diam., pale green with 2 claret-coloured stripes on the lip;
sepals flat, at length revolute; petals very narrow, margins revolute ; lip as long as
the sepals ; column stout, incurved, not winged.

P. 697. 24. L. pEFLEXA, after Hook. f. insert—Ic. Plant. t. 2008.

26. L. paRADOxA. Mr. Ridley, who finds this species at Singapore, informs me
that there are two forms, one with pure yellow flowers, the other with the sepals and
petals deep blackish-purple, and the lip green with u purple centre, which latter is

182 CXLVII. ORCHIDES. (J.D. Hooker.) [Supplement, gc.

the L. nervosa, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid, 24; Benth. Fl. Hongk, vi. 352; Franch.
et Sav. Enum. Fl. Jap, ii. 21; Ridley in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxii. 262 Opbrys nervosa,
Thunb. Fl. Jap. 27; Ic. Pl. Jap. t.10. Malaxis nervosa, Swartz in Act. Holm. 1800,
235. Sturmia nervosa, Retchb. f. in Bonpland. iii. 250.—DistRIB. China, Japan.

P. 698. E, parapoxa, var. Parishii. Additional specimens of this collected in
Upper Burma (Herb. Caleutt.), appear to prove this to be a distinct species, which
may be characterized as follows :—

26/1. L, Partsui1, Hook. f.; leaves 2-3 narrowed to the base or broadly petioled
lanceolate acuminate, flowers fleshy, bracts small ovate acuminate, sepals oblong
obtuse 5-nerved, lip recurved obovate retuse, base with 2 teeth, sides flat, column
suberect not winged. lL. paradoxa, var. Parishii, Hook. f. 1. e.

TENASSERIM, Lobb, Parish. Uprrx Burma, Herb. Calcutt.

Leaves 2-3 in. Scape 6-8 in., naked, few-fid.; bracts } in.; pedicels 3 in.; ribs
of ovary not wrinkled; flowers } in. diam.; sepals spreading, dorsal longest; petals
deflexed, margins revolute ; lip thick, minutely erose beyond the middle; basal teeth
united by a curved ridge, nerves faint subconcentric.—Very near L. paradoxa but
pedicels longer, bracts smaller and sides of lip not erect.

P. 701. After 37. L. opscura, insert—

87/1. L. watironia, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 30. L. Scortechinii, Hook. Fl.
Brit. Ind. v. 703, Ic. Plant. t. 2009. L. robusta, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. t. 2012.
Malaxis latifolia, Blume Bijdr. 393.—I have now little doubt but that the two species
which I proposed as L. Scortechinii & robusta are forms of the Javanese L. latifolia ;
the former of which was taken from a drawing of a specimen in an advanced state of
flowering. L. latifolia should be referred to the subsection of Cordifolia, with single-
leaved pseudobulbs and 3-nerved sepals. L. robusta is a native of Maxwell’s Hill,
Perak (Wray).

P. 701. After 41. L. opscura, insert the two following :—

41/1. L. torts, Hook. f. Ic. Plant, t. 2014; pseudodulbs small, leaf sessile ellip-
tic-lanceolate acute 9-nerved, scape terete, bracts half as long as the long decurved
pedicels, sepals iinear-oblong obtuse 1-nerved revolute, margins recurved, lip shorter
than the sepals cuneate-obovate angles rounded, tip rounded obscurely crenulate,
callus basal 2-lobed.

Kauasra Hixts, alt. 3000 ft., Mann.

Pseudobulbs & in., conical-ovoid. Leaf 4-5 by 13-14 in., thinly coriaceous.
Scape rather stout, with few lanceolate bracts, sometimes flexuous ; bracts 1-3 in.,
lanceolate, membranous, spreading; pedicel with ovary 2 in.; sepals 4 in, ; lip 4 in.
broad.—A very distinct species, perhaps nearest to DL. bootanensis, but differing in
the 1-nerved sepals and the wings of the column not being hooked.

41/2. L. TENuIFoLIA, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. t. 2013; pseudobulbs small narrow,
leaf elongate very narrowly linear-oblanceolate, scape naked with the elongate raceme
as long as the leaf, bracts setaceous equalling the short capillary pedicels, flowers
minute, sepals deflexed flat 1-nerved, lip with a suberect sessile lunate hypochile and a
rhomboidly orbicular convex puberulous defiexed epichile, calli 0, column not winged.

Urrer AssAM; on the Mikir Hills, alt. 1000 ft., Mann.

Pseudobulbs 4-$ in., narrowly pyriform. Leaf 6-8 by }-} in. at the broadest
part, narrowed downwards, 1-nerved. Scape and raceme very slender ; bracts } in.,
as long as the pedicel and ovary; flowers pale, 3 in. diam. ; sepals linear-oblong,
obtuse, margins slightly recurved, nerve faint; lip rather shorter than the sepals,
lobes of the hypochile incurved, subacute, half as long as the epichile; column
rather slender.—A very distinct species.

P. 703. 45. L. ScorTEcsINII, see L. latifolia, above.
After 46. L. FLACCIDA, insert—

46/1. L. aRacitis, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. t. 2011; pseudobulbs narrow, leaves 2
oblanceolate, scape long slender terete, raceme long lax-fid., bracts as long as the

Supplement, §c.] oxtvitt, oncaiwEx, (J. D. Hooker.) 183

very short pedicels, sepals linear-oblong obtuse revolute 3-nerved, lip sharply reflexed .
from above the middle subclawed quadrately oblong nerveless truncate shortly bifid
and toothed with a minute entire obtuse interposed tooth, calli obscure or 0.

PeRax ; on Waterfall Hill, Wray.

. Pseudobulbs 1 in., sheathed. Leaves 3-7 in., acute,'rather thin, 5-nerved. Scape
with raceme much longer than the leaves; bracts } in.; flowers distant, about } in.
diam., pale green ; margins of sepals not recurved ; lip shorter than the sepals, con-
cave towards the base with thickened involute margins, blade smooth red, no calli,
but an obscure thickened ridge at the very base ; column obscurely winged above.—
A very distinct species,

P. 704. After 49. L. pistans, insert—

49/1. L. DouaBeLta, Hook, f. Ic. Pl. t. 2010; pseudobulbs narrow, leaves 2 nar-
rowly oblanceolate, scape narrowly winged, raceme erect lax-fid., bracts small
subulate, flowers small, sepals oblong obtuse spreading 1-nerved, margins not recurved,
lip axe-shaped reflexed from a short broad claw anterior margin crenulate, disk with
a depressed 3-carinate ridge which is truncate posteriorly and vanishes beyond the
middle of the lip and a branched nerve on each side,

Kuasia Hits, alt, 4000 ft., Mann.

Pseudobulbs 1-2 in. Leaves 6-14 by 8-1 in., acute, subpetioled, 5-7-nerved.
Seape with raceme shorter than the leaves; pedicels } in., longer than the bracts;
flowers } in. diam.; lip broader than long, exactly the shape of an axe or chopper,
anterior margin slightly rounded ; column incurved, slender, not winged.

P. 705. 53. L. RESUPINATA. Mr. Ridley informs me that the Nilghiri habitat

is no doubt an error, taken up from the late N. B. Ward’s Herbarium (at the British
Museum). The specimen was collected by Griffith, and no doubt in the Khasia.

P. 707. Lipanis DECURSIVA. Mr. Ridley informs me that this is absolutely
identical with L. reflewa, Lindl., an Australian species. :

P. 708, Liparis zEyLaNica. Mr. Ridley informs me that he cannot guess what
Loddiges’ Liparis from Ceylon is, and that the additional name of zeylanica is a
misprint in his monograph.

In generic character of Pharyciints, after sepals and petals, add subequal.

1. P. e@Racrris, in fourth line of character, for linear-oblong read ovate-lanceolate ;
and after tip rounded, add or acute. Add at end, Jc. Plant. t. 2016.

2. P. Kineir; after Hook. f., insert Ic, Plant, t. 2015.

P. 709, OREoRCHIS INDICA; at end of character dele (not of Dene).

P. 710. In character of Sect. 1. Sazcorpopium after “Leaves 2” insert in
brackets (Leaf solitary in D. longicolle).

P, 711. Line 6, after Aporum add, and Strongyle.

P. 712. 5. DENDROBIUM LoNGIcoLLE. Mr. Ridley informs me that this species
occurs in New Guinea, and that Reichenbach’s D. inauditwm Reichb. f. (Lindenia
ii, 66) is a synonym of it; as also that the pseudobulbs are constantly 1-leaved, in
which respect it: differs from all other Indian Sarcopodia, and approaches Bulbo-
phytlum.

6. D. PERAKENSE, after Hook, /f. insert, Ie. Plant. t. 2019.

P, 713. 7. D. macropopum, add Ic. Plant. t. 2020; and for “pedicels very
short” read ‘ pedicels with ovary very long.”

8. D. cemmnatum, for “ Lindl. mss.”? read Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 77, and
add as synonym Desmotrichum geminatum, Blume Bijdr. 332.

9. D. tonaires, add Ie. Plant. t. 2017, and in line 2 add, pedicel with ovary very
long.—A fine suite of specimens from Mr. Wray offers great variations; a small form
from the top of Gunong Batu Pateh, alt. 6700 ft., has close-set polished pseudobulbs

din. long, and leaves only 4-4 in., scape 14 in.; another has a 3-leaved pseudobulb
nearly 1 in, long, and petioled leaves 8 in., the flowers of these are white tinged with

184 CXLVII. ORCHIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) (Supplement, &c.

‘yellow in the centre, veined with red brown ; a third form has 3 sessile elliptic leaves
2-23 in. long, and a very stout 3-4-fid. scape, the flowers are straw coloured, finely
lined with dull pink ; a fourth form from a lower elevation has leaves 1-2} in., and
a slender 2-fid. scape, the flowers are large white. The breadth of the midlobe of the
lip in this species varies from almost orbicular-ovate to dagger-shaped. The sheaths
of the rhizome and pseudobulb are very membranous, red-brown.

10. D. puminum. ‘Common at Singapore, with flowers yellow or cream
coloured ; lip with a dark spot at the tip, or veined with red. The two forms look
totally different, but I can find no structural difference. I never saw so many
flowers in a head as in D. quadrangulare.”? Ridley in litt. ‘

P. 714. 12. D. Macraat, in line 2, for peduncled read pedicelled.

13. D. toncHOPHYLLUM, add Ic. Plant. t. 2018.

14, D. Kunstiert, add Je, Plant. t. 2023, and in line 1 for leaves read leaf.
‘** Common in mangrove swamps at Singapore, flower very fugacious, lip superior.”’
Ridley in litt.

P. 723, 49, D.Lronrs. After the habitats insert, DistRip. Java. ‘ Flowers
exquisitely scented of Vanilla.” Ridley in litt,

P. 724, 51. D.aRranpe. Add Ie. Plant. t. 2024.

P. 724. 52. D.arropurrorEum. ‘‘I think that the yellow fld. D. carnosum
is distinct. D. atropurpureum is smaller,. shabbier-looking, and the flowers dark
claret-coloured as in Blume’s drawing.” Ridley in litt.

P. 725. After Sect. VII. Srronayue. Dele “ Flowers terminal.”

59, D. KENTROPHYLLUM. Add Je. Plant. t. 2021, and in line 2 for flowers
terminal, read ‘‘ terminal or lateral.”

P. 726. 62. D, susunatum, for Hook. f. read Lindl. Gen. 5 Sp. Orchid. 91, and
add as synonym Onychium subulatum, Blume Bijdr. 328.

63. D. acErosum. Add to Syns., D. subteres, Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soe. iii. 4,
“ Flowers all white or veined with red, leaves curiously grooved on each side.”
Ridley in litt. p

P. 727. 68. D. Catucartir. After Hook. f. insert Ic. Plant. t. 2022.

P. 728. 72. D. Lopnir, add Syn. D. Teysmanni, Miquel Fl. Ind. Bot. iii. 640.

73. D. TUBERIFERUM. After Hook. f. insert Ie. Plant. t. 2025, and in the
habitats, for Singapore read “Perak.” The Singapore and Chittagong plants
are probably different species,

74, D. popaGRaRia, After Hook. f. insert Ic. Plant. t. 2026,

75. D. chavipss, Ic. Plant. t. 2027.

P.729. After 76. D. ckuMENATUM, insert—

76/1. D. rENUIcAULE, Hook. f.; stem tall very slender above, basal internode
minute globose, 2nd and 3rd slender, 4th and 6th thickened elongate conical, 5th
stout 1 in. thickened cylindric ribbed, leaves 3-4 in. very narrowly linear, flowers
few terminating the leafless stems, dorsal sepal oblong 7-nerved, petals oblong with
one branched nerve, mentum twice as long as the obtuse lateral sepals straight, lip
cuneate side lobes short rounded as broad as the sessile orbicular midlobe, disk
pubescent.

AnDAMAN Istanps (Ie. in Hort. Bot. Calc.).

Stems 10-12 in., sheathed at the upper nodes. Leaves , in. broad, acute,
Bracts minute, pedicel with ovary slender 4 in.; flowers 3-2 in. long, pure white;
petals as long as the dorsal sepal; mentum trumpet-shaped tip acute yellowish ; lip
sessile at the base of the mentum, membranous, delicately veined ; column very short,
3-toothed ; anther hemispheric.—Described from a drawing (that will be published
in King’s Annals of the Calcutta Garden) and dried flowers.

78. D. BoLBoFLoRUM. To end of specific character add Ie. Plant. t. 2028. The

spurs at the base of the column, figd. and observed by Mr. Clarke, are not apparent
in dried specimens.

Supplement, §e.] cxuvit. oroswex. (J. D. Hooker.) 185

P. 780. 79. D. apuncum. Dele Bot. Mag. t. 6784.—Two very closely allied
species are confounded under this name. D, apuNcum and D. HERCOGLOssuUM,
agreeing in habit, foliage, mflorescence, and very nearly in flowers, but dis-
tinguished by the lip, which in aduncum has a glabrous area ou the disk, its flowers
too are paler, the sepals less acuminate, and the arms of the column more notched.
Until quite recently the native country of aduncum was unknown, and it was sup-
posed to be specifically the same as a Chinese plant which Reichenbach described as
hercoglossum, and which in Veitch’s “Manual” is cited as a synonym. The lip in
both is very shortly clawed. Lindley regarded D. aduncum as closely related to D.
moschatum, but to me it seems widely different.

The following are the characters of the two species :—

79. D. apuncum; flowers pale pink, lip with a broad naked area on the
pubescent disk.—Sikkim and Bhotan Himalaya, Assam.

79/1. D. HERCOGLOgsUM, Reich. f. in Hamb. Gartenzeit. xliii. 558, in Gard.
Chron. 1886, ii. 487; flowers bright rose-red, disk of lip villous all over. D.
aduncum, Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6784.

Sineavore, Ridley in litt. China.

'79/2, D, FLAVIDULUM, Ridley mss.; stems slender pendulous, leaves lincar-
lanceolate, racemes on the leafless stems short, bracts subacute, dorsal sepal ovate-
oblong obtuse, tip thickened, lateral ovate acute deeply keeled from the middle
to the tip, petals oblong obtuse 5-nerved, mentum large obtuse shorter than the
lateral sepals, lip ovate-oblong 3-fid beyond the middle, lobes ciliate, midlobe
thickened.

Singapore; at Kranji, in Mangrove swamps, common, Ridley.

Stems 12-18 in., rather flexuous, soft, internodes about 1 in. eaves 24-8 in.,
acuminate with a notch on one side, membranous. Raceme with the slender
peduncle 3-2 in.; bracts} in.; flowers 4 in. long; sepals and petals rigid; lip
7-nerved, lobes ovate-oblong obtuse.—A very distinct species. Mr. Ridley informs
me that there are 2 forms of it, one with flowers all yellow, the other with white
sepals and petals.

81. D. connutum. Insert after Ic. Plant. t. 2029.

P. 731. 82. D. cumunarum. I have examined specimens preserved in spirits
sent by Dr. King (collected by Mr. Lister in Bhotan). The claw of the lip is not
short, but may be traced down the spur, and is as long as the blade; and what
appeared as a small tubercle in the dried specimen is an elongated grooved callus
much raised towards base of the claw, the mentum is more or less laterally com-
pressed, sometimes longer than the sepals. The Perak plant doubtfully referred to
D. cumulatum is very different, but not in a state for description. ;

P.731. 81/1. D. crooatum, Hook. f.; stems terete, leaves 4 by 1 in. lanceo-
late acuminate, racemes on leafless stems slender few-fid., dorsal sepal and petals
broadly oblong subacute 7-nerved, mentum twice as long as the ovate-oblong sub-
acute lateral sepals slender spur-like acute, lip large spathulate, claw as long as the
obovate entire crenulate limb, with an obtuse oblong reversed callus at the base.

Perak ; at Larut (Ic. in Hort, Calcutt.).

Stems 2-8 ft., narrowed to the base, which is not tuberous, internodes 1 in., § in.
diam. eaves bright green, many-nerved. Raceme 1 in.; bracts small, ovate;
pedicel with ovary slender, 4-3 in. ; flowers 1} in. long, bright orange yellow with
red specks on each side of the lip towards the base of the limb; mentum nearly
straight.—Described from dried flowers and’ a drawing that will be published in
King’s Annals cf the Calcutta Garden,

84, D, KENTROCHILUM, after Hook, f. insert Ie, Plant. t. 2030.

85. D. mEGACERAS, after Hook. f. insert Ic. Plant. t. 2031.
P. 732. 87. D. HYMENANTHUM, after Hook, f. insert Ic. Plant. t. 2032. There

being an earlier D. hymenanthum (Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 86), I have named this
species HYMENOPTERUM in the “ Icones Plantarum.”

186 OXLVIM, oRcHIDEZ, (J.D. Hooker.) (Supplement, Se.

After 89, D, Prruta, insert—

89/1. D. panpuRiFERUM, Hook. f.; stems elongate cylindric grooved, leaves
(on young stems only) lanceolate, racemes short 6-8-fld., dorsal sepal broadly ovate
obtuse, petals orbicular crenate, mentum many times longer than the broadly ovate
subacute lateral sepals tip swollen, claw very long and slender, limb small deeply
constricted in the middle forming lateral auricle-like side lobes and an obcordate
midlobe, disk with a large transverse lamella between the side lobes.

Prau; at Rangoon, Gilbert (Ic. in Herb. Calcutt.).

Stems 2-3 ft. narrowed at the base; internodes 1-1} by } in., nodes often
rooting ; sheaths membranous, white, young green and speckled. Leaves few,
1-1} in., acuminate. Racemes 1-2 in.; bracts small; pedicel with ovary 4 in.;
flowers 1 in. long; sepals and petals green with streaks of red dots along the
numerous nerves ; mentum incurved, thickened towards the rounded tip, straight or
slightly curved, green streaked with red; claw of lip 3-4 times as long as the dull
yellow limb, margins incurved above, below united to the walls of the mentum ;
anther stipitate on the top of the column.—Nearly allied to D. tropeoliflorum.
Also near 88, D. ionopus, R.f., but the flowers are not yellow with red blotches, nor
is the claw of the lip thick and keeled, This will be figured in King’s Annals of the
Calcutta Garden.

Var. serpens. In the Calcutta Garden collection of drawings is one of 4 variety
of panduriferum, or of a very closely allied species, marked as from Perak (Kunstler),
with longer flexuous stems tuberous at the base, yellow sepals, and petals streaked
rather than dotted with red along the nerves, and a mentum as long but not thick-
ened towards the tip; the limb of the lip is less constricted in the middle. This
may be Reichenbach’s D. ionopus.

89/2. D. rRopm@oLiFLoRUM, Hook. f.; stem flexuous thickened upwards deeply
grooved, leaves linear-oblong, raceme slender 6-fld., dorsal sepal ovate acute, petals
very broad, mentum straight cylindric many times longer than the triangular-ovate
acute lateral sepals, lip with a very long slender claw and small panduriform limb
disk with a large semilunar callus,

Perak ; at Larut, Kunstler (Ic. in Herb. Calcutt.).

Stem a foot long, incurved, internodes 2-1 in., the thickest } in. diam. Leaf 2}
by Z in., acute. Raceme 2 in., rachis pink; bracts minute; pedicel with ovary
2 in., green; flowers 1 in. long; sepals and petals 4-3 in. long, dark red-purple ;
mentum 8 in., yellow-green, tip rounded ; limb of lip with a rounded retuse apiculate
tip—A remarkable species, described from a drawing, which will be published in
King’s Annals of the Calcutta Garden. _ According to a note by Mr. Brace which
accompanies the drawing, the sides of the claw of the lip adhere to the sides of the
mentum (as in panduriferum and probably other species of Sect. Pedilonum). The
flowers very much resemble in form those of Zrop@olum pentaphyllum, Lamk.

P. 782, 91. D. BrraRium; after Wall. Cat. 2002, add (in part), for one of the
specimens is a var. of Appendicula bifaria. (See p. 83.)

P. 737. 108. D. spHecipoeLossum. D. stuposum being the earlier name
should be adopted.

P, 741. 124. D. penpvtum. Dele Syn. D. Wardianum (see No. 127). D.
melananthum is considered to be a hybrid with D. Wardianum.

+P. 743. 130. D. Devonranum; under Syns., after “not of Lodd.,” add, nor of
Roxb., or of Bot. Mag.

131. D. Datnousrzanum, must take the name of PULCHELLUM, Roxb.in Lindl.
Gen. § Sp. Orchid. 82; Fl. Ind, iii, 486, a species, which, misled by Lindley’s
reference to it of D. Devonianwm, I had hitherto failed to recognize. Reverting to
it for this supplement, I find nothing in Roxburgh’s description and drawing to
distinguish it trom Dalhousieanum (also a native of Silhet) except the drawing of
the lip, which is too obcordate, and does not represent the villous tip, or the
pectinate lobes on the disk which are so conspicuous in the latter plant. On the
other hand, Roxburgh describes the lip as “ beautifully marked, ciliate and ramenta-
ceous,” characters that apply to Dalhousieanwm and to no other species at all like it,

Supplement, §c.] oxuvit1. oncHiDER. (J. D. Hooker.) 187

In short, as with Calogyne nitida & Geodorum recurvum, the faulty drawings, all
by the same native artist, of the lips (probably in a withered state) have retarded
the recognition of otherwise well marked and described species. In this view Mr.
Rolfe is disposed to agree with me.

With regard to Loddige’s pulchellum, (Bot. Cab. t. 1935, & Bot. Mag. t. 5037),.
Rolfe (Gard. Chron. 1887, ii. 155) has shown that it is a Chinese plant (D. Loddigesii,
Rolfe), and neither Roxburgh’s pulchellum nor Devonianum.

P. 745. 137. D, Bkymerianum. Dr. Trimen has sent me a fine drawing from
the Peradeniya Herbarium of a cultivated specimen of D. criniferwm, showing that
has no affinity with D. Brymerianum, but belongs to the Sect. Cadetia. It is
probably a Philippine species.

P. 746. D. MoULMEINENSE, is perhaps only a state of D. divanthum. At tho
end of the specific character add Ic. Plant. t. 2033.

P. 748, 146. D. coHRysrvM, as stated at vol. v. p. 751, this name must give place
to D. aurantiacum, R.f.

P. 752. D. Hueuit. Dele, said to be a form of D. crumenatum ; and add to SPECIES
UNENOWN TO ME—

D. ANDERSONII, Scott in Journ. Agric. Soc. Ind. iii. (1872) 117, from Burma,
collected by Dr. J. Anderson in 1868, and described from a plant that flowered in the
Calcutta Bot. Gardens, It resembles, according to its author, a dwarfed form of D.
formosum, from which species the description does not enable me to distinguish it.
It is stated to be highly aromatic.

P. 753. 2. B, cLanDESTINUM. Common at Singapore, Ridley in Litt.
8. B. MACRANTHUM, in last line after “lip” add “strongly recurved,” and to
citations, Ridley in Ann. Bot. iv. (1890), 335, t. 22, f. 1-6. The flowers smell of
cloves, Ridley.

P. 754, After 4. B. MEGALANTHUM, add—

4/1. B. patens, King mss.; scape very short 1-fld., pedicel longer than the
pseudobulb of the elliptic-oblong leaf, flower 1} in. diam., petals linear-lanceolate
and broader lateral sepals widely spreading and falcately decurved, lip shortly
stipitate linear-oblong quite straight, column truncate without apical teeth.

PERAK, Kunstler (Ic. in Herb. Calcutt.)

Rhizome stout, crinite at the nodes; pseudobulbs 1-1} in., ellipsoid. Leaf 6-8
in. by 2-24 in., acute, narrowed into a short petiole. Scape 4-4 in., close to the
pseudobulb, clothed with short imbricate scales ; pedicel 14-2 in., yellowish speckled
with red; sepals and petals yellowish, closely mottled with red-purple, 3-1 in. long,
dorsal erect and incurved, linear-lanceolate, lateral ovate-lanceolate ; lip 3 in. long,
obtuse, base truncate; column very short.—Described from the drawing in Herb,
Calcutt., and dried flowers. The straight lip is remarkable in the genus, and
distinguishes it from B. macranthum.

P. 755. 9. B. Lossu, add to habitats, Chittagong hills, (Ic. in Herb. Calcutt.)

P. 756. 17. B. MEMBRANIFOLIUM. After Ic. Plant. insert t. 2034.

P. 757. 19. B. mepusa. Mr. Ridley informs me that there are two forms of
this ; a Bornean with pale hardly spotted flowers, and a Singaporean with much larger
thickly spotted flowers.

21. B. conFErtUM. After Ic. Plant. insert 2035.

P. 758, 24. B. cAuLIFLORUM ,, ey 3 2086,
25. B. PROTRACTUM ,, + », 2087.
P. 759. 29. B. MopESTUM 2038 B.

a” a4 a”

29/1. B. concrnnum, Hook f. Ie. Plant, t. 2038 A; scape shorter than the oblong
leaf slender few-fid., flowers very small, sepals ovate-lanceolate acute 3-nerved
cellular, 3 times as long as the linear-oblong obtuse 1l-nerved petals, mentum
rounded, lip minute recurved, columnar spurs slender.

Singapore, at Chang Chu Rang. Ltidley. :

Rhizome very slender, sheathed ; pseudobulbs 4-3 in., narrow terete curved,

188 OXLVIIL ORCHIDER, (J. D. Hooker.) [Supplement, gc.

Leaf 3-1 in., acute or obtuse, coriaceous. Scape 3-1 in., 3-5-fld., sheaths few small,
bracts lanceolate nearly as long as the ovary or shorter, flowers orange-yellow ;
sepals about 2 in. long, dorsal rather the shortest ; lip tongue-shaped.

30. B. beptantHuMm. After Ic. Plant. insert 2039 A, and in line 4 for 3-
nerved sepals read 1-nerved petals.—Var. ? Gamblei. After a further comparison
of specimens with B. leptanthum, I am convinced of the specific distinctness of this
variety, which I have figured in the ‘“‘ Icones Plantarum” as B. Gamblei t. 2039 B.

P. 760. 3. B. Kinent, After Ic. Plant. insert t. 2053 ined.

P.761. Under 37. B. curreum. Dele the synon. var. stenopetala. Two very
closely allied species are here confounded, both natives of Tenasserim; one is the
true cupreum var. stenopetalum, which, as Mr. Rolfe has pointed out to me is also
that author’s B. rufinum, a plant referred by me by oversight to 58. B. coNCHIFE-
RuM (which has no pseudobulb and no auricles to the lip). The following are the
characters of the two species :—

37. B. cupreuM, Lindl. l.c.; pseudobulb 1 in. subglobose, scape slender
inclined slightly curved, sheaths small distant, raceme 1-2 in., flowers uniformly
coppery yellow, bracts ovate-oblong much shorter than the ovary, lateral sepals
ovate-lanceolate acute, petals triangular-ovate acuminate, lip narrow obtuse auricles
large, columnar spurs short slender. TENAsSSERIM, Parish.—Very like B. Carey-
anum, but the rhizome and scape are much more slender, the flowers fewer and less
dense, and the petals are not aristate. Lindley’s description is wholly insufficient.
In his specimen the petals and auricles of the lip are serrulate, in others that flowered
at Kew they are entire. The Manilla habitat is no doubt an error.

37/1. B. RUFINUM, Reichb. f. Xen. Orchid. iii. 45 t. 219; pseudobulb 2 in.
oblong, scape long stout decurved, sheaths large, raceme 6-10 in. lax-fld., bracts
lanceolate about as long as the flowers, flowers dirty-yellow with red streaks on the
sepals, lateral sepals and small petals narrowly lanceolate acuminate, lip narrow
obtuse, auricles small entire, columnar spurs slender. B.cupreum var. stenopetalum,
Reichb. f. in Trans. Linn, Soc. xxx. 152,—TENAssERIM, Parish.—The large pseudo-
bulb, stout large scape, long raceme and bracts, narrow cepals, and colour of the
flowers readily distinguish this from cuprewm and Careyanum.

P. 764. 32. B. aymnopus, After Ic. Plant. insert t. 2040.
53. B. THoMSONI ss # s, +t. 2041.
54. B. sECUNDUM ay e x» 6, 2042.

P. 766. 58. B. concniFERuM, dele B. rufinum, &c. See above, No. 37/1.
61. B.arpopum. After Ic. Plant. insert t. 2043.

62. B. WRayr 3 » t. 2044,
P. 767, 63. B. LEPTOSEPALUM "5 > §. 2045,
64, B. HYMENANTHUM <5 » t. 2046, and after it place—

64/1. B. ADENOPETALUM, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. 1842, Misc. 85; pseudobulbs
obsolete, leaves petioled oblong obtuse base scarcely pseudobulbous, spike rather
longer than the leaf many-sheathed below many-fid., sepals acuminate, petals
spathulate acute glandular within, lip narrowly ovate obtuse ciliate base channelled,
Walp. Ann, vi. 255.

SINGAPORE; Hort. Loddiges.

Flowers yellowish, slightly sweet-scented——Described from Lindley ; there is no
specimen in his Herbarium, only a sketch of the flower, in which the ovate sepals
are narrowed into long capillary points.—Two different Philippine. species in Herb.
Hook. and in Herb, Lindley, both labelled by that author B. adenopetalum, led me
to suppose that the latter had been erroneously attributed to Singapore, whence my
exclusion of it from the Flora.

64/2. B. VERMICULARE, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. t. 2054; rhizome very slender
tortuous, leaves small linear-oblong obtuse base narrowed, scape short slender few-
fid., sepals 1-nerved dorsal linear, lateral ovate-lanceolate uncinately falcate, petals
narrowly linear 1-nerved, lip linear-oblong obtuse 3-nerved hairy.

Supplement, §¢.] oXxLvui. ORCHIDEZ. (J. D, Hooker.) 189

Sivaapore; at Kranji, Ridley.
_ _ Rhizome as thick as a sparrow’s quill; pseudobulb 0. Zeaf 14-19 in., narrowed
into a short petiole. Scape with the spike shorter than the leaves, 2-sheathed ; bracts
half as long as the flower; ovary very short ; flowers 2 in. long; lateral sepals finely
acuminate, decurved ; petals half as long, obtuse; lip thin, sessile, almost as long as
the petals, hairs long flexuous; column with short spurs.—Near B. adenopetalum,
differing in the petals not being spathulate or glandular within, and in the sepals not
having long filiform apices, and in the linear 3-nerved lip.

66. B. Grosuxus. After Jc. Plant. insert t. 2047.

P. 768. 71. B. MicrantHUM ,, 4 » . 20418.

P. 769. 75. B.cIRRHATUM _,, 3 », +. 2049,

P. 770. 79. B. canpipum 5 a 3, +. 2050.

P. 770, B. apENopETaLUM. See above, No. 64/1.

P.771. B. sILLENIANUM, should be sILLEMIANUM.

After B. SILLEMIANUM, add—

B. sTRIATELLUM, Ridley in Ann. Bot. iv. (1890) 335 (ewcl. fig.); very small,
rhizome filiform, pseudobulbs conic curved, leaf lanceolate acute, scape very short
filiform 1-fld, sepals subequal oblong or oblong-lanceolate caudate, petals ovate-oblong
obtuse, lip very short narrow recurved pubescent beneath, columnar arms obtuse.

SINGAPORE, on trees, Char Chu Raang, Ridley.

Pseudobulbs hardly } in. long. Leaf erect, 2 by 4in. Scape hardly longer than
the pseudobulb, 1-2-sheathed at the base; pedicel 1 in,, red; perianth closed; sepals
4 in. long and petals yellow with 3 red keels; petals 1-nerved; lip yellow, tip .dotted
with red and with 2 red dots at the base; column short.—I have seen no specimen.
Description from Ridley, who describes the arms of the column as short and obtuse.
The petals he describes as being rather shorter than the body of the sepals (that is
without the tails), The figure which he gives (t. 22 f. 7, 8, 9) must belong to a
different species, for the columnar arms are represented as very slender. I do not
know where to place this curious 1-flowered species which certainly does not naturally
belong to the 1-fid. section. It may be a depauperated state ofa plant of either the
racemose or capitate section.

9/1. Hznosts. I have erred in the description of this remarkable plant. The
real petals, which form a minute broad low wing on each side of (what is nota
column with adnate petals but) the enormous 2-winged column, along the naked foot
of which they extend as a membranous boarder to the insertion of the lateral
sepals, they are perfectly hyaline, and were so appressed to the sides of the very base
of the column that (though they are indicated in a rude sketch by Lindley), I over-
looked them, and I am indebted to my artist, Miss Smith, for pointing them out to
me; they are not triangular-ligulate, as described by Reichenbach, but low and
very broad.—It may be a question whether this plant should not be restored to
Bulbophyllum, in which Reichenbach placed it; if it is to be retained it must be
on account of the remarkable very large 2-winged column, like none other in the
genus known to me; the long pedicels too are quite peculiar. If referred to Bulbo-
phyllum it should be to the racemose section with pseudobulbs and glabrous eciliate
sepals and petals, though very unlike any member of that group. It might with 52.
B. gymnopus and 62. B. Wrayi, form a group distinguished from all others by the
lateral sepals being inserted at the apex of the naked foot of the column.

H. toneipss, after Ic. Plant. insert t. 2051 ined.

P. 773, after 8. C. vAGINATUM, insert—

3/1. C. LonexuscapuM, Teysm. & Binn. in Batav. Natur. Tijdsch. xxiv. (1862)
811; pseudobulbs subovate obtuse 4-angled 2-leaved, leaves oblong obtuse emargi-
nate coriaceous glabrous, scapes long cylindric, flowers capitate densely crowded
horizontal, bracts short, lateral sepals subserrulate, dorsal smaller linear-lanceolate
erect, petals obtuse ciliate with long hairs 5-nerved, lip tongue-shaped obtuse reflexed
channelled base cordate. Prnane, Lobb,

190 CXLVIII, ORCHIDEZ. (J.D. Hooker.) [Supplement, Se.

Pseudobulb 2 by 1} in. Leaves6 by 1} in. Scape 15 in.; flowers 20-25,
brown.—Description from the authors. I know nothing like it. The 2-leaved pseudo-
bulbs are remarkable.

P. 774. 9. C. Roxpureu. After Ze. Plant. 2057 A. insert—From a drawing
lately received from Calcutta, I suspect that C. Andersonit should be referred
to C. Roxburghit.

9/1. C. concinnuM, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. t. 2060 B.; very small, rhizome slender,
pseudobulbs conico-ovoid, lateral sepals 4 in. linear-oblong acute nearly flat, twice as
long as the ovate caudate long-ciliate dorsal, petals as long as the dorsal sepal
ovate-lanceolate caudate acuminate long ciliate, lip fleshy strongly recurved, colamn
winged shortly 2-toothed.

SINGAPORE; Ridley.

Pseudobulbs % in.; close set, curved. Leaf 1-14 in., oblanceolate, obtuse,
coriaceous, hardly petioled. Scape from the base of the pseudobulb, with membranous
sheaths at the base, very slender, shorter than the leaf; flowers 6-8, whorled ; bracts
minute; pedicels very short; sepals5-nerved; petals 3-nerved.

P. 775. 15, CIRRHOPETALUM ELATUM, after Ic. Plant. insert—t. 2052

P. 777. 20. C. ANDERSONI, Se 59 63 t. 2055
21. C. BREVIPES, 38 i 3 t. 2056
22. C. AUREUM, - 2 #f t. 2057 B

P. 778. 26. C. GamBLzr, 39 5 e t. 2058
27, C. THomsont, - Ss 9 t. 2059
29. C. PARVULUM, 5 33 a t. 2060 A

P. 779. 32. C. VIRIDIFLORUM, 3 - fs t. 2061

P. 780. 33. C. BLEPHARISTES. Ina fine drawing of this lately received from
the Calcutta Gardens, the leaves are often 2-nate, the scape long and decurved,
and the sepals and petals 7-9-nerved.

34. C. MacrazI. Under Synonyms, for Bulb. Walkerianum, read Macraei.

P. 782. 32. DENDROCHILUM LINEARIFOLIUM, after Ic. Plant. add t. 1859 ined. ;
and, confer D. fuscum, Tetjsm. § Binn. Bat. Natur. Tijdsch. xxix, (1867) 242.

P. 784, 2, CHRYSOGLOSSUM ERRATICUM, after Ic, Plant. insert—t. 2062

3. 55 ASSAMICUM, ,, 3 a t. 2063
4. > MACULATUM, t. 2064, and add Syn. Tainia maculata,

CornaBium ‘Wnart, " After Ic, Plant. insert— t. 2085
P. 788, 11. Eris Exits, es i » t2074A
P. 789. 15. E. muscrcoza, The Ceylon form referred to at the end of the
description is var. oblonga, Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 88,

ht, P.790. 18. ,, Kiven, After Ic. Plant. insert—t. 2066
19. ,, IRIDIFOLIA, 35 3 » t. 2067

20. ,, LONGIFOLIA, 3 34 5 t. 2068

P.795. 38. ,, ANDERSONI, 7 $i » 2069
P.797. 46. ,, BECURVATA, 55 bs » t. 2070
48. ,, SACCIFERA, 3 $5 3 t. 2071

P.798. 50. ,, Matneayt, - 45 35 t. 2072

P. 801. 63. ,, ANDAMANICA, 5 53 » +. 2078

64, E. PuLCHELLA. I have lately received more specimens, and from Cal-
cutta drawings of this plant, from which I conclude that Lindley was right in dis-
tinguishing FE. discolor from FE. pulchella, though he assigns no good reasons for
doing so. The chief differences are the very large stout articulate pseudobulbs of EZ.
discolor, its much stouter rhizome, and stouter more glabrous scape with ‘more
numerous cochleate coriaceous bracts,

E. pulchella is a Malayan species, from Tenasserim to Java. E. discolor has
been found only in Sikkim. Both have nearly orbicular lips articulate with the
pulvinate purple shining foot of the column by a very narrow short claw.

.

Supplement, §o.] oxivim. oncuwex, (J. D. Hooker.) 191

P. 803. 71. E. Tawarrmsit. For Hook. f., read Trimen Cat. . Pl, 88.

P. 804. After 72. E. PANNWEA, insert— - Fiala

73/1. E. catamrpotr1a, Hook. f.; stems very short from a, creeping rootstock
3-4-leaved, leaves linear terete acuminate, scape terminal 3-4-fid. and flowers
densely woolly, bracts large ovate acuminate, mentum short obtuse, petals linear-
oblong puberulous, lip ovate-oblong obtuse very thick concave about the middle,
quite smooth and naked.

UPPER Assam; Makum forest, Mann.

Rhizome as thick as a crow-quill, and short leaf sheaths sparingly woolly ;
pseudobulbs 0. Leaves 3-6 in., about } in. diam., obscurely channelled above when
dry, acuminate, quite smooth, glabrous. Scape terminal, much shorter than the
leaves, slender, densely white, silkily woolly as are the backs of the bracts and sepals;
bracts 3 in.; sepals } in. Iong, dorsal oblong, lateral triangular-ovate acute ;
petals much smaller ; lip straight, jointed on the broad foot of the column, which is
short broad puberulous with an ovate subacute apex and incurved sides; anther
mitriform, obtuse——Probably the Sikkim & Khasian EF. pannea.

P. 804. 75. Exia prema, After Ic. Plant. insert-—t. 2074 B
76. 4, LANCIFOLIA, Ss - 3 t. 2075
, P. 805. 78. ,, CRASSICAULIS, ss sy x +t. 2076
79. ,, LEPTOCARPA, 9 ae » t,2077
P. 806. 88, ,, GRACILIs, ss $5 » +t. 2078
P. 807. 84. ,, oLIGANTHA, 53 3 » t. 2079
87. ,, TUBEROSA, - 55 35 t. 2080
P. 808. 89. ,, APORINA, ” e » +t. 2081
P. 809. 93. ,, ScorrscHINtt, ‘9 55 35 t. 2082
P. 810. CLADERIA VIRIDIFLORA, $3 59 » +t. 2083

P. 811. 4, PHREATIA NANA, — ‘5 $3 sa t. 2084

P. 813. 2. SparHo@Lorris AUREA, after Walp. Ann. vi. 455, insert Reichb.
f. in Gard. Chron. 1888, 92, with fig.; Veitch. Man. Orchid. Pt. vi.6. S. Kimba-
liana, Horé.

3. S. WRaAYI, after Ic. Plant. insert t. 2086.

P. 814. 4. S. Bensont, ,, » » +. 2087.

5. S: Losi, at end of description add in Veitch Man. Orchid. Pt. vi. 7 this
species is described as a native of Borneo. Reichenbach gives HE. Indies, ? Khasia.
The specimens in Kew Herbarium are from Tenasserim, on rocks at Akyab, Parish,

6. S. PUBESCENS, var. Berkeleyi, specimen of this in Herb, Caleutt. from
Upper Burma have leaves 1 in. broad, the scape 18 in., and flower as in Fortuni,
except that the midlobe of the lip is very thick, and its wings cuneately oblong and
truncate. ‘

P. 816. 1, Paasus Watzicni. Add after Walp. Ann. vi. 459, Bot. Mag. t.
7028, and after de Vriese Illust.t.8, add Regel Gartenjl. 1865, t.404.—Veitch (Man.
Pt. vi, 15) describes P. bicolor as a var. of Wallichét, with small knobby rhizomes,
and smaller flowers having a tawny yellow spur and tube of the lip, and white mid-
lobe bordered with rose. It isa native of Ceylon. He retains P. grandifolius as a
different species, including Blwmei as a var. of it. The only tangible characters,
except colour, by’ which he distinguishes grandifolius from Wallichit are, that in the
former the sepals and petals are oblong-lanceolate, and the lip broadly obovate ;
whilst in the latter the sepals and petals are linear-lanceolate and the lip broadly
oval. He gives the Himalayas as habitat for both. His var. Blumed differs from the
type (grandifolius) in the broader deep buff yellow petals and sepals faintly mottled
with red. As habitats of grandifolius he gives, besides the original one of China,
the Himalaya, Cochin China and Australia; thus following Bentham (Fl. Austral.
vii. 304), who includes P. australis, leucopheus and Carronit, of F. Muell) under

that species.
2, P. vERATRIFoLIUS. Add. Syn. Dendrobium veratrifolium, Rows. Hort. Beng.

3

4

192 CXLVII, ORCHIDEZ. (J.D. Hooker.) [Supplement, ge.

P. 817. 3. P. macunatus. After Mus, Bot. ti. 180 insert Williams Orchid.
Alb. t. 381, and place Blum. Orchid. Archip. Ind, 9, after Reichb. Fl. Exot. t. 63.

3/1. P.wanus, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. t. 2088 ined.; leaves 4-5 in., scape very
short closely sheathed, raceme dense-fld., sepals and petals lanceolate acuminate, lip
as broad as long puberulous within, side lobes rounded, midlobe short broad undulate,
spur 0.

BrneaL; in the Buxa Doar, Gamble (in Herb.‘ Calcutt.).

Pseudobulbs 0. Roots tufted; rootstock stout, with grass-like sheaths some-
times much longer than the leaf. Leaf elliptic, acute; petiole 2in., stout. Scape
from the base of the leaf and shorter than it is, sheaths subacute ; bracts cymbiform,
acuminate; sepals 1} in. long; column short, stout, puberulous.—A very singular
species, of which I have seen but two specimens, kindly lent from the Calcutta
Herbarium by Dr. King. The long grass-like sheaths or primordial leaves are
singular,

P.818. 7. P, arpus, Var. Bensonie, after description insert Phajus Bensonia,
Hemsl. in Gard. Chron. 1882, 565; and after Jenning’s Orchid. add Williams
Orchid. Alb. ii. t. 67.—Veitch (Man. Orchid. Pt. vi. 19) does not regard Bensonia,
alba and Marshalliana as specifically distinct; he distinguishes Bensonie from
alba by the larger differently-coloured flowers, with the midlobe of the lip larger in
proportion to the whole lip, and more oblong, and by the wings of the column being
toothed. He keeps Marshalliana as a form from being usually more tall and robust,
the lip shorter, the hairs on the crests of the lip more numerous and longer, the
column shorter and stouter with the apical wings more dilated; and asa subvar. of
this he maintains Reichenbach’s var. ionophlebia (Gard. Chron. 1885, 70), with the
centre of the lip pale yellow, the sides streaked with purple.

25. NEPHELAPHYLLUM, Blume.

In the generic description in the 2nd line after leaf, add, or elongate and
exserted ; and after 3. N. TsNUIFLORUM, add—

4, N. nupuM, Hook. f.; leaves ovate acuminate, scape slender much longer than
the leaves few-fid., bracts slender, lip elongate narrowly subpanduriform, side lobes
small acute, midlobe transversely oblong retuse with a short broad semicircular
lamella on the mibrib towards the tip.

Sixxim Himanaya; King.

Séem stout, 4 in., ascending. Leaves distant, 1-2 in., lower petioled, upper sessile ;
sheath short, membranous. Scape 6 in., with a basal and median tubular appressed
sheath nearly 1 in. long; bracts 4 in., as long as the pedicel and ovary, deflexed ;
sepals and petals spreading, subequal, linear, subacute, 3-nerved : lip nearly lin. long
from the base of the stout truncate spur to the tip of the dorsal sepal, membra-
nous, 3-nerved with branching side nerves, gradually dilated upwards to the tooth-like
side lobes, midlobe broader than the rest of the lip, margins undulate—Near N.
tenuiflorwm, which has also a tall scape.

5. N. G@RaNDIFLORUM, Hook. f.; leaves ovate deeply cordate acuminate, scape
longer than the leaves 2-fid., flowers 1 in. diam., lip oblong, side lobes small obtuse,
midlobe ovate tip rounded, disk with 3 keels from base to apex.

Perak (Ic. Scortechini). Matava, Kunstler (Ic. in Herb. Calcutt.).

Leaves 3-5 by 2}-3} in., strongly nerved, basal lobes rounded, sinus narrow 3
petiole 3-4 in., stout. Scape with raceme 8-10 in., pubescent, sheaths tubular,
appressed, membranous; bracts small, lanceolate ; flowers greenish flushed with red,
lip purple; sepals lanceolate, acute; petals rather broader, elliptic; lip decurved,
white externally, mentum truncate; column white, purple at the base.—Described
from a fine drawing in Herb. Calcutt., perhaps (as usual with native artists)
exaggerated in dimensions. ;

P, 820, 2. Tania PENANGIANA, after Hook. f. insert Ic. Plant. t. 2089 ined.
5. T. LAtiIFouiA, add Syn. Cymbid., Griff. Notul, iii. 348; Ic. Plant.
Asiat. t. 319.

Supplement, §c.] OXLVII. oRCHIDER. (J. D. Hooker.) 193

7. T. KHASIANA, after Zc. Plant. insert t. 2090

8. T. minor, 3 a t. 2091
9. T. HAsTATA, bes 33 t. 2092
10. T. a ea to be cancelled; it is Chrysoglossum maculatum,
p. 784.
11. T. tariuineva, after Ic. Plané. insert t. 2093
14. T, Marneay, after 55 7 t. 2094 and add—

15. T. conpata, Hook. 7; leaf-blade longer than the stout petiole base cor-
date, scape tall many-fld. slender, sepals linear subacute and lanceolate petals 1-
nerved, mentum very short, side lobes of lip short acute, midlobe suborbicular, disk
with 2 lamellz reaching nearly to the apex.

Sizxim Hrmauaya (Ic. in Hort. Calcutt.).

. Rhizome as stout as the middle finger or stouter and pseudobulb and petiole dark
purple, Leaf about 12 by 43 in., 7-nerved, base oblique. Scape with raceme 2 ft. ;
raceme laxly many-fid. ; bracts } in., lanceolate, shorter than the ovaries ; sepals and
petals 2 in., dark green and red; lip yellow, midlobe entire; anther with two purple
nobs.—Described from an excellent drawing made in the Calcutta Bot. Gardens,
where there is also an outline drawing, by Simons, of an Assam allied species, with no
pseudobulb, a petiole as thick as the little finger, a suborbicular-cordate acuminate
9-nerved leaf 74 by 6 in., a scape much shorter than the leaf few-fld., sepals lanceo-
late 5-nerved, petals ovate-oblong acute 5-nerved, and a cuneiform lip with small
midlobe, mentum large conical.

P. 824, 3. AGROSTOPHYLLUM GLUMACEUM, after Ic. Plant. insert t. 2095

4, A. MAJUS 35 es t. 2096
5. A. PAUCIFLORUM 65 - 55 t. 2097
P. 825. 2. CrRasTosTYLis MALACCENSIS - A a t. 2098
3. C. CLATHRATA 5 os 35 t. 2099
P. 826. 4. C. PENDULA i 55 os t. 2100
5. C. HIMALAICA 35 93 ” t, 2101
6. C. LANCIFOLIA 55 5 35 t. 2102
P. 827. 7. C. nopusta t. 2103.

83. TRICHOSMA SUAYIS, for 1841 Misc. 83, read 1842, t. 21.

P. 828. 34. Catoayne. After the publication of Vol. V. of this work, Veitch’s
Manual Pt. vi. appeared, containing the cultivated species of Celogyne with good
descriptions, and with figures of several British Indian ones, which are cited below.

1. CaLogyne GarpNeRiaNa, after Pact. Mag. vi. t. 73 insert Williams
Orchid. Ald. iv. t. 153.
P. 829, 4. C. cristata, after Coll. Bot. t. 32 insert Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 39
(excl. Syn. Cymbid. strictum, Don) ; and add to citations, Wall.
Cat. 1958; Gard. Chron. 1877, 597, with fig.; 1888, i. 488,
Jig. 68; Veitch Man. Orchid. Pt. vi. 34, with fig.
P. 830. 6. C. romEnTosa, add Veitch Man. Orchid. Pt. vi. 57, with fig.
7. C. MAssanauana, add ,, a m7 43, with fig.

P. 831. After 9. C. LENTIGINOSA, insert—

9/1. C. Rossiana, Reichb. f. in Gard. Chron. 1884, ii. 808; pseudobulbs large
8-10-grooved, leaves elliptic-lanceolate petioled, scape very stout decurved then
suddenly upeurved 3-4-fid. closely clothed with short densely imbricate sheaths,
lateral sepals narrowly linear-oblong acute and very narrow petals white, lip narrow
side lobes with rounded angles and brown sides, midlobe ovate entire revolute
yellow, disk with 2 crenate lamella from base to apex and a slender median one.
Veitch Man, Pt. vi. 48; Rolfe in Gard. Chron. 1889, 650; Bot. Mag. t. 7172.

Burma (Hort. Ross).

Pseudobulbs 2-3 in., oblong or subpyriform; sheaths 0. Leaves 8-12 by
2-3 in., strongly 3-nerved, petiole 1-14 in. Scape from the base of the pseudobulb,
2-3 in. long along its curvature, narrowed from the stout base upwards ; sheaths
coriaceous, green, tips rounded; raceme erect, 2~3 in., slender, lax-fld.; bracts

VOL, VI. fe)

194 CXLVII, oRCHIDEH. (J.D. Hooker.) [Supplement, Sc.

% in. long, as long as the pedicel and ovary, lanceolate, concave, caducous; flowers
14-2 in. diam.; sepals 3 in. broad; midlobe of lip not contracted at the base;
column white.—The strong decurvature of the scape is not mentioned by Reichenbach
or Veitch.

P. 831. 11. C. conymBosa, after Gard. Chron. 1876, insert, 88.

P. 832. 16. C. occvnTatTa, insert after Ic. Plant. 2104.

P. 834. After 21. C. cynocHEs, insert—

21/1. C. LonerpRactata, Hook. f.; pseudobulbs small, leaves petioled lanceolate,
scape very long stout strict erect, raceme erect few-fld. bracts 2 in. persistent, flowers
white, sepals lanceolate acuminate, petals narrowly linear-oblong, side lobes of lip
short rounded, midlobe orbicular, disk with 3 crenate yellow ridges.

PERak, Kunstler.

Rhizome very stout ; pseudobulbs 1}-2 in., obovoid, deeply grooved. Leaves 6-7
by 1-1} in. Scape lateral, 6 in., clothed with cylindric green tubular truncate
sheaths 13-2 in. long, and with 2 leaves emerging from the upper sheath; bracts
very narrow, at length deflexed; flowers nearly 2 in. diam.; midlobe of lip yellowish
towurds the centre, margins at the base crisped. In many respects allied to
C. Maingayi.

22. C. spEciosa. Veitch (Man. Orchid. Pt. vi. 50) gives as a synonym C. sal-
monicolor, Reichb. f. in Gard. Chron, 1883, 328, and describes a Var. albicans, with
larger flowers, sepals and petals light yellowish-green, lip 3 in. long, white, side lobes
freckled with red-brown, midlobe brown.

é 24, OC. SOHILLERIANA, insert after the description, TENasseniM, at Moulmein,
obb.:

P. 835. 28. C. panpuRATA, in line 1 for 78 read 791, and add to citations,
Veitch. Man. Orchid. Pt. vi. 47, with fig.

29. C. ASPERATA. Veitch (Man. Orchid. Pt. vi. 31) says of this, ‘ Widely
distributed over the Malay Archipelago, from Sumatra to New Guinea,”

P. 836. 33. C. micRANTHUM should be MICRANTHA.

P. 837. “34. C. Trevrzerr, after Ic, Plant. insert t. 2105.

36. C. NITIDA, under Syn. C. oceLLata, add Veitch Man. Orchid. Pt. vi. 45.

37. C. sTENOCHILA, after Ic. Plant. insert t. 2106.

P. 838. 38. C. cannes, after Ic. Plant. insert t. 2107.

39. C.ELaTA. This is said to inhabit higher regions than the Tropical, up to
9000 ft. (Veitch Man. Orchid. Pt. vi. 37).

41. C. Geirritai. After Ic. Plant. insert t. 2108.

P. 839. 42. C. BaBBATA, add Vettch Man. Orchid. Pt. vi. 32, with fig.

P. 840. 47. C. anceps. After Ic. Plant. insert t. 2109.

48. C. prucox. In line], before Fol. Orchid. insert Gen. & Sp. Orchid. 43, and
to syns. add Cymbidium preecox, Smithin Rees Cyclop. Veitch (Man. Orchid. Pt. vi.
58) distinguishes his Var. Wallichiana, by its deeper colour, more strongly-marked
veins, the midlobe of the lip toothed rather than fringed, and the shorter teeth of
the crests ; he includes C. birmanie under it, and gives a figure of the flower.

49. C. HUMILIs. Veitch (Man. Orchid. Pt. vi. 55) gives an excellent figure and
description of this.

P. 841, 50. C. macunata, add Var. Arthuriana, Veitch Man. Orchid. Pt. vi.
57; pseudobulbs smaller angular, flowers smaller, petals with purple lines, midlobe of
lip margined with a purple band. C. Arthuriana, Reichb. f. in Gard. Chron. 1881,
i. 40.—Rangoon.

51. C. ragenarta, Veitch (Jan. Orchid. Pt. vi. 57) gives a good figure of the
flowers, and adds that it was introduced by Lobb from the Khasia Hills.

52. C. REICHENBACHTANA, Veitch gives 6-7000 ft. as the elevation at which this
species was found.

P. 842. 58. C. Hooxrrtara. Veitch (Man, Orchid. Pt. vi. 58) cites a var.
brachygtossa, Reichb, f. in Gard. Chron. 1887, i. 833, with a shorter and more open

Supplement, §c.] OXLVII. ORCHIDER. (J. D. Hooker.) 195

lip, white’ with a light yellow disk spotted with brown, and pale rose sepals and’
petals. It is a native of Sikkim ata higher elevation than the type. C. Hooxzr-
TANA is, as stated at p. 828, the only species in which the leaves persist after flowering.

55. C.? PUBPURASCENS, after Zc. Plant. insert 2109.

P. 843. C. Rosstana, See ante p. 192.

1. O. anpa. After Wall. mss. add Dipodium, Griff. Ic. Pl. Asiat. t, 329 (not of
Notul. iii, 406).

P. 847. 11. Paoxrpora, for MICRANTHA, read PARVIFLORA.

1, CauaANTHE TRicaRINATA, Add to citations Veitch Man. Orchid. Pt. vi. 69;
Franch. & Savat. Enum. Pl. Jap. ii. 26; and after habitat add, Distris. Japan.—I
have not compared the Japanese with the Indian plant.

P. 849. 5. C. prproxipuion. After Ic. Plant. insert t. 2111.

P. 850. 10. C. Mawntt, after Hook. f. insert Ic. Plant. t. 2118.
11. C. Wrari 55 45 , t. 2114.

P. 851. 15. C. veRatriroxia. To thesynonyms of this species add Veitch Man.
Orchid. Pt. vi. 88 and C. Petri, Reichb. f. in Gard. Chron. 1880, 326. C. colorans,
Rf. 1. c. 1885, 360; Williams Orchid. Alb. v. t. 218. C. australis, Horé. It is
well figured at p. 69.

P. 852. 16. C. vestira. Under Bot. Zeit. for xvi. 128 read 1853, 493. Veitch
(Man. Orchid. Pt. vi. 70) enumerates several subvars. ; as gigantea, Williams
Orchid. Alb. v. t. 211, (Syns. grandiflora, Hort. Belg. 1889, 121, and rubro-
oculata, Paat. Mag. xvi. 129; Regel Gartenfl. 1873, 751); also Var. Regnieri, C.
Regnievi, Reichb. J. in Gard. Chron. 1883, 274, with its Subvars. Sanderii and
Stevenii, Williams Orchid. Alb. iii. t. 184; also a Var. Turneri, with the elongated
pseudobulbs of Regnieri and the flowers of rubro-oculata.

16/1. C. RUBENS, Ridley in Gard. Chron. 1890, i. 576; pseudobulbs 6 by 14 in.
conical silvery, scape 2 ft. woolly, sheaths about 5, raceme 14-fid. flowers pink
smaller than in C,-vestita, bracts 1 in., pedicel with ovary 2 in., sepals sub-
similar dorsal ? in. slender lanceolate mucronate, lateral longer-mucronate, petals
shorter more spathulate, lip rose-pink darker at the base adnate to the base of the
column erect 4-lobed, side lobes oblong erect appressed to the column, midlobe
deeply divided segments rounded with an interposed tooth, spur } in, filiform curred,
column as in Q. vestita.

Langkawi Island, north of Penang, Curtis.—I have seen no specimen.

P. 854, 27. C. anaustiForIa. To Syn. C. phajoides add Ic. Plant, t, 1864.

P. 855. After 31. C. @racrris, add—

31/1. C. tonaipxEs, Hook. f. ; stems tall, scape axillary very long stout, raceme
very short and flowers pubescent, lateral lobes of. lip rounded crenate, midlobe
flabelliform margins undulate and crenate, disk with a membranous lamella on each
side from the base to that of the midlobe, spur 0.

Sikxim Himauaya, King.

Stem as thick as the little finger. Leaves not seen. Scape 10-12 in., with 2-3
inflated sheaths ; raceme 8-10-fld.; flowers 2in. diam.; sepals 5-nerved and 3-nerved
petals subequal, elliptic, acuminate ; lip as long as the sepals, udnate to the base of
the column.—TI have seen but one flowering specimen of this plant, which is leafless ; its
habit is that of C. tubifera, but the flowers are very much smaller, the sepals broader.

PP. 856. 33. C.naBrosa, for Hook. f. substitute Reichd. f. in Gard. Chron.
1883, 44.
P. 858. 7. ARuNDINA CaNnTLEYI, after Zc. Plant. insert t. 2112.

Vou. VIL

P.1. Under 1. E. vrrens, for Hrobrium, read Asrobrion.

P.5. 14, E. pecrriens, in line 1, for Griff. read Kurz.

P.3. 8. EB. expianara; at end of diagnosis insert Hook. Ic. Plant, t. 1882.
02

196 CXLVII. ORCHIDEZ. (J.D. Hooker.) [Supplement, §c.

. P.6. After E, squarrpa, insert— a

29/1, EB. HoLocnita, Coll. g- Hemsl. in Journ, Linn. Soe. xxviii. 182; raceme
lax-fid., flowers large, bracts about equalling the ovary, scape robust, sepals oblong
obtuse, petals obovate-oblong tips rounded, lip orbicular entire or very obscurely
broadly 3-lobed, disk smooth. Hook. f. Ic. Plant. 2116 ined.

Burma; on the Shan Hills, alt. 4000 ft., Colledé. ; g

Leaves very young at flowering time. Scape 12in., as thick asa swan’s quill, with
two oblong ventricose obtuse sheaths below the middle; raceme Gin.; bracts slender,
membranous; pedicel with ovary $ in.; flowers 1}-2 in., broad ; sepals 7-nerved,
lateral adnate to the sides of the spur; petals 5-nerved, the outer pair branching
outwards ; lip about as long as the sepals, nerves very many parallel, mentum spur-
like-—Only one specimen seen by me. :

P.8. 25. E.sanauinea. Add Syn. C. rufa, Tho. Enum. 302, and to the habitats,
Cryton, at Hantani, alt. 3000 ft., Thwaites.

_ CYRTOPERA RUFA, Thwaites. This plant was unknown to me till I was shown a
living specimen that was sent by Dr. Trimen from Ceylon, and which flowered in the
Royal Gardens, Kew. It is identical with 25, Eulophia sanguinea, as figured in Bot.
Mag. t. 6161. The colour of the flowers varies. E

EvuLopuia Sp., Trimen Cat. Pl. Ceyl. 89 (C.P. 3958). Dr. Trimen has kindly
lent me the Herb. Peradeniya species of this; it is EZ. graminea, L.

To the species of Hulophia ‘“ UNKNOWN TO ME” add ? BLETIA BICALLOSA, Don
Prodr. 30 (Limodorum bicallosum, Ham. mss.), from Nepal, thus described by Don.
—Scape 1} ft. erect terete scaly, raceme 6-8-fid., flowers pale, lip 3-lobed subun-
guiculate anfractuously articulate and sarcate at the claw, lobes rounded, midlobe
largest crisped glabrous, sepals aud petals elliptic mucronulate, lateral sepals adnate
to the unguiform process; pollinia 4, parallel, waxy.—Don adds that it is hardly a
Bletia, under which genus he includes an Arundina, a Calanthe and a Eulophia.

P. 82. After 2. Dorir1s WIGHTII insert—

3. D. Bracrana, Hook. f.; scape stout elongate, mentum spur-like acute, side
lobes of lip ovate-lanceolate, midlobe spathulately obovate.

Sixxim Hrimauaya, Gamble. :

Roots very many, broad, flat. Stem very short. Leaves oblong, very dark
green. Scape much Jonger than the leaves, as thick as a crow-quill or thicker, very
dark green, speckled with brown; raceme 6-10-fld.; bracts minute, triangular ;
peduncle with ovary 3-1 in., decurved ; flowers 1 in, diam.; sepals obovate-oblong,
obtuse, and narrower petals fleshy yellow with pinkish midrib; lip membranous,
violet-purple, tips of the forked appendage straight. Colwmn very large, fleshy;
pollinia 4 subglobose.—Described from a drawing and notes by Mr. Brace. Much
nearer to D. tenialis than to Wightiana, differing in the many-fid. long remarkable
stout scape and much larger flowers with, yellow sepals and petals and a longer spur-
like mentum.

P. 40. After 26. SaRcocHILUs MERGUENSIS, insert—

26/1. S. (Fornicaria) pucionrFoLIA, Hook. f. Ic. Plant. ined. ; stemless, peduncle
about equalling the few elongate-subulate recurved deeply channelled leaves, bracts
suberect, lip sessile on the foot of the column saccate truncately 3-lobed ciliate.

CEYLON; at Varuniya, in the N. Central Province, Lrimen,

Leaves 2-3 by 3 in, at the thickest part, fleshv, more than semi-terete with a
rounded back and very deep channel in front. Peduncle glabrous; bracts ovate-
oblong, obtuse. Flowers 4 in. diam., pale primrose ; lip with a few purplish mark-
ings; sepals ovate-oblong obtuse, lateral gibbous on the lower margin; petals oblong
obtuse ; lip ciliate on the lobes and disk towards the broad 3-lobed apex, side lobes
rounded, midlobe not longer orbicular ; a small caruncle at the base of the midlobe ;
column short, white.—I have to thank Dr. Trimen for a specimen and a drawing.

P. 40. On last line of description of SaRcocHILUS FILIFORMIS, for S. Trimeni read
S. viridiflorus. I had proposed the former name for the latter plant before dis-
covering (whilst the description was passing through the press) that it was rides
viridifiorum, Thw.

P. 44, To habitats of 3, A, cyLINDRACcEUM, add CrYLon.

Supplement, Gc.] oxbvin. onoHipus. (J. D. Hooker.) 197

P. 55. Forl. S. Gnminatum read GEMMATUM.
P. 60, Under the citations for 20, S. cALcHOLARE; in line 2, for Bot. Reg. 1883,
Misc. 180, read 1838, Misc, 75.

4 Ee 62, To syns. of 29, S. LonerroLium add Afrides rigidum, Smith in Rees.
'yclop.

80. S. WicHTIANUM, under the syns. place Thwaites Enum. 803. after Lindl.
Fol. Orchid. 2.

P. 88. 3. G.Javanioa, add to habitats, CzyzLon, on roots of coffee trees in the
Central Province, Thwaites. :

P.107. 1. Z. suncata, add to syns, Orchis strateumatica, Linn. Sp. Pl. 903.

P.116. 5. H. exoneata, add to syns. Rhamphidia elongata, Thwattes Enum.
313; and to habitats, Czyzon, alt. 4000 ft., Thwaites.

P.141. 30. Habenaria longecalearata. Two species are confounded here, having
been mixed up in Wight’s descriptions, Icones and Herbarium; they are—

30. H. Lonezcatcarata, A, Rich. (Wight Ic. t. 925, Dalz. & Gibs. l.e.) with
few (2-3) very large flowers, large cucullate sheathing bracts much shorter than the
long-pedicelled ovary, lip twice as long as the sepals. .

30/1. H. pecre1ens, Wight Ic. vol. v. pt. +. p. 14, with several (4-8) smaller flowers,
very short pedicels, lanceolate bracts nearly as long as the ovary, lip rather longer than
the sepals. H. montana, Wight (not of A. Rich.) Ic. t. 827, and 1714 the upper
right and the left hand figures only.—This much resembles H. longicornu Lindl.
(montana, A. Rich.) but has a longer lip and much longer spur. Wight has given it
both names in his Herbarium, and says there that it is intermediate between
longicornu and longecalcarata.

P. 147. 48. H. cuLoRIN, insert Par. & before Reichd. f.

P.151. 68. H. crassirouta, add to syns. P. canarensis, Lindl, Plant, Hohenack,
Hasice, n, 142.

P. 165. 106. H. prcrprzns. This name being confirmed for Wight’s plant (see
above) must be ‘replaced by H. GRIF¥ITHII.

INDIAN ORCHIDEZ OF UNDETERMINED AFFINITY.

In the above revision of the Indian Orchids I have doubtless overlooked some
species that have been published in one or other of the multitude of works I have
had to ransack, and in others that have escaped my notice; and for which I must
beg indulgence. There are further some published ones, of which from the incomplete-
ness of the descriptions in respect especially of the pollinia, I have been unable to
determine the genera. The chief of these are Koonig’s Indian species, referred to
Epidendrum (a genus now known to be peculiar to the New World,) and published
in the 6th Part (p. 43 et seq.) of Retz’s Observationes (in 1791). Of these few have
been taken up by subsequent authors. They are for the most part Peninsular and
probably all communicated by Heyne, who included a few Malaccan species from
his correspondents. The descriptions are so full and good in all but the pollinia, &c.,
that local botanists may in time recognize many of them. It is unfortunate that
Keenig should not have identified any of them with Rheede’s plates.

Epidendrum bidentatum, Koen. in Retz. Obs. Pt. vi. 54 = Limodorum bidentatum,
Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. 124,

35 calceolaria 55 5 » 45
55 Calceolaria terrestre a » 63 Malacca. —

55 clavatum = 55 » 50 = P Saccolabium clavatum,
Lindl. Gen. & Sp, 228.
55 complanatum ,, rf » 50 = Sarcochilus complana-
tus, Hook. f. ante p.41.

3 Flabellum Veneris i » 57
$5 Flor eris v. Saaronicum ,, » 58 = Renanthera Arachnites,
ex, Lindl. Gen. & Sp. 217.

Flos eris? ss, ‘ » 64

198 CXLVIII. ORCHIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.)

Epidendrum hexandrum, Keen. in Re'z. Obs. Pt. vi. 45 = Appendicola Kenigii,
H. f. ante p. 84.

55 liliiflorum 95) s5 » 61 = Limodorum liliifiorum,
Willd.

3 longifiorum —,, és » 55 :

55 lycopodioides _,, os » 55 Malacca, on Mangostin
bark.

2 nudum * is 9 Des

a ophrydis a » 46

si orchideum i 3% » 48 = ? Ceratochilus orchideus,

ew. Lindl. Gen. & Sp.
Orchid. 282.

5 plantaginifolium a » 60 Malacca, near Tsing, on
top branches of lottiest
trees.

5 pusillum Ss a » 49= Sarcochilus Wightii, H.
f.; ante p. 37.

yy sessile is es », 60 = Bulbophyllum clandes-
tium, L. antev. p. 753.

is spathulatum _,, a ,, 43 = Vanda spathulata, Spr.
ante p. 50.

3 subulatum 6 + » 5S1=P? Mrides cylindricum,
L., ew. Lindl. Gen. &

. Sp. 240.
5 Supplex minima ay », 47=Dendrobium = atropur-
pureum, Miq. ante vy.
p. 724.

5 tomentosum ,, $5 » 53 = Eria tomentosa, Lindl.
ante v. p. 803.

5 variegatum ” ” ” 44, .

Serapias Epidendreea . es » 65 = Eulophia virens, Bl.

ante p. 1.
Order OXLIX. SCITAMINEEE. (By J. G. Baker, F.B.S.)

Herbs, often large, rarely with a woody caudex. eaves cauline or
radical, usually membranous, closely pinnately nerved from a midrib.
Flowers bracteate and often bracteolate, solitary or spicate, rarely panicu-
late, irregular, hermaphrodite (except Musa). Calyx superior; sepals free
and imbricate, or connate into an entire toothed or spathaceous tube.
Corolla-tube long or short, free or adnate to the petaloid staminodes; limb
3-partite, segments free or connate. Slamens either 5 subequal with a 6th
imperfect, or one perfect with the rest forming petaloid staminodes ; anthers
linear, 2-celled, or of one cell on the margin of a petaloid connective. Ovary
3-, rarely 1- or 2-celled; style usually slender, with 2 very short stylodes
crowning the ovary ; stigma entire or subentire ; ovules many, rarely few,
axile, rarely parietal, anatropous. Fruit usually crowned with the remains
of the perianth, loculicidally 3-valved, or fleshy or membranous and inde-
hiscent. Seeds various, albumen flowery; embryo small.—Genera about
40, species 4-500, chiefly tropical.

The Traveller’s tree, Rarenala madagascariensis, Sonnerat (Urania speciosa
Wall. Cat. 5765), is frequently planted, especially near Singapore. It has much
the leaves of a Musa but they are distichous.

Tribe I. Zingiberez. Calyx tubular or spathaceous. Stamen 1;
anther 2-celled; lateral staminodes filiform or petaloid, or small, or 0.
Style slender, embraced below the stigma by the anther. Embryo central,
straight. F

OXLIX. SCITAMINEZ. (J. G, Baker.) 199

* Ovary 1-celled; placentas 3, parietal.

_l. Manrista. Scape leafless; corolla-tube long; lateral staminodes
filiform or spathulate, in the middle of the elongate filament, opposite,
spreading.

2. Gioppa. Stem leafy; corolla-tube long; lateral staminodes petal-
like; filament slender.

3. Hemiorcuis. Corolla-tube short; lateral staminodes petal-like;
filament short.

** Ovary 3-celled; placentas axile.

+ Lateral staminodes broad.

§ Connective spurred at the base.

4, Roscoza. Flowering stem leafy ; bracts 1-fid. ; filament long; capsule
subdehiscent.—Flowers purple or white.

5. Caurtzya. Flowering stem leafy; bracts I-fid.; filament long;
capsule dehiscent with recurved valves.—Flowers yellow.

6. Curncuma. Flowering stem leafy or not; bracts cucullate, several-fd.,
forming a cone-like spike; filament petaloid; capsule subdehiscent.,

§§ Connective very broad or crested, not spurred.

7. Gastrocuitus. Flowering stem short or erect; filament short;
connective broad not crested.

8. Kamrreris. Flowering stem leafy or not; filament very short;
connective crested.

9. Hircuenta. Flowering stem leafy; filament long, complicate;
connective broad not crested.—Inflor. as in Curewma.

§§§ Connective very narrow, neither spurred nor crested.

10. Hepycarium. Flowering stem leafy ; filament long, slender.

++ Lateral staminodes small or 0, rarely narrow and adnate to the lip.

§ Flowers in a dense-fid. cone-like spike.

11. Amomum. Flowering scapes usually leafless; filament short;
anther-cells diverging above; connective dilated crested or 2-lobed, rarely
simple.

12. Zrvcreer. Spikes terminating leafy stems or leafless scapes;
filament short, anther-cells parallel, connective usually produced into a
long appendage. ;

13. Costus. Spikes terminating leafy stems or leafless scapes; filament
petaloid, anther adnate to its middle, cells parallel.

§§ Flowers in laxr-fld. spikes or panicles.

14. Cypyostiema. Scape leafless, panicle loosely flowering from the
base upwards ; filament short, connective with a 3-lobed crest.

15. Evertaris. Scape leafless, panicle loosely Howering from the base
upwards; filament very short; anther-cells parallel, connective not dilated.

16. Everrariorsis. Scape leafless; spike simple; bracts small; fila-
ment short, anther petaloid.

17. ScarpHocutamys. Scape leafless; spike simple; bracts large, per-
sistent ; filament short, connective petaloid. ©

200 CXLIX. solTaMINEZ. (J. G. Baker.)

18. Aupinia. Spike or panicle terminating a tall leafy stem; filament
long, connective shorter than the anther or longer and dilated.

19. Ruyycaytavs. Spike terminating a leafy stem ; filament long,
connective not dilated.

Tribe II. Maranteze. Calyx of free sepals, rarely loosely cohering.
Stamen 1; anther 1-celled, laterally adnate to a lobe of the perianth;
staminodes petaloid, connate into a 5—6-lobed inner perianth, of which 1 or
2 lobes are lateral, 1 (the lip) anticous; of the 2 or 3 dorsal one or two are
hooded and another bears the anther. Ovary 1-3-celled, cells 1-ovuled;
style excentric incurved or involute. Hmbryo curved.

20. Cuinocyns. Stem leafy with terminal panicled scattered flowers;
panicle with convolute deciduous sheaths at the forks; bracts deciduous.

21. Puryxium. Stem with one broad leaf, and a lateral head or spike
of flowers, or spike radical ; bracts and bracteoles persistent.

Tribe III. Cannes. Sepals free. Stamen 1; anther 1-celled,
‘ adnate to lateral petaloid filament; staminodes 4. Ovary 3-celled, cells
many-ovuled; style flattened; stigma terminal. Embryo straight.

92. CANNA.

Tribe IV. Musee. Sepals free or connate in asplitspathe. Stamens
5, free; anthers linear, 2-celled; staminode 1 or 0. Style central; stigma
2-3-fid. Embryo short.

23. Musa. Stem subarboreous, stout, simple; flowers in a stout
terminal spike; calyx tube short.

24. Low1a. Stem slender, dichotomously branched; flowers clustered
at the base of a petiole; calyx tube very long.

1. MANTISIA, Sims.

Rhizome short, creeping; leafy stem short. Scape short, sheathed
below. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, caudate. Panicle laxly-fid.; bracts at
the forks membranous, coloured. Calyx short, campanulate, obtusely 3-
lobed. Corolla-tube slender, lobes subequal, ovate; dorsal erect, concave.
Lateral staminodes at or below the middle of the exserted incurved fila-
ment, slender, spathulate ; lip deflexed, 2-fid ; filament long, curved ; anther-
cells linear-oblong, broadly winged. Ovary 1-celled; ovules 3, parietal ;
style filiform, placed in a groove of the filament; stigma turbinate.
Cupsule globose, dehiscing at the apex. Seeds many, minute, oblong. —
Species the following.

1. M. saltatoria, Sims in Bot. Mag. t. 1820, staminodes linear-
subulate. Horan. Prodr. 19. Globba saltatoria, Rose. Scitam. t. 112. G.
purpurea, Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 615. G. radicalis, Roxb. in Asiat. Res. xi, 359;
Corom. Pl. t. 230. G. subulata, Rorb. Hort. Beng. 2; Fl. Ind. i. 81.

CHITTAGONG, Roxburgh, Lister.

Rootstock perennial. Stems annual, 1-2 ft. Leaves 4-Gin.; sheath 1-2 in. ; bract-
leaves sheathing, oblong. Panicle lax, 3-6 in.; branches simple, usually short and
ascending ; flowers few, crowded towards the tips of the branches; bracts ovate, lilac,
4-4 in., lower flowerless. Calyx campanulate, lilac, tin.; lobessuborbicular. Corolla-
tube twice as long as the calyx; segments ovate, lilac, in., central rather larger
and clasping the filament. Staminodes } in.; lip yellow, cuneate, deeply lobed ;
wings of anther suborbicular. Capsule purple, the size of a small cherry. 3

Mantisia.] CRLIX. SCITAMINES. (J. G. Baker.) 201
2. MZ. spathulata, Schult. Mont. i. 49; staminodes with a narrow

claw and flattened petaloid blade. Horan. Prodr.19. Globba spathulata.
Roxb. Hort. Beng. 2; Fl. Ind. i. 83.

SizuEt, Rowburgh; Cuitragone, Lister,
Habit and foliage of WM. saltatoria, but panicle larger, branches more numerous,
bracts oblong, uppermost about as long as the calyx, corolla-segments narrower,

lip less deeply bifid, staminodes much shorter, and placed lower down on the
filament,

2. GLOBBA, Linn.

Rhizome short, creeping; stem erect. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate.
Flowers in terminal panicles, rarely spikes; bracts usually deciduous, buds
often replaced by bulbils. Calyx funnel-shaped, 3-lubed. Corolla-tube
longer than the calyx ; lobes ovate, subequal. Lateral staminodes petaloid,
contiguous to the corolla-segments; lip deflexed; filament with 2 dorsal
appendages, long, incurved; anther oblong, connective simple, winged or
spurred, produced beyond the cells. Ovary 1-celled; placentas 3, parietal;
style filiform, placed in a groove of the filament; stigma turbinate. Cap-
sule globose, finally dehiscent. Seeds small, ovoid; aril small, white,
lacerate.—Species about 25, Indian, Chinese, and Malayan.

Szot. I. Aplanthera, Horan. Anther neither winged nor spurred.
* Leaves glabrous beneath (or slightly pubescent in G. racemosa).

1. G. racemosa, Smith Hxot. Bot.ii. 115 t. 117; leaves slightly hairy
or quite glabrous beneath, panicle long narrow, lower branches 2-3-fid. at
the tip, bulbils 0, bracts small deciduous, corolla-segments and staminodes
ovate equal in length, lip longer shortly bifid, capsule smooth. G. orixensis,
Wail. Cat. 6535 B, G, H., not of Roxb.

CrenTRaL and HasteRN HiM4taya, ascending to 6000-7000 feet in Kumaon.

Leafy stems 14-2 ft. Leaves 6-9 in., oblong or oblong-lanceolate, subcaudate,
sometimes slightly hairy beneath on the ribs towards the base. Panicle 4-1 ft. ;
rachis glabrous; branch-bracts and flower-bracts caducous. Ca/ya ¢ in., yellowish,
shortly lobed. Corolla bright yellow; tube 2-3 times the length of the calyx; seg-
ments } in., reflexed ; filament 2-3 times the length of thesegments. Capsule } in.
—The name racemosa is a misleading one.

2. G. orixensis, Roxb. im Asiat. Res. xi. 358; Hort. Beng. 2; Corom.
Pl. t. 229; Fl. Ind. i. 78; leaves glabrous beneath, panicle long narrow,
lower branches 2-3-fld. at the tip, bulbils 0, bracts small deciduous, corolla-
segments staminodes and lip equal in length, capsule warted. Horan.
Prodr, 19.

Sixxim Himawara, at a low level, Hook. f. et Thoms. (Herb. Ind. Or. No. 15).
Nor tHern Cinoars, Roxburgh.

Nearly allied to G. racemosa, but flowers smaller, deep orange, with a‘shorter
corolla-tube ; lip spotted with red-brown at the throat; capsules smaller.

3. G. Clarkei, Baker; leaves glabrous beneath, panicle long narrow,
lower branches 2-3-fld. at the tip, bulbils many, bracts small deciduous,
corolla-segments and staminodes ovate equal in length, lip longer shortly
2-lobed, capsule smooth.

Sixxim Himauayva ; alt. 3000-7500 ft. (Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. § T., No.9); Kuasza
Hits, J. D. H. alt. 3000-5700 ft.; Munyirorz, Watt.

Nearly allied to G. racemosa, but racemes longer and laxer, with most of the
upper flowers changed into bulbils, calyx less corolline, usually brownish, corolla
yellow, tinged with brown.

1

202 CXLIX. SCITAMINEZ. (J. G. Baker.) [ Globba.

4, G. Wallichii, Baker; leaves small glabrous beneath, panicle very
long lax-fid., branches 1-2-fld., bracts small deciduous, bulbils few or 0,
corolla-segments ovate, staminodes lanceolate rather longer, lip small
placed a little above the segments, capsule small smooth. G. pendula,
Wall. Cat. 6533, not of Roxb.

Prenane, Wallich, Curtis.

Much weaker in habit than other species of the section. Leaves 3-4 in., caudate,
pale beneath. Panicle sometimes 1 ft, ; rachis and slender patent branches glabrous.
Calyx green, in. Corolla pale yellow; tube 2-3 times the length of the calyx;
segments reflexed, } in., upper concave; filament yellow, 3 in., bearing the small lipa
short distance above its base. Capsule 1 in. diam,

** Leaves more or less pubescent beneath.

5. G. Hookeri, Clarke mss.; leaves very hairy on the midrib beneath,
panicle long narrow, lower branches 2-3-fld. at the tip, bulbils sometimes
present, bracts small deciduous, corolla-segments and staminodes ovate and
equal in length, lip longer shortly bifid, capsule smooth.

Nepat, Wallich; Sixuim Himaraya, alt. 3000-5000 ft., J. D. H. (Herb. Ind. Or.
No. 10). Naca Hits, alt. 4500 ft., Clarke.

Doubtfully distinct from G. racemosa, but more robust and floriferous, with
broader leaves, Flowers bright yellow; lip not spotted.

6. G. ophioglossa, Wight Ic. t. 2002; leaves finely pubescent
beneath, panicle narrow, lower branches 4—6-fid., bracts small deciduous,
lower nodes with a few bulbils, corolla-segments ovate, staminodes longer
lanceolate, lip longer deeply bifid, capsule smooth. Horan. Prodr. 19. G.
orixensis, Wall. Cat. 6535 A, OC, D, If, not of Rowb. Alpinia? Missionis,
Wall. Cat. 6580.

TRAVANCORE Heyne; Anamallay hills, &c., Wight, Jerdon. Cocwin, Gamble.
BEAR, on Parasnath, alt. 2500 ft., Vicary, Clarke.

Leaf conspicuously caudate, 6-9 in. Panicle 4-6 in., rachis and branchlets
glabrous; flowers not crowded at their tips; bulbils ovoid, deflexed. Calyx } in.,
broadly funnel-shaped, pale green; teeth broad, ovate. Corolla pale yellow; tube 3
times the length of the calyx; segments } in., ovate; lip twice the length of the
segments, lobes longer and narrower than in others of the section. Capsule 3 in.,
globose.

7. G. multiflora, Wail. Cat. 6537 A; leaves pubescent beneath,
panicle long narrow, lower branches 4-6-fld., bracts small deciduous, lower
nodes with bulbils, segments of corolla and staminodes ovate and equal in
length, lip not longer shortly bifid, capsule smooth. G. velutina, Wali.
iw Voigt Hort. Sub. Cale, 573 (name only).

Sixgim Himanaya, ASSAM, SILHET, the Kuasia Hits, and MUNNIPORE.

‘Leaves conspicuously caudate, 3-1 ft. Panicle 3-1 ft., rachis and branchlets very
hairy; branchlets more crowded than in‘the foregoing species, and flowers not
crowded at their tips. Calye }in. Corolla-tube 3 times the length of the calyx;
segments and lip in.; filament 3 in.; anther } in., sometimes obscurely margined.

8. G. substrigosa, Hing mss.; leaves very pubescent on both
surfaces, panicle lax cernuous, branches few-fld., bulbils .0, bracts large
foliaceous persistent, corolla-segments ovate, capsule pubescent.

TENASsERIM, Gallatly.

Whole plant not more than 6-8 in. Leaves few, oblong-caudate, the largest 3-4
in. Panicle 14-2 in.; branches few, short, lower spreading or reflexed; bracts
oblanceolate-oblong, pubescent. Calyx-tube 4 in. Corolla yellow, gland-dotted.
Capsule blackish, the size of a pea.

9. G. Andersoni, Clarke, mss.; leaves slightly pubescent beneath,

Globba.] CXLIX, SCITAMINEE. (J, G. Baker.) 203

panicle lax, flowers crowded at the tips of the branches surrounded by a
whorl of large bracts, corolla-segments and staminodes equal in length,
lip longer deeply bifid, capsule warted.

Srxxim Himataya, alt. 1500-2500 ft. (Hk. fil. § Thoms. Herb, Ind. Or. 12),
Clarke, Gamble, King.

Habit and leaves of G. racemosa. Leaves sometimes 1 ft., caudate, Panicle 8-4
in., erect or spreading, rachis very hairy, branchlets short, spreading ; bracts 4 in.,
dark, ovate, membranous. Calyx green, tubular. Corolla bright yellow; tube 2-3
times the length of the calyx; segments 2 in. ; filament nearly 1 in.

10. G. arracanensis, Kurz in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxxix. pt.
ii. 83; leaves slightly pubescent beneath, panicle short, flowers crowded at
the tips of the short branches surrounded by a whorl of large bracts,
corolla-segments ovate lilac, lip deeply bifid, capsule smooth.

ARRACAN ; forests of the low sandstone hills, Kurz.

Habit of G. racemosa. Leaves 6-9 in., caudate. Panicle 3-4 in., subsessile, rathcr
spreading, bracts 4 in., much imbricate, broadly ovate, obtuse, membranous, lilac.
Caly# in. Corolla-tube short, whitish; lip yellow or tinged with, lilac, segments
obovate-oblong ; filament long, lilac.

Szcr. II. Careyella, Horan. Anther with a narrow entire border.

1l. G. sessiliflora, Sims in Bot, Mag. t. 1428; raceme narrow or
subspicate, bulbilg many on lower nodes, corolla-segments ovate,
staminodes longer lanceolate, lip long deeply bifid. Horan. Prodr. 19.
G. Careyana, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 2; Fl. Ind. i. 80; Rose. Scit. t. 110;
Lodd. Bot. Cat. t. 691; Wall Cat. 6534; Horan. Prodr.19. G. orixensis,
Wall. Cat. 6535 F. Scitaminea Finlaysoniana, Wall. Cat. 6623.

Prev, Carey, &c.

Leafy stem 1-14 ft. Leaves 6 in., oblong, acuminate, pale and finely pubescent
beneath. Raceme short, erect or drooping; upper half bearing flowers on the rachis
or on short branches; lower half with crowded bulbils sessile in the axils of small
ovate scariose spreading or ascending bracts. Calyx %-} in., narrowly funnel-shaped.
Corolla yellow; tube 2-3 times the length of the calyx; segments 2 in.; filament
yellow, 4-3 in. ; anther cuspidate, margin very narrow. Capsule globose, warted, the
size of a large pea.

12. G. floribunda, Baker; panicle long lax, branches many-fid.,
bulbils 0, staminodes scarcely longer than corolla-segments, lip long not
bifid.

Matay Peninsuzta; Johore, King.

Habit of G. multiflora, 2 ft. high. eaves oblong, caudate, nearly 1 ft.,
pubescent, Panicle erect, 6-8 in.; rachis very hairy; branches 1-14 in., many,
ascending, 6-8-fld.; bracts small, deciduous. Calyx 7; in. Corolla pale yellow;
segments oblong, ¢ in. ; anther narrowly margined at the sides and base ; lip inserted
above the base of the filament. Ovary glabrous.

13. G. uliginosa, Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 613? panicle long
very lax narrow, lower branches 1-2-fld., upper flowers sometimes replaced
by bulbils, corolla-segments and staminodes ovate and equal in length,
lip small. G. elongata, King mss.

Punane, King. Matacca, Cuming, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 5652), &e.—DistR1B.
Malay isles.

Stem very weak. Leaves small, membranous, Panicle sometimes 6-9 in. ; bracts
small, deciduous. Calyw funnel-shaped, , in. Corolla yellow; tube } in;
segments $-4 in. ; filament 4 in.; lip placed a little above its base; anther obscurely
margined. Capsule smooth.—-I doubt whether Bentham’s Sect. Careyella should be

204 CXLIX. SOITAMINES. (J. G. Baker.) [Globba,

separated from Aplanthera. Neither Miquel’s description, nor his type specimen,
indicate the structure of the anther in the Malay G. uliginosa.

Ssct. III. Ceratanthera, Lestib. (gen.) Anther with a membranous
spur from the base or side of each cell.

14. G. Kingii, Baker; panicle narrow subspicate, bracts small deci-
duous, bulbils 0, corolla-segments oblong, staminodes linear-oblong, lip
small inserted above the base of the filament.

Sinq@apPoreg, King.

Leafy stem a toot long. Leares oblong-caudate, subglabrous, 3-4 in. long.
Peduncele erect, longer than the panicle ; panicle very lax, erect, 4-5 in. long ; branches
very short, 1-2-fid. Calyx % in. long. Covrolla-segments orange-yellow, % in. long.
Spurs as long as the anther-cells. Ovary glabrous.

15. G. stenothyrsa, Baker; panicle erect subspicate, lower nodes
bearing bulbils, bracts deciduous, corolla-segments oblong, staminodes
linear-oblong, lip small emarginate inserted above the base of the
filament.

TENASSERIM ; Moulmein, Parish.
Stem 1 ft. or more. Leaves 6-8 in., oblong, caudate. Panicle peduncled, 8-9
in., lower half with sail sessile bulbils in the axils of small bracts; flowering

branches short, ascending, 1-2-tid. Caly funnel-shaped, ~; in. Corolla bright
yellow, tube % in., segments 3 in. ; staminodes scarcely longer ; filament nearly 1 in. ;
spurs metnbrauous, as long as the anther-cells.

Var.? Cumingii; bulbils 0, anther spur shorter. Malacca, Cuming (No. 2370.)

16. G. pallidifiora, Baker; panicle lax erect, branches few-fid.,,
pulbils 0, bracts small deciduous, staminodes longer than the whitish
corolla-segments, lip inserted above the base of the filament.

Mazay Peninsvuta; Johore, King, 716, 717.

Stem 1} tt. Leaves 8-9 in., oblong, caudate, pubescent beneath. Panicle 2-3
in. ; peduncle short ; branches less than 1 in., ascending or spreading, 2~3-fld. towards
the tip. Culyw >; in. Corolla-segments suborbicular, 7; in., tube 4 in.; filament
lin.; lip with a spreading base; anther spurs subulate. Ovary glabrous.

17. G. bracteolata, Wall. ex Voigt Hort, Sub. Calc. 573 (name only)
panicle short dense drooping, bracts oblong or obovate yellow subpersistent,
bulbils 0, corolla-segments oblong, staminodes longer linear-oblong, lip
small emarginate. G. expansa, Wall. Cat. 6536 D.

Tavoy, Wallich; TENASSERIM, Grifith, Helfer; Upper Burma, up to 4000 ft.,

King.

Siem 4-1 ft. Leaves oblong, acuminate, 3-4 in., tinged with purple beneath;
sheaths broader than in the other species, Panicle oblong, 3—4 in.; lower branches
spreading, about 1 in., 3-4-fid. ; branch-bracts obovate ; flower-bracts oblong, 3-3 in,
Caly» funnel-shaped, Js in. Corolla bright yellow; tube 4 in.; segments reflexed,
4 in.; lip with a red spot at the throat; filament yellow, 4-3 in.; anther-spurs large
curved. Ovary smooth.

18. G. subscaposa, Coll. ef Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 135 ;
panicle sparse erect, bracts small deciduous, bulbils 0, corolla segments
oblong, staminodes longer lanceolate, lip long deeply bifid inserted at the
base of the filament.

Uprer Burma; Shan hills, 4000-5000 ft., Collett.

Stem including panicle not above 1 ft. Produced deaves few and small. Raceme
short, lax; lower branches 1 in., spreading, 3-4-fld. Calya funnel-shaped, ; in.

Globba.] OXLIx. sciramine@. (J. G. Baker.) 1 205

Corolla greenish-yellow ; segments 2 in. ; lip pale yellow, 3 in.; filament above } in. ;
anther-spurs from the sides of the cells.

19. G. pendula, Roxb. in Asiat. Res. xi. 359 ; Fl. Ind, i. 79 ; Coromamd.
Pl. t. 228; panicle lax drooping, bracts deciduous, bulbils rarely produced,
corolla-segments oblong, staminodes rather longer, lip small attached
aoe ne base of the filament. Horan. Prodr.20. G. multiflora, Wall.

at. 6537 B.

Tavoy, TENASSERIM and PEnanG, Roxburgh, &e.

Stem 1-2 ft. Leaves 5-6 in., oblong, acuminate. Racemes sometimes 1 ft. ;
lower branches spreading, 2-3-fld.; bracts greenish, lanceolate or ovate, not longer
than the buds. Calyw funnel-shaped, 4; in. Corolla greenish-yellow ; tube 3 times
the length of the calyx; segments in. Staménodes linear-oblong ; lip not longer
than the corolla-segments; anther oblong, spurs linear-subulate, longer than the
cells. Ovary globose, smooth.—I doubt the specific distinctness of the Javan G.
maculata, Blume, Enum. i. 63. :

Secr. 1V. Marantella, Horan. Anther winged on each side by a
bifid quadrate membranous process.

20. G: cernua, Baker; panicle very lax few-fid. cernuous, bracts
minute deciduons, bulbils 0, staminodes longer than the corolla-seg-
ments, lip placed a little above the base of the filament, anther-wings
spreading.

Matay PeninstLa; Goping, King’s Collector, 757.

Stem 9-12 in. Leaves oblong, caudate, 2-3 in, long, finely pubescent beneath.
Panicle 1-14 in.; branches ascending, 1-2-fid. Calyw Gy in. Corolla pale
yellow ; segments oblong, 3 in.; lip with two spreading lobes at the base. Ovary
glabrous.

21. G. pauciflora, King mss.; panicle very lax few-fid., bracts
minute deciduous, bulbils 0, corolla-segments oblong, staminodes not
longer than the corolla-segments, lip plaved a little above the segments,
anther-wings spreading.

ANDAMAN Isnanps, King’s Collector, 376.

Whole plant 3-1 ft. Leaves oblong, caudate, 2-3 in., minutely pubescent beneath.
Panicle short, erect; lower branches 1 in., ascending, 1-2-fid. Calyx glabrous,
%in. Corolla pale yellow; segments 2in. Capsule glabrous.

22. G. versicolor, Smith Erot. Bot. t.117 A, B, OC; panicle broad
very lax, bracts small deciduous, corolla-segments oblong, staminodes
longer lanceolate, lip small placed a little above the segments, anther-
wings deflexed. Horan. Prodr. 20. G. Hura, Roxb. in Asiat. Res, xi.
359; Fl. Ind, i. 79. G. expansa, Wall. Cat. 6536. Hura siamensium,
Koenig in Retz. Obs. iii. 49.

Maway Prninsuna, Roxburgh. From Prau to Sinaarorz, Roxburgh, and
Pznane. Sourm Anpamans, Kurz.

Stem 1-1} ft. Leaves 4-8 in., oblong, caudate. Panicle 3-6 in.; rachis and
branches very slender, lower 2-3 in., flowering only in the upper half. Calyzx green,
Zin. Corolla yellow or tinged with lilac; tube $in.; segments half as long as the
tube; filament yellow, 4-2 in.; anther-wings 1, deeply bifid, yellow, quadrate,
deflexed. Capsule smooth, 4 in.

23. G. brachycarpa, Baker; panicle lax, bracts small leafy per-
sistent, lower with solitary bulbils in their axils, staminodes longer than
the oblong corolla-segments, lip placed at the base of the filament, anther-
wings spreading.

206 CXLIX. Sciraminem, (J. G. Baker.) [Globba.

Perak, alt. 2-3000 ft., King’s Collector, 2414.

Stem 1 ft. Leaves about 5, oblong-caudate, 4-5 in., finely pubescent beneath.
Panicle 4 ft.; main bracts 2-} in.; lower 4-5 bulbilliferous; branches spreading,
5-6-fid. Calyx 1 in. Corvlla segments pale yellow; staminodes 2 in. Ovary
rugose.—Very near G. Schomburgkii, Hook.f. in Bot. Mag. t. 6298, of Siam.

24. G. bulbifera, Roxb. in Asiat. Res. xi. 358; Fl. Ind. i. 78; spike
lax, bracts ovate ascending persistent, lower nodes bearing bulbils, corolla-
segments ovate, staminodes rather longer oblong, lip small deeply bifid,
anther-wings spreading. Thw. Enum. 315. G. marantina, Wall. Cat.
6532; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 272; Blume Enum. i. 62. G. bracteata,
Herb. Heyne. G. bracteosa, Horan. Prodr. 20. G. marantinoides, Wight
Ie. sub t. 2001. G. strobilifera, Zoll. & Moritz, Syst. Verz. 84; Mig. Fl.
Ind. Bat, iii. 591.

Eastern Himataya and TropicaL Inp1a; Matapar, the Manay PENINSULA
and Ceyton.—Distxis. Malay Islands, Timor.

Stem not so stout as in G. marantina; leaves smaller and sheaths not so broad.
Spike 3-4 in.; bracts 4-1 in., green, not touching one another, many of the lower
enclosing ovoid bulbils. Flower and stamens as in G. marantina; in both the
cuadtete yellow deeply bifid anther-wings spread horizontally from the sides of the
cells.

25. G. marantina, Linn. Mant. ii. 170; spike dense, bracts imbricate
persistent, lower nodes bulbilliferous, staminodes oblong rather longer
than the corolla-segments, lip small deeply bifid, anther-wings spreading.
Rose. in Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 856; Scvt. t. 111; Smith Exot. Bot. ii. 85,
t. 103; Rorb. in Asiat. Res. xi. 358; £7. Ind. i. 77; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii.
591. Colebrookia bulbifera, Roxb. in Donn Hort. Cant. edit. 1.

Kuasia Hits, Grigith—DistrR1B. Malay Islands, Philippines.

Stem 1 ft. Leaves 5-6 in., oblong, acuminate, sheaths broader than in the other
species. Spike oblong, strobiliform, 14-2 in.; bracts 4-1 in. broad, ovate, green,
bulbils ovoid. Calyx short, green, teeth ovate. Corolla yellow; tube 3 times the
length of the calyx ; segments 3 in.; lip as long as the segments; filament 4-9 in.
Ovary smooth.

SPECIES IMPERFEOTLY KNOWN. (Anthers not seen.)

26. G. cANARENSIS, Baker ; leaves small thin caudate, panicle narrow erect very
few- and lax-fld., most of the flowers replaced by long narrow acuminate bulbils,
calyx green narrowly funnel-shaped 3 .in., corolla-tube more than twice as long as
the calyx, corolla-segments oblong 4 in,—Canara, Law.

27. G. puarystacuya, Baker; leaves large and thin, panicle short Jax and very
broad, lower branches 2-4 in. ending in a bulbil and bearing numerous close flowers
shortly pedicelled towards the end each subtended by a small persistent ovate
acutely-keeled bract, calyx green broadly funnel-shaped +5 in., corolla-tube 3 times
the length of the calyx, segments oblong yellow 3-3} in.—Canara, Law, (Hk. f. &
Thoms. Herb. Ind. Or. 14.)

3. HEMIORCHIS, Kurz.

Rhizome stout, creeping. Leafy stem distinct from the flowering, pro-
duced after it. Flowers spicate; bracts membranous, deciduous. Calyx
short, deeply 3-lobed. Corolla-tube shorter than the calyx, 3-lobed, lateral
lobes oblong, midlobe rather longer, ovate. Lateral staminodes like the
corolla-lobes, obovate with a short basal spur; lip orbicular, concave ;
filament short; anther-cells contiguous, connective narrow not produced.

Hemiorchis.| | — oxx. sortaminez. (J. G. Baker.) 207

Ovary 1-celled; placentas 3, parietal; style filiform; stigma small, sub-
globose. Capsule small, 1-celled, 3-valved. Seeds conical, aril white.

H. burmanica, Kurz in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xlii. pt. ii. 108,
t. 8; Baker in Bot. Mag. t. 7120.

Kuasta Hinus, Mann. Peau, Mantapan and TEnassERim, Kurz.

Habit of Gastrochilus. Rhizome white, hypogeous. Leaves few, oblong, acute,
Peduncle with spike 3-1 ft., very pubescent, as are the rachis and calyx. Spike
dense upwards; bracts small, lanceolate, deciduous: Calyx funnel-shaped, reddish-
brown, 4:in., cleft below the middle. Corolla-lobes reddish-brown ; staminodes
about 4 in., greenish-white; lip whitish, minutely dotted with red-brown; stamen
half as long as the corolla-segments, Capsule globose, 10-grooved, crowned by the
persistent acute calyx-lobes.

4, ROSCOEA, Smith.

Root fibres thick, fleshy, fascicled; rootstock 0. Leaves lanceolate or
oblong. lowers in terminal spikes; bracts persistent, I-fid. Calyx
long, tubular, slit down one side. Corolla-tube slender, as long as or
longer than the calyx; lateral segments spreading ; upper broad, cucullate,
erect, hiding the staminodes and stamen. Lateral staminodes oblanceolate,
petaloid, erect; lip large, cuneate, deflexed, 2-fid or emarginate; filament
-shert; erect; anther-cells linear, contiguous, connective produced at the
base into a forked appendage. Ovary 3-celled, cylindric or oblong; ovules
very numerous, superposed ; style erect; stigma turbinate, margins ciliate.
Capsule cylindric or clavate, membranous, tardily.3-valved. Seeds ovoid,
minute, arillate-—One species in Cochin China, and the following.

1. R. alpina, Royle, Il. 361, t. 89; stem short, produced leaves 2-3
sessile oblong-lanceolate, spike sessile 1~2-fid., corolla-tube much longer
than the calyx, limb dark purple, upper segment orbicular, lip broad
deeply bifid. Wight Ic. t. 2013; Horan. Prodr. 20. K. purpurea, Royle
i. c. t. 89, £.3. BR. purpurea var. minor, Wall, Cat, 6528 D, HE. ‘

TEMPERATE CENTRAL and WESTERN Himatayas; from Kasumiz to Nepat,
ascending to 11,000 ft.

Whole plant 4-6 in. high. Leaves 3—4 in., under and not fully developed at the
flowering time. Calyzx-tube green, 1 in. or more, slit nearly to the base. Corolla-
tube white, 1 in., longer than the calyx; upper segment orbicular-cuspidate, erect,
3-3 in, long and broad; lateral 4 in., lincar-oblong, deflexed. Staminode oblong-
spathulate, half as long as the upper segment; fertile stamen as long as the stami-
node; lip obovate-cuneate, 4—$ in., bifid about one-third of its length.

2. R. purpurea, Smith Evot. Bot. ii. 97,+.108; leafy stem elongate,
produced leaves 5-6 lanceolate, flowers few in a sessile spike, corolla-
tube not longer than the calyx, limb purple rarely pale lilac or white,
upper segment obovate-cuneate, lip broad deeply bifid. Hook. Exot. Fl.
t.144; Bot. Mag. t. 4630; Rose. Seit. t. 64; Lodd. Bot. Cal. t. 1404;
Horan. Prodr. 20; Wall. Cat. 6528 A, B.

CenTRaL and Eastern Himataya; from Kumaon to Sikkim, ascending to
10,000 ft. Assam, the Kuasra Hruxs, and Burma.

Leafy stem 4-1 ft. long. Leaves 6 by $-1 in. at flowering time; sheaths broad,
imbricated. Bracts oblong, hidden in the sheaths of the upper leaves. Calyx green,
14 in., slit deeply down one side as the flower expands. Corolla-tube, rather dilated
upwards; upper segment about 1 in., very cucullate ; lower lanceolate, decurved,
about as long. Staminode oblanceolate unguiculate, half as long as the upper

208 CXLIX. SCITAMINERZ. (J. G. Baker.) * [Roscoea.

segment; fertile stamen as long as the staminode ; anther-tails 2 in. ; lip 1-1} in.,
deflexed. Capsule cylindric, 1-1} in.—Varies greatly in robustness, breadth of
leaves and colour and size of flowers. Var. R. exilis, “Smith;” Horan. Prodr. 21,
is probably a dwarf narrow-leaved variety.

Var. R. procera, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 242; Wall. Cat. 6528 C.; taller, more
robust, with broader leaf-sheaths and larger flowers. R. purpurea, Lindl, in Bot.
Reg. xxvi. t. 61.—Kumaon, Nepal and Sikkim.

Var, R, BRanpisi1, King mss. ; leaf-sheaths narrower and perianth-tube longer
than‘in the type.—Khasia Hills.

3. R. capitata, Smith in Trans, Linn. Soc. xiii. 461; stem elongated,
leaves many linear, flowers many in a dense oblong peduncled spike,
corolla-tube not longer than the calyx, limb pale blue, upper segment
oblong-cuneate, lip narrow emarginate. Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 255; Cat.
6529; Horan. Prodr. 20. :

Nupat, Waillich, Scully.

Stem 34-1 ft. or longer. Leaves erecto~patent, 4-1 ft. by 4 in. Pedunele erect,
3-6 in. Speke 14-2 in.; bracts green, lanceolate, 1-14 in. Calyx 1 in., green,
minutely 2-toothed, slit deeply down one side. Upper corolla-segment 3 in.,
arcuate, very concave; lower rather longer, oblanceolate deflexed. Staminode
nearly as long as the upper segment; lip 1 by 4 in., oblong-spathulate. Capsule
1 in., clavate.

IMPERFECTLY-KNOWN SPECIES.

4, R. tonairorra, Baker; stem short, produced leaves about 6 outer oblong
inner 12 in, linear or lanceolate, flowers 1-3 in a sessile spike, calyx-tube slender
cylindric 1} in., eorclla-tube twice as long, limb not seen, capsule shortly pedicelled
clavate above an inch long.—Simua, on Fagu, Thomson.

5. CAUTLEVA, Royle.

Characters of Roscoea, but flowers yellow, dorsal lobe of the corolla
narrow, and capsule dehiscing to the base with recurved lobes exposing the
seeds in a columnar mass.—Species, the following.

1. ©. lutea, Royle Ill. 361; spike lax few-fld., leaves sessile lanceolate
or oblong-lanceolate, bracts oblong green much shorter than-the calyx,
seeds black angular exavrillate. Hook. f. in Bot. Mag. t. 6991. Roscoea
gracilis, Smith in Trans. Linn. Soe. xiii. 460; Horan. Prodr. Scit, 21. BR.
elatior, Smith 2. c.; Wall. Cat. 6531 A, B. R. lutea, Royle Ill. 361, t. 89,
£2; Wight Ie. t. 2013.

Temperate Himataya; from Kashmir to Sikkim, ascending to 7-8000 ft.
Kuasia Hitus, J. D. H. & T. T.

Stem 12-18 in., slender. Leaves 6-9 by 1-1} in. at flowering time, usually
purple beneath. Flowers 6-12 in a lax peduncled spike, rachis red flexuose ; bracts
4-4 in, Calyw red, above 4 in., minutely toothed, slit deeply down one side.
Corolla-tube slightly exserted ; limb bright yellow; upper segment 3-2 in., lower
as long, oblong-cuneate, deflexed. Staminude nearly as long as the upper segment,
bases minutely spurred on the inner side; lip $in., 2-lobed to below the middle,
lobes oblong. Capsule 3 in., bright red, globose ; valves ovate, reflexed, red inside.
Seeds black, angled, top flat.

2. C. Cathearti, Baker ; spike dense many-fid., leaves sessile lanceo-
late or oblong-lanceolate, bracts green oblong shorter than the calyx, seeds
black angular exarillate. :

Sixxim Himataya, alt. 7-8000 ft., Grigith’s Collectors, &c.

Very near OC, lutea, but more robust, flowers twice or thrice as many, bracts

Cautleya.] . OXLIX. sorramines. (J. G, Baker.) 209

larger, calyx longer and lip broader, with crisped margins; capsule and seeds quite
similar.

3. C. spicata, Baker; spike dense many-fid., leaves cblong acuminate
sessile or shortly petioled, bracts red as long as the calyx, seeds not
angled completely enclosed in a white scariose aril. Roscoea spicata,
Smith in Trans. Iinn. Soc. xiii. 461; Wall. Cat. 6530; Horan. Prodr. 21.

CzntRaL and Eastern Himatayas, from Kumaon to Sikkim, ascending to
8500 ft.

Stem 1-2 ft. Leaves sometimes 3-4 in. broad, not purple beneath. Spike
shortly peduncled, 6-9 in. ; bracts oblong, bright red, lower 1-11 in. Calyx 1 in.,
tubular, red, minutely obtusely toothed, finally slit deeply down one side. Corolla-
tube as long as the calyx, upper segment about 1 in.; lip bright yellow. Staminodes
nearly as long as the upper segment of the corolla, oblanceolate-oblong. Capsule
small, red, globose. Seeds % in., black, ovoid or flattened by pressure,

4. ©. robusta, Baker; spike dense many-fid., leaves sessile oblong
acute, bracts linear-oblong reddish as long as the calyx, seeds pink not
angled enclosed in a red or yellow arillus,

Sixxix Himaraya, alt. 5500-6500 ft., Clarice.

Leaves 1 ft. or less by 3 in. or more. Spikes peduncled, 6-9 in.; bracts
1 in. Corolla not seen. Capsule depressed-globose, 4 in. diam. Seeds ovoid or
compressed, forming a dense mass 4 in. diam., entirely enveloped in the scarious
aril.

5. ©. petiolata, Baker; spike dense many-fid., leaves petioled
oblong-lanceolate caudate, bracts oblong reddish shorter than the calyx.
Roscoea petiolata, Royle mss.

GagwHat Himataya; between Dehra and Landour, alt. 7000 ft., Royle.

Stem 1 ft. or more, Leaves 6 by 14-2} in., shortly petioled, erecto-patent.
Spike 3-4 in., nearly sessile; bracts oblong, reddish, nearly 1 in. Calyx 1 in,
reddish, obscurely bidentate, slit deeply down one side. Upper coralla-segment and
lip pale sulphur-yellow, under 1 in. Staminode and stamen nearly as long as the
upper segment.—Known only from an unpublished figure of Royle’s artist.

6. CURCUMA, Linn.

Rootstock tuberous, bearing sessile and long stipitate tubers; stem
none. Leaves usually oblong, often very large. lowers in dense com-
pound spikes (except in C. Kunstleri) crowned by a coma of coloured
enlarged bracts ; lower bracts ovate, membranous, enclosing several brac-
teolate fugitive flowers which open in succession. Calyx short, cylindric,
minutely toothed. Corolda-tube funnel-shaped ; segments usually ovate or
oblong, upper longer and more concave. Lateral staminodes oblong,
petaloid, connate with the short filament; anther not crested, cells con-
tiguous, spurred at the base; lip orbicular, tip deflexed. Ovary 3-velled,
many-ovuled ; style filiform ; stigma 2-lipped, lips ciliate. Capsule globose,
membranous, finally 3-valved. Seeds ovoid or oblong, usully arillate—
India, Siam, Malay Islands and N. Australia.

The species of this genus are very difficult of determination and the characters
are taken almost without exception from published or unpublished drawings.—Many
of Sect. I. are probably varieties, but this can be determined only by a comparison
of living specimens. I have failed in my endeavours to subdivide the species of
the several sections.

Sect. I, Exantha, Horan. Flower-spike vernal or estival, distinct
VOL. VI. P

210 CXLIX. sciTaMINEZ. (J. G. Baker.) [ Curcuma.

from the leaves, and usually developed before they appear; peduncle
sheathed by scariose bract-leaves.

1. C. angustifolia, Roxb. in Asiat. Res. xi. 338, t.3; Hort. Beng.1
Fl. Ind. i. 31; dwarf, rootstock small globose, leaves Janceolate plain
green shortly petioled; bracts of the coma pink, lobes of the corolla pale
yellow. Royle, Ill. 857, 359; Horan. Prodr. 22. OC. longa, Wall. Cat.
6605 E, F, G.

TroprcaL Himataya; from Kumaon to Nepal, alt. 3-4000 ft. Norra Oups.

Rootstock small; tubers many, oblong, at the end of long fibres. Leaves with
petiole 1-13 ft.; blade lanceolate, plain green, 3-1 ft. by 2-3 in. Spike with
peduncle sstival, 1-1 ft., 3-6 by 2 in. diam.; flower-bracts 1 in., green, ovate ;
pink ; bracts of coma few or many. Corolla-tube 1 in.; upper segment ovate, lateral
shorter, oblong. Staminode and lip bright yellow, the latter orbicular-cuneate,
emarginate.—Similar plants in flower and not distinguishable in a dried state are
found in Upper Burma, alt. 4000ft., Collett, Prain, and in Munnipore, alt. 5000 ft.
Watt.

2. CG. neilgherrensis, Wight Ic. +. 2006; dwarf, rootstock small,
white inside, leaves lanceolate pale green shortly petioled, bracts of coma
pink, lobes of corolla pale ovate. Horan. Prodr. 22. C. longa, Wall.
Cat. 6605 C. C. angustifolia, Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb, Fl, 274, not of Roxb.

Concan ; at Ramghaut. Marasaz ; abundant on the S.W. slope of the Nilghiris,
alt. 4500-6000 ft.

Very near C. angustifolia. Leaf and petiole together 12 in. or more; blade
glabrous beneath, narrowed gradually from the middle to both ends. Spikes vernal,
2-4 by 13-2 in. diam.; flowering bracts pale yellowish green, 1-1} in. Flowers
lin., bright yellow; lip orbicular, deflexed, emarginate.

3. C. aromatica, Salisb. Parad. t. 96; in Trans. Hort. Soc. i, 285 ;
rootstock large, tubers sessile yellow and aromatic inside, petiole long
green, leaves large oblong pubescent beneath, bracts of the coma pink,
lobes of corolla pinkish white. Rose. Scit. t. 1083; Wight Ic. t. 2005;
Thw. Enwm. 316; Horan. Prodr. 23. C. Zedoaria, Roxb. in Asiat. Res.
333; Hort. Beng.1; Fl. Ind.i.23; Wall. Cat. 6601 A; Dalz. & Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 274; Bot. Mag. t. 1546; Grah. Cat. Bomb. Pl. 209.

Throughout Inpra from the Eastern Hinataya to Cryzon, wild and frequently
cultivated.

Rootstock tuberous, biennial, 1 in. diam. Leaves 3-4 ft.; petiole as long as the
blade, which is 1-2 ft. by 4-8 in., caudate, base deltoid, plain green above or
variegated with lighter and darker green, clothed beneath with fine persistent
pubescence. Spike with peduncle 1 ft., produced from April to June with or before
the leaves, the later half as long, 3-4 in. diam.; flower-bracts ovate, pale green
14-2 in.; those of the coma larger and more or less tinged with pink. Flowers
shorter than the bracts. Corolla-tube 1 in., upper half funnel-shaped; lateral
segments oblong, upper longer ovate, concave, Staminode obtuse, as long as the

corolla-segments; lip deflexed, orbicular, yellow, obscurely 3-lobed. Stigma
obscurely 2-lobed.

4, G. Zedoaria, Rose Scit. t. 109; rootstock large, sessile tubers pale
yellow or whitish inside, petiole long green, leaves large oblong glabrous
beneath clouded with purple down the middle, bracts of the coma bright
red, lobes of corolla whitish. Wall. Cat. 6601. B; Horan. Prodr. 23. Cc
Zerumbet, Roxb. in Asiat. Res. xi. 333; Hort. Beng. 1; Fl. Ind. i. 20;
Coromand, Pl. t. 101; Wall. Cat. 6600 A,B; Grak. Cat. Pl. Bomb. 209:

Curcuma.] OXLIx. sotraMinem, (J. G. Baker.) 911

Royle Iil.859; Thw. Hnum. 316. C. officinalis, Salish. in Trans. Hort. Soc.

i. 285. C. speciosa, Link Enum. ii. 3. Amomum Zedoaria, Berg. Mat.
Med. 41; Wirild. Sp, Plant. i. 7. A. Zerumbeth, Kanig in Retz. Obs. iii,
55. A. latifolium, Lamk, Ency. i. 184.—Rumph. Amboin. v. 108; Rheede.
Hort. Malad. xi. t. 7.

P EastzRN Hrmataya, wild; cultivated throughout India.—DistRis. Malay
slands. :

Rootstock ovoid, tubers many, some 1 in. diam., sessile, cylindric, and many
oblong terminating long fibres. Leaves 1-2 ft., oblong, acuminate, narrowed to the
base; petiole longer than the blade. Spikes vernal, 4 ft. by 3 in. broad; flowering
bracts 1} in., ovate, green, often slightly tinged with red; bracts of the coma many,
spreading, bright red. Flowers pale yellow, rather shorter than the bracts. Calyx
whitish, obtusely toothed, scarcely half as long as the corolla-tube. Corolla-
tube funnel-sHaped ; lateral segments oblong, upper rather longer, ovate, convex.
Lip } in. broad, orbicular, deflexed, obscurely 3-lobed emarginate, Capsule ovoid-
trigonous, smooth, dehiscing irregularly. Seeds oblong, aril lanceolate white.

5. ©. elata, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 1; #1. Ted. i, 25; rootstock large,
sessile tubers pale yellow inside, petiole long green, leaves large oblong
plain-green pubescent beneath, bracts of coma bright red, lobes of corolla
whitish. Rose. Scit.t.104; Wall. Cat. 6610; Horan. Prodr. 23.

Burma, Carey.

Rootstock and numerous sessile tubers large. Leafy tuft 6-8 ft.; blade 2-3 by
1 ft. Spike vernal, + ft. by 3 in. diam.; flowering bracts 14 in., ovate, green ;
those of the coma ovate-oblong, larger, spreading. Flowers pale yellow, shorter
than the bracts; lip obscurely 3-lobed, midlobe broad, emarginate.—Very near C.
Zedoaria.

6. GC. comosa, Rozd. in Asiat. Res. xi. 336; Hort. Beng. 1; Fl. Ind.
i. 29; rootstock large, sessile tubers few pale yellow inside, petiole long
green, leaves large oblong plain green glabrous beneath, bracts of coma
bright red, lobes of the corolla pinkish white. Wail. Cat. 6609 A; Horan.
Prodr. 23. ;

Prev, Carey.

Leafy tuft 5-6 ft. ; blade 2-3 ft., plain green except in the earliest leaves, which
are clouded with faint brown down the centre. Spike vernal, denser and thicker
than in C. Zedoaria; flower-bracts pinkish white; those of the coma many, bright
red, 2-3 in., spreading. lowers pale yellow.—Very near C. Zedoaria.

7. ©. ornata, Wall. mss. ew Voigt Hort. Suburb. Cale. 564 (name
only); rootstock large, sessile tubers 0, leaves ovate clouded in the centre
when young, bracts all white tipped with mauve-purple, lobes of the corolla
tinged with red.

Peau, Wallich. Z

Stalked tubers very numerous. Leafy stem produced after the flowers. Leaves
young only seen, perhaps oblong when developed. Spike under 1 ft. long, 3-4 in.
diam.; bracts all whitish tipped with mauve-purple, the upper more so, 2 in.
Flowers as long as the bracts; expanded limb in. diam., white tinged with yellow.
—Closely allied to C. comosa.

8. C. latifolia, Rose. Scit.t. 108; very tall, rootstock large, sessile
tubers pale yellow inside, petiole long green, leaves large oblong clouded
down the middle with purple pubescent beneath, bracts of the coma bright
red, lobes of the corolla whitish. Horan. Prodr. 28.

BENGAL?, Carey.
P2

212 CXLIX. scITaMInER. (J. G. Baker.) [Curcuma.

Very near C. Zedoaria & aromatica. Leafy tuft 8-12 ft.; blade 3-4 by 1 ft. or
more. Spike produced vernal, 6-8 in., 3 in. diam.; flower-bracts green, ovate,
14 in., of the coma many, longer and more oblong. Flowers pale yellow, rather
shorter than the bracts; lip obscurely emarginate.—Sent by Carey from Serampore
to the Liverpool Botanical Garden; origin unknown.

9. ©. leucorhizay Row), in Asiat. Res. xi. 337; Hort. Beng. 1; Fl.
Ind, i, 30; rootstock large, sessile tubers nearly white inside, petiole long
green, leaves large oblong plain green glabrous beneath, bracts of the coma
pink, lobes of the corolla nearly white. Rose. Scit. t.102; Wail. Cat.
6607 ; Horan. Prodr. 22.

Bexar; jungles south of Bhagulpore, Glass.

Very near C. Zedoaria & aromatica. Rootstock large, ovoid; sessile tubers
cylindric, sometimes nearly 1 ft. Leafy tufé 3-4 ft.; blade 1-2 ft. by 5~6 in., broad
at the middle, plain green and glabrous on both sides. Spike ‘vernal; coma
nearly as long as the fertile portion; flower-bracts green, obtuse, 1} in. ; bracts of
the coma longer, more oblong. Flowers pale yellow, rather shorter than the bracts ;
central] lobe of the lip distinctly emarginate.

10. C. ceesia, Roxb.in Asiat. Res. xi. 334; Hort. Beng. 1; Fl. Ind.
i. 26; rootstock large, sessile tubers pale grey inside, petiole long green,
leaves large oblong with a broad purple-brown cloud down the middle,
pets of the coma and corolla-limb red. Wall. Cat. 66138; Horan. Prodr.

’

*

BENGAL, Roxburgh.

Rootstock ovoid; sessile tubers longer and not so thick as in C. eruginosa.
Leafy tuft about 3 ft.; blade 1-13 ft. by 5-6 in., glabrous beneath. Spike produced,
dense, 5-6 by 24-3 in. diam.; flower-bracts green, ovate, very obtuse, 13 in.; bracts
of the coma rather longer, many, bright red. Flowers pale yellow, rather shorter
than the bracts; lip 4 in., broad, obscurely 3-lobed, midlobe emarginate.—
“ Resembles C. Zerumbet, Roxb. (Zedoaria supra p. 210), but differs widely in the
colour of the root,’’ Roxb.

Ul. G. wruginosa, Rozb. in Asiat. Res. xi. 335; Hort. Beng. 1; Fl.
Ind. i. 27 ; rootstock large, sessile tubers palmate verdigris-green inside,
petiole long green, leaves large oblong green faintly tinged with red-
brown down the middle, bracts of the coma pink, lobes of the corolla pale
red. Rose. Scit. t. 106; Salish. in Trans. Hort. Soc. i. 285; Wall. Cat.
6606 ; Horan. Prodr. 22.

Burma, Carey.

Very near C. Zedoaria. Rootstock ovoid; sessile tubers short, above 1 in. thick,
stipitate tubers purely white within. Leafy tuft 4-6 ft.; petiole andblade each
2-8 ft., the latter 6-9 in. broad. Spike vernal, 6-8 by 23-3 in. diam. ; flower-bracts
green, ovate, obtuse, 2 in.; many upper longer oblong, pink. Flowers pale yellow,
shorter than the bracts; corolla-tube an inch long; lip deflexed, 4 in. broad.

12. ©. amarissima, Rosc. Scit. Pl. t. 101; rootstock large, sessile
tubers yellow and very bitter inside, petiole long red-brown, leaves-large
oblong plain green, bracts of the coma whitish tipped with pink, lobes of
the corolla red. Horan. Prodr. 23.

Brneat ?, Carey.

Rootstock very large, yellow in the centre, sruginose towards the outside,
Leafy tuft 3 ft.; blade 1-13 ft. by 5-6 in. Spike, bracts and flowers as in C. -
Zedoaria.—Sent by Carey in 1824 from Serampore to the Liverpool Botanic
Garden, probably a native of Bengal. 2

Curcuma. | OXLIX. SCITAMINEEZ. (J. G. Baker.) 213

13. C. ferruginea, Roxb. in Asiat. Res. xi. 336; Hort. Beng.1; Fl.
Ind, i. 27; rootstock large, sessile tubers pale yellow and very fragrant
inside, petiole long red-brown, leaves large oblong with a faint red-brown
cloud down the centre, bracts of the coma bright red, lobes of the corolla
red. Rose. Scit.t.105; Horan. Prodr, 28.

Bene@at, Rowburgh.

Rootstock ovoid ; sessile tubers very stout. Tuft of leaves 4-5 ft. ; blade 1-14 by
5-6 in. Spike vernal; flowers few, large; fertile bracts tinged with red-brown, those
of the coma few bright red; lip above 4 in. diam., obscurely emarginate.

14. C. rubescens, Roxb. in Asiat. Res. xi. 336; Hort. Beng. 1; Fl.
Ind, i. 28; rootstock large, sessile tubers white inside, petiole long red-
brown, leaves large oblong green with a red-brown midrib, bracts of the
coma few pale red, limb of the corolla reddish. Rose. Scit. t. 107 ; Horan.
Prodr. 23. C. erubescens, Wall. Cat. 6608. C.longiflora, Salish. in Trans.
Fort, Soe. i. 286. C. rubricaulis, Link. num. i. 3.

Benaat, Rowburgh.

Rootstock ovoid-cylindric; tubers sessile and many on long fibres. Leafy tuft
4-5 ft.; blade dark green, 1-2 ft. by 5-6 in. Spikes vernal, produced apart from
the leaves, and sometimes also from the centre of the leaves in September, 5-6 in.,
under 2 in. diam; flower-bracts pale green, 14 in.; those of the coma few, ovate,
pale red. Flowers pale yellow, protruding beyond the bracts; lip } in. diam.,
emarginate.

Sect. II. Mesantha, Horan. Flower-spike autumnal, in the centre
of the tuft of leaves; bracts not recurved at the tip.

15. C. attenuata, Wall. Cat. 6602; rootstock small, petiole long
slender, leaves lanceolate, flower bracts small, those of the coma oblong
tinged with red, flowers ?

Burma ; banks of the Irrawaddy, Wallick.

Rootstock globose ; sessile tubers oblong. Leafy tuft 24-3 ft.; petiole as long as
the blade, which is firmer in texture than is usual in the genus, quite glabrous,
1-1} ft. by 1 in., tapering gradually to the base and a long point. Peduncle 1 ft.,
slender, erect; spike dense, 3-4 in. by 1 in. diam.; flower-bracts under 1 in.,
membranous, very obtuse ; bracts of the coma few, 1 in., bright coloured. Flowers,
withered only seen.

16. ©. plicata, Wall. Cat. 6611; rootstock small, petiole slender long
or shorter, leaves firm oblong-lanceolate, flower-bracts green, those of the
coma much tinged with red, flowers small pale yellow.

Burma and Prav, Wallich, J. Anderson.

Rootstock globose ; fibres bearing small tubers. Leafy tuft 9-18 in. ; petiole as
long as the blade, which is 6-8 in, by 14-3 in., firm, tapering gradually to both ends,
bright green, with a brown dorsal clond the centre. Pedwncle slender, 2-4 in.
Spike 3-4 in. by 14 in, diam.; flower-bracts 1 in., pale green, very obtuse; those of
the coma few, rather longer and more oblong. Flowers rather longer than the bracts.
Corolla whitish, + in. diam.; upper lobe ovate; lip obscurely 3-lobed, midlobe
emarginate.

17. &. Amada, Roxb. in Asiat. Res. xi. 341; Hort. Beng.1; Fl. Ind.
i. 33; rootstock large, sessile tubers pale yellow inside, petiole long, leaves
large oblong-lanceolate, flower-bracts pale green, those of the coma pinkish,
flowers pale yellow. osc. Scit. +. 99; Royle Ill. 359; Grah, Cat. Pl.
Bomb, 209; Dalz. § Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 275; Horan, Prodr, 23,

214 [CXLIx. sciraminez#. (J. G. Baker.) [Curcuma.

Bena@at and the Concans; native and widely cultivated, under the name of
Mango Ginger.

Rootstock ovoid; sessile tubers thick, cylindric. Leafy tuft 2-3 ft.; petiole as
long as the blade, which reaches 1-1} ft. by 6 in. or more in breadth, plain green,
tapering gradually to the base and apex. Peduncle 4 ft. or more, hidden by the
sheathing bases of the leaves. Spike autumnal, 3-6 in. by 14 in. diam.; flower-
bracts about 1 in., those of the coma tinged with pink. Flowers about as long as
the bracts. Corolla whitish, lip pale yellow.—Not distinguishable in Herbarium
specimens from C. longa.

18. G. longa, Linn. Sp. Plant. 2; rootstock large, sessile tubers
bright yellow inside, petiole long, leaves large oblong narrowed to the base,
flower-bracts pale green, those of the coma tinged with pink, flowers: pale
yellow. Kenig in Retz. Obs. iii.71; Rowb. in Asiat. Res. xi. 340; Hort.
‘Beng.1; Fi. Ind.i.32; Royle Ill. 358; Wall. Cat. 6605 D; Grah. Cat. Pl.
Bomb. 209; Lindl. in Bot. Reg. t. 886; Bentl. & Trim. Med. Pl. t. 269 ;
Horan. Prodr. 23. Amomum Curcuma, Jacq. Hort. Vind. iii. t. 4.—Rheede
Hort. Mal. xi. t. 11. Rimph. Amboin. v. t. 67.

Widely cultivated in Brn@at and other parts of Inpia. Clarke considers it to
be indigenous on Parasnath, in Behar, alt. 45000 ft., Clarke.—DistEiz. Cultivated
through the Tropics.

Rootstock ovoid; sessile tubers thick, cylindric. Leafy tuft 4-5 ft.; petiole as
long as the plain green blade, which is 1-14 ft. by 4-8 in. broad. Peduncle } ft. or
more, hidden by the sheathing petiole. Spikes autumnal, 4-6 in. by 2 in, diam. ;
flower-bracts pale green, ovate, 13 in.; those of the coma pale pink. Flowers as
long as the bracts, like those of C. Zedoaria & aromatica in structure.

19. ©. montana, osc. in Trans. Linn, Soc. viii. 355; rootstock
large, sessile tubers pale yellow inside, petiole long, leaves oblong narrowed
to the base, flower-bracts pale green, those of the coma pink, flowers pale
yellow. Roxb. in Asiat. Res. xi. 342; Hort. Beng. 1; Corom. Pl. t. 151;
Fl. Ind. i. 85; Griff. Notul. iii. 415 ; Ic. Plant. Asiat. t.352, fig. 1; Horan.
Prodr, 23. C.pseudo-montana, Grah. Cat. Pl. Bomb. 210; Dalz. & Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 275; Lisboa in Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc, ii. 144.

Concan and the Circars, Rozburgh, &e.

Rootstock ovoid, perennial. Leafy tuft 2-3 ft.; blade 1 ft. or more by 6-8 in.,
plain green, narrowed to the base; petiole green, deeply channelled, as long as the
blade. Pedunele shorter than the petiole. Spike autumnal, } ft. by 2 in. diam.;
flower-bracts ovate, 1} in. Flowers about as long as the bracts. Corolla-segments
subequal, lip longer, deflexed, obscurely 3-lobed.—C, Kuchoor, Royle 711.359 (name
only), which is cultivated on the hills above the Dehra Doon, is said to be nearly
allied. A flowerless specimen from Mussoorie, sent by Mr. Duthie, furnishes no
distinctive characters. .

20. ©. Kuntsleri, Baker; petiole long, leaves oblong narrowed to
the base, bracts very broad all pale green, coma 0, flowers yellow.

Peau, Kunstler (Hort. Calcutt. 1882).

Rootstock not seen. Leaf-blade under 1 ft., 4-6 in. broad, acute, green above,
tinged with purple beneath: petiole 5-6 in., robust, deeply channelled. Peduncle
very short; spike short, 2 in. diam., without any coma of coloured bracts;
flower-bracts 1} in. long and broad, Corolla-tube as long as the bract; segments
lanceolate, $ in.; lip obovate-cuneate, rather longer than the corolla-segments, yellow
throughout, emarginate-—Near C. montana.

21. C. reclinata, Roxb. in Asiat, Res. xi. 342; Hort. Beng.1; Fl.
Ind. i. 36; rootstock small, sessile tubers 0, petio'e short, leaves thin oblong

Curcuma.] CXLIX, SCITAMINEZ. (J. G, Baker.) 215

obtuse, flower-bracts green tinged with red, those of the eoma reddish,
flowers reddish-yellow. Horan. Prodr, 24.

CrentTRAL Inp1A, Colebrooke. ;

Rootstock oblong, bearing many subglobose tubers at the end of fibres. Leaves
plain green, obtuse, rounded at base, 6-8 by 3-4 in.; petiole shorter than the
blade. Peduncle very short. Spike autumnal, oblong, 3-4 by 2 in. diam.; bracts
1 in.; those of the coma oblong, ascending, similar to flower-bracts in colour.
Flowers small, dull red, except the yellow orbicular emarginate lip.

22, ©. decipiens, Dalz. in. Kew Journ. ii. (1850), 144; rootstock small,
sessile tubers 0, petiole short, leaves thin cordate-ovate cuspidate, bracts
and flowers purple. Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 274; Horan. Prodr, 23.

The Concan, Dalzell, Law.

Rootstock bearing numerous small almond-like tubers at the end of fibres.
Leaves thin, 6-8 in. by 3-4,, base rounded tip, deltoid with a small cusp; petiole as
long as the blade. Spikes mxstival, earlier lateral, later central, 4-6 by 1}-2 in. ;
peduncle short; lower bracts ovate, 1 in.; many upper sterile, longer, oblong ;
flower shorter than the bract ; lip bifid, margins curled. * :

23. C. albiflora, Thw. Enum. 316; rootstock small, sessile tubers 0,
petiole short, leaves small oblong rounded at the base, flower-bracts green
all fertile, fowers white with a yellow spot on the lip. Hook. f. in Bot.
Mag. t. 5909.

Cryton; Maskellia, in the Ambagamowa district, at a low elevation.

Rootstock bearing a few small tubers at the end of fibres. Leaves bright green,
6-8 by 23-3 in., acute, base rounded or cordate ; petiole deeply channelled, as long
as or rather longer than the blade. Peduncle very short; spike oblong, 3-4 in. ;
lower bracts 2 in., oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, upper shorter, ovate. Flowers
1 in. long. Corolla-lobes oblong. Staminode broad; lip $ in. broad, shallow,
emarginate, pure white, with a yellow spot at the throat.

24. C. oligantha, Trimen in Journ. Bot. 1885, 245; rootstock small,
sessile tubers 0, petiole short, leaves small ovate narrowed to the base,
flower-bracts green all fertile, fowers white with a yellow spot on the
lip.

Cryton; Central Province, near the Mahaweli river,*Zyimen.

Near C. albiflora. Leaves 5-7 in., thin, bright light transparent green, with
distinct veins and transverse veinlets, Peduncle short, slender; spike 4-6 in.;
bracts green, appressed, acuminate; flowers few, erect, large for the genus.
Corolla-tube 1 in.; segments long, pinkish. Staminode subacute, crisped, pure
white; lip broad, deeply bifid, with a yellow stain at the throat, Seeds oblong,
grey, shining, exarillate.

Szct. III. Hitcheniopsis, Baker. Spike autumnal, from the centre
of the tuft of leaves; bracts very obtuse, adnate at the sides and spreading
at the tip.

25. ©. parviflora, Wall. Pl. Asiat. Rar. i. 47, t.57; rootstock small,
leaves small oblong rounded to the base, fertile bracts green, those of the
coma greenish-white, lip violet. Horan. Prodr, 24.

Burma; banks of the Irrawaddy, near Prome, Wallich.

Rootstock oblong, fibres bearing a few small fusiform tubers. Leaves about six
to a tuft; petiole 4-8 in.; blade green, cuspidate, ft. by 2-3 in., veins darker
green. Peduncle short, slender, hidden by the clasping petioles; spike oblong,
2 in. by 1 in. diam. ; flower-bracts $-1 in., very obtuse, tips spreading. Flowers

216 CXLIX. sciTamInea, (J. G. Baker.) [Curcuma.

as long as the bracts. Corolla-segments small, ovate ; staminodia oblong, white,
as long as the corolla-segments ; lip longer, obovate-cuneate, obscurely emarginate.

26. ©. strobilifera, Wail. Cat. 6599; rootstock small, leaves small
oblong, bracts all green, flowers pale yellow. C. strobilina, Wall. mss. ;
Grah. Cat. Pl. Bomb. 210.

Prev ; near Rangoon, Wallich. .

Rootstock bearing a few globose sessile tubers. Leaves about six toa tuft;
petiole green, deeply channelled, 6-8 in.; leaves 6-8 by 24-8 in., bright green,
acute, base rather rounded, darker green along the veins. Peduncle much shorter
than the petioles ; spike oblong, 3-4 in. by 2 in. diam,; bracts all similar, green,
very obtuse, spreading at the tip. Flowers about as long as the bracts. Corolla-
segments small, whitish ; lip short, deflexed, orbicular, distinctly emarginate.

27. ©. grandiflora, Wall. er Voigt Hort. Suburb.’ Cale. 565 (name
only); rootstock small, leaves small oblong acute, bracts all pale green,
flowers pale yellow.

Matay Peninsuna, Wallich.

Rootstock oblong; fibres not bearing tubers. Leaves 6-8 to a tuft; petiole
deeply channelled, 6-10 in.; blade 6-8 by 3-4 in., cuspidate, base rounded, darker
green along the veins. Peduncle much shorter than the petioles. Spike oblong,
3-4 in.; bracts all similar, very obtuse, spreading at the tip. Flowers rather
longer than the bracts. Corolla-segments ovate or oblong; staminode short and
broad; lip % in., broad, obscurely emarginate, both primrose-yellow.

28. ©. petiolata, Rozrb. Fl. Ind. i. 37; rootstock small, leaves oblong
base rounded, flower-bracts green, those of the coma purple or lilac, flowers
yellowish-white. Rosc. Scit.t.100; Horan. Prodr. 23; Hook. f. in Bot,
Mag. t. 5821. OC. cordata, Wall. Pl. Asiat. Rar. i. 8, t.10; Cat. 6598 ;
Horan. Prodr, 23; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4485. C. cordifolia, Roxb. Hort.
Beng. 1.

Burma, Pzav, and TENASsERIM, Roxburgh, &c.

Rootstock with a few sessile tubers, pale yellow inside, and many at the end of
fusiform fibres. Leaves 4-6 to a tuft; petiole 4-1 ft.; blade 6-9 in., thin, cuspidate.
Peduncle much shorter than the petioles ; spike } ft. by 2 in, diam.; flower-bracts
14 in., very obtuse, spreading at the tip; those of the coma similar in size and
shape, but brightly coloured. Flowers nearly as long as the bracts. Corolla-tube
nearly an inch long; upper segment convex, cuspidate; lip suborbicular, deflexed,
emarginate.

29. ©. Roscoeana, Wall. Pl, Asiat. Rar. i, 8,t. 9; Cat. 6597;
rootstock small, leaves oblong rounded at the base, bracts of the flowers
and coma both bright red, flowers yellowish white. Hook. in Bot. Mag. t.
4667 ; Lem. Jard. Fleur. t. 827; Horan. Prodr. 24. C. coccinea, Wall. mss,
Hitchenia Roscoeana, Benth. in Gen. Plant. iti. 643.

Burma and Prev, Wallich.

Roostock without sessile tubers, but with many small ones at the end of the fibres.
Leaves 6-8 to a tuft; petioles 4-1} ft.; blade 6-12 in., cuspidate, bright green,
darker along the veins. Peduncle short, hidden by the sheathing petioles; spike
6-8 in., by 2-3 in. diam.; bracts very obtuse, adnate at the sides and spreading at
the tip; those of the coma similar in size, shape and colour to the lower ones.
Flowers about as long as the bracts. Corolla 4 in. diam., segments oblong, sub-
equal; limb } in, diam, ; staminodes oblong; lip orbicular, entire.

IMPERFECTLY KNOWN SPECIES.
C. Kurzii, King mss.; nearly allied to C. petiolata, but leaves larger, petioles
longer, scape longer, bracts more imbricating, and their tips less spreading.—
S. Audaman Islds.

Gastrochilus.] OXLIX, SOITAMINER. (J. G. Baker.) 217

7. GASTROCHILUS, Wall.

Perennial, rarely annual; rootstock 0 or creeping ; root-fibres cylindric
or slender. Leafy stem absent or present. Leaves oblong, acute. Flowers
solitary or spicate, often secund. Calyw short, spathaceous. Corolla-tube
slender; segments equal, connivent, linear-oblong, ascending; lateral
staminodes petaloid, broader than the corolla lobes, oblanceolate-oblong;
filament very short; anther-cells parallel, connective neither crested nor
spurred; lip oblong, longer than the corolla-segments, entire. Ovary
oblong, 3-celled; ovules few, or many, superposed; style filiform; stigma
subglobose. Capsule oblong. Seeds ovoid, aril small basal—India and
one other species from China.

1, G. longiflora, Wall. Plant. Asiat. Rar. i. 22, t. 25; Cat. 6589;
perennial, stemless, leaves large long-petioled often cordate, flowers 1-2
in radical spikes, corolla-tube much longer than the bracts, staminodes
white rather longer than the white corolla-segments. Hook. in Bot. Mag.
t. 4010; Horan. Prodr. 22. Alpinia Hamiltoniana, Wall. Cat. 6579.
Banglium sulphureum, Ham. mss.

Stxrxim Himataya, Kuasia Hits, Assam, and from Peau and Upper Burma
to Matacca.

Root-fibres tufted, cylindric. Leaves about 4 in a tuft; petiole long, erect,
channelled ; blade 3-1 ft. or more, hase cordate or cuneate, often tinged purple
beneath. Scape radical; bracts about 2 in., many, imbricate, scarious, oblong-
lanceolate. Calyx much shorter than the bract. Corolla-tube 2-3 in., very slender ;
segments 1-1 in. Stamen rather shorter than the corolla-segments; lip half as long
again as the corolla-segments, oblong-cuneate, sometimes 1 in. broad, more or less
tinged with red and crisped on the incurved margins.—Perhaps more than one species
is included. The Bot. Mag. plant is @. Jenkinsii, Wall. mss, and has larger flowers
than that figured by Wallich, of a purer white, the lip tipped with bright red. G.
speciosa, Kurz mss. has still larger flowers of a dull sulphur yellow, with the sides of
the lip clouded with purple.

2. G. minor, King mss.; perennial, stemless, leaves oblanceolate-
oblong long-petioled, corolla-tube not longer than the bract, staminodes
and lip scarcely longer than the corolla-segments.

Perak, King’s Collector.

Rootstock slender, widely creeping. eaves 1-4 in a tuft; petiole 8-4 in. ; blade
4-5 in., glabrous, moderately firm, narrowed to the base. Sowers several in a
sessile spike; bracts 2 in., lanceolate, membranous. Corolla-tube slender to the
apex; segments 1 in., oblong, whitish ; lip oblong, marked with red and yellow, with
a decurved tip and incurved margins.

8. G. pulcherrima, Wall, Pl. Asiat. Rar. 1. 22, t. 24; perennial,
leafy stem usually produced, leaves sessile or shortly petioled, flowers many
in terminal spikes with imbricate bracts, corolla-tube not longerthan the
bract, staminodes white not longer than the white corolla-segments.
Paxt, Mag. Bot. vii. 75, with fig.; Bot. Mag. +. 3930; Horan. Prodr. 22.

Prau, Wallich; Tavoy, Gomez; TeNasseRim, Helfer, Lobb, Parish; PENana,
Maingay.

Rootstock creeping; root-fibres thick, fleshy. Stem 6-12 in., rarely 0. Leaves
4-6 in., oblong, caudate. Spike sessile, 2-3 in. ; bracts oblong-lanceolate, green, about
1} in. Calyx spathaceous, rather shorter than the bract. Corolla-segments linear-
oblong, 4 in. Stamen shorter than the corolla-segments ; lip 1 in., obovate-cuneate,
white tinged with pink. :

218 CXLIX. SCITAMINEZ. (J.G. Baker.) [Gastrochilus.

4. G. tillandsioides, Baker; perennial, stem 0, leaves distinctly
petioled, flowers many in a long subsessile spike with imbricate bracts,
staminodes linear-oblong not longer than the corolla-segments.

?7Perax; Kunstler.

Leaves 6-8 in., oblong, subacute, base rounded, green above, purplish beneath,
petiole nearly or quite as long as the blade. Spike 6 in.; bracts 20-80, oblong, about
1 in. Staminodes 3-} in., whitish, similar to the corolla-segments in shape and
size ; lip orbicular-cuneate, 3 in. long and broad, pure white with a faint yellow spot
at the throat; stamen half as long as the lip; filament as long as the anther.—
Described from a specimen cultivated in Hort. Culcutt.

5. G. rubrolutea, Baker; perennial, leafy stem produced, leaves
oblong caudate sessile or shortly petioled, owers many, spike very narrow
terminal on the stem or ona radical scape, corolla-tube not longer than the
bract, staminodes yellow rather longer than the red corolla-segments.

Knasra Hitts; J. D. H. & T. T., Clarke,
Leafy stem 4-1 ft. or more. Leaves 6-8 in. narrowed to the base, Spike 2-3 in.,
as long as its peduncle or scape, much narrower and fewer flowered than in G.
ulcherrima; bracts few, small, closely sheathing the scape. Corolla-segments
in.; staminodes yellow, 3 in. broad; stamen nearly as long as the staminodes;
lip oblong-cuneate, panduriform, upper half red, lower yellow.

6. G@. parvula, Wail. Cat. 6590; annual, stem short, leaves small
shortly petioled oblong, flowers solitary from the centre of the leaves,
corolla-tube not longer than the bract, staminodes longer than the corolla-
segments.

Tavoy, Gomez.

A dwarf annual, with 3-4 acute membranous leaves 13-2 in. long at the top of a
short stem. Root-jibres all slender. Bract green, under 1 in., wrapped tightly
round the corolla-tube, its base hidden by the sheath of the uppermost leaf. Corolla-
segments linear-oblong, greenish, } in.; lip 4 in., obovate-cuneate; stamen arcuate
half as long as the lip. Habit of a Kempferia of the Sincorus section.

IMPERFECTLY KNOWN AND UNDESCRIBED SPECIES.

G.? TILImFOLIA, Baker ; annual, root-fibres slender fascicled, leafy stem short,
leaves 4-5 by 3 in. distinctly petioled ovate cuspidate, base oblique, spike 4-5 in.,
terminal, sessile dense-fid., bracts 1-1} in., oblong-lanceolate scariose imbricate,
corolla-tube as long as the bract, segments lanceolate under an inch, staminodea
not longer than the segments, lip oblong-cuneate 14 in.—Kuasia Hits, tropical
region, Hk. f. & Thomson (Monolophus 6, Herb. Ind. Or.). I have not been able to
make out the structure of the anther.

G. aFFINIS, Wall. mss, ex. Voigt Hort. Suburb. Caleutt. 372; Horan. Prodr.

22).—Assam.
G. Jenxinsti1, Wall, mss. l.c—Assam. (See under G. longiflora.)

8, KABMPFERIA, Linn.

Rootstock often tuberous, fibres various. Stem short or 0. Leaves few.
Flowers spicate, on radical scapes, or terminating a leafy stem. Calyx
short, cylindric, splitting down one side. Corolla-tube long, slender;
segments equal, usually spreading. Staminodes broad, petaloid; stamen
short, arcuate; anther-cells separated on a broad connective, which is pro-
duced above into a petaloid crest, not spurred below; lip broad, usually
bifid. Ovary 3-celled; style long, filiform; stigma turbinate. Capsule
oblong; pericarp thin. Seeds subglobose, aril small lacerate.—Tropics of
the Old World.

Kempferia.] OXLIX, SOITAMINEH, (J.G. Baker.) 219

Suzcen. I. Sincorus, Horan. Stemless. Leaves contemporary with
the flowers. Spikes central, radical. Lip usually bifid.

* Anther crest 2-lobed, 2-fid, or toothed.

1. K. Galanga, Linn. Sp. Pl. 3; Hort. Cliff. t. 3; leaves sub-
orbicular subsessile, corolla-segments lanceolate, staminodes obovate-
cuneate white, lip white with a lilac throat deeply bitid, anther-crest
uadrate, lobes two rounded. ose. in Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 351; Scit.

1. t. 92; Roxb. in Asiat. Res. xi. 327; Hort. Beng. 1; Fl. Ind. i. 15;
Wall. Cat. 6581; Wight. Ic. +. 899; Grah. Cat. Pl. Bomb. 208; Dalz. &
Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 274; Horan. Prodr. 21. K. sessilis, Kenig in Retz. Obs.
iii. 67. K. humilis, Salisb. Prodr. 6. 'K. plantaginifolia, Salisb. in Trans.
Hort, Soc. i. 286. Alpinia sessilis, Kenig in Retz. Obs. iii. 62.—Rumph.
Amboin. v. t. 69, fig. 2. Rheede Mailab. xi. t. 41.

In the plains throughout Brirish Inp1a.—Disteis, Malay isles.

Rootstock tuberous; root-fibres cylindric. Leaves 3-6 in. long, spreading flat
on the ground, tip deltoid, thin, deep green, 10-12-ribbed, margin not thickened
nor coloured; petiole short, channelled. Flowers 6-12, fugitive, sweet-scented,
opening successively ; bracts lanceolate, green, small. Calyw as long as the bract.
Corolla-tube 1 in. ; segments } in. ; staminodes 4 in. long and broad; lip 1 in. broad,
bifid below the middle, lobes obtuse; anther-crest small, with two shallow obtuse
lobes.

Var. K. tatirouta, Donn. Hort, Cant. ed. vi. p. 3; lip spotted at the throat
with brown. K. Galanga, Willd., Enum. i.3; Bot. Mag. t. 850.

2. K. marginata, Carey in Rosc. Scit. Pl. t. 93; leaves orbicular sub*
sessile edged with brown, corolla-segments lanceolate, staminodes lilac
obovate, lip lilac cut deeply into two orbicular lobes, anther crest bifid.
Horan. Prodr. 21.

Burma, Carey; TENASSERIM, Parish,

Root-yibres oblong. Leaves spread flat on the ground, 4-6 in. long and broad,
firmer in texture than in K. Galanga, tinged reddish-brown beneath, and with a
distinct brown margin. Flowers few in a sessile central cluster; bracts and calyx
under 1 in. Corolla-tube 1 in.; segments as long, white. Staminodes as long as
the corolla-segments; lip 1 in., lobes 4 in. broad, overlapping ; anther-crest deeply
bifid, lobes bidentate.—Nearly allied to K. Galanga. An allied plant with purple
flowers sent by Dr. King’ from Quedah in the Malay Peninsula, is probably a distinct
species.

3. K. angustifolia, Roscoe in Trans. Linn, Soc. viii. 351 ; Scit. Pl.
+. 94; leaves ascending lanceolate, corolla-segments long linear, staminodeg
oblong white, lip lilac deeply cut into two obovate lobes, anther-crest bifid.
Roxb. in Asiat. Res. xi. 328; Hort. Beng. 1; Fl. Ind.i. 17; Red. Lil. t.
389; Horan. Prodr. 21. K. Roxburghiana, Schult. Mant. i. 33. K. undau-
lata, Link. ; Teysm. and Binnen. in Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 598. :

Foot of the EasTERN Himatayas. Brnaat, Roxburgh.—DisTRiz. Malay isles,

Rootstock tuberous; root-fibres slender or cylindric. Leaves many, 6-8 by 1 in.
or less, sessile, ascending, lanceolate. Flowers few in a central sessile spike ; bracts
small. Calye lin. Corolla-tube white, twice as long as the calyx ; segments 1 in.,
very narrow, white, reflexing ; staminodes erect, 3—Jin.; lip reflexed, } by 3 in.,
bifid about halfway down; lobes suborbicular; anther-crest quadrate, shallowly
bifid.

4. &. ovalifolia, Rorb. Hort. Beng.1; Fl. Ind.i.19; Corom. Pl.
+. 278; leaves oblong distinctly petioled, spike sessile, corolla-segmentg

220 CXLIX. SCITAMINEE. (J. G. Baker.) [Kempferia.

large linear, staminodes oblong white, lip lilac deeply cut into two obovate
emarginate lobes, anther-crest 3-4-dentate, Rose. Scit. Pl. t. 95; Wall.
Cat. 6583; Horan. Prodr. 21. K. diversifolia, Link. in Dietr. Sp. Plant. i.
57; Horan. Prodr. 1. c. K. Parishii, Hook. f. in Bot. Mag. t. 5763.—
Trilophus, Lestid. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. ii. xv. 341.

TENassERIM, Parish; Mauacca, Fargquhar.—Dist xis. Siam.

Rootstock tuberous; root-fibres cylindric or oblong at the tip. Leaves 6 by 4 in.,
spreading, thin, pale green, acute; channelled petiole in the wild plant 2-3 in.,
sometimes 6 in. in the cultivated. Spike few-fid., sometimes produced before the
leaves ; bracts imbricate, 1-2 in., pale green striped with brown. Corolla-tube 13-2
in. long; segments narrow, 1} in.; staminodes erect, 1 by 3 in.; lobes of lip short
and broad, imbricate, bright lilac; anther-crest large, quadrate, usually trifid.—
Connects the sections Sincorus and Protanthium, and is included by Horaninov in
both, under different names.

5. K. speciosa, Baker; leaves suborbicular erect shortly petioled,
flowers in a sessile head large pure white, corolla-tube very long, segments
ovate, staminodes large obovate, lip patent broader than long bifid.

Burma (Ic. in Hort, Calcut.)

Petiole 2-3 in.; blade 5-6 in. long and broad, plain green or variegated deeper
and paler green. Corolla-tube 3 in.; segments nearly 1 in.; staminodes and lip
1 in., the expanded limb being 2 in. diam.

6. KH. pandurata, Roxb. in Asiat. Res. xi. 328, t. 2; Hort. Beng. 1;
Fil. Ind.i.18; leaves oblong petioled large erect, corolla-segments ascending,
staminodes oblong as long as the corolla-segments white, lip oblong-
cuncate twice as long as the staminodes entire, anther-crest quadrate bifid.
Rose, Scit. Pl. t. 96; Bot. Reg. t.173; Wall. Cat. 6586; Grah. Cat. Pl.
Bomb. 208; Dalz. § Gibs. Bomb. Fl. Suppl. 87; Thw. Enum. 316; Horan.
Prodr. 21. K. ovata, Rose. in Trans, Linn. Soe. viii. 351. Cureuma
rotunda, Linn. Sp. 2.—Rheede, Hort. Mal. xi. t. 10; Rumph. Amboin. v. t.
69, fig. 2.

Concan and Guzerat, Graham. SoutH ANDAMAN IsLpD., Kurz, TeNAassERIM,
Helfer, CEYLON, Thwaites.—DistRiB. Malay Islds.

Rootstock perennial, tuberous, bright yellow ; root-fibres cylindric. Zeaves 9-12
in., acute, narrowed to the base; petiole long, channelled. Spike peduncled, hidden
in the dilated bases of the petioles; bracts oblong or lanceolate, moderately firm,
14-2 in. Calyz shorter than the bracts. Corolla-tube 2-21 in.; segments whitish,
above 3 in. ; lip 1 in., white, tinged with red, margins incurved ; anther-crest small.
-—Resembles Gastrochilus in the shape of the flower, especially G. longiflora, but
the anther is crested. Cultivated for its ginger-like rootstock.

7. K. Prainiana, King mss.; leaves oblong-lanceolate erect, petiole
as long as the blade, corolla-segments oblong ascending, lip oblong-
cuneate much longer than the corolla-segments.

Matay Peninsvta; Goping, King’s Collector.

Rootstock small. Leaves about 4 ina tuft ; petiole 6 in. ; blade 8-9 by 2-23 in,
moderately firm, glabrous, narrowed to the base. Flowers in a sessile cylindric
spike 6 in. long; bracts many, oblong, imbricate, membranous. Corolla whitish ;
tube 1 in., slender, segments under } in., lip the same, but much smaller.—N early
allied to K. pandurata.

*& Anther-crest entire.

8. HK. Roscoeana,; Wall. in Bot. Reg. t. 1212; leaves orbicular sub-
sessile variegated biack and green; flower entirely white; corolla-segments

Kempferia.] OXLIX. scITaMINEZ. (J. G. Baker.) 221

short lanceolate; staminodes obovate, lip deeply cut into two obovate
lobes, anther-crest ovate entire. Hook. in Bot. Mag. t. 5600; Horan.
Prodr. 21. K. Roscoei, Wall. Cat. 6584.

Burma, Wallich (not Nepax, as stated by Horaninoy). |

Root-fibres many, fascicled, cylindric. Leaves 2, spreading flat on the ground;
obscurely cuspidate, 4-5 in., firmer in texture than in K. Galanga, margins pale,
obscurely crisped. Flowers few, in a sessile central tuft; bracts and calyx under
lin. Corotla-tube 1-1} in. ; segments 4 in.; staminodes 4 in. long and nearly as
broad ; lobes of the lip similar in shape and size; crest of the anther small and not
at all lobed.—Nearly allied to K. Galanga.

9, K. parviflora, Wail. Cat. 6587; leaves subsessile ovate, corolla-
segments short linear-oblong, staminodes narrow, lip lilac obovate-cuneate
emarginate, anther-crest orbicular entire.

Burma; banks of the River Attran, Wallich.

Root-fibres slender. Leaves thin, ovate, 3-4 in. long, rounded at the base, plain
green ; petiole short, channelled. Flowers few in a sessile central tuft ; bracts 1 in.,
lanceolate, green. Calyx not longer than the bract, Corolla-tube 14 in.; segments
greenish, 4 in., upper ascending, rather concave. Lip 4 by } in., subemarginate ;
anther-crest obtuse, as broad as long.—The flower resembles that of a Gastrochilus,
but the anther is crested.

10. K. involucrata, King mss.; leaves oblanceolate-oblong long-
petioled erect, flowers several in a head surrounded by large oblong green
bracts, corolla-segments ascending, staminodes rather longer than the
corolla-segments, lip orbicular bifid twice as long as the corolla-segmenis,
anther-crest orbicular entire.

Srexim Himataya, Jaffray. Assam, Jenkins.

Stemless. Petiole 5-6 in.; blade 6-7 by 14-2 in., green, membranous, nar-
rowed gradually to the base. Peduncle 1-4 in.; outer bracts membranous, 13-2 in.,
inner small lanceolate. Corolla-tube 14 in.; segments small, oblong, whitish.
Staminodes crested, oblong, white, 3-4 in.; lip 4 in. long and broad, white with a
yellow blotch in the centre. :

11. K. Andersoni, Baker; leaves oblong acute shortly petioled
ascending, flowers several in a head surrounded by large oblong green
bracts, staminodes small obovate, lip orbicular emarginate, anther-crest
orbicular entire.

Burma, T. Anderson (in Hort. Bot. Calc.).

Petiole 1-2 in.; blade 3-4 in., light green, not mottled, narrowed to the base.
Peduncle 0; bracts 14-2 in. Corolla-tube shorter than the bracts; segments
small, ovate; lip above 3 in, long and broad, pure white with a yellow spot at the
zhroat.—Nearly allied to K. involucrata.

12. H%. concinna, Baker; leaves oblong-lanceolate long-petioled
ascending, epikes oblong shortly peduncled, corolla-tube rather longer
than the bract, flower white blotched with red, lip oblong margins incurved,
anther-crest small entire.

Peak, alt. 4-600 ft., King’s Collector.

_ Rootstock very slender. Leaf-blade subcoriaceous, glabrous, 6-8 by 2 in.;
petiole slender, 9-12 in. Spikes many-fid. ; bracts 1 in., ovate-lanceolate, reddish.

Calyx very short. Corolla-tube very slender, gradually dilated to the throat ;
segments oblong, 3 in.—Habit of K. pandurata,

Subgen. II. Protanthium, Horan. Stemless. Leaves not produced
till after the flowers. Spikes radical. Lip and anther-crest bifid.

222 OXLIX. scITAMINES. (J. G. Baker.) [Keaempferia.

13, K. rotunda, Linn. Sp. 3; leaves oblong erect petioled, corolla-
segments long linear, staminodes oblong acute white, lip lilac or reddish
deeply cut into two suborbicular lobes, anther-crest deeply bifid. Roxb, in
Asiat, Res. xi. 327; Hort. Beng.1; FlcInd.i.16; Rose. Scit. Pl. t. 97; Bot.
au t. 920 and 6054; Wight Ic. t. 2029; Grah. Cat. Pl. Bomb, 208;
Dalz, & Gibs. Bomb. Fl., Suppl. 86; Thw. Enum. 316. K. longa, Jacq.
Hort. Schoend. t. 317; Red. Lal. t. 49. K. versicolor, Salisd. in Trans. Hort,
Soc. i. 286.—Rheede Hort. Mal, xi. t. 9.

Throughout Inpta from the Himanayas to CryLon and the Mazay PENINSULA,
often cultivated.—DistEis. Malay Islands.

Rootstock tuberous; root-fibres many, very thick. Leaves erect, petiole short
channelled; blade 12 by 3-4 in., usually variegated with darker and lighter green
above and tinged purple beneath. Spikes 4~6-fid., produced in March and April
before the leaves; bracts oblong, acute, outer short, the inner 2-3 in. long. Calyx
nearly as long as the corolla-tube, minutely toothed, slit down one side. Corolla-
tube 2-3 in., segments spreading, nearly as long as the tube. Staminodes 13-2 in. ;
lip rather shorter, reflexed, 2-lobed to below the middle lobes 4-1 in. broad, deeply
tinged with lilac or red-purple ; aother-crest cut half way down into two lanceolate
lobes, with often a small tooth between them.

14, KB. candida, Wall. Pl. Asiat. Rar. i. 47, t. 56; Cat. 6585;
flowers white, corolla-segments lanceolate, staminodes obovate obtuse, lip
orbicular-cuneate shallowly bifid, anther-crest bifid.

Burma, Wallich, & ; Sban Hills, 3000 ft., Collett.

Rootstock tuberous; root-fibres slender, with large tubers at the end. Leaves
not known. Spikes 6-8-fld.; bracts broader than in K. rotunda, inner 2-3 in, long.
Calyx 1 in., minutely toothed. Corolla-tube twice as long as the calyx; segments
1 in. or less; staminodes 1} by 1 in., erect, pure white; lip reflexed, 14 in. long
and broad, tinged yellow in the centre; anther-crest much smaller than in K.
rotunda.

Subgen. III. Monolophus, Wall. (geu). Leafy stem usually pro-
duced. Leaves contemporary with the flowers. Spikes terminal on the
leafy stem. Lip bifid or entire. Anther-crest entire.

15. K. siphonantha, King mss.; leafy stem none, leaves oblong
oblique at the base, petiole longer than the blade, flower lilac, staminodes
oblong, lip broad deeply bifid.

ANDAMAN IsLanps, King’s Collector.

Annual, stemless; root-fibres slender. Leaves 3 in » tuft; petiole 6 in.; blade
4-5 in., oblong, acute, membranous, glabrous, base unequal-sided, sides rounded.
Flowers solitary at the end of a long very slender spike; bracts few, narrow, mem-
branous. Corolla-tube much exserted from the upper bract; segments 4 in., oblong-
Janceolate, greenish.

16. K. elegans, Wall. Cat. 6593; leafy stem short or none, leaves
oblong, petiole rather shorter than the blade, flowers bright lilac, stami-
nodes obovate-cuneate, lip cut nearly to the base into two obovate lobes.
K. Crawfurdii, Wall. ined. Monolophus elegans, Wall. Pl. Asiat. Rar. i.
24, +.27; Horan, Prodr. 22.

Prev, Marrapan, Tavoy, and TENASSERIM,

Annual, root-fibres slender. Leaves 2-4 to a tuft, 5-6 by 2-3 in., acute, thin,
green above, much paler beneath, base rounded; petiole channelled, nearly as long
as the blade. Cluster of flowers shortly peduncled; outer bracts 2 in., oblong-
lanceolate, green. Caly» about 1 in. Corolla-tube slender, twice as long as the

Kempferia.| CXLIx. sciraMinea. (J. G. Baker.) 223
calyx ; segments less than 1 in., green, lanceolate ; staminodes spreading, 4 in. ; lip
4-1 in. long and broad, bifid nearly to the base; anther-crest large, suborbicular.

17. K. macrochlamys, Baker; stemless, leaves lanceolate petioled,
flowers white, staminodes orbicular-cuneate, lip broad cut deeply into two
orbicular lobes.

TENASSERIM, Parish,

Leaves 4-5 by 1 in., acute, narrowed gradually into a channelled petiole 2-8 in.
long. Cluster of flowers shortly peduncled; outer bracts 2 in., oblong, purplish-
brown. Corol/a-segments 4 in.; staminodes a little longer than the corolla-seg-
ments; lip 1 in. broad, bifid half way down, yellow and pilose below; anther-crest
ovate, entire-—Described from a sketch and notes made by Prof. Oliver of a plant
that flowered in Kew in May, 1871.

18. K. linearis, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Wall. & Carey, i. 20; leafy
stem elongate, leaves sessile lanceolate acuminate, flowers white, corolla-tube
half as long again as the bracts, corolla-segments linear-oblong whitish,
staminodes oblong-cuneate, lip broad cuneate entire or slightly emarginate.
Monolophus linearis, Wall. Cat. 6592; Horan. Prodr. 22.

Easteen Himaarya, Assam, Sitnet and the Kuasia Hivus, alt. 2-8500 ft.

Annual, root-fibres slender. Stem simple; slender, erect, 4-10 in. Leaves
ascending, membranous, green, 3-4 by 3-4 in. Spikes 1-2, sessile or shortly
peduncled, 1-2-fid.; outer bract 1-1} in., lanceolate, acuminate, green. Corolla-
tube 14-2 in.; segments 3-3 in.; staminodes as long as the corolla-segments ; lip
about 3 in. long and broad, tinged with yellow at the throat; anther-crest large,
orbicular.

19, K. sikkimensis, King mss.; leafy stem elongate, leaves sessile
lanceolate-acuminate, corolla-tube twice as long as the bract, segments
linear-oblong dark lilac, staminodes white orbicular cuneate, lip suborbicular
white entire.

S1xxim and Botan Himaraya, King, Elwes.

Stems slender, 2-4 in. long. Leaves reaching 2-3 in. long, 4-1 in. broad.
Spike solitary ; 1-flowered, its base hidden in the sheath of the uppermost leaf ; bract

green, tin. long. Corolla-tube slender, an inch long; segments } in. long.—Very
near K, linearis.

20. K. secunda, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Wall. & Carey, i.19;
leafy stem produced, leaves sessile oblong acute, flowers white or red, corolla-
segments linear-oblong, staminodes oblong-cuneate, lip broad cuneate

slightly emarginata. Bot. Mag. t. 6999. Monolophus secundus, Wall.
Cat. 6591; Horan. Prodr. 22.

Sixxim Himanaya, Assam, SiuuEr, the KHasta Hinis and TENassrRim,
ascending to 4000 ft.

Annual, Leafy stem 6-9 in., slender, simple. Leaves 3-4 by 1 in. (or more),
membranous, green, ascending, acuminate. Spikes 1-4; outer-bract 1-1} in.,
oblong-lanceolate, green, moderately firm. Calyx much shorter than the bract.
Corolla-tube 14-2 in.; segments 3-4 in., greenish, membranous; staminodes

scarcely longer than the corolla-segments ; lip 1 in. or more broad; anther-crest
large, ovate.

21. K. parvula, King. mss.; leafy stem produced, leaves petioled
oblong acute, flowers small white solitary in the axil of a large folded
oblong firm green bract.

Matay Preninsuia; Goping, King’s Collector.

224 CXLIX. SCITAMINEE, (J. G. Baker.) [Kempferia.

Habit of K. secunda. Leafy stem 3-4,in., bearing 3-7 distinctly -petioled oblique
oblong acute moderately firm glabrous leaves 1~2 in. long. Bract 1 in., terminal,
solitary, shortly peduncled. Corolia-tube very slender, much shorter than the
bract.

__ Subgen. IV. Stachyanthesis, Benth. Leafy stem produced.
Flowers mauy in a terminal spike. Lip bifid; anther-crest quadrate
entire.

22. KH. scaposa, Benth. in Gen. Plant. iii. 642. Hedychium scaposum
Nimmo in Grah, Cat. Pl. Bomb. 205; Wall. in Kew Journ. Bot. v. (1853),
375. Monolophus scaposus, Dalz. in Kew Journ. Bot. ii. (1850), 143; Dalz.
& Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 273; Wight Ic. t. 2030; Horan. Prodr. 22.

Concan ; on the banks of rivulets, Graham, &o.

Rootstock tuberous, oblique; root-fibres long, slender, Leaves 12 by 2-3 in.,
oblong-lanceolate, acute, green above, paler and pubescent beneath, narrowed into a
deeply channelled petiole. Spike 3-6 in., moderately dense; peduncle long, slender,
naked ; bracts 1-14 in., oblong-lanceolate, persistent, green. Calyx loosely sheathing
the corolla-tube, above 1 in., minutely toothed. Corolla-tube slender, 2-3 in.,
segments short, lanceolate ; staminodes oblong, white, as long as the corolla segments,
shorter than the broad bifid lip, which is above an inch long. Capsule obovoid, red,
pubescent, the size of a sparrow’s egg.

9. HITCHENTA, Wall.

Habit and inflorescence of Curcwma, but bracts subcoriaceous. Calyx
short, minutely toothed. Corol/a-tube slender, much longer than the calyx ;
segments oblong or lanceolate, subequal. Lateral staminodes petaloid,
free from the filiform filament; lip orbicular or cuneate; filament narrow
as long as the lip; anther-cells marginal on the broad connective, not
crested. Ovary 3-celled; ovules many, superposed; style filiform, stigma
turbinate. Capsule oblong-trigonous, finally dehiscing. Seeds ovoid,
arillate.-—All Indian.

1. H. glauca, Wall. in Trans. Med. Phys. Soc. Calcutt. vii. 215;
bracts all with flowers, corolla-tube twice the length of the bract, segments
oblong, staminodes as long as the corolla-segments, lip ovate, filament
short. Horan. Prodr. 24. Curcuma glaucophylla, Wall. Cat. 6594;
Grah, Cat. Pl. Bomb. 210.

Burma, Wallich.

Rootstock bearing only small tubers at the end of long slender fibres. Stem
3-4 ft. Leaves oblanceolate-oblong, 1 ft. or more by 4-5 in., narrowed gradually
from the middle to the base. Spike 5-6 in. ; bracts crowded, orbicular-cuneate,
1-14 in., upper third spreading. Flowers white; corolla-tube 2 in.; segments
small, oblong, concave; expanded flower 1 in. diam. Staminodes as long as the
corolla-segments ; lip ovate, not clawed, acute, obscurely emarginate; stamen as
long as the corolla-segments.

2. H. caulina, Baker; upper bracts empty and enlarged, corolla-
tube half as long again as the bract, segments. ovate, staminodes as long
as the corolla-segments, lip orbicular, filament very short. Curcuma
caulina, Grah. in Cat. Pl. Bomb. 210; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 275;
Lisboa in Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. ii. 140, with fig.

The Concan ; abundant on the table-land of Mahableshwur.

Rootstock ovoid, white inside, bearing large oblong tubers at the end of long

Hitchenia.] CXLIX. SOITAMINEZ. (J. G. Baker.) 225

fibres. Leafy stem 8-4 ft. Leaves oblong, 1-14 ft. by 5-6 in., narrowed to the
base, often tinged red-brown. Spike 4 ft.; bracts 1 in., green, obovate-cuneate,
spreading in the upper third, those of the coma longer, whitish. Flowers yellow;
corolla-tube slender, 13 in. ; expanded limb 1 in, diam. ; staminodes oblong, 4 in. ;
lip 4 in. diam., deeply bifid; stamen shorter than the corolla-segments.

3. H. Careyana, Benth. in Gen. Plant. iii. 643; bracts all flowering,
corolla-tube little longer than the bract, segments linear, staminodes
minute, lip cuneate with a long claw, filament long. Curcuma Careyana,
Wall. Cat. 6595.

Eastern Himawaya, subtropical region. KuasiA Hinus, Assam, CacHar,

Sizer and Manreur. :

Stem 4 ft. Leaves oblong, 1-2 ft. by 4-5 in., narrowed gradually from the
middle to the base. Spike 6-8 in.; bracts 1-1} in., closely imbricate, obovate-
cuneate, squarrose ; bracteoles 1 in., lanceolate. Flowers purple; corolla-segments
3 in.; staminodes minute, obovate-cuneate, emarginate; lip $ in., cuneate, with a
long claw and a small bifid cusp; filiform filament }in. Capsule small, green,
oblong-trigonous.—Resembles H. glauca in habit, but differs so much in structure

that probably it should form a different genus.

IMPERFECTLY ENOWN SPECIES.

4. H. musacza, Baker; stemless, leaves like Musa in texture, 1} ft. by 6-8 in.,
oblong, base rounded, petiole as long as the blade, spike central, peduncle 4 ft. long,
bracts 14-14 in. orbicular coriaceous slightly squarrose each several-fld., flowers
withered and imperfect. Curcuma musacea, Wall. Cat. 6596.—Singapore, Wallich.

Malacca, Griffith, Maingay.

10. HEDYCHIUM, Kanig.

Rootstock horizontal, tuberous; root-fibres not much thickened. Stem
elongate, leafy. Leaves distichous, oblong or lanceolate. Flowers sub-
solitary or in terminal spikes ; bracts oblong, subcoriaceous, one- or more-fid.
Calyx tubular, 3-dentate. Corolla-tube long, slender; segments linear,
equal, spreading. Lateral staminodes linear or oblong-cuneate ; filament
narrow ; auther-cells contiguous, connective not produced ; lip large, bifid.
Ovary 8-celled; ovules many, superposed; style long, filiform, stigma
subglobose. Capsule globose, 3-valved. Seeds many, small, aril lacerated.
—India and Malay Islands.

Sect. I. Gandasulium, Horan. Stamen never much longer than
the lip. :

* Leaves more or less pubescent beneath.

1. H. coronarium, Kenig in Retz Obs. iii. 73; leaves oblong or
oblong-lanceolate, spike dense-fid., bracts large oblong imbricate 3-4-fld.,
flowers white or tinged with yellow, staminodes oblong or oblong-lanceolate,
lip broad shallowly bifid distinctl clawed, stamen as long as or rather
longer than the lip. Roxb. in Asiat. Res. xi. 325; Hort. Beng. 1; Fl. Ind.i.10;
Ed. Wali. & Carey,i. 9; Rose. in Trans, Linn, Soc. viii. 343, t. 20,1. 6; Sett.
Pl.t.51; Bot. Mag. t. 708; Smith Exot. Fl. ii. t.107; Blume Enum. Fl,
Jav.i. 56; Wight Ic. t. 2010; Wall. Cat. 6539, in Kew Journ. v. (1853), 825 ;
Thw. Enum. 319. H.spicatum, Lodd. Bot. Cat. t. 653, not of Hamilt. H.
Gandasulium, Prophet and album, Herb. Hamilt——Hedychium, Griff.
Notul. iii. 419 (the 2nd species.)—Rumph. Amboin. t. 69, fig. 3.

VOL. VI. Q

226 CXLIX. ScITAMINEZ, (J. G. Baker.) [Hedychium.

Throughout India from the Hrmatayas to Ceyion and Matacca, ascending to
4000 ft. in the Khasia Hills, and 6000 ft. in Ceylon.—D1stR1B.—Malay Islands.

Rootstock 1 in. thick. Stem 4-6 ft. Leaves often above a foot by 3-5 in.,
usually pubescent beneath. Spike 3-1 ft. ; outer bracts 13-2 by 1 in., at first green,
brown in age. Calyw green, cylindric, shorter than the bract. Flowers fragrant,
in the type pure white or tinged with yellow. Corolla-tube 3 in.; segments linear,
reflexing, half as long as the tube; lateral staminodes 13-2 in. by about 3 in.; lip
14-2 in. broad, narrowed suddenly to a short claw, short lobes rounded ; filament
red; anther about } in. Capsule oblong, glabrous, orange inside. Seeds with a
crimson aril,

Var. H. cHRysozrvcum, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4516 (sp.); lip white with a large
yellow patch in the centre. Lindl. & Pawt. Fl. Gard. i. 110, t. 77.

Var. H. maximum, Rose. Scit. Pl. t. 52 (sp.); leafy stem taller than in the type,
flowers pure white larger, staminodes $-1 in. broad, lip 2-23 in. broad. Lindl. in
Bot, Reg. t. 1022; Horan. Prodr. 24,

Var. H. FLAVESCENS, Carey in Rosc. Scit. Pl. t. 50 (sp.); stature of the type,
flowers sulphur yellow. Wight Ic. t. 2008-9; H. flavum, Bot. Mag. t. 2378 (not of
t, 3039). H. sulphureum, Wail. mss.

Var. H. uRopayLtum, Lodd. Bot. Cat. t. 1785 (sp.); stature of the type,
flowers bright yellow. Horan. Prodr. 24.

Var. H. ruavum, Roxb. Hort. Beng.1; Fl. Ind.i. 12 (sp.); dwarfer than the
type, flowers smaller bright yellow. Rose. Scit. Pl.t. 49 ; Bot. Mag. t. 3039 ; Lodd. Bot.
Cat. t. 604; Wall. Cat. 6542 ; Kew Journ, Bot. v. (1853), 326; Horan. Prodr. 24.

2. H. Elwesii, Baker; leaves oblong nearly glabrous beneath, spike
dense-fld., bracts large oblong 4-5-fid., calyx shorter than the bract,

flowers bright yellow, staminodes lip linear, broad shallowly bifid, stamen
as long as the lip.

Kuasia Hruts ; Bishop’s fall, near Shillong, alt. 4000 ft., Elwes.

Leaves 1 ft. or more, by 3 in. Spike 4 ft.; bracts green, subcoriaceous, 3-22 in.,
rather diverging, not so closely imbricate as in H. coronarium. Corolla-tube 2% in. ;
segments above 1 in.; staminodes resembling the segments in size and shape; lip
14 in. broad, narrowed suddenly to a broad claw ; filament bright red; anther linear,
4 in.—May be an extreme form of H. coronariwm.

3. H. marginatum, Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxv. 75, t. 31;
leaves oblong-lanceolate very hairy beneath, spike short dense-fid., bracts
oblong imbricated 1-fid., flowers yellow, staminodes linear, lip small
cuneate distinctly clawed shallowly bifid, stamen rather longer than the
lip.

Naga Hitzs; Kohima, alt. 4500 ft. Clarke ; Griffith (5680), without locality.

Leaves 1 ft. by 14-2 in., pale beneath. Spike 3-4 in.; bracts 13-2 in., not so
firm as in H. coronarium, glabrous, with a pale horny margin and a tuft of hairs
at the tip. Calyw lin. Corolla-tube twice as long as the calyx; segments 1 in.,

staminodes resembling the corolla-segments in size and shape; lip 1 in. long, claw
long, blade 4-3 in. broad.

4, H. venustum, Wight Ic. t. 2012; leaves oblong-lanceolate nearly
glabrous beneath, spike lax-fld. often cernuous, bracts small 1-fld., flowers
whitish, calyx exceeding the bract, staminodes linear, lip narrow cuneate
deeply bifid distinctly clawed, stameu shorter than the lip. Wall. in Kew
Journ. Bot. v. (1853), 328. H. cernuum, Wight Ic. t. 2011.

Nitaurri Hints, Wight.

Leaves 1 ft. by 3-4 in., obscurely pubescent beneath. Spike 6-9 in., cernuous

Hedychium.] CXLIX. SCITAMINES. (J. G. Baker.) 227

or erect; bract thin, at most 1 in., glabrous, rolled round the calyx. Calyx 14 in.
long. Corolla-tube 2 in.; segments 14 iu.; staminodes as long as the corolla-
segments; lip rather longer than the staminodes, cut down below the middle into
two acute segments; anther linear. Capsule subglobose, pubescent.

** Leaves quite glabrous beneath.

5. H. spicatum, Hamilt. ex Smith in Rees Cyclop. xvii. No. 3;
leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, spike dense-fid., bracts large oblong
1-fld., calyx shorter than the bract, flowers white, staminodes lanceolate,
lip cuneate deeply bifid, stamen rather shorter than the lip. Rose. Scit. Pl.
t. 48; Hook. Exot. Flora, t. 46; Bot. Mag. t. 2300; Royle Ill. 357; Wall.
- Cat. 6553; in Kew Journ. v. (1853), 828; Horan. Prodr, 24,

SustrgopicaL Himauaya; Nepat, Wallich. Kumaon, alt. 5000-7000 ft.,

Royle, Strachey § Winterbottom.
Leaves reaching 1 ft. or more, very variable in breadth, glabrous. Spike some-

times 1 ft.; bracts oblong, obtuse, green, 1-14 in. by ¢ in. broad, flowers ascending
and closely imbricate in the type. Corolla-tube 2-23 in.; segments 1 in., linear »
staminodes 1 in., lanceolate; lip 4—3 in. broad, not at all clawed, lobes 2 rounded;
filament pale red ; anther linear, 4-3 in. Capsule glabrous, globose.

Var. TRILOBUM, Wall. in Kew Journ. v. (1853) 328 ; spike laxer, bracts narrower
convolute round the calyx, corolla-segments staminodes and lip longer, the latter
with a small tooth between the two lobes. H. trilobum, Wall, Cat, 6554.—Nepal,
Wallich,

Var. acumiInatTuM, Wall.in Kew Journ. 1. c.; leaves glabrous beneath, spike
laxer and flowers fewer, bracts convolute round the calyx, flowers white or
pale yellow, tube, corolla-segments staminodes and clawed lip longer than in the
type, stamen about half as long as the lip. H. acuminatum, Rose. Scit. Pl. t. 47;
oe Mag. t. 2969; Lodd. Bot. Cat. t. 1795.—Kumaon to Sikkim, ascending to

000 ft.

Var. KHASIANUM, Clarke; like the last, but leaves pubescent beneath.—Khasia
Hills, Clarke.

H. flavescens, Lodd. Bot. Cat. t. 723 (not of Carey) and H. Sieboldii, Wall. in
Kew Journ. v. 371 (H. flavescens, Lindl. in Hort. Soc. Journ. vii. 281, & Paxt.
Flow. Gard. iti. 164, tig. 311. H. Roxburghii, Siebold in Hort. Soc. Journ. |. c.) are

probably varieties of this species.
H. Bicornutum, Wall. mss., is a monstrous form, with two stamens, each with a

large erect spur at the base of the anther.

6. H. densiflorum, Wall. Cat. 6552 ; Kew Journ. (1853) v. 368 ; leaves
oblong, spike long moderately dense-fid., bracts small oblong 1-fld., calyx
longer than the bract, flowers small bright yellow, staminodes lanceolate,
lip cuneate deeply bifid, stamen as tong as the lip. Horan. Prodr. 25.

TemprraTy Himataya; Nepan, Wallich ; SIKKIM, alt. 6000-8000 ft. Griffiths’

Collectors; J. D. H. a
Leaves 1 ft. by 4-5 in., glabrous beneath. Spike sessile, sometimes 1 ft. ;

bracts oblong, 3-1 in., rolled tightly round the calyx. Caly# cylindric, about 1 in.

Corolla-tube 1-11 in. ; segments linear, reflexing, under 1 in. ; staminodes lanceo-

late, under 1 in. ; lip about 3 in., not clawed ; stamen just exceeding the staminodes ;
filament yellow, anther linear.

Szct. II. Macrostemium, Horan. Stamen much longer than the
lip (rather longer in H. Griffithianwm). j

* Lip narow 2-fid or 2-partite, lobes or segments narrow (lip emarginate

in H. ellipticum.)
Q 2

228 CxLIx. scitaminea. (J. G. Baker.) [ Hedychium.

+ Leaves glabrous beneath.

7. H. crassifolium, Boker; leaves oblong-lanceolate subcoriaceous,
bracts short oblong 1-fid., calyx twice as long as the bract, flowers bright
yellow, calyx-segments very long, staminodes lanceolate half as long as
the corolla-segments, lip narrow long clawed bipartite segments narrow,
stamen twice as long as the lip.

PERAK, in dense jungle, on trees, King’s Collector.

Epiphytic; leafy stem 15-20 in. Leaves under 1 ft. 14-2 in. broad, glabrous,
firmer in texture than in any other species, narrowed gradually from the middle to
the base. Bracts green, glabrous, + in. rolled tightly round the calyx. Corolla-
tube }-in. longer than the calyx ; segments linear-convolute, 2 in. long; staminodes
and lip about 1 in.; filament bright red, 2 in.; anther large, linear.

8. H. longicornutum, Griff. mss.; leaves oblong-lanceolate, spike
short dense-fld. oblong, bracts oblong hairy imbricate 1-fld., calyx longer
than the bract, corolla-segments much longer than the oblanceolate
staminodes, lip bipartite, segments narrow, stamen twice as long as the
lip.

Matacoa, Griffith, Maingay.

Epiphytic. Stem slender, 1-11 ft. Leaves 1 ft. by 2-24 in., thin, narrowed
gradually to the base and apex. Spike 14-2 in.; lower bracts 1 in. Calyz pro-
truded, 3-3 in. beyond the bract. Corolla-tube protruded } in. beyond the calyx ;
segments bright red, 14-2 in. ; staminodes half as long as the corolla-segments ; lip
a little shorter than the staminodes; stamens as long as the corolla-segments ;
anther linear.

9. H. Gomezianum, Wail. Cat. 6543, in Kew Journ. v. (1853) 368;
leaves long lanceolate, spike dense-fld. curved, bracts 1-fld. cylindric, calyx
longer than the bract, flowers white, staminodes linear, lip narrow clawed
bipartite, segments narrow, stamen much longer than the lip. Horan.
Prodr. 25. Hedychium, Griff. Notul. iii. 419, first species.

Tavoy, Gomez; TENASSERIM, Griffith.

Epiphytic, gland-dotted. Leafy stem 1 ft. or more. Leaves sometimes above
1 ft., 2-3 in. broad, narrowed gradually from the middle to the base. Spike cernuous,
3-4 in.; bracts glabrous, rolled tightly round the calyx. Calym -twice as long as the
bract. Corolla-tube a little longer than the calyx; segments linear, 1 in. white ;
staminodes rather shorter than the corolla-segments; lip white; filament 14 in.s
anther linear, orange yellow.

10. H. ellipticum, Hamilt. ex Smith in Rees, Cyclop. xvii. No. 2;
leaves oblong, spike short dense-fld., bracts oblong imbricate 1-fld., calyx
as long as the bract, flowers white, staminodes linear, lip narrow unguicu-
late faintly bifid, stamen twice as long asthe lip. Rose. Scit. Pl. t. 55;
Bot. Cat. t. 1881; Wail. in Kew Journ. v. (1853) 827; Horan. Prodr. 25.
H. fastigiatum, Wall. Cat. 6840.

TgopicaL Himauaya, from GaRWHAL, SIKKIM, and Kuasra Hints, alt. 2000-
5000 ft.

Leaves 3-1 ft. by 83-5 in. Spike very dense, 3-4 in.; bracts bright green, about
lin. Corolla-tube twice as long as the bract; segments 1 in., linear; staminodes
rather shorter and broader than the corolla-segments; lip oblong, distinctly clawed,
shorter than the staminodes, only emarginate at the apex ; filament 14-2 in.; anther
linear, orange yellow.

ll. H. villosum, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 12; in Kew Journ. v.

Hedychium.] oXLix. scrraminea. (J. G. Baker.) 929

(1853) 329; Cat. 6545 A, B; leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, spike long
dense-fid., bracts oblong very hairy often 2-3-fld., calyx longer than the
bract, flowers white, staminodes linear, lip narrow clawed bipartite seg-
ments narrow, stamen twice as long as the lip, anther small sagittate.
Rose Scit. Pl. t. 54; Horan. Prodr, 25.

Nepal, Sinuet, Assam, KaAsi1a Hinis, Munipour, alt. 4000-6000 ft,

Leaves sometimes 1 ft, 2-4 in. broad, glabrous beneath. Spike 3-1 ft.;
rachis very stout and hairy; bracts pale green, $-lin. Calyw about14 in. Corolla-
tube longer than the calyx; segments linear, 1-14 in.; staminodes like the corolla-
segments; lip 1 in. or more; filament 13-2 in., bright red; anther much shorter
than in any other species.

Var. TENUIFLORUM, Wail. Cat. 6546 C.; flowers much smaller than in the type,
corolla-segments staminodes and lip 4 in.—Assam, Silhet and Khasia,

tt Leaves more or less pubescent beneath.

12. H. aureum, Clarke & Mann mss. ; dwarf, leaves small thin lan-
ceolate, spike short dense-fid. oblong, bracts 1-fid. wrapped tightly round
the calyx, calyx as long as the bract, flowers very small golden yellow,
staminodes linear, lip narrow cuneate deeply bifid segments narrow, stamen
half as long again as the lip.

NortHern Kuasta Hixts; alt. 5000-6000 ft., Clarke, Mann.

Epiphytic ; leafy stem short, slender. Leaves 6-8 by 1-1} in., slightly pubescent
beneath, tapering gradually to a long point. Spike 13-2 in.; bracts cylindric,
green, glabrous, 4 in. Caly# about as long as the bract. Corolla-tube 4-3 in.;
segments linear, 43 in.; staminodes as long as the corolla-segments; lip 4-3 in.
long, narrowed gradually to a short claw; filament as long as the lip; anther
linear, 2in. Capsule globose, glabrous, the size of a pea.

13. H. gracile, Rowb. Hort. Beng.; Fl. Ind. i. 14; Cor. Pl. iii.
48, t. 251; leaves oblong-lanceolate, spike long moderately dense-fid.,
bracts 1-fid. wrapped tightly round the calyx, calyx longer than the bract,
flowers small greenish white, staminodes lmear, lip oblong-cuneate 2-par-
tite, segments narrow, stamen half as long again as the lip. Wall. Cat.
5546 B. in Kew Journ. v. (1853) 367, in part.

Kaasia Hits and Cuirtagone, Roaburgh, Wallich,

Leafy stem 2-3 ft. Leaves 5-6 by 13-2 in., thin, caudate, finely pubescent
beneath. Spike 2-4 in.; bracts 4 in., green, cylindric, thin, glabrous. Calyra
little longer than the bract. Corolla-tube 1 in., very slender; segments linear,
nearly as long as the tube; staminodes very narrow, shorter than the corolla-seg-
ments ; lip 4 in., distinctly clawed ; filament 1 in., bright red; anther linear. Capsule
globose, glabrous, the size of a pea.

Var. H. auaucuM, Rose. Scit. Pl. t. 53 (sp.) More robust and larger in all its
parts ; leaves glabrous and glaucous beneath ; spike often 6-9 in.; bracts $ in.; parts
of the flower half as long again as in the type. H. gracile, Wall. Cat. 6546 A, in
Kew Journ. v. 367, in part; Hook. f. m Bot. Mag. t. 6638.—Khasia Hills,
Bhotan, and Sikkim, alt. 3000-6000 ft. *

14. H. Griffithianum, Wail. in Kew Journ. v. (1853), 369; leaves
lanceolate, spike lax-fid., bracts 1-fld. cylindric, calyx longer than or
equalling the bract, flowers white or pale yellow, staminodes linear, lip
long narrow clawed bipartite, segments narrow, stamen rather longer than
the lip. Horan. Prodr, 25.

Kuasra Hits, alt. 45000 ft., Griffith, Hook. f. & Thoms.
Leaves sometimes above 1 ft., 2-3 in. broad, marked above with glandular lines,

230 OXLIx, sciramInez. (J. G. Baker.) [Hedychium.

finely pilose beneath. Spike 6-9 in. ; bracts 1-14 in., rolled tightly round the calyx,
calyx and corolla glandular. Corolla-tube 2-3 in.; segments 1 in., linear. Stamé-
nodes nearly as long as the corolla-segments; lip 1 in. long; filament bright red,
1-14 in. ; anther large, linear. Capsule globose, glabrous, } in. diam.—Nearly
allied to H. spicatum.

Var. glanduligerum, Clarke. Leaves glabrous beneath. Whole plant especially
the flower very glandular.—Khasia Hills,

15. H. thyrsiforme, Hamilt. ex. Smith in Rees Cyclop. xiii. No. 4;
leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, spike dense-fld. oblong, bracts cylindric
1-fld., calyx not longer than the bract, flowers white, staminodes linear,
lip narrow clawed 2-partite, segments narrow, stamen twice as long as the
lip. Wall. Cat. 6541; in Kew Journ. v. (1853), 327; Rose. Scit. Pl. t. 56;
Horan. Prodr. 25. H. heteromallum, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. t. 767.
H. Tocucho, Herb. Hamilt.

TroricsL Himanaya; from Kumaon to Sixxim, alt. 2-4000 ft., and
CHITTAGONG. E

Leaf sometimes 1 ft., 3-4 in. broad, finely pilose beneath. Spike very dense,
3-6 in. ; lower empty bracts ovate; flower-bracts cylindric, green, 1} in. Corolla-
tube not much longer than the bract ; segments 1 in., linear; staminodes as long as
the corolla-segments ; lip as long, distinctly clawed, usually cut about half way down
into two linear-oblong segments ; filament whitish, 14-2 in.; anther linear,

** Lip cuneate or obovate.

16. H. Hookeri, Clarke mss.; dwarf, leaves short oblong, spike
short oblong, bracts oblong imbricate 1-fld., calyx shorter than the bract,
. flowers very small sulphur-yellow, staminodes oblong-cuneate, lip obovate-
clawed bifid, stamen twice as long as the lip.

Kuasia Hrs, alt. 4-5000 ft., Hook. f. j Thomson, Assam, Griffith,

Leafy stem slender, 1-1} ft. Leaves 5-6 by 2 in., thin, glabrous, caudate, base
cuneate. Spike 1-2 in., resembling that of Globba bulbifera, few-fld. ; bracts 4 in.
oblong, laxly imbricate, green, glabrous. Calyx}in. Corolla-tube a little longer
than the calyx ; segments linear, 3 in.; staminodes as long as the corolla-segments ;
lip pearly as long, distinctly clawed; filament 3-4} in.; anther } in. Capsule
globose, glabrous, 4 in. diam.

17. H. Gardnerianum, Rose. Scit. Pl. t. 62; tall, leaves oblong
white pulverulent beneath, spike long moderately dense-fld., bracts large
oblong 1-2-fid., calyx not longer than the bract, flowers bright. lemon-yellow.
staminodes oblanceolate, lip obovate-cuneate, tip 2-tid or 2-3-toothed, stamen
twice as long as the lip. Wall. in Kew Journ. v. (1853), 369 (cael. syns. &
vars.); Bot. Reg. t.774; Hook. f. in Bot. Mag. t. 6918 (excl. syns.); Horan
Prodr. 25; Reichb, Exot. t. 183; Gard. Chron. 1875, i. 461, figs. 92 93;
Mart. Fl. Bras. iii. p. 3, t. 9. fee

Eastern Himanaya; Nepal, Sikkim, and the Kuasia HILzs, alt. 4-8000 ft

Leafy stem 5-6 tt. Leaves 1-1} ft. by 4-6 in., white pulverulent beneath, as
are the young bracts and rachis of the spike. Spike 1-1} ft. ; bracts 13-2 tn
rolled tightly round the flowers, glabrous. Corolla-tube a little longer than the
bract; segments greenish, reflexing, 1-1} in. Staménodes above 1 in, by 3-3 in
broad ; lip Lin. or more, 4-3 in. broad, narrowec gradually to a short claw ; filament
bright red, 2-24 in.; anther linear, 3-3 in, Capsule-valves ovate, orange-red
within, persistent, $ in, Seeds brownish-crimson,

Var. H. PALLIDUM, Regel in Trans. Russ. Hort. Soc. 1864, t. 153 (sp.). Lip
narrower, more distinctly clawed and distinctly bifid. Horan, Prodr. 25,—Khasia,

J.D, A.

Hedychium.] OXLIX. sciraminrgz. (J. G. Baker.) 931

' 18. H. speciosum, Wail. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. Ed. Carey & Wall.i. 13;
Cat. 6550; Pl. As. Rar. iti. 51, t. 285; leaves oblong-lanceolate, spike long
moderately dense-fld, bracts large oblong 1-2-fld., flowers pale sulphur-
yellow, staminodes linear, lip oblong-cuneate entire, stamen twice the
length of the lip. H. Gardnerianum, Wall. in Kew Journ. v. (1853) 369, in
part. Gamochilus, Lestid. in Ann, Se. Nat. Ser. 2, xv. 341,

SILHET, Gomez.

Leaves above 1 ft., 3-4 in. broad, glabrous beneath. Spike 2-1 ft.; lower
bracts 1} in., $ in. broad. Caly cylindric, about as long as the bract. Corolla-
tube 2 in. ; segments linear, 1 in. ; staminodes longer than the segments; lip not
clawed, lin. by 4 in. broad; filament bright red, twice as long as the lip; anther
linear, yellow, }-4 in.

19. H. stenopetalum, Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1902; very tall, leaves
oblong very hairy beneath, spike long lax or moderatély dense-fid., bracts
large oblong often 2-fld., fowers pure white, staminodes oblanceolate, lip
oblong-cuneate bifid, stamen twice as long as thelip. H. barbatum, Wail.
Cat. 6544. HH. coccineum 8, in part, Wall. in Kew Journ. v. (1853), 373.
H. elatum, Clarke in Journ, Linn, Soc. xxv. 75. H.elatum var. orgyale,
Horan. Prodr. 25.

Assam, Kuasta, the Naga Hitzs, and Norrn Burma, alt. 1500-3000 ft.

The tallest species. Leaves sometimes 2 ft. by 5-6 in., very hairy all over be-
neath. Spike 1 ft. or more, rachis very stout; bracts rigid, often 2 in. by 1 in.
Calyx shorter than and corolla-tube scarcely longer than the bract. Corolla-
segments linear, 14 in.; staminodes shorter than the corolla-segments; lip pure
white, 1 in., narrowed gradually into a short claw; filament pale, 13-2 in.; anther
linear, yellow, } in.

*** Lip orbicular.

20. HZ. coccineum, Hamilt. ex Smith in Rees Cyclop. xvii. 5; leaves
lanceolate, spike long moderately dense-fid., bracts oblong 1-2-fld., calyx
not longer than the bract, flowers small bright crimson, staminodes
lanceolate, lip orbicular distinctly clawed deeply bifid, stamen more than
twice as long as the lip. Wall. in Kew Journ. v. (1853), 372, ex parte ;
Rose, Scit. Pl. t.58; Wall. Cat. 6548; Reichd. Ic. Exot. t. 184; Royle Ill.
357; Roxb. Kl. Ind. edit. Wall. & Carey, i. 82, in note.

CrentRaL and EasteRN Himataya, common (under one or other form).
CEYLON (native P).

Leaves 1 ft. or more, 1} in. broad, base rather rounded, narrowed gradually from
the middle to the point. Spike 1ft.; bracts green, 1-1} in. Corolla-tube scarcely
longer than the bract ; segments 1 in., linear, reflexing ; staminodes under 1 in.,
4-2 in. broad; lip above } in. and broad; filament 14 in.; anther linear, 4-4 in.—
The type was described and drawn from a plant in the Calcutta Garden.

Var. H. Roscoz!, Wall. mss. (sp.). Staminodes bright red; lip dull brick red.
H. coccineum, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. t. 1209.

Var. H. squarrosum, Buch. Hamilt. mss. (sp.) ; less robust with smaller bright
crimson flowers and very long glabrous leaves often not above 1 in. broad. H. an-
gustifolium, Wall. Cat. 6547 ; in Kew. Journ. v. (1853) 371, in greater part, non
Rovh.—Common in the Eastern Himalaya, Khasia, and Upper Burma, alt. 8-9000 ft.
Ceylon.

Var. H. ponerroLium, Rose. Scit. Pl. t. 59 (sp.); flowers bright crimson, leaves
very narrow pubescent beneath.—Same range as the last variety.

Var. H, anaustirotium, Rozb. Hort. Beng. 1; Cor. Pl. iii. 248, t. 251; FU. Ind

232 OXLIx. scitamines. (J. G. Baker.) [Hedychium.

i. 18; leaves not so long and narrow as in the two last, spike shorter, flowers dull
brick red or salmon-red often 3-4 in a fascicle, lip obovate-cuneate less deeply
bifid under 2 in. and broad. Rose. Scit. Pl. t. 60; Bot. Mag.t.2078; Kern. Hort.
t. 807.—Chittagong and Silhet, always at low levels.

Var. H. cCARNEUM, Rose. Scit. Pl. t. 57 (sp.) ; leaves 14-2 in., flowers white tinged
with pale red, lip orbicular 43 in. long and broad, filament pale red 13-2 in. Bot.
Mag. t. 2637; Lodd. Bot, Cab. t. 693." .

21. H. aurantiacum, Wall. Cat. 6551; leaves long lanceolate, spike
long moderately dense-fld., bracts oblong often 2-3-fid., calyx not longer
than the bract, flowers bright orange-yellow, staminodes lanceolate, lip
orbicular distinctly clawed deeply bifid, stamen more than twice as long as
the lip. Rose. Seit. Pi. t. 39. H. Gardnerianum, ver. y, Wall. in Kew
Journ. v. (1858), 869; Savi Fl. Ital. iii. t. 112. H. angustifolium, Bot.
Reg. t. 157.

Kumaon and NEpAt, alt. 5000 ft. or more.

Leaves 1-1} ft. by 2-8 in., narrowed gradually to the base, glabrous beneath.
Spike 4-1 ft. ; bracts oblong, green, glabrous, 1-14 in. Corodla-tube not much
longer than the bract ; segments linear, 1 in. or more; staminodes as long as the
corolla-segments ; lip shorter than the staminodes, about as broad as long ; filament
pale bright red; anther linear, yellow, 4 in—The affinity is stronger with some forms
of coceineum than with Gardnerianum. :

22. H. luteum, Herb. Caicut.; leaves oblong-lanceolate, spike short
dense-fid., bracts oblong closely imbricate, flowers lemon-yellow, corolla-
tube twice as long as the bract, staminodes lanceolate, lip orbicular bifid
distinctly clawed, stamen half as long again as the lip.

Assam, Oldham.

Intermediate between H. flavum & aurantiacwm. Stem slender. Leaves under
1ft. Bracts broad, green, lin. Corolla-tube 2 in.; segments linear, pale yellow,
above 1 in. ; lip under 1 in. broad, uniform yellow throughout, narrowed suddenly to
a short claw.—Described from a drawing in the Calcutta collection.

23. H. gratum, Wall. ex Voigt. Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. 570 (name
only); leaves long lanceolate, spike dense-Ad., bracts large oblong, corolla-
tube much longer than the bract, flowers whitish, staminodes oblong, lip
orbicular clawed deeply emarginate, stamen a little longer than the lip.

Knasisa Hitts, Wallich.

Leafy stem long and stout. Leaves above 1 ft., 8 in. broad. Spike 3 ft.;
bracts 2-3 in. Corolla-segments linear, 13 in.; staminodes 1 in., narrowed to the
base; lip 1 in. broad, narrowed suddenly to a short claw.—Ditfers from coccinvum
by its whitish flowers and shorter stamens. Described from a drawing in the
Calcutta collection.

24. H. elatum, Br. in Bot. Reg. t. 526; leaves large oblong,
spike long moderately dense-fid., bracts oblong 1-2-fid. moderately large,
calyx as long as the bract, flower white tinged with red, staminodes ob-
lanceolate, lip orbicular clawed bifid, stamen twice as long as the lip.
Rose. Scit. Pl. t. 68; Wall. Cat. 6549 A, B; Lodd. Boi. Cab. t. 856.
Reichb. Fl. Hxot. t. 270; Horan. Prodr, 26. H. coccineum, var. B, Wall.
in Kew Journ. v. (1858), 373, in part.

Subrropican Himazaya ; from Kumaon to Srkxrm, alt. about 5000 ft.

Leaf above 1 ft., 3-4 in. broad, glabrous beneath. Syike 1 ft. or more, rachis
very stout; bracts oblong, 1-1} in., $ in. broad. Calyx eylindric,1-1i in. Corolla-
tube a little longer than the bract; segments linear, 1} in. ; staminodes 1-1} in.,

Hedychium.] CXLIX. SCITAMINER. (J. G. Baker.) 233

distinctly clawed ; lip rounded at the base to a distinct claw, 2-1 in. broad, white,
with a patch of dull red in the centre; filament pale red, 2 in. or more; anther
3-4 in.—This and H. aurantiacum are so difficult to distinguish when dried from
some of the forms of coccinewm, that I have purposely abstained from citing several
ot Wallich’s numbers.

11. AMOMUMDI, Linn.

Rootstock perennial, widely creeping. Leafy stem elongate. Leaves
usually oblong-lanceolate. Spikes dense-fid., except in § Cenolophus pro-
duced direct trom the rootstock ; bracts imbricate. Calyx cylindric, 3-
dentate. Corolla-tube cylindric ; segments oblong or linear-oblong, upper
often broader and more convex. Lateral staminodes 0 or minate teeth ;
lip broad or lingulate; filament short, arcuate; anther-cells divaricate,
sometimes hairy, often furnished with a petaloid crest. Ovary 3-celled ;
ovules many, superposed; style filiform, stigma small and subglobose or
larger and gibbous on the back. Fruit indehiscent or dehiscing irregu-
larly, sometimes beaked, winged or echinate. Seeds globose or truncate.
Species about 150, in the tropics of the Old World.

Sect. I. Geanthus, Reinw. (gen.). Spike radical. Lip broad.
Anther not crested. (Sp. 1—4)

1. A. gramineum, Wall. Cat. 6558; leaves small thin lanceolate
pubescent beneath, spike small globose, peduncle very short, outer bracts
lanceolate, lip small.

Tavoy, Gomez.

Stem slender, 2-3 ft. Leaves6 by 1 in. Spike lin.; bracts}-%in. Calya 3
in. Corolla-tube rather longer than the calyx; segments 3 in. linear-oblong; lip
rather longer than the corolla-segments. Anther-cells short, glabrous.

2, A. floribundum, Benth. in Gen, Plant. iii. 644; leaves oblong-
lanceolate glabrous beneath, spike globose, peduncle long erect, outer bracts
large orbicular, lip small obovate. Elettaria floribunda, Thw. Enum. 319.

Cryton ; forests in the Ambagamowa district.

Leafy stem 3-6 ft. or more, Leaves subcoriaceous, 18-24 by 3-5 in. petioled.
Peduncle 1-1} ft. ; bract-leaves sheathing, obtuse. Spike 2-3 in. long and broad ;
flowers very numerous; bracts dark red, outer 1} in. long and broad. Flowers pale
ochraceous yellow. Corolla tube $ in.; segments and lip much shorter thau the
tube. Fruit small, oblong, smooth.

3. A. nemorale, Benth. in Gen. Plant. iii. 644; leaves oblong-
lanceolate glabrous beneath, spike small globose, peduncle very short,
outer bracts ovate obtuse, lip small orbicular 3-lobed. Elettaria nemo-
ralis, Thw. Enum. 319.

Cry ton; forests in the Reigam and Pasdoon Corles.

Rootstock slender. ieafy stem 2-4 tt. Leaves firm, 6-15 by 14-2 in. Spike 1-
14 in. ; peduncle decumbent, shorter than the spike; bracts glabrous, outer 4-3 in.,
inner lanceolate. Corolla-tube under 1 in,, segments short, oblong, obtuse. Lip
yellow, copiously veined with purple ; midlobe smaller, bifid. Capsule globose, } in.
shortly beaked..

4. A. involucratum, Benth. in Gen. Plant. iti. 644; leaves large
oblong-lanceolate glabrous beneath, spike globose, peduncle long erect,
outer bracts very large obovate overtopping the flowers, lip small obovate
equally 3-lobed. Elettaria involucrata, Thw. Enum. 319.

234 “OXLIX. SCITAMINEE: (J. G. Baker.) [Amomum.

Cryton ; damp forests of the central province, alt. 4000-6000 ft.

Leafy stem 6-10 ft. or more. Leaves thin, 13-3 ft. by 4-7 in. Spike 2-3 in. long
and broad ; flowers very numerous ; bracts bright red, outer 3 in.; inner lanceolate,
1k in. Corolla-tube as long as the inner bracts; segments oblong, obtuse. Lip
pale ochraceous yellow. Capsule 1} in., ovoid-trigonous, smooth.

Sect. Il. Achasma, Griff. (gen.). Spike radical. Jip narrow,
margins incurved. -Anther not crested.

* Lip not, or hardly longer than the corolla-segments.

5. A. Fenzlii, Kurz in Journ. Beng. As. Soc. xlv. pt. ti. 154, t. 12;
leaves lanceolate glabrous beneath, spike globose, peduncle short erect,
bracts ovate densely ciliated, lip not longer than the corolla-segments.

NicoBaR Isnanps, Kurz.

Leafy stem 6-7 ft. Leaves thin, 2-3 ft. by 24-8 in., green and glabrous on both
surfaces. Spike very dense-fid., 2 in, diam.; peduncle 6 in., its bract-leaves large,
oblong ; outer bracts very large, ovate ; inner 1 in., pale red, back glabrous, margin
densely-matted with whitish tomentum. Corolla-tube 4 in. ; segments 1 in. linear,
pale red. Lip 1 in., red, with white inflexed margins. Fruit obovoid, lin, Seeds
obovoid, black; aril white.

6. A. araneosum, Baker; spike oblong, peduncle very short, bract
ovate densely matted on the edge, lip rather longer than the corolla-
segments.

TENASSERIM, Grifith, Helfer (Hook. f. & Thoms. Herb. Ind. Or. 4.).

-Leaves unknown. Spike oblong, 2 in.; peduncle 2-3 in., bract-leaves large,
crowded, ovate ; outer bracts large, ovate, backs glabrous, margins densely matted
with whitish cottony tomentum ; inner lingulate, 1} in. Corolla as long as the
inner bracts. Anther-cells glabrous.—Nearly allied to A. Fenzlii.

7, A. stenoglossum, Baker; leaves lanceolate glabrous beneath,
spike globose, peduncle longer than spike, outer bracts large oblong acute
glabrous, lip not much longer than the corolla segments.

Perax, alt. 500-1000 ft., King’s Collector.

Leafy stem 8-12 ft. Leaves 2 ft. or more, by 2 in. Spike globose, 3 in.;
central bracts 14-2 in.; peduncle 4-6 in., bract-leaves 1 in., rigid, oblong, obtuse.
Corolla-tube 14 in.; segments shorter. 4nther-cells } in. glabrous, linear,

** Tip much longer than the corolla-segments.
+ Spike globose.

8. A&A. spherocephalum, Baker; leaves large oblong-lanceolate
glabrous beneath, spike globose shortly peduncled, outer bracts oblong-
lanceolate glabrous, lip much longer than the corolla-segments.

Penane, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1581).

Leafy stem long, robust. Leaves subcoriaceous, 14-2 ft., by 8-4in. Spikes 14-
2 in, long and broad; outer bracts 1} in., inner 1 in., lingulate, glabrous. Calya
cylindric, shortly 3-toothed, bearded at the apex. Corolla-tube 1 in.; segments
oblong, obtuse. Ldp deep crimson, 4 in., bifid 3 of its length, incurved margin
white. Anther truncate.

9, A. metriocheilos, Baker; leaves lanceolate glabrous beneath,
spike globose shortly peduncled, outer bracts oblong-lanceolate glabrous,
lip twice as long as the corolla-segments, Achasma metriocheilos, Griff.
Notul. iii. 427; Ic. Plant. Asiat. t. 856.

Amomum.] CXLIX, SCITAMINEEZ. (J. G. Baker.) 235

Mazacoa, Griffith (Kew Distrib., 5758). Prnana, on Government Hill, Curtis,
1530.

Leaves 1-1} ft. by 14 in., bright green. Spike 2 in. long and broad; peduncle
arcuate, as long as the spike; outer bracts bright red, 14 in.; inner as long, lingu-
late. Calyx 1 in., spathaceous, cylindric; teeth minute, densely pilose. Corolla-
tube as long as the calyx; segments 1 in. oblong, glabrous. Lip scarlet, witha
small obovate tip, and margins incurved more than half way up. Anther-cells
glabrous.—A closely-allied plant from Perak (King’s Collector, 2933) has stems 12—
15 ft. and leaves 3 tt. by 4-5 in.

10, A. Maingayi, Baker ; leaves lanceolate glabrous beneath, spike
globose, peduncle long erect, bracts glabrous outer orbicular, lip twice as
long as the corolla-segments.

Matacca, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1586).

Rootstock slender, woody. Leaves thin, 12 or more by 2 in., narrowed very
gradually to the base, Spike many-fid., 13-2 in. long and broad; peduncle 12 in. ;
pract-leaves several distant obtuse small; outer bracts 1 in. orbicular; inner lingu-
late. Calyx 1 in.; segments linear-lanceolate, as long as the tube. Lip 1 in.,
narrowed to an obtuse tip. Félament connate with the lip nearly to the top; anther-
cells hairy. Fruit bright red, neither ribbed nor echinate.

t+ Spike oblong.

‘11. A. macrocheilos, Baker; spike oblong shortly peduncled, outer
bracts large oblong acute glabrous, lip more than twice as long as the
corolla-segments bifid, margins ot the lower third incurved. Achasma
macrocheilos, Griff. Notul. iu. 429; Ic. Plant. Asiat. t. 357.

Matacoa, Griffith.

Leaves unknown. Spike 3 in.; peduncle 2 in., bract-leaves small, ovate, imbri-
cate; outer bracts brownish, 2-24 in. Calyx cylindric, spathaceous, as long as the
corolla-tube. Corolla-segments linear-oblong, above 1 in.; upper broader. Flower
greenish red. Zip 24 in.; upper half linear, deeply bifid. Anther glabrous, deeply
emarginate,

12. A. costatum, Benth. in Gen. Plant, iii. 644; leaves oblong-
lanceolate pubescent beneath, spike oblong shortly peduncled, outer bracts
oblong-lanceolate glabrous, lip twice as long as the corolla-segments.
Alpinia costata, Koab. Corom. Pi. t. 252. A. Cardamomum medium,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 74. E. costata, Horan. Prodr, 31. Elettaria media,
Link ex Horan. Cardamomum medium, Schult. Mant. i. 244.

Eastern TropicaL Himataras; Silhet, Roxburgh.

Rootstock }in. diam. Leafy stem stout, 5-6 ft. Leaves 2-3 ft. by 3-4 in,
Spikes 2-3 in.; peduncle as long as the spike ; outer bracts pink, 1} in. Corolla-
tube 2 in., cylindric ; segments obtuse, half aslong as the tube. Lip 2 in., deflexed,
lingulate, red-yellow, tip entire, flat in the upper half, margins below the middle
slightly incurved. Fruit } in., ovoid, strongly ribbed, smooth. Seeds many, obovoid,
truncate acrid, aromatic, brownish,

13. A. linguiforme, Benth. in Gen. Plant. iii. 644; leaves oblong-
lanceolate glabrous beneath, spike oblong few-fld. shortly peduncled, outer
bracts ovate whitish glabrous, lip more than twice as long as the corolla-
segments. Alpinia linguiforme, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 75; Pl. Coromand.
t. 276. Elettaria linguiformis, Schult. Mant. i. 24; Horan. Prodr. 31.

Eastern Himatays, Tropical region, Sikkim, J. D. H. Kuyasia Hits

(Hook. f. & Thoms. Herb. Ind. Or., 10), King. Brn@at, Roaburgh, :
Rhizome stout, copiously stoloniferous. Leafy stem 4-6 ft. Leaves thin,

236 OXLIX. sCITAMINER. (J. G. Baker.) [Amomum.

1-1} ft. by 83-5 in. Spikes about 3 in.; peduncle as long or shorter ; inner bracts
lanceolate, pink, 2-23 in. Corolla-tube cylindric, 2 in; segments oblong, bright
red, half as long as the tube, Lip bright yellow, deflexed, above 2 in. long, bifid,
margins below the middle incurved. Stamen shorter than the corolla-segments.
Ovary hairy.

14. A. gomphocheilos, Bzker; leaves large lanceolate glabrous
beneath, spike oblong shortly-peduncled, outer bracts oblong-lanceolate
large glabrous, lip twice as long as the corolla-segmenis, tip cuneate.

PERAK, King’s Collector, 1897.

Leafy stem 12 ft. Leaves 2-8 ft. by 8 in. Spike 3 in.; outer bracts 2 in.
Corolla-tube 2 in. ; segments linear-oblong, under 1 in. Lip twice as long as the
corolla-segments, with a cuneate-clawed tip, margins incurved to the tip of the
corolla-segments. Anther emarginate ; cells glabrous, tips much divaricated.

15. A. megalocheilos, Baker; leaves oblong-lanceolate, spike
oblong very shortly peduncled, outer bracts ovate glabrous, lip more than
twice as long as the corolla-segments tip obovate. Achasma: megalo-
cheilos, Griff. Notul. iii. 426; Ic. Plant. Asiat. t. 355.

Matacca ; foot of Mount Ophir, Grifith.

Leafy stem stout, 12-16 ft. Spike 3-4 in.; outer bracts 13-2 in. Calyx
spathaceous, cylindric, above 2 in. long; teeth small, lanceolate. Corolla-tube .as
long as the calyx; segments 1 in., linear-oblong. Lip 3 in., bright red; margins of
the lower half incurved, yellow. Anther-cells glabrous, tip emarginate.

Sect. III. Hornstedtia, Retz. (gen.) (Donacodes, Blume; Steno-
chasma, Griff.). Spike radical. Lip narrow, margins incurved. Anther
crested.

16. A. macrodus, Scortech. in Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. xviii. 309,
t. 12 ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, spike small subglobose shortly peduncled,
bracts small ovate-lanceolate, lip not longer than the corolla-segments
oblong margins involute, anther-crest small truncate.

Matay Preninsuna; Kinta, Scortechint.

Leafy stem slender, 2 ft. Leaves caudate, 6-8 by 2-3 in. Sptke 1 in. diam.;
bracts red, glabrous, 4 in. Calyx spathaceous, } in. Corolla-tube half as long
again as the calyx; segments oblong, jin. Lip bifid, tip yellow, purple inside
towards the base; small staminodes developed ; anther-crest entire; cells parallel,
glabrous.

17. A. rubro-luteum, Baker; leaves lanceolate glabrous beneath,
spike globose sessile, outer bracts ovate glabrous, lip much longer than
the corolla-segments.

Matacca, Maingay (Kew Distrib., 1588).

Leaves about 1 ft. by 2in. Spike 2 in.; outer bracts 14 in., pink 4 upwards.
Corolla-tube 1} in. ; segments linear-oblong, subequal. Lip lingulate, deeply cleft
at the tip, bright crimson, incurved margins yellow. Filament shortly produced
beyond the anther.

18. A. Leonurus, Kenig in Retz. Obs. iii. 69; leaves oblong-
lanceolate glabrous beneath, spike cylindric subsessile, outer bracts large
ovate pubescent, lip not longer than the corolla-segments. Hornstedtia
Leonurus, Retz. Obs. vi. 18. Stenochasma convoluta, Griff. Notul. iii, 433 ;
Ie. Pl. Asiat. t. 359. ; 3

Amomum.] OXLIX. SCITAMINEEZ. (J. G. Baker.) 237

Matacca, Kenig ; dense woods at Rhim, Grifith.

Leafy stem 6 ft. or more. Leaves above 1 ft. Spike 3-4 in., 1 Pe diam. ; outer
bracts 14 in., ovate, acute, rigid, reddish-green. Corolla-tube 3 in.; segments
linear, red, half as long as the tube. Lp with an obtuse rigid point and sides, in-
volute in the lower third. ‘Anther-cells hispid; crest small, emarginate. Capsule
large, oblong-trigonous. .

19. A. seyphiferum, Kenig in Retz. Obs. iii. 68; leaves oblong-
lanceolate pubescent beneath, spike oblong shortly peduncled, outer
bracts large suborbicular rigid reticulated, lip as long as the corolla-
segments. Hornstedtia Scyphus, Retz. Obs. vi. 18. Stenochasma urceolare,
Griff. Notul. iii. 481; Ic. Plant. Asiat. t. 358.

Mauacca, Kenig, Griffith, Maingay (Kew Distrib., 1582). Stnaaporn, Ridley.

Leafy stem 10-12 ft. Leaves 14-3 ft. by 4-6 in. Spike 4 in., 2 in. diam.;
central bracts 2 in., rigid, tip rounded, vertical ribs raised and connected by
tomentose cross veinlets. Corol/a-tube 2 in.; segments shorter, linear-oblong. Lip
bright red, concave to the tip, base auriculate. -Anther-cells pilose ; crest orbicular-
oblong. Capsule 1 in., oblong-trigonons.

_ 20. A. triorgyale, Baker; leaves oblong-lanceolate pubescent
beneath, spike oblong subsessile, outer bracts large suborbicular not
reticulated, lip as long as the corolla-segments.

Prrak, King’s Collector.

Nearly allied to A. seyphiferum. Leafy stem 20 ft. Leaves above 2 ft. by 6 in.,
‘distinctly petioled. Spike like that of A. scyphiferum, but the bracts less rigid and
the close vertical ribs not connected by raised pubescent cross-veinlets. Corol/a-tube
2 in.; segments and lip shorter than the tube.

Sect. IV. Euamomum, Benth. Spike radical. Lip broad. <Anther
crested.

* ‘Anther-crest entire or crenate.
+ Anther-crest lunate.

21. A. Koenigii, Baker; leaves oblong, spike ovate-oblong shortly
peduncled, outer bracts obtuse, lip 3-lobed bifid longer than the corolla-
segments, anther-crest semilunar. Amomum, No. 57, Kenig in Retz. Obs.
wii. 54. Meistera, Giseke Prel. Linn. 205.

Coast of TrnAssEEIM ; island of Junk Seylan, Kenig.

Leafy stem 6-7 ft. Outer braets ciliate, cymbiform, as long as the corolla-tube.
Corolla-segments obovate, subequal, white. Lip white, broader than the corolla-
segments; central lobe small ; anther-crest white.—I have seen no specimen.

22. A. acuminatum, Thw. Enum. 317; leaves oblong-lanceolate
caudate glabrous beneath, spike globose shortly peduncled, bracts small
oblong acute, lip broad 3-lobed longer than the corolla-segments, anther-
crest semilunar.

Crytoy ; Ratnapoora, at a low elevation.

Rootstock wide-creeping. Leafy stem 2-4 ft. Leaves 5-6 by 14 in., shortly
petioled. Spike 1-14 in.; bracts under lin. Lip yellow tinged with red; central
lobe emarginate; anther-cells ciliate ; crest crenulate.

23. A. fulviceps, Thw. Enum. 317 ; leaves oblong-lanceolate glabrous
beneath, spike globose, peduncle moderately long, bracts oblong pubescent,
lip 8-lobed not longer than the corolla-segments, anther-crest scmilunar.

238 CXLIX. sclTaminna. (J. G. Baker.) [Amomum.

Cryton; Raxawa, in the central province, Thwaites, Walker. (Hook. f. ¥

Thoms. Herb. Ind. Or. 11.)

Leafy stem 6-8 ft. and more. Leaves subcoriaceous, 1-2 ft. by 24-3 in. Spike
very dense, 23-3 in. diam. ; bracts dark red, 1-1} in., persistently pubescent. Corolla-
tube 124 in.; segments oblong, a third the length of the tube. Lip pale yellow.
Anther-cells pilose.

4. A. masticatorium, Thw. Enwm. 317 ; leaves lanceolate glabrous
beneath, spike globose shortly peduncled, bracts small obovate pubescent,
lip broad 3-lobed, anther-crest semilunar, capsule small globose echinate.

CrYLon ; common in the forests of the central province up to 4000 ft.

Rootstock slender. Leafy stem 6-8 ft. Leaves sessile, 1 ft. or more by 1-14 in.
Spikes 1% in. long and broad; peduncle 2-3 in.; bract-leaves many, small, scariose
oblong ; bracts under 1 in., ciliate. Corolla-tube hairy, as long as the bract; seg-
ments oblong, obtuse. zp orbicular, dotted with red, bidentate at the base. Cap-
sule 3 in, diam., greenish-black.—Rootstock a native condiment.

t+ Anther-crest orbicular or transversely oblong.

95. A. paucifiorum, Baker; spike sessile 1-2 fid., bracts oblong-
lanceolate, lip orbicular-clawed longer than the corolla-segments, anther-
crest small transversely oblong entire.

Kuaera Hints; near Nunklow, Hook. f. % Thoms. (Herb. Ind. Or. 1).

Rootstock slender. Leafy stem unknown. Spikes several from one rootstock ;
bracts 1-1} in., several, pinkish, membranous, Corolla-tube 14 in. ; segments 1 in.
oblong, obtuse, white. Lip 14-2 in., blade crisped orbicular, narrowed suddenly
to a broad claw, with a yellowish middle, and radiating red veins; anther-cells
glabrous, parallel.

296. A. corynostachyum, Wail. Pi. Asiat. Rar. i. 48 t. 58; Cat.
6561; leaves oblong-lanceolate glabrous beneath, spike globose, peduncle
moderately long, outer bracts oblong, lip small broad obscurely 3-lobed,
anther-crest orbicular.

Srxxrm Himataya, Kurz, Martanan, Wallich. Prev, Kurz.

Leafy stem 3-4 ft. Leaves 1-1} ft. by 2-3 in. Spike 1} in diam, ; peduncle
4-1 ft., bract-leaves obtuse and imbricate; outer bracts 1 in. oblong navicular, pale
brown ; inner oblanceolate, obtuse. Corolla-tube under 1 in.; segments oblong,
shorter than the tube. Lip under 1 in. suborbicular, white, tinged with yellow in the
middle ; filament very short; anther-cells glabrous ; crest white, entire, petaloid.

27. A. graminifolium, Thw. Hnum. 430; leaves linear glabrous
beneath, spike globose shortly peduncled, outer bracts oblong glabrous, lip
obovate truncate longer than the corolla-segments, anther-crest large
orbicular entire.

Cxryzon ; abundant in the Singherajah forest.

Rootstock slender. Leafy stem 8-4 ft. or more. Leaves about 12 in. under 1 in.
broad, firm, linear, very acuminate. Spike few-fid.; peduncle 1-2 in., bract-leaves
many, small, oblong, scariose, brown; bracts 1 in. Corolla-tube as long as the
bracts; segments obtuse, half as long as the tube. Zip 1 in.; anther-cells
glabrous, 3 in.; crest as long as the cells.

28. &A.ciliatum, Baker; leaves lanceolate pubescent beneath, spike
oblong shortly peduncled, bracts oblong pubescent densely ciliate, lip short
broad, anther crest transversely oblong. A. fulviceps 8, Thw. Enum. 317.

Czyton; Reigam Corle, Thwattes, 3704.

Leaves 12 by 14-2 in., sessile, caudate. Spike 13-2 in. diam.; peduncle 3-4 in, ;

Amomum.] CXLIX. SOITAMINEE, (J. G. Baker.) 239

bracts 1 in., dark coloured, back pubescent and densely ciliated with whitish hairs.
Corolla-tube much shorter than in A. fulviceps; segments } in. oblong.

29. A. microstephanum, Baker; leaves large lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate pubescent beneath, spike globose shortly peduncled, outer bracts
oblong glabrous, lip obovate longer than the corolla-segments, anther-crest
small orbicular, capsule 9-costate.

Concan, Stocks; near Chandwar (planted), Ritchie. (Hook.f. 5 Thoms. Herb.
Ind. Or. 4). ‘

Leafy stem 4 ft. Leaves 14-2 ft. by 2-4 in., densely softly pubescent beneath.
Spike 2 in.; outer bracts 1-14 in. Covrolla-tube 1 in.; segments linear-
oblong, half as long asthe tube. Flower white. Zip 1 in. ; anther-cells glabrous,

$in.

i
30. A. xanthioides, Wall. Cat. 6557; leaves lanceolate glabrous,
spike globose shortly peduncled, outer bracts small oblong, lip cochleariform
bifid longer than the corolla-segments, anther-crest short broad entire,
capsule echinate,

Tavor, Gomez. TEnasserim, Parish.

Leafy stem 5-6 ft. Leaves 1-1} ft. by 14-3 in., firm, bright green. Spike 1in.,
few-fid. ; peduncle arcuate, sleuder, 2-3 in.; outer bracts 4-3 in., acute, glabrous.
Corolla-tube under 1 in, ; segments oblong, 4-4 in. Lip with an orbicular blade 4—
8 in. broad, narrowed suddenly toa broad claw; anther-crest auricled on each side.

‘apsule rigid, oblong-trigonous, pale brown, under 1 in. long.—A nearly allied plant
from Perak (King’s Collector, 1839) with robust leafy stems 12 ft. long and much
longer leaves, is doubtless a distinct species, but the materials are too scanty for
description,

ttt Anther-crest subquadrate or truncate.

31. A. littorale, Kenig in Retz Obs. iii. 52 ; leaves oblong, spike
globose, peduncle very short, outer bracts orbicular, lip broad emarginate,
anther-crest truncate emarginate.

Coast oF TFNASSERIM ; island of Yunk Seylan, Kenig.

Leafy stem taller than aman Leaves 1 ft. Outer bracts orbicular-cordate ;
inner linear-lanceolate, white ; tip ciliate. Corolla-segments unequal; upper erect,
oblong ; lower lanceolate, approximate. Lip cordate, bright orange; margins
crisped; recurved lip bidentate; stamen half as long as the lip. Capsule oblong-
trigonous.—I have seen no specimens.

32. A. dealbatum, Roxb. FI. Ind. i. 43; leaves large oblong-
lanceolate pale and pubescent beneath, spike globose short-peduncled,
outer bracts ovate, lip large obovate emarginate, anther-crest small sub-
quadrate entire, capsule-ribs winged. Wall. Cat. 6556; Horan. Prodr. 80.

Eastern Himatayas; SIKKIM, Kuasia Hits, Sinaer, Eastern Beneat and
Cuitracone. (Hk. f. & Thoms. Herb. Ind. Or. 5.) Rowburgh, &e.

Leafy stem 4-5 ft. Leaves 2-3 ft. by 4-6 in., bright green above, whitish
beneath. ' Spike 2 in. diam.; peduncle very short; outer bracts 1 in., reddish.
Corolla-tube 1 in ; segments oblong, obtuse, white, as long as the tube. Lip
obovate-cuneate, 1} in., white with a yellow line down the ventre and radiating rel
veins, Anther-crest small, subquadrate. Capsule globose, reddish, 1 in. diam., with
9 winged crenulate vertical ribs.—Nearly allied to the Malayan A. mazimum,
Road.

Var. A. sERIcEUM, Rowb. Fl. Ind.i. 46 (sp.); leaves silvery white beneath,
auther-crest larger, capsule ovoid.—Sikkimn, Khasia and Cachar. (Hk. f. & Thoms,
Herb. Ind. Or. 6.).

240 OXLIX. SCITAMINES. (J. G. Baker.) [4momum.

33. A. hypoleucum, Thw. Enum. 318; leaves large oblong-lanceo-
late silvery beneath, spike 1-3-fld., peduncle very short, bracts oblong
membranous, lip broad longer than the corolla-segments, anther-crest
subquadrate crenate, capsule 9-ribbed.

Czyton; damp forests of the central province, up to 4000 ft. .

Rootstock slender. Leafy stem stout, 4-5 ft. Leaves 13-2 ft. by 3-5 in., per-
sistently silky beneath, petiole 3in. Spikes many to a rootstock ; bracts 1}-2 in.
Corvlla-tube as long as the bracts; segments 1 in., oblong, white, subequal ; lip
orbicular-cuneate, 14 in., entire, white with a yellow disk tinged with red. Capsule
1 in. globose, red.

34, A. canneecarpum, Benth. in Gen. Plant. iii. 644; leaves oblong-
lanceolate glabrous, spike oblong nearly sessile, outer bracts oblong-
lanceolate, lip broad not longer than the corolla-segments, anther-crest
short truncate, capsule globose echinate. Hlettaria cannecarpa, Wight Ic.
t. 2007.

Nin@nuiri Hints; Wight, Gardner,

Leafy stem 4-6 ft. Leaf 12 by 21 in. Spike 3 in.; outer bracts 1-14 in., tips
deep pink, paler below. Corolla-tube 14 in.; segments oblong, half as long, the
upper broader ; lip obovate, yellow, emarginate ; filament short ; anther-cells parallel,
glabrous; crest very small, entire. Capsule rigid, 1 in. diam. Seeds angled.—
Wight’s description and figure do not agree with one another, and neither is quite
accurate,

35. A. subulatum, Rox). Cor. Pl. t. 277; Fl. Ind. i. 44; leaves
oblong-lanceolate glabrous beneath, spike globose shortly peduncled, outer
bracts obtuse with a horny cusp, lip obovate-cuneate emarginate, anther-
crest small truncate, capsule echinate. Horan. Prodr. 29.

Eastern Himanayas ; Roxburgh.

Leafy stem 3-4 ft. Leaves 1-2 ft. by 3-4 in. green, glabrous on both surfaces.
Spike very dense, shortly pedunceled, 2-3 in.; bracts red-brown, outer 1 in., ovate,
inner shorter and obtuse. Calya and corolla-tube 1 in.; segments sobtuse, shorter
than the tube; upper cuspidate. Lip yellowish white, rather Jonger than the corolla-
segments. Filament very short; anther-crest entire. Capsule 1 in., globose, red-
brown, densely echinate.

** Anther-crest 3-4-lobed.
t+ Spike 2-3-fld.

36. A. biflorum, Jack in Mal. Mise. i. 2; leaves oblong-lanceolate
glabrous except the midrib, spike 2-fld. peduncled, bracts lanceolate, lip
obovate white with a yellow centre, anther-crest 3-lobed. Hook. Bot.
Mise. i. 274.

Prenane, Jack.

Rootstock not thicker than a goose-quill. Leafy stem 3 ft. Pedunele enveloped
in bracteal sheaths ; bracts reddish; bracteole half as long as the calyx. Corolla
white, segments subequal. Lip white, tip rounded.—Not seen.

37. A. elatterioides, Baker; leaves oblong-lanceolate softly pubes-
cent beneath, spike sessile 2-fld., bracts lanceolate, corolla-tube long
slender, lip broad longer than the corolla-segments, anther-crest 3-lobed.—
Amomum sp. Griff. Notul. iii. 417.

Mauacca, Griffith, Kew Distrib. 5753, Maingay (K. d. 1573.)

Rootstock slender. Leafy stem 2-23 ft. Leaves 9-12 by 14-2 in. Spikes many

Amomum.] OXLIX. SCITAMINEE. (J. G.. Baker.) QAI

to a rootstock; bracts 1 in., reddish, membranous. Corolla-tube 2 in, very
slender; segments } in.,linear-oblong, membranous. Lip white, subcochleate, twice
as long as the corolla-segments, with a broad yellow central band with a reddish
border ; anther-crest large, petaloid.

+t Spike many-fid., oblong.

38. A. Kingii, Baker; leaves oblong-lanceolate, spike oblong pedun-
cled, bracts ovate, lip small broad emarginate, anther-crest obscurely
8-lobed, fruit neither costate nor echinate,

Srzxim Himaraya; King.

Leafy stem stout. Leaves above a foot long, 3-4 in. broad. Spike 4-5 in.;
bracts pale brown, 1-14 in.; peduncle as long as the spike. Corolla-tube 1 in. ;
segments oblong, obtuse, nearly as long as the tube. Lip } in. broad, white tinged
with yellow, obscurely 3-lobed, narrowed suddenly to a broad claw; stamen shorter
than the lip. Capsule globose, 1 in, diam.

39. A. uliginosum, Kenig in Retz Obs. iii. 56; leaves oblong
glabrous, spike peduncled, outer bracts oblong, lip broad emarginate
margins rounded ascending, anther-crest 4-lobed, capsule globose echinate.
Warfbainia, Giseke Pree. Linn. 206.

Matay Pentnsvta; Raput Nok, Kenig.

Rootstock filiform. Leafy stem 3-4 ft. Leaves scarcely 1 ft. Spike distant
from the leaves; bracts oblong, membranous, subrigid, white. Corolla-segments
white; upper oblong, obtuse; lateral lanceolate. Lip with a rigid claw and a
recurvato-ascending cymbiform blade.—Deserips. from Kenig, l. c.

ttt Spike globose.

40. A. xanthophlebium, Baker; leaves lanceolate glabrous, spike
globose shortly peduncled, outer bracts are oblong glabrous, lip broad
3-lobed longer than the corolla-segments, anther-crest trifid.

Matacca, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1585). ;

Leafy stem long, robust. Leaves above 1 ft. Spikes 2-24 in. and broad;
peduncle about as long; outer bracts reddish, 14 in. Corolla-tube as long as the
bract ; lower segments oblong, upper broader ovate. Lip dull red, paler towards the
margin, with radiating yellow veins, Anther-crest broad ; lateral lobes decurved.

41. A. aromaticum, Roxb. Fi. Ind. i. 45; leaves oblong-lanceolate
glabrous beneath, spike globose shortly peduncled, outer bracts small ovate,
lip large obovate-cuneate, anther-crest trifid, fruit neither costate nor
echinate. Wall. Cat. 6559; Horan. Prodr. 29 ? Renealmia fasciculata,
Rose. Scit. Pl. t. 109. Geocallis fasciculata, Horan. Prodr. 38.

EasTeRN Himabayas, tropical region; Nepat, Wallich; Sikkim, Kuasta
Hits, Sinnet, & NoRTHEEN BeneGat; Roxburgh, &e.

Leafy stem 3-4 ft. Leaves 4-1 ft. by 2-4 in., and glabrous on both sides.
Spike small, globose ; peduncle generally short, rarely longer and decumbent; outer
bracts 1 in., ovate, pale brown. Corolla-tube 1 in. ; segments obtuse, nearly as long
as the tube, white, tinged with brown. Lip pale yellow, twice as long as the corolla-
segments, outer half deflexed. Anther-crest large, petaloid, lobes rounded, Capsule
1 in., oblong, trigonous. ~

Renealmia fasciculata is founded on a rough drawing, probably of this species.

42. A. pterocarpum, Thw. Enum. 317; leaves large oblong-
lanceolate glabrous beneath, spike globose shortly peduncled, outer bracts
VOL. VI. R

249 OXLIX. scitaminea. (J. G. Baker.) [Amomum.

oblong glabrous, lip short broad, anther-crest short 3-lobed, capsule ovoid
9-ribbed.

.Cryzon ; forests of the central province, up to 4000 ft.

Leafy stem 3-6 ft. or more. Leaves thin, 1-2 ft. by 2-6 in., narrowed gradually
to the base. Flowering spike globose; bracts 1} in., deciduous and fruiting pedicels
elongating. Lip round, white, shortly bidentate at the base; disk yellow, tinged
with red. Capsule 1 in.; ribs crenulate.

43, A. Benthamianum, Trimen Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 92; leaves lanceolate
glabrous beneath, spike small globose shortly peduncled, bracts oblong
acute glabrous, lip short broad, anther-crest broad 3-lobed, capsule small
echinate.

Cryton ; Reigam Corle, Thwaites.

Rootstock slender. Leafy stem short and slender. Leaves 6-8 by 1-13 in.,
shortly petioled. Spike 1 in. diam.; outer bracts greenish, 1 in.; peduncle rather
longer than the spike. Corolla-tube 1 in.; segments oblong obtuse. Anther-crest
with 3 shallow orbicular lobes. Capsule } in diam.

44. A. aculeatum, Roxb. in Asiat. Res. xi. 344, 4.6; Fl. Ind. i. 40;
leaves oblong-lanceolate glabrous beneath, spike globose shortly peduncled,
outer bracts ovate, lip broad rather longer than the corolla-segments,
anther-crest broad 3-lobed, capsule echinate, Horan. Prodr. 30.

SourH ANDAMAN IsLanps, Kurz.—DistTR1B. Malay isles.

Rootstock tuberous. Leafy stem 5-10 ft. Leaves sessile, 1-11 ft. by 2-4 in.
Spike 2 in. diam.; bracts brown, acute, 1-1} in. Corolla-tube 1 in. ; segments
oblong, half as long as the tube. Lip suborbicular, pale yellow, tinged with red in
the centre, Anther-crest short, broad, equally 3-lobed. Capsule brown, rigid,
densely echinate, 1 in. under.

45. A. echinatum, Willd. Sp. Plant.i. 8; leaves lanceolate glabrous
beneath, spike globose, peduncle moderately long, bracts small oblong, lip
broad rather longer than the corolla-segments, anther-crest transversely
ee 3-lobed, capsule globose echinate. Thw. Enum. 316; Horan. Prodr.

Crrton ; forests of central province, up to 4000 ft.

Leafy stem 6-12 ft. Leaves 1-2 ft. by 2-3 in.; caudate or acuminate, sessile.
Spike 1-2 in. diam.; peduncle stout, } ft. bright red in the lower part, its bract-
leaves very obtuse and imbricate; bracts 1 in., faintly pubescent, brown-black
convex. Corolia-tube 1 in.; segments oblong, obtuse. Lip yellow, with many fine
red veins. Anther-crest short and broad, with three subequal orbicular lobes
Capsule 1 in., purplish-black, with copious curved spines. :

Suzncen. V. Cenolophon, Horan. (gen.). Spike termi
leafy stem. (Sect. 46-48.) on Pos Serene ts

46. A. rufescens, Benth. in Gen. Plant. iii. 645; le long-
lanceolate, spike dense-fld. globose, lip broad 3-lobed as long ae bn ee
segments. Hlettaria rufescens, Thw. Enum. 480.

Crrton ; Ambagomowa district, alt. 3000 ft.
Leafy stem 13-2 ft. Leaves 4-1 ft. by 1-2 in. moderately firm
glabrous on both surfaces. Spike small, globose, terminal, oiselonae at aeetee nae
green orbicular cuspidate bract ; flower-bracts obtuse, under 1 in. Corolla-segments
oblong, obtuse ; lip as long as the corolla-segments, midlobe retuse.

47, A, vitellinum, Lindl. in Journ. Hort. Soc. ii. 245; Bot. Reg.

Amomum.] CXLIX. scitaminra. (J. G. Baker.) 243

1847, t. 52; leaves oblong, spike dense-fld. globose lip orbicular twice as
long as the corolla-segments. Cenolophon vitellinum, Horan. Prodr. 36.

Crrton ? Hort. Chiswick.

Leafy stem slender, 2 ft. Leaves 6-8 by 3-4 in., bright green, glabrous. Spike
small, shortly peduncled ; bracts green, oblong, 4 in. Calyw and corolla-tube about
as long as the bract ; corolla-segments linear-oblong, as long as the tube. Lip 1 in.,
base spurred, bright yellow, with red veins, Anthers with a large trifid crest ; cells
glabrous, tips diverging.

48. A. macrostephanum, Baker; leaves lanceolate base cordate,
spike elongate, bracts deciduous, lip obovate-cuneate much longer than the
corolla-segments.

Perak; alt. 500-1000 ft., King’s Collector.

Leafy stem very slender, 4-8 ft. Leaves 1-1} ft. by 2-8 in. thin, glabrous,
caudate, narrowed from the middle to the cordate base. Spike 3-4 in.; peduncle
long, erect, enveloped in the sheath of the topmost leaf; bracts caducous. Ovary
densely villous. Calyx loosely tubular, tin. Corolla-tube rather longer than the
calyx ; segments linear-oblong. Lip lin. Filament half as long; anther glabrous ;
crest large, leafy, crisped, lacerate.

12. ZINGIBER, <Adans.

Rootstock horizontal, tuberous. Leafy stem elongated. Leaves oblong-
lanceolate, clasping the stem by their long sheaths. Spikes usually
radical, rarely lateral or terminal on the leafy stem; peduncle short
or long; bracts persistent, usually single-fld. Calyax cylindric, shortly 3-
lobed. Corolla-tube cylindric ; segments lanceolate, upper concave. Lateral
staminodes O or adnate to the obovate-cuneate lip; filament short; anther-
cells contiguous, crest narrow, as long as the cells. Ovary 3-celled;
ovules many, superposed; style filiform; stigma small, subglobose.
Capsule oblong, finally dehiscing. Seeds large, globose, arillate.—Species
30, Tropics of Old World.

Sect. I. Cryptanthium, Horan. Spikes produced direct from the
rootstock, very short and dense; peduncle very short.—(Sp. 1-11.)

* Leaves more or less pubescent beneath,

1. Z chrysanthum, Rose. Scit. Pl. t. 86; leaves pubescent be-
neath, bracts green outer ovate inner lanceolate with a hairy cusp, corolla-
segments bright red, lip bright yellow deeply 3-lobed, midlobe orbicular,
lateral ovate. Horan. Prodr. 27. Z. ligulatam, Wall. Cat. 6566, non
Roxb.

Tropica Himataya, from Kumaon, ascending to 5500 ft., to Sikkim and

Assam.

Leafy stem 6-8 ft. Leaves 12 by 2-3 in., oblong-lanceolate. Spike very dense,
globose or oblong; peduncle very short; inner bracts 13-2 in. broad. Corolla-
tube 14-2 in.; segments 1 in., lanceolate. Lip 1 in., unspotted; basal auricles
largest of any species, hence the lip is as broad as long. Stamen shorter than the
lip. Capsule oblong. Seeds brown, nearly as large as a pea, wrapped to the top in
a white membranous aril.—Z. FLAVESCENS, Link.; Dietr. Sp. i. 54, is probably a
form of this, but the description is very incomplete.

2. Z. rubens, Roxb. in Asiat. Res. xi. 348; Hort. Beng. 1; Fl. Ind.
i. 53; leaves pubescent beneath, ae bright red outer ovate inner
B

244 oxLix. scitauinra. (J, G. Baker.) [Zingiber.

lanceolate, corolla-segments red, lip oblong much spotted and streaked
with red on a pale ground, basal auricles small rounded. Rose. Scit. t. 88;
Horan. Prodr. 28.

Knasra Hitus, H.f. & T. (Herb. Ind. Or. 10), Clarke. Breneat; Rungpore,
Hamilton, , .

Leafy stem stout, 6-8 ft. Leaves 12 by 4-5 in. or more. Spike very dense,
globose ; peduncle 1-4 in.; inner bracts 1} in. Coro.da-tube as long as the bracts ;
segments 1 in., lanceolate, subequal, bright red. Lzp nearly as long as the corolla-
segments, yellowish-white, copiously spotted and streaked with minute dots and
lines of red-purple. Stamen as long as the lip, beak of the anther bright red.

3. Z. roseum, Rose. in Trans. Linn. Soe. viii. 348; Scit. Pl. t. 87;
leaves pubescent beneath, bracts pale red outer ovate inner lanceolate,
corolla-segments pale red, lip oblong-cuneate whitish unspotted, basal
auricles very small yellow rounded. Roxb. in Asiat. Res. xi., 347, Fl.
Ind. i. 50; Wall. Cat. 6570; Horan. Prody. 28. Amomum roseum,
Roxb. Coromand, Pl. t. 126.

NoxtHern Crroars, Roxburgh.

Leafy stem 3-4 ft. Leaves 8-12 by 8-4 in, Spike very dense, oblong; peduncle
very short; inner bracts 14-2 in. Corolla-tube whitish, 2 in.; segments 1 in.,
lanceolate, subequal. Lip shorter than the corolla-segments; margins recurved,
crisped. Stamens arching over the lip and equalling it in length; beak as long as
the anther, as in the other species.

4, Z. Nimmonii, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. Rot. iv.(1852) 341 ; leaves
pubescent beneath, bracts red-striped linear-oblong or lanceolate, corolla-
segments reddish-yellow, lip yellow emarginate, basal auricles small
rounded. Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 273; Horan. Prodr. 28. Alpinia Nim-
monii, Grah. Cat. Pl. Bomb. 206.

ConcaNs ; common in the mountains, Nimmo, Dalzell.

Leaf stem 4-5 ft. Leaves 1-1} ft., 6-12 by 2-3 in. broad. Spikes subglobose ;
peduncle very short; bracts glabrous, 1-14 in. Corolla-tube as long as the bracts ;
segments lanceolate. Lip obovate-cuneate, faintly emarginate. Capsule the size
of a pigeon’s egg.— Nearly allied to Z. panduratum.

5. Z. Wightianum, Thw. Hnum. 315; leaves pubescent beneath,
bracts green outer ovate inner lanceolate, corolla-segments pale, lip
obovate-cuneate pale yellow veined and spotted with purple, basal auricles
small ovate. Z. squarrosum, Wight Ic. t. 2004, non Roxb.

TRAVANCORE; abundant in the Anamallay forests, &. CEYLON; common in
the forests up to 4000 ft. :

Leafy stem 4-6 ft. Leaves 12-18 by 38-4 in., oblong-lanceolate. Spikes oblong
or subglobose ; peduncle very short ; flower-bracts 1} in., pubescent. Corolla-tube
as long as the bract; segments subequal, under 1 in. Lip nearly as long as the
corolla-segments, emarginate. Stamen shorter than the lip, arching over it, as in
the other species. Capsule 1 in.—In a specimen from Thwaites the spike is terminal
on the leafy stem, thus connecting sections Cryptanthium and Dymezewiczia,

6. Z. barbatum, Wall. Pl. Asiat. Rar. t. 55; Cat. 6567; leaves
pubescent beneath, bracts reddigh-green ovate cuspidate, corolla-segments
whitish, lip obovate-cuneate white emarginate, basal auricles very small.
Horan. Prodr, 28.

Burma, Wallich. Prev, McClelland.

Leafy stem 2~3 ft. Leaves oblong, 6-8 by 14-2in. Spike 14-2 in. very dense,
ovoid ; peduncle very short ; bracts 1 in., ovate with a large green cusp, hairy all

Zingiber. | OXLIX. SCITAMINEZ. (J. G. Baker.) 245

over. Corolla-tube 3-1 in.; upper segment larger than the two side ones, concave.
Lip }in. Stamen as long as the lip.

7. Z squarrosum, Roxb. in Asiat. Res. xi. 348; Hort. Beng. 1;
Fil. Ind. i. 54; leaves pubescent beneath, bracts green lanceolate, tips
hooked, corolla-segments pink, lip ovate emarginate yellowish-white tipped
with lilac, basal auricles small spreading rounded. Wall. Cat. 6568;
Horan. Prodr. 28.

Burma, Roxburgh; Prome, Wallich. Pau, F. Carey.

Leafy stem 2-3 ft. Leaves 12 by 3-4 in. Spike globose, very dense; peduncle
very short; outer bracts short, ovate ; inner about 1 in., pale green, tip distinctly
hooked. Corolla-tube 1 in.; segments lanceolate, subequal, about as long as the
tube. Lip shorter than the corolla-segments, distinctly emarginate, margins
deflexed. Stamen nearly as long as the lip.

** Leaves glabrous beneath.

8. Z. ligulatum, Rozd. in Asiat. Res. xi. 848; Hort. Beng. 1; Fl.
Ind. i. 51; Coromand., Pl. t. 253; leaves glabrous beneath, bracts pink
outer ovate inner lanceolate, corolla-segments pink, lip obovate-cuneate
yellowish-white unspotted, basal auricles small ovate. Horan. Prodr. 28.

CoroMANDEL, Rowburgh.

Leafy stem about 2 ft. Leaves 12 by 2-3 in., oblong-lanceolate. Spike dense,
subglobose; peduncle 2~3 in.; bracts about 1 in. Corolla-tube as long as the
bract ; segments subequal, 3 in.; lip as long as the corolla-segments, margin crisped,
not distinctly emarginate ; basal auricles more or lessacute. Stamen yellow, shorter
than the lip. Capsule oblong, 1 in. and more, bright red inside. Seeds blackish-
brown, with a nearly complete white aril—Very near Z. rosewm.

9. Z. cernuum, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. iv. (1852) 342 ; leaves
glabrous beneath, bracts yellowish-green ovate or oblong obtuse, corolla-
segments buff-yellow, lip deeply bifid variegated pink and white, basal auri-
cles small red and yellow. Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 273; Horan. Prodr. 28.

Concan; at Ram Ghat, Dalzell.

Leafy stem curved, bright light greev. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate.
Spikes ovoid; peduncle very short. Lip beautifully coloured. Capsule smooth,
yellowish-white. Seeds red, striated, aril membranous.

10. Z. panduratum, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 2; Fl. Ind. i. 55; leaves
glabrous beneath, bracts red outer ovate inner lanceolate, corolla-segments
bright red, lip obovate yellowish-white unspotted, basal auricles small
rounded. Wall. Cat. 6569; Horan. Prodr. 28.

Prev, F. Carey. Tavoy, Gomez.

Leafy stem 3 ft. Leaves 6-12 by 3-4 in.; ligule very large. Spike 2 in., very
dense, oblong ; peduncle very short ; inner bracts 13 in., tip not hooked. Corolla-
tube 1} in.; segments 1 in., subequal. Zip shorter than the corolla-segments,
unspotted, not emarginate. Stamen as long as the lip.—Nearly allied to Z, roseum
& ligulatum.

ll. Z. pardocheilum, Wail. ex Voigt Hort. Suburb. Caleut. 562
(name only); leaves glabrous beneath, bracts obovate-cuneate red-brown
truncate, corolla-segments reddish, lip deeply 3-lobed tesselated with dark
lilac on a yellowish-white ground.

Burma, Wallich.
Leafy stem stout. Leaves 12 by 3-4 in., oblong-lanceolate, acute. Spikes 2-3 in,

246 OXLIX. SCITAMINEE. (J. G. Baker.) [Zinycber.

long and broad, very dense, globose, subsessile; bracts much imbricate, outer 1 in.
Corolla-tube as long as the bract; segments ovate-lanceolate, a little shorter than
the tube. Lip a little shorter than the corolla-segments ; midlobe obovate-cuneate,
lateral orbicular. Stamen as long as the lip.

Sect. II. Lampuzium, Horan. Spikes produced from the root-
stock on more or less elongated peduncles with sheathing scariose bract-
leaves.—Species 12-21.

* Leaves glabrous beneath.

12. Z. intermedium, Baker; spikes globose, bracts lanceolate,
corolla-segments pale red, lip orbicular reddish-black finely spotted, basal
auricles oblong.

North Kuasia Hits; at Bhorlasa, alt. 3500 ft., Clarke.

Peduncle slender, 2-6 in. ; bract-leaves several, small, sheathing, obtuse. Spike
very dense, globose, 14-2 in.; bracts membranous, convolute, 14 in. Corolla-tube
as long as the bract ; segments 1 in., lanceolate. Lip as long as the corolla-seg-
ments, Anther with a dark red beak.—Spike and bracts as in sect. Cryptanthium,
with a produced peduncle. A plant from Silhet in Herb. Wallich under Z. Cassu-
munar tay be this species. An allied plant collected by Prain in the Naga hills has
oblanceolate-oblong leaves above a foot long, a slender erect peduncle as long, and
bracts rather longer than in Clarke’s plant. ;

13. Z. officinale, Rose. in Trans. Linn. Soe. viii. 348; Scit. Pl. t. 83;
leaves lanceolate glabrous beneath, spike oblong-cylindric, bracts greenish
suborbicular cuspidate, corolla-segments greenish, lip small purplish-black,
mid-lobe orbicular, lateral ovate. Roxb. in Asiat, Res. xi. 345; Hort.
Beng. 1; Fl. Ind. i. 47; Wall. Cat. 6564; Grah. Cat. Pl. Bomb, 207 ;
Horan. Prodr. 27; Bentl. & Trim. Med, Pl. t. 270. Z. Missionis, Wall.
Cat. 6565. Amomum Zingiber, Linn. Sp.1; Jacq. Hort. Vind. i. t. 75.
Curcuma longifolia, Wall. Cat. 6612, in part.—Rheede Hort. Mal. xi. 21,
t.12; Rumph. Amboin. v. t. 66, fig. 1.

Widely cultivated in Tropican Asia; native locality unknown.

Rootstock biennial, bearing many sessile tubers, Leafy stem 3-4 ft. Leaves
6-13 by 1 in., tapering gradually to the point. Spike 2-3 by 1 in. diam. ; peduncle
3-1 ft.; bracts about lin. Corolla-segments lanceolate, subequal, under an inch
long. Jip shorter than the corolla-segments. Stamen dark purple, as long as the
lip.—‘‘ Very varely flowers, and have never seen seeds,” Roxburgh.

14, Z. Griffithii, Baker; leaves oblong glabrous beneath, spikes
cylindric shortly peduncled, bracts ovate obtuse bright red, lip yellowish-
white 3-lobed.

Matacea, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 5731), Maingay. (K. d. 1564.)

Leafy stem 2-3 ft. Leaves 6-8 by 2-3 in. Spike 4-6 in., 1 in. diam.; peduncle
very short; bracts 1 in., lower orbicular, 1 in. broad. Corolla-tube as long as the
bract ; segments obtuse, under 1 in.

15. Z. gracile, Jack. in Malay Mise. i. 1; leaves oblong-lanceolate
glabrous beneath, spike oblong-cylindric, bracts ovate acute red, flowers
yellowish-white, lip 3-lobed, midlobe bifid. Horan. Prodr. 27; Hook. Bot.
Mise. i. 273.

Penana, Jack. ~

Leaves 6-7 in., bright green. Scape a foot. Corolla-segments longer than the

lip.—No authentic specimens of Jack’s plant exist, but King’s 7954 and 1027 S. from
Perak, and Hullet’s 854 from Mount Ophir are probably the same species. They

Zingtber.| OXLIX. scitaminem. (J. G. Baker.) 247

have a spike 6-9 in., 1 in. diam., peduncle about as long, leafy stem 2-3 ft., and a
pink capsule.

16. Z. Zerumbet, Smith Exot. Bot. ti. 105, t. 112; leaves oblong-
lanceolate glabrous beneath, spike oblong very dense, bracts orbicular
green, corolla-segments whitish, lip sulphur-yellow unspotted, midlobe
orbicular emarginate, basal lobes large orbicular. osc. in Trams. Linn.
Soe, viii. 848; Scit. Pl.t. 84; Rowb. in Asiat. Res. xi. 346; Hort. Beng. 1;
Fi. Ind. i. 48; Horan. Prodr. 27; Grah. Cat. Pl. Bomb. 207; Bot.
Mag. t. 2000; Wall. Cat. 6562; Wight Ic. t. 2003; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. 272, Z. spurium, Kenig in Retz. Obs. iii. 60, Zingiber sp., Griff. Notul.
iii. 412 ; Ic. t. 351. Amomum Zerumbet, Linn. Sp.i.1; Jacq. Hort. Vind.
iii. +. 54, A. spurium, Gmel. Syst.i.6. A. sylvestre, Poir. Ency. Suppl.
v. 548. Zerumbet Zingiber, Lestib. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 2, xx. 329.—
Rheede Hort. Mal. xi. 27, t. 13; Rumph. Amboin. v. 148, t. 64, fig. 1.

From the Himanayas to CeyLton and the Mazay PrninsvLa.—DistE.
Widely cultivated in tropics of Old World.

Rootstock tuberous, biennial, pale yellow inside. Leafy stem 3-4 ft. Leaves 12
by 2-3 in. Spikes 3-4 in., 14 in. diam.; peduncle 3-1 ft.; bracts 1-14 in. long and
broad, very obtuse, green with a paler edge. Corolla-tube as long as the bract;
segments 1 in., upper broader. Zip with a midlobe $ in. broad. Stamen pale, as
‘long as the lip. Capsule oblong, above 1 in.—I cannot from the description
distinguish Z. amaricans, Blume; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 593.

** Leaves more or less pubescent beneath.

17. Z. eylindricum, Moon Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 1; leaves oblong-lanceolate
pubescent beneath, spikes oblong-cylindric, bracts ovate pale or reddish,
corolla-segments green, lip yellowish-white unspotted obovate, basal
auricles small obtuse. Thwaites Enum, 316.

Cryton; in forests of the central province.

Leafy stem 3-6 ft. and more. Leaves 6-8by1-2in. Spike 3-4 in., lyin. diam.;
peduncle 3-9 in.; bract-leaves obtuse, imbricate; bracts about 1 in., closely imbricate,
upper subacute, lowest obtuse. Corolla-tube as long as the bract; segments lan-
ceolate. Capsule subglobose red. Seeds black, aril white.

18. Z. macrostachyum, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. iv. (1852)
342; leaves oblong-lanceolate pubescent beneath, spike cylindric, bracts
ovate reddish, corolla-segments greenish-white, lip obovate yellowish-white
marked with purple lines, basal auricles small. Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 273 ;
Horan. Prodr. 27. Alpinia Neesana (Mesuana), Grah. Cat. Pl. Bomb. 207.

Hills of the Concan, Graham, &e.

Stems reddish, pubescent. Leaves dark green, 12-18 by 14-3 in. Spike 4-1 ft.,
1}, in. diam. ; peduncle elongate, with large obtuse sheathing scariose bract-leaves ;
bracts 1-12 in. Corolla-tube as long asthe bract; segments lanceolate, nearly
lin. Capsule red, pubescent, the size and shape of a sparrow’s egg.

19. Z. spectabile, Griff. Notul. iii. 413; leaves oblong-lanceolate
pubescent beneath, spike dense oblong-cylindric, bracts orbicular sub-
coriaceous reddish with a pale margin, corolla-segments yellowish-white,
lip orbicular blackish-purple, basal auricles short obtuse.

Maxacca, Grifith (Kew Distrib. 5762), Maingay (K. d. 1567). Prax; Larut,
King’s Collector.

Leafy stem long and stout. Leaves 9-12 by 2-3 in. Spike 1-1 ft., 23 in. diam. ;
bracts 1-12 in. long and broad, more coriaceous and more spreading than in the

248 CXLIX. scITAMINEE, (J. G, Baker.) [Zingiber.

other species, resembling those of Hitchenia glauca; peduncle sometimes 1 ft.
Corolla-tube 12 in. ; upper segment broader than the two others. Zip emarginate.
Stamen nearly as long as the lip. Capsule oblong. Seeds shining, black, and
3-5 partite, large, white.

20. Z. Casumunar, Roxb. in Asiat. Res. xi. 347, t. 5; Hort. Beng. 2;
FI. Ind. i. 49; leaves oblong-lanceolate pubescent beneath, spikes oblong,
bracts ovate reddish, corolla-segments whitish, lip yellowish-white with a
deeply bifid midlube, basal auricles large oblong obtuse. Rose. Scit. t. 85;
Bot. Mag. t. 1426; Grah. Cat. Pl. Bomb. 207; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl, 272;
Horan. Prodr. 27. Z.purpureum, Rose. in Trans. Linn. Soc, viii. 348. Z.
Cliffordia, Andr. Bot. Rep. t.555. Z. montanum, Link. in Dietr. Sp. i.
52. Amomum montanum, Kenig in Retz, Obs. iii. 51. Casumunar
Roxburghii, Colla Nov. Gen. Scit.in Comm. Taur. 1830.—Rumph. Hort.
Amboin. v. 154, tab. 65, fig. 2.

From the Himarnayas to CeyLon and Manay Preninsvna.—DistTris. Widely
cultivated only in tropical Asia.

Rootstock perennial, bright yellow inside. Leafy stem 4-6 ft. Leaves 12-18
by 2-3 in. Spike oblong, 4-6 in., 13-2 in. diam.; peduncle 3-12 in.; bracts
1-14 in. and nearly as broad, bright red or greenish-red. Corolla-tube as long as
the bract ; segments 1 in., upper broader and more concave. Lip with an orbicular
unspotted midlobe $ in. long and broad. Stamen yellowish-white, shorter than the
lip. Capsule small, globose.—Z. Casumunar, Wall. Cat. 6563, includes three
species, none of them the true one and not in a state for description.

21. Z. Parishii, Hook. f. in. Bot. Mag. +. 6019; leaves oblong-
lanceolate pubescent beneath, spikes oblong, bracts orbicular usually
cuspidate pale green with a red edge, corolla-segments yellowish-white,
lip obovate sulphur-yellow marked with brown spots and lines, basal
auricles short obtuse. ~

TENASSERIM, Griffith, Parish.
Leafy stem 3 ft. Leaves 4-6 by 1-1} in., thin, bright green. Spike 2-4 in.,
z in. diam.; peduncle 3-4 in., with obtuse oblong sheathing bract-leaves ; bracts
densely imbricate, about 1 in. broad. Corolla-segments as long as the tube, about
lin. Lip shorter than the corolla-segments, faintly emarginate; basal auricles
broad, truncate, Stamen pale yellow, as long as the lip; beak as long as the
anther. 5

Sect. III. Pleuranthesis, Benth. Spike peduncled arising from the
side of the leafy stem. (Sp. 22.)

22. Z. Clarkei, King, mss. ex. Benth. Gen. Plant. iii, 646.

Srxxim Himazaya; alt. 3000-5000 ft., Hook. f. Thoms. (Herb. Ind. Or. 8),
Clarke, King.

Leafy stem 5-6 ft. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 12-18 by 2-4 in., finely
pubescent beneath. Spike lateral, oblong-cylindric, 3-4 in., cernuous; peduncle
3-6 in.; main bracts 1 in., oblong, obtuse, green, finally reddish, 2-4-fld. Corolla-
tube as long as the bract ; segments 1 in., pale yellow, upper one broadest. Lip as
long as the corolla-segments, oblong, yellow flushed with purplish-brown. Stamen
pale yellow, nearly as long as the lip, Capsule subglobose, membranous, shorter
than the bract. Seeds as large as a pea, brown ; aril small, white.

Sect. IV. Dymezewiezia, Horan. (gen.). Spikes terminal on the
leafy stem. (Sp. 23, 24.)

23. Z. capitatum, Rozd. in Asiat. Res. xi. 848; FU. Ind. i. 55; leaves

Zingiber.) OXLIX. scITaMinugz, (J. G. Baker.) 249

linear ascending, bracts ovate. Rose. Scit. Pl. t- 90; Wall. Cat. 6560.
Dymezewiezia capitata, Horan, Prodr. 26.

CenTRaL and Eastern Himatayas, from Kumaon to S1xxim the Kuasia
Hits & Sinner.

Leafy stem 8-4 ft. Leaves 12-18 by 1-13 in., tapering gradually to the point,
erecto-portent, usually pubescent beneath. Spike sessile at the end of the leafy
stem, dense-fld., erect, oblong or oblong-cylindrical, 8-6 in., 14-2 in. diam.; bracts
closely imbricate, subcoriaceous, 14 in., green with a narrow brown edge. Corolla-
tube as long as the bract ; segments 1 in., pale yellow. Lip pale yellow, unspotted,
midlobe orbicular ewarginate £ in. broad, basal auricles large, oblong, obtuse.
bright red. Capsule bright red, the size of a small olive; valves ovate. Seeds
black, shining, aril large lacerated white.

Var. Z, ELaTUM, Rowb, Fl. Ind. i. 57 (sp.). A more tropical form, with taller

stems, stouter spikes and larger flowers. osc. Scit. Pl. t. 91. Dymczewiezia
elata, Horan. Prodr. 26.

24. Z. marginatum, Roxb. in Asiat. Res. xi. 349; Fl. Ind. i. 57 P
leaves oblong-lanceolate spreading, bracts oblong obtuse. Dymezewiezia
marginata, Horan. Prodr. 26 P

Kuasra Hints ; Umwai, alt. 3000 ft., Clarke.

Leafy stem 3-4 ft. Leaves 4-6 by 1 in.; ligule, very large, lanceolate, brown.
Spike terminal, sessile, 1-2 in., under } in, diam, 3 rachis very hairy; bracts } in.,
closely imbricate, hairy, brown when dried, obtuse, 1-fid. Corolla and lip not seen,
—Roxburgh’s description is very brief, and he gives no locality. Blume and Miquel

give the species as Javan, and cite for it Lampuzium minus, Rumph. Hort. Amboin,.
v. 148 tab. 64, fig. 2.

IMPERFECTLY KNOWN SPECIES,

22, Z, (Lampuzium) near opoRIFERUM, Blume Enum.i.14. Leafy stem stout
several feet long, leaves 6-8 in. oblong-lanceolate, peduncle 6-8 in. erect, spike 5-6
in. long 2 in. diam. dense-fid., bracts closely imbricate ovate subacute glabrous lower
1} in., bracteole 1 in, complicate, flower not seen.—Andamans, on Mount Haniot,
Prain 59, ‘

23. Z. (Lampuzium) near COROLLINUM, Hance in Journ. Bot. 1880, 301. Leafy
stem long, leaves 10-12 by 14-2 in. lanceolate glabrous, spike dense-fid. a foot long
3 in. diam., bracts 1-2 in. subcoriaceous oblong obtuse glabrous, bracteoles 1 in,
complicate ; flower not seen.—Great Cocos island, Andaman group, Prain 713.

13. COSTUS, Linn.

Rootstock tuberous, horizontal. Leafy stem long. Leaves oblong ;
sheaths broad. Spike dense-fld., globose or ovoid, usually terminal,
rarely produced direct from the rootstock on a short peduncle. Calyz-
tube short, infundibular; teeth ovate. Corolla-tube not longer than the
calyx ; segments large, oblong, subequal. Lateral staminodes 0 or minute.
Lip large, obovate, margins incurved. Filament forming with the con-
nective an oblong petaloid process, in the middle of which are placed the
contiguous linear anther-cells. Ovary 3-celled; ovules many, superposed ;
style filiform ; stigma with a semilunar foveole, ciliated round the margin.
Capsule globose or ovoid, finally dehiscing on one side between the ribs.
Seeds obovoid or subglobose, aril short.—Species 25; tropics of both
hemispheres.

1. ©. speciosus, Smith in Trans. Linn. Soc. i. 249; spike ovoid or
oblong terminal on the leafy stem. Roxb. in Asiat. Res. xi. 349; Hort.

250 CXLIx, scitaMINEZ. (J. G. Baker.) [ Costus.

Beng.?; Fl. Ind.i. 58; Wall. Cat. 6555; Wight Ic. t. 2014; Grah. Cat. Pil.
Bomb. 208; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 274; Thwaites Enwm. 320. Reich. Ic.
Exot. t. 69; Paxt. Mag. iv. t. 245. C. arabicus, Jacg. Jc. t.1. Hellenia
grandiflora, Retz. Obs. vi. 68. Banksia speciosa, Kenig in Retz. Obs, iii.
75.—Rheede Hort. Mal. xi. t.8; Rumph. Amboin. vi. t. 64, fig. 2.

Throughout India from the CenrRaL and Eastern Hima.ayas, ascending to
4000 ft. to CeyLon and Matacca.—Disters. Malay islands.

Leafy stem 6-9 ft. stout. Leaves 4-1 ft. or more, oblong, acute, thinly silky be-
neath. Spike very dense-fld. 2-4 in.; bracts ovate, bright red, 1-14 in. Calyw 1 in. ;
segments 3, ovate cuspidate. Corolla-segments white, oblong 1-1} in. Lip white,
suborbicular, 2-3 in., the margins incurved and meeting. Filament, 13-2 in. in-
cluding the oblong petaloid connective. Capsule 1 in., globose, red, crowned with
the persistent calyx.

Var. C. NIPALENSIS, Rose. Scit. Pl. t. 80 (sp.) leafy stem shorter, leaves
narrower lanceolate, spike globose. Wall. Cat. 6555 p. C. speciosus. Var. angus-
tifolius, Ker in Bot. Reg. t. 665—Central Himalayas.

Var. ARGYROPHYLLUS, Wall. Cat.6555 G, H.; leaves more densely silky and
paler beneath, spikes globose, bracts pubescent.—Pegu and Penang.

2. G. globosus, Blume Enum. Pl. Jav. 62? leaves glabrous beneath,
peduncle produced direct from the rootstock, bract-leaves. very short
small ovate, corolla-segments glabrous. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 610 P
Horan. Prodr. 36 ?

Matacca, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1578).—DistR1z. Java.

Leaves 6-8 by 24-3 oblanceolate-oblong, narrowed gradually from the middle to
the base. Peduncle about 2 in. curved; bract-leaves 3 in., ovate, densely imbricate.
Spike 14 in. globose; outer bracts ovate; inner 1 in., oblong, back scabrous towards
the tip. Calyw1 in. Corolla-segments 1 in., ovate or oblong. Lip and stamen
C. speciosus.

3. C. Kingii, Baker; leaves pubescent beneath, peduncle longer pro-
duced direct from the rootstock, bract-leaves larger oblong, corolla-
segments villose.

Perak; Larut, King’s Collector, 2104.

Leaves 6-8 by 3-3} in., oblanceolate-oblong, subcoriaceous, broadest above the
middle, narrowed gradually to the base. Peduncle 4-5 in. stout; bracts 1 in.,
densely imbricate, oblong, scariose. Spike 24-3 in., very dense, globose; outer
bracts above lin., ovate; inner lanceolate. Cadyx-tube 1 in., villous; segments
ovate, sharply cuspidate. Corol/a-segments 1 in., hairy. Lip suborbicular, 2 in.
long and broad.

14. CYPHOSTIGMA, Benth.

Rootstock thick, horizontal, perennial. Leafy stem short. Leaves
oblong-lanceolate. Inflorescence a panicle distinct from the leafy stem,
lax, decumbent; flowers 1-2 to a bract, bracteolate. Calyx cylindric,
minutely 3-toothed, slit down one side. Corolla-tube cylindric; seg-
ments linear-oblong, subequal. Lateral staminodes obsolete ; lip orbicular-
reniform, emarginate ; filament short; anther-cells distant, crest very large
petaloid. Ovary 3-celled; ovules many, superposed ; style filiform ; stigma
large, cylindric, gibbous at the base, stigma cup-shaped. Capsule and
seeds unknown.

Cyphostiyma.] CXIIX. SCITAMINEZ. (J, G. Baker.) 251

GC. pulchellum, Benth. Gen. Plant. iii. 645; Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 1380.
Amomum pulchellum, Liwaites Enum. 318.

Crrton; forests of the central province, alt. 3000 ft.

Leafy tuft 14-2 ft. Leafy stem formed from the connate bases of the petioles.
Leaves 1-2 tt. by 3-5 in. broad at the middle, narrowed to the base; petiole }-1 ft.
Panicles like those of Elettaria, decumbent, sometimes a foot long; bracts oblong,
obtuse, clasping the slender rachis. Calyx under1lin. Corolla-tube rather longer
than the calyx; segments under an inch long. Lip 1 in. broad, red and yellow;
anther-crest orbicular, crenulate, rose-purple, nearly as broad as the lip.

154. BLETTARIA, Maion.

Rootstock thick, horizontal, perennial. Leafy stem long. Leaves
oblong-lanceolate. Panicle produced direct from the rootstock, long,
flexuous, decumbent ; bracts 2-3-fld.; flowers shortly pedicelled, bracteolate.
Calyx cylindric, membranous, shortly lobed. Corolla-tube cylindric; mid-
segment oblong, convex; lateral narrower. Lateral staminodes minute
teeth ; lip obovate-cuneate ; filament very short; anther-cells contiguous,
not crested. Ovary 3-celled; ovules many; style filiform; stigma small,
turbinate. Capsule globose or oblong, coriaceous, indehiscent. Seeds
small, angled by pressure.

E. Cardamomum, Maton in Trans. Linn. Soc. x. 254; Bentl.
& Trim. Med. Pl. t. 267; Thw. Enum. 318; Horan. Prodr. 30. Alpinia
Cardamomum, Fozb. in Asiat. Res. xi. 355; Hort. Beng.1; Coromand. Pl.
t. 226; Fl. Ind. i. 70; Grahk. Cat. Pl. Bomb, 206; Dalz. & Gibs. Flor.
Suppl. 86. Amomum Cardamomum, Linn. Sp.1; White in Trans. Linn.
Soc. x. 220, t. 4-5. A. repens, Willd. Sp. Plant.i.9; Woodv. Med. Bot.
t. 181. A. racemosum, Lam. Encye. 1. 134. Cardamomum officinale,
Salish. in Trans. Linn. Soc. i. 232.—Rheede Hort. Mal. xi. 9, t. 4-5.

MataBak; on the Western Ghats, from Kurg southwards (wild or cultivated).
CrYLon (cult.).

Leafy stem 6-9 ft. Leaves 1-2 ft. by 3 in., pubescent beneath. Panicles several
to one leafy stem, 1-2 ft.; bracts linear-oblong, persistent, 13-2 in. Calyx 4 in.
Corolla-tube shortly exserted; segments $ in. Lip longer than the corolla-seg-
ments, white sheathed with violet. Capsule subglobose or oblong, marked with
many fine vertical ribs.

Var. Mason, Thw. Enum. 318; more robust, leaves broader, capsule 1 in.
oblong-fusiform. E. major, Smith in Rees. Cyclop.; Horan. Prody. 31.—Ceylon,
up to 3000 ft. (indigenous).

16. ELETTARIOPSIS, Baker.

Rootstock slender, wide-creeping. Leaves 1-2-nate direct from the
rootstock, long petioled. Spike radical lax-fld.; bracts small, membranous.
Calyz-limb spathaceous, clasping the flower-bud. Corolla-tube slender,
cylindric; segments linear-oblong or lanceolate. Lateral staminodes 0;
lip obovate-cuneate; filament shorter; anther with a small orbicular
petaloid crest. Ovary oblong, 3-celled; ovules many, superposed; style
filiform; stigma small, globose. Fruit and seeds unknown.—A Bornean
species and the following :—

1. EB. exserta, Baker; spike erect, corolla-segments lanceolate, tube
very long. Cyphostigma exsertum, Scortech. in Nuov. Gior. Bot. Ital.
xviii. 310, t. 18.

252 OXLIX. scitamInez, (J. G. Baker.) _[Elettariopsis,

Matay Pentnsuta; Perak, Scortechini, 1947.

Leaves usually solitary, erect; blade oblong-lanceolate, 24-3 ft., narrowed to
the base; petiole much shorter. Spike 6 in.; lower internodes } in. ; bracts lan-
ceolate. Calyx lin. Corolla-tube 23-3 in., cylindric, rather dilated towards the
top; segments $in. Lip 1 in., yellow, with two red streaks.

2. B. Curtisii, Baker; spike decumbent, corolla-segments linear-
oblong, tube very long.

Prnanea; West hill, alt. 2500 ft., Curtis, 1578.

Rootstock sheathed with imbricated obture scale-leaves, Leaves solitary, erect ;
petiole 4 ft.; blade 8-9 by 2 in., oblong-lanceolate, coriaceous. Spike 14-2 in.;
rachis very slender ; bracts lanceolate, in. Calyw 4 in. Corolla-tube % in., very
slender; segments 3 in. Lip deflexed, twice as long as the corolla-segments.

3. EB. serpentina, Baker; spike decumbent secund, corolla-segments
linear-oblong, tube twice as long as the calyx-limb.

Penana, alt. 1000-1500 ft., King’s Collector.

Rhizome very slender, sheathed by oblong imbricated scale-leaves, Leaves less
than 12 in. by 2 in,, geminate, erect, lanceolate, subcoriaceous, glabrous; petiole
slender, 8-9 in. Spike 2-3 in., shortly peduncled; bracts small, lanceolate, mem-
branous. Calya-tube } in. Corolla-tube 1 in.; segments half as long as the tube.
Ip white, marked with red-brown and yellow in the centre.

17. SCAPHOCHLAMYS, Baker.

Rootstock wide-creeping, not tuberous. Stem 0. Leaves erect,
oblong-lanceolate; petiole as long as the blade. Spike lax-fld.; bracts
several-fld., large, lingulate, persistent.. Calyx oblique, spathaceous.
Corolla-tube slender, cylindric, longer than the calyx; lip obovate-
cuneate, emarginate; filament shott; anther-cells slightly divergent,
with a small petaloid-crest. Ovary 3-celled?; ovules few in a cell; style
filiform ; stigma small, globose. Capsule subglobose, membranous. Seeds
ovoid, with a large white aril cut down to the base into subulate processes.

S. malaccana; Baker.

Mauacca; Mount, Ophir, Cuming, Grigith (K.d. 5761), Maingay (Kew Distrib.

1579), Hullett.

Leaf-blade firm, glabrous, 6-8 by 2-3 in. Spike of about 6 nodes; peduncle
short, slender ; bracts 1-14 in., green, lingulate, erecto-patent, obtuse, involute in
the lower half. Calyx 3 in. Flowers white. Corolda-tube under 1 in., slender,
cylindric; segments shorter than the tube. Lip under 1 in. Stamen porrect,

shorter than the lip. Capsule 3 in., 3-seeded.

18. ALPINIA, Linn.

Footstock horizontal. Leafy stem elongated. Leaves oblong or lan-
ceolate. Panicle or raceme terminal (except in sp. 16-17); bracteoles
sometimes enveloping the bud. Calyx laxly tubular, shortly 3-toothed.
Corolla-tube cylindric, usually not longer than the calyx ; segments linear-
oblong or oblong, upper usually broader and more convex. Lateral
staminodes 0 or very small; lip patent, often orbicular with incurved
margins, sometimes with 2 subulate processes at the base of the claw;
tilament flattened; anther-cells divergent at the apex, furnished rarely
with an orbicular crest. Ovary 3-celled, ovules few or many in a cell;
style tihform; stigma subglobose. Fruit globose, dry or fleshy, usually

Alpinia.] CXLIX. SCITAMINEE. (J. G. Baker.) 253

indehiscent. Seeds globose or angled by pressure.—Species 30, in the
Tropics of the Old World.

Sect. I. Bthanium, Horan. Anther not crested. Bud not enclosed.
in large bracteoles. Panicle terminal.—(Sp. 1-9.).

1. A. conchigera, Griff. Notul. iii. 424; Ic. Plant, Asiat. t. 354;
leaves oblong-lanceolate glabrous beneath, panicle long narrow, flowers
small, corolla-segments oblong greenish, lip orbicular yellowish with red
lines and dots with two small teeth at the base. A. Galanga, Wall. Cat.
6572 H, KF. Strobidia conchigera, Kuntze inedit..

Cuirracone and the Malay Peninsula to Matacca.—Disrris. Siam, Cam-
bodia. .

Leafy stem 3-4 ft. Leaves 3-1 ft. by 2-3 in. Panicle 6-9 in.; rachis pubescent ;
lower branch often elongate, the others short ascending; bracts small, brown,
scariose, ovate. Calyx 3-} in.; mouth oblique, obscurely 3-dentate. Corolla-tube
scarcely longer than the calyx; segments 4 in. Zip with incurved margins, not
longer than the corolla-segments, not clawed. Ovules 2 in each cell.—I do not
regard Sérobidia as generically distinct from Alpinia.

2. A. Manii, King JSS. (under Strobidia) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate
glabrous beneath, panicle long narrow subracemose, flowers small, corolla-
segments oblong, lip narrow cuneate.

ANDAMAN IsLaNnDs, King’s Collector.

Leafy stem elongate. Leaves shortly petioled, 12 in. or more by 3-4 in., bright
green, with more prominent ribs than in its allies. Panicle 6-9 in.; rachis pubes-
cent; branches short, erecto-patent, usually 1-fld.; bracts minute, Calya } in.,
minutely 3-dentate. Corolla-tube twice as long as the calyx; segments iin. Lip
scarcely longer than the corolla-segments. Capsule globose, 4 in. diam., 1-2
seeded. :

3. A. Galanga, Sw. Obs. Bot. 8; leaves oblong-lanceolate glabrous
beneath, panicle copiously compound, flowers small, corolla-segments
linear-oblong greenish-white, lip obovate-clawed emarginate white veined
with lilac, with a pair of subulate glands at the base of the claw. ozb.
Hort. Beng.2; Asiat. Res. xi. 352; Fl. Ind.i.59; Rose. in Trans. Linn,
Soe. vill. 345; Wall. Cat. 6572, ex parte; Grah. Cat. Pl. Bomb. 206; Dalz.
& Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 274; Thw. Enum.319. A. viridiflora, Griff. Notul. iii.
423; Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 353. Maranta Galanga, Linn. Sp. Plant. 2. Galanga,
Salish. in Trans. Hort. Soc. i. 281—Rumph. Amboin. v. t. 63.

Throughout Inp1a from the foot of the Himalayas to Ceynon and Matacca.—
Disrris. Malay islands and widely cultivated.

Rootstock perennial, tuberous, slightly aromatic. Leafy stem 6-7 ft. Leaves 1-2
ft. by 4-6 in., green and glossy on both sides. Panicle dense-fid., 3-1 ft., rachis
densely pubescent, branches numerous short; pedicels 3— 4 in.; bracts small, ovate,
Calyx greenish-white, 4 in. oblique at the throat. Corolla-segments 3-2 in.
distinctly clawed, 4 in., basal glands ascending, reddish, linear-subulate. Stamen
arcuate, shorter than the lip. Ovules 1-2 ina cell. Fruit orange-red, the size of a
small cherry.—Probably A. alba, Rose. in Trans, Linn. Soe. viii. 346 (Hellenia alba,
Wilid. Sp. Plant.i. 5. ZLanguas vulgare, Kenig in Retz. Obs. iii. 64; Heritiera.
alba, Retz. Obs. vi. 18), A. carnea, Griff. Notul. iii. 420, and A. zingiberina, Hook.
f, in Bot. Mag. t. 6944 are forms. The drawing of Costus arabicus, Linn. in
Hermann’s Ceylon Herbarium belongs here.

4. A. Allughas, Rose. in Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 346; Scit. Pl. t. 67;
leaves oblong-lanceolate glabrous beneath, panicle narrow copiously com-

254 oxiix. scitaminem, (J. G. Baker.) [Alpinia.

pound, flowers small, corolla-segments linear-oblong greenish-white, lip
cuneate pink distinctly emarginate with two small linear-subulate glands
at the base. Roxb. in Asiat. Res. vi. 353; Hort. Beng. 2; Fl. Ind. i. 61;
Wall. Cat. 6571; Griff. Notul. iii. 432; Grah. Cat. Pl. Bomb.206; Dalz. & Gibs,
Bomb. Fl. 273; Thw. Enum, 320; Horan. Prodr. 33. A. Rheedii, Wight
Te. t. 2026, Hellenia Allughas, Willd. Sp. Plant. i. 4; Andr. Rot. Rep. t.
501; Salisd. in Trans. Hort. Soc. j. 281. Heritiera Allughas, Retz. Obs. vi.
17, t.1. Zingiber nigrum, Gaertn. Hruct. t. 12.—Rheede Hort. Mal. x1.
t. 14,

From the Hrmatayas to Ceyron and Mazacca.—DistRis. Malay isles and
widely cultivated.

Rootstock tuberous, biennial or perennial. Leafy stem 3-6 ft. Leaves 1-14 ft.
by 3—6 in., smooth and glossy on both surfaces. Pamicle erect, 3-1 ft.; branches
pubescent, fewer and more ascending than in A. Galanga ; flowers crowded, shortly
pedicelled ; bracts small, ovate-amplexicaul. Calyx pubescent, 4-4 in.; mouth
oblique. Corolla-tube a3 long as the calyx; segments as long as the tube. Lip
clawed. Stamen arcuate, shorter than the lip. Capsule globose, black, $ in.
diam.

5. A. calcarata, Rose. in Trans. Linn. Soe. viii. 347 ; Seit. Pl. t. 68 ;
leaves lanceolate glabrous beneath, panicle short, slightly compound
flowers middle-sized, corolla-segments oblong greenish-white, lip oblong
striped and spotted with red and yellow ona pale ground with edges
slightly incurved, base spurred. Ho«d. in Asiat. Res. xi. 355 ; Hort. Beng. 2;
Fi. Ind. i. 69; Bot. Reg. t.141; Wall. Cat. 6577; Grah. Cat. Pl. Bomb.
206; Wight Ic. t. 2028; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 274; Thw. Enum. 320.
A. bracteata, Rose. in Trans. Linn, Soc. xi. 881; Scit. t. 70, non Roxb., A.
cernua, Sims in Bot. Mag. t. 1900. Renealmia calcarata, Haw. in Andr.
Bot. Rep. t. 421; Salish. in Trans. Hort. Soc. i. 231. Globba erecta, Red.
Inl. t. 174.

SourHzEN Manay Pentnsura, the Concan, and Czyton.—Drstaiz. China,
and widely cultivated.

Rootstock perennial, not tuberous. Leafy stem slender, 2-4 ft. Leaves 6-12 by
1-2 in. acuminate, green and glossy on both surfaces. Panicle dense-fld., 3-4 in. ;
rachis pubescent ; lower branches short, bearing 3-4 crowded flowers ; bracts small
ovate. Calyx-tube funnel-shaped, 4-3 in.; ovary densely pubescent. Corolla-seg-
ments 4 in. Lip 1-1} in., beautifully variegated with red and yellow, emarginate.
Anther-cells minutely margined. Ovules many inacell. Capsule globose, red.

6. A. Wrayi, King MSS.; leaves lanceolate glabrous beneath,
peduncle scarcely leafy, panicle short slightly compound, flowers middle-
sized, corolla-segments oblanceolate, lip dark yellow obovate-cuneate,

PENANG, alt. 2-3000 ft., King’s Collector.

Leafy stem elongate. Leaves 12 by 2 in. or more, acute, moderately firm
Peduncle from the rootstock, slender, erect, under a foot long, with several sheath.
ing bract-leaves, only the uppermost produced into a small lanceolate blade. Panice
3-4 in., dense-fid., erect 5 bracts small, deciduous. Ovary very hairy. Calyz 4 in.
narrowly funnel-shaped. Corolla-tube as long as the calyx; segments 2 in. Lip
1 in.—May be an abnormal form of A. calcarata,

7. A. mutica, Roxb. in Asiat. Res. xi. 354; Hort. Beng. 2; Fl. Ind.
i. 67; leaves oblong-lanceolate glabrous beneath, panicle slightly con
pound, flowers large, corolla segments oblong white, lip suborbicular
variegated red and yellow, base not spurred, margins much incurved. Rose.

Alpinia.] CXLIX. sCITaMINEE. (J. G. Baker.) 255

Scit. Pl. t.69; Hook. f.in Bot. Mag.t.6908; Horan. Prodr.34, Renealmia
mutica, Salish. in Trans. Hort. Soe. i. 280.

Prnane, Rocburgh. Matay PrninsuLa.—DIs1R1B. Malay isles.

Rootstock perennial, not tuberous. Leafy stem 4-6 ft. Leaves 1-2 ft. by 2-4 in.
Panicle 6-9 in.; rachis stout, very pubescent; lower branches short, 2-3; bracts
oblong. Calya-tube 3 in., funnel-shaped, white bordered with pink. Corolla-seg-
ments lin. Lip 14 in., nearly as broad, beautifully variegated with red and yellow.
Capsule globose, 1 in. diam., bright yellow. Seeds many in a cell.

8. A. petiolata, Baker; leaves oblong-lanceolate petioled glabrous
beneath, raceme simple, bracts large, flowers large, lip obovate-cuneate.

Perak, alt. 2500-4000 ft., Kunstler.

Leafy stem 2-3 ft. Leaves 1-14 ft. by 3-4 in., subcoriaceous, dark glossy green,
petiole 3-4 in. Spike moderately dense-fid., erect, 3-4 in.; rachis slender, pubes-
cent ; bracts 1 in., green membranous. Ovary densely villose. Calyx 1 in. Lip
half as long again as the calyx, bright yellow ; filament 1 in.

9. A. Rafflesiana, Wail. Cat. 6575; leaves lanceolate finely pubes-
cent beneath, panicle dense subglobose, flowers middle-sized, corolla-
segments oblong reddish-yellow, lip suborbicular margins much incurved.
Hook. Ic. t. 1068. A. aurantiaca, Wall. mss.

Penana, SINGAPORE and MALacca,

Rootstock perennial, not tuberous. Leafy stem 4-6 ft. Leaves 1-14 ft. by
2-3 in. Panicle sessile at the end of the leafy stems, congested into a globose head
2 in, long, subtended by a large ovate green bract; pedicels very short; flower-
bracts small, persistent, orbicular, subcoriaceous. Calyx funnel-shaped, bright red,
4-4 in. Corolla-segments concave, $4 in. Lip $-1 in. long and broad, beautifully
striped with red on a yellow ground. Capsule globose, small.—Alpinia vittala
of gardens appears to be a form of this very distinct species with leaves variegated
with white. °

Subgen. II. Catumbium, Juss. Anther not crested. Bud enclosed
in large membranous bracteoles. Raceme or panicle terminal.—Species
10-13.

10. A. bracteata, Rorb. Hort. Beng. 2; Fl. Ind. i. 63; raceme
simple, bracteoles green. Wall. Cat. 6578, non Roscoe. A. Roxburghii,
Sweet Hort. Brit. edit. 2,493; Horan. Prodr. 34.

East Himanayas, BeneaL, Assam, Cachan, Burma, the SHan STATES and
Matacca.

Leafy stem 3-6 ft. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 1-14 ft. by 2—4 in., pubescent
beneath. Raceme dense-fid., 6-9 in. ; rachis densely pubescent ; pedicels very short.
Buds not so short and more acute than in 4. malaccensis ; bracteoles 1 in., oblong-
navicular, Corolla-segments 1 in., oblong, pure white. ip ovate, half as long
again as the corolla-segments, emarginate, edge white, centre variegated red and
yellow, margins incurved ; base with two ascending horn-like processes. Capsule
large, globose. Seeds many in a cell.

11. A. malaccensis, Rose. in Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 845; raceme
simple, bracteoles white. Roab. in Asiat. Res. xi. 353; Hort. Beng. 2;
Fil. Ind. i. 64; Bot. Reg. t. 328; Wall. Cat. 6573 A. Horan. Prodr.
34, Maranta malaccensis, Burm. Fl. Ind. 2; Willd. Sp. Plant. i. 14.
ae malaccensis, Kenig in Retz. Obs. iii. 71.—Rumph, Amboin. v.
t. 71, fig. 1.

Eastern Hrmarayas, Assam, Kuasia Hiis and CHITTAGoNG, ascending to
5000 ft. Matnasar, Law.

256 — CXLIX. SCITAMINEH, (J. G. Baker.) [Alpinia.

Rootstock perennial. Leafy stem 6-10 ft. Leaves 2-3 ft., oblong-lanceolate,
pubescent beneath. Raceme erect, 4-1 ft, ; rachis very stout, densely pubescent ;
pedicels all very short. Buds oblong, obtuse; bracteoles oblong-navicular, 1 in,
Corolla-segments white, oblong, 1 in. Lip ovate, emarginate, 13-2 in., margin
pale ; centre beautifully variegated red and yellow; edges much incurved. "Capsule
globose, yellow, 1 in. diam. Seeds many, ovoid.

12. A. nutans, Rose. in Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 246; Scit. t. 73;
panicle cernuous slightly compound, bracts deciduous, peduncles short,
bracteoles white tipped with pink. Smith Exot. Bot. ii. t. 106; Roxb. in
Asiat. Res. xi. 354; Hort. Beng. 2; Fl. Ind. i. 65; Bot. Mag. t. 1903;
Wall. Cat. 6574 ex parte; Grah. Cat. Pl. Bomb. 206; Wight Ic. t. 2027;
Thw. Enum. 320. A. malaccensis, Wall. Cat. 6573 B, C. A. cristata,
Griff. Notul. iii. 421. Globba nutans, Linn. Mant. 170; Red. Lil. t. 60.
Renealmia nutans, Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 360; Salish. in Trans. Hort. Soc.
i. 279. Zerumbet speciosum, Jacy. Fragm. t. 68; Wendl. Sert. Han.
t. 19.

Eastern Hrvararyas and Matay PenrnsuLa.—DistRiB. Malay islands.

Rootstock perennial. Leafy stem 8-10 ft. Leaves 1-2 ft. by 3-6 in., oblong-
lanceolate, finely pubescent beneath. Panicle 4-1 ft.; rachis very hairy; lower
branches bearing 2-3 crowded flowers. Bracteoles 1 in. or more, broad, oblong-
navicular. Corolla-segments oblong, 1 in., white tipped with pink. Zip ovate,
1} in. long and broad, base spurred, margins pale, centre beautifully variegated with
red and yellow, margins much incurved. Capsule red, globose. Seeds many in
a cell.

Var. . AsEricEa, Moon Cat. Ceyl. 1 (sp.); panicle shorter, flowers smaller,
bracteoles and corolla-segments not tipped with pink.—Ceylon,

13. A. involucrata, Griff. Notul. iii. 422; panicle cernuous
slightly compound, bracts persistent cupular, bracteoles white.

Matacca, Grifith (Kew Distrib. 5697), Maingay (K.d.1574). Prax, King’s
Collector.

Nearly allied to A. nutans, of which it may be only a variety. Leafy stem
10-15 ft. Lower branches of the panicle elongated, with 2-3 flowers crowded at
the lip, enveloped by persistent scariose bracts. Capsule globose, 1 in. diam.

Sect. II]. MHellenia, Willd. Anther furnished with a small
petioled crest. Panicle terminal. (Sp. 14-17.) .

14, A. aquatica, Rose. in Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 346 ; leaves oblong
not scabrous, anther with a semi-orbicular crest, lip obcordate. Hellenia
aquatica, Horan. Prodr.'35. Heritiera aquatica, Retz. Obs. v. 18.
Languas aquaticum vel sylvestre, Kenig in Retz. Obs. iii. 65.

The Deccan PENINSULA, in swamps, Kenig.

Leafy stem 4 ft. and more. Leaves coriaceous, bright green, denticulate,
glabrous beneath. Panicle narrow, oblong, peduncled, with 2-3 membranous white
bracts at the base. Calyz-limb tubulose-campanulate, glabrous, tridentate. Corolla-
segments whitish ; upper ovate-oblony ; two lower acute, approximate. Lip shorter
than the corolla-segments, with an oblong gland on exch side at the base. Anther
with a coloured crest. Capsule black, Seeds about 5, trietrous.—Known only
from Kenig’s description.

15. A. scabra, Benth. in Gen. Plant. iii. 648; leaves lanceolate ver
scabrous above, anther with an obscure truncate crest, lip narrow bilobed.
Hellenia scabra, Blume Enum. i. 60; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 603; Horan.
Prodr, 35.

Alpinia.] OXLIX, SOITAMINEE. (J. G. Baker.) 257

PERAK, alt. 2-3000 ft., King’s Collector.—DistRis. Java.

Leafy stem 6-8 ft. Leaves above 1 ft., 2-3 in. broad, very scabrous. Panicle
1 ft., erect, with a few short spreading compound branches‘at the base; branchlets
about 1 in., bearing several pedicelled waxy white flowers; bracts minute. Calys
% in.; teeth minute. Corolla-tube as long as the calyx ; segments oblong, 2 in.
Lip not longer than the corolla-segments. Anther-cells divaricate upwards, the
truncate connective scarcely overtopping them. Capsule globose, } in. diam.

Subgen. IV. Geostachys, Baker. Anther not crested. Buds enclosed
in large bracteoles. Spike radical. .

16. A.? decurvata, Baker; leaves lanceolate, racemes not secund.

Perak; Larut, alt. 83-4000 ft., King’s Collector.

Leafy stem 4-5 ft. Leaves 12-15 by 1-1} in., narrowed toa petiole 1 in. long.
‘Racemes 6 in., lax, decurved ; peduncle short, slender, erect, hidden by the large
imbricate green bract-leaves; pedicels deflexed, 4 in.; bracteoles 14 in., green,
oblong-navicular, acute, persistent. Ovary oblong, shortly peduncled within the
bracteole. Calyx 4 in., spathaceous. Corodia-tube as long as the calyx; segments
linear-oblong, 4 in. Lip obovate, longer than the corolla-segments, ‘“ Flowers
bright yellow, tinged with red. Fruit glossy, dark red.”’

17. A.? secunda, Baker; leaves oblong-lanceolate, racemes secund.

PERAK, alt. 3-4000 ft., King’s Collector, 8047.

Nearly allied to A.? decurvata, with which it entirely agrees in habit and in the
flower being enclosed in large persistent oblong-navicular green bracteoles. Leaves
6-8 by 2 in.; petiole short. Raceme simple, lax-fid., secund, deflexed; pedicels
cernuous, § in.; bracteoles under 1 in. Calyx cylindric, spathaceous, 3 in. ‘ Flower
light yellow. Frudt deep red.”

19. RH YNCHANTHUS, Fook. f.

Rootstock tuberous; fibres stout, hairy. Stem leafy. Leaves oblong-
lanceolate. Spike terminal. Caly# cylindric, minutely toothed. Corolla-
tube long, subcylindric; segments ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. Lateral
staminodes obsolete; lip nearly obsolete; filament long linear, margins
incurved, tip filiform; anther-cells contiguous, not crested. Ovary
3-celled : ovules many, superposed ; style filitorm ; stigma small, turbinate.
Capsule and seeds not seen.

R. longiflorus, Hook. f. in Bot. Mag. t. 6861.

Burma (Hort. Low). .

Rootstock ovoid, green, 1-1} in. diam. Leafy stem 14-2 ft. Leaves 6-8 by
13-2 in. Spike 4-6 in., sessile at the end of the stem; bracts 2 to each flower,
linear, green, 1-14 in., wrapped round the calyx-tube. Corolla-tube 14-2 in. ;
segments 1 in. Stamen as long as the corolla-tube,

20, CLINOGYNE, Sulisd.

Rootstock tuberous or sublignose. Stems leafy, copiously dichoto-
mously branched. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate. Panicle lax-fld.
terminal; flowers in pairs; bracts long, narrow, firm. Sepals short, free.
Petals narrow, connivent. Staminal tube cylindric; segments obovate,
petaloid, unequal; anther 1-celled, adnate to the margin of one
segment. Ovary 3-celled; cells l-ovuled; style adnate below to the
staminal tube, above free, hooked; stigma capitate. Jrwzt indehiscent,

VOL. VI. s

258 OXLIX. SCITAMINEH. (J. G. Baker.) [Clinogyne.

1-8-seeded. Seeds subglobose, aril lacerate; embryo curved.—Species
7-8 ; tropics of Old World.

1. ©. dichotoma, Salish. in Trans. Hort. Soc. i. 276; leaves broadly
rounded at the base, branches of panicle few short, staminal tube elongate,
fruit 2-3-lobed 2-3-seeded. Benth. in Gen. Plant. iti, 651. Phrynium
dichotomum, Roxb. in Asiat. Res. xi. 324; Hort. Beng. 1; Fl. Ind.i. 2;
Horan. Prodr. 11, in part. Maranta dichotoma, Wall. Cat. 6614. M.
ramosissima, Wall. Cat. 6615; Pl. Asiat. Rar. t. 286; Grah. Cat. Pl. Bomb.
212. Donax Arundinastrum, Lour. Fl. Coch. 15. Thalia cannzeformis,
Willd. Sp. Plant. i. 16.—Rumph. Amboin., iv. 22, t. 7.

EasTERN Bren@at and the MaLay PeyinsvLa.—DistTRiB. Malay islds.

Shrub 15 ft.; stem short, woody ; branches slender. Upper leaves ovate-
oblong, 3-6 in. by 14-2 in. Branches of panicle at most 3-4 in.; outer bracts
lanceolate, 14 in. Flowers white, 1 in. Sepals lanceolate. Petals oblanceolate,
spreading in the upper half. Staminal tube as long as the largest lobes; lip
flat. Fruit 4 in, diam.

2. G. grandis, Benth. in Gen. Plant. iii. 651; leaves broadly rounded
at the base, branches of the panicle many and moderately long, staminal
tube elongated, fruit globose smooth 1-seeded. Maranta grandis, Mig. Fl.
Ind. Bat. Suppl. 616. Phrynium dichotomum, Korn. in Mem. Mose. xi.
t. 89; Horan. Prodr. 11, in part, not Rob.

TENASSERIM, Matacca, PERAK, SINGAPORE, and the ANDAMAN ISLDS.—
Distris. Malay islds.

Habit of C. dichotoma. Upper leaves 3-1 ft. by 3-Gin. Branches of the
panicle sometimes 6-9 in.; outer bracts 1} in. Flowers as in C. dichotoma. Fruit
glossy, 3-4 in. diam.

3. ©. virgata, Benth. in Gen. Plant. iii. 651; leaves slightly rounded
at the base, branches of the panicle many and long, staminal tube short,
fruit 2~3-lobed 2~-3-seeded, Maranta virgata, Wall. Cat. 6616; Wight Ic.
t. 2015; Thw. Enum. 320. Phrynium virgatum, Roxb. in Asiat. Res. xi.
324; Hort. Beng.1; Fl. Ind.i. 4.

The DeccaN PENINSULA and CEYLON.

Stems 6-8 ft. Upper leaves 4-6 by 1-1} in.; lower 1-1} ft. Panicle 1 ft. or
more; branches very slender, flexuose; outer bracts about lin. Flowers white,
inodorous, much smaller than in C. dichotoma. Fruit the size of a large pea.

21. PHRYNIUM, Willd.

Rootstock creeping. Leaves large, oblong, radical; petiole long,
sheathing. Spike compound, produced from the side of the petiole or
direct from the rootstock; main bracts 2--fld. Sepals 3, narrow.
Corolla-tube cylindric; segments 3, linear-oblong, subequal, spreading.
Staminal tube longer than the corolla-tube; segments unequal, petaloid,
one bearing the l-celled anther on its margin. Ovary 3-celled; cells
l-ovuled, rarely 2 cells empty; style adnate in the lower part to the
staminal tube; free portion hooked; stigma capitate. Fruit globose,
indehiscent or finally dehiscent. Seeds 1-3 erect; aril short, fleshy ;
embryo curved.—Species 20; tropics of Old World.

1. P. capitatum, Willd. Sp. Plant. i. 17; spike globose from the

Phrynium.) CXLIX. SCITAMINEZ. (J. G. Baker.) 259

side of the petiole rarely terminal, main bracts oblong with an incurved
scarious tip which breaks up into bristles, corolla-segments longer than
the tube, fruit usually 3-seeded. Roxb. in Asiat. Res. xi. 325, t. 1; Hort.
Beng.1; Fl, Ind.i.8; Wall. Oat. 6619; Wight Ic. t. 2016; Thw. Enum.
820. Phyllodes Placentaria, Lour, Fl. Cochin, ch. 17. Maranta Placen-
taria, A. Dietr. Sp. i. 30.—Rheede Hort. Mal. xi. t. 34.

_ Eastern Hrmanayas, MALAY PENINSULA, ManaBar, TRAVANCORE, CEYLON.
Disrrrs. Malay islds.

Rootstock perennial, tuberous. Leaves oblong, 1-14 ft. by 6-3 in.; petiole
longer than the blade, that which bears the spike 2-3 ft. or more. Spike sessile.
14-2 in. diam.; subtended by 2-3 large rigid ovate bracts; inner main bracts 1
by 4 in., firm, oblong, several-fild. Sepals large, linear. Cofol/a-segments linear
enone pone. Capsule turbinate, 3-lobed, the size of a gooseberry, smooth,
3-valved.

2. P. parviflorum, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 1; Fl. Ind. i. 7; spike globose
from the side of the petiole, bracts lanceolate, corolla-segments white
shorter than the tube, fruit usually l-seeded. osc. Sczt. Pl. t. 34;
aoe Cat, 6620; Horan. Prodr. 11. Maranta parviflora, A. Dietr. Sp. i.-

0.

‘Eastezn Himabayas and Manay PENINSULA, and the Concan,

Rootstock tuberous, perennial. Leaves oblong-cuspidate, 1-14 ft. by 6-8 in. ;
‘petiole longer than the blade, the one that bears the spike 2-24 ft. Spike sessile,
1-2 in. diam.; bracts 1 in., pale green, acute, 2-3-fid. Cuvrodla-tube as lovg as
the bract; segments linear-oblong. Staménal lobes small, orbicular, white tipped
with yellow. '

3. P. imbricatum, Rozb. Hort. Beng. 1; Fl. Ind. i. 6; spike oblong
from the side of the petiole, main bracts oblong obtuse, corolla-segments
shorter than the tube, fruit usually 3-seeded. Horan. Prodr. 11. Maranta
imbricata, A. Dietr. Sp. i. 30. ;

CHITTAGONG, Ruxburgh.

Habit of P. capitatum and parviflorum. Leaves 14-2 ft.; oblong, acute,
petiole longer than the blade. Sytke 3-4 in. ; main bracts 1-14 in. long, minutely
toothed at the obtuse tip. Calyx and corolla of P. parviflorum. Staminul lubes
small, white. Capsule rugose, oblong, the size of a large field bean.

’ A flowerless specimen with similar but terminal spikes avd bracts, much
smaller leaves and more slender petiole, collected at Rangoon by McClelland,
probably represents a distinct species.

4. P. macrostachyum, Wall. Caf. 6612 A,B; spike long lax
from the side of the petiole, main bracts lanceolate complicate, fruit
1-seeded.

Peau, Wallich. Tavoy, Gomez. TENassERIM, Helfer.

Rootstock short, with copious slender fibres. Leaves nearly 4 by 3-4 in., thin
oblong, caudate ; petiole twice as long as the blade. Spike sessile, 9-12 in.; main
bracts 2-4 in., spaced out on the rachis, ascending; finally scarious. Fruit
small, smooth, oblong, crowned with the small green lanceolate sepals.—P.
musaceum, Wail. Cat. 6612 C, from the ‘Irogla hills, known in leaf only, is
probably a different species.

5. P. spicatum, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 1; Fl. Ind. i. 5; spike radical
shortly-peduncled, main bracts ovate imbricate, corolla-segments shorter
than the tube, fruit usually 3-seeded. Wall. Cat. 6617; Hordn. Prodr.
ll. Maranta caespitosa, A. Dietr. a. 30. 7

8

260 OXLIX. ScITAMINES, (J. G. Baker.) {Phrynium.

Prav, Carey, Wallich, R. Scott. The Concan, Law. :

Rootstock wide-creeping, perennial, not tuberous. Leaf oblong, 6-10 by 2-3 in.;
petiole slender, longer than the blade. Spike 1-2 in.; bracts not 1in., ovate, green,
several-fld. Corolla-segments white, linear-oblong, much shorter than the cylindric
tube. Larger staminal lobes obovate, as long as the corolla-segments. Seeds 3 in.,
dull brown, triquetrous on the inner face.—An allied plant, with subequal crowded
lanceolate bracts 13-2 in., collected by Griffith and Helfer in Tenasserim, is no
doubt a distinct species, but all the specimens are very incomplete. P. sumatranum,
Miquel, appears to be specifically distinct from P. spicatum.

6. P. Griffithii, Baker; spike radical long-peduncled, bracts bi-
farious with tips rounded recurved, corolla-segments unequal, upper erect
oblong, lateral reflexed. P. spicatum, Griff. Notul. iii. 418, non Rowb.

Matacca, in wet jungles at Ching, Grifith.

Leafy stem many-leaved; petiole 3-4 ft.; blade oblong, 2 ft. Peduncle 1 ft.
Calya-segments linear, white, shorter than the tube. Ovary 3-celled.

7. P, zeylanicum, Benth. in Gen. Plant. iti. 653 ; spike shortly-
peduncled radical, main bracts ovate imbricate, corolla-segments shorter
‘than the tube, fruit 1-seeded. Trimen Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 92. Maranta spicata,
Thw. Enum. 320, excl. syn. Roxb.

CEYLON ; in the central province, rare; Thwaites.

Habit exactly of P. spicatum. Leaves oblong, caudate, } ft.; petiole slender,
twice as long as the blade. Spike 14 in.; main bracts few, green, not 1 in.
Fruit small, smooth, oblong, crowned by the small green linear sepals.

8. P. Cadellianum, King mss.; spike shortly peduncled radical,

ba] .
main bracts ovate-lanceolate, fruit 1-seeded.

ANDAMAN ISLDS., King’s Collector.

Rootstock short-creeping, perennial, slender. Leaf oblong, 9-10 in. by 3-4 in.,
base deltoid; petiole slender, 2-23 ft. Spike 14 in.; bracts 1-1} in., few, closely
imbricate, thin, glabrous. Flower not seen. Fruit oblong, smooth, 4 in., crowned
with the short sepals,

92. CANNA, Linn.

Rootstock perennial. Stem simple, leafy. Leaves large, oblong, acute.
Flowers a lax terminal simple or branched raceme; bracts small, ovate.
Sepals 3, small, oblong, or lanceolate. Corolla-tube cylindric, segments
3, lanceolate, equal. Staminal tube cylindric; segments petaloid, unequal,
with the 1-celled anther adnate to the margin of one of the smaller ones.
Ovary 3-celled ; cells many-ovuled; style adnate at the base to the staminal
tube, free above; stigma capitate. Fruit globose, echinate, indehiscent.
Seeds large, globose; embryo straight.—Species 20-30 tropical American
and the following :—

C. indica, Linn. var. C. ornrENnTALIS, Rose. Scit. Pl. t. 12; corolla-tube
much shorter than the segments, petaloid staminal segments of the outer
row 3 oblanceolate emarginate bright red, lip reflexed emarginate at the
truncate apex. Horan. Prodr. 16. C. indica, Linn. Sp. Plant. 1, in part;
Roxb. in Asiat. Res, xi. 322; Fl. Ind.i.1; Wall. Cat. 6621; Dalz. &
Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 687; Thw. Enum. 320. C. chinensis, Willd. Enum.
ies ai Hort. Malab. xi. t. 48; Rumph. Hort. Amboin. v. t.

, fig. 2.

Throughout Inp1a from the Himanayas to CeyLon and Matacca.—Distr1B.

Malay isles, &e.

Canna. ] OXLIX. SCITAMINEZ, (J. G. Baker.) 261

Rootstock tuberous, with many fibres. Stem 3-4 ft. Leaves oblong, acute,
lower 1 ft. or more. Bracts } in., ovate, green, Sepals small, lanceolate. Corolla-
tube 4-4 in.; lobes 1 in., lanceolate, greenish. Outer staminal segments 8, bright
red, oblanceolate, 14 in. by 4—} in.; lip rather shorter; anther } in. Capsule
globose, 3—-# in. Seeds black, the size of a pea.

Var, FLAVA, Rose. Scit. Pl. t. 13; stature of the type, staminal segments plain
bright yellow. C. flavescens, Link; Horan. Prodr, 41.

Var. C. NEPALENSIS, Wall. Cat. 6622 (sp.); stem much taller, leaves larger,
corolla-segments 1} in., outer staminal segments usually 3 bright red not emarginate,
capsule above 1 in. Bouché in Linnea, viii. 158; Horan. Prodr. 15.—Nepal,
Wallich, ;

Var. C. speciosa, Rose. Scit. Pl. t. 17 (sp.); much taller than the type,
leaves larger, outer staminal segments 2 acute bright red with a channelled
yellow claw, lip variegated with red and yellow. Herb. in Bot. Mag. t. 2317;
Wail. in Bot. Reg. t. 1276; Horan. Prodr. 16.—Nepal and Kumaon.

Another Indian form, unknown to me, is C. exigua, Bouché; Horan. Prodr,
16. The American form to which Roscoe and Horaninow restrict the name
INDIca is figured Rose. Scit. Pl. t.1; Bot. Reg. t. 776.

23, MUSA, Linn.

Stem subarborescent, of convolute leaf sheaths. Leaves very large,
oblong. Flowers in an erect or decurved spike, subunisexual, lower female,
upper male; bracts large, spathaceogus ovate or orbicular. Calya slit
down one side to the base, 3-5-lobed. Corolla as long as the calyx or
shorter, wrapped round the stamens and style. Perfect stamens 5, sixth
rudimentary or 0; filaments stout, filiform; anthers linear, erect, 2-celled.
Ovary 3-celled; ovules many, superposed; style filiform from a thickened
base; stigma subglohose 6-lobed. Fruit fleshy, indehiscent, oblong or
fusiform, trigonous. Seeds subglobose or angled by pressure.—Species
about 20; tropics of the Old World.

* Not stoloniferous, dying after flowering. Bracts many-fid. Fruit
not pulpy and edible.

1. M. superba, Rozb. Hort. Beng. 19; Corom. Pl. t. 2238; Fl.
Ind. i. 667; stem short stout ovoid, leaves sessile on the sheath, bracts
large orbicular many-fid. dull red, calyx 3-cleft, petal shorter than the
calyx obcordate with a large mucro, fruit oblong subcoriaceous. Wall.
Cat. 5166; Wight Ic. t. 2017; Grah. in Bot. Mag. t. 3849-3850; Dalz. &
Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 272; Horan. Prodr. 41. M. textilis, Grah. Cat. Pl. Bomb.
2138, non WVée.

WESTERN GHATS.

Whole plant 10-12 ft. Stem covered with the persistent sheaths of the
leaves. Leaves 8-10 ft., narrowed to the base. Spike drooping ; lower bracts
nearly a foot long and broad; upper crowded, persistent ; flowers biseriate, 20-30
or more toa bract. Calyx 1-14 in.; lobes three, linear, loosely cohering. Corolla
4 in. Fruit trigonous, 3 by 13 in. Seeds 3-% in. diam. smooth, brown, sub-
globose.

2. MZ. nepalensis, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Wall. & Carey, ii. 492 ;
stem short stout ovvid, leaves sessile on the sheath, bracts large ovate
many-fid. dull purple, calyx 3-cleft, petal obcordate with a large mucro
shorter than the calyx, fruit oblong subcoriaceous. Horan. Prodr, 41.

Lower hills of Nepat, Wallich.

(262 OXLIx. scitaminem. (J. G. Baker.) [ Musa.

Habit of M. superba. Trunk 5-6 ft., 2 ft. diam at the base. Leaves, as in
superba, but smaller and rather glaucous, upper passing gradually into the bracts.
Spike short, drooping ; lower floriferous bracts 6 in, ; flowers 2-seriate, 7-8 toa
bract. Caly« and corolla yellowish-white. Fruit and seeds as in M. superba.

3. M. glauca, Rozrb. Hort. Beng. 19; Corom. Pl. t. 800; FU. Ind. i.
669 ; trunk cylindric, leaves shortly petioled, bracts ovate greenish many-
fid., calyx 8-cleft, petal obcordate with a large mucro shorter than the
calyx, fruit obovoid-oblong subcoriaceous. Horan. Prodr. 41.

Peau; Carey.

Trunk 10-12 ft. below the leaves, 8 in. diam. Leaves 4-5 ft., oblong-lanceolate,
acute. Spike drooping from the base; bracts numerous, imbricate, the lower not
3 ft. ; lowers 10-20 to bract. Calya pale, about lin. ; segments 3, loosely coherent,
linear. Corolla not half as long as the calyx. Fruit 4-5 in., 1 in. diam. Seeds
smooth, globose, nearly black, 3 in. diam.

** Stoloniferous. Bracts many-fld. Fruit pulpy, edible.

4, ME. sapientum, Linn. Sp. Plant. 1477; stoloniferous, stem tall
cylindrical, leaves petioled, spike drooping, bracts ovate many-fld. usually
deciduous, calyx 5-toothed at the tip, petal shorter than the calyx, fruit
pulpy. Roxb. Hort. Beng. 18; Corom. Pl. t. 275; Fl. Ind. i. 663;
Grah, Cat. Pl. Bomb. 212; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. Suppl. 88.; Thw.
Enum. 321; Horan. Prodr. 42.—Rheede Hort. Malad. i. 17, t. 12-14;
Rumph. Amboin. v. 130, t. 60 ; Trew Ehret. +. 21-23.

Indigenous in BrHar and the EasterRN Himaxayas, ascending to 4000 ft.
CryLon, Thwaites; cultivated throughout India and the tropics——DisTRIB. Malay
isles, &e.

Stem 8-12 ft. Leaves 4-5 ft. oblong, bright green above, paler beneath. In-
floresence about.as long as the Jeaves; bracts ovate, more or less pruinose, lower 6-8
in., upper much shorter, falling before the fruit mutures, Calyx yellowish-white,
1-14 in. Petal oblong, about half as long. Fruit oblong, trigonous, 2~3 in. in the
wild form, and full of seed (seedless in the cult. forms) tapering to the base and
apex, yellowish green when ripe. Seeds angled by pressure, brownish-black,

rugose, 4 in. diam. ‘I'he privcipal varieties and subspecies wild and cultivated in
India are—

M. Dacca, Horan. Prodr. 41; differs from typical sapientum by leaves paler
green above white-pruinose beneath, pruinose stem, broad red border of the
petiole and pale yellow fruit about 4 in. long with a very thick skin.

M. Cuampa, Hort.; stem and midrib of the leaf red, fruit pale straw-coloured
about 6 in. long.

M. sIKximeNsiIs, Kurz in Journ. Agric. Hort. Soc. Ind. u.s.v. 164; differs
from sapientum by its duller purple spathes and angled tubercled seeds 4-5 lin.
diam.— Wild in Sikkim. Hook. f. & Thoms. (Herb. Ind. Or. 5.)

M. parapisiaca, Linn. Sp. Plant. 1477; stem reaching a length of 20 ft., leaf-
blade of 5-6 ft. and petiole of 2 ft., fruit larger than in sapientum, 4-1 ft. long,
with firmer pulp, not tit to eat till cooked, bracts and male flowers more persistent.
Rowb. Hort. Beng. 19; Trew Ehret. t. 18-20. M. Cliffortiana, Linn. Hort. Cliff.
i, t. 1.—Commonly cultivated ; wild in Ceylon, according to Moon,

M. simian, Kurz in. Journ. Agric. Hort. Soc. Ind. xiv. 297; bracts violet,
only one opening at a time, those of the male flowers convolute, fruit very small.—
Andamans and Malacca, Kurz.

~ M. trRoeLopyTaRrun, Linn, ; Kurz in Journ. Agric. Hort. Soc. Ind. n. s. v. 166 ;
leaves narrow oblong, flower-spike erect, bracts greenish imbricated, fruit 3 in. long
dark yellow or reddish brown.—Wild in Ceylon, according to Moon.

Musa. | CXLIX. SCITAMINES. (J. G. Baker.) 263

M. coRNicuLata, (Rumph,) Kurz in Journ. Agric. Hort. Soc. Ind, n.s. v.
166, t. 2-3; flower larger than in any other form, only 2-3 rarely 4 whorls of
flowers produced, fruit as large as in paridisiaca.

M. rexrinis, Née in Cav. Ann. Ciénc. Nat. iv. 123; leaves firmer in texture
than in sapientum, yielding a useful fibre, bracts polished, seeds very small and
scarcely at all angled.— Native of the Philippines, cult, in India.

M. ARAKANENSIS, Ripley in Proc. Agric. Hort. Soc. Ind. x. 51; a fibres
yielding form from Arrakan.

M. zeprina, Flore des Serres, t. 1061-2 and M. virrata, Bot. Mag. t. 3402,
are handsome forms with variegated leaves. Other forms are mentioned by Kurz in
Journ. Agric. Hort. Beng. n.s. v. (1878), 112-168; and Sagot in Journ. Soe.
Nat. Horticult. France, 1887, 238, 285.

*** Stoloniferous. Stem slender, cylindric. Bracts few-fid., bright
coloured. Fruit not edible.

5. M. rosacea, Jacq. Fragm. t. 182, fig. 4; Hort. Schoen. t. 445;
stoloniferous, leaves petioled, flower-spike drooping or erect, bracts ovate
lilac or pale red, lower usually 3-fld., calyx yellowish-white 5-toothed,
oe as long as the calyx, fruit oblong-trigonous pulpy. Bot. Reg. t. 706.

odd. Bot. Cab. t. 615. M. ornata, Rorb. Hort. Beng. 19; FI. Ind. i. 666 ;
Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 272,

Eastern Himataya and the ConcaN.—DIstris. Java.

Stem cylindric, slender, 3-5 ft, Leaves linear-oblong, firmer in texture than in
MM. sapientum. Spike about 4 ft., drooping in the cultivated form ; bracts oblong,
about} ft., crowded; male fl. 5-6 inacluster. Calyx aboutlin. Fruit and seeds
as in typical sapientum.

6. M. sanguinea, Hook. f. in Bot. Mag. t. £975; stoloniferous,
leaves petioled, spike erect or finally drooping, bracts ovate-lanceolate
bright red, lower usually 3-fid., rachis pubescent, calyx bright yellow
5-toothed, petal as long as the calyx, fruit oblong-trigonous pulpy.

Assam, Mann.

Stem 4-5 ft., very slender. Leaves 2 ft., thin, bright green; petiole 1 ft. or
more. Spike 4 {t.; bracts crowded, imbricate, 3-6 in. Calyx 14 in. Fruit 2-3
in., pale yellowish green, variegated with red. Seeds irregularly cubical, black,
tubercled. ;

IMPERFECTLY KNOWN SPECIES ALLIED TO M, SANGUINEA.

M. assamica, Cat. Hort. Bull. 1871, 6; leaves about 1 ft. very unequal-sided
bright green.—Assam.

M. avrantiaca, Mann. mss., from Assam. I cannot by dried specimen of
inflorescence distinguish this from M. sanguinea.

M. pasycarpa, Kurz tn Journ. Agric. Hort. Soc. Ind. xiv. 301 (s.p.); fruit
hairy.— Assam.

M. Manni, Wendl. mss.; differs from M. sanguinea in the shorter stem and
longer leaves.— Assam. ;

M. vganoscopos, Lour. Fl. Coch. 645 (M. coccinea, Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 47),
Java, China, Cochin China. —Cultivated in India.

M. veturina, Wendl. and Drude in Regel Gartenfl. xxiv. 65, t. 823, bracts
densely pubescent externally, male i. 6-9 in a cluster.— Assam, Mann.

24, LOWLIA, Scortechini.

Stemless, herbaceous. Stem dichotomously branched. Flowers in a
cluster from the base of the petiole, pedicelled, with a large persistent

264 CXLIX. sciTaMINEZ, (J. G. Baker.) [ Lowia-

lingulate bract folded round the calyx tube and others from the pedicel.
Calyzx-tube long, very slender ; segments 3, lanceolate, reflexed. Corolla of
3 petals ; two upper small, lanceolate; lower large, oblong, clawed. Fertile
stamens 5; filaments short, cylindric; anthers linear, acuminate, 2-celled.
Ovary 3-celled; ovules many, superposed ; style long, slender, trifurcate at
the stigmatose apex. Fruit and seeds unknown. Orchidantha, WN. £.
Br. in Gard. Chron, n. 8. xxvi. (1886) 519.—Also Borneo.

L. longiflora, Scortech. in Nuov. Giorn. Ital, xviii. 308, t. 11.

PERAK, in the province of Kinta, Scortechini, Kunstler.

Whole plant 3-4 ft.; flower-bearing petiole 13 ft., flowerless much shorter ;
blade oblong, 2-3 ft. Calyx-tube 4-5 in.; segments rather shorter, $ in. broad.
Upper petais equal, as Jong as the stamens; lower with a white oblong blade 2 in.
long, narrowed suddenly to a rather shorter purple claw. Style an inch longer than
the calyx-tube; branches of stigma channelled, margins toothed.

Order CL. HEEMODORACEE.

Perennial herbs. Leaves usually radical, distichous, narrow, nerve
parallel. Flowers bisexual, in terminal spikes racemes in panicles, regular.
Perianth corolline, persistent; lobes 6; biseriate, imbricate or induplicate-
valvate. Stamens 6, opposite the perianth-lobes or fewer; anthers erect or
versatile, 2-celled, rarely opening by pores. Ovary inferior or subinferior;
38-celled; stigma simple or 3-notched; ovules 1-many, on the inner angles
of the cells, anatropous or semianatropous. Fruit superior or inferior,
dehiscent or not. Seeds various; embryo small, partially enclosed in the
fleshy albumen.

Trine I. Conostylez. Ovary-cel/s many-ovuled.
Flowers in a long simple spike or raceme . . . . 1, ALETRIS,

Trisz II. Ophiopogeneze. Ovary-cells 1-2-ovuled.

Filaments connate in a ring closing the mouth of the

perianth . $ r - - . . . é 2, PELIOSANTHES.
Filaments short, free. Perianth short superior . . . 38. OPHIOPOGON.
Filaments filiform. Perianth inferior tube slender . . 4, SANSEVIERA.

1. ALETRIS, Linn.

Leaves radical, narrow. Scape leafless; flowers small, short, spicate,
or racemed; bracts 1-fld. Pertanth-tube short, subcampanulate, lobes sub-
valvate. Stamens 6, on the bases of the lobes, filaments very short;
anthers cvate or subglobose. Ovary half-inferior, top conic, 3-celled; style
3-partible, or 3-fid; ovules many, 2-seriate or elongate placentas. Capsule
half superior, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds minute, oblong.—Species 8,
N. American and Asiatic.
wie litoralis, Keen. ; Wall. Cat. 5082, in Aloe vera, L. (A. perfoliata,

1 +).

1. A. nepalensis, Hook. f.; leaves 5-7-nerved, flowers glabrous,
anthers subglobose, ovary glabrous, style very short, capsule globosely
ovoid. Tofieldia nepalensis, Wall. Cat. 5097; Royle Ill. 385. Stachyo-
pogon pauciflorus & spicatus, AJotzsch in Bot. Reise Pr. Wald. 49, t. 94.

Aletris.| OL, H&MoDORACEZ, (J. D. Hooker.) 265

TEMPERATE and ALPINE Himazaya, from KasHmMiz to Buoray, alt. 10-15,000
ft.—Disrris. China.

Leaves grass-like, 3-8 in. long, strongly nerved, rarely din. diam. Scape 4-12 in,,
nearly naked, glandular-pubescent or woolly above. Spike or raceme few or many-
fid., 1-4 in.; tomentose flowers + in. long, greenish, sessile or pedicelled ; bracts
1-2, close under the flower, linear, green, longer or shorter than the flowers, lower
sometimes 2 in, long; perianth-lobes oblong, obtuse, recurved, 3-nerved.—Bureau
and Franchet (in Morot, Journ. de Bot. V. 155,) observe that Tofieldia nepalensis,
Herb. Strachey & Winterb. No. 1 appears to belong to their A. lanuginosa; adding
that Wallich’s plant should be called A, nepalensis,

2. A. sikkimensis, Hook. f.; leaves 7-9-nerved ensiform, scape
tall, spike very long, flowers glabrous, ovary glabrous, capsule globosely
ovoid.

Srxgim Hrmataya; Lachen valley, alt. 9-12,000 ft. J. D. H.

A much larger plant than 4. nepalensis, with short narrowed leaves 4-% in. broad,

and « leafy scape with the raceme 1-2 ft. high, and with linear smaller and much
narrower seeds.

3. A. Khasiana, Hook. f.; leaves many-nerved, flowers glandular-
pubescent, anthers oblong, ovary puberulous, capsule ovoid-lanceolate.

Kuasta Hints, alt. 4-60C0 ft., common, Griffith, &e.

Leaves grass-like, 4-12 in., rarely } in. broad, closely striately nerved. Scape
6-12 in, glandular-pubescent above. Flowers usually sessile, } in. long, yel-

lowish-red, pinkish or purplish; bracts as in A. nepalensis. Seeds very minute,
reniform.

2, PELICSANTHES, Andr.

Scapigerous herbs; rootstock horizontal. Leaves narrow, linear or lan-
ceolate, subplicately nerved. Scape erect; flowers small, racemed, bracts
searious. Perianth superior, tube short, broadly campanulate ; lobes 6,
subequal, spreading. Stamens 6, filaments very short connate in a ring
almost closing the mouth of the perianth ; anthers subsessile, slits introrse.
Ovary inferior, top free conical, 3-celled; stigma subsessile, 3-lobed ; ovules
2 or more, erect basal in each cell, anatropous. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds
few, bursting through the pericarp during ripening, and resting on the
base of the withered perianth, tube fleshy or succulent; embryo in the base
of the hard fleshy albumen.—Species about 8, Indian and Malayan.

The species of this genus are far from well defined, Better characters than those
hitherto employed for distinguishing them may perhaps be found in the number of
ovules, and form of the stamival tube and anthers.

* Bracts many-fid.

1. P. Teta, Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 605; leaves long petioled 12-24 by
12-8 in., nerves 10-20, scape stout shorter than the leaves, raceme many-
fid., Brown in Trans. Linn. Soc. 1817, 8; Kunth Enum v. 307; Bot. Mag.
t. 1302; Redouté Liliac. t. 415, Reichb. Mag. t.14; Baker in Journ, Linn.
Soc. xvii. 505. P. violacea, Wall. Cat. 5084 (in part?) Teta viridiflora,
Rorb, Fl. Ind. ii. 165.

Sixxim Himataya, the Kuasta Hixts, Assam, Cuittacone and Burma.
Penanea, Curtis. P

Leaves 2-7 ; petiole variable in length ; cross-nervules distinct when dry. Scape
naked or with a few scales above and large membranous sheaths at the base;
raceme 6-12 in.; bracts 1-3 to every fuscicle of flowers, variable in length; pedicels
short ; flowers 3-3 in. diam., purplish or bluish-green. Seeds as large as a pea,
olive-blue,

266 OL. HEMoDORACEZ. (J.D. Hooker.) — [Peliosanthes.

2. BP. Griffithii, Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xvii. 506; leaves long-
petioled 6-8 by 12-22 in. strongly 5-nerved, scape very short.

Sizxim Himataya, Griffith's Collectors ; alt. 1500 ft. Clarke.

Leaves 5-6, with 5-distant nerves much stronger than the numerous others ;
petiole 8-10 in., very slender. Raceme many-fid.; pedicels short, stout; bracts long ;
flowers not seen. Seeds globose, about 3 in. diam.

** Bracts 1- rarely 2-fid. Flowers cernuous.

3. P. violacea, Wail. Cat. 5084; leaves 6-12 by 13-3 in, long-
petioled, nerves very many, racemes usually shorter than the petiole many-
fid., lowers violet-blue. Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xvii. 502. P. Teta,
Wall. Cat. 5083 A in part. P. campanulata, Wall. mss.

Eastern Himaraya, the Kasia Hitus, and Burma.

Habit of P. Teta and with flowers of the same size and colour, but solitary in the
bracts. Seeds 2 in. long, oblong.—Baker has three varieties. 1. mtnor, with
smaller fewer 5—7-nerved leaves and smaller green flowers; 2. Clarket, with more
conspicuous transverse nervules and a darker purple flower; 3. Princeps, more
sea leaves broader, 444 in. diam., racemes longer, flowers greenish.—Moulmein,
Lobb. : .

4. P. macrophylla, Wall. mss.; Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xvii.
505; leaves petioled 10-18 by 3-43 in. elliptic-lanceolate nerves 13-15
strong, scape long or short, raceme many-fid., flowers greenish or purple.

Eastern Himataya; Sikkim alt. 3-600 ft., J. D. H.; Clarke; Mishmi Hills,
Griffith. .

The largest and stoutest Indian species, but I suspect only a further development
of P. violacea var. Princeps. Seeds globose or obturbinate.

5. P. neilgherriensis, Wight. Ic. t. 2052; leaves long-petioled 4-8
by 3-14 in. with 5-10 stronger nerves, scape about equalling the leaves,
bracts short, flowers small. Baker in Journ. Innn. Soc. xvii. 508. P.
longifolia, Steudel Pl. Canara Ewsice. u. 1306.

Marasar and Canara; in the Ghats, Wight., &e. ;

Leaves few, membranous, transverse nervules conspicuous ; petiole 6-9 in., very
slender. Scape 4-6 in.; raceme as long; lower bracts many, } in., upper very
short ; perianth dark purple, 4 in. diam. Seeds obturbinately ovoid.

6. P. courtallensis, Wight. Ic. t. 2057; leaves long-petioled 8-12
by 14-2 in. with 5 strong nerves, scape much shorter than the leaves, bracts
longer than the flowers. Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xvii. 504, P. Teta,
Wall. Cat. 5083 B.

TRAVANCORE ; at Courtallum, Wight., Sc.

A much larger plant than P. neilgherriensis, with leaves twice as long as the
scape and raceme, and long lanceolate bracts much exceeding the flowers.—In a
coloured drawing of this by Jerdon, the flowers are blue-purple, 3 in diam.

7. BP. humilis, Andrews Bot. Repos. t. 634 (not of Baker); dwarf,
leaves sessile or very shortly petioled elliptic-lanceolate 5-nerved, scape
short stout, raceme short, bracts ovate about equalling the small
et very shortly pedicelled flowers. Bot. Mag. t. 1532; Kunth Enum.
y. 307,

Prnane, Maingay.

Leaves about 3 in. long; petiole shorter than the blade or 0. Flowers about
4 in. diam.; segments of perianth green margined with white, obtuse and emargi-

Peliosanthes.] | cL, HEMopoRACEH. (J. D. Hooker.) 267

nate in Andrews’ drawing, acute in that of the “ Botanical Magazine.’’—A very
little-known plant. Maingay’s specimens accord with the figures but they are
flowerless,

8. P. Bakeri, Hook. f.; dwarf, leaves elliptic-lanceolate 5-7-nerved,
petiole slender, scape very short, raceme short, bracts subulate-lanceolate
all or the lower much longer than the small pedicelled flowers. P. humilis,

* Baker in Journ, Linn. Soc. xvii. 505 (erel. Penang).

Eastern Himataya, alt. 1-6000 ft, J. D. H.; Clarke; Mishmi Hills,
Grigith, Kuasta Hivts, alt. 83-5000 ft., J. D. A. & T. T.

Leaves 4~7 by 1-2 in., thin, subcaudately acuminate; petiole as long. Raceme
hardly exceeding the petiole; pedicels sometimes 3 in. long, and lower bracts nearly
4 in. ; perianth § in. diam., green or lurid purple (Clarke). Seeds small, oblong.—
There are cultivated specimens in Wallich’s Herbarium from the Calcutta Botanical
Garden under No. 5083 D.

9. P.albida, Baker in Bot. Mag. t. 7110; leaves stoutly petioled
5-8-nerved, scape very short, raceme very long many-fid., bracts subulate-
lanceolate longer than the small white shortly pedicelled flowers.

PENANG; Curtis.

Leaves 12 by 14-2 in., elliptic-lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, nerves strong ;
petiole about half as long as the blade. Aaceme longer than the petiole, stout,
strict, white ; lower bracts } in. long, narrow; flowers deflexed; perianth 4—} in.
diam. ; outer segments broadly ovate, inner orbicular-obovate ; anthers very small
within the much contracted mouth of the low truncate staminal tube. Ovarian cells
about 5-ovuled, Styite shurt, columnar, stigma 3-lobed.

3. OPHIOPOGON, “Ker.

Scapigerous herbs. Stem short from a short rootstock or elongate
subscandent. Leaves linear or lanceolate parallel-nerved. Scape leaty or
leafless, flowers racemed; bracts scarious, usually many-fld. Perianth
superior, segments spreading. Stamens 6, on the bases of the segments,
filaments short, erect; anthers basifixed. Ovary inferior, 3-celled, crown
flat or depressed; style columnar, stigma 3-toothed ; ovules 2 in each cell,
collateral, erect, anatropous. Fruit indehiscent. Seeds few, as in Pelio-
santhes, testa fleshy or succulent.—Species 8 or 10, East Asiatic.

Ophicpogon was established in 1807 by Ker-Gawler (Bot. Mag. t. 1063) on
the figure of a plant supposed to be the Convallaria japonica B minor of Thunberg
(fl. Jap, 140), and to which Gawler gave the name of O. japonicus, referring to it
the C. japonica of Decandolle in Redouté’s Liliac. ii. t. 80 (Gawler’s description is,
however, that of athird plant). Judging from the figures, Gawler’s and Decandolle’s
are not of the same species. Gawler’s has blue flowers, linear-oblong perianth seg-
ments, and linear-oblong obtuse anthers; Redouté’s has much smaller white flowers,
ovate perianth-segments, and longer acute anthers. Both differ from any Indian
species (except, perhaps, that mentioned at the end of the genus of which there are no
flowers) in their small size, very short scape, and above allin the very short fusiform
6-grooved style, which was observed by Don (Prodr. 48) but overlooked by subsequent
authors. Specimens of both are in Kew Herb.; that of Gawler, from Japan, is O.
japonicus Gawl. genuinus of Maximovicz; the other is a continental garden specimen
trom Herb. Gay of what is clearly the plant figured in Redouté, and which is also
figured in Schrader’s Neues Journ. t. 1 as Fluggea japonica, Rich.

O. japonicus hence disappears from the Flora of British India; all the Indian
species having slender styles; but 1 am not prepared to say whether or no any
other Indian species may be identical with Japanese. They are extremeiy variable and

268 CL. Hamoporacez. (J.D. Hooker.) [Ophiopogon.

difficult of definition, and I am not satisfied that all the species here proposed
will prove distinct from one another.

* Stem creeping and rooting; roots not tuberiferous.

1. O. dracznoides, Hook.f.; stem stout, leaves oblanceolate acumi-
nate very many-nerved, petiole slender, racemes about equalling the leaves.
Fluggea dracenoides, Baker in Trimen Journ. Bot. 1874, 174; in Journ.
Linn. Soc, xvii. 502.

Srxxim Himazaya, and the Knasta Hits, alt. 4-6000 ft., J. D. H.

Stems prostrate, as thick as a goose-quill, closely jointed, clothed at first with
green sheaths that have broad scarious margins, rooting and with short tufts of
leaves and flowery scapes. Leaves 3-6 in., including the petiole, 3-1} in. broad,
Racemes 2-3 in.; bracts shorter than the flower, which are solitary or fascicled,
white or pale lilac, 3-} in. diam. Perianth segments ovate-oblong; anthers
lanceolate, filaments very short; style filiform. Seeds oblong.

2. 0. Clarkei, Hook. f.; stem prostrate with a terminal tuft of
secundly curved linear leaves which are 8-12 by 4 in., scape short few-
fid., lowers % in. diam., filaments one-third the length of the lanceolate
anther.

Srxxim Himataya, J. D. H.; at Rungbee, alt, 6000 ft., Clarke.

Stems 8-10 in. long, rigid, as thick as a crow-quill or thicker, bearing one
rather slender terminal tuft of very long slender leaves, which are faintly rough
beneath. Scape with the 3-5-fid. raceme curved, 3-4 in. long; bracts ovate-
lanceolate, about equalling the pedicels, which are jointed at or near the base.—
In this species the stem is a long runner bearing a solitary tuft of leaves and
scape,

3. O. reptans, Hook. f.; stem prostrate with distant tufts of linear
leaves which are 6-8 by ;,-4 in., scape very short slender few-fid.

Kuasia Hrtus, at Nurtiung, alt. 4-6000 ft. J. D. H. Garrow HI ts, alt.
4000 ft., Clarke.

Slems 2-3 tt., prostrate, rather stouter than in O. Clarket, rigid. Leaves quite
smooth. Scape with fruiting raceme 2-3 in. Seeds 4-} in. diam., subglobose.
—Very different from O. Clarkei in habit, the numerous tufts of very narrow
shorter leaves, and the very short slender scapes. It closely resembles a Tonkin
plant (Balansa n. 4155 bis.).

** Stems tufted. Roots often tuberiferous.

4,0. Wallichianus, Hook. f.; rootstock short very stout, leaves
6-24 in. by 4-} in., scape stout usually much shorter than the leaves,
flowers usually fascicled 4} in. diam., anthers lanceolate, filaments very
short broad. O. japonicus, Wall. Cat. 5189 A. O. japonicus, var. Walli-
chianus, Maxim. in Bull. Acad. N.S. St. Petersb.; Mel. biol. vii. 321. O.
lougifolius, Decne in Fl. des Serres, xvii. 182 (ex. Maaim. 1. ¢.). Fluggea
Wallichiana, Kunth Enum. y. 303. F. japonica, var. Wallichiana, Baker
in Journ, Linn, Soc. xvii. 501 (excl. syn. Blume & Royle). .

Temrrrats and Svusrroricat Himanaya; from Kumaon eastward, alt.
6-9000 ft. Kuasta Hits, alt. 46000 ft.

Distinguished from the following by the rootstock, usually as thick as the
thumb, sometimes 4-6 in. long, the stout scape longer or shorter than the leaves,
and the large flowers. Roots of long cylindric tubes, Leaves often distichous
and recurved, nearly quite smooth. Raceme lax or dense-fid., sometimes cylindric,
with flowers uearly 1 in, diam. ; bracts usually shorter than the flowers; pedicels

Ophiopogon. ] CL. HEMODORACES. (J. D. Hooker.) 269

jointed about the middle; perianth white or pale lilac, segments variable in
breadth, obtuse ; anthers oblong-lanceolate, filament short and broad; style slender.
Seeds 4-% in. long, oblong.—Kunth’s observation that the raceme is flexuous
makes me suspect that the Wallichian plant which he describes (distributed as
5139 of Herb. Wallich.) is a Nepal specimen of 5139 A.

Var. pauciflora; more slender, leaves narrower, flowers few not fascicled.—
Khasia Hills, alt. 4-6000 ft. Intermediate between 0. Wallichianus & intermedius.

5. O. intermedius, Don Prodr. 48; rootstock short not very stout,
leaves 6-24 by 2-3 in., margins minutely erose, scape slender as long as
the leaves or shorter, flowers solitary or fascicled 11 in. diam. white,
anthers linear-oblong, filaments very short or 0. Royle Ill. 382, t. 96, f. 1.
O. japonicus, Wall. Cat. 5139 C. O. japonicus, var. intermedius, Maxim,
Mel. Biol. vii. 321. O. indicus, R. W., Rottl.?; Wight Ic. +. 2050.
Fluggea Jacquemontiana, Kunth Enum. v. 304. F. japonica, var. in-
cones, Schultes f. in Roem. & Sch, Syst. vii. 310. F. intermedia, Kunth
. & 306,

TemPERate Himataya; from Kashmir eastwards, alt. 5-9000 ft. Kuasta and
Muynirore hills, alt. 5-7000 ft. Ghats of MataBar, Mysorn, &c., Wight.
CEYLON.

Except by the usually much smaller flowers and always narrow leaves, and
more oblong anthers, this cannot be distinguished from small states of O. Wal-
Zichianus (however widely different the extreme states of each are). The following
are the most ‘marked forms selected from some hundreds of specimens. They pass
into one another, and I fear into O. Wallichianus. The bracts are so variable
that I have omitted describing them. :

Var. 1. occidentalis ; raceme suberect many-fid., flowers white about 3 in. diam.,
pedicels often 3-3 in.— Western Himalaya, Khasia hills and Munnipore.

Var, 2. macrantha ; scape stout, raceme erect many-fld., fowers 4-2 jn. diam.
white.—Western Himalaya,

Var. 3. parviflora; leaves very narrow secundly curved, scape very slender
decurved, flowers 3-4 in. diam. white or pale purplish, pedicels very short.—Sikkim
Himalaya, Khasia, and Munnipore hills. :

Var. 4. pauciflora ; leaves long 3-4 in. broad not secund, scape usually very
long, raceme short decurved few-fid., pedicels short, flowers }-} in. diam. (Wall,
Cat. 5139 C).—Khasia hills, Munnipore, Western Ghats and Ceylon.

Var. 5. gratlipes; leaves long very slender $-3 in. broad narrowed into almost
filiform petioles, scape slender, raceme few-fid. cernuous, flowers 4-3 in, diam,
white.

6. O. Malcolmsoni, Royle I/1. 382 (name only); leaves 6-14 by } in.
flaccid petioled tip obtuse, scape erect and raceme very slender, flowers
2 in. diam. solitary or in distant pairs, pedicels very short, filaments
distinct, anthers lanceolate acute. O. japonicus, Wall. Cat. 5189 G.

Prev; at Rangoon, M‘Clelland, Kurz. AttRay, Wallick.

The flaccid elongate linear-lanceolate obtuse leaves and long slender racemes seem
to distinguish this.—Rootstock stout; roots fascicled, fleshy; bracts usually longer
than the flowers ; pedicels jointed below the middle; perianth rather membranous,
white ?, style very slender. Seeds 1 in. long, ellipsoid.—I assume this to be Royle’s
oO. Malcolmsoni, a native of Rangoon, of which, however, I have seen no authentic
specimen.

7. O. micranthus, Hook. f.; leaves 10-20 by 1-3 in. flaccid petioled,
tip obtuse, scape rather stout long or short, raceme suberect elongate,
flowers subsolitary } in. diam., anthers sessile oblong obtuse.

270 oL. HEmoDoRACEa. (J. D. Hooker.) [Ophtopogon.

Assam ; Mrs. Mack. . ‘

In foliage this resembles O, Malcolmsoni, but the flowers are minute, with much
shorter perianth-segments, and very different anthers, the seeds also are smaller and
globose.

8. O. Griffithii, Hook. f.; leaves very narrowly elliptic-lanceolate
6-10 by 4-3 in. many-nerved narrowed into a very slender petiole, tips
obtuse, scape stout compressed, raceme lax-fld., pedicels very short.
Fluggea Griffithii, Baker in Journ. Linn, Soc. xvii. 602.

Uprrr Assam; on the Patkoye hills, alt. 4500 ft., Griftth.

A very distiuct-looking species, from the elliptic petioled leaves but not in
flower. Baker describes the seeds as solitary oblong 4 in. long, blue.

9. O. prolifera, Lindl. in Journ. Hort. Soc. 1 (1846), 76; rootstock
climbing and rooting, leaves 3 in. broad ensiform decurved bright green,
scape bright purple, flowers subsessile clustered. obovate between fleshy
and spongy, stamens united by a short fleshy ring, ovary thin-skinned
adherent but not growing to the ovary 3-celled, ovules 2 erect in each cell,
style pyramidal, stigmas 3 point-like. Maxim. Mel. Bot. vii. 129. Fluggea?
prolifera, Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xvii. 502.

Penane. T. Lewis (Cult. in Hort. Soc. Gardens, 1845).

I have seen no specimen.—A sketch of that in the Lindley Herbarium (now at
Cambridge) represents fragments of two strongly striated leaves 6-10 in. long,
without apices and a stout scape, with clusters of flowers about 4 in. diam. sub-
tended by broad ovate bracts. It a good deal resembles Liriope.

DoUBTFUL AND IMPERFECTLY KNOWN SPECIES.

O. InDICUS, Royle mss. Ill, 382 (name only).

O. MINOR, Royle mss, l.c. (name only), from Turanda in Kumaon, is probably
intermedia, var. pauciflora.

O. MOLLIs, Royle mss. l.c. (name only), ‘‘common in the Himalaya from the
Ganges to the Sutlej,”’ is probably Theropogon pallidus.

O.? paLtipus, Wall. Cat. 5138, is Theropogon pallidus.

QO. spicatus, Ker-Gawl.; said by Don (Prodr. 47) to be from Nepal, Wallich,
is Liriope spicata, a native of Japan and China, not hitherto found In India.

OPHIOPOGON, sp.? Munnipore, Watt, a small species not in flower, possibly
the Japanese O. japonicus.

4. SANSEVIERIA, Thurle.

Stout herbs with a short often stoloniferous rootstock. Leaves narrow,
cartilaginous or fleshy flat or terete, nerves immersed. Scape stout;
flowers racemose. Pertanth-tube long, slender, lobes narrow. Stamens 6,
on the leaves of the lobes; filaments filiform; anthers dorsifixed. Ovary
superior, attached by a broad base, 3-celled; style filiform, stigma simple ;
ovules solitary, erect in each cell. #ruit membranous, indehiscent. Seeds
1-3 ripening outside the pericarp globose, all large, or 1-2 imperfect ; testa
long, fleshy or succulent.—Species 10, Indian and African.

1. S. zeylanica, Willd. Sp. Pl. ii. 159; leaves 1-2 ft. ensiform semi-
terete attenuate from the base to the acuminate lip, deeply channelled
above, barred with green and edged with red, raceme short, flowers 13 in.
long. Redouté Liliac, t. 290; Bot. Reg. t.160; Kunth Enum. Pl. v. 18;
Baker in Journ, Linn, Soc, xiv. 548. Aletris zeylanica, Mill. dict. No. 4.
A. hyacinthoides, var. zeylanica, Linn. Sp. Pl. i. 456. Aloe zeylanica,
Jacy. Enum. Stirp. Agu. Vindot. 310.

Sansevieria.] CL. HHMoDORACEA. ‘ (J. D. Hooker.) 271

? Cryton.—Dtstris. ? Tropical Africa.

Leaves 1-1} in. broad at the base, very thickly fleshy and hard, margins scarious,
Scape 1-2 ft., with distant scarious sheaths; bracts 4 in. long; pedicels short;
perianth 14 in. diam.—The above description accords with Baker’s, and with the
plant figured in The Botanical Register, of which the origin is uncertain, but which
has long been cultivated as a native of Ceylon. It is stated to inhabit also Tropical
and South Africa ; which is more probably its native country.

2. S. Roxburghiana, Schult. fil. Syst. vii. 357; leaves 1-2 ft. nar-
rowly linear-ensiform narrowed towards the base semiterete channelled
above green faintly clouded with black, scape slender, raceme elongate.
flowers i in.long. Kunth Enum, v.18; Baker. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv.
549. §. zeylanica, Rorb. Pl. Cor. ii. 45, t. 184; Fl. Ind. ii. 161.—? Rheede
Hort. Mal. xi. t. 42.—Moorva, As. Res. iv. 271.

CoromManDEL Coast, Roaburgh. .

According to Roxburgh’s drawing (at Kew) this is a very different species from
8. zeylanica, with fewer very much longer and much narrower leaves reaching 4 ft.
in length, Lin. broad, narrower at the base and not nearly so deeply channelled ;
the scape is more slender with few narrowly lanceolate sheaths, the raceme much
longer and the flowers smaller.—Whether it is Rheede’s xi. t. 42, which grows in
sandy places on the Malabar coast, is doubtful. Roxburgh describes it as cultivated
for its fibre. I suspect that it is the only species indigenous to India and is confined
to the Western Peninsula and Ceylon, wild or cultivated. : ,

Order CLI. IRIDEX.

Perennial herbs; rootstock various, Leaves narrow, often distichous
and equitant. Flowers 2-bracteate. Perianth superior, petaloid, segments
6-biseriate, imbricating. Stamens 3, epigynous, or adnate to the outer
perianth-segments ; anthers often narrow, extrorse. Ovary 3-celled; style
simple; stigmas 3, simple or petaloid or variously cleft; ovules many,
2-seriate in the inner angles of the cells, anatropous. Capsule trigonous,
3-celled, loculicidal. Seeds many, testa thin or coriaceous; embryo
immersed in the albumen, short, cylindric.—Genera 57, species about 700,
chiefly temperate. ‘

Tribe I. Morzw. Stamens opposite to and shorter than the petaloid
style-arms.

Stigmatic surface on the back of the petaloid style-arms . . . . 1. Inis,

Tribe II. Sisyrincnrex. Stamens alternating with the style-arms.
Rootstock a tunicate corm; stem 0; perianth-tube long

slender 2 6 6 6 we ee ew we ww we ee 61 CROcUS,
Rootstock creeping ; stem erect; perianth-tube very short . 2. BELAMCANDA.

1. ERIS, Linn. i

Rootstock bulbous or creeping. Leaves equitant, ensiform. Perianth-
tube long or short, segments large, outer (sepals) largest, stipitate, reflexed,
inner (petals) usually smaller, suberect or reflexed. Stamens inserted at
the base of the outer segments; anthers linear, basifixed. Ovar
3-gonous; style stout; stigmas petaloid, arching over the stamens, 2-fid
and with a transverse dorsal crest, stigmatic surface a point below the
crest. Capsule coriaceous, 3- or 6-ribbed. Seeds flat or globose, testa
coriaceous or fleshy.—Species about 100, North temperate regions.

272 CLI. 1r1DEa.° (J. D. Hooker.) [Iris.

The Himalayan species of Iris are very imperfectly known ; good specimens and
drawings are much wanted, with descriptions from the living plants. The common
I. Xiphion of Europe and the East advances into Affghanistan, but has not been
collected in British India, and Prof. Foster informs me that he suspects that the
European and Eastern I. Sisgrinchium, L., a species with the filaments united be-
low, occurs in the Punjab. Itis a native of Affghanistan. The character of bearded
and crested sepals is artificial and inconstant in this genus.

* Rootstock a coated bulb or corm (Xiphion).

1. I. Aitchisoni, Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 123; leaves slender subterete,
spathes 1-fld., sepals shortly clawed obovate, petals linear spreading,
stamens adherent to the style-arms. Xiphion Aitchisoni, Baker in Gard.
Chron. 1876, i. 723; in Trim. Journ, Bot. xiii. (1873) 108; 2 Journ. Linn.
Soc. xvi. 124.

The Panzas; Salt range, alt. 3000 ft., Vicary, Aitchison.—Distars. Aff-
ghanistan.

Corm 2 in. long, ovoid ; coats brown, shining. Stem 4-14 ft., slender, 1-3.fid.
Leaves as long, } in, broad. Spathes 2-24 in,, lanceolate, green. Perianth lilac or
yellow; tube 1-14 in.; blade 4 in.; petals much shorter, spreading, limb small
3-cuspidate. I. Stocksiz, Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 123, of Beluchistan, is closely allied
to I. Aitchisoni, but is a dwarf species with lanceolate plicate leaves.

Var. chrysantha, Baker, has the stem 2 ft., and much stouter and flowers
yellow.

** Rootstock stout, prostrate and creeping.

§ Sepals neither crested nor bearded.

2. I. ensata, Thunb. in Trans. Linn, Soc. ii. 328; leaves linear rigid
grooved glaucous, sheaths shorter than the fusiform ovary, flowers lilac,
perianth-tube 0, blade of sepals rhomboidly ovate obtuse entire shorter than
the claw, petals oblanceolate erect, style-arms linear tip acutely 2-fid.
Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 129; Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xvi. 139; in Gard.
Chron. 1876, ii. 323; Regel Gartenfl.t. 1011. I. biglumis, Vahl Enum. ii.
149; Sweet Brit. Fl. Gard. Ser. ii. t. 187. I. triflora, Balbis Mise. Bot.
vil. t. 1; Redouté Lil. t.481. I. Doniana, Spach. Hist. Veg. xiii. 34.
I. Pallasii, Fisch.; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 469; Bot. Mag. t. 2331. _I. fra-
grans, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. xxvi.t.1. I. longispatha, Fisch. in Bot. Mag. t.
2528. I. Moorcroftiana, Wall. Cat.5021; Don. in Trans. Linn. Soc, xviil.
315. I. pabulina, Naud. in. Rev. Hortic. 1888, $38 (name). Xiphion Doni-
anum, Alefeld in Bot. Zeit. (1863) 297. Toniris Doniana, ftagrans, tri-
flora & Pallasii, Klatt in Bot. Zeit. 1872, 502.

Western Himazaya and WesTERN TIBET, alt. 5-9000 ft., Royle, &:.— Dist RIB.
Temp. Asia.

Stems tufted, short, or 14—2 ft., stout or slender, sheaths fibrous. Leaves 14 ft.
by }-1in. Spathes 3-4 in., 1-8-fld. ; valves lanceolate, green. Flowers pedicelled ;
ovary 1 in., cylindric; blade of sepals 14-2 by 4-$ in., claw rather longer; petals
3 in. broad; style-arms 1 in., crests large, deltoid. Capsule 14-3 in., by 4-3 in.,
6-ribbed, beaked, ribs rounded.

3. I. spuria, Linn. Sp. Pl. 58; leaves 1-3 ft. ensiform coriaceous
strongly striate, spathes 2-3-fld., flowers lilac, perianth-tube long, blade
of sepals orbicular half as long as the claw, petals oblanceolate, style-arms
deflexed. Bot. Mag. t. 58,1131, 1814-5; Jacq. Fl. Austr. t. 4; Reichb. f.
Fil. Germ. ix. t. 345. I. Notha, M. Bieb. Cent. Pl. Ross. t.77; Reichb. Ic.
crit. x. t. 915. I. halophila, Bot. Mag. t. 875 (not of Pallas); Bowss. Fl.

Orient. v. 128. Xyridion Nothum and spurium, Klatt in Bot. Zeit. 1872,
499,

Iris.) CLI. IRIDEZ. (J.D. Hooker.) 273

Kasumir, alt. 6000 ft., Clarke-—DistRis. Westward to Russia.

Stem 2-3 ft., sheathed. Leaves §-14 in. broad. Spathes 2-3 in., linear-oblong,
firm, green. Flowers 2-3 in, diam., bright lilac; sepals 4 in. broad, claw keeled ;
petals 4-3 in. broad; style-arms 1 in. long, crests small, deltoid. Capsule 1-2 in.,
6-ribbed, long-beaked.—A very common Oriental plant. Baker refers the Kashmir
epecmens to I. Notha as a variety with very stout stems, broad leaves.and large

owers. ‘

,

4,2. aurea, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. xxxiii. +. 59; tall, stout, leaves
ensiform, spathes 2-3-fld., flowers long-pedicelled yellow, ovary as long as
the perianth-tube, blade of crisped and crenulate sepals oblong as long as
‘the claw, petals shorter oblanceolate, style-arms with entire broad incurved
lobes. Baker in.Gard. Chron. 1876, ii. 584. I. crocea, Jacguem. mss.
Xyridion aureum, Klatt in Bot. Zeit. 1872, 501.

WESTERN Hrmataya; Kashmir, Royle, Jacquemont.

Stem 3-34 ft., stout, terete, with leafy sheaths. Leaves 14-2 ft. by $-1 in.
Spathes 3-4 in.; valves lanceolate, green. Flowers bright yellow; sepals 24-34 in.,
blade 1 in, broad; style-arms 1:-14 in. long, crests deltoid. Capsule 14 in. long,
oblong, 6-angled, beaked.—Differs from I. spuria, chiefly in the yellow flowers.

5. I. Wattii, Baker mss.; tall, stout, leaves broadly ensiform, flower-
heads racemose on stout long peduncles, spathes 2-3-fid., perianth-tube
short infundibular, sepals obovate-spathulate, blade as long as the claw,
petals rather shorter obovate-oblong, style-arms with 2-fid laciniate tips..

MunNIPORE; summit of Kongui, alt. 6000 ft., Watt.

Stem with 5-6 flower-heads on erecto-patent peduncles. Leaves thin, 18 by
14-2 in., as long asthe stem. Spathes with the outer valve 1-1} in., lanceolate,
thin, green; inner much shorter, oblong, obtuse; pedicels short, jointed with the
ovary. Flowers pale lavender blue, tube 3 in.; blade of sepals 2 in. broad, striped
and spotted with purple, throat yellow; petals 4 in. broad; style-arms } in. long,
crest deltoid laciniate. Capsule small, oblong, obtusely trigonous.—Baker, from
whose description much of the above is taken, says of the sepals, “apparently not
crested.’’—-Bhotan specimens from Griffith of this or an allied species have stout com-
pressed grooved stems and firmer spathe-valves.

§§ Sepals crested.

6. I. Milesii, 1. Foster in Gard. Chron. 1883, i. 281; tall, stout,
leaves very broadly ensiform, flower-heads branched, spathes many-fid.,
perianth-tube rather short, sepals spreading, blade as long as the claw
obovate, crests sharply toothed, petals as large spreading oblong undulate,
style-arms with a large fimbriate crest. Baker in Bot. Mag. t. 6889.

Wrstrern Himataya; Kullu and Parbutta valleys, alt, 4000 ft., Brandis.

Stem 3 ft., as thick as the little finger, leafy upwards; sheaths at the forks
4-6 in. Leaves 14-2 ft. by 1-2 in. broad, pale green, firm, strongly curved.
Spathes 1-1} in., valves oblong, obtuse; pedicels short, jointed at the tip;
flowers 2-4 in. diam., large; ovary elavate; perianth-tube } in.; blade of sepals
13-2 in., disk whitish with dark radiating purple blotches, margins purple, crest
yellow; style-arms 1 in., blue-purple, crest square.—Possibly this is the tall Iris
mentioned by Stewart (Panjab Plants, 241) as found in the Beas valley, alt,
5-12,000 ft., and used for thatching.

7. I.nepalensis, Don Prodr. 54 (not of Wall.); stem slender, leaves
linear, spathes 1-3-Ad., flowers shortly pedicelled, perianth-tube slender,
blade of sepals oblong as long as the claw, crests narrow, petals oblong,

VOL. VI. T

274 or. irmE#. (J. D. Hooker.) [Zris.

crests of style-arms large toothed, capsule 3-gonous with broad flat sides
and along slender beak. Sweet Brit. Fl. Gard. Ser, ii. t._11; Baker in
Journ. Linn, Soc. xvi. 143; in Gard. Chron. 1876, ii. 37. I. decora, Wall.
Pl, As. Rar. i.77, +. 86; Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xviii. 318; Royle Iii.
372. I. sulcata, Wall. Cat. 5049. Neubeckia decora and sulcata, Alatt
in Linnea, xxxiv. 588, 590.

TEMPERATE Himataya; from the Panjab and Western Tibet eastwards,
alt. 5-10,000 ft. Kasra HIzs, alt. 5-8000 ft.

Rootstock with densely fibrous sheaths, and copious fleshy finger-like roots ; stem
4-1 ft.; flower heads 1-2. Leaves Gin. long at flowering time, elongating to 24
by } in., streaked with purple lines and dots. Spathes 1}-2 in. long, outer valves
thin, green, persistent ; pedicels very short. Perianth-tube 1} in., limb 1-1} in.,
pale lilac; blade of sepals 3 in. broad, crest yellow; petals 3 in. broad ; style-arms
lin. and less, Capsule oblong, trigonous, 1-14 in., enclosed in the persistent spathes.
—Prof. Foster informs me that the roots are characteristic, resembling those of a
Hemerocallis. Hemsley (Journ. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 186) mentions a starved form of
this, 3-4 in. high, as having been collected in the Shan hills by General Collett at
4000 ft. elevation.

§§§ Sepals bearded.
+ Dwarf species; stems 12 in. or less.

8. I. gilgitensis, Baker mss.; dwarf, leaves linear, flower-heads
solitary, spathe 2-fld., pedicels short, perianth-tube long, blade of sepals
small narrow oblong much shorter than the strongly bearded claw, petals
oblong. ;

WESTERN TIBET; at Gilgit, alt. 12,000 ft., Giles.

Stems tufted, 4-6 in., basal sheaths entire. Leaves flaccid, 6-9 by 4-3 in.
Spathe 13-2 in., valves lanceolate green, margins pale. Perianth-tube less than 1 in.,
limb 1} in., bright lilac ; blade of sepals } in. broad; petals clawed ; style branches
2 in., crests small, deltoid.—Differs from I. Kumaonensis by the small blade of the
sepals. A single specimen only seen.

9. I. kumaonensis, Wall. Cat. 5052; dwarf, leaves linear, flower-
head solitary, spathes 1-fld., pedicels very short, perianth-tube very long,
blade of sepals spreading cuneate obovate as long as the bearded claw,
petals erect, blade oblong, capsule ellipsoid or subglobose beaked. Don in
Trans. Linn. Soc. xviii. 311; Royle Ill. 372; Baker in Gard. Chron. 1876,
ii. 709. I. Kingiana, M. Foster in Gard. Chron. 1887,i. 611; Baker in
Bot. Mag. t. 6957. I. tigrina, Jacquem. mss.

WESTERN Himazaya; from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 8-12,0c0 ft.

Stems 2-12 in., crowded; outer basal sheaths fibrous. Zeaves 12-14 by 3 in.
Spathes 2-3 in., valves lanceolate, ventricose. Perianth-tube 2-24 in. ; limb 14-2 in.,
bright lilac; blade of sepals 3 in. broad, blotched with darker lilac, beard of claw of
yellow-tipped hairs on a white crest, blade of petals 4 in. broad; style-arms $ in.
long, crests deltoid acute. Capsule 1-2 in., narrowed at both ends, trigonous,
angles obtuse.—Don describes the sepals us blood-red with black-purple spots.

10. I. goniocarpa, Baker in Gard. Chron. 1876, ii. 710; in Journ.
Linn, Soc. xvi. 145; dwarf, slender, leaves narrow linear, flower-heads
solitary, spathes 1-2-fld., flowers subsessile, perianth-tube long, sepals
cuneately-oblong, keel strongly bearded, petals erect, blade oblong, capsule
trigonous with broad flat sides and a long slender beak.

Sixxim Hrmaraya, alt. 10-13,000 ft., J. D. H.

Stem 6 in., 1-leaved, sheaths fibrous. Leaves 6-8 by 3; in. Spathes 1 in. long,
valves lanceolate persistent. Perianth-tube 43 in, ; blade of lilac ? sepals 3 in, broad ;

Iris. CLI. IRIDEE, (J. D. Hooker.) 275

style-arms } in.; crests large, deltoid, acute. Capsule exactly as in I. nepalensis, of
which this may be a variety, but the sepals are strongly bearded.

11. I. Duthieii, Foster in Gard. Chron, 1887, i. 611; dwarf, leaves
linear, flower-heads solitary, spathes 1-fld., perianth-tube very long, blade
of spreading sepals cuneate-ovovate gradually narrowing into the bearded
claw, petals oblong obovate red lilac. :

Western Himataya; Kumaon, Duthie (Hort. Foster),

Seems to differ from I. kumaonensis, of which it is probably a variety, in the
reddish lilac flowers, with darker veins. Capsule 1} by 1 in., trigonous. As in
kumaonensis the flowering precedes the mature leafing.

12. I. Hookeriana, Foster in Gard. Chron. 1887, i. 611; dwarf,
leaves linear, flower-head solitary, spathes three 2-fd., persistent perianth-
tube short, blade of sepals obovate-cuneate gradually narrowing into the
thickly bearded claw, blade of erect petals narrowly obovate, capsule
small trigonous beaked.

Western Himaaya; Lahul (Hort. Foster).

Stem 5-6 in., sheaths torn. Leaves immature at the flowering season, at length
24 by 3-2 in., pale green. Spathes about 5 in. long; valves lanceolate, ventricose.
Perianth-tube 4 in., limb 13-2 in.; blade of sepals cuneate-obovate, # in. broad,
purplish blue blotched with darker; claw white with violet veins, hairs of beard
white yellow-tipped; blade of petals 4 in. broad, suddenly narrowed into the chan-
nelled claw; style-arms very convex dorsally, crests revolute deltoid, coarsely ser-
rulate. Capsule oblong.

tt Stem 1 ft. or more.

18. I. Clarkei, Baker mss.; stem tall stout, leaves linear or ensiform
strongly striate, flower-heads 1-2, spathes 1-2-fld., valves green to the
tips, pedicels nearly equalling the spathe, perianth-tube short infundibular,
blade of sepals oblong-cuneate with a bearded erect claw, blade of petals
small oblong, claw long, capsule oblong obtuse at both ends.

Sixxim Hrmataya, alt. 10-11,500 ft., J. D. H., Clarke.

Rootstock very stout, creeping, sheaths long, fibrous. Stem 10-24 in., fruiting
very stout, 2-leaved. Leaves not membranous at the tips, at length 14-2 ft. by
4-4 in. Spathes 24-3 in., valves lanceolate, persistent. Perianth bright lilac
blotched with violet, throat yellow; tube } in.; limb 2 in.; blade of sepals # in.
broad, style-arms 1 in. long, bright lilac, crests square. Capsule 14-2 in., oblong,
trigonous, valves thick, rigid, keeled at the back.—The leaves are very variable,
linear and 4 in. broad in small fld, specimens.

LOUBTFUL SPECIES.

Of the following, except I. longifolia, all are supposed to be either garden plants
or originally garden escapes, and probably identica) with Persian species. ‘The
attention of Indian botanists should be given to them. . ;

I. DEFLEXA, Knowles and Westc. Flor. Cab. ii. 19, t. 57 (Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1840,
Mise. 25, 34; Baker in Gard. Chron. 1876, ii. 774 (in part). I. germanica, var.
nepalensis, Herb. in Bot. Reg. 1. c. 84, Baker, who characterizes the plant of
the Floral Cabinet by the scarious tips of the spathes and deflexed stem, considers it to
be intermediate between germanica and pallida, but as he has included under it the
nepalensis of Royle & Wallich, some of which are certainly different, his view is
perhaps not correct. Herbert, who cultivated authentic specimens, says that the
deflexed stem was due to its being grown in heat, and that it is a var. of germanica,
and is I. nepalensis, Wall. in Bot. Reg. t. 818.

I, KasHMiniana, Baker in Gard, Chron. 1877, ii. 744 (Kashmir to Kumaon).
Differs, according to Baker, from J. florentina, in the sweet-scented pure white
flowers with the spathe-valves scarious at the tips only, and the pure milk white
stigmas two-thirds as long as the perianth a large crests.

T

276 cui. tr1ipEz. (J. D. Hooker.) (Iris.

I. tongrroxta, Royle Ill. 372, t. 91, f.2; Baker is disposed to regard this as a
long-leaved form of I. nepalensis, Don Prodr. (not of Trans. Linn. Soc.). Prof.
Foster thinks it is an entirely different plant, apparently allied to L ruthenica.

I. NEPALENsIS, Wall. Cat. 5050 in part, a native of Nepal and Kumaon, There
are two plants under this number in Herb. Wall., one a solitary specimen, with
spathes scarious throughout, the others with them green throughout. Of this latter
there is an excellent drawing by Wallich’s article made in Nepal. Except in the
very pale flowers it may be a I. germanica; but Royle (Ill. Him. Pl. p. 372)
says that he perceived a distinct smell of Orris-root (as of I. florentina) in Wallich’s
specimen, which is against its being yermanica. The specimen with scarious valves
looks more I. florentina, but it has no roots.

I. NEPALENSIS, Wall. mss. in Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 818 (from Nepal, Wallich),
This has the dark blue flowers of I. germanica, very unlike the Wallichian drawing
of I. nepalensis, it may or may not agree in colour with some of his specimens.
Herbert makes it a var. of germanica, but gives no varictal character. Baker
cites it under deflexa.

I. nepatensis, Wall. ew I. Don.; in Trans. Linn. Soc. xviii. 310. This is a
mixture of Wallich’s, Royle’s and the Bot. Reg. nepalensis; in consequence of
which the root is described as fragrant, as in I. florentina, and used for similar
purposes. Don distinguishes it from germanica by the shorter scarious ventricose
spathes (while they are not in Wallich’s plant!) entire sepals, longer slenderer
tube, and more coarsely serrated'stigmatic lobes. Don has a variety with the scape
undivided, sub 2-fld. shorter than the leaves, but these are characters of Wallich’s
drawing of his type.

I. NEPALENSIS, Wall. ex Royle Ill. 372, t. 90, £.2. I have seen no specimens
of this, which is a native of Garwhal, on the ascent to Surkunda. It has a pale
flower and ‘‘ orris”? scented roots.

Crocus, Linn.

Rootstock a sheathed corm; stem 0. Leaves radical, narrowly linear,
channelled, margins recurved. lowers solitary or fascicled, subsessile ;
basal spathes 1-3 or 0 hyaline, floral embracing the ovary and sometimes a
narrow hyaline bract. Perianth funnel-shaped, tube very slender ; limb
subequally 6-lobed in two series. Stamens on the throat of the perianth,
filaments short, anthers longer, basifixed. Ovary 38-celled; style filiform,
arms slender subentire lobed or laciniate; tipsstigmatic. Capsule oblong,
membranous, loculicidal. Seeds subglobose.—Species about 70, European
and EH. Asian.

C. sativus, Linn. Sp. Pl. 36; sheaths of corm closely reticulate,
basal spathes embracing the scape 2-valved, flowers violet autumnal appear-
ing with the leaves, throat of perianth bearded, anthers yellow, style-arms
exserted orange-red subclavate tips entire or lobulate. Maw Gen. Croc.
t. 20. C. sativus var. kashmeriana, Royle Ill. 374, t. 91, f. 1; Stewart,
Panjab Pl. 239; Boiss. Fl. Orient. V. 100; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 360;
Benth. & Trim. Med. Bot. 274.

Kasumir, cultivated only. Native of South Europe.

The Kashmir saffron is regarded by Royle as a variety of that cultivated in
England, distinguished by the very dark violet blue flowers, yellow anthers
and brick-red stigmas, but this accords exactly with the common form figured
by Bentley and Trimen.

Betamcaupa, Adams.

Rootstock creeping; stem erect, leafy. Leaves ensiform, equitant.
Inflorescence branched, sheaths membranous; spathes several-fid., sub-
scarious; bracts scarious ; flowers pedicelled. Perianth-tube very short;

Tris.] oir. inIpEz. (J.D. Hooker.) 277

segments oblong, spreading, subequal. Stamens inserted at the base of the
perianth, filaments filiform, anthers linear basifixed. Ovary obovoid ;
style filiform arms elongate, tips reniform stigmatic. Capsule obovoid,
membranous, loculicidal, valves reflexed, leaving the seed-bearing axis
persistent and free. Seeds subglobose, testa lax shining fleshy within.

1, B. chinensis, Leman in Red. Lil. t.121; Baker in Journ. Linn.
Soe. xvi. 113, B. punctata, Moench Meth. 529. Pardanthus chinensis,
Ker in Kenig & Sims Ann. Bot. i. 246; Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 579;
Royle Ill. 371; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1874; Flore des Serres t. 1632. P.
nepalensis, Sweet Brit. Fl. Gard. Ser. ii. 498. Ixia chinensis, Linn. Sp. Pl.
36; Gertn. Fruct.t.13; Bot. Mag.t. 171. Morea chinensis, Murr. Syst.
Veg. 93; Roxb, Fl. Ind. i. 170.—Rheede Hort. Mal. xi. t. 37.

Very doubtfully wild in the Hrmanaya, ascending to 6000 ft. Cultivated all
over InpIA; a native of China.

Order CLI]. AMARYLLIDEE.

Rootstock bulbous tuberous or a corm. Leaves radical. Scape naked
(in the Indian genera). Perianth-superior, regular or irregular, tube long
short or 0, limb 6-lobed or -partite, with sometimes a crown at the mouth,
Stamens 6, on the bases of the segments, rarely epigynous, filaments free
or connate; anthers erect or versatile. Ovary 3-celled; style stout or
slender, stigma simple or cleft; ovules many, 2-seriate in the inner angle
of the cells, anatropous. Fruit usually capsular, loculicidal, rarely fleshy
and bursting irregularly. Sceds few or many, albumen fleshy enclosing
the small embryo.— Genera 64, species about 650.

The American Aloe, Agave americana, Linn. (A. cantula, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii.
167) is planted as a hedge in the Panjab (Stewart, Panjab Plants, 232) and intro-
duced elsewhere in India. A. vivipara, Linn. (Wight Ic. t. 2024) is naturalized in
the Deccan. Zeyhyranthes tubispatha, Herb. a Peruvian plant, resembling a small
Paneratium, but without a corona, is cultivated in gardens and found as an escape
far from habitations.

Tribe I. HypoxipEm. Rootstock tuberous. Flowers spicate or racemose.
Ovary not produced above the crown intoa stipes. . . . . 1. Hypoxis.
Ovary produced into a short or long stipes above the crown . 2. CuRcULIGo.

Tribe II. Amaryttzm. Rootstock bulbous. Flowers-umbelled.

Filaments free. . 2. - 2 1 1 1 oe we ee et we he 68 CRINUM,
Filaments united bya membrane . . . . .. =. . . . 4 PANCRATIUM.

1, HYPOXIS, Linz.

Rootstock tuberous, or a coated corm. Leaves radical, narrow, strongly
nerved. Flowers solitary, racemed, or umbellate. Perianth rotate, 6-par-
tite, sessile on the top of the ovary, persistent. Stamens 6 on the base of
the segments; filaments short; anthers erect, dorsifixed. Ovary 3-celled;
style short, columnar, stigmas 3, erect, stout, distinct or connate; ovules
Q-seriate. Capsule circumsciss below the top or 3-valved. Seeds subglobose,
testa crustaceous shining beaked at the hilum.—Species about 50, widely
diffused but rare in Asia, many S. African.

1. H. aurea, Lour. Fl. Cochin. 200; villous or hairy, leaves narrowly
linear, scape slender 1-2-fld., ovary and perianth lobes externally hairy,

278 cLU. AMaRYLLIDEE. (J.D. Hooker.) [Hypoxis.

anthers sagittate. Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xvii. 108; Kurz in Mig. Ann.
Mus. Lugd. Bat. iv.178. H. minor, Don Prodr. 53; Royle Sil. t. 91, £. 3.
H. Franquevillei, Miguel Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 586. H. curculigoides, Wall.
Cat. 5164. Curculigo graminifolia, Nimmo in Grah. Cat. Bomb. Pi. 215;
Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 276.

Sustropican Himauaya; from Kashwir eastwards, ascending to 7000 ft. in
Sikkim. Kasra Hints, Beneat, Brnar and Burma, and in the Western Ghats
from the Concan southward. (Not in Ceylon).—Distzis. Java, China, Japan.

Dicecious. Rootstock globose, or elongate and erect, crowned with fibrous
remains of old leaves. Leaves 4-14 by ~,-3 in., subcoriaceous, keeled. Scape
1-4 in., filiform, hairy; bracts setaceous. Ovary clavate. Perianth-lobes 3-+ in.,
elliptic-lanceolate, yellow, outer green on the back. Capsule 1~-} in., clavate, at
length 3-valved, crowned with the erect perianth-lobes, walls thin. Seeds black,

tuberculate.
2. CURCULIGO, Gerin.

Root.tock tuberous, or a coated corm. Leaves lanceolate and plaited,
or linear and flat. Scape short or long; flowers often unisexual, spicate
or racemed or subcapitate. Perianth usually produced above the ovary as
a solid stipes, bearing the rotate limb. Stamens ovary and seeds of Hypozis.
Fruit indehiscent, usually more or less beaked.—Species about 12,
tropical.

Sect I. Moxryizra. Perianth limb sessile or very shortly stipitate
above the ovary.

1. G. recurvata,.Dryand, in Ait. Hort. Kew Hd. 2, ii. 253; leaves
long-petioled lanceolate plicate glabrous or with the nerves beneath hairy,
scapes many flattened villous, flowers in a decurved subcapitate raceme,
ovary turbinate, berry globose hairy. Bot. Reg. t.770; Roub. Fl. Ind. ii,
145; Benth. Fl. Austral. vi. 448; Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 585; Wall.
Cat. 5159. C. villosa, Wall. Cat. 5163 B. Moliniera recurvata, Herbert
Amaryllid. 84; Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc, xvii. 120; Kurz in Ann. Mus,
Lugd. Bat. iv. 175. M. plicata, Colla, Hort. Ripp. App. ii. 333, t.18. M.
capitulata, Herbert l.c. Leucojum capitulatum, Lour. Fl. Cochin. 199.
Hypoxis Saarpata, Herb. Ham.

TropicaL Himatsaya; from Nepal eastwards. BENGAL, CHITTAGONG and
Burma. Cxyion; at Saffragam.—Disreip. Malay Islands, 8. China, Australia,

Rootstock tuberous. Leaves very variable, 2-3 ft. by 3-6 in., recurved, narrowed
into a channelled petiole 1-2 ft., villous below, glabrousabove. Scapes 3-9 in., stout
or slender, bracts spathaceous, lanceolate, villous; heads of flowers 2-4 in, diam.,
villous ; flowers pedicelled. Ovary 4-3 in,, villous; bracts 1-1} in.; cells about
10-ovuled. Perianth about % in. diam., outer segments villous on the back. Fila-
ments very short; anthers cohering. Berry 1-4 in. diam. Stigmas sub 3-lobed,
shining. Seeds black, testa deeply closely grooved.

2. C. gracilis, Wail. Cat.5760; leaves long-petioled lanceolate plicate
glabrous, scapes many flattened tomentose, flowers in a decurved dense
elongate raceme, ovary oblong tip narrowed, berry oblong ?. Moliniera

racilis, Kurz in Ann, Mus. Lugd. Bat. iv. 177; Baker in Journ. Linn.
o¢. xvil. 120.

Tropical Himazaya ; from Nepal, Wallich, eastwards.

Habit, &c., of C, reeurvata, of which it is probably a form, but more slender.
with the ovary oblong and the inflorescence elongate. Wallich’s specimens have
leaves 8-12 by }-1 in., short woolly scapes, few-fld. loose racemes, and flowers $ in.
diam. Sikkim specimens have stoutly petioled leaves 24 ft. by 44 in., and a robust
scape 6-12 in. The var. Jamesoni, Baker 1]. c. 121; with leaves rigidly coriaceous
flowers subsessile in a dense globose head I should refer to recurvata,

Curculigo.] CLI, AMARYLLIDEH, (J. D, Hooker.) 279

3. ©. crassifolia, Hook. f.; leaves long-petioled elliptic-lanceolate
thickly and rigidly coriaceous plicate glabrous above beneath white-tomen-
tose, scape flattened stout densely tomentose, flowers in a very large dense
oblong raceme, bracts glabrous or woolly, ovary oblong top silky, berry
oblong. Moliniera crassifolia, Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xvii. 121.

Srxxrm Hrmataya, J.D. H. Kuasia Mrs., alt. 5-5000 ft., J. D. H. OT Ts,
Mann, Clarke.

Leaves 2-3 ft. by 3-6 in., strongly closely plicate; petiole 1 ft. stout. Scape
2-8 in.; raceme 3-4 in. ; bracts 1-14 in., very variable ; lower flowers pedicelled.
Perianth segments } in., outer hairy or villous externally. Berry } in. long. Seeds
globose, black, granulate.

4. ©. Finlaysoniana, Wall. Cat. 5162; leaves petioled elliptic-
lanceolate plicate glabrous, scape very short villous, flowers in a lax erect
or inclined few or many fid. raceme, bracts linear, ovary fusiform or clavate
villous, berry oblong. ?C. pauciflora, Moon Cat. Pl. Ceyl. Hypoxis tri-
chocarpa, Wight Ic. t.2045; Thwaites Enum. 323; Kurz in Ann. Mus. Lugd.
Bat. iv. 178. H. latifolia, leptostachya, pauciflora and brachystachya,
Wight Ic. t. 20442046. Moliniera Finlaysoniana, Baker in Journ. Linn.
‘Soc. xvii. 121.

TRAVANCORE and MataBar, Wight, &c. Crxion; central province, ascending
to 5000 ft.

Leaves 12-24 by 1-1} in., thin, 5-nerved, finely acuminate, sometimes sparsely
hairy, petiole very slender. Scape short, slender; pedicels 1-14 in., capillary;
bracts filiform. acemes with the upper flowers male. Perianth segments } in.
long, of males shorter. Fruit 3-% in., curved, few seeded, walls thin. Seeds ovoid-
oblong, finely deeply striate, black, shining.

Var. linearifolia, Thivaites 1. c., has narrow almost linear leaves.

Sect. II. Curcurico proper. Ovary narrowed into a long beak or
stipes supporting the perianth-limb.

5. C. orchioides, Gerin. Fruct. i. 63, t. 13 ; polygamous, leaves long-
or short-petioled or subsessile. lanceolate membranous plicate glabrous,
scape very short subterranean, flowers subsessile, bracts lanceolate mem-
branous, ovary small amongst the leaf bases, stipes of the perianth long
filiform, stigmas 3 erect separate, capsule oblong. Baker in Journ. Linn.
Soc. xvii. 124; Roxb. Cor. Pl. i. 14, t. 18; Fl. Ind. ii. 144; Thwaites
Enum. 324; Grah. Cat. Bomb. Pl. 215; Bot. Mag. t. 1076; Wall. Cat.
5158; Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 585. C. malabarica, Wight Ic. t. 2043;
Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 276. C. brevifolia, Dryand. in Ait. Hort. Kew Ed.
2, ii, 253; Wight Ic. t. 2043; Grah. Cat. Bomb. Pl. 215; Dalz. & Gibs. Lc.
Hypoxis dulcis, Steud. Pl. Hohenack. No. 135. Gethyllis fusiformis, Herd.
Ham. Franquevillea major, Zoll. ex. Kwrz in Journ. As. Soc, Beng. 1870,
ii, 84.— Rheede Hort. Mal. xii. t. 59.

SusprroPicaAL Himazaya; from Kumaon eastwards, ascending to 6000 ft. The
Knasta Hints, Munnipore ; and the WEsTERN Guars from the Concan southward.
—Distris. Java.

Rootstock tuberous or elongate, sometimes 1 ft. long and stout in proportion.
Leaves 6-18 by 3-1 in., tips viviparous on reaching the ground ; petiole 6 in. or less.
Scape 1 in., clavate, flattened, hidden by tHe leaf-sheaths; flowers distichous,
lowest 2-sexual, the rest all male; bracts lanceolate ; perianth segments 4-2 in.
Ovary villous, the stipes and perianth alone epigaeous; stigma 3-cleft; cells 6-8
ovuled. Capsule } in., oblong, hypogeous, 1-4 seeded, beak slender ; septa spongy.
Seeds } in. long, oblong, deeply grooved in wavy lines, black, shining. Male fl.
with no ovary, style or stigma.

280 CLI, AMARYLLIDEZ. (J. D, Hooker.) [Cureuligo.

6. C. latifolia, Dryand. in Ait. Hort. Kew, Ed. 2, ii. 253; poly-
gamous, leaves long-petioled lanceolate membranous plicate glabrous or
sparsely hairy beneath, scape very short villous or 0, flowers sessile in an
hypogeous oblong or globose head with the filiform stipes of the perianth
epigeal, bracts ovate-lanceolate acuminate hairy, style filiform, stigmas 3
small. Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xvii. 125; Bot. Mag. t. 2034; Bot. Reg.
t. 754; Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 585. C. sumatrana, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i.
146; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 443; Wight Ic. t. 2042. Moliniera sumatrana,
Herb, Amaryllid. 84. M. latifolia & plicata, Kurz in Ann. Mus. Lugd.
Bat. iv. 176.

Burma, the Matay PEeNnInsuta and ANpaMAN IsLanps.—Disrris. Malay
Islands.

Rootstock hardly any; base of stem stoloniferous. Leaves 1-2 ft. by 13-23 in.;
petiole 1 ft. or less. Ovary oblong or globose; stipes of male fl, much longer than
of the bisexual and more slender. Fruit 1 in. long, clavate or pyriform, hairy.
Seeds black, shining (granular in Wight’s figure).

There are four principal forms:—1. Leaves 13-2 ft. by 4-5 in. sparsely villous
beneath, petiole slender, flowers small in a dense ovoid head (Singapore, Java).—
2. Leaves 1-1} ft. by 1-1} in. sparsely villous beneath, petiole slender, heads small,
flowers larger } in. diam. (Wight Ic. t. 2042 and Andaman Islands).—3. Leaves
1-1} ft. by 14-2 in. glabrous beneath, petiole slender, heads small few-fld. (Penang,
Malacca).—4, Leaves 8-12 by 2-3 in., quite glabrous, longer than their petioles,
heads dense-fid. (Burma, Malacca, Borneo).

Var. villosa, Baker 1. c.; leaves coriaceous cobwebby beneath, petiole very stout,
heads dense-fid., bracts oblong obtuse and nearly glabrous. C. villosa, Wadl. Cat.
5763 A; Kurz. l.c. Singapore, Malay Islands.—Perhaps a distinct species,

3. CRINUML, Linn.

Rootstock bulbous. Leaves elongate, lorate or ensiform. Scape solid.
Flowers large, umbelled ; spathes 2; bracts linear. Perianth funnel- or
salver-shaped, tube straight cr upcurved, lobes linear.to oblong. Stamens
on the throat of the perianth, erect spreading or declinate; anthers linear,
dorsifixed. Style filiform, stigma minute; ovules few or many. Fruit
subglobose, membranous or coriaceous, bursting irregularly. Seeds few,
large, rounded, testa thick; albumen very copious.—Species about 60,
tropical Asiatic, African, Australian and American.

The identification by herbarium specimens of this genus is impossible, and I have
little confidence in the following attempt to systematize the Indian ones, in which I
have been guided by Herbert and Baker.

Sect. I. Srenaster. Perianth erect, salver-shaped, lobes linear. Stamens
very long, spreading.

1. ©. asiaticum, Linn. Sp. Pl. 419 (in part); leaves very many
3-4 ft. by 5-7 in. flat, scape 13-2 ft. compressed, spathes 8-4 in.; umbels
10-50-Ad., pedicels 3-1 in., perianth-tube 3—4 in.,.lobes as long much longer
than thetilaments. Kunth Enum. v.547; Baker Handb. of Amaryllid.75 ;
Herb, Amaryllid, 243; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb, Fl. 275; Bot. Mag. t. 1073;
Wall, Cat. 8969 A, in part, H, F. CO. toxicarium, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 134;
ye Te. t, 2021-2; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 669. Amaryllis carnosa, Herb.

am.

Throughout Tgopicat Inpia, wild or cultivated. CryYLon; common on the
coast, Thwaites.

Bulb very large, neck 4-5 in. Leaves thin, edges smooth. Scape often 1 in.
diam. ; sheaths thick. Flowers white, fragrant at night, tube greenish ; lobes revo-

a

Crinum. ] CLI. AMARYLLIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) 281

lute. Stamens often reddish ; anthers 3-3 in. Fruit subglobose, usually 1-seeded.
—Much the largest Indian species.
Var. procera, Baker 1. c.; leaves 5 ft. by 6 in., perianth-tube and lobes each .

5 oe the latter tinged with red C. procerum, Carey ex Herb. in Bot. Mag.
t. 2684.

2. G. defixum, Ker in Quart. Journ. Sci. iii. (1817), 105; leaves few
2-3 ft. by #-1 in. erect linear obtuse concave, scape 13-2 ft. stout, umbels
6-15-fld., spathes 1}-2 in. ovate-lanceolate, perianth white, tube 21-3 in,
lobes nearly as long narrowly linear-lanceolate much longer than the
stamens. Herb. Amaryllid, 255; Kunth Enum. v. 562; Bot. Mag. +. 2208;
Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 362; Baker Handb. Amaryllid. 76. C. asiaticum, Roxb.
Fl, Ind. ii. 127; Wall. Cat, 8969, G, H, I in part. C. asiaticum vay.
angustifolium, Wail. Cat. 8969 G,H. Amaryllis vivipara, Lamk. Encyc.
1.128. <A. ccenosa, Herb. Ham.

Swampy river banks throughout Inp1a. ? CeYLoNn; in the hotter drier regions,
Thwaites.

Bulb with a fusiform stoloniferous base, neck cylindric. Flowers sessile, fragrant
at night, tinged with red. Filaments bright red; anthers }in. Fruit subglobose,
1 in. diam., 1-2-seeded.

3. CG. ensifolium, Zoxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 129; leaves erect 12-18 by
1-1} in. ensiform tapering to the acuminate tip concave, scape rather
slender, umbels 10-12-fid., spathes 13-2 in., perianth white tube 33 in.
rather longer than the linear lobes which are about as long as the stamens.
Herb. Amaryllid. 255; Bot. Mag. t. 2301; Kunth Enum. v. 563. C.
defixum, var. ensifolium, Baker Handb. of Amaryllid. 76. C. Roxburghii,
Grah. Cat. Bomb. Pl. 215; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 275.—Rheede Hort.
Malad, xi. t. 38.

Banks of the Deccan rivers. Pr@vu, Carey.

I follow Roxburgh and Herbert in keeping this distinct from deficwm on account
of the gradually acuminate leaves, as well represented by Rheede. Roxburgh’s
drawing named C. asiaticum (No. 1395) is clearly this and not his asiaticum
(deficum). Herbert suggests the union of the two under the name of “ Ditch
crinum,” both being marsh plants, with fusiform stoloniferous caudices, forming
prolongations of the base of the bulb. ‘

4, C. Wattii, Baker Handb. of Amaryllid. 76; leaves 18 by 1-14 in.
flaccid, scape 1} ft. rather stout, umbel 6-8-fld., spathes deltoidly lanceo-
late, pedicels very short, perianth-tube 3 in. very slender, lobes half as long,
stamens equalling the lobes.

Munnipore, alt. 4000 ft.; in grassy places, Waitt.

Bulb ovoid, 2 in, diam., neck very short. Amthers 4 in.—A very obscure species ;
it is difficult in dried specimens to determine whether the corolla lobes are linear as
in Sect. Stenaster, or lanceolate as in Sect. Platygaster.

5. ©. stenophyllum, Baker in Gard. Chron. 1881, 786; Handb. of
Amaryllid. 75; leavas 3 ft. by 4-4 in. linear flaccid, scape very slender
2-edged, umbel 4—-6-fid., spathes 2 in. lanceolate, pedicels 3 in., perianth-
Hag 3-4 in. very slender, lobes half as long or longer. Crinum sp. Wail.

at. 8970,

Burma; at Tavoy, Gomez.

Known only from Wallich’s specimen, but Clarke has very similar plants from
Silhet, Chota Nagpur and Bengal, except in that their perianth-lobes are decidedly
lanceolate ; as indeed I should be disposed to consider the perianth-lobes of Wallich’s
to be, rather than linear.

282 CLIL AMARYLLIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) [ Crinum.

6. C. pusillum, Herb. Amaryllid. 255, t. 32, f. 3; leaves few less
than 12 in. long 3-4 in. broad erect, jinear acute, umbels few-fid., pedicels
. upwards of 1 in., perianth-tube 3 in., lobes nearly as long an inch longer
than the stamens. Baker Handb. of Amaryllid. 77.
Nicopar Isnanps.
A very little-known plant, assumed by Herbert to be stoloniferous, like C.
deficwm. The bulb is described as 4 by 3 in., columnar, cylindric.

Sect. II. Pratyaster. Perianth erect, salver-shaped, lobes lanceolate.
Stamens very long, spreading.

7. CG. humile, Herb. in Bot. Mag. t. 2636; Amaryllid. 256; leaves
about 12 in. linear pitted on the surface, margin smooth, scape about as
long subcylindric, umbels 6-9-fid., spathes 2-3 in. lanceolate, pedicels short,

erianth-tube 3 in., lobes linear-lanceolate rather longer than the stamens.
cant Enum, v. 563; Baker Handb. of Amaryllid. 81.

TROPICAL ASIA.

Bulb globose, green, neck short. Leaves spreading, nearly flat, acute. Perianth-
tube green, lobes narrow white acute; filaments very slender, purplish, anthers 4 in.
long.—The Bot. Mag. plate and description are the only authority for this species,
which may not be Indian. It was brought from the East by a Capt. Cragie to Mr.
Milne, of Fulham Nursery. Baker doubtfully refers to it a plant collected by
Stocks, which is C. brachynema, Herb.

8. GC. ameenum, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 23; Fl, Ind. ii. 127; leaves
13-2 ft. by 1-1} in. suberect ensiform acuminate margin subscabrous,
scape 1-2 ft. rather slender subcylindric, umbels 6-12-fld., spathes 2 in.
lanceolate, flowers subsessile, perianth-tube 3-4 in., lobes 2-3 in. linear-
lanceolate rather longer than the red filaments. Kunth Enum. v. 562;
Herb. Amaryllid. 255; Baker Handb. of Amaryllid. 81; Wall. Cat.
8971.

TropicaL Himataya; from Nepal eastwards, ascending to 6000 ft. in Sikkim.
The Kuasta Hits, SILHET and BuRMA, Roxburgh, ke.

Bulb globose, 2-3 in. diam. Leaves 10-12, tapering from the base to the acumi-
nate tip, bright green. Perianth white, tube green; anthers 3 in. Ovary-cells
4-5-ovuled.—Herbert describes 2 vars. ; namely caudicea, from Ceylon, with smooth
margins of the leaves and a cylindric neck of the bulb; and verecunda, from
Rangoon, with more obtuse humifuse lacunose leaves,

9. C. Stracheyi, Baker in Gard. Chron. 1881, ii. 72; Handb. of
Amaryllid. 81; leaves 2 ft. by 13-2 in. lorate thin acute margin subdenti-
culate, scape 14-2 ft. stout, umbels 12-15-fid., spathes lanceolate, pedicels
4-1 in., perianth-tube 3-33 in., lobes 2-24 in. hardly longer than the
filaments.

KumMaovn, in gardens, Strachey and Winterbottom.

Known imperfectly, and only as a garden plant.

10. C. pratense, Herb. Amaryllid. 256; leaves 1}-3 ft. by 13-2 in.
linear channelled margins entire, scape 12 in. or more decumbent com-
pressed, umbels 6-12-fld., spathes 2-3 in. deltoid-lanceolate, flowers sub-
sessile, perianth-tube 3-4 in., lobes about as long rather longer than the
stamens. Kunth Enum. v. 563; Baker Handb. of Amaryllid. 82. C.
longifolium, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 23; Fl. Ind. ii. 130; Ker-Gawl. in Quart.
Journ. Sc. & Arts, iii. (1817) 107.

Plains of Inp1a and Burma.

Bulb 4-5 in. diam., ovoid or spherical, neck 2-23 in. Leaves 6-8, suberect or

Crinum.] CLI, AMARYLLIDER. (J. D. Hooker.) 283
declinate. Flowers fragrant, white; filaments red. Ovarian cells 3-4-ovuled.—
Roxburgh’s figure of longifolium represents a plant with a bulb 44 in, diam. having
a neck 2-24 in., leaves obtuse concave ciliolate, scape very stout, flowers sessile,
perianth-tube 33-4 in., stout, green, lobes 3 in. by } in., linear, obtuse, greenish
externally, filaments as long, red, anthers 2 in., yellow.—Herbert and Baker include
under C, pratense, the C. lorifolium, Roxb. Fl, Ind, ii. 181, from Pegu, with weak
spreading leaves 4-5 ft. long ; C. elegans, Carey (Bot. Mag. t. 2592), with a nar-
rower long-necked bulb and the perianth lobes an inch shorter than the tube (in
the Bot. Mag. drawing the leaves are acute and the perianth lobes longer than the
tube) ; C. venustum, Carey, from Silhet, with 30-fld. umbels; C. canalifolium, Carey,
with leaves an inch broad, more channelled, rather glaucous, and about 10 flowers
pale reddish externally.

Sect. III. Coponoczinum. Perianth fannel-shaped, tube upcurved, lobes
oblong or lanceolate. Stamens very long, declinate.

11. ©. latifolium, Linn. Sp. Pl. 291; leaves many 2-8 ft. by 3-4 in.
lorate thin margin subscabrid, scape 2-3 ft. stout, umbels 10-20-fld., spathes
3-4 in. lanceolate, pedicels very short, perianth-tube 3-6 in., lobes as long
or shorter elliptic-oblong or -lanceolate much longer than the stamens.
Ker-Gawl.in Quart. Journ. Sci. & Arts iii. 114; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 187; Lindl.
in Bot. Reg. t. 1297; Wight Ic. t.2019, 2020; Baker Handb. of Amaryllid.
87; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 478. C. zeylanicum, Linn. Syst. Veg. 263; Kunth
1c. 573; Rowb. 1. c. 138; Bury Hexand. Pl.t.29; Baker l. c. 87; Wail.
Cat, 8972. C. ornatum, Herb. Amaryll, 262; Bot. Mag. +t. 1171; Bury l.c.
t. 18; Bot. Reg. t. 579, and 1297; Thw.. Enum. 324, C. speciosum, Herb.
in Bot, Mag. t. 2217. C. ornatum, vars. latifolium, zeylanicum and Her-
bertianum, Herb. Amaryll. 262, 263 ; Kunth Hnum.v. 574. C. speciocissi-
mum, Herb. in Bot. Mag. subt. 2121. C. Herbertianum, Wall. Pl. As.
Rar. ii. 39, t. 145. C.insigne, Schultes Syst. vii. 859. C. Wallichianum,
Roem. CO. Linnei, Roem. C. Careyanum, Herb. in Bot. Mag. t. 2466. C.
moluccanum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 140; Bot. Mag. t. 2292. C. asiaticum,
Wall. Cat. 8969 Bin part, C,I,in part. Amaryllis zeylanica, Linn. Sp. Pl.
293, <A. insignis, Ker-Gawl. in Bot. Reg. t.579. A. latifolia, LZ. Herit.
Sert, Angt. 14; Willd. Sp. Pl.ii. 57; Ker.-Gawl. in Quart. Journ. Sci. &
Arts, iii. 114.—Rheede Hort. Mal. xi. t. 39.

Throughout Inpra, BuRMa and CEYLoy, wild or cultivated.—DistR1B. Tropical
Asia, Malaya and Africa.

Bulb 5-6 in. diam., globose, neck short. Leaves bright green, keeled and waved.
Scape and spathes green reddish or purple. Flowers very variable in size, fragrant,
white more or less streaked or tinged with red towards the centre or red purple
sometimes nearly all over the backs of the lobes. Filaments 23-3 in., anthers
4-4 in. Ovarian cells 5-6-ovuled. Fruit subglobose, 14-2 in. diam.—I am quite
unable to find any characters whereby C. latifoliwm and zeylanicum are to be dis-
tinguished, and Mr. Baker gives none. The name C, ornatum seems to be applied
to forms of either or to include both, and so of the other forms cited above, if they or
any of them have specific characters, they remain to be indicated: Herbert’s accounts
of them (and of the species generally) in the Quarterly Journal of Arts and Sciences,
in his enumeration of the species in Bot. Mag. under t. 2121, and in his work on
Amaryllids, are all singularly unclear. Of all the figured forms that of C. latifolium,
in the Botanical Register, t. 1297, differs most from the others in its much smaller
size, nearly white undulate perianth lobes faintly suffused with pink, long perianth-
tube, and style twice as long as the stamens, It is included by Herbert under C.
ornatum as longistylum.—Roxburgh describes both latifolium and zeylanicum as
natives of Bevgal, and thus distinguishes them. C. latifolium, Linn. (Am. ornata,
Bot. Mag. t. 923) ; bulb spherical, leaves 3-5 in. broad lanceolate obtuse margins
scabrous, scape 12-24 in. compressed green 10~20-fid., flowers almost white, anthers

284 CLIT. AMARYLLIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) [ Crinum.

yellowish grey. Ci. zéylanicum, Linn. (Am. ornata, Bot. Mag. t. 1171. A. lineata,
Lamk.), bulb smaller ovoid abounding more with cobweb-like fibres, leaves much
narrower linear-lanceolate keeled, midrib much more prominent, margins much more
waved perfectly smooth, scape longer 10-12-fld., flowers smaller colours very bright,
anthers brown.

Sect. IV. Bracuynema. Perianth nodding, funnel-shaped, lobes
oblong. Stamens erect, filaments shorter than the anthers.

12. ©. brachynema, Herb. in Bot. Reg. 1842, Misc. 36; leaves
13-2 ft. by 8-4 in. broadly lorate margins smooth, scape 12 in., umbels
15-20-fid., spathes lanceolate, flowers pedicelled, perianth-tube 1-2 in.,
lobes 2 by 3 in. many times longer than the stamens. Bot. Mag. t. 5937;
Flore des Serres. t. 2803; Baker Handb. of Amaryllid. 88.

The Concan; Woodrow, Stocks.

Bulb as large as the fist, ovoid, neck very short. Zeaves produced long after
flowering, concave, not keeled. Scape 8-12 in.; spathes greenish. Flowers fragrant,
white ; anthers yellow; style short, included in the tube.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES.

C. BREVIFOLIUM, var. a, Hort. Beng.; C. dracteatum, Bot. Reg. t. 179; Herb.
in Bot. Mag. under t. 2121, f. 4. “ From Sundeep near Chittagong.”—Roxburgh’s
C. brevifolium (FI). Ind. ii. 129, introduced into the Calcutta Gardens from the
Mauritius) is a native of the Seychelles according to Baker, and referable to C.
bracteatum, Willd., and to asiaticum, var. bracteatum, Herb., it is a Stenaster with
lorate leaves 1-14 ft. by 3-4 in. broad with crisped margins, scape much compressed
10-20-fid., perianth-tube slender 24-3 in., lobes white; cells of ovary l-ovuled.
Specimens of any Sundeep Crinum should be procured for the determination of this
plant.

C. cANaLIFoLIUM, Herb. in Bot. Mag. under t. 2121; Amaryllid. 258 (C.
canaliculatum, Carey, non Roxd.), is altogether doubtful. (See under 10 pratense.)

C, ERYTHROPHYLLUM, Carey mss. ex Herb. in Bot. Mag. sub t. 2121; Amaryllid.
259), from Rangoon, with deep blood-red leaves, is mentioned by Herbert as having
been cultivated in Calcutta by Carey, but lost before flowering.

C. MacRocARPUM, Carey mss. exw Herb. in Bot. Mag. I. ¢., from Rangoon, is
doubtfully referred by Herbert and Baker (Handb. of Amaryllid. 75) to C.sumatranum,
Roxb. (Bot. Reg. t. 1049), a species of sect. Stenaster, with loug narrow rigid leaves,
the fruit as large as a man’s fist, and seeds 2 in. broad.

C, (Stenaster) PEDuNCULATUM, Br. Prodr, 297; Bot. Reg. t. 52; Bury Hexand.
Pl.t.ii.; Herb. Amaryllid. 246; Baker Handb. of Amaryllid. 77. This Austra-
lian species probably occurs in the Malay Islands and Peninsula. A leafless Crinum
from Penang (Curtis, No. 1274) and Wallich’s C. aséaticum, 8969 D, from Finlayson
(Siam ?) strongly resemble it. It differs from C. asiatiewm only in the long
pedicelled flowers, and according to the Bot. Reg. in the elongated rootstock.
Bentham (Fl. Austral. vi. 455) doubts the Bot. Reg. plant being the true peduneu-
latum, and suspects that the true is only C. asiaticum (as do I).

C. (Platyaster) srricrum, Herb. in Bot. Mag. 1. c. and t. 2365; Amaryllid.
258, 401; Baker l. c. 86 (C. Herbertianum, Schulé. Syst. vii. 871); bulb small
ovoid, leaves 12 by 2-24 in. suberect lorate obtuse margins smooth, scape twice as
long as the leaves, umbels about 4-fld., spathes 3-4 in., perianth-tube about 5 iv.
green, lobes 3-4 by 4 in. white an inch longer than the red filaments.—Ceylon,
Hort. Herbert.—Baker considers it to be allied to the American Platyasters ; it
may therefore have been imported into Ceylon.

C. UMBELLATUM, Carey ew Herb. in Bot. Mag. l. e.—Of this Herbert says
that it is perhaps a small var. of C. brevifolium,

Lb
OO
Leb §

COLI. AMARYLLIDEX., (J. D, Hooker.)

4, PANCRATIUM, Linn.

Rootstock bulbous. Leaves often bifarious, linear or lanceolate. Scape
solid. Flowers large, umbelled or solitary; spathes 1-2, membranous ;
bracts few, linear, hyaline. Perianth funnel-shaped ; tube long or short ;
lobes narrow. Stamens on the throat of the perianth, filaments united by
a toothed or lobed membrane forming a cup; anthers dorsifixed. Style
filiform, stigma small; ovules many superposed in each cell. Capsule
large, subglobosely 3-angled, loculicidal. Seeds angled, testa lax black.—
Species about 12, S. Huropean, Indian and African.

* Perianth-tube 13-2 in. Staminal cup small—Bulb without a neck.

1. P. triflorum, Rozbd. Fl. Ind. ii. 126; scape 4-8-fid., perianth-tube
longer than the linear lobes, filaments short. Kunth Hnum.v.661. Baker
Handb. of Amaryllid. 128. P. malabathricum, Herb. Amaryllid. 206.
Crinum pauciflorum, Miguel Plant exsice. Hohenacker—Rheede Hort.
Mal. xi. t. 40.

BENGAL, Roxburgh. Deccan Pentnsuna, Canara. Crryion, Thwaites.

Bulb globose, 13-2 in. diam., neck 0. Leaves not bifarious, 8-12 by 3-4 in.,
lanceolate, acute. Scape 6-9 in., slender; spathe single, ovate, acute, pedicels very
short. Flowers fragrant; tube 14-2 in., throat dilated, lobes $-1 in.; staminal
cup 1 in. diam., with 2-fid teeth between the short filaments.

2. P. zeylanicum, Linn. Sp. Pi. 290; scape 1-fld., perianth-tube as
long as the lanceolate lobes or shorter, throat broadly funnel-shaped,
filaments much longer than the broad shallow 12-toothed cup. Kunth
Enum. v. 662; Roxb. Fl. Ind. 11.124; Thwaites Enum. 324; Wall. Cat.
8973 A; Baker Handb. of Amaryllid.118; Bot. Reg. t. 479; Bot. Mag.
t. 25388. P. tiaraeflorum, Salish. Par. Lond. t. 86.

Tropica Asia and Ceyton,—Disrris. Malay Archipelago.

Build globose, 14-2 in. diam.; neck 0. Leaves 8-12, bifarious, 6-11 in., linear-
lanceolate acuminate. Scape shorter than the leaves; spathes as long as the
corolla-tube. Flowers sessile, white, fragrant, 2~3 in. diam.; cup broad, sub-
equally 12-toothed, teeth large; filaments 1-1} in. longer than the cup; anthers
z in.

** Perianth-tube 38-4 in. Staminal cup broad.—Bulb with w long neck.

3. P. verecundum, Ait. Hort. Kew, i. 412; scape stout about
equalling the oblanceolate leaves or longer 2-6-fid., spathes 2, filaments
much longer than the teeth of the cup. Kwnth Enum. v. 661; Bot. Reg.
t. 413; Herb. Amaryllid. 206; Baker Handb. of Amaryllid. 119 (eael. syn.
Wight.)

Foot of the Himazayva, from the Panjab eastwards to Sikkim.

Bulb globose, 2 in. diam.; neck cylindric. Leaves thin, 1-14 by 4-4 in., acumi-
nate. Scape 12 in., compressed; spathes lanceolate; pedicels short. Perianth-
tube 8-4 in., throat obconic ; lobes 14 in., linear ; staminal cup obconic, $-1 in. long,
with a bifid tooth between the filaments ; style longer than the stamens.—The above
description is from Baker.

4, P. biflorum, Rox). Fl. Ind. ii. 125; scape 2-3-fid., perianth-tube
slender trigonous as long as the linear lobes, throat not dilated, filaments
about as long as the funnel-shaped erose cup. ?P. longiflorum, Herd,
Amaryllid, 208, t. 42, £. 2.

286 : CLIL AMARYLLIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) [Paneratium.

Inpia, rare, Rowburgh. :

Leaves 4-8, bifarious, 12-16 in., erect, narrowed from the obtuse point to the
base. Scape shorter than the leaves; spathes 3-4, unequal in length. Perianth-
tube 8—4 in., slender, green, not at all inflated at the insertion of the linear lobes ;
cup 1} in. long; filaments 13-2 in., anthers 3 in. long.—A well marked species by
its long 3-gonous perianth-tube not at all inflated above, erose (not 12-toothed) broad
cup, and long stamens.—Herbert’s figure of longiflorum almost exactly accords with
Roxburgh’s excellent description and figure of biflorum, except that the leaves are
acute and that he gives the habitat (according to the Banksian Herbarium) as the
Moluccas ; with P. verecundum it has nothing in common.

5, P. longiflorum, Rozb. Fl. Ind. ii. 125; scape much shorter than
the narrowly lanceolate leaves usually 1-fld., spathe single, filaments
longer than the teeth of the cup. Kunth Enum.v. 663; Herb. Amaryllid.
208, t. 42, £.2; Baker Handb o Amaryllid.119. P. cambayense, Her. L.c.
208, t. 42, f. 1.

Crentrat Inpra and the Deccan Peninsuza, Rotéler.—DistR1B. Moluccas.

Bulb globose, 14-2 in. diam., neck long cylindric. Leaves 12 by 3-lin. Scape
compressed, spathes very acuminate. Perianth-tube 5-6 in., green, throat obconic ;
lobes 2 in., lanceolate ; staminal cup above 1 in. long with large bifid teeth between
the filaments.—Roxburgh describes this species as received from the Moluccas and
as having the scape even shorter than the perianth-tube and the filaments very little
longer than the lobes of the cup.

6. P- parvum, Dalz. in Hook. Journ. Bot. ii. (1850) 144; scape very
slender compressed about equalling the linear or lanceolate strict leaves
2-4-Ad., spathe solitary, filaments hardly longer than the teeth of the cup
and much shorter than the anthers. Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 276; Baker
Handb. of Amaryllid. 119.

The Concan ; on Mt. Dronoghiri, Dalzell.

Bulb globose ; neck long, cylindric. Leaves 12 in. or less, linear, striate, nearly
flat, thin. Scape 6-12 in.; spathe sometimes deeply bifid, Pertanth-tube 3-5 in.,
lobes 1 in.; staminal cup half as long as the perianth lobes, equally 12-toothed,
filaments hardly longer than the teeth, two-thirds shorter than the anthers ; ovarian
cells mapy-ovuled. Capsule ovoid, 3-lobed; cells few seeded.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES.

P. verEcunDUM, Wight Ic. t. 2023, from Travancore (Coimbatore). This
which is referred to by Baker as the P. verecundum of Aiton, appears from the figure
to be a very different plant, having no neck to the bulb, a very short 8-fid. scape, a
large solitary spathe, a perianth-tube much shorter than the lobes, and the bifid
lobes of the cup have a small tooth in the sinus, the filaments are twice as long as
the lobes of the cup. The figure is a rude one; in that of the whole plant the
perianth lobes are narrowly linear, in the separate flower they are elliptic-lanceolate
and clawed.

P, MALABARICUM, Thwaites Enum. 324 (C. P. 2339). Baker (Handb. p. 184)
cannot distinguish this from Hymenocallis tenuiflora, Herb., a New Grenadan plant.
The genus Hymenocallis, which is exclusively S. American, differs from Pancratium
in the ovules being 2 collateral and basal in each cell. Thwaites says that his
malabaricum is a native of river-banks in Ceylon at 1-2000 ft, and gives it a native
name (Deya-manil.)

Orprer CLIT] TACCACEZ.

Rootstock tuberous or creeping. Leaves radical, simple lobed or laci-
niate, costate and penninerved. Scape leafless, flowers umbelled, greenish-

cLUI. Tacoackz, (J. D. Hooker.) 287

brown or lurid; involucre of 2-6 spathes; bracts very long, filiform, like
pedicels. Perianth superior, urceolate or subcampanulate, 6-lobed in 2
series. Stamens 6, at the base of the lobes, filaments very short, base
dilated or appendaged on each side, above it dilated into an inflexed hood,
with 2-ribs or horns on the inner surface; anthers sessile within the hood.
Ovary 1-celled ; style short, included, stigmas 3 broad or petaloid and re-
flexed like an umbrella over the style ; ovules many, on 3 parietal placentas,
anatropous or subamphitropous. Fruit indehiscent baccate or at length
8-valved, 3-6-ribbed. Seeds numerous, ovoid, testa appressed striate;
albumen hard; embryo minute.—Species about 10, tropical.

1. TACCA, Forst.
CHARACTER OF THE ORDER.

1. BT. pinnatifida, Forst. Plant. Esculent. No. 28; Char. Gen. 69,
t. 35; leaves tripartite segments 2-3-fid or irregularly pinnatifid or pin-
nate at the base, petiole and scape long smooth, invol. leaves 4-12 or more
subequal oblong acuminate, perianth lobes conniving subequal. owd. Fl.
Ind. ii. 172; Grah. Cat. Bomb. Pl. 230; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 276;
Benth, Fl. Austral. vi. 48; Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 566; Kunth Enum.

v. 458; Lodd. Bot. Cat. t. 692. Regel Gartenfl. t. 582; Lamk. Encycl.

t. 232; Treviran. Symbol. t. 54, 55; Griff. Notul. 2388; Ic. Pl. As. t. 272A.
T. pinnatifolia, Gerin. Fruct. i. 43 t. 14.

The Concans, and CentrRaL Inpia; Hazarebagh, Vicary; Chota Nagpore,
Clarke. Maayan Prnrysuta; Malacca and Czyzton, Trincomalee.—DistTRiB,
Australia, Malayan and Pacific Islds.

Rootstock globose, 1 ft, diam. under cultivation. Leaves 2-3 ft. diam.; petiole
1-3 ft. Scape tapering, longer than the petiole, striped dark and light green,
10-40-fld. ; flowers drooping ; invol. leaves lanceolate, recurved, striped with purple;
filiform bracts very numerous. Perianth greenish, subglobose, 2 in. diam., fleshy,
lobes margined with purple. wit size of a pigeon’s egg, 6-ribbed, yellow.

2. B. cristata, Jack. in Mal. Mise. I. No. v. 23; leaves either oblong
or elliptic-lanceolate, petiole and tall scape smooth, 2 inner involucral
spathes very large foliaceous erect with stout flat petioles, 2 outer
much smaller sessile ovate acuminate cuneate, flowers dark purple,
perianth-lobes spreading and recurved, 3 inner much the largest, orbicular.
Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 578. T. Rafflesiana, Jack. in Wall. Cat. 5172.
Atacca cristata, Kunth Enum. v. 466; Bot. Mag. t.458% Lemaire Jard.
Fleur, t. 186,187. Flore des Serres, t. 860, 861.

Matay PeninsuLa; Malacca, Penang and Singapore.

Rootstock conic. Leaves 1-2 ft.,dark greenish-purple; petiole very stout, brown-
purple. Seape as long as the leaves, stout, dirty green, grooved; outer invol.
spathes 3-4 in., revolute, brown-purple, inner 6 in., elliptic, obtuse, strongly
plicately nerved, green, narrowed into a very stout compressed brown-purple
petiole; flowers drooping, pedicels stout filiform; bracts 6-8 in., pendulous,
pale. Perianth 1} in. diam.; outer lobes oblong, acute, inner rounded broader than
long, all at length reflexed; throat with a thickened crenate ring. Ovary turbinate,
6-ribbed. Stigmatic lobes ciliate.

3. T. integrifolia. Ker.-Gawl. in Bot. Mag. t. 1488; leaves entire
elliptic-ovate, petiole and short stout scape rough, 2 inner invol. leaves
very large, spreading foliaceous petioles slender, 2 outer smaller sessile

ovate acuminate, flowers pale, perianth lobes spreading and reflexed, 3

$ISIF

288 cui. taccaces. (J. D. Hooker.) [Tacea,

inner largest broadly oblong. Road. Cor. Pl. t. 257. T. aspera, Rowb.
Fl. Ind. wi. 169. Atacca integrifolia, Prest Rel. Hasek. 149 ; Flore des
Serres, t. 860, 861.

Singer, Cairtagone and TENASSERIM.

Rootstock oblong, curved. Leaves 8-16 by 4-8 in., acuminate, strongly nerved
and bullate ; petiole shorter than the blade, and scape maroon-brown. Scape about
as long as the petiole, stout, recurved or bent to one side, few-fld.; invol. spathes
unequal, twisted, dirty green with purple nerves; outer 2-3 in., finely acuminate ;
inner longer, petioled, often vaulted over the at length drooping flowers. Perianth
greenish-purple and yellow, or dirty lilac ; outer lobes subacute, rather shorter than the
obtuse inner; mouth obscurely thickened and ridged, all at length reflexed. Ovary
turbinate, deeply grooved. Berry 14 in., oblong, fleshy.

4. T. levis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 171; leaves entire elliptic-ovate petiole
and short recurved scape smooth, invol. leaves 4 subequal sessile ovate
acuminate, perianth-lobes spreading acute 3 inner largest and broadest.
Grah. Cat. Bomb. Pl. 230. Kunth Enum. v. 466. T. integrifolia, Herb.
Ham.

Buotan Himaara, Grifith. SILHet, Roxburgh, Cuittacone, MuNNIPORE,
and TENASSERIM, 8. Concan, Nimmo.—Distxis. Tonkin, Java.

Rootstock subcylindric. Leaves 12-16 by 5-6 in., acuminate; petiole as long
as the blade. Scape shorter than the petiole, greenish-purple, more or less re-
curved, 6-12-fid.; invol. leaves 2 by 1 in., finely acuminate, many-nerved ; bracts
numerous filiform. Flowers pedicelled, blueish, greenish-grey or violet; perianth
$-1 in. diam.; outer lobes acute.

Orver CLIV. DIOSCOREACEE.

Rootstock various. Stem climbing, branched, rarely short erect.
Leaves entire lobed or digitately 3~5-foliolate, costate and reticulate, petiole
often angular and twisted at the base. Flowers small or minute, panicled
racemose or spicate, rarely bisexual. Perianth superior, 6-cleft. Male fl.
tubular or urceolate, lobes short, spreading. Stamens inserted at the base
of the perianth, or on its lobes 3, 6, or 3 perfect and 3 staminodes, filaments
ineurved or recurved, anthers small, globose, oblong or didymous, or with
the cells on branches of the filament. Pistil/ode various or 0. Fem. fl. Peri-
anth of the male, but smaller. Staminodes 3,6 or 0. Ovary 3-quetrous,
3-celled ; styles 3, very short, stigmas entire or 2-fid recurved; ovules 2
superposed in each cell, pendulous, anatropous or subamphitropous. Fruit
a berry or 3-valved capsule. Seeds flat or globose ; embryo small, included
in the hard albumen.—Genera 8, species about 160.

Climbers, flowers unisexual, capsule 3-winged . j . 1. Dioscorza.
Stem erect, 1-leaved, flowers bisexual, fruit indehiscent . 2. TRIcHOPUS.

1. DIOSCOREA, Linn.

Fruit capsular.—Species 150, tropical and subtropical.

The species of Dioscorea are ina state of indescribable confusion, and I cannot
hope to have escaped errors in the determination and delimitation of the Indian ones,
to which I have devoted mach labour. The Roxburghian food-yielding species are
for the most part indeterminable, and except through a knowledge of them as culli-
vated in India they cannot be understood, No doubt some of the species described

Dioscorea. | CLIV. DIOSCOREACER. (J. D. Hooker.) 289

by me may have other earlier names in Malayan Flora than I have given; but the
Malayan Species are even more loosely described than the Indian. The Wallichian
collection is very complete, but the species are often mixed.

; A. Leaves 3-5-foliolate. Capsule in all oblong. Seeds winged at the
Op.

Szcr. I, Stamens 6, all antheriferous. Pistillode low, broad.

_1.D. demona, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 805; Wight. Ic. t. 811. D.
virosa, Wall. Cat. 5099; Kunth Enum. v. 418. D.triphylla Herb. Ham,
D. altissima, Herb. Roxb. D. trinervia, Roxb. ex Wall. Cat. 5099. D.
amoena, Roxb, ex Wight. (error, for dzeemona,) D. hirsuta, Dennst. Schluess.
Hort. Mal. 33. Helmia? demona, Kunth lc. 489. Smilax? narcotica
& virosa, Herb. Ham. ea Wall. Cat.—Rheede Hort. Mal. vii. t. 51, 52.

Tropical forests throughout Inpia, Burma, and the Matay Psninsvta.—

Disreis, Malay Islands, Tonkin.
Root tuberous, lobed, biennial. Stem stout, terete, more or less prickly. Leaves

3-foliolate, long-petioled ; leaflets 3-12 in., glabrous or finely pubescent beneath,
all petiolulate, broadly cuneate-obovate, cuspidately caudate-acuminate, sometimes
strongly reticulate, lateral very oblique 5-6-nerved, central 3-5-nerved; petiole 6-12 in.,
smooth or prickly. Male racemes 6-18 in., pubescent or woolly ; spikes 3-}in., shortly
peduncled, cylindric, dense-fid. ; bracts shorter than the flowers; sepals orbicular-
ovate, membranous, shorter than the coriaceous incurved petals; anthers subsessile.
Fem. spikes solitary, flowers distant, perianth of the male. Capsule 2-21 by
1-1; in., base and top truncately rounded. Seeds with the oblong wing broader
than the nucleus.—Roxburgh is undoubtedly right in referring Rumph’s “ Ubiaom
sylvestre ’* to this, but by oversight cites t. 127 for 128.

Var. reticulata; leaves finely reticulate beneath, male racemes much branched,
capsule tomentose. D.macrocarpa, Wall. Cat. 5100.

_Secr. IT. Stamens 3 antheriferous, alternating with 3 staminodes.
Pistillode columnar.

2. D. tomentosa, Heyne in Roth Nov. Pl. Sp. 371; leaves 3-5-
foliolate softly tomentose beneath, bracts shorter than the flower. Rozb.
Fl. Ind. iti. 805; Wall. Cat. 5001. D. triphylla, Herb. Russ. Helmia ?
tomentosa, Kunth Enum. v. 431.

The Deccan Prnrnsuta, from Canara southwards. CEYLON.

Root (of long tuberous fibres, 1-2 ft. Ic. Thwaites). Stem slender, prickly
towards the base. Leaves usually snow-white beneath; leaflets very variable, 2-4"
in. long, broad or narrow, acuminate or cuspidate, shortly petiolulate, lateral often
gibbously oblique. Male spikes 3-1 in., ternate on the branches of a very slender
exuous tomentose panicle; flowers 4, in diam., sessile or pedicelled; perianth seg-
ments subequal; staminodes equalling the stamens, nearly as long as the sepals, tips
dilated. Capsules 1 in., cuneately oblong, downy.

3. D. pentaphylla, Linn. Sp. Pl. 1032; leaves 3-5-foliolate glabrous
or sparsely pubescent beneath, bracts shorter than the flowers. Hoxb. Fl.
Ind. iii. 806; Wight. Ic. t. 814; Wall. Cat. 5098; Thwattes Enum. 325;
Kunth Enum. 396 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 247. D. triphylla, Linn. 1. c. ;
Wall. Cat. 5702; Dalz. & Gibs. l. c.; Jacg. Ic. t. 627; Coll. ii. 365; Kunth
1.¢.394. D. Kleiniana, Kunth l. c. 894. D.lunata, Roth Nov. Pl. Sp.370.
D. digitata, Mill Gard. Dict. No. 6. Botryosicyos pentaphylius, Hochst.
in Flora 1844 Beil. 3. Hamatris triphylla, Salisb. Gen. Pl. Fragm. 12.
—Rheede Hort. Mal. vii. t. 34, 35.

VOL. VI.

U

290 CLIV. DIoscoREAcE&. (J.D. Hooker.) [Dioscorea.

Throughout tropical India, from Kumaon in the N.W. Himauaya eastward
to Burma, and southward to Ceyzton and Matacca. Disrris. Malay Hills, Afr.
trop.

Tubers oblong (5-6 ft., Ic. Thwaites). Stem slender, prickly at the base, rarely
above, often bulbiferous. Leaves as in D. tomentosa, but never softly tomentose,
obovate, acuminate or cuspidate. Male panicles and flowers glabrous hispidly
pubescent or villous, spikes lax or dense-fid.; flowers sessile or pedicelled, 2,—; in.
diam. fragrant; filaments and staminodes very short. Capsule 2-1 in., rounded
at both ends or base cordate and tip apiculate, glabrous or pubescent. Seeds 3-4 in.,
wing broader than the nucleus.—I cannot separate the glabrous tomentose and
villous-flowered plants, or the sessile- from the pedicelled-flowered. A fruiting
Bombay specimen from Ritchie has almost woolly capsules cordate at the base,
and with a strong short beak at the retuse apex.

4. D. kumaonensis, Kunth Enum. v. 395; leaves 3-5-foliolate
nearly glabrous or sparsely hairy beneath, bracts long-acuminate longer
than the flowers. D. pentaphylla, Wall. Cat. 5098 E. D. triphylla, Wall.
Cat. 5702 B. F. Vitis, Wall. Cat. 9032.

TEMPERATE Himaxaya, alt. 4—6000 ft. from Kashmir to Sikkim. The KHasta
and Monnepors HILLs, alt. 5-6000 ft.

Very near D. pentaphylla, but a plant of temperate regions, and more slender,
with pisiform bulbils, more membranous narrower leaflets with long setaceous
points, larger longer more pointed bracts, larger flowers ~4-75 in. diam., longer
staminodes and pistillode; but there are Garwhal specimens from Edgeworth with
bracts as short and flowers as small as in pentaphylla. Capsule % in. oblong,
rounded at both ends.—A state occurs in both the Himalaya and Khasia with a
much-branched panicle bearing imperfect long-pedicelled flowers with very narrow
quite glabrous sepals and petals, abortive anthers, and sometimes a large imperfect
stigma; the bracts in this are at the base of the pedicel which is an imperfect
ovary.

5. D. Jacquemontii, Hook. f.; leaves 3-5-foliolate, leaflets finely
acuminate glabrous, flowers much larger than in D. pentaphylla glabrous
and short bracts both streaked with brown.

The Concan, between Poona and Carli, Jacquemont; Belgaum, Ritchie.
Closely allied to D. pentaphylla, but besides the above differences, the stamens,
staminodes and pistillodes are all much longer.

B. Leaves simple.

Secr. IIT. Sepals broadly oblong or orbicular. Stamens 3, antheriferous,
anther-cells remote on the arms of a forked connective.

6. D. Collettii, Hook. f—Diosc. sp. indescript., Collett & Hemsl.
in Journ, Linn, Soc. xxviii. 137.

Burma ; Shan Hills, alt. 4000 ft., Collett.

Quite glabrous. Branches slender, terete, unarmed. Leaves, largest 4-5 by
3-33 in., broadly ovate-cordate, acuminate, 7-9-nerved from the deeply 2-lobed
base, membranous, reticulate, basal lobes rounded; petiole slender. Male spikes
axillary, solitary, longer than the leaves, very slender; flowers 3, in. diam., in distant,
clusters; bracts very broad, membranous; sepals orbicular-ovate and broadly elliptic
petals flat, with rounded tips; stamens inserted on the base of the sepals, distant
from the minute 3-toothed staminode; filaments very short; anther-cells minute,
globose.—Dries black. The only Asiatic species with forked filaments and separated
anther-cells.

Sect. IV. Sepals broadly oblong or orbicular. Stamens 6, antheri-

Dioscorea.} OLIV. DIOSCOREACER. (J. D. Hooker.) 291

ferous (except D. decipiens); anther-cells combined. Capsule (where
known) broader than long. Seeds orbicular, broadly winged all round.

* Male flowers in long simple or nearly simple axillary spikes, distant,
or in distant clusters. :

7. D. spinosa, Roxb. ex Wail. Cat. 5703 A,B, CO, B, F; glabrous or
tomentose, leaves orbicular- or reniform-cordate, perianth subrotate, pistil-
lode large. D. aculeata, Rowb. Fl. Ind. iii. 800 (not of Linn.). D. sativa,
Linn, Sp. Pl. 1033 partly; Kunth Enum. v. 341 (excl. 8). Thwaites Enum,
326 in note. D. tiliefolia, Kunth 1. c. 401. D. cymosula, Hemel. Biol.
Centr. Amer. Bot. iii. 355, v.t. 90. D. aculeata, Cerubulium and echinata,
Herb. Ham. D. lanata, Balf. Bot. Socot. v. 289.—Rheede Hort. Mal.
viii. t. 52 —Rumph. Amb. v. t. 126.

Tropical Inp1a, Ceyton, Burma and the Matay PENINSULA, cultivated.—
Disrris. Trop. America.

Tubers very large; base of stem with long woody rigid fibres bearing spines half
an inch long. Stem terete, very spinous at the base. Leaves attaining 8 in. long and
broad, acuminate or cuspidate, 5~7-nerved, rather membranous, basal lobes rounded.
Mule spikes 6-18 in. ; flowers } in. diam., often in very dense cymules, sessile or shortly
pedicelled ; bracteoles very broad; perianth segments remote from the large oblong
pistillode; anthers large. Fem. raceme rather short. Capsule 1 in. diam., broadly
obcordate.—I cannot adopt Roxburgh’s name of aculeata for this, for it is not
Linnzus’s plant of that name, which is Rheede’s Katter Kalengra, and which has
panicled male spikes. Nor can I, as Kunth and Thwaites have, take Linnzus’ name
of sativa, though Rheede’s figure of it is cited by Linneous under his sativa, be-
cause the plant figured in “ Hortus Cliffortianus ’’ must be accepted as sativa Linn.,
it being cited by himself as his type.

8. D. deltoidea, Wall. Cat. 5110; nearly glabrous, leaves hastately
or subdeltoidly-cordate acuminate 7-9-nerved, perianth sub-rotate, pistil-
lode minute. Kunth Enum. v. 340.

Temperate Himataya; from Kashmir to Bhotan alt. 6-1000 ft. Kuasia
Hits, alt. 4-5000 ft.—Disrris. Affghanistan.

Branches very slender, terete, unarmed. Leaves attaining 7 by 5 in., mem-
branous, reticulate beneath, very variable in breadth and depth of lobing, lobes
rounded or subangular, sometimes dilated outward; petiole 2-5 in., very slender.
Male spikes very slender, rarely branched ; flowers, in. diam., solitary or clustered ;
perianth-segments nearly flat; stamens very short, anthers didymous. Capsule
very variable, orbicular, deltoid or obtusely quadrate, rarely broadly obcordate, base
rounded truncate or broadly cuneate; valves very thin. Seeds very variable in
form, winged all round or on one side.—I hesitate to unite with this the Burmese
plant referred to it by Hemsley and Collett (Journ, Linn. Soc. xxviii. 137) which is
too imperfect for determination.

9. D. Wightii, Hook. f.; quite glabrous, leaves ovate-cordate acum1-
nate 7-nerved, perianth-segments erect, pistillode minute.

TRAVANCORE; Courtallam, Wight. ;

In habit and foliage very like D. deléoidea, but the flowers are always solitary,
sessile by a broad base, the filaments much longer, and the anthers large and oblong.
—Only one specimen seen. :

10. D. spicata, Roth Pl. Nov. 571; quite glabrous, leaves alternate
shortly pétioled linear-oblong or lanceolate 3-rarely 5-nerved finely reticulate
beneath, flowers globose, pistillode large conical. Kunth Hnum. vi. 399;
Thwaites Enum. 826. ‘

U

292 cLiv. proscornacez. (J. D. Hooker.) { Dioscorea.

Inpia, Heyne. Curyton, Walker, Sc.

Branches very slender, terete, unarmed. Leaves 2-4 by }-2 in., obtusely acumi-
nate, thin, obscurely margined, base cuneate or rounded rarely subcordate. Male
spikes 3-8 in., rarely branched ; bracts ovate ; flowers =; in. diam., solitary, sessile ;
segments erect, concave, elliptic, obtuse ; filaments rather slender, anthers didy-
mous. Capsule 14 in. diam., subquadrate, retuse at top and bottom, glabrous,
shining. Seeds winged all round.—I follow Thwaites in referring the Ceylon
plant to Roth’s very insufficiently described D. spicata, of which I have seen no
specimens, Thwaites’ specimens of D. oppositifolia (C.P. 2302) in Herb. Kew are
certainly this; but as oppositifolia is a Ceylon plant, the error probably arises from
a misplacement of tickets.

** Male spikes whorled in axillary and terminal panicles.

t Leaves cuneate or rounded at the base, rarely retuse never deeply
cordate.

§ Leaves more or less pubescent beneath, or glabrous in D. oppositifolia.

ll. D. pyrifolia, Kunth Enum. v. 384; leaves mostly opposite
orbicular or broadly oblong 5-nerved coriaceous more or less finely (not
stellately) pubescent beneath, male spikes 1-1} in. spreading, anthers
subsessile, pistillode minute.

TENASSERIM, Helfer (Kew distrib. 5538). Sineaprorz, Wallich. Matacca,
(not Philippine Islands), Cuming (No. 2314), Griffith (I. d. 5562), Maingay (K. d.
1705), Hervey.

Branches terete, glabrous or puberulous. Leaves 2-4 by 13-3 in., acuminate or
cuspidate, base rounded or retuse, reticulate beneath; petiole 3-1 in. Spikes
glabrous; flowers ,—}, in. diam., globose ; sepals orbicular-oblong ; petals cuneate-
obovate; anthers very small. Capsule broader than long, cordate at base and top.
Seeds }-1 in, diam.—Kunth erred in assuming this to be one of Cuming’s Philippine
plants.

12. D. orbiculata, Hook. in Herb.; leaves mostly opposite orbicular
5-nerved stellately pubescent towards the base beneath, male spikes
13-2 in. spreading, flowers very minute, anthers subsessile, pistillode
minute. D. sativa, Wall. Cat. 5108 C.

Penane ; Philipp; on Govt. Hill, Curtis.

Very near D. pyrifolia, but the leaves are smaller, not coriaceous, and at once
distinguished by the stellate hairs beneath, the petals also are elliptic.—Fem. fl. and
fruit unknown.

13. D. oppositifolia, Linn. Sp. Pl. 1083; glabrous or sparsely
pubescent, or panicles tomentose, leaves mostly opposite from lanceolate
to elliptic-oblong ovate or orbicular strongly 3-5-nerved coriaceous with a
cartilaginous margin, male spikes short rarely 1 in. spreading, anther
large, pistillode minute. Kunth Hnum. 390; Wall. Cat. 5104; Roxb. Fi.
Ind. iii. 804; Wight Ic. t. 818; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 247. D. glabra,
Wall. Cat. 5105 D, E. D. trinervia, Roxb. mss. D. lanceolata, Herb.
Heyne. D. coriacea, Herb. Wight.

Tropical India, from Assam, SILHET and CHITTAGONG, southwards to CEYLON.

A large climber, branches terete, unarmed. Leaves 3-5 by 1-3 in., with a well-
detined cartilaginous margin; petiole 3-1 in., stout. Male spikes rather stout,
usually deuse-fid. ; flowers rather large, 34; in. diam., but variable in size, sessile,
globose; sepals orbicular; petals obovate; filaments rather long. Capsule
13-24 in, diam., retuse or almost 2-lobed at the top, coriaceous, glabrous. Seeds
2-11 in. diam., wing very broad.

Dioscorea.| CLIV. DIOSCOREACEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) 293

14. D. decipiens, Hook. f.; leaves opposite ovate-lanceolate to
orbicular finely pubescent beneath strongly 3-b-nerved, margin cartilagi-
nous, male spikes short as in D. oppositifolia, but triandrous with 3
staminodes on the petals. D. glabra, Wall. Cat. 5105 G, H.

Burma; at Prome and Taongdong, Wallich ; Upper Burma, Collett.

Resembles D. oppositifolia so closely that an examination of very many flowers of
both species was necessary to determine me to regard it as a species; it has also
hitherto occurred in a different geographical area, being confined to Burma where
D. oppositifolia has not been collected.

§§ Leaves perfectly glabrous on both surfaces (see also 13. oppositifolia).

15. D. laurifolia,; Wall. Cat. 5111; very slender, leaves linear or
narrowly. oblong-lanceolate obtusely acuminate 3-nerved strongly reticulate
beneath, male spikes very slender deflexed, flowers very minute, pistillode
minute. D. glabra, Wall. Cat. 5105 B.

Penana, Porter, Maingay (Kew distrib. 1701), Hullett.

Leaves 3-4; by 2-14 in., opposite and alternate, rather stiff; base rounded or
cuneate; petiole 3-1 in., very slender. Male spikes 14-2} in. long elongate uni-
lateral panicles, solitary or 2-4-nate, pendulous; flowers 3; in. diam., scattered ;
sepals broadly oblong ; petals smaller, oblong ; anthers rather large, filaments short.
Fruit unknown.

Var. ? More robust, leaves shorter elliptic more coriaceous, male spikes stouter
very densely whorled in stiffer panicles, flowers larger gibbous at the base.
Fem. fl, in large branched green glabrous panicles.—Malacea, Griffith (Kew distrib.
5556).

16. D. deflexa, Hook. f.; leaves chiefly opposite ovate-oblong acu-
minate 5-nerved, base rounded or obscurely cordate, male spikes 1-1¢ in.
stout deflexed, anthers large, pistillode large.

Smn@aPoreE and Maracca, Maingay (Kew distrib. 1705, 1706).

Branches rather stout, terete. Leaves 4-5 by 13-3 in., strongly coriaceous, margin
not thickened or cartilaginous; petiole 1-1} in. Male spikes deflexed from the
base; flowers globose, about ~; in. diam.; sepals broadly ovate; petals oblong.
Fem. fi. in long much branched lax-fid. perfectly glabrous panicles, Capsule 2 in.
broad, retuse at the top and base. Seeds nearly 1 in. diam., wing very broad.—
Distinguished from oppositifolia by the deflexed male spikes and margin of leaf not
thickenened, and the large pistillode.

17. D. obcuneata, Hook. f; very slender, leaves opposite cuneately
obovate cuspidate 3-nerved membranous, petiole short very slender, male
spikes 4-1 in. very slender in very slender axillary panicles, flowers very
minute, pistillode obscure.

CzYLon.

Branches terete. Leaves 2 by 1-1} in., very thin and pale when dry, very
slender, nervules indistinct, base narrow exactly cuneate; petiole 3 in. Male spikes
spreading horizontally, rachis almost capillary, flowers scattered, globose, sessile,
=; in. diam.—I have seen but one specimen, in the Hookerian Herbarium, marked
as from Ceylon by Sir W. Hooker, but with no other locality or collector’s name; I
have searched throughout the genus for any species at all resembling it in the
obcuneate leaves with very short slender petioles.

tt Leaves cordate hastate or broadly truncate at the base.

18. D. anguina, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 803; softly tomentose, leaves
opposite and alternate large long-petioled broadly ovate- or orbicular-

294 CLIV. DIOSCOREACER. (J. D. Hooker.) [Dioscorea.

cordate 7-nerved margin cartilaginous, male spikes short dense-fid.
spreading, pistillode large globose. D. spinosa, Wail. Cat. 5103 G, H.

TropicaL Himataya; from Nepal, Wallich, to Bhotan (Kew distrib. 5548).
Assam, SILHET, CacHar, BenaaL, Coota Naa@rore.

Tubers columnar (Rozb.). Leaves 3-5 by 2-5 in., rather thick, nerves strong
beneath, nervules transverse; petiole 14-3 in. Male panicles stout; spikes
crowded, densely tomentose; flowers ;1, in. diam.; sepals and petals very broad ;
anthers large. Capsule 3-14 in. diam., cordate at the top and base. Seed
orbicular,

19. D- polyclades, Hook. f.; sten:s slender and leaves beneath
and inflorescence tomentosely pubescent, leaves opposite and alternate
orbicular-or ovate-cordate apiculate 5-costate, male spikes 3-1 in. 5-6
nately whorled in long panicles, flowers minute crowded. D. nummularia,
Kunth Enum. vi. 386 (excl. syn.) ; Moritz Syst. Verz. Zolling. Pflanz. 92
(not of Lamk.).

Sin@aporE, Ridley.—Distris. Java.

Stem terete. Leaves 3-4 by 2-24 in., orbicular-cordate in the Singapore plant,
ovate-cordate in the Javan, opaqne above, brown when dry, softly finely ‘tomentose
and laxly reticulate beneath; petiole 1-14 in., slender. Male panicles 6-10 in.,
terminal compound ; whorls of spikes very numerous, sessile or shortly pedicelled ;
flower-buds =, in. diam.; sepals orbicular; petals ovate.—A very distinct species,
referred to D. nummularia, Lamk., by Moritz, but clearly not the plant figured by
Rumpb., on which Lamk. founded that species, and which is described as having
intensely green glabrous shining leaves, and by Blume (Enum. Plant. Jav. 22) as
having leaves glaucous beneath, The Singapore plant is I think certainly Zollinger’s
No. 283 from Java, though the leaves are more rounded.

20. D. glabra, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 804; quite glabrous, leaves opposite
long-petioled orbicular ovate-oblong or hastate strongly 7-9-nerved and
reticulate margins not cartilaginous, sub-glaucous beneath, base cordate
or deeply 2-lobed, male spikes short spreading, sepals ovate-oblong, petals
cuneately obovate, pistillode minute. Kunth Enum. v. 383; Wall. Cat.
5105 A, F,1,K. D. sagittata, Royle mss. (not of Poiret). D. crepitans,
Herb. Ham.

SuprRopicaL Himataya, alt. 3-5000 ft., from Simla to Sikkim, and southwards
to BeneaL, Bexar, the Concan, Burma and the Matay PENINSULA.

Stems stout, somewhat flattened (Roxd.). Leaves extremely variable, 3-8 by
1-43 in., caudate-acuminate, youngest acute at the base, older truncate, or deeply
cordate, lobes sometimes 1 in. incurved and overlapping ; margin not thickened or
cartilaginous; petiole 1-34 in. Male spikes 1 in., rarely more; flowers scattered,
rather large, globosely 8-lobed, often coarsely dotted. Capsule 14 in. diam., very
variable in shape, subquadrate broadly obcuneate or obcordate, retuse at the tip and
base, valves very thin. Seeds irregularly orbicular.

21. D. gibbifiora, Hook. f.; quite glabrous, very slender, leaves
opposite, ovate or oblong acuminate 5-nerved, base cordate or sub-
hastate, male spikes very short slender spreading in very slender panicles,
flowers minute gibbous at the base, stamens very short, pistillode obscure.
D. glabra, Wall. Cat. 5105 B, wm part.

PENANG, Wallich.

Branches terete. Leaves 3-4 by 14-2 in., not margined, nervules indistinct ;
petiole 3-1 in. Male spikes } in., rachis very slender; flowers , in. diam., sessile,
with a boss at the broad base on the side opposite to the bracts.

Dioscorea.] OLIV. DioscoREACER. (J.D. Hooker.) 295

22. D. Wallichii, Hook. f.; quite glabrous, leaves opposite long-
petioled ovate or orbicular-cordate 7-nerved, male spikes 1 in. in short axil-
lary and terminal spreading panicles, flowers globosely 3-lobed, stamens
short, pistillode large globose. D. sativa, Herb. Madr. mn Wall. Cat. 5708,
A,B, F,D. ?D.nummularia, Willd. ex Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 803.

SILHET, Cacuar, MUNNEPORE and Burma, common. Cota Naepors, Clarke.
TRavancorE, Herb. Madr, (Cult. ?).

Branches stout, terete. Leaves 3-6 in., as broad, always broadly cordate with
rounded sides and a broad sinus, very finely reticulate beneath; petiole 3-5 in.
Flowers about ?z in. diam. ; sepals and petals suborbicular ; stamens inserted under
the pistillode ; anthers small. Capsule 14 in, diam., emarginate at the tip. Seeds
orbicular, broadly winged.—The very broad rounded long-petioled glabrous leaves
and large pistillode are good characters.

Sect. V. Sepals orbicular. Stamen 6 antheriferous; anther cells com-
bined: Capsule longer than broad. Seeds laterally winged.

23. D. Hamiltoni, Hook. f.; quite glabrous, stem angled or slightly
winged, leaves cordately or subhastately ovate or lanceolate 7—-9-nerved,
male spikes 3 in. rachis very slender zigzag, stamens very short, pistillode
obscure. D. sativa, Wall. Cat. 5108. D. aculeata, Wight Ic. t. 2060. D.
alata, Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 587. D. incrassata and ovata, Herb. Ham.

Sixxim, Assam, CacHar, Brenan, Coota Na@porz, Marapak and Burma; in
all ? cultivated.—DistR1B. St. Domingo (cult.).

Branches slender. Leaves opposite and alternate, undistinguishabie from those
of D. glabra; petiole 1-23 in. Maile spikes whorled on the branches of very slender
elongate axillary and terminal panicles ; flowers globose, 4; in. diam. ; sepals broad ;
petals cuneate-obovate. Capsule 1-14 in. long, membranous, sides parallel, tip acute,
base cordate.—The slender zigzag rachis of the male spikes, well represented by Wight,
is quite peculiar to this species. I regret having to reject both Hamilton’s names
from being unable to comprehend their significance in respect of this plant.

Sect. VI. Sepals narrow, subvalvate, linear or linear-lanceolate.
Capsule oblong. Seeds, winged laterally.

24, D. sativa, Linn. Sp. Pl. 1038 (eacl. syn. Rheede); Hort. Cliff.
+. 28; quite glabrous, stem terete bulbiferous, leaves broadly ovate-cordate
acuminate cuspidate or caudate 7-9-costate, male spikes slender panicled.
Benth. Fl. Honk. 368; Fl. Austral. vi. 460. D. bulbifera, Br. Prodr. 294,
? Wight Ic. +. 878. D. Cliffortiana, Lam. Encycl. iii. 232 (not of IIL t. 818).
D. versicola, Herd. Ham.; Wall. Cat.5106. WD. pulchella and heterophyla,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 801-804. D. decemangularis and D. Tunga, Herb. Ham.
Helmia bulbifera, Kunth Enum. v. 435.

Tubers large, variable in form. Stem slender, green or purple. Leaves opposite
and alternate, very variable in size, attaining 14 in. in length and breadth, mem.
branous, dark green, usually very deeply cordate but sometimes with only a shallow
broad sinus; petiole 2-6 in. Male spikes almost capillary, 1-4 in.; flowers crowded
or scattered, very variable in size, green or purplish; sepals 57 in. long, fleshy ;
petals rather narrower; filaments much shorter than the perianth; anthers minute,
didymous. Fem. spikes 4-10 in. long, pendulous ; flowers 3~} in. long; sepals as in
the male. Capsule 2-1 by }-} in., membranous, Seeds with a broad basal wing.—
I follow Bentham in regarding this as Linnzeus’s sativa; an inspection of the plate in

“ Hortus Cliffortianus,” which is Linnzaus’s authcrity for the species, contirming this

296 cLIv. pioscoruacEz. (J. D. Hooker.) [Dioscorea.

view. In Sp. Plant. he cites for sativa also Rheede’s plate of D. aculeata, to which
Kunth and others have confined the name. Lamk. Encycl. iii. 232, gives the name
D. Cliffortiana to Linnzus’s plant, but figures (Ill. t. 818) @ veryidifferent one for
it, rejecting the name sativa because he does not consider it to be the cultivated
“jgname.” The difference in the size of the male flowers of sativa are so great
that I have suspected that two species may be included, but I have failed to define

them.

Sect. VII. Sepals narrowly oblong or lanceolate sub-valvate. Cap-
sule broader than long, carpels rounded. Seed winged all round.

25. D. alata, Linn. Sp. Pl. 1033; quite glabrous, stem acutely
angled or winged, leaves subhastately or deeply cordate orbicular or ovate
5-7-nerved, male fl. in slender fascicled spikes. Kunth Enum. v. 387;
Rowb. Fl. Ind. iii. 797; Wight Ic. t. 810. D. japonica, Hb. Madr. in Wall.
Cat. 5107 (not of Thund.). D. acutangula, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 5109. D.
octangularis, Devipata, & Bisantaca, and Hurchusia, Herb. Ham. D.
odoratissima, Wall. mss. (Ic. in Herb. Kew). D. anguliflora, Steed. Pl.
Hohenack. exsice. No. 699 A. D. bulbifera, Russ. ex. Wall. Cat.

‘TRoPicaL Inpr4 (cult. ?).

Roots very large. Stem stout (spinous towards the base in D. Devipata), often
tuberiferous, variously angled or winged. Leaves as in D. sativa, almost all oppo-
site; trom orbicular to hastately ovate; petiole stout, often winged. Male spikes
and flowers as in D. satiea; fem. in much stiffer spikes, and capsule entirely different,
broader than long, 1-1} in. diam., very broadly obcordate, coriaceous. Seed orbi-
cular, broadly winged all round.—Of Steudel’s anguliflora from Canara I have seen
young fruit only.

IMPERFECTLY KNOWN AND UNDETERMINABLE SPECIES.

D. acuneata, Linn. Sp. Pl. 1033. The authority for this is Rheede’s Katter
Kelengu, vii. 71, t. 37, which is unrecognizable. A knowledge of the Malabar
languages might reveal it.

D. anauxata, Rozbd, in Steud. Nomenel. Ed. ii. i. 511. Ihave found no other
reference to this species.

D. atropuRPuREA, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 800; tubers subrotund purple throughout,
branches 4-7 winged, wings coloured and curled, leaves deeply cordate 5-7-nerved,
petioles winged bases much enlarged and stem clasping.—Cultivated in Malacca,
Pegu and the Eastern Islands.

D. putBiFrera, Linn. Sp. Pl. 1033, isin same category as D. aculeata; it is
Rheede’s Katu-Katsjit, vii. 69, t. 36.

D. crispata, Rozb. Fl. Ind. iii, 802; tubers rounded, stem unarmed terete
10-15 winged, wings curled, leaves alternate broad cordate 7—11-nerved, petiole
with curled wings, male spikes panicled, fem. pendulous, perianth segments linear
white.—Interior of Bengal.

D. cyninpRica, Vitm. Summ. Pl. v. 426. For this plant the author cites
Rheede Hort. Mal. vii. t. 50 which is a Cucurbit.

D. FascicuLata, Rowb, Fl. Ind. iii. 801; tubers pendulous size of an egg
attached by slender filaments white, stem very slender, terete, prickles stipulary,
leaves alternate round cordate 3-7-nerved slightly villous.—Cultivated near
Calcutta.

D. evozosa, Roxb. 1. ce. 797; tubers large round white, stems 6-winged
prickly towards the root, leaves opposite and alternate sagittate-cordate ensiform
waved 5-7-nerved, petiole 5-winged nearly as long as the leaf, male spikes com-
pound long pendulous verticilled, fem. axillary simple erect, flowers few very remote
fragrant.—Cultivated by Hindoos, the most esteemed yarn by Europeans.

N Rage

Dioscorea. }- OLIV. DIoscoREACEs. (J.D. Hooker.) 297

D. InTERMEDIA, Thwaites Enum. 326; glabrous, unarmed, stem terete, leaves 3
by 4-14 in., opposite and alternate elliptic or oblong acuminate mucronate 3-nerved,
petiole 3-1 in., fem. spikes 1 in. or rather more solitary simple, male shorter than
the leaves fascicled or in long panicles fowers hexandrous,—RAotter parts of Ceylon.
—The specimens I have seen ure too imperfect for farther description. It is. very
near D, spicata, but-has shorter spikes.

D. NEPALENSIS, Sweet Hort. Brit. Ed. ii. 522. No description.

D. rettata, Jufs. in Pers, Syn. ii. 621; Kunth Enum. vi. 413; from Ceylon, is
probably a Coceuluz.

D. PurruREA, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 799 ; tubers oblong reddish throughout, stems
6-, or more-winged prickly, leaves opposite and alternate cordate 5-7-nerved,
petiole long winged stem-clasping. Male and fem. spikes as in D. rubella.—
Cultivated in Bengal.

D. RUBELLA, Rowb. 1. c. 798; tubers oblong red-skinned, stem 6-winged, leaves
opposite sagittate-cordate 3-7-nerved, male spikes axillary simple and compound,
if simple shorter than the leaves, fem. spikes axillary generally simple longer than
the leaves, flowers very fragrant, staminodes large almost like the male stamens.—
Cultivated about Calcutta.

D. spicata, Roth; var. 8. Thwaites Enum. 326 (C. P. 2872); a very slender
plant with ovate caudate-acuminate leaves, anda short panicle of large broad orbicular
cuspidate thin walled capsules, is something I think entirely different from D. spicata.
Capsules 1-14 in. diam., valves semicircular. Seed orbicular, # in, diam., broadly
winged all round.

2. TRICHOPUS, Geritn.

A small erect rigid, perennial herb. Stem short. Leaf terminal,
petioled, linear-lanceolate, ovate or triangular, 3-7-costate. Flowers small,
fascicled at the base of the leaf, panicles filiform, bisexual. Perianth
campanulate, subequally 6-fid. Stamens 6 on the bases of the perianth
lobes; anthers subsessile, short, broad, connective produced. Ovary 3-
celled; style very short; stigmas 3, short, reflexed, 2-fid ; ovules 2, super-
posed in each cell, anatropous. fruit ovoid, triquetrous, indehiscent.
Seeds oblong, rugose, grooved dorsally, testa thin embryo minute in a
cartilaginous albumen.

1. B. zeylanicus, Gaertn. fruct. 1, 44, t. 14; Beccari in Nuov. Giorn.
Bot. Ital. ii. 13; Beddome Je. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 290. Trichopodium cordatum
intermedium and augustifolium, Lindl. Bot. Reg. sub t. 1543. T. zeylani-
cum, Thwaites Enum. 291, 443. Podianthus arifolius, Schnitzel. in Bot.
Zeit. 1843, 739.

Travancore, Beddome. CEYLON common. .

Stem 1-3 in. Leaves 2-8 in. long, petiole 1-8 in. Pedicels 1-3 in. long.
Flowers minute, dark brown; perianth lobes lanceolate, acute. Fruit ; in. long,
pedicel thickened at the top.

OrprR CLV. ROXBURGHIACEE.

Rootstock tuberous or creeping; stem erect or climbing. Leaves
alternate or opposite, petioled, 3 or more-costate, cross nervules parallel.
Flowers in axillary peduncles, regular, bisexual. Pertanth superior or
half-superior, 2-seriately 4-cleft. Stamens 4 at the base of the perianth-
lobes or subhypogynous; anthers dorsifixed. Ovary 1-celled; stigma sub-
sessile, or stigmas 3; ovules 2 or more, erect from the base or pendulous
from the top of the cell, anatropous. Capsule 2-valved (fruit unknown in

298 CLV. ROXBURGHIACESZ. (J. D. Hooker.)

Stichoneuron). Seeds oblong, testa coriaceous; embryo long, in the axis
of hard albumen.—Genera 3, species about 8.

Flowers large; ovula erect . : . . . 1. Sremona.
Flowers minute; ovules pendulous . ‘ ‘ . 2, STICHONEURON.

1. STEMONA, Lour.

Root of fleshy tubers. Leaves opposite, alternate or whorled, ovate
3-9-costate. Flowers solitary, or few and subracemose. Perianth seg-
ments 4, lanceolate, many-nerved. Stamens subhypogynous, filaments
very short, more or less connate in a ring; anthers linear, erect, con-
nective produced in a very long linear-lanceolate erect appendage. Ovary
free, compressed; stigma small, sessile, pointed; ovules 2 or more, erect,
funicles long or short. Capsule ovoid or oblong, compressed, few-seeded.
Seeds erect, ovoid or oblong, terete, grooved, beaked; funicle bearded ;
testa thick.—Species 4 or 5, Malayan and Australian.

1. S. tuberosa; Lour. Fl. Coch. 490; stem twining leafing and
flowering at the same time, leaves opposite or whorled rarely alternate,
perianth 13-2 in. long. S. gloriosoides, Voigt Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. 650.
Roxburghia gloriosoides, Jones in Roxb. Cor. Pl. 1, 26, t.32; Fl. Ind. ii.
234; Wall. Cat.5156; Fl. des Serres, ii. t. 22. RB. Gloriosa, Peers. Syn.
1.412. Bot. Mag. t. 1500. KR. Stemona, Steud. Nom, ii. 475. BR. viridi-
flora, Smith Exot. Bot. i. 111,t.57; Wall. Pl. As. Rar. iii. 49, t. 282; Griff.
Notul. i. 29, 31; Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 12-16, 62, f. 2.

BENGAL, SILHET, CHirracone, Assam, and the NoRTHERN CiRcARS.—DISTRIB.
China.

Root of cylindric tubers 6-12 in.; stem woody below, branches terete. Leaves
4-10 in., broadly ovate-cordate, acuminate membranous, shining ; petiole 14-2 in.
Pedunele 1-2 in., usually 2-fid.; bracts small, lanceolate; flowers erect, fetid.
Perianth spreading and revolute ; segments lanceolate, acuminate, greenish with many
purplish nerves. Stamens very large, erect ; filaments stout, red, deeply grooved in
front with crenulate margins ; connective linear-lanceolate, green; anthers linear,
adnate to the face of the connective at its base; endothecium becoming free and pro-
duced beyond the cells into a subulate point, pollen between waxy and flowery.
Capsule 14 in., ovoid-oblong, 5—-8-seeded.

2. S. minor, Hook. 7; stem twining leafing and flowering at the
same time, leaves 15-3 in. alternate, perianth 3-I in. long. Roxburghia
ae var. minor; Thwaites Enum. 432. RB. gloriosoides, Wight Ic.
t. <

a Maxasar; on the Pulicat Hills (PPaulghat) Wight. Cryton; at Trincomalee,
ENE.

Smaller in all its parts than S. fuberosa, the leaves 14-3 in. long, and much
broader at the base ; capsule } in. long.

3. S. Curtisii, Hook. f.; stem twining leafing and flowering at the
same time, leaves 4-5 in. alternate, flowers unisexual? perianth about
$ in. long.

PENANG; near the Waterfall, Curtis.

In habit and forms of leaf this resembles 8. tuberosa, but the leaves are alternate,
the petiole very long and slender, and the small flowers appear to be unisexual.

Stemona. | CLV. ROXBURGHIACEE. (J. D. Hooker.) 299

Of these I have examined three; one is male with the four stamens sessile ona
short narrow androphore, the other female, with apparently imperfect stamens,

4. S. Griffithiana, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xlii. pt. ii. (1878),
109, t. 10; stem erect flowering before leafing. Gen. Nov. Griff. Journ. 149.

Burma; Ava, Martaban and Pegu; Grifith, Kurz.

Rootstock stout, hypogwous. Leaves (of R. tuberosa), 8-5 in., ovate; petiole 3-5
in, Stem 3-6 in. Flowers greenish or dull purple; bracts 4-4 in., lanceolate;
pedicels 1 in., strict; perianth-segments 1 in., linear-lanceolate, acute. Stamens 4,
filaments broad, purple; anthers yellow, cuspidate. Ovary 1-celled, ovules 6.
Capsule 3 in,, 2-valved, 3—-4-seeded, seeds furrowed, aril small white.—I have seen
four flowers only.

2. STICHONEURON, Zook. /.

An erect rigid glabrous or minutely hairy herb; rootstock creeping ; roots
fibrous; stem erect, angular, sparingly branched. Leaves subsessile, sub-
distichous, linear-oblong, pinnately 3-5-nerved. Peduneles axillary, filiform,
rigid, lying close on the midrib of the leaf, bearing a subracemose cluster
of very minute pedicelled greenish flowers, bracts setaceous. Perianth-
campanulate 4-fid; lobes ovate, subequal, valvate. Stamens 4, united to
the bases of the lobes; anther-cells short, diverging. Ovary half inferior,
top convex; ovules numerous, pendulous from the top of the cell, funicles
very short. #rwit unknown.

S. membranaceum, Hook. f. in Herb. Ind. Or. Colpopodeum,
Wall. mss. in Herb. Griffith.—Indeterminata, Wall. Cat. 9110.

Kuasta Mrs.; alt. 4-5000 ft. Waxnticn, Gurirrira, &c. Bengal, at
Lucrrporsg, J. D. H & T. T.

Stem 1-2 ft. Leaves 3-6 by 13-24 in., membranous, caudate-acuminate ;
nervules transverse, parallel ; petiole of flower 4 in. Peduncles $-1 in., stiff;
pedicels 4 in.; flowers 3, in., yellow.—I follow Bentham in placing this curious
plant in Rozburghiacee, from which it differs in the nervation of the leaves. Until
its fruit is known its position is doubtful. The order itself is heterogeneous,
Stemona and Croomia being sectionally different, and both might well rank as
sections of the composite Order Liliacee.

Orper CLVI. BILIACEE.

Herbs rarely shrubby or subarboreous, with fibrous roots, or creep-
ing rootstocks, bulbs, or corms. Leaves various. Flowers bisexual, rarely
unisexual. Perianth herbaceous or petaloid, 6-merous in 2 series, rarely
4-8 or 10-merous, imbricate rarely valvate in bud. Stamens 6, rarely 3 or
fewer, filaments free or connate; anthers oblong or linear, often versatile.
Ovary 8-celled, style 1 often long, rarely 0 or 3; ovules 2 or more in the
inner angles of the cells, anatropous, rarely orthotropous. Fruit a3-rarely
l-celled 1-or more seeded capsule or berry. Seeds globose or flattened ;
testa various; embryo small, terete, surrounded by the horny or fleshy
albumen.—Genera 187, species about 2500; in all climates and countries.

Muscari bootanense, Griff. Itin. Notes, 242 ; Motul. iii. 242; & Ic. Pl. Asiat.
t. 280; (Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xi. 414), is an Affghan plant, as stated in the

'

300 CLVI. Litracez. (J.D. Hooker.)

Notule, and no doubt bootanense is a misprint for boolanense, the plant being found
near the Boolan pass.

Series A. Rootstock not bulbous. Azthers bursting inwards. Fruit
a berry.

Tribe I. Sxanaczz. Shrubs. Stem climbing. Leaves 3-5-nerved and
reticulately-nervuled, petiole often cirrhiferous. Flowers small, in umbels.
Anthers after dehiscence l-celled. Ovules few, orthotropous or 5-anatropous.

Perianth 6-partite . . 7 F - . . : . lL. Smipax.
Perianth ovoid or tubular, mouth very minute . i . . 2, HETEROsMILAX.

Tribe II. Asparaces. Stem erect or climbing. Leaves replaced by
usually linear or acicular cladodes. Flowers small, solitary, fascicled or
racemed. <Anthers distinctly 2-celled. Ovules few, orthotropous or 4-ana-
tropous. 3. ASPARAGUS.

Tribe III. Potyconatzm. Stem herbaceous ; unbranched, leafy. Flowers
axillary or in terminal racemes or panicles.

Flowers axillary ; perianth cylindric, lobes short . : . 4, PoLyeonatTum.
Flowers axillary; perianth rotate. . . 5. STREPTOPUS.

Flowers in terminal racemes or panicles ; perianth 6-partite . 6. SMILACINA.

Tribe IV. Convantarizz. Scapigerous herbs. Leaves radical.
Scape lateral, naked, bearing a unilateral raceme or spike. Stigma small.

Perianth subglobose, 6-partite . . - : . : . 7. THEROPOGON.
Tribe V. Aspipistrez. Rootstock very stout, creeping, stem very

short. Leaves radical, coriaceous. Scape very short, axillary. Flowers
solitary or spicate. Perianth subglobose fleshy. Fruit a berry.

Stigma large, peltate; spike many-fld. . 3 5 * . 8. TupisrRa.
Stigma small, 3-lobed; spike erect, many-fld. . , i . 9. GONIoscYPHA.
Stigma large, peltate, flower solitary . . . 7 . 10. ASPIDISTRa.

Series B. Rootstock stout or a bulb. Leaves radical or cauline. An-
thers dorsi- or basi-fixed. Cvules anatropous. Fruit usually loculicidal.

Tribe VI. HemerocatnEz. Leaves linear, radical. Flowers large,
panicled racemed or spicate. Perianth cylindric or funnel-shaped.
Filaments inserted in a dorsal pit of the anther. Ovudes numerous.

Flowers panicled, erect; perianth funnel-shaped . : . 10*. HeMERocaLLis.

Tribe VII. Dracanza. Leaves radical or on an erect woody caudex.
Perianth cylindric funnel-shaped or campanulate. Anthers basifixed or
dorsifixed, filaments not inserted in a pit. Fruit a berry.

Ovary with the cells l-ovuled . ‘ 5 3 ; : . LL. Dracana.
Ovary with the cells many-ovuled . . : F . 12. Corpyzuine.

Tribe VIII. AsrHoprita. Rootstock short, or a bulb. Flowers
racemed or panicled. Perianth segments distinct. Capsule loculicidal
(berried in Dianella).

CLVI. LiLIacEz. (J. D. Hooker.) 301

Flowers racemed. Ovarian cells 2-ovuled; capsule 3-angled 13, ASPHODELUS,
Flowers racemed. Ovarian cells 4-6-ovuled ; capsule 3-winged 14, EREMURUS.
Flowers racemed. Ovarian cells 4—6-ovuled ; capsule 3-winged 15. CHLOROPHYTUM.
Flowers in panicled cymes. Fruit a berry. A a : 16. Dianewya.

Tribe IX. ALLiEm. Rovtstock in the Indian genus a bulb. Scape
simple; flowers umbellate or capitate, at first enclosed in a spathaceous
involucre. Capsule loculicidal.

Strong-scented herbs. Perianth rotate. : ‘ . . 17, AttiIum.

Tribe X. Scrttzs. Rootstock a bulb. Scape simple, naked; flowers
racemose not involucrate ; bracts at the base of the pedicels small.

Perianth 6-lobed, tubes cylindric, outer lobes spreading, inner erect 18. Dipcap1.
Perianth campanulate, 6-partite ; ovules many ; seeds flattened 19, UrGinzEa.
Perianth 6-partite. Sceds subglobose a 3 : 20, Scrrba.

Tribe XI. Tunirem. Rootstock a bulb. Stem erect with one or more
leaves. Flowers few, large, solitary or racemed. Perianth segments
distinct. Capsule loculicidal (in the Indian species).

Flowers large, nodding or pendulous; anthers versatile. . 21, Linum.
Flowers large, nodding or pendulous; anthers basifixed erect . 22. FRITILLARIA.
Flowers 1-2, small, suberect ; anthers basifixed : . 23. Lroypra.
Flowers large, solitary or few, erect or suberect . 3 . 24, Torrea,
Flowers small, subumbellate, suberect F a : . . 25. Gaowa.

Series C. Rootstock a corm or bulb, or short. Leaves radical or radical
and cauline. Anthers dehiscing extrorsely or introrsely. Ovules anatro-
pous. Capsule usually septicidal.

Tribe XII. Cotcuicux. Rootstock a tunicate corm. Leaves all radical.
Scape very short, hypogzous, flowers 1-3. Perianth-tube very long.
Anthers dorsifixed, narrow, dehiscence introrse.

Perianth-tube entire; styles 3. ; : : dye Aes . 26. ConcuiIcum.
Perianth-tube of the twining claws of the segments; styles3 . 27. MERENDERA,

Tribe XIII. AncumuaRieE®. Rootstock a tunicate corm. Stem 1-or
more leaved. Anthers dehiscing extrorsely. Styles 3 . 28, IpHigEnta.

Tribe XIV. Nartueciea. Rootstock short, creeping. Stem usually
leafy. Leaves often distichous. Perianth persistent. Anthers subbasi-
fixed, dehiscence sublateral. 29. ToFIELDIA.

Tribe XV. Uvunarzes. Rootstock tuberous or creeping. Stem leafy.
Leaves not sheathing. Flowers axillary. Anthers dehiscing extrorsely.

Stem twining. Leaves cirrhose. Capsule loculicidal . . . 380. GLorrosa.
Stem erect. Capsule septicidal . : : é 5 . . 381. Tricyrtts.
Stem erect. Fruita berry . ‘ ; . : me . 382. Disporum.

Tribe XVI. MepgotE®. Rootstock short or creeping. Stem simple.

302 CLVL LILIaceEz. (J. D. Hooker.)

Leaves yadical or whorled. Flowers solitary or umbelled. Anthers
dehiscing extrorsely.

Leaves radical or subradical ; flowers solitary or umbelled . . 83. CrrInronta,
Leaves 3 in a whorl ; flowers solitary . . ‘ . 384, TRILLIUM.
Leaves 4 or more in a whorl % F 2 ‘ ‘ 7 . 85. Paris.

1. SMILAX, Linn.

Climbing shrubs (rarely erect herbs). Leaves alternate, rarely
opposite, persistent, 3-5-nerved and reticulate; petiole usually 2-cir-
riferous above the base. Flowers dicecious,s mall, umbelled. Perianth
segments 6, free, incurved or recurved. Matz Fu. Stamens 6, or more, at the
base of the perianth, free; anthers didymous, oblong, or the cells separated
by a forking of the filament. Frm. ru. Staminodes 3 or 6. Ovary 3-
gonous, 3-celled; style 0, or short, stigmas 3, stout, recurved; ovules I or
2 in each cell, orthotropous, pendulous. Fruit a globose berry. Seeds
solitary, or more often 2 hemispheric, rarely 3; albumen horny ; embryo
small.—Species about 180, temperate and tropical.

The only authoritative nomenclature for most of the Indian species of Smilax is
the great Herbarium of Wallich, in which these are copiously represented, but in several
cases almost inextricably mixed. When to this is added the wide differences between
the foliage and inflorescence of different parts of the same specimen, and the fre-
quent difficulty of matching males with females and flowering with fruiting speci-
mens, if is obvious that much confusion must attend any attempt to systematize the
species upon any but very complete materials, and such do not exist in any Herba-
rium. Unfortunately Kunth, when monographing the genus for his ‘‘ Enumeratio
Plantarum,” and M. A. De Candolle for his monograph, had not access to Wallich’s
Herbarium,and had recourse to duplicates distributed from it to various European Her-
baria, which were invariably fragmentary and often wrongly numbered. Astudy of
the Wallichian types has hence obliged me to set aside various determinations
of these excellent botanists. Nor can I follow M. De Candolle in his primary and
other divisions of the genus. These are founded on the one- or two-ovuled cells of
the ovary, and on the inflorescence. That of the ovarian cells is very difficult of
observation, is unavailable in the absence of fem. fl., it does not tally with habit or
other characters, and I doubt its constancy. That of the inflorescence wants pre-
cision, and, as it appears to me, also confirmation bya study of the whole plant, and
that it cannot be established on fragments, I am far, however, from regarding it as
valueless because I have been unable to understand and apply it. The arrangement
I have adopted is, I think, natural, though far from satisfactory. I have restricted
the citations of authors to such as I feel pretty sure of; and, as with so many other
Indian genera, I find that any attempt to determine the identity of the species with
the insufficient descriptions of the authors of the Malayan Floras is hopeless.

Sect. I. Cotantuus. Buds globose. Sepals incurved in flower.
Stamens much shorter than the perianth. Ovules (when known) solitary
in the ovarian-cells.

1. S. glabra, Rowb. Fl. Ind. iii. 792; leaves 3-6 by 13-22 in. elliptic-
or ovate-lanceolate acuminate 3-costate, petiole 4-3 in., sheath 3% in. long
axillary, umbels sub-sessile. Wall. Cat. 5114; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 369;
Seem. Bot. Herald. Voy. 420, t. 100; A.DO. Monogr. Smilax, 60. 8.
Hookeri, Kunth Enum. v. 162 (excl. syn. Burm. & Lour.).

Assam, SiuneT and the lower Kuasia Hints, Wallich, &. TENASSERIM,
Gallatly.—Distr1z. China.

Smilax.) OLVI, Lintacex, (J. D. Hooker.) 303

Branehlets slender, terete, smooth, unarmed. Leaves rather thin, 3-costate to
the rounded or cuneate base; petiole narrowly sheathing, unarmed, cirrhi very
slender. Umbels many-fld.; peduncle ebracteate; pedicels 4-} in. ; bracteoles
subulate; flowers very small, white; buds depressed-globose, deeply 6-lobed from the
groove on the back of the obovate cucullate coriaceous sepals; petals minute ;
stamens very short ; staminodes in fem, fl. 83.—There is an excellent figure of this
in Roxburgh’s collection of drawings. That author describes the leaves as white
beneath, but this is not obvious in herbarium specimens. .The roots are nodose, as
in the ‘ China-root.”

2. S. calophylla, Wail. Cat. 5131; leaves 4-6 by 2-13 in. oblong-
lanceolate acuminate 3-costate glaucous beneath base acute, petiole 4-3 in.,
sheath obscure, umbels few-fld. sessile on an axillary rachis, pedicels
decurved. A.DC. Monogr. Smilax, 60.

Siveapore and Perak, Wallich, Cantley, Wray, King’s Collector ; summit of
Mt. Ophir, Hullett.

Branchlets strict, terete, or slightly grooved, unarmed. Leaves opaque, costa
stout, reticulations faint; petiole jointed about the middle. Flowering branches
1-4 in., erect, slender, with a lanceolate bract above the base; umbels 3-4, 1 in. or
more apart ; pedicels 75-4 in., unequal; male fl. globose, about } in. diam.; sepals
Geltoid, fleshy, concave, deeply grooved down the back; petals small, flat; anthers
sessile round a circular disk, deltoidly ovate, cuspidate. Berries 1 in, diam., red,
Fem. fl. not seen.

_ 3. S. peguana, A.DC. Monogr. Smilax, 62; leaves 13-3 by 3-1} in.
elliptic oblong or ovate-oblong 5-7-costate white beneath, base acute or
cuneate, petiole 4-3 in., sheath very obscure, male umbels axillary very
shortly peduncled many-fld., pedicels very short, anthers subsessile.

Burma, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 5424); Taipo hills, Brandis; Moolyet, alt.
5000 ft., Gallatly. ;

Branchlets slender, terete, unarmed. Leaves shining above, laxly reticulate on
both surfaces; petiole twisted, terete. Peduncle rarely longer than the petiole ;
bracteoles minute, broadly ovate; pedicels 3 in.; flowers 2, in. diam.; male sepals
ovate, concave, coriaceous, not channelled on the back; petals very small, oblong,
obtuse; anthers broad; filaments very short.—The specimens are few and not in
good state. Griffiths No. 5424, referred by A.DC. to hypoglauca, is certainly
peguana,

4, S. myosotifiora, A.DC. Monogr. Smilaw, 65; branches slender
terete, leaves oblong-ovate caudate-acuminate 3-costate, petiole short,
sheath very narrow, peduncles short axillary solitary compressed, male fi.
subsessile, anthers minute sessile. §S. extensa, Wall. Cat. 5126 A.

Penang, Porter. Prrax, Wray, King’s Collector.—DistrRiB. Java.

Branches very smoth, unarmed. Leaves 5-7 by 2-23 in., thin when dry, trans-
lucent when fresh, nervules very delicately closely reticulate, base cuneate rounded or
subcordate ; petiole 3 in., cirrhi slender. Male peduncle } in.; flowers § in. diam.,
subcapitate, rather fleshy ; sepals broadly oblong, incurved; petals narrow ; anthers
ovoid, Berries 4 in. diam., 1-seeded ; fruiting peduncles }—1 in. ; pedicels 3-4 in.—
The male flowers of Javan specimens are a good deal larger than the Indian. Fem.
fl. not seen. Wallich’s S. extensa being a mixture I have retained De Candolle’s
name for this; his specimen of this had neither flower nor fruit.

Sect. II. Evsmiax. Buds oblong or clavate. Sepals and petals
recurved in flower. Ovules one or two in the ovarian cells.

* Flowers very small or minute. Sepals 3-4 in. long. Stamens much
shorter than the sepals; staminodes 1-3,

304 CLVI. LILIacez. (J. D. Hooker.) [Smilaz.

+ Branches and branchlets acutely angled.

5. S. rigida, Wail. Cat. 5120; leaves 4-1} by 3-% in. subsessile
orbicular-ovate or ovate-cordate faintly 3-costate, umbels 1-4-fld., sepals
elliptic oblong, petals rather narrower 4-5 times longer than the stamens.
Kunth Enum. v. 164; A.DC. Monogr. Smilax, 105. 8. Wallichii, Sted.
Nomencl. (not of Kunth).

Eastern Himataya; Nepal, Wallich; Sikkim, alt. 7-10,000 ft.; Bhotan,
Griffith.

i small erect much branched shrub with small coriaceous leaves, dwarf and
densely leafy at high elevations, branches acutely angled, prickles few small;
branchlets slender, distichous, Leares obtuse acute or apiculate base, rounded or
cordate, rarely acute ; petiole decurrent on the branchlets, with 2 minute deciduous
sete (cirrhi?), jointed at the top. Pedunele short, 3-4 in.; bracts lanceolate,
taper-pointed, persistent, laciniate or ciliate; pedicels unequal; perianth cupular ;
male flowers very small ; sepals and petals membranous; anthers minute didymous ;
fem. fl. rather larger, staminodes 3; ovary subglobose, stigmas sessile. Berries
4-1 in. diam., black.—Closely allied to S. myrti/lus, and next to which A.DC.
places it though regarding it as most nearly allied to S. ferox.

6. S. Myrtillus, 4.DC. Monogr. Smvilax, 106; leaves 1-13 in. ovate
acuminate membranous faintly 3-costate base acute or rounded, petiole
~o-¢ in., articulate above the thickened broad base, peduncle few-fld. and
pedicels very slender, sepals and petals subequal oblong three or four times
as long as the stamens.

Kasia HItts, Griffith, alt. 4-6000 ft., J.D. H. & T. T. Naga Hitts, alt.
7000 ft., Clarke.

Closely allied to S. rigida, which it represents in the Khasia, but a more
slender plant, with larger more ovate acuminate leaves, more slender short
or long peduncled pedicels, and longer but still very short petioles that have a
setiform process on each side as in that plant. Berries 3-1 in. diam., black, 2-3,
seeded, on slender pedicels.—The Bhotan plant referred here by De Candolle is, I
think, certainly 8. rigida, which is a more alpine species, unknown in the Khasia.—
The staminode was solitary in several flowers that I examined.

tt Branches and branchlets terete or nearly so,

7. S. parvifolia, Wall. Cat. 5118; leaves 1-3 in. ovate or ovate-
cordate or lauceolate acute or acuminate 3-5-costate often glaucous
beneath, base rounded or cordate, petiole 7,-} in. very slender sheathing
half way up or more, male umbels few-fid., peduncles and pedicels very
slender, bracteoles minute, sepals linear-oblong, petals much narrower,
filaments very short. Kunth Enum. v. 163. 8. elegans, A.D. Monogr.
Smilax, 107; Wall. Cat. 5117 B. S. glaucophylla, Klotzsch in Reise Pr.
Wald. Bot. 45, t. 91.

TEMPERATE Himaxaya, alt. 5-8000 ft., from Kashmir eastwards. T
Huts, alt. 6000 ft. ‘ mentees

Branches very slender, stiff, terete, smooth, unarmed; branchlets sometinies
furrowed, often zigzag. Leaves very variable in size and shape, acuminate, thin, highly
reticulate ; petiole very short, jointed at the top; sheath often cirrhose. Peduncles
and pedicels 1—% in., capillary, the former often thickened and flat in fruit. Ombels
few- or many-fid.; bracteoles lanceolate, very short; flowers minute; sepals and
petals ovate-lanceolate; filaments very short; anthers didymous; ovary ovoid
1-3-celled, staminodes 1-38. Berries 3-4 in. diam.—A very common and variable
Himalayan plant.—The name parvifolia though appropriate for Wallich’s and other
specimens is for others delusive.

Smilax.) OLVI, LintacEz, (J, D. Hooker.) 305

8. S. vaginata, Decne. in Jaquem. Voy. Bot. 169, t. 169; leaves
4-1j in. elliptic-ovate or cordate obtuse acute or mucronate 5~-7-nerved,
petiole 3-$ in. very slender narrowly sheathing for 3 to 3 its length, sepals
and petals subsimilar oblong much longer than the stamens. ADO.
Monogr. Smilax, 109.

WEesTERN Himanayas; from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 6-9000 ft., Falconer,
Jacquemont, Thomson. Upper Assam; Naga hills, alt. 9000 ft., Clarke.

A slender diffuse unarmed shrub, branches white, smooth, terete. Leaves mem-
branous, cuneate or subcordate at the base; petiole jointed below the top. Peduneles
and pedicels very slender ; male umbel many-fid., fem. 1-fid.; flowers purplish;
bracteoles 0.—De Candolle says of this manifestly allied to S. parvifolia (his S.
elegans), differing in the petiole articulate below the limb without cirrhi, and stami-
nodes 6. The habitats he gives of Hyderabad, alt. 4000 to 6500 ft., cannot apply
to the city of that name in the Deccan.

9. S. longebracteolata, Hook. f.; stems slender, branches terete,
leaves 23-34 in. ovate-cordate acuminate 5-costate, petiole 1 in. narrowly
sheathing for half its length, tips of sheaths acute, umbels long peduncled,
bracteoles subulate rigid 4-3 as long as the pedicels, sepals and rather
narrower petals of male linear oblong, stamens very short. 8S. elegans,
var. major, A.DC. Monogr. Smilax, 107.

Kaasra Hitts; at Myrung, alt. 5-6000 ft., J. D. H. & T. T.

Branches terete, quite smooth, rather slender. Leaves thin, finely reticulated ;
petiole articulate at the top ?, sheathing portion coriaceous, margins recurved, tips
cuspidate, recurved, cirrhi inserted above the cusps. Male wmbels small, few-fid.,
shortly peduncled, pedicels 2 in.; bracteoles shorter than in the fem., subulate ;
sepals ;!, in.; fem. peduncles naked at the base, inserted w little above the axil of
the leat’; pedicels 3-3 in.; sepals lanceolate, acuminate; petals narrower; stigmas
very short.—The larger leaves and long rigid bracteoles of the fem. umbels dis-
tinguish this from S. parvifolia and minutifiora.

10. S. minutiflora, 4.DC. Monogr. Smilax, 109; branches slender
terete or grooved, leaves 23-44 by 3-1} in. ovate-lanceolate or linear-oblong
acuminate membranous 3-5-costate base obtuse rounded or subacute, petiole
1-2 in., sheath oblong 3 of its length narrowed upwards, male umbels
many-fid., sepals and petals subequal lanceolate 3-4 times longer than, the
stamens, fem. umbels very few-fid., peduncle very long slender.

Srxxim Hrmaxaya, alt. 6-9000 ft., J. D. H. Kuasta Hitts, Griffith.

Branches strict, woody, unarmed, smooth; scales at the base of the flowering
branches }-3 in. long. Leaves pale beneath, nervules laxly reticulate; petiole
articulate below the limb, cirrhi 0. Peduncle of male umbel slender; pedicels
}-4in.; buds globose. Berries 4 in. diam., black.—“ Differs from S. vaginata in
the more acute or acuminate leaves, and shorter petiole; from S. parvifolia in the
nerves of the leaf descending into the petiole before reaching the joint,” 4.DC.; I
doubt its being anything but parvifolia.

11. S. elegans, Wail. Cat. 5117 A; branches slender terete, leaves
9-3 in. ovate or ovate-cordate acute or acuminate thin 5-costate, petiole
3-1 in. sheathing half way up or more, male and fem. peduncles and
pedicels capillary, umbels few-fld., sepals ovate-oblong, petals obovate,
anthers subsessile, ovary globose. S. menispermoidea, 4.DC. Monogr.
Smilax, 108.

Temperate Himataya ; Kumaon and Nepal, Wallich ; Sikkim, alt. 711,000 ft.,

J.D. H., Clarke, ?
A small shrub ; branches and branchlets quite smooth, unarmed. Leaves variable

VOL. VI. x

x

306 CLVI. LiLIacEm. (J. D. Hooker.) [Smilax.

in breadth ; sheath of petioles of old leaves 3-1 in., axillary branches with a recurved
basal scale, cirrhi slender. Peduneles 1-14 in. long ; male flowers 4-6, 3~3 in. diam. ;
bracteoles minute, subulate; fruiting peduncles strict, slender, 1-1} in. ; receptacle
minute, pedicels 4-$ in, ; ovary with 2 (? 2-3) stigmas recurved from the base.
Berries $ in. diam., blue-black ; seeds 2-3, small, obtusely angled.—The broad thin
leaves and long sheaths of the petioles best distinguish this from parvifolia.

** Flowers large or small; sepals rarely less than 4 in.long. Stamens
equalling or longer than the sepals; rarely 4 shorter.

+ Umbels many spicate on an axillary peduncle.

12. S. aspera, Linn. Sp. Pl. 1028; leaves 14-6 in. ovate deltoid or
lanceolate base hastate or cordate, sepals linear-oblong, petals rather nar-
rower, authers linear shorter than the filaments. Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ.
x. t. 428; A.DC. Monogr. Smilax, 163 (vars. genuina, Perrottetiana and
maculata). S. maculata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 796; Wall. Cat. 5113; Royle
‘Tl. 384; Kunth Enum. v. 218; Wight Ic. t. 2059; Thwaites Enum. 338
(excl. syn. Villandia). Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 343. S. fulgens, Wall. Cat.
5122. S. nilagarensis, Steud. Pl. Ewsicc. Hohen. n. 952.

Throughout India, from Kasumir, alt, 47000 ft., to the Knasta Hiuus, and
southward to TRAVANCORE, alt. 47000 ft., and CeYLon; ascending to 5000 ft.—
Distzis. Syria, S. Europe, N. Africa.

A large shrub, branches armed or not. Leaves usually blotched with white, 5-9-
nerved, acute or acuminate, basal lobes rounded or oblong; petiole 3-2 in. and
nerves beneath often prickly ; cirrhi usually long. Spikes 2-6 in.; rachis slender
smooth, umbels many-fid., bracteoles minute; flowers white, sweet scented, buds
longer than the pedicels; male sepals 2 in. long, fem. rather smaller; staminodes
6; stigmas oblong, recurved. Berries }-4 in., blueish, usually 3-seeded .

+t Umbels solitary binate or panicled on a common peduncle.
§ Branches rough hispid or granulate.

13. S. aspericaulis, Wall. Cat.5129; branches terete scabrid, leaves
2-8 by 2-3 in. oblong or linear-oblong thin 3-costate from above the base
tip rounded or clawed, petiole 3-1 in. narrowly sheathing below the middle,
male sepals } in. linear-oblong, petals very narrow, stamens as long as the
sepals. A.DC. Monogr. Smilax, 195. S. Roxburghiana, Wall. Cat. 5115,
in part. ?S. odoratissima, Blume.

Sizxim Himazaya, alt. 1-3000 ft., J. D. H. (6000 ft., King). The Kuasta
Hitts and Burma, Wallich, &. ANDAMAN IsLanps, Kurz. “Perak King’s
Collector. ee

Branches unarmed or aculeate, sometimes closely. Zeaves rounded or cuneate
at the bases. Umbels many-fid., solitary or 2-3 on a common peduncle } in. long
partial peduncle as long; buds clavate 3 in. long; bracteoles obsolete; fem. recept.
globose; pedicels 4 in. ; fem. fl. not seen. Berries nearly 4 in. diam.—If this is
Blume’s S. odoratissima that is the earliest name.

14. S. barbata, Wall. Cat. 5125 ; branches very stout tere
bristly, leaves 6-10 in. long and broad elliptic or Bea eat
ceous cuspidate 7-costate from above the base, petiole very stout, base
sheathing and bristly, umbels very long-peduncled. A.DQ, Monogr.
Smilax, 196. §8. setosa, Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 610.

Sinearokse, Wallich, Hullett.—DisTR1B. Banca.

Leaves coarsely reticulate, white beneath ; petiole 1-14 in.; male umbels very

Smilaz.] cLVI. Liacem. (J. D. Hooker.) 307

many-fid., solitary and bracteate towards the base or two on a long common peduncle,
special peduncles 2-3 in., very slender ; pedicels 2 in. ; bracteoles small, ovate; male fl.
z in. diam., sepals oblong-lanceolate, obtuse 3 petals very narrow ; staminodes of fem,

fl. 6; ovary oblong; stigmas very long, free to the base, revolute; ovules solitary
(or 1-2 in one cell solitary in the others ?),

16. S. Kingii, Hook.f. ; branches very stout granulate, leaves 5-10 in.
orbicular-ovate or elliptic and very large eymbiform petiolar sheaths
thickly coriaceous 5—7-costate from the base, petiole 2-3 in. ; umbels 1-3 on
a very short common peduncle, partial peduncles 1-3 in., pedicels 14-2 in,
sepals 2 in. long.

Maayan Peninsuta; Perak, King’s Collector.

Stem 40 ft.; branches angular, lower as thick as the little finger with many
conical spines $ in. long. Leaves very smooth on both surfaces ; nerves obscure,
immersed; petiole as thick as a goosequill; sheath cymbiform of lower leaves with
sometimes large spines ; cirrhi very stout. Fem. fl. sepals broadly oblong-lanceolate,
obtuse ; petals very narrow; staminodes 3; ovary oblong; style one-third as long,
stigma much longer than the style, Berry 1in. diam. Male fl. not seen.

16. S. pallescens, 4.DC. Monogr. Smilax, 198; branches terete
granulate, leaves 5-10 by 2-35 in. narrowly oblong tip rounded and
broadly caudate thin pale 5-costate from the rounded or subacute base,
petiole 2 in. obscurely sheathing articulate at the middle.

Upper Assam ; in the Mishmi hills, Grifith,

The solitary specimen of this fine species vonsists of a branch with leaves and
male racemes with a solitary flower. ‘The branch is unarmed, not scabrid like
aspericaulis, and hardly warted as described by De Candolle, but granulate; the
racemes are very slender, 2-5 in. long, white, the umbels 1-3-nate, peduncles
4-2 in. divaricate, the bracts are all gone.—I have seen no flowers. Griffith describes
them as greenish-brown spotted with red, and with white anthers,

§ Branches smooth, usually aculeate.

a. Umbels solitary rarely 2-nate; peduncle bracteate or not below the
middle.

17. S. ferox, Wall. Cat. 5119; branches stout aculeate, leaves 23-32
by 1-2 in. elliptic or ovate- or obovate-oblong acute or mucronate rigid
3-5-costate base cuneate or rounded, petiole 4 in. broad coriaceous
sheathing tumidly for half its length, sepals and petals oblong sub-
equal, stamens 6-9 one-third shorter than the sepals. A.DC. Monogr. Smilax,
103. S. China, Maaim. Dec. v. 172 (the Indian plant). S. Thomsoniana,
A.DC. lL. e. 104.

Eastern Hrmaraya; Nepal, Waillich; Sikkim alt. 5-8000 ft. J. D. H, Beneat,
Grigith (Kew distrib. 5440). MunniporE, Watt.—Disrris. Tonkin.

A stout shrub; branches strongly prickly, terete, branchlets unarmed, angled.
Leaves epunctate and elineolate, marginal nerves very slender, uervules faint;
petiole jointed at the sheath. Umbels from the young shoots only, of which the
leaves are membranous subglaucous beneath; peduncles rather stout, solitary,
rarely 2-nate, 4-2 in. long or shorter ; bracteoles ovate, acuminate sepals }—2 in. long,
ovate-oblong; petals similar; staminodes 3; ovary oblong, short styles, stout.
Berries 4 in. diam., 1-2-seeded.—The stamens are certainly sometimes 9 in Sikkim
specimens. De Candolle remarks on the close affinity of this with the “China,”
Sm. China, which he refers to sect. Nemewia, having 2-ovuled cells of the ovary ;
he further distinguishes S. ferow by the leaves not cuneate at the base, which,
however, they sometimes are. I find mo characters whereby to distinguish S. Thom-
soniana as a variety. 5

x

308 cuvr, tittacez. (J.D. Hooker.) [ Smilax.

18. S. levis, Wall. Cat. 5116; unarmed, leaves 4-6 by 1-2 in.
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate acuminate 3-5-costate from or above the
acuminate or cuspidate base, petiole 3-2 in. shortly sheathing, umbels
solitary; peduncle bracteate below the middle much longer than the
petiole. ADC. Monogr. Smilax, 56. S. oxyphylla, Kunth Anum, v. 239
(the Penang plant of Wallich).

Penane, Wailich, Curtis, &c. Manacca; Mt. Ophir, Grifith, Prrax, alt.
3-4000 ft., King’s Collector.—DistTE1B. China.

Branches slender, terete, smooth. Leaves jointed suddenly at the narrowed
base, finely reticulate. Pedwnele 2-1 in.; pedicels of male fl. very short; bracteoles
obsolete; flowers 2 in. diam. ; sepals linear-oblong; petals very narrow; stamens
nearly as long as the sepals ; staminodes 3; stigmas large recurved. Berries small,
4 in. diam., fruiting pedicels } in., very slender.—The Mt. Ophir specimens (var.
ophirense, A.DC.) have very strongly reticulated leaves.

19. S. lancewfolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 792; leaves 4-6 by 13-3 in.
orbicular- oblong- or oblong-lanceolate acuminate 3-costate base acute,
petiole 4-3 in., sheath obscure, male umbels subsessile very many-fid.,
peduncles naked shorter than the petioles. Wall. Cat. 5132; A.DC.
Monogr. Smilax, 57. 8. micropoda, A.DC. 1. ¢. 58.

Sixxim Himazaya, alt. 4-7000 ft. The Kuasta, Naga and Monnipore HItts,
Clarke, Sc. BurMa, in the Shan States.—Distzrs. China.

Branches slender, subterete, prickles few or 0. Leaves membranous, subcaudate,
intra-marginal nerves very slender, punctulate and lineolate. Male umbel 15-25-
fid., pedicels $ in., filiform, bracteoles ovate, acute; flowers 4 in. diam. ; sepals
and petals linear, subequal ; anthers oblong, much shorter than the filaments. Fem.
umbels subsimilar ; peduncle stout, flattened; bracteoles very minute, subulate or
0; staminodes 3, ovary short, obtusely trigonous; stigmas short, obtuse, recurved.
Berry about 4 in. diam.—The Chinese plant (var. opaca, A.DC.) has more rigid
epunctate leaves. The leaves are subcordate in the Burmese specimens. A specimen,
apparently of this from the Duphla hills has leaves 5-6 by 33-4 in., broadly ovate
deeply cordate, and fruiting peduncle 1} in., with pedicels 1 in.

20. S. oxyphylla, Wall. Cat. 5128; branches very slender, leaves
21-5 by 3-1} in. narrowly oblong-lanceolate acuminate 3-costate base
acuminate, petiole }+ in., sheath obscure, peduncle of male umbel
equalling or rather longer than the petiole ebracteate very slender naked,
pedicels capillary. Kunth Enum. v. 288 (eacl. syn.); A.DC. Monogr.
Smilaz, 59.

Sinaet, the Kuasta Hints, and Cuirracone, Wallich, Griffith, &e.

Branches terete, with a very few short prickles or 0. Leaves membranous,
sometimes caudate, very finely reticulate, lineolate, hardly punctulate, intramarginal
nerves very slender. Male umbel 15-30-fid., bracteoles very minute; sepals and
petals obovate-oblong, rather longer than the stamens; anthers oblong, much
shorter than the very slender filaments.—Hardly distinguishable from narrow-leaved
specimens of §. lanceefolia. I have seen no fem, fl.

B. Umbels 2-3 on a common peduncle. Staminodes 3. Except in
S. zeylanica.

+ Costz of leaves free from the base, or connate in 8. quadrata.

21. S. quadrata, A.DC. Monogr. Smilax, 183; branches 4-angled
zigzag, leaves 4-6 by 15-25 in. oblong or elliptic-oblong broadly cuspidate
membranous 3-costate from the rounded base or above it, petiole 1-4 in.
narrowly sheathing for half its length, fem. umbels solitary or 2-3 on a

rr

Smilax.] OLVL. Littacem. (J.D. Hooker.) 309

short common peduncle very many-fid., pedicels rigid, flowers small,
repel Hnsat-CPIeng, petals narrowly linear. S. zeylanica, Wall. Cat.

Kuasta Hits, Griffith; alt. 4-6000 ft. J. D. H.&T.T. Munniport, alt.
5500 ft., Clarke. Burma; Tavoy and Prome, Wallick.

A very remarkable species, at once recognized by the square unarmed alinost
4-winged sparsely prickly zigzag branches, and oblong thin leaves with callous-tipped
cusps; the peduncles 4 in. long are very rigid, as are the pedicels which radiate
forming a globe 1 in, diam. or less, Fem. jl. very small, } in. diam. ; staminodes
1-3; ovary contracted into a stout style with suberect stigmas, Male fl. peduncle
slender ; pedicels capillary, shorter than the buds; sepals 3 in. long; petals very
narrow ; filaments very slender.—I found only 1-3 staminodes, A.DC. in a solitary
imperfect flower though there were probably 6. ,

22. S. Helferi, A.DC. Monogr. Smilax, 176; branches slender
sparingly prickly, leaves 3-5 by 1-3 in. oblong rounded at both ends
8-costate from the base membranous tip clawed, petiole 1-3 in. sheathing
to above its middle, male umbels many-fld., sepals linear-oblong, petals
much narrower, costa thick, stamens nearly as long as the sepals.
PS. luzonensis, Pres) Rel. Heenk. i. 131.

Pzev, MeLelland, Tenasserim, Helfer, Falconer; Matacoa, Griffith, Maingay.
—Distris. ? Philippines. :

Branches as thick as a crow-quill, terete, grooved ; prickles small, nearly straight.
Leaves retuse, or tipped with a fleshy nail-like process, rarely acuminate; cortz
slendex; cirrhi 0 or short. Male wmbels usually solitary, peduncle 3-1 in., bracteate
about the middle or lower; fruiting peduncles stout; receptacle globose, pitted;
bracteoles minute, ovate; pedicels } in., slender; staminodes 8. Berries very small,
about 4 in, diam.; seeds small.—De Candolle makes of Maingay’s plant a variety
with the costz hardly separate above the base, and immature berries smaller, but [
fail to find these ditferences. I have seen no specimens of Helfer’s and Falconer’s
plants, nor other berries than Maingay’s. Ritchie has collected a very similar plant
in flowerless state at Kasarleh in Canara.

23. S. extensa, Wail. Cat. 5126 B; branches terete, leaves 3-6
by 1-2 in. elliptic or oblong-lanceolate acute or cuspidate coriaceous
38-costate from the cuneate or acuminate base, petiole 4-4 in. narrowly
sheathing to the middle, male umbels solitary or 2-3 on a short bracteate
common peduncle many-fid., pedicels very short, sepals linear obtuse,
petals much narrower, stamens as long as the sepals. ADC. Monogr.
Smilax, 179.

Prenane, Wallich, Curtis, 1244.

Branches striate, unarmed, ribs slender. Leaves shining, not margined, very
much narrowed at the base into the stout petiole; some of the largest are rounded
at the tip with a broad cusp; cirrhi stout. Peduncle of umbels bracteate at the
base ; bracteoles minute, ovate; pedicels 4 in.; sepals } in.; staminodes 3.-~
S. extensa, Wall. 5126, A. is S. myosotiflora of A. De Candolle.

tt Costee of leaves more or less connate at the base (see also S,
quadrata.

24, S. zeylanica, Linn. Sp. Pl. 1029; branches slender more or less
4-angled, leaves 5-7 by 24-4 in. elliptic or broadly oblong or ovate-oblong
cuspidate 3-5-costate from above the base, petiole 3-1 in. very shortly
sheathing at the base, umbels solitary or 2~8 on a common peduncle

310 CLVI. LintAcE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Smilaa.

small many-fid., special peduncle and pedicels short, sepals 4-4 in. linear,
petals much narrower, stamens as long as the sepals. A.DC. Monogr.
Smilar, 190; Thwaites Enum. 338; Wall. Cat. 5180 A. §. indica, Vitm.
Summa, v. 422; ADC. 1. c. 187. 8. laurifolia, Hohen. Pl. Exsicc. n. 122.
8S. Hohenackeri, Kunth Enum. v. 240. §. umbellata & pseudo-China,

Herb, Madr.—Burm. Fl. Zeyl. 217 excl. syn—Rheede Hort. Mal. vii. t.
31.

Throughout the hilly tropical districts of India, from the Eastern Himanaya
and Burma to the Matay Prninsvxa, and from the Concan to CeyLonx.—DIsTRIB,
Java.

Branches unarmed or with a few prickles; branchlets often zigzag. Leaves
more uniform than in most species, base rounded or subcordate, or in the terminal
leaves often acute ; petiole jointed in the middle, at length cirrhose. Pedunele
bracteate at the base, umbels 20-80-fid., male pedicels 3 in., fem. 4 in. ; staminodes
in few-fl. Berries } in. diam., usually 2 plano-convex. The var. sisparensis A.DC.

(8. laurifolia, Hohen.) is the common Deccan form, and not distinguishable from
the Ceylon.

25. S. macrophylla, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 72; Fl. Ind. iii, 798 (not of
Willd.) ; branches stout terete, leaves 6-18 in., as broad or narrower orbicular
or broadly oblong cuspidate 5-7-costate from the rounded subcordate or
suddenly cuneate base, petiole 1-14 in. very stout narrowly sheathing below
the middle, umbels 2-3 on a short common peduncle, male partial peduncle
slender, sepals + in. linear, stamens as long as the sepals. A.DC.
Monogr. Smilax, 193 (eael. var. cacharensis). §. ovalifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind.
il. 794; Wight, Ic. t. 809; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 246; Kunth Enum. v.
248. §. Roxburghii, Kunth l. c. 852. 8. retusa, Roxb. 1. c. 793. 8. pro-
lifera, Wall. Cat. 57240. D. F. 8, prolifera & ovalifolia, Herb. Ind. Or.

Hook. f. & T. 8. grandis, Wall. ex Voigt Hort. Sub. Cale. 648. 8,
grandifolia, Voigt. I. c.

Tropica Himataya, from Kumaon (Herb. Strach. § Winterb. 8) East-
wards, ASSAM, BENGAL, CuirTacone, Burma, the CENTRAL PROVINCES and
Concan.

Stem stout, scandent, prickly, as thick as the thumb below. Leaves glossy
above; cirrhi long. Male peduncles 2-13 in., slender; umbels many-fid. ;
pedicels 3-4 in., shorter than the buds; staminodes of fem. fi. 3. Ovary oblong ;
stigmas 3 sessile. Berries 3-l} in. diam., 1-2-seeded ; pedicels short, stout. Seeds
biconvex.—This is, I think, undoubtedly Roxburgh’s ovalifolia as well as his
macrophylla. It is best distinguished from prolifera, by the narrow sheath of the
petiole, but both are so variable in foliage, that young shoots of prolifera with
undeveloped sheaths may be mistaken tor macrophylla. De Candolle unites
Roxburgh’s ovalifolia with prolifera, but cites Wight’s t. 809 under macrophylla,
overlooking the fact that Wight’s figure is an acknowledged copy of Roxburgh’s
drawing of ovalifolia and bears that name, as also that of Kunda gurvatiga,”’
which Roxburgh also gives. De Candolle’s §. ovalifolia must therefore take the
name of 8. prolifera.

26. S. Wightii, ADO. Monogr. Smilax,
leaves 3-44 in. coriaceous orbicular or broadly ovate or elliptic subcordate
5-7-costate from above the base, petiole very stout sheathing for about half
its length, umbels solitary or 2-3 on a common peduncle many-fid., sepals
of male iin. long and petals subequal linear hardly longer than the
stamens. 8. zeylanica, Wight, Ic. t. 2057-8,

Nizexrer Hitts, alt. 4-6000 ft., Wight, &e.

174; branches ‘robust,

Smilaz.] OLVI. LittaceER, (J. D, Hooker.) 311

A lofty climber ; branches terete, sparsely prickly, Leaves shining, acute or
cuspidate, or young acuminate, base rounded or cordate, margins of petiolar sheath
incurved. Common peduncle 1-1} in., stout, bracteate at the base; bracteoles
subulate; pedicels 37g 10.3; male fi. largest, filaments very slender; fem. with
narrower petals ; staminodes 8 ; ovary broadly ovoid; stigmas sessile. Berries Zin,
diam.— Wight’s figure is inaccurate in representing the costz of the leaf as free to
the base, and peduncles and pedicles as far too slender.—De Candolle gives
Khasia hills, Kurz, as a habitat, but I have seen no specimens, and suspect some
error,

27. S. polyacantha, Wall, Cut. 5127; branches slender closely
prickly, leaves 4-6 by 14-2 in. coriaceous elliptic-lanceolate acuminate at
both ends 3-5-costate from above the base, petiole stout narrowly sheath-
ing below the middle, umbels solitary or 2 on a very short common
peduncle many-fld., fem. sepals 3, in. long. Kunth Enum. v. 239; A.DC.
Monogr. Smilax, 176.

Prenanea, Porter.

Branches terete, as thick as a crow-quill, prickles short, straight. Zeaves
narrowed into the petiole, which is 2-1 in., strongly 3-costate with slender sub-
marginal nerves; cirrhi slender. Common peduncle very stout, partial (fruiting)
3-1 in., stout; receptacle ovoid; bracteoles minute, ovate; fem. fi. very small,
Ovary with short recurved styles. ;

28. S. Roxburghiana, Wall. Cat. 5115; branches terete, branch-
lets 4-angled, leaves 5-8 in. polymorphous oblong ovate or ovate-
lanceolate base rounded cordate or cuneate 8-5-costate from above the
base, petiole with very large broad 2-auricled sheaths below the middle,
umbels solitary or 2-3 on a common peduncle many-fld., sepals + in. long,
linear-oblong, stamens as long as the sepals. S. ocreata and orthoptera,
A.DC. Monogr. Smilax, 193; 8. macrophylla, var. cacharensis, A.DO. l. c.
194, 8. prolifera, Wall. Cat. 5124 B, D, im part. 8S. laurifolia, Road. in
Wail, 1. c.

TropicaL Himataya from Garwhal Eastwards, SinneT, CacHak, the Kuasia
Hixzs and Besar (on Parus-nath).

Stems more or less prickly; branches smooth. eaves on young shoots 6 by
1j-2 in., thin, lanceolate base acute, petiole }-1 in.; in older 8 by 33 in., ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, obtusely acuminate, on still older 5-7 by 24-4 in. oblong or broadly
ovate coriaceous 5-costate, base rounded cordate or truncate; costa in all united
above the base; auricles in old leaves 1-1} in. produced behind into rounded lobes
embracing the branch. Umbels 1-8; peduncles very variable in length and posi-
tion, common peduncle 1-3 in., bracteate at the base; receptacle globose; fem.
umbels 12-15-fid., pedicels 4 in., slender; staminodes 3; stigmas long, recurved.
Berries 3 in. diam., pedicels as long or longer. Seeds 2, hemispheric or solitary and
globose, less than 3 in. diam.

29. S. megacarpa, 4.DC. Monogr. Smilax, 186; branches terete
smooth unarmed, leaves 3-7 in. elliptic ovate or oblong 3-costate from
above the base, petiole 2-14 in., sheath short narrow, umbels many-fid.,
pedicels 2 in. slender, sepals 4 in. long ligulate, petals very narrow,
filaments very long slender, berry the size of a cherry 3-seeded, seeds
lenticular.

The Knasta Hits, Grifith. Mauacca, Maingay. Perak; Larut, Kunstler.

—Dis1riz. Tonkin. B ;

There are two forms (or species) included here, differing greatly in foliage,
a Khasian and Malayan, but agreeing in their remarkable fruit and seeds. Buth
have fruiting branches rather thicker than a crow-quill, very rigid, unarmed. In
the Khasian the leaves are elliptic or ovate 3-4 by 1- nearly 2 in., obtusely acuminate

312 OLVI, LiLIacEz, (J. D. Hooker.) [Smilax.

margined, contracted at the base near to which the slender coste unite, they are
thin shining with finely reticulate nervules ; the petiole is 2 in. long, sheathing about
% way up, and articulate at the tip. In the Maingay specimen the leaves are
detached, 6 by 3 in., broadly oblong rounded at the tip, very coriaceous; the costz
are much stouter, they match well the older leaves of Griffith’s specimen. In both
the umbels are numerous along the rigid branches. Umbels 1-3 on a stout
common peduncle as long as the petiole or longer; peduncles 4-1 in. stiff; pedicels
3-5, also stiff. Berries nearly 1 in. diam. ; seeds 3, orbicular, 4 in. diam., biconvex.
—Were it not that Gmffith’s specimen is labelled Khasia by his own hand, I should
have suspected some error in the habitat. In the Perak specimens the male fi. branches
are elongate, leafy upwards, and the upper umbels axillary, the lower arise from
leafless scales ; peduncles 4-1 in., pedicels 4 in. ; bracteoles minute.

y Umbels more than three alternate or whorled over the rachis of a
common peduncle. ;

30. S. prolifera, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 795; branches stout terete
prickly, leaves 4-8 by 14-6 in. from ovate acuminate to orbicular-ovate
or oblong cuspidate 3-7-costate from above the rounded or subcordate
base, petiole 1-2 in. sheathing portion usually forming two large basal
amplexicaul erect or reflexed auricles, racemes elongate, umbels 10-20
3-nate or whorled many-fld. Wall. Cat. 5124, A, B, D (in part) B, G, H;
Kunth Enum. v. 247 (excl. syn. ovalifolia). §. laurifolia, Roxb. 1. c. 793.
S. laurina, Kunth le. 248. §. ovalifolia, A.DC. Monogr. Smilax, 199
(not of Roxwb.). ? S. macrophylla, Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 246. 8S.

macrophylla, var. polycephala, A.DC. lc. 194. 8. umbellata, Herb.
Heyne.

TropicaL WrEstrRN Himaztaya; Kumaon, Strachey SF Winterbottom (Smilan
Nos. 6,7). Nepan, Wailich. Sinuet, BENGAL, Brak, Burma, the Deccan
PENINSULA and CrYLon,

Stem stout, more or less strongly armed, climbing. Leaves extremely
variable in form and size; coste 3~7, the three inner united above the base ;

sheath of petiole very variable, sometimes exactly as in 8. Roxburghiana, at others very

narrow. Umbels 30-40-fid.; peduncles 3-1} in., pedicels 4 in. ; bracteoles minute ;

flowers very small; sepals 2 in., oblong-lanceolate ; petals as long, very narrow, both
often breaking off above the base in the fem. fl.; stamens as long as the sepals;
filaments slender ; staminodes of fem. fl. 3; ovary oblong; stigmas large, long,
erect, very deciduous, Berries red, the size of a pea. Seeds small, biconvex.—De
Candolle certainly errs in referring this to 8. ovaléfolia, Roxburgh’s drawings and
descriptions are very precise. The ovalifolia var. nervulosa, A.DC. 1.c. 200 from
Ceylon (Walker, a solitary male specimen) is possibly a different species; the
leaves are 34 by 14-2 in., elliptic, oblong, apiculate, with 3 coste meeting at the
base, the petiolar sheaths form tumid auricles nearly 3 in. long and at basal the
racemes are shorter, the flowers rather larger, and pedicels shorter than in true
prolifera. Var. parvigloba, A.DC. 1. c. 200 (a solitary male specimen) resembles
nervulosa in foliage, but has smaller petiolar sheaths, small panicles of minute
flowers with sepals and narrow petals 2, in. long; it is, I think, a very different
species; its habitat is doubtful, being in a miscellaneous collection of Griffith’s,
supposed to be from HE. Bengal (numbered 545, Kew Distrib.), but bearing also a
ticket inscribed “Smilax stipulacea,’”? which much resembles a Calcutta Bot. Gard,
one. Of var. polystemon A.DC. from Burma Kurz. (n. 2636) with 8-9 stamens

I know nothing; 8S. ferow is the only polystemonous Indian species that I have
examined. :

31. S. leucophylla, Blume Enum. 18 A, C; branches terete, leaves
6-8 by 2-44 in. ovate or oblong 3-5-costate from above the cuneate rounded
or subcordate base coriaceous glaucous beneath, petiole 1-14 in. with two

Smilaz.| OLVI. LILIAcER. (J. D, Hooker.) 313

large obtuse incurved auricles, male umbels very-many-fid., pedicels hardly
longer than the sepals. A.DC. Monogr. Smilax, 200.
PENANG; Griffith, Curtis; Perak,
china.

Branches stout, quite smooth, more or less prickly. eaves retuse acute or
acuminate, nervules obscure. Inflorescence irregularly branched; peduncles of

umbels 3-8 in., bracteoles obscure ; buds } in. long, clavate ; pedicels slender, about
as long ; sepals linear ; filaments slender, anthers linear,

King’s Collector —DistE1B. Malaya, Cochin-

32. S. Blumei, 4.DC. Monogr. Smilax, 202; branches stout terete,
leaves 8-24 in. orbicular-ovate acute or obtuse tomentose beneath stoutly
5-7-costate from above the base, petiole 2 in. very stout, sheathing base
lin. with inflexed sides and acute tips, fruiting umbels on a short stout
common peduncle, receptacle large globose deeply pitted, pedicels 1-13 in.
8. perfohhata, Blume Enum. 18 (not of Lour.).

Matacca, Maingay, at Ulu Bubong, King’s Collector.—DisTRip. Java.

Branches prickly. Leaves coriaceous, cost~ and transverse nervules deeply sunk
above, highly raised beneath. Umbels on a common peduncle 1-3 inches long and
as thick asa crow-quill. ‘‘Ovules solitary, berries trigonous at the apex (Maingay

mss.).’’—Resembles 8, leucophylla, but the leaves are tomentose and not glaucous
beneath.

33. S. Griffithii, A.DC. Monogr. Smilax, 198; branches obtusely
angled smooth, leaves 7-10 by 24-43 in. ovate acuminate 5-7-costate from
the cuneate base coriaceous, petiole 1 in. articulate in the middle, base
sheathing with two rounded auricles, male panicles 7-umbelled buds
clavate.

Urrrr Assam, or UPPER Burma, Griffith.

Branch (young) with a very few minute prickles. Leaves red brown when dry.
Panicle 4 in. long. Umbels 2-4-nate ; peduncles 4 in.; pedicels 4 in.; sepals 3 in.,
narrowly obovate-oblong ; petals narrowly linear ; stamens shorter than the sepals,
—This noble species was collected by Griffith in his journey from Assam to Burma; it
is in male fl. only, and the ticket bears no precise habitat beyond that it was gathered
on the 15th of some month, at an elevation of 5000 ft. probably either on the
Patkoy hills, where he was on March 15th, 1837, on Laim-Planj, or in the Mishmi
hills, where he was in Nov. 15th, 1836. The sepals are described as herbaceous
and coloured with brown.

DOUBTFUL AND IMPERFECTLY KNOWN SPECIES,

8. contina, Kunth Enum. v. 261, founded on S. pseudo- China, Roxb. FI. Ind.
iii. 792 from the Garrow hills, is unrecognizable. It may be 8, zeylanica.

S. DECIPIENS, Spreng. Pugiil. ii. 91. Undeterminable.

S. optigua, Spreng. Pugill. ii. 91. De Candolle (Monogr. 207) doubts this
being a Smilax, the stem is described as pubescent, the leaves oblong oblique
acutely 5-nerved and the spikes elongate compound.—E, Indies.

S. sinaaporEnsis, 4.DC. Monogr. Smilax, 177; 8. calophylla, Wall. Cat. 5131
in Herb. Richard.- De Candolle describes this as differing from S. Helfert in its
few prickles, short’ sheaths of the petiole, the obtuse base of the more cuspidate
leaves, basal scale of the raceme, larger female flowers and longer less papillose
stigmas. He further remarks that three species have been distributed under
Wallich’s 8. calophylia. No doubt this is so, but the confusion of certain species in
the type collection of Wallich isso great that except the duplicate specimens (which
are in most cases mere fragments) were brought together, it is impossible to arrive
at any satisfactory identification of them.

S. WALLIcuI1, Kunth Enum. v. 246; A.DC. Monogr. Smilax, 178. S. prolifera,

314 cLvi. untacex, (J. D. Hooker.) [Smilax.

Wall. Cat. 5124 B, D, in part. The specimens are quite insufficient for determina-
tion. They may belong to S. zeylanica or Rowburghiana.

S. vinnanpia, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 5128; Royle Ill. 384, t. 94.—Rheede Hort.
Mal. vi. t. 31. Detached leaves alone exist in Wallich’s and Hamilton’s Herbaria
(from the Nepal Morung), and may belong to any one of several species.. Royle’s
plant is only known from the figure the inflorescence of which represents nothing
known to me, Rheede’s plant is undeterminable.

2. HETEROSMILAX, Kunth.

Characters of Smilax, but perianth tubular, mouth contracted,
2-5-toothed, and stamens 8 with more or less connate filaments.—Species
5, Indian, Malayan, Chinese and Japanese.

H. indica, A.DC. Monogr. Smilax, 43; leaves ovate- or oblong-
lanceolate acuminate, filaments connate to about the middle, anthers
obtuse.

ASSAM and the Kaasta H1xzs, alt. 1-4000 ft.

Stem very slender. Leaves 4-8 by 2-34 in., 5-nerved, rather thin, base rounded ;
petiole 3-1 in., subterete, sheathing base very short, cirrhose. Peduncles solitary,
axillary, 14-24 in., flattened; umbels many-fld.; bracteoles minute, ovate, acumi-
nate; pedicels 3-14 in.; flowers very many, obovoid, male 4 in. long. Fruié $-% in.
diam., globose. Seeds 2, hemispheric.—Very near H. japonica, Maxim., but differing
by the filaments being united only half way up, and the anthers obtuse.

3. ASPARAGUS, Linn.

Rootstock stout, creeping. Stem erect straggling or climbing, terete
grooved or angled. Leaves minute scales, often spinescent, bearing in their
axils tufts of needle-like or Hattened branchlets (cladodes). Flowers
small or minute, axillary, rarely uni-sexual, solitary fascicled or racemed,
pendulous; pedicel jointed. Perianth campanulate, 6-partite. Stamen
on the bases of the segments; anthers oblong. Ovary 8-gonous; style 1,
stigmas 3; cells 2- or more- ovuled. Berry: globose. Seeds 2-6; testa,
black, brittle; embryo dorsal_—Species about 100, Europe and Temp. and
Trop. Asia and Africa.

* Flowers axillary, solitary clustered or umbelled, not racemed.

+ Leaves not or rarely spinescent. Oladodes short straight or falcate.

]. A. filicinus, Ham. in Don Prodr. 49; tall, erect, cladodes 2-5-
nate falcate flat acuminate costate, pedicels solitary or 2-nate, flowers
polygamous. Kunth Enum. v.73; Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 605.

TEMPERATE and Tropicat Himataya, from Kashmir 4~7000 ft. eastwards,
alt. 6-9000 ft., to Bhotan (except Sikkim). The Kuasta HIuzs alt. 5-6000 ft,
Assam and BurMa.— Disrris. China.

Stems flexuous, fistular, much branched, smooth, unarmed, lower branches spread-
ing; upper internodes short. Cladodes 35-4 in. Pedicels 0 or 4-} in., jointed about
the middle. Perianth 3,—}, in., subeampanulate. Stamens short; anthers minute,
Berry 4-4 iv. diam.—The following are marked forms.

A. FILICINUS proper ; cladodes }—} in., pedicels very slender 4-2 in.—Central and
Western Himalaya.

Var, BREVIFIPES, Baker 1. u, ; cladodes 3-3 by 4 in., pedicels very short.—Assam
and Khasia hills.

Asparagus. | CLVI, Linlace#, (J. D. Hooker.) 315

Var, BREVIFOLIA, Baker 1. c.; internodes very short, cladodes 3-1 in.—Khasia
hills, at Syong, J. D. H. & T. T.

Var. tycopopingza, Baker 1. c.; cladodes solitary or 3-nate }-Lin., 2~2 in,
broad. A lycopodineus, Wall. mss. A. Curillus, Wall. Cat.5155 E. (not of Roxb.)
—Mishmi, Griffith, Burma, Wallich, Parish.—In Chinese specimens the pedicels are
nearly 1 in.

Var. MICROCLADA; cladodes very small 4-1, in. subulate tapering to the acicular
points.—Assam, Masters; Munnipore, Watt; Shan hills, Collett.

2. A. gracilis, Royle Iii. i. 398; tall, much branched, lower leaves
subspinescent, cladodes 8-6-nate or lower 8-nate acicular or setaceous
strict, pedicels axillary or subterminal 2-4-nate, perianth segments
spreading. Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 607.

The PungzaB; at Rotas, Vicary; Rawul Pindi, Aztchison,—Distrip. Belu-
chistan.

A slender undershrub, branches divaricate, lower rigid striate deflexed. Cladodes
2,1 in.,terete, erect, ascending, cuspidate. Pedicels in subcapitate clusters 2,—, in.,
jointed below the middle. Perianthi in. Stamens half its length; anther very
minute.

3. A. capitatus, Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 607; slender, much
branched, subscandent; branches smooth, leaves subspinescent, cladodes
solitary or 2~3-nate acicular or setaceous firm, flowers terminating short
branchlets, pedicels very short, perianth segments spreading.

Foot of the WestERN Himataya, alt. 1-3000 ft.; Black Mt., Duthie. NiLGurRi
Hitts; Wight.

A tall undershrub, branches slender, terete, smooth, lower divaricate or deflexed,
upper internodes very short. Cladodes 4-3 in., cuspidate. Pedicels 3-2 in., jointed
about or below the middle. Perianth 3, in. long. Anthers very minute, oblong.—
A variety? from Lahore (Thomson) has softer capillary cladodes 4-3 in. long.
“ Possibly a form of A. gracilis’? (Baker).

4, A. dumosus, Baker in Jowrn. Linn. Soc. xiv. 609; stem woody
below strongly grooved, branches stout rigid, young leaves spinescent,
cladodes 3-3 in. 3-8-nate linear stout mucronate channelled, flowers
axillary and terminal 1-4-nate, perianth-segments oblanceolate.

ScinpE ; at Kurrachee, Stocks, Dalzell.
An excessively branched undershrub, 2 ft. high ; branches pale, flexuous, divaricate
or reflexed, ridges scaberulous; upper internodes } in. Leaves deltoidly cuspidate.
Pedicels 3, in., jointed below the middle. Perianth funnel-shaped. Anthers very
minute, subglobose. Berry 3 in diam.

5. A. Rottieri, Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 611; tall, branches
scaberulous furrowed, leaves not spinescent, cladodes 3-6-nate 3-13 in.
slender ascending curved channelled, pedicels densely umbelled. A
floribundus, Herb. Rottler.

Deccan PentnsuLa; Rottler.

Tall, shrubby branches, terete, branchlets decurved ; upper internodes }-} in.
Cladodes variable in length. Pedicels 3 in., jointed below the middle. Perianth
4-4 in, diam., spreading ; anthers much shorter than the filaments,—The specimens
of this very distinct species are fragmentary.

tt Leaves strongly spinescent.

6. A. subulatus, Steudel in Hohen. Pl. Nilgiri eusicc., No. 1803;
erect or subscandent, branches grooved smooth, gpines long straight,
cladodes 6-12-nate 4-1 in. acicular triquetrous acuminate, pedicels solitary

316 OLVI, LintacEZ. (J.D, Hooker.) [Asparagus.

or 2-nate very short, perianth segments reflexed. Baker in Journ. Linn.
Soc. xiv. 614. A. asiaticus, Wight, Ic. t. 2053 (not of Linn.). A Curillus,
Wall. Cat. 5155, B.

Nineuiri Hints, Wight, Schmidt.

A small erect or tall and variable bush, densely branched ; branches flexuous ;
upper internodes very short. Spines 4-$in. Cladodes ascending, spreading and
curved, rather stout, variable in breadth. Pedicels jointed above the middle.
Perianth segments oblong-lanceolate ; anthers oblong. Berries 3 in. diam.

7. A. SJacquemontii, Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 615; stem
terete smooth, branches angled ribbed and grooved, leaves spinescent,
cladodes 2—5-nate } in. slender 3-gonous curved acuminate, flowers solitary
or in axillary pairs on a short peduncle, pedicels very short jointed under
the minute perianth.

The Concan ; between Poona and Carli, Jacquemont.

‘Tall, much branched, branches spreading and decurved ; spines 3-13 in. conical.
Cladodes much longer than the internodes. Flowers % in. diam., pedicels many
times shorter than the cladodes,

8. A. asiaticus, Linn. Sp. Pl. 409; stem scandent terete smooth,
branches grooved, cladodes 6-00 -nate $-} in. very slender avicular terete
acuminate, flowers axillary solitary or umbelled, pedicels almost equalling
the cladodes, jointed in the middle.

Deccan PENINSULA; Herb. Rottler ; Bellary Beddome.—DistR1B. Afr, trop.

Stem slender, branches deflexed. Flowers 2, in. diam.

** Flowers racemed.

+ Cladodes subulate, terete or triquetrous, somewhat flattened in A.
Curillus.

9. A. nepalensis, Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 622; subscandent,
stem robust smooth, branches angled not grooved, spines stout recurved,
cladodes 3-6-nate 3 in. acicular spreading or ascending triquetrous acute,
racemes short 1-3-nate sumetimes branched below, perianth campanulate.
A. Curillus, Wall. Cat. 5155, C.

Nepat, Wallich.

An excessively branched undershrub. Spines 3-4 in., conical. Cladodes
nearly straight. Ravemes % in.; bracts minute, lanceolate ; pedicels jointed above
the he Perianth % in. diam. ; anthers very minute, oblong, purple. Fruit
3 in. diam, a

10. A. racemosus, Willd. Sp. Pl. ii. 152; stem scandent woody
terete, branches triquetrous striate, lower spines long, cladodes 2-6-nate
3-1 in. slender finely acuminate falcate divaricate, racemes solitary or
fascicled simple or branched, pedicels very slender, bracts minute, perianth-
segments spreading. Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 623; Roxb. Fl. Ind.
ii. 151; Wall. Cat. 5153; Wight Ic. t. 2056; Thwaites Enum. 337. A.
volubilis, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 5754 (excl. D, K). A. acerosus, Wall. Cat.
5152 A, B, F (not of Roxb.). A. sarmentosus, Heyne in Wall. Cat. 5154, 2
(not of Linn.) A. fasciculatus, Br. Prodr. (in part). A. dubius, Decne ‘in
Nov. Ann. Mus. iii. 368. Asparagopsis Hohenackeri, abyssinica and
Brownei (in part), Kunth Enum. v. 100, 101. A. Decaisnei and floribunda
Kunth l. c. 98, 103; Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. iii, 560, 562. :

Throughout TroricaL and SuprRoricat Inpra and CeyLon ascending the

Asparagus.] OLVI. LintAcEZ, (J. D. Hooker.) 317

Himalaya to 4000 ft. from Kashmir eastwards.—DistTRig. Tropical Africa, Java and
Australia. :

A tall climbing excessively branched undershrub ; rootstuberous. Spines 4-}in.,
straight or subrecurved. Cladodes 1 in., channelled beneath. Racemes 1-2 in.;
pedicels 3 in., jointed in the middle. Perianth 3,-} in. diam.; anthers minute,
oblong, purplish. Ovules 6-8 in each cell Berry 4-4 in. diam.—Thwaites observes
that the leaves are wide on specimens growing on the hills. Baker has the following
varieties :— :

Var. javanica, Baker 1. c. 624; cladodes 4-1 in., very slender erect flexuous,
racemes narrow with terminal tufts of cladodes, perianth segments narrower. As-
paragopsis javanica, Miquel Fl, Ind. Bat. iii. 562. A. sarmentosa, Dalz. & Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 246 (not of Kunth).—Deccan Peninsula, Java.

Var. subacerosa, Baker 1. v.; cladodes strict $$ in. stout, racemes small few-fid.,
rachis and pedicels capillary.—Sikkim, alt. 1-4000 ft., J. D. H.—A form approaching
A. acerosus.

ll. A. zeylanicus, Hook. f.; stem stout smooth obscurely angled,
branches acutely angled, cladodes 3-5-nate 3 in. stout falcate triquetrous
narrowed to both ends tips subspinescent, racemes 3-5 in. very stout, bracts
lanceolate, flowers large, anthers large. A. acerosus, var. zeylanicus,
Baker in Journ. Linn, Soc. xiv. 623.

Crytoy, alt, 6000 ft., Walker; at Newera Elia, Gardner, Thwaites (Cp. 2299).
The stout triquetrous cladodes thickened in the middle, stout racemes, large
flowers } in. diam., and large anthers seem to distinguish this from A. racemosus.

12. A. leevissimus, Steud. in Hohen. Pl. exsice. Nilgh. Nos. 1304,
1305; stem sabscandent terete smooth, branches very slender triquetrous,
spines short strong, cladodes 3-6-nate 3 in. spreading stout triquetrous
acuminate, racemes dense-fid., pedicels very short, bracts large cymbiform,
perianth-segments widely spreading, anthers minute. Baker in Journ.
Linn. Soc. xiv. 623. <A. volubilis, Wall. Cat, 5154 K.

Western Guats, from the Concan southwards.

Differs from .4. racemosus, of which Baker says it is little more than » variety,
chiefly in the longer cladodes, and large bracts, which sometimes exceed the
pedicels.

13. A. acerosus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 150; stem tall subscandent smooth,
branchlets very slender stiff ascending angled, spines short recurved,
cladodes 3-6-nate 1-24 in. suberect strict triquetrous acuminate, racemes
short solitary or 2-nate, bracts lanceolate concave, perianth-segments
widely spreading. Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 624; Wall. Cat. 6152
C,D, BE. A. fasciculatus, Br. Prodr, 281 (in part). Asparagopsis acerosa
and Brownei (in part), Kunth Enum. v. 102, 103.

Beneat, Roxburgh, Clarke, &e. Currragone (cult.), J. D. H. §T.7, Pxat,
MeLelland. Burma, Wallick, &c.—Distxrs. N. Australia.

An excessively branched under-shrub; roots tuberous, branchlets grooved.
Spines 3-4 in., slightly curved. Cladodes shining, persistent. Racemes 1-14 in. ;
pedicels 2-} in., jointed in the middle. Flowers pure white, fragrant; anthers

minute, subglobose. Ovules many in each cell. Berry 2-1 in, diam., 1-seeded.

14. A. adscendens; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 153; stem tall stout suberect
terete smooth white, branchlets grooved ascending angled, angles minutely
scabrid, spines long, cladodes 6-20-nate 3-2 in. slender filiform terete sub-
erect or curved, racemes many-fid., bracts minute, perianth-segments

318 CLVI. LILIAcEH. (J. D. Hooker.) (Asparagus.

spreading, anthers medium-sized. A. volubilis, Wall. Cat. 5154 D
(in part). Asparagopsis adscendens, Kunth Enwm. v. 102.

RowiItxunp, the WestERN Himanaya, and the PanvaB, from Murree eastwards
to Kumaon ; ascending to 5300 ft.—Distrin. Affghanistan,

Stem excessively branched, flexuous, and primary branches ashy white ; internodes
very short. Spines 3-3 in., stout, straight. Cladodes densely crowded, soft.
Racemes copious, 1-2 in., often branched at the top and bearing cladodes ; pedicels
zg} in., jointed above or below the middle; flowers 2 in. diam. Ovules many in
each cell, Berry 4-} in. diam., 1-seeded.

15. &. Curillus, Ham. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 152; stem tall smooth
subscandent and branches angled, spines long straight, cladodes very
small 3-6-nate 3-3} in. spreading or ascending linear flattened or subtri-
quetrous acute, racemes corymbiform, bracts minute, perianth-segments
spreading. Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 627; Wall. Cat. 5155 D. A.
volubilis, Wall. Cat. 5154 D (in part). Asparagopsis Curilla, Kunth
Enum. v. 102.

SuprropicaL Himataya, alt. 2-4000 ft., from Kumaon to Nepal, Hamilton,
&e.

An excessively branched undershrub; branches spreading, angles obscurely
scaberulous. Spines 4-3 in., pungent curved. Cladodes obtusely 3-gonous,
Racemes 3-14 in., few-fid. ; pedicels 2 in., jointed below the middle ; bracts lanceo-
late; flowers } in. diam, Berry 3-lobed (oab.).

tt Cladodes linear, flattened.

16. A. faleatus, Linn. Sp. Pl. 313; stem subscandent and branches
terete smooth, spines short,cladodes solitary and 3—-6-nate 4-6 in. long linear-
ensiform falcate flat acuminate costate, racemes very short laxly few-Hd.,
bracts cymbiform, perianth-segments reflexed. Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc.
xiv. 626; Kunth Enum. v.71; Bresl. Diss. Asparag. No.2; Burm. Fl. Zeyl.
36, t. 13, £. 2 (bad); Thwaites Enum. 337. A. sthiopicus, var. ternifolia,
Baker in Saunders Refug. Bot. t. 261, and in Gard. Chron. 1872, 1587, with
woodcut. P A. sarmentosus, Thwaites Enum. 337 (not of Linz.).

CEYLON ; common in the warmer parts.—DistTR1B. Trop. and S. Africa.

Stem tall; branchlets very slender, flexuous. Spinesi}in. Cladodes 3-2 in.
broad, narrowed at the spinescent tip. Racemes 3-3 in.; pedicels 2-4 in., jointed
below the middle. Flowers 4 in. diam., white, sweet scented. -Anthers ininute,
subglobose. Berry 4 in. diam., 1-seeded.

17. A. gonoclados, Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 627; stem sub-
scandent terete smooth, branches green curved angled 3-quetrous, spines
short, cladodes 2-6-nate 3-1 in. ensiform flat falcate subcostate, racemes
elongate lax-fld., bracts short cymbiform, perianth-segments spreading.
A. Curillus, Wall, Cat, 5155 A.

The Deccan PreninsuLa; from the Concan southwards. CrrLon, Thwaites

Cp. 737).
f or ieee branched undershrub ; branchlets curved, green, strongly angled.
Spines 3-3 in. Cladodes § in. diam., narrowed to the acuminate tip, green.
Racemes 1-3 in., often fascicled, sometimes connate; pedicels go-vs in., jointed
below the middle; flowers =; in. diam. ; anthers small.

IMPERFECTLY KNOWN SPECIES.

A. RUBRICAULIS, Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 616; subscandent, branches
flexuous smooth purplish, spines conical, cladodes densely fascicled setaceous terete

Asparagus. OLYI. LiblacrR. (J.D. Hooker.) 319

much longer than the internodes, pedicels solitary,
rubricaulis, Kunth Enum. v. 87.—Ind. Or., Heyne.

A, SABMENTOSUS, Linn. Sp. Pl. 314, Ceylon.—Trimen in J. . Linn. S i
138, doubtfully refers this to 4. gonacladue oO cae een ars

anthers oblong. Asparagopsis

4, POLYGONATUM, Tourn.

Rootstock creeping. Stem leafy above. Leaves alternate opposite or
whorled. Flowers in axillary 1- or more-fld. curved peduncles, drooping,
white green or purplish; pedicels jointed at the top; perianth tubular,
mouth 6-cleft, outer lobes subvalvate. Anthers subsessile on or above the
middle of the tube, included, dorsifixed. Ovary 3-gonous, style straight,
stigmas 3; cells 2- or more-ovuled. Berry globose or ellipsoid, few- or
many-seeded. Seeds subglobose, testa thin.—Species about 24, N. temp.
regions.

The species are difficult of limitation, the leaves varying opposite alternate and
even whorled in the same species, the flowers in number, size and colour, and the
seeds in size.—P. officinale was by error given by Baker (Journ. Linn, Soc. xiv. 554)
as Himalayan.

* Leaves usually all alternate.

lL. P. multiflorum, Allion: Fl. Pedem. i. 181; stem terete, leaves
subbifarionus or secund oblong sessile, peduncles 1-5-fld., perianth con-
stricted in the middle, filaments puberulous, berry globose. Baker in
Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 555; Desf. in Ann. Mus. ix. 50; Redouté Lil, t. 229,
P. Govanianum, Royle il. 380. Convallaria multiflora, Linn. Sp. Pl. 315.
Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 961, 962. C. Govaniana, Wall. Cat. 5137.

Wustern Temperate Himataya ; from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 6-9000 ft.
—Distris. Europe, N. Asia, Japan.

Stem 2-3 ft., arched. Leaves many, 3-6 in., narrowed at the base, glaucous
beneath, subacute. Peduncles 4-2 in., rarely 1-fid. Perianth 4-% in., white with
green lobes; nerves within hairy. Stamens inserted above the middle of the tube.
Berry } in. diam., blue-black. Seeds few.

2. P. brevistylum, Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 556; stem
grooved, leaves shortly petioled oblong acute subcoriaceous, peduncles
2-4.fld., perianth cylindric, berry ellipsoid, style very short.

SIKKIM Hisuaaya, alt. 7-8000 ft., J. D. H., Clarke.

Stem 12-18 in., green spotted with purple. Leaves many, 2-4 in., strongly
nerved, glaucous beneath, cross nervules obscure, Peduncles and pedicels stout,
4-4 in. Perianth % in., yellow, lobes green. Berry broadly ellipsoid, 4 in. long,
many-seeded, Seeds =}, in., ellipsoid or ovoid.

3. P.nervulosum, Baker in Journ. Linn, Soe. xiv. 557; stem flexu-
ous, leaves 4-8 in. elliptic caudate-acuminate, nerves strong, peduncles
long slender, berries globose 2-4-seeded.

Sizxim and Buotan Himataya, alt, 9-10,000 ft., Grigith, J. D. H.

Stem 3-5 ft., slender. Caudate tip of leaves nearly 1 in, long. Peduncles
1-3 in. fld. Seeds globose, } in. diam.

** Leaves most or all opposite.

, 4. P. graminifolium, Hook. Ic. Pl. +. 833; dwarf, leaves crowded
membranous linear obtuse, peduncles 2-fld., perianth cylindric, anthers
inserted near the mouth of the corolla. Baker in Jowrn. Linn, Soe. xiv.
557.

320 CLVI. LiniacEz. (J.D. Hooker.) [Polygonatum.

Westren Himataya; Barung, alt. 11,000 ft., Munro.

Rootstock fleshy, constricted at the internodes. Stem 6 in. Leaves 1}-2 in.,
1-nerved. Flowers violet ; peduncle and pedicels about half as long as the leaves.
Perianth 4 in. long; lobes oblong, about equalling the tube.—I have seen no
specimen.

5. P. Hookeri, Baker in Journ. Iinn. Soc, xiv. 558; dwarf, leaves
opposite or the lower alternate sessile linear obtuse glaucous beneath,
flowers solitary, perianth-tube cylindric, stamens inserted about the middle
of the corolla.

TEMPERATE HIMALAYA, alt. 10-12,000 ft., Garwhal, Duthie; Sikkim, at Lachen,
J.D. H.

Stem 1-2 in. Leaves crowded, $-3} in., nerves slender. Flowers suberect,
violet ; pedicels 4-2 in. Perianth 4-1 in. long, lobes variable in length, much
shorter than the tube. Séyle short.—Probably a state of P. verticillatum ; except
from the insertion of the anthers I should be disposed to include it under P.
graminifolium.

6. P. geminiflorum, Decne in Jacquem. Voy. Bot. 170, t. 170; stem
tall puberulous above terete, leaves many opposite or ternately whorled
membranous oblong or linear-oblong subacute glaucous and nerves ciliolate
beneath, peduncles 2-fid., perianth-tube cylindric. Baker in Journ. Linn.
Soc. xiv. 558. Kunth Hnum. v. 852. ? P. ciliatum, Royle Ill. 389. P. ver-
ticillatum, var. gracile, Baker, l.c. xviii. 103.

WestERN Hima.ayYA, alt. 7-11,000 ft., from Kashmir to Kumaon.—Distris,
Affghanistan,

Stem 12-18 in., flexuous. Leaves 2-4 in., rarely solitary, acute, base cuneate,
nerves beneath puberulous. Peduncles and pedicels 1-4 in., bracteoles minute,
caducous. Perianth } in., 2 in. long, white, lobes much shorter than the tube, green.
Anthers inserted above the middle of the tube, filaments very short glabrous. Style
as long as the ovary,—Probably a form of P. verticillatum.

7. P. Griffithii, Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 558; stem tall
glabrous terete, leaves opposite sessile membranous linear-lanceolate acute
or acuminate 3-nerved, peduncles 2-fid., perianth-tube constricted above
the ovary.

Eastern Himataya; Mishmi hills, on Laim-planj-thaga, alt. 6000 ft., Grifith.

Stem 3 ft., slender, Leaves distant, 3-5 in., green above, subglaucous beneath.
Peduncles and pedicels $-$ in. Perianth white, $ in., lobes very short, deltoid,
green. Stamens inserted at the mouth of the tube, filaments very short, naked;
anthers minute. Style filiform, 2-3 times as long as the ovary.

8. P. Catheartii, Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 559; stem tall
glabrous terete, leaves all opposite subpetioled ovate-oblong or -lanceolate
acuminate 3-7-nerved, peduncle 2-4-fld., perianth short broad slightly
contracted in the middle.

Sixxim Himalaya; woods at Lachen, alt. 8-10,000 ft, J. D. H., Clarke.
Naga Hits, alt. 9000 ft., Clarke.

Stem 2-3 ft., spotted with purple. Leaves 2-4 in., spreading, green above,
glaucous beneath. Peduncles 1-3 in. Pedicels 4-1 in. Perianth 3 in., green or
yellowish ; tube constricted in the middle, lobes short, deltoid, green. - Anthegs
inserted about the middle of the tube. Style as long as the ovary. Berry 4-4 in.

diam. Seeds few or many, globose.—I have described the perianth from a drawing
in the Cathcart collection.

9. P. oppositifolium, Royle lil. i. 380; stem tall furrowed,

Polygonatum.] OLVI, LILIAcER. (J. D. Hooker.) 321

glabrous, leaves opposite or a few alternate shortly petioled coriaceous
oblong acuminate, shining above, flowers many, peduncles usually many-
fid., perianth-tube cylindric. Baker in Journ. Linn, Soc. xiv. 569; Kunth
Enum. v. 141, Convallaria oppositifolia, Wall. in Asiat. Research, xiii.
380 with a figure; Cat. 51384; Don Prodr. 47; Lodd. Bot. Cat. t. 640;
Hook, Exot. Fl. t. 125; Bot. Mag. t. 3529.

TEMPERATE CENTRAL and Western Himazaya, from Nepal eastwards,
Kasia HItzs, alt. 4-600 ft. Monnrpors, alt. 3500 ft. Clarke. Patkoye hills,
in UppEr Assam, Grifith.

Stem 2-4 ft.; rhizome of green tubers. Leaves many, spreading, 3-6 in.,
bright green above, 7-9-nerved, pale beneath with reddish ribs. Peduncle many-fid.
and pedicels 3—$ in. Perianth 3—% in., all white, or tube with deltoid lobes greenish.
Stamens inserted above the middle of the tube; filaments papillose ; tips of anthers
exserted. Style twice as long as the ovary. Berry } in. diam., broadly ovoid or
ellipsoid, scarlet. Seeds many, globose.

Var. decipiens, Baker 1. c.; leaves shortly petioled lower alternate lanceolate
very acuminate 3-4 in. broadest above the middle. Wall. Cat. 5134 B. Sikkim,
alt. 7-11,000 ft. 7. D. H. Khasia hills, alt..4-5000 ft.—Approaches P. -Cath-

eartii.

lu. P. punctatum, Royle Iii. 380; stem angled and grooved
glabrous, leaves petioled or subsessile opposite rarely alternate coriaceous
oblong-lanceolate obtuse or obtusely acuminate, rather shining above
5-7-nerved, peduncles 2-many-fld., perianth urceolate mouth contracted.
Kunth Enum. v. 142; Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 559; Bot. Mag. t.
5061. Convallaria punctata, Wall. Cat. 5133. Convallaria sp. Griff. Notul.
243; Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 274.

TeMPeRATE Himaraya, alt. 5-8000 ft. from Nepal, Wallich, to Bhotan, Griffith.
Munnipore, alt. 7000 ft., Watt.

Stem 1-2 ft. Leaves many, 2-3 in., broadest in the middle, base cuneate, pale
beneath with many slender nerves, Pedunele and pedicels 3-1 in. Perianth 4- in.
Flowers white, spotted with lilac, lobes deltoid, green. Stamens inserted above the
middle of the tube, filaments very short, glabrous. Style as long as the ovary.
Berry as in P. oppositifolium, from which this in its typical state differs in its more
robust habit more coriaceous obtuse leaves and smaller flowers.

¥kE Leaves usually whorled.

ll. P. verticillatum, Allioni Fl. Pedem. i. 131; stem tall angled
and grooved glabrous, leaves 4-8-nately whorled sessile linear or linear-
lanceolate acuminate membranous, peduncles 2-3-fld. whorled, perianth
constricted at the middle. Kunth Enum. v. 142; Baker in Journ. Linn.
Soc. xiv. 560; Desf. in Ann. Mus. ix. 49; Redouté Lil. t. 244; Maximov.
Diagn. xi. 852. P. leptopbyllnm, Royle IU. 880. P. Jacquemontianum,
Kunth Enum. 1. ¢.143. P.roseum Bot, Mag. t.5049 (and Kunth P) Conval-
laria verticillata, Linn. Sp. Pl. 315; Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 966. C. lep-
tophylla, Don Prodr. 47.

TumMpErate Himataya, from Kashmir, alt. 6-11,00) ft to Sikkim, alt. 8-12,000
ft. Tibet (N. of Kumaon), alt. 13,500 ft., Strachey § Winterbottom.—D1srnin.
Europe, N. Asia, Affghanistan. 4 ;

Stem 2-4 ft., very slender, or stout, sometimes as thick asthe middle finger.
Leaves 3-6 by 2-1 in., green above, glaucous beneath, often ciliolate on the
margins and nerves. Peduneles and pedicels 4-2 in. Perianth very variable in size,

VOL. VI. Y

322 civ. Lintacez. (J. D. Hooker.) [Polygonatum.

2-4 in., greenish or lilac; tube slender. Stamens inserted above the middle of
the tube, anthers subsessile. Style as long as the ovary. Berry % in. diam.,
6-10-seeded. Seeds globose.—There is a tendency in the leaves of some specimens
to become circinate at the ¢ip, thus passing into the following.

12. P. cirrifolium, Royle Ill. 380; stem flexuous often climbing
by the tips of the leaves terete puberulous or glabrous, leaves 3-6-nately
whorled sessile membranous with slender circinate tips, peduncles 2-4-fld.
whorled, perianth subcylindric. Kunth Enum, v.140. Maxim. Diagnos. x1.
854. P.sibiricum, Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 501 in part. Convallaria
cirifolia, Wall. in Asiat. Research. xiii. 382 with a figure ; Cat. 5136 ; Don
Prodr. 47.

TrmpERATeE Himataya, from Simla eastward to Bhotan, alt. 5-11,000 ft.
Mounnipors, alt. 4000 ft.—Disrris. Northern Asia.

Stem 2-4 ft., very weak; flexuous. Leaves 3-5 in., gradually narrowed into the
slender revolute tips, glaucous and costate beneath. Flowers white green or purplish.
Stamens inserted above the middle of the tube, filaments ciliolate. Style as long as
the ovary. Berry 4-} in. diam., excessively variabie in size and in the number of
seeds; in some specimens from Simla, the seeds are } in. diam. Baker has
included this under P. sibiricum, probably rightly, but Maximovicz does not.

13. P. Kingianum, Collett & Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soe. xxviii.
1381, t. 21; very robust, leaves 5-nately whorled or 2-3-nate sessile
coriaceous Jinear-lanceolate with a tbick circinate apex, peduncles
1-3-fld., perianth subcylindric.

Buea ; in the Shan hills, alt. 4000 ft., Collett.

A much stouter plant than P. cirrifolium, with thick leaves, and flowers three-
fourths of an inch long; perianth lobes very short; anthers large inserted above
the middle of the tube, filaments very short.—Only one specimen seen.

UNDESCRIBED SPECIES.

P. 1neLEsts, Royle Ill. 380, from Raldung.

5. STREPTOPUWS, Michauc.

Rootstock creeping. Stem leafy. Leaves alternate, sessile or amplex-
icaul. Flowers axillary. Perianth campanulate or open, segments
deciduous. Stamens hypogynous or 3 inner adnate to the bases of the
segments ; filaments broad at the base, tip acute; authers erect, basifixed
between the lobes, connective sometimes produced. Ovary sessile; style-
arms 8 stigmatose within; cells many-ovuled. Berry subglobose. Seeds
many, oblong, curved, striate; testa thin adnate; embryo cylindric.—
Species 4, N. temp. regions.

S. simplex, Don Prodr, 48, and in Trans. Linn. Soc. xviii. 580; leaves
amplexicaul ovate-cordate glaucous beneath, flowers solitary or 2-nate.
Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 591. 8. candidus, Wall. Cat. 5572.
Hekorima candida, Kunth Enum, iv. 204,

TEMPERATE Himawaya, from Kumaon eastwards to Sikkim, alt. 8-12,000 ft.

Rootstock small. Stem 2-3 ft., flexuous, forked. Leaves 2-4 in., membranous,
many-nerved. Flowers in most of the axils, 1 in. diam., white; pedicels 2-3 in.,
filiform ; segments erecto-patent, oblong. Stamens much shorter than the perianth ;
anthers oblong, twice as long as the deltoid filameuts. Style short. Berry 4 in.
diam., 5-6-seeded.

OLVI. LILIAGEEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) 323

6. SMILACINA, Desf.

Rootstock short, or creeping. Stem simple, leafy above. Leaves alter-
nate, subsessile, rarely petioled, ovate-lanceolate. Flowers in terminal
racemes or panicles, small, shortly pedicelled. Perianth spreading ; seg-
ments subequal, usually deciduous. Stamens hypogynous or adnate to
the bases of the segments, filaments long or short; anthers minute,
globose, dorsifixed. Ovary subglobose, 3-celled ; style long or short, stigma
entire or 3-fid; cells 2-ovuled, Berry globose. Seeds 1 or few, globose ;
testa thin, adnate; embryo about half the length of the seed.— Species about
20, Europe, temp. Asia and America.

* Flowers racemose.

1. S. oligophylla, Hook. f.; stem and leaves beneath and rachis of
raceme puberulous, leaves 3 in., pedicels solitary, perianth-segments pale
purple oblong-lanceolate. Tovaria oligophylla, Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc.
xiv. 565.

Sixxrm Hrmanaya; woods at Lachen, alt. 10-13,000 ft. J. D. H.

Rootstock stout, creeping. Stem 4-1 ft., flexuous above, slender. Leaves 3-5 in.,
oblong, acute, or acuminate, membranous, pale and costate beneath, with many
slender nerves. Raceme 10-20-fid., 2-3 in., shortly peduncled; pedicels 2-4 in.';
bracts deltoid. Perianth1in. long. Style very short.

2. S. pallida, Royle Ili. i. 380; stem stout, leaves beneath and rachis
of raceme densely pubescent leaves, 4-6 in., pedicels solitary or 2-nate,
perianth segments white oblong. 8. purpurea, Wall. Cat. 4201; Plant. As.
Rar. ii. 38, t. 144. §. albiflora, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. ii. 38. Tovaria
pallida, and purpurea, Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 566. Jocaste
purpurea, and albiflora, Kunth Enum. v. 155.

TreMPrRaTE Himauaya, alt. 8-11,000 ft., from Garwhal eastwards to Sikkim.

Stem 2-8 ft., very stout, naked below, flexuous above. Leaves 8-12, oblong,
4-6 in., acute, pale beneath, with 7-9 principal nerves. Raceme 3-6 in., rachis sub-
erect ; pedicels 1-3 in.; bracts deltoid. Perianth 4 in. long, purple or white.
Filaments deltoid. Style very short.

*& Flowers in thyrsiform panicles.

3. S. fusca, Wall, Pl. As. Rar. iii. 37, t. 257; nearly glabrous,
leaves petioled ovate-cordate acuminate, panicle deltoid, perianth brown-
purple segments oblanceolate obtuse. S. divaricata, Wall. Cat. 4202. S.
bootanensis, Griff. Notul. 178 ; Ie. Pl. Asiat. t. 279. Tovaria fusca, Baker
in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 568. Medora divaricata, Kunth Enum. v. 156.

Temperate Himaaya, alt. 6-8000 ft. from Nepal, Wailich, to Sikkim and
Bhotan. Kuasra Hizs, alt. 5-6000 ft. .

Stem 1-2 ft., slender, Leaves 3-6 in., membranous, glabrous or sparsely pilose
beneath ; petiole 3-14 in., nerves 5-7. Panicle 3-6 in.; peduncle short, branches
flexnous, lax-fid.; pedicels 3-1 in. solitary, bracts minute. Perianth % in. diam.
Filaments deltoid. Style very short. Berry 1-4 in., 1-3-seeded.

4, S. oleracea, Hook.f. & Thoms. Herb. Ind. Or. ; stem leaves beneath
and panicle pubescent, leaves subsessile oblong-lanceolate acuminate,
panicle oblong or deltoid, perianth white, segments oblong obtuse. Bot.
Mag. t. 6318. Tovaria oleracea, Bay in Journ. Linn Soe. xiv. 569.

Y

324 oLvI. nittacez. (J. D. Hooker.) [Smilacina.

Srxxim Himazaya ; in woods alt, 9-11,000 it., 7. D. H., &e.

Rootstock short. Stem 2-5 ft., stout, flexuous. Leaves 3-8 in., pale beneath
and 6-9-nerved. Panicle 3-12 in., oblong or deltoid, many-fid., branches flexuous,
pedicels 2-1 in. Perianth 3-4 in. diam,, segments serrulate. Filaments deltoid.
Style very short, 3-cuspidate. Berry 4 in. diam.—A favourite pot-herb with the
Lepchas of Sikkim.

7. THEROPOGON, Mazim.

Rootstock branched with thick root fibres. Leaves radical, linear, bases
enclosed in sheaths, costate. Scape axillary from the lower leaves,
naked. Flowers ina terminal raceme, small, rose-cold., nodding. Perianth
globosely campanulate; segments subequal, broadly ovate, broadly im-
bricate. Stamens inserted at the base of the segmenty, included;
filaments short, broadly obovoid, fleshy, incurved; anthers basifixed
between the lobes, ovoid, acute, cells spreading over the top of the fila-
ment, erect. Ovary sessile; style filiform, acute, stigma minute; cells
G-10-ovuled. Berry subglobose. Seeds few or several, subglobose, testa
thin adnate; embryo straight or curved.

1. ZT. pallidus, Maxim. in Bull. Acad. Petersb. xv. 89; Baker in
Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 562; Bot. Mag. t. 6154. Ophiopogon? pallidus,
Wall. Cat. 51388; Kunth Enum. v. 200. O. brevifolinus, Royle mss.? O.
mollis, Royle Zid. 382 (name).

Temperate Himabaya, from Kumaon, alt. 6000 ft. to Sikkim, alt. 6-10,000 ft.
Kauasta HItss, alt. 5-6000 ft.

Habit of an Ophiopogon. Leaves 6-10 in., erect and recurved, grassy, acuminate,
persistent, costa stout, green above, glaucous beneath. Scape shorter than the
leaves, acutely angled. aceme 2-3 in. ; pedicels 4-4 in., solitary, jointed under the
perianth ; bracts green, subulate. Flowers 3 in. diam., drooping, white suffused
with pink. Berries 4 in. diam.—Maximovicz describes the foliage as annual.

8. TUPISTRA, Ker.

Rootstock tuberous or creeping. Leaves radical, petioled, oblanceolate,
costate, strongly nerved. Scape short or long; flowers spicate, lurid.
Perianth campanulate, tube broad; lobes 6 or 8, short. Stamens 6 or 8,
inserted in the middle of the tube, included; filament very short, in-
flexed; anthers dorsifixed, incurved. Ovary small, sessile, subglobose,
3-4 celled; style very short, stigma peltate or capitate, entire or 3-6-lobed;
cells 2-ovuled. Berry globose, usually 1-seeded. Seeds large, testa thin
adnate ; albumen fleshy.—Species 7 or 8, tropical Himalayan and Burmese.

* Bracts shorter than the flowers.

1. Q nutans, Wall. in Bot. Reg. t. 1223; Cat. 5793; spike pen-
dulous densely many-fid., flowers dull brown and purple, perianth lobes
broadly ovate, mouth closed by the large hemispheric stigma. Bot. Mag.
t. 8054; Kunth Enum. v. 318. T. squalida, Baker in Journ. Linn. Soe. xiv.
580 (in part).

Sizxim Himazaya, alt. 1-5000 ft., J.D. H. Kasia Hits, alt. 2-4000 ft.,
Wallich, &c.

Rootstock as thick as the little finger. Leaves 2-3 ft. by 2-24 in., narrowly
oblanceolate, acuminate, coriaceous, shining ; petiole as long as the blade or shorter.
Peduncle 14-4 in. stout, decurved; spike 8-6 in.; bracts deltoid, scarious.
Flowers 4-4 in. diam., tube hemispheric longer than the lobes. Berry 3-1 in. diam.

Tupistra. | CLVI. LILIAGEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) 325

2. T. macrostigma, Baker in Bot. Mag. t. 6280; spike pendulous
or decurved few- and lax-fld., flowers vinous purple, perianth lobes broadly
ovate, mouth closed by the large hemispheric stigma. Macrostigma tupis-
troides, Kunth Enum. v. 319 ; Schnitzel. in Regel Gartenfl. 1857, 180, t. 192.
—?Tupistra, Griff, Notul. iti. 157; Ic, Pl. Asiat. t. 165.

Kuasta Hints, 38-4000 ft.; Griffith, &.

Except by the characters given above I cannot separate this from nutams, and

2 the dried state they are undistinguishable.—Griffiths’ is a much exaggerated
rawing.

3. T. Clarkei, Hook. f.; spike decurved or pendulous dense-fid.,
perianth lobes oblong, mouth not closed by the stigma, style long.
Sixxim Himaxaya, alt. 2-5000 ft., J. D. H., Clarke, Treutler.

Apparently a much larger plant than the above, with leaves 4-5 by 2-3} in., and
larger flowers of a pale greenish yellow or purplish colour.

A. T. Stoliczkana, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1875, ii. 199 ;
spike elongate erect, perianth-lobes linear-lanceolate, style very short
stout, stigma large scabrid. 5

Bursa; Moulmein, Stoliezka.

Leaves 24-3 ft. by 4-5 in.; petiole 1-14 ft. Spike 1 ft., robust; peduncle 4 in.
Flowers 4-3 in. diam.

** Bracts longer than the flowers.

5. T. aurantiaca, Wail. Cat. 5194; leaves sessile narrowly oblan-
ceolate, spike subsessile. Campylandra aurantiaca, Baker in Journ. Linn.
Soe. xiv. 582, t. 20.

SusrropicaL Himataya; from Nepal, Wallich, &c., eastward to Mishmi, alt.
4-6000 ft. Kuasia and Naca HIxts, alt. 4-8000 ft., Griffith, &e.

Rootstock as thick as the little finger, roots very long and stout. Leaves 12-18
by 1-13 in., flaccidly coriaceous. Peduncle very short and stout. Spike erect,
J-1} in. long, oblong, dense-fid. ; bracts 1 in., lanceolate, spreading. Flowers 4 in.
diam., yellow ; perianth-tube hemispheric, lobes short nearly orbicular; style short,
stigma large, 3-lid. Berry 2 in. diam., globose.

6. BT. Wattii, Hook. f.; leaves petioled elliptic-lanceolate or -ovate
acuminate, spikes subsessile. Campylandra Wattii, Baker in Journ. Linn.
Soc. xxv. 78, t. 32.

Burotan Himataya, Griffith. MUNNipoRE, alt. 6~7000 ft., Watt, Clarke.

Stem stout, fleshy, 6-10 in., from « long fleshy prostrate rhizome. Leaves 4-12
by 13-3 in. Peduncle very short, stout. Spike 1-3 in., dense-fid.; bracts linear-
lanceolate ; flowers yellow. Berry 1} in. diam., 1-seeded.

7,1]. singapureana, Wall. Cat. 5195; leaves petioled elliptic-
lanceolate acuminate membranous, spike sessile elongate stout erect,
bracts much longer than the globose fruit. Baker in Journ. Linn, Soc.
xiv. 581.

Sincaporz, Wallich. :

Stem short, erect, as thick as the finger. Leaves 10-16 by 2-24 in., erect;
petiole 3-6 in., stout, ribbed. Spike 3 in. ; bracts 4 in., lanceolate, membranous.
Berries globose, } in. diam.—Wallich’s solitary specimen is in fruit only. Kurz
(Journ. Beng. As. Soc. 1875, ii. 199), who had not seen the plant, thinks it may be
a Hypoxidea or Apostasia, but I see no reason to doubt its being a Tupistra,

326 CLVI. Lintacez. (J.D, Hooker.) [Tupistra.

9. ASPIDISTRA, Ker.

Characters of Tupistra, but scape very short, 1-fid.; flowers tetramerous,
embraced by concave sheathing bracteoles inserted at the base of the
perianth.—Species 3 or 4, Himalayan, Japanese and Chinese.

A. longifolia, Hook. f.; leaves 2-3 ft. by 1-2 in. narrowly linear-
oblanceolate, bracts 2-3 hemispheric strongly nerved. A. lurida, Baker
in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 579, not of Ker.

Uerrr Assam; in the Mishmi hills, Griffith.

Rootstock stout, creeping. Leaves tufted, rather thin, contracted into a rigid
deeply grooved petiole that is produced into a trigonous keel extending half way up
the leaf more or less, nerves close set slender. Peduncle 4-3 in., stout, with a boat-
shaped bract at the top. Flower (bud?) very shortly pedicelled; bracts scarious,
rounded at theiapex ; perianth } in. diam., fleshy, snbglobose contracted at the mouth ;
lobes very small. Anthers sessile, recurved. Stigma very large.—A very different
plant from the A. lurida, Ker of China.

10. GONIOSCYPHA, Baker.

Leaves radical, petioled, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, costate and
strongly nerved. Scape radical, bracts elongate-subulate much exceeding
the flowers; spike erect, cylindric, crowned with a tuft of flowerless per-
sistent bracts. Perianth-tube cylindric; lobes 6, short, broadly ovate,
spreading. Stamens 6, inserted in the throat of the perianth, filaments
very short; anthers erect, linear-oblong. Ovary subglobose, 3-celled;
style columnar; stigma small, 3-lobed; cells 2-ovuled.

G. eucomoides, Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 581, t. 19; ME.
Br. in Gard. Chron. 1886, ii. 744.

Buoran Himataya ; in the Duphla hills, alt. 4500 ft., Booth, Lister.

Rootstock long, fleshy. Leaves 1-2 ft. by 6-8 in., narrowed into a petiole 4 in.
long, subpinnately 10-12-nerved. Scape 8-9 in., stout, strict, terete, with basal
searious sheaths; spikes 3 in., dense-fld., cylindric; bracts setaceous, persistent ;
flowers at length deflexed, nearly 4 in. long, dark green. Berry ovoid, 3-2 in. long,
fleshy, 1-seeded.

10* Hemerocatis, Linn.

Rootstock very short, with fleshy root-fibres. Leaves elongate, narrowly
linear, costate and many-nerved. Scape elongate, terete, naked, bearing a
few-fid. panicle; bracts deciduous. Flowers large, suberect, orange-yellow.
Perianth funnel-shaped, 6-partite, segments connate at the base in a tube,
then recurved, outer smaller. Stamens 6, inserted at the mouth of the
tube, exserted, filaments filiform, declinate, inserted in a dorsal pit of the
linear-oblong versatile anther. Ovary 3-celled; style filiform, declinate,
stigma capitate; cells many-ovuled. Capsule triquetrous, coriaceous,
loculicidal. Seeds angled; testa thin, black, shining ; embryo cylindric.—
Species 5, Europe, temp. Asia and Japan.

H. fulva, Linn. Sp. Pl. Ed. ii. 462; inner perianth-segments much
larger and broader than the outer, margins undulate with reticulate nerves.
Kunth Enum, iv. 588; Baker in Journ. Linn. Soe. xi. 359 ; Boiss. Fl.
Orient. v. 312; Bot. Mag. t. 64; Redouté Lil. t. 16; Reichb. Ic. Fl.
oe t.1113; Wall. Cat. 8975. H. disticha, Don in Sweet Brit. Fl. Gard.

Gontoscypha.] CLVI. Lintack#, (J.D. Hooker.) 327

The Himanaya and Kuasia Hrt1s ; possibly indigenous; cultivated throughout
Inp1a.— Distr 1s. 8. Europe, the Caucasus and N. Asia to Japan. aii

Leaves 12-24 by 1-1} in, frecto-patent, acute, subglaucous beneath. Scape
2-3 ft., panicle 6-12-fld. 3 pedicels short; bracts small, membranous. Flowers
nodorous, 1-2 in. diam.; tube yellow-red; outer segments orange yellow, oblong,
acute, inner very much broader.

Var. angustifolia, Baker 1. c.; much smaller, leaves 12-18 by g-4 in., perianth-
segments narrower more acute. Boiss. l. c. H. longituba, Miquel Ann. Mus.
Lugd. Bat, iii, 152,

ll. DRACZENA, Linn.

Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate or crowded and subterminal,
sessile or petioled, costate or not and many-nerved. Flowers in terminal
racemes panicles or heads; bracts small. Perianth tubular, campanulate
or funnel-shaped, 6-cleft, lobes narrow. Stamens 6, inserted at the base of
the tube, filaments filiform or flattened; anthers versatile. Ovary 3-
celled ; style filiform, stigma capitate; ovules 1, erect in each cell. Berry
globose didymous or 3-lobed. Seeds globose or angled, testa thickish,
Speen hears embryo small.—Species about 35, in warm regions of the

orld.

This genus wants a thorough revision on living plants. The following attempt
to delimit the Indian species has been a work of much labour and the result is
provisional only.

* Leaves linear or ensiform, sessile.

1, D. angustifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 155; stem erect, leaves 8-20
by 3-1 in. costate waved, panicle very large decurved spreading, flowers
3-1 in., pedicels 2-3 in., fruit 3-2 in. diam. fleshy. Wall. Cat. 5141;
Kunth Enum. v. 4; Regel Revis. Drac. 36; Baker in Trim. Journ. Bot.
1873, 262; in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 526; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 543. D.
ensifolia, Wall. Cat. 5143; Kunth Enum. 5; Kurz l. ce. Terminalia
angustifolia, Rumph. Amb. iv. t. 35. Sanseviera fruticosa, Blume Enum.
i, 11.

Sinwet, Wallich, &c. Kuasia and Naca Hinis, common, Burma, ANDA-
Man Istanps, Kurz.—DistRis. Malaya, Australia.

Stem 8-10 ft., as thick as a stout cane, simple or forked. Leaves sessile by a
broad sheathing base, spreading and recurved. Flowers white or tipped with pink.
Fruit orange-cold—Kurz distinguishes his ensifolia by the panicle nodding
longer than the leaves, bracts acute almost wholly scarious, filaments orange,
pedicels 4 in. ; and angustifolia by the erect stiff panicle shorter than the leaves,
bracts with a scarious border, filaments white.

2. D. graminifolia, Wall. Cat. 5149; leaves 8-12 by 4-4 in.
obscurely costate, raceme erect simple or branched at the base quite smooth ;
flowers #in. long. D. Finlaysoni, Baker in Trim. Journ. Bot. 1873, 261,

in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 525.
Starrs of Mazacca, Dinding Island, Finlayson.—DistR1B. Borneo ?.
Wallich’s specimens are very insufficient, and I hesitate to regard the Bornean
plant, from which Baker’s description is in part taken, as specifically the same.

3. D. granulata, Hook. f.; arboreous, leaves 6-10 by 4 in. sessile,
panicle erect pyramidal, rachis and branches finely granulate when dry,
fruit 3-13 in. diam. shortly pedicelled fleshy.

Matay Prninsuta; Perak, King’s Collector.

Stem 50-60 ft, by 18-20 in. diam.

328 cLvI. Litiacea&. (J. D, Hooker.) [Dracena.

4, D. brachyphylla, Kurz. For. Flor. ii. 544; a low shrab, leaves
3-1 ft. costate, panicle erect stiff quite smooth shorter than the leaves,
flowers 2 in., filaments white. D. atropurpurea, var. Kurzii, Baker in
Journ. Linn. Soe. xiv. 533.

ANDAMAN IsLanps, frequent, Kurz. ;
I have seen only very imperfect specimens. Kurz describes the stem as thick
as a goose-quill or twice as thick.

5. D. brachystachys, Hook. f.; leaves 3 ft. by 2in. ensiform coria-
ceous costa beneath very stout, branches of panicle scaberulous spreading,
flowers shortly pedicelled ternately fascicled.

Penance; Monisti road, Curtis, 2302.

Stem 10-12 ft., 2-3 in. diam. Leaves fascicled. Panicle apparently very large
with rather distant horizontal strict branches, bracts very small. FJowers in rather
remote fascicles 2 in. long white, pedicel 5 in.—Described from one leaf and a
portion of a panicle.

** Leaves elliptic-lanceolate or -oblanceolate (very narrowly in D.
Porteri).

+ Flowers in spiciform racemes that are simple or branched at the
base only.

6. D. Porteri, Baker in Trimen Journ. Bot. 1873, 262; in Journ.
Linn. Soc. xiv. 529; shrubby, leaves 8-10 by 1-1} in. sessile narrowly lan-
ceolate or oblanceolate costate towards the base, raceme shortly peduncled
erect, flowers 2 in. long, pedicels very short, fruit pisiform. D. maculata,
Wall, Cat. 5748 (not of Roab.).

PenaneG, Porter, King’s Collector; Sincapore, Wallich. Matacca, Griffith
(Kew Distrib. 5874), Maingay (K. d. 1687).—Disrzis. Siam.

Shrub 4-6 ft. (King’s Coll.).—Apparently very near D. spicata, but with nar-
rower leaves. Wallich’s 5148 A has spotted leaves; his B from Singapore may be
different, it is more slender with a more contracted leaf-base.

7. D. spicata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 157; arboreous, leaves 6-18 by
3-2 in. very broadly petioled elliptic or broadly oblanceolate finely
acuminate, raceme long or short simple or branched at the base, flowers
fascicled very shortly pedicelled, fruit pisiform 4} in. diam., or 3-lobed and
3 in. fleshy. Kunth Enum. v.10; Wall. ‘Cat. 5146; Regel Revis. Drac.
44: D. Wallichii, Kunth in Act. Acad. Berol. 1842, 26.

Si1nHeEt, Wallich, CHITTAGONG, Rowburgh, Sours ANDAMAN IsLanDs, Kurz.

Tam unable to unravel the synonymy and habitats of this species and D. terni-
flora, which however. according to Roxburgh and Kurz are very different plants.
Baker (Journ. Bot. 1873, 263, and Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 532) unites them (as D.
spicata), together with D. aurantiaca, Wall., and gives its distribution as from the
eastern Himalaya to the Nilghiris, Malacca, and the Congo River in Western Africa.
Of these the Himalayan (for which Griffith, Wallich, and I are cited), is an error, as
none of us collected it there. On the other hand it is probably a Malayan species.
Roxburgh describes the flower as numerous ,and sessile in fascicles, pale greenish,
cleft about half way down, and the ripe berries as deep reddish orange. Kurz says
the flowers are in twos or threes, aninch long, greenish yellow and the berries glossy
crimson.

8. D. terniflora, Ror). Fl. Ind. ii. 159; a low decumbent slender
shrub, leaves 6-12 in. by 1-2 in. elliptic or oblanceolate finely acuminate,
petiole 1-6 in., flowers 2-3-nate pedicelled, fruit pisiform or 3-lobed. Regel
Revis. Drac. 16 ; D. ternifolia (error for terniflora), Kurz For. Fl. ii. 545.

Draceena. | CLYL Lintacne, (J. D. Hooker.) 329

Sinuer, Cacwar, the Kuasta His, 'Munniporz, CHITTaGone, and the
Deccan PENINSULA, Roxburgh, and ? Manay PENINSULA.

According to Roxburgh and Kurz, this is distinguished from D. spicata by size
and habit, and the petioled leaves, and according to Kurz, by the perianth 6-cleft
to the middle, that of D. spicata being 6-cleft half-way down. Roxburgh describes
the fruit as of the size and appearance of a fine red cherry ; but Kurz as orange red.
In both species the perianth becomes twisted in age, and in both the thinly coriaceous
leaves may be blotched with white.

Var. Heyneana; spike or panicle much shorter than the leaves. D, Heyneana,
Wall. Cat. 5754. D. terminalis, Wight Ic. ¢. 2054.—Western Ghats, from the
Concan southwards, Heyne, &c.

Var. ? Thwaitesii; spike or panicle very short, flowers smaller 4 in. long. D.
Thwaitesii, Regel Revis. Drac. 44; Baker Ul. ec. D., elliptica, Thunb. & Dallm.
Diss, 3 (the Ceylon plant); Thwaites Enum. 338.—Ceylon, ascending to 4000 ft.

Var. ? Curtisii; stem short, leaves 4-6 in. elliptic sessile squarrosely spreading
and recurved elliptic-lanceolate caudate-acuminate, raceme much longer than the
leaves slender long-peduncled, flowers 1 in. long very slender.—Penang, at Polo
Boolong, Curtis.

9. D. pachyphylla, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 546; shrubby 1-2 ft., leaves
4-6 by 14-24 in. coriaceous subulate-acuminate costate, lower long-petioled,
raceme subsessile very short or elongate, flowers very shortly pedicelled,
berries pisiform or 3-lobed.

AnpaMAN IsLANnpDs, Kurz. Perak, King’s Collector. Matacca, on Mt. Ophir,
Hullett.—DiIstRiB. Borneo.

Resembles a dwarf D. spicata. ‘ Stem sometimes as thick as the little finger;
leaves often blotched; flowers 4 in. long, white, 6-cleft almost to the base; lobes
conniving not recurved except the tips ; tube not twisted ; berries red,” Kurz.

+t Flowers in spreading panicles.
§ Panicle large, rachis and branches very stout.

10. D. aurantiaca, Wall. Cat. 5744; stem very stout, leaves 12-18
by 2~4 in. oblanceolate acuminate narrowed into a very broad almost flat
petiole, costa broad obscure, panicle 12-18 in., peduncle very short stout,
pedicels 3-2 in., flowers densely clustered Zin. D. spicata, var. aurantiaca
(in part), Baker in Trim. Journ. Bot. 1873, 263, and in Journ. Linn. Soe.
xiv, 532. ? D. marmorata, Baker in Bot. Mag. t. 7078.

Sineaporn, Wallich, Cantley. Matacca, Maingay (K. d. 1688).

Apparently arboreous. I doubtfully refer Baker’s D. marmorata to Wallich’s
aurantiaca. Wallich’s name may imply that either the flowers or fruit of his plant
are orange yellow. The flowers of D. marmorata are white, and the leaves mottled
with white. I have seen fruit of neither.

ll. D. Maingayi, Hook. f.; stem tall stout, leaves 8-12 by 1-2 in.
narrowly elliptic-lanceolate caudate-acuminate costate below the middle,
panicle erect peduncled very stout, pedicels 4 in., flowers 1 in., berries
1-1} in. diam. fleshy. D. spicata, var. aurantiaca, in part, Baker in Trim.
Journ. Bot. 1873, 263, and Journ. Linn. Soe, xiv. 263.

Mazacca; at Pulo Bissom, Grigith (Kew Distrib. 5873), Maingay (I. d.
1685). Prax, on low hills, King’s Collector. ;

“Tree 30-40 ft.; stem 14-2 ft. diam.; fruit waxy yellow,” King’s Collector.
“Fruit scarlet,” Grifith. The very narrow long-petioled leaves distinguish this
from D. aurantiaca, and the large stout pyramidal panicle and large berries from
D. spicata.

330 CLVI. LittacEz. (J. D. Hooker.) [Dracena.

§§ Panicle large or small, rachis and branches slender.

12. D. elliptica, Thunb. Diss. Bot. Dracen. 6; stem slender decum-
bent or ascending, leaves 4-8 by 14-23 in. scattered or crowded acuminate
or caudate narrowed into a short rather slender petiole costate at the base,
flowers solitary or 2-4-nate in decurved lax-fid. panicles, pedicels 3-2 in.
slender, perianth 6-lobed to the middle, lobes erect, berries pisiform 4 in.
diam., or 2-3-lobed. Kunth Enum. v.14; Baker in Trim. Journ. Bot. 1873,
263; in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 582; Kurz For, Fl, ii. 544. D. Wallichii,
Kunth lc. 11. D. terniflora, Wall. Cat. 5147 A.; Kunth l. ¢. 11. Dz.
maculata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i.157. D. elliptica, var. maculata, Hook. Bot.
Mag. t. 4787 (excl. some syns.). D. atro-purpurea, Roxb, Fl. Ind. ii. 160;
Kunth Enum. v.12; Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 533. D. elliptica,
var. atropurpurea. Kurz l.v. 544. D. javanica, Kunth Enum. v.14; Regel
Revis. Dracen. 45. D. maculata, Planch. l. ¢. t. 569. Cordyline terni-
flora, Planch. in Fl. des Serres, vi. 136.

SizHet, the KHasia Hits, Wallich, &c , BuRMa, the ANDAMAN and NicoBaR
Istanps, Kurz.—Distris. Java.

Stems low, 1-2 ft., as thick as a goose-quill, simple or branched, ascending, root-
ing at the base. Leaves thickly coriaceous, green or blotched with white or black
or all purple. Panicle often lying flat on'the uppermost leaves, subsessile, branches
slender curved; bracteoles ovate, scarious. Flower 2 in. long, slender, 6-cleft to
the middle, white purple or greenish; filament white. Berries orange red.—The
short rather slender petioles of this and the following species are very characteristic,
of upper leaves at any rate; but I collected in the Khasia the lower purple
leaves of what I supposed was the same species 12-14 by 2-3 in., oblanceolate, nar-
rowed into a long broad petiole.—There may be more than one species under this
name. Roxburgh’s drawing of atropurpurea represents the panicle as erect.

13. D. gracilis, Wall. Cat. 5150; slender, much branched, leaves
scattered 3-7 by 2-1} in.. elliptic-lanceolate acuminate narrowed into a
very short narrow petiole, panicle short very slender few and sparse-fid.
decurved, flowers 2 in. subsolitary pedicels slender, bracts scarious, berries
pisiform. D. atropurpurea, var. gracilis, Baker in Trim, Journ, Bot. (1873)
464; in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 534,

Penana, Porter; alt. 2500 ft., Curtis. PrrRax, alt. 35€0-4500 ft., Wray,
King’s Collector, Mazacca, Mount Ophir, Hullett.—Distriz, Siam, Sumatra,
Borneo.

Perhaps, as Baker supposed, a swall state of D, elliptica, the petiolation of the
leaves being of the same character ; if so, it is a mouutain form of that plant.

14. D. Helferiana, Wail. ex Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xlii. (1878)
ii, 248; Kurz For, Fl. ii. 545; a small decumbent shrub, leaves 12-18 by
13-2 in. oblanceolate acuminate narrowed into a longer or shorter petiole
costate, panicle large loosely branched lax-fld., breteoles minute, Howers
lin. white or greenish, pedicels slender, perianth 6-cleft nearly to the base,
segments erect, berries pisiform or 3-lobed. D. Griffithii, Regel Revis.
Dracen.47. D. terniflora, Wall. Cat. 5147 B, in part. D. atro-purpurea,
var. Griffithii, Baker in Trim. Journ. Bot. (1873) 264; in Journ. Linn. Soc.
xiv. 583.

Burma; Moulmein and Attran, Wallick; Pegu, Scott; Mergui, Griffith (Kew
Distrib. 5869, 5877).

Habit of D. elliptica, but according to Kurz only 1-2 ft. high, and differing in
the broad petioles, much larger panicle, minute bracteoles and the perianth-cleft
nearly to the base.

Dracena.] CLVI. Lintacea#. (J. D. Hooker.) 331

15. D. petiolata, Hook. f.; leaves 10-14 by 4 in. elliptic caudate-
acuminate ecostate suddenly narrowed into a slender petiole 3-44 in.,
panicle long-peduncled narrow, branches slender erect, ‘bracteoles longer
than the short pedicels, flowers $ in., lobes as long as the tube, fruit
pisiform, pericarp very thin wrinkled when dry. D. spicata, var. auran-
oe part, Baker in Trim. Journ. Bot. 1878, 263; in Journ. Linn. Soc.
xiv. 582.

Uerer Assam; near Kujoo, and at the Brama Khoond, Griffith.
Apparently a very distinct species from the broad very long-petioled leaves and
long-peduncled panicles.

DOUBTFUL AND IMPERFECTLY KNOWN SPECIES.

D, Jacxtana, Wall. Cat. 5145 A, B. (D. spicata, var. aurantiaca, Baker in
Trim. Journ. Bot. 1873, 263; in Journ. Linn. Soe. xiv. 532.) A very robust plant,
from Penang, like a large D. spicata, the tall raceme having short basal branches.
I find no specimen of his 5145 C (Penang, Porter) in Wallich’s Herbarium.

D. tineaRIFoLia, Kurz For. ii, 542, in Clavis of species, but not taken up in
the following descriptions. It has the habit of P. angustifolia, but has narrower
leaves and the lobes of the fruit as large as a cherry or small plum. A Javanese
species in Herb, Kew responds to this description.

D. CantLEY1, Baker in Journ. Bot. 1881, 326. Singapore, Cantley. There is
little in the description of this plant, of which a specimen flowered at Kew, to dis-
tinguish it from D. marmorata (aurantiaca). Unfortunately flowers were not
preserved for the Herbarium. ‘The live plant at Kew has now a stem 4 in. long,
with lanceolate leaves 15 by 44 in., suddenly narrowed into w petiole 1-14 in.
broad,

12. CORDYLINE, Commers.

Characters of Dracena, but ovarian cells 4-16-ovuled, testa black
shining, and embryo nearly as long as the albumen.—Species about 10,
Malayan, Australasian, Pacific, and one Brazilian.

1. C. terminalis, Kunth Enum. v. 25; shrubby, erect, leaves 12-36
by 2-5 in. oblong-lanceolate broadly petioled, flowers white or purplish
subspicate or racemed on the branches of a large erect simply branched
panicle, ~perianth 1 in. cleft to the swollen base, segments recurved.
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 546; Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 589.

Tropicat Inp1a4, from BEncaL and AssaM eastward and southward to
Maracca.—DisrrRis. Eastwards to the Pacific Islds.

An erect, glabrous shrub, 8-10 ft., stem3 as thick as the finger or wrist.
Leaves distichous, green or purplish, acuminate at both ends; petiole complicate,
base dilated and amplexicaul. Panicle 1-2 ft. high ; lower bracts linear-lanceolate ;
bracteoles small, 3-nute; flowers } in. long, subsessile, or very shortly pedicelled,
white or purplish. Berry } in. diam., usually 1-seeded.—Kurz (for Fl. 1. c.) makes
two varieties in Burma; terminalis proper with larger subsessile flowers, which is
only cultivated; and ferrea, with smaller flowers, pedicels shorter or slightly
longer than the bracteoles. Baker (in Journ. Linn. Soc, 1. c.) has the following
varieties :—

‘Var. 1, ferrea; leaves narrower more oblanceolate dull purple or variegated
2-2} in. broad, petioles shorter, flowers usually smaller tinged with red. D. ferrea,
Linn. Syst. 275 ; Roab. Fl. Ind. ii, 156; Bot. Mag. t. 2053. D. terminalis, Jacq.
Ie. t. 448; Rowb. 1. v.; Redouté Lil. t. 91; Lodd. Bot. Cat. t. 1224. Cordyline
Jacquininii, Kunth 1. c. 23.

Var. 2. Siebert; leaves oblanceolate 12-18 by 2-3 in., racemes 1 in. broad,
pedicels longer, flowers larger. Cordyline Sieberi, Kunth Enum. v. 23.—Malacca,

Griffith, Maingay.

332 CLVI. LILIAcEZ. (J. D. Hooker.)

13. ASPHODELUS, Linn.

Annual, or perennial, root-fibres slender or fleshy. Leaves radical,
linear, triquetrous, or terete and fistular. Flowers racemed, solitary in
the bracts. Perianth white, marcescent, 6-partite, segments conniving in
a tube below. Stamens 6, hypogynous; filaments dilated at the base and
embracing the ovary, inserted in a pit of the dorsifixed versatile anther.
Ovary 8-celled ; style filiform, stigma sub-3-lobed ; ovules 2 collateral in
each cell. Capsule usually 1-seeded, loculicidal. Seeds 3-quetrous, testa
black appressed; embryo nearly as long as the cartilaginous albumen.—
Species 6 or 7, 8. Europe and eastward to India.

1, A. tenuifolius, Cavan. in Anal. Ctenc. Nat. iti. 46, t. 27; and
Icon. t. 587, f. 2; annual, leaves slender semi-terete fistular and scape
smooth or papillosely scaberulous, pedicels jointed below the middle,
perianth-segments white with a brownish costa, filaments fusiform to-
wards the tip. Kunth Enum. iv. 558. A. estivus, Reichb. Ic. Crit. t.
451. A. microcarpus, Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 518. A. clavatus, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. ii. 148; Wall. Cat. 5058; Kunth lic. 559. A. parviflorus,
Wight Ic. t. 2062 (bad. pauciflorus, in text vi. p. 27.). A. fistulosus,
var. tenuifolius, Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xv. 272. A. tenuifolius, var.
micranthus, Boiss. Fl. Or. v. 314.

Plains of Inpta, in fields, from Bengal westwards to Guzerat and the Punjab.
—Duistriz. Westward to the Canary Islds.

Leaves 6-12 in., erect, about 7; in. diam., acuminate. Scape 14-3 ft., terete,
often excessively scopariously branched. Racemes lax-fld.; pedicels 1-4 in.
Perianth-segments 4 in. long. Capsule globose, } in. diam., valves deeply wrinkled.
Seeds trigonous, with 3-4 dorsal ridges and as many lateral pits.—Probably as
Baker considers it, a form of the European A. fistulosus, but always much smaller,
especially the flowers, and with the pedicel jointed below the middle. Wight’s
figure is very incorrect as regards the filaments, he is unable to give any locality
tor the specimen figured, which he supposes is from the sandy soils of the Hast
Coast of the Deccan.

2. &. comosus, Baker in Gard. Chron. 1887, i. 799; leaves ensiform
18 by 12 in., peduncle very stout, racemes panicled dense-fld.

LAHUL, in the Rolang Pass, Jaeschke.

Habit of A. albus and ramosus. Leaves rather thick. Pedunele 2 ft.;
panicle 1 ft., pedicels 3-% in., ascending, jointed below the middle; bracts } in.,
much longer, scarious. Flowers 1-14 in. diam.; segments linear-oblong, white
with a green keel. Stamens 3 in. longer than the perianth; style as long.

14. BREMURUWS, Bieberst.

Stately herbs, with the characters of Asphodelus, from which the
genus differs only in the usually more numerous ovules.—Species about
20, oriental and Northern Asian.

1. BE. himalaicus, Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xv. 283 ; glabrous,
bracts subulate-lanceolate equalling the pedicels, flowers white, filaments
as long as the perianth, capsule rugose, seeds not winged.

TEMPERATE WesTERN HrmaayYa, in the drier regions, from the Sutlej =
wards, alt. 7-10,000 ft.—Disrzip. Eastern Turkestan. ©” cen war

Eremurus.) CLVI. LiLiaces. (J. D. Hooker.) 333

Leaves 1-3 ft. by 4-3 in. Scape and raceme very stout, 2-3 ft. ; pedicels 3 in
bracts subulate filiform. Flowers 1 in. diam.; segments oblong, 1-nerved, aot
equalling the filament. Capsule } in. diam. Seeds triquetrous.

2. E. persicus, Boiss. Diagn. vii.119 ; Fl. Orient. v. 326; puberulous,
bracts ovate-lanceolate shorter than the pedicels, flowers white, filaments
shorter than the perianth, capsule smooth small broadly winged. Baker
een TN Soc, xv. 284, Asphodelus persicus, Jaub. & Spach Til,

. Or. t. 102.

Norru-West Inpra; Salt range, Mt. Sikesa, alt. 4-5000 ft., Aitchison.—
Disrars. Affghan., Persia, Syria.

Leaves 6-12 by 4-3 in. Scape 10-24 in., simple, stout. Raceme 6-12 in.;
bracts 4 in., searious ; pedicels 1 in., fruiting 24 in. horizontal. Flowers 3 in. diam.,
segments white with a brown central band. Capsule 1 in. broad. Seeds black,
oe 8-winged.—Very variable in stature and in length and breadth of the
eaves.

15. CHLOROPHYTUM, Ker.

Characters of Anthericum, but capsule trigonous, deeply laterally
8-lobed with flattened lobes.—Species about 40, tropical and subtropical.

The species are most difficult of circumscription owing to the great variability
in the leaves and length and robustness of the scapes, and racemes.

* Flowers in simple or shortly branched dense-fid. racemes.

+ Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, if fully developed.

1. GC. Heyneanum, Wall. Cat. 5060; scape stout shorter than the
leaves naked, racemes short dense-fid., anthers shorter than the filaments,
cells of the oblong capsule 8-10-seeded. CO. Heynei, Baker in Journ, Linn.
Soc. xv. 322. C. breviscapum, Thw. Enum. 339.

The Deccan Peninsuta, Heyne, &.; Nilghiri hills, alt. 6000 ft. Clarke.
CEYLON, common in the central province. ;

Root-fibres tuberous. Leaves 12-18 by 1-1% in., oblanceolate ; petiole 2-4 in.
Scape 3-1 in.; bracts longer than the small flowers, pedicels 1} in., jointed near
the tip. Perianth-segments 4 in., narrowly lanceolate. Capsule 4in long. Seeds
black, shining.

_ 2. ©. breviscapum, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ, Bot. ii. 141; scape
naked shorter than the leaves, raceme dense-fld., anthers as long as the
filaments, cells of the orbicular or obcordate capsule 1-3-seeded. Dalz.
& Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 252.

Sixxim Himanaya, at the foot of the hills (A. only), Clarke. The Conoay, at
Malwan, Dalzel.

Root-fibres tuberous. Leaves 12 by 3-14 in., linear-lanceolate, broadly petioled,
margins often crispulate. Scape stout, 3-6 in., rarely branched; raceme 3-5 in.,
bracts shorter than the flowers; pedicels 4-3 in., jointed above the middle,
Perianth.segments 4-1 in., linear-oblong. Capsule 4 in. broad, seeds subglobose,
black, opaque.—Differs from C. attenwatum in the broader leaves and short scape.

3. G. arundinaceum, Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xv. 323; in
Gard. Chron. 1876, 260; scape usually tall naked, raceme elongate simple
or shortly branched, anthers longer than the filaments, cells of the small
orbicular capsule 3-4-seeded. Phalangium alatum, Herb. Ham. in Wall.

334 cuvi. LintacEzZ. (J.D, Hooker.) [Chlorophytum.

Cat. 5056. Anthericum tuberosum, Herb. Heyne. Ornithogalum indicum,
Koenig mss.

Eastern Hrmataya, Sikkim, alt. 1-4000 ft. J. D. H. Bhotan, Griffith.
Assam, Hamilton. Baar at Monghir, Wallich, on Parusnath, J.D. H. Burma,
at Prome, Wallich.

Root-fibres cylindric. Leaves 6-18 by 14-2 in., oblanceolate, obtuse acute or
‘acuminate, usually narrowed into a broad petiole. Scape 6-20 in. stout; raceme
3-8 in.; bracts 3-3 in. or lower longer pedicels 4-5 in. jointed in the middle.
Perianth-segments 4-4 in. lanceolate, white. Capsule 3 in. broad 2-lobed at the tip
and base. Seeds 3 in. diam., suborbicular, flat, black.—In small specimens the leaves
are narrower and broadest at the base.

4, ©. glaucum, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. ii. 142; leaves
glaucous, scape longer than the leaves 9-3-sheathed, racemes long stout
dense-fid., bracts longer than the flowers erect bases cymbiform, filaments
longer than the anthers, cells of the suborbicular capsule 2-4-seeded.
Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 252; Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xv. 324.

The Concan; on the Ghats, rare, Dalzell, &c,

Root-fibres cylindric. Leaves 12-18 by 1-2 in., usually recurved, narrowly
oblanceolate, Scape 1-2 ft., simple, sheaths narrowly lanceolate ; raceme 6-12 in.,
unbranched ; bracts green; pedicels ¢ in., jointed above the middle. Perianth-
segments 1-3 in., white; filaments papillose ; anthers twisted after flowering. Capsule
3-4} in. broad, top 2-lobed. Sveds 3-1 in. broad, flat, orbicular, opaque.

++ Leaves linear or ensiform not or hardly contracted into a petiole.

5. CG. tuberosum, Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xv. 332; leaves sessile
usually ensiform falcately recurved, scape short or tall, flowers large,
anthers as long as the papillose filaments recurved finally revolute, cells of
the oblong rarely orbicular retuse capsule 4-6-seeded. C. anthericoideum,
Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ, Bot. ii. (1850) 141: Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl.
251. Phalangium tuberosum, Wight Ic. t. 2036; Kunth Enum. iv. 598 (in
part.) P. ornithogaloides, Schweinf. Biltr. P.alatum, Wail. Cat. 5056.C.
Anthericum tuberosum, Rorb. Fl. Ind. ii. 149, et Ic. in Herb. Kew; Cor.
Pl. ii. 20 (not t. 138). A. ornithogaloides, Hochst. in A. Rich. Tent. FI.
Abyss. ii. 282.

The DEccaN PENINSULA and CENTRAL INDIA, common from the Northern
Circars, and the Concan to Travancore. Burma; at Prome, Wallich.—DstRis.
Abyssinia.

Root-fibres cylindric and tuberous. Leaves 8 in. to 2 ft. by 2-2 in. (to 4 in.
Rowb.), wargins crisped. Scape 6 in. to 8 ft. with a small sheath; raceme short,
simple or shortly branched ; bracts 4-2 in., white; pedicels 3 in., stout, jointed below
the middle ; perianth-segments 4-2 in. long, oblong ; stamens much shorter than the
perianth. Capsule 3-4 in. long. Seeds irregularly orbicular, opaque.—The largest
flowered Indian species and clearly the plant described by Roxburgh as having flowers
as large as a snowdrop, but not that figured in the Cor. Pl., which is C. attenuatum;
his drawings of both are at Kew, and both named tuberosum.

6. ©. khasianum, Hook. f.; scape tall naked simple or branched,
racemes rather dense-fid., bracts shorter than the flowers, anthers elongate
straight longer than the filaments, cells of large oblong 2-lobed capsule
4-6-seeded. C. nepalensis, Baker in Journ. Linn, Soc. xv. 330 (in part).

Kuasta Hits, alt. 3-6000 ft. Griffith, &c.

Leaves 10-24 by 1-4 in., linear, flat. Scape 2-8 ft., sometimes } in. diam., smooth,
branches short ; racemes 6-10 in., pedicels 4-}in., erect, jointed above the middle.

Chlorophytum.) otvt. uitiacex. (J. D. Hooker.) 335

Perianth white, segments 4 in. linear-oblong ; anthers not recurved or revolute after
flowering. Capsule 3-5 in. long. Seeds2in. diam., orbicular, flat, black opaque.—
Distinguished from C. undulatum by the short erect branches of the scape, crowded
flowers, and large 4~—6-seeded capsule.

7. CG. attenuatum, Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xv. 332; leaves
linear, scape erect ‘naked, raceme rarely forked lax or dense-fld., anthers
straight longer than the papillose filaments, cells of the small broadly
obcordate capsule 3-4-seeded. Phalangium attenuatum, Wight Ie. t. 2087,
P. indicum, Kunth Hnum. iv.198. Asphodelopsis arungadenensis, Steud. in
Hohenack. Pl. exsc. Ind. Or. un. 1317. Anthericum tuberosum, Rozb, Fl.
Cor, Pl. t.13 (not p. 20, nor of Fl. Ind.). Ornithogalum indicum, Roem,
SJ Syst. vii. 585.

The Western Guats; from Canara southwards to Coimbatore.

Root-fibres cylindric, often tuberous. Leaves 10-18 by 4-1 in., slightly narrowed
at the base. Scape as long, erect, raceme 3-4 in.; bracts ovate, acuminate;
flowers suberect, pedicels jointed about the middle. Perianth white, segments }-3
in. Capsule 3 in. broad.—Very small flowers with segments not 2 in. long occur
amongst the others. That this is Roemer’s Ornith. indicum is proved by a specimen
from Heyne in Herb. Rottler (now at Kew) marked as from Condapilly, which is
the authority for the name (misspelt Cardapilly) and collector given by Heyne.
This specimen and those of Wight precisely accord with Roxburgh’s figure of
Anth. tuberosum in Cor. Pl., but not with his description in that work, or in Fl. Ind.

8. GC. malabaricum, Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xv. 331; leaves
usually recurved, scape simple short naked, raceme short or long, anthers
straight shorter than the filaments, cells of the very small broadly obcordate
capsule 1-2-seeded? Phalangium tuberosum, Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. FI.
251 (not of Kunth).

WeEsTERN GHats, from Canara southwards,

Root-fibres cylindric, fleshy. Leaves 6-12 by $-1 in., usually narrowed from the
sheathing base to the apex. Scape 3-4 in., curved, stout, raceme as long or shorter,
bracts about as long as the flowers membranous, pedicels jointed above the middle.
Perianth white, segments 3 in, long. Capsule 4 in. broad, tip deeply 2-lobed. Seeds
i; in. diam., flat, opaque.—Dalzell’s description of Phalangium tuberosum, as having
small white flowers, and resembling his Chlorophytum anthericoideum, probably
applies to C. malabaricum.

** Raceme simple or branched, with the flowers remotely scattered,
solitary or in pairs.

9.¢G. undulatum, Wall. Cat. 5059; scape naked paniculately
branched, branches long spreading, flowers drooping, bracts shorter than
the pedicels, anthers twice as long as the filaments, cells of the broad 3-
dymous small capsule 2-3-seeded. C.nepalensis, Baker in Journ. Linn.
Soc. xv. 320 (in part). Phalangium nepalense, Lindl. in Trans. Hort. Soc.
vi. 277; Bot. Reg. t.998; Kunth Enum. iv. 597, Anthericum nepalense,
Spreng. Syst. Cur. Post. 135.

SustroprcaL Himawaya, from Nepal, Wallich, to Sikkim, alt. 83-7000 ft.

Root-fibres cylindric. Leaves 6-18 by 4-3 in., linear, often narrowed to the base,
Scape 1-3 ft., branches ascending with long sheathing bracts at the base; floral
bracts ovate, acuminate ; flowers solitary or in clusters $-1 in. apart; pedicels $-2
in., jointed at or below the middle. Perianth white, segments } in. long; anthers
straight after flowering. Capsule 3-} in. broad, top 3-lobed. Seeds 4, in. broad,
angular, black.—Very variable in size, small specimens shave simple scapes.

336 CLVI. Littacez. (J. D. Hooker.) [Chlorophytum.

10. G. orchidastrum, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. t. 813; in Trans. Hort.
Soc. vi. 79; scape tall naked paniculately branched, branches spreading,
bracts small, flowers in distant pairs, cells of the broad small capsule
l-seeded. Kunth Enum. iv. 603; Baker in Journ. Linn, Soc. xv. 325. OC.
Nimmonii, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. ii. 142; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl.
252. Anthericum Nimmonii, Grah. Cat. Bomb. Pl. 220. Hartwegia
Nimmonii, Dalz. mss. Phalangium oligospermum, Wight Ic. t. 2088.

The Deccan PeyinsuLa, from the Concan southward to Travancore.—DIsTRIB.
Tonkin, Trop. Africa.

Root-fibres tuberous. Leaves 12-24 by 13-4 in., elliptic-lanceolate. Scape
1-3 ft., branches long ascending bracteate at the base; bracts ovate; flowers
geminate drooping ; pedicels 4-} in. jointed about the middle. Perianth-segments
1 in., white. Capsule } in. diam., broader than long, 2-lobed at the tip. Seeds
solitary, orbicular or oblong, flat, opaque.

11. GC. laxum, Br. Prodr. 277; leaves subdistichous usually strongly
recurved, scape filiform flexuous, flowers minute, anthers didymous many
times shorter than the filaments, cells of broadly obcordate capsule 1-4-
seeded. Kunth Enum. iv. 603. C.laxiflorum, Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc.
xv. 328; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 60. C. faleatum, Baker in Saund. Refug.
Bot. t. 8338. C. parviflorum, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. ii. 141; Dalz. &
Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 251; Thw. Enum. 339. C. abyssinicum, Kotschy & Peyr.
Pl. Tinn. 46. Phalangium falcatum, Wall. Cat. 5057; Kunth 1. e. 600.
P.? parviforum, Wight Ic. t. 2809. Anthericum parviflorum, Benth. FT.
Hongk. 373. Ornithogalum falcatum, Herb. Wight. Nolina? javanica,
Hassk. Hort. Bogor. 27; Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 554.

The Deccan Peninsuza ; from the Concan southward, common, and in CEYLON.
—Distris. Borneo, China, Trop. Africa and Austral.

Root-fibres tuberous. Leaves 6-12 by }—$ in., grass-like or conduplicate or flat,
yather rigid. Scape 1-12 in., suberect or arched; flowers 4-1 in. apart; bracts
lanceolate, equalling the pedicels which are jointed in the middle. Perianth white,
segments a—4 in. ; anthers green. Capsule 4 in. diam. Seeds angular, 3, in. diam.

DOUBTFUL AND IMPERFECTLY KNOWN SPECIES.

12. C. acauLE, Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xv. 327; root fibres smaller, leaves
6-9 by 4-4 in. narrowly linear, flowers 2-5 in a sessile corymb at the bases of the
leaves, fruiting pedicels erect 3-3 jointed, capsule 1 in. oblong emarginate, cells
turgid 3-5 seeded, seeds rather tumid ‘black opaque.—India, Jerdon.—The only
speciinen is flowerless. It is perhaps a state of C. larum.

PHALANGIUM NIVEUM, Potret Encycl. 248; Kunth Enum. iv. 599. Anthericum
niveum, Schult. f. Syst. vii. 480, from India, Sonnerat, with long very dense-fld.
spikes, snow-white bracts as long as the flowers and a scape 12-15 in.; may be
attenuatum.

16. DIANELLA, Lam.

Roostock usually branched, and stoloniferous. Leaves rigid, distichous,
linear, bases often equitant. Flowers in cymose panicles, nodding;
pedicels jointed at the top. Perianth marcescent; segment 6, distinct,
spreading. Stamens 6, Lypogynous, or the 3 inner on the bases of the
segments, filaments much thickened ; anthers basifixed between the lobes,
reflexed, opening by terminal pores or short slits. Ovary 3-celled; style
filiform, stigma minute; cells 4-8-ovuled. Berry blue. Seeds few, ovoid

Dianella.) CLVI, Litiacez. (J.D. Hooker.) 337

or compressed; testa black, shining; albumen fleshy.—Species 7 or 8;
tropical Asiatic, Mascarene, Australia and Polynesia.

D. ensifolia, Redouté Lil. t. 1; stem leafy, sheaths acutely keeled,
filament greatly thickened at the very top. Kunth Enum. v.50; Baker
in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 576; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 16; Bot. Mag. t.
1404; Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 560; D. odorata, Blume Enum. i. 18;
Kunth. 1.c. 51; D. nemorosa, Lamk. Encyel. ii. 276; Jacg. Hort. Schoenb.
i, 49, t. 94, Wall. Cat. 5169; Miquel 1. c.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 164. D.
javanica, Kunth l.c. 52; Miquel 1. ¢. 561. D. sandvicensis, Hook. & Arn.
Bot. Beech. Voy. 97. Rhuacophila javanica, Blume l.c. 14. Antherium
Adenanthera, Forst. Prodr. No. 149. Phalangium Adenanthera, Poiér.
Encycl. v. 252.

TroricaL Himataya, from Nepal eastwards, alt. 2-5000 ft., the Kuasia
Hinrs, Muyniporeg, and Burma. CrYion ascending to 4000 ft.—DisrRis. East-
wards to Australia and the Pacific, Mascarene Islds.

Stem 3-6 ft., rigid. Leaves lower 1-2 ft. by 3-13 in., linear-lanceolate, keel and
margins smooth or seabrid; sheaths long. Panicle 1-2 ft., cuneiform, pedicels
short, rigid, slender; bracts spathaceous; flowers inodorous. Perianth white
greenish or bluish, segments }-4 in.; 3 inner reflexed. Anthers linear, 2-porose.
nce dark purple, or blue, 4 in. diam., cells 1-3- or- more seeded. Seeds ovoid,
subacute, ' ‘

17. ALLIUM, Linn.

Foetid scapigerous herbs; bulbs coated. Leaves usually narrow, often
fistular. Flowers capitate or umbelled, all at first enclosed in 1-3 mem-
branous spathes, stellate or campanulate; sepals 6, free or connate below.
Stamens hypogynous or inserted on the perianth; filaments free or connate
below, anthers oblong. Ovary 38-gonous, 3-celled: style filiform, stigma
minute, cells few-ovuled. Capsule small, loculicidal. Seeds few, com-
pressed, testa black.—Species about 250, in all N. temp. regions.

In the following account of the Indian Allia I have been much aided by Regel's
** Alliorum Monographia ”’ and Baker’s paper in the Journal of Botany, but I am far
from satisfied as to the limitation of the sections, and the disposal of the species in
them. Further, I expect that more complete Indian and Central Asiatic collections
ue modify the results given below. The following species are extensively cultivated
in India :—

A. ascaLonicum, Linn.; Rowb. Fl. Ind. ii. 142. A. Sulvia, Ham. in Don
Prodr. 53, A. fragrans B nepalensis, Bot. Reg. t. 898. Nothoscordium ? Sulvia,
Kunth Enum. iv. 402; leaves basal and scape stout fistular, head globose very many-
he pedicels very short, perianth white stellate, inner filaments 2-toothed.—The

allot.

A. AMPELOPORASUM, Linn. A. Porrum, Linn. Rowb. lc. ii, 141; Wall. Cat,
5074; stem leafy, leaves linear flat keeled shorter than the tall terete scape, head
globose very many- and dense-fid., pedicels longer than the campanulate white
flowers, inner filaments 2-toothed.—The Leek.

A. cepa, Linn.; Rowb. 1. c. 142; Wall, Cat. 5072. A. Cumaria, Herb. Ham. ;
leaves subdistichous fistular shorter than the inflated scape, head bearing flowers
and bulbils, pedicels shorter than the stellate flowers, sepals linear-oblong, filaments
exserted simple or the inner 2-toothed at the base.—The Onion.

A. sativum, Linn.; Rozb. l. c, 142; leaves flat, scape slender, spathes long-
beaked, heads bearing bulbils and flowers, sepals lanceolate acuminate, inner
filaments 2-toothed.—The Garlic. ;

VOL. VI. Z

338 OLVI. Litiacsz. (J. D. Hooker.) [Allium.

Sect. I. Scamnorrasum. Bulbs free or clustered, not seated on a root-
stock. Leaves and scape fistular or filiform. Stamens inserted usually
ee above the base of the perianth; filaments dilated and connate at
the base.

* Leaves jistular.

1. A. Semonovii, Regel Enum. Pl. Semenoff, 126; All. Monogr. 85 ;
leaves 2-3 stout about equalling the stout scape, sheaths very long, head
subglobose dense-fld., pedicels shorter than the campanulate pale yellow
flowers, sepals oblong-lanceolate acuminate, filaments included outer
cuspidate inner 2-toothed. Buker in Journ. Bot. 1874, 293.

Western Hrmatayra, alt. 8-14,000 ft., from Kashmir to Garwhal.—Drsrris.

Alatau and Thian-chan Mts.
Bulbs tufted, cylindric, scales membranous. Leaves }-} in. diam., acute. Heads

13 in. broad ; spathes persistent. Sepals 4-2 in.

2. A. Schoenoprasum, Linn. Sp. Pl. 301; leaves 1-2 slender, heads
subglobose dense-fld., pedicels equalling or shorter than the campanulate
pink or pale purple flowers, sepals linear or lanceolate, filaments
included all simple filiform dilated at the base. Regel All. Monogr. 77;
Baker in Journ. Bot. 1872, 292; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 250; Reichb. Ic. Fl.
Germ, t. 1085. A. sibiricum, Linn. Mant. 562.

Western Himazaya, alt. 8-11,000 ft.; from Kashmir to Kumaon.—Distris.
Westwards to the Atlantic, N. America.

Bulbs clustered, narrow; scales membranous. Leaves 4-10 in., terete or
grooved above, smooth or scaberulous; sheaths elongate. Scape 6-14 in., stout or
slender. Sepals 3-2 in., bearing the stamens near their bases. Capsule small,
globose, cells 2-seeded.—Chives.

3. A. atrosanguineum, Schrenk in Bull. Acad. Petersb. x. 355;
leaves 1-2 stout as long as the scape, head subglobose dense-fid., pedicels
about equalling the campanulate dark red flowers, sepals oblong obtuse
or subacute, filaments short triangular-subulate connate at the base.
Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iv. 168; Kunth Enum. iv. 684; Regel All. Monogr. 83.

Western Himataya; Kashmir at Gilgit, Tanner.—DistRiz. Turkestan.

Bulb narrow, coats membranous at length fibrous. Leaves fistular, 8-12 by 3-} in.,
linear, obtuse; sheaths very long. Scape stout, fistular. Head $-1 in. diam. ;
spathes persistent. Perianth 4-3 in. long; segments united below; filaments sub-
equal, inserted at 3 distance from their base, about 4as long asthe perianth. Ovary
globose ; style short.—The Gilgit specimens have rather smaller flowers with more
obtuse segments than the Turkestan.

4, A. Fedschenkoanum, Regel All. Monogr. 82; leaves 1-2 much
shorter than tall stout scape, head globose dense-fid., pedicels about equal-
ling the campanulate pale yellow flowers, sepals oblong-lanceolate
acuminate, filaments very short inner with a dilated 2-toothed base outer
simple.

Western Himataya; Kashmir, at Barzil, alt. 12,000 ft., Clarke.—Duisrai.
Turkestan.

Bulb 0. Leaves 3-5 by } in., fistular, obtuse ; sheath very long. Scape 2-3 ft.
by 4-4 in. diam. Head $-1 in. diam.; spathes persistent ; pedicels stout. Perianth-
segments 3-4 in., united below; filaments united at 4 distance from the base, con-
nate, not 4 the length of the perianth. Capsule globose, style very short.—The
dilated bases of the inner stamens are certainly 2-toothed.

Allium.] OLVI. Liniaces#, (J. D. Hooker.) 339

** Leaves filiform.

5, A. rubellum, VM. Bieb. Fi. Taur. Caue. i. 264; leaves i-terete or
flattish, head subglobose, pedicels much longer than the very small cam-
panulate rosy flowers, sepals oblong: or elliptic-oblong acuminate, filaments
included cohering at the very base all simple linear-lanceolate from a
broad cuneate base inner broadest. Regel All. Monogr. 106; FI. Tur-
kest. t. 10, £.9; G. Don Monogr. All. 86; Kunth Enum. iv. 399; Boiss. Fl.
Orient. v. 258; Baker in Journ. Bot. 1874, 290. A.rubellum and grandi-
floram, Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iv. 171. A. leptophyllum, Wall. Cat. 5073 A;
Kunth. 1. c. 456. A. J. acquemontii, Kunth I. c. 399. A. longisepalum,
Bert. in Nov. Comm. Acad. Bonon. v. 429. A. tenue, G. Don Monogr. All.
84; Kock in Linnea, xxii. 238.

The PanzaB and WESTERN Himanara, alt. 1500-8000 ft.; from Kashmir to
Kumaon.—Disrers. Westwards to the Ural and Caucasus, and in Siberia.

Buld small, ovoid-oblong, outer coats striate, inner membranous. Leaves 4-6,
longer than the scapes, margins erose; sheaths elongate, Head 2-1 in. diam.,
spathe entire or 2-4-fid at length circumciss. Sepals 4-1 in., twice as long as the
stamens, which are subbasal on the sepals. Style short.—I have followed Boissier in
the limitation of this species and its varieties, Regel refers Don’s tenue to A. Pallasi,
Bunge., which is described as having a long style; he retains as a species Boissier’s
A. Griffithianum, which the latter author has reduced to a variety of rubellum.

VaR. 8. grandiflora, Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 253 3 pedicels longer, flowers larger,
sepals 1-3 in. long subacute, filaments much shorter and broader. A. Griffithianum,
Boiss. Diagn. Ser. 2, iv. 117; Regel All. Monogr. 108; Baker 1. c. 290. A. vul-
canicum, Boiss. in Plant. Kotsch. Pers. Bot. No. 49.—Kashmir, alt. 5-7000 ft.
Westward to Persia.

Van. y. parviflora, Ledeb. Fi. Ross. iv. 171; flowers smaller, sepals 4 in. long.
A. syntamanthum, C. Koch in Linnea, 22, 239; Regel All. Monogr. 110.—
Western Himalaya. Westward to S, Russia.

6. A. lilacinum, Royle mss.; leaves terete or channelled longer or
shorter than the scape, head hemispheric, pedicels twice as long as or
longer than the campanulate small pale red flowers, sepals ovate or ovate-
lanceolate acute or obtuse, filaments exserted inner 2-toothed at the very

base. Regel All. Monogr. 89. A. rubens, Baker in Journ. Bot. 1874, 298
(not of Schrad.).

WestrENn Himaraya, alt. 6~7000 ft.; from Garwhal westwards.

Buib ovoid ; coats scarious, red-brown. Leaves 2-3. Seape 8-10 in., fistular,
Head 1-1} in. diam. ; spathes 2, acuminate; pedicels 3-1 in. Sepals } in. long,
with the filaments inserted near their bases; anthers large.

Sect. II. Rurzizipium. Bulbs solitary or clustered upon an erect or
creeping rootstock. Leaves flat.

A. Scales of bulb membranous, not of reticulated fibres.

* Stamens longer than the perianth.

7. &. blandum, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. iii. 38, +. 260; tall, stout, leaves
flat broadly linear obtuse shorter than the tall scape, head globose very
dense-fid., pedicels shorter than the campanulate pale pink flowers,-sepals
oblong obtuse, filaments simple subulate much exserted. Kunth Enum.
iv. 396; Baker in Journ. Bot, 1874, 295. A. obtusifolium, Klotzsch &
Garcke, Bot. Reise Pr. Wald. 51, t.

Z

340 OLVI. LiLiacsa. (J.D. Hooker.) [Aldium.

Western Himataya, alt. 13-17,000 ft. ; in the interior ranges, and in WESTERN
TiszEr, from Kumaon to West Nepal.

Bulb large, oblong, often 5 by 1} in. ; scales coriaceous, entire. Leaves 5-10 by
3-4 in., ensiform, recurved, tip rounded. Scape 1-2 ft., terete, leafy below the
middle. Head 1-1} in. diam.; spathes ovate, obtuse. Sepals 3 in. long. Fila-
ments much longer than the sepals, inserted near their bases, rather longer than
the style.

8. A. Stracheyi, Baker in Journ. Bot. N. S. iti. (1874) 293; slender,
leaves narrowly linear obtuse, scape slender compressed above, head
globose or hemispheric dense-fld., pedicels shorter than the campanulate
rosy or pale yellow flowers, sepals oblong obtuse, filaments simple free
much exserted. Regel All. Monogr. 135. A. longistamineum, Royle Ill.
392 (name only).

WersteRN Himataya; from Kashmir, alt, 9000 ft., Clarke, to Kumaon, alt.
10-12,000 ft., Strachey S° Winterbottom, Edgeworth.

Bulbs small, clustered, narrowly ovoid, outer scales fibrous, produced into a long
neck, Leaves 3-4, 12 by 2, in., tips rounded. Head 1 in. diam. ; spathes small,
deltoid ; pedicels 3,4 in., about as long as the sepals. F%laments filiform, inserted
on the bases of the sepals. Ovary globosely trigonous, cells 2-ovuled.—The Kashmir
specimens have very pale yellow flowers.

9. A. consanguineum, Kunth Enum. iv. 431; leaves slender nar-
rowly linear obtuse flat keeled, head hemispheric, pedicels equalling or
rather longer than the campanulate golden yellow flowers, filaments simple
filiform much longer than the oblong obtuse sepals. Regel All. Monogr.
131; Baker in Journ. Bot. 1874, 293.

Western Himatarya; Kashmir, alt. 8-10,000 ft., Jacquemont, Thomson, &e.

Habit and characters of A. Stracheyi, but larger, flowers golden yellow, with
longer pedicels, and larger longer bulbs with fibrous sheaths. Filaments inserted on
the bases of the sepals. Style slender, far exserted.

10. A. platyspathum, Schrenk Enum. Pl. Nov.i. 7, ii. 8; leaves
radical linear obtuse about equalling the tall scape, head subglobose,
pedicels about equalling the rosy flowers, sepals oblong-lanceolate obtuse
or subacute, filaments simple, bases dilated. Kunth Enum. iv. 453; Regel
Monogr. All. 1385; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iv. 184 (excl. var. 8).

WESTERN Tizet; (Var. 8., only), Herb. Calcut. (Regel).—DistRis. Kansu.

Bulb solitary or clustered, on a short perpendicular rootstock, scales hyaline,
quite entire, outer dark. Leaves flat, sheaths hypogeous.—I have seen no specimen
of this variety, which Regel suggests may be a different species.—The type inhabits
Soongaria and Turkestan.

Vax. 8. falcata, Regel 1. c.; leaves ligulate glaucous falcate, head globose dense-
fid., flowers rose-lilac.

1l. A. Thomsoni, Baker in Journ. Bot. 1874, 294; leaves rather stout
linear fleshy obtuse shorter or longer than the scape, head globose, pedicels
equalling or shorter than the red-purple campanulate flowers, sepals
oblong-lanceolate acute, filaments simple filiform much exserted, anthers
minute. Regel All. Monogr. 141.

Kasumir; alt. 12,000 ft., Thomson.

Bulbs tufted, narrowly ovoid; outer scales hard, chestnut-brown, entire. Leaves
4-5, 6-9 by 3-4 in., sheathing the lower third of the stout terete scape, which is
1-2 ft. long, tip rounded. Head 1-1} in. diam.; spathes short, deltoid. Sepals
} in. long, with the filaments on their bases. Ovary globose, cells 2-ovuled, style

Allium.] CLVI. Lintacea. (J.D. Hooker.) 341

much exserted.—Baker observes that this is closely allied to A. blandum, differing
in the slender habit, narrower leaves, and longer more acute sepals.

; 12. A. Bakeri, Regel Ail. Monogr. 141; leaves basal narrowly
linear, scape tall slender, head lax-fid., pedicels mach longer than the
campanulate red-purple flowers, sepals orbicular or oblong obtuse, fila-
ments simple linear-subulate inner dilated and 2-toothed at the base,
anthers minute. A. splendens, Mig. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. iii. 154,
A. exsertum, Baker in Journ. Bot. 1874, 294 (not of Don). ? Caloscordon
exsertum, Herbert in Bot. Reg. xxxiii. wnder t. 5,

Kuasia Hinxs ; alt. 4-5500 ft,—Disrris, China, Japan.
Bulbs clustered, 1 in. long, ovoid-oblong ; scales white, membranous. Leaves
2-4, 6-9 by 3; in., shorter than the slender terete scape. Head few- or many-fid. ;

pedicels 3-3 in. Sepals 1-4 in. long, with the filaments on their bases. Ovary
subglobose, style far exserted.

** Stamens equalling or shorter than the perianth.

13. A. Wallichii, Kunth Enum. iv. 443; tall, leaves long linear or
ensiform flat longer than the stout triquetrous scape, head lax-fld., pedicels
much longer than the stellate purple flowers, sepuls linear narrow reflexed
longer than the simple filaments elongate-subulate. Regel AJ. Monogr.
142; Baker in Journ. Bot. 1874, 291. A. caeruleum, Wall. Cat. 5076 (not
of Pallas). A. violaceum, Wall. mss.

TEMPERATE Himazaya, alt. 8-13,00C ft. from Kumaon to Sikkim. Gilgit,
Tanner.

Bulbs hardly developed, clustered, base of stem thickened, clothed with mem-
branous entire and torn sheaths. eaves basal, 2-3 ft. by 3-2 in., margins erose,
narrowed to an acute point. Scape 1-24 ft. Head 2-3 in. diam. 3 pedicels 1-1} in.;
spathes caducous, as long as the pedicels. Sepals } in., obtuse; filaments inserted
on their bases. Capsule turbinate.

14, A. Hookeri, Thuaites Enum. 339; slender, leaves basal linear
membranous shorter than the tall subtrigonous scape 1-nerved, head
globose laxly many-fld., pedicels much longer than the stellate white
flowers, sepals linear acuminate about equalling the filiform filaments. A.
Wallichii, var. Regel All. Monogr. 143.

Kuasia Hitis; at Kala Pana, alt. 5000 ft., J. D. H. §& T. T. Cynon;
Newera Elia, alt. 7000 ft., Thwaites.

Bulb hardly any ; base of stem clothed with long narrow membranous sheaths,
Leaves 12~18 by 4-3 in., acute. Scape 1-2 ft.; heads 14 in. diam. ; spathe with a
long tail; pedicels 3-2 in., capillary. Sepals Lin. ; filaments inserted on their bases.
Capsule obcordate; cells usually 1-seeded.

15. A. sikkimense, Baker in Journ. Bot. 1874, 292; leaves basal
narrowly linear channelled shorter than the slender Hexuous scape, head
dense-fid., pedicels unequal longer or shorter than the campanulate lilac-
purple flowers, filaments broadly subulate much shorter than the oblong
subacute or obtuse sepals. Regel All. Monogr. 146.

Sixxim Himaaya; in the inner ranges, alt. 11-14,000 ft., J. D. H., Hlwes.

Bulbs tufted, slender, cylindric ; outer scales of long parallel fibres. Leaves 2-3,
3-4 by y5-} in. subacute. Scape 4-12 in. Head 6-15-fid.; pedicels 7-} in. ;
spathe solitary, broadly ovate. Sepals 4 to nearly } in.; inner filaments with a
broad triangular base adnate to the bases of the sepals; outer narrower free.
Capsule 3-lobed. Ovary subglobose ; style included, cells 2-ovuled.—Baker regards

342 OLVI, LitiacEz. (J. D. Hooker.) [Allcwm.

this species as intermediate between the smaller vars. of A. anguloswm and
Schanoprasum.

B. Outer scales of the bulb of reticulated fibres, obscurely so in
tuberosum.

* Stamens longer than the perianth.

16. A. Jacquemontiil, Regel All. Monogr. 162; leaves basal filiform
subterete shorter or equalling the slender strict scape, head globose or sub-
globose, pedicels shorter or longer than the lilac campanulate flowers,
sepals oblong-lanceolate obtuse or subacute, filaments exserted subulate
inner with a dilated 2-toothed base. A. junceum, Jacquem. mss.; Baker
pea Bot. 1874, 295 (not of Smith). A. leptophyllum, Wall. Cat.

3 B.

WESTERN TIBET, alt. 12-14,000 ft., Jacquemont, Thomson; north of Kumaon,
alt. 16,500 ft., Strachey §° Winterbottom.

Bulbs tufted, cylindric, elongate; fibrous coats very finely reticulate, rusty
brown. Leares 3-6, 4-6 by pin. Scape 3-9 in. Head 1-1} in. diam.; spathes
2, membranous ; pedicels {,-} in. Filaments inserted much above the bases of the
sepals, shortly exserted, inner obscurely toothed at the base. Capsule globosely
ovoid; style very long —Much eaten in Western Tibet. Baker regards it as pos-
sibly a variety of the Siberian A. lineare, which has broader leaves and much
broader inner filaments. .

17. A. auriculatum, Kunth Enum. iv. 418; leaves narrowly linear
flat obtuse stout shorter than the terete striate scapes, head globose very
dense-fld., pedicels about equalling the very small campanulate purplish
flowers, filaments as long as the oblong obtuse sepals, outer broadly
subulate inner auricled at the base, stigma penicillate, Baker in Journ.
Bot. 1874, 295.

WesTERN HIMALAYA; Kumaon, Jacquemont.

Bulb elongate, narrow, seated on an oblique rootstock ; scales brown, reticulate,
exactly as in A. Jacquemontii. Leaves 6-9 by 1-3 in., margins erose. Scape
12-18 in., strict. Head § in. diam.; spathes 2-3, short, acuminate; pedicels 4 in.
Sepals } in. long; filaments on the base of the sepals, outer rather shorter than the
inner. Ovary subglobose.

18. A. victorialis, Linn. Sp. Pl. 295; leaves petioled elliptic- to
oblong-lanceolate obtuse or acute shorter than the terete scape, head
drooping in bud then erect lax-fld., pedicels much longer than the stellate
greenish white or yellowish flowers, filaments simple longer than the
oblong subacute sepals gradually dilated from the middle to the base.
Kunth Enum. iv. 4382; ¢. Don. Monogr, All.96; Regel All. Monogr. 170;
Baker in Journ. Bot. 1874, 291; Boiss. Flor. Orient. v. 245 ; Jacg. Fl. Austr,
ii. t. 216; Reichd. Ic. Fl. Germ. x. t. 508; Redouté Lil. v. t. 265; Bot.
Mag. t. 1222. A. ellipticum, Wall. Cat. 5069; Kunth 1. c. 456.

TEMPERATE Himaxaya, alt. 7-13,000 ft., from Kashmir eastwards to Sikkim.
—Distris. Europe, N. Asia to Japan; N.-W. America.

Bulbs 2-3 in. long, clustered on an oblique rootstock, subconic or cylindric,
outer scales fibrous, reticulate. Stem leafy. Leaves from below the middle of the
scape, 6-10 by 1-34 in., glaucous, rarely acuminate, narrowed into the petiole.
Scape terete below, angled above. Head 1-14 in. diam., spathes 2, shorter
or longer than the flowers, pedicels 4-1 in. Sepals 4-} in., spreading and
reflexed ; filaments inserted on the bases of the sepals, outer narrowly subulate, inner

Allium.] CLVI. LILIACERZ. (J. D. Hooker.) 343

lanceolate. Ovary broadly obcordate, style exserted. Capsule 4 in. diam. cuneately
obcordate.

Var. angustifolia ; leaves 4-14 in. broad, flowers pale pink.—Interior of Sikkim,
alt. 10-12,000 ft. West Nepal, Duthie.

19. A. Schrenki, Regel All. Monogr. 172; leaves linear flat shorter
than the terete striate scape, head globose, pedicels shorter than the
purplish campanulate perianth, filaments simple shortly exserted.

Himataya Mts., Hort. Calcutt. (Regel.).—Drstr1z. Siberia.

Bulbs subcylindric, inserted on a stout cylindric rootstock ; outer scales densely
fibrous, reticulate, brown. Leaves 3-4 below the middle of the scape, 3,—% in. broad.
Scape 8-16 in., striate and grooved towards the top, strict or flexuous. Head many-
fid.; spathes scarious, white, shorter than the head; flowering pedicels 35 in.,
shorter than the perianth, at length 4 in. Filaments unequal, outer linear-subulate,
inner subulate from a lanceolate base. Ovary ovoid, 3-gonous; style at length very
long, stigma eapitate.—I have seen no Himalayan specimen. Regel says it differs from
the widely diffused A. strictum, Schrad. in the capitate stigma.

** Stamens shorter than the perianth.

20. A. odorum, Linn. Mant. 62; leaves many basal very narrowly
linear flattish keeled shorter than the terete slender scape, head many or
few-fld., pedicels much or rather longer than the small white campanulate
perianth, filaments shorter than and adnate below to the obovate-oblong
mucronate or subacute sepals triangular-lanceolate, style included. Kunth
Enum. iv. 185; Regel All. Monogr. 175; (excl. Syn. tuberosum, &c.) Baker
in Journ. Bot. 1874, 291; Redouté Lil. t. 98; Bot. Mag. t. 1142. A.
tataricum, Ait. Hort. Kew ed. 2, ii. 233.

WESTERN TIBET; alt. 10-14,000 ft., Thomson. WasTERN NEPAL, alt. 13,000 ft.,
Duthie.—DistTeip. N. Asia, Japan.

Bulb 1-4 in. clustered on an oblique jointed rootstock, subcylindric or conic ;
scales finely reticulate, white brown or blackish. Leaves many, 6-24 by 5-3 in.,
subacute. Scape terete or angled at the tip. Head 1-1} in. diam.; spathes short,
mucronate ; pedicels short, filiform, angled, flowering 4 in., fruiting 1f in. Sepals
3 in., with usually a strong nerve. Filaments subequal, outer dilated at the base,
inner ovate with a subulate tip. Ovary subglobose, trigonous. Capsule subglobose.

21. A. tuberosum, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 24; Fl. Ind. ii. 141; leaves
4-5 basal erect narrow-linear flat tall compressed or trigonous above,
head lax-fld. pedicels much longer than the small white or pink
stellate flowers, sepals oblong-lanceolate, filaments simple linear 1n-
cluded connate below and perigynous, style short. Baker im Journ.
Bot. 1874, 292; Kunth Enum. iv. 454; Wall. Cat. 5068. A. Roxburghii,
G. Don. Monogr. All. 91; Kunth lc. 454, A. uliginosum, G. Don. lic.
60; Kunth l. c. 422. A. senescens, Mig. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ui. 154.

Western Himataya, Royle. Kuasta Mrs., alt. 5-6060 ft. (apparently wild).
Griffith, &e. Cultivated in Benean, Roxburgh.—DistR1B. China, Siam, Japan.

‘Bulbs elongate, cylindric, with white fleshy root-fibres: scales grey, fibrous.
Leaves 6-12 by 31,3 in.; sometimes concave and twisted. Scape 1-14 ft. Head
20-40-fid., hemispheric, 1-14 in. diam., spathes 1-2 small ; pedicels ascending, 3-14
in. Sepals 1-}in.; acute or obture, at length reflexed, filaments inserted on the
bases of the scpals, gradually dilated from below the middle to the base, outer
shorter, broader. Ovary globosely obovoid, deeply 3-lobed; stigma obscurely
8-toothed ; cells 3-ovuled. Capsule obcordate.—Regel cites this as a synonym of
A. odorum, ‘and it is possible that it may be the cultivated form of that plant.
Wallich’s specimens are from the Mission Garden, Tranquebar.

344 CLVI. LinIacez. (J.D. Hooker.) [Allium

22. A. Govanianum, Wail. Cat. 5071; leaves many basal sub-
distichous linear flat obtuse about equalling the acutely angled scape, tip
rounded, head many-fid., pedicels equalling or exceeding the white stellate
flowers, sepals narrow at length reflexed, filaments very short perigynous
subulate included bases dilated connate. Baker in Journ. Bot. 1874, 293;
Regel All. Monogr. 177. A. humile, Kunth Enum. iv. 443; Regel lc.
A. nivale, Jacquem. mss.

TemPERATE Himataya; from Kumaon westwards, alt. 8-12,000 ft.

Bulbs and foliage as in A. odorum, from which it differs in the acutely angled
scape, in the larger flowers with narrower sepals 34 in. long, and much shorter
stamens,—The name Aumile being quite inappropriate, except for a very dwarfed
state, I follow Baker in retaining Wallich’s, which commemorates the discoverer
of the species.

23, A. oreoprasum, Schrenk in Bull. Imp. Acad. Petersb. x. 354;
Enum. Pl, Nov. ii. 6; leaves basal narrowly linear flattish shorter than
the striate scape, head few- or many-fid., pedicels longer than the rosy
campanulate flowers, sepals oblong obovate with a recurved mucro,
filaments simple connate below the middle included, Ledeb. Fl. Ress. iv.
185; Regel. All. Monogr. 180.

WestERn Tiset; Zalung-Karpo Pass, alt. 10-17,C00 ft., Stoliezka (Regel).—
Distris. Soongaria, Eastern Turkestan.

Bulb tufted, cylindric or elongate conic; outer scales rigid, appressed fibres
strongly coarsely reticulated. Leaves 8-12 by 3-3 in., often minutely serrulate.
Scape terete or somewhat 2-edged above. Head 1-1} in. diam., hemispheric,
6-12-fid., spathes 2, nearly as long as the pedicels which are 3-3 in., tips
thickened. Sepals 14 in. long, midrib dark. Filaments inserted much above
the bases of the sepals, 3 shorter than these, all connate at the base, outer
narrowly subulate, inner broadly subulate-lanceolate. Ovary globose, trigonous ;
oe short, stigma capitate.—Described from Turkestan specimens, I have seen no
ndian.

24. A. Clarkei, Hook. f.; leaves very many subbasal erect very
narrowly linear or filiform shorter than the slender scape, head lax-fld.,
pedicels much longer than the stellate white flowers, filaments hardly as
long as the linear-oblong acuminate sepals, inner broadly oblong obtusely-
toothed below the middle.

Kasumig at Skardo, alt. 7-11,000 ft., Clarke.

Bulb small, ovoid, 1 in., outer scales closely finely reticulated, pale. Leaves
4-8, 6-12 by 3,1 in., obtuse, flat. Scape 12-18 in., terete; bead 1-1} in. diam.;
spathes 2 one or both as long as the pedicels or shorter ; pedicels }-2 in. Sepals
1 in., acuminate; filaments inserted near their bases, anthers large. Ovary sub-
globose ; style included. Capsule broadly obcordate, 3 in. diam.—Habit of A.
tuberosum,

Sect. III. Motrum. Bulbs not seated on a rootstock. Leaves flat or
keeled. Spathes shorter than the head.

25. &. atropurpureum, Waldst. & Kit. Pl. Rar. Hung. i. 16, t. 17;
leaves 2-3 basal narrowly linear-oblong or lanceolate shorter than the
tall erect terete fistular scape, head large very many and dense-fid.,
pedicels much longer than the rose-purple stellate flowers, filaments
subulate about equalling the linear-oblong or- lanceolate sepals, base of
ovary 3-foveolate. Regel All. Monogr. 247. Don Monogr. All. 90; Kunth

Allium. ] OLVI, LiLiacER, (J. D, Hooker.) 345

Enum. iv. 448; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v.757; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 50
A. robustum, Karel. & Kiril, Enum. Bl. Alt. me 8553; Kunth bo’ aie,
Ledeb, Fl. Ress. iv. 187; Baker in Journ. Bot. 1874, 289. ,

Western Himanaya; from Kashmir, Falconer, to Kishtwar, alt, 8-10,000 ft
Thomson.—DistEizn. Westwards to Hungary, Turkestan, Siberia.

Bulb subglobosely ovoid, scales entire. Leaves 2-4, margins smooth, 1-2 ft.
by 1-2 in., sheaths sometimes hirtellous. Scape 2-21 ft., striate. Head usually
hemispheric, 2-2} in. diam., spathes 2-4, apiculate ; pedicels 4-1 in., elongate in
fruit. Sepals linear-oblong, subacute, pale or dark-purple, filaments inserted at
their bases connate at the base, inner triangular below the middle, outer at the base
only. Ovary subglobose or depressed; style short; stigma simple. Capsule
globose.—Affghan specimens have leaves 22 in. broad.

”

26. A.loratum, Baker in Journ. Bot. 1874, 290; leaves 3-5 linear-
lanceolate flat flaccid ciliolate longer than the slender terete scape, head
many and dense-fld., pedicels short but longer than the campanulate white
perianth, filaments equalling the lanceolate acute sepals mner subulate
outer linear with subulate tips.

Western Himanaya and Tiszr; Kishtwar and Banahal, alt. 10-14,000 ft.,
Thomson.

Bulb small, ovoid, outer scales membranous, grey. Leaves 2-5, 6-9 by 3-1 in.,
narrowed from above the base. Scape 3-6 in. Head 30-50-fid.; spathes 2,
navicular, acute ; pedicels 3-3 in., tip thickened. Sepals 3,-1 in.; midrib brown ;
filaments inserted on their bases, Ovary globosely triquetrous; style very short.
—Baker says that this, judging from the very imperfect specimens, closely re-
sembles 4. narcissifolium, Linn., the handsomest of European species. Near A.
atropurpureum, but the leaves are broader, and the head globose, with much shorter
pedicels and paler flowers.

27, A. macranthum, Baker in Journ. Bot. 1874, 293; leaves many
linear gradually acuminate keeled, scapes many grooved and ribbed, head
lax-fid., pedicels much longer than the large campanulate dark purple
flowers, filaments filiform equalling the oblong obtuse sepals. Regel
All. Monogr. 182; Bot, Mag. t. 6789.

Sixxm HrimatayYa ; in the inner ranges alt. 12-13,000 ft., J. D. H.; Elwes.

Bulb narrow, coats membranous. Leaves 6-9, 18 by 3-$ in. Scape robust,
1-2 ft., pedicels 1-2 in., stout. Sepals 4-4 in.; filaments inserted on their bases,
dilated at the very base ; anthers large. Ovary deeply 3-lobed, stigma capitellate.—
A very beautiful species, resembling A. narcissiflorum, Vill. Regel cites it in Sect.
Rhiziridiwm, but it is not known to have a rootstock,

18. DIPCADI, Medic.

Tuberous scapigerous herbs. Flowers racemed. Perianth cyliudric,
of 6 erect segments, the outer recurved from about the middle, the inner
at the tips only. Stamens included, Capsule short, broad, tridymous,
loculicidal, many-seeded. Seeds flat; testa black, membranous.—Species
about 20, S. European, W. Asiatic and African.

The Indian species want a thorough re-examination, with far better materials
than I have access to.

* Ovary stipitate.

346 CLVI, Littacez. (J. D, Hooker.) [Dipead:.

1. D. montanum, Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xi. 398; raceme
many-fid., bracts lanceolate acuminate about equalling the pedicels,
perianth 4-2 in. lobes of outer subequal as long as the tube ligulate.
Uropetalum montanum, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. ii. 152; Dalz. &
Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 250.

RowiLKunD; at Delhi, Vicary. The Concan and Western Deccan, Dalzell.

Bulb small. Leaves 4-6 in., subfleshy, filiform, semiterete, deeply grooved
above. Scape 6-9 in., terete; raceme 6—-12-fld. ; pedicels }-} in., longer or shorter
than the lanceolate bracts. Perianth white or greenish, 2 in., tubular-campanulate,
lobes glandular at the tips. Capsule stipitate, 4 in. diam. Seeds ellipsoid, § in.
loug, flat.

2. D. minor, Hook. f.; racemes many-fld., bracts much shorter than
the pedicels, perianth 3-4 in. lobes of outer as long as the tube.

The Concan; rocky places in Malwan, Dalzell. ‘ ‘
The. specimens are very indifferent and leafless; but the small size of the
flowers at once distinguishes the species.

3. D. concanense, Dailzell in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. ii. 142 ; raceme
few-fid., bracts triangular acuminate shorter than the pedicels, perianth
3 in. long, lobes much shorter than the tube subequal, outer ligulate.
Uropetalum concanense, Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xi. 399 ; Dalz. & Gibs.
Bomb. Fl, 250.

The Concan; Hewra Plain, rare, Dalzell.

Bulb small. Leaves few, 6-9 in., fleshy, filiform, semiterete, deeply grooved
above. Scape 6-12 in., terete; raceme 2-6-fld.; pedicels 3-}in. Pertanth 14 in.,
white; lobes linear-oblong, obtuse, outer spreading, inner united to the middle,
all glandular and papillose at the tip. Capsule stipitate, didymous, 4 in. diam.

Seeds } in. long, oblong.
*® Ovary sessile or subsessile.

4. D. serotinum, Medic. in Act. Palatin. vi. 481; leaves 6-18 in.,
scape 10-14 in., raceme elongate many-fid., bracts lanceolate about
equalling the pedicels or longer, perianth 2 in. long brown, lobes sub-
equal three outer about equalling the tube, ovary sessile. Baker in
Journ. Linn. Soc. xi. 397, Uropetalum serotinum, Bot. Reg. under t.
156; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. x. 459; Kunth Enum. iv. 378. Hyacintbus
serotinus, Linn. Sip. Pl. 317; Cavan. Ie. t. 30: Redouté Lil. t. 202. Scilla
serotina, Bot. Mag. t. 859. Urginea coromandeliana, Wight Ic. t. 2064,

The PangasB; Salt range, Mt. Tilla, Aétehison. Kumaon, in the Kali valley,
alt. 7-8000 ft., Duthie——DistTR1B. Europe.

Bulb ovoid. Leaves 6-12 by 1-4 in., acuminate. Raceme 4-6 in.; bracts
about as long as the white or very pale pink flowers. Flowers $-2 in. long, outer
lobes of perianth revolute, inner erect with spreading tips. Capsule very
variable, 5-2 in. diam., quadrate——In a drawing from Herb. Falconer it appears
that in this plant the flowers are very pale brown. In Wight’s figure of Org.
coromandeliana, the flowers are those of an Urginea, but the foliage, capsule, &c., of
D, serotinum. :

5. D. unicolor, Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xi. 397; leaves 4-6 in,
scape as long as very stout, bracts lanceolate about equalling the pedicel,

Dipeadi.] OLVI, Litiacez. (J. D. Hooker.) 347

racemes few-fid., perianth 4 in. long green lobes subequal, three outer
about equalling the tube, capsule 4-% in. broad.

Scinpz ; on the lower hills, Stocks.

A much smaller and stouter plant than D. serotinum with green flowers.
Capsule quadrate, retuse above and below. Seeds 4-4 in. diam., orbicular.—
Possibly a state of D. serotinum, but a very different-looking plant.

6. D. hydsuricum, Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xi. 397; leaves 4-6
in., scape tall, raceme elongate, bracts much shorter than the pedicels,
perianth Zin. long green or pale pink. Uropetalum hydsuricum, Hdgew.
im Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 88.

The Panvsap, at Loodiana, Edgeworth.

The short bracts are the best character of this species, which closely resembles
D. serotinum in habit. In a drawing of what I take to be this, in Falconer’s
collection, the tube of the corolla is pale green, the lobes very pale pink.

19. URGINEA, Steinh.

Bulbous, scapigerous herbs. Flowers racemed. Perianth campanulate
of 6 subequal segments. Stamens included. Capsule oblong, triquetrous,
loculicidal, many-seeded. Seeds flat, testa black, membranous.—Species
about 24, S. Huropean, W. Asiatic, and African.

* Flowers appearing before the leaves.

1. U.indica, Kunth Enum. iv. 333; leaves 3-1 in. broad, flowers
distant long-pedicelled drooping, bracts evanescent, perianth segments
3-nerved in the middle, capsule oblong. Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc, xiii.
922; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 250. U. senegalensis, Kunth 1. c. 334.
Scilla indica, Rowb. Fl. Ind. ii. 147; Grah. Cat. Bomb, Pl. 220. 8. Cun-
dria and §. denudata, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 5062, A, B, C, EH, H.

Western Himanaya; Garwhal, Kumaon and the Salt Range, ascending to 6000
ft, Brwar, the Concan and CornoMANDEL coasts. Borma, Wallich.—DistRis,
Trop. Africa.

Bulb the size of an apple, bitter, nauseous. Leaves 6-18 in., subbifarious, linear,
flat, acute. Scape erect, 12-18 in., brittle; raceme 6-12 in., erect; flowers very
distant ; pedicels 1-14 in., spreading or decurved. Perianth 4-4 in. diam., greenish
white, nerves green, tips rounded ; filaments flattened below ; style narrowly obconic.
Capsule 4-3 in., subacute, cells 6-9-seeded. Seeds 4 in. diam.

2. U. coromandeliana, Hook.f. (not of Wight), leaves very narrow,
flowers long-pedicelled drooping, bracts minute ovate acute persistent,
sepals l-nerved, inner bearded at the tips, style very short obconic.
Scilla coromandeliana, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 147.

CoRoMANDEL ooast ; on sand hills, Rowburgh.

Bulb globose, 13 in. diam. Leaves 6-8 by 3-4 in., subacute. Scape 12-18 in. ;
pedicels 1-14 in.; bracts iin. Flowers dull green and purplish; sepals 3 in. long,
tips rounded; filaments clavate; style shorter than the ovary, narrowly obconic.—
Described from Roxburgh’s excellent drawing, and the characters given in his Flora
Indiea. U. coromandeliana, Wight is Dipcade serotinum (as his Herbarium proves)
with the perianth and stamens very incorrectly represented.

3. U. Wightiana, Hook. f.; flowers long-pedicelled on the decurved
or suberect raceme, bracts evanescent, sepals l-nerved all bearded at the

348 CLVI. LILIACEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) [Urginea.

tips, filaments dilated in the middle, style elongate. U. indica, Wight Ic.
t. 2063 (sepals very incorrect) eacl. Syn. Kunth. Melanthium nudum,
Herb. Heyne in Wall. Herb. (misspelt indicum in Cat. 5062 D).

Sourn Dsccan, Heyne; sand hills at Tuticorin and Coimbatore, Wight.

Very near U. coromandeliana, but differing as above. Wight’s figure is good,
except that he has made the sepals acuminate, and anthers too slender, very different
from his specimens. His character is taken confessedly from Roxburgh’s of Scilla
indica, from which his figure and specimens differ totally.

** Leaves and flowers appearing together.

4, U.congesta, Wight Ic. t. 2064 (left-hand figure) ; leaves appearing
with the flowers, raceme many and dense-fid., flowers small suberect,
bracts minute deltoid, perianth segments 1-nerved, capsule subglobose.
Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiii. 218.

Deccan Penrnsvuta; on the sea coast, Wight. Cuyton; Dambulla, Trimen.

Bulb about 1 in. diam. eaves 5-6 in., filiform, grooved above. Scape 6 in.,
flexuous ; raceme 2-3 in.; pedicels 3,4 in., suberect. Perianth 4 in. long, white
and purplish; filaments flattened below broadly subulate, not longer than the
linear oblong large anthers. Capsule } in. broad; cells 3-4-seeded.—Wight’s plate
is very incorrect in respect of the perianth and stamens, Trimen’s var. rupicola,
(Journ. Bot. 1889, 167) differs in the laxer inflorescence.

5. U. polyphylla, Hook. f.; leaves filiform, flowers suberect, bracts
longer than the very short pedicels subulate with broad membranous
auricles ; sepals all thickened at the tips 5-nerved in the middle, filaments
slender, style elongate. Ornithogalum polyphyllum, Herb. Heyne in Wall.
Cat. 5062 EF.

Dercoan PrEninsuta? Heyne.

Bulb not seen. Leaves 8-10 by 3; in., margins involute. Scape longer than
the leaves, very slender; raceme terminal, 6-fld.; bracts 2 in., persistent; sepals
% in. long, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse ; filaments nearly as long as the sepals, style as
long.—There is but one specimen in Herb. Wall., without bulb, it resembles the

Cape and European species, and is fastened down with Urginea Wightiana and
Dipcade serotina.

20, SCILLA, Linn.

Bulbous, scapigerous herbs. Flowers racemed. Perianth persistent
stellate or campanulate, segments recurved. Capsule globose, 3-lobed or
tridymous, loculicidal, cells 1-2-seeded. Seeds obovoid or subglobose;
testa thin, black.—Species about 80, Europe, As. temp.

1. S. indica, Baker in Saund. Refug. Bot. iii. App. 12; in Journ.
Linn, Soc. xiii. 250; leaves oblong or lanceolate, raceme very many-fid.,
erianth 4 in. diam. S. maculata, Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. l.c. Lede-
botril hyacinthina, Roth Nov. Sp.195; Kunth Enum. iv. 336; Wight Ie.
t. 2040; Wall. Cat. 5170; Grah. Cat. Bomb. Pl. 220; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. 251; Bot. Mag. t. 3226; Dene. in Jacquem. Voy. Bot. t. 171. L,
maculata, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ, ii. 143 ; Dalz. & Gibs. l.c. Barnardia
indica, Wight Ic. t. 2041. Melanthium hyacinthoides & Erythronium in-
dicum, Herb. Madr.

The Drcoan PENINSULA and CenrraL Inp1a, from the Concan and Nagpore

Scilla. ] CLYI. Liniaceas. (J. D. Hooker.) 349

southwards, especially near the sea, CEYLON, at Trincomalee, @lenie.—DisrRin.
Abyssinia.

Bulb 1-2 in. diam. Leaves 3-6 in., very variable in breadth, petioled or not,
often recurved, tips after reaching the ground bulbiferous, green or blotched with
black. Scape 2-6 in.; raceme cylindric, 80-60 fid., pedicels 3-3} in.; bracts
minute. Flowers greenish purple; filaments purple; ovary stipitate.—I can find
no characters of L. maculata.

2. S. Hohenackeri, Fisch. & Mey. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1838, i.
256 ; leaves linear, raceme few or many-fid., perianth 2 in. diam. Baker
in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiii. 244; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 227. 8. cernua
var. pluriflora, Ledeb, Fl. Ross. iv. 157. Hyacinthus purpureus, Griff.
Notul, 242; Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 275.

Tbe PanzaB; Ic, Falconer; Rawul Pindee, at Hussan, 4itchison.—DistRis.
Affghanistan, Persia,

Bulb ovoid, $-1 in. diam. Leaves 4-6, flaccid, 8-12 by 3-} in. Scape 4-8 in,
6-12-fld.; bracts membranous. Flowers bright blue, scattered; sepals linear,
obtuse, recurved from near the base, filaments narrowly lanceolate; anthers blue;
cells of ovary 3-4-ovuled.

21. LILIUM, Linn.

Tall, bulbous, leafy, unbranched, usually very large fid. herbs. Flowers
axillary or in terminal racemes. Perianth infundibular, segments 6,
usually narrowly nectariferous at the base. Stamens hypogynous, anthers
large dorsifixed versatile. Style long, stigma globose (rarely 3-fid as in
Fritillaria). Capsule erect, coriaceous, loculicidal, very many-seeded.
Seeds vertically compressed; testa pale, membranous, appressed.—Species
about 50, N. temperate.

Sect. I. Bulé of narrow fleshy imbricating scales, without any outer
coats. Stamens not diverging. Stigma capitate, obscurely 3-lobed.
Eulirion.

* Leaves petioled, broadly cordate.

1. ZL. giganteum, Wall. Teut. Fl. Nep. 21, t. 12,13 (ewel. syn.);
Cat. 5075; very tall, raceme many-fid., pedicels short, perianth white
narrowly funnel-shaped. Kunth Enum. iv. 268; Bot. Mag. t. 4673;
copied in Fl. des Serres, t. 771-2; and in Belg. Hortic. iii. t. 21; Duchart.
Obs. Gen. Lis. passim. Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc, xiv. 227; Gard. Chron.
1880, ii. fig. 18; Elwes Monogr. Lil.t. 11. , cordifolium, Don. Prodr.
52.

TreMPERate Himanaya; from Garwhal to Sikkim, alt, 5-10,000 ft. Kasra
HItts, alt. 5-6000 ft. :

Bulbs tufted, 3-4 in. diam.; scales subequal. Stem 6-12 ft., 2 in. diam. at base,
fistular. Zeaves 12-18 in. long and broad, penninerved ; petiole of lower 9-12 in.
Raceme 1-2 ft., bracts large; flowers 5-7 in. fragrant, drooping, tube purplish
within; segments oblanceolate, tips rounded recurved. Stamens and style included,
filaments decurved at the tip; anthers 4 in., yellow. Capsule 2-3 in., obtusely
angled ; carpels retuse, septa pectinate. Seeds 3-4 in. broad, very thin. ‘
** Leaves sessile, linear or lanceolate.

+ Flowers white or greenish white.

2. L. Wallichianum, Schultes f. Syst. Pl. vii. 1689 ; leaves narrowly

350 CLVI. LILtIacEs. (J. D. Hooker.) [Lilium.

linear, nerves 3-5 faint, perianth 6-10 in. narrowly tubular below then
infundibular with the upper third recurved, stamens much shorter than the
perianth, anthers 1 in. orange yellow. Kunth Enum. iv. 267; Wall. Cat.
5076 ; Bot. Mag. t. 4561; Duchart, Obs. Gen. Lis. 71; Lindl. §& Pact. Fl.
Gard. 1850, 120, with woodcut; Lemaire, Jard. Fleur. t. 105-6; Fl. des
Serres, t. 612; Elwes Monogr. Lil. iv. 267; Baker in Journ. Linn. Soe. xiv.
227. LL. longiflorum, Wall. Teut. Fl. Nep. 40,+.29. L. Batisua, Ham.
mss.

WestERN Himazaya; Nepal and Kumaon, alt. 3-4000 ft. :

Bulbs swall, on a creeping rootstock ; scales many, short, ovate, acuminate. Stem
4-6 ft., base ascending, few-fld. Leaves 6-12 by }-$ in. Flowers subsolitary,
horizontal, sweet-scented, pedicel long; tube greenish outside ; segments subequal,
oblanceolate, 2 in. broad; style recurved at the top; stigma conoidal. Capsule
13-2 in.

3. L. neilgherrense, Wight Ic. t. 2031; leaves elliptic-lanceolate
strongly nerved, perianth 8-12 in. narrowly tubular below then infundibular
with the upper third recurved, stamens much shorter than the perianth,
anthers 2 in. ; Duchart. Obs. Gen. Lis., 71; Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv.
230; Elwes Monogr. Lil. t. vi. L. neilgherricum, Lemaire Ill. Hort. x. t.
353. L. tubiforum and Wallichianum, Wight, 1. c. t. 2033-4, 2085, L.
Metzii, Steud, in Hohenack. Pl. Fxsicc. Ind. Or. No. 954.

SourHEeRN Deccan ; Nilghiri and Pulney Mts., alt. 5-8000 ft., Wight, &.
Very closely allied to L. Wallichianum, but the leaves are much shorter and
broader, 3-5 by 3-1 in., and the perianth tube even longer.

4. In Lowii, Baker in Bot. Mag. t. 7232; leaves numerous short linear
sessile, flowers corymbose or umbelled, perianth 3-4 in. broadly funnel-
shaped recurved from about the middle, stamens shorter than the perianth,
anthers in brown. Li. nepalense, Collett & Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soe,
xxvii. 133.

Burma; in the Shan bills. Collett.

Bulb globose 2 in. diam., scaleslanceolate. Stem 3-4 ft. Leaves 2-3 in. Flowers
coriaceous, 3 in. diam., pedicels long; perianth segments nearly similar, 1 in.
broad, white, or greenish externally, speckled with claret-brown in their lower
halves; style as long as the stamens.—I have taken the characters from « ms.
of Mr. Baker’s drawn up from specimens that flowered in the nurseries of
Messrs. Low & Co.

5. G. Bakerianum, Hemsl. & Collett in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxviii.
138, t. xxii. ; leaves short linear or lanceolate, flowers few long-pedicelled,
perianth 3-4 in. campanulate, segments acute spreading from above the
middle inner much the broadest, stamens much shorter than the perianth-
anthers 3 in. long.

Burma; on the Shan hills, Collett.

Stem 2-4 ft., puberulous, 2-fld. Leaves 2 in., nerves obscure, costa and margins
lepidote. Flowers erect; perianth segment spotted on the broad base, outer
narrowly-lanceolate long-acuminate, inner oblanceolate tip rounded apiculate,
margins furfuraceously puberulous.—Description from a single specimen as given
by Hemsley 1. c.

tt Flowers yellow.

6. LB. nepalense, D. Don in Mem. Wern. Soe. iti. 412; Prodr. Fl.
Nep. 52; leaves lanceolate, perianth 4-5 in. broadly funnel-shaped from

Ltlium.] OLVI. Littacesx. (J. D. Hooker.) 351

the base recurved from beyond the middle, stamens exserted anthers
lin. yellow. Kunth Enum. iv. 267; Duchart. Obs. Gen. Lis., 64; Wall.
Pi, As. Rar. iii. 67, t. 291; Cat. 5078 ; Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 231 ;
Elwes Monogr. Iii. +. v.: Bot. Mag. +. 7053; Gard. Chron, 1880, ii. 77,
£.19. L. ochroleucum, Wall. mss.

Western Himataya, from Nepal to Simla, alt. 7-8000 ft.

Bulb unknown. Stem 2-3 ft., slender. Leaves 3-4 by 4-14 in., 5-7-nerved.
Flowers solitary or few and racemed or subumbelled, drooping, sweet-scented,
tube greenish outside with a stout rounded keel, segment orange-yellow with
purple dots or spots on the lower half of the recurved portion within, outer
segments oblanceolate subacute, inner much broader, tips rounded ; filaments bright
red, rather spreading ; style exserted.—The colours of the flower probably vary.
A supposed variety with deep crimson green-tipped sepals is figured in Gard.
Chron. 1888, ii. 412; but its flowers are much shorter than in the type form.

7. G. primulinum, Baker in Bot. Mag. t. 7227 ; leaves lanceolate,
flowers corymbose or umbelled long-pedicelled, perianth 5-6 in. funnel.
shaped segments subequal, the upper half revolute, stamens exserted rather
shorter than the perianth, anthers ? in. brown, style much longer than the
stamens. L. neilgherrense, Hemsl. & Collett in Journ. Linn. Soc, xxviii.
138. L. claptonense, Hort. Low.

Burma ; in the Shan States, Collett.

Bulb large, globose, scales lanceolate. Stem 3-4 ft., erect, glabrous. Leaves
8-4 in. Flowers about 3 in a corymb or umbel, pedicel with a large leaf-like
bract. Flower pale yellow, unspotted; perianth segments subequal, oblanceolate-
oblong.—Described from Mr. Baker’s account of a specimen that flowered with
Messrs. Low & Co.

8. L. sulphureum, Baker in Bot. Mag. ined. ; leaves linear l-nerved
upper bulbiferous, perianth 7-8 in. broadly funnel-shaped recurved in the
upper half, inner segments much broader than the outer, stamens rather
shorter than the perianth, anthers 1 in. brown. L. Wallichianum, var .
superbum, Hort. Low.; Baker in Gard. Chron. 1891, ii. 480.

Upper Burma, Hort. Low. ; =.

Bulb large, globose. Stem 6-7 ft. Leaves very many, 3-4 by } in. ; bulbils in
upper large. Flowers pendant on long pedicels fragrant, pale sulphur-yellow,
suffused with claret-colour outside ; outer segments 1 in. broad, inner nearly 2 in.;
filaments straight, yellow; style curved, rather longer than the anthers.—Described
from Mr. Baker’s notes.

Szcr. II. Bulb and stigma of Sect. I., but stamens diverging
(Marracon).

. polyphyllum, Doz ix Royle Til. 388; leaves linear or oblan-

Po ie Pde | ie eng perianth brows infandibular segments revolute

from the middle, stamens exserted, anthers 4 in. long. Kunth Enum. iv.

677; Klotzsch in Bot. Reis. Pr. Waldem. 53; Baker in Journ. Linn. Soe.

iv. 246; Elwes Monogr. Inl, t. 48. L. punctatum, Jacquem. mss. ex
Duchart. Obs. Gen. Ins., 77. L. stylosum, Klotzsch mss.

Western TEMPERATE HimatayA ; alt. 6-12,000 ft., from Kumaon to Kashmir,

— RIB. Affghanistan.

pg eae dae few nag narrow subequal fleshy scales. : Stem 3-4 ft., slender.
Leaves 4-5 in., many-nerved, lower sometimes whorled, margins papillose. Raceme
raised on the naked top of the stem, 4-10-fld.; bracts whorled ; pedicels elongate,
cernuous ; flowers pendulous, 2 in. diam., fragrant, dull yellowish or greenish out-

352 CLVI. LintaceR. (J. D. Hooker.) [Lalium.

side, white within speckled with long purple streaks; segments oblanceolate, $ in.
broad ; style very declinate.

Sect. III]. Bulb with dark brown scarious coats. Leaves linear.
Stamens not spreading. Stigmas 3-fid, lobes short, narrow, recurved.
NorHo.igion.

10. &. Thomsonianum, Royle il. t.92; stem 2-4 ft. very many-fid.
Duchart. Obs. Gen. Lis. 68. L. roseum, Wall. Cat. 5077 B; Belgie.
Hortic. 1854, 129, cum Ic.; Berlin Gartenz. 1884, 414, £.125 ; Gard. Chron.
1884, i. 772, fig. 145. L. longifolium, Griff. Itin. Notes, 345; Notul. 241;
Ic. Pil. Asiat. t. 277. Fritillaria, Thomsoniana, Don in Royle Ili. 388;
Kunth Enum. iv. 672. Notholirion macrophyllum, Boiss. FZ. Or. v. 191,
excl. syn.

WestERN Himataya, alt. 5-7000 ft.; from Kumaon to Kashmir.—DIstR1B.
Affghanistan.

Bulb 2-23 in., formed of lanceolate fleshy inner scales (bulbils) covered by dark
brown loose scarious longitudinally undulate scales. Stem very stout. Leaves 8-12
by 3-4 in., flaccid, narrowed to very fine points. Raceme dense-fid., 1-2 ft. long;
bracts lanceolate; pedicels short, stout. Flowers 2-24 in. long, sweet-scented, pale
rose or rose-purple, segments narrowly spathulate, nectary 0, Filaments long; style
much longer than the ovary, tip upcurved, Capsule 1 in.

11. B. roseum, Wall. Cat. 5077 A.; stem 12-20in. few-fld. Duchart.
Obs. Gen. Lis. 68; Bot. Mag. t.4725. L.Thomsonianum, Lindl. Bot. Reg.
1845, t. 1. L. Hookeri, Baker in Gard. Chron. 1871, 201. Fritillaria
Hookeri, Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 269; in Bot. Mag. t. 6385. PF.
macrophylla, Don Prodr. 51. Notholirion roseum, Wall. mss. in Bot, Mag.
under t. 4725.

Temperate Himaraya; Garwhal, at Mussoori (Bot. Reg.); Nepal, Wallick;
Sikkim, alt. 9-10,000 ft., J. D. H.

A much smaller plant than L. Thomsonianwm, with the bulb 14 in, long, the
stem 1-2 ft., and the flowers varying from rose pink to pale lilac; but Wallich was
probably right in thinking them varieties of one. Notholirion was taken up as a
genus by Boissier and rightly attributed by him to Wallich, whose mention of it as a
genus (not a section) was overlooked in Gen. Plant. Don’s F. macrophylla, from
Nepal, Wallich, with 3-4 flowers and a trifid stigma, must be meant for this plant,
though he describes the flowers as yellow.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES. 5

L. nanum, Klotzsch Bot. Reis. Ergeb. Waldem, 53 ; leaves linear grassy subobtuse
strict erect 5-nerved, flowers small drooping campanulate white, perianth segments
sessile oblong obtuse, stigma thickened trigonous puberulous, filaments subulate,
anthers oblong obtuse base obtusely 2-fid.— Western Himalaya, Hoffmeister.
(Translated from Klotzsch, lc. I cannot imagine what it is.)

22. FRITILLARIA, Linn.

Characters of Lilium, but perianth campanulate or with segments
spreading from near the naked or bearded base, nectaries usually broad,
stigmas 3-fid with short spreading truncate divisions (as in Sect.
ILL. of Lilwm), rarely capitate and 3-lobed—Species about 50, N. temp.
regions.

* Flowers solitary: Perianth segments spreading from near the base ;
stigma capitate, 3-lobed.

1. F. oxypetala, Royle Ill, 388; leaves elliptic-lanceolate, perianth-

Fritillaria,] CLVI. LILIACEH, (J.D. Hooker.) 353

segments elliptic ovate acute, bearded above the nectary. Lilium oxypeta-
lum, Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 234; Elwes Monog. Lil. t. 4, left-hand
fig. ?F. triceps, Klotzsch Bot. Reis. Pr. Wald. 53, t. 93.

WeEsTERN Himataya; Kunawar, Royle; Kumaon, alt. 12,500 ft., Strachey §
Winterbottom ; Garwhal and W. Nepal, alt. 10-11,000 ft., Duthie.

Bulb 2 in. long ; scales few, subequal, lanceolate, acuminate, outer membranous,
inner fleshy. Stem 12-18 in., stout. Leaves 14-3 by $ in. Flowers purple.
Segments 14-2 in., long. Style shorter than the ovary, stigma capitate, 3-lobed.
Capsule 1 in., broadly oblong.—The flowers of F. triceps are described as white,

2. F. Stracheyi, Hook. f.; leaves narrowly linear, flowers solitary,
perianth-segments elliptic-ovate acute bearded above the nectary. F.
oxypetala, Hook, Bot. Mag. t. 4731; Lemaire Jard. Fleur. t. 422.

TemMPeRatTe Himataya; Kumaon, Strachey (Hort. Kew); West Nepal, alt.
12-13,000 tt., Duthie; Sikkim, alt. 9-10,000 ft., J. D. H. :

Bulb as in F. onypetala, but much smaller, Stem 6-12 in., slender. Leaves 4-6
by 3-4 in.; radical linear-lanceolate, long-petioled, obtuse. Flowers pale purple
speckled within below the middle; segments 1 in. long. Style as long as the
ovary.

3. F. Gardneriana, Wall. Cat. 5080; leaves narrowly linear,
flowers solitary, perianth-segments obovate-spathulate obtuse naked above
the nectary. Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 265.

TemPERATE Himanaya; Central Nepal, Wallich; Western Nepal, alt.
12-18,0U0 ft., Duthie.

Bulbs asin F. Stracheyi. Stem slender. Leaves 2-6 by 3-4 in. Flowers more
infundibular than in the preceding species, with narrower segments, which are
obtuse and only $ in. long. Style rather longer than the ovary.

** Flowers few or many. Perianth broadly campanulate. Stigma
trifid, lobes spreading truncate.

4, FE. Roylei, Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 860; leaves whorled or opposite linear-
lanceolate acuminate straight, flowers solitary or few nodding tessellate,
nectary broad naked. Baker in Journ, Linn, Soe. xiv. 257. F. verticillata,
Wall. Cat. 5079 B, C, D (not of Willd.); Royle Ill. 387, t. 92, £2. F.
Gulielmi-Waldemarii, Klotzsch Bot. Reis. Pr. Wald. 52, t. 92.

Western Temprrate Himataya; from Kumaon to Kashmir, alt. 8-12,000 ft

WESTERN TIBET, Thomson. :

Bulb depressed, scales membranous. Stem 1-2 ft., naked below. Leaves 2-4 by
3-14 in., opposite or 3-6 in a whorl, suberect. Flowers 1 3-2 in. long, campanulate,
yellow green, tessellated with dull purple, segments 4-} in, broad. Stamens halt
the length of the perianth. Capsule, obovoid, obtusely angled.

5. EB. cirrhosa, Don Prodr. 51; lower leaves opposite, upper
whorled uppermost with cirrhose tips, flowers 1-2 tessellate, nectary
broad naked. Kunth Enum. iv. 258; Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 257,
F. verticillata, Wall. Cat. 5079 A (not of Wilid.). ;

Cenrrat and Eastern Himataya; Nepal, Wallich ; Sikkim, alt. 11—16,000 ft.,

JD... are F
Very nearly allied to #. Roylei, and perhaps, as Wallich believed, a variety of

that,.plant, the leaves are however larger and narrower and the uppermost have
cirrhose tips.
6. F. imperialis, Linn. Sp. Pl. 303; leaves crowded lanceolate lower
VOL. VI. Aa

354 OLVI, LintacEz. (J. D. Hooker.) [Pritillaria.

opposite upper longer whorled, flowers umbelled yellow or brick-red not
tessellate, nectary large rounded. Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 274;
Boiss, Fl. Orient. v. 189; Bot. Mag. t. 194and 1215; Redouté Lil. t. 131.
F. Corona-imperialis, Gertn. Fruct. i. 64, t.17, £1. Petilium imperiale,
J. St. Hil. Fam. Nat. i. 120; Kunth Enum. iv. 246.

Western Himataya; Kashmir, alt. 7-9000 ft., Thomson, Clarke.—DIstTEIB.
Westward to Kurdistan.

Bulb large, globuse, of broad obtuse gibbous fleshy yellowish scales, strong-
smelling. Stem 3-4 ft., robust, naked below. Leaves crowded, 6-10 by 1-2 in.,
lower obtuse, upper acute, often 10 in a whorl. Flowers 5-8; bracts leafy, whorled,
erect, linear. Perianth 2-24 in. long ; segments 3-14 in. broad. Filaments flat-
tened below. Capsule 2 in. long, obovoid, almost 6-winged, umbonate.—Crown
Imperial.

23. LLOYDIA, Salisd.

Small slender bulbous herbs. Leaves filiform. Flowers few or solitary,
small, white or yellow. Perianth funnel-shaped, suberect; segments 6,
persistent, straight, 3-5-nerved, with an obscure basal fold or nectary.
Stamens 6, subhypogynous, filaments erect, filiform; anthers basifixed.
Ovary triquetrous; style columnar, sigma capitate, obscurely 3-lobed;
cells many-ovuled. Capsule loculicidal. Seeds compressed and angled,
testa appressed, brown or white.—Species 2 or 3, Northern.

L. serotina, Reichb. Fl. Germ. Excurs. 102; Ic. Fl. Germ. x. t. 440;
Kunth Enum. iv. 244; Baker in Journ. Innn. Soe. xiv. 300; Boiss. Fl.
Orient. v. 202. L. alpina, Salish. in Trans. Hort. Soc. i. 328. L. himalensis.
Royle Til. 388, t. 93, £.2; Kunth 1. c.672. L. longiscapa, Hook. Jc. Pl. t.
834. Anthericum serotinum, Linn. Sp. Pl. Ed. ii. 444. Gagea P pulchella,
Wall. Cat. 5064. Nectarobothrium striatum, Ledeb. Fl. Alt. ii. 36.

ALPINE Himataya and Tiset; from Kashmir to Sikkim, alt. 12—-17,000 ft.—
Distris. Alps of Europe, Asia and America.

Bulb elongate, 4-1 in., base rhizomatous, neck very long, coats membranous.
Leaves 2-8 in., wiry, convolute. Stem 4-12 in., with 1-2 small leaves, rarely forked.
Flowers suberect, white with violet veins or yellow, purple at the base ; segments
3-2 in., oblanceolate or spathulate, broad or narrow; nectary very small, green.
Stamens 4-2 shorter than the perianth; filaments glabrous pubescent or villous;
anthers minute, very variable in shape. Style as long as the ovary. Capsule
4-4 in., obovoid or obeordate. Seeds triquetrous, foveolate.—I am unable to find
any character whereby to distinguish the yellow from the white fld. states, and, what
is more remarkable, the specimens with hairy filaments (LZ. longiscapa, Hook.,
Gagea ? pulchella, Wall.) pass into these with glabrous filaments and grow inter-
mixed with them, A very minute tufted state, under an inch long, occurs at
13-14,000 ft. elevation in Sikkim with sepals only 3-3 in. long. In a drawing which
I made of the ordinary Sikkim form, the nectary is represented as a drop of fluid on
the naked surface above the base of the sepal.

24, TULIPA, Linn.

Bulb coated. Leaves few, linear or oblong. Scape naked above, or
1-2-leaved, 1-3-fid. Flowers large, usually erect. Perianth campanulate;
segments 6, quite free; nectary 0. Stamens 6, hypogynous; anthers
basifixed, erect. Ovary oblong; stigmas 3, subsessile, recurved; cells 3,
‘many-ovuled. Capsule loculicidal. Seeds flattened, testa membranous,
pale, appressed.—Species about 60, temp. Europe, N. Africa and N.
Asia.

Tulipa,] OLVI, Lintacee. (J, D. Hooker.) 355

1, I. chrysantha, Boiss. in Kotsch. Pl. Pers. Bor. Exsicc. 1846, No.
78; Fl. Orient. v. 193; bulb-scales woolly within, leaves linear or lanceolate
undulate margius cartilaginous, perianth yellow within, without suffused
with red, outer segments oblong acuminate, inner obovate obtuse or
mucronate. Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 279. T. Lehmanniana, Merck.
in Bunge Rel. Lehm. 337. T. undulata, Jacquem. mss, Liliacea, Griff.
Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 278, £. 1.

The PansaB, Jacquemont; Salt Range, Fleming.—Disteis, Affghanistan,
Central Asia and N. Persia.

Bulb 4-1 in. diam. Stem 3-4 in. Leaves 4-5, glabrous, glaucous, lower 4-6 in.,
recurved, lanceolate, channelled, upper narrower. Perianth 1-14 in. long; claws of
the segments brown. Anthers longer than the glabrous filaments. Ovary with a
narrow neck, stigmas small.—Bulbs eaten in Beluchistan.

2, EF. stellata, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2762; bulb-scales woolly within,
leaves narrowly linear channelled not undulate, perianth white within,
base yellow, rosy or greenish without, segments all alike obtuse or sub-
acute. Kunth Enum. iv, 223; Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 281 (eel.
syn. Kotschy, No. 99). T. Clusiana, var. stellata, Regel Enum. Tulip. 54.
P Anthericum uniflorum, Row. Fl. Ind. ii. 149.

TEMPRRATE WESTERN Himaraya, alt. 5-8000 ft.; from Kumaon westwards.

Bulb 3-1in. diam. Stem 12-18 in., slender, naked below. Leaves 4-6, 9-12 in.,
glabrous, glaucous, channelled. Pedwncle 6-9 in. Perianth 14-2 in, long, segments
spreading, subspathulately oblanceolate. Anthers about as long as the very short
glabrous filaments. Ovary with a narrow neck, stigmas small.—Roxburgh’s drawing
of Anthericum uniflorum, from Rohilkund, made from a specimen that flowered 1n
the Calcutta Bot. Gardens, resembles nothing except this Tulipa, from which it differs
in the long points to the anthers and in some roots from the base of the bulb being
transformed into pedicelled tubers.

25. GAGEA, Salisb. :

Small bulbiferous herbs, with a solitary leaf from the base of the bulb,
and a short naked stem bearing more or less umbelliform leafy cymes or
corymbs of flowers. Perianth stellate, usually yellow, nectary 0. Anthers
erect, basifixed. Capsule membranous, loculicidal. Seeds many, flat or
angled, testa, membranous.—Species about 20, north temp. regions.

1. G. lutea, Schultz f. Syst. vii. 538 ; radical leaf linear or lanceolate,
cauline 2 subopposite, flowers 3-6 subumbellate, sepals 3-3 in. long, capsule
very small, seeds subterete curved. Kunth Enum. iv. 235; Boiss Fl.
Orient, v. 207; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. x. t. 477; Bot. Mag. t.1200. G.
Moorcroftiana, and elegans, Wall. Cat. 5063-5065.

WeEstTERN Himaxaya; from Kumaon westwards, alt. 6-13,000 ft.—DisrRis.
Westward to the Atlantic, N. Asia.

Bulb solitary in the coats, about as large asa hazel-nut. Radical-leaf 3-8 by
4-} in.; cauline subsimilar. Stem 2-5 in., glabrous or laxly villous. Flowers
yellow; perianth segments linear-oblong, obtuse or aonte; filaments about half
as long; anthers oblong. Capsule not half as long as the perianth, broader than

long. ;

2. G. persica, Boiss. Diagn. Ser. i. vii. 108; Fl. Orient. v. 210; radical
leaf linear or linear-lanceolate, cauline very narrow, flowers many in uni-
lateral dichotomous cymes, sepals ¢ in. long obtuse, capsule nearly as long

Aa 2

356 CLVI. LintacEm. (J. D. Hooker.) [Gagea.

as the perianth, seeds compressed not angled or winged. G.amblyopetala,
var. bulbifera, Boiss.; Regel Fl. Turkest. 112, t. 17 (non Boiss.). G.
stipitata, Merkl. in Bunge Rei. Haenk. 512. Bulbillaria gageoides, Zucc.
in Abhandl, Akad. Wiss. Bay. iii. 230, t. 2, £1. Lloydia kunawarensis,
Royle Til. 388, t. 93, £. 3.

WEstERN HimatayA; from Kunawur to ‘Kashmir, alt. 5-8000 ft., Royle, &e.
—Distris. Westwards to Persia, Turkestan.

Build solitary in the coats. Radical leaf 4-6 by }-} in. Stem 4-6 in., glabrous,
very slender. Cymes 1-2 in., often with bulbils in the axils of the short very
slender pedicels. Sepals linear, obtuse; filaments nearly as long, anthers sub-
didymous. Capsule nearly as long as the perianth. Seeds compressed, not angled
or winged.

3. G. reticulata, Schultes f. Syst. vii. 542; leaves all very long
filiform recurved cauline numerous subverticillate, flowers many sub-
umbellate, sepals 3-3 in. long acute or finely acuminate, capsule as long
as the perianth, seeds flat angular. Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 208; Reichb. Fl.
Germ, x. t. 481; Regel Fl. Turkest. 110, t. 19, f 1-4; Eapl. Alger.
t. 45 bis, f. 1. G. taurica, Stev. Taur. 335 (ex Boiss.) G. commutata,
sarmentosa, and triphylla, C. Koch in Linnea, xxii. 227-230. G. peduncu-
lata, Wall. Cat. 5066.

The Pansgas PLAINS; ascending the Western Himalaya, Salt Range, &c., to
5500 ft.—Distris. Westwards to Greece and N, Africa, Turkestan.

Bulb densely fibrilliferous. Stem 2-3 in., stout or slender. Leaves 4-8 in,
cauline usually very many, and long, rarely few and short. Flowers numerous,
very variable in size, green with a white border. Anthers linear-oblong.

26. COLCHICUM, Linn.

Corm coated. Leaves radical, linear or lanceolate. Scape very short,
sessile amongst the leaf-sheaths, 1-3-fid. Flowers large, erect. Perianth
funnel-shaped; tube very long and slender; lobes 6, subequal, suberect.
Stamens 6, inserted in the bases of the segments, included; anthers dorsi-
fixed, versatile, introrse. Ovary sessile, 3-celled; styles 3, long, filiform;
cells many-ovuled. Capsule chartaceous, septicidal. Seeds subglobose; testa
appressed brown.—Species about 30, Europe, N. Africa and temp. Asia.

Cc. luteum; Baker in Gard. Chron. (1874) 33; Journ. Linn. Soc.
xvii. 434; leaves appearing with the flowers linear-oblong or oblanceo-
late obtuse, perianth golden yellow, tube 3-4 in., segments oblong or
oblanceolate obtuse many-nerved. Bot. Mag. t. 6153. Melanthacex, Griff.
Notul. iii, 241; Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 278, £. 2.

‘Western TEMPERATE HimaLaya; Kashmir, alt. 4-7000 ft., Thomson, &e.,
Chamba, Hillis, &e.—DistRis. Affghanistan, Turkestan.

Corm gibbously ovoid, coats dark brown. Leaves few, lorate, short at the
flowering time, at fruiting 6-12 by 5-3 in., tip rounded. Flowers 1-2 (in spring),
1-1} in. diam. when expanded. Stamens shorter than the perianth; filaments very
much shorter than the long yellow anthers. Style filiform, much longer than the
perianth. Capsule 1-1} in.; valves with long recurved beaks.

27. MERENDERA, Ramond.

Habitand characters of Colchicum, but with the perianth-segments free
to their base, their long slender claws forming a tube, and the anthers

Merendera.] CLYI. Litiacez., (J. D. Hooker.) 357

either basifixed or dorsifixed.—Species about 10, 8. Europe, N. Africa and
Oriental.

M. persica, Boiss, & Kotsch. Diagn. xiii. 37; Fl. Orient. v. 169;
leaves appearing with the flowers linear acute, scape 1-4-fld., perianth pale
lilac, segments lanceolate subacute, blade } shorter than the slender claw,
anthers basifixed. Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xvii. 440. M. Aitchisoni,
Hook. f. in Bot. Mag. t. 6012; Boiss. l. c. 169.

The PanszaB; on the Salt Range, and near the Jhelum, Vicary, Attchison,.—
Distris. Affghanistan, N. Persia.

Bulb gibbously ovoid, long-necked, coats bright red-brown. Leaves 1-2 in. in
the flowering state, 6-8 in the fruiting, dark green. Flowers 14-2 in. diam. ; seg-
ments with a reddish dorsal keel. Filaments subulate, equalling the anthers.—
Boissier keeps Aitchisoni distinct from persica, on account of the paler corms, and
shorter green anthers. Baker unites them.

98. IPHIGENTA, Kunth.

Corm coated. Stem erect, leafy. Leaves few, scattered, linear, upper
bractiform. Flowers small, erect, solitary or corymbose. Perianth 6-
partite, stellate, deciduous; segments equal, narrow, clawed, spreading.
Stamens 6, hypogynous, filaments short, flat; anthers oblong, introrsely
attached, versatile. Ovary sessile, 3-celled; styles minute, united at
the base, linear, recurved, introrsely stigmatose; cells many-ovuled.
Capsule loculicidal. Seeds subglobose; testa thin, brown, appressed.—
Species 4, Indian, African and Australasian.

1. I. indica, Kunth Enum. iv. 213; perianth purplish, segments
linear-subulate. Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xvii. 450; Benth. Fl. Austral.
vii. 31. I. racemosa, and I. caricina, Kunth 1. c. Anguillaria indica, Br.
Prodr. 273; Wall. Pl. As. Rar. iii. 37, t. 259; Cat. 5085. A. Heyneana,
Wall. Cat. 5086. Melanthium indicum, Linn. Mant. 226. M.racemosum
and caricinum, Roth Nov. Sp.199. Hypoxidopsis pumila, Steud. Pl. Ind.
Or. Hohenack. No. 1818.

Throughout npr, from the N. W. frontier to BuRMA; ascending the KHasra
Hitts to 4-5000 ft., and the Himazaya to 7000 ft. CxryLon ; Trincomalee, Glente.
—Disreiz. Australia, Philippines.

Corm globose, } in. diam., neck 1-2 in., sheaths brown. Stem 3-10 in., flexuous.
Leaves few, 6-8 by 1-4 in., upper smaller. Flowers few or many, reddish or pur-
plish ; bracts linear, leafy; pedicels 1-2 in. Perianth 4-34 in. long; segments
clawed, spreading and reflexed. Capsule 3 in., obovoid or oblong, most variable in
size.—A sportive plant. Prome specimens are nearly 1 ft. high, very robust and
broadish leaved.

2, I. pallida, Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xvii. 451 ; perianth white,
Bempute oblanceolate acute many-nerved. PA. indica, Grah. Cat. Bomb.

. 222.

The Concan ; Ritchie, &c., on the Ghats at Mahableshwar, and Belgaum.

Probably a var. of indica, with smaller narrower leaves and bracts, white flowers
with much broader segments and shorter pedicels.

29. TOFIELDIA, Huds.

Rootstock creeping. Leaves radical, equitant, ensiform. Scape slender ;
flowers small green or white, spicate or racemed; bracts minute. Perianth

358 CLVI. LILIACEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) [Tofieldia.

persistent; segments 6, spreading. Stamens 6, on the base of the seg-
ments, filaments filiform; anthers short, dorsifixed, versatile, introrse.
Carpels 3, many-ovuled ; styles short, persistent, stigmas obtuse. Follicles
3, membranous, acute. Seeds many, minute, cymbiform or slender, testa
thin, pale.—Species about 14, Arctic and Alpine.

T. himalaica, Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xvii. 489; leaves narrowly
linear 3-5-nerved margins scabrid, fruiting pedicels ascending bracteate
at the base calyculate at the apex.

Sixkxim Hrmazaya ; alt, 10-12,000 ft., J. D. H., Clarke.

Stem 8-18 in., glabrous. Leaves 2-4 by ,-3 in. Frutting raceme 4-8 in.;
lower pedicels 3-3 in. Perianth 3} in. long, greenish white; segments narrowly
oblanceolate, l-nerved. Capsule {1-4 in., obovoid ; styles very slender, 4 the length
of the cells. Seeds slender, terets, acute at both ends.

30. GLORIOSA, Linz.

Rootstock tuberous, naked. Stem climbing, leafy. Leaves scattered,
opposite or 3-nately whorled, lanceolate, costate, tip elongate spiral.
Flowers large, axillary, solitary; pedicels reflexed. Perianth persistent;
segments 6, subequal, narrow, spreading or reflexed, often waved or crisped.
Stamens 6, hypogynous, filaments filiform; anthers linear, dorsifixed, ver-
satile, extrorse. Ovary 3-celled; style filiform, deflexed, 3-fid, arms
subulate, introrsely stigmatose ; cells many-ovuled. Capsule large, coria-
ceous, septicidal. Seeds subglobose, testa spongy; embryo cylindric.—
Species 3, tropical Asiatic and African.

G. superba, Linn. Sp. Pl. 305; perianth-segments crisply waved.
Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xvii. 457; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 143; Grah. Cat.
Bomb. Pl. 221; Wight Ic. t. 2047; Bot. Reg. t.77; Andr. Bot. Rep. t.139;
Reichb. Ic. Exot.t.51. G. simplex, Don Prodr.51. G.Doniana, Schultes f.
Syst. vii. 366. Methonica superba, Lamk. Encycl. iv. 183; Kunth Enum.
iv. 276; Redouté Lil. t. 26; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 250. M. Doniana,
cant l.c. Eugona superba, Salish. Prodr. 238.—Rheede Hort. Mal. vii.
t. 57,

Throughout TRopicaL Invra ; from the N. W. Himazaya to Assam, BurMa,
Matacca and CEYLON, ascending to 5000 ft.—Disrris. Trop. Africa, Malacca,
Cochin China.

Rootstock a chain of fleshy arched tubers, budding from the convexity above.
Stem 10-20 ft., terete, herbaceous. eaves 6-8 in., sessile or shortly petioled,
variable in breadth, many nerved. Flowers solitary or subcorymbose towards the
ends of the branches from the nearness of the leaves; pedicels 4-6 in., tip deflexed.
Perianth 3-4 in. diam., segments linear-lanceolate, bright red above the lower third,
golden yellow below it as are the margins and midrib. Filaments stout, golden
yellow ; connective green. Capsule 2 in. long.

ol. TRICYRTIS, Wall.

Rootstock creeping. Siem dichotomously branched above, leafy.
Leaves alternate, subsessile or amplexicaul, strongly nerved. Flowers
subcory mbose or racemose, white spotted with purple. Perianth campanu-
late, deciduous ; segments 6, lanceolate, 3 outer saccate or 2-gibbous at
tke base, inner gibbous or flat. Stamens 6, subhypogynous, filaments
cohering or conniving in a tube below, spreading above; anthers dorsi-

Tricyrtis.] CLVI. Liniaczz. (J.D. Hooker.) 359

fixed, extrorse. Ovary 3-celled; style 3-fid, arms 2-fid; cells many-
ovuled. Capsule coriaceous, linear, triquetrous, septicidal. Seeds 1-seriate,
minute, flat; testa lax, brown, reticulate.—Species 5, Himalayan, Chinese
and Japanese.

T. pilosa, Wall. Tent. Fl. Nep. 61, t. 46; glandular-pubescent, leaves
cordately amplexicaul, flowers loosely corymbose white spotted with purple.
Kunth Enum, iv. 279; Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xvii. 464; Bot. Mag.
t. 4955; Flore des Serres, t. 1219. T. elegans, Wall. l. c. 62; Cat. 600.
Compsoa maculata, Don Prodr. 51. Compsanthus maculatus, Spreng.
Syst. Veg. Cur. Post. 187.

TEMPERATE HimatayA ; Nepal, Wallich ; Sikkim, alt. 5-8000 ft.. J. D. H., &e.
Bhotan, Grif. The Kuasra HIx1s, alt. 5-6000 ft.

Stem 2-4 ft., slender. Leaves 4-6 by 14-3 in., acuminate, subpinnately 6-9-
nerved. Flowers 14 in diam., pedicels stout strict; bracts small, lower ovate-
cordate, upper linear or 0. Perianth segments lanceolate, recurved from just above
the bigibbous nectariferous base, subacute, sparsely glandular without, yellowish
white with purple spots. Filaments stout, terete, erect, then stellately spreading ;
anthers lilac. Style short, clavate, arms recurved, stout, obtuse. Capsule
1-1} in.

32. DISPORUM, Salisb.

Rootstock creeping. Stem erect, angular, leafy. Leaves sessile or sub- ,
sessile, strongly-nerved. Flowers in terminalor axillary few-fid. umbels ;
pedicels decurved. Pertanth campanulate, deciduous; segments 6, erect,
base saccate or spurred. Stamens 6, hypogynous; anthers dorsifixed,
extrorse. Ovary 3-celled; style long or short, stigmas 3 short; cells 2-6-
ovuled. Berry pisiform, fleshy, black. Seeds subglobose, testa appressed,
brown.—Species about 12, Asiatic and N. American.

The study of a very large series of specimens and drawingsof the Indian Dispora
has satisfied me that no specific limits can be assigned to their forms, greatly
though they differ, and Mr. Clarke has arrived at the same conclusion. The leaves
afford no characters; the umbels are sessile or peduncled in the same form and even
specimen, and vary in the number of flowers they bear; the flowers are white,
greenish, or dark purple, and the perianth tubular with spreading tips of the narrow
segments in the large flowered forms ; but in others broadly campanulate with the
broader segments spreading from shortly above the base. The filaments are shorter
than the anthers in some forms, three to four times as long in others. The length of
the style is usually proportionate to that of the perianth, but it is sometimes far
exserted (indicating dimorphic conditions). The fruit is the same in all forms,
a purple-black, pea-shaped berry. It remains for the resident botanists in the
Himalaya to study all the forms, each in his own province, with the view of classi-
fying them, which latter I have been unable to do satisfactorily; after which a
review of all the results thus obtained would lead to a better knowledge of the

genus.

1. D. calearatum, Don in Trans. Linn, Soc. xviii. 516; perianth-
segments lanceolate acute base spurred. Kunth Enum. iv. 207; Baker in
Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 588. D. Wallichii and Hamiltonianum, Don &
Kunth Ul. cc. D. latipetalum, Coll. & Hemsl. in Journ. Linn, Soe. xxviii.
189. Uvularia calcarata, Wall. Cat. 5087. U. Hamiltoniana, Wall. Cat.
5088 in part. U. Betua, Ham. mss.

Temprnste Himataya; from Nepal, Wallich, eastwards, alt. 5-8000 ft.
Kuasia Mrs,, Munnipore and BuRMA, alt. 83-6000 ft.

360 CLVI. LitiscEs#. (J. D. Hooker.) [Disporum.

Stem 1-2 ft. Leaves 2-3 in., oblong-lanceolate, acuminate. FVowers 4-3 in.
long, usually narrow, white greenish or purplish ; spurs very variable, in short flowered
specimens { in. long, equalling the blade of the sepal in length. Stydeslender, rarely
exserted.

Don gives the following characters to the species united above :—calcaratum,
sepals lanceolate acuminate long-spurred, filaments thrice as long as the anthers.
Wallichit, sepals lanceolate acuminate, spur short straight, filaments five times as
long as the anthers. Hamiltonianum, sepals lanceolate acute, spur short re-
curved, anthers as long as the filaments. An original drawing of the latter
(Hamilton’s “ Betua,’”’ spelled Betiya) has acuminate narrow purple sepals with very
short spurs; it is not distinguishable from a drawing by Horsfield of the Javanese
multifiorum (Horsfieldit). The Burmese D. latipetalum has broader sepals and in
this respect approaches the Chinese D. uniflorum, berry intermediate.

2. D. pullum, Salish. in Trans. Hort. Soc. i. 330; perianth-segments
spathulate or lanceolate acute or acuminate base saccate or subsaccate.
Don Prodr. 50; in Trans. Innn. Soc. xviii. 521; Kunth Enum. iv. 208;
Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 589. D. Pitsutum, Don Zl. cc. 50 and 519;
Kunth 1. c. 207. D. fulvum (error for pullum), Don Prodr. 50. D. multi-
forum, Don in Proc. Linn. Soc. v. 45; in Trans. Linn. Soe. l. ¢. 518;
Kunth l. ce. 207; Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 552. D. parvifloram, Don 77. ce.
50 and 520; Kunth U. c. 208. D. Horstieldii, Don in Proc. Linn. Soc. Nov.
1839. Uvularia chinensis, Gawl. in Bot. Mag. t. 916. U. parviflora and
umbellata, Wall. in Asiat. Research. xiti. 379; Plant. As. Rar. iii. 438,
t. 269; Cat. 5090. U. multiflora, Reinw. in Blume Cat. Hort, Buitenz. 62.
U. parviflora, Wall. nm As. Res. xiii. 378; Cat. 5091 in part. U. Hamil-
toniana, Wall. Cat. 5088 C in part, D. Streptopus chinensis and pedun-
cularis, Smith in Rees Cyclop. under Uvularia. Drapiezia multiflora,
Blume Enum. i. 8.

TEMPERATE Himataya ; from Garwhal eastwards, alt. 4-8000 ft. Kuasra-and
Mowniporr Hits. Brxak, on Parusnath.—Diste1z. Sumatra, Java, China.

Stem 2-4 ft., sometimes robust, or branched. Leaves 2-6 in., ovate-oblong or
lanceolate, acute or acuminate. Flowers white or dull purple, in sessile or peduncled
many- or few-fid. umbels ; pedicels 4—1 in.

The type of this species is the Chinese uvularia chinensis of the Botanical Magazine,
a purple flowered plant hardly distinguishable from shortly spurred specimens of
calcaratum. The flowers are narrow, nearly an inch long, with lanceolate acute
sepals and filaments twice as long as the anthers. D. multiflorwm has numerous
very small white flowers, with subspathulate mucronate sepals and filaments twice as
long as the anthers. .D. Pitsutum has short cuneately lanceolate subacute white
sepals, spreading from near the saccate base, and filaments longer or shorter than the
anthers, it. passes into Leschenaulttanum. I have found it single-flowered in Sikkim
where it is identified with Baker’s Chinese D. uniflorum. D. parviflorum has white
flowers only 3—-} in. long, with narrow lanceolate acuminate sepals, and filaments
about twice as long as the anthers.

3. D. Leschenaultianum, Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xviii. 518;
perianth-segments broadly oblong acute or acuminate base saccate. Kunth
Enum. iv. 207; Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 590 ; Thwaites Enum. 338;
Wight Ic. t. 2048; Bot. Mag. t. 6935. D. ceylanicum and mysorense.
Wight Ic. t. 2049. Uvularia Leschenaultiana, Wall. Cat. 5089.

The WeEsTERN GuHatTs ; from Canara southwards. CEYLON, alt. 4—7000 ft.

Stem 1-2 ft., branched above. Leaves mostly shortly petioled, 2-4 in., and
broadly ovate or oblong-ovate, acuminate, but very variable in breadth. Flowers
quite white, in 3-5-fld. umbels. Perianth 4% in. long; segments obtuse, obscurely

Disporum.| OLVI, LiLiacea., (J. D. Hooker.) 361

ciliate. Filaments about as long as the anthers or longer.—Wight figures the
perianth segments of his three species as acute or acuminate. His ceylaniewm is
intermediate between his other two, but has the smaller flowers of mysorense. His
figure of Leschenaultianwm resembles a broad-leaved pullum. The Bot. Mag. plate of
Leschenaultianum has the broad sepals of Wight’s mysorense, but the large flowers

of the type. Royle’s figure of the Kumaon plant referred to Leschenaultianum is
so bad that I refrain from citing it.

33, CLINTONIA, Rayin.

Rootstock creeping. Leaves subradical, narrow, costate. Scape naked
or l-leaved. Flowers in terminal umbels or racemes, rarely solitary ; bracts
linear or 0. Perianth funnel-shaped, deciduous; segments 6, subequal.
Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the segments, filaments filiform ; anthers
dorsifixed, subextrorse. Ovary 3-celled; style columnar, stigma thickened ;
cells 2- or more-ovuled. Berry fleshy, at length loculicidal. Seeds 2 or
more, ovoid or obtusely angled ; testa appressed, brown or pale; albumen
hard; embryo minute.—Species 8, Temperate Asiatic and N. American.

C. alpina, Kunth Enum. v. 159; leaves obovate to oblanceolate cus-
pidate or acuminate, scape ‘leafless and pedicels pubescent, perianth-
segments oblanceolate 5-7-nerved. Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv. 585.
Smilacina alpina, Royle Ii. 380.

TEMPERATE HimaLaya, alt. 8-11,000 ft.; from Garwhal to Sikkim, alt.
12,000 ft., and Bhotan.

Leaves few, 4-9 by 2-4 in., suberect, glabrous; nerves many, slender. Scape
6-24, in., slender ; flowers loosely racemose or the upper umbellate; pedicels 3-1 in.,
straight, fruiting elongate curved; bracts caducous. Perianth 4-4 in. long, white.
Stamens included, anthers small. Ovary ovoid; style short, 3-toothed. Berry
34 in. diam., many-seeded; fruiting pedicels 3-1} in., distant, upcurved.—The
Chinese C. udensis, F. & M., hardly differs.

34, TRILLIUM, Linn.

Rootstock creeping, annulate. Stem simple, erect, base sheathed. Leaves
3, whorled at or above the middle of the stem, 3-5-nerved and reticulate.
Flower solitary, sessile or pedicelled. Perianth persistent ; segments 6.
free, spreading. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the segments, filaments
short ; anthers basifixed, cells bordering the connective, slits lateral. Ovary
ovoid or subglobose, 3-celled; style 3-fid or 3-partite, arms recurved
stigmatose within; cells many-ovuled. Berry fleshy. Seeds ovoid, witha
lateral pulpy strophiole, albumen fleshy ;.embryo minute.—Species 12, a
few Himalayan, Chinese and Japanese, the rest N. American.

1. BT. Govanianum, Wail. Cat. 812; leaves shortly petioled ovate
or ovate-cordate acute, sepals subequal narrowly linear. Royle Ill. 384, t.
98, Trillidium Govanianum, Kunth Enum, v. 120.

TeMpERATE Himataya; from Kashmir, alt. 8-10,000 ft., to Sikkim, alt.
9-11,000 ft.

2, I. Tschonoskii, Mazin. in Bull. Acad. Petersb. xxix. (1884) 218 ;
leaves sessile broadly subrhomboidally ovate or orbicular cuspidately
acuminate, sepals green oblong-lanceolate, petals similar dull purple.

Sixxim Himataya, alt. 10-11,000 ft., J. D. H., Clarke. Buoran and the
Mishmi Hills, Grigith.—DistErs. Japan.

362 CLVI. Libiacea. (J, D. Hooker.) [ Trillium.

Stem 8-12 in. Leaves 2-3 in. broad and long or narrower. Peduncle 3-4 in.
Flowers 2-1 in. diam. ; filaments flat, rather longer than the linear anther, Sty
very short.—This, which differs from the American and Japanese T’, erectum chiefly
in the longer filaments, will (with others) prove, I expect, » form of that variable
species,

35. PARIS, Linn.

Characters of Trillium, but leaves 4-9 in a whorl, and flowers 8-12-
merous. Species 5 or 6, Europe, Temp. Asia.

3. P. polyphylla, Smith in Rees Cyclop.; leaves 4-9 petioled oblong
or oblanceolate acuminate, sepals 4-6 ovate-lanceolate acuminate, petals
as long or longer filiform, fruit 3-6-valved, testa pulpy. Don Prodr. 49;
Kunth Enum. v. 118; Wall. Pl. As. Rar. ii. 24, t. 126; Cat. 3710;
Hook. f. Ie. Cathcart, t. 24. P. Daisua, Herb. Ham. P. imperialis,
Jacquem. mss. Huthyra, Salish. Gen. Pl. Fragm. 61.

TeMPeRATE Himataya; from Simla to Bhotan, alt. 6-10,000 ft.—DistErB.

W. China.

Rootstock annulate, sometimes as large as asmall potato. Stem 3 in. to 3 ft.
Leaves 3-6 in., dark green, base rounded or acute; petiole 4 in. or less. Sepals 14
in., green, 3-nerved. Petals sometimes twice as long, yellow. Anthers longer
than the filament, very narrow, connective very shortly produced or nut. Ovary
subglobose, septa nearly reaching the axis. Fruit green, smooth, 24 in, diam., or
less, coriaceous, loculicidal, Seeds 4 in. long, or less, ovoid, scarlet.—Extremely
variable in the number and size of all parts.

Orpen CLVII. PONTEDERIACEZE.

Fresh-water and marsh herbs. eaves erect or floating, nerves parallel.
Flowers, bisexual, in spikes or racemes from the sheath of the upper-
most leaf; bracts sheathing irregular. Perianth unequally 6-partite,
white or blue, marcescent. Stamens 1-6, inserted at the base of the lobes;
anthers erect or versatile, one usually longer than the others. Ovary free,
8-celled, or 1-celled with 3 parietal placentas; placentas one or more-
ovuled; style slender, stigma subentire or lobed; ovules anatropous.
Capsule membranous, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds small, albumen horny
or floury ; embryo cylindric.—Genera 5, species about 36.

MONOCHORIA, Presi.

Rootstock short or creeping. Leaves radical and solitary at the top of
the emerged stem or branches. Perianth campanulate, 6-partite. Stamens
6, one usually largest, with the filament toothed on one side; anthers
basifixed, slit terminal at length elongating. Ovary 3-celled, many-ovuled.
—Species about 6, in the tropics of the old world.

1. M. hastzfolia, Pres! Rel. Henk. ii. 128; rootstock creeping, leaves
long-petioled sagittate hastate or cordate, flowers racemed or subumbellate
long-pedicelled. Kunth Enum. iv. 133; Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. i. 548,
M. hastata, Solms Laub. in A.DC. Monog. Phanerog. iv. 523. M. dilatata
& sagittata, Kunth Ul. c. 1384, Pontederia hastata, Linn. Fl. Zeyl. 129;
Mant. 363 ; Rowb. Fl. Ind, ii. 121; Cor. Pl. ii. 6, t. 63; Wall. Cat, 5092;
Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 249; Raspail in Ann. Mus, xiv. t. 169, £. 7-9

Monochoria.] CLVII, PONTEDERIACEH. (J. D. Hooker.) 363

P. saggitata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ti. 124; Wall. Cat.5093. P. dilatata, Andrews
Bot.. Rep. vii. t. 490; Buch. Ham.in Syme’s Embass. 475 with plate; Roxb.
1 ¢.128; Wall. Cat. 4094. P. sagittifolia, Herd. Heyne.

Common throughout Inp1a and Ceyiton.—DistTR1B. Malay Islands, China.

Rootstock spongy; flowering stems short. Zeaves 6-7 by 5-6 in., obtuse or
acute, many-nerved; petiole of the floral leaf tumid above and embracing the
short scape, of the radical 18-24 in., broad and sheathing at the base. Inflorescence ,
centrifugal ; flowers long-pedicelled, 3-1 in. diam., violet-blue dotted with red;
pedicels 1 in. or less; larger sepal obovate, smaller oblong. Filament spurred.
Large anther blue, the others yellow. Capsule 3 in. diam., subglobose or oblong.

2, M. vaginalis, Presl Relig. Henk, ii. 128; rootstock short, leaves
long-petioled, from linear to ovate and ovate-cordate, flowers short-
pedicelled subspicate. Kunth Hnum.iv. 134; Solms Laub. in A.DC. Monogr.
Phanerog. iv. 624; Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 548. Pontederia vaginalis,
Linn. Mant. 228; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 121; Cor. Pl. ii. t. 110; Wall. Cat.
5095; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 243.—Rheede Hort. Mal. ii. t. 44.

Throughout Inp14; from Kashmir eastwards to Assam and southwards to
Travancore and Singapore. CrYLON common.—Disrzis. Malay Islands, China,
Japan, Trop. Africa.

Rootstock suberect (creeping, Rowburghk). Leaves much as in M. hastefolia,
but few-nerved. Inflorescence centripetal, few- or many-fid.; flowers blue, sprinkled
with red, very variable in size, pedicels shorter than the perianth. Filaments and
anthers as in M. hastefolia.—A most variable plant.

Var. plantaginea, Solms Laub. l. c.; smaller, leaves often narrow, raceme
few-fid. M. pauciflora, Kunth § Miquel ll. cc. M. linearis, Mig. 1.c. Pontederia
plantaginea, Roxb. J. c. 123; Wall. Cat. 5096. P. pauciflora, Blume Enum. Fl.
Jav.i. 32. P. racemosa, Herb. Ham.—lIndia, Java.

Orper CLVIIIL PHILYDRACEE.

Erect herbs. Leaves narrowly linear. Flowers small, in bracteate
spikes or panicles, bisexual, irregular. Perianth inferior, 2-partite; seg-
ments antero-posterior, petaloid, persistent. Stamen 1, inserted on the
base of the anterior segment, filament flattened; anther straight or
twisted; staminodes 2, alternate with the sepals, small, petaloid. Ovary
free, 3-celled, or 1-celled with 3 projecting parietal many-ovuled placentas ;
style terminal, stigma entire ; ovules anatropous. Capsule loculicidal, 3-
valved. Seeds many, small, albumen fleshy, embryo minute.—Genera 3,
species 4, Asiatic, Australian and Pacific.

PHILYDRUM;, Bazks.,
Spike simple. Anthers at length twisted. Ovary 1-celled.

P. lanuginosum, Banks in Gertn. Fruct. i. 62, t. 16, f. 10; Kunth
Enum. iii. 380; Bot. Mag. t. 783; Roscoe in Prans. Linn. Soe. viii. 342,
t.20; Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 250; Guillem, Ic. Pl. Austral. t.5; Benth,
Fl, Austral. vii. 74; Caruel in A.DC. Monogr. Phamerog. iii. 2 3 Schleid. §
Vog. in Nov. Act. Acad. Nat, Cur. xix. 40,£.1; Griff. Notul. iti. 231; Ic.
Pl. Asiaé. t. 269,270. Garciana cochinchinensis, Lowr. Fl. Cochin. i, 15. -

Borma, the ANDAMAN IsLANDS and the Mazay Peninsuca. —~Disters. China,
Malay Islands, Australia. _

364 CLVIII. PHILyDRACEA. (J. D. Hooker.) [Philydrum.

A tall stout herb, 2-3 ft., more or less woolly; stem simple or nearly so. Leaves
1-2 ft., distichous and equitant at the base, ensiform, upper passing into lanceolate
bracts. Spike 1-2 ft., simple or branched, woolly ; bracts 1-2-fld.; flowers sessile,
yellow, 3 in. diam. Sepals hairy, many-nerved, margins subinvolute in bud. Stamen
as long as the sepals, filament flattened, acute; anther transverse; staminodes sub-
connate with the filament. Ovary 1-celled, placentas broadly 2-lobed, ovules very
many ; stigma broad, 3-angled. Capsule oblong. Seeds narrowly oblong, striate

‘and tuberculate, chalaza black, funicle short pale.

Ornvrer CLIX. XYRIDEZ..

Tufted rigid herbs. Leaves radical, linear or subulate. Scape simple,
naked. Flowers sessile in the rigid dark brown imbricating bracts of a
terminal head or spike, bisexual. Bracteoles (sepals?) 3, deciduous,
scarious, embracing the claws of the petals, 2 lateral, 1 broader dorsal
often hooded. Petals 3, clawed, claw erect spreading, limb golden yellow,
marcescent. Stamens 3, inserted at the bases of the petals, included ;
anthers sagittate; staminodes 3, alternating with the inner segments,
filiform, bearded or antheriferous, sometimes 0. Ovary free, imperfectly
3-celled; placentas 3, many-ovuled, basal and confluent or parietal; style
trifid, stigmas capitate or dilated; ovules anatropous. Capsule loculici-
dally 8-valved, or with the top circumsciss. Seeds numerous, linear,
albumen flowery, embryo minute.—Genera 2, species about 50, one (Xyris)
found in all warm regions ; the other American.

XYVRIS; Linn.
Characters of the Order.

* Leaves distinctly flat.

1. %. indica, Linn. Sp. Pl. 62; robust, leaves loriform 3-4 in. broad,
scape stout deeply grooved, spike ovoid or globose, bracts orbicular or
cuneately obovate. Vahl Enum. ii. 204; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i179; Mart. in
Wall. Pl. As. Rar. iti. 30; Kunth Enum. iv. 20; Wall. Cat. 6086 B, C.;
Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 259; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat, iii. 528; Steud. Syn. Pl.
Cyp. 288,—Rheede Hort. Mal. ix. t. 7.

Brneat, in low marshes, at the foot of the SIkKIM, Assam and Kuasia HItts,
southward to Maxacca and from the South Concan (in salt marshes) to CeyLon.—

Distris. Malay Islands. :
Leaves 1-2 ft., spongy, obtuse. Scape as long, acutely angled. Spike 4-2 in.;

bracts + in. broad, few or many, dark red brown, shining, broader than long,

margins scarious ; bracteoles linear-spathulate, smooth. Petals orbicular, erose.

2. X. robusta, Mart. in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. ii. 30; leaves scape and
spike of X. indica, but bracts broadly ovate-oblong longer than broad.
Wall, Cat. 6087. Kunth Enum. iv. 19; Steud. Syn. Pl. Cyp. 287,

Sitget; Wallich.

Apparently distinct from X. indica in the form of the bracts; probably also
in other characters that are not available in the few dried specimens at my

disposal.

3. KX. anceps, Lamk. Ill. i. 132; leaves narrowly linear 3-2 in.
broad rigid twisted much shorter than the flattened or 2-edged grooved

Xyris.] CLIX. XYRIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) 365

Scape, margins smooth or scaberulous, spike ovoid-oblong, bracts orbicular
pales Vahl Enum, ii. 205; Kunth Enum. iv. 17; Miquel Fl. Ind, Bat. iii.
29; Steud. Syn, Pl. Cyp. 287. X. Walkeri, Arn. in Wight Cat. 2373;
Kunth 1. ec. 19; Miquel t. c. Suppl. 608. X. indica altera. Vahl Symb. iii.
7, X. malaccensis, Stewd. 1. c. 287.—Xyris No. 2, Griff. Notul. iii. 128.
Sandy places, often near the sea. Burma, Grigith. Sinearore and Mawaoca,
Dee Sours Deccan PENINSULA and Cry1on, Wight, &c.—DisvR1B. Borneo,
c.

Densely tufted. Leaves 6-12 by 4-3 in., very rigid, pungent strongly grooved
on both faces, pale green. Scape 1-24 ft., slender, Ba Spike 3-2 in., rarely
globose ; lateral bracteoles ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, tip lacerate, keel spinulose.
Petals toothed. ; ‘

4, KX. Wallichii, Kunth Enum. iv. 16; dwarf, leaves gladiate 3-6 by
2-4 in. broad acuminate flaccid as long as the slender compressed scape,
spike very small, bracts few obovate-oblong obtuse. Steud. Syn. Pl. Cyp.
CBee No. 1, Griff. Notul. iii. 128; Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 161 C.—Wail.

at. ‘

Knasta Hrxt1s, alt. 4-6000 ft., Wallich, &e. Burma, at Moulmein, Lobb.

A slender fiaccid loosely tufted species. Leaves few, often falcate, bright pale
green, faintly striate. Scape usually filiform, rarely stout. Spike 4-} in. ; bracts
rich brown with pale midrib and margins; bracteoles subequal, red-brown, with
green midrib and pale margins; lateral spathulately oblanceolate, obtuse, quite
glabrous. Petals oblong, subcrenate. Style very long.

** Leaves usually less than 3 in. broad, not distinctly flattened (except
in forms of X. pauciflora),

5. X. schoenoides, Mart. in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. iii. 30; leaves
narrowly linear acuminate much shorter than the very slender striate com-
pressed scape, spike globose or ovoid, bracts broadly oblong obtuse outer
nearly as long as the inner. Wail. Cat. 6084, and 6083 in part; Kunth
Enum. iv. 16; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 529; Steud. Syn. Pl. Cyp. 287. X.
nilagarensis, Steud. Plant. Exsicc. Nilg. Hohenack. No. 956.

Nepat, Wallich, Kuasia and Nitaurri1 Hittzs, alt. 4-6000 ft., common.
Cryo, ascending to 6000 ft.,—Distris. China.

Leaves 2-10 in., slender, ,-2 in. broad, tapering from the base to the tip. Scape
1-2 ft., stout. Spike 4-4 in. diam.; bracts almost rounded, back brown, keeled
towards the rounded tip ; lateral bracteoles oblanceolate, acuminate, dorsal ovate-
lanceolate.

6. KX. paucifiora, Willd. Phytogr. i. 2, t.1, £1; Sp. Pl.i. 255; leaves
narrowly linear rigid acute smooth or scaberulous equalling or shorter
than the striate subterete or compressed and 2-edged scape, spike ovoid or
globose, bracts orbicular-obovate pale thin with often a green tip. Vahl
Linum. ji. 207; Br. Prodr. 256; Mart.in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. iii. 29; Cat.
6083 A, B (C & D, in part), and 6086 B; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 529; Steud.
Syn. Pl. Cyp. 287. X. oryzetorum, Mig. in Herb. Hohenack. n. 369;
Steud. 1. c. 286.

Foot of the HrmanayYa, in marshes, from Nepal eastwards to BENGAL and BoRMa,
and southwards to Manacca and COgyzion.— Distars. Malaya, China and
Australia.

3866 CLIX. XYRIDEZ. (J. G, Baker.) [Xyris,

Leaves 3-8 in., rarely } in. broad, strongly nerved, scaberulous on the surface or
margin or neither. Spike 3-4 in. long and broad, rarely ovoid. Lateral bracteoles
oblanceolate, acuminate, keeled, hyaline, quite glabrous.—Part of Wallich’s 6083 D
is Fimbristylis tetragona, Br. Small specimens with small spikes resemble X.
bancana, and there are Mergui specimens collected by Griffith and Lobb with leaves

6-10 by 4-4 in. and scape 6-24 in.

7. X. bancana, Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 608 ; dwarf, leaves 1-2 in.
filiform smooth flexuous rigid much shorter than the filiform flexuous
smooth compressed scape, spike very small ovoid, bracts few obovate

obtuse. :
Matacca, in sandy places near the sea, Griffith, Maingay; Pahang, Ridley.—

Distris. Banca.
Resembles a small form of X. pauciflora, but much more slender and rigid, with

filiform scape. Leaves ,1; in, broad, grooved. Spike 3-3 in.; bracts pale, inner
hardly exceeding the outer. Lateral bracteoles linear-lanceolate, strongly ciliate,

keel toothed.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES.

8. X. LAPPACEA, Herb. Heyne ex Mart. in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. iii. 30; Wall. Cat.
6085; Kunth Enum. iv. 16; Steud. Syn. Pl. Cyp. 287.—There is no specimen in
Wullich’s Herbarium, only the empty sheet, with his number anda ticket of Heyne's
inscribed “ Xyris capensis, Restiac. 28,’’ across which Wallich bas written ‘“ Return.’*
—tThe inference is that the specimen was lent to Martius with the others of the
genus und possibly never returned. The reference to capensis makes me suspect
that it is X. anceps, which strongly resembles and may be the same as a Cape

species.

Orprr CLX. COMMELINACEE.

Herbs, rarely climbing or undershrubs. Leaves costate, bases sheathing,
nerves parallel. Inflorescence various. Flowers usually bisexual, more or
less irregular. Perianth inferior, 6-partite; 3 outer segments herbaceous
often persistent, 3 inner petaloid, free or united in a tube below, marcescent,
spreading. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the segments, all antheri-
ferous or 2 or more reduced to staminodes, filaments often bearded with
jointed hairs; anthers oblong or globose, often dissimilar. Ovary free,
2-3-celled; style terminal, stigma small; ovules 1 or few in the inner angle
of the cells, orthotropous. Capsule loculicidal or indehiscent. Seeds
angled, testa smooth or rugose, albumen floury; embryo minute, far from
the hilum.—Genera 25, species about 300, tropical and subtropical.

The specific characters, synonyms, &c., are drawn up, with permission, from
C. B. Clarke’s careful and exhaustive ‘“‘ Monograph of this Order’’ in Vol. III.
of A. de Candolle’s Monographs (p. 113 and seq.), 1881. I have added to the
diagnoses a few subsidiary characters that may aid in the recognition of the

species.
Tribe I. Pottiem. Fruit indehiscent, crustaceous.

Panicle terminal, of scorpioid cymes . . . . . . . . | J. Ponmta.

Tribe II. Commutinez. Capsule loculicidal. Stamens 8 perfect, with
1-3 staminodes.

OLX. COOMMELINACEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) 367

Cymes solitary, included in a spathe. Ovary 3-celled, cells

1 ee ae 2. COMMELINA,
Cymes naked, panicled, rarely inaspathe . . . . . . . 3, ANEIZEMA,

Tribe ITI. Trapecantizx. Capsule loculicidal. Stamens 6 perfect.

Cymes capitate. Petalsfree . . . . .. .. .. . 4 FORRESTIA.
Cymes from imbricating bracts, scorpioid or 1-few-fld. Corolla °

tubular below. © 2. 6 we ew ww ee «OS. CYANOTIS,
Cymes scorpioid, panicled or spicate. Stem twining . . . 6. STREPTOLIRION.
Flowers panicled. Stemerect. . . . ... . . =. . 4% Fnoscopa.

1. POLLIA, Thumb.

Large herbs. Leaves lanceolate. Cymes ina terminal panicle. Sepals
3. Petals smaller, subequal, obovate. Stamens 6, or 3 with 3 staminodes,
filaments naked; anther-cells parallel. Ovary 3-celled ; cells 2-00 -ovuled.
Fruit globose or ovoid, fragile, blue. Seeds smooth.—Species about 14,
E, Asiatic and Australian.

1. P. Aclisia, Hassk. Commel. Ind. 55; tall, robust, panicle erect
lax-fld., stamens 6 perfect, fruit subglobose, cells many-seeded. Clarke
Monogr. 123; Comm. & Cyrt. Beng. t. 82. P. indica 8, Clarke in Journ.
Linn. Soc. Bot. xi. 451. Aclisia No. 2, Herb. Ind. Or. H. f. & T.

Tropical EastERN Himanaya; Nepal and Sikkim, alt. 2-3000 ft.; Bhotan,
Grigith, Kuasia Mrs., Sinner, Assam, BuRMA.—DtstRIz. Java, Tonkin.

Stem stout, erect. Leaves 8-12 by 24-3} in., narrowed into a broad petiole,
lanceolate or oblanceolate, caudate-acuminate, glabrous or scaberulous, margins
crisped. Peduncle short, stout, villous; panicle rigid, pubescent; bracts oblong;
bracteoles acute, amplexicaul. Sepals membranous and petals white. Seeds brown,
flattened and angled. Fruit 4 in. diam., bright blue, shining.

2. P. thyrsifiora, Endl. Gen. 1029; panicle short dense-fid.,
stamens 6 perfect, fruit ellipsoid, cells many-seeded. Hasshk. in Plant.
Jungh. 150, & Comm. Ind. 57; Clarke Comm. & Cyrt. Beng. t. 33 ; rai i
124. BP. glaucescens, Teysm. & Binnend, in Nat. Lijd. Ned. Ind. xxiv. 305.
Tradescantia thyrsifiora, Blume Enum. i. 6. Lamprocarpus thyrsiflorus,
Blume ex Schultes f. Syst. vii., Addend. 1726.

Sour ANDAMAN IsLANDs, Kurz.—DistriB: Malay Islands.

Stem stout, erect, creeping below ; sheaths pubescent. Zeaves 10-12 by 24-34
in., oblanceolate, narrowed into a 1-2 in. petiole, glabrous, margins crisped.
Peduncle stout and ovoid panicle pubescent; bracts ovate; branches closely
scarred; flowers crowded. Fruit yellow-brown or blue, smooth, dorsally com-
pressed.

3. P. sorzogonensis, Hndi. Gen. 1029; leaves lanceolate, panicle
ovoid peduncled, branches alternate, stamens 3 perfect, fruit globose, cells
many-seeded. Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. tii.541; Clarke Monogr. 126. Aclisia
sorzogonensis, H. Meyer in Presl Rel. Haenk. i. 188, t. 25; Hask. Comm,
Ind. 48.

Eastren Urmaraya; Sikkim and Bhotan, and southward to Burma, Manacca

and Cryton.—DistRis. Malay Islands, China, New Caledonia. :
Stem stout, erect, viscid. Leaves 6-10 by 2-3 in., subsessile or shortly«petioled,

368 CLX. COMMELINACES. (J. D. Hooker.) [Pellia-

glabrous or scaberulons above. Peduncle villous with deflexed hairs ; panicle viscidly
pubescent ; bracts oblong, persistent. Sepals elliptic, glabrous or puberulous. Petals
white or pale pink. Fruit as in £. Aclisia.—The Indian forms occur under two
varieties.

Var. indica; leaves subsessile caudate-acuminate glabrous or puberulous beneath,
pedicels viscid, sepals persistent, the posterior pendulous. P. indica, Tkwaites Enum.
323. Aclisia indica, Wight Ic. t. 2068; Hassk. Commelin. Ind. 41. A. elegans,
Hassk. Pt Jungh. 49; Comm. Ind. 50. Commelina secundiflora, Blume Enum. 3.
Aneilema secundiflorum, Kunth Enum. iv. 69.—The Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon.
—dJava.

Var. gigantea ; panicle corymbosely-dichotomous, branches panicled at the tips,
1-2 lower branches elongate. P. indica, var. A, Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot.
xi. 451. P. japonica, Hance in Trimen Journ. Bot. 1878, 233 (not of Thunb.).
Aclisia gigantea, Hassk. Commelin. Ind. 46. A. indica, Herb. Wt.; Clarke Comm.
¢& Cyrt. Beng. t.29. Aneilema didymum, Wall, Cat. 5202.—From Sikkim eastwards
and southwards.—China.

4. P. subumbellata, Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xi. 451;
Monogr. 129; panicle sessile depressed, branches subumbellately decurved,
stamens 3 perfect, capsule globose, cells many-seeded. Aclisia umbellata,
Clarke Comm. & Cyrt. Beng. t. 30. Aneilema reniforme, Ham. in Wall.
Cat. 5205. Aneilema, sp. Wall. Cat. 9070. <A. sp. 3, Herb. Ind. Or. H.
f.&T. Dictyospermum Wightii, var. robustum, Hassk. Commelin. Ind.
19.

Eastern Hrmanaya; Sikkim, the Bhotan and Mishmi hills, ascending to
6000 ft. Assam, SringEeT, CAcHAR and MuNNIPORE.

Stem creeping and rooting below, then suberect. Leaves 3-4 by 1-2 in.,
petioled, elliptic-lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, scaberulous on both surfaces.
Panicle puberulous; bracts small; bracteoles amplexicaul, persistent, glabrous.
Sepals rounded, glabrous, enclosing the globose blue fruit which is 4} in. diam.
Petals white. Seeds trapezoid, dorsally much flattenéd, brown, smooth.

5. P. pentasperma, Clarke Monogr. 129; panicle peduncled ovate-
lanceolate, stamens 3 perfect, fruit ovoid narrowed into a long beak acute,
cells 1-2-seeded.

Kauasta Hizus; at Shillong, alt. 4000 ft., Clarke. MUNNIPORE; on Kohima,
alt. 6000 tt., Clarke.

Stem erect ; sheaths long, pubescent. Leaves 3-6 by 14-2 in., shortly-petioled,
caudate-acuminate, elliptic, acute ,at both ends, slightly scaberulous above and
pubescent beneath. Peduncle pubescent with deflexed hairs, subumbellate; bracts
oblong; bracteoles imbricate, ochreate, persistent. Sepals puberulous, accrescent.
Fruit 3 in. long including the beak, which is as long as the body, hard, smooth,
brown, shining. Seeds much compressed, rugulose.

2. COMMELINA, Linn.

Herbs, usually slender and creeping below. Flowers in usually 2-fid
cymes, emerging one at atime from a terminal complicate or funnel-shaped
or cucullate spathe, flowers of upper branch of cyme small, deciduous, of
lower fertile; fruiting pedicel and capsule retracted within the spathe.
Sepals 3, membranous, 2 inner often connate at the base. Petals longer,
one larger and often clawed. Stamens 3 perfect, and 2-3 imperfect; anthers
oblong, one usually largest. Ovary 3-rarely 2-celled, 2 cells 1-2-ovuled,
third cell if present 1-ovuled or empty. Capsule loculicidal, the posticous
cell sometimes indehiscent or 0, or the 2 anticous cells empty connate in-

Commelina. ] OLX, CoMMELINAcEa. (J. D. Hooker.) 369

dehiscent and forming a persistent ligulate body, from which the posticous
falls away. Seeds ellipsoid or angled, reticulate pitted or rugose.—Species
about 90, all tropical and subtropical.

C. celestis, Willd., a handsome robust pubescent or tomentose large-fid. species,
a native of Mexico, is cultivated in gardens, and occurs as an escape at Darjiling
and probably elsewhere.

Subgen. 1. Didymoon, Clarke. Two anticous cells of the ovary
2-ovuled, posticous 1-ovuled or obsolete.

Sect. I. Eucommenina. Capsule 3-celled, two anticous cells loculicidal,
each usually 2-seeded ; the posticous keeled, deciduous, at length dehiscent,
l-seeded ; seeds free in the cells. Petals blue.

* Spathes complicate, margin free or connate at the very base only.

1, C. nudifiora, Linn. Sp. Pl. 41 (not of others) ; leaves lanceolate,
spathes peduncled ovate-lanceolate complicate, seeds cylindric reticulate
black. C. communis, Walt. Fl. Carol. 68; Wail. Cat. 8978, D, EH, C;
Kunth Enum. iv. 36 (Hacl. Syn.); Clarke Comm. & Cyrt. Beng. t. i.;
Monogr. 144, t. i. f. 5, 6. OC. ceespitosa, Rorb. Fl. Ind. i. 174, Hd. Wall.
& Carey,i. 178. C. diffusa, Burm. Fl. Ind. 18,t. 7, £2. C. agraria, Kunth
1. c. 88; Hassk. Commelin. Ind. 26; Webb & Berthel. Phyt. Canar. iii. 356,
t. 288; Seub. in Mart. Fl. Bras. iii. i. 261, t. 36, £3. C. salicifolia, Bojer
Hort. Maurit. 360; Thwaites Enum. 321 (in part). C. longicaulis,
Jacq. Coll. iii, 234, t. 294. ©. deficiens, Flor. des Serres, t. 1824 (not of
Hook.).

Throughout the hotter parts of Inp1A from the PAangaB to CEYLON and
Srin@aPoORE.—DIstTRIB. tropics and subtropics. .

Stem creeping and rooting at the nodes or subscandent. Leaves 13-3 by 3-2 in.,
glabrous scaberulous or puberulous, ciliate. Spathes 2-1 in., acute, base rounded or
cordate, glabrous or pubescent, striate; peduncle 4-$ in., cymes 2, branches 1-3.fid,
Smaller petals blue, outer pale or white.

2. CG. sikkimensis, Clarke Comm. & Cyrt. Beng. t. 6; Monogr. 147 ;
leaves lanceolate, spathes peduncled ovate-lanceolate complicate, seeds

pyramidal rugose. :
Sixxim Himataya, alt. 2-4000 ft. J. D. H. and Kuasta H1xts, alt. 3-4000
ft., Griffith.

Stem slender, widely creeping and rooting. Leaves 2-3 by 4-4 in., base unequal
usually rounded. Spathes 13-2 in., glabrous or nearly so, acuminate, base cordate ;
peduncles 3-1 in.; cymes 2-fid upper branch 6-12-fld. Petals blue. Capsules 4-8,
Seeds puberulous, brown black.

3. C. subulata, Roth Nov. Sp. 23; slender, leaves linear, spathes
very small subsessile ovate-lanceolate falcate complicate, seeds pyramidal
rugose, Clarke Monogr. 148; Wall. Cat. 8979. C. striata, & C. subauran-
tiaca,’ Hochst. mss.; Kunth Enum. iv. 44 & 658. CC. linearifolia, Kunth
lc. 43. Tradescantia triflora, Heyne in Herb. Rottl.: Schultes f. Syst. vii.
1176.

The Deccan PeninsuLa, Heyne, Wight, §c.—DistR1s. Trop. Africa.

Stem erect from « fibrous root, simple or branched. Leaves 1-3 by +5} in.,
acuminate, tips often hooked, nearly glabrous; sheaths very short, glabrous or
villously ciliate. Spathes 4 in. long, scattered or clustered, acute, ee base

VOL. VI."

370 CLX. COMMELINAGEZ, (J.D. Hooker.) [ Commelina.

cordate. Flowers small, orange-purple or violet. Capsules 2 on each raceme,
small, 3-5-seeded, dorsal valve at length 2-partite. Seeds puberulous, deeply
transversely grooved.

4. ©. salicifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 172, Ed. Carey & Wall. i. 176;
leaves linear-lanceolate, spathes peduncled lanceolate complicate, seeds
globose smooth truncate appendiculate. Clarke Comm. & Cyrt. Beng. t.
2 (not of Bojer); Monogr. 157? Hassk. Commelin. Ind. 27. C. pedunculosa,
Link Jahrb. iti. 74 (in part). C. communis, Wall. Cat, 8978 C, D, F, G, I
(in part, not of Linn.).

From Assam and BENGAL, southward and westward to the Concan and
CoromanpDEL.—Distris. Java ? Hong Kong.

Stem slender, diffuse, with long internodes. Leaves 3-6 by 2-3 im., nearly
glabrous, sheaths ciliolate. Spathes 1}-2 in., axillary, solitary, acute or acuminate,
base rounded; branches of cyme 1-2-fld. Flowers small, dark blue. Seeds black,
powdered with white.

5. C. Hasskarlii, Clarke Comm. & Cyrt. Beng. t. 5; Monogr. 157;
stem much branched glabrous or pubescent, leaves narrowly lanceolate
subacute, spathes peduncled cordate glabrous scabrid or hispid complicate,
seeds cylindric-conic smooth not appendaged. C. salicifolia, var. brevi-
a Herb. Ind. Or. Hf. & T. é. communis, Wall. Cat. 8978 F. (in
part).

The Upper Gangetic Puarn; Kumaon and from Delhi eastward to Assam

and Bengal, and southward to the Deccan PreninsuLa. Matwa, on Mt. Aboo,
Duthie.

Stem much branched, scabrid or glabrate. Leaves 1-3 by 3-2 in., subacute or
obtuse, sheaths short, glabrous or sparsely ciliate. Spathes 3-1 in., axillary,
scattered, base rounded, longer than their peduncle ; cymes pubescent, upper branch
2-4, lower 1-2-fld. Seeds truncate at one end, subacute at the other.

** Spathe funnel-shaped or hooded.

6. C. benghalensis, Linn. Sp. Pl. 41; stem glabrous or pubes-
cent, leaves elliptic-ovate obtuse, or tip rounded, spathes 1-3 together
turbinate base auricled on one side, capsule 5-seeded, seeds rugose.
Clarke Comm. & Cyrt. Beng. t. 4; Monogr. 159; Wall. Cat. 8980 A, ©,
D, H, F, G (in part); Hassk. Comm. Ind. 28, 29; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii.
533. Wight Ic. t. 2065. C. nervosa, Burm. Fl. Ind. 18, t. 7, f. 3. C.
cucullata, Linn. Mant. 176. C. mollis, Jacg. Collect. iii. 235; Ic. Rar. t.
293. C.canescens, Vahl Enum. ti. 173; Webb & Berth. Plyt. Canar iii.
358, t. 2389. C. turbinata, Vahl i.c. 171. ©. procurrens, Schlecht. in
Linnea xxiv. 656, xxv. 183; Regel Gartenfl. iii. t. 104, iv. 44; Seud. in
Mart. Fl. Bras, iii. i. 266. C. prostrata, Regel 1. c. 1868, 289, t. 592, f.
1 (not of H, B, K). C. delicatula, Schlecht. in Regel l. c. iti. 849, t. 104.

Throughout Invi; ascending to 6000 ft. in the Himalaya,—Disrrrp. trop.
Asia and Africa,

Stem creeping and rooting below. Leaves 1-3 by }-1} in., sessile or petioled,
base suddenly contracted or rounded; sheaths pubescent or villous, often bearded
or ciliate. Spathkes 3-3 in. long and broad, pubescent or hirsute; upper branch
of cymes 2-3-fid., lower 1-2-fid. or suppressed. Flowers blue. Capsule mem-
branous, shining, dorsal value striolate. Seeds closely pitted.

Sect. 2. Hetzrocareus, Clarke. Capsule 3-celled, lateral cells 0-2-
seeded, dehiscent, dorsal not keeled, 1-seeded, indehiscent, deciduous;
seed free or adnate to the cell. Petals yellow, or blue.

Commelina. | OLX, COMMELINACEZ. (J.D. Hooker.) 371

7. ©. hirsuta, Clarke Monogr. 163 ; dwarf, hirsute or glabrate, leaves
linear-lanceolate, spathes long-peduncled ovate-cordate: or lanceolate com-
plicate, capsule with the lateral cells empty, dorsal adnate to the ellipsoid
smooth seed. C. nilagirica, Steud. in Hohenack Pl. Husicc. p. 1816 (in
part), Heterocarpus hirsutus, Wight Ic. t. 2067.

The Deccan Peninsuta; Belgaum, Ritchie ; Nilghiri hills ascending to 6000 ft.
Wight, §c.

Stem 6-12 in., erect, branched from the base. Leaves 2-3 by }-+ in., acute or
acuminate, more or less hirsute on both surfaces. Spatkes %-1 in., hirsute or
villous, acuminate, base cordate, peduncle 1-2 in. Flowers yellow, drying blue.
Capsule with the lateral valves linear, dorsal ellipsoid, subrugose.

8. ©. glabra, Clarke Monogr. 163; nearly glabrous, leaves small
sessile narrowly oblong obtuse, spathes peduncled ovate-lanceolate com-
plicate, capsule with the lateral cells linear empty, dorsal globose
membranous, seed free globose. Heterocarpus glaber, Wight Ic. t. 2067.

The SoutuzEn Deccan PEninsvza; on low hills, Wight, &c.

Stem rooting at the lower nodes, branched, slender, pubescent on one side.
Leaves 13-2 by 3-3} in., glabrous, margins of the sheaths villous. Spathes 4-1 in.,
longer than their peduncle, glabrous pubescent or ciliate, acuminate, base deeply
cordate; peduncle scaberulous. Flowers small, orange-yellow.

9. C. Forskalei, Vahl Enum. ii. 172; glabrate, leaves sessile
narrowly oblong obtuse, spathes ovate or orbicular shortly peduncled
complicate or hooded acute, capsule with the lateral cells 0-1-seeded,
dorsal striate, seeds subglobose smooth. Clarke Monogr. 168; Hassk. in
Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Athiop. 208. C. falcata, Hassk, in Peter’s Mossamb.
Bot. 527.

The Deccan PENINSULA; in the Concan, Jacquemont, &c.—DistRis. Afric.
trop.

Stem diffuse, rooting at the nodes. Leaves 1-2 by 3-3 in., narrowed at the
base, margins often undulate. Spathes } in., broader than long, often hispid, base
cuneate, or broadly truncate. Petals blue. Seeds lead-colrd., appendage 0.—
Leafless suckers bear deformed capsules that ripen underground.

Sect. III. Dissscocarpus, Clarke. Capsule 2-celled, rarely with a
dorsal cell which is empty or contains animperfect seed; lateral cells 1-2-
seeded. Flowers blue or white.

10. G. clavata, Clarke Comm. & Cyrt. Beng. t. 5, Monogr. 17], t. 2,
£,2; glabrous or puberulous, leaves ovate or lanceolate, spathes peduncled
ovate-lanceolate acuminate complicate, seeds terete faintly reticulate. C.
salicifolia, Thwaites Enum. 321 (in part). C. nilagirica, Steud. Pl.
Hohenack. No. 1316 (in part). C. nov. sp. Miquel Plant. Exsicc. Hohenack.
No. 66. C. communis, Wall. Cat. 8978 L. (in part).

Deccan Peninsula, from the Concan southwards, ascending to 6000 ft. in the
Nilghiris, CzyLon common.—DistTRiB. Java.

Stem 1-3 ft., sparingly branched. Leaves 3-3 by 4-% in., acuminate, base
narrowed. Spathes 1-14 in., glabrous or pubescent, shorter than their peduncler
base rounded; cymes on long capillary pedicels. Petals lilac. Capsules usually
2, oblong-quadrate, constricted in the middle. Seeds 4, nearly black, two lowe,
often imperfect.—Possibly a variety of C. nudiflora, differing in the absent or empty
dorsal cells of the capsule.

Var. B. Hohenackeri, Clarke l.c.; leaves oblong subacute, spathes smaller tip
acuminate—Nilghiris (Hohenack. No. a

B

372 OLX. coMMELINACEH. (J. D. Hooker.) [Commelina.

ll. C. persicariefolia, Wight in Wall. Cat. 8984 (not of DC);
nearly glabrous, leaves large petioled ovate-cordate or lanceolate, spathes
broadly ovate-cordate peduncled complicate, seeds oblong terete smooth or
obscurely rugose. Clarke Monogr.171. C. paludosa, Burm. Thes. Zeyl. 69
t. 20, f. 2; Moon Cat. Pl. Ceyl. 5 (not of Blume). CO. benghalensis, Wall.
Cat. 8980 H.

Deccan Pentinsvta, Rottler. Dindygul, Wight. Ceyion, Regnaud.

Stems diffuse. Leaves 3-5 by 1-2 in., acuminate, glabrous or puberulous, base
rounded. Spathes 1 in., base truncate, peduncle as long. Capsule oblong, obtuse.

Var. B. geniculata, Clarke ].c. leaves narrowly oblong-lanceolate——C. communis
var. geniculata, Wall. Cat., 8978 N. Burma, at Segain.—Mixed in Wallich’s
distribution with obliqua and Kurziz.

12. ©. attenuata, Ken. mss. in Vahl Enum. ii. 168; glabrous or
hirsute, leaves small sessile linear or lanceolate, spathes peduncled oblong-
or ovate-lanceolate deeply cordate, capsule 1-celled, with 2 superposed
seeds truncate and appendaged at both ends, or 1 subglobose seed. Clarke
Monogr. 172. C.rajmahalensis, Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xi. 444,
Comm. & Cyrt. Beng. t.7; Monogr. 172. C. repens, Roxb. in Heyne mss.
C. communis, Wall. Cat. 8978 B (wm part).

Bewar, Centrau Inpra, and the Deccan Peninsuza in dry places common.
Cryton, Walker.

Stems 12-18 in., tufted, much branched, rather slender. Leaves 1-2 by 1-4 in.,
obtuse or subacute, often complicate and usually recurved. Spathes 3-14 in., acute
or caudate-acuminate, longer than their peduncles, base auricled, deeply cordate.
Flowers small, blue. Capsule oblong-subquadrate, not constricted in the middle, either
1-celled with 2 superposed seeds, or with one subglobose seed. Seeds straw-colrd., or
ashy.

Subgen. II. Monoon, Clarke. All the cells of the ovary 1-ovuled.

Sect. 4. Trituyrocarrus. Capsule 3-celled, subequally 3-valved.
Seeds free in the cells.

13. CG. obliqua, Ham, in Don Prodr. 45 (not of Vahl); stem stout,
leaves lanceolate, spathes subsessile solitary or crowded funnel-shaped,
capsule trigonous obovoid, seeds ellipsoid compressed. Clarke Comm. &
Cyrt. Beng. t. 9,10, 11; Monogr. 178, t. 2, f. 3. C. polyspatha, Wight Ic.
t. 2066. C. maculata, & C. striata, Kdgew. in Trans. Linn Soc. xx. 89;
Wall. Cat. 8983 & 8981 (in part) C. semi-ovata, Ham. in Wall. Cat. $985.
C. communis, Rorb, Fl. Ind. 1.171; Ed. Wall. & Carey i. 175 (not of
LTinn.). C. Donii, Dietr. Sp. Pl. ii. 395. OC. paludosa, Blume Enum. i. 2.
Heterocarpus ? obliquus, Hassk. Commelin. Ind. 7.

Throughout Inp1a, from the base of the Himalaya to 6000 ft.; the WESTERN
Guats and Singapore. CEYLON, not common.—DisrRiz. Malay Islds.

Stem tall, 2-3 ft., branched. Leaves very variable, 4—7 by 1-2 in., sessile or
petioled, acute or caudate-acuminate, glabrous pubescent or villous beneath ; sheaths
% in., margins often bearded. Spathes 3-1} in. long and broad, sessile or peduncled,
usually in terminal heads, acute, glabrous scabrid villous or glandular-hirsute with
red hairs; raceme usually simple (no lower branch). Petals blue. Seeds lead-
coloured, margins often marbled.—C. maculata is a smaller more slender very
viscidly villous form. A small state from Darjeeling, alt. 5-7000 ft. (Clarke) has
leaves only 1-1} by 4-3 in.

14. C. paleata, Hassk, Pl, Jungh. 189; stem stout, leaves elliptic or
broadly lanceolate, spathes shortly peduncled scattered broadly ovate

Commelina. ] OLX. oommMELINacHa, (J. D. Hooker.) 373

cucullate, seeds broadly ellipsoid smooth. Clarke Monogr.178. Comme-
lina, sp. No. 6. Herb. Ind. or Hf. & T. Trithyrocarpus paleatus & T.
oligospathus, Hassk. Commel, Ind. 25.

- The Deccan PENINSULA; the Concan and Malabar, Law, Stocks, &¢.—DistRIB.
ava.

Stem branched, glabrous. Leaves 3-6 by 1-2 in., glabrous or scaberulous,
acuminate, base rounded or cuneate. Spathes 4in., crowded or not, scaberulous
or finely pubescent, striate, base broad, rhomboid. Petals blue. Seeds dark
brown, sometimes margined with white, broader and less compressed than in C.
obliqua, of which it is perhaps a var. with peduncled spathes.

15. C. undulata, Br. Prodr. 270; stem stout, leaves lanceolate
waved, spathes subsessile ovate hooded acute, seeds shortly ellipsoid
smooth. Clarke Monogr. 179. OC. ensifolia, F, Muell. Fragm. Phyt. viii.
60; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 83 (in part) (not of Br.). CO. setosa, Wight in
Wall. Cat. 8981 D.

The Deccan Pewinsuza; in the southern provinces, Wight.—Disrs1s. Australia
China, Philippine Islds., &c.

No doubt a slight variety of C. obligua. Clarke refers the only Indian specimen
(Wight’s) to a variety (8. setosa) with elongate leaves 4-5 by 3-4in. The locality

given, ‘* Nopaloy,’’ is meant for Nopalry, cultivated Opuntia fields in which Wight
found many weeds. J.D. H.

Sect. 5. Hurproryxis. Capsule 3-celled, 2-valved, the dorsal cell
indehiscent, deciduous, often scabrid. Seed adnate to the cell.

16. CG. albescens, Hassk. in Schweinf. Beitr. Fl. Hthiop. 210; leaves
linear or linear-lanceolate, spathes subsessile strongly recurved hooded
auricled on one side falcately hooked on the other, seeds ellipsoid com-
pressed smooth. Clarke Monogr. 184. (©. striata, Wall. Cat. 8981 (in
part, not of others). ©. Schimperiana and multicaulis, Hochst. in
Pe Herb. No. 1242 and No. 2268. Commelina, Sp. 3, Herb. Ind. Or.
Af. & T.

Scinp, Stocks, &c.—DistR1B. Beluchistan, Arabia, trop, Africa.

Stem 1-2 ft., thickened at the base, glabrous. Leaves 2-3 by 3-3 in., margins
white, often waved. Spathes 4 in. long and broad as folded, glabrous or sparsely
hispid; raceme usually simple. Pefals blue. Seeds black, spotted with dull
yellow.

17. GC. Kurzii, Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xi. 144; Comm. &
Oyrt. Beng. t. 8; Monogr. 185, t. 2, f.4; stem stout, leaves subsessile
narrowly lanceolate acuminate scaberulous puberulous or hirsute, spathes
sessile usually capitate cucullate or broadly cordate and complicate acute,
seeds in the lateral cells broadly ellipsoid compressed smooth, in the
dorsal hemispheric. OC. longifolia, Thwaites Enum. 322 (not of Lamk.), C.
communis, and C. striata, Wall. Cat. 8978 C, D (im part) and 8981 CO (in
part). CO. augustifolia, Hassk. as to Thwaites C. P. 3224. Commelina, Sp.
Wall. Cat. 8982.

The SournzRNn Deccan Peninsuna, Malabar and the Nilghiris, Rottler, &c,
CEYLON, common.

Stem 1-2 ft., hairy or glabrate. Leaves 2-6 by 3-$ in., acuminate, sheaths
ciliate. Spathes recurved, solitary or clustered, 2 in. long and broad, raceme
simple. Petals blue. Capsule with the dorsal cell scabrid.—Hardly distinguish-
able from the common American C. virginica, L., except by its country and slightly

374 CLX. CommELINacEs. (J. D. Hooker.) (Commelina.

by its hairyness. A variety (8. glochidea Koon. mss. Wall. Cat. 8981 B. (in part)
has elliptic-lanceolate scabrous or nearly glabrous leaves.

18. G. appendiculata, Clarke Comm. & Cyrt. Beng. 18; Monogr.
186 ; leaves sessile linear or linear-lanceolate, spathes very long-peduncled
lanceolate deeply cordate complicate, seeds oblong smooth appendaged at
both ends, or in the dorsal cell smaller or 0. C. communis var. acuminata,
Wail. Cat. 8978 K. OC. alba, Ham. mss.—Commelina, sp. 4, Herd. Ind. Or.
Ff. & T.

NortHeEn Benaat, Hamilton; Mymmnsineu, Clarke. SIKKIM HIMALAYA ;
foot of the hills, J. D. H., Clarke. Situet, Clarke. Cryton, Macrae, Se.

Diffusely branched, 1-3 ft. high. Leaves 4-6 by 3-2 in., narrowed at both ends,
nearly glabrous. Spathes 2-3 in., glabrous without, hairy within, striate, caudate-
acuminate, base cordate; raceme 2-fid. Petals blue or white. Capsule 2- or
3-celled (the dorsal often 0). Seeds somewhat flattened, nearly black, appendages
conical.

Sect. 6. Sparnopirnyros. Capsule 2-celled. (See also C. appendiculata.)

19. G. suffruticosa, Blume Enum. 3; stem stout, leaves large
sessile lanceolate scabridly pubescent, spathes small shortly peduncled
broadly ovate-cordate between cucullate and complicate, seeds ellipsoid
rugose. Clarke Comm. & Cyrt. Beng. 12; Monogr. 188, t. 2, £. 5. C.
semiovata, Wall. Cat. 8985 C, H. C. Simsoni & C. rugulosa, Clarke in
Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot, xi. 446. Spathodithyros sutfruticosus, Hassk.
Comm. Ind. 11.

Tropical Inp1a from Nepal, Sikkim and Bengal to Central India and the
Malay Peninsula.—DisrRis. Malay Islds.

Stem branched, nearly glabrous. Leaves 3-14 by 3-2 in,, acuminate ; sheaths
auricled. Spathes 3-4 im. long and broad, longer than their peduncle, panicled
or clustered, acute or obtuse, villous; raceme simple, 6-12-fid. Petals white or
blue. Seeds straw-colrd., puberulous.

20. ©. ensifolia, Br. Prodr. 269; leaves linear-lanceolate, spathes
very shortly peduncled broadly ovate acute cucullate, seeds ellipsoid
smooth. Clarke Monogr. 188; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 83 (in part). C.
striata, Wall. Cat. 8981 (in part). C.lunata, Heyne mss. Commelina sp.
striate affinis, Hdgw. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 90.

Deccan Peninsuta, Rottler, &c. Cryton, Walker, &c.—Distz1z. Australia.

Stem 12-18 ia., slender. Leaves 2-4 by §-} in., glabrous, or with deciduous
hairs, or villous. Spathes 3-2 in., glabrous or hairy, base truncate on one margin,
hooked at the other; raceme simple.

DouBTFUL AND INDETERMINABLE SPECIES,
C. AVENEFOLIA, Grah. Cat. Bomb. Pl. 224; leaves sparsely hairy, sheaths hairy,
spathes truncate.—Bombay, near Kandalla.
C. Nimmontana, Grah. l.c.; small, leaves linear acuminate discoloured.—
Bombay, on Malabar hill and near Rosa and Ellora.
C, zeyzanica, Falkenb. in Just. Jahresb., iv. 406, 408, name only.

C. communts, Linn. and C. seneatEnsis, Linn., of Dalzell & Gibson Bomb.
Flor. are undeterminable from the descriptions.

3. ANEILEMA, Br.

Simple or branched, often tuberous rooted herbs. Flowers in axillary
and terminal panicles, bracteate and bracteolate; bracts not spathaceous.

Aneilema.] CLX. CoMMELINACER. (J. D. Hooker.) 375

Sepals 3, free, membranous. Petals 3, obovate, equal. Stamens 2 or 3,
filaments naked or bearded; anthers oblong, one usually smaller or larger
than the others: staminodes 2-4, rarely with minute polliniferous anthers.
Ovary sessile, 2--celled, cells 1-2, many ovuled. Capsule loculicidal, cells
1 or more seeded. Seeds with a thick hard rugose or pitted testa.—Species
about 60, tropical and subtropical, chiefly Asiatic.

Subgen. I, Tricarpellaria ; Clarke. Capsule 8-celled 3-valved.

Sect. 1. Euanzrtema. Cells of ovary 2-co-ovuled. Seeds 1-seriate in
each cell.

* Cells of ovary 3~%-ovuled, of capsule 1- 3- or more-seeded (see
also A. nudiflorum).

a. Flowers panicled on a radical or subradical rarely leafy scape.

1, A. glaucum, Thwaiies mss. in Clarke Monogr. 200; leaves large
rosulate broadly ensiform, scape erect, branched from the base, panicle
spreading lax-fid., bracts small not sheathing, capsule triquetrous, seeds
5-8-superposed in each cell.

faa ; on the Tinnevelly hills, Beddome. CryLon, Thwaites (C. P.
3977).

Root fibrous. Leaves 3-6 by 1-14 in., acuminate, margin crisped scabrid.
Scape and broad panicle 8-12 in.; bracteoles small; panicle widely spreading,
branches very slender. Stamens 3, anthers subsimilar; staminodes 2. Capsule
4 in., oblanceolate, acute. Seeds straw-colrd., with a white minutely reticulate
epidermis.

2. A. seapiflorum, Wight Ic. t. 2073; leaves narrowly ensiform,
scape erect, panicle strict elongate, bracts large sheathing, capsule ellip-
soid trigonous, seeds 3-6-superposed in each cell. Clarke Comm. & Cyrt.
Beng. 14; Monogr. 200 t. 4,f.i. A. tuberosum, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 5207 ;
Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 255. A. serotinum, Dox mss. Commelina scapi-
flora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 175. Murdannia tuberosa, Royle Fil. 403, t. 95.
Tradescantia aphylla, Heyne mss.

TEMPERATE and TropioaL Himataya; from the upper Gaugetic plain east-
wards to Bhotan, and westwards to TRAVANCORE and TENASSERIM, CEYLON and the
Shan hills.

Roots of elongated tubers. Leaves 4-10 in., all radical, erect, finely acuminate.
Scape with the narrow panicle 8-18 in. ; lower bracts long, upper small amplexicaul.
Flowers small. Capsule 3 in., mucronate. Seeds in a triangular column, angled,
straw-colrd., with a white minutely reticulate and glandular epidermis.

3. A. Loureirii, Hance in Seem. Journ. Bot. 1868, 250; leaves
ensiform, scape radical 1-2-leaved, panicle narrow, flowers fascicled
in the sheathing bracts, sepals glandular-pubescent, capsule elliptic-oblong
trigonous, .seeds 3—-5-superposed in each cell. Clarke Monogr: 201. <A.
spectabile, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1871, ii. 77; Clarke Comm. &
Cyrt. Beng. t. 20. A. spicatum, Wall. Cat. 5217, Commelina tuberosa,
Lour. Fl. Cochin Ed. Willd. i. 50.

TENASSERIM, Wallich, Helfer (Kew Distrib. 5528), &c.—Disrriz. Siam, Malay
Islds., China.

Root of fascicled elongated tubers. Leaves all radical, 6-16 by 2-1 in., sub-
erect, margins smooth or ciliate only. Scape stout and panicle longer than the

376 OLX, Commetinacez. (J.D. Hooker.) [Anedlema.

leaves ; upper bracts truncate, pedicels viscid. Petals blue, Stamens 2 fertile ;
staminodes 4, all bearded. Capsule 4 in. acuminate. Seeds yellow brown, pitted.

b. Flowering stem leafy, flowers corymbose or panicled.

4, A. Thomsoni, Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xv. 121; Monogr.
202, t. 4, £.2; stout, leaves petioled broadly lanceolate or ensiform caudate-
acuminate with large bearded sheaths, upper bracts lanceolate caducous,
capsule elongate narrowly oblong acuminate and beaked, cells 5~-9-seeded,
seeds smooth. Aclisia? Thomsoni, Clarke Comm. & Cyrt. Beng. t. 31.
Dichoespermum giganteum, Hassk. Commelin. Ind. 42.—Aneilema, sp. 11,
Herb. Ind. Or. Hf. & T.

Eastern Himaaya; Sikkim, alt. 5-8000, 7. D. H., &. Bhotan, Griffith.
Naga Hitts, alt. 7000 ft., Clarke. 5

Stem 1-2 ft., erect. Leaves 6-10 by 2-3 in., glabrous or scaberulous, penni-
nerved above the base. Panicle 3-6 in., glabrous, branches spreading widely in
fruit, bracts caudate. Sepals glabrous. Petals purple. Stamens 3 fertile, uni-
lateral ; staminodes 3, sometimes polleniferous, filaments naked. Capsule $-1 in.
Seeds shortly cylindric, black, with white powder.

5. A. divergens, Clarke Comm. & Cyrt. Beng. t. 16; Monogr. 208 ;
stem tall, leaves ensiform, sheaths bearded, panicle erect, upper branches
opposite or subwhorled, bracts ovate persistent, capsule ellipsoid acute
at both ends, cells 3-5-seeded. A. herbaceum 8. divergens, Clarke in Journ.
Tinn. Soc. xi. 448. A. longifolium, Wall. Cat. 5213 A, B. A. scapi-
florum, Herb. Ind. Or. Hf. & T.

TRopicaL and Sus-TRopicaL Himataya; from Chamba, alt. 6000.ft., Clarke.,
eastwards to Sikkim. Kauasta Huts, alt. 45000 ft. Upper BurMa,
Anderson.

Root of elongate tubers. Stem 2-3 ft., leafy. Leaves 6-12 by 3-3 in., erect,
upper gradually smaller, acuminate. Panicle erect, narrow, bracts ovate, persistent.
Petals blue. Stamens 8 fertile, staminodes 3, filaments all bearded. Capsule nearly
3 in., subtrigonous. Seeds yellow,

6. A. Hookeri, Clarke Comm. & Cyrt. Beng. t.171; Monogr. 204;
stem tall stout, leaves ensiform base broad or subcordate, sheaths
bearded, panicle erect branches slender spreading repeatedly dichotomous.

Kuasia HIxzs, alt. 5-6000 ft., J. D. H. and T. T.

Distinguished from A. divergens by the broader leaf bases and spreading panicle.
Stem 6-12 in., leafy to the top.

7. A. zeylanicum, Clarke Monogr. 204; leaves narrrowly oblong
narrowed at both ends glabrous or pubescent, branches of panicle spread-
ing alternate, branches flexuous, bracts minute, capsule subglobose, cells
3-5-seeded, seeds slightly pitted. A. montanum, & protensum, Thwaites
Enum, 322. A. dimorphum, Thw. l. c. non Dalz.

CryYLoy, common up to 3000 ft.

Roots fibrous. Stem 6-12 in., often branched from the base, branches leafy.
Leaves 1-3 by 2-1 in., sheaths bearded at the mouth. Panicle glabrous, bracts
glabrous, hardly sheathing. persistent. Stamens 3 fertile ; staminodes 2-3. Capsule
#-% in., obtuse, concave, mucronate. Seeds brown, with white powder.—
Var. 8. longiscapa, Clarke, 1. c. ; capsule } in.—Courtalam, Wight.

8. A. lineolatum, Kunth Enum. iv. 69; stem stout, leaves large
narrowly oblong or ensiform acuminate, margins white, panicle glabrous

Anetlema.] OLX. commetInaces. (J. D. Hooker.) 377

effuse, bracts marcescent, capsule ellipsoid or subglobosely trigonous, cells
3-4-seeded, seeds smooth. Hassk, Pl. Jung. 146, Commelin. Ind. 36;
Clarke Comm. & Oyrt. Beng. t.15. A. elatum, Kunth l.c. 70; Dalz. in
Hook. Journ. Bot. 1857, 187 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb, Fl, 254. A. latifolium,
Wight Ic.t.2072. A. herbaceum, Wall. Cat. 5223; Clarke Monogr. 204; in
Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xi. 448 (var. a). Commelina herbacea, Road. Fl. Ind.
i. 175, Hd. Wall. & Carey i. 179. C. lineolata, Blume Enum. i. 3. C.
elata, Vahl Enum. ii. 178. Tinantia? lineolata, Hassk. Pl. Jav. 98.
Prionostachys herbacea, Hassk. mss.

TropicaL Inp1a; from Sikkim, Bhotan and the Khasia hills, alt. 2-4000 ft.,
" Burma. Western Ghats from the Concan to Travancore.—DistRis. Malay

slands,

Root of slender tubers, Stem erect, stout. Leaves 4-12 by 1-1} in., margins
scabrous or smooth often crisped, base cuneate rounded or cordate, upper ovate-
lanceolate. Panicle stout, glabrous, branches spreading and ascending ; bracts
marcescent in fruit. Petals blue. Stamens 2-3 with 2 or 3 staminodes, filaments
all bearded. Capsule 4 in. diam., mucronate. Seeds reticulate, glandular-
puberulous. :

9, A. esculentum, Wall. Cat. 5208; root tuberous, stem subsolitary,
leaves linear complicate, panicle glabrous spreading, bracts oblong or the
lower 1-2 foliaceous, capsule ellipsoid, cells 3-5-seeded. Clarke Monogr.
206. PA. melanostictum, Hance in Seem. Journ. Bot. 1869, 167. Com-
melina esculenta, Heyne mss.

Mavras; in rice fields, Heyne, Wight. CuyLton, Walker.—Disrris. Australia,
China.

Root of clavate tubers, crown with imbricating scarious scales. Stem with
prostrate suckers. Leaves 3-4 in., recurved, obtuse, almost glabrous. Panicle with
alternate branches; bracts oblong, persistent. Stamens 3 fertile, staminodes 3,
filaments bearded. Capsule 4 in. Seeds dark brown, obscurely scabrid or pitted.—
Probably the same as the Australian 4. gramineum, Br.

10. A. dimorphum, Dalz. in Hook. Journ. Bot. 1851, 138; root
fibrous, stems many, leaves linear-oblong flat, bracts ovate, panicle very
short and broad, capsule ellipsoid or oblong, cells 3-5-seeded, seeds smooth.
Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl, 254; Clarke Monogr. 206. A. paniculatum,
Wight Ic. t. 2075. <A. scapiflorum, 8, Thwattes Enum. 322 (not of Wight).
A. nudiflorum, Mig. in Pl. Hohenack. Exsicc. No. 144 (not of Br.).—An-
eilema, sp. Mig. Ll. c. n. 134.

The Deccan PeninsvLa ; from the Concan southward, Wight, &c. Cxyton,
alt. 5000 ft., Thwaites.

Stem slender, branched at the base, 6-12 in. Leaves 1-24 by 3-3 in., from
oblong to ovate-lanceolate, base rounded or cordate, mouth of sheath ciliate.
Panicle sparingly dichotomously branched, few-fid.; bracts small, cucullate,
persistent. Petals blue, Stamens 3, fertile, filaments bearded; staminodes 3,
filaments naked. Capsule 2in,, triquetrous, acute. Seeds black, with brown
furfuraceous lines.—Wight figures all the filaments bearded, but describes them ag
above.

ll. A. spiratum, Br. Prodr. 271 (in note); root fibrous, stem
branched decumbent, leaves small sessile flat oblong, base obtuse or cordate
or auricled, panicle small leafy below, bracts ovate, capsule oblong or sub-
globose, cells 3-7-seeded, seeds smooth or minutely scaberulous. Clarke
Monogr.207. A.nanum, Kunth Enum. v. iv. 65; Wight Ic. t.2077; Hassk.
in Pl. Jungh.i.141; Thwaites Enum, 322; Clarke Comm. & Cyrt. Beng. t.

378 OLX. COMMELINACER. (J.D, Hooker.) [Anetlema.

18. <A. canaliculatum, Dalz. in Hook. Journ. Bot.1851, 137; Dalz. & Gibs.
Bomb, Fl. 254, A. nummularium, Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 5385. Commelina
spirata, Linn. Mant. 176. OC. bracteolata, Lamk. Encycl. ii. 69. CO. nana,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 173; ed. Wall. & Carey, i. 176. C. pumila, Herb. Royle.
Dichespermum repens, Hassk. (not of Wight).

Throughout Ivpra, in pastures, &c., from the Upper Gangetic plain to Chittagong
and Travancore. CEYLON, common.—DistTr1B. Malay Islands, China.

Dwarf, tufted, prostrate, branches ascending 6-10 in. Leaves glabrous puberu-
lous or ciliate, from oblong to ovate-lanceolate, subacute or acuminate; base
amplexicaul. Cymes terminal and axillary; branches short, divaricate, few-fld. ;
bracts ovate, persistent. FZowers blue. Stamens 3, staminodes 3; filaments of both
naked or bearded. Capsule i in., acutely trigonous. Seeds straw-colrd.

c. Stem leafy. Cymes 1-3-fid. axillary.

12. A. paucifiorum, Wight, Ic. t. 2077; slender, diffuse, creeping,
leaves small flat ovate, peduncles 1-3-fld. axillary, capsule lanceolate,
pedicel decurved, cells 4-6-seeded, seeds cubical nearly smooth. Clarke
Monogr. 207. Dichespermum aurantiacum, Hassk. in Herb. Zoll:
No. 3312.

MaxaBak and Travancore, Wight (Kew distrib. 1179).—DistRip. Macassar.

Tufted; stems 4-6 in. Leaves $-1 by 4-3 in., sessile, acuminate, glabrous or
sparsely hairy, base rounded or cordate. Peduncles and pedicels slender. Sepals
linear. Stamens 8, staminodes 3, filaments all naked. Capsule 4 in., obtusely
3-gonous. Seeds black, farinose.

138. A. versicolor, Dalz. in Hook. Journ. Bot. 1851, 136; stem
slender branched hispid, leaves flat oblong-lanceolate-acuminate, peduncle
short 1-fid., pedicel capillary, capsule oblong or lanceolate acute erect,
cells 5-7-seeded, seeds cubical. Dalz. & Grbs. Bomb. Fl. 253; Clarke
Monogr. 208.

The Concan and Matwan, Stocks, Dalzell, Ritchie.

Root fibrous; stem 6-10 in. Leaves 1-2 by 3-4 in., rather distant, base rounded
or cuneate, upper spathe-like, complicate and recurved. Peduncles with the
pedicel 4-2 in. Petals ochreous yellow, blueish in withering, Stamens 3, filaments
faintly bearded ; staminodes 3. Capsule 3-4 in., obtusely 3-angled. Seeds
yellowish brown.

14. A. triquetrum, Wall. Cat. 5220; stem slender elongate, leaves
linear-lanceolate flat, peduncle 1-fild., pedicel rather stout, capsule oblong
acute, cells 3-5-seeded, seeds smooth farinose. Clarke Monogr. 208.

SuwuEt, Wallich.—Distriz. China.

Stem 12-18 in. Leaves 1-2 in., rather thick, spreading and recurved, base
obtuse. Petals blue?. Stamens 3, filaments strongly bearded; staminodes 3,
Capsule tin. Seeds truncate at each end.

** Cells of ovary 2-ovuled, of capsule 2-seeded (3-seeded in 4. nudi-
florum, var. compressa).

15. A.nudifiorum, Br. Prodr. 271 (in note); branches decumbent
rooting, leaves linear or lanceolate, sheath bearded, panicle subterminal
short, cymes at the ends of the branches few-fid., capsule broadly oblong or
subglobose, seeds rugose and pitted. Clarke Comm. & Cyrt. Beng. t. 21;
Monogr. 210; Dalz. § Gibs. Bomb, Fl. 253; Wall. Cat. 5224 (eacl. A);
Hassk. Oommelin. Ind. 29. A. radicans, Don Prodr. 45 (in part). A.

Anetlema.] OLX, COMMELINACES. (J.D. Hooker.) 379

diandrum, Ham., and A. debile, Wall., Wall. Cat. 5210, 5215. A. nudi-
caule and A. minutum, Kunth Enum. iv. 67, 661. <A. foliosum, Hassk. in
Pi. Jungh. 144, Commelin. Ind. 32. A. diversifolium, Hassk. l.c, 142. A.
Junghuhnianum, Miguel FI. Ind. Bat. 112, 588, Suppl. 609. A. lancifolia,
Griff. Notul. iii. 236. A. trichocolea, Schauer Pl. Meyer, 448. Commelina
nudiflora, Linn. Mant. 177 (not of Sp. Pl.) ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 173; Reichd.
Ie. Exot. t. 136. C. nudicaulis, Burm. Fl. Ind. 17, t. 8. ©. diandra,
Ken. mss. C. yadicans, Spreng. Syst. Cur. post. 25. PC. minuta,
Blume Enum. 34. Tradescantia -malabarica, Linn. Mant. 362.—Rheede
Hort. Mal. ix. t. 68, x. t. 19.

Throughout Inp1a; from the N.W. Himalaya ascending to 6000 ft. eastwards
and southwards to the Khasia hills, Burma, the Deccan, Travancore and CEYLON.—
Distris. China, Malay Islands.

Stem and branches slender, diffuse, complicate or not. Leaves 2-5 by 3-4 in,
glabrous or hairy, or subvillous. Panicles rarely axillary, branches elongate, scarred ;
flowers pedicelled, clustered; bracts deciduous. Petals small, blue or purplish.
Stamens 3 fertile, 3 sterile, filaments of fertile or all bearded. Capsule 3 in., acute
at both ends.

Var. compressa, Clarke l.c. 211; petals rosy, cells of capsule often 3-seeded.
A. compressum, Dalz. in Hook. Journ. Bot. 1851, 138; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomd. Fl.
253 (eel. Syn.).—The Concan, Dalzell.

Var. terminalis, Clarke 1. c. ; stem stouter, leaves broader, sometimes 6 by 2 in.,
cymes more elongate, capsules larger, seeds less rugose or almost smooth. A. nudi-
florum, var. rigidior, Benth. Fl. Hongk, 377. A. terminale, Wight Ic. t. 2076. A.
loriforme, Hassk. in Pl. Jungh. 148. Prionostachys terminalis, Hassk. mss.—
Khasia hills, Malabar, Ceylon, China. Wight’s figure represents the capsule as
globose,

16. A. sinicum, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 659; stem elongate diffusely
branched, internodes long, leaves linear elongate, branches of terminal
panicle short, stamens 2 perfect, filaments bearded, staminodes 3 naked,
capsule subglobose, seeds obscurely rugose. Clarke Monogr. 212. <A.
scundum, Wight Ic. t. 2075. A. esculentum, Wall. Cat. 5208 C. Com-
melina sinica, Rem. & Sch. Syst.i.; Mant. i. addend. 376.

The Deccan PzeninsuzLA; from the Concan southward, and Certon, Wight, &c.
—Disreis. China, Malay Islands, Africa.

Roots of elongate tubers. Stem 1-2 ft. Leaves 6-12 by 4-2 in., cauline and
tufted at the base of the ascending leafy flowering stem, glabrous or puberulous.
Panicle lax ; bracts large, caducous, branches scarred. Petals blue. Capsule $ in.
diam. Seeds brown.

17, A. giganteum, Br. Prodr. 271; stem tall erect, internodes long, .
leaves linear elongate, branches of the terminal panicle short stout,
stamens 3, filaments bearded, capsule ellipsoid acute, seeds compressed
nearly smooth. Clarke Monogr. 212. A. longifolium, Hook. Exot. Fl.
t. 204; Wall. Cot. 5213 D, F (in part). <A. ensifolium, Wight Ic. t.
2074; Clarke Comm. & Cyrt. Beng. t. 22 (excl. Syn. F. Muell.). Com-
melina gigantea, Vahl Enum. ii. 177. C. longifolia, Spreng. Syst. Cur. ,
post. 25. ©. Hookerii, Dietr. Sp. Pl. ii. 404. Prionostachys ensifolia,
Hassk. mss.

Assam and the Kuasia HItts, ascending to 4000 ft. TsNassrrim, the Deccan
PreninsuLa, CEYLON and the Nicopak IsLAnDs,—DistriB. Malay Islands, China,
Australia, Africa.

Root fibrous. Stem 1-3 ft. Leaves 6-12 by }-} in., glabrous or nearly so.
Panicles sparingly branched; branches very closely scarred; bracts caducous. |

380 cLx, comeLinacea. (J. D, Hooker.) [Aneilema.

Petals blue. Staminodes with glabrous or bearded filaments. Capsule 3 in. long,
mucronate, valves hard polished.

Sect. II. Dicnasrermum. Cells of ovary 4-20-ovuled. Seeds 2-seriate
in each cell.

* Flowers axillary, solitary or clustered, pedicels jointed in the middle,

18. A. Hamiltonianum, Wail. Cat. 5222; stem creeping rooting,
leaves linear-oblong flat glabrate, pedicels axillary and terminal fruiting
hardly exserted, capsule linear-oblong, seeds scabrid or flocculent biseriate.
Clarke Monogr. 213. Dichespermum Blumei, Hassk. Comm. Ind. 41.;
Clarke Comm. & Cyrt. Beng. t. 27. Tradescantia terminalis, Blume
Enum.i.6, Callisia orientalis, Herd. Ham.

Upper Ganeetic Puan to Assam, in marshes; Chota Nagpore, Clarke.—
DistRis. Java.

Stem 6-12 in., stout, sparingly branched. Leaves 13-2 in., sessile, acute or sub-
acute, base cuneate. Peduncle 3-4 in., rigid. Petals white or rosy. Filaments
allnaked. Capsule 3-4 in., acute. Seeds about 16 in each cell.

Var. minor, Clarke 1. c. 214; stems shorter, seeds about 30 in each cell, nearly
smooth.—Dichzespermum repens, Clarke Comm. § Cyrt. Beng. t. 28 (not of Wight).
—Assam, Hamilton.

19. A. ochraceum, Dalz. in Hook. Journ. Bot. 1851, 135; stem
short erect or decumbent, leaves small flat oblong or ovate-oblong obtuse
or acute, base cordate, pedicels axillary fruiting exserted, capsule broadly
oblong, seeds angular rugose biseriate. Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 253; Clarke
Monogr. 214, t. 4, £. 3. Dichespermum repens, Wight Ic. t. 2078 (not of
Hassk.). D. ochraceum, Hassk. Commelin. Ind. 41.

The Deccan Peninsuza; from the Concan southwards. TrNnassERIM, Grifith,
Helfer.

Stem 4-8 in., rooting at the lower nodes. Leaves 2-3} by 3-4 in., glabrous or
nearly so, bases subamplexicaul. -Pedicels 4-3} in., slender. Sepals narrow.
Petals yellow. Stamens and staminodes 3 each, filaments naked. Capsule 2 in.
long. Seeds 7-8 in each cell, pale yellow.—Dalzell describes the filaments as
bearded in the Journal of Botany, but not in the Bombay Flora.

Var. crocea, Clarke Monogr. 214 ; aquatic, leaves ovate subacute, pedicels solitary
or 2-nate, sepals densely pubescent, capsule narrower. A. croceum, Griff. Notul. iii.
235, A. pilosum, Wall. Cat. 5219. A. ochraceum, var. Griffithii, Kurz in Journ. As.
Soc. 1870, ii. 85.—Arracan, Burma and the Andaman Islands.

20. A. lanuginosum, Wail. Cat. 5221; hirsute or glabrate, stem
suberect, leaves linear-oblong or lanceolate acuminate, pedicels ex-
serted, flowers large, filaments bearded, capsule oblong acute many-
seeded, seeds nearly smooth. Clarke Monogr. 214. Commelina lanuginosa,
Heyne mss.

The Deccan PrninsuLa; from the Concan southwards, -in hilly districts,
ascending the Nilghiris to 6000 ft.

Roots of thickened fibres. Stem 6-16 in., stout, branched. Leaves 14-23 in.,
rigid, deeply grooved when dry, acuminate, strongly striate, usually complicate and
recurved, base broad, margins waved. Pedicels bracteolate at the joint. Sepals
straw-colrd. Petals yellow, blue when dry. Capsule + in., or more. Seeds
angular.

** Flowers panicled.

Aneilema, | OLX. COMMELINAGEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) 381

21, A. Koenigii, Wall. Cat. 5214; stem short much branched
glabrous, leaves ovate- or linear-lanceolate obtuse or acute, branches of
panicle slender, filaments all bearded, capsule linear-oblong, seeds very
numerous biseriate minutely tessellate. Clarke Monogr. 215. <A. nudi-
florum, Mig. Pl. Ewsicc. Hohenack. 144, c. Dichespermum lanceolatum,
Wight Ic. t. 2078. D. Koonigii, Hassk. mss.

The DEcoAN PENINSULA; from the Concan and Canara southwards.

Root fibrous, Stem 6-10 in., and branches slender. TZeaves 1-2 in., sessile,
base rounded or cordate. Panicle large for the size of the plant, much dichoto-
mously branched; branches flexuous, slender; bracts ovate, acute, persistent.
Flowers small, blue. Capsule 2 in., pale yellow. Seeds 15-16 in each cell, small,
yellow, neither rugulose nor reticulate.

92. &. paniculatum, Wall. Cat. 5216; stem short slender branched,
leaves grass-like filiform or narrowly linear or subulate semiterete glabrous,
branches of few-fid. panicle slender spreading, filaments all naked, capsule
shortly oblong or subglobose, seeds nearly smooth biseriate. Clarke
Monogr. 215. A. semiteres, Dalz. in Hook. Journ. Bot. 1851, 138; Dalz. &
Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 254. Dichespermum juncoides, Wight Ic. t. 2078. D.
semiteres, Hassk. Commelin. Ind. 41. D. paniculatum, Herb. Ind. Or.
EH. f. & T.

The Deccan Pentnsuza; from the Concan southwards in hilly places.

Roots fibrous. Stems densely tufted, tuberous and sheathed at the base. Leaves
2-4 by 3-75 in., acuminate, erect and recurved, fleshy according to Dalzell.
Branches capillary. Bracts ochreate, truncate, persistent. Petals small, blue.
Filaments according to Dalzell all connate at the base. Capsule } in. long. Seeds
about 6-8 in each cell, pale yellow.—Habit of a Juncus.

Sect. ITI. Dicrrosrermum. Cells of ovary 1-ovuled, of capsule 1-seeded
or empty.

* Capsule glabrous.

93. A. vaginatum, Br. Prodr. 271 (in note); stem long slender,
leaves long linear flat, pedicels 1-3 in the axils of distant lanceolate erect
bracts pubescent, filaments naked or bearded, capsule subglobose glabrous,
cells 1-seeded, seeds hemispheric rugose. Wight Ic. t. 2076; Wall. Cat.
5212; Clarke Comm. & Cyrt. Beng. t. 23, Monogr. 216; Hassk. Commelin.
Ind. 34. A. filiforme, Ham. & nudiflorum, Wall. Cat. 5209, and 5224 A.
A. pauciflorum, Dalz. in Hook. Journ. Bot. 1851, 186; Dalz & Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. 253. Commelina vaginata, Linn. Mant.177. Tradescantia gangetica,
Tnnn. mss.

Throughout TropicaL Inpr1a; Bengal, Assam and the Deccan Peninsula.
CEYLON; in rice fields and wet places.—DistTRr1s. China.

Roots fibrous. Stems 6-18 in., decumbent and rooting at the lower nodes,
branches suberect. Leaves 3-6 by 4-4 in., acuminate, sheaths short open, upper
reduced to bracts equalling the 3-2 in. pedicels. Flowers 1-8, pedicels twice jointed
in the middle. Sepals pubescent. Petals blue. Stamens 2-fertile, staminodes 34,
Capsule 3-1 in. diam., cuspidate. Seeds black.— Wight figures and describes all the
filaments as naked.

4. A. montanum, Wight in Wall. Cat. 5203; stem erect, leaves
large petioled elliptic-lancevlate glabrous or scaberulous, panicle terminal,
branches long lax few-fld. pubescent, stamens 3 perfect, filaments naked,
staminodes 0, capsule globose, glabrous pedicels suberect, cells 1-seeded,

382 CLX. commnEninacea, (J. D. Hooker.) [Aneilema,

seeds hemispheric rugose. Clarke Monogr. 217. Dictyospermum mon-
tanum, Wight Ic. t. 2069; Hassk. Commetin. Ind. 23. Tradescantia
montana, Heyne mss, T. paniculata, Roth Nov. Sp. 188; ? Kunth Enum,
iv. 100.

Upper Assam; in the Naga hills, Clarke. Munniporr, Watt, Nite@uter and

Travancore Hiuus, Heyne, Wight, &c.

Stem creeping and rooting below. Leaves 4-6 by 14-2 in., ciliate, acuminate,
sheaths pubescent. Flowers small, few at the ends of the long filiform branches of
the panicle; bracts small. Petals blue. Capsule 2in. diam. Seeds floury.

25. A. conspicuum, Kunth Enum. iv. 69; stem suberect, leaves
lanceolate, panicle short subsessile, branches horizontal, or decurved,
stamens 3 perfect, capsule globose glabrous, pedicels reflexed, cells 1-
seeded, seeds hemispheric rugose. Clarke Monogr. 218. Dictyospermum
conspicuum, Hassk. Commelin. Ind. 22. Floscopa paniculata, Hassk. in
Plant. Jungh. 151 (in part), Commelina conspicua, Blume Enum. i. 4.

Assam; Patkoye Mts., Grifith, Punana, Curtis. Matacca, Grifith,—

DistRis. Malay Islands.
Stem 1-2 ft., creeping and rooting below. Leaves as in A. montanwm, from

which conspicuwm differs in the pyramidal many-fid. panicle.

26. A. ovatum, Wall. Cat. 5206; stem suberect, leaves petioled
elliptic acuminate, panicle very short sessile or subsessile, branches long
slender depressed or horizontal pubescent, stamens 2 perfect, capsule
globose glabrous, pedicel suberect, cells 1-seeded, seeds hemispheric rugose.
Clarke Comm. & Cyrt. Beng. t. 25 ; Monogr. 218. Dictyospermum ovatum,
Hassk. Commelin. Ind. 24.

Prev and Tavoy, Wallich, &. The Anpaman Isn~anps, Kurz.—Diste1s.

Siam, Malay Islands.

Stem 6-10 in., branched. Leaves 2-4 by 1-2 in., terminal on the branches;
petiole 3-1 in. Panicle with the rachis so short, that the branches appear axillary
amongst the uppermost leaves. Capsule 2 in. diam.

27, A. ovalifolium, Hook. f. in Clarke Monogr. 218; stem erect,
leaves shortly petioled elliptic-lanceolate acuminate pubescent, panicle
short subsessile pyramidal, branches ascending pubescent, stamens 2 per-
fect, filaments glabrous, capsule globose glabrous, pedicel decurved, cells
l-seeded, seeds large reticulate. Dictyospermum ovalifolium, Wight Ic.
t. 2070. D. Wightii, Hassk. Comm. Ind. 19 (excel. var.).—Aneilema Sp. 10,
Herb. Ind. Or. H. f. & T.

Nita@uizi Hints; on the western slopes, Wight, &c.

Stem stout, rooting at the base only. Leaves 3-6 by 14-2 in.; sheaths
pubescent. Panicle pubescent; branches slender.—Differs from 4. conspicuum in the
stouter naked large leaves, and larger capsule 3 in. diam., and the 2 stamens (Wight
figures 3).

28. A. scaberrimum, Kunth Enum. iv. 69; tall, erect, slender,
leaves distant lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate acuminate hispid above,
panicle with long slender peduncle and branches, bracts funnel-shaped
acuminate persistent, stamens 2-3 perfect, filaments naked, capsule globose
pubescent, cells 1-seeded, seeds rugose. A. protensum, Wail. Cat. 5218;
Clarke Comm. & Cyrt. Beng. t. 24, Monogr, 219, t. 4,f. 4. A. herbaceum,
Wall, Cat. 8223. Commelina scaberrima, Blume Enum. i. 4. Dictyo-
spermum protensum, Wight Ic. t.2071. Lamprodithyros protensus, Hassk.

Anetlema.] CLX, CoMMELINAcEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) 383

in Peters. Mossamb. Bot. ii. 529, Flora, 1868,389. Piletocarpus protensus,
Hassk. Comm. Ind. 15.

The TroricaL EasteRN Himataya and the Kuasra Hixus.; from Nepal to
Bhotan. TravancorE, Wight. Cryion, Walker, &c.—DistRis. Malay Islands.

Subfruticose 2-3 ft. high. Leaves 8-6 by 2-13 in., sessile, sheaths loose, viscid
or hispid; base narrowed or rounded. Panicle very lax and spreading with few
flowers at the tips of the branches; bracts sheathing obliquely truncate; flowers
small white. Sepals reflexed in fruit. Capsule } in. diam., style long, persistent.
Seeds plano-convex, glaucous, black.

EXCLUDED SPECIES.

A. EQUINOCTIALE, Kunth Enum.iv.72; Clarke Monog.221. Amelina Wallichii,
Clarke Comm. & Cyrt. Beng. 6, 26, is an African species of which the locality was
not determined when it was included in “ Comm. & Cyrt. Beng.”

4, FORRESTIA, 4. Rich,

Erect herbs; stem simple, creeping and rooting below. Leaves broad,
sheaths tubular persistent after the fall of the blade. Flowers bracteate,
sessile, in. crowded subsessile axillary panicles. Sepals subequal.
Petals subequal. Stamens 6, all perfect, filaments bearded; anthers ovoid.
Ovary 3-celled, cells 2-ovuled or the dorsal l-ovuled. Capsule subglobose,
or ellipsoid, or oblong, 3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds 1-2 superposed in each
a oblong, rugose.—Species 7, Hast Asiatic and New Guinea, and one

rican.

The first three species may prove to be forms of the F. hispida, ‘A. Rich (Sert.
Astrolab. ii. t. 1), a native of New Guinea and Formosa, J. D. H.

1. F. mollis, Hassk. in Flora, 1864, 68; Commel. Ind. 84; hirsute,
leaves oblanceolate sparsely hairy above villous beneath, capsule oblong or
ellipsoid about equalling the rusty hispidly villous sepals. Clarke Monogr.
236. Campelia mollissima, Blume Enum.i.7. Amischotolype mollissima,
Hassk. in Flora, 1863, 392.

MaraBar, J. Anderson. SinaarorE, Walker. Matacoa, Griffith (Kew
distrib. 5485), Maingay (K. d. 1712).—Distxis. Sumatra, Java.

Stem 3-4 ft., as thick as the thumb, glabrous hairy or shaggily hispid.
Leaves 6-18 by 2-3 in., subpetioled, acute, base acute; sheaths glabrous or
hirsute. Panicle a sessile dense-fid. globose head, 2-3 in. diam. Capsule } in.
long, rusty villous. Seeds subellipsoid, obscurely rugose.

2. EF. Griffithii, Clarke Monogr. 236; leaves oblong-lanceolate ful-
vously hairy on both surfaces, capsule elliptic-oblong subacute fulvously
hairy much longer than the sepals.

Matacoa, Griffith, Maingay, Hullett.

Stem stout, glabrate. Leaves 7 by 2} in., shortly acuminate; petiole shaggy ;
sheath glabrous, mouth villous. Sepals } in., oblong; sparsely hairy. Capsule
zy in. long,

3. F. marginata, Hassk. in Flora, 1864, 630; Commelin. Ind. 90;
leaves obovate- or elliptic-lanceolate glabrous or margins villously ciliate,
capsule ellipsoid longer than the sepals. Clarke Monogr. 237. F. hispida,
Bot. Mag. t. 5425 (not of A. Rich), Campelia marginata, Blume Enum. i.
7; Wall. Cat. 8977 A, B. Amischotolypa marginata, Hassk. in Flora,
1863, 392.—Tradescantia sp., Griff. Notul. ii. 235. Pollia purpurea,
Hort.

384 CLX. COMMELINACEE, (J.D. Hooker.) [Forrestia.

SINGAPORE and Penane, Wallich, Walker. Mawacca, Maingay (Kew distrib.
2974).—Distris. Sumatra, Java.

Stem 2-3 ft., as thick as the thumb. Leaves 10-30 by 1}-3 in., subcaudately
acuminate; sheaths puberulous, glabrous or hirsute. Flower heads 14-2 in. diam.
Sepals } in. long.

Var. rostrata, Clarke 1. ¢.; leaves narrower more caudate-acuminate, flowers
fewer. F. rostrata, Hassk in Flora, 1864, 631; Commelin. Ind. 94.—Mishmi hills,
Griffith (Kew distrib. 5486), Java.

4, F. Hookeri, Hassk. in Flora, 1864, 629; Commelin. Ind. 89;
leaves petioled oblanceolate glabrous above, nerves beneath hairy, head of
flowers small, capsule oblong-lanceolate much longer than the nearly
glabrous sepals. Clarke Commel. & Cyrt. Beng. t. 41; Monogr. 237.
Campelia marginata, Wall. Cat. 8977 (in part).

Eastern Himaraya, SIKKIM and Cuitragone, J. D. H. Buortan, Assam,

the Kmasra and Naga Hitts, Griffith, Clarke.
Differs from F. marginata in the glabrous leaves, smaller few-fld. heads, and the

beaked capsules 3-3 in. long, much exceeding the sepals.

5. BE. glabrata, Hussk. in Flora, 1864, 360; Commel. Ind. 92; leaves
lanceolate glabrous or margins pubescent, capsule ellipsoid much shorter
than narrow sepals. Clarke Commel. & Cyrt. Beng. t. 42; Monogr. 238.
Campelia glabrata, Hassk. Pl. Jungh. 154 (not of Kunth). C. marginata,
8, Blume Enum. i. 7 (fid Hassk.). Amischotolypa glabrata, Hassk. in
Flora, 1863, 392.

TropicaL Sikkim HimaLaya, MuNNIPORE, BENGAL, ASSAM and TENASSERIM.
—Distzis.—Sumatra, Java, Tonkin.
Differs from F’. Hookeri in the short narrow capsule + in, long.

5. CYANOTIS, Don.

Herbs, usually prostrate or creeping. Leavessmall. Flowers in axillary
and terminal scorpioid cymes, formed of large imbricating biseriate.secund
foliaceous falcate bracteoles, the petals and stamens alone exserted, rarely
with the corolla-tube exserted; flowers sometimes in exposed racemes, or
fascicled in the ochrea. Sepals subequal, free or connate below. Petals
subequal often united in a tube below, limb orbicular. Stamens 6, all
perfect subequal, hypogynous or epipetalous, filaments usually bearded
often inflated towards the apex, anthers oblong. Ovary 3-celled; ovules
2 collateral in each cell one erect the other pendulous. Capsule 3-celled,
loculicidal, cells usually 2-seeded. Seeds superposed, cubical or pyramidal,
usually rugose.

Many of the following species may probably have to be reduced.

Sect. I. Encyanotis. Cymes enclosed in biseriate falcate imbricating
bracteoles.

* Valves of the capsule separating from a free central columnar 3-
toothed awis,

1. G. papilionacea, Schultes, f. Syst. vii. 1151; hirsute with
spreading hairs creeping and rooting, leaves linear-oblong or lanceolate,
bracteoles subreniformly falcate acute ciliate, capsule oblong, seeds smooth
or obscurely pitted. Olarke Monogr. 246; Wight Ic. t. 2069; Wall. Cat,

Cyanotis.] OLX. CoMmELINacEH. (J. D, Hooker.) 385

8987; Hassk. Commelin. Ind. 158. C. hispida, Dalz. in Hook. Journ. Bot.
1851, 189; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 253 (excl. Syn.). C. hirtella, Miquel.
Plant. Hxsice. Hohenack. No. 130; Hassk. 1. c. 112. Tradescantia papil-
lionacea, Linn. Mant. 513; Vahl Symb. i. 27 (excl. Syn.). T. cristata,
Heyne mss. T. rupestris, Law in Grah. Cat. Bomb, Pl. 222.—? Commelina
cristata, Blume Fl. Ind. t. 7, f. 4.

The Deccan Preyinsvna; from the Concan southwards, in rocky places.

Annual. Sem 4-6 in., branched from the base. Leaves 1-14 by 4-3 in., sessile,
acute, acuminate, or obtuse and apiculate, base rounded; sheaths very short.
Pedunceles long, slender; bracts shortly exceeding the cymes. Sepals lanceolate.
Petals blue. Filaments filiform, bearded. Seeds yellow-brown.

Var. Burmanniana, Clarke 1. c.; leaves shorter broader. C, Burmanniana,
Wight Ic. t. 2089.—Malabar.

2. C. vaginata, Wight Ic. t. 2088; softly hairy, erect or ascending,
leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, sheaths short inflated, bracteoles ovate
falcate acute ciliate, capsule oblong, seeds rugose dark brown. Hassk .
Commel. Ind. 98; Clarke Monogr. 247.

MataBaR, Wight.

Annual ; stem 4-6 in., lower part with inflated leafless sheaths. Leaves falcate,
Peduncles slender ; bracteoles glabrous, striate and cross-striolate. Sepals lanceolate.
Petals blue. Filaments filiform, bearded. Seeds conic.

** Capsule with no free central column after dehiscence,

3. ©. cristata, Schultes, f. Syst. vii. 1150; stem creeping below,
branches erect or ascending glabrous or with spreading hairs, leaves
ovate-oblong subacute, seeds striate and pitted. Wight Ic.t. 3082; Clarke
Commel. & Cyrt. Beng. t. 36 ; Monogr. 247; Dalz. & Giibs. Bomb. Fl. 256 ;
Wall. Cat. 8986; Hassk. Commelin. Ind. 120. C. racemosa, Clarke
Commel. & Cyrt. Beng. t. 38. CO. Hugelii, Hassk. 7. ¢.128. C. cristata, Linn.
Sp. Pl. 42. Tradescantia cristata, Jacg. Hort. Vind. 11. 64, t. 137 ; Bot. Mag.
t. 1435. T. imbricata, Rowd. Fl. Ind. ii. 120. T. umbellata, Heyne mss.—
Cyanotis sp., Wall. Cat. 8989.—Rheede Hort. Mal. vii. t. 58.

Throughout TropicaL Ino1a in hilly districts. Burma, Matacca, CeyLon.
Disteis. Malay Islands, Mauritius, trop. Africa.

Stem 6-18 in., slender, branched. Leaves rather distant, 2-4 by 4-2 in., sessile,
obtuse or acute, glabrous or hirsute, ciliate or not. Bracts twice as long as the
cyme. Bracteoles } in., ovate, falcate, acute, striate and striolate. Sepals lanceo-
late. Petals blue. Filaments simple, bearded. Style thickened at the tip.
Capsule 3 in., obtuse.

Var. Griffithii, Clarke 1, c. 248; seeds smaller not pitted—Mergui, Griffith (Kew
distrib. 5505, 5517).

4. C. barbata, Don Prodr. 46; creeping and rooting, glabrous or
cobwebby, leaves oblong or linear-lanceolate, cymes subsessile axillary and
terminal, bracteoles oblong falcate acute, filaments bearded, seeds reticu-
lated. Clarke Commel. & Cyrt. Beng. t. 37 (ewcl. Syn. Roxb.) ; Monogr. 248 ;
Wall. Cat. 8993; Hassk. Commelin. Ind. 143. CO. nodiflora, Clarke in
Journ. Linn. Soc. xi. 458 (not of Kunth). OC. nobilis, Hassh. I. c. 148 (ewel.
Syn. Wight); Clarke Commel. & Cyrt. Ind. 6, 39. C. glaberrima, Hassk.
lc. 156. C. fasciculata, Wall. Cat. 8990. Tradescantia barbata, Spreng.
Syst. Cur. post. 138. T. radicans, Royle IU. 403.—Cyanotis sp. Wall. Cat.
8988, 8994.

VOL. VI. ce

386 CLX. COMMELINACER. (J. D. Hooker.) [Cyanotis.

Svuptropicat Himantaya; from Kashmir eastwards, ascending to 8000 ft.
Kuasia Mrtz., alt. 4600 ft. Burma & Penane, Wallich.—DistR1B. China.

Stems slender, branched, tufted, sometimes bulbiferous. Leaves 1~2 by 3-4 in.,
falcate or straight, sessile, acute or acuminate, ciliate, cobwebby beneath. Bracts
much longer than the cyme. Bracteoles falcately ovate, acuminate. Ovary tipped
with hairs. Capsule quadrate. Seeds brown.—C. nobilis and glaberrima are very
large stout forms 1-2 ft. high, with leaves sometimes 6 in. long, common in the
Khasia hills.

5. ©, tuberosa, Schultes, f. Syst. vii. 1153 ; suberect or prostrate, tall,
stout, glabrous or villous, root of cylindric tubers, radical leaves ensiform
cauline narrowly oblong, cymes in the axil of a short leafy bract, terminal
often corymbose, bracteoles villous ovate falcate, filaments bearded, tip
tumid, style bearded thickened at the tip, seeds obscurely rugose. O/arke
Monogr. 249; Wall. Cat. 8991; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 256; Hassk.
Commelin. Ind. 100. C. concanensis, Thomsonii & Stocksii, Hassk. 1. c.
144, 133, 118. Tradescantia tuberosa, Roxb. Cor. Pl. ii. t. 108; Fl. Ind.
li. 19.—Cyanotis sp., No. 8, 9, Herb. Ind. Or. Hf. & T.

The Deccan PENINSULA ; on the west side, from the Concan to Travancore.

Stem 6 in.-3 ft., suberect or prostrate, hirsute at the base. Leaves, radical and
lower cauline, 6-10 by 4-1 in., sessile, often purple beneath, scaberulous. Cymes
villous, or densely hirsute ; bracts ovate or lanceolate, falcate, shorter than the cyme ;
bracteoles 4-2 in. Petals blue-purple. Capsule hairy above.—A large coarse
species.

Var. adscendens, Clarke 1. c.; smaller, more glabrous, branches rooting and
proliferous at the nodes. C. adscendens, Dalz. in Hook. Journ. Bot. 1852, 343;
Dalz. § Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 255; Hassk. Commelin Ind. 102. C. sarmentosa, Wight
Ic. t. 2087 ; Hassk. 1. c. 154.—With the type; and at Agra, Jacquemont, Chota
Nagpore, Clarke.

6. GC. Wightii, Clarke Monogr. 250; tall, very stout, suberect, sparsely
hirsute, leaves very long ensiform, cymes axillary and subcorymbose,
bracteoles falcately ovate acuminate ciliate, filaments bearded, style
thickened below the tip, seeds oblong dotted. C. longifolia, Wight Te.
t. 2084.

Souts Deccan Peninsuta; Nilghiri and Travancore hills, Wight.

Stem branched, 2-3 ft. high. Leaves attaining 6-18 by 4-1} in., but usually
much smaller, narrowed from the base to the tip, ciliate ; sheaths shortloose. Bract
usually much Jonger and larger than the cyme; bracteoles 4 in., ciliate. Capsule
oblong, not half so long as the sepals.

7. ©. arachnoidea, Clarke Monogr. 250; suberect, cottony or cob-
webby, leaves very variable linear-oblong or lanceolate rather obtuse,
cymes subsessile terminal and axillary, bracteoles falcately lanceolate,
filaments bearded, style bearded and thickened below the tip. capsule
oblong, seeds elongate conical obscurely pitted. C. fasciculata, Wall. Cat.,
8990 (for the most part). C. pilosa, Wight Herb. (not Ic. t. 2083). ?C.
sericea, Hassk. Cummelin. Ind. 152.—Cyanotis sp., 5, Herb. Ind. Or. H. S.
& T. Tradescantia lanata and incana, Heyne mss.

The Deccan PeninsuLa; Nilghiri hills, Wight (Kew distrib. 2839). Cayuon;
Haragam, T'rimen. -

Differs from C. Wightit in the soft shining silky or cobwebby pubescence.
Trimen’s specimens are very robust, with radical leaves 12 by 1}-2 in., exactly as in
the large states of C. Wightit; but those of the Deccan specimens are much smaller
and narrower.

Cyanotis.] OLX. COMMELINACER. (J.D. Hooker.) 387

8. C. pilosa, Schultes, f. Syst. vii. 1155; more or less clothed with
long spreading hairs or nearly glabrous, leaves linear or linear-lanceolate,
cymes subsessile terminal and axillary, bracteoles oblong falcate acute,
filaments bearded, style bearded and thickened below the tip, capsule
apeirale, seeds shortly conic obscurely pitted. Wight Ic. t. 2083; Clarke

onogr. 251; Hassk, Commelin. Ind. 99; Wall. Cat. 8992; Cyanotis sp. 11,
Herb, Ind. Or. H.f. & T. Tradescantia pilosa, Heyne mss.

The Deccan Pzninsuta; Nilghiri hills, Heyne, Wight, &c. CEYLON; in the
higher parts of the island.

Habit of C. arachnoidea, from which it differs in the hairyness and quadrate
capsule and seeds. The Ceylon are the only good specimens, and they are nearly
glabrous.

9. ©. villosa, Schultes, f. Syst. vii. 1155; silky or villous with
spreading hairs, leaves narrowly lanceolate or ovate or oblong-lanceolate,
cymes axillary and terminal, bracteoles small lanceolate falcate or nearly
straight, filaments filiform, style fusiform below tbe tip, capsule oblong,
seeds conical corrugated. Clarke Monogr. 251; Hassk. Commelin. Ind.
99; Wall. Cat. 8995. C. lanceolata, Wight Ic. t. 2085; Hassk. l. ce. 125.
Commelina, sp. 10, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f.&T. Tradescantia villosa, Spreng.
Syst. ii. 116. T. Pcyanotidea, Hassk, 1. c. 65.

The Deccaw Peninsuba ; on the EK. slope of the Nilghiris, Wight, &c. CEYLON,
Central province, ascending to 6000 ft.

Stems 3-4 ft., erect from a procumbent base, succulent, often rooting and pro-
liferous at the nodes. Leaves 3-5 by 3-3 in., sessile, shining, green, silkily ciliate.
Bract twice as long as the cyme; bracteoles 2 in. long. Capsude obtuse.

10. G. zeylanica, Hassk. Commel. Ind. 145; stem elongate glabrous
except a line of hairs, leaves narrowly lanceolate puberulous pilose
beneath, cymes small terminal subsessile, bracteoles dimidiate-ovate, cap-
sule subquadrate, seeds striate and obscurely pitted. Clarke Monogr. 253.
C. lanceolata, Wight, var. subglabra, Thwaites Enum. 328.

Ceyton; Central province, up to 6000 ft., Thwaites.

Differs from C. villosa in the short capsule and striate seeds, glabrous stem and
smaller leaves narrowed at the base. The bracts also are much shorter, hardly
exceeding the cyme.

ll. ©. vaga, Schulies, f. Syst. vii. 1153; softly hairy, stems elon-
gate procumbent, leaves oblong-lanceolate, cymes small axillary and
terminal sessile, bracteoles obscurely 2-seriate lanceolate nearly straight,
capsule small subquadrately oblong, seeds closely reticulate and 1-2-
foveolate. Clarke Monogr. 252. Tradescantia vaga, Blume Hnum. i. 5.
P Lour. Fl. Cochinch. i. 239, and Hassk. Commelin. Ind. 62 (not of Zollinger).

TENASSERIM, Helfer.—DisTRiB. Java, China.

Stems 10-20 in., slender. Leaves 14-2 by 4-2 in. Bract large. Capsule
obtuse. Seeds with two deep clefts or pits. The obscurely biseriate bracts ally it
to the section Dalzellia.

12. CG. fasciculata, Schulies, f. Syst. vii. 1152; annual, dwarf, de-
cumbent, floccosely silky or hairy, leaves linear or lanceolate, cymes
bracteate axillary and terminal sessile and peduncled, bracteoles falcately
lanceolate, capsule oblong, seeds subrugose. Clarke Monogr. 253; Hassk.
Com. Ind. 122; Wight Ic. t. 2086; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 255; Wall.
Cat. 8990 (in part). C. dichotricha, Stocks in Wight Ic. t. 2087; Hassk.
1. c. 130. C. Lawiana and decumbens, Wight Ic. t. 2086 and 2088; Hassk.

ce

388 cLx. coMMELINACEE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Cyanotis.

l.c..100. C. rosea, Wight Ic. t. 2086. C.eriantha and C. disrumpens (in
part), and C. Thwaitesii, Hassk. 2. c. 62, 188, 105, 136. Tradescantia
fasciculata, Heyne in Roth Nov. Sp. 189, T.rupestris P, Law in Grah. Cat.
Bomb. Pl. 223.

The DEccan PENINSULA; common in rocky places from the Concan southwards.
Cryxon ; abundant in the Central province.

Annual; roots fibrous. Stem 4-18 in. Leaves 1-2 by 3-4 in. Bracts about
twice as long as the small cyme, silky or cobwebby. Petals rose-purple. Filaments
bearded.

A very variable plant, of which there are the three following varieties :—
B glabrescens (from Belgaum) with linear glabrous leaves, glabrous bracts and
woolly bracteoles ; y rosea (C. rosea, Wight) (from the Bolamputty hills in Travan-
core) (of which no specimens exist in Wight’s Herbarium) with sessile ovate-cordate
obtuse leaves according to the description, but linear leaves in the plate; and
8 Thwaitesit (from Belgaum, Courtallam and Ceylon), with dense divaricate
branches, to which belongs Tradescantia rupestris, Law, and which appears to be
intermediate between C. arachnoidea and fasciculata. Wight describes rosea,
Lawiana and dichotricha as all of them succulent, as does Dalzell his hispida. Of
Lawiana Wight describes the style as simple (not thickened! but figures it as
fusiform above. “

Sect. II. Dauzett1a, Flowers solitary or in terminal or subterminal
few-fld. cymules, bracts and bracteoles small not imbricate in 2 series.

13. ©. kewensis, Clarke Monogr. 243, Tab. 5, £. 6; villous, stem
stout prostrate densely leafy, leaves bifariously imbricate sessile ovate-
cordate acute bright red beneath, sheaths very short, flowers few terminal
shortly pedicelled, filaments bearded. Belosynapsis kewensis, Hassk, in
Flora, 1871, 259, Erythrotis Beddomei, Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6150.

TRAVANCORE; on the Myhendra Mts., alt. 3-4000 ft., Beddome.

Stem and branches 6-10 in., pendulous, with ascending tips, rooting below,
Leaves 1-1} in., rather fleshy, green and convex above, hairs rufous when dry,
sheaths 3 in., ribbed, ciliate. Flowers J-2 together in the uppermost axils; pedicel
and 8 ovate sepals hispid; petals free, rose-purple; filaments bearded with blue
hairs, anthers yellow; ovary hispid, style filiform naked. Capsule oblong, obtuse,
tip villous. Seeds short, obscurely 2-pitted on the inner face.

14, ©. vivipara, Dalz. in Hook. Journ. Bot. 1851, 226; epiphytic,
subscapigerous, radical leaves ensiform, flowering stems numerous very
slender flexuous pendulous with small distant leaves and few very small
flowers. Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 255; Clarke Monogr. 244, t. 5, f. 5.
Dalzellia vivipara, Hassk. in Flora, 1865, 594; Commelin. Ind. 161.

The Concan; in the Syhadri hills, on trees, Law, Dalzell.

Rootstock small with tufts of pilose radical leaves 3-5 by 3-4 in. Scapes several,
rooting aud viviparous at the nodes, almost filiform; cauline leaves very small,
sheaths very short. lowers 2-8 on a subterminal peduncle ; bracts small, oblong,
ucate; pedicels and sepals villous. Petals white, connate to the middle; style
filiform, naked. Capsule 5 in. long, oblanceolate. Seeds cylindric, smooth.

Sect. III. Ocuremriora. Flowers axillary in the sheaths of the leaves ;
bracteoles small slender not imbricating. (See also C. villosa.)

15. CG. axillaris, Roem. & Sch. Syst. Vil. 1154; stem elongate glabrous
oc sparsely hairy, leaves elongate linear or iinear-lanceolate, flowers
clustered in the short inflated sheaths, filaments bearded, style glabrous
filiform, capsule acute, seels subcylindric punctate. Clarke Monogr. 244;

Cyanotis. | CLX, COMMELINACEZ#, (J. D. Hooker.) 889

Comm. & Cyrt. Beng. t. 35; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 256; Benth, Fl.
Austral. vii. 82; Hassk. in Pl. Jungh. i. 154; Commel. Ind. 107; Wall.
Cat. 8996. C. disrumpens, Hassk. l. c. 105 (in part). Commelina axillaris,
Linn. Sp. Pl. 42. Tradescantia axillaris, Linn. Mant. 321; Rowb. Cor.
Pl. 5,t.107; Fl. Ind. ii.118. Zygomenes axillaris, Salish. in Trans. Hort.
Soc. i. 271.—_Rheede Hort. Mal. x. t. 18.

Throughout Inp1a; in the plains from the upper Gangetic valley to Assam and
southwards to CeyLon.—Distris. H. Asia, trop. Australia, :

Stem 6-18 in., annual, stout or slender, branched. Leaves 2-6 by 4-3 in.,
acuminate, sheaths ciliate, base broad or narrowed. Petals long-clawed, blue.
Ovary glabrous ; style ovoid below the tip, Capsule 4 in. long, glabrous; valves
2-fid.

16. C. cucullata, Kunth Enum. iv. 107; glabrous or sparsely hairy,
leaves linear, flowers clustered in the sheaths, filaments nearly naked,
capsule depressed in the centre with 3 horns, seeds subquadrate pitted.
Roth Nov. Sp. 189; Clarke Monogr. 245, t. 5, £. 7.

The Deccan PENINSULA; from Canara to Malabar.

Habit and characters of D. awillaris, but differing in the glabrous filaments and
broader capsule and shorter broader seeds.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES,

C. ninagizica, Hassk. Commelin. Ind. 127; differing according to Hasskarl
from C. arachnoidea in its glabrousness, obtuser leaves, denser spikes, and larger
flowers.

C, KaRntiana, Hassk. 1. c. 146; ‘stems creeping 8-12 in. glabrous, leaves 4-2 by
25-1 in, linear-lanceolate, sheaths purple, cymes 1-3-nate axillary or terminal small
cobwebby-puberulous, bracteoles few, seeds longitudinally cracked not scrobiculate,
style glabrous tip thickened.’’—Poonah, Hugel. :

©. incerta, Hassk, 1, c. 165; “brown-villous, peduncles 5-nate,” (cymes ?)
‘*umbellately crowded at the top of a common peduncle, bracts ’’ (bracteoles ?) 7-20
falcate lanceolate acuminate, flowers woolly-villous, style hairy thickened below the
tip.—Asia, Hugel.

6. STREPTOLIRION, Edgew.

A twining flaccid herb. Leaves long-petioled, ovate-cordate, acuminate.
Flowers few, in axillary and terminal scorpioid cymes. Sepals oblong, free.
Petals linear, free. Stamens 6, filaments bearded, anthers transverse, cells
margining the 2-lobed connective. Ovary 3-celled; style filiform, stigma
obconic ciliate; ovules 2 superposed in each cell. Capsule oblong tri-
gonous beaked loculicidal. Seeds angular, rugose.

S. volubile, Hdgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 90, t. 2; Wight Ie.
t. 2081; Hassk. Commel, Ind.6; Clarke Comm. & Cyrt. Beng.40; Monogr.
261. 8S. Griffithii, Kurz. Tradescantia cordifolia, Griff. Journ, 2(8.

Temperate Himataya; from Garwhal to Bhotan, alt. 5-9000 ft. Uprer
AssaM, on the Patkoy hills, and MonniporE.—Distriz. China,

Stem 6 or more ft., glabrous or sparsely hairy, climbing over bushes, terete,
branched, often rooting at the nodes. Leaves 4-6 in. diam., base often deeply 2-lobed:
nerves many from the base, concentric; petiole 2-5 in., glabrous or puberulous; sheath
short, mouth ciliate. Flowers 4 in. diam., white, upper often barren. Filaments with
yellow hairs. Capsule 3 in. long, glabrous or pubescent.—The Khasian specimens:
(var, khasiana, Clarke) are more hairy than the Himalayan with villous capsules
and a penicillate stigma,

390 CLX. COMMELINACE, (J. D. Hooker.) [ Floscopa.

7. FLOSCOPA, Lour.

Erect or subscandent herbs. Leaves lanceolate. Flowers in terminal or
axillary thyrsoid panicles. bracteate; cymes secund-flowered (not scorpioid).
Sepals 3, oblong, free. Petals free, obovate. Stamens 6, perfect (or one
imperfect); filaments glabrous. Ovary 2-celled; cells l-ovuled; style
simple. Capsule 2-celled, crustaceous, loculicidal. Seeds hemispheric.—
Species about 11, tropical.

1. F. scandens, Lour. Fl. Coch. 193; glabrous or pubescent, stems
prostrate, branches suberect, leaves subpetioled acuminate, cymes panicled
villous or hirsute. Clarke Monogr. 265. I. paniculata, Hassk. Pl. Jungh.
157; Commel. Ind. 167. ¥. Hamiltonii, undulata petiolata and Meyeni-
anas, Hassk. Commel. Ind. 166, 167. Dithyrocarpus paniculatus, Kunth
Enum. iv. 70; Clarke Comm. & Cyrt. Beng. 34; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl.
256. D. Meyenianus and rufus, Kunth l. c. 78,79. D. petiolatus, Rothii,
and undulatus, Wight Ic. t. 2079, 2080. Tradescantia paniculata, Rozb.
Cor. Pl. ii. t. 109; £7. Ind. 1.119; Roth Nov. Sp. 188. T. rufa, Prest
Rel. Haenk, i.138. Commelina cymosa and densiflora, Blume Enum. i.
4. OC. hispida, Ham. mss., and C. Hamiltonii, Spreng. Syst. iv., and Cur.
post. 25 and v. 186. Aneilema hispidum, Don Prodr. 45; Wall. Cat. 5204.
A. cymosum and densiflorum, Kunth Enum. iv. 69. Lamprodithyros ‘
paniculatus, Hassk. in Flora, 1863, 389.

Throughout tropical Inpra, in swamps trom H. Nepal, Sikkim and the Kuasra
Hitts to Travancore, Matacca and CrYLon.—DistTris. Eastern Asia and
tropical Australia.

Stem stout, erect, creeping helow. Leaves 2-6 by 3-14 in., sessile or petioled ;
sheaths lax, short, glabrous or hirsute; mouth ciliate. Panicles shortly peduncled,
pyramidal, with long erect or ascending many-fid. branches. Flowers small, sub-
globose, racemose, lower bracteate upper ebracteate; sepals villous; petals white,
lilac or rosy. Capsule 3 in. long, orbicular, or ellipsoid, acute, compressed, shining.
Seeds glaucous.

Orprr CLXI. FLAGELLARIESE.

Stem tall, leafy, erect or scandent. Leaves many-nerved or plaited,
petiole sheathing. #Zowers small, in terminal panicles, uni- or bi-sexual.
Sepals 6, persistent, imbricate. Stamens 6, hypogynous, filaments free;
anthers basifixed, erect. Ovary superior, 3-celled; style short, 3-cleft, or
styles 3; ovules solitary in the cells, anatropous. Fruit a small berry, or
a drupe with 1-3 pyrenes. Seeds laterally attached, testa membranous or
thick, albumen flowery ; embryo lenticular.—Genera 3, species 7-8, of the
Old World and Pacific.

Stem scandent. Flowers 2-sexual. Drupe1-2-seeded. . . . 1. FuAGELLARIA.
Stem erect. Flowers dicecious. Berry 1-3-seeded . . . . . 2. Susum.

1. FLAGELLARIA, Linn.

Stem climbing by the cirrhose leaf-tips. Flowers bisexual. Sepals
subpetaloid. Style arms 3, entire or 2-partite. Drupe with a thin succu-
lent exocarp and bony 1-2-seeded endocarp.—Species 2, a Fijian and the
following :—

Flageliaria.] oLxt, FLAGHLLARIEM, (J. D, Hooker.) 391

F. indica, Linn. Sp. Pl. 333; leaves sessile lanceolate with sheathing
bases. Kunth Enum. ii. 370; Rowb. Fl. Ind. ii. 154; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb.
Fl, 256; Wall. Cat. 5198; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 10; Miguel Fl. Ind.
Bat. iti. 249; Redouté Lil. v. t. 257; Gaertn. Fruct. i. 16, t. 16.—Rheede
Hort. Mal. vii. t. 53.

Throughout Inpra, chiefly near the coast, from the SuNDERBUNDS and CaITTa-
Gona, to CEYLoNn and SincaPorE.—DistRts. Trop. Asia and Africa.

Glabrous, climbing lofty trees; stem thick as the thumb below; branches
clothed with the closed leaf-sheaths, Leaves 6-10 in., variable in breadth, lanceo-
late, tip a slender spiral tendril, many-nerved, not plaited; sheath 2-auricled.
Panicle 6-18 in. broad and irregularly branched ; flowers clustered, sessile ; bracts
scale-like. Sepals about 35 in. long, white, subscarious. Stamens exserted ; anthers
as long as the filaments, deeply 2-fid at the base; ovary narrow, trigonous. Fruit
pisiform, red. j

Var. minor ; stem very slender, leaves 8-5 by 4-4 in., panicle 1-3 in. broad. F.
minor, Blume in Roem. § Svh. Syst. vi. 1498; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat, iii. 249, &
Suppl. 598. F. angustifolia, Wall. Cat. 5199.—Malay Peninsula.

2. SUSUM, Blume.

Stem stout, erect, simple or branched above. Leaves very long, sessile
or petioled, many-nerved. Flowers dicecious, in broad panicles, sessile;
bracts minute or 0.- Sepals unequal, orbicular, concave, inner petaloid.
Mate Pi. Stamens 6, adnate to the base of the sepals. Pistillode 3-6-
angled or 3-lobed. Fx. rem. Staminodes small or 0, stigmas 3, connate in
a, 3-lobed disk. Berry pisiform, succulent, 1-3-seeded ; stigmas persistent,
lateral or excentric.—Species 2, Indian and Malayan.

1. S- anthelminticum, Blume in Schultes. f. Syst. vii. 1493 ;
panicle broad spreading irregularly branched. Kunth Hnum. iii. 371;
Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 247; Thwaites Enum. 340. Hanguana, Blume
Enum, Pl. Fav. 15.

Matay PEninsuta and Prnane, common. CEYLON, in marshes.—DisTRiz.
Malay Islands.

Glabrous, or young leaves and panicle sparsely clothed with short cottony
pubescence. Stem 3-5 ft. high, stout, leafy at the tip, or throughout. Leaves
3-8 ft. long, long petioled, lanceolate, acuminate, coriaceous, many- and closely
nerved, with conspicuous (when dry) cross nervules; petiole 1-3 ft., base sheathing.
Panicle erect, shortly stoutly peduncled, decompound, rachis and branches stout.
Flowers about 4 in. broad, rather remotely sessile on the branches of the panicle,
yellowish ; perianth segments orbicular, concave; filaments short, dilated below,
anthers oblong. Berry usually 1-seeded.

2. S.malayanum, Planch. mss.; more or less pubescent with scat-
tered white hairs, panicle narrow, branches whorled. Veratronia mala-
yana, Miquel #1. Ind. Bat. iii. 553. Veratrum? malayanum, Jack in Mal.
Mise. i. v. 25 (Hook. Bot. Mise. i. 74); Wall. Cat. 3717. T. anthelmin-
ticum, Maury in Rev. Hort. 1889, 77, £. 23.

PrEnane, Perak, SINGAPORE and Matacca.—Disrris. Malaya.

Described by Jack as with the leaves all radical and 38-4 ft. long; but I suspect
his description is taken from a young plant.—It may be doubted from Blume’s
description (in Willdenow) whether this or S. anthelmintrcum is the plant intended,
but I assume that Miquel must have had access to the specimens of that author,
or he would not have described S, malayanumasa different genus. If really different
the two species are very closely allied.

392 OLX. JuNcACEZ. (J. D. Hooker.)

Orver CLXII. JUNCACEE.

Erect, rarely annual herbs; stems tufted or with a creeping rootstock.
Leaves flat, terete, or reduced to sheaths. Flowers in axillary or terminal
cymes, 2 sexual, bracteate, green, or whitish and membranous, or brown
and coriaceous. Perianth inferior, segments 6 in two series, persistent,
imbricate. Stamens 6, rarely 3, hypogynous or on the bases of the seg-
ments; anthers basifixed. Ovary 1.- or 8-celled, style filiform or short, or 0,
stigmas 3, filiform ; ovules 3 basilar in the 1-celled ovary, or many in the
inner angles of the 3-celled, anatropous. Capsule 1-3-celled, loculicidally
3-valved. Seeds erect, testa membranous, often produced at each end ;
ea dense; embryo small, next the hilum.—Genera 14; species
about ;

Ovary many-ovuled . 2. 1. 1. 1. 2 1 ee ew we ee ee 6 JOC,
Ovary l-celled 3-ovuled . 2 2 1. 1 ee ew ee ew ee OD Lz.

1. JUNCUS, Linn.

Glabrous herbs. Perianth with the 3 outer segments keeled or the
midrib thickened. Stamens 6, rarely 3. Ovary 3- rarely 1-celled, ovules
many.—Species about 150, temperate and arctic, rarely tropical.

Sect. I. Annual. Stem copiously branched. Leaves not septate.
Cymes scattered, few-fld.

1. J. bufonius, Linn. Sp. Pl. 466; slender much dichotomously
branched from the base upwards, cymes numerous, flowers pale green
solitary or clustered, sepals and petals unequal. Kunth Enum. iii. 353 ;
Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 395; Royle Ill. 401; Wall. Cat. 8997; Boiss. Fl.
Orient. v. 361; Buchen. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xii. 174. ‘

Norruern Inp1a; from the plains to 18,000 ft. in the Himalaya, but local. —
Distris. N. temp. regions.

Densely clustered, 1-12 in, high, erect or ascending, pale green. Leaves few,
setaceous, channelled above, sheaths pale. Cymes scattered on the stein, branches
short or long, often flexuous; bracts scarious; flowers 3-3 in. long, lateral open
6-androus, terminal closed 3-androus; sepals and petals lanceolate, long acuminate
and with broad membranous margins. Stamens half aslong asthe sepals. Capsule
shorter than and closely embraced by the perianth, obovoid, obtuse, mucronate, pale.
Seeds very minute, finely reticulate, tips nearly rounded.

Sect. II. Perennial. Rhizome stout, tufted and creeping. Stems tall,
terete, produced beyond the decompound cyme and then erect and pun-
gent; bases closed with rigid leafless sheaths. Leaves 0, or terete like the
stem. Flowers usually distinctly pedicelled.

2. J. effusus, Linn. Sp. Pl. 326; stems soft, pith continuous, sepals
lanceolate exceeding the obovoid retuse capsule, stamens usually 3, seeds
not tailed at the ends. Reichd. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 920; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v.
352; Buchen. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. vi. 199; xii. 228. J.communis, FH. Mey.
Junc.12; Kunth Enum. iii. 320.

Sirxim Himaxaya, alt. 6-10,000 ft. MKaasta Hixts, alt. 5-5500 ft.—DistTris.
Europe, N. Asia, Africa, America, and Australia.

Usually forming circular densely matted tufts of pale green finely striate stems,
1-3 ft. high, and 4-} in. diam. ; spathes «ll leafless. Cymes most variable, effuse
lax and pendulous with slender branches and distant flowers, or globose sessile and

Juneus. | CLXI. Juncacea#, (J. D. Hooker.) 393

with densely packed flowers, Sepals 2,-}in. Stamens 8, rarely 6, shorter than
the sepals. Capsule obtuse or mucronate. Seeds very obtuse at each end, minute.
—A graceful form with effuse nodding or decurved very lax-flowered cymes 3-5 in.
long, long-pedicelled triandrous flowers and more or less interrupted pith, is common
in the Sikkim woods at 5-8000 ft. elevation.

3. J. glaucus, Ehrh. Beitr. vi. 83; stems rigid glaucous deeply
striate, pith interrupted, sepals lanceolate about equalling the ovoid mucro-
nate capsule, stamens 6, seeds obtuse at either end. Kunth Enum. iii. 316;
Thwaites Hnum. 340; Wall. Cat. Boiss. Fl. Orient. vy. 353; Buchen. m
Engl. Bot. Jahrb. vi. 199; xii. 243; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ.t.412. J. effusus,
Steud, Pl. Hohenack.

WestTErRn Himataya, alt. 6-9000 ft., from Kashmir to Nepal; the Ni.@Hiri
Hits and Ceyiton.—DistTRis. Europe, N. Asia, N. Africa.

Habit of T. effusus, but usually stiffer and darker green with deeper striated
stems, I have great difficulty in referring some of the Himalayan dried specimens
whether to glaweus or to effusus.

4. J. maritimus, Lamk. Encycel. iii. 264; stem terete, basal sheaths
short pale, leaves few terete pungent, cyme decompound, branches erect,
sepals lanceolate acute, petals shorter oblong obtuse rather shorter than
the ovoid or conic 3-celled capsule, seeds shortly tailed at each end.
Kunth Enum. iii. 322; Buchen. in Engl. Bot, Jahrb, xii. 256; Reichb. Ic.
Fl. Germ. ix. t. 402; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 354,

Sandy shores of Srnpu, Stocks, &c.—DristTrR1B. Affghanistan and westward to
the Atlantic, N. and 8. America, Australia.

Stems 2—4 ft., striate, pith solid ; basal sheaths narrow, obtuse, pungent or pro-
duced into a solid terete pungent leaf. Cyme 1-2 in. long; floral bracts ovate,
mucronate, margins broadly membranous ; sepals 4-1 in. long, pale green, margins
membranous; stamens 6, filaments dilated and connate at the base, anthers linear.
Capsule sometimes half as long again as the sepals, obtuse, mucronate, shining.
Seeds oblong or obovoid.

Sect. III. Perennial. Stems simple, slender, leafy. Leaves filiform,
not septate. Cymes terminal. Stamens 6, included. Capsule shorter or
longer than the perianth.

5. J. tenuis, Willd. Sp. Pl. ii. 214; stem very slender tufted curved
]-2-leaved, leaves very slender flat or involute, cyme terminal rather
effuse, flowers small distant or sparingly clustered, sepals lanceolate
acuminate much longer than the 6 stamens, anthers shorter than their
filaments; capsule hardly exserted subglobosely trigonous. Kunth Enum.
iil. 848; Buchen. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xii. 198; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. ix. t.
398; Kunth Enum. iii. 348, 349,

AssaM, Grifith.—DIsTR1B. Europe, As., Am., N. Zealand.

Stem 9-18 in. and leaves wiry. Leaves rarely exceeding the stem, deeply striate ;
sheath membranous, 2-auricled. Cyme narrow or broad, compound, rarely dense-fld.,
lower bract or bracts filiform, usually exceeding the cyme; floral membranous;
flowers green ; sepals spreading, 2 in. long; anthers shorter than their filaments;
style very short. Capsule mucronate. Seeds obovoid or oblong, apiculate.—
Possibly introduced into Assam, as the species is spreading out of Europe.

6. J. compressus, Jacq. En. Sirtp. Vind. 60, 235; stems slender
1-2-leaved, leaves slender channelled, cyme terminal, branches spreading,
flowers subsolitary, sepals linear-oblong obtuse about equalling the broadly

394 CLxn. JunoacEaz. (J.D. Hooker.) [ Juncus.

ovoid obtuse capsule, stamens much shorter than the sepals, anthers
longer than their filaments. Kunth Enum. iii. 351; Buchen.in Engl. Bot.
Jahrb. xii. 185; Reiehb. Ic. Fl. Germ. ix. t. 299.

Western Himataya; Kashmir, Jacquemont; alt. 7000 ft., Clarkze.—DistTRis.
Westward to the Atlantic, N. Asia.

Rootstock creeping ; stems, 6-24 in., tufted, rigid, fistular, sabcompressed, striate.
Leaves shorter than the stem, nearly flat, or channelled above, tip subulate; sheath
auricled. Cyme shorter than the filiform lower bracts, compound, lax-fid. ; flowers
subsolitary ; sepals 14 in. long, with green or brown narrowly scarious margins,
Capsule 3-celled, shining, apiculate. Seeds very minute, apiculate, strongly ribbed.
—The capsule is shorter than in the usual form of J. compressus, and as short as in
J. Gerardi, which is a salt marsh species (or variety of compressus), not uncommon
in Europe and N. Asia.

7. J. ochraceus, Buchen. in Abh. Nat. Ver. Brem. iti. 292; in Engl.
Bot. Jahrb. vi. 207, t. 2; xii. 415; stems slender, leaves filiform channelled
above, cyme compound in small heads usually transformed into crowded
plumose clusters of long shining yellow glumes, flowers small pale green,
sepals narrow membranous subequal longer than the stamens, anthers
longer than the filaments, capsule exserted narrowly ovoid triquetrous
cuspidate, style long slender.

Sixzim Himaxaya, alt. 5-9000 ft., abundant. Buotay, Griffith.

Stem densely tufted, 8-12 in. high, grooved. Leaves equalling the stem, or
shorter, 2-tubular, wiry ; sheaths Jong-auricled. Cyme polymorphous, loosely
branched, invariably more or less reduced to feathery tufts of golden yellow shining
bracts and glumes-like subulate lanceolate sepals with very rarely a few inter-
mixed perfect flowers dispersed in small peduncled pale green heads or clusters, very
shortly pedicelled ; lower bract filiform, usually short, floral hyaline; sepals % in.
long, membranous, linear-lanceolate, l-nerved; sepals more oblong, 3-nerved,
apiculate ; unthers at length strongly twisted; ovary with the very slender style
nearly twice as long as the sepals. Capsule % in. long. Seeds not seen.—A
remarkable plant, quite unlike any other, doubtfully referred to this section by
Buchenau; perhaps better placed with J. filiformis. ‘

Sect. IV. Perennial. Stem usually leafy upwards. Leaves terete or
compressed, septate within, the septa more or less prominent externally.
Cymes terminal; flowers densely clustered in small heads.

* Seeds long-tatled at both ends. Stamens exserted.

8. J. Grisebachii, Buchen. in Abhandl. Nat. Verein. Bremen, iii.
295 ; in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. vi. 202; xii. 265; stoloniferous, stem tall stout,
cymes of several many-fid. pale yellow globose heads, sepals membranous
equalling the ovoid long-beaked capsule, stamens exserted.

SUBALPINE HimaLaya; Kumaon,alt.11,000 ft., Duthie; Sikkim, alt. 10-14,000 ft.,
J.D. H., Clarke. Buotan, Griffith.

Stems 8-18 in., soft, terete. Leaves as long as the stem, terete, channelled,
strongly septate. Cymes with spreading branches; lower bracts 1-3, very long,
leafy, erect ; flora! ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, membranous; flowers }—-} in.
long, sessile or shortly pedicelled; sepals and petals subequal, acute; anthers
slender as long as their filaments; style slender. Capsule subterete, shining,
almost 3-celled. Seeds very pale, fusiform, testa lax, tails as long as the
nucleus.

9, J. chrysocarpus, Buchen. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. vi. 201; xii. 266;
stems tufted very slender 1-2-leaved, leaves filiform, cyme a solitary

Juncus. | CLK. JuNcAcEH. (J. D. Hooker.) 395

mauy-fid. pale yellow globose or hemispheric head, sepals membranous
shorter than the long-beaked capsule.

Sixxim Hrmataya, alt. 10-12,000 ft., J. D. H.; Clarke.

Stem as thick as packthread. Leaves equalling or exceeding the stem, strongly
or faintly (sometimes exterually obscurely) septate. Cymes 3-2 in. diam.; lower
bracts produced and filiform or not; flowers sessile; sepals 4 in. long, ovate-
lanceolate acuminate and petais almost hyaline; stamens, style and seeds as
in J. Grisebachii.—Differs from Grisebachii in its small size, slender habit,
solitary head and smaller flowers. With difficulty distinguished from J. membra-
naceus, to which this and Grisebachit are most closely allied.

¥**& Seeds not tailed. Stamens included.

10, J. punctorius, Linn. f. Suppl. 208; tall, stout, leaves cylindric
or compressed multitubular with a central hollow, cyme terminal erect
umbellately compound, heads many and many-fld., sepals oblong-lanceo-
late acute, petals broader subacute, stamens 6, capsule equalling the sepals
ovoid mucronate 3-celled, seeds ovoid very minute. unth Enum. iii.
332; Buchen. in Abh. Nat. Verein. Bremen, iv. 424; in Engl. Bot. Jahrb.
xii. 277; Boiss. Kl. Orient. v. 357.

Sinpu, Stocks.—DisTR18. Westwards to Persia, Arabia aud N. and S. Africa.

Pale green, 2 ft. high; rootstock stout creeping; stems soft often as thick as a
goose-quill. Leaves as long as the stem, and nearly as stout, acuminate, irregularly
septate. Cyme decompound ; branches divaricate ; bracts short, pungent, floral
hyaline acuminate ; flowers brownish, sessile or shortly pedicelled; sepals j,--¢ in.
long, glumaceous ; stamens about 3 shorter than the -epals, filaments rather longer
than the anthers; style long. Capsule prismatic, apiculate. Seeds costate and

reticulate.

11. J. lampocarpus, Lhr. Calum. n. 126; stems erect or ascending
terete or compressed leafy, leaves linear-subulate unitubular strongly
septate, cymes subumbellately compound with divaricate branches bearing
small 2—-5-Ad. heads of sessile small fluwers, stamens 6 much shorter than
the lanceolate subacute or obtuse sepals, capsule pyramidal mucronate
l-celled, tip exserted, seeds obovoid. Kunth Enum. iii. 325; Boiss. Fi.
Orient. v. 358; Buchen. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xii. 376; Reichb. Ic. Fl.
Germ. ix. t. 405. J. articulatus, Linn. Sp. Pl. i. 327,

Norra West [np1a; Lahore, Thomson; Jhelum river, Jacguemont. HIMALAYA
‘and WESTERN TIBET, alt. 7-14,000 {t.; very common from Kashmir to Kundwur.—
Distris. North temp, regions.

Rootstock horizontal; stems densely tufted, 4-10 in., rather stout, soft, at length
hollow. Leaves terete or compressed, acute. Cyme with stout strict divaricate
branches 4-1 in. long, bearing small heads at the forks and tips; lower bracts leafy,
floral ovate-lanceolate, mucronate; heads 1-3 in. diam.; hemispheric; sepals $ in.
long, green or brown, margins membranous ; anthers about equalling the filaments ;
style short. Capsule green or brown. Seeds reticulate, testa appressed.

12. J. prismatocarpus, Br. Prodr. Fl. N. Holl, 259; stem erect
terete or compressed, leaves filiform or broader soft compressed or terete
1- or many-tubular indistinctly externally distantly septate, cymes irre-
gularly compound, heads densely 6-10-fld., sepals subulate or linear-
lanceolate, stamens 3 much shorter than the sepals, style very short,
capsule prismatic or conical rather longer than the sepals, seeds obovoid or
elliproid. Kunth Enum. Pl.iti. 33; Buchen. in Eng!. Bot. Jaarb. xii, 311;
Miquel, Fl. Ind. Bat. iti. 246. J. Leschenaultii, J. Gay in La Harpe

396 cLxI. guNcacez. (J.D. Hooker.) [ Juncus.

Monogr. Junc. 187,139; Kunth Enum. iii. 336; Thw. Enum, 340. J. Wal-
lichianus, La Harpe 1. c.189; Kunth 1. c. 338. J. indicus, Royle ex Don
in Trans. Linn. Soc. xviii. 323; Wall. Cat. 8999. J. monticola, Steud.
Syn. Pl. Glum. ii. 301. Rostkovia ensiformis, Herb. Ham.—Juncus,
Wall. Cat. 9000.

Plains of Benga and the PansaB; ascending the Himalaya to 10,000 ft. The
Kuasia Hitis, and Deccan Ghats; Burma; Cryton.—DisrRis. Eastern Asia,
Australia,

Very variable, czspitose, rootstock very short. Stems 18-24 in., sometimes
decumbent and rooting at the nodes, leafy, not septate. Leaves 2-10 by 3-3 in.,
always shorter than the stem, acute. Cymes erect, branches erect or spreading ;
lower bract leafy, erect, shorter than the cyme; floral hyaline, lanceolate, long-
acuminate ; heads hemispheric; flowers green or brown, sessile ; sepals }—2 in. long,
glumaceous; stamens very short, anthers oblong; style very short, stigmas long.
Capsule usually much exceeding the perianth. Seeds very minute, apiculate, testa
appressed, reticulate.—The commonest rush in wet meadows in Sikkim.

Var. sinensis; very slender, flaccid, prostrate and creeping, leaves filiform
unitubular, cymes depauperate, heads few-fid. J. sinensis, J. Gay in La Harpe
Monogr. Junc. 137; Kunth Enum. iii. 886; Buchen. l. c. vi. 203 ; xii, 313. J. in-
dicus, var. nanus, Royle Ill. Pl. Himal. 137. J. uvibracteatus, Griff Notul.
ili, 232.—Bengal, Nepal, and the Khasia hills, in very wet places.

13. J. leptospermus, Buchen. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. vi. 203; xii.
339; stems tall, leaves cylindric unitubular, cymes decompound erect,
heads crowded sub 5-fid., sepals subulate lanceolate shorter than the
narrow lanceolate beaked prismatic capsule, stamens 3 much shorter than
the sepals, seeds linear-oblong.

Kuasia Hits, alt. 4-50¢0 ft., Griffith, Clarke.

Stem 2-3 ft., as thick as a crow-quill, terete or subterete, smooth, leafy above,
at length fistular. eaves shorter than the stem, septate, acuminate. Cyme
branches erect, stiff; lower bract leafy, floral hyaline, awned; flowers reddish,
prismatic ; sepals }-4 in. long, very narrow, rigid, acuminate, margins narrowly
membranous ; filaments rather longer than the anthers. Capsule l-celled. Seeds
fusiform, pointed at one end, testa close.—A taller plant than J. prismatocarpus,
less leafy, with a much shorter cyme the branches of which are more erect, and
with narrower seeds.

Sect. V. Leaves narrow, channelled, terete or filiform, 1- many-tubular,
septa very indistinct or 0. Cymes consisting of solitary or a few globose
or subglobose heads ; flowers usually large, white yellowish or chesnut-
brown. Stamens 6. Seeds scobiform or tailed at each end.

* Cyme a solitary sessile head. Leaves solitary or few, all at or near
the base of the stem. Anthers included, or exserted.

14. J. triglumis, Linn. Sp. Pl. 328; stem slender stiff naked, leaves
short subulate, cyme terminal 3-4-fld. dark brown, bracts short, sepals
oblong-lanceolate acute glumaceous, stamens included, filaments equalling
or longer than the small anthers, capsule exserted obtuse or mucronate,
seeds with long tails. Kunth Enum. iii. 358; Buchen. in Engl. Bot.
Jahrb. vi. 213; xii. 888; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 355; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ.
ix. t. 392.

ALPINE Himataya and WESTERN TIBET, alt. 12-15,000 ft., from Kashmir to

Sikkim.—Disrris. Alpine and Arctic regions of the N. hemisphere.
Stems 2-6 in., tufted, not stoloniferous. Leaves stitf, 2etubular. Cymes 4-} in.

Juncus.) CLXII, JuNcAoE. (J. D. Hooker.) 397

diam., outer bracts dark brown, spreading, usually shorter than the sessile flowers ;
sepals 3-1 in.; inner rather broader, tips membranous; style and stigmas short,
Seeds =, in. long, including the long white tails.

15. J. leucomelas, Royle ex Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xviii, 320;
stem filiform naked, leaves 1-2 filiform very short, cyme a 3-8-fld. white
head, bracts brown lower usually produced, sepals linear-oblong obtuse
membranous, anthers very long exserted, capsule ovoid-oblong shortly
exserted, seeds long-tailed. Buchen. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. vi. 211; xi.
391. J. Thomsoni, Buchen. in Bot. Zeit. xxv. (1867) 148; in Engl. Bot.
Jahrb, xii. 390.

Western Himataya and Western Tipet; from Kashmir to Sikkim, alt.
12-16,000 it.—Distris. Mongolia.

Stems tufted, 2-6 in., not stoloniferous, hollow. Leaves 1-2-tubular. Cyme
solitary ; upper bracts pale, membranous ; sepals subequal, 1-3 in, long; inner with
membranous margins ; anthers rather shorter than the filaments; style and stigmas
short. Capsule 1-celled. Seeds 7, in. long.—I cannot distinguish J. Thomsoni
except by its dark chesnut colrd. flowers, a very variable character.

16. J. bracteatus, Buchen. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. vi. 220; xii. 397;
stem very slender (rarely 1-leaved?), leaves few short filiform, cyme a
solitary 3—5-fld. hemispheric head much exceeded by the horizontal filiform
lower bracts, flowers pale or dark, sepals oblong-lanceolate membranous
obtuse, anthers exserted, style long, capsule included beaked, seeds shortly
tailed.

SupaLpine Himataya, alt. 12,000 ft.; Garwhal, Duthie; Sikkim, J. D. H.

Stems tufted, 6-8 in., fistular; basal sheaths soft. Leaves subcompressed
tubular. Cyme } in. broad, upper bracts rather membranous, brown, equalling the
shortly pedicelled flowers ; sepals 1 in. long; anthers linear, as long as the fila-
ments. Capsule ovoid, l-celled. Seeds scobiform, testa shortly produced at each
end.—Buchenau places this in the group with a leaf on the stem, this may occur
occasionally, but I think that specimen of J. lewcanthus may have been mixed with
bracteatus. On the other hand the absence or presence of a stem leaf in the species
of this section is I fear far from a good one, and J. bracteatus is perhaps only a
form of leucomelas. :

** Cyme a solitary sessile head. Stem with one or more leaves ahove
the middle. Anthers exserted, linear.

17. J. leucanthus, Royle ex Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xviii. 318;
stem slender, basal sheaths hard brown, leaves filiform, cyme solitary
6-10-fid. pale yellow, bracts short brown, sepals oblong-lanceolate subacute
membranous, capsule and long style exserted beaked with the long style,
seeds with very short tails. Buchen. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. vi. 218; xii.
395.— Wall. Cat. 9002 B and 3480 in part.

AuPInE Himaaya ; from Kumaon to Sikkim, alt. 11-18,000 ft.

Stem 6-8 in., tufted, at length hollow. Leaves very slender, uppermost equalling
the stem, unitubular, subacute. Cyme 4-} in. diam., bracts ovate-oblong, acute,
lowermost equalling the flowers, sometimes produced to 1 in.; flowers shortly
pedicelled; sepals 3 in. long; anthers half as long as the filaments; style long,
slender, atigmas short. Capsule obovoid-oblong, cuspidately beaked, 3-septate.
Seeds obliquely ovoid, testa loose shortly produced at each end.—Buchenau has a
var. alpina, (1. ¢. xii, 395), from Jongri in Sikkim (alt. 18,000 ft., Clarke), smaller
with brown cymes and smaller flowers.

18. J. membranaceus, Royle ex Don in Trans, Linn. Soe. xviii.

398 cLxIL. JuNcacEE. (J. TD. Hooker.) [ Juncus.

320; stem tall slender 1-3-leaved, leaves filiform acute, cyme many-fid.
white exceeded or not by the lower bract, sepals oblong-lanceolate obtuse
membranous inner longer, capsule usually far exserted long-beaked, seeds
with very long tails. Buchen. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xii. 397. J. Hoffmeisteri,
Klotzsch in Bot. Reis. Pr. Waldem. 60, t. 98; Buchen, lL. c. vi. 220. J.
benghalensis, Kunth Enum. ii. 360; Buchen. 1. c. vi. 211; xii. 400. J.
sphenostemon, Buchen. 1. c. xii. 401. J. concinnus, in part Herb. Hook. f.
& T. Isolepis sp. Wall. Cat. 348 A.

TEMPERATE and SuBALPINE HIMALAYA, alt. 6-13,000 ft., from Kashmir to
Sikkim.

Stems 5-20 in., tufted, stoloniferous, at length fistular; basal sheaths mem-
branous. Leaves slender, channelled, or flattish above, tubular; sheath long,
auricled. Cyme 8-24-fld.; lower bracts variable, floral ovate-lanceolate, hyaline ;
flowers shortly pedicelled; sepals nearly 3 in. long; anthers half as long as the
filaments, style and stigmas short. Capsule often half as long again as the sepals,
l-celled. Seeds 5 in. long, tails longer than the nucleus. J. sphenostemon
appears to me to be only a poor small state of membranaceus, the anthers are not
cuneate, but’ almost exactly linear; its seeds ure not ripe. J. benghalensis was
founded on a Wallichian specimen of membranaceus with a false locality.

*** Cyme compound of several heads.

+ Stoloniferous. Flowers large (4 in. long and upwards). Stamens
included.

19. J. sphacelatus, Decne. in Jacqguem. Voy. Bot. 172, t. 172; stem
stout terete leafy, leaves involute, cyme of 2-5 clustered or distant aud
superposed erect dark brown 2-5-fld. heads, lower bract elongate, sepals
narrowly lanceolate much longer than the stamens and prismatic beaked
capsule, seeds long-tailed. Buchen. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. vi, 225; xii. 404.
—Juncus, Wall. Cat. 9001 in part.

AupinE Himataya; from Kashmir to Sikkim, alt. 12~16,000 ft.—Duisrris-
Affghan, Turkestan.

Stems 8-16 in., tufted, smooth, fistular; stolons as thick as a crow-quill. Leaves
strict, obtuse or acute, unitubular, obscurely septate. Cyme with the heads usually
distant, sessile or peduncled ; floral bracts lanceolate, acuminate ; sepals 3 to nearly
% in, long, thinly glumaceous, tips finely acuminate, of inner hyaline; anthers
included , about equalling the filaments. Capsule dark brown, obtuse, mucronate,
3-septate. Seeds 2 in. long, tails very slender.

20. J. himalensis, Klotzsch & Garckein Bot. Reis. Pr. Waldem. 60,
t. 97; stem tall stout rigid, leaves filiform or involute, cyme of 2 or more
dark brown 3-8-fid. heads, lower bract elongate, outer sepals lanceolate
inner linear-oblong with broad membranous margins and tip rather longer
than the stamens and the ovoid long-beaked capsule, seeds long-tailed.
Buchen. in Engl. Bot Jahrb. vi. 229, t. 3; xii. 405. J. scirpoides, Jacquem.
mss. J.castaneus, Herb. Ind. Or. Hook.f. et Thoms. Juncus No. 7.—Juncus,
Wall. Cat. 9001, in part.

ALPINE and SuBALPINE Himauaya, alt. 7-14,000 ft.; from Kashmir and
Western Tibet to Bhotan.

Stems 8-20 in., erect, leafy below, 1-leaved above, hollow. Leaves tubular,
channelled above, obscurely septate ; auricles obscure. Cyme irregularly branched ;
branches sometimes an inch long and spreading ; bracts $-% in. diam.; flowers
shortly pedicelled, brown ; sepals 4 in. long, glumaceous, lanceolate, acute obtuse or
mucronate ; petals more oblong, obtuse, margins broadly scarious; anthers linear,

Juncus.) CLxI. suNcacER. (J. D. Hooker.) 399

3 shorter than the filaments ; style slender, stigmas long. Capsule nearly twice as
long as the sepals, tip conical beaked, dark brown, shining. S eds nearly in. long,
tails very slender.—Very near J. castaneus, of which it may be considered a large
more robust form, with more membranous sepals, and filaments longer in proportion
to the anthers. Buchenau makes two varieties; genuina, with slender stem and
leaves, very long stigmas, and an ovoidly prismatic obtuse mucronate capsule, and
var. Schlagentweitit (Sp. Buchen. in Nachr. Koen. Ger. Wiss. Goett. 1869, 255) ;
stouter, with leaves cylindric below and subulate above, and more narrowly margined
inner sepals. ;

21, J. sikkimensis, Hook. f. in Hook. Ic. Pl. ined.; rootstock very
stout creeping, stem stout base clothed with red brown rigid sheaths, leaf
solitary or few terete or compressed equalling the stem, cyme of two
dark brown unilateral sessile 4-6-fid. heads, lower bracts foliaceous
sheathing longer than the heads, sepals glumaceous outer lanceolate
finely acuminate, inner linear-oblong obtuse, anthers included much
longer than the very short filaments, capsule included, seeds with short
stout tails.

Sinxim Himaraya; Dachen valley, alt. 12-14,000 ft. J. D. H.

Rootstock as thick as a small quill; sheaths of stem 4-1 in. long; stem and
channelled leaf solid, soft. Bracts 1-2 in., erect or horizontal, its sheath brown.
Flowers sessile; floral bracts broad, membranous, equalling the flowers; sepdls
3-4 in. long, smooth, shining, very dark brown, inner with membranous tips ;
stamens half the length of the sepals, anthers linear, at length twisted. Ovary
small; style very slender, exserted, stigmas long. Capsule hardly exceeding the
sepals, obovoid, acute, shortly beaked, dark brown, shining, 3-septate. Seeds 3, in.
long, with thick white tails.

Var. monovephala ; much smaller, very slender, stem filiform, cyme a solitary
head with an erect stout filiform lower bracts 4-3 in. long, sepals 2 in.—T.achen valley,
Sikkim, alt. 12,000 ft.

+t Coespitose, not stoloniferous. Stem more or less leafy. Flowers
small (about 4 in. long). -Anthers exserted.

22, J. concinnus, Don Prodr. Fl. Nep. 44; in Trans. Linn. Soc. xviii.
$21; stem slender, leaves flat or channelled, cyme branched of 2-7 very
pale 6-10-fid. heads, sepals oblong-lanceolate acute membranous, inner
rather shorter obtuse, anthers far exserted, much shorter than their fila-
ments, capsule ovoid, beak stout exserted, seeds very minute shortly pro-
duced at one end. Buchen. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. vi. 215, t.2; xii. 406. J.
elegans, Royle ex Buchen. in Bot. Zeit. 1867, 146.—Juncus, Wall. Cat.
9002 B. :

TEMPERATE and ALPINE Himaxaya, alt. 7-13,000 ft., from Kashmir to Sikkim.
Kuasia Hixzs, alt. 5-6000 ft.

Stems tufted on a tuberous rootstock, 4-8 in. high, hollow, suleate. Leaves few,
variable, filiform or involute, many-tubular ; sheath membranous. Cyme with
erect or spreading branches; heads 3-3 in. diam., at length spherical; lowest bract
elongate, slender, or like the floral short and membranous; flowers subsessile, white
or yellowish; sepals 2 in. long; filament four times as long as the anther ; style
slender, stigmas short. Capsule very pale, shining. Seeds exceedingly long minute,
brown.—Leaves sometimes flat us in J. Clarkei.

23. J. khasiensis, Buchen.in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. xii. 407 ; very slender,
leaves few filiform curved channelled, cyme of usually two (1-3) 8-10-fld.
white heads, bracts all shorter than the lanceolate obtuse sepals,

400 CLK. JuNcACEEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) [Juncus

anthers exserted 4 shorter than the slender filaments, capsule as long as
the sepals narrowly lanceolate prismatic, seeds with slender tails.

Kuasta Hits, Griffith (Kew distrib. 5451), alt. 5-5500 ft., Clarke.

Stems 4-10 in., tufted, suberect, grooved, leafless above. Leaves shorter than
the stem, wiry; sheath membranous. Heads usually 2, a lateral and terminal,
sessile, }-2 in. diam., quite white ; bracts 3-4, ovate, acute, rarely finely acuminate
and exceeding the sessile flowers; outer sepals 2 in. long, keeled, inner rather
longer; anthers linear; style slender, exserted, stigmas short. Capsule 1-celled.
Seeds 3; in. long.—The long narrow capsules distinguish this at once from J.
concinnus.

24, J. nematocaulon, Hook. f. in Hook. Ic. Pl. ined.; stems
capillary grooved flexuous, leaves capillary channelled, cymes of 1~3 distant
1-8-fld. heads, bracts very short lower rarely capillary, sepals small pale
green lanceolate acuminate not half as long as the prismatic acuminate
pale capsule, anthers far exserted much shorter than the very slender
filaments, style long, stigmas short.

Assam; on the Naga hills, Jakpho, alt. 9900 ft., Clarke.

Stems tufted, 1-1} in., 1-leaved above, sometimes with only one terminal flower,
and a capillary bract, eaves few, flexuous; sheaths very short, membranous.
Flowers sessile, floral bracts membranous about as long as the pale sepals which
equal the petals and are } in. long, l-nerved. Capsule with the beak 3 in. long,
membranous, pale shining, l-celled. Seeds with a long slender tail at one end and
an equally long inflated one at the other.—A very singular (annual ?) species, allied
to J. concinnus and khasiensis, differing from both in the capsule much longer than
the sepals. Seeds not seen.

Sect. VI. Perennial. Leaves flat or with involute margins, grass-like,
strongly nerved. Cymes of several capitate clusters.

25. J. minimus, Buchen. in Bot. Zeit. 1867, 145; in Engl. Bot.
Jahrb. vi. 209; xii. 412; stem short stout, leaves chiefly basal, cymes of
1-2 3-6-fld. dark chesnut sessile heads, lower bract usually foliaceous,
sepals lanceolate glumaceous finely acuminate, petals shorter acute,
stamens included, capsule exserted turgid obtuse or retuse, seeds very
minute, testa forming an oblong very loose sac.

Sixxim Himaaya, alt. 16-18,000 ft., J. D. H.

Rootstock short, stout ; stems 2—4 in., densely tufted, naked or 1-leaved, grooved.
Leaves shorter than the stem, }—§ in. broad. flat, grooved. Cyme with sessile heads
3-4 in. diam. ; flowers subsessile ; sepals 2 in. long; petals rather broader; anthers
swall, much shorter than the filaments; ovary ovoid; style and stigmas short.
Capsule rarely half as long again as the sepals, dark brown, shining. Seeds 3, in.
long, testa white, rounded at both ends.—Imperfect flowers, or even cymes, occur
amongst the basal leaves,

26. J. Clarkei, Buchen. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. vi. 210; xii. 413;
stoloniferous, stem slender many-leaved, leaves longer than the stem soft,
flat, grass-like, cyme of 1-5 globose peduncled 4- many-fld. straw-colrd.
heads, lower bract leafy, sepals lauceolate membranous, stamens exserted,
capsule much exserted prismatic long-beaked, seeds with long slender
tails.

Sixxim HimatayYa, alt. 10-13,000 ft., J.D. H. Buoran, Griffith. Munnt-
PORE, on Jakpho, alt. 9900 ft., Clarke.

Stems 6-10 in., tufted, terete, striate. Leaves 4-4 in. broad, finely acuminate,
flaccid ; sheaths membranous. Cyme with heads 4-3 in. diam ; flowers pedicelled ;
sepals 1-4 in. long, outer lanceolate, inner more oblong; anthers linear, about 4

Juncus. | CLXI. Jtncacrz. (J. D. Hooker.) 401

shorter than the filaments; style Jong, slender, stigmas short. Capsule mem-
branous, pale, shining. Seeds % in. long, includirg the very long tails —Leaves
often involute and very slender as in J. concinnus, but seeds very different.

2. LUZULA, DC.

Leaves grass-like, hairy. Perianth-segments glumaceous. Stamens 3
or 6, Ovary 1-ceiled, 3-ovuled.—Species about 30, temperate and Asiatic.

1. &. plumosa, EF. Meyer in Linnza, xxii. (1849) 387; cyme subum-
bellate, branches very slender, flowers solitary, testa produced into a horn-
like appendage. Buchen. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. vi. 195 and xii. 85. L:
pilosa, var. plumosa, C. A. Meyer ex Franch. in Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris,
_x, (1887) 100.__L. Forsteri Herb. Ind. Or. H. f. & T. Juncus plumosus,
Wall. mss— Wall. Cat. 9008.

TemprRatE Himaraya, alt. 9-10,000 ft.; trom Kumaon eastwards. Kuasra
Hits ; alt. 6000 ft., Clarke.—Distris. China.

Perennial, 6-18 in. high. Zeaves linear, acuminate, 3-} in. broad, glabrous or
sparsely ciliate with very long hairs. Branches of cyme capillary, very unequal,
divaricate, few-fid.; bracts scarious, much shorter than the Mowers. Sepals },-+ in.,
lanceolate, acuminate, pale brown. Slamens6. Capsule oblong, obtuse or apiculate,
about as long as the sepals,

2. L. effusa, Buchen. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. vi. 196; xii. 106; cyme
very laxly paniculately branched, branches divaricate very long and
slender, flowers solitary sessile or pedicelled, testa with a terminal boss.

Sixxim Hrmataya, alt. 9-10,000 ft., J. D. H., Clarke. MuwnniporE; on
Jakpho, alt. 9900 ft., Clarke.

Perennial, 12-24 in. high. eaves linear, 4-3 in. broad, glabrous or sparsely
ciliate below. Cyme long-peduncled ; branches 1-3 in. long; bracts ovate, acute,
brown. Sepals ~,—j5 in. long, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, pale or dark brown.
Stamens 6. (Capsule oblong, rather longer than the sepals, obtuse, mucronate.—The
Munnipore specimens have leaves 3 in. broad, and a closer inflorescence, with shorter
capsules; the seeds appear to be diseased.

3. L. campestris, DC. Fl. Franc. iii. 161; cyme subumbellately
branched, flowers in peduncled capitate clusters, testa apiculate at the tip
caruncled at the base. Buchen. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. v. 198; xii. 155;
Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 349; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. ix. t. 375, 376. Juncus
campestris, Linn, Sp. Pl. i. 329.

TEMPERATE and ALPINE Himanaya ;alt. 10-14,°00 ft., from Kashmir eastwards.
The Knasia, NILGHIRI and ANAMALLAY HILLs, alt. 5-7000 it.—Disreis. N. temp.
regions. :

Peretti, 6-18 in. high. Leaves 3-3 in. broad, glabrous or ciliate. Branches
of cyme very unequal, 4-3 in. ; heads 4-3 in. diam.; bracts very short, scarious.
Flowers sessile. Sepals j,-75 in. long, pale or dark brown, ovate-lanceolate, acumi-
nate. Stamens 6. Capsule shorter than the sepals, broadly obloug or subglobose,
obtuse or mucronate.—I have described above only the Indian form (which is a
common European one) of this widely diffused and variable plant.

4, G. spicata, DC. Fl. Franc. iii. 161; cyme a solitary oblong droop-
ing or nodding bracteate head. testa rounded at the tip. caruncled at the
hase. Buchen. in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. v. 197; xii. 127; Boiss, Il. Orient. vy.
U48; Heichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. ix. t. 879.

VOL. VI. nia

402 CLXU. JuNoacuR. (J. D. Hooker.) [Lucula.

ALPINE Himataya; from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 12-14,500 ft., Royle, &e.— -
Distris. North Alpine and Arctic regions.

Perennial, 2-10 in. high. Leaves densely faccicled, radical 1-4 in. long,
vs-é in. broad, channelled, ciliate or not. Cyme 4-3 in. long; lower bract leafy,
usually elongate, floral as long as the flowers, lanceolate, aristate ; bracts brown with
broad white membranous ciliate margins and tip. Sepals 3 in. long, ovate-lan-
ceolate, aristate, very dark brown. Stamens 6. Capsule oblong, obtuse, shorter
than the sepals.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES.

L. sp. ?; Sikkim Himalaya, alt. 10-11,000 ft., J. D. H., Pantling; referred by
Buchenau doubtfully to the European L. parviflora, var. subcongesta, but in much
too young a state for identification. The bracts are ciliate, the sepals ovate acumi-
nate and the stamens are 3 only.—There are other Himalayan species in too imperfect
astate tor determination.

Orper CLXIII. PALMEE.

By Dr. O. Beceari & J. D. Hooker.

Shrubs or trees, solitary or gregarious, naked or prickly, rarely pubes-
cent. Siem erect scandent or decumbent, rarely branched above. Leaves
alternate, plaited in bud, pinnatisect or palmate, rarely simple or bipinnate ;
petiole sheathing. Flowers 1- or 2-sexual, small, in panicles or spikes that
are enclosed in one or more large sheathing bracts (spathes), usually
3-bracteate. Perianth inferior, segments 6 in two series (sepals and
petals) usually all free, imbricate or valvate. Stamens 3 or 6, rarely more;
anthers versatile. Ovary 1-3-celled or of 3 1-celled carpels; stigmas 3,
usually sessile; ovules 1-2 in each carpel, adnate to the wall, base, or top
of the cell, anatropous. Fruit a 1-3-celled drupe or hard berry or of 1-3
carpels; pericarp smooth, rough, or clothed with shining scales that imbri-
cate downwards. Seeds erect or laterally attached, rarely pendulous ;
raphe usually branching all over the testa ; albumen horny or bony, solid
(equable) or ruminate; embryo small, in a small cavity near the surface
of the albumen.—Genera about 130, species about 1100, chiefly tropical.

I sm deeply indebted to Dr. Beccari for the generous loan of the mss. of his most
valuable researches on the Palms of British India, which form the materials for an
elaborate treatise on all the Asiatic and Malayan genera and species of the Order,
of which fragments have appeared in his (now abandoned) admirable work,
“ Malesia,’’? The mss. include materials for framing more or less complete descrip-
tions of most of the Indian Palms, with notes on others; and are very voluminous,
many closely written foolscap pages being often devoted to a single species. This,
and the fact of the whole being in Italian, and in an orthography that is not always
legible, reqnires me to crave Dr. Beccari’s and my readers’ indulgence, if in the framing
of diagnoses and descriptions I have in any case misinterpreted his statements
or views.

It was, indeed, a great disappointment to me, that Dr. Beccari declined to under-
take the completion of his work, and the drawing up of specific diagnoses in the form
adopted in the Flora of British India, a task which he is so good as to assure me it
would have gratified him to have accomplished, had he not definitely given up the
further study of botany. This has compelled me to associate my name with his as
joint author, which I do with great reluctance, for he is not only more familiar than I
am with the genera through his long journeys in the Malavan Archipelago, but had
collected together and examined, for the purpose of his work, the materials contained
in all the principal European and Indian Herbavia. It remains to add that, after
having examined all avuilable specimens at Kew, I have throughout adopted Dr.
Beccari’s systematic disposition of the species, aud lis names for those previously
undeseribed.

CLXItIl. PALME, (Beccari & Hook. f.) 403
_. Tripe I. Arecese. Leaves pinnatisect ; leaflets free with reduplicate
sides, or confluent as a plaited limb. . Flowers moncacious or dicecious.
Seeds with ventral raphe and dorsal embryo.

A. Spadix infrafoliar (that is flowering after the fall of the leaf in
the axil of which it was formed).

_ Subtribe 1. Evarzcex. Male fl, ansymmetric; sepals small; petals
imbricate. Stigma in the fruit terminal.-—Spadix androgynous; flowers
usually ternate, the middle one female.

* Ovule basilar, erect.

Male fl. minute, solitary or 2-nate towards the tips of the
branches, 3- or 6-androus; fem. larger solitary. Albumen

ruminate, . 6 2 1. 6 6 we ee ew hee eC AREA,
Male fl. one on each side of a fem., stamens 6 or more,
Albumen ruminate. . . . .. ....... . 2 PINanga.

** Ovoule parietal,

Male fl. 6-androus; sepals equalling or longer than the
petals; fem. sepals and petals broadly imbricate. Albu-
men ruminate Sera Ney ene Si tx ae ee

Male fl. 9-12-androus; fem. petals with valvate tips. Albu-
men.ruminate . 2... 1. 1. ee ee ee

3. NENGA.
4, Loxococcus,

Subtribe2. Prycuosrermrs. Dale fl. symmetric; sepals broad, rounded,
imbricate. Stigma in the fruit terminal. Ovule parietal or pendulous
from the tip of the cell—Spadix androgynous, flowers usually ternate, the
middle one female.

Stamens 6. Albumen ruminate. Leaflets acuminate. ;
Seeds deeply grooved along the raphe . . . . . . . 5 P2YCHORAPHIS.
Stamens 6-15. Albumen equable. Leaflets entire or

obliquely 2-toothed 6. CyrrostacHys.

Subtribe 3. OncosrenmEx. Male fl. symmetric or not; sepals imbricate ;
stigma in fruit lateral or basilar.
Male sepals small, acute. Stamens 6-12. Albumen rumi-
nate. Armed palms; leaflets acuminate . . . . . . 7. OncosPERMA.
B. Spadix interfoliar (flowering while the leaf in whose axil it is formed
is still green) or infrafoliar in some Caryotides.

Subtribe 4. IevanurEz. Spadix androgynous; fem. fl. between two
males; male sepals broadly imbricate. Ovudes basilar or parietal. Stigma
in fruit lateral or basilar.

Stamens 6-9. Ovules parietal. Stigma in fruit basilar or
subbasilar. Leaflets obliquely truncate . . . . . . 8 IquanuRA.

Subtribe 5. Gronomem. Spadices unisexual; flowers sunk in cavities
of its branches ; perianth glumaceous; sepals imbricate. Stigma in fruit
basilar or lateral.

Filaments free. Leafletsacuminate . . .. .. . . 9 BENTINCKIA.

Subtribe CarnyotipEz. Spadices unisexual; flowers solitary, or
ternate with the fem. placed above the others. Petals of both sexes
valvate. a

pd2

404 CLXIII, PALMEH. (Beccari & Hook. f.)

* Spathes many ; flowers symmetric; stigma in the fruit terminal.

Male calyx tubular. Stamens 6. Albumen equable. . . 10, Waunicata.
Male calyx cupular. Stamens many. Albumen equable . 11. DipyMosPERMA.
Male sepals 3. Stamens many. Albumen equable. . . . 12. ARENGA.

Male sepals 3. Stamens many. Albumenruminate. . . 13. Caryora.

** Spathes 2; flowers unsymmetric; stigma in the fruit basilar.

Male calyx minute. Stamens 3 or 6, extrorse. Albumen
equable . 2. 1 ee ee ee ee ee ew 14 ORANIA,

ANOMALOUS GENUS.

Male fi. in catkin-like branches of a drooping androgynous ;
spadix ; fem. capitate at the apex of the spadix. . . . 15, Nipa.

Trisz II. Phoeniceze. Leaves pinnatisect; leaflets with induplicate
sides. Spadices interfoliar; spathe solitary. Flowers dicecious. Ovary
of 3 free carpels, one only ripening. Seed ventrally grooved; embryo
usually dorsal.

16. PH@NIx.

Tre III. Corypheve. Leaves flabelliform, orbicular or cuneiform,
plaited, lobes or segments with induplicate sides. Spadices interfoliar ;
spathes many. Flowers usually bisexual. Ovary entire or 3-lobed, or of
1-8 smooth carpels. Fruit smooth, except Pholidocarpus. Seeds with a
small hilum; raphe ventral.

* Stigma in the fruit basal. Albumen equable.

Ovary 3-lobed; style short. Embryo apical. . . . . . 17. ConypHa.
Ovary 3-celled; style subulate. Embryo dorsal . . . . 18. NANNORHoPS.

** Stigma in the fruit terminal, Albumen equable; embryo dorsal.

Ovary of 3 trigonous carpels ; style filiform. . . . . . 19. Licuana,
Ovary of 3 globose carpels ; styles 3, free or coherent . . 20. Livisrona.

*k* Albumen ruminate ; embryo basal.

Fruit small, smooth . . 2. 2. 1. 1. we ee «O21. TRACHYCARPTS.
Fruit large, tuberculate or tessellate . . . . . . . . 22, PHotrpocarpus,

Triszr IV. Lepidocarpex. Leaves pinnatisect, leaflets with redu-
plicate sides. Spadices interfoliar or terminal; spathes usually many.
Cvary 1-3-celled. Fruit clothed with retlexed shining closely imbri-
cating appressed scales.—Leaves copiously and strongly armed, except
Metroxrylon.

* Polycarpic palms, flowering annually.

+ Leaflets acuminate, quite entire, nerves parallel.

Stem elongate. Spathes tubular, persistent. . . . . . 23. CaLamus,
Stem elongate. Spathes cymbiform or open, deciduous . . 24. DamMonoruHops.
Stem short or 0. Spathes many, persistent. . . . . . 25. Zazacca.

tt Leaflets rhomboid cuneate or oblanceolate, toothed; nerves flubellate.

Stem short or 0. Spathes many, persistent . . . . . . 26. Korrnatsta.
Stem scandent. Spathe solitary, deciduous . . . . . . 27. CERATOLOBUS.

CLXIUL. PALMEA. (Beceari & Hook. f.) 405

** Monocarpic palms, flowering once and then dying.
+ Spadices axillary from the uppermost leaves.

Stem scandent. Spadix with long amentiform branches
clothed with large closely imbricating inflated spathels
that conceal the spikelets of flowers . . . . . . .

Stem scandent. Spadix much branched, the branches bear-
ing small infundibular spathels, each containing # small
spikelet. Scales of fruit distinct . + + 4 + «© « . 29, PLECTOCOMIOPSIS.

Stem scandent. Spadix as of the preceding ; scales of fruit
most minute . Brisk: oh) ahr ee ae. er ode

28. PLECTOCOMIA.

30. MyRIALepis.
tt Spadiz very large, terminal.

Stems short, tufted. Leavesarmed . .... . . . 81, Eventssonra.
Stem stout, erect. Leaves unarmed . . . . . . . . 82. Merroxyton.

TrizE V. Borasseew. Leaves flabelliform. Spadices interfoliar ;
spathes numerous, sheathing. Flowers dicecious; males minute, sunk in
cavities of the catkin-like branches; perianth glumaceous; fem. very
large, sessile on very short branches of a very stout spadix, each clothed
with large coriaceous rounded bracts.

33. Borassus.

Tripe VI. Cocoinesw. Leaves pinnatisect, leaflets with reduplicate
sides. Spadices interfoliar, unisexual or androgynous; spathes 2. Ovary
3-celled, stigmas terminal. Fruit a drupe with a fibrous pericarp and
terminal stigmas; endocarp woody or stony, with 3 terminal pits of which
two answer to arrested cells, the third is immediately over the position of
the embryo in the subjacent albumen. Seed adherent to the endocarp by
the diffuse reticulations of the raphe, which ramifies all over the seed.

34, Cocos.

1. ARECA, Linn,

Stem erect, annulate. Leaves pinnate. Spadices infrafoliar, branched ;
MALE FL, many, minute; sepals small; petals obliquely lanceolate, valvate.
Stamens 3 or 6; anthers basifixed, erect. Frm. ri. much larger, few at
the base of the branches; perianth acrescent; sepals and petals orbicular,
imbricate, the petals with acute valvate tips; ovary l-celled; stigmas 3,
sessile; ovule basal, erect. Fruit ovoid or oblong, stigmas terminal.
Seed with a truncate base, albumen ruminate, embryo basilar.—Species
about 24, tropical Asia and Australia,

1. A. Catechu, Linn. Sp. Pl. 1189; hexandrous, trunk tall, fruit
ovoid. Roxb. Cor. Pl.i. 54, t. 75; Fl. Ind. iti. 615; Mart. Hist. Nat.
Palm. iii. 169, t. 102; Kunth Euwm. iti. 184; Blume Rumph. iii. 65, t. 102 A.
et t. 104; Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 153; Palms of Brit. Ind.
47; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 8; Kurz For, Fl. ii, 536; Gamble Man. Ind.
Timb. 421; Scheff. Arec.9; in Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. i. 144, t. i. v. iii.
#. 2. Areca Fanfel, Gertn. Fruct.i. 19, t.7,f.2. A. hortensis, Lour. Fl.
Cochinch. 568.—Rheede Hort. Mal. i. t. 5-8.

Cultivated in the hot damp regions of Asia and the Matayan IsLanDs.

Trunk solitary, 40-100 tt. Leaves 4-6 ft.; leaflets numerous, 1-2 ft., upper

406 CLXIII, PALMEZ. (Beccari & Hook. f.) [Areca.

confluent, quite glabrous. Spathe glabrous, compressed. Spadiw much branched,
rachis stout compressed, brauches with filiform tips bearing more or less distichous
minute male fl, Fem. fl. solitary at the bases and axils of the branches; sepals
4 in., ovate, obtuse; petals subsimilar; staminodes 6, connate. Fruit 14-2 in.,
smooth, orange or scarlet.—Betel nut.

2. A. concinna, Thw. Enum. 328; hexandrous, trunk short slender,
fruit subfusiform.

Creyton, Reigam and Pasdoon Corles, Thwaittes.

Trunk 8-12 ft., 14-13 in. diam., green. Leaves about 7, 3-34 ft. long, sub-
glabrous, leaflets 2 ft. long. Spadiz and flowers as in A. Catechu. Fruit 1} in.
long, umbonate, reddish yellow.

8, A. nagensis, Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 156; Palms Brit.
Ind. 149; triandrous, trunk tall, fruit narrowly ovoid.

AssaM, in the Naga hills, Jenkins.

Trunk 30-40 ft. Leaves 7 tt.; leaflets 19-20 in. Spadix 1 ft., branches stout,
flexuose. Fruit 1 in., narrowed at both ends.—Description from Griffith, who
states that the leaves were imperfect and open to doubt from their resemblance to
A. gracilis (Pinanga gracilis).

4, A. triandra, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 68; Fl. Ind. iii. 617; triandrous,
stems tufted slender, fruit ellipsoid. Ham. in Mem. Wern. Soc, v. 310;
Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. t. 149; Griff. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist v. 154;
Palms Brit. Ind. 148, t 230 A.; Kurz For. #7. ii. 537.

Cuirracone, MartaBan, TENASSERIM, the ANDAMAN IsLanDs, and the
MALAYAN PENINSULA.

Stenvs 12-25 ft. by 1-14} in. diam., green, sending out basal offshoots. Leaves
4-6 ft.; petiole slender; leaflets 14-8 ft., lateral sometimes as well as the terminai
confluent. Spathe 1 foot or more. Spadix and flowers as in A. Catechu, but
triandrous. Fruit the size of an olive, orange-colrd., at length scarlet, tip truncate.

2. PINANGA, Blume.

Stem erect, annulate. Leaves pinnate with the upper leaflets con-
fluent. Spadices infrafoliar, androgynous; spathe solitary; flowers 3
together (a fem. between 2 males) clusters in 2-4 or 6 series. Mate FL.
obliquely triqnetrous; sepals acute, keeled. not imbricate; petals ovate or
lanceolate,-valvate ; stamens 6 or more, anthers subsessile, basifixed, erect.
Fem. Fu. much smaller, ovoid or globose; sepals and petals orbicular,
broadly imbricate; ovary l-celled, stigmas 3; ovule basilar erect. Fruit
ovoid or ellipsoid, pericarp fivrous. Albumen ruminate; embryo basilar.—
Species about 24, tropical Asiatic and Malayan.

A. SpPrnaNTHE®, Becc. Flowers in 3 or more spiral series on the spadix
ot its branches.

1. P. hexasticha, Scheff. in Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. i. 148; stems
slender gregarious, leaves pinnate, petiole scaly, spadix simple reflexed,
male #.in 5-6 series, fruit fusiform. Kurz For. Fl. 11. 589; Becc. in Ann.
Jard. Bot. Buttenz. ii. 80, 86; Males. iii. 122. Areca hexasticha, Kurz in
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xliii. it. 201, t. 12.

Peau ; in marshy forests, Kurz.

Stems 25-30 ft. by 13 in. diam. Leaves 3-5 ft., sheaths and short petiole scaly ;
leaflets 1-LZ ft., many, narrow, linear, subfaicate, 2-3-rihbed, lower acuminate,

Pinanga.] CLXIN. PaLMEm. (Beccari & Hook. f.) 407

upper truncate, toothed. Spadin about 1 ft. long; rachis as thick as the finger,
fleshy ; flowers sessile, rows spirally arranged. #rwit narrowed at the top.

2. P. gracilis, Blume, Rumph. ii. 77; stems slender usually gre-
garious, leaves sparingly pinnate, petiole scurfy, spadix simple reflexed,
male fl. in 3 rows, truiting spadix pendulous, fruit ellipsoidly fusiform. Kurz
For, Fl. ii. 588; Becc. in Ann, Jara, Bot. Buitenz. ii. 81, 86; Males. iti. 122.
Pinanga patula 8. gracilis, Scheff. in Natuurk. Tijdsch. Ned. Ind. xxxii. 178.
Seaforthia gracilis, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. ni. 185 (Hd. 2, 184) 318;
Kunth Enum. iti. 191. Areca gracilis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii 619; Griff. nm
Cale. Journ, Nat. Hist. v. 460; Palms Brit. Ind, 154, t. 232 A, ©, f. 2
(not B) Kurz in Journ, As. Soc. Beng. xliii. ii. 201. TT. Anders. in Journ.

Srtxxim and Bnotan Himataya, alt. 2-8000ft., J.D.H. Assam, the Kwasta
Hits, and Cuittagone to TenassERIM. Roxburgh, Sc.

stems 6-20 ft. by 44 in. diam., thickened upward. Leaves 3-4 ft.; petiole and
sheaths scurfy ; leaflets inserted by a very broad base, 1 ft. long or more, lower 2-3-
ribbed finely acuminate, upper 3-5 in. broad premorse many-ribbed. Spathe
solitary, 2-fid. Spadia white or scarlet, glabrous. Male fl. broad, flat, imbricating ;
calyx minute; petals broad, cuspivately acuminate. Fruit 4 in. long, scarlet or
orange, tapering to the tip, smooth.

3. P. Griffithii, Becc. Males. iii. 117; stem? leaves pinnatisect
leaflets numerous, spadix peduncled reflexed subdigitately branched,
branches 4 spreading, male calyx shorter than the petals, fruits spirally
disposed in 4 series ovoid narrowed at the mamillate tip. Areca sp. Griff
in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 461 (under A. gracilis, fruit only); Palms
Brit. Ind, 55, t. 232 (spadia only).

Kuasia Hitis; Griffith.

Stem apparently very slender, Peduncle of spadiz 2 in., branches 3-5, spreading,
not compressed. Fruit rather more than } in. long by 4 diam., narrowed at the
base, mamillate, pericarp thin, albumen deeply ruminate.— Beccari (Males. 1. c.) has
founded his P. Grifithii on the spadix with tetrastichous fruits described by Griffith,
but regards the leaves (only supposed by the latter author to belong to it, and which
are simple and forked) to belong to another plant. In the diagnosis of P. Grigtths
(‘*Malesia,’’ 1. c.) there is no description of the leaves, but the author has added in
pencil “ piunatisect, segments nu-nerous 3-many -costate.”

4, P. polymorpha, Becc. Males. iii. 172; stem slender, leaves short
‘subentire forked: or more or less pinnatifid, petiole very slender, sheath
not grooved, spadix slender refracted after flowering simple or 2-3-partite,
branches short, fl. 3-4-seriate, fruit small ellipsoid or obovoid subacute,
base narrowed.

Matay PENINSULA; Singapore, Lobb ; Perak, alt. 3-4000 ft., Scortechini (n, 345
a.), King’s Collector (n. 8072).

Stems solitary, 1-3 in. diam., internodes 24-4 in. long. Leaves very variable,
8-12 in. long, with 1-6 many-costate leaflets on each side and a broad flabelliform
forked apex ; petiole variable and sheath scaly. Spathe elliptic, acute. Spadéx 3-5 in.
long, peduncle nearly as long slender, Male fi. acuminate, calyx shortly 3-toothed ;
stamens 12; fem. fl. globose. Fruit % by 3-4 in., tipped by the stigma; black,
shining; (dark yellow King’s Collector) pericarp thin. Seed obovoid; albumen
densely ruminate. ‘he fruits in some specimens are ellipsoid and narrowed at both
ends, girt with a thickened ring at abont 3 of their length below the tip, from
the shrinking of the pericarp.

408 CLXIII, PALMER. (Beccari & Hook. f.) [Pinanga.

5. P. robusta, Becc. mss.; stem taller and much more robust than
P. polymorpha, 15-20 ft. high by 14-2 in. diam., leaves 13-2 ft. long,
petiole and costa of blade nearly as thick as the little finger, spadix and
its branches very stout.

Matay Penrnsvxa; Perak, on the top of Gunong Booboo, alt. 83-5300 ft. King’s
Collector (No. 7372).
Evidently allied to P. polymorpha, but the specimens are insufficient for a fuller
description.

6. P. Scortechini, Bece. Males iii. 170; stem solitary, young inter-
nodes scurfy, leaves pinnatifid, leaflets distant long narrow, petiole long
slender, branches of spadix 5-6 ascending digitate, flowers spirally
arranged in 4-series, fruit ovoid or obovoidly-oblong.

Matay Pentnsuza; Perak, Scortechini, alt. 3000-4000 ft., King’s Collector.

Stem 6-15 ft., 3-li in. diam. Leaves 3-4 ft. long; sheaths scurfy; leaflets
numerous, 1-1} ft. by 1-1} in., rather rigid, 2—d-ribbed, finely acuminate, base
hardly narrowed. Spathe elliptic-oblong. Spadiw stoutly peduncled, depressed,
2-14 in. long, with a large triangular deciduous bract ; branches 23-4 in, long. Male
ji. sepals triangular, cuspidate, petals rather longer acuminate. Sepals of fem. fl.
cuspidate, ciliolate; petals rather larger. Fruit 2 in. long, black, shining, tip
rounded or subacute; albumen densely ruminate.

B. OrrHosticHantHE®, Becc. Flowers in 2 series on the spadix or its
branches.

* Leaves entire or sparingly divided.

7. P. disticha, Blume (fid. H. Wendl. in Kerch. Palm. 253); stem
very slender short, leaves small cuneately obovate simple and deeply
forked or with a few broad lateral leaflets, spadix small simple refracted
villous, male petals much longer than the calyx, fruit ovoid or fusiform
acuminate. Becc. Males. iti. 123. P. bicolor, Blume in Bull. Néerl. 1838,
65; Rumphia, ii. 92, t. 113, £.2; Kunth HBnum. ii. 641. Areca disticha,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 620; Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 461 (partly as to
descript. & local.); Palms Brit. India 155 (partly). A. humilis, Roxb. Ic.
pict. ined. Areca curvata, Griff. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 248 (non Notul, iii.
164.) Seaforthia disticha, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. 184; Kunth l. c. 190.
Ptychosperma disticha, Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 28 et Suppl. 253. 590; Journ.
Bot. Néerl.i. 7; De Palm. Arec. 24,

Prnane, Roxburgh, Curtis (No. 391) ; Perak alt. 100-800 ft. Herb. Cale. (Nos.
2536, 4423.)

Stems 2-6 ft. by {-} in., usually tufted. Leaves 12-15 in., forked, and many-
nerved, the nerves ending in setaceous points, or with a few unequal acuminate
lateral leaflets inserted by a broad base; sheath closely grooved and short petiole
scurfy. Spadis 2-3 in. long. Stamens about 15, pistillode 0. Fruit } in. long,
narrowed at both ends, but most so above, orange-red. Seed ovoid; albumen ac-
cording to Koxburgh’s description, and his drawing (copied by Griffith, t. 233)
solid, but there are a few streaks of rumination in No. 4423 from Perak.—'lhe
leaves are often mottled with pale yellow green.

8. P. subruminata, Becc. Males. iii. 174, stem very slender, leaves
cuneately obovate forked, lobes truncate doubly-toothed 12-15-nerved,
petiole long slender, sheath deeply closely grooved, spadix piercing the
sheath of the old leaf very short reflexed bipartite glabrous, branches
flexuous, fruit narrowly ovoid or ellipsoid apiculate.

Matay Peninsuza; Perak, alt. 100 ft., Herb. Calcutt. (No. 7797); King’s
Collector (No. 1968). PEnane, alt. 1500-2000 ft., King’s Collector.

Pinanga,] OXLI. PALME. (Beccari Hook. f.) 409

Stem 2-6 ft. by 4 in.; internodes 2-24 in., brown-scurfy. Leaves 9-12 by
4-5} in., glabrous; petiole 6-10 in., subterete; sheath 4 in., tubular, scurfy;
ligule scarious, fimbriate. Spadix with its stout peduncle $ in. long, branches
sinuous, few-fld. Fruit about 4 by 4 in., red. Seed narrowed at the tip; raphe
with 5 branches ; albumen very faintly ruminate.

** Leaves much divided.

+ Spadia large, much branched.

Nicozpar Isnanps, Man. SourH ANDAMAN Isxps., Kurz.

Trunk 50 ft. by 54 in. diam. Leaves 64 ft. ; leaflets ensiform, straight, longest
(middle) about 30 in. by 14-34 broad, 2-3-partite, pale beneath. Spadix 19-20 in.
long, shortly peduncled, branches 45-50 spirally arranged ; flowers 2-seriate. Fruit
st5 by 3-5; pericarp thin. Seed with reticulate raphe, albumen densely
ruminate.

10. P. Kuhlii, Blume in Bull. Néerl. 1838, 65; Rumph. ii. 82, t. 111
et Bt. 111, £.11-18; stems tufted slender, leaves pinnate, leaflets many
faleate linear to linear-lanceolate finely acuminate strongly 2-3-ribbed
upper confluent, petiole subscurfy, spadix refracted shortly peduncled
robust simply branched glabrous, branches elongate, fruit, obovoid or
ellipsoid shortly apiculate. Kunth Enum. iti. 641; Mig. Pl. Jungh. 57;
Scheff. in Natuurk. Tijdsch. Ned. Ind. xxxii, 182; in Ann. Jard. Bot.
Buitenz. i. 152; Bece. Males. iii. 138. P. costata, Bl. in Bull. Néerl. 1. c.;
Rumphia 1. c. 80, t. 109 et Bt, 109 C.; Kunth l.c.; Mig. 0. ¢.156; Kurz,
For, Fl. ii. 588. Seaforthia, Kuhlii, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. Ed. 2, 185,
313. 8S. oryzeformis, Mart. lc. Hd. 1, 185 (exel. all syns. but Geertn.) ;
Kunth 1. e191. S. costata, Mart. . c. 3138. Ptychosperma, Kuhlii, Mig.
Fl. Ind. Bat. iti. 21; De Palm. Archip. Ind. 23. P. costata, Mig. Ul. cc.
25, 23. Areca oryzeformis, Gaertn. Fruct. i. 20, t. 7, f. 2, 6 (not of
Rumph.).

SoutH ANDAMAN Isztanps, Kurz.—DistRis. Sumatra, Java.

Stem soboliferous, 20-30 ft. (Kurz), (10 ft., Becc.). Leaves 3-4 ft.; leaflets
1-2 ft.; petiole variable in length. Spadiz 1 ft. Fruit nearly 4 in. long. Seed
adherent to the pericarp; albumen deeply ruminate.—The above is chiefly from
Kurz’s P. costata in For. Fl. It may be the P. coronata mentioned by Kurz in his
Andaman Report as abundant in the South Andaman Islands,

+t Spadix with few distichous branches.

ll. P. Dicksonii, Blume Rumph. ii. 85; trunk solitary tall, leaves
pinnate, leaflets numerous elongate broadly linear preemorse 5-7-nerved,
uppermost confluent, spadix refracted branches 4-8, male sepals subulate
nearly equalling the petals, stamens 20-30, fruit ovoid or oblong. Scheff.
in Natuurk. Tijdsch. Ned, Ind. 174; in Ann, Jard. Buitenz. i. 149; Becc.
Males. i. 138. Areca Dicksonii, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 616; Griff.in Journ. As.
Soc. Beng. v.458; Palms Brit. Ind. 153, t. 231. Seaforthia Dicksonii,
Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 184, 313; Kunth Enum. iii. 190.

Westrrn Guats; on the Nilghiri and Travancore hills, alt. 2500 ft.

Trunk 16-18 ft. by about 2 in. diam. Leaves 4 ft., forked; leaflets sessile,

410 CLxI. PALMEE. (Beccari & Hook. f.) [Pinanga.

12-24 by 3-Lin. Sputhe simple. Spadia with the branches stout, densely clothed
with imbricating flowers. Male fl. sepals subulate, petals rather longer, ovate-cordate,
tips tapering ; stamens very numerous; filaments very short ; pistillode 0, Fem. fi.
sepals reniform ; petals similar; staminodes 6, clavate, tips penicillate. Fruit
about 4-3 in. long by 4 in. diam.

12. P. malaiana, Scheff. in Natuurk. Tijdsch. Ned. Ind. xxxii. 175;
stem slender, leaves pinnate, leaflets numerous linear acuminate glaucous
beneath 2-nerved, upper confluent, spadix refracted branches 3-5, male
sepals lanceolate acuminate much smaller than the petals, stamens about
40, fruit ovoid. Becc. Males. iii. 187. Areca hematocarpa, Griff. Notul.
iii. 165; Palms Brit. Ind. 158. A. malaiana, Griff. in Cale. Journ, Nat.
Hist. v. 457; Palms Brit. Ind. 252, t. 230 C. Seaforthia malaiana, Mart.
Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 184, Ed. 2, 183, 313, t. 158, £. 38; Kunth Enum. iii. 190.
Ptychosperma malaiana, Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 23; de Palm. Arch.
Ind, 238.

Matacca, Griff. Psnane, Herb. Hort. Cale. (8190). Prerax, King’s Collector
(8120).—Disrais. Sumatra.

Stem 8-12 ft., 3-1 in. diam., internodes generally subclavate. Leaves 5-8 ft. long,
spreading ; leaflets 1}-2 ft. by 3-3 in., finely acuminate, upper cuneate bipartite,
lobes pramorse; petiole 13-1} ft.; sheath as long. Spathe 10 in., cuspidate.
Spadiz 6 in., blood red in fruit; branches 3-5, flowers crowded. Male ji, flat,
sepals membranous, lanceolate ; petals much larger; filaments very short. Fem. fl.
sepals and petals very short ; staminodes 0; stigma discoid. Fruit 1-14 by 4-2 1n.,
narrowed at both ends, blackish purple, mamillate. Seed ovoid, raphe about
7-branched ; albumen deeply ruminate.

13. P. pectinata, Becc. mss.; stems 7-15 ft., coespitose, robust, leaflets
numerous elongate acuminate 1-5-ribbed straight much contracted at the
base, glaucous beneath, spadix with 3-9 short branches, male calyx shorter
than the petals, fruit elongate ovoid tipped with the conical stigma.

Perak, King’s Collector ; Goping, alt. 5800 ft. (n. 4393).

Stems 23-34 in. diam. Leaves 3-4 ft.; leaflets 10-16 by 13-1} in. Spadix with
branches 4-5 in. long. Fruit 48-4, in. long by 3-3, diam. Seed ovoid, obtuse,
base truncate.—Fruit much smaller than in P. malwana.

14, P. perakensis, Becc. Males. iii. 175; stems short gregarious,
internodes short the upper scurfy, leaves long-petioled, leaflets numerous
stiff straight linear or ensiform acuminate 1-2-costate, spadix short sub-
digitately 5-7-brauched, male calyx much shorter than the petals, fruit
ovoid or oblong crowned with the minute stigma.

Perak; alt, 1200-1509 ft., Scortechini, on Maxwell hill, Wray.

Stems 3-4 ft. by 2-3in. diam. Leaves 2-2} ft.; leaflets 18-20 by 2-Lin., inserted
at an angle of 45°, bright green, paler beneath; petiole 10-12 in., terete ; sheath
8 in, squamulose; ligule $-1} in. Spa‘he elliptic-oblong, apiculate, 2-keeled.
Spadiv 4-6 in., shortly peduncled; branches compressed ; flowers subremote,
2-seriate. Male fl. calyx 3-toothe.; stamens numerous. Fem. fl. globose; sepals
and petals similar; stigma capitellate. Fruit } long by 34; in. diam., purple-black.
Seed conform to the fruit, raphe simply branched; albumen densely ruminate.

15. P. Hookeriana, Becc. Males. iii. 141; stem slender, petiole
and rachis of leaves scurfy, leaflets numerous narrowly linear-lanceolate
subfalcate acuminate 2~-3-costate, spadix witha slender peduncle and 4~5
slender branches, male calyx much shorter than the petals, fruit ellipsoid
apiculate. Areca sp. Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 462, in tort-
note.

Pinanga.) OLX PALME. (Beccari & Hook. f.) 411

Kaasia Hitts; alt. 2-4000 ft., Grifith, J. D. H., &e. (in Herb. Webb.),
Nunklow and Churra, Clarke.
' Stem 3-4 ft.; internodes clavate, young scurfy. Leaves 44 ft. ; leaflets opposite,
1 ft. long, much obliquely acuminate, 3-4-keeled above, terminal lobe 2-fid; petiole
Gin. Spathe 4 in., oblong. Spadin 3-4 in.; branches compressed, flexuose, flowers
crowded. Malefl. calyx membranous 3-toothed ; petals very unequal; stamens about
15; pistillode 0. Fem. fl. sepals and petals subequal; staminodes 0; stigma large,
discoid. Fruit about 4 in. long by } diam., narrowed at the top. Seed of the same
shape.—This is the plant alluded to by Griffith (Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. 1. c. 462),
and described as probably a form of A. gracilis collected by Major Jenkins and him-
self in the Khasia hills and Assam, and of which he says, in a fuotnote, ‘‘ Stem and
leaves much the same as in A. gracilis, spadices slenderer 3—4-times branched, fem. fl.
distichous distant.’? ‘The above is from Malesia. I have seen no specimen.

ttt Spadia unbranched.

16. P. hymenospatha, Hook. f.; stem slender, petiole and rachis of
leaves slender. scurfy, leaflets very numerous falcately very narrowly
ensiform finely acuminate unicostate, spadix very short, spathe fusiform
terete acuminate membranous, male fi. flat imbricate.

Burma; at Moulmein, Lobb.

Stem as thick as a goose-quill; internodes long. Leaves 12-14 by 4-5 in.;
leaficts 3~4 by +-} in., very numerous (15-20 pairs) quite regularly close set, alternate,
flat, thin, dark green above and brownish beneath when dry, costa slender, pro-
minent on both surfaces ; petiole 3 in., subterete;' sheath 3~—4 in., striate. Spathe
1} in,, ellipsoidly fusiform, erect, quite membranous, subhyaline. Spadizx as long as
the spadix, flowering to the base. Male f..closely imbricating, 3 in. diam., trapezoidly
orbicular; dorsal sepals twice as long as the others, apiculate; stamens 9, unequal ;
filaments very short, anthers linear, Fem. fl. minute, globose; ovary ovoid, stigma
pulvinate, ovule erect.—A very distinct species remarkable for its membranous
spathe and very elegant foliage.

17. P. paradoxa, Scheff. in Natuurk. Tijdsch. Ned. Ind. xxxii. 31:
stem slender, jeaves entire or pinnatisect with few broad 3- or more-
nerved leaflets, spadix‘short decurved, fruit very uarrow tapering from
above the base to the obtuse tip often curved. Becc. Males. iii. 129, in
note. Areca curvata. Griff. Motul. iii. 164, partly, as to the deser.
(not Ic. Pl, Asiat. t. 248). A. paradoxa, Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist.
v. 463; Palms Brit. Ind. 156, as to descr. of fruit, and fig. of fruit, t.
coxxxvii. U, f. 11. Kentia paratoxa, Murt. Hist. Nat. Palms. 111, 312.
Nengella paradoxa, Bece. Males. i. 32. Ophiria piradoxa, Bece. in Aun.
Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ii. 128. Cladosperma, N.G. Griff. Notul. iii. 165.

Mazacca; foot of Mt. Ophir, Grigith. PrRax, alt. 83-4000 ft. Scortechini
(427°, 2413) ; on Gunong Batu, Wray.

Stem 3-6 ft., very slender, 4 in. diam.; internodes 1-2 in. Leaves 1 ft. long,
entire and oblong, or with 3-5 pairs of sigmoidly linear-lanceolate acuminate leaflets
with a broad base, 4-5 in. long by 3-% broad; petiole 1-14 ft. very slender and
rachis scurfy ; terminal lobe deeply forked, toothed; sheatn long, deeply striate.
Fruiting spadix 2-2} in. long, slender, nearly glabrous; peduncle short, Fruits
distichous, 2 in, long by 3 broad, red ; albumen equable.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES.

18. P. patuca, Blume in Bull. Néerl. 1838, 65; Rumphia, ii. 86, 87, t. 115;
Kunth Enum, ii. 641; Kurz in Journ, As. Soc. Beng. xlii. ii. 201; Scheff in
Natuurk Tijdsch. Ned. Ind, xxxii. 176 (partly and exel. all vars.); in Ann, Jard.
Bot. Butt. i. 130 (partly as to deser.), t. 18, f. 4, t. 1d; Beec. Males. iii, 139,
Seafortnia patula, Mart. Nat. Hist. Palm, 323. Ptychosperma patula, Mig. Fl.

412 OLXII. PALMER. (Beccari & Hook. f.) [Pinanga,

Ind. Bat, iii. 26, and Suppl. 253; in Journ. Bot. Néerl. i. 7; De Palm. Archip.
Ind. 23; stems tufted slender 6-7 ft. high 3-1 in. diam., leaflets few, rarely many,
broad, distant, sigmoidly lanceolate and falcate from a narrowed base caudate-
acuminate 2- many-nerved, terminal broader 7-9-nerved truncate and deeply doubly
toothed, spadix refracted, branches 2-5, fruit elliptic-ovoid, narrowed and acute at
the tip, about’ 4-2 in. long 3-4 diam.—Perak, on Ulu Bubong, King’s Collector
10702). Sumatra, Borneo.—The above description is chiefly from Sumatran speci-
mens. The Perak have internodes 23-33 in, long, ,5, in. diam., covered with white
scurf, a 4-branched spidix, and the leaves minutely puberulous beneath, A very
similar plant collected by Helfer in Burma (n. 6427) without flowers, in fruit, has
broader leaflets with the nerves puberulous beneath.

3. NENGA, 4. Wendl. § Drude.

Characters of Pinanga, but sepals and petals subequal, subulate, and
ovule parietal.—Species few, Malayan.

1. N. Wendlandiana, Scheff. in Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. i. 153
(partly), t. 9-10; leaves pinnate, leaflets alternate ensiform finely acumi-
nate, spadix about 4-branched, flowers tetrastichous, male sepals subulate
rather longer than the petals, fruit ovoid mamillate, stigma conical, seed
ovoid acute. Becc. Males. i. 25; in Ann. Jard. Buitenz.1.83. N. pumila,
Wendl. in Kerchov. Palm, 251. Pinanga Nenga, Blume Rumphia, ii. 77,
t. 107 (eacl. var. pachystachya). Areca Nenga, Blume in Mart. Hist. Nat.
Palm. iti. 179 ; Scheff. in Natuurk. Tijdsch. Ned. Ind. xxxii. 166 (evel. var.
y). Areca pumila, Blume in Mart. l. c. 177, t. 153, £. 1-38; Mig. Fl. Ind.
Bat, iii. 14 (evel. var. y); De Palm. Arch. Ind. 23.

Var. malaccensis, Becc. Males, iii. 182; petiole very short, fruit broadly ovoid
about 1 in. long, seed broadly truncate at the base cuspidate and spinous at the tip.
Areca (Anaclasmus) pumila, Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 456; Palms of
Brit. Ind. 151.

Var. malaccensis, Ching forest, Malacca, Grifith.. PreRax, Larut, King’s
Collector (4022).—DistRtB. (of the species) Sumatra, Java.

Stem 10-20 ft. by 2-3 in. diam. Leaves 8-9 tt., pinnate nearly to the base,
leaflets alternate 24 ft. by 4-14 in. broad, caudate-acuminate, bright green, coria-
ceous, 2-ribbed; petiole as thick as the little finger; sheaths 2 ft. long, subventricose.
Spathe about 2 ft. Spadiw; peduncle 14 in., branches 8-12 in., level-topped,
pendulous, fruiting very thick; flowers about 4-ranked, yellowish white. Male fl.
sepals 3-5 in. long, triangular-subulate, finely acuminate; petals ovate-oblong,
cuspidate, stamens 6; pistillode 0. Fem. fl. sepals and petals roundish ; staminodes
0. Fruit 1 in. by nearly 3 in. broad, orange-colrd.—An abnormal form in which the
male fl. has 3 sepals, and 6 petals; 2 rows (var. malaccensis herapetala, Becc. Males.
iii. 183), was found at Perak by Scortechini.

2. N. macrocarpa, Scortech. mss. ew Becc. Males. iii. 180; leaves
pinnate, leaflets sigmoidly falcate, spadix 3-4-branched, towers hexasti-
chous, male sepals subulate hardly longer than the petals, fruit elongate
ellipsoid, crowned by the large deeply 3-lobed stigma, seed broadly
ovoid abruptly spinescent.

PERAK; on Maxwell hill, alt. 3200-5300 ft., Scortechini (No. 5474, 302) ;
Goping, King’s Collector (4775), on Gunong Batu Pateh, Wray (930).

Stem solitary, 6-10 ft. Leaves 3-4 ft. ; leaflets 18-30 pairs, rigid, acuminate,
lower narrow 1-nerved, 16-20 by 1-14 in., upper longer broader and 2-nerved ; petiole
4-12 in.; sheath as long, smooth or subscaly. Spathe glabrous, purplish. Spadia
at first erect, then spreading ; peduncle short, stout; branches 7-12 in. Male fl,
stamens 6 ; pistillode of 3 tubercles. Fem. fl. sepals ciliolate and petals suborbicular ;

Nenga. } CLXMI. PALMER. (Beccari & Hook. f.) 413

staminodes 6 minute teeth. Fruét about 1} in. long by } in. diam., ellipsoid ; stigmas
3, broad, triangular,

4, LOXOCOCCUS, H. Wendl. & Drude.

Stem erect, annulate. Leaves pinnatisect, leaflets obliquely truncate.
Spadix infrafoliar, branched ; spathes 2; flowers 3 together (a fem. between
2 males) clusters spirally arranged. Male fl. Sepals 3, rounded, imbri-
cate; petals 3, much larger, ovate, valvate; stamens 9-12, filaments very
short, anthers subversatile. Fem. fl. smaller, subglobose ; sepals rounded,
broadly imbricate ; petals ovate, base broad imbricate, tips valvate; ovary
l1-celled, stigmas 3, minute; ovule parietal. ruit subglobose, cuspidately
beaked, stigmas terminal; albumen ruminate; embryo subbasilar.

GB. rupicola, H. Wendl. & Drude in Linnzxa, xxxix. 185; Hook. f.
Bot. Mag. t. 6358. Ptychosperma rupicola, Thw. Enum. 328. Caryota
mitis, Willd. ? ; Moon Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 64.

CEYLON ; in forests of the Southern and Central Provinces.

Trunk 30-40 ft. by 4-5 in. diam. Leaves 6-8 f't., spreading ; leaflets 12-20 pairs,
2 ft. by 24 in., spreading, linear, subglaucous beneath, and sparsely furfuraceous ;
petiole 1-2 ft., sheath very short. Spathe 1 ft., pale yellow. Spadix 1 ft., blood-
red, subdeltoid; peduncle short and branches stout spreading quite glabrous;
flowers in scattered clusters of 3. fale fl. 4 in. diam.; filaments about equalling
the anthers ; pistillode minute, 3-fld. at the tip. Fruit about 1 in. long, globosely
ovoid. Seed globose.

5. PTYCHORAPHIS, Becc.

Stem slender, annulate. eaves pinnatisect, leaflets narrow, caudate-
acuminate. Spathes 2, complete, caducous. Spadia infrafoliar, panicu-
lately branched ; flowers spirally disposed, male only towards the tips of
the branches, a fem. between 2 males towards the base. Male fl. sym-
metric; sepals suborbicular; petals valvate ; stamens 6, anthers versatile;
pistillode conical or columnar. em. fl. bibracteolate; sepals rounded,
concave; petals longer, tips valvate; staminodes 4-6; ovary ovoid,
stigmas 3, triangular, acute; ovule parietal. Fruit small, ovoid, stigmas
terminal. Seed ovoid, obtuse, deeply grooved along the long linear
hilum; albumen deeply ruminate; embryo basilar, oblong.—Species 3,
Malayan.

1. P. singaporensis, Bece. in Amn. Jard. Bot. Buitenz.ii. 90, t. 126;
Males. iii. 109; stem slender, leaflets about 1-ft. long very numerous,
spadix slender 5-7-branched, rachis rusty furfuraceous, fruit ovoid.
Ptychosperma singaporensis, Becc. Males, i. 61. Rhopaloblaste singa-
porensis, Hook. f. in Gen. Pl. iii. 892. Drymophlous singaporensis,
Hook. f. in Kew Gard. Rep. (1882) 1884, 55.

SingAPoRE; Maingay (Kew dist. 1536). Jonorz; on Gunong Pulai, Hullett
(6000), Kunstler (230). .

Stem 6-12 ft. by 14 in. diam., soboliferous. Leaves 3-6 ft., regularly pin-
natisect ; leaflets very many, alternate, straight, about 8 by 14 in., 3-nerved, upper
shorter, midrib beneath scaly ; petiole 2-24 ft. and rachis very slender, furfuraceous,
Spadia about 1 ft., 5~7-branched from the base ; flowers yellow. Frudt nearly 3 in.
long by 4 in. diam., ovoid or elliptic-ovoid, tip conical, slightly excentric. Seed free,
elliptic-ovoid, rounded at both ends, raphe branches descending to the base.

414 OLXIII. PALMER. (Beccari & Hook.f.) [Ptychoraphis.

2. P. augusta, Bece. in Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ii. 90; Males. iii.
110; trunk very tall, leaflets numerous 2-3 ft., spadix decompound,
oe elliptic-oblong. Areca augusta, Kurz in Journ. Bot. 1875, 331,
t. 170.

NrcoBak IstanpDs; in woods in Kamorta, Kurz.

Trunk slender, 80-100 ft. by 1 ft. diam, Leaves 8-12 ft.; leaflets sessile,
narrowly linear, acuminate, 3-costate ; petiole very short; rachis flat above, furfu-
raceously tomentose. Spadia decompound, 24-3} ft. Male fl. bracts broad smooth ;
sepals broadly ovate; petals oblong, obtuse. Fem. fl. sepals and petals nearly
alike, concave, imbricate. Fruit 1 in. long, elliptic-oblong, scarlet. Seed oblong.

6. CYRTOSTACHYS, Blume.

Stems slender, ccspitose, annulate. eaves pinnatisect; leaflets
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, l-costate. Spathes 2, complete, caducous.
Spadix infrafoliar, shortly peduncled, broadly paniculately branched ;
branches 1-2 ft. long, stout, spreading; flowers in spirally disposed
clusters of 3, a fem. between 2 males. Male fl. symmetrical; sepals
orbicular, imbricate; petals valvate; stamens 12-15, exserted; anthers
short, versatile; pistillode 2-fid. Fl, fem.; sepals orbicular; petals
longer, broadly imbricate, tips valvate; staminodes forming a membranous
cup; ovary narrowly ovoid ; stigmas subulate; ovule pendulous from the
tip of the cell. Fruit small, ovoid, stigma terminal. Seed adherent to the
endocarp, globose, hilum apical; albumen equable; embryo basilar.—
Species 2, Malayan.

1. C. Lakka, Becc. in Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ii. 141; fruit conico-
ovoid gradually narrowed to the tip, seed ovoid. C. Lakka var. singa-
porensis, Bece. l. ¢.

SINGAPORE; in humid jungles.—DistR1B. Borneo.

A slender tall soboliferous Palm. Leaves about 4 ft.; leaflets about 20 by
1-14 in., upper shorter obtuse or toothed, green above, ashy grey beneath ; sheath
red Fruit +45 in. long, by about 3%, diam.—Very near C. Rendak of Sumatra,
which has an ovoid fruit abruptly constricted at the tip, and a globose seed.

7. ONCOSPERMA, Blume.

Prickly palms. Leaves terminal, pinnatisect. Spathes 2, complete.
Spadix intrafoliar, branched ; branches with solitary male flowers above,
and ternate flowers below (a fem. between 2 males). Male fl. asymmetric;
sepals suborbicular, acute; petals obliquely ovate, valvate. Stamens
6-12; anthers elongate; pistillode columnar, 3-fid. Fem. fl. globose;
sepals and petals orbicular, imbricate; staminodes 6; ovary obliquely
ovoid, 1-3-celled ; stigmas minute; ovule parietal. Fruit small, globose,
stigmas lateral or basal. Seed suborbicular, raphe broad ; albumen deeply
ruminate.—Species 5-6, Malayan.

1. O. filamentosa, Blume, Rumphia ii, 97, t. 82, 108; stoloniferous,
leaflets subequidistant drooping, male fl. hexandrous, fruit spherical
5 in. diam. O. cambodianum, Hance in Journ. Bot. (1876) 261. Areca
tigillaria, Jack in Mal. Mise. ii. vii. 88 (in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv.
12); Grif. in Cale. Journ. Nat, Hist. v. 423; Palms Brit. Ind, 157,

t. 133 B. A. Nibung, Mart. Hist. Nat, Palm, iii. 178, 311, t. 153.

Oncosperma.] oLXIH. PauME&. (Beccari & Hook. f.) 415

Matay PEyinsuza; in swamps.—Disrxis. Borneo, Cochin China,

Trunk 30-40 ft., armed with long black spines. Leaves many, 10-12 ft.,
drooping; leaflets 2 ft., narrow, acuminate, pendulous, coriaceous, many-nerved,
seurfy beneath ; petiole armed, suurfy. Spathes boat-shaped, 2-keeled, outer armed,
inner velvety. Spadia shortly produced, peduncle slightly armed, branches many,
long, flexuous, upper simple; fruiting 1-2 ft., pendulous, red-purple. Male ft.;
sepals cuspidate. keeled; petals suddenly acuminate, tip setiferous ; filaments short ;
anthers deeply bifid below. Fem. fl.; sepals and petals fleshy.

2, O. horrida, Scheff.in Natuurk. Tijdsch. Ned. Ind. xxxii. 189; in
Ann. Jard, Buitenz. 1.159 ; stoloniferous, leaflets subequidistant spreading,
male fl. hexandrous, fruit spherical 3-1 in. diam. Areca horrida, Griff. in
Cale, Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 465; Palms Brit. Ind. 158, t. 233 C; Mart.
Hist, Nat. Palm, iii. 312.

Mazay PENINSULA, Grifith.—DIstr1B, Borneo.

Trunk 30-40 tt., armed. Leaves few, spreading, 14-16 ft.; leaflets 2-3 ft., very
narrow, acuminate, spreading, coriaceous. Spathes 2 complete, acutely margined, outer
1-1} ft.,armed, inner cuspidate. Spadix with the stout peduncle armed below; branches
1-2 ft., pendulous, flexuous; fruiting with pendulous branches 2-3 ft. long. Fruit
purplish black.—Griffith, from whom the above descriptions are taken, says of this
allied to A. ¢illgiaria, but very distinct in the spathes and fruit.

3. O. fasciculata, Thw. Enum. 328; stoloniferous, leaflets fascicled
tips drooping, flowers enneandrous, fruit 4 in. diam. Scheff. in Ann. Jard.
Buitenz.i. 160. Caryota horrida, Moon Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 64.

Cryton ; in the Central Province, ascending to 5000 ft.

Trunk 30-40 ft. and more, 5-6 in. diam., armed. Leaves 18 ft.; leaflets 12-18
by 1-132 in., lanceolate, long-acuminate, costa scaly heneath ; sheath 23 ft., armed
and scurfy. Spathes sparingly scurfy, unarmed. Spadix 2 ft., unarmed, panicu-
lately branched, dense-fld. Male fl. 4 in. long. Drupe black-purple.

8. IGUANURA, Blume.

Slender unarmed palms. Leaves terminal, entire or pinnatisect, with
broad acute or premorse leaflets. Spathes 2, persistent, short. Spadia
inter- or infra-foliar, branches spreading ; flowers spirally disposed, 3-nate
(a fem. between 2 males), or the upper on the branches males. Male fl.
symmetric; sepals orbicular, imbricate; petals connate below, ovate or
lanceolate, valvate ; stamens 6 or 9, anthers dorsifixed; pistillode trigo-
nous. Fem. fl. subglobose ; sepals and petals orbicular; staminodes of 6
teeth ; ovary ovoid or oblong, 1-3-celled; stigmas sessile; ovule solitary,
parietal. Fruit small, oblong ovoid or elongate conical, stigmas sub-
basilar. Seed suberect, hilum lateral; albumen equable or ruminate.—
Species 8-10, Malayan.

* Spadiz interfoliar, very long and long peduncled, simple or with 2-3
long equal pendulous branches.

1. I. geonomeformis, Mart, Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 229,178; stem
slender, leaves pinnate, leaflets 6-8 pairs obliquely acuminate or premorse
and erosely toothed, spadix furfuraceous, branches thick, fruit obovoid-
oblong. Slackia geonomeformis, Griff. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 469 ;
Palms Brit. Ind. 162, t. 234.

Maxacca, rather common in forests, Grif’, (Kew distrib, 6406, 6407), on Mt.
Ophir, Hutlett (851).

416 CLE. PALME. (Beccari & Hook. f£.) [Iyuanura.

Stem 2-4 ft. by } in., annulate. Leaves 3-3} by 1-14 ft., linear-oblong ;
leaflets linear, 1 ft. by 3-2 in., 2- or more-keeled, terminal forked, lobes erose-
dentate; petiole 1 ft., base scurfily pubescent; sheath a span long. Spathes sub-
coriaceous, lowest 2-keeled, upper conduplicate and spadix brown-pubescent.
Spadia with a long slender erect peduncle, and 2 or more pendulous spongy spikes
or branches 6-10 in. long, loosely covered with flowers; fruiting 1-14 ft. nodding;
flowers inserted in pits with membranous margins. Maile fl.in pairs; sepals oblong,
striate; petals ovate-lanceolate; filaments inflexed in bud; pistillode stout, tip
3-lobed. Fem. fl. towards the base of the spike; sepals of the male; petals broad ;
ovary gibbous. Fruit over 3 in. long by $ diam., black-purple. Seed erect;
albumen ruminate.

2. I. malaccensis, Becc. Males. iii. 102; stem slender, leaves pin-
nate, leaflets about 5 pairs, lower falcate caudate-acuminate upper broader,
petiole pubescent, spadix simple filiform, finely tomentose.

Matay Peninsua; Selangore, #. Keheding; Perak, Larut, King’s Collector

(1869, 2994).
Closely allied to I. geonome@formis, differing in the fewer leaflets and simple not

furfuraceous but finely tomentose spadix.

** Spadix interfoliar, long peduncled, with few subterminal short
simple or forked branches or spikes.

3. I. Wallichiana, Hook. f. in Gen. Plant. iii. 908; leaves simple
or pinnatisect, fruit globosely obovoid. Areca Wallichiana, Mart. in
Wall. Cat. 8600; Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 178, 312; Bece. Males. iii. 100.

Prenane, Porter. SIN@APoRE, Lobb.

Stem solitary, 2-12 ft., straight, slender. Leaves very variable in size, 1C in.—
2 ft. long, simple and forked or more or less pinnatisect, with long narrow leaflets.
Spathes 2, lower 24 in., hidden in the leaf sheath, strongly compressed, acutely
2-keeled, tip 2-toothed; upper shorter, acuminate, rusty-pubescent. Spadia long-
peduncled ; peduncle 18-24 in., branches 3-7 variable in length. Fruit rather
more than } in. long by 4-3 in. diam., red when ripe.—The following varieties are
from Perak :— af

Var. a major, Bece. ; stem 10-12 ft. by 24-34 in. diam., leaves 2-4 ft. undivided
or pinuatisect, fruit about ,% by 34—King’s Collector (481, 8227, 3127).

Var. 8 minor, Bece. ; stem 18-30 in., leaves about as long simple or pinnatisect,
fruit rather smaller.— King’s Collector (454, 7941, 7996, 7999).

¥*E Spadia interfoliar, very shortly peduncled.

4, I. brevipes, Hook. f.; leaves pinnate, leaflets distant broadly
trapezoidly cuneate or subquadrate premorse many-nerved coarsely
toothed, spathe long deeply grooved, spadix laxly paniculate, branches
divaricate lax-Hd.

Perak, Larut, 83-4000 ft., King’s Collector (2029).

Stem thicker than » swan’s quill, Zeaf 15 in., leaflets 5 pairs, 5-6 in. long by
14-3 broad, inserted by a contracted but very broad base, upper margin subcaudate ;
rachis glabrous; sheath 5 in., many-ribbed. Spadiw with the peduncle wholly
included in the leaf-sheath, quite glabrous; primary branches 3-4, 3-4 in. long,
sparingly again divided, rather slender, angled (when dry). Male fl. scattered,
about J; in. long; sepals orbicular ; petals broadly oblong, obtuse, very coriaceous ;
stamens 6, filaments inflexed, anthers linear-oblong ; pistillode columnar, capitate.

#ee* Spadie infrafoliar, peduncle shorter than the spathe or shortly
exceeding i.
5. I. diffusa, Becc. mss.; leaves lurge, leaflets numerous equidistant

.

Lguanura. | CLXIII, PALMES. (Beecari & Hook. f.) 417

narrow, spadix with 8-10 very spreading slender branches of which
the pxey are twice or thrice forked, peduncle closely embraced by the
spathe.

Perak ; on Gunong Tjok, Scortechini.

One of the largest of the genus. Leaves about 3-4 ft.; leaflets very numerous,
alternate and opposite, 12-15 in. by 1-14 in., obliquely premorse, rachis glabrous.
Spadiz about 20 in., including the 10 iu. peduncle, which is closely sheathed by the
persistent spathe ; branches 6-10 in., filiform, divaricate.—The specimen which is
very imperfect may be a luxuriant state of I. polymorpha.

6, I. polymorpha, Bece. Males. iii. 189; leaves pinnatisect, leaflets:
trapezoid subfalcate praeemorse, spadix erect, peduncle sheathed by both the
spathes with 3-9 simple branches at the apex, fruit ovoid or elongate conic
straight or curved.

PERAK, Scortechini.

Stem 3-7 tt. Leaves oblong, 14-16 by 8-10 in.; leaflets 10-14 on each side,
obliquely preemorse and toothed, 4—d-nerved. Spadices often two, 12-20 in. long,
erecto-patent, branches filiform, angular; peduncle 5-6 in., slightly compressed.

Var. typica; spadix with 3-9 branches, flowers spiraliy disposed, male oblong
subacute, fruit 2-3 in. by } in. diam., others } by 3 in., ovoid or elliptic-ovoid.—
Scortechini (318>).

Var. canina, Becc. |. c. 190; spadix with 7-9 branches, flowers alternate
subdistichous, male ovoid acute, fem. petals twice as long as the sepals, fruit 2 by
3 in. elongate conical curved.

7. I. corniculata, Becc. Males. iii. 187; leaves pinnatisect, leaflets
all similar cuneately trapezoid 3-5-nerved, tip very obliquely pramorse
toothed, base constricted, spadix slender undivided, peduncle closely
embraced by the very slender tubular spathe, spike furfuraceous, fruit
narrow elongate conical tip incurved or involute.

PeRax, alt. 3-400 ft., Kunstler (3131).

Stem very slender, 38-4 ft., by } in. diam. or less; internodes $-14 in. Leaves
1C-12 by 6-8 in. ; leatets 5-0, spreading like a butterfly’s wings 34-4 by 1-1} in.,
upper margin produced into a tail, 3-4-nerved, furfuraceous beneath along the
tolds ; petiole slender, 3-44 in., rustily furfuraceous, as is the sheath. Spadiz about
a foot long, including the peduncle of 3-4 in.; spike rusty scurfy; flowers sub-
‘spirally disposed ; males very small. Fruit granulate, 2-3 by 2 in.—The fruit is in
shape unique in the order.

8. I. parvula, Bece. mss.; leaves small oblong tip forked margin
undulate, spadix filiform sparingly branched, peduncle about as long as
the petiole more than half embraced by the spathes.

Perak, Scortechint.

Stem 4-4 in. diam. Leaves 8-10 by 3 in.; petiole 2-24 in.—Described from a
single specimen. Possibly a very small form of I. polymorpha.

9. I. bicornis, Becc. Males. iii. 188; leaves pinnatisect, leaflets.
sigmoidly trapezoid, spathes deciduous, spadix erecto-patent very shortly
peduncled, branches 5-8 slender diffuse, fruit oblong base narrowed tipped
by 2 obtuse unequal bosses.

Matay Peninsuta; Perak, Scortechini (n. 1188), at Larut, alt. 12-1300 ft. ;
King’s Collector (6375), alt. 3-4000 ft, :

Stems tufted 5-8 ft. by 4 in. diam.; internodes 3-1} in. Leaves 12-16 by
4-6 in., leaflets 2-4 pairs, with a deeply bifid terminal; petiole 3-4 in., glabrous,

voL. VI. Ee

418 CLXUI PALMER. (Beccari & Hook. f.) [Iguanura.

sheath as long, tubular, mouth truncate. Spadir 4-3 in., peduncle $-1} in.,
branches 3-6 in., scattered, filiform ; flowers minute. Fruit by } in.

9. BENTINCKIA, Berry.

Unarmed Palms. Leaves terminal, equally pinnatisect. Spathes many,
2 lower short incomplete, upper 2-fid. Spadix interfoliar, branched ;
flowers minute, moncecious or polygamous, solitary or 3-nate with the
intermediate female, clustered in spirally arranged pits on the branches ;
bracts forming a 2-lipped mouth to each pit; bracteoles 2. Male jl. sub-
symmetric, glumaceous, often reduced to ciliate scales; sepals oblong,
obtuse, connate below, imbricate; petals longer, connate below into a stipes,
valvate; stamens 6, anthers versatile; pistillode conical. Fem. fl. ovoid;
sepals broad, obtuse, imbricate; petals longer, convolute; staminodes 6,
minute. Ovary 3-celled, 1-ovuled; stigmas minute. Fruit small, sub-
spherical; stigmas subbasilar. Seed pendulous from the top of the cavity,
sinuately grooved or ridged; albumen equable.—Species 2.

1. B. Coddapanna, Berry, in Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 621; stem slender
10-20 ft., fruit subspherical. Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 165, 228, t. 139;
Kunth Enum. iii. 228; Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 467; Palms
Brit. Ind. 160; Append. xxvi.; Wight in Madv. Journ. Nat. Se. ii. 385.
Keppleria, Mart. mss. ex Endl. Gen. Pl. 25.

Travancore, Wight, &c.

A slender palm; stem 1 in. diam. or more, annulate. Leaves 3-4 ft.; leaflets
2 ft. or more by 1 in. broad, close together, linear, 2-keeled, keels paleaceous, tip
usually 2-fid; lobes 2-4 in., triangular. Spathes membranous, lower truncate,
upper complete. Spadix 1-2 ft., male scarlet, fem. lilac or violet ; peduncle 2-3 in. ;
branches few, again branched, ultimate 6-10 in.; bract at the base broad; pits
on the branches 3-4-fld., flowers emerging and opening singly, the upper first.
Fruit rather compressed, about } in. diam.

2. B. nicobarica, Bece. in Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ii. 165; trunk
tall 60-70 ft., fruit obovoidly oblong tip rounded. Orania nicobarica,
Kurz in Journ. Bot. xiii. (1875) 331, t. 171, £. 19-25,

Nicopar Istanps; Kamorta, Kurz, E. H. Man.

Trunk annulate, 9-in. diam. Leaves 5-8 ft.; leaflets 4-2 ft., sessile, linear,
coriaceous, tip obtusely 2-lobed; petiole short and rachis glabrous. Spadia 14-2 ft.,
decompound, glabrous, branches and branchlets inserted in woolly grooves of the
rachis ; bracteoles densely villous within. Fem. fl.; sepals and petals subsimilar,
broadly ovate, obtuse, shining. Fruits tristichously arranged, globose (sub-ovoid
when dry), the size of a cherry. Seed ovoid-oblong, ventrally flat, dorsally convex
rugosely ribbed; albumen equable; embryo lateral and apical.

10. WALLICHIA, fozb.

Soboliferous palms. Leaves pinnatisect; leaflets linear or oblong,
irregularly toothed, base cuneate, unicostate, nerves flabellate. Spathes
very many, tubular, clothing the peduncle of the spadix, upper large
cymbiform. Spadices interfoliar, moncecious or polygamous; males ovoid,
excessively branched and dense-fld.; fem. looser-fd. Male fl. symmetric;
calyx cylindric or cupular, membranous, truncate ; corolla cylindric, deeply
3-lobed, lobes oblong, valvate; stamens 6, on the corolla-tube; filaments
short, anthers large; pistillode 0. Fem. fl. much smaller, subglobose;

Wallichia. } CLXIIL, PALMEH. (Beccari & Hook. f.) 419

sepals orbicular, coriaceous, imbricate; petals triangular valvate; stami-
nodes few or 0; ovary 2-3-celled, stipitate; stigmas conic; ovules subbasilar.
Frutt ovoid-oblong, 1-3-celled and -seeded. Seeds erect, plano-convex;
albumen equable; embryo dorsal.—Species 3 or more, Indian and Malayan.

l. W. densiflora, Murt. Hist. Nat. Palm. ii. 190, & Suppl. 315;
leaflets oblong or linear-oblong sinuately lobed acutely toothed white
beneath, fem. fl. crowded 2-bracteate, male corolla twice as long as thecalyx,
mouth of calyx quite entire, fem. corolla shorter than the ovary. Kurz
For. Fl. ii. 582; Brandis For. Fl. 549; Bot. Mag. t. 4584. W. oblongi-
folia, Griff. in Cale. Journ Nat. Hist. v. 486; T. Anders. in Journ. Linn.
Soe. xi. 6. Harina oblongifolia, Griff. Palms Brit. Ind. 175, t. 237 A, B, C.
W. caryotoides, Wall. Cat. 8596 B.

TRoprcaL Himanaya from Kumaon eastwards, ascending to 3000 ft. Assam,
the Kuasta Hits, and Carrragone.

Stems very short or O (or often 8-15 fc. Kurz); trunk sheathed, scurfy, sheaths
villous, resolving into strong fibres. Leaves 8-10 ft.; leaflets 1-2 ft., very many,
alternate or the lower 2-4-nate, 1-costate aud with many parallel nerves, bright
green above; sheaths scurfy. Spathes purple. Spadices 12-18 in. long, branches
of fem. very stout ; flowers in many spiral series; male fl. yellow, sulitary, or the
lower in pairs with an intermediate fem. ; filaments adnate to the petals; fem. fl.

purplish ; calyx very short, corolla-lobes obtuse. Fruit about 4 in. long, dull

purple.

2. 'W. caryotoides, Roxb. Cor. Pl. iii. t. 295; leaflets oblong or
linear-oblong panduriformly excised and acutely toothed white beneath,
fl. fem. distant 3-bracteate, male corolla half as long as the calyx, mouth of
calyx 3-toothed, fem. corolla about twice as long as the ovary. Mart.
Hist. Nat, Palm. ii. 180, t. 136; Wall. Cat. 8596 A; Griff. in Cale. Journ.
Nat. Hist. v. 485; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 532; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 34.
Harina caryotoides, Ham. in Mem. Wern. Soc. v, 317; Griff. Palms
Bei. We 174, t. 237. Wrightia caryotoides, Rorb. Hort, Beng. 68; Fl.
Ind. iii. 621.

Cuittacone, and Bora, in hill forests, ascending to 4000 ft.

Habit of W. oblongifolia, and very similar in foliage aud inflorescence, but
differing in tbe characters given above and in the fruit, which Kurz describes as
being as large as a nutmeg, ovoid-oblong, rarely 2-seeded.—(Roxburgh says as
large as a coffee bean.)

3. W. disticha, 7. Anders. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xi. 6; trunk tall
stout, leaves distichous, leaflets fascicled linear narrowed to the base prze-
morse denticulate, male calyx cupular 3-lobed, corolla thrice as long,
fem. corolla longer than the ovary. W. Yoma, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 533.
Caryota mitis, Herb, Caleutt.

Sixxim Hrmaxaya, in tropical gorges, T, Anderson, and probably eastwards,
Peau; Kurz.

Trunk 10-15 ft. by 5-6 in, diam., naked, annulate. Leaves 6-10 ft., alternate
erect ; leaflets narrowing from near the truncate apex to the base and with a large
tooth on each side about the middle, 1~2 ft., by 2-24 in., glaucous beneath; petiole
and sheath short, scurfy. Male spadix 3-4 ft., very narrow, linear in outline, with
innumerable recurved sleuder crowded branches, Fem. spalia 6-8 ft., pendulous ;
branches stout, simple ; flowers disposed in many spiral series, green. Fruit oblong,
top obscurely 2-3-lobed, reddish.—Kurz describes the leaves as disposed in a 4
spiral,

Be 2

420 CLXIII. PALMEE. (Beccari & Hook. f.)

ll. DIDYMOSPERMA, HZ. Wendl. & Drude.

Small low palms. Leaves terminal, unequally pinnatisect ; leaflets few,
trapezoid, erose, uni-costate, nerves flabellate. Spathes many, sheathing
the peduncle of the spadix. Spadix interfoliar, stout and simple, or slender
and branched; moncecious or Pdicecious; flowers rather large. Male ji.
symmetric; calyx cupular, 3-fid, imbricate; petals coriaceous valvate ;
stamens 10-30, anthers linear, erect; pistillode 0. em. ft. subglobose ;
sepals rounded, coriaceous; petals thick, triangular, incurved, valvate;
staminodes 0. Ovary depressed, 3-gonous, 2-3-celled, stigmas conical ;
ovules basilar. Fruit ovoid or oblong, 1-2-celled and -seeded, stigmas
terminal. Seeds erect, oblong, plano-convex; albumen equable; embryo
dorsal.—Species 6, Malayan and Indian.

1. D. Hookeriana, Becc. Males. iii. 186 ; stem slender, leaves
small long-petioled white beneath, some oblong from a cuneate base, some
entire or lobed, others pinnatisect with obovate oblong or trapezoid long-
tailed leaflets shortly ansate at the base, spadix filiform.

Maray Peninsuta; Perak, Scortechini, No. 229b. 186b.) King’s Collector
(n. 2446).

Stem 3-4 ft., solitary or tufted, 3-1 in. diam. Leaves extremely variable, 12-30
in. long; petiole slender; sheath furfuraceous. Spadices about 8 in. long, sheathed
with 5-6 spathes; flowers spirally disposed in clusters of 3; male jt. oblong, sub-
clavate, top rounded. Fruit unripe, globose.

2. D. hastata, Becc. Males. iii. 99.; stem slender, leaf-sheaths
scurfily hispid, leaflets 6-7 terminal trapezoid, lateral petiolulate
trapezoid caudate-acuminate, base hastate and ansate, spadices filiform
nodding.

( Matacca, at Selangore, #. Keheding. Perax, Larut, King’s Collector
3125). ;

rae ft., solitary or sparingly tufted. Leaves 14-2 ft.; terminal leaflet 44-6 in.
by 1-2 in., lateral rather longer and broader, lower margin straight, anterior
sinuate-toothed. Spadix1 ft. long; male fl. i in.—Habit, &e., of D. Hookeriana,
but the leaf-sheaths are brown scurfy, as are the leaflets more or less beneath, and
the latter have broadly cuneate more or less ansate bases; petiolule 1 in. and
more.

3. D. nana, H. Wendl. & Drude in Kerchov. Palm. 243; leaves
pinnatisect, leatlets about 5, terminal flabelliform, lateral opposite obliquely
trapeziformly lanceolate acuminate not caudate irregularly lobed and
toothed, pale beneath, spadices erect very stout simple or sparingly
branched rustily scurfy dense-fld. Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6836. Wallichia
nana, Griff. in Cale, Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 488; Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm.
190, t. 815; Mig. #1. Ind. Bat. iii. 34. Harina nana, Griff. Palms Brit.
Ind, 176, t. 238 A, B.

Assam and the Kuasia Hixtzs, ascending to 4000 ft.

Stem 3-5 ft., clothed with rusty leaf-sheaths, petioles and spathes. Leaves 18 in.
—2 ft. ; leaflets 1-3 pairs, terminal flabellate, variously lobed, lateral 7-10 by 3-5 in.,
also variously lobed. Fem. fl. 3 in. diam. rut ¥ in. long, oblong, white.

4, D. gracilis, Hook. f.; stem very slender leafy upwards, leaflets 6-8
lateral broadly cuneate below the middle above it triangular or 3-lobed or
truncate and acutely toothed, fem. spadix slender erect 3-branched, fruit
elongate ovoid obtuse base rounded, seed elliptic-oblong concavo-convex.

Didymosperma.| cuxil. paumEm. (Beccari & Hook. f.) 421

Assam; Daphla hills, Booth.

Stem 2 tt., about as thick as a duck’s quill. Zeaves 8-18 in., rachis and petiole
very slender ; leaflets 1-34 in. long and broad, white beneath. Spadiw fruiting, 8 in.,
sheathed below the middle with narrow long terete glabrous striate spathes ; lateral
branches (or spikes) 3 in., terminal 4 in. long. - Fruit $ by 4 in. diam. rather curved.
Seed 2 in. long, equally narrowed at both obtuse ends; raphe very obscure; albumen
equable.—Apparently a very distinct species, found by Mr. Booth, Mr, Nuttall’s
collector in Assam.

12. ARENGA, Ladill.

Tail stout palms, flowering first from an upper leaf-axil, and succes-
sively from lower; trunk densely clothed above with fibrous remains of the
leaf-sheaths. Leaves terminal, long, pinnatisect; leaflets long, linear,
usually pramorse, unicostate, base 1-2-auricled. Spathes many, clothing
the peduncle of the spadix. Spadices interfoliar, large, much branched,
peduncle short decurved, branches slender pendulous; male and fem.
flowers usually solitary and in separate spadices, rarely 3-nate a fem.
between 2 males. Male fl. symmetric; sepals orbicular, imbricate; petals
oblong, valvate; stamens numerous, filaments short, anthers apiculate ;
pistillode 0. Fem. fl. subglobose; sepals accrescent; petals triangular,
valvate; stamistodes many or 0; ovary subglobose, 3-celled, stigmas conic.
Fruit obovoidly globose, 2-3-seeded; stigmas terminal. Seeds compressed
or plano-convex; albumen equable; embryo dorsal.—Species about 10, trop.
Asia, Malaya and Australia.

1, A. saccharifera, Labill. in Mem. Inst. Fr. iv. 209; trunk tall
very stout, leaflets 4-fariously fascicled linear lobed and variously toothed
towards the tip, base 1-2-auricled white beneath, male buds obtuse. Mart.
Hist, Nat. Palm. 191, t. 108 and 161, f. 4; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iti. 35;
Kurz For, FI. ii. 534; Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 472; Palms
Brit. Ind. 164, .185 A. A. Griffithii, Seem. e« H. Wendl. in Kerchov.
Palm. 282. Saguerus Rumphii, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 626. 8. saccharifer,
Wurmb. Verh. Bat. Genoostsch. i. 350; Blume, Rumphia, ii. 128, t. 123-4.
Gomutus saccharifer, Spreng. Syst. li. 622. Borassus Gomutus, Lour. Fl.
Cochinch. ii. 759.

Assam, Prev, Burma, and the Matay Preninsuta.—Disteis. E. Asia and

alaya.
= Trunk 20-40 ft. Leaves very many, 20-28 ft. ; leaflets up to 115 on each side,
8-5 ft. long, subsessile, linear, coriaceous, costa stout, scurfy beneath ; petiole scurfy.
Male spadia 4-5 ft., simply branched, flowers oblong-clavate purple 1 in. long and
less. Fem. fl. solitary, 1 in diam. Fruté 2-23 in. long, oblong-turbinate, base

narrowed, top rounded or depressed.

2. A. obtusifolia, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. 191, t. 147, 148, 161;
trunk tall very stout, leaflets bifarious linear narrowed and truncate
9-lobed or toothed at the tip white beneath, base 1- or ex-auricled, male
buds acute. Mig. FU. Ind. Bat. iii. 36. A. Westerhoutii, Griff, in Cale.
Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 474; Palms Brit. Ind. 166, t. 235 B, C, D; MMaurt. lc.
192; Mig. l.c.37. Saguerus Langkab, Blume Rumph. ii. 181, t. 96, 125.
Gomutus obtusifolius, Blume mss.

Punane, Lewes. Matay Peninsuza, at Naning, Westerhout.

Very nearly allied to A. saccharifera, distinguished by the arrangement of the
leaflets, which according to Griffith are bifarious with deflexed tips, the upper alone

422 OLXII. PALMER. (Beccari & Hook. f.) [Arenga.

auricled and only on one side, the acute male buds, and by the oblong fruit narrowed
at both ends.

3. A. Wightii, Grif. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 475; Palms Brit.
Ind. 167, t. 235 EH; trunk short stout soboliferous, leaflets alternate
crowded linear 2-auricled at the base, tip narrowed unequally 2-lobed and
toothed white beneath, male buds acute.

The Deccan PeninsuLA; Coimbatore, Wight; Nilghiri hills, alt. 3000 ft.,
Gamble.

Trunk 3-8 ft. Leares 12-28 ft. ; leaflets linear-ensiform, 3-33 ft. by 13-2 in.,
margins sparingly toothed from the middle upwards; lower auricle very large, over-
lapping the petiole ; petiole 6-8 ft. Spadices 4 ft., peduncle 2 ft. Fruit about
the size of a crab-apple, globosely turbinate, broader than long.

13. CARYOTA, Linn.

Tall palms, soboliferous or not, flowering from the upper leaf-sheaths,
and successively from lower alternately male and fem.); trunk naked
or sheathed. Leaves few, very large, broad, bipinnatisect ; leaflets very
obliquely dimidiately flabelliform, or cuneiform, premorse or rounded
at the tip, petiolules or bases swollen at the insertion. Spathes 3-5,incom-
plete, tubular. Spadices interfoliar, shortly peduncled, much fastigiately
branched; branches slender, pendulous; flowers solitary and male, or
3-nate with the intermediate fem. Fem. fl. symmetric; sepals rounded,
imbricate; petals linear-oblong, valvate; stamens very many, filaments
very short, anthers long. Fem. jl. subglubose, sepals rounded, imbricate ;
petals rounded, valvate; ovary 3-celled, stigma 3-lobed, ovules erect.
Fruit globose, 1-2-seeded, stigma terminal. Seeds erect; albumen rumi-
nate; embryo dorsal.—Species about 10, tropical Asiatic, Malayan and
Australian.

1. G. urens, Linn. Fl. Zeyl. 187; trunk stout tall not svboliferous,
leaflets cuneiform very obliquely truncate acutely serrate-toothed, upper
margin produced and caudate, male buds cylindric about 3 times as long as
broad, stamens 40-45, fruit 3-3 in. diam., base apiculate, testa adherent.
Gertn. fruct. i. 20, t.7; Rowb. Fl. Ind. iii. 625; Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm.
193, t. 107 and 108, and 162; Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 479;
Palms Brit. Ind 160; Thu. Enum. 829; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 278;
Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iti. 41.—Rheede Hort. Afal. i. t. 11.

Throughout the HOTTER PARTS OF INDIA, from the Sikkim Himalaya and Assam
southwards to Ceylon ond Singapore—Distrts. Trop. Asia, Malaya.

Trunk 30-40 ft. 1 ft. diam., annulate, Leaves 18-20 by 10-12 ft., leaflets 5-6 ft.,
curved and drooping, pinnules 4-8 in., broadly cuneate, upper narrower, outer
margin caudate; petiole very stout. Spadic 10-12 ft. long; spathes 13 ft. ;
branches all reaching the same level; flowers 3-nate, a fem. between two males ;
male 4 in. long, or more. Frwit reddish.

2. GC. obtusa, Griff. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 480; Palms Brit.
Ind. 170; glabrous, trunk tall stout not soboliferous, leaflets very
obliquely cuneiform crenate, upper margin not caudate, male buds about
as long as broad, stamens very many, fruit }-1 in. diam., base not apicu-
late. Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii, 195. C. obtusidentata, Grif. Palms
Brit. Ind. 236 A, B.

Upper AssaM; Mishmi Mts., alt. 83-4000 ft., Griffith.

Caryota.] CLXII. PALMER. (Beccari & Hook, f.) 423

Habit and stature of C. urens, from which it differs in the more rounded and
crenate apex of the leaflets, in the shorter unexpanded male flowers and slightly in
the fruit.

Var. equatorialis, Becc. mss.; pinnules more acute more deeply crenate or
serrate, male fl. larger, stamens more than 100. ?C. ochlandra, Hance in Journ.
ae 1879, 174.—Malay Peninsula; Perak, Wray (n. 1239), Malay Islands,

hina.

3. C. mitis, Zour. Fl. Cochinch. ii. 569; stem low soboliferous,
petioles leaf-sheaths and spathes scurfily villous, leaflets very obliquely
cuneiform erose and toothed, upper margin acute, spadix branches scurfy,
male buds cylindric, stamens about 15-25. Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. ii.
195; Kunth Hnum. ili.; C. sobolifera, Wall. Cat. 8594; Mart. l. ¢. iii. 194,
t.107, £2; Griff. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 481; Palms Brit, Ind. 171,
t. 236 0; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iti. 41; Kurz. For. Fi. ii, 530, C. urens,
Jacq. Fragm. 20, t. 12, f£ 1. C. nana, Wall. Cat. 8595. C. furfuracea,
Blume in Mart. l. c.195; Rumphia, ii. 141 (ewel. var, caudata). C. pro-
pinqua, Blume in Mart. 1. c. 195, in Rumphia 1. c. 138, t. 155 (partim) 162.
C. Griffithii, Bece. in Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ltal. tii. 15. :

Burma; from Arracan southwards, and the Manay Preninsunta, PEnane and
the Andaman Islands.—DistriB. Malay Islands.

Stem 15-25 ft. by 4-5 in. diam. Leaves 4-9 ft., pinnules 4-7 in., irregularly
toothed. Spadia as in C. wrens, but much smaller, with fewer unequal scurfy
branches, and much smaller flowers, the males about } in. long. Stamens apiculate.
Staminodes 3, tips glandular. Fruit 4 in, diam., blueish black. Seed globose,
testa loose.

14. ORANIA, Zippel.

Tall, stout, unarmed palms. Leaves terminal, equally and regularly
pinuatisect; leaflets linear, tips obliquely lobed or torn, strongly uni-
costate; petiole stout, sheath short. Spathes 2, lower short, tubular,
compressed; upper large, clavate, cleft longitudinally. Spadix interfoliar,
elongate, shortly peduncled, branches slender fastigiate; flowers minute,
upper or all male, lower or all 3-nate, a fem. between 2 males. Male fi.
subsymmetric; calyx minute, 3-fid; petals oblong or lanceolate, valvate ;
stamens 3 or 6, filaments subulate, anthers erect slits extrorse; pistillode
conic. Kem. fl. larger, ovoid; calyx membranous, 3-fid; petals ovate,
obtuse, valvate; staminodes 3 or 6; ovary 3-gonous, 3-celled, stigmas
recurved; ovules pendulous. F'rwit globose, 1-3-celled, stigmas basilar.
Seed globose, testa spongy, adherent to the endocarp; albumen equable ;
embryo dorsal.—Species about 5, tropical Asiatic and Malayan.

1. O.macrocladus, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 186, t.177, f. 1; flowers
all 3-nate, a fem. between 2 males, more or less distichously arranged,
stamens 6. Bece. in Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. ii. 152, 164, t. 13. Macro-
cladus sylvicola, Griff. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 489; Palms Brit. Ind.
177, t. 239 A, B.

Matay Preninsuta; Malacca, in the Ching forests, Grigith.—Disrris. Java.

Trunk 40 ft. ; crown densely leafy, subhemispheric. Leaves 12-15 ft., subovate
in outline; leaflets 24-3 ft. by 2in., white and scurfy beneath ; petiole 5 ft. Spathes
and spadix scurfy. Spadiw paniculately branched, nodding, branches slender ;
flowers white. Fruit 14-1 in. diam., smooth, whitish.

424 CLXII, PALMER. (Beccari & Hook. f.)

15. NIPA, Wurmb.

A prostrate zstuarial gregarious palm ; stem (or rootstock) branched.
Leaves pinnatisect; leaflets lanceolate, plicate. Spathes many, sheathing.
Spadix terminal, branched, erect, fruiting drooping; flowers monoecious,
male in catkin-like lateral branches of the spadix, female in a globose
terminal head, perianth glumaceous. Male fl. minute mixed with seta-
ceous bracteoles; sepals linear, with broad truncate inflexed tips, imbricate ;
petals smaller; stamens 3, filaments cuneate, anthers linear basifixed ;
pistillode 0. Fem. fl. much larger; sepals 6, rudimentary, displaced;
staminodes 0; carpels 3, tips free, each with an oblique stigmatic line;
ovules 3, erect. Fruit large globose, syncarp of many obovoid hexagomal
l-celled 1-seeded carpels, with pyramidal tips and infra-apical stigmas,
pericarp fleshy and fibrous, endocarp spongy and flowery. Seed erect,
grooved on one side, testa coriaceous viscid within, and adherent to
the endocarp, hilum broad; albumen equable, hollow; embryo basilar,
obconic.

1. N. fruticans, Warm). in Verh. Bat. Genootsch. i. 349; ex Blume
Leumph. ii. 72; iii. 164,165; Wort. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 305, t. 208 ; Lam.
Illustr, t. 897; Labill. in Mem. Mus. Par. v. t. 21, 22; Gaud. Voy. Bonite,
t. 67; Runth Enum. iti. 110, 589; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 150; Griff. Notul.
mi. 168; Je. Pl. Asiat. 244; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iti. 650; Thw. Enum. 327;
Kurz. For. Fl, ii. 541.

From the SuNDERBUNDs, southwards to the Manay PENINSULA. CEYLON.—
DistRis. Malay Archip. and Australia. :

Trunk or rootstock very stout. Leaves 15-30 ft.; leaflets 4-5 ft., rigid, glaucous
beneath ; petiole 4-5 ft., very stout. Spadig 4-7 ft.; peduncle 3-4 ft. Fruit as
large as a man’s head; carpels 4-6 in. long, smooth, brown,—Not recorded as
existing in either coast of the Deccan Peninsula.

16, PHOENIX, Linn.

Low or tall dicecious palms. Leaves pinnate; leaflets lanceolate or
ensiform, sides induplicate. Spadices usually several, interfoliar, erect or
drooping in fruit, branched; spathe basilar, complete, coriaceous: flowers
small, yellowish, coriaceous. Male fi., calyx cupular 8-toothed; petals 3,
obliquely ovate, valvate; stamens 6 (3-9), filaments subalate, anthers
erect, dorsifixed ; pistillode minute or 0. Fem. fl. globose, calyx of the
male, accrescent; petals rounded, imbricate; staminodes 6, or a 6-toothed
cup; carpels 3, free, stigmas sessile, uncinate; ovules erect. Fruit
oblong, terete, 1-seeded, stigma terminal, pericarp fleshy, endocarp mem-
branous. Seed oblong, ventrally grooved; albumen equable or sub-
rumiuate, embryo dorsal or subbasilar.—Species 10 or 11, African and
Asiatic.

The following attempt at diagnosing the Indian species of Pkenia is tentative,
and awaits much further knowledge of the living plants before it can be accepted as
trustworthy. The true Date, P. dactylifera, has been introduced into Sindh and
N.W. India.—J. D. H.

* Embryo ventral.

+ Stem tall, (or short in P. zeylanica).

Pheenizx.] CLXII, PALMER. (Beccari & Hook. f.) 425

i. P. sylvestris, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 73; Fl. Ind. iii. 787; trunk
solitary stout, petiole spinous, leaflets 1-2 ft. fascicled 2-4-farious rigid
glaucous green, male spadix 2-3 ft., fruit 1-12 in. long, terete. Mart.
Hist. Nat, Palm. iii. 276 (excl. syn. Linn. & Kaempf.) 326, t. 186. Kunth
Enum. iii. 255 ; Wall. Cat, 8602; Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 350;
Palms Brit. 141, t. 228 A; ? Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 278; Brund. For.
Fi. 554; Kurz, For. Fl. ii. 585; Bece. Males. iii. 347, 364, t. 43, £. 3.
Elate sylvestris, Zinn. Sp. Pl. 1189, in part. Katou Indel, Ham. in
Trans, Linn. Soc. xv. 86.—Rheede Hort. Mal. iii. t. 22, 25.

Cultivated throughout the plains of Inp1a and Burma. Wild in the Indus
basin, Aztehison.

Trunk 25-40 ft., clothed with the persistent bases of petioles. Leaves 10-15 ft.,
quite glabrous. Spathe 12-16 in., scurfy, petiole short. Spadices erect, fruiting
inclined with spreading branches ; branches of male filiform; male fl. 4-3 in. long.
Fruiting peduncle short, 6 in. or more. J*rutt orange yellow, seed rounded at both
ends, pale brown.—Very near P. dactylifera and possibly the origin of that plant, of
which the leaflets point more forward and are of « brighter green, and the seeds are
acute at both ends, but most variable in this respect and often imperfect. ‘he
Bombay Flora is cited above with doubt, as its authors imply that the leaflets are
not fascicled. They say “ Roxburgh says the leaflets are fascicled, this is surely a
mistake.” They mention another species as growing in the Hewra Garden, and
brought from the Ghats, with a stem 6-8 ft. high, and leaves more slender and
delicate than sylvestris and acaulis. The Elate sylvestris of Linneus includes this
and a Ceylon palin (see P. zey/anica).—Griffith observes that Rheede’s figure repre-
sents the fruit as very much smaller and of a different shape from that of the Bengal
plant. The whole subject wants a careful study.

2. P. zeylanica, Trimen in Journ. Bot. 1885, 267; Syst. Cat.
Zeyl. Pl. 96; stem 14 ft. or less, leaflets subequidistant quadrifarious
‘bright green rigid, fruiting spadix with long slender spreading branches,
fruit scarlet then dark purple. ‘P. zeylanica, Hort; Hook. f. in Kew Report,
1882, 63. FP. sylvestris, Thwaites Enum. 329. P. pusilla, Gerin. Fruct. i.
24, t.9; Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iti. 273, 321, t. 186 (partly as to deser.,
and evel. tigs. x., xi., in t. W., and 1-15 in t. 124). Hlate sylvestris, Linn.
Sp. Pl. 1189 (the Ceylon plant only).

CrYLon; in shady woods.

Stem 8-20 ft., rarely much shorter. Leaves rather short; leaflets very many,
not fascicled, 7-10 in., pungent, spreading at right angles. Frui¢ } in. or rather
more, ¢ in. diam. Seed nearly as long, with the groove dilating into a canal of
various forms.—(Trimen’s appropriate name should replace Gertner’s misleading
one, even if Gertner had been right in assuming his plant to be the ‘‘ Palma dacty-
lifera aculeata minima” of Plum. Gen. Ainer. 3, which he cites doubtfully as a
synonym, and which is an American plant.—J. D. H.)

3. P. rupicola, T. Anders. in Journ. Linn, Soc. xi. 13; trunk
solitary slender naked, leaflets 14 ft. bifarious and not fascicled flaccid
bright green, fem. spadix 3-4 ft. long peduncled, fruit % in. long. Bece.
Males. ni. 348, 395. P. Andersoni, Cat. Hort. Caleut. No. 119 (1886-7),
p. 29°; Gard. Chron. 1877, ii. 45, fig. 4.—Phoenicoidea, Griff. Journals,
46.

Sixxim Himaraya, alt. 4060-1400 ft., Anderson. Assam and the Misumz
His, Griffith.

Trunk 15-20 ft. by 8 in. diam. Leaves 10 ft., quite glabrous; petiole com-
pressed. Spadices elongated, much compressed, females with a few fascicled spikes
on the acute margins near the apex; spathe 1 ft. long. Fruit oblong, shining,

426 CLXII. PALMER. (Beccari & Hook. f.) [Pheenizx.

yellow. Seed 3-2 in. long; groove dilated inwards——The numerous bright green
decurved leaflets all in one plane, are peculiar to this beautiful species.

tt Stem normally very short or 0 (sometimes elongate in P. humilis).

4. P. acaulis, Buch. ex Rowb. Fl. Ind. iii. 783, Hort. Beng. 73;
stem bulbiform, leaflets in subopposite fascicles multifarious subglaucous,
spathes 6-8 in., rigid, spadix and its peduncle very short, and branches
erect very stout, fruit 4 in. long. Ham. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. 87;
Kunth Enum. iii. 257; Griff. in Cale. Journ, Nat.-Hist. v. 345; Palms
Brit, Ind. 137, var. melanocarpa, ll. cc. 346, 138, t. 227; Mart. Hist. Nat.
Palm, iti. 274, 821; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 278; Brandis, For. Fl. 555;
Bece. Males. 348, 397, t. 44, iv. f. 51-57; Wall. Cat. 8602 CO.

NorTHEERN and Centra Inpria; from Kumaon eastwards to the Kmasta HILts
and Burma.

Stem 6-10 in. diam., densely clothed with sheaths and bases of petioles. Leaves
2-6 ft.; pinnules 3-1} ft., very rigid; marginal nerve very strong; petiole 1 ft. or
more with many spines. .Spadix 6-10 in., compressed, rather longer than the
lanceolate obtuse spathe, branches very stout; male fl. 3-3 im. long. Fruit
elliptic-oblong, mucronate, bright red to blue black. Seed 3-4 in. long, groove

broad.

5. P. farinifera, Row). Cor. Pl. i. 55, t. 74; Hort. Beng. 73; Fl.
Ind. iii. 785 ; stem very short, leaflets subopposite 4-farious ensiform rigid
pungent dark green, fruiting spadix 8-12 in., branches spreading, drupe
small black. Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iti. 274 (excl. syn. pusilla); Griff.
in Cale. Jowrn. Nat. Hist. v. 348; Palms Brit. Ind. 140 (excl. syn.);
Brand. For. Fl. 556; Steavens. in Proc. Agric. Hort. Soc. Madras, N.S. iv.
(1886) 346. PP. pusilla, Zrim. in Jowrn, Linn, Soe. xxiii. 173; Bece. Males.
349, 402, t. 44, f. 28-37.

CoroMANDEL coast, not far from the sea. CEYLON, in the north part of the

island.

Shrubby ; stem at most 4 ft., thickly clothed with old leaf sheaths. Petiole
with one or more pairs of spines, Spathes leathery smooth, marcescent. Spadix
8-12 in., much branched ; male fl. $ in. long. Fruit the size of a large French
bean, pulp sweet and mealy. Seed pretty smooth, brown, grayish within.—
Roxburgh, who is the only sure authority for this species, does not give the length
of the fruiting peduncle, of the spathe, or of the petiole. The stem, he says, has a
farinaceous pith. Mr. Steavenson observes that the foliage is so spinous that it is
impossible to walk through clumps of this species.

6. P. humilis, Royle Ill. 394, 897, 399; stems sbort tufted (and
bulbiform ?) rarely elongate, leaves subglaucous, leaflets scattered inter-
ruptedly fascicled, fruiting spadix long-peduncled, branches spreading
rather slender, fruit oblong, pericarp thin. Becc. Males. iii. 347, 373.

Hilly districts of Inp1a; from Kumaon eastwards to Burma, and southwards to
Malabar.—Distris. China, Cochin China.

Neither the published description nor available collections suffices to distin-
guish this satisfactorily by habit and foliage from P. acaulis, though it is doubtless
a different species, and easily recognized when in flower and fruit. According to
Royle (who gives no description) both inhabit Kumaon, as both do the Khasia hills.
‘The following forms are referred to it by Beccari, besides the var, «, P. Hanceana,
of China, and bis remarkable Parusnath var. y, robusta, which I discovered in 1848,
and which cannot, I think, be included.—J. D. H.

Phenix.] CLXIII. PALMEZ. (Beccari & Hook. f.) 427

Var. u, typica, Bece. |.c. 347, 379, t. 44, and ii. f. 22-24; stem short or mode-
rately long, leaflets elongate pale green in usually remote fascicles, fruiting
peduncle usually very long, fruit rather long, groove of seed very short. P.
humilis, Royle lc. P. Ouseleyana, Grif. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 347 ; Palms
Brit. Ind. 139. P. sylvestris ?, Wall. Cat. 8602 B.—Outer Himalaya, alt. 1-5000 ft.,
from Kumaon eastwards. Assam (Jenkins), the Khasia hills and Central India; at
Chota Nagpore, Cal. Ouseley.—Griffith describes P. Ouseleyana, from an Assam
specimen, as having the ovoid bulbous stem of P. acaulis, a foot long by 6 in. diam.,
leaves 23-3 ft., leaflets very narrow indeed and strongly conduplicate 1 {t. long by
(owing to the conduplication) 3 in. broad, lower spinescent, male spadix 1 ft. rather
longer than the spathe, fem. spadix 2-2} ft. much longer than its spathe with few
terminal long flexuose spikes, male fl. 4 in. long (in Sikkim specimen). The seeds
examined are from Sikkim, 3-3 in. long, with a broad groove.

Var. 8, Lourierii, Beec. l.c. 348, 379, t. 44, ii. £. 16, 17; stem short or very short,
leaflets subglaucous often approximate mostly falciform, fruiting peduncle elongate,
fruit ovoid. P. Loureirii, Kunth Enum. iii, 257. P. pusilla, Lour. Fl. Cochinch.
614 (non. Gertn.). P. Roebelinii, O’Brien, in Gard. Chron. 1889, ii. 475, 748,
fig. 68.—Assam, the Khasia Hills, Burma, Munnipore, Cochin China,

Var. 5, peduncu'ata, Becc. l.c. 379, 387, t. 44, f. 138-15, 18-21, 25-27; stem
short, pinnge subglaucous more or less fascicled, spathe 8 in. long, margin fringed,
fruiting peduncle very long, fruit small oblong-ovoid black, groove of seed usually
dilating into a canal. P. pedunculata, Palms Brit. Ind.139. P. acaulis, Miq. Pl.
Hohen. Nilg. No. 1243.—Western Ghats, from the Concan southwards, ascending to
about 6000 ft. on the Nilghiri hills, Wight, &.—Griffith describes this as soboli-
ferous, with leaves 4-5 ft., leaflets 1 ft., petiole bearing solitary or fascicled spines,
male spadix about a span long, fem. a little longer, with a very long fruiting
peduncle, fruit 3-2 in. by 3-3 in. diam.—Mr. J. Steavenson (ia Journ. Agric.
fort. Soc. Madras, N.S. (1866), 337), observes that this is a graceful pale green
palm, with the stem never more than a foot or so high. ‘The seeds described above
are from Nilghiri specimens and are 3-3 in. long. Specimens, presumably of this
var., sent by Mr. Talbot from N. Canara, have spathes 8 in. long, with a deep brown
fringe of matted woolly hairs; fruit black ; seeds $-2in. long groove narrow hardly
dilated within.

** Embryo basilar.

7. P. paludosa, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 75; Fl. Ind. 789; gregarious,
subarboreous, leaflets opposite and alternate bifarious ensiform with filiform
tips whitish or farinose beneath, branches of spadix spreading, fruit ovoid
black. Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 272, 820, t. 186; Kunth Enum. iii.

siamensis, Mig. Palm. Archip. Ind. 14.

Aestuarial shores from BenGaL to Burma and the ANDAMAN IsLaNDs—
Distris. Siam, Cochin China. :

Trunks 8-25 ft., often inclined, soboliferous, annulate, 12-18 in. diam. Leaves
8-10 ft., leaflets 1-2 ft.; petiole 3-5 ft., slender, scurfy, with many long spines,
sheath fibrous. Male spudix with its peduncle 14 ft., compressed ; spathe as long,
scurfy; fem. spathe shorter ; male fl. 4 in. long; fem. subglobose with 6 staminodes.
Fruit 3 in. long, mucronate, black purple when fully ripe.

IMPERFECTLY KNOWN SPECIES.

8. P. robusta, Hook. f.; trunk 15-20 ft.as thick as a man’s body
closely clothed and appearing tessellated from the sheaths of the fallen
leaves, leaves about 3 ft. long, leaflets fascicled quadrifarious strict,

428 CLXIII, PALMEM. (Beccari & Hook. f.) [Pheniz,

strongly conduplicate, fruiting peduncle 2 ft. P. humilis, var. robusta,
Becc. Males, 348, 384.

BEwAR ; on Parusnath, alt. 4000 ft., J. D. H., &e.

A very remarkable species from the great bulk of the trunks, and their tessellated
appearance, due to the comparatively small size of the appressed old leaf-sheaths, of
which, judging from excellent photographs procured for me by Mr. Clarke, there
must be very many in a plane cutting the diameter of the trunk; they give to the
trunk the appearance of a Cycas. ‘he figure of P. cycadifolia, Regel, Gartenfi.
1879, 131, t. 974, a plant referred to dactylifera, strongly resembles robusta in the
bulk and marking of the trunk,

17. CORYPHA.

Tall stout unarmed palms, dying after once flowering and fruiting.
Leaves very large, orbicular or lunate, flabellately multifid; petiole
spinous. Spadia very large, terminal, erect, paniculate; spathes many,
tubular. Flowers small, bisexual. Calyx cupular, 3-fid. Petals 3, con-
nate below in a stipes, ovate, acute, imbricate or subvalvate. Stamens 6,
filaments subulate, anthers dorsifixed. Ovary 3-lobed, 3-celled ; style short,
subulate, stigma minute. Fruit of 1-3 globose fleshy drupes, styles
basilar. Seed erect, globose or oblong; albumen equable; embryo spiral.
—Species about 6, tropical Asiatic.

1. GC. elata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 176; trunk spirally ridged, leaves
lunate, petiole with black margins and curved spines, panicle rounded
ovoid, branches spreading, drupe about lin. diam. stipitate. Mart. Hist.
Nat. Palm. 233; Kunth Enum. ii. 236. Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist.
v. 314; Palms Brit. Ind. 112, t. 220 D. C. Gebanga, Kurz For. Fl. ii.
525, an Blume P

Brnea and Burma,

Trunk straight, 60-70 ft. high by 2 ft. diam. eaves 8-10 ft. diam., 80-100-
fid to about the middle; lobes ensiform, obtuse or 2-fid; petioles 6-12 ft., spirally
arranged, auricled. Spadie about } the height of the trunk, much narrower in span
than the foliage, supradecompound; spathes many. Flowers in scattered fascicles
on the rather stout spreading branchlets of the spadix; calyx 3-toothed, petals re-
flexed ; ovary suddenly contracted iuto the short style. Drupe very shortly stipitate,
olive colrd., smooth ; pericarp friable, endocarp adnate to the testa. —Griffith describes
the leaves as nearly circular, 5-6 by 15 ft. broad, with narrower segments than in the
other Indian species.

2. G. umbraculifera, Linn. Sp. Pl. Ed. ii. 1657; trunk annulate,
leaves sublunate or circular palmately pinnatifid conduplicate above the
middle, panicle pyramidal, primary branches piercing the spathes, drupes
li in.diam. Gertn. Fruct. 1, 18, t. 7 (seed inverted) ; Kunth Hnwm. iii. 236;
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 177; Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii, 232, t. 108, 127 (partim) ;
Griff. in Calc. Journ, Nat. Hist, v. 819; Palms Brit. Ind. 116. Thw.
Enum. 329; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. Suppl. 94; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 525;
Brand. For. Fl. 549; Wall. Cat. 8615.—Rheede Hort. Mal. iii. t. 1-12.

Matapar Coast and Ceyton.

Trunk 60-80 tt. diam. Leaves 6 ft. long by 13 broad, 80-100-fid to about
the middle, seginents obtusely 2-fid; petiole 7 ft., spines often in pairs. Spadia
attaining 20 ft., pyramidal, branches spreading. Calyx broadly 3-lobed. Ovary
suddenly contracted into the style. Drupe shortly stipitate.

3. C. Talliera, Roxb. Cor. Pl, iii. 251, t. 255, 256; FU. Ind. ii. 174;

Corypha. | CLXIM, PALMER, (Beccari & Hook. f.) 429

-trunk obsoletely annulate, leaves subrotund complicate above the middle
subglaucous, basal lobes overlapping, panicle pyramidal, branches axillary
to the spathes spreading, secondary forked, drupes 13 in. diam. Kunth
Enum. iii. 236; Mart. Nat. Hist. Palm. iti. 231; Griff. in Cale. Journ.
Nat. Hist. v. 317; Palms Brit. Ind. 114, t. 220 H, F, Wall. Cat. 8616.
Talliera bengaiensis Spreng. Syst. ii. 18. T. Tali, Mart, in Roem. & Sch.
Syst. vii. 1306.

Beneat, Rowburgh.

Trunk about 30 ft., dark brown, rather rough. Leaves 6 ft. long by 16 broad,
90-100-fid, lobes deeper and broader than in umbraculifera, the central 3-33 ft. ;
petiole 5-10 ft., not spirally arranged,. biauricled, spinous. Spadiw 20 ft. or more
high ; primary branches with ascending tips, secondary bifarious, drooping ; flowers
in close clusters. Calyx obscurely 3-lobed. Ovary suddenly contracted into the
style. Drupes 1-3, dark olive or greenish-yellow.

4, GC. macropoda, Kurz in Journ. Beng. As. Soc. xliti. ii, (1874)
197, t.15; For. Fl. iii. 525; stemless, leaves palmately flabellate 12-20 ft.
diam. divided to the middle 6-10 ft. long, petiole 18-25 ft. slender base as
thick as the arm, spines black, drupe the size of a cherry smooth olive
brown.

Sours AnpAmAN Istps., Kurz.

IMPERFECTLY KNOWN SPECIES.

5. C. marrrana, Becc. mss. ; panicle hemispherical, branchlets pendulous, petiole
armed with small strong black spines, calyx broadly 3-lobed, ovary conico-ovoid
narrowed into the short style, drupe on a stipes ++; in. long.

Burma; Mergui? (Hort. Caicutt.).

6. C. UMBRACULIFERA, Linn.; Wall. Cat. 8615.; branchlets of panicle about
2ft., as in C. Talliera, calyx distinctly 3-lobed, ovary gradually narrowed into a
short style.—Hort. Carey 1828, Wallich.

18. NANNORHOPS; Z. Wendi.

A gregarious tufted low-growing glabrous palm, with prostrate branch-
ing robust rhizomes or stems. Leaves cuneately flabellate, rigid, plicate,
split into curved 2-fid segments; petiole short. Spadia interfoliar, much
branched; spathes tubular, sheathing, spathels ochreate; flowers poly-
gamous. Calyx tubular, membranous, unequally 3-lobed. Corolla 3-
partite, segments valvate. Stamens in hermaph. fl. 6, in male about 9.
Ovary trigonous; style short, stigma 3-toothed; ovules basilar. Drupe
small, globose or oblong, l1-seeded, style basilar. Seed free, erect,
ventrally hollowed; hilum small, albumen equable; embryo dorsal or
subbasilar.

1. N. Ritchieana, H. Wendl. in Bot, Zeit. 1879, 148; Arichis. in
Journ. Linn. Soc. xix. 140, 141 and 187, t. 26. Chamerops Ritchieana,
Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 342; Palms Brit. Ind. 135; Brand.
For, Fl.547; Gard. Chron. 1886, 652, fig. 128,129; Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm.
iii. 252.

SrinpH, and the WesTERN PangaB; on the Salt Range and at Attok,
Aitchison.— DisrRin. Affghanistan.

Stem or rhizome 8-10 ft. long, as thick as a man’s arm, dichotomously branched,
covered with old leaf sheaths. Leaves 2-3 ft. long and broad, whitish, split to the
middle or lower into rigid segments with often interposed fibres; petiole 6-12 in.;
margins serrulate, Spadi« pyramidal, 2-3 ft,, branches ascending and recurved,
branchlets slender; flowers in pairs within a membranous spathella, one sessile

430 CLXIII. PALMEE. (Beceari & Hook.f.) [Nannorhops.

bracteate, the other pedicelled ebracteate. Stamens in the male fi, inserted in the
corolla-tube; in the hermaph. fl. in its throat; anthers deeply sagittate. Ovary
narrowed into the style. Drupe globose ellipsoid or oblong, from the size of a pea
to a bullet.

19. LICUALA.

Low, rarely tall palms; stems annulate. Leaves more or less orbicular,
or flabellate, plicate, deeply partite; petiole usually spinous. Spadices
interfoliar, sheathed by tubular coriaceous persistent spathes, simple or
branched, glabrous tomentose or scurfy; flowers usually small, scattered,
hermaphrodite; bracts and bracteoles obscure or 0. Calyx cupular or
tubular, mouth 3-fid. Corolla-lobes coriaceous, valvate. Stamens 6,
filaments subulate; anthers cordate. Ovary of 3 free or nearly free truncate
l-ovuled carpels; styles filiform; ovules erect. Drupes small; style ter-
minal. Seed erect, globose, free, ventral face often hollowed; albumen
equable, embryo dorsal.—Species about 45, trop. Asia, Australia and
Pacific.

There are several unnamed Burmese and Malayan-Peninsular species in the Kew
Herbarium, which I fail to identify with any of the Indian ones enumerated by
Beeccari. I refrain from describing them, as they are solitary specimens, and may be
eee as known Malayan islaud species, of which I have scen no specimens:—

pee
A. Flowers 3-3 in. long.

1. LG. peltata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 179; leaf orbicular 12-30-partite,
petiole armed throughout with strong curved spines, spadix with many
superposed branches tomentose and flowers tomentose. Ham. in Mem.
Wern. Soc. v. 813; Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 325; Palms Brit.
Ind. 120, t. 222. Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. 234, t.162; Kunth Enum. iii. 238 ;
Wall. Cat. 8617; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng, xliii. ii. 204; For. Fl.
ii. 527; Z. Anders. in Journ, Linn. Soc. xi. 18; Gard. Chron. 1872, 1657,
fig. 350.

Sikkim Himaraya, Assam, the Kuasta HILis, S1nnET, BuRMA and the

AnpamMaN Isups.
Stems 8-15 ft., usually gregarious. Leaves 3-5 ft. diam, segments variously

connate, many-toothed at the apex, teeth: 2-2 in; very variable in length and
breadth, obtusely 2-fid; petiole 8-4 ft., stout. Spathes tubular, 6-12 in. long by
4-$ in. broad, mouth irregularly toothed or lobed. Spikes of tall stout spadix
distant, 6-10 in., pendulous, fulvous-tomentose; flowers stipitate. Calyx campanu-
late, silkily pubescent, shortly lobed. Petals 4-3 in. long, lanceolate, very coriaceous.
Fruit 4 in. long, ellipsoid, narrowed equally at both ends, orange-colrd. Seed
with the intruded hilar process dilated within,

B. Flowers much less than § in. long.

I. Spathes tubular, with entire or lacerate mouths.

* Spadix with 8-10 superposed branched inflorescences arising from
special spathes.

2. L. paludosa, Griff. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 233; Palms Brit.
Ind. 118, t. 221, A, B, C; leaves flabelliform or orbicular 7-9-partite,

lateral segments deeply acutely 3-4-lobed, the rest truncately 4-8-lobed,
petiole unarmed above, flowers minute glabrous, petals very short. Bece.

Males. iii. 74.

Licuala.] OLXIII. PALME. (Beccari & Hook. f.) 431

Manacoa; Griffith. PuRax, Scortechini, King’s Collector, 7339, 8534,—
Disteis. Siam.

Stem 4-10 ft. 3-9 in. diam., smooth. Leaves 3 ft. diam.; petiole 1-2 ft., spines
few short, recurved ; sheaths very fibrous. Spathes $ in. broad, mouths lacerate.
Spadia very stout ; branches 4-8 in., spreading and recurved ; flowers sessile. Calyx
cup-shaped, 3, in. broad. Petals ovate. Fruit spherical, 4+ in. diam.—Griffith
observes that this species approaches Z. spinosa, but is abundantly distinct by its
smooth stem, which does not look much like the stem of a Palm, and by the small
smooth turbinate flowers. I doubt Kurz’s Andaman plant being the same, it has
shortly tomentose branches of the spadix and flowers.

3. L. longipes, Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 380; Palms Brit.
Ind, 125, t. 224 A, B; stem very short, leaves orbicular about 20-partite,
segments cuneate crenate lateral obliquely truncate terminal about 11-
toothed, crenatures 2-fid crenulate, petiole shortly armed, spathes short
broad, spadices much shorter than the petioles, branches spreading and
flowers glabrous or pubescent, calyx cylindric, base truncate, petals cordate-
lanceolate, ovary villous. Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xliii. 204; For.
Fi. ii. 528.

TENASSERIM ; forests in Mergui. Matacca, Grigith, Kurz.

Leaves 3-4 tt. diam.; petiole 4-5 ft., trigonous, deeply channelled above,
glabrous ; spines very variable in size and number, but never long. Spathes 3-6 in.
long by } in. broad, compressed, deeply lacerate at the mouth. Spadix stout and
flowers sparsely or sometimes densely pubescent; branches stout, curved and spread-
ing; flowers sessile. Calyx shortly lobed, lobes 2-fid. Petals very short. Ovary
villous. Fruét seated on the pedicel-like perianth,—The cylindric calyx with a broad
truncate base is a good character.

** Spadix with 3-6 digitately branched or forked inflorescences.
+ Branches of spadix and flowers pubescent or scurfy.

4. Q. spinosa, Wurmb. in Verh. Bat. Genoolsch. ii. 469; leaves
orbicular-reniform sub 18-partite, lateral segments obliquely premorse
3-4-lobed or 2-partite, median 10-11-lobed, petiole armed throughout, spadix
with many finely pubescent dense-fld. spikes and flowers, fruiting calyx
campanulate, petals very small, ovary glabrous, fruit obovoid. Roxb. Fl.
Ind, ii. 181? (excl. syn. Rumph.); Griff. in Cale. Journ, Nat. Hist. v. 321 ;
Paims Brit. Ind. 119; Blume Rumoph. ii. 39, t. 82, 88: Mart. Hist. Nat.
Palm, iii. 235, 318, t. 185, 1, 2; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 58; Suppl, 254.
Bece. Males. iii. 74. L. paludosa, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xliii. 528;
For, Fl. ii, 528. L.ramosa, Bl. in Schult. Syst. vii. 1303; Rumphia, ii. 39.
L. horrida, Blume Rumph. ii. 41, t. 89, f.1: Mart. 1. ¢. 237, 318.

Matacca, Grifith, Anpaman Istanps, Kurz, Man.—Disrrin. Malay
Islands.

Stems 8-10 ft., stout, 2-4 in. diam., densely tufted, rough with scars of fallen
leaves. Leaves 4 ft. diam. ; petiole obtusely trigonous, spines stout curved; ligule
1-1} in., scarious. Spathes very long, scurfy, 2 in. diam., mouths lacerate. Spadixr
rather longer than the leaves; branches 7-10, adnate to the rachis up to the mouth
of the spathes; lower compound, spreading, generally secund; flowers 2-3-nate.
Calyz lobed to the middle. Petals broadly lanceolate, acuminate. Fruit obovoid,
z in. long, pedicelled by the calyx-tube, red.—Beccari (mss.) refers Kurz’s
Andaman L. paludosa to spinosa, I think rightly (J. D. H.).

5. L. malayana, Becc. Males. iii, 197; leaves peltately digitate, seg-
ments 20-26, teeth very short broad obtuse, petiole very long spinous at

432 CLXIIL PALMEZ. (Beccari & Hook. f.) [Licuala.

the base only, spadix elongate, branches many 3-partite spreading pubes-
cent, flowers solitary spirally disposed finely pubescent, calyx tubular
campanulate hardly toothed, base truncate and intruded, petals rather
longer acute, ovary glabrous, fruit globose.

Perax, Scortechini; Goping, King’s Collector, 469, 8127.

Stem 4-6 ft., 1} diam. Leaves about 3 ft. diam.; petiole 5-6 ft., slender,
Spathes narrow, 4-6 in. long by } in. broad, subfurfuraceous ; lower acutely keeled,
mouth shortly lacerate. Spadix 24-8 ft., branches spreading and curved or flexuous;
flowers inserted in small tubercles which (in the dried state) are sunk in the lobulate
base of the calyx. Staminal cup deeply lobed. Fruit 4 in. diam., rather longer
than broad, tipped with the scale-like remains of the abortive carpels, dried pericarp
chiefly lacemose.—Allied to L. spinosa, distinguished by the petiole armed only at
the base, the form of the flowers, and the staminal cup deeply divided into large
lobes.

6. L. triphylla, Grif. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 352; Palms
Brit. Ind. 126, t. 225; stem very short, leaves few flabelliform 3-9-partite,
segments broadly crenate, median narrowed into a petiolule, petiole very
long and slender sparingly armed with small spines, spathes very slender,
spadix short slender, branches few slender few-Ald. and flowers puberulous,
calyx turbinate, petals minute, fruit pisiform.

Matacca; forests Ayer Punonus, Griffith. PreRaK, King’s Collector (2860,
3007).

Stem 3-4 in. Leaves with segments 8-10 in. long, of very various breadth, the
tips of the central crenate with very short rounded notched lobes, the lateral obliquely
premorse and notched ; petiole 2 ft., not in. broad; spines $in. Spathes 14-2 in.
long by 3-4 in. diam., mouth split, Spadix a foot long, very slender, branches
short, flowers ;'; in. long, scattered, subsessile. Peta/s minute, acute. Seed with
a curved internal process.

7. L. ferruginea, Becc. mss.; leaves orbicular 3—7-partite, segments
broadly crenate, the central subpetiolulate, petiole very long armed almost
throughont furfuraceous or glabrate, spathes large broad flattened furfura-
ceous, spadix and its branches very stout thickly furfuraceously tomentose,
flowers sessile, calyx cupular, petals very small.

SinGaporn, Gaudichaud, Lobb. PuRax, at Sunki, 100-800 ft., King’s
Collector (3041).

Leaves 3 ft. diam., young furfuraceous towards the base below, segments merely
notched as in L. triphylla ; petiole 3-4 ft. with concave face and sides, and rounded
back, young villously furturaceous along the margin between the short stout spines.
Spathes 4-6 in. long by 13-2 in. broad, compressed, 2-keeled, mouth lacerate.
Spadiz very stout, with stout rusty-tomentose branches 6-8 in. long ; flowers sessile,
ay in. diam,, rusty pubescent. Calyx very short, lobes rounded. Fruit } in. long,
ellipsoidly obovoid, obscurely 3-ribbed when dry.

tt Branches of spadix and flowers glabrous.

8. G. glabra, Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 329; Palms Brit.
Ind, 124, +, 223 ; stem slender, leaves flabelliform 16-18-partite, segments
linear-cuneate median 2-3-fid, tips with short bifid lobes separated by a
broad sinus, petiole very slender almost unarmed, spathes glabrous,
spadix slender elongate and flowers quite glabrous, branches adnate to
the rachis far above the spathes 4-5-partite, calyx campanulate, petals
lanceolate.

Mazacca; Mt. Ophir, Griffith, Hullett (852). Prax; on Gunong Batu Pateh,
alt, 3-4000 ft., King’s Collector (8148) ; Scortechini (319%, 593> ),

Licuala.] CLXII, PALMER. (Beccari & Hook. f.) 433

Stem 3-4 ft., 1-1} in. diam. Leaves 2-8 ft, diam. ; petiole 4-5 ft., plano-
convex. Spathes 3-6'in. narrow, cylindric, the lower a little compressed, mouth
oblique bifid, tips quite entire. Spadia 4 ft. (in King’s specimens), perfectly
glabrous throughout, rachis quite smooth, furrowed when dry; branches 4-6 in.,
divaricate ; flowers subsessile. Calyw obscurely 3-lobed. Petals twice as long,
acuminate. Young fruit ellipsoid, narrowed at both ends, keeled, } in. long,
stipitate by the calyx tube and spreading petals, tipped by the remains of the
abortive carpels.

II. Spathes compressed, split on one side (tubular in L. Kingit).
* Spadix with 2 or more superposed simple or branched inflorescences.

9. L. modesta, Becc. Males. iii. 195; stem elongate, leaves semi-
circular, segments very many narrowly cuneate, petiole very long spinous
towards the base only, spathes flattened acutely 2-edged glabrous margins
of mouth quite entire, branches of spadix and flowers fulvous pubescent,
staminal cup 6-lobed, ovary glabrous.

PreRak; Maxwell hill, Scortechini, alt. 3300 ft.; Larut, ICing’s Collector (1945,
1951, 1983, 2420, 3243).

Stem 2-10 ft. Leaves palmately multifid; segments 2-3 nerved ; petiole 3-4 ft.,
spines short recurved. Spathes 46 long by 4 in. broad, flat, glabrescent. Spadin
16-30 in. ; branches spreading ; flowers seated on small tubercles ; calyx campanulate,
lobes very short tipped with hairs; corolla rather longer; stylesubulate. Pruitt glo-
bosely obovoid, about 3 in. long, pedicelled by the calyx.—Diftficult to distinguish
from acutifida,

10. &. Kunstleri, Becce.; stem robust, leaves long-petioled, mid-
segment not petiolulate, petiole armed at the base, spathe much com-
pressed furfuraceous mouth not lacerate, branches of spadix very scurtily
and rustily hairy, flowers pedicelled pubescent.

PeRaxk ; on Ulu Bubong, Kunstler (10,205).

Stem 4 ft. by 4-5 in. diam. Calyx campanulate, base narrowed, pubescent ;
petals rather longer.—Only a solitary imperfect specimen seen, well characterized by
the pedicelled flowers. Allied to acutifida, differing in the robust stem, much
broader leaf-s‘egm ents, and longer floral pedicels.

ll. L. acutifida, Mari. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 236, t. 135, £. 8, 4 (excl.
Syn. Roxb.) ; stem slender, leaves many long-petioled, segments 15-20
very narrow terminating in long narrow bifid lobes, median petiolulate,
petiole very slender shortly armed and furfuraceous towards the base,
spadix spathes and flowers furfuraceously velvety, flowers seated on a
rather prominent pedicel, calyx obconic. Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist.
vy. 327; Palms Brit. Ind. 122, t. 222 A,B; Wall. Cat. 8618.

PrEnana, Lewis, Ovley. Srnaarorsn, Lobb.

Stem 15-20 ft., 1-2 in. diam. Leaves 1-2 ft. diam., segments 1-3-costate ;
terminal lobes 4-1 in.; petiole 18-48 in.; ligule elongate. Spathes paleaceously
scurfy, 2—lobed, 4-6 in. long by 3 in. diam., silkily or silverily paleaceous. Spadix
12-18 in.; spikes 3-5 in., simple or forked, adnate to the rachis, lower flowers
2-nate, upper solitary; calyx obtusely 3-fid, pubescent; petals striate. Ovary
obovoid, smooth ; style filiform. Frué 2 in. diam., stipitate by the calyx. Seed
pisiform.

12. L. pusilla, Bece. Males. iii. 194; stemless, leaves palmately 9-fid,
segments very narrow, median 3-fid on 3-partite shortly and obtusely
toothed, lateral with very oblique tips having several short and one long

VOL. VI. Ff

434 OLXII. PALME, (Beccari & Hook. f.) [Licuala.

tooth, mouth of spathe lacerate, spadix nodding compressed, branches 3
simple subtomentose, flowers sessile, calyx campanulate pubescent, fruit
very small pisiform.

PERak; at Semhi, King’s Collector (3028).

Closely allied to L. triphylla, but leaf-segments more numerous, mid-segment
not petiolulate, and branches of the spadix simple. Fruit (dried) 4 in. diam.—
T have seen nojflowers. J. D. H.

** Spadix bearing a solitary simple or digitately branched inflorescence.

13. G. Seortechini, Becc. Males. iii. 192; leaves semicircular sub
17-partite, segments with long 2-tid teeth, mid-segments 9 lateral 1-3-
nerved, spathes 2 acutely 2-keeled inflated above acute, spadix and flowers
fulvously pubescent, branches 4-5 filiform digitately branched, calyx ob-
conico-campanulate truncate, petals pubescent striate, staminal cup 6-
toothed, ovary glabrous.

PERAK; Scortechini.

Described from a single leaf and flowering spadix.

14. I. Kingiana, Becc. Males. iii. 193; stem slender, leaves small
semicircular 5-partite, segments broad obtusely obliquely toothed, median
broadest sessile cuneiform, petiole very slender, spathes 2, outer tubular
acuminate split at the side, upper very narrow mouth lacerate, spadix
terminating in a solitary dense-fld. spike, calyx campanulate hairy,
staminal cup 6-toothed, ovary glabrous.

PERAsk; at Goping, Aunstler (471).

Stem about 5 ft. by 1 in. diam. Leaves 10-12 in. diam.; segments all
cuneiform, many-toothed; teeth 4-3 in., obtuse, entire or 2-fid; petiole 18-20 in.,
armed from the lower third with small straight or recurved spines. Spathes very
slender, }—3 in. diam., nearly glabrous. Spadix 6-10 in., erect, and spike (2-4 in.)
tomentose. Caly« irregularly lobed. Petals broadly ovate, finely pubescent, not
striate. Ovary turbinate, glabrous; style subulate. Fruit not seen.

20. LEVISTONA, Br.

Tall palms, trunk annulate. Leaves orbicular, flabellately plicate, split
to the middle into 2-fid narrow lobes; petiole long, margins spinous.
Spadices interfoliar, long peduneled, erect, fruiting pendulous, loosely
panicled; spathes many, tubular, sheathing; flowers minute, 2-sexual.
Sepals 3, rounded, imbricate. Corolla 3-lobed, coriaceous, lobes valvate.
Stamens 6, filaments subulate, united in aring; anthers cordate. Ovary
of 3 nearly free carpels; styles short, free or coherent, stigmas minute;
ovules basilar, erect. Drupes 1-8, globose oblong or ellipsoid; style sub-
terminal. Seed erect, ventral face hollowed; albumen equable; embryo
dorsal.—Species about 13, tropical Asiatic and Australian.

L. chinensis, Br. (L. sinensis, Mart. ;) Griff. Palms of Brit. Ind. 131, t. 226 D;
Wall. Cat. 8620, a Chinese and Japanese species, is cultivated in India, and may be

recognized by its reniformly flabellate leaves with long pendulous deeply biparti
divisions and the olive-like drupe. ae Bry eee

1. &. cochinchinensis, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 242; leaves
9-10 ft. diam. orbicular, lobes 2-partite, segments very long linear pendu-
lous, tips filiform, drupe globose 3-2 in. diam. Becc. Males. iii, 69. L.

Livistona.] CLXUI. PALMEZ., (Beccari & Hook. f.) 435

spectabilis, Grif. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 335; Palms Brit. Ind. 13),
t. 226 C. Corypha Saribus, Lour. Fl. Cochinchin. i, 212. Saribus cochin-
chinensis, Blume Rumph. i. 49.

Maxaooa, Griffith. Panane, Lewis.—Disrers. Cochin China.

Trunk 50-60 ft., smooth, Leaves about 90-fid, divisions ensiform, central
23-3 ft.; petiole obtusely trigonous, spiny throughout its length, spines stout com-
pressed recurved. Spadices 4-5 ft., nodding; branches 1-14 fc., spreading, much
divided; spathes coriaceous, brown. Flowers sessile. Calyo cupular obtusely
3-toothed to the middle, corolla w little longer. Carpels cohering by their styles.
Drupes pale blue; endocarp subopeous.

2. L. Jenkinsiana, Griff. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 334; Palms
Brit. Ind. 128, t. 226 A, B; leaves 5-3 ft. diam. reniformly flabellate
glaucous beneath, divisions very narrow straight shortly obtusely 2-toothed,
drupe reniformly globose, 3-1 in. diam.

Assam, common, Jenkins. .

Trunk 20-30 ft. by 6-7 in. diam. Leaves 5-6 ft. broad, 70-80-fid ; petiole
spinous throughout its length. Spadices 2-3 ft., branches dichotomous, simple or
compound ; spathes 2 ft., woody, scurfy. Flowers clustered on small tubercles,
small, greenish, ebracteate ; calyx cupular, base truncate intruded; corolla twice as
long. Drupes $-1 in. diam., leaden blue.

3. L. speciosa, Kurz in Journ. Beng. As. Soc. xliii. ii. (1874), 196,
204, t. 18,14; For. FV. ii. 526; leaves 6-7 ft. diam., palmately flabellate
divisions very shortly 2-toothed, teeth lanceolate acuminate converging,
drupe obovoid g—1 in. long.

Peau and Tenasserim ; Kurz, Brandis.

Trunk 50-70 ft. Leaves as broad as long, divisions linear; petiole with very
strong sharp long recurved flattish black spines throughout its length. Spadix
2-4 ft., paniculate ; spathes brown, smooth. Flowers solitary or in pairs on small
tubercles ; sepals and petals aboat 3, in. Drupes 2 in. long, dark blue.

4, Ie Kingiana, Becc. Males. iii. 199; leaves 15 ft. diam. orbicular,
divisions broadly lanceolate rigid 2-fid lobes triangular, drupe globose
1}-2 in. diam. :

Matay PeninsvLa; Perak, Kunstler (3904).

Trunk 60-100 ft. by 12-18 in. diam. Leaves as broad as long, very coriaceous,
divisions 2-23 in. broad; petiole 6 ft., armed throughout its length with sigmoidly
flexuous very large stout spines like shark’s teeth and 2 in. long. Spadie much
branched, branchlets subulate slender. Drupe smooth, peculiarly fleshy, endocarp
grumous and tessellated.

21. TRACHYCARPUS, H. Wendl.

Tall unarmed palms. Leaves suborbicular or reniform, plicately multi-
fid, segments narrow, rachis0. Spadices many, interfoliar, stout, branched ;
spathes many, sheathing, embracing the peduncle and branches of the
spadix, coriaceous, compressed, tumentose; bracts and bractevles minute;
flowers small, polygamo-moneecious. Sepals 3, ovate. Petals 3, broadly
ovate, valvate. Stamens 6, filaments free ; anthers short, dorsifixed. Carpels
3; stigmas 3, recurved; ovules basilar. Drupes 1-3, globose or oblong,
style subterminal. Seed erect, ventrally grooved, hilum basilar; albumen
equable; embryo dorsal—Species 2 or 3, Himalayan, Chinese and
Japanese.

Fri 2

436 CLXIN. PALMEas. (Beccari & Hook.f.) [Trachycarpus.

1. T. Martiana, H. Wendl. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. viii. (1861) 429;
trunk for the most part naked annulate, fem. fl. solitary sessile, drupe
oblong equally rounded at both ends, seed grooved throughout its length
embryo opposite the middle of the groove. I. khasiana, H. Wendl. 1. ¢.;
Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 7128. Chamerops Martiana, Wall. Cat. n. 8621;
Mart. in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. iii. 5, t. 211; Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 251, 320;
Royle Ill. 394,-7,-9; Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 339; Palms Brit.
Ind. 133. CO. Griffithii, Zodd. Cat. Palm. 1841; Hort. Par. ex Rev. Hortic.
1879, 212, f. 43, ed. 1881, 1438. C. khasyana,. Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat.
Hist. v. 341; Palms Brit. Ind. 134, t. 227 A, B,C; Brand. For. Fl. 546;
Kurz ii Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xliii. 204; For. Fl. ii. 526; Gamble Man.
Ind. Timb, 418; Houllet in Rev. Hortic. 1879, 272 (with woodcut).

TEMPERATE HIMALAYA, alt. 6-8000 ft., from Nepal eastwards, the Kuasra
Hits, alt. 4000-5000 tt. Munnrpors, Waté. Burma, alt. 4-6500 ft., Kurz.

Trunk 20-50 ft., slender; clothed beneath the crown with persistent leaf-
sheaths ; young parts softly furfuraceously hairy. Leaves 4-5 ft. diam., subglaucous
beneath, cut about half way down into linear 2-lobed segments; rigidly coriaceous ;
petiole 13-2} ft., margins denticulate; sheath leaving stiff erect fibres. Spadina
1-1} ft., nodding, glabrous; basal spathes 1 ft., coriaceous, split. FVowers yellow,
ovaries villous. Drupe 1-3, 4 in. long, blueish, “dirty blue” (Kurz) “yellow
lepidote ” (Wall.).

2. T%. excelsa; H. Wendl. in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. viii. 429; trunk
clothed throughout with old leaf-sheaths, flowers clustered 2—4 on a tubercle,
drupe reniform, deeply hollowed on one side, embryo opposite the umbili-
cus. TT. Fortunei, Wendl. i.c. Chamerops excelsa, Thunb. Fl. Jap. 130
(not var. B); Mart. Hist Nat. Palm. iii. 251. Miquel Prolus. Fl. Jap. 329.
J. Gay in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. viii. 410; Franch. & Sas. Enum. Pl. Jap.ti. 1;
Carriére in Rev. Hortie. 1877, 223. C. Fortunei, Hook. Bot. Mag. i.
5221.

Upper Burma, Yunan, T. Anderson.—DIstTR1B. China, Japan.

I’. excelsa closely resembles T. Jfartiana, except in the trunk being clothed with
old leaf-sheaths.

°

22. PHOLIDOCARPUWS, Blume.

Trunk tall. Leaves orbicular, 4-5-partite; petiole spinous. Fruit
globose or ovoid with a tessellated pericarp. Seed laterally inserted, hilum
oval; albumen raminate ; embryo basilar.—Species 5, Malayan, all very
imperfectly known.

1. P. macrocarpa, Becc. Males. iii. 90, 92, t. 9, £. 1-3; fruit glo-
bosely obovoid 4-43 in. diam. distinctly tessellate,endocarp globose densely
fibrous, fibres elongate. PP. Ihur, Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 591 (non Blume).
PLivistona Diepenhorsti, Teysm. fid. Mig. l. c.

Maayan Peninsuta; Klang, near Selangore, Keheding.

Nothing further of this species is known; it differs from the P. Thur of Am-
boyna in the larger more deeply tessellated fruits, and the long fibres of the outer
coat of the endocarp.

23. CALAMUS, Linn.

Armed, erect or scandent, tufted palms. Leaves alternate, pinnatisect;
leaflets acuminate, nerves parallel, rachis often produced into an armed

Calamus. | CLXIII. PALMEE, (Beccari & Hook. f.) ; 437

flagellum; sheath armed, produced into a ligula or ochrea, and with or
without a lateral armed flagellum. Spadices axillary, usually elongate,
much branched, sometimes produced into a flagellum. Spathes tubular or
open, persistent, sheathing the peduncle and branches of the spadix and
passing into bracts and bracteoles (spathels and spathellules). Flowers
small, polygamo-dicecious, in usually distichous often scorpioid spikelets
solitary or binate (a fem. or male or both) in the bracteoles. Maz Fu.
Calyx cupular, 3-toothed. Petals 3, acute, coriaceous, valvate. Stamens
6, filaments short, anthers dorsifixed. Fum. ru. slightly accrescent, fruiting
pedicelliform or Jexplanate. Calyx of the male. Corolla tubular below,
3-fid, valvate. Staminodes forming a cup. Ovary incompletely 3-celled,
clothed with retrorse scales; style short or rather long, stigmas 3; ovules
basilar, erect. Fruit globose or ellipsoid; style terminal; pericarp thin,
clothed with appressed deflexed closely imbricating polished scales. Seed
subglobose or oblong, smooth or pitted; albumen equable or ruminate;
embryo ventral or basal.—Species about 160-170 trop. Asiatic, Malayan,
Australian and a few trop. African.

The following arrangement of the groups and species is taken from Beccari’s mss.
The diagnoses and descriptions of the species are from his rough notes and the works
of Roxburgh, Griffith, Martius and Kurz, in all cases aided by specimens when I had
access to them.—J. D. H,

Group I. Leaves with many equidistant leaflets. Spathe 1st, elongate-
tubular, dilated and lacerate above; 2nd, tubular, infundibular. Spadiz
with the partial infl. and spikelets provided with a pedicellar portion
included in their respective spathes. Fruiting perianth explanate.
Spathellule of fem. fl. short, not pedicelliform. Sp. 1-9.

Grour II. Leaves with very few radiating or digitate leaflets, rachis
not flagelliferous ; leaf sheath flagelliferous. Spathe 1st very long, tubular,
mouth lacerate; 2nd, thick, inflated, lacerate. Spadices male and fem.
simply decompound ; partial infl. and spikelets with a pedicelled portion
inserted at the mouth or back of their respective spathes. Fruiting
perianth explanate. Spathellules of fem. fl. short, not pedicelliform. Fruit
seales more than 12-15-seriate. Seed not ruminate; embryo basilar.—
(Slender scandent species; stamens 2-seriate, filaments thickened at the
base, tips not inflected). Sp. 10-12.

Guovre III. Leaves paripinnate, leaflets equidistant; rachis not flagelli-
ferous, leaf-sheath flagelliferous. Spathe 1st, elongate-tubular, closely
sheathing. Partial inf. and spikelets (inserted at the mouth and back of
the spathe). Fruiting calyx explanate or hardly callous and pedicelliform.
Spathellules of fem. fl. not pedicelliform. Seeds not dorsally ruminate-
alveolate; embryo basilar. Sp. 18-31.

Grovr IV. Rachis of leaves not flagelliferous; leaf-sheath flagelliferous
or not. Spathe 1st very long, at first tubular closed, at length longitudi-
nally split open, loriform, laminar or foliaceous. Seed not superficially
alveolate; albumen equable. Sp. 32-39.

Group V. Rachis of leaves not flagelliferous; sheath flagelliferous.
Spathe 1st submembranous, at first elongate tubular at length longitudi-
nally more or less split and partly sublaminar. Fruiting calyx more or

438 CLXxI. PALMER. (Beccari & Hook. f.) [ Calamus.

less pedicelliform. Syathellules of fem. fl. pedicelliform. Seed dorsally
alveolate; albumen subruminate; embryo basilar. Sp. 40, 41.

Group VI. Rachis of leaves not fagelliferous ; leaf-sheath flagelliferous.
Spathe 1st tubular, coriaceous, narrow, not split or lacerate. Spathellule
of fem. fl. exserted beyond the spathels, and as it were supported on a
pedicel. Fruiting pertanth pedicelliform. Seed superficially furrowed ;
albumen ruminate; embryo basilar. Sp. 42-43.

Group VII. Rachis of leaves not flagelliferous ; leaf-sheath flagelliferous.
Spathes tubular, strictly sheathing. Spathellules not_pedicelliform.
Fruiting calyx pedicelliform ; albumen deeply ruminate. Sp. 44-47.

Grovr VIII. Rachis of leaf not flagelliferous; leaf-sheath flagelliferous.
Spathes strict, tubular; spathellules distinctly pedicelliform. Frwiting-
perianth pedicelliform. Seed with many plaits radiating from the centre
to one face; embryo lateral. Sp. 48.

Group IX. Leaf-sheaths flagelliferous; leaflets broad, many-nerved,
two terminal completely free with a very short interposed flagellum.
Spathe strict, tubular; spathellules of fem. fl. not pedicelliform. Fruiting-
perianth subpedicelliform. Albumen superficially ruminate; embryo
basilar. Sp. 49.

Group X. Rachis of leaves flagelliferous; leaf-sheath not flagelliferous.
Spathe elongate, tubular, narrow. Spathellule of fem. fl. not pedicelliform.

fruiting calyx pedicelliform. Albumen ruminate or not, embryo basilar
or lateral. Sp. 50-56.

Group XI. Rachis of leaves flagelliferous; sheath not flagelliferous.
Spathe narrow, elongate, tubular. Spathellules of fem. fi. not pedicelliform.
Fruiting-perianth pedicelliform or not. Albumen not ruminate; embryo
basilar. Sp. 57-63.

Grovr XII. Rachis of lower leaves or leaves of young plant not flagel-
liferous, of the adult plant or its upper leaves shortly flagelliferous; leaf-
sheath flagelliferous. Spathes elongate, tubular, narrow; spathellules of
fem. fl. not pedicelliform. Fructing calyx distinctly pedicelliform. Seed
strongly dorsally alveolate, atleast superficially ruminate ? embryo basilar.

a oe large or in any case with not fewer than 3 primary nerves. Sp.
0.

Group XIII. Leaves imparipinnate, subfagelliferous; sheath flagelli-
ferous. Spadiw contracted. Spathes tubular at the base, open dilated and
auriculiform above; spathellules of fem. fl. not pedicelliform. Fruiting-

hike See Albumen deeply ruminate; embryo basilar, excentric.
p. 71, 72.

Grove I. See p. 437.
* Albumen ruminate, embryo basilar.

1. G. erectus, Row). Fl. Ind. iii. 774; stems tall stout erect, leaf-
lets concolorous subequidistant linear-lanceolate margins and midrib
beneath remotely ciliolate, spines of petiole and rachis and lower spathe
in half whorls flat straight pale, spadices branched elongate ending

Calamus. ] OLXIII, PALMER, (Beccari & Hook. f.) 439

ina flagellum, spathels cymbiform acute, flowers 4 in. long. Mart.
Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 382; Grif. im Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 35;
Palms Brit, Ind. 43; Walp. Ann. iui. 488, v. 829; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc.
Beng. xliii. ii. 209, t. 23, 24 (excl. longisetus); For. Fl. ii. 516. C. schiz-
ospathus, Guifft ll. cc. 32 & 41, t. 187; Mart. I. c. 332; Walp. il. ce. 482,
829; T. Anders. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xi. 7.

Srxxim Himataya, Assam, Sruuet, Currragone, the Knasta Hinis, Mun-
NIPORE and Prau, ascending to 4000 ft.

Stems densely tufted 12-18 ft. high, internodes 2-3 in. long, 1-14 in. diam.
Leaves 12-18 ft.; leaflets few, 14-2 ft. by 14-2 in., 1-nerved; young petiole fur-
furaceous, spines on the full-grown petiole } in. and upwards. Spadices 1-2 ft. ;
spikes 6-10 in. by 4 in. across the imbricating coriaceous spathels, Calyx acutely
3-toothed ; corolla thrice as long. Stamen free, filaments broad, erect. Frwit about
1 in. long, ovoid-oblong, subtended by the spreading perianth; scales trapezoid,
dark brown with a yellow base.

Var. 8. COLLINA, Becc.; smaller, petiole with solitary or sparingly clustered
spines, spadices shorter often depauperate shortly peduncled, tip not or shortly
cirrhiferous, fruit ellipsoid. C. collinus, Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. vy. 31;
Palms Brit. Ind. 39 (encl. leaf), t. 186 (spadie only).—Khasia hills.

Var. y. MACROCARPA, Becc., fruits larger. C. macrocarpus, Griff. in Mart. lc.
333, t. 176, f. x. Griff. Palms Brit. Ind. 40, t. 186, A.f. i. ii. Walp. Ul. ce. 484,
380.—Sikkim, &e.

2. ©. flagellum, Griff. in Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 333, t. 176, f. ix. ;
stem stout at length scandent, leaflets subopposite linear-lanceolate con-
colorous margins and midrib beneath remotely setulose, petiole furfuraceous
rachis and peduncle of the spike and upper spathes armed with short
recurved spines, Jeaf-sheaths scurfy bearing a clawed flagellum armed
with long and short spines and bristles. Griff Palms Brit. Ind. 48;
Walp. Ann. iii. 484, v. 830; Anders. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xi. 8. C.
Jenkinsianus, Griff. 1. c. 40, t. 186 A., f. iii. (mot 89). PC. polygamus,
Rowb. Fl. Ind. iii. 780.

Sixxim Himataya, Assam, SILHET, and the Kuasia HIzzs, ascending to

4000 ft. .

Stem 1-1} in, diam. Leaves 6-7 ft.; leaflets 2-24 ft. by 1-14 in. broad, con-
colorous; petiole 1-14 ft. Spathes tubular, lowest 13-2 ft., compressed, upper
lacerate. Spadix 8-10 ft.; spikes 8-10 in., pendulous, unarmed; spathels very
like C. erectus. Flowers 4 in. long, decurved. Calys 3-fid to the middle. Corolla
twice as long. Stamens free. Fruit 1 by } in., ovoid-oblong, cuspidately beaked,
subtended by the spreading perianth; scales deeply furrowed, pale with a dark band
down the middle.

** Albumen equable.
+ Erect or scandent. No flagellum on leaf-sheath or spadia.

3. C. arborescens, Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 33; Palms
Brit. Ind. 42, t. 188 A, B, C; stem erect tufted stoloniferous, leaflets

516. C. hostilis, Hort. Cale.

440 CLXII, PALMEE. (Beccari & Hook. f.) [ Calamus.

Peau ; in marshy places, Griffith.

Stem 15-20 ft., 23 in. diam.; internodes 7 in., crown densely leafy. Leaves
5-6 ft., decurved leaflets 8-18 in. by 1-13 broad; petiole naked except for the long
‘usually very black spines 3-2 in. long. Lower spathes with many half-whorls of
short black spines; upper short, unarmed. Spadices longer than the leaves, very
graceful ; spikes 4-6 in. long by $ in. across the flowers, which are nearly 4 in. long,
curved. Calyx trifid to the middle. Petals oblong-lanceolate, acute. Stamens
shortly monadelphous.

4, ©. castaneus, Griff. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 28; Palms
Brit. Ind. 37, t. 185 A, B,C; stem very short stout, leaves very long,
leaflets very many equidistant linear 3-costate margins and coste beneath
remotely prickly, petiole very stout and short, sheaths armed with very
unequal scattered solitary or 2~3-nate rather short straight stout flattened
pale spines, spadices erect or nodding very stout nearly unarmed. male
decompound, spathels very short and broad. Mart. Hist, Nat. Palm. iii.
331; Walp. Ann. iii. 482; v. 829; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. wii. 112.

Matacea, Griffith, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1588); Perak at Gopung, King’s
Collector (5880).

Stem 3-5 ft., with the sheaths 3-4 in. diam. Leaves with the petiole 12-15 ft. ;
leaflets 12-24 by 1-24 in., very dark green, young scurfy beneath ; petiole as thick
as the little finger, rounded with a channelled upper surface. Spathes generally
unarmed. Spadices 2-3 ft., male panicled, elongate flexuous, fem, shorter, nearly
as broad as long, simply branched; spikes of male 2-3 in., of fem. much larger,
scorpioidly recurved, 4 in. broad. Male fl. iin. long. Calyw trifid to the middle.
Petals hardly longer. Stamens inflexed in bud. Fem, fl. larger. Fruit 1 in. long,
ellipsoid, embraced at the base by the erect perianth; strongly beaked, scales in
24-26 rows, minute, dark brown.

5. ©. Griffithianus, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 332; closely allied
to C. castaneus, and dwarf like it, in the leaflets spadices, &c., but the
petioles are described as terete, and the fruits are larger more globose
with fewer (18-20) rows of larger scales. Walp. Ann. iti. 482; v. 829;
Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 112. C. castaneus (partly) Griff. in Cale. Journ.
Nat, Hist. vy. 29. C. castaneus, var. « Griff. Palms Brit, Ind. 38.

Matacca, Griffith. Prraxk, King’s Collector (3040, 3048),
Probably only a form of castaneus.

tt Scandent, stout. Leaf:sheath flagelliferous. Spadix long, often
flagelliform. Spikelets much flattened.

6. C. longisetus, Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 36; Palms
Brit. Ind. 44, t. 189 A, B; scandent or erect ? glabrous, leaflets lanceolate
concolorous, lower fascicled 3-costate, margins and midrib above and be-
neath and lateral nerves beneath setulose, terminal connate, petiole and
its sheath and lower spathes densely armed with whorls and half whorls
of straight black flattened spines intermixed with scattered shorter ones,
male spadices decompound nodding, upper spathes unarmed, spathels
densely imbricate truncate, fruit ovoid-oblong narrowed into a very stout
beak. Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iti. 333; Walp. Ann. iii. 483; v. 830; Mig.
Fi. Ind. Bat. iii. 114. C. tigrinus, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xliii. i.
211, t. xxiv. xxvi.; Hor. Fl. 1. 519.

Pr@u, Hort. Bot. Cale., Grif, (Kew Distrib. 6392), UcLelland; Burma, and
the ANDAMAN IsLanps, Kurz.

Stem upwards of 1 in, diam, Leaves 4-8 ft., rachis not flagelliferous ; leaflets 14-2

Calamus. ] CLXIIL PALME. (Beccari & Hook. f.) 441

‘ft. by #-2 in.; petiole and rachis pale, smooth, except for the spines; sheaths
very strongly armed. Male spadiv slender, branched,’ fem. much stuuter and
shorter. Lower spathes elongate, tubular, compressed, strongly armed, upper short,
lacerate; spathels densely imbricate, scurfy, truncate, often lacerate. #ruié 1 in.
stipitate by the erect perianth; scales 4 in. long and broad, flat, thin, yellowish
with a very broad lunate brown band across the middle and fimbriate margins (the
whole fruit banded like a tiger-skin).—Griffith describes longisetus as erect, and
Kurz tigrinus as scandent.

7. G. Thwaitesii, Becc.; differs from C. longisetus in the rachis of
the petiole bearing very stout recurved claws with black tips, the upper
spathes bearing scattered spinescent tubercles, and in the smaller fruits
with fewer paler tumid scales erose or the margin channelled down the
centre and with a narrow brown marginal band. OC. longisetus, Thw.
Enum. 330 (not of Griff.).

CEYLON ; in the Central Province, Thwaites. Canara, Ritchie, Talbot.

A Canara plant collected by Ritchie and Talbot, probably belongs here, the
fruit is exactly similar to that of the Ceylon plant. :

ttt Scandent, slender. Leaf-sheaths flagelliferous. Spikelets short,
scorpioid.

8. CG. leptospadix, Griff. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. v.49; Palms
Brit. Ind. 60, t. 194 A, B, C; leaflets very many close-set narrowly linear
acuminate, margin and sometimes the 3 cost beneath setulose or aculeo-
late, petiole terete and scurfy rachis with distant straight flattened
spines and a few short claws at the base, sheath short scurfy sparingly
armed, spadices very long slender pendulous, with very many distichous
short recurved spines, lower spathes long slender densely armed with flat
thin spikes and minute recurved ones upper shorter unarmed, flowers small,
fruit small globose mucronate. Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm, iii. 335, f. ii. ;
Walp. Ann, ni. 485; v. 483. T. Anders. in Journ. Linn. Soe. xi. 8.

Sixxim HimatayA, J. D. H., &.; Kuasta HIbus, Griffith, &c.; MUNNIPORE
and Naca Hits, Watt.

Stem slender, scandent. Leaves 3-4 ft. ; leaflets 8-10 by 3-4 in., thin, pale
green ; rachis armed with simple recurved spines. Spathes very slender, tubular.
Spadices several feet long, branched, below and armed with hooked short spines,
branches very long and slender, with 20-40 recurved spikelets 3-1 in. long, and 3! in,
diam.; flagellum of spadix very long, armed with 1-3-fid recurved claws. Spathels
cupular, acute membranous. Male fl. § in. long; calyx 3-fid to the middle; petals
twice as long. Fruit } in. diam., subtended by the spreading perianth ; scales very
small, broad, yellow with a red-brown margin.

9. CG. rivalis, Thw. er Trimen in Journ. Bot. xxiii. (1885), 268; (Err.
typ. nivalis); habit of C. leptospadix, leaflets nuinerous equidistant
linear-lanceolate setulose on the margins and three costes beneath, sheaths
copiously armed with straight flat pale spines, rachis with recurved ones,
spadices very long slender armed with short recurved spines and ter-
minated by a clawed flagellum, spikes very many short distant recurved,
lower spathes or all armed with very short prickles, fruit small ovoid
beaked. C. rudentum, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 340 (non Lour.).

Cerion; Walker, &e. ; :
Leaves about 3 ft long, leaflets 12-18 by 4-2 in., broader and more coriaceous than

in C, longisetus; rachis scurfy. Spathels very obliquely cup-shaped, coriaceous.
Male fl. crowded, calyx trifid to the middle. Petals and stamens stipitate. Fem. tt.

449 CLXIII. PALMER. (Beccari & Hook. f.) [ Calamus.

larger, less crowded. Fruit 3 in. long, subtended by the spreading perianth ;
scales broader than long, pale yellow, not channelled, narrowly bordered with red-
brown. ;

Group II. See p. 437.

10. ©. pachystemonus, Thw. Hnum. 431 (in part.); stem slender
scandent, leaves pinnately 4-7-foliolate, leaflets elliptic acute or acuminate
3-5-costate, margins and costz beneath setulose, petiole short and rachis
armed with solitary stout recurved spines, sheath striate sparingly
tubercled and armed with flat pale spines, ochrea very short truncate,
spadices very slender elongate decompound, spikes very many recurved,
male corolla slender.

Cryrton; Walker; near Galle, Thwaites.

The greater part of Thwaites C. pachystemonus including the fruiting specimens
are CU. digitatus, which differs in the longer petioles, few terminal longer oblanceolate
leaflets and smaller curved male flowers.

ll. C.digitatus, Becc. mss.; leaflets digitately 2—4-foliolate oblanceolate
cuspidately acuminate 3-5-costate, petiole slender, sheath armed with long
strong straight flat spines and conical short ones, ochrea ligulate, spadices
very slender elongate decompound, spikes very many recurved, male corolla
Sane fruit small globose. C. gracilis, Thwaites Enum. 330 (not of
Roxb.).

CrYLon; in the southern parts of the island, Theaites (C. P. 2334 in part).
Stems very slender, scandent. Leaflets at the end of the short petiole, 8-12 by 1-2
in., concolorous, many-nerved ; petiole 6-8 in., unarmed or with a few solitary re-
curved spines and small prickles; sheath copiously armed. Spadices 3-4 ft.,
branched below, male spikes } in., fem. 1-2 in. Lower spathe elongate, cylindric ;
upper very slender, mouth truncate, entire; spathels cupular, truncate. Male ji.
% in. long; corolla very narrow, curved, twice as long as the calyx. Stamens 2-
seriate, filaments thickened upwards. Fruit } in. diam., subtended by the spreading
perianth ; scales pale yellow, very broad with narrow brown margins.

12. GC. radiatus, Thw. Enum. 431; leaflets 6-7 subradiately disposed
at the apex of a shortly spinous petiole linear acuminate, sheath densely
armed with short straight spines and long bristles, spadices very long
slender branched armed with small recurved spines, spikes many short
recurved.

CrYLon ; in the southern parts of the island. Walker, Thwaites.

Stems very slender, scandent. Leaflets 8-12 by 2-1 in., thin, midrib beneath and
margins quite without bristles or spines; petiole 2-3 in. with scattered short re-
curved spines. Spathes few, very long and slender. Pedumcle of spadix 2-3 ft. long,

as slender as a sparrow-quill; spikes 3-2 in. long; spathels cup-shaped, not
densely imbricate, deeply striate. Fruit 4 in. diam., globose, shortly beaked ; scales
broader than long, triangular, pale yellow with a narrow brown entire border.

Grovr III. See p. 437.

‘ * Fruiting calyx hardly callous below, indistinctly or not pedicelli-
orm.

t+ Leaflets few broad ; terminal large, often connate at the base.

13. G. javensis, Blume Rumph. ii. 187, iii. 62, var. PENINSULARIS, Bece.
mss.; leaflets 3-6 inequidistant elliptic or oblong-lanceolate 7-9-costate,

Calamus.) OLXII. PaLMEm. (Beccari & Hook. f.) 443

basal pair reflexed on the sheath, petiole very short and rachis armed with
short scattered recurved spines, sheath with short straight spines, spadix
very long slender, fruit small subglobosely ovoid shortly beaked, scales
in 17-18 series. ?C. penicillatus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 781.

PENANG and the Manay PEninsuLa; Perak, alt. 300-3500 ft., King’s Collector
(1996 2 , 2673 4).

Stem 10-25 ft., with the leaf-sheaths as thick as the little finger, scandent.
Leaves 14-2 ft. ; leaflets 8-10 by 14-24 in., often opposite, the upper pair free or
confluent, margins and costz beneath quite smooth; sheaths and their short spines
pale. Spadices very long and slender and long slender spathes armed with small
hooked spines ; spikes 2-3 in., slender, in, across the flowers; spathels densely
imbricate, shallow, acute, striate and subscabrid ; flowers ¢ in. long. Calya 3-fid to
the middle. Corolla not striate; segments narrow. Scales in 12-18 series.—
C. javensis is, as its name implies, a Javan species.

Subvar. polyphyllus, Becc. ; as above, but leaflets 8-12. subequidistant, basal
reflexed or spreading.—Perak, summit of Gunong Tambang Betall, Scortechini
(657>) ; King’s Collector (6312). .

Subvar. intermedius, Bece.; as above, but more slender, and with fewer inequi-
distant leaflets.—Perak, Scortechini (236).

Subvar. tenuissimus, Bece.; very slender, leaflets fewer (3-4) remote longer,
petiole longer, fruit elliptic-obovoid moderately beaked, scales more than 15-seriate.
—Perak, summit of Gunong Tambang Batok, Scortechini (648>).

Subvar. ? purpurascens, Becc.; like the type, but leaflets few large basal much
(ra83y sheath moderately spiny.—Penang, Curtis. Perak, King’s Collector
7932).

Subvar. ? penangiana, Becc. ; as in purpurascens, but sheath with strong spines,
—Penang.

14. G. filipendulus, Bece. mss.

Perak; Scortechini, 232; King’s Collector (5659, 5778, 8019).

I have seen no specimens of this species, and fail to draw up a diagnosis of it as
distinguished from CO. javensis, from Beccari’s notes, except as regards the fruit
which he describes as ovoid-conic about 4 in. long, gradually narrowed into a very
slender acute beak terminated by the recurved stigmas and with the scales in only
12 series, The terminal pair of leaflets are confluent, as they are sometimes in
C. javensis.

tt Leaflets many, narrowly ensiform ; upper distinct or hardly connate
at the base.

15. GC. rugosus, Becc. mss.; stem very slender, leaves long-petioled,
leaflets very many equidistant narrowly lanceolate finely acuminate
3-costate, upper pair quite free, petiole rachis and spadix very slender
armed with few scattered short recurved spines, sheath armed with short
straight spines, spadices filiform, branches very distant with few slender
spines, spathels scabrid.

Perak; Scortechini.

Stem with the sheaths } in. diam, Leaflets 7-8 by about } in., concolorous,
setulose on the margins and 3 costz above and only on the median beneath, petiole
5~7 in., margins acute ; sheath gibbous above, larger spines flat, others minute and
seriate. Spathes 2, lower prickly, upper and spathels scabrid.—I have seen no
specimen.—J. D. H. E

16, ©. radulosus, Zecc. mss.; stem slender, leaves sessile, leaflets very
many narrowly ensiform equidistant concolorous, margins naked, 3-costate

444 CLXI. PALMEZ. (Beccari & Hook. £.) [ Calamus.

coste beneath armed with rigid bristles, the central alone sparsely
setulose above, rachis armed beneath and at the margins with short
hooked scattered spines, sheath densely armed with scattered flat spines,
lower spathe densely armed upper and spathels finely scabrid, spadices very
long.

Pepa ; Scortechini (468) ; Goping, King’s Collector (8171).

A lofty climber ; stem with the sheaths 1-14 in. diam. Leaves 2-23 ft.; larger
leaflets 18 by 1 in., upper much shorter and shortly connate at the base. Lower
spathe elongate-tubular, with short spines on the outer faces, upper scabrid and
scurfy with a lacerate mouth. Spadie with the partial inflorescences very long,
bearing many recurved spikelets. Fruit small, pisiform, long-beaked.— Well
characterized by the armature of the sheath, the naked margins of the leaflets, and
the scabridity of a portion of the spadix.

Lower Bzrneat, Orissa, and the CaRnatic, Csirragone, BurMa, the
AypamAn Isnanps and Prenane, Wail.—Distris, Cochin China. (Of the type
Malay Islands.)

A stout scrambling and climbing species. Leaves 2-3 ft.; leaflets 4-10 by
2-4 in., pale green, young and rachis and sheath white-floccose, petiole short and
rachis very stout, spines slender 3-13 in. long, pale hardly flattened. Spathes
coriaceous, mouth obliquely truncate; flagelli with hooked 2~-3-fid claws. Spadiz
and its spreading branches rather stout, internodes (and truncate spathels) 3-3 in,
Fruit 3-4 in. diam. ; scales pale yellow, obscurely channelled down the middle.

18. C. concinnus, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 332; erect or stem-
less ?, leaflets many subequidistant linear-lanceolate acuminate glossy
above 3-costate, margins and costz beneath setulose, rachis and spadix
rusty tomentose sparingly armed with short stout straight deflexed spines,
spadix stout decompound, spathes loose coriaceous armed with short spines,
secondary lax membranous long acuminate, spathels annular, fruit small
globose beaked. Kunth Enum. iii. 207; Walp. Ann. iii. 483, v. 829; Griff.
in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 49; Palms Brit. Ind. 59; Kurz in Journ. As.
Soc. Beng. xliii. ii. 214, t. 20 C.— Wall. Cat. 8607.

TenassERiM, Wallich ; at Mergui, Helfer (Kew distrib. 6388, 6394, 6395).
Leaflets in the only specimens I have seen 10-18 by 1-14, very shining on both
surfaces. Fruit } in. diam.

19. C. floribundus, Griff. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. y. 56; Palms

Calamus. ] CLXII, PALMEa. (Beccari & Hook. f.) 445

Brit. Ind. 66, t. 197; leaflets few inequidistant linear-lanceolate acuminate
uppermost crowded at the end of the rachis and often connate, margins
and. coste beneath setulose, petiole lower spathe and rachis armed with
very short stout and long scattered flattened pale spines, sheath densely
armed with needle-like sete and spines, spadix elongate decompound,
internodes sheathed by truncate ciliate spathels, spikes short spreading
and recurved, lower spathe very long keeled, fruit globose shortly beaked.
Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 337; Walp. Ann, iii. 487, v. 831. CO. mish-
miensis, Griff. li. cc. 55 and 65; Mart. l. c.; Walp. Ann. Ul. cc. C.
multiflorus, Mart.— Wall. Cat. u. 8613.

AssaM, SitHET and the Kaasra Hits, Wallich, &. Misamr Hints,
Griffith.

Stem as thick as the middle finger. Leaflets bright green, 10-18 by 1-1} in.;
spines of rachis 4-1 in. long, rather flattened and deflexed. Lower spathe 18 in.,
coriaceous, terete, mouth very oblique. Spatkels acuminate, and flowers almost
floccose with long white hairs, striate. Flagelli with short or long simple or com-
pound recurved claws and spines. Fruit 4 in. diam.; scales very pale yellow,
channelled down the back.

20. C. pseudo-tenuis, Becc. mss. ; leaflets many equidistant linear-
lanceolate minutely setulose on the margins setose or not on the 3 costz
beneath, rachis (young brown scurfy) armed with strong flattened straight
and short recurved spines, sheath densely armed with flattened spreading
pale spines, spadix very long decompound, spikelets very short decurved,
male flowers and spathellules minute quite glabrous, fruit small ovoid
strongly beaked. C. tenuis, Thw. Hnwm. 330 (not of Roxb).

Cryton; in the hotter parts of the island. Deccan PreninsvLa; on the
Western Guats; from Canara southwards.

Stem slender. Leaflets 10-18 by 2-2 in., upper free; rachis rather stout;
petiole short; sheath { in. diam. Spathes flattened, lower 2-edged; spathels
elongate. Spadia 2-3 ft., branches 6-10 in.; spikes of male fl. very short, of fruits
46 in. Male fl. 3; in. long, shining, not striate. Fruit 3 in. diam. ; scales rounded,
pale with broad brown margins.—Readily distinguished from viminalis by the equi-
distant leaflets, glabrous spathellules, and ovoid fruit.—A plant collected by Talbot
near the seashore at Marmagoa, Bombay, seems a very different plant, has black
tipped claws on the rachis of the Jeaf and spadix and flagellum, and curved male
flowers } in. long.—J. D, H.

21. C. densiflorus, Becc. mss.; leaves very shortly petioled, leaflets
many equidistant linear-ensiform finely acuminate concolorous upper
gradually smaller terminal very short margins setulose coste 3 all
spinulose above and sparsely setulose on the middle one only beneath,
sheath strongly armed with pale flat horizontal spines, spadix very long,
spikes elongate dense-fld., spathels and spathellales scabridly pubescent,
fruit small beaked ovoid. .

Perak; at Thaiping and Larat, King’s Collector (8434, 5527).

Stem scandent, 13-1} in. diam. with the sheaths. Leaflets rigidulous, larger
13-14 by about 4 in. ; sheath with a long stout clawed flagellum, gibbous abuve,
mouth truncate; rachis armed with strong claws. Spadia 5 ft., stout, clawed,
Lower spathe strictly sheathing, prickly ; upper unarmed glabrous truncate. Spikes
24-34 in. ; spathels and spathellules very short, striate. Fruit immature, with a
distinctly pedicelliform perianth, about 4 in. diam ; scales scarcely channelled, pale
margined with brown.—I have seen no specimens. J. D. H. =

22. GC. luridus, Becc. mss.; leaflets rather numerous equidistant remote

446 CLXIM. PALMEZ. (Beccari & Hook. f.) (Calamus.

elongate ensiform acuminate with 3 strong coste beneath, terminal pair
shortly adnate below, margins and coste beneath more or less setulose,
sheath closely armed with long flat horizontal unequal spines, spadix very
long ending in a flagellum paniculately branched, lower spathes tubular
strictly sheathing spiny on the outer side, upper smooth striate, fruit
globosely ovoid.

PERAK, summit of Gunong, Scortechini ; Malacca and Larut, King’s Collector
(2647, 6284, 6400, 7203).

Stem slender, scandent. Leaflets 14-16 by 1} in.; petiole 4-6 in. Spadir
8-12 in.; spikelets 14-24 in. Calya tube short, corolla rather longer. Fruiting
perianth very shortly pedicelliform, strongly striate.—I have seen no specimens,
J.D. H.

23. C. delicatulus, Thw. Enum. 330, 431; leaflets very many equi-
distant linear-lanceolate finely acuminate margins and 3 coste setose,
petiole very short shortly spiny, rachis brown-scurfy when young clawed,
sheath densely armed with short and long slender black flattened spines,
male spadix very long filiform decompound, spathes unarmed long-ciliate
at the tip, spikes very slender, flowers rather distant very minute.

CEYLON ; at Galle and Hinidoon Pattoo, Thwaites.

Leaves 2-3 ft. Leaflets 8-10 by 4 in., concolorous, shining, upper smaller, tips
filiform ; flagellum very long, slender, clawed. Fruit about } in. diam., scales pale
with a very narrow brown border.—Very near C. Helferianus, but the leaflets are
not aggregate, the spikelets more slender, and flowers smaller.

TENASSERIM (or the Andaman Islands), Helfer (6389 @, 6392 ? ).

Sparingly armed. Stem slender, scandent. Leaves without flagelli, leaflets
8-12 by 3-2 in., concolorous, uppermost quite free, costa 3-5 strong beneath ; rachis
with naked intervals sometimes 4 in. long, on one or both sides; sheath not seen.
Spadix several feet long, flexuous, as thick as a sparrow-quill ; upper spike simple,
lower panicled, males shortest and more slender. Lower spathe long, narrow, com-
pressed, with a short erect limb and short spines on the keels, partial 14-1 in. long.
Spathellules of male fl. very short and crowded, of fem. 2 in. long. Made fl. $2 in.
long, calyx 3-fid. Fruét unknown.

25. G. nicobaricus, Becc.; leaflets very many equidistant linear-
ensiform long-acuminate sparsely setose on the median costa only on both
surfaces lateral coste slender naked, petiole channelled above armed with
long straight marginal spines and short claws on the back, sheath very
pale at first scurfy densely armed with very unequal long flat spines and
short claws.

Nicozsar IstanpDs, £. H. Man.

A very slender species, with varnished internodes 1-4 in. diam. Leaflets 7-84
by about 4 in., shiniug ubove. Spadix and fruit unknown. Flagelli exceedingly
slender.—Appears to be allied to C. delicatulus, from which it is distinguished by
the leaflets being setose only on the median costa,.—I have seen no specimen.
J.D.

Calamus.) OLXII, PALMUZ, (Beccari & Hook. f.) 447

** Fruiting perianth distinctly pedicelliform.

26. ©. tenuis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 780; leaflets very many equidistant
uppermost gradually smaller linear-lanceolate acuminate 8 costee all setose
above, the median only below, petiole short margined with straight
spines and rachis armed with one row of short recurved spines,
sheaths flagelliferous sparingly armed with short flat spines, spadix very
long decompound flagelliferous, spathes elongate tubular lower with a
short limb and scattered recurved spines, partial short unarmed young
scurfy, spathellules densely crowded cymbiform, flowers very small, fruit
subglobose. Kunth Enum. iii. 211; Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. (Hd. 1,
212), 335; Griff. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 46; Palms Brit. Ind. 57, t.
193 A, B,C; Walp. Ann. iti. 485, v. 8830; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 118;
Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xiii. ii. 212, t. 31 B; For. Fl. ii, 520. CO.
Royleanus, Griff. 11. cc. 40 and 58, t. 191; Mart. 1. e. 385; Walp. ll. ce.
485 and 830. C. amarus, Louwr. i. 210. C. Heliotropium, Herb. Ham. ;
Mart. 1. c. 211, 334; Kunth 1. c. 210; Griff. ll. ce. 51 and.61; Walp. Ann.
i. cc. 484 and 830.

TropicaL Himataya, from Kumaon eastwards, BENn@at, Assam, SILHET,
Currracone and BurMa.—Drsre1s. Cochin.

Stems very long, scandent ; internodes not thicker than a goose-quill. Leaves
13-2 ft. ; leaflets approximate, lower 8-12 by 3-3 in., margins minutely setulose or
spinulose, bristles on coste } in.; petiole pale, stout; spines with broad laterally
compressed conical bases; flagelli filiform. Lower spathes 6-10 in. by nearly 2 in.diam.,
upper shortly scurfy. Lower spikes panicled, 13-4 in. long. Male fl. 35 in. long,
not distichous and spreading but secund in 3-4 series, imbricating, suberect. Fruit
3 in. diam., mucronate ; scales pale with a shallow median channel and very narrow
discoloured margins.

27. ©. diffusus, Becc. mss.; leaflets many equidistant rigidulous upper
sborter narrowly linear-lanceolate very long-acuminate margins naked
slightly thickened, costz 3 setose above the median spinulose beneath,
rachis armed throughout with half whorls of hooked spines or 3-fid claws,
male spadix diffusely supra-decompound, branches of partial inf. spirally
inserted, lower spathe tubular green smooth coriaceous armed with hooked
spines on the outer surface, upper tubular-infundibular unarmed, spathels
short broad, flowers rather distant, calyx campanulate striate, corolla twice
as long.

Srinaarore ; Lobb.

Leaves apparently 2-3 ft.; leaflets 10-12 by 4-2 in. Male spikelets 1-2 in.;
flowers crowded, distichous, 3-3 in. long; spathellules and calyx strongly ribbed ;

corolla twice as long as the calyx, not striate.—Fem, fl. and fruit unknown, position
hence uncertain.

28. C. Rotang, Linn. Sp. Pl. Hd. 1, 325; Hd. 2, 463 (the Ceylon
plant only); leaflets many equidistant linear-ensiform rarely subaggregate
upper smaller, margins spinulose, petiole very short or 0, rachis armed
beneath with short stout uniseriate claws, sheath armed with short
straight conical based scattered spines, male spadix slender decompound,
spikelets 4-1 in. recurved, spathellules short, flowers crowded, corolla
deeply striate, fem. spikelets much stouter and longer, flowers distant, fruit
globose very pale. Willd. Sp. Pl. iti. 202 (excl. Syn. Lour.); Lamk. Til.
t. 770, f.1; Schulé. f. Syst. Veg. vii. ii. 1822 (eel. all cit. but Linn. &
Willd.) ; Rowb. Fl. Ind. ii.777 ; Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 384, t. 116, £.8;
Kunth Enum. iii. 207; Blume Rumph. iii. 33; Walp. Ann. iii, 484, v. 830;

448 oLxmt. patmes. (Beccari & Hook. f.) [ Calamus.

Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 117. C. Roxburghii, Grif in Cale. Journ. Nat.
Hist. v. 43; Palms Brit. Ind. 55, +. 195 A (under fasciculatus) (and t. 112
-P monoicus, Roxb.); hw. Enum. 330, C. monoicus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii.
783 ; Mart. J. c. (209, Ed. 1) 334 (excl. descr.) Wall. Cat. n. 8604?; Griff.
UL. ec. 48 and 58; Kunth 1. c. 208; Walp. il. cc. 484 and 830, OC. scipionum,
Lam. (in part) Encycl. vi. 304 ((excl. Syn. Lour, & Rheede).

The Deccan PENINSULA and CEYLON.

Stem scandent, very slender. Leaves 2-3 ft.; leaflets 8-10 by 3-2 in., median
costa unarmed on both surfaces or armed beneath only, lateral unarmed on both
surfaces ; in Madras specimens there is often a strong solitary spine above the base
of the leaflet on the midrib beneath; sheath in Madras specimens with horizontally
flattened spines. Spadix and its slender tubular spathes unarmed or nearly
so. Male fi. biseriate, but not distichous, densely crowded, }—} in. long ; spathellules
acuminate. Fruit 2-3 in. diam.; scales with an obscure sometimes discoloured
channel, margins not or faintly narrowly discoloured.

99. GC. Brandisii, Becc. mss.; stem slender, leaflets few fascicled lanceo-
late ensiform naked beneath sparsely setose above on the 3 coste, petiole
slender with few very long slender straight spines, rachis with long stout
solitary straight and recurved spines, sheath armed with solitary or aggre-
gate slender flattened straight spines mouth with very long needle-shaped
spinules, male spadix elongate shortly flagelliferous with few partial inflo-
rescences, spathes narrow tubular upper funnel-shaped unarmed embracing
the bases of the spikelets, flowers 4-seriate in bud.

TRAVANCORE; at Courtallam, alt. 3-5000 ft., Brandis.

I have seen no specimen of this species, which appears from a photograph to be
remarkable for the long straight very slender spicules at the mouth of the leaf-
sheath.—J. D. H.

30. C. Feanus, Becc. mss. ; stem scandent, leaflets few remote subequi-
distant elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolate 7-9-costate, petiole very short and
rachis armed with short hooked spines, sheath flagelliferous coriaceous
green marbled with black scurfy spots strongly armed with scattered long
spreading or deflexed and short stout reflexed spines, male spadix decom-
pound erect rigid with 7 partial inflorescences, lower spathe tubular
2-keeled mouth compressed keels armed with short stout spines, upper
truncate obliquely, spikelets recurved, fruit broadly ovoid.

TENASSERIM ; alt. 83-5000 ft., Z. Fea. ‘

Stem‘scandent ; internodes 3-} in. diam. Leaves rather short, about 3 ft. 3 in.
long; sheath 3-2 in.; ochrea very short, truncate; leatlets 6-8, the larger 8-12 by
2-2% in., terminal free. Male spadix 13 in. Fruit about } in. by + diam., beak
conical acute; scales about 15-seriate, not channelled on the back, where they are
opaque and as if pulverulent with a broad rather discoloured band. Seed deeply
a arte ad acanthospathus, but very distinct by the opaque not channelled scales
of the fruit.

31. G. acanthospathus, Grif. in Calc. Journ, Nat. Hist. v. 39;
Palms Brit. Ind. 50, t. 190 B (excl. A, f1); leaflets tew large inequidis-
tant elliptic-lanceolate strongly 5-7-costate usually unarmed on both
surfaces, rachis and long petiole very stout scurfy and armed with
2-3 series of very stout recurved spines, sheath stout densely armed
with long flattened and short stout straight or recurved spines, spadices
very stout flagelliferous, peduncle armed with unequal subulate spines,
lower spathe very stout tubular compressed with a lanceolate limb, back
armed with conical based spines, upper spathes clavate unarmed, partia!

Calamus.] CLXII. PALMER, (Beccari & Hook. f.) 449

inflorescence sheathed un to the spikelets, fruit obovoid or globose shortly
beaked brown. Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 333, t. 176, f. vi.; Walp. Ann.
ili, 484, v. 830. C. montanus, Anders. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xi. 9.

EasteRN Nepat, Sicxcim and Baotan Himawayra, ascending to 6000 ft.,
J.D. H., &. Kuasta Hints, alt. 2-4000 ft., Grifith, &e.

Stem slender, scandent, as thick as a swan’s quill. Leaves 2-3 ft.; leaflets
10-16 by 2-3 in., margins naked or spinulose, both surfaces quite naked or very
rarely with a few small spines on the costs of the upper surface; flagellum- of the
sheath 10-12 ft. Spudir 4-6 ft., erect, armed with short recurved spines ; branches
of fruiting spadix very stout; spikes 1-4 in., strongly recurved. Lower spathe 1 ft.,
scurfy, as thick as the thumb; uppermost glabrous. Frui¢ 2 in. diam., pericarp
thin; scales chesnut brown, obscurely channelled, shining; fruiting calyx large,
cupular, 3 in. diam., lobes very short. Seed deeply pitted.

Grove IV. See p. 437.

32. ©. Guruba, Ham. in Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 206 and 330,
t. 175, f. 1; leaflets alternate equidistant narrowly linear, margins
and 3 costz above setose midrib usually alone setose beneati, long
slender petiole and rachis armed with long brown recurved and short
conical spines below and on the margins, sheaths flagelliferous covered
with long flattened spines and crowded smaller ones, spathes glabrous
tube of lower compressed margins with long spines back with short ones,
limb recurved, upper spathes nearly unarmed, male spadix elongate very
slender decompound, spikes spreading very slender, spathellules very
shallow, flowers distichous pointing forwards, fruit pisiform apiculate.
Grif. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 42; Palms Brit. Ind. 64; Kunth
Enum. iii, 210; Kurz in Journ. As. Soe. Beng. xiii. 11. 214; For. Fl. ib.
522. C. Mastersianus, Griff. ll. cc. 76 and 84, t. 26, Demonorops
Guruba, Mart. l. ¢. 330; Walp. Ul. ce. 479 and 828; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat.
iii. 100.

Beyeat, Assam, the Kuasia Hitzs, Sinner, CorTragone and Burma.

Tall, scandent, stem without the sheaths very slender. Leaves 5-6 ft.; leaflets
12-15 by 4-2 in., upper smaller free, sometimes quite niked on both surfaces ; sheath
with a long membranous lJacerate ligule. Spathes with terete tubular bases and
long flat thinly coriaceous obtuse brown laminz, of the lower 12-18 long by 1-14
broad, flagellum very stout and stoutly armed. Male spikes 2-3 in., flexuous ; spathel-
lules very sinall membranous cups. Flowers } in. long, cilyx striate ; corolla twice
as long, polished. Fruit 4 in. diam., abruptly beaked ; scales very pale, obscurely
channelled, margin brown.

33. C. nitidus, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 334; leaflets equidistant
rigidulous close-set linear-lanceolate acuminate shining margins thickened,
costze 3 setulose on both surfaces or on the upper only, rachis with simple or -
compound recurved spines, spadices decompound, spathes glabrous, fruit
globose, scales brown in the middle 17-18-seriate. Kunth Enum. iii. 211;
Grif. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 49; Palms Brit. Ind. 59; Mig. Fl.
Ind. Bat. ii. 117; Walp. Ann. iii. 484; v. 830; Wall. Cat. 8609.

TenassERim, Wallich, Helfer (Kew distrib. (6390, 6396, 6398).

Very near to and probably not distinct from C. Guruba, but the leaflets are shorter
6-7 by 4-3 in., and the flowers smaller, about 5 in. long.—The specimens are very
insufficient.

34. ©. platyspathus, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 210; leaflets few
scattered alternate ensiform acuminate strongly 5-7-costate, margins
VOL. VI. Gg

450 CLXII, PaLMEZ. (Beccari & Hook. f.) (Calamus.

cost almost unarmed, rachis armed with straight and recurved strong
solitary and binate spines with swollen bases, sheath armed with close-
set straight subulate spines, male spadix long very slender sparsely shortly
armed, inflorescences short subsessile paniculately branched, spikelets very
short few-fld. upper spathes with very short sheaths and flat linear-oblong
lamine, spathellules very short acute, corolla twice as long as the calyx
not striate. Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v.75; Palms Brit. Ind. 83 ;
Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xl. 214. C. polyspathos, Wall. Cat. 8610.
Demonorops platyspathus, Mart. 1. c. Hd. 2, 206, 329; Mig. Fl. Ind.
Bat. iti. 99; Walp. Ann. iii, 479, v. 828.

TENASSERIM, at Tavoy, Gomez,

Leaflets 10-12 by 1-13 in., rigid, margins bristly towards the apex, young pale
softly scurfy beneath, margins thickened with obscure distant asperities. Upper
spathes 3-4 by 3-2 in., flat. Inflorescences of male spadix as long as their spathes,
very compound ; spikelets 4-3 in. Flowers +, in. long, pale, close-set, pointing
forwards. Calyx sharply toothed, striate. Fem. spadie and fruit unknown.

35. C. paspalanthus, Becc. mss.; leaflets equidistant close-set very
narrow finely acuminate 3-costate coste closely spinulose beneath more
remotely above, margins nearly smooth, petiole very long white armed
below with flat appressed long and short spines, rachis brown scurfy
rounded beneath with short recurved single and trifid spines, lower
spathe very long tubular armed with short spires, male spadix stout erect
decompound with erect branches and very short lacerate spathels, spikes
erect very dense-fid., spathellules closely imbricating lunate very strongly
nerved, flowers minute.

Perak ; at Goping, King’s Collector (577).—DistTE1B. Borneo.

Leaves not flagelliterous ; leaflets 4-10 by 3 in., shining, strict; petiole about
2 ft., white, but covered with a fine brown scurf when young; sbeath flagelliferous.
Spadie quite unlike any other, from the upright branches and spikes, and dilacerate
short membranous spathels. Spzkes 3-3 in., strict, like those of some Panicum ;
spathellules very peculiar, flabellately nerved. Male fl. distichous, spreading hori-
zontally, 3; in. lorg. Calyx cupular, striate, broadly obtusely lobed. Corolla not
twice as long; petals broadly elliptic, obtuse, obscurely striate.—I have seen no
complete spathe. Described from Borneo specimens collected at Sarawak by Lobb,
which Beccari says are identical with those from Perak (which I have not seen).
He adds that its affinities are uncertain, and it is perhaps allied to C. leptospadia.

36. C. ramosissimus, Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 78;
Palms Brit. Ind. 87, t. 207; leaflets very large scattered ensiform or
elliptic-lanceolate acute coriaceons many-costate, margins and costz
smc oth, petiole very stout armed below with scattered very long straight
flat and many small spines, rachis very stout back rounded armed with
broad short recurved solitary and 2-3-nate claws, male spadix ovoid

‘decompound erect densely branched, peduncle very stout tomentose,
branches and spikes erecto-patent, spathes very large blade thickly coria-
ceous lower with a spinous tube, upper open, fem. spadix furfuraceous with
very stout simple spikes, spathellules of both sexes very short. Dzmono-
rops ramosissimus, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 330; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat.
iii. 100; Walp. Ann. iii. 479, v. 828.

Maxacca ? Griffith. Prax; Larut, on Gunong Tjuk, Scortechini (51>, 1235) ;
alt. 2500-3500 ft., King’s Collector (2617, 2910, 6342, 7181).

Stem 20-80 ft., scandent, 1-14 in. diam. Leaves 6-8 ft., dark green, glossy ;
leaflets 18-24 by 14-2 in., 7-18-costate, almost plicate ; rachis as thick as the little
finger, plano-convex, spines j-} in. long, recurved, longer spines on lower part of
petiole 14 in., on sheath 2-3 in. Blade of lower spathe 1-2 ft. by 1-2 in. Inflo-

Calamus.] OLXII, PALME, (Beccari & Hook. f.) 451

rescences of male spadix 10-12 by 3-4 in., furfuraceous; peduncle as thick as the
little finger, compressed ; branches fastigiate, strict, suberect; spikes distichous,
1-1} in.; spathellules very shallow ; flowers close-set, pointing forwards, } in. long,
Caly shortly tubular, obliquely acutely trifid, striate. Corolla twice as long, smooth.
Fem, spadix sessile ; spikes 13-24 in., brown scurfy, 2 in. diam. Fruit (young)
globose with a very stout beak ; scales all brown — Described from a Perak specimen,
the a spadix of which does not resemble the slender lax flowered one of Griffith’s
t. 207.

37. ©. perakensis, Berc. mss. ; stem erect very short, leaves terminal,
leaflets very numerous equidistant strictly ensiform acutely 3-costate
above spinulose on 3 coste above and only on the median beneath, petiole
long armed with long stout horizontal marginal spines, male and fem.
spadices subsimilar strict erect more or less sprinkled with white cottony
tomentum, spathes unarmed much compressed shorter than their respec-
tive partial inflorescences, fem. spadix not very decompound, flowers
cylindric.

Perak, Scortechini (317).

The above description is from Beccari’smotes, who adds that it is a very distinct
species, somewhat allied to C. ramosissimus.—I have seen no specimen. J.D.H.

38. C. hypoleucus, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 523; leaflets alternately and
interruptedly approximate by twos on each side oblong-lanceolate acumi-
nate ciliate towards the apex white beneath many-costate, petiole short
armed with long and short conical straight and recurved spines, rachis
with scattered recurved spines, sheaths densely spiny with unequal spines
1 in. long and less, fem. spadix small short, peduncle slender spivous,
spathes oblong-lanceolate, spathels tubular small distant, flowers dis-
tichous, calyx ; in. shortly 3-lobed, corolla twice as long segments acute.
Demonorops hypoleucus, Kurz in Journ, As. Soc. Beng. xliii. ii, 208
(partim), t. xviil. (excl. t. xix.).

Burma; on Thoungyeen, Brandis.

Stem slender, scandent, as thick as a goose-quill without the sheaths. Leaves
2-3 ft., not flagelliferous ; sheaths flagelliferous ; leaflets 6-9 in. long. Fem. spadiz
12 in. long; peduncle about lin. Male fl. and fruit unknown.—Description from
Kurz. I have seen no specimen. J.D.H. '

TENASSERIM ; at Mergui, Helfer (Kew distrib. 6397).

The only materials for this species seen by me are Helfer’s specimens, consisting
of a portion of the rachis of a leaf with two leaflets, and portions of a male spadix ;
the leaflets are 30 by 2 in., very thin and pale beneath, with indistinct cross nervules.
—Beccari has identified with it the plate xix. of Kurz’s C. hypoleucus on the faith of
some specimen supposed to be of Kurz’s plant communicated by Dr. Brandis. That
figure represents much shorter and broader leaflets than those of Helfer’s plant, with
distinct bristles on the margins and cost beneath.—There is no evidence of Helfer’s
plant belonging to this section. J.D.H. 3

eS

452 CLXIII, PALMEEZ. (Beccari & Hook. f.) [ Calamus.

Grove V. See p. 487.

40. GC. travancoricus, Beddome mss.; leaflets in distant opposite
groups of 3-5 narrowly oblanceolate acuminate thin, cost 3 very slender
naked above sparsely setulose beneath, rachis and petiole very slender
armed with small straight and recurved spines, sheath armed with slender
straight flattened prickles, spadix long slender flagelliferous, inflorescences
shorter than the membranous flat spathes, male decompound, fem. with
simple distichous spikes, upper spathes and spathels tubular obliquely
truncate, spathellules short acute, calyx strongly striate, corolla estriate
twice as long.— Rheede Hort. Mal. xii. t. 64.

Deccan Pentnsuta; from Malabar to Travancore, Wight, Beddome,

Stem very slender, scandent. Leaves 18-24 in.; leaflets 4-6 by 4-2 in., broadest
about or above the middle and thence tapering to a capillary point, shining above ;
rachis scurfy when young; petiole 4-6 in., dorsally rounded, margins acute much
compressed ‘towards the base and there chiefly spiny. Spadia flagelliferous, 2-3 ft. ;
peduncle short, flattened, young white scurfy, margins shortly spiny. Lower
spathes tubular, compressed at the base, with shortly spinous angles, produced into a
long membranous sheathing lamina; upper with unarmed tubes. Inflorescences about
2 in. long, moles with spreading very slender brauches bearing short flexuous almost
capillary spikes of flowers } in. long; fem. with simple recurved spikes and rather
larger flowers.—Rheede’s figure is very good for its time.

41. GC. Rheedei, Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 73; Palms Brit.
Ind. 36, 83 ; leaflets in very distant groups of 8 on a long rachis armed
with scattered short recurved spines linear-lanceolate acuminate, fruiting
spadix with the flat open acute spathes longer than the ovoid dense clusters
of ellipsoid or oblong fruit. Dzemonorops Rheedii, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm.
iti. 380; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 100; Walp. Ann. iii. 479, v. 828.—Rheede
Hort. Mal, xii. t. 65.

MAbaBar, Rheede.

Of this species nothing is known beyond Rheede’s rude plate, which is very infe-
rior to that of C. travancoricus, from which it differs in the much longer leaf the
leaflets being grouped in threes, one of each group apparently on one side of the rachis
and 2 on the other; four leaflets terminate the rachis. ‘Lhe fruits are represented as
2 in. long by 4 in. broad and very shortly beaked. Beccari thinks that a Calamus
fruit sent from Malabar to Kew by Major Campbell exactly corresponds to Rheede’s
figure.

Grovr VI. See p. 4388.

42. ©. Huegelianus, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 838; leaflets many
equidistant elongate ensiform acuminate strongly 3-costate, margins
smooth unarmed above beneath pale and with a very few long bristles on
the lateral coste, petiole stout young scurfy back rounded with very stout
short recurved spines, sheath armed with very stout scattered long and
short spines, fem. spadix stout erect, spathes sparingly armed with stout
claws narrowly tubular truncate, fruiting branches 6-10 in. very stout,
spikes recurved, calyx pedicelled cupular with spreading lobes, fruit globose
black shining. Walp. Ann. iii. 488, v. 831. ©. Wightii, Grif. Palms
Brit. Ind. 102, t. 216 C. OC. melanolepis, H. Wendl. in Kerch. Palm. 237.
Deemonorops melanolepis, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm iii. 331, t. 175, f. xi;
342 under C, dicicus and tab. 116, f. xi.; Walp. dl. cc. 481, and 829.

Niteuiri Hrnns; alt. 5-6000 ft., at Sisparah, Wight, &c.; at Naduvatam,
Gamble.

Calamus. ] CLXIII. PaLMEm. (Beccari & Hook. f.) 453

Apparently a stout scandent species. Leaflets 12-16 by 3-1 in., tips spinelosely
ciliate, margins below obscurely aculeolate, pale green, not shining, almost white
bi neath, the very distant bristles on the lateral nerves beneath sometimes absent,
at others nearly 4 in. long; rachis and petiole pale. Fruit 3-$ in. diam., very
shortly beaked ; scales subacute, with fimbriate margins, not channelled; fruiting
calyx nearly 3 in, diam, ; petals acute.

43, ©. Gamblei, Bece. mss.; leaflets as in CO. Huegelianus, but with
shorter scattered bristles on the 3 cost of the lower surface and a few on
the upper, fruiting spikes of the spadix recurved, calyx cupular long-
pedicelied, lobes very short, fruit globose or broadly obovoid, scales pale.
yellow acute deeply chanuelled.

Nizexiri Hints; Makurti forests, alt. 5000 ft., Gamble.

A very distinct species differing from Huegelianus by the longer leaflets, 2-23 ft.,
the more slender spathellules, longer pedicel of the more campanulate calyx which
has shorter lobes, and by the pale fruit with deeply chaunelled scales.—A variety
with spherical fruit is mentioned by Beccari.

Grovr VII. See p. 438.

44. ©. gracilis. Rorb. Fl. Ind. iii. 781 (excl. Syn. Hort. Ma/.); leaflets
few in opposite groups of 8-5 on each side of the slender rachis elliptic-
lanceolate acuminate 3-7-costate, coste2 very slender more or less setose
above, petiole short and rachis and sheath armed with short hooked spines,
fem. spadix elongate slender drovping flagelliferous spathes tubular
acuminate sparingly spinous, upper unarmed, spathels not imbricate,
fruiting calyx sessile shortly cylindric, lobes very short, fruit oblong, scales
very pale ripe channelled. Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 338; Kunth Enum.
iii. 209; Graff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist.v.54; Palms Brit Ind. 64, t. 196 ;
Walp. Ann iii. 488, v. 831; Kurz in Journ, As. Soc, Beng. xliii. ii. 212,
t.31C; For. Fl. ii. 520.

-The Knasta Hixts, ascending to 4000 ft.; Uppzr Assam, Mann. CacHar,
Keenon, Cutrtacona, Kurz. ‘

Slender, scandent; naked stem not thicker thana quill. Leaves 2-3 ft. ; leaflets
5-7 in., margins obscurely bristly except at the tip where the bristles are long ;
petiole very short and rachis fugaciously scurfy ; sheaths green, glabrous, Spathes
fugaciously brown-scurfy ; spathels unarmed. Corolla three times as long as the
calyx. Fruit 2 in. long; scales straw-cold. with or without a narrow brown border ;
fruiting calyx pedicelliform. Seed wriukled.—Descript. chiefly from Kurz,

45. ©. melanacanthus, Mart. Hist. Nat. Paim. iii. 383, t. 116, f.18

TENASSERIM ; at Chapnedong, Wadlich.

Scandent. Leaflets 6-13 by } in., upper 2-3 in., shining, tips sparsely bristly or
naked, -Corolla hardly longer than the (fruiting) calyx-lubes. Fruit 3 in. long,
greyish yellow with very narrow brown margins; lobes very short. Albumen

454 CLXML PALME. (Beccari & Hook. f.) [Calamus.

deeply ruminate; embryo in the middle of the side, a very unusual position in the
genus.—The specimens examined are of the portion of a leaf and of a fruiting
spadix,

46. G. Diepenhorstii, Mig. in Journ. Bot. Neerl. Ind. i, 21; Palm.
Archip. Ind. 27; Fl. Ind. Bat. 594; leaflets very many equidistant long
narrow finely acuminate 3-costate, cost naked or very sparsely setose
above, margins thickened smooth, petiole very long armed with straight
scattered spines, rachis angular armed with one row above and two below
of short recurved spines, sheath copiously armed with long flat straight
deflexed black spines, spadices very long supradecompound, fruiting calyx
very short sessile cupular, fruit obovoid shortly beaked, embryo basal.
C. melanacanthus, Mart. (partim).— Wall. Cat. 8606 A.

Prenane, Wallich, Curtis (765). PERAK; on Gunong Tambang Batok,
alt. 500-2000 ft., Scortechint (647>), Larut and Gunong Malacca, King’s Collector
(7201, 2552).—DistRris. Sumatra.

Stem 20-30 ft., stout, scandent. Leaves 3-4 ft.; leaflets 18-20 by 2-3 in.,
straight, upper smaller; spines of sheath 3-2 in. long. Fruiting spadiz 10-12 ft.,
slender. Fruit $ in. diam., orange-yellow when ripe (King’s collector) ; fruiting
calyx very short, sessile, lobes obscure; scales channelled, very narrowly bordered
with brown.—Very distinct from melanacanthus in the much stouter petiole and
rachis, long flat spines on the sheath, long leaflets with thickened margins, very long
fem. spadix, with very long branches, and basal embryo.

P47. ©. singaporensis, Becc. mss.; leaflets many rather distant
narrowly linear finely acuminate 3-costate, tips setose, margins and coste
on both surfaces unarmed or nearly so, upper part of rachis slender angled
with 1-2 rows of short recurved black spines. male spadix very slender
flagelliform decompound, spathes very slender tubular lower shortly
spinous, upper ending in flat lamine uppermost with oblique membranous
mouths, spikes 1 in., spathellules densely imbricate short striate, flowers
very young.

SinGaPoReE; in the forest near the Bot. Garden, Murton.

Apparently a very slender species of doubtful position, known only by an upper
deta ef a leaf aud young male spadix. Leaflets 10-12 by 3-4 in., margins hardly
thickened.

Grovr VIII. See p. 488.

48. C. exilis, Grif. Palms Brit. Ind. 51 (axilis, 35); leaflets many
equidistant narrow finely acuminate copiously setulose on the margins,
coste and often the intermediate nerves above and beneath, rachis scurfy
setose and armed with a single row of hooked spines, petiole long flattened
2-edged with marginal straight slender spines, sheath scabrid and armed
with short straight flattened spines, fem. spadix decompound scabrid all
over as are the spathes, fruit linear oblong sharply beaked. Mart. Hist.
Nat. Palm. iii. 338, t. 176, £7; Walp. Ann. iii. 484, v. 880; Mig. Fl. Ind.
Bat. iii. 116. '

Matacca; on Gunong Ladang, Fernandez. Prrax, Larut and Ulu Bubong,
alt. <a ft., Scortechini (657>), King’s Collector (2734, 6245, 8457) 10,259, Herb.
Caic.).

Stem 15-20 ft., in. diam. Leaves 3-3} ft.; leaflets 8-10 by 4-3 in., cross
nervules strong; petiole scaberulous, with distent dorsal hooked spines and many
marginal ; sheath with coarse matted hairs at the mouth. Lower spathes 12-14 in,
compressed and 2-edged with slender marginal spines below and smaller ones above,
mouth oblique, upper spathes 4-6 in., tubular, armed with small scattered spines.

Calamus.] CLXII. PALMER, (Beccari & Hook. f.) 455

Branches of fem. spadix 6-8 in., coarsely scabrid, bearing short alternate few-fid.
spikes ; fruiting calyx peilicelled and pedicelliform, campanulate ; lobes as long as
the tube and as the petals. Fruit newrly 1 by % in. diam., dirty yellow; scales
margined with brown. Seed linear-oblong, transversely grooved; albumen not
ruminate; embryo in the middle of the back.

Grove IX. Seep. 438.

49. ©. tomentosus, Becc. mss.; sheath, rachis and flagellum softly
almost flocculently white-tomentose, leaflets few distant or in distant pairs
elliptic acuminate coriaceous strongly nerved, margin crisped or waved.

PsRak, Scortechint (431) ; alt. 2500-3000 ft., King’s Collector (5332, 6993).

Stem 20-40 ft., 3-2 in. diam., light grey. Leaves 2-3 ft.; leaflets 8-14 by
3-6 in., base narrowed, green on both surfaces or yellowish beueath with brown stripes
above; nerves flabellate; sheath unarmed, ochrea annular very coriaceous, acute
posteriorly ; petiole short, very stout, subterete, armed with few distant 3-fid short
claws ; flagellum 8-10 ft., ending in a long filiform prickly tip, armed with strong
8-fid claws at about equal distances, towards the base the surface of the petiole is
granulate when dry. A portion of a flowerless and fruitless spadix is terete with
tubulur spathes and bears distant spreading spikes 4 in. long, with rather distant
coriaceous subeampanulate spathels—A remarkable plant of which the specimens
are very imperfect. ‘The description of the stem and colour of the leaflet is from
notes by King’s Collector; the rest from his specimens, one of which (5332), with
smaller leaves is from Larut, ‘ within 300 ft.,” perhaps meant for 300 (as in
n. 6993).

Grove X. See page 438.

50. C. zeylanicus, Becc. mss.; leaflets many long equidistant ensi-
form long acuminate =—5-costate, margins minutely setulose or nuked,
coste very sparingly setose above naked beneath, rachis very stout, male
spadix decompound, lower spathe acute armed with very short scattered
prickles, upper striate smooth or sparsely aculeate, uppermost funnel-shaped
truncate, branches of male spadix 6-10 in. clothed with short broad im-
bricate spathels, spikelets very many distichous, spathellules extremely
short and densely imbricate, fem. spikes and spikelets much longer and
laxer, fruit globose long-beaked. C. rudentum, Zhw. Enum, 330 (exel.
syn.) (non Lour.); Hance in Journ. Bot. 1874, 262.

Crrton, Walker; Suffragam district, Thwaites (CP. 2874).

Stem very stout. Leaves probably 4-5 ft. long; leaflets 13-2 ft. by 1-1} in.,
smooth; rachis pale, finely seurfy, with short appressed marginal spines above and
lower down with 3-fid claws beneath ; flagellum very stout, with very broad claws
of 3-6-nate recurved black spines. Mave spadix with long spreading brauches
clothed with short spathels and bearing short broad flat spikelets 4-1 in. long and 4
broad of most densely imbrieate short spathellules and small flowers din. lony. Fem.
spadie ; branches and spikes much longer ; calyx sessile, very short, deeply 3-lobed ;
fruiting calyx sub-pedicelliform ; petals as long, both striate. Jruié $ in. diam.,
dull yellow; scales deeply channelled, margins scarious pale. Seed globose ;
albumen deeply ruminate, embryo lateral.

51. CG. latifolius, Rov. Fl. Ind. iii. 7751; leaflets few large scattered
or 2-nate elliptic or elliptic-lanveolate 3-9-costate tips setose, margins
aculeolate, coste naked on both surfaces, rachis fagelliferous very stout
variously armed with scattered spines, sheath densely covered with very
short broad whorled spines and a few very large straight flat solitary or
whorled ones, spadix degompound, spathes short subcompressed sparsely

456 CLXIIL, PALMEZ. (Beccari & Hook. f.) [ Calamus.

spinous mouth oblique, spathels short, male spikes densely imbricate, fruiting
calyx sessile, pedicelliform broadly campanulate lobes short, fruit sub-
globose pale. Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. ii}. 339, t. 160, f.5: Griff. in Cale.

Fl, ii. 518 (partim). C. macracanthus et inermis, T. Anders. in Journ.
Linn. Soc. xi. 10,11; ? C. humilis, Roxb. Fl, Ind. iii. 773.

From the SIKKIM H1iMAuaya and AssaM, ascending to 2000 ft., to TENASSERIM.

Stem stout, 1-2 ft., as thick as the thumb. eaves with the flagellum 10-15 ft. ;
leaflets 1-2 ft. by 1-23 in., upper sometimes flabellately clustered or connate at the
base ; cross nervules very many and close; petiole short or long, sometimes bearing
the leaflets only far up the flagellum ; base sometimes 2 in. broad, smooth, biconvex,
spines very various always scattered. Spadix very ‘large; spathes and branches
usually armed with scattered very short broad spines, Fruit (not quite ripe) nearly
1 in. long, rather narrower, pale dull yellow; scales convex, deeply channelled,
shining, margin very narrowly scarious.—C. humilis, Roxb., is probably founded on
a very young plant of C. latifolius with undeveloped flagella.

52. ©. Doriaei, Becc. mss.

Burma; on Mt, Karin, DL. Fea.

Only a portion of a spadix with fruit known. It appears to be nearly allied
to C. latifolius, from which it is distinguished by the elongate fruit 3-1 by 4 in.—
I have seen no specimen. J.D.H.

58. ©. simplex, Becc. mss.; leaves flagelliferous, leaflets very few
large elliptic 3-6-costate, spadix supra-axillary quite simple elongate not
flagelliferous bearing at every primary spathe a solitary simple spikelet or
at most two from the lowest spathe, fruiting calyx callous shortly pedi-
celliform, fruit rather large broadly ovoid, seed globose, albumen deeply
ruminate, embryo subbasilar.

Perak; on Gunong Tambang Batak., Scortechint (482).
Differs from all other known species in the few divisions of the spadix.—I have
seen no specimen. J.D.H.

54, G. caesius, Blume Rumph. iii. 57; leaves subsessile flagelliferous,
leaflets very inequidistant in distant fascicles of 5-7 oblanceolate cuspi-
dately acuminate glaucous or farinose beneath acutely 4-costate above and
setulose, margins setulose acute, rachis armed with solitary and sub-
whorled spines, sheath not flagelliferous very gibbous above fugaciously
scurfy armed with scattered long horizontal spines with broad callous bases
and small acute tubercles. Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii.340; Walp. Ann. iii.
490, v. 832; Mig. Anal. Bot. Ind. i. 6; Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 129; Palm.
Archip. Ind. 28. C. glaucescens, Blume, l.c. 65; Mart. Le. 339; Walp.
U. ec. 489, 880; Mig. U1. ce.

Perak, Scortechini.—DistTR1B. Borneo.

A lofty climber. Leaves 2-3 ft.; leaflets 12-14 by 2-22 in. Fruit unknown.—
Appears to be allied to C. melanoloma of Java. I have seen ‘no specimen.
JD,H.

55. ©. axillaris, Becc. mss.; leaves shortly petioled, leaflets numerous
very inequidistant above oblanceolately ensiform, margins smooth, rachis
unarmed below armed above with scattered simple and ternate claws,
spadix not flagelliferous elongate with several erect partial inflorescences,
spathes Ist and 2nd fugacious}y scurfy unarmed or the lower scarcely armed,

Calamus. | CLXIII, PALMEE. (Beccari & Hook. f.) 457

spikelets short scorpioid, 3rd spathe infundibular, limb open truncate
margin fimbriate, spathels and spathellules striate margins ciliate, flowers
distichous, calyx finely striate.

PERAK, Scortechini,

Described from a single specimen which I have not seen. ‘he fruit, and hence
the position of the species, is unknown, J.D. H.

56. C. pallidulus, Becc. mss.; leaves subsessile, leaflets inequidistant
hardly fascicled ensiform acuminate, costa 3 unarmed on both surfaces,
margins sparsely spinulose, rachis strongly armed with uniform short
black- tipped 8-fid claws, sheath with scattered short straight spines, spathes
armed with short stout scattered simple conical spines, fruit spherical
shortly beaked pale, seed deeply pitted, albumen ruminate.

Perak; at Thaiping, Wray (2392, 3017).

Leaflets 8-10 in. The upper spathes are naked with much dilated obliquely
truncate mouths. The fem. spikes 2-24 in., strongly recurved; spathels strougly
muricate. Fruit 3 in. diam., very pale; scales obscurely channelled, margins
hardly scarious, beak cylindric ; fruiting calyx pedicellitorm.—Described from two
leaves, a small portion of a sheath, a fragment of a spadix with ripe fruit.

Group XI. See p. 438.
* Fruiting perianth not pedicelliform.

57. C. ovoideus, Thw. ex Trimen in Journ Bot. 1885, 269; leaves
petioled, leaflets equidistant broadly linear alternate 3-costate tip bristly,
margin thickened smooth, costa setose beneath, rachis fugaciously scurty,
margins prickly back rounded with solitary hooked spines, sheath densely
armed with rings of flat deflexed often lacerate black spines, lower spathes
armed with short broad flat reflexed spines, fruiting spadix with very

stout recurved spikelets, fruiting perianth stellate, fruit obovoid strongly
beaked.

Cryton; Saffragam district, Thwaites (CP. 3925).

Stem stout, scandent. Leaves 14 ft. and more including the flagellum; leaflets
10-14 by $-1 in., bright green above, duller beneath. Fruié §-3 in. long, strongly
beaked, scales pale greyish yellow, strongly channelled, narrowly margined with
orange-bruwn.—Described from Trimen 1. c.

58. C. andamanicus, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xliii. ii. 211,
t. xxvii. A, xxviii.; Por. Fl. ii. 519; leaflets alternate equidistant linear
subulate-acuminate 3-costate, margins thickened and cost setose, petiole
and rachis armed with stout recurved spines, petiole with blackish tuberous-
based ones mixed with long black spines, sheath red brown covered with
seriate whorls of capillary black and broad flat black spines, spadix decom-
pound nodding, spathes subcompressed armed with strong reflexed solitary
and ternate spines, partial unarmed, fruit elliptic-ovoid acuminate, scales
with long fimbriate tips.

ANDAMAN and NicoBag Iszanps, Kurz, Man.

Stem lofty, scandent, as thick as the arm (with the sheathson). Leaflets 2-24 ft.
by lin. broad. Fruit distichous, uniformly brown, about } in. long; scales rhom-
boid, greenish, bordered with chesnut-brown, rather flat, not furrowed, tips pro-
longed into a lanceolate pale brown opaque acute ciliolate membranous appendage,
longer than the scale itself. Seed semiconvex, grooved; albumen equable.—(The
above from Kurz.)

458 OLX, PALMEZ, (Beecari & Hook. f.) [Calamus..

- 69. G. palustris, Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist.v.62; Palms Brit.
Ind. 71, t.199 ; leaves shortly petioled, leaflets alternate the median approxi-
mate in pairs broadly elongate-lanceolate acuminate with bristly tips
3-costate and many-nerved, margins not thickened and costz smooth,
petiole with 1-2 rows of short very broad fascicled or simple hooked spines
with swollen bases, sheath green sparingly armed with short black or
broad hooked spines, spathes tubular obliquely truncate armed with
recurved spines, spathels glabrous, fruiting perianth stellate, fruit ellipsoid.
oblong, scales obtuse. Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 339; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat.
iii, 181; Walp. Ann. iii. 490, v. 831. C. latifolius, Kurz (not Roxb.) in

TENASSERIM, Griffith. PzRax, Scortechini (50%), ANDaman IsLAnps, Kurz,
Man. i
Stem scandent, everywhere glabrous, with the sheaths on 2-3 in. diam. Leaves
8-12 ft.; leaflets 1-2 ft. by 3-5 in., rather thin, uniformly green. Spadiz bi-
fariously decompound, elongate, drooping. Fruit about 4 im. long, scales slightly
biconvex, hardly channelled, pale brown with a blackish border. Seed almost semi-
convex ; grooved and irregularly wrinkled.—( Descript. from Kurz.)

** Fruiting perianth more or less pedicelliform.

60. ©. unifarius, H. Wendl. in Bot. Zeit. xvii. (1839) 158; var.
Pentong, Becc. mss.

Nicopar Isnanps. E. H. Man.

The plant referred as above consists of a leaf and a portion of a spadix with the
fruit wanting. C. unifarius is a Javan plant, described as having rather few
inequidistant lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate acumiuate 7-costate leaflets ; the fruit
is subglobose about 34 in. diam., with channelled scales and deeply sinuately
furrowed seeds with a basal embryo.—I have seen no specimen. J.D.H.

61. CG. neglectus, Becc. mss.

Matacca, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 6399 bis).

This species is founded in the flagelliferuus apex of a leaf and a portion of
fruiting spadix. The flagellum is very slender; the leaflets subequidistant, 4—6 in.
by 4 in., membranous, linear-lanceolate, finely acuminate, setaceous pointed, with
3 slender cost# and thickened setose margins ; spathes coriaceous, tubular, obliquely
truncate, armed with short scattered straight stout spines; fruiting calyx subpedi-
celliform, with broad spreading obtuse lobes ; young frnit 3 in. long, ellipsoid, scales
dull pale yellow with broad scarious brown margins and tips, not channelled, beak
stout.—I have seen no specimen. J.D.H. :

62. ©. viridispinus, Becc. mss.; leaf flagelliferous, leaflets in very
distant fascicles variously grouped ensiform finely acuminate, coste 3
strong sparingly setose above naked beneath, rachis trigonous smooth with
few solitary very short hooked spines on the lateral angles, spadix elon-
gate filiform, fem. spikes elongate with alternate remote horizontal flowers,
young fruit oblong strongly beaked, fruiting calyx pedicelliform, petals
small, albumen solid.

Prax, Scortechiné (316); at Larut, alt. 3500-4000 ft. (Herb. Calcutt. 4127).

Stem 20-25 ft. Leaves bright green; leaflets 10 by nearly 1 in, —1 have seen
only a fragment of a leaf, from Larut, and a spike of very young fruit. J.D.H.

63. C. Oxleyanus, Teysm. & DBinnend. Cat. Pl. Hort. Bogor. 1886,
75 (name only) erect, leaflets very many in subopposite distant fascicles
linear-lanceolate acuminate, tip bristly, costae 5 setose above naked

Calamus.] CLXIII. PALMEZ. (Beccari & Hook. f.) 459

beneath, petiole long stoutly armed, sheath excessively armed with large
seriate straight or deflexed spines and scattered short ones. Mig. Palm,
Archip. Ind. 17, with fig. C. Fernandezii, H. Wendl. in Kerchov. Palm.
236. Demonorops fasciculatus, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 8830; Walp.
Ann. iii. 480, v. 829; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 101—Rotang Pajare, Griff. in
Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v..89; Palms Brit. Ind. 95.

Matacoa, Fernandez, Ozley—Duistris. Banca ?

Stem with the sheaths about lin. diam. Leaves 10-11 ft. long exclusive of the
long flagellum ; leaflets 1 ft. by $ in.; petiole about 2 ft.; its lower part armed
like the sheath ; sheath with a very oblique mouth.—Descript. from Griffith.

Grove XII. See p. 488.

64, C. Martianus, Becc. mss.—C. paniculatus, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm.
iii, 334 (not of Roxb.).

PENANG; Gaudichaud.

Stem scandent. Leaflets 4-5 in., equidistant, alternate, lanceolate, tip shortly
acuminate and bristly 7-9-costate, margins and surfaces unarmed, petiole very short,
rachis and slender flagellum armed with short spines, sheath with a short obliquely
truncate ochrea. Male spadix« decompound, lower spathes subterete faintly 2-keeled
and rachis armed with short scattered spines, upper unarmed, spikes slender spreading
equalling or twice as long as their spnthes.—Description from Martius, neither
Beccari nor have I seen specimens.—J.D.H.

65. ©. spathulatus, Becc. mss.; leaflets very few alternate distant
uppermost pair connate at the base elliptic obtuse convex above,
costee 5-9 and margins quite smooth, petiole very short and slender,
rachis copiously armed with large solitary and 2-3-nate recurved black-
tipped spines, sheath flagelliferous elongate cylindric copiously armed with
uniform short straight conical-based spines, fem. spadix slender flagel-
liferous, spathes slender terete armed with short hooked spines, fruiting
calyx pedicelliform short contracted sessile, base broadly truncate, fruit
(young) long-beaked very pale.

Maxacca, Lobb, Hervey.

Stem scandent; very slender. Leaves probably 2-3 ft. long; leaflets 4~7 by
2-21 in., coriaceous, shining above, base acute, cross-nervules very many and clos» ;
petiole and rachis subterete, flagellum very slender; sheath as thick as the fore-
tinger, thickly coriaceous, pale, smooth between the short flattened subseriate spines,
flagellum very stout. Fem. spadia long, slender, with distant branches which are
adnate to the rachis far above the slender closely appressed spathes; spathule of
branches tubercled } in. long; spikes 1-14 in., spreading and recurved ; spathellules
very short. Fruit (young) 4 in. long, shortly oblong or ellipsoid with a long
cylindric beak ; scales very pale straw-cold., faintly channelled.

Var. robusta, Bece.; spadix much larger, very stout.—Perak, Geelong-Malacca,

King’s Collector (7186).

66. C. insignis, Grif. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 58; Palms
Brit. Ind. 69; leatlets few distant alternate uppermost pair connate at the
base elliptic-oblong or -oblanceolate cuspidately subacute convex 7—9-costate
margins thickened recurved and both surfaces quite smooth, rachis slender
and terete petiole shortly very sparingly prickly, sheath long slender
polished very sparingly armed with tubercular spines or conical tubercles,
Mart. Hist “Nat. Palm. iii. 888; Walp. Ann. iii. 488, v. 831; Mig. FI.

Ind, Bat. iii. 128.

460 CLXIII, PALMER. (Beccari & Hook. f.) (Calamus.

Matacca, Fernandez. PzERAk, Scortechint.

Stem scandent, as thick as: a goosequill, shining; internodes 2 in. Leaves
12-18 in.; leaflets 3-6 by 1-12 in., polished above, cross-nervul's very mauy and
close set; petiole 8-5 in.; sheath nut so thick as the little finger, very long,
cylindric and smooth.—The leaflets resemble those of O. spathulatus but are smaller.
—lI have seen no Perak specimens, of which Becenri says that they are more robust,
and have rather larger and more numerous leaflets with more distant transverse

nerves. J.D.H.

67. G. quinquenervius, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 777; scandent, leaves
flagelliferous, leaflets alternate remote equidistant narrowly lanceolate,
spines in belts slender, fruit spherical. Kunth Enum. iii. 209; Mart. Hist,
Nat. Palm iii. 339; Grif. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v.61; Palms Brit.
Ind. 72.

SILHET, Roxburgh.

Chmbing. Stem exclusive of the leaf-sheaths, about as thick as the middle
finger, internodes 6-8 in—Probably a well-known species, but not identifiable by
the character given, nor recognized by Beccari or myself.

68. CG. ornatus, Blume in Ren. & Sch. Syst. vii. 11. 1326; Rumphia,
ii. t. 148; Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 208, t. 116, f. 2:—

Var. HORRIDA, Becc. mss. leaves petioled not flagelliferous, leaflets large
equidistant narrowly ensiform acute 3-5-costate glaucous beneath, margin
and cost beneath caducously setulose, petiole and rachis shortly armed,
sheaths with long flat spines, fem. spadix very long flagelliferous, spathes
tubular armed with very long spines, branches few erect, spathels smooth,
male spikes close set recurved very stout, spathellules broadly imbricating,
C. ornatus, Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 37; Palms of Brit. Ind.
46; Mig. in Juurn. Bot. Neerl. Ind. i, 21; Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 256. C.
ovatus and C. aureus, Reinw. ew Mart. /. c. 208, 241. :

Matacoa, Fernandez. Perak; Scortechini (587>) (Herb. Calc. 3931).—
Distris. Malayan Islands.

Stem robust; 50-80 ft., 11 in. diam. without the sheaths; sheaths about 2 in.
diam, Leaves 12-15 ft.; leaflets 2-24 ft. by 24 in. broad, tip rather obtuse often
2-fid, bristly; mid-costa above with stout bristles towards the tip; petiole 3 ft.,
14 in. diam., somewhat flattened, rusty-pubescent, much armed with broad strong
flattened spines 3 in. long; sheath copiously armed with whorled flat appressed
often imbricating spines 1 in. long, and }-} in. broad at the base. Spadizx 16-18
ft.; branches 2} ft. apart ; spathes tubular, armed like the sheaths; spikes 2-3 in. ;
spathels smooth, bracts and spathellules ciliate. Male spikes recurved, flattened, 2 in.
across the distichous large spreading spathellules; male fl. broadly ovoid, terete,
obtuse ; calyx sessile, hemispheric, petals twice as long. Calyx oblong, shortly 3-
toothed, fruiting pedicelliform. Fruit 2 in. long, obovoid ; scales rufous, mirgins pale,
lacerate.— Descript. chiefly from Griffith; of the fruit trom Martius.—Beceari regards
the Malacca plant as a var. (horri‘a) with glabrescent sheaths, seriate spines, and
adult leaflets 3- or sub 5-costate and scarcely spinulose.

69. ©. giganteus, Becc. mss. ; very robust, leaves large flagelliferous,
leaflets many equidistant broadly ensiform acuminate plicately sub 5-
costate, costz and margins unarmed, petiole long and rachis armed with
short spines, sheath very stout woody smooth densely armed with very
broad basal flat long scattered or subseriate spines and short scattered
ones, male spadix supradecompound, branches ,close together, spathes
tubular shortly spiny, fruiting calyx pedicelliform, fruit large ellipsoid-
ovoid, acute.

Calamus. | CLXII, PALMER, (Beccari & Hook. f.) 461

Perak; Scortechini.

Apparently scandent, leaf-sheiths 2-3 in. diam. Leaves 8-10 ft. long; petiole
3 ft.; leaflets 2 ft. by 14-2 in. Fruit above an inch long, suddenly contracted
into a conical point; scales shining, straw-cold-—Very near C. ornatus, but more
robust, and more densely armed; abundantly distinct in the non-flagelliferous
spadix, longer branches, and armed secondary spathes.—I have seen no specimen.

J.D.H.

70. G. scipionum, Lour. Fl. Cochinch. i. 210; leaves not flagelli-
ferous, leaflets numerous firm equidistant npper gradually smaller elongate-
lanceolate or subensiform aculeolate tips bristly, costee 5-7 naked on both
surfaces or sparsely aculeolate beneath, margins nearly smooth, upper-
most pair connate at the base, rachis and petiole armed with very stout
conico-subulate scattered recurved spines, spadices very long flagelliferous,
lower spathes very long tubular unarmed or their keels armed, fruiting
calyx very small pedicelliform, fruit small ovoid or globose abrnptly
mammillate brown. Lam. Encycl. vi, 304 (non Illustr. & eucl. syn.) ; Mart.
Hist. Nat. Palm, tii. 342; Kunth Enum. iii. 206; Walp. Ann, iii. 342;
v. 832; Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 35; Palms Brit. Ind. 48;
Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 138. C. micranthus, Blume Rumph. iii. 53
(leaf only), t. 157 (eel. spadix & anal. fl.).—Ching, Griff. Le. c.c. 37 and
46.

Maxacea, Griffith, Purax, Scortechini (501>); at Gunong-Malacca, King’s
Collector (7171)—DisrRiB. Borneo.

Stem 40-60 ft., sheath 2-3 in. diam. Leaves 4-5 ft.; flagellum 10-12 ft. ; larger
leaflets 18-20 by 14-2 in., rather coriaceous, tips not produced ; rachis as thick as the
little finger, smooth except from the scattered spines, obtusely trigonous. Male spadia
20 ft.; fem. about 10 ft. long ; lower spathe compressed, upper cylindric ; spathels 1 in.,
tubular, truncate, smooth, unarmed, or with a few conical tubercles; branches of
fem. spadix long; spikes 2-4 in., rather distant, spreading and recurved, stout.;
spathellules and bracts very short imbricate; fem. fl. sessile. Fruiting calya small,
broadly urceolate, base truncate intruded, mouth much contracted, lobes very
short;. petals rather longer, broadly ovate. Frutt (young) 3 in. long, scales brown
shining tumid hardy channelled, with broad pale scarious margins. Seed (young)
sub-obovoid, alveolate, embryo basilar.

Group XIII. See p. 438.

71. C. conirostris, Becc. mss.; leaf long-petioled shortly flagelli-
ferous, leaflets numerous equidistant narrowly ensiform tips slender
strongly setulose, coste 3 more or less setulose above the median only
beneath, rachis and flagellum armed with stout recurved 3-5-fid
claws, petiole very stout, margins densely armed with subsolitary stout
straight erect and spreading spines, sheath armed with very long and
slender spines, spathes copiously armed with subseriate straight spines,
fem. spadix very stout, spathels densely spinous, spikes very short and
stout, bracts large densely imbricate cupular, fl. large, fruit narrowly
ovoid narrowed into a‘stout beak black.

Perak; at Goping, alt.-500-1000 ft., King’s Collector (4593, 5808).

Stem 15-20 ft., 1-14 in. diam. Leaves 6-8 ft. glossy ; leaflets 10-18 ft. by
2-1 in.; upper smaller, meinbranous; petiole as thick as the middle finger, concave-
convex, back sparsely shortly armed; upper spines of sheath 4 in. long, acicular.
Fruit 14 in. long by 3 in. diam., very smooth ; scales flat, brown-black, quite smovth
aud polished, closely imbricating, the basal concealed part yellow ; fruiting calyx 4 in.
diam., cupular, not pedicelliform ; lobes large broad appressed ; petals very small.
Seed ovoid, rough ; albumen cancellate throughout.

462 CLXIII. PALMES. (Beccari & Hook.f.) [Damenorops.

72. ©. Gobbianus, Bece. mss.; leaflets equidistant linear-lanceolate
caudate-acuminate membranous, clothed beneath with an appressed white
substance (as if coated with lime), coste 3 all naked or with avery few
bristles beneath, spadix slender and rachis and upper spathes aculeate, male
spikes crowded very short and broad with densely crowded distichous large
flowers.

Styeapore, Lobb, G. Panti (210 Herb. Calcutta).

A small palm, stem 18 in., 6-8 in. diam. Leaves 5-6 fl.; leaflets 12-14 by
1-13 in., rachis of the portion seen unarmed. Syathes (upper?) with a short keeled
sheath and acuminate limb, armed with straight slender spines 1-3 in. long on the
sides and keel ; branch of male spadir 3 in. long, oblong; spathellules most densely
imbricate, 2 in. diam. Male fl. nearly } in.; calyx cupular, with broad triangular
lobes, not pedicelliform ; petals twice as long, the lobes narrowly lanceolate.—I have
seen only the branch of a male spadix and a fragment of a leaf with 7 leaflets, both
from G. Panti. J.D.H.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES.

C. extEensus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 777. Probably C. palustris.

C. numI.is, Roab. l. c. 773, is possibly 51, latifolius.

C. Merzianus, Schlecht. in Linnea, xxvi. 727 from Canara (?= C. rivalis, Thw.).

C. PENIcILLATUS, foxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 781. If for 30-40 pair of segments in
Roxburgh’s description, 3—4 be substituted, this might apply to C. javensis, Bl.

C. potyaaMus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 780; Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. 210; Griff. in
Cale, Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 48; Palms Brit, Ind. 58, is not recogniable.

24, DIEMONOROPS, Blume.

Characters of Calamus, but outer sheaths or spathes cymbiform, decidu-
ous, at first enclosing the inner; flowers often more pedicellate.—Species
about 80. Distrib. as of Ca/amus.

Demonorops differs so little from Calamus, and by sectional rather than generic
characters according to Griffith, Kurz and others, that it was united with the latter
in the “ Genera Plantarum.” As, however, Beccari, the latest and best authority
on Indian Palms, keeps them apart, und as the elaboration of the species no less than
their nomenclature in this work owes so much to him, I think it rigit to follow his
lead. The difficulty of separating them in practice, working upon herbarium speci-
mens, is shown by the synonymy of various species of both.

Sect. I. Cymbospathw. Spathes cymbiform, beaked, two outer
completely enveloping theinner. Male spadiz fusiform before flowering.

* Stem scandent.

1. D. Jenkinsianus, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 327 ; leaflets equi-
distant linear finely acuminate, costz 3 all sparsely setose above with verv
long bristles, the central only beneath, margins setulose, petiole rachis and
flagellum with many marginal and dorsal hooked spines or 3-5-fid claws
sheath armed with very long flat deflexed and shorter more slender spines,
spadix elongate decompound, outer spathe flattish 2-keeled armed with flat
spines narrowed into a long spinescent beak, fruiting calyx nearly flat, fruit
globose apiculate. Walp. Ann. iii. 475; v. 827. D. nutantiflorus, Mart
4c. 326; Walp. 1.1. cc. 474, 827. Calamus Jenkinsianus, Griff. in Cale.

Demonorops.] oLxim. PaLmMnz. (Beceari & Hook. f.) 463

Journ. Nat. Hist. v.81; Palms Brit. Ind. 89 (eacl. fruit. & t.186 A, f. 3(=C.
Flagellum), T. Anders. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xi. 11. C. nutantiflorus,
Griff. in Cale. Journ, Nat. Hist. v.79; Palms Brit. Ind. 88, t. 208.

The Sikkim Hrwataya, Assam, the Kuasra Hitus, Ben@an and Currra-
@ona,

Stem very stout, with the sheaths 12 in. diam., young parts grey-pubescent.
Leaves large; leaflets 2 ft. by 3-3 in. ; petiole 5~6 in.; spines of rachis many, short,
scattered ; of sheath 1-1} in. long. Outer spathe 1-2 ft., spines 3-8 in.; inner 12-
18 in., lanceolate, long acuminate, quite smooth. Male spadix thyrsiform, dense-
fid. ; calyx oblong, 3-toothed, and petals and bracts deeply grooved. Fem. spadiax with
spreading branches, fruiting erect ; calyx cupular, not pedicelliform ; petals twice as
long. Fruit 3 in. diawn., pale yellow brown ; scales deeply channelled, margins narrowly
scarious. Seed subglobose, smooth ; albumen punctate, or the surface ruminate by very
slender channels.

2. D. Manii, Bece. mss.; leaflets very many and narrow naked be-
neath setulose on the 3 cost above, spadix very long slender, peduncle
compressed hardly armed, outer spathe very long gradually narrowed into
a long pale dorsally-keeled beak, spines few large flat, inner lanceolate acumi-
nate, fruiting spadix erect glabrous, fruit globose shortly mammillate scales
pale slightly channelled margins pale, tip not discoloured.

ANDAMAN Isups., E. H. Man.

Allied to C. Jenkinstanus.—I have seen no specimen. J.D. H.

3. D. Kurzianus; stem and petioles very stout, leaflets very many
equidistant elongate ensiform acuminate margins minutely aculeolate,
costa 3-5 naked or with a few long bristles above, rachis semi-terete very
stout flat above with short scattered spines on the margins, outer spathe
with seriate spines inner linear, fruiting spadix erect branches very stout,
fruiting calyx explanate, fruit globose very shortly beaked pale yellowish.
D. grandis, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xliii. ii. 208 (not of Mart.).
Calamus grandis, Kurz For. Fl. ii. 523 (not of Griffith).

Sovuts Anpaman Isxps., Kurz.

Stem with the sheath as thick as the arm. Leaves shortly petioled ; leaflets
1-2 ft. by 1-14 in., tips ciliate; rachis enormously stout, 14 in. diam., dorsally
convex and unarmed, ending in a clawed flagellum; petiole armed below with long
flat and short recurved spines; sheath with whorled spines. Outer spathe cymbi-
form, scurfy. inner unarmed. Fruit 2 in. diam., pale brownish yellow, scales deeply
channelled, margins brownish with a very narrow scarious edge ; fruiting calyx with a
very short base and broad striate lobes; petals twice as long, striate. Seed sub-
compressed, albumen as in UC Jenkinsianus.—I have seen only a portion of a leaf with
the enormous rachis described above, imperfect leaflets, and a very old fem. spadix
with fruit. J.D.H. ‘

4. D. grandis, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 327, t. 173; leaves and
leaflets as in D. Kurzianus, but pale and subglaucous, coste beneath naked
or sparsely ciliate as are the margins, spathe as in D. Kurzianus, calyx
subentire villously ciliate, fruit globose. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iu. 88;
Teysm. § Binn. Cat. Hort. Bogor. 74; Walp. Ann, iii, 476, v. 827.
Calamus grandis, Griff. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 84; Palms Brit. Ind.
91, t. 210 A (PB et C)., t. 216, f£. iii. Mig. Palm. Archip. Ind. 28.

Maracos, Grifith. Prax, Scortechini.

Stem very stout, scandent, sheaths 2 in. diam. Leaves 15-16 ft. 5 leaflets
18-20 by 11 in.; petiole about 2 ft. Lower spathes 14-15 in. long, inner in-
cluded, unarmed, rustily scurfy. Male spadie 15-18 in., deccompound, spikes about

464 cx, PaLMEm, (Beccari & Hook. f.) [Demonorops,

Lin. flexuous. Caly# oblong, shortly 3-toothed. Fem. spadi» very stout, scurfy,
branches ascending; spikes short. Flowers shortly pedicelled, calyx striate 5 petals
} longer. Fruit the size of a large marble. Seed erect, abounding in dragons’
blood; albumen ruminate; embryo basilar.—Descript. chiefly from Griffith 1.c.

5. D. hygrophilus, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 204, t. 177, £11;
robust, leaflets very many and narrow equidistant linear tip filiferous,
margin and 3 costs above bearing long bristles and a few on the
mid costa beneath, sheath armed with long flat spines, outer spathe
gradually narrowed into a long beak as long as the body dorsally armed
with broad flat scattered spines and a few longer ones. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat.
iil, 90; Walp. Ann. iii. 476, v. 827. Calamus hygrophilus, Griff. Palms
Brit. Ind. 96, t. 213 C.

Matacca, Fernandez. Puraxk, Scortechint.

Stem stout, sheaths 1} in. diam. Leaflets 12 by 4 in.; petiole forming a thick
ring around the sheath, armed with scattered spines below and with stout
recurved ones above and on the rachis, young rusty woolly. Spadév nearly 2 ft.
Outer spatke 2-keeled, inner unarmed.—Descript. from Griffith. I have seen no
specimen. J.D.H.

6. D. angustifolius, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 329; leaves shortly
-petioled, leaflets very many narrow and close set equidistant narrowly
linear-lanceolate tip filiform, costz 3 all and margins setulose or with the
median only beneath, bristles very long, :achis 3-terete armed with straight
and recurved trifid claws, petiole with small scattered flat spines, sheath
armed with scattered flat spines, outer spathe narrow long-beaked armed
like the sheaths, spadix thyrsiform scurfy. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. in. 89;
Walp. Ann. iii. 476, v. 827. Calamus angustifolius, Grif. in Cale. Journ.
Nat. Hist. v. 89; Palms Brit. Ind. 95, t. 218 A, B.

Matacea, Griffith.

Scandent. Leaves 5-5} ft., flagelliferous; leaflets 8-10 by 4-4 in.; petiole’
8-4 in. Outer spathe about 14 in. long, the beak half its length, flat; 2nd spathe
sparsely spinous. Male spadix with a slender sparingly armed peduncle; branches
crowded, erect; spikes 1 in., flexuous, 8-10-fid.; flowers small, oblique; calyx
cylind:ic-oblong, teeth small; petals thrice as long.—Descript. from Griffith, who
describes it as in all respects a very distinct species, but I do not see how he dis-
tinguishes it by his deseription from D. hygrophilus. I have seen leaves only of
which the flat spines of the leaf and brown scurfy sheath are erect, white, ‘and closely
appressed ; the petiole is concave above at the base. J. D.H.

7. DB. intermedius, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 377, t. 175, f. viii;
leaves long-petioled, leaflets opposite or scattered linear-lanceolate acumi-
nate, margins and 3-5 costz on both surfaces more or less setulose, petiole
armed with scattered and flattened spines, sheath with seriate black flat
spines, outer spathe ovoid very long and stoutly beaked, its spines long
slender deflexed, beak longer than the body. flowers and fruit as in D.
grandis, but scales tipped with black. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii, 88; Walp.
Ann. iii. 476, v. 827. Calamus intermedius, Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat.
Hist. v.86; Palms Brit, Ind. 93, t. 211 A, B.

Matracea, Fernandez. PxRAk, Scortechini, King’s Collector (7135).

Stem 15-20 ft., Zin. diam. Leaves 4-6 ft.; leaflets 18-20 by 1-1} in., mem-
branous, dark green, median costa stout lateral very slender ; rachis }-terete, sparingly
armed ; petiole 1 ft. Ouder spadia 18 in., beak twice as long asthe body. Spadia
thyrsitorm. Fruit 2 in. diam., suddenly contracted into anarrow beak ; scales yellow,
obscurely channelled ; fruiting calyx not pedicelliform, broadly 3-lobed ; petals much

Demonorops.| CLxIII. PALMER. (Beceari & Hook. f.) 465

longer, linear, Seed globose, muriculate ; albumen foveolately ruminate.—Griffth
says “with difficulty distinguishable from grandis, and chiefly by the very slender
more numerous deflexed spines of the spathe.”

8. D. Sepal, Becc. mss.; leaflets rather numerous equidistant nar-
rowly linear finely acuminate setulose on the 3 costa above and margins,
rachis armed with 3-fid claws, petiole dorsally compressed armed with
scattered and clustered short straight fattened Spines, sheaths with sub-
seriate flat spines their mouth with long spines, outer spathes long-beaked
dorsally armed with flat slender and shorter clustered spines, fruiting
spadix nodding or pendulous, fruit obovoid.

Perak, alt. 83-4000 ft., King’s Collector (4133) ; on Gunong Tambang, Scorte-
chin (433),

Stem 20-80 ft., 4-3 in. diam. Leaves 6-8 ft. 3 leaflets 8-12 by 4-2 in, ; spines
of sheath 2 in. long, mixed at the juncture with the petiole with more slender
shorter black ones, Fruit 2 in. long, abruptly beaked, light brown, glossy; scales
deeply channelled, margins brown ; fruiting calyx pedicelliform, lobes broad ; petals
twice as long.

9. D. Pseudosepal, Becc. mss. ; leaflets not numerous very long and
narrow setiferous on the 3 cost above and median beneath, petiole with
scattered very short spines except at the base where longer and more
slender, sheath with very long elastic flat seriate spines, mouth nearly
naked, fem. spadix short, fruit globose with a short broad mucro.

Perak ; alt. 300 ft., King’s Collector (7975); Scortechint.

Stem 10-15 ft., nearly Zin. diam. Leaves 3-4 ft. ; leaflets inequidistant, dark
Sreen, 3-7 in. broad; petiole 15-18 in., armed on the back and margins. Fruit
3 in, diam., pedicelled, dirty yellow; scales few, channelled, margins narrowly
scarious, tips discoloured ; fruiting calyx not pedicelliform.—Affinity doubtful from
want of spathes.

10. D. Lewisianus, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. 327, t. 175, f.iv.; leaflets
equidistant approximate linear bristle-pointed cost 3 setulose above
nearly naked beneath, margins appressedly setulose, petiole dorsally armed
with hooked spines and long flat straight whorled and solitary ones, mar-
gins with shorter conical spines, sheath armed with solitary or seriate
black flat spines, outer spathe shortly beaked armed with weak deflexed
long black spines, inner with 2 rows of slender spines, spadix as in D.
intermedius, but branches more slender and less scurfy, froiting spadix
erect, fruit spherical. Calamus Lewiyianus, Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat.
Hist. v.87; Palms Brit. Ind. 94, +. 212 A.

Prenane ; Lewis.

Stem scandent with the sheaths about 1 in. diam. Peftole about 1 ft., base
much swollen and then armed with scattered short deflexed’ spines, and above with
spines 14 in. long; leaflets 13-15 by $-lin. Outer spathe 3-9in.; peduncle armed
_With flat spines, beak one-third the length of the body. Male and fem. spadix as
long as the epathe ; flowers scurfy, males most so. Male calyx obtusely toothed,
margins bearded; fruiting petals twice as long. Fruit pale yellowish ; scales in 15
rows, blackish towards the margin.—Descript. chiefly from Martius and Griffith.

¥ ‘Biome erect or subscandent, upper leaves alone with flagella.

1l. D. monticolus, Wart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iti, 328, t. 175, £. v.5
leaves petioled, leaflets equidistant alternate linear-subulate acuminate,
costz 38 all bristly above naked beneath except the median at the apex,

VOL. VI. Hh

466 CLxII. PaLMEM. (Beccari & Hook. f.) [Demonorops.

margin bristly, rachis unarmed, petiole armed with stout hooked spines,
sheaths scurfy armed with long flat black deflexed seriate spines, outer
spathe long-beaked dorsally armed with weak long deflexed flat spines,
spadix unarmed scurfy, fruit globose cuspidate. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii.
90; Walp. Ann. iii. 4771, v. 827. Calamus monticolus, Griff. in Cale. Journ.
Nat. Hist. v.90; Palms Brit. Ind. 97, t. 214 A, B, C.

Matay Peninsuza; on Goonong Miring, a spur of Mt. Ophir, alt. 1500-2000 ft.,
and Pznane Hut, half way up, Griffith.

Stem about 8 ft. Petiole 10 in.; leaflets 10-11 by } in. Outer spathe very
open, 16-17 in. long; beak 9-10 in., flat, sparingly armed except towards the apex.
Frwit the size of a marble, tawny; scales channeled and with a dark brown intro-
marginal line; fruiting calyx explanate, lobes broad; petals twice as long, ovate.
Seed with a fleshy covering.—Descript. from Griffith. ‘The Penang plant has much
coarser spines on the spathe and the fruit is more narrowed into a beak; Beccari
doubts its being conspecific with the Malaccan. I have seen only very imperfect
specimens.

12. D. petiolaris, Vart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 326; slender, scurfy,
leaves long-petioled, leaflets very long crowded equidistant very narrowly
linear tips spinulose, costae 3 setulose above the median only beneath, mar-
gins setulose, petiole armed below with seriate spines above with dorsal
hooked spines, sheaths crinitely clothed with long close-set ascending
slender seriate spines, outer spathe shortly beaked densely armed with
long slender spines, spadix short fusiform, branches tomentose, male calyx
cylindric 3-toothed. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 87; Walp. Ann. iii. 475, v.
827. Calamus petiolaris, Grif. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v.93; Palms
Brit. Ind. 101, t. 216, £. vii.; ? Mig. Palm. Archip. Ind. 28.

Matacca, Griffith.

Stem erect. Leaves 4-5 ft., exclusive of the 5-7 ft. petiole; leaflets 15-17 by
4-2 in. Spathe 4-5 in., narrowly fusiform, scurfy, beak 1-1 the length of the body,
or longer. Petals narrowly lanceolate-—Griffith says that probably two species are
included here, differing in the length of the leaves ; one with an unarmed rachis of
the leaves, longer more tomentose spadices and longer spikes and a cylindric acutely
shortly toothed calyx, but his definition of the two is not very clear.

13. D. tabacinus, Becc. mss.; sheaths rachis and petiole of leaf and
branches of spadix brown-furfuraceous, leaves long-petioled, leaflets very
many equidistant narrowly linear tips spinulose, costa 3 setulose above
and on the median beneath, margins setulose, petiole subcylindric and
sheath armed with small flat pale spines, outer spathe narrowed into a
beak as long as the body or longer, crinitely clothed with long straight
slender spines, fruit subglobose pale, beak conical.

PERAk ; King’s Collector (2537).

Stem erect, 2-3 ft. Leaflets 12-14 by 4-8 in. Spathe 6 in., its beak 3 in.
Fruit 2 in. diam., pale straw-cold., suddenly narrowed at both ends; scales chan-
nelled, tips dark-cold. ; fruiting calyx subpedicellitorm, lobes broad ; petals twice as
long.—Distinguished from D. petiolaris by the-long beak of the spathe.

14. D. calicarpus, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 326, t. 175, £. vi;
leaflets equidistant very many linear bristle-pointed, 3 costz above, setu-
lose median or all beneath, margins setulose, petiole armed with long
straight and short hooked spines, sheaths scurfy armed with long slender
subseriate flat erect spines, outer spathe moderately beaked, crinite all
over with long slender pale bristles, 2nd and 3rd bearded chiefly along
the middle, male spadix much branched, margins of pedicels bearded,

Demonorops.] _ cuxm. patMER, (Beecari & Hook. £,) 467

spikes scurfy, fruit elobose tawny. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 87; Walp. Ann.
ii. 475, v. 827, Calamus calicarpus, Griff. in Calc, Journ. Nat. Hist, v.
92; Palms Brit. Ind. 99, t. 215 A, B, C, D, t. 116, f. v. vi.

Maracca, Grifith. Perax, Scortechini.

Stem erect or subscandent, with the sheaths 1 in. diam. Leaves 6-8 ft., upper
small, with long flagella ; leaflets 12-13 by }-} in.; petiole 1 ft., base not gibbous
or puckered. Outer spathe 12-16 in., spines and hairs 1-14 in. long ; beak 2-3 in.,
naked or bristly at the base only. Male spadim 6-16 in., much branched; spikes
flexuous, scurfy ; calyx subcylindric, 3-toothed; petals not twice as long.’ Fem.
spadiw shorter, 4-8 in., less but more stoutly branched; calyx ovoid, teeth bearded.
Fruit cuspidately mammillate, 2 in. diam., tawny, scales with a dark marginal band,
deeply channelled; fruiting calyx explanate, lobes broad; petals rather longer.
Seed glotiose; albumen deeply ruminate; embryo basilar.—Descr. chiefly from
Griffith. Beccari says of it, very difficult to distinguish from petiolaris and monté-
colus in the absence of complete specimens of all.

_ Sect. IL. Piptospaths. Outer spathe not completely enclosing the
inner. Spadix diffusely branched. ©

* Spathes at first tubular, then open ; all deciduous or the outer alone
more persistent, armed with short stout spines. Spadix narrow and
elongate before flowering, then paniculate.

+ Mouth of sheath naked or armed with scattered spines pointing
variously. Fruit resiniferous except D. leptopus.

15. D- micracanthus, Bece. mss.; Jeatlets alternate or distantly
subopposite linear-lanceolate candate-acuminate, cost 3 minutely setulose
on both surfaces, as are the margins, petiole very gibbous and transversely
puckered at the base slender 2-edged biconvex armed with long rather dis-
tant small curved prickles on the back and here and there on the sides and
on the rachis, sheath long slender glabrous armed with very short de-
ciduous prickles, at length muriculate. Calmus micracanthus, Griff. in
Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 62; Palms Brit. Ind. 72; Mart. Hist. Nat.
Palm. iii 339; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 128; Walp. Ann. iii. 489, v. 831
(micranthus).

Maracca, Griffith.

The only specimen seen is of a leaf with a cylindric pale sheath a foot long,
covered with scattered or subseriate minute tubercles ; a rather slender petiole, 6 in.
long, dilated at the base and gibbous, with small very scattered spines; the rachis
more flagelliferous, very slender and smooth; the leaflets 8-10 by 4 in., with very
long filiform bristly tips.

16. D. propinquus, Becc. mss.; leaflets numerous equidistant linear-
lanceolate, coste 3 all sparsely setulose above the median alone beneath,
margins setulose, rachis very stout with large flat solitary straight spines,
petiole with stout dorsal and very long scattered lateral flat spines as has
the sheath, spathes many imbricating almost woody with obtuse points
and recurved margins outer armed with seriate deflexed spines, spadix
erect fruiting nodding, fruit globosely ovoid strongly beaked red brown,
scales deeply channelled. Calamus Draco, Grif’. in Cale. Journ. Nat.
Hist. v.65; Palms Brit. Ind. 75 (excl. Syn. Rowb.), t. 201 A, B; Mart.
Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 175, £. 10, 3-8.

PENANG, Griffith, Lewes. PERAxk, Scortechini.—Distr1B. Sumatra. ;

Stem stout, erect, at length scandent, Leaflets 12-18 by 43-3 in.; petiole
$-terete, 1 in. diam. Fruit % in. diam., exuding dragon’s-blood copiously, stoutly

Hh 2

468 CLXII PALMEZ. (Beccari & Hook. f.) [Demonorops.

pedicelled; scales naturally whitish but incrusted with red gum. Seeds rarely 2,
subconical, dorsally alveolate and tubercled with a deep lateral cleft.—The Perak
fruits are accompanied by ensiform leaflets 2 ft. long by 2 in. broad with aculeolate
margins. Beccari doubts their belonging to the same species as the fruits.~The
seeds of Griffith’s plant are globose and smooth. J.D.H.

17. D. didymophyllus, Becc. mss.; leaflets in distant opposite or
alternate pairs broadly ensiform or -elliptic, coste and margins quite
smooth, fruit as in D. propinquus, but with less resin.

PeRax, Scortechiné; alt. 2500-3000 ft., King’s Collector (2593, 5704, 6313).
JoHorRE, Kurz.—Disteis. Sumatra. a

Stem 20-3) ft.; scandent. Leaves 5-7 ft.; leaflets 8-16. by 1-23 in., acute,
many-nerved, quite smooth on both surfaces, as are the margins; petiole 2-3 ft.,
and rachis semiterete, both armed with scattered small short stout nearly straight
spines and tubercles; rachis armed with distant solitary spines and 3-fid claws;
sheaths scurfy, armed with very broad flat spines, mouth oblique naked. Spathes
coriaceous, flat, lower 6-10 in., transversely armed with many series of confluent
short irregular spines ; upper persistent, smaller. Spadix erect; peduncle armed
with strong straight flat scattered spines; spikes densely fascicled, slender, erect,
flexuous. Fruit 2 in. diam., cuspidate, red brown, and explanate calyx as in D.
propinguus.

18. D. leptopus, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm, iii. 206, 329; leaves loug-
petioled, leaflets many equidistant narrowly linear-lanceolate caudate-
acuminate, costz 38 all naked, or setulose beneath near the margins, rachis
very stout armed with short stout simple and 2-3-fid claws, petiole armed
with short solitary spines, sheath swollen at the petiole armed with
fascicled or seriate flat spines, outer spathe with revolute margins
towards the open tip, keels 2 armed with stout spines, fruit ovoid or
ellipsoid. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iti.99; Walp. Ann. iii. 479, v. 818. Calamus
leptopus, Grif in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v.73; Palms Brit. Ind. 87,
t. 205, A, B.

Matacca, Griffith, Perax, King’s Collector (4774, 5919) ; Scortechini.

Stem scandent, 20-30 ft., sheaths about 1 in, diam. Leaflets 15-16 by 2-1 in.,
tip capillary bristly, rachis as thick as the thumb, subbiconvex; petiole about 2 ft.,
trigonous ; lower spines 1 in. and upwards. Spathes coriaceous, lower 8-10 in.,
lanceolate, open, tip flat broad ; upper open much longer than their inflorescences.
Spadi» 3-4 ft., very slender; peduncle stoutly armed, branches erect, unarmed
spikes 14-3 in., flexuous, flowers unilateral. Calyw rather large, teeth acute, corolla
ventricose. Fruit } in. long, pedicelled by the calyx and spathellules, cinnamon
brown, scales deeply channelled. Seed with a hard resinous coat, chalaza grooved ;
albumen ruminate; embryo basal.—The young spadix resembles D. propinquus, the
mature is more like D. Hystria.—Descript. chiefly from Griffith.

tt Mouth of leaf-sheath armed with long flat erect spines; fruit not or
sparingly resiniferous.

19. D. Mystrix, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 205, 328, t. 176, £ 4,
3-4; leaflets very many equidistant narrow setaceously acuminate, margins
and 3 costz setulose on both surfaces, rachis clawed, petiole armed with
scattered long straight and short spines, sheath swollen armed with very
long (1 foot long) flat erect and shorter spines, lower spathe small elliptic
thickly armed upwards with strong long spines, fruiting spadix with
spreading branches and spikes, fruit ellipsoid long-pedicelled. Mig. Fl. Ind.
Bat. iii. 91; Walp. Ann, 111. 477, v. 828. D. hirsutus, Blume Rumph. ii.
21 (evel, descr, fruit), t. 185, f. A, B, C (excel. D, E oblongus) ; Mig. lc.

Demonorops.} CLXII. PALMEE. (Beccari & Hook. f.) 469

Suppl. 593. Calamus Hystrix, Grif in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 71;
Palms Brit. Ind. 80, t. 204, A, B,C; Miq. Palm Archip. Ind, 28.

Matacca, Grifith; at Ager Punnus, Maingay. Purax, Scortechini, King’s
Collector (951).—Distrrs. Java, Sumatra.

Stem scandent, with the very stout sheaths 14 in. diam, Leaves 7-10 ft. 3 rachis
flagelliferous; leaflets 10-18 by 4-2 in., tips very slender, setulose cost~ sometimes
53 petiole 1-2 ft.; sheath woody, scurfy, obliquely crossed with half-whorls of
close set flat. spines, of which the lower series are 3-4 in. long lanceolate very
thin and appressed to the surface, the upper or oral enormously long, strict.
Lowest spathe 4-5 in., almost woody, stoutly armed, not beaked; upper narrower,
more or less armed. Spadéa 2-3 ft., peduncle rather slender, armed ; spikes 2-3 in.,
scurfy, ascending, flexuous ; flowers pedicelled ; calyx cupular, teeth obtuse villous-
tipped; corolla twice as long, ovoid. Fruit about % in. long by 4 in. diam., pale
brown, not shining, shortly mammillate ; scales obtuse, channelled, margins of channels
rather elevated. Seed oblong, pitted, pits resinous; albumen deeply ruminate ;
embryo basilar—The enormous spines of the leaf-sheaths are a remarkable
character.

Var. minor, Becc. mss.; stem 2-8 ft., with the sheaths 4-4 in, diam., leaves 1-4

ft., leaflets 5-10 in., fruit much smaller.—Perak 300-1500 ft., King’s Collector
(5097, 5142, 5486).

20. D. Kunstleri, Becc. mss.; leaflets many equidistant linear
setulose on the 3 costae above and median beneath, margins setulose,
petiole robust scurfy margins armed with long stout spreading spines,
sheath with many oblique series of long-stout flat spines alternating with
shorter setiform ones, mouth with a few very long ones, lower spathe
coriaceous softly scurfy keel spinous, peduncle of spadix long slender
armed with whorls of spines, fruit globose top conical not beaked.

Perak ; Scortechini (652), King’s Collector (10,204).

Stem erect, 2-3 ft., sheaths 3 in. diam. Leaflets 14-18 by §-3 in., rachis armed
with 8-fid. claws. Peduncle of spadix 8-10in. Fruit 2 in. diam., tawny, top suddenly
contracted into a low cone; scales few, channelled, broad, margins not scarious and
hardly discoloured ; fruiting calyx small, explanate. Seed subglobose—TI have seen
only a portion of a leaf and of a fruiting spadix.

21. D. vagans, Bece. mss.

Prpax ; alt. 4000-5000 ft., King’s Collector (4129).

Stem scandent, sheaths $ in. diam. Leaflets 14 by % in., very narrow straight
and finely acuminate. Fruit as in Kuntsleri but smaller.—I have seen only a portion
of a leaf and fruit without calyx.

** Outer spathes at first tubular, then open, all deciduous or the outer
more persistent, hardly spinous, but densely clothed with rigid needle-like
spicule. Sheath of leaf with a spinulose membranous collar or ring.
Spadix elongate before flowering, then paniculate.

22. D. Sabut, Becc. mss.; leaflets in fascicles of 9-10 in., the lower
part of the rachis and 4-6 on the upper elongate oblanceolate suddenly
narrowed to a setulose tip, margins and 3 costz setulose above the median
alone beneath, petiole very stout stoutly armed with short and long single
and compound spines, sheath with a toothed setulose and spinular mouth.

Prrak, Scortechini (653). ;
Internodes 6-8 in., with a reversed membranous collar, Flagellum of rachis
very short.—I have seen no specimen. J, D.H.

470 cLxI. PaLMES. (Beccari & Hook. f.) [Demonorops.

93. D. oligophyllus, Becc. mss.; leaflets 10-12 in distant fascicles
elongate-oblanceolate with setulose tips, coste 3 nearly naked on both
surfaces, sheath densely filamentously scurfy, internodes with 2-3 mem-
branous strongly nerved collars appressed to the sheath and densely
crinite, petiole biconvex margins obtuse rather closely armed with claws,

Perak, Scortechini,

Founded on two flowerless specimens, neither of which have I seen.—J.D.H.

24. D. macrophyllus, Becc.; leaflets 4 in 2 very distant pairs oblong-
lanceolate 20 by 4-5 in. with 7-8 acute naked costa, petiole 2, ft. biconvex,
armed with 2-3-fid spines, sheaths 2-3 in. diam. with 3-4 membranous
collars.

PERAK ; Scortechint.
Founded on a single flowerless specimen, which I have not seen.—J.D.H.

25, D. verticillaris, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm, iii. 329, +. 175, iii. t.
72, f. vi., vii; leaflets many equidistant ensiform setaceously acuminate,
margins and costw very sparingly setulose, sheath armed with whorls
of very long flat weak spines alternating with whorls of confluent black
bristles, lower spathe thinly coriaceous densely crinite with series of
fascicled black bristles, male spadix slender, spikes sub-erect slender,
flowers minute densely crowded in two collateral series, fruit small sessile
globose. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 99; Walp. Ann. iii. 478; v. 828. Calamus
verticillaris, Griff. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 63; Palms Brit, Ind. 73, t.
200 A, B, C, D.

Matacta, Griffith. Purak, Scortechini; at Larut and Goping, King’s Collector
(876, 6388).

Stem 20-40 ft. scandent, sheaths about 14 in, diam. Leaves 5-15 ft.; leaflets
10-18 by $-1 in.; rachis flagelliferous, armed dorsally with multifid claws; petiole
stout, armed below with half whorls of pale flat weak spines 1-5 in. long, and short
black bristles; sheath with similar long flat pale erect spreading or deflexed spines,
closely alternating with comb-like whorls of densely compacted black-tipped bristles
confluent into stiff lamine 4 in. deep. Lower spathe 2-3 ft., with « long narrow
point; bristles 4-1 in. long, in closely packed whorls, black, shining ; upper spathe
quite or nearly smooth. Spadiw 2 ft. long, scurfy, decompound, male rather con-
tracted, fem. with spreading branches, peduncle unarmed. Male spikes 3-1 in.;
spathellule cupular, acute. Flowers distichous, horizontal, most densely packed ;
calyx cupular, obscurely toothed; petals twice aslong. Fem. spikes 3-4 in. Fruit

% in. diam., top conical, scales whitish faintly channelled, margins brown, Seed
globose, albumen deeply ruminate.

*** Outer spathe acutely 2-keeled, keel alone setose. Leaf sheaths
armed with flat spines confluent in an annular spinulose crest.

26. D. geniculatus, Mart. Hist. Nat, Palm. iii. 329 ; leaflets scattered
orin groups of 3-7 elongate ensiform tips filiform very long, coste 3-5
smooth or more or less setulose, margins smooth, petiole stout armed to-
wards the base with simple and compound very long white flat stiff spines,
mouth of sheath with a few similar spines and a brush of needle-like
bristles below which is a thick ring of confluent bristles, outer spathe
lanceolate, spadix much branched, male fl. densely crowded in collateral
series, fruit subglobose shortly stoutly beaked. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 93;
Walp. Ann. iii. 478, v. 828. Calamus geniculatus, Griff. in Cale. Journ.

aoe Hist. v. 67; Palms Brit. Ind. 77,t. 202, A, B; Miq. Palm. Archip. Ind.

Demonorops.| OLXII. PALMEE, (Beccari & Hook. f.) 471

Penane, Lewes. PrErax, alt. 2-3500 ft., King’s Collector (2931, 2785, 6306,
7849). Srnaapors, Lobb.

Stem stout 20-25 ft , scandent; nodes swollen: Leaves 10-14 ft.; leaflets 16-20
by 3-1 in., margins quite smooth, long tips setose; petiole stout, spines on lower
portion often ternate with the central 6-7 in. long and slender but stiff. Spathes
all deciduous, upper thinly coriaceous, unarmed. Spadia (geniculate, Griff.) 3 ft. 3
peduncle 6-12 in., flattened, with marginal spines, not 2-edged; spikes 4-3 in.,
spreading, with the flowers 4 in. broad. Male flowers most densely imbricate,
horizontal in two series, } in. long and narrow; spathellules quite entire;
calyx shortly cylindric, striate ; corolla terete, four times as long, smooth, not
striate, very narrow. Fruit 2 in. long, shortly pedicelled; sometimes almost
ellipsoid, pule dull yellowish brown; scales with a shallow channel and brown
margin.—There may be more than one species included here, the fruiting spadices
of Nos. 576 and 7849 look very different. No. 576 from Goping Perak has
the slender fruiting spadix, with distant fruits, as in Griffith’s figure. No. 2735
from Perak is a male plant and has the mouth of the sheath with needle-shaped spines.
No. 2931 from Perak has the very long spires on the petiole. No, 7849 from Perak
has the branches of the fruiting spadix as broad as long with very short stout
internodes and stout spikes 4-6 in. long; it most resembles the Penang form.

***& Outer spathe lanceolate, slenderly 2-keeled, wholly deciduous after
flowering. Leaf sheaths armed with isolated or confluent spines, not
annular crests. Spadix elongate.

27. D.longipes, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 329, t. 176, f. v. 2, 3,
leaflets equidistant linear-lanceolate or ensiform subulate-acuminate
margins and tips bristly 8 costz setulose above or on both surfaces, petiole
convex below and armed with long irregular spines, channelled above, with
toothed margins, rachis triangular with solitary short dorsal teeth, sheath
armed with broad stout flat solitary or seriate spines mixed with bristles,
spathes narrowly lanceolate long acuminate unarmed, spadix very long
long-peduncled, spikes flexuous, fruit ovoid-oblong shortly stipitate, beak
conical. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 93; Walp. Ann. iti. 478, v. 828. D.
strictus, Blume Rumph. iii. 19, t. 163 A, B; Dart. 1. ¢. 326. Mig. Lc. 86;
Suppl. 255; in Journ. Bot. Neerl. i. 18; Walp. J. c. 474, 827. Calamus
longipes, Griff. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. v.68; Palms Brit. Ind. 78, t.
203 A, B (eacl. syn. Rumph.). C. strictus, Mig. Palm. Archip. Ind. 28.

Maracoa, Fernandez, Maingay, Hervey.—Disters. Sumatra, Banca.

Leaves with the flagellum about 12 ft.; petiole 2 ft., young floccosely scurfy ;
leaflets 12-14 by 14 in. Spathes long and narrow, thinly coriaceous, nearly or
quite unarmed, young scurfy. Male spadiw nodding; peduncle 2 ft., 2-edged,
unarmed or with a few marginal spines; branches decompound ; spikes }—1 in., very
slender and zig-zag, spathellules (or bracts?) very minute. Flowers % in. long,
erecto-patent ; calyx obtusely toothed, quite glabrous, striate; petals hardly twice as
long, not striate. Fruiting spadio large, very broad, much branched ; branches not
stout, scurfy; spikes 3-5 in. Fruit } in. apart, % in. long; calyx very
shortly pedicelled, broadly campanulate, 3-lobed to the middle lobes appressed
to the base of the fruit; scales pale yellow-brown, shining, concolorous, faintly
channelled, Seeds oblong; albumen strongly ruminate; embryo basal.—Griffith
describes Calamus longipes as having equidistant leaflets, his specimens are too
imperfect to show this character. In Maingay’s specimen they are inequidistant as
described by Blume in his D. strictus. As in other species the costz of the leaflets
probably vary much as to being more or less setulose on one or both surfaces.

IMPERFECTLY KNOWN SPECIES.
Besides enumerating the above more or less imperfectly described species,

472 CLXIN. PaLME#. (Beccari & Hook. f.) [Demonorops.

Beccari has indicated the existence of about 7 other new Malayan Peninsula ones,
but these are in far too imperfect a condition to render it advisable to register here
the names he has given them.

2. BALACCA, Reinw.

Stermless, soboliferous, armed palms. Leaves pinnatisect, not flagelli-
ferous; leaflets narrowly linear-lanceolate. Spadir interfoliar, pendulous,
flowering branches catikin-like. Spathes persistent; lower sheathing, in-
complete ; bracteoles cupular, 2-celled; flowers coriaceous, densely crowded,
polygamous. Male fl., calyx tubular, 3-fid.; corolla tubular, segments
valvate; stamens 6, anthers short. Fem. jl. larger; perianth accrescent ;
calyx trifid; corolla-lobes lanceolate, valvate; staminodes 3 or 6; ovary
3-celled, stigmas 3, subulate; ovules basilar. Fruit globose or obovoid,
1-8-seeded, clothed with reversed or spreading scales. Seeds 1-38, erect,
top excavated, testa crustaceous, outer coat fleshy; albumen equable;
embryo subbasilar.—Species 9 or 10, chiefly Malayan.

The species are for the most part imperfectly known. The Malayan Z. edulis,
Reinw., not hitherto found in the Malayan Peninsula, has the leaflets white
beneath.

1. Z. secunda, Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 12; Palms Brit.
Ind. 14, t. 177; leaflets straight concolorous acutely 3-costate margins
setulose above the middle, costz spinulose on the under face, male spadix
compact, spikes much longer than their spathes peduncled, fem. spadix
paniculately branched, spikes tomentose, fruit clothed with spreading
lanceolate scales. Becc. Males. iii. 6738. Calamus collinus, Grif. Palms
Brit. Ind. t. 186 (leaf only).

Upper Assam, Mann; in the Mishmi Mts., @rifith.

A very imperfectly known species, of which Griffith describes only the male
spike. Mann’s specimen consists of a leaflet, and young fruit ; he describes the leaf
as 80 ft. long; the leaflets as 33 in. long by nearly 3 broad, coriaceous, with three
stout cost acute on both surfaces and spinulose beneath.—Fruits received quite re-
cently at Kew from Mr. Mann are unfortunately in too broken a condition to
determine their form; they appear to have been ovoid, 2 in. ? long, ending ina
stout cone as in Eugeissonia; the pericarp thin, clothed with spreading and ascend-
ing subulate-lanceolate recurved dark brown scales 4 in. long and under ; there is no
appearance of a succulent endocarp. Seeds (1-3?) 1-14 in. long, very various in
shape, from subglobose to hemispheric or trigonous with a convex back, and very
rounded angles, dark brown, not polished, with a deep small apical hollow leading to
the canal which extends more than half way into the dense albumen; embryo above
the base dorsal or sublateral, indicated externally by a circular convexity with
depressed margins 3 in, diam. or less.

2. Z. affinis, Griff. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 9; Palms Brit. Ind.
12, t. 176, A, B, C; leaflets concolorous strongly falcate coste 3 and
margins not setulose, male spadix elongate, spikes small tomentose shortly
exserted from the sides of their long spathes, fem. spadix compact with
short interrupted spikes much shorter than their spathes, fruit ovoid
smooth. Becc. Males, iii. 67.

Matacca, Grifith. Prrax, at Larut, King’s Collector (3448).—DrsrR1B,
Sumatra,

Leaves 12-18 ft. ; petiole half the length, slender, armed with long slender spines,
leaflets fascicled, 18-20 by 23 in. ; costee slender, acute beneath. Male spadia about
14 ft.; spathes imbricate lucerate. Spikes %-3 in.; bracts membranous, 2-fid. ;

Zalacea.) CLEIL. PALMER, (Beccari & Hook. f.) 473

bracteoles penicillate. Fruit 24 by 13 in., cuspidately mammillate ; scales closely
imbricate, chesnut brown. Seeds 1-3, plano-convex.—Descr. chiefly from Griffith,

3. Z. conferta, Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v.16; Palms Brit.
Ind, 19, t. 180, A, B, O; leaflets linear-ensiform concolorous straight or
slightly falcate, fem. spadix large copiously branched from the base very
compact, spikes densely crowded much longer than their spathes, fruit
Delage eeu spinous. Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 201, t. 173, 174; Bece.

ales. iii, 67.

Mataceoa, Griffith.—DisrriB. Borneo.

Stems stout, less tufted than in others, forming an impenetrable jungle. Leaves
18-20 ft. ; petiole half the length of the blade, stout, flattened above; spines short,
white, fascicled ; leaflets equidistant, alternate, 2 ft. by 2} in., subulate-acuminate,
tip and margins setose, cost@ of upper leaflets bristly on the upper surface. Spadina
8-12 in., crowded with cylindric spikes 6 in. long; male fi. in pairs; bracteoles
villous. Fruit crowded in a formless mass; scales quite smooth, aspect waxy and
shining, margins denticulate, tawny greenish; mesocarp white spongy. Seed broadly
turbinate.— Distinguished by habit, direction of the leaflets their bristly costa and
slender short white spines and crowded thyrsiform fruiting spadixes.—Descr. from
Griffith.

4, Z. Wallichiana, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii, 200, 325, t. 118, 119,
136; leaflets inequidistant falcate oblong-lanceolate with very long filiform
setulose tips, costee naked, male and fem. spadices very long fastigiately
branched, spikes very distant much shorter than their spathes, fruit obovoid
shortly imbricate, scales with long reflexed points. Kurz in Natuurk.
Tijdshr. Ned. Ind. xxvii. (1864) 216; For. Fl. 11.511; Bece. Males, iii. 66.
J. edulis, Wall. Cat. n. 5000; Pl. As. Rar. iii. 14, t. 222-224; Z. Rumphii;
Grif. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 8; Palms Brit. Ind. 10, t. 175.
Blume Rumphia, ii. 159. Z. macrostachya, Griff. Ul. ec. 18, and 15, t. 178
A,B,C; Bece. 1. c. 66.

Burma, Kurz, Matacca; at Ching, Griffith. Pnana and SrInGAPorE.—
Disters. Siam, Banca. .

Stem very short or 0. Leaves 15-20 ft. ; leaflets approximate in groups of 2-4,
and alternate, 2-3 ft. by 1}-2 in., spinulosely ciliate above the middle, upper con-
fluent ; petiole 8-10 ft. and rachis copiously armed with broken spirals of strong
subreflexed spines. Spadices several feet long, rachis woolly. Spikes cylindric,
villous, 14-2 in. long ; flowers small, rose-cold. Spathes variously ruptured, floral
terminated by dense tufts of rose-cold. paleaceous hairs. Frudé in dense heads,
1 in. long or more, 1-8-celled; scales brown, tips terminating in a reflexed brittle
bristle, —Descr. from Kurz For. Fl. 1. c.—‘* Spadices dimorphic, one male only,
with densely tomentose spikes ; the other moneecious very dense-fld. and difficult to
make out ; each bract I find to correspond to a cluster of 3 flowers, a female between
2 males or neuters, and with two densely tomentose bracteoles.’’—Beccari, Griffith’s
Z. macrostachya referred to Wallichiana by Beccari (mss.) is a much stouter form,
with oblanceolate leaflets and spikes 3 in. long and nearly 1 in. diam. In Griffith’s
figure of the whole plant (Tab. 178 C) the leaves have not the long tapering filiform
tips of Z. Wallichiana.

5. Z. glabrescens, Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 14; Palms
Brit. Ind. 17, t. 179; leaflets close set slightly falcate concolorous, tips
subulate filiferous, male spadix much branched, spikes much longer than
their spathes, fem. spadix reduced to few branches each bearing a very
large solitary long peduncled nodding glabrous spike clothed with broad
glabrous imbricating bracts.

474 CLXIU. PALMEZ, (Beecari & Hook. f.) [Zalacca.

Prenane, Lewes, Wray (2435). ; 7

Leaves 12-15 ft. ; petiole slender, trigonous, apparently armed with a simple row
of spines on each face ; leaflets equidistant, 20-22 by 24 in., margins setose towards
the tips. Spadices much branched, less covered than usual in the genus by the
primary spathes; branches entirely covered by loosely sheathing spathes; young
spikes slender, looking as if annulate by the broad shallow bracts, glabrous exter-
nally. Males 3-4 in., slender, bracteoles obsolete or nearly so. em. fi. large,
oblique. Ovary strigose with erect stout hairs, ovoid. Frutt (accompanying Wray’s
specimen) globose, 1 in. diam., suddenly contracted into a columnar beak § in. long,
clothed (including the beak) with small very dark brown scales in vertical series,
each with a short recurved setose tip, and an obtuse keel on the back.—‘‘ Erroneously
referred to Z. edulis in Malesia iii. 64.” —O.B.

6. Z Becearii, Hook. f.; leaflets strict concolorous elongate-ensiform
acuminate, tips shortly filiform, margins spinulosely setose, coste 3 with
few scattered long bristles beneath, rachis with short hooked black claws,
fem. spadix very long, rachis brown woolly, lower spathes very long, upper
twice as long as the large stout spikes, fruit-scales recurved spinescent.

Ranaoon, McLelland.

Leaflets apparently equidistant, 18-24 by 14 in., shining on both surfaces, mar-
gins with strong straight sete almost throughout their length, mid-costa stout,
lateral slender; bristles 1-3 in. long, black; very young leaflets pale beneath with
very long slender pale bristles on the costa. Fem. spadia 3 ft. long or more;
lower spathe 1 ft. loug; upper 4-6 in. Spikes 2% in. long, $ in. diam.; bracts
woolly ; flowers } in. long ; sepals and petals subequal, broadly ovate, acute. Fruit
(much broken) apparently small; scales pale chesnut, with broad bases and paler
recurved spinous tips.—Very distinct from Z. Wallichiana in the long strict leaflets
with long bristles, short tips, and margins armed throughout their length.

26. KORTHALSIA, Blume.

Scandent, spinous palms. Leaves pinnatisect; leaflets more or less
cuneate or trapezoid and erose (except K. echinometra); rachis flagellife-
rous ; petiole short, sheath often produced into a large ligule (ochrea).
Spadi« axillary, loosely branched, pendulous, sheathed with tubular per-
sistent spathes ; bracts membranous; bracteoles reduced to hairs. Flowers
bisexual, crowded in cylindric catkin-like spikes; sepals orbicular or
oblong ; petals ovate or lanceolate, valvate; stamens 6 or more, filaments
short, anthers linear; staminodes 6 or more; ovary imperfectly 3-celled ;
ovules basilar. Fruit globose or ovoid, 1-seeded ; pericarp thin, tessellate
with recurved shining scales. Seed erect, top hollowed, chalaza lateral;
albumen ruminate; embryo ventral.—Species about 20, Indian and
Malayan.

The swollen ochrezw of the first section form nidi for ants. The species are very
imperfectly known.

* Ochrea mflated.

1. HK. echinometra, Becc. Males. ii. 66, t. vii.; ochrea narrow
een eines ones pie long flattened black spines, leaflets very
narrowly linear-lanceolate finely acuminate mealy-white b th
less toothed towards the tip. - cae

Perak, Scortechint (n. 458>),.—DisrR1B. Borneo.

t

Korthalsia,] onxu. Patmex. (Beceari & Hook. f.) 475

Stem about Zin. diam. Leaves flagelliferous ; leaflets opposite, 12-15 in. long,
6-8 broad, acuminate, green and shining above, 3-4-nerved ; petiole about 20 in. ;
spines short; rachis with stout claws; sheath armed with short flattened spines
almost enveloped by the ochrea, which is 5-6 in. long, and armed with scattered
spines 2~3 in. long.—F lower and fruit unknown.

2. KH. scaphigera, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 211; ochrea cymbi-
form lanceolate armed with short conical spines, leaflets rhomboid-obovate
or -cuneate acuminate erosely lobulate above the middle. Mig. Fl. Ind.
_ Bat. iii. 750; Palm Archip. Ind. 26; Becc. Males. 67, t.5. K. Lobbiana,
A. Wendl, in Bot. Zeit. xvii. 174; Mig. il. ec. K. rostrata, Blume, Rumph.
ii. 168. P Calamosagus scaphigera, Palms Brit. Ind. 30, t. 184 A; Kurz
For, Fl. ii. 518. C. wallichiefolius, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. Ic. 211.

Matacca, Griffith. Prrax, King’s Collector (6833, 8144). — DisrTRiB.
Sumatra.

Stem slender, +-} in. diam. Leaves 24 ft.; leaflets distant, sessile, glaucous
beneath ; sheath armed with a few scattered conical prickles and generally split
along the back into a fibrous network; ochrea forming the upper 2, boat-shaped,
closely half embracing the next sheath ; petiole roundish, back armed with claws.—
Descr. from Griffith.

3. KH. Scortechinii, Becc. mss.; ochrea elongate armed with short

scattered spines, leaflets linear or cuneately oblanceolate 8-10 times longer
than broad. E

Perak, Scortechini.

Leaflets 14-16 by 14-2 in., alternate and subopposite, equidistant, oblanceolate,
white beneath, 5—7-nerved, acutely toothed ; sheath and ochrea (6-8 in. long) armed.
—Distinguished from Z. scaphigera by the much longer ochrea, and more numerous
narrower leaflets.

4, K. wallichizfolia, H. Wendl. in Kerchof Palm. 248; leaflets
many broadly cuneately obovate obtusely erosely toothed as long or twice
as long as broad. Bece. Males. ii. 75. Calamosagus wallichiefolius,
Grif. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 24; Palms Brit. Ind. t. 184, C.
harinefolius, Griff. 1. c. in text p. 29.

Matacca (from the interior), Griffith. ;

A very little-known plant. Griffith describes the leaves as resembling those of
Z. laciniosa, but with less deep more obtuse incisions; the spadix as covered with
long smooth spathes with lacerate mouths; spikes (immature) a span long by 3 in.
diam. ; lateral pedicels plano-convex, bearing a long spathe about the middle, which
reaches the base of the spike ; bractee broad, longer than the dense wool.

**® Ochrea not inflated.

5. K. laciniosa, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 212; leaflets rhomboid
ovate or trapezoid about as long as broad acutely erosely toothed, ochrea
dilacerate sparingly armed, spikes tomentose. Kurz in Journ. As. Soc.
xliii. pl. ii. (1874) 207; Bece. Males. ii. 74 (encl. pl. Salangore). K. scaphi-
gera, Kurz l. c. 206 (excl. ald syns.) t. 20, 21; For. Fi. ii. 513 (not of Mart.).
K. andamanensis, Becc. Males. ii. 76. Calamosagus laciniosus, Grif. im
Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 23, t.1; Palms Brit. Ind. 27, t. 183.

Burma, the ANDAMAN and Nicosak Isxps. i
Stem slender, } iv. diam. Leaves 2-4 ft.; leaflets subapproximate, 4~7 in. long,
terminal broadest, fugaciously white tomentose beneath; petiole 14-2 ft., with

476 CLXIII, PaALMEZ. (Beccari & Hook. f.) [Korthalsia,

straight spines ; rachis and flagellum with reversed claws. Spikes 3-4 in., tawny-
tomentose, very compact ; bracts smooth, a little longer than the villous bracteoles.
Fruit} in. long, obovoid, mucronate; scales with a broadly lacerate pale brown
membranous border.—Descr. from Kurz (of his seaphigera) in For. Fl. 1. c. referred
here by Beccari.

6. Ki. ferox, Becc. Males. ii. 73; leaflets shortly petiolulate trapezoid
about as long as broad pale beneath obtusely erosely toothed, sheath and
ochrea thickly armed especially on the petiolar side with short:spines,
above fibrous-reticulate glabrous or finely scurfy.

Var. malayana, Bece. mss, ; spines of the sheath and ochrea’shorter, and covering
the ventral face of the latter,

Var. malayana, Perak, at Larut (Hort. Calc. 6563) ; at Gunong Tjick, Sept.,
1844, Scortechint.

I have seen no specimen. The type is Bornean.

7. K. polystachya, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 210, t. 172, £1;
leaflets cuneiform or obliquely trapezoid glaucous beneath obtusely
toothed, sheath and ochrea unarmed, spikes long slender flexuous. Mig.
Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 77; Becc. Males. i. 74, Calamosagus polystachyus,
Griff. ex Mart. 1. c. 211. C. ochriger, Grif. Palms Brit. Ind. p. x. t. 216,
f.1.

Matacea, Griffith.

Stem very slender, about 3} in. diam., including the sheaths.” Leaves about: 2 ft.,
including the flagellum, subsessile ; leaflets 10-12, irregularly alternate, ferruginously
woolly, shortly petiolulate, 6 by 3 in.; rachis and flagellum armed with claws, young
rusty-pubescent ; ochrea short, truncate. Spadices from the terminal axils, together
forming a panicle 3-34 ft. long, clothed with long closely appressed spathes ; branches
a span to a foot long. Spzkes 5-7 in.; peduncle with a tertiary spathe; lower
bracts empty ; upper broad, 1-fid., and filled with stout wool.—Descr. from Griffith’s
- ‘ochriger, Beccari thinks that Kurz is mistaken in uniting this with K. rigida,

ume.

8. &. tenuissima, Becce. Males. ii. 275; very slender, leaflets 3-6
obovate or oblanceolate acuminate subacutely toothed pale beneath, sheath

sparingly armed, ochrea unarmed, spikes few, spathes tubular inflated
dilated above.

Matay Peninsvya ; Perak, at Larut, King’s Collector (4057).
Leaves with a very slender petiole ; leaflets 1-4 in. long by:1-1} broad; petiole

very short, base callous swollen. Spikes apparently glabrous from the bracts
exceeding the calyx.

9. K- flagellaris, Mig. in Journ. Bot. Neerl. 15; Fl. Ind. Bat.
Suppl. 255, 591; leaflets numerous narrow elongate-cuneate rusty pubes-
cent beneath acutely erosely toothed, sheath armed dorsally unarmed on
the petiolar side, ochrea armed only ventrally, svikes tomentose. K.

angustifolia, Mig. Palm. Archip. Ind. 15, 26 (excl. sp. from Borneo and
var. 8) (not of Blume).

des bate Peninsuta; Perak, Scortechini; at Assam Kumbung, Wray
Resembles in the form of its leaflets and their colouring beneath Z. rubiginosa,
which has longer straighter less cuneate leaflets with short not subulate teeth.

Ceratolobus.] oLxu. PALMER. (Beccari & Hook. f.) 417

27. CERATOLOBUS, Blume.

Palms with the habit and foliage of Korthalsia, but with flagelliferous
leaves. Spadix very slender, loosely panicled; branches filiform ; peduncle
very long, pendulous, prickly, usually adnate to the sheath of the leaf
opposite; spathe small, solitary, membranous, narrow, flattened, beaked,
at length split down the ventral face; flowers polygamous, in pairs, the
upper ebracteate, the lower bracteate and bracteolate. Male fl. Calyx
small, 3-fid; lobes triangular, valvate; stamens 6, on the bases of the
petals, anthers linear; pistillode minute. Fem. fl. Calyx of the male;
corolla 3-fid, valvate; ovary ovoid; ovules 3, basilar, erect. Fruit small,
1-celled, 1-seeded, pericarp as in Korthalsia. Seed globose, erect; testa
fleshy ; albumen ruminate ; embryo basilar.—Species Malayan.

1. G. levigatus, Becc. mss.; leaflets in inequidistant groups of 2-3
pairs narrowly linear- or ob- lanceolate acuminate suddenly contracted into
a long straight point naked on both surfaces and margins, spadix shortly
peduncled, fruit spherical broadly beaked. Calamus lavigatus, Mart. Hist.
Nat. Palm. iii. 339; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 129. Calami sp. Griff. in Cale.
Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 72, & Palms Brit. Ind. 72 (last 5 lines).

PeRak, King’s Collector (575, 971, 5916) ; on Waterfall hill, Wray (2919).

Stem 15-20 ft., about $ in. diam. Leaves 18-30 ft.; leaflets concolorous, dark
green, 5-9 by 4-4 in., thin; rachis slender, sparsely armed with solitary recurved
spines ; petiole very short, base tumid; sheath strongly ribbed, armed with scattered
simple flattened spines. Spadiw 4-8 in., very shortly peduncled, erect, narrow ;
branches slender, sparsely pubescent. Spathe 6-10 in., linear-lanceolate, coriaceous,
smooth. Male fl. sessile, subglobose, 2; in. diam. ; calyx cupular, 3-lobed and broad
petals and bracteoles deeply grooved. Fruit brown, subglobose or ovoid, narrowed
to a broad conical beak; scales obscurely channelled. Seed obtusely tubercled.
Fruiting calye as in the male, but petals much narrower and longer.

Var. angustifolia, Becc. mss.; more slender, leaflets narrower gradually produced
into a slender point, median costa setulose, spathe 4 in. long, much thinner and spadix
much smaller, probably a different species. Perak; King’s Collector (1879).

2. C. Kingianus, Bece. mss.; leaflets few large cuneately rhomboid
or trapezoid, lobed and toothed in the upper half deeply plicate pale be-
neath, spadix sessile, fruit spherical shortly broadly beaked.

Perak, Hullett (Herb. Calc. 2547, 2856, 5589) ; Wray (2869).

Stem 20-25 ft., about 141 in. diam. Leaves 3-4 ft.; leaflets 6-9 by 3-4 in.,
lower half triangular-cuneate ; rachis stout armed with short solitary and: 2-5-fid,
claws ; petiole 6-8 in., more or less muricate and armed with scattered sbort simple
and compound spines; sheath transversely muricately ridged, unarmed, young
white furfuraceous. Spadix 8-10 in., ereot, narrow ; brauches short, glabrous.
Spathe 8-12 in., elongate-oblong, flat, thinly coriaceous, quite smooth. Male fi.
sessile, about j, in. long, narrowly oblong; calyx minute, cupular ; petals narrow
thrice as long, both deeply grooved. Fruit 3-$ in. diam., brown, scales hardly
channelled. Seed nearly smooth. Fruiting calyx minute; petals broadly ovate.

28, PLECTOCOMIA, Mart.

Scandent monocarpic spinous palms, stem very long. Leaves flagelli-
ferous; leaflets linear lanceolate. Spadie simply branched; branches
very long, pendulous, clothed with closely imbricating distichous inflated
coriaceous persistent spathels which conceal the spicate dicecious flowers.

478 CLXI. PALME. (Beceari & Hook.f.) [Plectocomia.

Spikelets short, male many-fid., fem. shorter few-fld.; bracts and bracteoles
subulate. Male fl. Calyx cupular, 3-toothed; petals lanceolate, valvate ;
stamens 6-12, filaments cuneate below, anthers linear. Fem. fl. larger,
perianth accrescent; corolla 3-fid, lobes valvate; staminodes 6. Ovary
3-celled ; ovules basilar. Fruit globose, 1- rarely 3-seeded, beaked ; pericarp
thin, tessellated with reflexed shining scales. Sced erect; albumen equable,
embryo basilar.—Species 6 or 7, Himalayan and Malayan.

1. P. khasyana, Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist.v.106; Palms Brit.
Ind. 106, t. 218 ; leaflets strongly 3-costate finely furfuraceous beneath tip
not filiferous, rachis of spadix glabrate, of spikelets white-tomentose,
spathels rusty-puberulous, male petals 3 in. long elongate-lanceolate,
fruit-scales ciliate and with deciduous recurved fimbriate tips. Mart.
Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 199. P. assamica, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 1605 (excl.
syn.). 0S

Kuasta Hixzs, alt. 45000 ft., Griffith, &e.

Stem 60-80 ft., as thick as the arm. Leaves 30 ft. including the flagellum ;
leaflets 8-16 by 2-3 in., broadly lanceolate; rachis armed beneath with very short
digitate spines. Male spadix branched from the base; branches 3 ft. long by 2 ft.
across the spathels, which are 14 in. long, oblong, white with broad green acute or
acuminate tips and a broad brown interposed band. Spikelets 1 in., many-fid.
Stamens 8-12. Fruit 1-11 in. diam., globose, abrubtly beaked.

2. P. himalayana, Griff. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 100; Palms
Brit. Ind. 108, t. 218; leaflets concolorous tips filiform, spadix and
spikelets scurfily tomentose, male petals + in, fruit-scales fimbriate tips
appressed. Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 129; T. Anders. in Journ. Linn.

oc. xi. 12. P. montana, Herb, Ind. Or. Hook. f. & Thoms.

Sixxm Himaxaya, alt. 4-7000 ft.

Stem 1 in. diam. Leaves 6-8 ft. including the flagellum; leaflets 12-16 by
1-1} in.. with 5 slender costz, margins aculeolate, rachis scurfy and flagellum armed
with recurved claws; petiole unarmed or margins spiny; sheath tubular, scurfy,
spines whorled. Spathes conduplicate, scurfy. Spadices erect; branches 2-3 ft.,
drooping; spathels 1-2 in., rhomboid, acute; spikelets 3-7-fid. Calyx (male and
fem.) cupular, 3-toothed, petals ovate-lanceolate. Fruit 4 in. diam., depressed-
globose; scales very small.

3. P. Griffithii, Becc. mss.; very stout, leaflets glaucous beneath,
spathels glabrous or scurfy towards the tips, male spikelets sparsely scurfy
sessile, fem. fl. pedicelled, scales of fruit fimbriate and toothed. P. elon-
gata, Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 96; Palms Brit. Ind. 104,
t. 217 A, B, C (not of Blume).

Matacca, Grifith.

A gigantic species. Stem as thick as a man’s leg. Leaves with the flagellum

about 20 ft.; leaflets distant, 2-3 ft. by 2-3 in., decarved; rachis and flagellum
armed as in other species. Spadie very large, branches many, 2-8 ft. Spathels
fin. broad. Fruits 3-5 in each spathel, ‘‘size of a carbine bullet,’-in diam.—
Allied to P. eloxgata, dittering in the more numerous flowers of the fem. spikelet,
and by the much smaller fruit, the scales of which are not striated.—I have seen no
specimen. J.D.H.

4, P. macrostachya, Kurz in Journ. Beng. As. Soc. xiii. pt. ii.
207, t. 16,17; For. Fl. ii. 514; leaflets white beneath, rachis of spadix
scurfy, spathels acute glabrous, male spikelets scurfy, flowers shortly
pedicelled, margins of calyx-teeth deusely tomentose.

TENASSERIM ; on the Bithoko hills, alt. 3000 ft., Kurz, Brandis.

Plectocomia. | CLXIII. PALMEH. (Beccari & Hook. f.) 479

A lofty climber. Leaflets approaching in pairs, 12-18 in. long, linear-lanceolate,
finely acuminate ; petiole and rachis spinous, spines straight. Branches of spadia
4-5 ft.; spathels 14~2 in. long, blackish towards the upper border. Fruit unknown.
—I have seen no specimen. J.D.H.

5. P. assamica, Griff. in Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist.v. 97; Palms Brit.
Ind. 107, t+. 218 a.a.; leaflets white and finely furfuraceous beneath, tip not
thread like, coste slender, branches of fruiting spadix very stout scurfy,
spathels 23 in. long, sepals broadly ovate } in. long, petals lanceolate } in. |
long. fruit villous from the deeply ciliate split recurved points of the scales.
Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 199, t. 176, £. 11.

Assam; Hort. Bot. Cale,

Leaves very large; leatlets 18-24 by 2-24 in., lateral costw# marginal; petiole
14 in. broad, with short stout marginal spines and short seriate scattered clusters of
more slender dorsal ones. Branches of fruiting spadix 4-5 ft. long by 4-5 in. across the
large subacute nearly glabrous spathels ; rachis rusty tomentose. Spikelets 8-10 fd.
Male calyx cupular, 3-toothed; petals lanceolate, 3-4 in. long. Frutting sepals
broadly ovate, } in. long; petals lanceolate, 4 in. Fruit 1in.diam., bright rusty red.
—A mutilated spadix-branch of this or a nearly allied species, sent by the late Major
Hannay from Debraghur to the Calcutta Gardens, has narrower spathels, brown
mealy externally, ovate-lanceolate fem. sepals 4 in. long and petals narrowly lanceo-
late $ in. long ; the very young fruit is clothed with recurved lacerate scales.

6. P. elongata, Mart. in Roem. & Sch. Syst. vii. 1833; Hist Mat.
Palm, 199, t. 114 and 116, f. 1; leaflets sparsely white furfuraceous beneath
tip not filiferous, coste 3 very slender, branches of spadix very long,
spathels 14 in. sub-3-lobed acute glabrous, flowers very small, calyx of
male minute 3-toothed, petals 4 in. obliquely oblong-ovate acute, calyx of
fem. larger urceolate 3-toothed, petals small linear-lanceolate, frait 1 in.
diam., densely villous from the long lacerate spreading tips of the scales.
Kunth Enum. ii. 202; Blume, Rumphia, iii. 68, t. 158 and 1u3 A. Calamus
maximus, Reinw. ex Blume Cat. Hort. Bogor. 59.

Penane, Jack, Wallich; alt. 2500 ft., Curtis——DistRis. Sumatra, Java.

Leaves very large ; petiole stout; leaflets 1-14 ft. by 2 in. broad, rather mem-
branous, lateral cost marginal. Branches of spadix 3-4 ft., 2-3 in. across the
spreading spathels, which have acutely angled sides.

29. PLECTOCOMIOPSIS, Becc. mss.

Characters of Plectocomia, but upper leaves reduced to sheaths with
long flagella and no leaflets, spathels small, infundibular, and fruit clothed
with very minute almost microscopic scales, arranged in vertical series.
Seed globose, smooth; albumen equable; embryo basilar.—Species 3,
Malayan.

1. P. geminiflorus, Becc. mss.; leaves subsessile, leaflets very
many and narrow equidistant finely acuminate, spadices with long
pendulous spikes, the lower branched, spikelets very short 2-8-fld., fruit
subturbinate with more than 35 rows of minute scales. Calamus gemini-
florus, Griff. ee Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm, iti. 338; Palms Brit. Ind. 70, t.
199 A. Plectocomia geminiflora, H. Wenil. mss.

Matay Peninsuna,; Malacca, Fernandez; Perak, Scortechini (No. 283).

480 OLX. PaLMEH, (Beccari & Hook.f.) [Plectocomiopsis.

Stem slender, attaining 80 ft. Sheaths striate, sparsely prickly, uppermost un-
armed. Leaves 6-10 ft.; leaflets 5-10 by } in., finely acuminate, keel sparsely
bristly above, smooth beneath. Spadices many, from the uppermost leaf-sheaths,
which bear a simple armed flagellum and no leaflets; lower 4-5 in., with 4-5 pendu-
lous spikes each 6-8 in. long. Spathes short, tubular, like the secondary spathes of
Calamus. Spikes flexuous, rusty-pubescent ; flowers 2-bracteolate, outer bracteole
minute, inner auricular. Fruit immature; pericarp spongy; scales brown, with
whitish fimbriate margins.

2. P. Wrayli, Becc. mss.; leaves petioled, fruit globosely ovoid shortly
narrowed at the top with about 23 rows of scales.

Matay Pentnsuna; Perak, Wray (24219); Herb. Hort. Calcutt. (52829,

3447 ¢).
Very near P. geminiflorus ; distinguished by the longer petiole and fruit.

3. P. paradoxus, Becc. mss.; leaves shortly petioled, leaflets lanceo-
late scattered in distant pairs shortly acuminate, spadices bifariously
decompound, spathels tubular, male spikelets exserted recurved. Calamus
paradoxus, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. xliii, (1874) ii. 213, t. 29, 30; For.
Flor. ii. 521,

Martazan, Kurz.

Stem with the sheaths 1-2 in. diam. eaves 5-7 ft.; leaflets 1-1} ft. by lin,
in alternate pairs, thin, obscurely remotely appressedly ciliolate; petiole armed,
shenth with pectinate spines; flagellum very long. Spatkes tubular, smooth,
obliquely truncate and acuminate; spathels similar, but much smaller, distichously
imbricated ; bracts spreading, glabrous, Fem. fl. and fruit unknown.

30. MYWRIALEPIS, Bece. mss.

Characters as far as known of Plectocomiopsis, but the minute scales
of the fruit are disposed without order—Species 2, a Bornean and the
following.

M. Scortechini, Becc. mss.

Matay Peninsuza; Perak, Scortechini (n. 457»).

Leaves unknown, Fem. fl. solitary in the spathels; calyx 3-lobed ; corolla rather
longer. Fruit globose; scales acuminate, tips not recurved; mesocarp between
spongy and corky. Seed globose; albumen horny, equable.—Differs from the
Bornean species (M. triqueter, Becc., Calamus triqueter, Becc., Malesia, iii. 62) in
the obtusely angled trigonous sparsely spinous leat-sheaths. ‘The specimens are very
impertect.

31. BUGEISSONIA, Griff.

Tufted monocarpic spinous palms. Leaves pinnatisect; leaflets lanceo-
late; rachis armed, not flagelliferous. Spadix terminal, erect, thyrsiform,
clothed below with reduced flagelliferous leaf-sheaths; branches erect,
clothed with subdistichous obtuse spathes passing into bracts and brac-
teoles. Flowers large, coriaceous, solitary or 2-3-nate, 1-2-sexual. Male
fl. calyx cupular, 3-fid; petals elongate-lanceolate, pungent, valvate;
stamens about 12, anthers elongate, basifixed. Fem. fl. larger; perianth
accrescent; calyx of the male; petals with a dilated base and transverse
crest of hairs; ovary oblong, 3-celled, stigmas flattened. Prwit ovoid,
narrowed into a very broad obtuse beak, 1-celled, 1-seeded, scales minute ;
endocarp osseous. Seed ovoid, 6-12-grooved; albumen equable; embryo
basilar.—Species about 6, Malayan.

*

Euugeissonia. | CLXII. PALMER. (Beccari & Hook, f.) 481

E. tristis, Griff. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v.101; Palms Brit. Ind.
109, t. 220 A; Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 212, t. 179, 180; Bece. in Nuov.
Giorn. Bot. Ital. iii. 28.

Maay Paninsvua and Penane, Griffith, &e.

Stems densely tufted, very short or 0. Leaves 15-20 ft.; leaflets many, 2-2} ft.,
narrow-lanceolate, subulate, acuminate, midrib bristly above; petiole 7-10 ft.,
armed with flat brown spines. Spadie 4-6 ft., sheaths and spathes armed; flowers
1-1} in. long, terminal on the flexuous branches of the spadix ; bracts many, closely
imbricating. Fruit the size of a hen’s egg, beak clothed to the tip with scales.

32. METROXYLON, foitd.

Stout monocarpic palms. Leaves equally pinnatisect, leaflets opposite.
Spadiz very large, panicled, clothed with coriaceous spinous spathes ;
spikes sessile, catkin-like, short, distichous, recurved; bracts broader than
long, bracteoles cupular. #Zowers polygamous, densely crowded; perianth
coriaceous. Male fl. calyx 3-fid, funnel-shaped, nerved; corolla segments
oblong, valvate ; stamens 6, anthers dorsifixed; pistillode 3-partite. Fem.
fi. like the males, perianth hardly accrescent; staminodes a membranous
cup; ovary oblong, retrorsely scaly, imperfectly 3-celled; style conic,
3-toothed, ovules 3, basilar. Fruit ellipsoid or subglobose, 1-celled,
l1-seeded, pericarp tessellate with reversed scales; endocarp spongy. Seed
erect, subglobose, rough; albumen ruminate ; embryo ventral. Species 6 ?.
Malayan and Pacific.

1. M. Sagus, Rottb. in Nye Saml. K. Dansk. Vid. Skrift. ii, 527 ;
spathes unarmed. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 147; Becc. in Nuov. Giorn.
Bot. Ital. iti. 29. M. inermis, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 215. Sagus
levis, Rumph. Herb. Amb.i.76; Blume Rumphia, ii. 147, t. 86; Griff. in
Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 20; Palms Brit. Ind. 24 (not t. 182). 8.
Rumphii, Blume 1. c. t. 126, 227. 2S. Koonigi, Griff. 71. ec. 19 and 22,
t.181. §S. inermis, Rorbd. Fl. Ind. iii. 623.

Matacoa (wild or cult. ?) Jack, &c.—DistriB. Malay Islds.

Trunk about 20 ft. with many basal offshoots, as stout as that of the cocoa-nut,
annulate, clothed above with old leaf sheaths. Jieaves as in the cocoa-nut, but
more erect, unarmed ; leaflets linear, acute, keeled, smooth. Injl. appearing when the
plant is about twenty years old. Spadices several, terminal, alternately branched,
spikes 5-8 in. Flowers minute, sunk in rusty wool, hardly larger than a grain of
mustard seed, bisexual. Fruit (takes three years to mature) globose, size of a small
apple, scales shining, channelled.—Desc. from Jack in Mal. Misc., but according
to Griffith the Indian Metroxylon bears no resemblance to a Cocoa-nut Palm.—The
Sago Palm.

2. M. Rumphii, Mart. Not. Hist. Palm. iii. 218, 318, t. 102, 159;
spathes armed with long spines. Mig. Fl. Ind. But. ili. 140; Bece. in Nuov,
Journ. Bot. Ital. iti. 30; Malesia, i. 91. Sagus Rumphii, Willd. Sp. Pl. iv.
404; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 623. 8. genuina, Blume Rumphia, ii.150. 8. fari-
nifera, Gartn. ii, 186, t. 120, f. 3.—Rumph. Herb. Amb. i. 75, t. 17, 18.

Maxacca (wild or cult.).—DrsTR1B. Malay Islds. ;

There appears to be great confusion in the synonymy of the two common species
of this genus, and that here given may be open to correction. Beccari states that
M. Rumphii is much less cultivated than M. Sagus.

33. BORASSUS, Linn.
A very tall dicecious palm ; trank stout, unarmed. Leaves terminal,
VOL, VI. ri

482 CLXIII. PALMEZ. (Beccari & Hook. f.) [ Borassue.

fan-shaped, plicately multifid; petiole spinous, ligule short. -Spadices very
large, simply branched; peduncle sheathed with open spathes, males with
stout cylindric branches that are densely clothed with closely imbricating
bracts, enclosing spikelets of flowers which hence appear as if sunk in
cavities of the branch; fem. spadix sparingly branched, bearing few
scattered solitary flowers. Male jl. small, mixed with scaly bracts, secnnd
in two series in a small spikelet, and protruding one by one from the
cavities of the branch of the spadix, as the rachis of the spikelet elongates ;
perianth glumaceous; sepals 3, narrowly cuneate, tip inflexed truncate,
imbricate; petals shorter than the sepals, obovate-spathulate, imbricate;
stamens 6, anthers subsessile large oblong ; pistillodes of 3 bristles. Fem.
fi. larger, globose; perianth fleshy greatly accrescent; sepals reniform,
imbricate; petals smaller, convolute ; staminodes 6-9 ; ovary globose, sub-
trigonous, entire or 3-4-partite, 3-4-celled; stigmas 3, sessile recurved ;
ovules basilar, erect. Fruit a large subglobose drupe with 1-3-obcordate
fibrous pyrenes; pericarp thinly fleshy, stigmas terminal. Sceds oblong,
top 3-lobed; testa adherent to the pyrene; albumen equable hollow;
embryo subapical.

B. flabellifer, Zinn. Sp. Pl. 1187; B. flabelliformis, Murr. Syst. Ed.
xiii. 827; Ford. Cor. Pl.i.50, t. 71, 72; FU. Ind. iii. 790; Griff. Notul. iii.
167; Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii, 221, t. 108, 121, 162; Kunth Enum iii.
222; Thw. Enum. 329; Brand. For. Fl. 544; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 529; Blume
Rumph. ii. 88; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 45. B. dichotomus, White in Grah.
Cat. Bomb. Pl. 226, B. ethiopum, Mart. lc. 221. Lontanus domestica,
Rumph. Herb. Amb. i. t. 10. Ham. in Mern. Wern. Soc. v. 314; Gaertn.
Fruct.i. 21, t. 8.—Rheede Hort. Mal. i. t. 9, 10.

Cultivated throughout the plains of Inp1a, Burma and Cxryton.—DtsrTRrip.
Malaya; Afr. trop.

Trunk 60-70 ft., very rarely branching, often swollen above the middle. Leaves
6-10 ft. diam., palmately fan-shaped, rigidly coriaceous; segments 2-4 ft., linear,
2-fid, margins spinulose. Spadiz male and fem. several feet long and very stout.
Male fl. small; fem. lin. diam. Drupe broadly obovoid, brown, 8 in. diam.

34. COCOS, Linn.

Unarmed, moneecious palms. Leaves pinnatisect; leaflets narrow.
Spadiz erect, at length drooping, simply panicled; branches bearing
scattered fem. fl., often between 2 males towards their bases and males
above. Spathes 2 or more, lower short, upper fusiform or clavate; bracts
various; perianth coriaceous. Male jl. unsymmetric; sepals small, val-
vate; petals oblong, acute, valvate; stamens 6, filaments subulate, anthers
linear, erect; pistillode minute or 0. Fem. jl. usually much larger, ovoid;
perianth greatly accrescent; sepals imbricate; petals shorter, convolute
with imbricate tips; disk annular or 0; ovary 3-celled, usually 1-ovuled;
style short, stigmas recurved; ovules subbasilar. Fruit large, ovoid,
terete or trigonous, 1-seeded, style terminal; pericarp thick, fibrous; endo-
carp bony or stony, with 3 basal pores, the remains of the 3 cells. Seed
cohering with the endocarp; albumen solid or hollow, or merely lining
the endocarp with a thick hard coat; embryo opposite one pore.—Species
about 30, all American, one of them cosmopolitan in the tropics.

Cc. nucifera, Linn. Sp. Pl. 1188; Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. iii. 123.
t. 62, 75, 88; Kunth Enum, iii. 285; Roxb. Cor. Pl.i. 52, t. 73; Fl. Ind. iii.

Cocos.] OLXII, PALMEE, (Beccari & Hook. f.) 433

614; Thw, Enum. 330: Brand. For. Fl. 556; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 540; Blume
Bumph, iit. 82; Mig. Fl. Ind, Bat. iii. 64; Hook. Journ. Bot. ii. (1850), t. 1.
C. nana, Griff. Notul. ii. 166.— Rheede Hort, Mal. i. t. 1-4.

Cultivated in the hot damp regions of India, Burma, and Ceylon, especially
near the sea (indigenous in the Cocos Isld. and N, Andaman, Kurz).—D1stE1s.
All tropical shores.

Trunk 40-80 ft., flexuous, annulate, base thickened. Leaves 12-18 ft.; leaflets
2-8 ft., coriaceous, flaccid ; petiole 3-5 ft. stout. Spadéiw 4-6 ft., branches flexuous ;
lower spathe 2-8 ft., oblong, hard, splitting lengthwise; male fl. small; fem, 1 in.
long, 2-bracteolate, disk annular. Drupe 4-10 in. long, trigonously obovoid or sub-
globose, green or yellowish; albumen lining the endocarp. (. nana is a small low
var. grown in the Maldive Islds. and Ceylon. ‘

ADDENDUM To Paums.

TEYSMANNIA ALTIFRONS, Reichb. f. 5 Zoll. in Linnea xxviii. 657 ; Mig. Fl. Ind.
Bat. iii. 749.—Mr. Ridley (Singapore) informs that this noble Sumatran Palm is
also a native of the Malay Peninsula. The genus is of doubtful affinity, but most
probably belongs to the Tribe Coryphee. It may be recognized by its almost
stemless habit, and enormous erect elongate-rhombic plaited leaves.

OrpeR CLKIV. PANDANEEZ.

Small dicecious trees or shrubs, often scandent with aerial roots. Leaves
usually trifarious, narrow, acuminate, coriaceous, margins and keel usually
spinously toothed. Spadices axillary or terminal, simple or branched,
clothed with leafy spathes; flowérs small, crowded on a catkin-like spadix
or its branches, bracts and bracteoles 0. Perianth 0. Male fl. stamens
many, filaments free or connate; anthers erect, basifixed; pistillode 0 or
small. Fem, fl. stardinodes 0 or small; ovary J-celled, free or connate with
those of contiguous flowers; stigmas subsessile, papillose; ovules solitary
and suberect, or many and parietal. Fruit a globose oblong mass of free
or connate l-«-célled woody or fleshy angular drupes. Seeds minute, testa
striated, albumen hard fleshy ; embryo minute.

Stem erect or prostrate. Staminodes in fem, fl. 0. Carpelsl-ovuled, 1. Pawpanus.
Stem usually climbing. Staminodes of fem. fl. hypogynous. Cuar-
pelsmany-ovuled . . . ~~. ee © + # © e + + e © 6, FREYCINETIA,

1. PANDANUS, Linn. f.

Characters as above.—Species numerous, all tropical, chiefly Mascarene
and Malayan. ;

Iam compelled to be brief with the characters of the Indian species, very few
of which are fully described ; and of the Malayan especially, the available specimens
are most unsatisfactory. I omit many usually cited references, and some synonyms
which appear to me to be doubtful, and am by no means confident as to the value of
much that remains.

* Carpels not united in groups.

+ Male fi. of free stamens with very short filaments. Drupes with a
pyramidal crown produced into a straight or curved spinescent style.

1. P. foetidus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 742; shrabby, leaves 4-6 ft. by
3-4 in., strongly spinous-toothed, anthers very long slender, fruit sub-
solitary oblong or subglobose, crown of drupes smooth or nearly so. Kunth

112

484 CLXIV. PANDANEE. (Hook. f.) [Pandanus.

. Enum, iii.98; Kurz in Seem. Journ, Bot. v. (1867) 101, t. 62, f. 4, 5, 6;
& For. Fl. ii. 506; Solms in Linnea, xiii. (1878) 8. Frisquetia macrocarpa,
Gaud. Voy. Bonite Bot. t. iv. f. 2-8.—Pandan. Wall. Cat. 8591.

Assam and the Knasta Hitts, and Hastwards to Burma. The Concan?

A densely branched shrub. Leaves with large strongly incurved usually dis-
tant marginal spinules. Spathes pale yellow. Anther 4-4 in. long. Fruit very
variable in size, from a hen’s egg to a man’s fist, red when ripe.

2. P. caricosus, Spreng. Syst. iii. 897; shrubby, leaves 5-8 ft. by
2-22 in. spinulose-toothed, spinules minute white, anthers very long
slender, fruits spicate subglobose obovoid or broadly oblong, crown of
drupes muricate. Kunth Enum. iii. 98; Hassk. in Flora, 1842, 11. Beibl. 13
& Cat. Hort. Bogor.60; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 163, & Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat
11.54; Kurz in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 100, t. 62, £. 1-38 & in Journ. As.
Soc, Beng. xxxviii. ti. (1869) 146, in Flora (1869) 450; Solms in Linnea
xlii, (1878) 7; Carriere in Rev. Hortic. (1878) 405, with ic. of male spadia.
P. atrocarpus, Griff. Notul. iti. 160.

Matacea, Grifith—DisTRis. Malay Islds.

Apparently closely allied to fetidus, and like it with fcetid yellow spathes,
differing in the spicate dark coloured or even blackish fruits and muricate crowns
of the drupes. I have seen no specimens. I do not cite Rumph. Herb. Amb. iv.
154, though it is the authority for the species, the description and plate not being
sufficiently explicit. Nor are others of the authorities cited quite dependable.

+f + Vale fl. of many anthers wmbellate on the connate filaments. Drupes
with a low crown and subulate or flattened simple or forked stigma.

(1854); in Tuind. Fl. i. 161, & in Hook. Kew Journ. vi. (1854) 268. Barrotia
diodon, Gaud. Voy. Bonite Bot. t. xiti. f. 15-24.—Pandan. Wall. Cat. 8951.

Srxxrm Himaxara, alt. 2-5000 ft. J.D.H. Assam, Kuasia and Naga Hits,
and SILHET, alt. 0-4000 ft., Cuirracone and Burma.—Disreis. Malay Islds.

Stem 30-40 ft., with aerial roots towards the base, as thick as the arm or leg,
sparingly dichotomously branched above. Leaves 4 in. broad, marginal spines }—)
in. long, flattened, lower curved. Spathes inodorous, 14-2 ft., golden yellow, very
coriaceous. Stamens 8-14, filaments united in a fleshy tube longer than the anthers,
tips free or variously cohering. Fruit 6-9 in. long or less, very variable in size, red
\rown. Drupes rather fleshy, 5-6-angled ; style shining.—In specimens from Churra
in the Khasia and from Sikkim, the column of filaments is much broader and the free
portion is much shorter than in those from Silhet.

4, P. ceylanicus, Solms in Linnea, xlii. (1878) 16; stems tall tufted
very slender, leaves elongate margins with strong recurved spines, anthers
very short crowded on a very short fleshy tube, fruit broadly oblong,
crown conical narrowed into a nearly straight spinescent style notched at
the tip. P. furcatus, Thw. Enum. 327.

Pandanus.] CLXLV, PANDANEE, (Hook. f.) 485

Crrton, Thwattes.

According to a photograph of this plant as growing in the Ceylon Botanical
Gardens, it has the habit of P. furcatus but with a much more slender stem, more
erect branches, and narrower leaves. Inthe dried specimens, the spathes are much
smaller, with long slender tips, the anthers much shorter, and the combined filaments
very short. The fruit resembles P. fatidus, but the anthers are very different, about
vo in. long. :

5. P. minor, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 8592 ; dwarf, stem prostrate slender,
leaves ensiform flat margins spinulose tips abruptly caudate, spathes
navicular apiculate, filaments in palmate clusters, anthers minute, fruit
solitary broadly oblong, drupes smooth, crown hemispheric with a small
concave central claw-like style. Solms in Linnea, xlii. (1878) 18. P. unguifer,
Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6347.
= In hot valleys of the Sixxim Himanaya, AssaM, Sinuet, CHITTAGONG and

HGU.

Stem 2-8 ft., as thick as the thumb. Leaves subdistichous, 18-24 by 1-2 in.,
flaccid, marginal spines distant. Fruit shortly peduncled, as large as the fist,
-yellow. Drupes obovoidly clavate, very smooth; style red.—In young fruit, the
style is flattened aud often forked, much as in P. furcatus. Male fl, unknown.

** Carpels connate in groups. Stigmas sessile, peltate or reniform.
‘Filaments connate, anthers apiculate or aristate.

6. P. fascicularis, Lam. Encycl. 372, t. i.; shrubby, rarely erect,
densely branched with copious aerial roots, leaves 3-5 ensiform caudate-
acuminate, margin with ascending spinules, anthers interruptedly spicate,
fruit large drapes obconic. Kunth Enum. iii. 98; Solms in Linnea, xlii.
(1878) 38. P. odoratissimus, Rowb. Cor. Pl. i. 65, t. 94-96 ; Fl. Ind. iii. 738 ;
Kunth 1. c. 94, excl. some syn.; Griff. Notul. iii, 159: Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 174;
Kurz For. Fl. ii. 508; Presl. Epimel. 239. P.Candelabrum, Kurz in Journ.
Bot. v. (1867) 127 [non Beawv.]. P. odoratus, Salish. Prodr. 3. P. verus,
Kurz in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 125, in Flora, 1869, 453. P. Rheedii,
Gaud. Voy. Bonite, Bot. t. 22, f. 12. P. leucacanthus, Hassk. in Flora, 1842,
ji. Beibl. 14,—Pandanus, Wall. Cat. 8590. Hasskarlia leucacantha,
Walp. Ann. i, 753.—Rheede Hort. Mal. ii. t. 1-8.

Throughout the hotter moister parts of Inp1a, and much planted for fences.—
Distris. Matay Isxps, and Mauritius, China, Polynesia.

Stem sometimes erect and 10-12 ft., usually much lower and branching from the
base. Leaves drooping, glossy green. Spathes white, fragrant. Fruit 6-8 in,
diam., orange yellow or brown. Drupes confluent in groups of 5-20 rarely fewer,
very woody, 14-2 in. long, top rounded or sublobate with a depressed centre bearing
a depressed small variously lobulate stigma.—I have given only a selection of the
citations and synonyms of this widely diffused species. The P. odoratissimus of
Vidal, Fl. Forest. Filip, Atlas xlii. t. 95 A appears to differ in the very small fruit
and obtuse anthers. Possibly some of the plates of Rheede’s “ Perin Khaida Taddi,’’
and especially t. 8, may belong to a different species, its carpels are all free; it is
the P. unipapillatus of Dennst. Schluess. Hort. Mal. 23.

7 P. andamanensium, Kurz. in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxxviii. ii.
(1869) 148; im Flora 1869, 452; For. Flor, iii. 507 ; trunk 60-70 ft. as thick
as the human body, leaves 15-18 ft. by 4-5 in, marginal spines slender,
fruit solitary large globose, drapes with a flat or depressed crown and an
oblique lamelliform depressed style pungent when dry. Solms in Linnea,
xlii. (1878) 59. P. Leram, Kurz in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 105.

Anpaman Isips., Kurz. :
Habit of a gigantic P. furcutus; fruit as large as the human head or smaller,

486 CLXIV, PANDANEH., (Hook. f.) [Pandanus.

orange yellow. Drupes 24-3 in. long, usually in groups of 3-5 in. one series but
often more, epicarp fleshy.—Descr. from Kurz.

IMPERFECTLY KNOWN AND UNDESCRIBED SPECIES.
1. P. atpus, Hort. ew Steud. Nom. Ed. 2, ii. 251.—“ Ind. Or.”

‘2. P, GRAMINIFOLIUS, Kurz in Seem. Jowrn. Bot. v. (1867) 104; For. Flor. ii.
507; leaves 12-18 by 3-3 in., margins with minute straight spinules, young fruit
erect ellipsoid, stigma sessile trigonous. Solms in Linnea, xlii. (1878) 50.—
Tenasserim, Helfer.

3. P. HUMILIS, Thwaites Enum. 327 (excl. syn.); leaves 7 ft. by 1-14 in., very
coriaceous, with stout marginal spines, filaments very short, anthers very slender
4-4 in. long, fruit globose spicate and drupes like those of P. furcatus.—Ceylon,
Thwaites; CP. 3740 (used for fencing). ‘

4, P. Houtietti, Carriere in Rev. Hortic. 1868, 210, f. 23; leaves 6 ft. 6 in. by
8-34 in. abruptly caudate-acuminate reddish green above coppery red beneath,
marginal spines distant incurved,.male spadix 16 in. long, spikes 24-43 in., spathes
coppery rose-colrd., stamens in compact bundles.—Singapore.

5. P. InTEGRIFOLIUS, Lour, ex Steud. Nom. Ed. 2, ii, 251.—‘* Ind. Or. China.”
—I do not find this name in Loureiros Fl. Cochiuch. or elsewhere.

6. P. Lats, Kurz in Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. xxvii. (1864) 218; in Ann. Mus. Bot.
Tugd. Bat. ii. 54; habit of P. furcatus, fruit solitary or racemed, crown flat or
depressed, stigmas more slender incurved bifid. Solmsl. ec. P. horridus, Retnw.
(fld. Kurz). P. furcatus, Hassk. Pl. Jar. Rar. 163; ? Mig. Analect. Ind. ii. 10,
t.11, pl. @?. P. furcatus 8 malesica, Kurz in Seem, Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 102.—
Singapore (Kurz), Sumatra, Java, &c.

7. P. wanvis, Rumph.; Kurz For. Fl. ii. 508; arboreous or shrubby much
branched 20-25 ft., branches rooting, leaves elongate linear glaucous green 2-4 ft.
by 2-24 in. very acuminate without spines, male spadix very scented exactly as in
P. adratissimus, but margins and midrib of the white spathes quite unarmed,
stamens racemosely connate, anthers mucronate, fruit unknown. ? Wall. Cat.
8588 B.—Burma, cultivated, Kurz; ? Tavoy, Wallich—Descr. from Kurz.

8. P. Lepam, Jones in As. Research. iii. (1799) 163, with two plates; a tall tree
40-50 ft., with the habit of P. furcatus, but very slender, and with much larger
fruit, drupes aggregate. Voigt Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. 683; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc.
Beng. xxxviii. (1869) 452; For. Fl. iii. 507; Solms l. c. 66. P, Leram, var.
macrocarpa, Kurz in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 106. Roussinia indica, Gaud.
Voy. Bonite Bot. t. 21.—Nicobar Islds., Fontana ; Andaman Islds., Kurz.

9. P. LinnzI, Gaud. Voy. Bonite Bot. t. 22, f.1-8; Solms 1. c. 67.—India.—
Of this Solms remarks, cf. P. fascicularis, According to Gaudichaud’s figure the
drupes are very large, 3 in. long, in groups of 10 with rounded crowns and short
stigmas grooved on one side; nothing is known of its origin,

10. P. opnatus, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng, xxxviii. (1869) 147; in Flora,
1869, 451; leaves very long caudate-acuminate acutely serrate, fruit solitary ter-
minal long peduncled cylindric glaucous surrounded by very short scale-like spathes,
drupes unripe small obconic densely crowded but not confluent in groups, crown
polygonal glaucous narrowed into a spiniform slender upcurved style with a linear
stigma. Solmsl.c.11. Fisquetia ornata and militaris, Gaud. Voy. Bonite Bot. t.5;
Solms 1. c. 65.—Malacca and Singapore, Gaudichaud, Griffith.—Described chiefly
from Solms, who examined Gaudichaud’s specimen and drawing. There are young
fruits of it in the Kew Museum, from Griffith; they are spicate, cylindric, 3-4 in.
long by 1-1} diam., and remarkable for their glaucous surface.

11. P..ovarus, Kurz in Journ, As. Soc, Beng. xxxviii. (1869) 147; in Flora,
1869, 451; a small species according to Gaudichaud’s figure, with leaves 18-24 by
= in., gradually narrowed into fine points, and small globosely oblong terminal

Pandanus.] CLXIV. PANDANEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) 487

fruits 2in. by 14 in. diam.; drupes with conical crowns passing into an upeurved
subulate style. Fisquetia ovata, Gaud. Bot, Bunite Voy. t. 4, f. 1.—Malacca,
Gaudickaud ; Keddah Peak, Lt.-Col. Low.

12. P. poiycepHatvs, Lam.; Wall. Cat. 8588 A;.Jeaves gradually finely
acuminate, margins with stout distant incurved marginal spines in one specimen, and
smaller closer ones in another, fruits spicate resembling those of P. fetidus, carpels
not in groups, but drupes with rather longer spinescent crowns,—Burina, at Amherst,
Wallich.—Lamarck’s description of P. polycephalus, founded, may apply to this.

13. P. rurBinatus, Lodd. ex Steud. Nom, Ed. 2, ii, 251.—* Ind. Or.”—Probably
an undescribed plant of Loddige’s Catalogue.

14. P. Yvant, Solms in Linnea, xlii. (1878) 20; leaves linear-lanceolate caudate-
acuminate more than 12 in. long serrulate, teeth pale, spathes concave elongate
ovate, fem. fl. minute densely crowded narrowed into a simple upcurved shining
spine.—Malacea, Yvan (Herb. Delessert).—The above characters (from Solms) are
worthless for the identification of a Pandanus.

15. PanpaNvs sp.; dwarf, stem about as thick as a swan’s quill, leaves 12-18
by 13-14 in. flat ensiform rather abruptly caudate acuminate finely spinulose-serrate
with erect spinules 1-nerved, fruit terminal solitary young globose ¢ in. diam. drupes
not aggregate crown conical narrowed into a stout ineurved spine.—Malacea, Griffith,
Kew Distrib. 6373.—Apparently a very well marked species, closely resembling
ovatus in fruit, but with very different leaves, and which more resemble those of
P. minor, In the present chaotic condition of the genus I do not name it.

2, FREYCINETIA, Gaud.
Characters, see p. 488.—Species Malayan, Australian and Polynesian.

1, F.angustifolia, Blume Rumph. i. 159, t. 43; leaves linear 12-18
‘by #-4 in. finely acuminate margins smooth or minutely serrulate, spadices
racemose, fem. cylindric, filaments very short conic. Kunth Enum. iii.
587; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii.17; Kurz in Seem. Journ, Bot. v. 134 in part;
Solms in Linnxa, xiii. (1878) 81. F. Brunoniana, Wall. Cat. n. 3660. F.
Debregeseana, Gaud. Voy. Bonite Bot. t. 37, f. 1-11—Pandanex, Wall.
Herb. n. 9124 (not distributed).

Tavoy, Gomes; PENANG, SincaPoRE and Maxacca, Wallich, &c,—Disrzinz.
Malay Islds. ;

Dicecious. Stems climbing, as thick as a goose quill. Leaves grass like, costa
very slender, nerves close set. Spadices 3-5, racemed on a short peduncle, males
3-1 in. by 4-4 in. diam., very dense-fld., fem. $-1 by 3-3 in. diam.; staminodes
minute; stigmas 3-4; spathes ovate-lanceolate, fincly acuminate.

2. FE. pyenophylla, Solms in Linnza, xlii. (1878) 91; stem and leaves
as in F’. angustifolia, spadices in sessile umbels, fem. oblong, filaments
elongate. F. angustifolia, Kurz in Seem. Journ. Bot. v. 134 in part.

Crerton, Walker, Thwaites (CP. 366).

Very similar to F. angustifolia, but at once distinguished by the larger spathes,
oblong male and fem. spadices forming a sessile umbel or stout pedicel 3-3 in. long,
and their greater size ; males 3-2 by 4 in. diam., fem. 4-$ by 2-4 in. diam.

3. F. Walkeri, Solms in Linnea, xlii. (1878) 92; leaves elongate
linear-lanceolate finely acuminate margins spinulose towards the base
18-24 by 4-2 in., spadices few in sessile umbels, fem. very stoutly pedicelled
oblong, anthers subsessile.
= Cayton, Walker, Thwaites, CP. 2333. PANDaman Isxps., on Mt, Harriet,

urs.

488 CLEIV. PANDANE. (Hook. f.) [Freycinetia.

Stem as thick as the middle finger. Leaves much longer broader and more
coriaceous than in the preceding species, Male spadices in bad condition; fem.
13-2 by 3-1 in. diam. ; pedicel as long.

4. BF. Gaudichaudii, Bennet, Pl. Jav. Rar. 31, t.9; leaves 5-6 by
3-3 in. strict linear-lanceolate serrulate towards the caudate tip, spadices
umbellate stoutly shortly peduncled, fem. stout cylindric, spathes short
fleshy. Kunth Enum. iii. 102; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1.170; Kurz in Seem.
Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 1384; Solms in Linnea, xlii. (1878) 86.

Matacca, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1537).

Stem as thick as a swan’s quill. Leaves coriaceous, flat; sheaths short, mem-
branous. Spathes 14-2 in., cymbiform. Fem. spadix 14 by } in. diam. or more.—
The fem. spadices appear longer stouter and upon much shorter pedicels than are
represented in the figure cited, but no dependence can be placed on drawings and
descriptions of a succulent inflorescence made from dried specimens. :

5. F. insignis, Blume Rumph. 158, t. 42; leaves 14-3 ft. by 3-1 in.,
acuminate spinulose-serrate on the margins and midrib beneath, spadices
2-3 peduncled erect, outer spathes greenish inner red, fruit 2-4 in. elongate-
oblong green, berries free at the conical 3-5-cornered apex, stigmas 3-1
horse-shoe shaped. Kunth Enum. iii. 586; Mig. Pl. Jung. i. 166; Fl.
Ind, Bat. iti. 170; Kurz For. Fi. ii. 509. ;

Anpaman Isups,, Kurz.—Distris. Java.

A lotty sparingly branched climber.—I have seen no specimens; the characters
are from Kurz.

Orpen CLXV. TYPHACEZX. By J.D. Hooker.

Aquatic or marsh perennial herbs. Leaves linear, erect or floating.
Flowers small or minute densely crowded in globose or cylindric unisexual
bracteate spikes the upper of which are males; perianth of green scales or
fine hairs. Male fl. Stamens 1-7, filaments free or connate, anthers basi-
fixed. Fem. jl. Ovary superior, 1-2-celled, cells 1-ovuled, styles persistent,
stigmas laterally papillose; ovule pendulous from the top of the cell.
Fruit small, membranous or drupaceous. Seed pendulous, albumen fleshy
or floury; embryo axile, cylindric, radicular end thickened, plumule in a
lateral slit.—Genera 2, species about 15, cosmopolitan.

Perianth of slender hairs . . ae eee ee we he LD
Perianth of green scales . . . . . . . . . . - . . 2. SPARGANIUM.

1. TYPHA, Linn.

Marsh herbs. Leaves erect, spongy. Flowers in very dense superposed
cylindric spikes (catkins), often intermixed with capillary bracteoles (hairs
with dilated tips). Perianth of capillary hairs, or 0 in the male. Stamens
1 or more, tip of connective thickened. Ovary (often reduced to a clavate
tipped hair) very minute, on a long capillary stipes, narrowed into a
capillary style with a clavate or filiform stigma. Fruit very minute; peri-
carp membranous, indehiscent or laterally dehiscent ; albumen floury.—
Species about 10, temp. and trop.

In all the Indian species the male spike is more or less distant from the fem. I
am very doubtful as to their limits and synonyms. I am indebted to the works
referred to under the species of Rohrbach and Korner for indications of some minute
characters, The male fi. are sometimes replaced by clavate bodies,

Typha. | CLXV. TYPHACEZ. (J.D. Hooker.) 489

1. T. elephantina, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 566; stem 6-12 ft., leaves
1-1} in. broad trigonous above the sheath, margins often undulate above
the middle, flowers bracteolate, pollen 4-globate, stigma lanceolate. Kunth
Enum. iti, 92; Schnizl. Typha, 26; Koerner in Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien.
xxxix. 165, t. 5, £10; Kurz in Journ. Bot, v.95; in Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
ExxXVili. 1.146. T. latifolia, Hdgew. in Proc. Linn. Soc. vi. (1862) 194;
Kurz t.c. T. Maresii, Balland. in Bull. Soc. Bot, Fr. 1887, 389.

Marshes from N.W. Inp1a to Assam and southwards.—Distris. Algiers,

Male spike 8-12 in., rachis clothed with short often forked hairs; bracts 3 or
more; anthers 1-5, 4, in. long. Fem. spike much stouter 6-10 by 3-1 in. diaw. ;
flowers mixed with clavate pistillodes; bracteoles with fasciate tips much longer
than the hairs, which are shorter than the stigmas.

2. T. javanica, Schnizl. in Zolling. Verz. Ind. Arch. Pf. 77; stem
4-6 ft., leaves 4-2 in. broad biconvex above the sheath, hairs of male f
simple forked or toothed, bracteoles with subspathulate tips and hairs
shorter than the linear stigmas, fem. fl. mixed with pistillodes, pollen
simple. Rohrb. in Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 1869, 98; Kerner in Verh.
Bot. Zool. Ges, Wien. xxxix. 157, t. v. £6. T. angustifolia, Thw. Enum.
331. TT. latifolia, Moon Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 81.

Cryton, Thwaites, &c.—Distris. Ms. Mascarene and Malay Islands.

A smaller plant than 7. elephantina, from which it differs in the form of the base
of the leaf, simple pollen and linear stigma. Fem. spike 5-6 by 3-2 in, diam.
Anthers } in.

3. T. angustata, Chaub. & Bory Exped. Scient. Morée Bot. 388;
stem 6-10 ft., leaves 3-1 in. broad, semicylindric above the sheath, brac-
teoles of fem. fi. subspathulate equalling the linear stigmas, both longer
than the hairs, fem. fl. mixed with clavate-tipped pistillodes, pollen simple.
Rohrb. in Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 1869, 81; Buiss. Fl. Orient. v. 50;
Aitchis. in Trans. Linn. Soc. N.S. iti. 120; Keerner in Verh. Bot. Zool.
Ges, Wien. xxxix. 159, t. iv. f.6,v.f.1. T. angustifolia, Kurz in Journ.
Bot. v. 95 (eacl. syn.); Roxb. Ft. Ind, iii. 567; Atétchis. in Journ. Linn. Soc.
xix. 188; Wall. Cat. 4989.

Nortueen Inpr4, from Kasouir to Munniport and southwards to SeinpE
and ConomManpEL.—Distris. N. Asia and westward, N. Africa and S. Kurope.

Closely resembles the common European 7. angustifolia, Linn., which is dis-
tinguished by the bracteoles shorter than the stigmas.

4. T. Laxmanni, Lepech. in Nov. Act. Acad. Peters. 84, 355 (eael.
syn. DC.), t. 4.; dwarf, 2-3 ft. high, leaves slender semicylindric at the
sheath, male spikes 1—-2in., fem. %-1 in. by }-3 in. diam., fem. fi, ebracteolate
mixed with pistillodes, hairs very short much shorter than the subobtuse
stigmas, pollen simple. Kerner in Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien. 167,
t. iv. f. 3, v.f. 15. T. minima, Kurz in Journ. Bot. v. 96. T. Martini,
Aitchis. in Journ. Linn, Soc. xix. 188. T. stenophylla, Rohrb. in Verh.
Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 90; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 50.

Kasumir, alt. 9000 ft., Thomson, Giles.—DisTRis. N. Asia and westwards to
Russia.

At once distinguished from all the previous species by its small size and slender
leaves, but very closely allied in the European and Oriental T. minima, which,
according to Kerner, has bracteoles.

2. SPARGANIUM, Linn.
Flowers in globose unisexual heads, subtended by leafy bracts.

490 cLxv. TyPHacER. (J. D. Hooker.) [Sparganium.

Perianth of 83-6 membranous scales. Stamens 2-3, connective hardly pro-
duced at the tip. Ovary 1- rarely 2-celled; style very short, persistent,
stigma unilateral; cells 1-seeded. Drupes obovoid, spongy; endocarp
bony, tip perforated. Seed adherent to the endocarp.—Species about 6.

1. S. ramosum, Huds, Fl. Angl. 401; erect, leafy, leaves linear
triquetrous at the base, heads sessile on the branches of a panicle, drupes
sessile shortly beaked. Kunth Enum. iii. 89; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 48. 8S.
erectum, Kurz in Journ. Bot. v. (1867) 96. S. stoloniferum, Ham.in Wall.
Cat. 4990. S. carinatum, Ham. ex Royle Til. 408.

Norte West Inpra; from the plains to 5200 ft. in Kashmir. Burma, Griffith.
—Disteis. N.temp. regions.

Stems 1-4. ft. Leaves 2-5 ft., 1 in. broad or less; margins concave, Male
heads olive-brown, 4-3 in. diam., deciduous; fem. 1 in. diam. in frt. ; scales linear,
tips spathulate. Drupe 3 in. long, angled; stigma linear.

2. S. simplex, Huds. Fl. Angl. 401; erect, leafy, leaves linear tri-
quetrous at the base rarely floating, fem. heads racemose, male spicate,
drupe shortly stipitate long-beaked. Kunth Enum. iii. 89; Boiss. Fi.
Orient. v. 48. S. erectum, var. B Linn. Sp. Pl. 971; Kurz in Journ. Bot.v.
(1867) 96.

Srxxrm Hrmapaya, alt. 7-9000 ft., J.D.H. Kaasia Hints, alt. 5-6000 ft.,
Qrifith, &e. Burma, Grifith.—DistRis. N. temp. regions.

Stem 1-2 ft. Leaves narrower than in 9. ramosum, margins flat. Male heads
yellow. Scales linear-oblong, tips toothed. Drupes fusiform, simple linear.

Orprr CLXVI. AROIDEZR.

Perennial herbs with radical leaves, or scandent shrubs. Leaves
alternate. lowers 1-2-sexual, sessile on a spadix which is more or less
enclosed in a green or coloured spathe; if unisexual the males usually
towards the apex and fem. at the base of the spadix, with often neuters
between them and above the males; perianth 0 or of scales. Anthers 2-4-
celled, dehiscence dorsal or by pores; pollen various. Ovary sessile,
1-3-celled, style short or long, stigma discoid or lobed; ovules 1 or
more, variously inserted. Fruit baccate. Seeds 1 or few, rarely many,
often imbedded in pulp; testa various; albumen 0 or copious; embryo
axile, or in exalbuminous genera, thick with the plumule in a lateral
slit.—Genera about 100, species about 1000, for the most part tropical.

I am indebted to the studies of Mr. N. E. Brown for valuable notes on many of
the Indian species entered in the Kew Herbarium, and for aid in the preparation of
the following descriptions :—

Sertrs A. lowers monecious (rarely dicecious in Arisema).
Perianth 0.

Tribe I. Antnuz. Spadix with a flowerless top (appendage) or 0 in
Pistia and Cryptocoryne. Stamens free; anther-cells larger than their con-
nective. Fem. fl. Staminodes 0. Ovary 1-celled, ovules orthotropous.

Submerged or marsh herbs. Ovariesin one whorl . 1. Cryprocorynz,
Marsh herbs. Ovaries spirally disposed . . . . . 2 LAGENANDRA,
Floating stemless herb - . - « « » «© «© - « © 9&8 Pistia.
Terrestrial tuberous herbs :
Leaves compound ; ovules basal i ie -ien ol
Leaves pedatipartite, appearing after the flowering;
ovules basal . . . - + ss By eta

4, AnismMa,

5. SAUROMaTUM.

OLXVI. AROIDER, (J. D. Hooker.) 491

Leaves undivided; ovules parietal . . . . . 6. ARUM.
Leaves various and flowers coetaneous; ovules

basal © ww we ew we ee Oo. TYPHONIUM.
Leaves pedatipartite; ovules basal and apical . . 8, THERIOPHONUM.

Tribe II. PyrHoniem. - Spadiz with or withoutan appendage. Stamens
free, anther-cells broader than their connective. Ovary 1- or more-celled ;
ovules anatropous or semianatropous.—Tuberous herbs, often flowering
before leafing ; leaves 3-sect, segments pinnatifid.

Appendage naked; neutersO . . . ... =. =. =. %&Q, AMORPHOPHALLUS.
Appendage slender, naked ; neuters below the males . 10. SYNANTHERIAS.
Appendage covered with conical neuters . . . . . 11. THomsonta.
Appendage 0; neuters very large . . . . . . . 12, Puesmonium.

Tribe LIT. Cotocastex. Spadiw with or without an appendage, usually
shorter than the spathe. Amnthers sessile, densely crowded, prismatic or
broad, free or connate, connective very thick. Leaves undivided, often
peltate.

* Tube of spathe not enclosing the fruit. Fem. infl. partially adnate
to the spathe.

Ovary many-ovuled ; stigma 4-6-cleft . . . . . . 18. ARropsis.
Ovary many-ovuled; stigma discoid. . . . . . . 14, STEUDNERA.
Ovary l-ovuled; stigma discoid . . . . . . . . 15, Hapanine.

** Tube of spathe enclosing the fruit. Spadix wholly free from the.
spathe.

Limb of spathe refracted, open; ovules parietal. . . 16. Remusarta.
Limb of spathe refracted, convolute; ovules basal . . 17. GonaTantHus.
Limb of spathe erect ; ovules many parietal . . . . 18. Cotocasta.
Limb of spathe erect ; ovules few basal. . . . . . 19. ALocasia.

Tribe IV. Partopznprem. Spadix without an appendage, usually
shorter than the spathe. Stamens free, rarely connate in a prismatic
body; connective usually broader than the cells. Fruit enclosed in the
tube of the spathe.—Perennial herbs, flowering and leafing at the same
time.

Spathe deciduous; ovary 1-2-celled . . . . . . . 20. AGLAONEMA,
Spathe wholly persistent ; ovary 2-4-celled . . . . 21. Homatonema.,
Limb of spathe deciduous ; ovary l-celled. . . . . 22. ScHISMATO@LOTTIS.

Szries B. Flowers hermaprodite, a few rarely unisexual. Perianth 0.

Tribe V. Cattexz. Sypadix without an appendage. Stamens distinct;
filaments flat, anther-cells terminal. Ovary truncate, stigma central.—
Mostly climbers.

Spadix stipitate ; ovule 1 basal; berries free . . . . 23. ANADENDRON.
Spadix sessile; ovule 1-basal; berries free . . . . 24, ScINDAPSUS.
Spadix sessile; ovary 1-2-celled, many-ovuled ; berries
confluent . 2. 1. 6 1 6 ee ee te ee
Spadix sessile. Ovary 1-celled; ovules 2 or more
-(vayely 1) basal. 2. «ee + ee + we . 626, BPIPREMNUM,

25. RHAPHIDOPHORA,

492 CLXVI. AROIDEH. (J.D, Hooker.)

Series C. Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth of 4-6 segments.
Tribe VI. OnontizEz. Spadie without an appendage.
* Spadix flowering downward ; ovary 1-celled.

Prickly rigid herbs ; spathe many times longer than the
sessile spadix . . . . . 2 « e ee Se
Prickly rigid herb; spadix stipitate . . . ....
Prickly rigid herbs; spathes twice as long as the
spadix . 2. 2. 2 2. 1 se ew ew ew ew ew tw 629. CYRTOSPERMA.
Unarmed herbs; leaves membraneous, pinnate . . . 30, ANAPHYLLUM.

27, Lasta.
28. PopoLasia.

** Spadiz flowering upwards; ovary 1-3-celled.

Stem scandent ; leaves distichous. . . . . . . . 81. PorHos.
Stemless ; leaves ensiform; spatheO. . . . . . . 32. AcoRus.

1. CRYPTOCORYNE, Fisch.

Aquatic or marsh herbs, with creeping rootstock and short stem or 0.
Leaves broad or narrow. Tube of spathe with connate margins and a
transverse septum within. Spadizx very slender, its tip adnate to the sep-
tum of spathe; male infl. cylindric; anthers 2-celled, cells with conical
perforate tips, pollen vermiform ; fem. infl. a single whorl of connate 1-celled
many-ovuled ovaries with a few neuters; styles short, recurved; ovales
erect, orthotropous. Fruit of coriaceous connate 2-valved many-seeded
carpels. Seeds oblong, albuminous; embryo axile—Species about 25,
tropical Asiatic.

* Tube of spathe narrow, longer than the limb (or as long in C.
Griffithii).

1. C. ciliata, Fisch. ea Schott Melet. 16; leaves linear-oblong
or -lanceolate, limb of spathe oblong densely fimbriate. Kunth Hnum.
iii. 12; Schott Aroid. 7; Syn. 2; Prodr. 15; in Bonpland. (1857), 222;
Wight Ic. t.775; Wall. Cat. 8914; Griff. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. t. 10-12 ;
Blume Rumph. i. 86; Engler Arac. 624, and in Beccari Males. i. 297 ;
N. E. Br. in Journ. Linn. Soc, xviii. 245. C. elata, Griff. Notul. iii. 134;
Ie. Pl. Asiat. t. 170,171 (alata). C. drymorhiza, Zipp. in Mig. Ann. Mus.
Bot. i. 122. Ambrosinia ciliata, Rowb. Cor. Pl. iii. 90, t. 294; FI. Ind. iii.
491.

Beyeat, in ponds, &c. (in salt marshes, Kurz). Matacoa, Grifith.—DisTRIB.

Malay Islds.
Tuberous, stoloniferous. Leaves 6-16 in., lower half sheathing, midrib stout.

Scape very short. Tube of spathe 4-10 in. ; limb 2-3 in., oblong, cuspidate, fimbrize
purple. Ovaries 5-7. Fruit long-peduncled, globose, 1 in. diam. ; cells 6—8-seeded.
Embryo polyphyllous, germinating in the fruit.—Javan specimens have leaves 14 by
34 in.

2. CG. Walkeri, Schott in Bonpland. (1857) 221; Prodr. Aroid.
15; leaves long-petioled oblong or oblong-lanceolate base cuneate or
rounded, limb of spathe linear-lanceolate strongly twisted glabrous.
Engler Arac. 625, C. spiralis, Thw. Enum. 334.

Creyton, Walker.

Leaves 2-8 in., acute, thin; petiole 6 in., very slender. Scape very short.
Tube of spathe 2 in.; limb 1} in. Ovaries 4-5.

Cryptocoryne.] CLXVI, AROIDEZ. (J. D, Hooker.) 493

3. C. retrospiralis, Kunth Enum. iii. 12; leaves lanceolate to nar-
rowly linear, tube of spathe and glabrous limb both closely twisted.
Wight Ic. t. 772; Schott Aroid. 8; Syn. 2; Prod. 18; im Bonpland,
(1857) 222; Kngler Arac. 625 & Ic. ined. No. 16, Ambrosinia retrospiralis,
Road. Fl. Ind. i, 492,

Bene@aL, Burma, CentTRAL InprA and the Deccan.

Leaves 3-12 by 4-4 in., narrowed into a short stout petiole, or sessile, finely
acuminate, costa slender. Spathe subsessile, nearly as long as the leaves, deep
green streaked with purple. Ovaries 5-6, 3- or more-ovuled; stigmas orbicular.

4, Gs. consobrina, Schott in Bonpland. (1857) 222; Prodr. 16;
leaves oblong-lanceolate finely acuminate, petiole long, limb of spathe
ovate long-caudate glabrous not twisted. Engler Arac. 626.

The Deccan PENINSULA, Perrottet, &c.
Leaves 4-6 by 3-1 in., midrib stout. Spathe about equalling the petiole, its
tail about three times longer than the blade.

5. GC. cordata, Griff. Notul. iii. 138; Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 172; leaves long-
petioled broadly ovate or oblong-ovate base cordate or emarginate, tube of
peduncled spathe very long, limb small lanceolate not twisted glabrous.
Schott Syn. 2; Prodr. Aroid. 14; in Bonpland. (1857) 220; Engler
Arac. 626 & Ic. ined. No. 6; in Beccarit Males. i. 298; N. E. Br. in Journ.
Linn. Soc. xiii. 242.

Matacoa, Griffith.—Disrxiz. Java, Borneo.

Leaves 3-4 in., petiole usually much longer. Spathe very variable in length
(according to depth of water); tube 10-12 in.; limb 1} in., purplish green, base
contracted, peduncle 2-3 in. Ovaries 6-8; ovules many.

6. ©. Griffithii, Schott Syn. Aroid.1; Prodr. Syst. Aroid. 14; leaves
broadly oblong or erbicular ovate subcordate petiole very lung and slender,
tube of spathe a little longer than the ovate cuspidate limb. Hagler
Arac, 631; N. H. Br. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xviii. 244. Cryptocoryne,
sp. Griff. Notul. iii. 1389; Ic. Plant. Asiat. t. 173, £. 3 (ovules).

Matacca, Griffith.

Leaves coriaceous, obtuse, base very various, rarely rounded sometimes
2-auricled, green above purple beneath, nerves obscure; petiole 6-Sin. Spathe
2-23 in., dark livid red and papillose within, and having a dimidiate hollow cone
descending from the base of the convolute portion and enclosing the male fl. Fruit
ovoid, rugose, reddish, few-seeded. .

7. G. Beckettii, Thw. ex Trim. in Journ. Bot. xxiii. (1885) 269;
leaves long-petioled oblong-lanceolate uudulate base cordate, tube of small

sessile spathe narrow straight about twice as long as the small tailed
blade.

CrYLon; Matale east, Beckett.

Leaves 24-4 in., subacute, 5-7-nerved; petiole 4-8 in. Spathe not 1 in. long,
limb shortly tailed. Stipes of male infl. shorter than it. Carpels 5.—Descr. from
Trimen.

8. ©. Wightii, Schott Prodr. Syst. Aroid.17; leaves narrowly linear
narrowed at both ends strongly crisped and waved, tube of long-peduncled
spathe,very long, limb lanceolate acuminate not twisted glabrous.

Engl. Arac. 627. C. unilocularis, Schott in Bonpland. 1857, 223 (not of
Kunth).

Mysorz, Wight.

494 CLXVI. AROIDES. (J. D. Hooker.) [Cryptocoryne.

Leaves 6-10 by 4 in.; petiole shorter. Tube of spathe 5-6 in., limb 14-2 iv.;
peduncle 2-23 in, Ovaries 6-7, stigmas orbicular.

9. C.affinis, NV. FE. Br. mss. leaves petioled oblong-ovate base rounded
or emarginate strongly bullate, spathe peduncled, tuke about as long as
the twisted limb, base inflated.

PERAK, Scortechini (586, 586>).

Leaves 1-23 in. by 4-1 in., subacute, purplish beneath, 5-7-nerved, margin sub-
crenate; petiole 1-3 in. Spatke 24-3 in., with the peduncle lengthening after
flowering, limb narrowly lanceolate dark-purple. Appendage of spadix sessile, ovoid.
Carpels 6-7, very many-ovuled ; stigmas oblong.

** Tube of spathe shorter than the limb.
+ Limb of spathe transversely rugose or plicate within.

10. C. spiralis, Fisch. mss. ex Wydler in Linnea, v. 428 ; leaves linear-
lanceolate, spathe sessile, tube very short obconic, limb linear-lanceolate,
strongly twisted at first. Kunth Enum. iii. 12; Blume Rumph. i. 84, t.
36 C.; Wight. Ic. t. 773; Schott Melet.16; Syn. Aroid. 2; Gen. t. 1;
Prodr. 18; Aroid. 8, t.13; Schnitz. Iconog.1, t. 72; Engler Arac. 628.
Ambrosinia spiralis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 492. Arum spirale, Retz Obs. i. 30;
Bot. Mag. t. 2220; Lodd. Bot. Cat. t. 525.

BeEnaGalL, the Deccan PENINSULA, &e.

Leaves 3-8 by 3-2 in., acute or acuminate, narrowed from the middle to both
ends, costa slender, nerves parallel; petiole long or short. Spathe 3-5 in. long, at
first twisted, transversely lamellate within. Ovaries 5-6, several-ovuled; stigmas
broadly elliptic.

ll. GC. Huegelli, Schott Aroid. 8,t.12; Prodr. 18; petiole as long as
the elliptic-oblong leaf-blade, spathe shortly peduncled, tube very short
cylindric, limb linear-lanceolate long-acuminate, ovaries 4-2-ovuled.
Engl. Arac. 628.

East Inpies, Huegel in Herb. Vienna.

I have seen no specimen of this species.

tt Limd of spathe smooth within.

12. CG. cognata, Schott in Bonpland. 1857, 222; Prodr. 16;
leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong margins undulate, limb of
spathe mach longer than the tube narrowed into a very long twisted tail.
Engl. Arac. 629.

The Concan, Law, &e.

Leaves 6-10 by 1-1} in,, narrowed and acute at both ends; midrib very broad ;
petiole very stout, shorter than the blade. Spathe 7-8 in., shortly peduncled, tube
2-24 in., limb 5-6 in,

13. ©. Roxburghii, Schott Prodr. 18; leaves narrowly linear
acuminate, spathe about as long as the leaves, limb much longer than
the cylindric tube very slender closely twisted. Engl. Arac. 629. C.
Roxburghii, Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb, Fl. 257. C. unilocularis, Wight. Ic. +.
774; Kunth Enum. ui. 13. Ambrosinia unilocularis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 493.
Arum spirale, Grak. Cat. Bomb. Pl, 228.

NortTHERN Cigcags and the Concan.

Leaves 8-12 by 4-% in., ecostate, nerves parallel. Tube of spathe about 2 in.,
blade 6-8 in. Ovaries 4-5, stiginas orbicular or oblong, close to the stipes of the
spadix; ovules very many. Fruit conical, 5-celled, many-seeded,

Cryptocoryne, | CLXVI. AROIDEZ. (J.D. Hooker.) 495

. 14 6. Thwaitesii, Schott in Bonpland. 1857, 221; Prodr. 14;
leaves broadly ovate or subobovate base cordate or emarginate, tube of
spathe cylindric one-third shorter than the linear hardly twisted limb.
Engler Arac. 630; Ic. ined. No. 7; Thw. Enum. 334,

Cry on, in forests, Theaites. ‘

Leaves 2-23 by 13-1} in., densely papillose above, petiole rather shorter than the
blade, margin undulate. Spathe subsessile, 14 in. long, limb oblong, gradually

narrowed into a slender tail, tube hardly swollen at the base. Ovaries 6; styles
rather long, stigmas oblong. : :

15. GC. Gomezii, Schott in Bonpland. 1857, 221; Prodr. 14; leaves
long-petioled ovate or ovate-oblong obtuse base cordate, spathe long-
peduncled, limb broadly lanceolate not twisted three times as long as
the oblong ovoid tube narrowed into a long tail. Engler Arac. 630.
—Aroid. Wall. Cat. 8958.

Sitget, Gomez.

Leaves 2-3 by 1-1} in., base often unequal-sided, tip obtuse acute or rounded.
Tube of spathe $-2 in., limb 13-2 in., broad below and concave. ,

16. C. elliptica, NW. E£. Br. mss.; leaves orbicular- or ovate-cordate,
tube of peduncled spathe 2-24 times as long as the lanceolate limb, which
is twisted and bent forward at the apex.

Perak ; at Larut, King’s Collector.

Allied to C. Grigfithii, but leaves smaller not so deeply cordate, and limb of
spathe much smaller narrower and not papillose within. Leaves 1-14 by 1} in.
obtuse fleshy, brown beneath; petiole 2-3 in., sheath short. Spathe with the
peduncle hardly lengthening in fruit; tube white, 14 in., base slightly inflated; limb
4-4 in., black within. Fruit 6-celled, stigmas small.

, DOUBTFUL SPECIES,

C. DatzELui, Schott. in Bonpland. 1857, 221; Prodr. 15; leaves lanceolate
margin erosely serrulate, lateral nerves 4 on each side ascending, fruit ovoid
5-gynous, seeds biseriate oblong subtrigonous.—Bombay, Dadzell.

2. LAGENANDRA, Dalzeil.

Habit and characters of Cryptocoryne, but the fem. inflor. consists of a
spiral row of many free ovaries, with peltate or discoid stigmas, and the
fruit is baccate and indehiscent.—Species 4, Indian.

1, L. toxicaria, Dalzell in Hook. Jowrn. Bot. iv. (1852) 289; v. (1853)
t.4; petiole as long as the oblong or elliptic-oblong obtuse or acute leaf,
nerves very slender divergent from the stout costa, spathe lanceolate
caudate-acuminate slightly twisted, tube much shorter than the long-tailed
limb. Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 257; Schott Syn. Aroid. 3 (excel. syn.);
Engler Arac. 621, L. ovata, Thwaites Enum. 334, Oryptocoryne ovata,
Schott Melet.i.16; Blume Rumph.i. 86; Kunth Enum. iii. 12, Caladium
ovatum, Vent. in Roem. Arch. ii. 357. C. montanum, Herb. Heyne. Arum
ovatum, Linn. Sp. Pl. 967.—Rheede Hort. Mal. xi. t. 23.—Aroid. Wall.
Cat. 8966.

The Sourn Concan, and BetcauM, in marshes, Dalzell. CEYLON; common in
the central provinces.

Rootstock creeping. Leaves with petiole 8-36 by 2-5 in., coriaceous, b.se
acute or rounded ; sheath of petiole elongate. Spatke longer than the compressed
peduncle, 3-8 in. long; tube broad, limb lanceolate. Syncarp globose, 14-2 in.

496 CLXVI. AROIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) [Lagenandra.

diam. ; carpels in many cycles, free, about $ in. long. Seeds several in each carpel,
minute, basal.

2. G. Thwaitesii, Engler Arac. 621; petiole longer or shorter than
the oblong- or linear-lanceolate leaf, nerves diverging from the costa, spathe
slender convolute at length open, tube very much shorter than the limb.

Cryton, Thwaites.

Rootstock branched. Leaves 4-6 by 3-1} in., base acute or rounded; petiole
2-6 in., rather slender, sheath short. Spathe 14-2 in., much longer than the
peduncle; tube ovoid; appendage of spadix very short. Carpels in 8-9 cycles,
connate at the base—A much smaller species than Z. towicaria. The specimens
are not very good.

3. BO. lancifolia, Thw. Enum. 334; petiole about equalling the lan-
ceolate or ovate-lanceolate leaf, nerves diverging from the costa, spathe
oblong beaked rugose within, tube obconic half as long as the limb.
Engler Arac. 622. Cryptocoryne lancifolia, Schott in Bonpland. 1857,
221; Prodr, Aroid. 15 (tn part); Gen. t. 1.

Cryton; or banks of streams, Thwaites.

Leaves 2-4 by 3-1} in., dotted with white, sparsely above, densely beneath ; base
rounded or acute ; sheath of petiole short. Spatke 1-2 in., dark purple; appendage
of spadix very short. Carpels 30-40, in 5-6 cycles; stigma conical.

4. L. Koenigii, Thw. Enum. 334; leaves subsessile narrowly linear-
lanceolate acuminate, nerves at first parallel to the costa, peduncle long
slender, spathe-tube several times shorter than the subulate limb. Engler
Arac. 623; and Ic. ined. No. 15, Cryptocoryne Koenigii, Schott in Bonpland.
1859, 81; Prodr. 16. ‘

CEYLON ; in the Singhe-rajah forest, Thwaites.

Leaves 1-2 ft. by 4-3 in., dotted with white beneath ; costa stout below evanescent
above ; petiole reduced to a short sheath. Spathe 3-34 in. long; peduncle 2-8 in.
Appendage of spadixclavate. Carpels about 30, in many cycles, l-ovuled. Berries
smooth. Seed deeply grooved.

5. Le insignis, Trim. Cat. Pl. Ceyl. 97; in Journ. Bot. i. (1885)
269; petiole as long as the ovate-lanceolate or oblong acuminate leaf,
nerves very many and slender scurfily papillose divergent from the very
stout costa, spathe very large, tube infundibular, limb very broad ex-
panded abruptly caudate.

Crrton; Pasdun Korle, Trimen.

Leaves 12 by 3-4 in., closely dotted beneath. Spathe stoutly peduncled, tube
14-2 in.; limb 4-6 in. broad, drooping, crisped and undulate, membranous, purple with
white veins (like an Arisema).

3. PISTIA, Linn.

A floating, gregarious, stemless, stoloniferous herb. eaves sessile,
obovate-cuneate, together forming an erect cup. Spathe small, shortly
peduncled, tubular below, open above. Spadixz adnate to back of the tube
of the spathe, free above. Male infl. of few sessile connate stamens beneath
the apex of the spadix, slits vertical, with a ring of confluent minute
neuters below them. em. injl. a solitary conico-ovoid 1-celled ovary ; style
conical, stigma discoid ; ovules many, orthotropous, basal or subparietal.
Fruit membranous, few-seeded. Seeds oblong or obovoid, albuminous,
testa at length rugose; embryo minute, apical, cuneiform.

Pistia.] CLXVI, AROIDEE. (J. D. Hooker.) 497

P. Stratiotes, Linn, Sp. Pl. 963; Roxb, Cor. Pl. iii. 63, +. 269; Fl.
Ind. iii. 181; Grif’, Notul. 12, 211; Ic. Plant, Asiat. t. 260, 261; Dalz. &
Gibs. Bomb. Fl.281; Bot. Mag. t. 4564.—Rheede Hort. Mal. t. 32.

Throughout Inpra, and CryLon; in still sweet water—Dusrers. tropics
generally.

Roots of tufted simple white fibres clothed with fibrilla. Leaves 14-4 in. long
in Indian forms, apex rounded or retuse, undulate, pubescent above and beneath ;
nerves raised beneath, flabelliform, converging within the margin. Spathe white,
obliquely campanulate, $in. long, tomentose externally, gibbous and closed below,
contracted about the middle, dilated and nearly circular above.

4. ARISHEEMA, Mart.

Tuberous herbs. Leaves 3-sect, pedatisect, or leaflets whorled. Spathe
deciduous, tube convolute, limb often acuminate or tailed, usually in-
curved. Spadiz included or exserted, appendage various often excessively
long and filiform. Male fl. many, stipitate (sessile and connate in a
continuous stratum in A. flavwm), anthers 2-5 oblong or subglobose. Fem.
fl. densely crowded; ovary 1-celled; style short or 0, stigma disciform ;
ovules 2 or more, basilar, orthotropous. Neuwters 0, or a few above the
males or females, or on the appendage, subulate. Berries 1—-few-seeded.
Seeds albuminous ; embryo axile.—Species about 50, temp. and trop. Asia,
and N. America.

The characters taken from the plants being mono- or dicecious are not absolute
but very constant, as are those of leaves one or two.

A. Trisecta. Leaves trifoliolate (Sp. 1-17).

* Appendage much shorter than the limb of the spathe Usually all
dicecious.

1. A. Roxburghii, Kunth Enum. iii. 18; leaves 2, leaflets ovate-
lanceolate caudate-acuminate lateral subsessile median petiolulate, limb of
spathe ovate-lanceolate acuminate incurved or involute, appendage very
slender acute naked or with a few basal neuters. Schott Syn. Aroid. 27;
Prodr, 33. A. cuspidatum, Engler Arac. 536. Arum cuspidatum, Roxb.
£1. Ind. iii. 506; Wight Ic. t. 784.

Penana, Rozburgh ; on Govt. Hill, alt. 2000 ft., Curtis. Prrax, Scortechini,
Kunstler-—Diste1z. Java (Ic. Horsfteld.) ;

Rootstock horizontal, rooting all over. Petiole elongate sheathing the scape,
14-18 in., and peduncle mottled-green and pink; leaflets 4-10 by 1-5 in, Spathe
pale yellow-green, tube 4 in., longer than the limb, margins not recurved around
the mouth of the tube in Roxburgh’s drawing, but distinctly in one of Scortechini’s,
which represents a much broader strongly incurved limb of the spathe with a caudate
tip. Male spadia very slender, tapering into the short filiform appendage which
bears a few subulate neuters.

2, A. Kunstleri, Hook.f. ; leaf solitary, leaflets ovate or ovate-lanceo-
late subcaudately acuminate all or the median only petiolulate, limb of the
green spathe suberect ovate-lanceolate acuminate about as long as the
tube but broader, base dilated round the tube hardly recurved, male
spadix very slender ending in a very slender naked finely acuminate
appendage. :

Perak, Kunstler (Ic. in Herb. Caleutt.). Pmwane, King’s Collector (1653), on
Govt. Hill, alt. 2000 ft., Curtis. ? Kuasta HILL ; Nya Bungalow, alt. 2000 ft.
Clarke. )

VOL. VI. Kk

498 CLXvI. aROIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) [Arisema.

Root tuberous. Petiole and peduncle 4-10 in., slender, green, obscurely mottled
with red. Leaflets membranous, 3-6 in., lateral unequal at the base, median acute
or cuneate at the base, margins sometimes obscurely erose (when dry). Spathe 2-3
in. long.—Very near A. laminatum, Blume of Java, which has a white tube of the
spathe, and the green limb is contracted at the base, and is not carried round the
mouth of the tube.

3. A. album, N. FE. Br. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xviii. 247 ; leaf solitary,
leaflets petiolulate lateral dimidiate-ovate median elliptic base cuneate or
acute, tube of white spathe about as long as the ovate-lanceolate acuminate
limb, appendage filiform shorter than the spathe bearing towards the tip
scattered subulate neuters. Arisema, Wall. Cat. n. 8924.

Kuasia Hints, alt. 4000 ft., de Silva, Clarke.

Tuber depressed. Petiole 10-12 in. ; lateral leaflets about 8 by 4 in., base very
unequal, tips filiform, median rhombic-ovate ; petiolules 3-1 in. Peduncle about as
long as the petiole. Spathe 3-4 in., tip filiform, margins beiow not revolute. Spadizx
(female) with scattered neuters on the base of the appendage, besides those towards
its tip.

4, A. petiolulatum, Hook.f; leaf solitary, leaflets all petiolulate
ovate or ovate-oblong abruptly cuspidately caudate, tube of spathe
equalling the lanceolate acuminate limb contracted at the base, appendage
slender cylindric erect obtuse naked.

Kuasta Hints, alt. 4-5000 ft., J.D.H. & T.7., Clarke. Munwipors, alt.
8800 ft., Watt.

Rootstock elongate, rooting all over. Petiole and shorter peduncle slender ;
leaflets subequal, 6-10 by 23-3% in., lateral cuneate or unequal-sided at the base,
median with an acute base. Spathe with a funnel-shaped tube and purplish limb
5 in. long, twice as long as the slender male spadix.

5. A. Wattii, Hook. f.; leaves 2, leaflets subsessile finely acuminate,
lateral dimidiate-ovate median elliptic-oblong, tube of spathe longer than
the orbicular-ovate caudate-acuminate limb, appendage long-stipitate
stout cylindric naked top rounded.

Munnirore ; at Mao, alt. 4000 ft., Watt.

Petiole 8-10 in., leaflets 5-8 in., lateral 2-34 in. broad, inner half very narrow
and evanescent below; nerves many, strong. Peduncle shorter than the petiole.
Spathe 5-6 in. long, limb 2 in. broad, margins below surrounding the tube and
recurved, Appendage 2} in., 4 in. diam., stipes } in.

6. A. anomalum, Hemsi. in Journ. Bot. (1887) 205; leaves soli-
tary, leaflets petiolulate ovate acuminate tips filiform, limb of spathe broad
ovate acuminate strongly incurved broader and rather shorter than the
tube, appendage slender narrowed upwards naked. N. EH. Br. in Gard.
Chron. (1890) i. 821; Bot. Mag, t. 7211.

Srgairs of Matacca, Larut Islds., Curtis. PERAK, alt. 2500-3500 ft.
Scortechini, King’s Coliector. 2

Rootstock deformed, lobed ; lobes bearing solitary leaves or peduncles or both.
Petiole slender, green, leaflets 4-6 by 12 in. Pedunele shorter than the petiole,
purplish-green. Spathe 2 in. long, tube striped purplish-brown; limb dark brown
purple, striped with white, lower margin forming a broad recurved border round
the mouth of the tube. Spadix male or bisexual; male fl. often mixed with subulate
neuters. Stigma penicillate——There is in the Calcutta Herbarium a drawing: of 9
closely allied plant from Penang, with a dull purplish tube and green limb of the
spathe, and no neuters amongst the male fl.

Arisema.] CLXVI. aRorpE#, (J. D, Hooker.) 499

** Appendage much longer than the spath ing i
Bittgcn Sadun, gi spathe, tapering into a very long

t Appendage naked.

_a Limb of spathe broad, rounded truncate retuse or 2-lobed.—All
dicecious.

7. A. verrucosum, Schott in Mistr. Bot. Wochenbl, (1857) 341;
Prodr. 29 ; leaf solitary, petiole sheath and peduncle warted, leaflets sessile
rhomboidly orbicular or lateral ovate, limb of spathe very broad obcordate
cuspidately acuminate decurved, base of appendage dilated into a lobed
disc. Engler Arac. 537.

Eastern Tempreate Himataya, alt, 8-11,000 ft., J.D.H. Clarke.

F Tuber large, depressed. Petiole 8-10 in., very stout, dull dark green, studded
with minute warts; leaflets 2-7 in., dark-purple beneath, margins waved purplish,
nerves stout beneath. Peduncle like the petiole. Spatke 5-7 in., tube white
closely striped with dark purple ; limb twice to five times as broad, reticulated with
white and dark purple; apex 3-2 in. long. Spadix stout shortly stipitate, dark
purple, base intruded, narrowed above it into a fusiform body that tapers into an
exserted thread 12-18 in. long or more.—Very near to A. uéile, from which the
warted petiole and peduncle distinguish it. The colours are taken from a drawing
of my own, and no doubt vary much.

8. A. Griffithli, Schott Syn. Aroid. 26; Prodr. 54; leaves 2,
leaflets sessile all rhombic-orbicular acuminate crenate, limb of spathe
galeate many times broader than the tube which it overhangs deeply
2-lobed, with a long linear interposed tail that embraces the filiform tail
of the appendage. Engler Arac. 538; Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi.
386 ; Bot. Mag. t. 6491. A. Hookerianum, Schott in Histr. Bot. Wochenbl.
(1857) 834; Prodr. 30. A. Hookeri, Schott Gen. Aroid. t. 6, £. 11-19.
—Pythonii Sp. Griff. Itin. Notes, 201, No. 1179.

Eastern ‘I'emMPERATE HimMauay4; Sikkim, alt. 7-10,000 ft. Buoran, alt.
3-5000 ft., Griffith. :

Tuber depressed, 3-5 in. diam. Pettole as thick as the middle finger, green,
smooth ; leaflets 6-10 in., sometimes broader than long, margins faintly yellow,
nerves deeply sunk. Peduncle much shorter than the petiole. TZube of spathe
2-3 in., purple ribbed with white; limb 5-8 in. broad, incurved, head rounded,
lobes forming two broad dull violet flaps, reticulate with green; sinus 2-3 in, deep ;
tail 2-4 in., purple. Spadiz stout ; appendage purple, stipitate, suddenly narrowed
froma broad disciform lobed intruded base into a tortuous capillary tail 1-3 ft.
long.—Variable in colour and size. Clarke observes that in ascending from 8000 to
12,000 ft. the spathe varies from 6-8 in. broad curved and ridged, to 1 in. broad
scarcely dilated with obscure ridges; but possibly other species were confounded
with Griffithit.

9. A. utile, Hook. f. in Schott Prodr. Aroid. 30; Bot. Mag. t. 6474;
leaves solitary, leaflets sessile rhombic-ovate or obovate crenuate, limb of
spathe broadly obcordate or obovate oblong retuse or 2-lobed with a short
interposed tail that embraces the filiform tail of the appendage. Engler
Arac. 587 and Ic. ined. No. 55.

Temperate Himaaya, from Kashmir, alt. 7500 ft., Clarke, eastwards to
Sikkim, alt. 9-13,000 ft., J.D.H., &c. . ;

Asmaller plant than 4. Grifithiit with the same habit, but with pale greeu
leaves with undulate golden margins and a much narrower limb of the spathe 4 in.
broad or less, which is not longer than the tube, is red brown or purplish and coarsely

Kk2

500 CLXVI. AROIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) [Arisema.

reticulated. Appendage as in 4. Griffithii, of which Clarke (Journ. Linn. Soe. xxi,
386) considers it a trifling variety. The Bot. Mag. figures, however, uphold the
characters which I never failed to observe in Sikkim. Hybrids, of course, may
occur, The Western specimens have longer petioles and peduncles and paler greener
spathes. All my specimens are 1—leaved, but two are represented in the reduced
figure of the Bot. Mag. drawing.

8. Limb of spathe lanceolate acuminate, or caudate.—Dicecious, except
A, Prazeri.

10. A. speciosum, Mart. in Flora (1831), 458; in Wall. Oat. 8928;
leaf solitary, leaflets all petiolulate acuminate lateral dimidiate cordate
median ovate, nerves broadly reticulate, limb of spathe ovate-lanceolate
incurved caudate-acuminate, appendage cylindric or fusiform at the often
inflated base, narrowed into a very long filiform tail, base not truvcate or
disciform. Blume Rumphai.101; Kunth Enum. iii. 18; Schott Melet. i.
17; Syn. 26; Prodr. 27; Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soe. xxiii. 390; Bot. Mag.
t. eee Engler Arac. 589. Arum speciosum, Wall. Tent. Fl. Nep. 29,
t. 20.

TEMPERATE HimaLaya; from Kumaon, to Sikkim, alt, 7-8000 ft., and Bhotan
9-10,000 ft., Griffith.

Rootstock oblique, or shortly creeping and rooting; often 5 in. diam. FPetiole
very stout, green, smooth, often marbled with brown or purple; leaflets 16-19 in.,
edged with red or purple, median cuneate or rounded at the base; petiolule
3-2 in. Peduncle much shorter than the petiole. Tube of spathe 2-4 in., striped
with purple ; limb 2-6 in. long, banded white and purple. Spadiz pink or yellowish
tail 12-18 in., dark purple ; base of appendage usually ovoid ; anther-cells 4-5 ; ovaries
ovoid, stigma sessile pulvinate.—Very variable in size and colouring. Schott made
three species of it, reduced by Engler to two varieties, both founded on my drawings;
they are A. eminens, Schott in str. Bot. Zeitschr. (1875) 357; Syst. Aroid. 30,
simply a gigantic specimen with the spathe 8 in./long ; and A. mirabile, Schott ll. cc.
366 and 31, with an abnormally inflated base of the appendage. Wallich’s Arisema,
n, 8925 in fruit, from Tavoy, may be speciosum.

ll. A. intermedium, Blume Rumph. i. 102; leaves 1 or 2, leaflets
sessile lateral dimidiate-ovate or -cordate median elliptic base acute or
cuneate nerves broadly reticulate, limb of spathe lanceolate incurved
narrowed into a filiform cusp, appendage snbstipitate subcylindrie
narrowed from a dilated fusiform base into a very long fusiform tip.
Kunth Enum. iii. 18; Schott Syn. Aroid. 27; Prodr. 28; Engler Arae.
540, A. Stracheyanum, Schott in str. Bot. Zeitschr. ( 1857), 583; Prodr.
27; Hngl. lc. and Ic. ined. No. 11. A. dolosum, Schott in Bonpland.
(1859) 26; Prodr. 28.

TEMPERATE WESTERN HimaraYa,, alt. 7-9000 ft., from Simla to Kumaon.

A smaller plant than A. speciosum, with more membranous sessile leaflets,
the median of which is elliptic with a very acute base. From Wallichianum it
differs in the elliptic median leaflet. The nervation at once distinguishes it from
A. costatum, A. dolosum and Strackeyanum in no way differ from intermedium.

12. A. Wallichianum, Hook. f.; leaf solitary, leaflets sessile all
rhombic-orbicular, bases cuneate, margins undulate, lateral subequal at the
base, nerves broadly reticulate, limb of spathe oblong or lanceolate
caudate-acuminate, appendage shortly stipitate, base dilated truncate or
disciform narrowed into a very long filiform tail. A. costatum, Wall.
Cat. 8922 non Mart. (not Arum costatum, Tent. Fi. Nep.). :

Arisema. | CLxvI. anowEa, (J. D, Hooker.) 501

TrMPEraTs Himataya; from Simla, alt. 6-8000 ft. to Sikkim, alt.
12-14,000 ft.

Tuber depressed, Petiole 6-12 in.; leaflets 3-8 in., and as broad, rather mem-
branous. Pedunele shorter than the petiole. Spathe 3-8 in., narrow, striped with
dark purple; limb suberect or slightly incurved, much longer than the tube, tip
filiform.—The Sikkim specimens are much smaller than the Nepalese and western.

A fine drawing of this made in Nepal by Wallich’s native artists is in Kew
Herbarium.

13. A. propinquum, Schott in Cistr. Bot. Zeitschr. (1857) 333;
Prodr. Aroid. 29; leaves 2, leaflets sessile acuminate, lateral dimidiate-
ovate, median rhomboidly orbicular base contracted subpetiolulate, nerves
broadly reticulate, limb of spathe oblong or lanceolate caudate-acuminate,
appendage stipitate fusiform above the dilated truncate lobulate base
narrowed into a filiform shortly exserted tail. A. intermedium, var.
propinguum, Engler Arac. 541.

Srxxim Hrmaxaya, alt. 12,000 ft., J.D.H., Clarke.

Rootstock depressed globose. Petiole very stout, 8 in. long, green, closely
speckled and striate with dark green ; leaflets 3-4 in. long and broad, succulent,
shining, nerves strong beneath; basal sheaths long, irrorate with pink purple and
green. Peduncle about equalling the petiole. Spathe very like Wallichianum and
speciosum ; limb suberect, striped with purple on the sides, reticulate towards the top.
Spadie# pink.—Described chiefly from a drawing of mine. The shortly exserted
appendage seems to be a constant character and a great contrast toitsallies. It has
been regarded by Engler as a variety of intermedium, from which the two leaves and
rhombic median leaflet distinguish it.

14, &. costatum, Mart. in Flora (1831) ii. 458; leaf solitary, leaflets
sessile or subsessile lateral dimidiate-cordate median broadly ovate all
caudate-acuminate, and with very close set parallel nerves, limb of spathe
oblong-lanceolate incurved suddenly narrowed into a long filiform tip,
appendage shortly stipitate subcylindric from a dilated lobulate base then
narrowed into a very long filiform tail. Blume Rumph. i. 101; Kunth
Enum. iii. 17; Schott Syn. Aroid. 26; Prodr. 29; Engler Arac, 541.
Arum costatum, Wall. Tent. Fl. Nep. 28, t. 19.

NEPAL; Wallich.

Tuber depressed, 3-4 in. diam. Petiole 12-18 in., very stout, sheath embracing
the stout green peduncle; leaflets 10-16 by 5-7 in., dark green. Spathe 4-6 in.,
white striped with dull purple.—Wallich’s published figure in Tent. Fl. Nep., and a
fine coloured drawing made in Nepal, now in Kew Herbarium, from which it is taken,
are the only authority for this species which in the nervation of the leaves differs from
all its congeners,

15. A. Prazeri, Hook. f.; leaf solitary, leaflets ovate acute or
acuminate, lateral subsessile median petiolulate, nerves very slender
distant, tube of spathe short, limb much longer oblong-lanceolate acute
contracted at the base, appendage slender twice as long as the spathe,
base not swollen.

Upper Burma; Koni, J. C. Prazer.

Rootstock tuberous. Petiole 10-18 in., sheathing beyond the middle, or not ;
leaflets 3-4 by about 2 in., nearly symmetrical or lateral rather obliqne with rounded
or broadly cuneate bases; median more elliptic, less. acute. Pedunele longer or
shorter than*the petiole, slender. Spathe 3} in., tube 1 in., limb apparently erect,
about 2 in. broad. Male ft. very small, subsessile. Ovaries minute, contracted
into a short style with disciform stigma.—A few male fl, occur on the stipes of the
appendage.

502 CLEVI. AROIDEZ., (J. D. Hooker.) [Arisema.

16. A. galeatum, WV. #. Br. in Gard. Chron. (1879) ii. 102; leaf
solitary, leaflets all petiolulate, lateral dimidiate-ovate or -cordate acumi-
nate crenulate, median elliptic or ovate, tube of green spathe cylindric
top incurved galeate much longer than the ovate-lanceolate acuminate
pendulous limb the lower margins of which are recurved, appendage
gradually narrowed from an elongate conic truncate base into a long
thread. Bot. Mag. t. 6457.

Stxxim Himataya; Gammie (Hort. Kew).

Tuber small. Petiole 1-2 ft. ; leaflets 7-14 in., median broadest, nerves broadly
reticulate ; petiolules 1-14 in. Pedunele much shorter than the petiole. Spathe
4-5 in., striped with white; limb 1} in., hanging half-way down the tube. Spadio
white; appendage sessile in the fem., stipitate in the male, thread pale purple

tt Appendage of spadix far exserted bearing many neuters.

17. A. fimbriatum, Masters in Gard. Chron. (1884) ii. 680, f. 119;
leaf solitary, leaflets subsessile broadly ovate caudate-acuminate, tube of
purple spathe shorter than the large erect or incurved ovate-lanceolate
limb, appendage filiform clothed with filiform nenters. Regel Gartenft.
(1886) 357, £. 40; Bot. Mag. t. 7150; Journ. of Hortic. 1886, f. 19.

Lanexaw1 Isups., north of Penang (Hort. Sander), Curtis.

Rootstock tuberous. Petiole 6-10 in.; leaflets 5-7 in., nerves deeply sunk.
Peduncle as long as the petiole. Spathe about 6-7 in., tube 23 in., stripedigreen
and white, limb striped purple and white. Sadia very s!ender throughout ; appen-
dage twice as long as the tube, pendulous, red-purple, hase not swollen; neuters
nearly 1 in., flexuous ; male fl. with a few ovaries scattered amongst the lower flowers.
—The Philippine Isld. locality recorded in Gard. Chron. is probably an error.

B. Pxpatisecta. Leaves pedatisect. (Sp. 18-22.)
* Appendage of spadia elongate, far exserted.

18. A. tortuosum, Schott Meletem. i. 17; Syn. 29; Prodr. 36;
leaves 2-3, leaflets 5-18 sessile or petiolulate ovate- or linear-lanceolate
subcaudately acuminate, tube of green spathe about as long as the large
incurved broadly cymbiform acuminate limb, appendage narrowed from
the base to the tip erect then porrect and again erect. Kunth Enum. iii. 19 ;
Blume Rumph. i.105; Engler Lc. 545, and Ic. ined. n. 58. A. curva-
tum, Kunth l.c. 20; Schott Syn. 29; Prodr. 37; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. 258; Bot. Mag. t. 5931; Engler l. c. 544, and Ic. ined. No. 57. A.
Steudelii, Schott in Bonpland. (1839) 26; Prodr. 37; Engler 1. c. and Ic.
ined. n. 61. A. helleborifolium, Schott Syn 29; Prodr. 36. A. commu-
tatum, Schott in Bonpland. (1859) 26; Prodr. 35. Arum curvatum, Roxb.
Fil. Ind. iii. 506 ; Wight Ic. +. 788. A. tortuosum, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. ii.
t.10.—Ariseema, Wall. Cat. 8926, 8927.

TEMPERATE and SuBTROPICAL Himazaya, alt. 8000 ft., from Simla to Bhotan.
The Kuasta Hitis, Munnipors, the WrEsTERN Guats, from the Concan to
Malabar.

Tubers spheroidal, attaining 5 in. diam. Petiole 1-3 ft., green or with the
sheaths mottled with purple; leaflets 8-18 in., distant or crowded, or almost
radiately disposed. Peduncle 2-4 ft. Spathe 4-6 in., pale green or purplish, tube
subcylindric, gaping, gradually dilating into the limb. Spadix uni- or bisexual ;
appendage like a rat’s tail, quite smooth—Very common and varying greatly in
stature, the numbers and proportions and breadth of the leaflets, colour of the
spathe, and monoacious or diccious flowers. In A. Steudelii there are a few neuters
above the male fl. The recorded Ceylon habitat is an error.

Ariscema.] CLXVI. aRoIDEa, (J. D. Hooker.) 503

19. A. Wrayi, Hemsl. in Journ. Bot. (1887) 205; leaves 1-3, leaflets
5-9 petiolulate narrowly elliptic-lanceolate tips apiculate or filiform, tube
of spathe open as long or longer, limb ovate obtusely acuminate dilated at
the base with two large revolute auricles, appendage very long filiform
Be tene: N. #. Br. in Gard. Chron. (1889) ii. 186; Bot. Mag.

Pzrax, Wray; Larut, alt. 83-4000 ft., Scortechint.

Tuber subglobose, rooting all over. Petiole 12-18 in. and petiolules mottled
green and white and dotted with red; leaflets 6-10 by 1-2 in., dark green, median
longest with petiolule 1-23 in. Peduncle taller than the petiole, slender, Spathe
5-7 in., erect; limb pale yellow green or lilac with darker stripes. Spadia
very slender ; fem, with scattered didymous bicuspidate anthers on long filaments
on the base of the appendage. Stigma penicillate.

** Appendage of spadia included or shortly exserted.

: 20. A. decipiens, Schott in Cistr. Bot. Zeitschr. (1857) 373;
Prodr. 34; dicecious, leaves 2, leaflets 5-7 elliptic-lanceolate caudate-
acuminate, lateral sessile on a common petiolule, median long-petiolulate,
tube of spathe as long as the lanceolate caudate incurved limb, tail as long
as the rest of the spathe, appendage hardly longer than the tube sub-
truncate straight. Kngler Arac. 542; N. H. Br. in Journ. Linn, Soe, xviii.
251.

Kaasia Hirts, alt. 5-6000 ft., Grifith, &.

Rootstock horizontal, rooting, as thick as the thumb. Petiole 12-16 in., slender,
sheaths very long, mottled; leaflets 6-10 in.; petiolule of median 1-14 in.; lateral
divaricate. Peduncle shorter than the petiole. Spathe4-5 in., excluding the filiform
tail which is 3-5 in., dull purple; lower margins not recurved. Spadiw slender;
appendage stipitate, cylindric, erect, rather thickened towards the base; male fl.
subsessile.—The Javan habitat is an error.

21. A. flavum, Schott Prodr. 40; monecious, leaves 2, leaflets 9-11,
lateral sessile oblong or lanceolate acuminate, median sessile or petiolulate,
spathe very short, limb ovate cuspidate or acuminate as long or twice as
long as the subhemispheric tube, base not recurved, spadix included,
appendix very short clavate. Engler Arac. 548. A. abbreviatum, Schott
in CEstr. Bot. Zeitschr. (1857) 382; Prodr. 40; Engler 1. ¢., and Ic. ined.
No.7. Dochata flava, Schott Syn. 24; Gen. Aroid. App. Arum flavum,
Forsk, Fl. Aigypt. Arab. 157.

TeMpPERATE Himataya and WESTERN TIBET, alt. 5-9000 ft., from Kashmir to
Kumaon. Cuume1; N.E. of Sikkim, King’s Collector.—Distris. Affghanistan,
Arabia.

Rootstock globose. Petiole 8-12 in., sheath usually very long; leaflets 2—4 in.
Spathe 1-2 in., green, yellow, or the limb faintly purple below. Spadiw conical ;
fem. infl. of a few rows of closely packed globose ovaries, in close contact with the
male infl., which consists of a most dense layer of subsessile connate anthers, from the
top of which emerges the appendage, which is about g in. long.—A highly curious
plant, the spadix quite unlike that of any congener. I find no difference whatever
between the Himalayan and Arabian specimens.

22. A. Scortechini, Hook. f.; dioecious, leaf solitary, leaflets 3-5
lanceolate acuminate, lateral subsessile, median petiolulate, tube of spathe
cylindric, limb ovate or ovate-lanceolate erect, tip shortly filiferous, base
_ dilated into two large rounded spreading auricles.

Prnane, Curtis. PERAK, Scortechini, King’s Collector.

504 CLXVI. AROIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) [Arisema,

Rootstock horizontal, rooting all over. Petiole 2-6 in., slender, green; leaflets
4-6 in., dark green (with white along the middle in a drawing in Herb. Calcutt.),
tips often shortly filiferous, Spathe 3 in., green; limb 1} in. long, erect, white
towards the centre, auricles dull yellow-green. Spadia (male) dull purple, narrowly
conical, tapering into the erect naked yellow obtuse appendage.

C. Rapratisecta: Leaflets whorled. (Sp. 23 to end.)
* Spadix much longer than the spathe.

23. A. neglectum, Schott in Bonpland. (1859) 26; Prodr. 36;
moncecions, leaflets 4-7 sessile elliptic or oblanceolate cuspidately acumi-
nate, tube of spathe cylindric base swollen, limb about as long oblong-
cymbiform acuminate top incurved, appendage twice as long as the spathe
erect then porrect and again erect. Engler Arac. 554, A. filiforme, Tho.
Enum. 834 (not of Bl). A. Wightii, Bot. Mag. t. 5507 (not of Schott).

Western Guats; from the Concan to the Nilghiri hills, alt. 6000 ft, Cryzon;
in the south part of the island, Thwattes, Huegel.

Tuber globose. Leaves 1 or 2; petiole green or clouded; leaflets usually
broadest in the middle. Spathe 3-4 in., green ; limb open, margins not recurved,
base not dilated. Spadix rather stout, appendage sessile, remarkably like that of
A. tortuosum.

#** Spadix not longer than the spathe.

+ Diccious (rarely moncecious). Fem. spadix with neuters above the
mflorescence,

24, A. nepenthoides, Mart. in Flora (1831), 458; in Wall. Cat.
8919 ; leaflets 5-sessile elliptic or oblanceolate acuminate, tube of spathe
elongate, limb elliptic-ovate base dilated into two broad rounded recurved
auricles, appendage erect subcylindric top rounded. Schott Melet. i. 17;
Syn. 31; Prodr, 48; Blume Rumph.i.94; Kunth Enum. iii. 16; Bot. Mag.
t. 6446; Engler Arac. 551, Arum nepenthoides, Wall. Tent. Fl. Nep.
26, t. 18. ‘

n TEMPERATE Himaara ; alt. 9-11,000 ft.; Nepal, Wallich, Sikkim, J.D.H.
Ce

Tuber globose, very large. Leaves 2; petiole peduncle and tube of spathe dull
yellowish clouded with dark streaks. Peduncle shorter than the petiole. Spathe
6-8 in., tube 2-3 in., cylindric, base not swollen; limb 4 in., whitish within, yellow
without; auricles nearly 1 in. broad-green spotted with brown and with a broad
purplish-brown margin. Spadie whitish ; appendage stipitate, much shorter than the
spathe, contracted in the middle. Ovaries obovoid, contracted into a rather long
style, stigma simple.—Lateral leaflets sometimes lobed at the outer base, showing a
tendency to the pedate section.

25. A. Leschenaultil, Blume Rumph. i. 93; leaflets 5-11 oblanceo-
late acuminate serrulate, tube of spathe cylindric as long as the
suberect cymbiform long caudate-acuminate limb, appendage stout
cylindric or slightly clavate tip rounded. Kunth Enum. iti.15; Schott
Syn. Aroid. 30; Prodr. 51; Engler Arac. 552. A. papillosum, Steud, ex
Schott Prodr. 46; Thw. Enum. 335; Bot. Mag. t. 5496 (excl. syn. erubes-
cens); P A. erubescens, Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl, 258. A. Huegelii, Schott
Syn. 27; Prodr. 44.—Arisema, Wall. Cat. 8921.

Western Guats, from the Concan southwards.
Tuber large, globose. Leaf solitary; petiole 1-2 ft., usually mottled and

WA

Arisema.] CLXVI. aROIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) 505

banded with red and brown; leaflets 4-6 by 14-24 in. Spathe 3-3 in., green
with broad dark purple bands; tube narrow; limb leaning forward, m irgins below
hardly recurved, tip straight obtusely acuminate, very variable in length. Spadin
4 in., nearly cylindric throughout, hardly stipitate ; neuter fl. few short.

_ 26, A. consanguineum, Schott in Bonpland. (1859), 27; Prodr.
52; leaflets about 15 (10-20) narrowly linear-lanceolate with long capillary
tips, spathe green, limb about equalling the tube broadly ovate or ovate-
lanceolate incurved with a long filiform tip margin recurved at the base,
appendage stout cylindric obtuse.—Ariseama, Wall. Cat. 8915.

TEMPERATE Himaaya, alt. 5-7000 ft. from Garwhal to Sikkim. Kuasia
Hitts, alt. 4~6000 ft. Munnipore, Watt.

Tuber depressed globose, 1-5 in. diam. Leaf solitary; petiole 1-4 ft., often
very stout and peduncle mottled dark pink and red or brown; leaflets 3-16 in.,
4-2 in. broad, filiform tips 1-3 in. Spathe 3-7 in., excluding the filiform tip,
margins more or less recurved below. Spadiw hardly longer than the tube,
appendage subsessile with a few neuters at the base.

27. A. concinnum, Schott in Bonpland. (1859) 27; Prodr. Aroid.
50; leaflets 7-11 subsessile narrowly lanceolate or oblanceolate acuminate,
tube of spathe elongate cylindric, limb broadly ovate narrowed into a very
long decurved tail margins below not or slightly recurved, spadix usually
much shorter than the spathe, appendage very slender erect tip clavate
truncate, base not thickened. Engl. Arac. 556; Bot. Mag. t. 5914; N. H.
Br. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xviii. 254, A. alienatum & affine, Schott ll. cc.
26,27; 45-51.—Arisema, Wall. Cat. 8920.

Temperate Himazaya, alt. 6-10,000 ft. from Garwhal to Bhotan.

Tuber globose. Leaf solitary; petiole 1-2 ft. and peduncle green or mottled
with brown or purple ; leaflets 8-12 in. Peduncle shorter than the petiole. Spathe
green or purple striped with white, tube 2-3 in. ; limb as long or shorter, open.
Spadix slender; sometimes monecious; appendage exserted beyond the tube,
fem. with a few neuters at its base-—Very near A. Leschenaultit, differing in the
slender appendage. A small state from Sikkim, alt. 10-11,000 ft., has more
cuneately obovate cuspidately caudate leaves,

28, A. pulchrum, W.E. Br. in Journ. Linn, Soc. Xvi. 252, t. 63
leaflets 8-12 cuneately oblanceolate cuspidate, tube of spathe elongate
cylindric below infundibular and gaping above, limb broadly ovate sud-
denly narrowed into a decurved tail as long as the tube margins below
revolute, appendage stout cylindric erect rather thickened below, tip
rounded. ;

Inpra (Hort. Bull.).

Tuber globose. Leaf solitary; petiole and peduncle stout, clouded and speckled
with pale red-brown; leaflets 4-6 in. dark green above, subglaucous beneath.
Spathe 3 in., purplish striped with green, limb 2 in. broad, Spadia much shorter
than the spathe, shortly exserted beyond the tube; appendage with an elqngate
ovoid base, and a few scattered neuters.

** Diccious. Neuters 0.

99, A. Jacquemontii, Blume Rumph. i. %; leaflets 5-7 elliptic- or
obovate-lanceolate acuminate, tube of spathe narrow green, limb as
long or longer oblong- or ovate-lanceolate incurved narrowed into a
long acuminate erect or drooping tail, appendage elongate stipitate.
narrowed from the conical or truncate base to the slender forward
curving tip. Decne. in Jacquem. Voy. Bot. 168, t. 168; Kunth Enum. iii.

506 CLXVI. AROIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) [Arisema,

16; Schott Syn. Aroid. 31; Syst. 48; Engl. Arac. 555. A. cornutum,
Schott in Bonpland. (1859), 27; Prodr.48; Engler 1. ¢. 557.

Temperate Himaaya, from Kashmiri alt. 7-8000 to Bhotan, alt. 10-12,000
ft.

Tuber subglobose, Leaves solitary or 2; petiole 4-3 ft., stout or slender ;
leaflets 2-6 by 1-23 in., almost caudate-acuminate but not filiferous. Spathe 3-5
in., striped with white, margins narrowly recurved below, tip often thread-like
3-3 in. long. Appendage stipitate, sometimes with a truncate base, at others slender
from an ellipsoid base.—Very variable in size. In a specimen apparently of this
species from Sikkim and another from Kumaon (Duthie, 6063) the appendage
is 4 in. quite as long as the limb of the spathe (without its long point), The
spathe is incurved above the middle and terminates in a very long erect horn.

30. A. exile, Schott in Bonpland. (1859), 26; Prodr. 42; leaflets
5-11 narrowly oblanceolate finely acuminate, spathe very narrow, tube
elongate, limb as long lanceolate narrowed into a long thread, appendage
stipitate very slender filiform as long as the tube of the spathe. Engler
Arac. 554,—Arisema, Wall. Cat. 8918.

TEMPERATE Himataya; Nepal, Wallich.

Tuber small. Leaves solitary or 2; petiole 8-26 in., very slender; leaflets
3-6 in., minutely erose. Peduncle longer than the petiole. Spathe 4 in., limb hardly
broader than the tube, pale green striped with white, slightly incurved, margins
hardly recurved below, filiform tip 1-3 in. Spadéw very slender; appendage
stipitate, base ovoid.

31. A. erubescens, Schott Meletem.i. 17; Syn. 30; Prodr. 53;
leaflets 9-12 narrowly oblanceolate acuminate glaucous beneath, tube of
pink spathe cylindric, limb oblong or ovate-oblong or -lanceolate incurved
narrowed into a long filiform tail, margins below recurved, appendage
stout erect subcylindric from an elongate ovoid base, tip rounded. Blume
Rumph.i. 938; Kunth Hum. ui. 16; Engler Arac. 557. A. vituperatum,
Schott in Bonpland. (1859), 28. Arum erubescens, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. ii.
80, t. 185.—Ariseema, Wall. Cat. 8917.

TreMPeRaTE Himataya; Nepal, Wallich; Sikkim 6-8000 ft., J.D.H.

Tuber subglobose, Leaf solitary ; petiole 12-18 in., and peduncle pale rose-colrd.,
streaked with red in bars; leaflets 5-7 in., margins undulate, tips not filiferous,
Spathe about 4 in., excluding the filiform tail, white striped with rose ; tube longer
than the incurved rather broader limb. Appendage hardly exserted beyond the
tube pale.—Differs from 4. ewile chiefly in the stout short appendage.

32. A. echinatum, Schott Meletem. i. 17; Prodr. 49; leaflets 7-9
narrowly lanceolate caudate-acuminate, tube of green spathe infundibular,
limb ovate-lanceolate incurved tapering into a very long pendulous tail
margins below revolute, appendage short cylindric top truncate rugose or
echinulate. Blume Rumph. i. 94; Kunth Enum. iti. 16; Engler Arac. 555;
Wall. Cat. 8916. Arum echinatum, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. ii. 30, t. 1386.—
Pythonium, sp. Griff. Itin. Notes 176; Notul. iii. 156 ; Ic. Pl. Astat. t.
163.

TEMPERATE HimaLaya; Nepal, Wallich; Sikkim, alt. 9-11,000 ft.—J.D.H.;
Bhotan, Griffith.

Tuber small, globose. Leaf solitary ; petiole 10-18 in., and peduncle all green
or streaked with red-brown, leaflets 6-12 in. Spathe 6-10 in., greenish, striped with
white and brown, or purple within, tail longer than the limb and tube. Spadia
hardly exserted; appendage stipitate, contracted in the middle, white streaked with
purple, base rather swollen rounded, tip green.

Arisema.] CLXVI. AROIDEEZ. (J.D. Hooker.) 507

38, A. filicaudatum, N. £. Br. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xviii. 253;
leaflets 5-7 shortly petiolulate oblanceolate cuspidately acuminate, tube
of spathe short cylindric, limb about as long very broadly ovate abruptly
caudate, tail very long and slender tip clubbed, spadix very slender,
appendage slender exserted erect hardly thickened at the base tip
clavellate smooth. ,

CEYLON, at Morowe Korle, alt. 3000 ft., Thwattes.

Leaf solitary; petiole 1 ft.; leaflets petiolulate, 6 by 2-24 in., very thin.
Peduncle about equalling the petiole. Tube of spathe 1} in., limb short, incurved,
tail filiform 6 in.. Spadia unisexual; male fl. scattered, subsessile—Only one
Specimen seen,

34. A. fraternum, Schott in Bonpland. (1859), 26; Prodr. 45;
leaflets 7-9 elliptic-lanceolate finely acuminate, tube of green spathe
eylindric shorter than the broadly ovate erect cuspidately acuminate (not
caudate) limb, appendage sessile stout subclavate top rounded. A.
Leschenaultii (in part), E’ngler Arac. 552.

Kuasta Hiuis; Churra, alt. 4000 ft. Griffith.

Tuber depressed globose. Leaf solitary; petiole 6-12 in., reddish barred with
duller streaks’; leaflets 3-5 in., sessile, tips not filiferous. Peduncle shorter than
the petiole. Spatke 4-5 in., suberect, limb recurved at the base. Spadia very
stout, shortly exserted, of male sessile, green.—Griffith’s are the only specimens that
I have seen, but there is a fine drawing in Herb. Calcutt. without a habitat.

35. A. Wightii, Schott in Bonpland. (1859), 26; Prodr. 43; leaflets
5-8 cuneately obovate cuspidately acuminate, tube of spathe as long as the
ovate-lanceolate caudate acuminate limb margin below recurved, append-
age stipitate slender, narrowed from a conical base to the tip. A.
Jacquemontii (in part), Engler Arac. 555.

Nitesrri Hiius, Wight, King.

Tuber spherical. Petiole 8-12 in.; leaflets 4-5 by 14-2 in., sessile or shortly
petiolulate. Spathe 4-6 in., apparently striped white and purple, limb rather broader
than the tube, gradually narrowed into a tail 3-2 in. long. Male spadia 2 in.

36. A. ochraceum, Schott in Bonpland. (1859), 27; Prodr. 49;
dicecious, tube of spathe cylindric rather swollen below as long as the
ovate cymbiform erect shortly cuspidate limb, appendage stipitate stout
cylindric contracted in the middle tip rounded base swollen lobulate
truncate intruded. Engler Arac. 559.

Sizzim Himanaya; summit of Tonglo, alt. 10,000 ft.—J.D.H.

Leaves radiatisect. Peduncle stout and tube of spathe pale red streaked with
brown. Spathe 54 in. long; limb yellowish with brown stripes, lower margin not
revolute. Fem. spadix stout, appendage nearly as long as the limb of the spathe,
yellowish ; ovaries green with purple stigmas.—Founded on a drawing of mine of a
female spathe and spadix, and note as to the leaves being radiatisect.

*#* Moncecious or rarely diccious. Neuters 0 or few.

37. A. Murrayi, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4388; leaflets 5-9 ovate- or
oblong-lanceolate acuminate, tube of spathe broadly cylindric base almost
truncate, limb as long or longer broadly ovate cymbiform acute (not
caudate) incurved lower margins dilated round the mouth of the tube,
appendage curved narrowed from the base to the tip included or exserted.
Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 258; Schott Syn. 31; Prodr. 44; Engler Arac.
552; FI. des Serres, +. 1822. Arum Murrayi, Grah. Cat. Bomb. Pl. 229.

508 oLxvi1, anorDEa. (J, D. Hooker.) [Arisema,

The Concan ; in the Ghats, Gibson, Se.

Tuber large. Leaf solitary, maturing after the flowering ; petiole 10-14 in, and
subequal p duncle greenish mottled with red-brown ; leaflets 4-6 in. Spathe 3-5 in.,
tube green striated, $-1 in. diam.; limb rather broader, margins not recurved,
except round the mouth of the tube. Spadir narrowed from the base upward ;
appendage 1-1} in., sessile; male fl, scattered, with a few neuters above them.

38. A. caudatum, Engler Monog. Arac. 559; leaflets 7 cuneately
elliptic acuminate with Jong capillary tips, tube of spathe elongate
cylindric, limb incurved ovate-lanceolate rather abruptly narrowed into a
very long subulate tail, margins below recurved, appendage rather short
not thickened below included.

The Concan, Stocks (Ic. in Herb. Kew).

Tuber depressed globose. Leaf solitary; petiole stout, and peduncle irro-
rately barred and streaked ; leaflets petiolulate, 5 by 2 in. exclusive of the
thread-like tips which are 1-3 in. long. Peduncle very short. Spathe 6 in., ex-
clusive of the 3 in. caudate tip. Spadia androgynous; appendage shorter than the
flowering portion, tip rounded.—Described from a drawing by Stocks ; I have seen
no specimen,

UNRECOGNIZED SPECIES.

A? PENTAPHYLLUM, Schott Meletem. i. 17; Syn. 28; Prodr. 59; Kunth
Enum. iii. 20; Blume Rumph. i. 109; Engler Arac. 560. Arum pentaphyllum,
Linn, Sp. Pl. 964.—Ind. Or. ; China.

A? HEPTAPHYLLUM, Blume Rumphia i. 109; Kunth Enum. iii, 20. Schott
8yn. 31; Prodr. 59; Engler Arac. 560—Ind. Or.

5. SAVUROMATUM, Schott.

Tuberous herbs, leafing after flowering. Leaf solitary, pedatipartite.
Spathe shortly peduncled, tube cylindric short, margins connate below;
limb very long, reflexed, narrow, open. Sadia sessile, very long; male
and fem. infl. widely distant, short, dense fid., with a few large clavate
scattered neuters close above the fem.; appendage slender, as long
as the spathe. Anthers subsessile, 4-celled. Ovaries oblong, 1-celled ;
stigma sessile; ovules 1-2, basal, erect. Berries obpyramidal, 1-seeded.—
Species tropical Asiatic and African.

S. guttatum, Schott Meletem.i. 17; Prodr. 71; Blume Rumph. i.
126; Engler Arac. 570. S. pedatum, Schott Melet.1.c.; Gen. t. 11; Syn.
24; Prodr. 70; Blume l.c.; Kunth Enum. iii. 28; Engler l.c. 569; Bot.
Mag. t. 4465; Regel Gartenfl. (1866), 3, t. 495. S. venosum, Schott Prodr.
71. S. sessiliflorum, Kunth l.c.; Schottlc.; N. E. Br. in Journ. Linn.
Soc. xviii. 256. S simlense, Schott in Gstr. Bot. Zeitschr. (1858), i. 263;
Prodr. 72; N. E. Br.l.e.;in Gard. Chron. (1880), ii. 134, 198. S. punctatum,
C. Koch in Berlin Wochenschr. i. 263; N. EB. Br. in Gard. Chron. 1. c.
Arum guttatum, Wall. Pl, As. Rar. ii. 10, +. 115. A. pedatum, Willd.
Enum. Suppl. 54; Link. et Otto Ic. 19, t. 8. A. sessilifloram, Roxb. Fl.
Ind. iii. 507; Wight Jc. t. 800. A. venosum, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1017.
A. clavatum, Desf. Cat. Hort. Par. 385.

The Pangzas, Upper GANGETIC PuaIN, and the Himazaya, from Nepal to
Simla, ascending to 5000 ft.? The Concan, Herb. Stocks.

Tuber large. Petiole stout, 12-18 in.; leaf 6-12 in. broad, segments or lobes
7-15, very variable, 2-15 by 1-3 in., lobes of young leaves sometimes rounded or the
lateral dimidiate-ovate or cordate, when numerous oblong or lanceolate. Peduncle
1-2 in., very stout, green or spotted. Spatke 12-28 in., tube ovoid or subglolose ;

Sauromatum.] ouxvi. anomwEz, (J. D, Hooker.) 509

limb linear-lanceolate, thick, green or yellowish with dark purple spots or blotches,
margins usually purple and waved. Spadia as long as the spathe or nearly so; fem.
infl. } in.; neuters 4 in. long, spreading ; male infl, 3 in. above the fem., 4 in. long ;
anthers densely packed ; appendage 2-8 in., cylindric and obtuse, or narrowed from
the base to a fine point, green or dark purple.—S. guttatum is confined to North-

West India, except Stocks’ specimens should prove to be from the Concan, of which
there is no evidence.

6. ARUM, Linn.

Tuberous herbs, Leaves simple. Spathe deciduous or withering, tube
convolute; limb cymbiform, erect. Spadix exserted, androgynous, with
subulate suberect neuters between the male and fem. infl., and deflexed
ones above the male; appendage subcylindric. Anthers sessile, pollen
vermiform. Overy 1-celled; stigma sessile; ovules many on 2-3 parietal
placentas. Berries obovoid, many-seeded. Seeds albuminous, embryo
axile.—Species about 20, Hurope, N. Africa, W. Asia.

A. Jacquemontii, Blume Rumph. i. 118; leaves hastately sagittate
or hastate, limb of spathe narrowly lanceolate acuminate or caudate.
Schott Prodr.99. A. Griffithii, Schott Syn. i. 15; Prodr, l. c.; Boiss.
Fi. Orient. v. 88; N. E. Br. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xviii. 257.

N.W. Inpia, Jacquemont. Kasumir; Gilgit, alt. 6-7000 ft., Giles.—DisTERIB.
Affghan.

Tuber as large asa chesnut. Leaves5-12in.; petiole 5-16in. Peduncle equal-
ling or longer than the petiole. Spatke 3-7 in., white-greenish or purplish. Ovaries
globose. Berries red.

7. TYPHONIUM, Schott.

Tuberous herbs. Leaves entire, 3-5-lobed or pedatisect. Tube of
spathe short, convolute, mouth constricted, persistent; limb ovate-oblong
lanceolate or linear, deciduous. Spadix exserted, male and fem. inf.
distant with neuters above the fem. and sometimes below the males;
appendage elongate, smooth. Anthers subsessile. Ovaries 1-celled ;
stigma sessile; ovules 1-2, basal, erect, orthotropous. Berries ovoid, 1-2-
seeded, Seeds globose, albuminous; embryo axile—Species about 13,
tropics of the Old World.

* Limb of spathe broadly ovate, open, narrowed into a long point.

1. T. trilobatum, Schott in Wien. Zeitschr. iii. (1829) 72; Aroid. i.
12; t.16; Syn. 18; Prodr. 108; leaves hastately 3-lobed or sub-3-partite,
neuters above fem. infl. very many and long filiform curved, appendage
stipitate base expanded’ truncate lobulate intruded. Blwme Rumph. i. 132
(in part); Kunth. Enum. iii. 26 (in part); Engler Arac. 614; in Bull. Soc.
Tosc. Ort. iv. 301; N. E. Br. in Journ. Iinn. Soe. xviii. 261. T. orixense,
Schott inWien. Zeitsch. 1. c.; Wall. Cat. 8829. T. siamense, Engler 1. ¢.
615. TT. triste, Grif. Notul. iti. 145. Arum trilobatum, Linn. Sp. Pl.
965; Thw. Enum. 384; Grah. Cat. Bomb. Pl. 228. <A.orixense, Rowd. Fl.
Ind. iii. 503; Wight Ic. t. 801; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 442; Andr. Bot. Rep.
t. 8356; Bot. Reg. t. 450; Griff. Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 50 (anal.). PA. pumilum,
Lamk. Enge. ii. 8. ? Arisema pumilum, Blume Rumph. i. 107; Kunth
1. c. 20; Schott Syn. 27; Prodr. 59.

Lower Bren@at, Burma, the EASTERN and WrstERN PENinsuLA and CEYLON.
—Disrais, Siam, Malay Islds.

510 cLXvi. aRomDEz. (J. D. Hooker.) [Typhonium.

Tuber subglobose. Leaves 5-12 in. diam.; lobes ovate, acute; petiole 1 ft. or
shorter. Peduncle 1-4 in. Spathe 3-12 in. long; limb 14-4 in. broad, red purple
inside, nearly flat, tip not twisted. Appendage bright red, stout or slender.

2. ©. Roxburghii, Schott Aroid. i. 12, t. 17; Prodr. 106; leaves
hastate or cordately triangular or 3-lobed or 3-partite with 1 rarely 2 veins
in the sinus, neuters above the fem. infl. subulate crowded spreading and
decurved, appendage very slender stipitate base truncate. Saunders,
Refug. Bot. +. 283. T. divaricatum y and 6, Engler Arac. 612. T.
javanicum, Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 193; Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. iii. t. 3 B, in
Bot. Zeit. (1856) 563; Schott Prodr. 107; Engler Ic. ined. No. 18. Aram
trilobatum, Rowb. Fl. Ind. iii. 505; Wight Ic. t. 803.—Arisarum amboin-
ense, Rumph. v. 320, t. 110, f. 2.

Srnaapore, Kunstler (in Herb. Calcutt.), Ceylon, Thwaites.—DistR1B. Java.

A smaller and more delicate plant than A. ¢rilobatum with a very slender spadix
and much shorter decurved neuters. The tip of the spathe is very slender and
usually twisted in Ceylon specimens, as in Roxburgh’s description; but not in
Saunders’ figure.

3. T. Motleyanum, Schott Prodr. 106; differs from T. Roxburghit
in the presence of 2-3 veins in the sinus of the leaves which are consider-
ably larger. T. divaricatum var. Motleyanum, Engler Arac. 612; Ic.
Arac. ined. No. 130.

Maracca, Herb. Wight; Maingay. Prwana, King’s Collector.—DrstRiB.
Borneo.

Very near T. Roxburghii, with similar neuters, but leaves with much more
numerous nerves.

4. T. divaricatum, Decne. in Ann. Nat. Hist. iii. (1834); leaves
hastate or deeply cordately sagittate entire or sub-3-lobed, tip of
spathe twisted, neuters above the fem. infl. short linear suberect, base of
appendage rounded or truncate. Wight Ic. t.790; Blume Rumph. i. 130,
t. 86; Kunth Enum. iii. 26; Schott Aroid. i. 12,t.18; Gen. Aroid. t. 17;
Syn.17; Prodr. 106; Engler Arac, 611 (excl. vars.) Ic. ined. No. 128; So-
Mokou Zoussets, Hd. 2, xix.t.4, Arum divaricatum, Linn. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2,
1369; Roxb. FV. Ind. iii. 503; Wall, Cat. 8930; Grahk. Cat. Bomb. Pl. 228.
A. trilobatum, Bot. Mag. t.339 and 2324.—Rheede Hort. Mal. xi. t. 20.

Deccan Peninsvza, Mootaloor, Herb. Wight (ex Wall. Cat.). CrYnon; at
Colombo and Peradenya.—DistriB. Malay Islds., Japan, China.

Tuber curved. Leaves 2-5 by 2-4 in.; petiole 4-8 in. Peduncle 1-2 in.
Spathe 4-7 by 14-3 in., red brown, narrowed into a long tail sometimes twisted
at the tip.

¥** Timb of spathe linear-oblong.

5. ©. diversifolium, Wall. Cat. 8933; leaves ovate-lanceolate
cordate ‘sagittate or hastate to 3-5-lobed or pedatisect lateral lobes or all
triangular to linear, spathe acuminate, neuters above the fem. infl. with
clavate tips, appendage shorter than the spathe slightly swollen at the
cuneate base obtuse. Schott Ic. Aroid. i. 13, t. 20; Engler Arac. 617; N. E.
Br. in Journ. Linn, Soc. xviii. 261. T. Huegelianum, Schott l.c.t.19. T.
foliolosum, Engler 1. c. 618. Heterostalis diversifolia & foliolosa,
Schott in Gistr. Bot. Zeit. (1857) 261; Gen. Aroid.t.18; Prodr. 110. H.
Huegeliana, Schott ll. ce.; N. E. Br. in Gard, Chron. (1879) ii. 76.—
Arisema? Wall. Cat. 8928 in part.

Typhonium. | CLXVI. aRoIpER, (J. D. Hooker.) 511

WrstekN Himanaya; Nepal and Kumaon, alt. 6-8000 ft., Wallick, &c.
Sea, alt. 7-10,000 ft, TEmMPrRatz Himauaya, alt. 6-11,000 ft., from Simla to

otan.

Tuber globose. Leaves extremely variable, 3-5 in. long, and as much across the
lobes which vary from 3-7, from oblong to narrowly linear, and spread variously ;
petiole 3-12 in. Peduncle 2-9 in. Spathe erect, 2-8 in., acuminate, purplish.
Appendage stout or slender.

*e* Limb of spathe narrowed from an ovate or lanceolate short base
into a long tail.

6. T. brevipes, Hook. f.; leaves pedately 5-7-partite, segments
lanceolate long-acuminate, peduncle very short, spathe lanceolate pro-
duced into a narrow linear tail, neuters above the fem. infl. with clavate
tips, appendage very long and slender, base not thickened. T. pedatum,
‘Schott in Gstr. Bot. Wochenbl. (1857) 262 (in part).
Sixxim Himazaya; near Darjeeling, alt. 7-8000 ft., on rocks and tree trunks,
J.D.#., Clarke, Gammie.

Tuber depressed globose. Leaves membranous; segments 2-10 by 4-14 in.;
petiole 4-12 in. Peduncle 4-3 in. Spathe with a tumid ellipsoid tube 4 in. long,
limb 43 in. long by 4 in. broad, membranous. Newters yellow on capillary stalks ;
‘appendage as long as the spathe very slender.—A curious species. I have seen but
one spathe, collected by Mr. Gammie.

7. Z. bulbiferum, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. iv. (1852) 113; leaves
triangular-hastate sagittate or cordate, spathe very slender from a short
lanceolate base, neuters above the fem. infl. linear erect, appendage equal-
ling the spathe filiform base rounded -or cuneate. Schott Prodr. 106;
Engler Arac. 611; Ic. ined. n. 129; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 258.

SoutHERN Gonoan, Stocks, &c.

Tuber 1-4 in. Leaves 2-4 in. long and often as broad across the ~ lobes,
angles acute; petiole 5-6 in., slender, usually with a pisiform tuber at the top.
Peduncle 1-23 in. Spathe pale rose, 3-5 in., convolute. Spadiw as long, slender,
yellow ; neuters in one series fleshy, rather incurved, yellow (acinaciform, Stocks).

8 IT. pedatum, Schott. in Gstr. Bot. Wochenbl. (1857) 262 (in part);
Prodr.108 (non Engler); leaves pedatisect, segments lanceolate, spathe
linear acuminate, neuters above the fem. infl,. many crowded filiform erect,
appendage slender, base not thickened. NV. H. Br. in Journ. Linn, Soc.
xviii. 260,

Prev, McLelland,

Leaves about 4 in. broad ; segments 7, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, about 4 by
Zin., outer smaller, Peduncle 12 in. Spathe 23 in., longer than the spadix.—
Founded on a single specimen. As pointed out by Mr. Brown, the Sikkim plant
referred to this by Schott is another species (T. brevipes, H. f.), and-that of Engler
(Arac. 618) is T. fallax, N. E. Br., a native of Java.

9. T. cuspidatum, Blume Cat. Hort. Buit. 101; Rump, i. 133,
‘t. 10, £. 1-3; leaves sagittately cordately or hastately ovate oblong or
lanceolate, limb of spathe with a short lanceolate base produced into
a very long slender tail, lower neuters above the fem. infl. clavate upper
subulate, appendage produced into a long filiform tail equalling the epathe
base conical. Decne. Descr. Herb. Timor. 39; Kunth Enum. i.26; Schott
Te. Aroid. i. 12; Syn.19; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 194; Engler Arac. 616 ;
N. E. Br. in Journ. Linn, Soe. xviii. 262. T. flagelliforme, Blume in Wall,

512 CLKVI. aRoIDER. (J.D. Hooker.) [Typhonium.

Cat. n. 8931. Arum cuspidatum, Blume Cat. Hort. Buitenz. 101. A.
flagelliforme, Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 396; Roxb, Fl. Ind, iii. 502; Wight Ic.
t. 791; Griff. Itin. Notes, 18, No. 193; Griff. Notul. iii, 144 (flagelliferum).
A. angulatum, Grif Notul. iii. 143.—Rheede Hort. Mal. ii. t. 20.

Lower BEne@at, the MALAYAN PENINSULA and Bursa.—DistTRis. Malay Islds.

Tuber subglobose. Leaves 1-7 in., sometimes almost 3-partite and 6 in. across
the linear or oblong lobes, at others quite simple with a rounded or cordate base.
Petiole 6-12 in. Peduncle slender, long or short. Spathe 4-8 in., lurid red, papillose
within. Appendage as long as the spathe or a little longer.

10. T. gracile, Schott Aroid.i.12; Prodr. 108 ; leaves pedately 3-5-
partite, segments elliptic-oblong acuminate lateral lobed at the outer base,
spathe very long and sleuder from a lanceolate base, neuters above the
fem. infl. filiform recurved or revolute, appendage sessile as long as the
spathe narrowed from the base to the very slender tip. Engler Arac. 618.
Arum gracile, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 505; Wight Ic. t. 793; Grah. Cat. Bomb.
Pl. 228. P Ariseema gracile, Kunth Enum. iii. 21.—Rheede Hort. Mal. xi.
t. 21.

SinHET, Rozdurgh; Kuasra Hitt, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 6000).—The Pawsaz;
Jhelum river, Aitchison.

Tuber globose. Leaves 4-6 in. broad across the segments, which are sessile or
petiolulate, and from broadly oval to oblong or lanceolate, acuminate; petiole
6-12 in. ; petiolules sometimes } in. Peduncle 1-1} in. Spathe 6-8 in.

8. THERIOPHONUM, Blume.

Characters of Typhonium, but leaves always undivided cordate or sagit-
tate, neuters all subulate, anthers didymous and the more numerous
ovules basilar and pendulous from the top of the ovarian cell.—All
Indian,

* Anthers beaked, opening by slits. Neuters many, all near the
anthers.

1. T. crenatum, Blume Rumph. i. 128; spathe 4-5 in. subcylindric
margins waved and crenate, anthers shortly beaked, neuters in,
Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 196; Schott in Cisir. Bot. Zeitschr. (1858) 2;
Aroid. i. 15, t. 21; Prodr. 102; Engler Arac. 607 (excl. var. rostra-
tum); NV. FE. Br. ia Journ, Linn. Soc. xviii. 259. T. Kleinii, Schott in
Gstr. Bot. Zeit. 1858; 1. c. 3; Prodr. 1038. Typhonium crenatum, Schott
Melet. i. 17. Wall. Cat. 8934. Arum crenatum, Wight in Hook. Bot.
Mise. ii. 100; Suppl. t.3; Grak. Cat. Bomb. Pl. 228,

The Drcoan, Concan and Carnatic, Heyne, &e.

Tuber small. Leaves 3-4 in. long and often as broad, orbicular hastate or cor-
dately sagittate; petiole 4-12 in. Spathe membranous, pale yellow-green; base of
tube broadly truncate, intruded. Spadiw half as long as the spathe; appendage
cylindric, dark-purple.

2.0. Wightii, Schott in Gstr. Bot. Zeitschr. (1858) 3; Prodr. 103;
spathe 4-6 in. linear-oblong acute, anthers long-beaked, lower neuters
4-4 in. WM. H. Br. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xviii. 259. T. crenatum, var.
rostratum, Hngler Arac. 607 (excl. syn. arum crenatum). Typhonium
minutum, Schott ex Wall. Cat. 8932 (not of Blume).

The Carnatic, Wight.

Very near T. crenatum. Leaves sometimes 3-lobed.—Specimens indifferent.

Theriophonum.] OLXVI. AROIDER. (J. D Hooker.) 513

: 3. T. zeylanicum, NV. #. Br. in Jowrn, Linn. Soc. xviii. 258 ; spathe
22-32 in., anthers globose shortly beaked, lower neuters twice as long as
the upper. Arum divaricatum, Thw. Enum. 334 (cael, syn.).

CEYLON ; common in the hotter parts of the island, Thwattes.

Leaves hastate, 34-7 in. long, lobes linear or median broader; petiole 4-12 in,
Peduncle 14-4 in. Spadix1}-2in. Ovaries few.

** Anthers not beaked, opening by pores. Lower neuters near the ovaries,
upper few or 0.

4, T. Dalzellii, Schott Aroid.i.15; Syn.21; spathe 5-7 in. Engler
Arac. 608. Tapinocarpus Dalzellii, Schott Gen. Aroid. t. 15; Prodr. 104.
T. indicus, Dalz. in Hook. Journ. Bot. iii. (1851) 346,

The Southern Concaw and Northern Canara, Stocks, Talbot.

Tuber size of a walnut. Leaves 4-6 in., elliptic oblong or linear, base rounded
hastate or sagittate ; petiole 3-10 in., very stout. Peduncle stout; fruiting twisted
and decurved to the ground. Spathe oblong-lanceolate, tube white; limb flat,
dark purple. Appendage terete, twice as long as the infl—Much the stoutest
species.

5. T. infaustum, NV. Ff. Br. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xviii. 260; spathe
13-2 in. T. Wightii, Engi. Arac. 608 (not of Schott). Calyptrocoryne
Wightii, Schott in Gstr. Bot. Wochenbdl. (1857) 262; Prodr. 105; Gen.
Aroid.t.16. Typhonium minutum, Blume Rumph.i. 184; Engler, l. c. 609.
Arum minutum, Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. 484; Grah. Cat. Bomb, Pl. 228. A.
mucronatum, in part, Spreng. Syst. iii, 769.—Rheede Hort, Mal. xi, t. 17
(small figure). :

Marazar (Rheede) ; Paul Ghat, Wight.°

Leaves as in T. Dalzellii, but smaller with the basal lobes usually rounded.
Spathe narrowly lanceolate, acute, white or purplish. Appendage stipitate, base
elongate conical. :

9. AMORPHOPHALLUS, Blume.

Tuberous herbs, flowering before leafing. Leaves 3-partite, segments
pinnatisect. Spathe various ; limb campanulate intundibular convolute or
open, marcescent. Spadix exserted or included; appendage large, short or
long; infl. cylindric, dense fld., male and fem. contiguous, neuters 0.
Anthers 2-4, sessile, cells oblong, pores apical. Ovaries globose or obovoid,
1-4-celled ; style short or long, stigma entire or 2-4-lebed ; ovules solitary,
subbasilar, anatropous. Berries subglobose or obovoid. Seeds exalbumi-
nee embryo macropodous.—Species about 30-40, tropics of the Old

orld.

* Style many times longer than the ovary.

1. A. campanulatus, Blume ew Decne. in Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat.
Par, iii. (1834), 366 (excl. all syn. but Rowb.); peduncle very short and
petiole rough, spathe campanulate limb suberect or recurved waved and
crenulate, spadix hardly longer than the spathe, appendage globosely
conoid or amorphous sinuously-lobed. Thw. Enum. 335. Dalz. & Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 259; Engler Arac. 309 (excl. many syns. § citations). A. Chatty,
André in Illustr. Hortic. (1872), 361. A. virosus, N. H. Br. in Gard.
Chron. (1885) 759; Bot. Mag. t. 6978. Candarum Roxburghii, Schott
Melet. i. 17. Arum campanulatum, Roxb. Cor. Pl. iii. 68, t. 272; #7.
Ind. iii. 509; Wight Ic. t. 785, and ? 782.

Prains or Inpra, from the PansaB to BENGAL, the Decoay, and CzYLon.
VOL. VL. ul

514 CLXvI, anoIDEz. (J.D. Hooker.) [Amorphophallus.

Tuber a, depressed bulbilliferous sphere 8-10 in. diam. Leaves 1-2, 1-3 ft. broad,
segments simple or forked; leaflets oblong, acute; petiole dark green with pale
blotches. Peduncle elongating in fruit ; sheaths linear-oblong. Spathe 6-9 in. across
the orbiculai-ovate obtuse limb, coriaceous or fleshy, variable in colour, green, usually
with white spots below, greenish purple above, rough and dark purple within towards
the base. Spadiz very stout; fem. infl. cylindric, male subturbinate; appendage
dark-purple, sometimes 6 in. diam. Berries obovoid.—The geographical limits of
this species are quite uncertain (owing to its being cultivated widely in the East for
its tubers); and its synonymy is so mixed that I have withheld many supposed
synonyms and al] habitats but India. The name campanulatus first appeared under
Amorphophallus in 1884, in Decaisne’s paper cited above, as a Timor plant;
and Roxburgh’s Arum campanulatum is there given by Blume as its type, together
with drum Rumphii, Gaud. in Freye. Voy. Bot. 127, t. 34, &c. Whether either of the
above is the Timor plant has never been discovered, but the appended description
applies to Roxburgh’s species. In 1835 in Rumphia, Blume described, also as Rox-
burgh’s Arum campanulatum, and giving the same diagnosis as in Decaisne)
a very much larger Javanese plant, with a widely expanded spathe and longer
spadix with a long conico-ovoid appendage. As Blume evidently all along
believed that he was dealing with Roxburgh’s Indian plant I think it best to name
and limit the Indian species in accordance with his intentions and his and Roxburgh’s
diagnosis, and accept Dr. Prain’s name for the Javanese plant (4. Rew) which
being also a native of the Andaman Islds., comes within the pale of the Brit.
Ind. Flora. Wight gives copies of two drawings of Roxburgh’s A. eampanu-
latus, one, t. 785, the true plant; the other, t. 782, has a much larger broadly
campanulate spathe, 15 in. diam., with recurved margins, more like that of
A. Rex, but with a short broad appendage 8 in. diam. and about as tall. Of this
Wight says he finds no description in Kosburgh’s Flora; it is, however, no doubt
to it that Roxburgh alludes in speaking of large plants with the appendage 6 in.
diam. 7 ;

2. A. Rex, Prain mss.; peduncle very short and petiole rough,
spathe broadly campanulate with waved revolute margins, spadix much
longer than the spathe, appendage elongate conoid sinuously waved. A.
campanulatus, Blume Rumph. i. 139, t. 32, 33 (eal. syn.).

ANDAMAN Isxps. ; Narcondam Islds., Prain.—DistRIB. Java.

A very much larger plant than A. campanulatus, with the depressed tuber
attaining nearly a foot diam., the leaf blade 5 ft. diam., the alternate segments
6-10 in., the petiole attaining 5 ft., and stout peduncle 2-3 in. elongating to 80 in.
in fruit. Spathe very broadly campanulate, 12-18 in. diam., with broad undulate re-
volute margins, sometimes produced on one side into a prolonged pendulous apex, pale
red-purple. Spadix, &.,asin A. campanulatus, but much larger, with a sinuate
appendage 10-14 in. long, that rises high above the spathe, is broadly conical
and purple-brown or pale and spotted with brown.

8. A. dubius, Blume Rumph. i. 142; petiole rough, spathe 3-5 in.
diam. subsessile campanulate with a rather long oblong tube and ovate
waved quite entire suberect or spreading limb, spadix shorter than the
spathe, appendage globosely ovoid quite smooth. Kunth Enum. iii. 32;
Schott Syn.38; Prodr. 130; Bot. Mag. t. 5187 ; Engler Arac.310. Dracon-
tium polyphyllam, Denst. Clav. Hort. Mal. 38 (not of Linn.).—Hort.
Mal. xi. t. 18.

MaaBak (Rheede), CEYLON, Thwaites.

Leaves as in A. campanulatus ; petiole green with pale blotches. Peduncle very
short ; sheaths equalling the tube of the spathe, oblong, retuse, apiculate. Spathe
with the tube 3 in. long, green without and within; limb ovate in outline, disk dull
dark purple with a bright green narrow waved border. Spadie 4 in., male infl.
nearly 1 in. diam., fem. 4 in.; appendage 1} in. diam., chesnut-brown, anthers

Amorphophallus.] oLxvt. anowss. (J.D. Hooker.) 515

linear-oblong ; stigma 2-fid.—Described from the figure in Bot. Mag. Rheede’s
figure represents fem. infl. much shorter than in A. campanulatus.

4, A.longistylus, Kurz Andaman Rep. 50 (name); spathe long-
peduncled, limb acute or acuminate hardly broader than the convolute
ovoid tube, appendage cylindric narrowed to the tip many times longer
than the inf. and spathe.

Aypaman Iszps.; Kurz.

Tuber a depressed sphere, not bulbilliferous. Leaf very large, leaflets 3-5 by
2-23 in., broadly elliptic ovate or obovate, base contracted ; petiole 2-3 ft., green
spotted with purple ; sheaths closely wrapping the base. Spathe 13 by 5 in,, dull red
purple with darker blotches, sides infolding above the middle convolute low down.
Spadiz sessile; infl. shorter than the spathe; male } in., fem. shorter ; appendage
é he dark violet-purple. Anthers very short.—Described from a drawing in Herb.

falcutt.

** Style very short or 0.
Tt Spadia not or very little longer than the spathe.

5. A. bulbifer, Blume Rumph.i. 148; spathe long-peduncled tube
broad turgid limb rather longer ovate cymbiform obtuse, spadix very stout
shorter or a little longer than the spathe, appendage ag long as infl. and
broader than elongate conoid or oblong top rounded. Kunth Enum. iii.
34; Regel Gartenfi. (1871), t. 688; Engler Arac. 317, and Ic. ined. No. 156.
Arum bulbiferum, Rorb. Fl. Ind. iii. 510; Bot. Mag. t. 2072, 2508; Grahk.
Cat. Bomb. Pl. 229; Wall. Cat. 8935, 8936 (spathe). A. occultatum and
taccoides, Herb. Ham. Pythonium bulbiferam, Schott Melet. i. 18.
Conophallus bulbifer, Schott Syn. 34; Gen. t. 80; Prodr. 128.

Eastern BeneaL, Sikkim, the Kuasta Hits, and Burma, ascending to
5000 ft. The Concan, Graham.

Tuber globose. Leaf 12-18 in. diam., ultimately bulbilliferous at the base, forks,
and nerves above; leaflets 3-8 in., obovate or lanceolate; petiole 3-4 ft., and peduncle
8-10 in., green and pink streaked with green or black. Spathe 5-8 in., erect, pale
pink or yellowish clouded with pink, rose-pink within. Sadia sessile; infl. 3 in.
by 3 diam.; appendage 3-4 in., pale flesh-colrd. or white. -Amthers short. Stigma
2-lobed.

6. A. commutatus, Engler Arac. 319; spathe long-peduncled erect
ovate-lanceolate obtuse base shortly sheathing, spadix about as long as the
spathe, appendage three or four times longer than the infl. but. not
stouter, tapering from the sessile base upwards. Conophallus commu-
tatus, Schott in Bonpland. (1859), 28; Prodr. 128.

The Concan ; Stocks.

Tuber and leaf unknown. Peduncle 1-3 ft. Spathe 6-10 by 14-4 in., rough
at the base within, tip obtuse. Spadix columnar, sessile; male infl. 13-2 in., fem.
4-11 in., both cylindric ; appendage not contracted above the infl., smooth, tip obtuse.
Anthers very shortly oblong. Stigma sessile, disciform.

7. A. purpurascens, Kurz mss.; leaflets elliptic-obovate, spathe small
very long-peduncled cymbiform acute base shortly convolute, spadix shorter
or rather longer than the spathe stout, appendage rather longer but little
broader than the infl. stout elongate conoidal tip rounded.

Prev, Marrasay, and in the Ignawappy and Sirrane VaLieys, Kurz,

Tuber small, 2 in. diam., not bulbilliferous. Zeaf small, 10 in. diam., 3-sect
with segments 3-5 by 1-2 in., petiole 18 ie pale green. Peduncile 16 in., red-purple,

L

516 OLXVI, aRoDEH. (J.D. Hooker.) [Amorphophailus.

striate ; wrapped at the base by short sheaths. Spathe (perhaps immature) 3 in.,
dark green, blue at the sides with red margins. Spadio 3 in. ; infl. cylindric, stout,
male the longest; appendage nearly 2 in., not contracted at the base, white.
Anthers very short. Stigma sessile, disciform, lobulate.

8. A. chlorospathus, Kurz mss.; leaflets linear, spathe cymbiform
erect base shortly convolute, spadix shorter than the spathe stout, appen-
dage rather longer but not broader than the infl. stout elongate conoidal
tip rounded.

Peau, the InawaDy and Sirane VaLLEys, Kurz.

Tuber « depressed sphere or hemisphere, 2 in. diam., not bulbilliferous. Leaf
2 ft. diam., trisect, segments winged and pinnatifidly cut into finely acuminate
leaflets 5-8 by 4-3 in.; petiole 18-20 in., green. Peduncle 16 in., stout, green,
pale reddish-brown below; sheaths not long. Spathe 4 in., green, paler within.
Spadin 23-8 in., infl. cylindric, male longest ; appendage not contracted at the base,
white. Anthers very short. Stigma sessile, discoid.

9. A. sparsiflorus, Hook. f.; spathe with an ovate-oblong suberect
acute limb the basal margins revolute round the mouth of the infundibular
tube, spadix much shorter than the spathe, appendage fusiformly conoid
as long as the infl., male and fem. fl. scattered.

Perak; Maxwell’s Hill, Wray (No. 111), Kunstler.

Tuber orange-shaped. Leaf bulbiferous at top of petiole, green, shaded
with red or brown; leaflets 7, shortly petiolulate, 6-8 by 14 in., oblanceolate,
acuminate. Peduncle 1-24 in., sheaths longer, linear. Spathe 5 in.; tube 14 in.,
pale red-brown spotted with purplish-brown. Spadix 34 in. Anthers minute, very
short. Ovaries small, globose, style very short, stigma capitate.

tt Spadix much longer than the spathe.

10. A. oncophyllus, Prain mss.; spathe long-peduncled tube ovoid
dilating into a large orbicular-ovate limb the lower margins of which are
revolute round the open mouth of the tube, spadix far exserted, appendage
as long as the infl. elongate conoid,

AnpaMAN Istps.; on Cocos Islets, Prain.

Tuber depressed, 5-9 in., diam., bulbilliferous. Zeaf 34 ft. broad ; leaflets 6-8 in. ;
petiole 2-3 ft., dull green, blotched with greenish white. Pedunele 12-15 in., fruiting
longer, very stout; sheaths 2-7 in. Tube of spathe 3 in. long and broad, whitish,
obliquely streaked with green and spotted with dull green; limb 8 in. long by
5 broad, inclined, dull red-purple blotched with yellow. Spadix 8-18 in., sessile;
male infil. about equalling the fem.; appendage creamy-yelluw. Anthers short.
Stigma 2-lobed.—A superb species, described from a drawing, dried specimen and a
living plant at Kew.

11. A. Prainii, Hook. f.; spathe obliquely campanulate tube very
broad subcylindric base truncate, limb short orbicular-ovate margins
waved, spudix very stout, exserted appendage very large conoid smooth
much longer and broader than the infil.

Perak; Larut, Scortechini, Kunstler. Punane (Ic. in Herb. Kew).

Tuber 6-10 in. diam., not bulbilliferous. Leaves 4 ft. broad, leaflets 4—8, lanceo-
late, caudate-acuminate; petiole 3-5 ft., green mottled with grey, or white and red.
Peduncle 3-5 in.; sheaths very large, 8-12 by 4 in., pinkish. Tube (or rather con-
volute parts) of spathe 2 in. long and as broad, pale green spotted with white;
limb €-3 in. diam., yellow, base within rough purple-brown. Male infl.} sub-
turbinate, fem. about as long, appendage 6-8 in. by 2-3 diam. cream-colrd. smooth.

- Anthers linear. Stigma 2-lobed.—Spathe and spadix more like A. campanulatus
than are others with short styles.

Amorphophallus.] ouxvi. anos, (J. D, Hooker.) 517

12. A. burmanicus, Hook. f.; spathe broadly ovate from a short
tumid oblong tube erect, spadix far exserted, appendage ovoid or cylindric-
ovoid much shorter than the male infl.

Burma; on the Karen Hills, alt. 8000 ft., Kurz.

Pedunele 4-6 in., much longer than the sheaths. Spathe 4-5 by 3-4 in., nearly
smooth within, tube 14 in, long. Spadia 3-6 in, male infl, 1-2 in., fem. 3-2 in. ;
appendage 1} in., anthers short, prismatic, Ovaries depressed-globose, with a short
stout style, stigma large, quite entire-—Tuber and leaf wanting.

13. A. hematospadix, Hook. f.; spathe campanulate convolute
below dilating above into an ovate or ovate-lanceolate obtuse erect limb
with margins revolute all round the mouth of the tube nearly to the tip,
spadix stout exserted, appendage cylindric-clavate three times as long as
the infil. blood-red tip rounded.

Prnana? Curtis (Hort. Kew, 1892.)

Tuber shortly turbinate, 24 in. diam. Leaf about 20 in. diam.; leaflets 5-7 in.
oblong-lanceolate, finely acuminate; petiole 16 in., very stout, green, terete below,
ribbed and keeled above. Peéduncle 10 in., terete, brown, striated ; sheaths appressed
to the base, red-brown. Spathe 5 in., limb primrose-yellow, tube striate with pink,
dark purple within. Spadiz sessile, 7 in.; infl. 14 in., male 3 times as long as the
few-fid. fem.; appendage $in,. diam. at the thickest part. Anthers very short.
Ovary globose, narrowed into a short rather slender style, stigma small, capitate.

14, A. elatus, Hook. f.; peduncle very tall rough, spathe lanceolate
acute erect sheathing for the lower half margins not revolute, spadix more
than twice as long as the spathe very stout, appendage more than
twice as long as the infl, narrowed from below the middle to the slender
tip.

Matay Pzyinsuza; Larut, Perak, Kunstler.

Tuber and leaves unknown. Peduncle 3-4 ft., and petiole variegated green
brown white andred. Spathe.6 in., cream-colrd,, membranous, -appressed to the
spadix, apparently mottled; tube 1} in, diam., base rounded, Spadiw a foot long,
rather narrowed towards the base, about $ in. diam. in the thickest’ part, dark and
light blue; male infl, 3 in.; fem. 13 in. Anthers small, very short. Ovaries
globose ; style very short, stout, stigma capitate—A stately species, the colours are
taken from Kunstler’s notes, The specimen is unique in Herb. Calcutta ; its nearest
ally is perhaps Blume’s A. variabilis. ;

IMPERFECTLY KNOWN AND EXCLUDED SPECIES.

A. aiaantEus, Blume Rumph. i. 147, t. 34, is not British Indian; and the re-
ference under it to Denst. Olav. Hort. Mal. and Rheede Hort. Mal. should be
struck out. »

A. LYBATUS, Engler Arac. 319 (Arum lyratum, Rombd. Fl. Ind. iti. 508, Cono-
phallus lyratus, Schott Syn. 35; Prodr. 180) is according to Roxburgh’s drawing
Tacca pinnatifida, with the detached berry of an Arisema ? .

A. TUBEROULIGER, E'ngler Arac. 317 ; tuber small, leaf 3-sect, branches 1-2 in.
pinnatifidly or pinnatisectly 3-5-foliolate, segments 3-4 by 1-1} in. sessile elliptic-
lanceolate caudate-acuminate; petiole 10-12 in. bearing a pisiform bulbil at the top.
Conophallus tuberculiger, Schott, Bonpland. (1859), 78 ; Prodr. 129.—Khasia Hills,
alt, 8-4000 ft. J. D. H.and T. T.—Described by Schott from leaves only. Engler
has added a description of the spathe of A. bulbifer, from the drawing of a Sikkim
specimen of that plant which he supposed to be the same.

10. SYNANTHERIAS, Schott.

Characters of Amormophallus, but male and fem. infl. distant, with
oblong depressed interposed neuters.

518 CLXVI. AROIDER. (J.D. Hooker.) [Synantherias.

RyAPHIOPHALLUS, Schott Gen. Aroid. t. 27; Syn. 125; Engler Arac. 321,
would appear from the characters given not to be separable from Synantherias.
It was founded on a Canara plant collected by Hohenacker, of which I have
seen no specimen; and is described and figured as having a few gibbous neuters,
and a slender subulate appendage shorter than the spathe. In other respects it
agrees with S. sylvatica.

S. sylvatica, Schott Gen. Aroid. t. 28; Prodr. 176; Engler Arac.
820; Ic. ined. No. 155; Bot. Mag. t. 7190. Amorphophallus sylvaticus,
Kunth Enum. iii. 34; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 259. A. zeylanicus, Blume
Rumph. i. 148 ; Thw. num. 335 ; Engler Arac. 314. Brachyspatha sylvatica,
Schott Syn. 35. B. zeylanica, Schott Syn. 35; Prodr. 127. Arum sylva-
ticum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ui. 511; Wight Ie. t. 802.

The Deccan Prninsvza, from the northern Circars to the Concan, and south-
wards to CEYLON.

Tuber subglobose, bulbilliferous. Leaves 1 or 2, 14-24 ft. diam.; divisions
1-2-pinnatifid; leaflets 2-6 in., lanceolate, long-acuminate; petiole and peduncle
1-2 ft., and spathe clouded barred and streaked with green and pale pink. Spathe
2-4 in., tube broad convolute, base truncate; limb very short, ovate, acute. Spada
stipitate ; infl. as long as the spathe, terminating in a brown flexuous appendage 5-6
times as long; infl. cylindric, male narrowed ; neuters sub 2-seriate, quite flat, pel-
tately adnate, yellow-brown. fale fl. of scattered or fascicled minute sessile obcuneate
anthers, Ovaries globose, style very short; stigma capitate ; ovules subbasilar.

ll. THOMSONIA, Wall.

Characters of Amorphophalius, but appendage clothed below with
depressed neuters and all over above with tubercles.

T.nepalensis, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. 83, t. 99; Blume Rumph. i. 150;
Engler Arac. 306. T. Hookeri, Engler 1.c. 307. Pythonium Wallichia-
num, Schott Melet.i.17; Syn. 36; Gen. t. 25; Prodr. 128; Kunth Enum,
ii. 30. Arum grandiflorum, Herb. Ham.—Aroid. Wall. Cat. n. 8949.

TropicaL Himataya; Nepal, Wallich; Sikkim, alt. 2-6000 ft., J. D. H.
AssaM, Hamilton. Kuasia Huns, alt. 1-5000 ft,

Tuber 4-5 in. diam., not bulbilliferous. Leaf 12-18 in. diam. or more; leaflets
3-5 in., ovate or oblong-lanceolate, caudate-acuminate; petiole 18 in. and very
stout. Pedunele light green blotched with much darker, sheaths pink. Spathe
12-18 by 3-6 in. diam., oblong-cymbiform, shortly narrowly convolute at the base,
erect, green. Spadix 5-10 in., exserted, very stout ; male infl. 2-5 in., fem. 4-2 in. ;
appendage 3-4 in. and as long or shorter than the male infl., cylindric, green
changing to yellow, top rounded. Anthers 3-5, substipitate, compressed, 2-celled,
pollen vermiform. Ovaries globose, 2-celled; style stout ; larger than the cells, up-
curved, stigma discoid ; obscurely lobed ; ovule 1, basilar, erect, anatropous. Fruit?

T. Hookeri, Engler Arac. 307 (Allopythion, Hookeri Schott Gen. 24, t. 24;
Prodr. 122; founded on a very bad specimen of a Khasian plant (the leaf of which
Mr, Brown thinks may be that of an Arisema) is altogether doubtful. ‘There is u
drawing in Herb. Kew of a curious state of 7. nepalensis, with a fan-shaped green
foliaceous spathe, cut irregularly and deeply into lanceolate acuminate costate lobes,

12. PLESMONIUM, Schott.

Characters of Amorphophallus, but male and fem. inf. distant, with
large obovoid pearl-like or turbinate neuters interposed, and no append-
age.

P. margaritiferum, Schott Syn. 34; Gen. t. 26; Prodr, 124; Engler

Plesmoium.] CLXVI. aRoIDEx. (J. D. Hooker.) 519

Arac. 303. Amorphophallus margaritiferus, Kunth Enum. iii. 34. Arum
margaritifer, Morb. Fl. Ind. iii. 512; Wight Ic. t. 795. Caladium
discretum, Herb. Ham.— Wali. Cat. 8937 A.

Hinvostan ; Rowburgh. Benaat, at Dacca, Clarke.

Tuber 6 in. diam, or less, bulbilliferous all over. Leaves 1: ft. diam., 3-sect;
segments pinnatisect, lateral forked; leaflets few, 4-6 in., linear, acuminate ;
petiole 14-2 ft., green. Peduncle 12-18 in., stout, pale green streaked with
darker green. Spathe 5-6 in. by 4 broad, erect, broadly ovate, obtuse, concave,
loosely convolute below the middle, pale yellow-green, flushed with pink within,
dark purple at the base, Spadix very stout, stipitate, obtuse, as long as the spathe ;
male inf. much the longest; neuters as large as peas, white. Anthers crowded,
very short, pores confluent. Ovaries scattered, globose, narrowed into a short
style ; stigma large, 2~3-lobed.—P. dubiwm, Schott (Prodr. 125 ; Engler Arac. 1. ¢.)
founded on a very imperfect spathe and spadix from Pegu (McLelland) is distin-
guished by its auther by the neuters being (in a dried state) turbinate with acute
margins all round.

13. ARIOPSIS, Nimmo.

Small tuberous herb. Leaves entire, peltate. Spathe small, cymbiform,
open (tube 0) persistent. Spadiw shorter than the spathe, appendage 0;
male fl. cylindric; fem. adnate to the base of the spathe. Male fl. em-
bedded in the tissue of the spadix; anthers connate in groups of 3, each
2-celled, surrounding a pore into which all open. Ovaries few, oblong,
l-celled; stigma sessile, 4-6-fid ; ovules many, orthotropous, 2-seriate on
4-6 parietal placentas. Berries 3-6-angled, many-seeded, stigmas stellate.
Seeds pendulous, albuminous ; embryo axile.

This genus has hitherto been ascribed to Graham, in whose “ Catalogue of the
Plants of Bombay and its vicinity” it first appeared, and where the letter N.
following the name was assumed by Schott and all subsequent authors to mean
te, obis.” It really means “‘ Nimmo,’? Graham’s coadjutor in the work, an excellent

otanist.

1. A. peltata; Nimmo in Grah. Cat. Bomb. Pl. 252; Schott Syn.
40; Gen. t. 85; Prodr. 135; Bot. Mag. t. 4222; Engler Arac. 528. A.
protanthera, V. #. Br. in Rep. R. Gard. Kew, 1877, 57. Remusatia vivi-
para, Wight Ic. t. 900 (not of Schott). Caladium ? ovatum, Herb. Ham.—
Aroid. Wall. Cat. 8956, 8957.

WESTEEN SUBTROPICAL HimaLaYa, from Nepal to Sikkim, alt. 4-6000 ft. Burua;
in the Karen Hills, Kurz. WrsTerRN GuHatTs; from the Concan to Travancore,
Heyne, &c.

Tubers small, clustered. Leaves 1-6 in. diam., orbicular or cordate, tip
rounded or acute, membranous, glaucous beneath ; petiole 2~7 in., slender. Pedunele
1-4 in., very slender. Spathe 1 in., incurved, apiculate, violet with a green dorsal
ridge, paler within. Spadix decurved; male infl. dark purple; fem. green, stigma
yellow.—A. protanthera, owes its origin to the fact, that whereas all the Himalayan
specimens then in Kew Herbarium from various collections showed that flowering
had preceded leafing kya considerable interval ; all those from the Western Ghats
showed that those processes had been contemporaneous. Specimens of the Himalayan
plant recently received from the Calcutta Herbarium, have invalidated the above

character.
14. STEUDNERA, C. Koch.
Herbs; caudex stout. Leaves ovate, long-petioled, peltate. Spathe

shortly convolute at the base, limb ovate-lanceolate, expanded, reflexed,
marcescent. Spadix very short, dense-fld.; male infl. clavate or capitate ;

520 CLxvI. ARowEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) [Steudnera.

fem. adnate below to the spathe. Stamens 3-6, connate in a peltate body
with a flat crenulate crown; anther-cells globose. Ovaries mixed with
clavate staminodes, subglobose, 1-celled; stigma 4-5-lobed; ovules many,
parietal, orthotropous.—Species 6 or 8, Indian and Burman.

1. S. discolor, Hort. Bull. (Cat. 1875, No. 75); leaves 10-12 in.
ovate acute with dark blotches between the nerves, base retuse, spathe
43 in. ovate acuminate golden yellow on both surfaces, base within purple.
S. colocasizefolia, Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6076 (copied in Fl. des Serres, xxi.
t. 2201). S. colocasizfolia, var. discolor, Engl. Arac. 452.

Inp1a, Hort. Bull.
Stem short, stout, clothed with brown sheaths. Leaves dark green above, paler
with dark blotches beneath. Spadix 1} in., pale; staminodes 4-5, clavate.

2. S. colocasiewfolia, C. Koch in Gstr. Bot. Wochenschr. (1862),
114; leaves 10-12 in. ovate acute concolorous, base retuse, spathe 6 in.
lanceolate caudate-acuminate golden yellow without dark purple within.
Schott in Bonpland. x. (1862), 222; Regel Gartenfl. (1869), 323, t. 633;
André Ill. Hortic. xix. 33, t. 90; Bot. Mag.t. 6762; Engler Arac. 452, and
Ie. ined. No. 141 (excl. var. discolor and Hab. Burma, and Syn. Gona-
tanthus).

Magrrasan, and the Karen Hills, Kurz.
Closely allied to S. discolor, but a larger coarser plant, with stronger nerves, a
longer differently coloured spathe, and fewer staminodes.

3. S. assamica, Hook. f.; leaves 7-8 in. ovate-oblong acute base

rounded, spathe 3-33 in. lanceolate caudate-acuminate red purple on both
surfaces. Aroid. Wall. Cat. 8953.

Assam; Duphla Hills, Lister (Ic. in Herb. Caleutt). Cacuar, Keenan.

Caudew as thick as the thumb, fibrous above. Leaves bright green, paler beneath;
petiole 6-8 iz., slender. Peduncle 3-5 in. Spathe erect. Spadix 3-1 in.; male
infl. cylindric.—Wallich’s specimen is without locality.

4. S. Griffithii, Schott in Bonpland. (1862), 222; leaves 4-5 in.
ovate-oblong acute or cuspidate base emarginate or shortly 2-lobed, spathe
2-3 in. ovate-lanceolate acuminate yellowish green on both surfaces brown
purple below the middle within. Gonatanthus Griffithii, Schott Prodr.
1438.—Arum sp. Griff. Notul. iii. 144; Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 164, f. 1.

Upper Burma, Griffith, at Namtuseek (Kew Distrib. 5970).

Caudex prostrate, elongate, clothed with fibres, as thick as a swan’s quill.
Leaves deep green above, glaucous-white beneath. Spadim ? in, male infl.
cylindric.

5. S. colocasioides, Hook. f.; leaves 9-24 in. broadly ovate acute
base broadly retuse, spathe 5-9 in. narrowly lanceolate acuminate tube
convolute limb creamy-yellow, fem. infl. half tree. Aroid. Wall. Cat. 8944,
8947.

Sixxim Himataya, King (Ic. in Herb. Caleutt.). S1nHEt, De Silva. Cacuar,
Keenan (Hort. Kew).

Caudex elongate, 1} in. diam., fibrous above. Leaves thin in texture, light
green above, glaucous beneath; petiole 12-18 in., green. Peduncles several,
5-7 in. Spathe erect, tube 1 in., ovoid, green; limb membranous. Spadia 2 in.,
fem. infl. cylindric above the middle; male as long as the fem. cylindric. Ovaries
globose ; staminodes very minute, clavate ?—Very different from its congeners in
size and spathe,

Steudnera.] OLXVI, aRomDEz, (J, D. Hooker.) 521

6. S- capitellata, Hook. f.; leaves 8-9 by 7-8 in. orbicular-ovate
subacute base broadly retuse, ‘spathe 34-4 in. pendulous from the de-
curved peduncle lanceolate acuminate yellowish-brown without pale
purple and striated within, male inf. globose.

Burma ; in evergreen forests, Tonkyaghet, Kurz (Le. in Herb. Caleutt.).

Caudea as thick as the little finger, densely fibrous; sheaths 4in. Leaves pale
green above, paler beneath, nerves about 5 pairs, strong, arched; petiole 1 ft.,

slender. Pedwncles many (4 in the drawing), 4-5 in., veryslender, Spadin 4-1 in.,
fem, infl. very long,

15. HAPALINE, Schott.

Small tuberous herbs. Leaves membranous, cordate or sagittate.
Spathe long-peduncled, tube cylindric, decurrent tightly convolute, limb
lanceolate or linear-oblong, flat. Spadix equalling the spathe; male
and fem. infl. remote; male elongate; fem. adnate to the spathe, of
few uniseriate ovaries. Male jl. an elongate hexagonal peltate shortly
stipitate body, with 4-6 minute globose anther-cells pendulous from its
margin. Ovaries ovoid, l-celled, 1-ovuled; stigma disciform; ovule erect,
anatropous.

1. H. Benthamiana, Schott in str. Bot. Wochenbl. (1857), 85;
Prodr, 162; leaves oblong-sagittate basal lobes narrow obtuse more than
half as long as the anticous, spathe acuminate ; Engler Arac. 489; Kurz in
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xlii. ii. (1873), 109, t. 9. Hapale, Schott Gen. Aroid.
t. 44.—Aroid. Wall. Cat. 8953 A.

Burma; banks of the Attran river, Wallich. Pzev and Marrazan, in dry
forests, Kurz.

Tuber small. Leaves few, 3-4 in. long ; sinus deep, narrow ; petiole and peduncle
slender. Spathe 2-3 in. long, membranous, white.

2. H. Brownii, Hook. f.; leaves ovate acuminate deeply cordate,
basal lobes rounded 3rd the length of the anticous, spathe oblong apiculate.

Matay PENINSULA; Quedah, alt. 100-500 ft. King’s Collector.

Habit of H. Benthamiana, differing in the basal lobes of the leaf and
form of the spathe.—Named after Mr. N. E. Brown, assistant in the Kew Herbarium.
(See p. 490).

16. REMUSATIA, Schott.

Tuberous herbs, flowering and leafing in alternate years? bearing
long radical bulbilliferous shoots. Leaf solitary, entire, peltate. Spathe
coriaceous ; tube convolute, ovoid, accrescent over the fruit; limb broad
or narrow, erect or spreading and reflexed, deciduous. Spadia very
short, sessile, male and fem. infl. separated by neuters; appendage 0; male
infl. clavate, of densely packed angular table-topped male fl. and neuters ;
fem. short, cylindric. Stamens with a fleshy connective bearing 2-3 small
anther-cells opening by terminal slits. Ovaries ovoid, l-celled; stigma
sessile, disciform; placentas parietal; ovules many, orthotropous.
Berries small. Seeds albuminous, embryo axile.

.R. vivipara, Schott Melet. i. 18; Syn. 43; Gen. Avoid. t. 36;
Brod t. 187; ees Gand. (1846), t. 66; bulbilliferous shoots very stout
suberect or ascending simple or very shortly branched, limb of spathe

522 CLXVI. AROIDER. (J. D. Hooker.) [Remusatia.

reflexed broadly orbicular-obovate cuspidate. Kunth Enum. iii. 36; Miquel
Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 205; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 259; Grahk. Cat. Bomb. Pl.
228; Wall. Cat. 8939; Engler Arac. 496. Caladium viviparum, Dodd.
Bot. Cab. t. 281. Colocasia vivipara, Thw. Hnum. 336. Arum viviparum,
Rowb. Fl. Ind. iii. 496; Wight Ic. t. 798.—Rheede Hort. Mal. xii. t. 9.

SusrropicaL Himataya ; alt. 2~3000 ft. from Kumaon to Sikkim. The Kasra
Hints and Burma. BewHaR, on Parasnath, alt. 4500 ft., Clarke. The WESTERN
Guats, and CEYLON.—DIstTRIB. Java.

Tuber size of a hazel or walnut, viviparous shoots 6-11 in., bulbils squamosely
crinite. Leaf 5 by 34 to 18 by 12 in. membranous, orbicular ovate or cordate, acute
or acuminate ; petiole 1 ft. or less. Spathe 4-5 in. long, tube green, limb 2-3 in.
broad, golden yellow. Spadix 1-1} in.

2. R. Hookeriana, Schott in str. Bot. Wochenbl. (1858), 138;
Prodr. 187 ; bulbilliferous shoots slender prostrate or pendulous much
branched, limb of spathe erect ovate-oblong acuminate. Hagler Arac. 497.

TEMPERATE Himaxaya; Simla to Sikkim, alt. 47000 ft.

Tuber as in R. vivipara. Leaves ovate-oblong, cordate, caudate-acuminate
beneath between the nerves; petiole 2-9 in. Spathke 14-24 in., limb 4-2 in. broad,
sometimes coppery, more or less convolute.

17. GONATANTHUS, Klotzsch.

Tuberous herbs, with the habit foliage and bulbilliferous shoots of
Remusatia, but the shoots are branched and the spathe has a slender
elongate convolute limb, there are no neuters between the male and fem.
infl., and the ovules are numerous and basilar. :

G. sarmentosus; Klotzsch in Link & Kl. Ic. Pl. i. 33, ti. 14; leaves
ovate-cordate. Kunth Enum. iii. 36; Schott Syn. 44; Gen. t. 39; Prodr.
142; Bot. Mag. t. 5275; Gartenfl. (1868), 227, t. 588; Engler Arac. 571.
Caladium pumilum, Don Prodr. 21. Colocasia? pumila, Kunth Enum.
iii. 40.—Aroid. Wall. Cat. 8982.

TEMPERATE Himauaya ; from Kumaon to Sikkim, alt. 4-6500 ft. Kasra Hits,
alt. 4-5000 ft.

Tuber smal] and slender branched shoots with the small crinite bulbils of
Remusatia Hookeriana. Leaves peltate, acuminate, dark green above; petiole
48in. Peduncle 2-3 in. Spathe 6-10 in. long, tube }-$in., ovoid, green ; base
of limbas long or longer than the tube, inflated, reclined, the rest suberect,
with a long recurved tip, golden yellow, contracted at the base, margins completely
convolute. Spathe with the fem. infl. in the tube, the stipitate clavate red-brown
male in the swollen base of the limb. Spadiw 1-14 in. long; stipes of male infl.
angular and crown of anthers chocolate-brown ; fem. infl. short, ovaries few closely
packed, globose, stigma a disciform area. Berries yellow. Seeds on long funicles,
ovoid ; testa rough, with a fleshy yellow coat.

2. G.? ornatus; Schott in str. Bot. Zeitschr. (1858), 121; leaves
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate base cordate.

SIKKIM Himataya, Thomson. Kuasta Hits, alt. 5000 ft., J. D. H. & T. T.

In the absence of inflorescence this is an altogether doubtful plant. It differs
from G. sarmentosus in the much narrower leaves, 5-10 by 13-3} in., which in the
originally described Khasia specimens were of a fine coppery-purple between the
green nerves and the broad green margin. In specimens apparently of the same
plant from both Sikkim and the Khasia Hills, the leaves are green and concolorous,
No bulbilliferous shoots have been seen,

CLXVI. AROIDER. (J.D. Hooker.) 523

18. COLOCASTIA, Linn.

Tall coarse herbs, tuberous or with a stout short caudex, flowering and
leafing together. Leaves stoutly petioled, peltate, ovate-cordate. Spathe
stoutly peduncled; tube thick, accrescent, persistent, mouth constricted ;
limb erect, deciduous. Spadix shorter than the spathe, stout or slender ;
male and fem. infl. with usually interposed flat neuters; appendage
cylindric subulate or 0. Ovaries and ovules as in Remusatia. Berries
obconic or oblong. Seeds oblong, suleate, albumen copious ; embryo axile.
—Species 6 or 7 tropical Asiatic.

1. G. Antiquorum, Schott Melet.i.18; Syn. 40; Prodr. 38; leaves
large ovate with a broad triangular basal sinus, tube of spathe oblong 2-4
times shorter than the narrow lanceolate limb, appendage very variable.
Miquel #1. Ind. Bat. iii. 202; Kunth Enum. iii. 37; Thwaites Enum. 335 ;
Benth. Fl, Austral.vii. 155; Engler Arac.491 and Icon.ined.No.251. C. escu-
lenta, and acris, Schott Melet.i.18; Kunthl.c.C. nymphezifolia, Kunth I.c.
C. Fontanesii, Schott in (str. Bot. Wochenbl. (1854), 409. C. pruinipes, Koch
& Bouché, Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. (1854), 4. C. euchlora, C. Koch. & Lindi.l. c.
App. Caladium esculentum, Vent. Hort. Cels. 30; Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. 489 ; C.
acre, Br. Prodr. 336; C. nymphwifolium, Vent.l.c.; Griff: Notul. iii. 144, t.
161 B. 2 (ovules), Arum Colocasia. Linn. Sp. Pl. 965; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii.
494; Grah. Cat. Bomb. Pl. 228; Wight Ic. t. 786, f.1. A. nymphaifolium,
Roxb. & Grah, ll. cc.; Wight l. c.f. 2. A. peltatum, Lam, Encyel. iii,
18.—Colocasia, Wall. Cat. 8943—Rheede Hort. Mal. xi. t. 28.

Throughout the hotter parts of Inp1a (up to 7600 ft. in the Himalaya) and
CgYLoNn, in moist and dry places, wild or cultivated—DistRiB. cult. in all hot
countries,

Leaves 6-16 in., dark green, dull, sometimes clouded with black; petiole stout,
3-4 ft., green or violet. Peduncles solitary or clustered and connate, much shorter
than the petioles. Spathe 8-18 in., caudate-acuminate, erect, pale yellow. Spadix
shorter than the spathe; fem. infl. as long as that of the staminodes, male infil.
longer.—Very common and variable, Roxburgh distinguishes 3 varieties besides
nympheifolia, they are—l1, a dark one from wet places in which the roots (base of stem?)
never swell, but send out many suckers, and the leaves and petioles are more or less
purple, it is much eaten; 2, one that grows on dry ground with dark purple or
bluish clouds in the leaf ; 3, one like the last but all green. Of nympheifolia, which
he describes as having repand leaves. He says that he doubts if it is anything but a
large aquatic state, abundant wild on borders of lakes, with the subterraneous stem
often as long and thick as a man’s arm, reddish petioles peduncles and leaves,
narrower leaves, and a short appendage ; all parts are eaten.

2. C. affinis, Schott in Bonpland. (1859) 28; Prodr. 138; leaves ovate
or orbicular-ovate base rounded retuse or cordate nerves very slender, tube of
spathe cylindric 4-6 times shorter than the linear-lanceolate long acuminate
limb, appendage as long or twice as long as the infl., stigma sessile disci-
form. Engler Arac. 492. Colocasia, No. 3, Herb. Ind. Or. Hf. & T. Alocasia
Jenningsii, Veitch in Ill. Hort. (1869), t. 585; Gard. Chron. (1869), 136;
Flora des Serres, xvii. 1818.—Aroid. Wall. Cat. 8952 B.

Srxzim Himaxaya, King. Assam, Hamilton. Kuasta HIwts, alt, 2-4000 ft.
J.D. H.and T. T. Burma; Prome Hills, Wallich.

Tuber small, Leaves 4-6 in. long and nearly as broad, membranous, green with
dark blotches between the nerves, glaucous beneath, tip obtuse or acute; petiole
slender, 6-8 in. Pedunele 3-5 in. Spathe 4-6 in., tube 1 in., tumid, green ; limb
primrose yellow. Spadiw with a narrow neck between the male and fem, infl.

524 OLXvI. ARoIDEZ, (J. D. Hooker.) [ Colocasia.

covered with flat neuters ; appendage slender, narrowed to the tip, golden yellow.—
In a fine drawing of this species in Herb. Calcutt. the stigma is represented as
disciform.

3. ©. fallax, Schott in Bonpland. (1859), 28; Prodr. 138; leaves
orbicular-ovate base cordate or emarginate, nerves strong, tube of spathe
4-6 times shorter than the lanceolate limb, fruiting subspherical, style
short, stigma disciform. O. Wendlandii, Engl. Ic. ined. No, 240.—Aroid.
Wall. Cat. n. 8952 A.

Srxxim Hrwaraya, alt. 1-3000 ft., Clarke. Kuasta Hiuts, alt. 1-4000 ft.
J.D. H.and T. Tf.

Tuber small. Leaves 4-6 by 3-5 in., largest 8 by 7 in., much thicker in texture
and with much stronger nerves than C. afinis. Spathe and spadie much as in
afinis, but usually with fewer neuters between the male and fem. infl. Anthers
stellately crenate in both.

4, G. virosa, Kunth Enum. iii. 39 (in part); leaves large ovate sub-
undulate and repand, base retuse, tube of spathe oblong much shorter than
(but hardly distinct from) the narrowly lanceolate blade, spadix four
times shorter than the spathe, appendage 0. Schott Syn. 41; Prodr. 139;
Engler Arac. 494. Calla virosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 517; Wight Ic. t. 808.
Zantedeschia virosa, C. Koch Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. (1854), App. 9.

Bena@al and the lower Provinces of India, Roxburgh.

Stem short, simple, cylindric. Leaves 1-2 ft. by 6-15 in.; petiole about as long,
terete, smooth, green. Peduncles clustered. Spathe nearly straight, subulate,
convolute. Spadix 3 in., obtuse, lower third female. Anthers peltate, 8-12-
celled ; ovaries broadly ovoid 1—celled, stigma large subsessile peltate ; placentas 3-4.—
Descript. from Roxburgh ; nothing further being known of this plant.

5. ©. Mannii, Hook.f. ; leaves oblong-ovate base sagittate lobes very
obtuse sinus broad acute, spathe narrowly oblong cymbiform, spadix half
as long as the spathe sub-acute, appendage 0.

Upper Assam; at Makum, Mann.

Leaves 8-12 by 4-7 in., nerves 6~7 pairs, not stout, basal lobes 4 in.; petiole
1-8 ft. Peduncle rather slender. Spathe 6-7 in.,tube lin. Spadia 14-4 in.; male
infl. 1 in. intermediate space 4 in.; male 14-1}, tip rounded. Anthers stellately
crenate. Ovaries globose, stigma a discoid area.

6. GS. gigantea, Hook. f. petiole pruinose, leaves very large ovate-
cordate, spathe 6 in., limb oblong or elliptic-oblong cymbiform cuspidate,
appendage very short acute. CO. indica, Hngler Arac. 494 (not Kumth).
Leucocasia gigantea, Schott in Eistr. Bot. Wochenbl. (1857), 84; Prodr. 141
(excel. syn. pruinipes).

Perak, Scortechini—DistRixs. Cochinchina, Java.

Leaves 18-20 by 14-18 in., base deeply cordate, margin repand; nerves 8-10
pairs, very stout ; lobes 6-8 in., rounded, sinus open; petiole 2-3 ft. Peduncle very
stout, tall. Spathke 5-6 in., coriaceous; tube 24 in., glaucous, limb erect. Spadis
yellow, fem. infl. 14 in. conic; neuter infl. 1 in. slender ; male stout, cylindric, ter-
minating in a rudimentary conic appendage. Ovaries very numerous, narrow,
stigma very broad, covering the whole ovary; ovules parietal, scattered—The ovaries
are quite unlike those of its congeners.

19. ALOCASIA, Schott.

Characters of Colocasia, but ovules few, basilar, erect.—Species perhaps
20 or 30, tropical Asiatic.

Alocasia.] CLXVI. aRoiDER. (J. D. Hooker.) 525

* Leaves not or slightly peltate, lower nerves approximate and flabellately
spreading.

1, A. cucullata, Schott Melet. 18; in Gistr. Bot. Wochenbl. (1854),
410; Syn. 48 ; Prodr. 156; leaves subpeltate broadly ovate-cordate nerves
6-7 pairs, petiole very long, peduncles shorter subsolitary. Engler Arac. 498.
A. rugosa, Schott in Wochenbl. l.c.; Syn. 49; Prodr. l.c. Colocasia cochleata,
Mig. Epimel. Sem. Hort. Amstelod. (1858). C. rugosa, Kunth Enum. iii.
41. C. cucullata, Schott Melet.i.18; Wail. Cat. 8940; Kunth l. c. 88; Thw.
Enum. 336. Caladium cucullatum, Pers. Syn. ii. 575. Arum cucullatum,
Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 656; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 501; Wight Ic. +. 787.

BeneaL, Rowburgh (cultivated Clarke). The Kuasia Hrtxs, alt. 4000 ft.
J.D. H.andT. 7. Prav, Kurz, Cernon (native?) Thwaites,

Rootstock 1-2 ft., with many suckers, branched, inclined. Leaves 6-12 by 4-7 in.,
q-circular, nerves very stout; petiole 1-3 ft., green. Spathe 6-12 in. fleshy, tube
2-4 in.; limb narrowly cymbiform, margins convolute. Spadiz shorter than the
spathe, appendage short.

2, A. montana, Schott in Histr. Bot. Wochenbl. (1854), 140; Syn.
47; Prodr. 154; leaves broadly ovate-cordate repand, nerves 5-6 pairs,
petiole short stout, peduncles many connate below. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat.
lili. 209; Hingler Arac. 499. Colocasia? montana, Kunth Enum, iii. 40.
Arum montanum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 497; Wight Ic. t. 796.

NogtrHERN Circars, Roxburgh.—DIstR1B. Java.

Rootstock subéylindric, as thick as the wrist, with long suckers from the crown.
Leaves 6-8 in., shining ; petiole 8-10 in., sheathing half way up. Spathe 4-6 in.,
coloured, limb thrice as long as the tube. Spadia nearly as'long as the spathe ;
appendage 24 in. Stigma 3-4-lobed.—I have seen no specimen.

3. A. rapiformis, Schott Prodr. 157; Engler Arac. 510. Colocasia
rapiformis, Kunth Enum. iii. 40.
Prev, Carey.

Differs, according to Roxburgh, from A. montana in having « tuberous turnip-
shaped root.—I have seen no specimen.

** Leaves not or hardly peltate, nerves pinnate.

4. A. indica, Schott in Gstr. Bot. Wochenbl. (1854), 410; Syn. 46;
Prodr. 144; leaves large ovate deeply sagittately cordate repand, lobes
rounded sinus narrow, tube of spathe many times shorter than the very
Jong linear-oblong subtruncate cuspidate limb, stigma sessile 3—4-cleft.
Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat, iti. 206; Engler Arac. 501. Colocasia indica, Kunth
Enum. iii. 39. Arum indicum, Roxb. #1. Ind. iii. 498; Wight Ic. t. 794.—
Aroid. Wall. Cat. 8948.

TroricaL Asta; native and cultivated.— Disrris. tropics (cult.).

Stem attaining 8 ft., stout, 3-8 in. diam., emitting bulbilliferous suckers. Leaves
2-3 ff., tip a deflexed cusp, basal lobes sometimes very shortly connate, nerves about
8 pairs; petiole stout, transversely clouded. Peduncles (always in pairs, Rowb.)
shorter than the petioles. Spathe 8-12 in., pale yellow-green. Spadix equalling
the spathe; appendage longer than the infl, Ovary 1-celled.

5. A. denudata, Engler Arac. 507; leaves triangular-sagittate,
shortly acuminate about a third as broad as long, basal lobes nearly as
long as the anticous with the costz marginal, petiole and peduncle long
slender. A. singaporensis, Linden in Gartenfl. xiv. 292.

526 CLXvI. anoipgz. (J. D. Hooker.) [Alocasia.

Srin@apore, Gaudichaud.

I have seen only two leaves of a cultivated specimen of A. singaporensis which
so conform to the description and habitat of A. denudata, that I conclude they are
referable to that species, one has a triangular ovate hastate leaf with divaricate
lobes, the other more sagittate with approximate lobes as long as the terminal.

*¥* Teaves peltate, basal lobes connate for 35-1 (rarely }) their length.

6. A. macrorrhiza, Schott in Gistr. Bot. Wochenbl. (1854), 409;
Syn. 45; Gen. t. 40; Prodr. 146; leaves broadly ovate-sagittate repand
basal lobes rounded connate for > their length, sinus narrow, peduncles
short, tube of spathe half as long as the coriaceous incurved cymbiform
cuspidate limb, stigma subsessile disciform entire. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii.
205; Engler Arac. 502 § in Mart. Fl. Bras. iii. Pt. ii. 202, t. 46, 47. A.
odora, C. Koch Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. (1854), App.5; Engler Arac. 503.
A. commutata, Schott in Gistr. Bot. Wochenbl. (1854), 409. Colocasia
macrorrhiza, Schott Melet. i. 18; Thw. Enum. 336; C. odora, Brongn, in
Ann. Mus. Par, iii. (1834), 145, t. 7; Kunth Enum. iii. 39. OC. odorata,
Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3935. C. mucronata, Kunth l. c.40. Caladium macror-
rhizon, Br. Prodr. 336. €. odorum, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 641. C. odoratis-
simum, C. Koch in Berl, Allg. Gartenz. (1857), 20. C. glycirrhizum,
Fraser in Hook, Bot. Misc. i. (1830), 259. Philodendron? peregrinum,
Kunth l.c. 51. Arum macrorrhizon and peregrinum, Linn. Sp. Pl. 965,
966. A. odorum, Roxb. FU. Ind. iii. 499; Wight Ic. t. 797; Lodd. Bot. Cat.
t. 416.—Colocasia, Wall. Cat. n. 8941.

TROPICAL and suBTROPIOAL InpIa, wild and cult. Cult. in the tropics
generally.

Stem 6-16 ft., attaining 1 ft. diam. Leaves 2-4 by 6-18 in., nerves 10-12
pairs, very stout, basal lobes incurved; petiole 2-4 ft., base sometimes as thick as the
arm. Peduncles 2 (or more?) in each axil, 6-8 in., stout. Spathe 6-10 in.,
limb hooded and cuspidate at the top. Spadix nearly as long as the spathe ;
appendage nearly equalling the infl., cylindric, obtuse, sinuously sulcate. Ovary
incompletely 4-celled. Berries size of a cherry.

7. A. decipiens, Schott in Bonpland. vii. (1859), 28; Prodr. 28;
leaves oblong sagittate twice as long as broad cuspidate, posticons lobes
half the length ot the anticous united for 4-4; their length, petiole long
slender, peduncles long, tube of spathe shorter than the oblong cymbiform
acuminate limb, style short, stigma capitate entire.

Prev, McLelland. ANDAMAN IszDs., Prain.

Leaves 9-18 by 4-9 in.; lobes 7 in., ovate-oblong, sinus broad open; nerves
6-7 pairs ; petiole 2-3 ft. Peduncle 12-24 in. Spathe 4 in., tube 1} in. ; appendage ?
Ovaries globose. Fruiting tube of spathe ellipsoid or pyriform, 1-1} in. Seeds
3-4 in. diam.

8, A. fornicata, Schott in Gstr. Bot. Wochenbl. (1854), 410; Syn.
47; Prodr, 157; leaves ovate-lanceolate sagittate basal lobes much shorter
than the anticous connate } or } their length obtuse or subacute sinus
narrow acute, tube of spathe about half as long as the oblong cymbiform
acuminate limb, ovary narrowed into a distinct style, stigma 3-4-lobed.
Engler Arac. 506. Colocasia? fornicata, Kunth Enum. wi. 41. Arum,
fornicatum, orb. Fl. Ind. iti. 501; Wight Ic. t. 792 (not t. 789); Griff.
Notul. iii. 180, 182, +. 167.—Colocasia, Wall. Cat. 8941, 8945.

BENGAL, SILHET, AssaM and CuITTacone, Roxburgh, &e.

Alocasia.] OLXVI. anoibEm, (J. D. Hooker.) 527

Stem 1-3 ft., inclined or prostrate, 14 in. diam. Leaves 8-12 by 4-5 in., acute
or obtuse, slightly waved, nerves 6-8 pairs ; petiole 8-12 in. and shorter peduncle
clouded. Spathe 3-4 in., greenish yellow. Spadix nearly as long as the spathe;
appendage 4-1} in., about as long as the infl, Seeds g in. diam., globose.

9. A. navicularis, Koch § Bouché Ind. Sem. Hort. Berot. (1855),
App. 2; in Ann. Se. Nat. Ser, iv. i. 338, leaves broadly oblong sagittate
contracted opposite the triangular obtuse divergent posticous lobes which
are united for 4-5 their length, tube of spathe half as long as the oblong
cymbiform acute limb, style very short, stigma disciform obscurely lobed.
Engler Arac. 505 (excl. syn. fallax); Ic. Arac. No. 124, Colocasia navi-
cularis Koch & Bouché 1. c. (18538), 13.

Kuasia Hints, alt. 1-4000 ft.—J. D. H. & T. T.

Stem short. Leaves 8-18 by 5-8 in., cuspidate; basal lobes 3-7 in., much
shorter than the anticous, nerves 4-6 pairs; petiole 1-2 ft. Spathe 4-5 in.; spadix
about 3 in.; appendage as long or longer than the infl., sinuously sulcate. Seeds
turbinate, } in. long.

10. A. fallax, Schott in Bonpland. vii. (1859), 28; Prodr. 150; leaves
broadly ovate or orbicular-ovate sagittate basal lobes one-third as long as
the anticous connate from }-} their length converging sinus narrow, tube
of spathe oblong lanceolate cuspidate limb, ovaries narrowed into a rather
long style, stigma 3-cleft.

Srexim Hrwataya and Kuasra Hits, alt. 2-4000 ft.; J.D. H. & T. 7.

Leaves 12-20 by 9-12 in. or more; basal lobes 4-8 in.; nerves numerous, 7-9
pairs; petiole 1-2 ft. Peduncle 18 in. Spathe 5-6 in., membranous, yellow ; fruiting
tube 2-24, ellipsoid or pyriform. Seeds 4 in, diam., globose.—Near A. decipiens, but
seeds larger, and stigma very different, basal lobes of many-nerved leaves approxi-
mate. It is probably nearer A. fornicata.

ll. A. longiloba, Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 207 ; in Bot. Zeit. (1856), 564
leaves oblong-lanceolate caudate-acuminate sagittate, basal lobes obtusely
triangular more than half as long as the anticous connate from 3-1 in.,
sinus triangular obtuse. Schott Prodr. 158; Engler Arac. 506. A. ama-
bilis, Hort. Bull. Caladium heterophyllum, Pres?, Plant, Jav. Zolling. n.
601.

Sincapore (Herb. DC), ?Wallich, without name, number or locality.—Distais.
Java, Borneo. -

Leaves 12-20 by 4-5 in. across the insertion of the petiole. Limb of spathe
4in., lanceolate, acuminate. Spadixc Zin. Seeds 75-4} in. diam.

we Leaves peltate, basal lobes connate for half or all their length.

12. A. acuminata, Schott in Bonpland. vii. (1859), 28; leaves elon-
gate-rhombic caudate-acuminate contracted opposite the basal lobes which
are half as long as the anticous and connate for ? their length. Engler
Arac. 450.—Colocasia? Wall. Cat. 8946.

Currracone, J. D. H.and T. T.; Peau, Kurz, Uprzr Burma, Anderson; Saluen

river, Wallich.
Caudex horizontal. Leaves 6-12 by 3-5 in., membranous, costal nerves 3-4

pairs, lobes nearly parallel, sinus narrow, obtuse.

13. A. Beccarii, Engler Arac. Spicileg. Born. e Pap. 14; leaves
coriaceous oblong-ovate or -lanceolate caudate-acuminate narrowed to the
basal lobes which are connate throughout their length and 3-3 as long as

528 OLXVI. AROWE. (J. D, Hooker.) [Alocasia.

the anticous, tube of spathe as long as the cymbiform limb, appendage as
long as the infl. A. perakensis, Hemsl. in Journ. Bot. xvii. (1887), 205.

PERAK; Wray, Scortechint.

Stem subscandent, rooting, as thick as a swan’s quill. Leaves thickly coriaceous
or fleshy, nerves 3-4 pairs, slender, depressed, posticous lobes parallel; petiole 3-5
in., slender, sheath very short. Peduncle as long as the petiole. Spathe 24 in.,
white or green, tube oblong; appendage cylindric, obtuse. Ovaries scattered,
obovoid; style long, stigma disciform, 3-lobed. Seeds globose, 3 in. diam.

DOUBTFUL AND EXCLUDED SPECIES.

A. ALBA, Schott in @str. Bot. Zeitschr. (1852), 59; Syn. 48; Prodr. 149; isa
Javan species, attributed to Ceylon on the faith of a specimen from Herb.
Burmann (in Herb. Delessert.)

A. FoRNIcaTA (Caladium), Roxb. of Wight Ic. t. 789 (not of Fl. Ind. & Wight Ic.
t. 792).—Ic. Roxb. n. 1655.

Stem as thick as the wrist, annulate. Leaves ovate-cordate, acuminate, 6-7 by
5 in., basal lobes connate for ~, of their length, sinus very acute, nerves 5-6
pairs; petiole 8-12 in., sheathing half way up. Peduncles binate,6 in. Spathe
4 in., tube 1 in., ellipsoid, green; limb 1} in. broad, obovate, cuspidate, open,
yellow. Spadix as long as the spathe, pale yellow; appendage stout, conical,
acuminate, as long as the infl. Ovary ovoid, narrowed into a style with a
3-fid stigma. Seed broadly ovoid.—I cannot identify this with any Indian species ;

it is probably one of Roxburgh’s plants collected near Samulcottah in the Northern
Circars.

AocasIa, sp. Malacca, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 6308, 6009), and A. sp.,
Malacca, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1549, 15497) may both be new, but are not in a
good state, and may be referable to Malayan species unknown to me.

20. AGLAONEMA, Schott.

Herbs, caudex erect or prostrate. Leaves ovate or oblong. Spathe
erect, deciduous, tube convolute, limb cymbiform gaping or base shortly
convolute. Spadix equalling the spathe, or shorter, stipitate; male and
fem. infl. usually contiguous, with rarely neuters interspersed; append-
age 0. Stamens 2-4, distinct, subclavate; anthers short, cells remote with
apical pores. Ovaries few, 1-rarely 2-celled, stigma large or small, discoid
or cupular; ovules solitary in the cells, anatropous, subbasilar. Berries
capitate. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo macropodal.—Species about 20,
Tropical Asiatic and African.

* Nerves of leaf numerous, close, parallel, all uniform, very slender.
(See also 10. A. pumilum).

1. A. Griffithii, Schott Syn. 123; leaves 12-16 by 3-4 in. linear-
oblong obtuse, petiole 2-3 ft., stigma cup-shaped. A palustre, Teysm. and
Binnend. in Naturk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. xxv. (1868), 305; Kurz in Journ.
As. Soc. Beng. xiv. pt. 11. (1876), 153. Aglaodorum Griffithii, Schott Gen.
t. 58; Prodr. 306; Engler Arac. 443.

Matacca, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 5991).—Disrris. Sumatra.

Leaves coriaceous ; petiole very stout. Peduncle 12-18 in., very stout. Spathe
2 in., oblong, cuspidate. Ovaries 2-celled.

2. A. oblongifolium, Schott in Wien. Zeitschr. iii. (1829), 892 (ex
Linnea vi. (1831), Intterb. 53); leaves 8-24 by 2-4 in. linear-oblong acn-

Aglaonema.] OLXvI. aRoIDEa. (J. D. Hooker.) . 529

minate base acute, petiole 4-6 in. sheathing to near the top, spathe 2-4 in,
oblong cuspidate. Kunth Enum. iii. 55. A. integrifolium, Schott Melet.
20. A, nitidum, Kunth lc. 56; Schott Syn. 122; Prodr. 302; Engl. Arac.
438. Calla oblongifolia, Rowb. Fl. Ind. iii. 516; Wight Ic. t. 806. C.
nitida, Jack. im Mat. Misc.i., No.1, 24. Arum integrifolium, Link. Enum.
Hort. Berol, ii. 394.—Aroid. Wall. Cat. 8965.

Pewana, Perak, and Sinearors, Wallich, &e.—DistTere. Borneo.

Cauden 1-8 ft. Leaves coriaceous, dark green, shining. Peduneles 4-8 in.
Spathe green, margins white. Spadiw stout, nearly as long as the spathe; male
infl. subacute. Ovary 1-celled; stigma tabular, much broader than the ovary
(ex Ie, Scortechini).

3. A. Helferi, Hook.f; leaves 6-10 by 2-23 in. oblong-lanceolate
caudate-acuminate base acute, petiole 5-6 in. sheathing for the lower
third, peduncles 2-3 in., spathe 1 in. oblong-lanceolate acute.

TrnasseRim, Helfer (ew Distrib. 5994).

Caudes 6 in. and upwards, branched, as thick as a swan’s quill, leafy upwards.
Leaves thin, costa not very stout, nerves very slender. Spadi# with the stipes
nearly equal the infl. Ovary 1-ovuled, stigma disciform.

4, A. Glarkei, Hook. f.; scandent, leaves 7-9 by 2-3 in. elliptic-
lanceolate caudate-acuminate base acute, petiole 8-9 in. slender sheathing
at the base only, peduncle 5-6 in., seeds #-1 in., fusiform.

Cuittacone ; at Kasalong, Clarke.

Near Helferi, but the petioles are much longer and more slender, the leaves of a
firmer texture with stronger costa and nerves.

** Primary nerves much stronger than the intermediate or secondary.
+ Leaves 8-12 in.

5. A. Hookerianum, Schott in Bonpland. vii. (1859) 30; Prodr.
301; leaves 8-11 by 31-44 in. elliptic-ovate or -oblong acuminate, base
rounded or cuneate and unequal-sided, primary nerves 6-8 pairs arching,
petiole 6-8 in. stout sheathing to about the middle or beyond it, spathe

22 in. oblong cuspidate. Engler Arac. 438; N. E. Br. in Gard. Chron.
(1882) iti. 333. d

Kuasta Hrrz8, alt. 2-3000 ft., Grifith, &. Cacnar, Keenan, CuITTagone,
at Seetakoond, H.f. & T., Lister. ApRakan; Kurz. — :

Cauden elongate, 4 in. thick, nodose. Leaves thinly coriaceous, dark green
above; nerves very slender. Spathe cymbiform, dark green. Spadiz long-stipitate.
Ovaries few, flagon-shaped, narrowed into a conical style. Seeds 3-1 in. long,
cylindric.

6. A. birmanicum, Hook. f.; leaves 8-10 by 24-3} in. elliptic-
oblong or -lanceolate caudate-acuminate, base rounded, primary nerves
about 10 pairs erecto-patent slightly curved, petiole 2-5 in. sheathing
* to about the middle, peduncle very short, spathe 13 in. linear-oblong
caudate-acuminate.

Ueprr Burma; in low woods towards Nempean, Griffith.

Caudex 2 ft., erect, probably as thick as the little finger, leafy at the top only ;

sheaths 1-2 in., red. Leaves thinly coriaceous, primary nerves distinct. Peduncle
A+Lin. Spathe greenish. Spadia white.—The less curved nerves and narrow cau-

date spathe are quite unlike any allied species.

7, A. Schottianum, Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 316; in Bot. Zeit. (1856),
VOL. VI. Mm

530° CLXVI. AROIDEE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Aglaonema.

565; leaves 8-12 by 14-44 in. oblong acuminate or subcaudate, base
acute rounded on cordate sometimes unequal-sided, primary nerves 9-12
pairs, petiole sheathing to 4-2 its length, peduncles short, spathe 14 in.
oblong cuspidate. Schott Prodr. 303; Engler Arac. 440. A. longe-
cuspidatum, Schott 1. c. 304, A. malaccense, Schott in Bonpland. (1859)
30; Prodr. 302.—Aroid. Wall. Cat. 8961.

Burma; from Pegu to Tenasserim, Wallich, &c. Prax, Scortechini. Ma-
Lacca, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 5984, 5985).—Disrris. Java, Borneo.

Stem stout (climbing often 30-40 ft., King’s Collector). Leaves subcoriaceous,
usually 3 times as long as broad, with parallel sides, rarely ovate-lanceolate ; lower
nerves spreading and arching or nearly straight ; petiole 3-7 in., stout. Seeds 3 in.
long.—The narrower leaved specimens represent the typical Schottianum.

8. H. nicobaricum, Hook. f.; leaves ovate or oblong shortly acumi-
nate, base rounded equal or somewhat unequal-sided, principal nerves
7-9-pairs, petiole short sheathed to the middle, peduncles equalling or
shorter than the petiole, spathe 13 in. oblong acuminate.

Nicosar Iszanns, Kurz, King’s Collector.

Stem probably as thick as the little finger. Leaves 8-10 by 3-44 in., secondary
nerves indistinct; petioles 3-5 in., rather slender.—The broad thin leaves with short
points are very different from dirmanicum and malaccense.

tt Leaves 3-4 in. long ; petiole sheathing at the base only.

9. A. Scortechinii, Hook. f.; leaves ovate to elliptic-oblong acumi-
nate, primary nerves 6-7 pairs arched strong beneath secondary few obscure,
petiole 4-1 in. sheathing at the base only, spathe terminal, peduncle 4-2 in.

PERAK, Scortechini.

Stem erect, 6-12 in., as thick as a swan’s quill. Zeaves membranous, rather
waved, ‘‘ pustular beneath,” Scort.). Seed ellipsoid, obtuse, 3 by 4 in.

10. A. pumilum, Hook. f.; leaves 3-44 in. ovate or ovate-lanceolate
acuminate, base rounded, primary nerves very faint arched, petiole shorter
than the limb, spathe 2 in. oblong apiculate, peduncle slender nearly as
long as the petiole. Aroid. Wall. Cat. 8960 B.

Bunma; Chappedong Hill, Wallich; Mergui, Grigith.

Caudex probably as thick as a goose-quill, rooting. Leaves thinly coriaceous,
Lat nerves sometimes undistinguishable from the secondary. Seed } in. long,
ellipsoid.

11. A. minus, Hook. f.; leaves 3-4 oblong or ovate-oblong acuminate,
base rounded, primary nerves 3-4 pairs faint arched, petiole shorter than
the limb, peduncle very short. A. pictum, Engler Arac. in part (not of
Kunth) —Aroid. Wall. Cat. 8960 A.

Sin@aporn, Wallich.

Cauden erect, 6~7 in., as thick as a swan’s quill. Leaves thinly coriaceous,

brown when dry, primary nerves sometimes undistinguishable from the secondary ;
petiole slender. Peduncle 3-3 in.

12. A.nanum, Hook.f ; leaves 4-5 in. ovate- or oblong-lanceolate
acuminate coriaceous, base subacute unequal-sided, primary nerves 5-6 puirs
arched, sunk above prominent beneath, petiole shorter than the blade,
peduncles 1-1} in., spathe 2 in. oblong beaked.

PERAK; in dense Bamboo forests, alt. 4—600 ft., King’s Collector.

Stem as in A. minus, but leaves much more coriaceous, with strong nerves,

Aglaonema. | OLXVI. AROIDER, (J. D. Hooker.) 53

secondary very indistinct, Petiole not half the length of the blade, slender. Spathe
yellow-green. Seed 4 in. long, linear-oblong.

13. A. costatum, N. EF. Br. in Gard. Chron. 1892, i. 426; leaves
4-5 in. ovate acute or cuspidate, blotched with white base retuse or sub-
cordate, primary nerves 7-9 pairs spreading and strongly arched, petiole
stout, shorter than the blade, peduncle stout, spathe 1 in. obovoid, spadix
protruding.

Perak, Curtis (Hort. Veitch).

Leaves 24-3 in. broad, dark green, costa stout, base rather unequal-sided ;
petiole in. diam., terete, sheath basal. Spathe light green, subacute. Spadin very
large, the protruding male part $ in. long, } in. diam.

21. HOMALOMENAD, Schott.

Herbs, rhizome stout or 0. Leaves entire very variable in shape. Spathe
usually erect, convolute, wholly persistent round the fruit. Spadzx in-
cluded; male and fem. infil. close together, cylindric; ovaries with or
without clavate staminodes. Stamens distinct, in dense groups; anther-
cells very short or oblong opening by pores or slits; connective thick.
Ovaries ovoid or globose, perfectly or imperfectly 2-4-celled, stigma sessile ;
ovules 2-seriate or the placentas, anatropousor 4-anatropous. Berries few-
or many-seeded. Seeds small, ovoid, albuminous. Embryo axile-—Species
about 30, tropical.

Chamecladon, as constituted by Schott, cannot (as Mr. N. E. Brown had
previously observed) be separated from Homalomena by the ovarian cells, or by any
other character. A more natural generic division of the species of both would be
into those with the spathe contracted above the fem. infl. and those with no such
contraction; and I have adopted this as a sectional character. The further group-
ing of the species here described is artificial, and not very reliable, it is the best I
could devise from Herbarium and often hardly sufficient specimens. H. rostrata
differs from the generic character in having a vacant space in the spadix between
the male and fem. infl.

. * Spathe contracted above the female infl.

1. H. sagittewfolia, Jungh. ex Schott Prodr. 311; leaves ovately
or deltoidly sagittate acuminate not much longer than broad, basal lobes
usually spreading, sinus rounded at the base, spathes many 3-4 in. long,
tube much shorter than the limb. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 212; Engler
Arac. 334. PH. propinqua, Schott in Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. i. 280;
Engler 1. c. 33.

Perak; Scortechini, Wray, alt. 2500-3000 ft., King’s Collector.—DistTR1B.

Borneo. .
Robust (stemless, Scortech.). Leaves 8-14 by 6-10 in., firm; lobes rarely

conniving, sinus broad or narrow; nerves rather strong ; petiole 1-12 ft., sheathing
to the middle. Peduncle 6-9 in. Tube of spathe 1-13 itt, limb 2-3 in, by 1 broad,
white, pink when young. Spadix stipitate. Male infl. 3 in. by 3 in. diam., fem.
1 in.’ Stamens in groups of 5-6. Ovary oblong, 8-celled; stigma pulvinate.—
Descript. chiefly from notes by Scortechini.

2. HW. paludosa, Hook. f.; leaves oblong-hastate usually twice as
long as broad acuminate, basal lobes divaricate obtuse or rounded, sinus
broad rather deep, base rounded, spathes numerous 3-4 in., tube as long

as the limb.
Mm 2

532 OLXvI, AROIDEH. (J.D. Hooker.) [Homalomena.

Prrax; Larut, in very wet jungly places, King’s Collector, Scortechini.

Leaves 7-10 by 24-4 in. ; primary nerves slender; petiole 8-12 in., sheathing to
the middle. Peduneles 2-7, 6-7 in. when flowering, elongating to12in. Spathe
white, striped with pale green. Sadia stout, stipitate, male infil. rather slender,
about equalling the fem. Ovary 3-celled; stigma pulvinate, obscurely 3-lobed.

3. H. rostrata, Grif. Notul. iii. 154 (err. typ. roskalum) ; limb of
leaves 12-20 by 3-6 in. oblong-lanceolate acuminate, petiole as lon:
sheathing to beyond the middle, spathes many 4-6in. Schott Syn. 119;
Prodr. 312. Chamecladon sanguinolentum, Griff. l.c. 147; Schott Prodr.
316.

Mauacca, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 5989, 5990).

Habit of Calla aromatica (Griffith). Leaves coriaceous, dark green, undulate,
. base acute or cuneate ; primary nerves many, faint. Peduncles crowded, blood-red,
8-12 in. Spathes constricted below the middle, fieshy, green, margins white; tube
narrow, limb convolute. Spadix shortly stipitate, slightly curved; male infi. about
twice as long as fem. with a short naked space intervening ; staminodes capitate.
Ovaries subglobose, 2-4-celled ; stigma pulvinate.

** Spathe not contracted above the fem. infl.

+ Leaves 6-12 in. broad, deeply cordate sagittate or hastate. Spathe
2-4 in. long.

4, H. rubescens, Kunth Anum. iii. 57; leaves cordate or sagittately
cordate acuminate, basal lobes semi-ovate or rounded approximate much
shorter than the anticous, sinus narrow, spathes red. Schott Syn. 118;
Prodr. 310; Engl. Arac. 336 (excl. singaporensis). H. rubra, Hassk. ex
Regel Gartenfl. (1869), t. 634. Zantedeschia rubens, C. Koch Ind. Sem.
Hort. cok 1854, app. Calla rubescens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iti. 515; Wight
Te. t. 807.

Sixxim Himataya and Kuasia Hiuzs, J.D.H. Cnitraaone, Buchanan.—
Distris. Java. ;

Caudes short, rooting, 1 in. diam. Leaves 6-12 in., usually tinged with red,
sinus subacute or rounded at the red petiole, which is longer than the leaf, and
sheathing for 3 its length. Peduneles several, 3-4 in., stout. Spathe 3in., oblong,
acute at base and top.—I am very doubtful as to the limits and habitats of this
species, it being impossible to distinguish some forms of cwrulescens from it. Rox-
burgh, perhaps by error, describes the petioles as 1-5 ft. long ; he figures the sinus
as more acute than in any of the specimens I refer to the species.

t c oa

5. H. aromatica, Schott Melet. i. 20; Syn. 117; Prodr. 309; leaves

as in H. rubescens but lobes divaricate and spathe green. Engler Arac.

335. H. cordata, Schott Melet. 20; Syn.118; Prodr. 309; Kunth Enum.

ii. 57; Mag. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 211. H. Gandichaudii, Schott in Mig. Ann.

Mus. Iugd. Bat. i. 280. Zantedeschia aromatica, cordata and foetida, C. Koch

Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. (1854), app. Calla aromatica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii.

513 3 Bot. Mag. t. 2279; Wight Ic. t. 805. C. occulta, Lodd. Bot. Cab.
t. 12.

Assam ; Masters, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 5966, 5967). CHitTacone, Roxburgh.
This is no doubt a different plant from H. rubescens, as living specimens would
show; but except the green more obtuse spathe, as shown in Roxburgh’s drawing, I
find no diagnostic characters given, and I have seen no authentic specimens. Rox-
burgh’s character of basal lobes rounded and divaricate is contravened by one of the

leaves in his drawing, which accord in its deeply cordate base and very acute sinus
with H. rubescens.

Homalomena. | OLXVI, AROIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) 533

6. H. coerulescens, Jungh. ex Schott Prodr. 310, leaves deltoidly
ovate acute or acuminate, base subhastate or cordate with a broad shallow
sinus, rarely sagittately cordate, lobes rounded at the tip, spathe 24-34 in.
subacute pale yellow white within. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 212; Engler
Arac. 339, Ic. ined. No. 67. H. minus and majus, Griff. Notul. iii. 152,
153; Schott Syn. 119, Prodr. 312; Engler l.c. 343. H. Wallichii, Schott
in Bonpland. (1859), 80; Prodr. 311; Engler 1.c. 335. Caladium amboi-
nense,. Herb. Ham.—Aroid. Wall. Cat. 8951.

Penane, Wallich. PuRax, Scortechini. Matacca; Griffith (Kew Distrib.
5965, 6011). Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1542).—Distris. Java.

Rootstock short, as thick as the thumb or thicker. Leaves 5-12 in., and often
as broad as long, nerves very many and close; petiole 8-36 in., sheathing for } or }
its length. Peduneles 6-10 in. Spadiw shortly stipitate, very stout; fem. infl.
about as long as the male.—In the usually divaricate basal lobes of the majority of
the specimens, this accords with Roxburgh’s character of H. aromatica, but the leaves
are rather more membranous and the spathe usually larger. Living specimens are
wanted to distinguish this, aromatica, and rubescens.

7. H. pontedereefolia, Griff. mss.; leaves 4-8 in. coriaceous
hastately deltoid acuminate base truncate or subcordate, principal nerves
strong, peduncles short stout, spathe 14-23 in. obtuse.

Matacca ; at Ayer Punus, in heavy forest, Grigith (Kew Dist., 5964). Prrax,
Scortechini, Hervey.

Stem short. Leaves nearly black when dry, principal nerves 6-7 pairs, interme-
diate very obscure; petiole 6-15 in., sheathing for 4 of its length. Peduneles
several, 2-4 in., decurved after flowering.—In a sketch by Scortechini the spathe
is represented as inflated and spadix shortly exserted.

++ Leaves rarely 6 in. broad, base acute or rounded rarely truncate.

§ Limb of leaves usually as long as the petiole or longer, rarely shorter.
Spadiz sessile in all but H. Griffithi.

8. H. angustifolia, Hook. f.; leaves 5-6 by 3-3 in. narrowly linear-
lanceolate acuminate at both ends coriaceous, nerves few straight nearly
parallel to the margin, peduncle very short, spathe 4-3 in. oblong apiculate
ribbed. Chameacladon angustifolium, Schott in Bonpland. (1858), 369;
Prodr. 313? Engler Arac. 344; Ic. ined. No. 103. Calla angustifolia,
Jack in Mal. Mise. i. No. 124.—Aroid. Wall. Cat. 8959 (in part).

Penana, Wallich. : :

Rootstock as thick as a goose-quill, prostrate. Leaves with a thickened mucro ;
petiole 4-5 in. rather slender, sheathing from 4 or 3 their length. Peduncles 4-1
in. Spathe thin. Spadia with the fem. infl. ¢ the length of the male.

9. H. lancifolia, Hook. f.; leaves 6-9 by 13-23 in. narrowly
elliptic lanceolate gradually acuminate at both ends, nerves many pairs
erecto-patent, peduncles short, spathe % in., linear-oblong cuspidately
acuminate. :

Prax, Scortechini. ' :

Rootstock suberect, rooting. Leaves rather coriaceous, nerves raised above ;
petiole 6-10 in., sheathing 4-4 its length. Peduncles 14-2 in. slender. Spathe
membranous, striate. Spadix with the fem, infl. nearly half as long as the male.—
Near Cham. consobrina, Schott, of Sumatra, but a much stouter plant.

10. H. humilis, Hook. f.; leaves 4-6 by 13-2 in. elliptic-oblong acute

534 OLX. AROIDEE. (J. D. Hooker.) [Homalomena.

or acuminate, base rounded or cuneate, nerves 5-8 pairs erecto-patent
arched, petiole slender sheathing half way up or less, peduncles many very
short, spathe elliptic acuminate or cuspidate, fem. infl. 4-3 the length of the
male. Chamecladon humile, Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 213; Engler Arac. 346 ;
Te. ined. No. 104. Calla humilis, Jack in Mal. Mise. i. No. 1, 22.—Aroid.
Wall, Cat. 8959 (in part).

PrnanG, Wallick, Porter. PuRax, Scortechini.—Distris. Borneo.
Rootstock 2-8 in., as thick as a swan’s quill. Leaves rather thin, margins often
minutely crisped when dry; petiole 5-6 in.; costa and nerves beneath slender.
Peduncles 3-1 in. Spathe rather membranous, not striate. Spadia sessile, 2 in.
long, obtuse; fem. infl, about § in. with or without staminodes.—Engler figures the
nerves as very numerous, but describes them corectly as 5-8 pairs.

.

ll. H. velutina, Scortechini mss.; leaves 23-5 by 13-24 in. broadly
oblong or obovate-oblong acute, base rounded cuneate or cordate at the
petiole, nerves 10-15 pairs strong beneath, petiole sheathing 3 to 3 of its
length, peduncles many very short, spathes 4-2 in. narrow with a recurved
cusp, spadix sessile, fem. infl. 3-4 the length of the male.

Perak, Scortechini; at Sunga Ryah, King’s Collector.

Rootstock as thick as the little finger, copiously rooting. Leaves rather
coriaceous, rigid when dry, tip apiculate, or not, upper surface minutely papillose ;
nerves slender, raised on both surfaces; petiole 1-2 in.; rather stout. Peduncles 3-4
in. Spathe cylindric, blood-red. Ovaries with or without small staminodes, ovoid,
stigma very large.—Name given by Scortechini, who describes the upper surface of
the leaf as velvety (which is, I think, caused by minute papilla) and the under
surface as dotted with white. Probably a form of H. humilis, distinguished by the
more numerous nerves of the leaf.

12. H. Griffithii, Hook. f.; leaves 4-7 by 14-23 in. more or less
obliquely elliptic-oblong or oblong-lanceolate tip curved subcaudate
acuminate base rounded or cuneate, nerves 4-5 pairs erecto-patent slightly
arched, petiole slender sheathing 2 the way up, peduncles many very
short, spathe 3-1 in. ovoid acuminate or rostrate, spadix stipitate.
Chamecladon Griffithii, Schott in Bonpland. (1858), 369; Prodr. 315;
Engler Arac. 346; Ic. ined. n. 113.

Mauacca, at Ayer Punus, Grifith.—DistTR1B. Borneo.

Rhizome as thick as the little finger, copiously rooting. Leaves rather thin,
base usually unequal-sided, costa and nerves slender, tip mucronate red-brown ;
petiole 4-6 in. Peduncle1-2in. Spathe green.’ Male inf. rather longer than the
fem. acuminate ; fem. with many capitate staminodes amongst the ovaries.

13, H. Scortechinii, Hook. f.; leaves 5-7 by 1-2 in. elliptic- or
oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate acuminate base narrowed acute or obtuse,
nerves 5-7 pairs erecto-patent arched very slender, petiole slender sheath-
ing 3-4 way up, peduncles 2-3in., spathe 1-1} in. oblong with a curved beak,
spadix sessile,

PuRak, Scortechtnt ; on Mt. Bubong in bamboo forests, King’s Collector.

Rootstock as thick as a swan’s quill, rooting. Leaves rather thin, tip curved,
base rarely unequal-sided; petiole 2-6 in. Peduncle rather slender. Spathe light
green with a darker green center (King’s Coll.); dark green ‘“‘ with (velvety gloss
above,” Scortechini). Spadix sessile, fem. infl. shorter than the slender male.
Ovaries globose, stigma disciform.—Near A. Griffithii, but the leaves are marrower
at the base, the peduncles much longer, the spathes larger, obtuse with a recurved
beak, and the spadix is sessile.

14, H. obliquata, Hook, f.; leaves 4-6 by 14-3 in. lanceolate or

Homalomena.] OLXVI, aRoIDEE. (J.D. Hooker.) 535

ovate-lanceolate caudate-acuminate base obliquely acute rounded subtrun-
cate or subcordate, nerves 6-10 pairs, petiole slender sheathing 1-4 way up,
peduncles very short, spathe 4-3 in. oblong cuspidately beaked, spadix
sessile, fem. infl. half as long or nearly as long as the male. Chamacladon
obliquatum, Schott in Bonpland, (1858), 369; Prodr.315; Engler Arac.
847; Wall. Cat. n. 8963.

PENANG, Phillips, Wallich; Mauacoa, Maingay.

Rootstock as thick as the thumb. Leaves very variable, usually broadest at the
base with unequal rounded sides; nerves slender, nearly straight, except the basal
where the base of the leaf is broad, tip with athick long mucro. Peduneles 4-2 in.
Stigma disciform. Seeds many, faintly suleate, red brown.—Closely resembles A.
Grifithii, but the spadix of that plant is stipitate.

15. H. Kingii, Hook. f.; leaves 4-5 by 2-24 in. oblong or ovate-
oblong acute and mucronate, base rounded or subcuneate, nerves 4-5 pairs,
petiole stout sheathing from }-} way up, peduncles short, spathes }-1 in.
oblong cuspidately beaked, fem. infl. nearly as long as the male.

SineaPoRE; in swamps, King.

Rootstock as thick asthe little finger. Leaves thinly coriaceous, slightly unequal-
sided; nerves erecto-patent, slightly arched, tip with a thick mucro; petiole

‘rather stout. Peduncle 13-14. Berries about 15-seeded. Seeds red-brown.

16. 2. truncata, Hook. f.; leaves 3-4 by 1-14 in. oblong or
triangular- or oblong-lanceolate acuminate from a broad truncate or sub-
hastate base, nerves very slender, petioles slender sheathing from 3-3 their
length, peduncles half as long as the petioles or shorter, spathes 1-1} in.
oblong cuspidately beaked, fem. infl. half as long as the male or more, with .
many staminodes intermixed and below the inf. Chamacladon truncatum,
Schott in Bonpland. (1858), 369; Prodr.314; Engler Arac, 347.

Mereut, Grifith.—DistR1B. Borneo ?

Rootstock as thick as a goose-quill. Leaves very membranous; nerves many,
nearly straight, except the basal,* base usually unequal-sided, _tip_mucronulate.
Spathes slightly curved, narrowly oblong in flower, broader in fruit. Spadia
narrowed and few-fid. at the base but hardly stipitate. Stigma capitate. Seeds
very many, striate——The Bornean specimen included by Schott has identical leaves,
but a larger narrower faleate finely acuminate spathe, a distinctly stipitate spadix,
no (or obscure) staminodes, and furrowed seeds.

17. H. pumila, Hook. f.; leaves 14-2 in. elliptic-ovate obovate or
oblong subacute apiculate membranous nerves very faint, petiole very
slender sheathing at the base, peduncles short slender, spathe 3-3 in.
linear oblong cuspidately beaked, spadix sessile, fem. infl. + the length of
the acute male, staminodes few.

SineaporE, Maingay. :

Rootstock creeping and copiously rooting, rather slender. Leaves green; nerves
3-5 pairs, arching. Peduncles 34 in. Seeds few in the berries, pale spotted with
black.—Very near the Javan and Bornean H. purpurescens (Chamecladon, Schott)
but the leaves are green, of a very much more delicate texture, the petiole much
more slender, and the fem. infl. shorter.

18, H. nutans, Hook. f.; leaves 44-5 by 2-24 in. elliptic acuminate
at both ends tip mucronate, nerves very faint, petiole sheathing for
half its length, peduncles short decurved above, spathe cernuous broadly
ovate with a recurved cusp, spadix stout sessile much shorter than the
spathe, fem. infl. half as long as the broadly ovoid obtuse male.

536 OLXVI. AROIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) [ Homalomena.

Perak; at Larut, alt. 100-1000 ft., King’s Collector.

Rhizome as thick as the little finger, elongate, rooting. Leaves seriate on the
rhizome (not tufted) coriaceous, pale beneath, primary nerves inconspicuous straight ;
petiole rather stout. Peduncles 1-2 in. Spathes rather turgid. Spadia about half
the length of the spathe. Ovaries ovoid; stigma large, pulvinate; staminodes 0 ?—
The spathe exactly resembles Engler’s figure of that of Schismatoglottis elongata.

§§ Petiole longer than the leaf blade. Spadix stipitate in all.

19. H. elliptica, Hook. f.; leaves 3-4 by 13-2 in. subfalcate elliptic-
ovate acute or acuminate hardly mucronate many-nerved base cuneate,
petiole slender sheathing for 3 to } its length, peduncles elongate, spathe
3-1 in. linear-oblong cuspidately beaked, spadix shortly stipitate, fem.
infl. not } the length of the male with intermixed staminodes.

Perak ; along watercourses, Scortechini.

Rootstock creeping, as thick as a swan’s quill. Leaves more or less unequal-
sided, coriaceous; nerves 7-8 pairs, rather strong, impressed above, slightly arched.
Peduneles few, 3-4 in. Spathe nearly straight.

20. H. ovata, Hook. f.; leaves 6-7 by 3-4 in. ovate acuminate base
rounded few-nerved, petiole rather longer than the blade sheathing less
than half way up, peduncle 2-3 in., spathe 13 in. linear-oblong acute,
spadix stipitate, fem. infl. half the length of the male, staminodes 0.
Chamecladon ovatum, Schott in Bonpland. (1859), 30; Prodr. 315; Engler
Arac. 348.—Aroid. Wall. Cat. n. 8964.

Srine@arorse; Wallich. Panane; Herd. Delessert.

Rootstock as thick as the middle finger. Leaves rather coriaceous, base unequal
or not, nerves 5-6 pairs slightly arched, rather strong beneath, secondary obscure ;
petiole not very stout. Spathe 1-1} in., straight. Spadix as long as the spathe ;
fem. infl. not half as long as the elongate conoidal acute male; ovaries subglobose,
stigma subcupular obscurely lobed.

21. H. trapezifolia, Hook f.; leaves 4-5 by 23-4 in. trapezoidly or
deltoidly ovate caudate-acuminate many-nerved, base cuneate or truncate
and cuneate at the insertion of the long petiole which is sheathing 3-3 of
its length, peduncle elongate, spathe 1 in. narrowly oblong acuminate,
spadix stipitate, fem. infl: hardly half as long as the narrow male.

PERAK ; Scortechini, King’s Collector.

Rootstock creeping, as thick as the thumb. Leaves chartaceous, narrowed from
a broad base with rounded angles to a fine slender curved apiculate tip, sides some-
times incurved ; nerves about 10 pairs, rather strong, nearly straight, or the lower
spreading and arched; petiole 6-14 in., slender. Peduncles 2-3 in., stout.
Staminodes 0 or few and clavate. Stigma disciform.

22. H. deltoidea;s leaves 6 by 4 in. deltoidly ovate or subhastate
acuminate basal angles or lobes rounded, sinus very broad rounded not
cuneate at the insertion of the petiole, peduncles short, spathe 2 in.
narrowly ellipsoid narrowed into a long slender cusp.

Perak, Scortechini.

Rootstock as thick as the little finger. Leaves chartaceous, very like those of
H. trapezifolia, but not cuneate at the insertion of the petiole; nerves 4-5 pairs,
with innumerable slender intermediates; petiole 12-14 in. sheathing for 4 its
length. Peduncles several. Spathe not constricted above the fem. infl., much
longer than in H. trapezifolia, and spadix stouter. Stigma discoid.—I have seen
only one specimen.

Homalomena.] CLXV1. ARoIDEm. (J. D. Hooker.) 537

DOUBTFUL SPECIES.
H. sinaaronensis, Regel Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. (1869), 18; in Gartenfl.
(1870), 58; leaves 7-9 by 6-8 in., almost exactly deltoid acuminate, base truncate,

basal angles rounded, petiole clouded sheathing half-way up, red at the base, spathes
green without white within——Singapore.

22. SCHISMATOGLOTTIS, Zoll. & Morriiz.

Stotoniferous, herbs; stem short. Leaves entire, intramarginal nerve
strong. Spathe cylindric, convolute, hardly constricted, limb deciduous.
Spadix sessile, included in the spathe, appendage 0, with barren organs
in the middle or top. Inflorescences contiguous or nearly so; male
cylindric or clavate; stamens 2-3, distinct, tlament flat; anthers trun-
cate, prismatic or compressed, cells with large pores, connective warted
at the tip; pollen vermiform. Fem. Jnfl. cylindric or conic; staminodes
few, clavate, or 0. Ovary oblong, 1-celled; stigma discoid; ovules many,
anatropous; parietal. Berries oblong, enclosed in the tube of the spathe,
many-seeded. Seeds ellipsoid.—Species about 15, Malayan.

* Tube of spathe after flowering subcylindric.
+ Leaves rounded or if cordate not deeply lobed at the base.

1.2%. Wallichii, Hook. f.; limb of leaf-5-9 in. shorter or -longer
than the petiole lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate caudate-acuminate, nerves
8-10 pairs or more, petiole sheathing for 3} its length, spathe long-
peduncled narrowly linear-oblong acuminate, spadix with neuters in the
middle and male at the top.—Aroid. Wall. Cat. 8962.

. Perax, Scortechini, King’s Collector. Sineaporz, Wallich, Matracca;
Maingay.

Leaves 14-24 in. broad, rather membranous, with slender reticulate secondary
nerves between the primary, base rounded or subcordate; petiole 8-12 in. Pedunele
8-4 in. Spathe 3-34 in., nearly straight, acuminate, white. Spadix rather
slender; fem. infl. as long as the neuter, male shorter clavate; ovaries globose,
stigma disciform. :

Var. oblongata; leaf 8-10 by 34-4 in. more coriaceous cuspidately caudate

base rounded, costa very stout, nerves obscure.—Perak, in marshy places, Scortechini,
King’s Collector. Perhaps a different species.

2. S. brevicuspis, Hook f.; limb of leaf equalling or exceeding the
petiole 4-6 by 14-3 in. oblong-ovate acuminate with a very short subu-
late cusp, nerves many spreading arching, intermediates few, petiole
sheathing for half its length, peduncles short, spathe 3 in. long-
acuminate, spadix nearly equalling the spathe, fem. infl. elongate
followed by a short neuter portion, male infl. elongate its conical tip
sterile.

Perak, Scortechini. : i.

Rootstock as thick as a goose-quill, elongate, trailing. Leaves membranous,
deep green above, the intermediate nerves forming areole between the primary.
Peduncle 1-3 in. Spathe greenish, Ovaries oblong, 2-3-lobed; stigma subsessile,
disciform.

3. S. Scortechini, Hook. f.; limb of leaf about equalling the petiole

538 CLXVI. AROIDEE. (J.D. Hooker.) [Schismatoglottis,

oblong or obovate obtusely acuminate not apiculate base rounded acute
or subcordate, nerves many spreading and arched, petiole sheathing 4 of
its length, peduncles very short, spathe 2-23 in. cylindric acuminate,
spadixz stout, fem. infl. short, male twice as long with » few neuters at its
base and terminated by a cylindric sterile cone as long as the whole
infl.

Perak, Scortechini.

Rootstock stout. Leaves 5-7 by 24-3 in., coriaceous ; costa stout; nerves 20-30
pairs, slender; petiole 5—7 in. Peduncle 1-2 in., very stout. Spathe slightly con-
tracted above the fem. infl., sessile by a very oblique base. Spadin1}-2in. Ovaries
turbinate, the top covered by the flat circular stigma.

4. S. brevipes, Hook. f.; limb of leaf longer than the petiole coria-
ceous ovate or oblong acute base cordate, nerves spreading and arching,
petiole sheathing beyond the middle, peduncles few very short, spathe
14 in. much constricted above the fem. infl., spadix constricted in the
middle, fem. infl. with a few capitate neuters intermixed, male infl. sterile
above.

Perak, Scortechini.

Rootstock as thick as a goose-quill. Leaves 3-5 by 14-2 in., tip not apiculate,
nerves 8-12 pairs. Tube of spathe § in., ellipsoid. Spadée 14 in., sessile ; fem. infl.
about as long as the sterile portion of the male. Ovaries turbinate; stigma pulvi-
nate.

5. S. minor, Hook. f.; limb of leaf small shorter than the petiole
membranous oblong or ovate acute base cordate, nerves very slender
spreading and arching, petiole slender sheathing for 3-} its length or less,
peduncle solitary slender, spathe oblong acute hardly contracted in the
middle.

PERAK, Scortechini.

Rootstock very slender, as thick as a crow-quill, elongate, flexuous, rooting.
Leaves 2-24 by 1-1} in., pale beneath, tip not apiculate, costa and nerves (7-8 pairs),
papillose beneath ; petiole 3-4 in. Peduncle 2-24 in. Tube of spathe 2 in., limb
ovate. Spadia with the fem. infl. adnate for nearly half its length to the spathe.
Ovaries scattered below, globose, few-ovuled ; placentas 2; stigma pulvinate, sessile.
—The specimens are very scanty and contained but one spathe.

tt Leaves deeply cordate at the base.

6. S. mutata, Scoriechini mss.; leaves ovate-cordate or subsagittate
cuspidately acuminate membranous many-nerved, petiole sheathing for 4 or
3 its length, peduncles several, spathe 2-5 in. very narrow acuminate tip
recurved slightly constricted much below the middle, spadix with the fem.
and male infl. about equal each 4 the length of the spadix with a narrow
intervening constriction covered with neuters, male terminating in an
elongate barren cone.

Pgrak ; Scortechini ; at Goping, King’s Collector.

Stem sometimes 2 ft., nearly 1 in. diam. (King’s Collector). Leaves 6-9 by
4-54 in., tip not apiculate, sinus acute; basal lobes rounded, sometimes diverging
and narrowed to the rounded tip; nerves 18-20 pairs, spreading and arched, inter-
mediates very slender; petiole 5-12 in. Pedunele 2-4 in. Spathe yellow, tube
14 in., limb membranous. Spadiw rather slender; male and fem. infl. each about
1 in., cylindric ; sterile cone 1 in., covered with very large flat sinuous neuters.

7. S.longipes, Mig. Fl, ind. Bat. iii, 214; in Bot. Zeit. (1856) 565;

Schismatoglottis. | CL¥VI. AROIDE.Z, (J. D, Hooker.) 539

leaves cordately ovate or ovate-lanceolate caudate-acuminate membranous
many-nerved, petiole sheathing for } or 4 its length, peduncles many,
spathe 2-3 in. constricted about the middle, spadix with fem. infl. for half
its length followed by a constriction with neuters, male infl. clavate,
oe upper half broadly conic sterile. Schott Gen, Aroid. t. 55; Prodr.

Prrax, Scortechini,—Disrais. Java, Sumatra.

Rootstock elongate, as thick as a swan’s quill, rooting. Leaves 5-7 by 2-34 in.,
pale beneath, tip with a deciduous long mucro, costa stout; nerves 12-18 pairs,
spreading and arching’; petiole equalling or exceeding the limb. Peduncles 4-8 in.
Spathe with an inflated acuminate limb, tube $-1 in. Ovaries oblong; stigma
pulvinate, obscurely lobed.—Reduced to 9. calyptrata, Zoll. and Morr. (Syn. Verz.
Zoll. 83), by Engler, which is founded on Calla calyptrata, Roxb. (Wight Ie. t. 799),
an Amboyna plant with oblong leaves, short stout petioles and a capitate summit
of the male infl.

8. S. Kurzii, Hook. f.; leaves 8-12 by 4-6 in. ovate deeply cordate
many-nerved membranous, basal sinus very acute, petiole 12-14 in. broadly
sheathed to the middle.

Prev Yomau, Kurz.

Resembles S$. mutata, but a much larger leaved plant, with a very stout petiole.
Thave seen no spathe. It is interesting as the most northern species of the genus
known in India.

** Tube of spathe after flowering broadly funnel-shaped. (RHYNcoPYLE,
Engler.)

9. S. elongata, Engler in Bull. Soc. Ort. Tose. iv. (1879) 298; leaves
elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolate acute at both ends. Rhyncopyle elon-
gata, Engler in Beccari Males. i. 289, t. 23, £. 3-15; Ic. ined. n. 199.

Perak; sandy creeks, alt. 3000 ft., Scortechinit—DisrRizs. Borneo (or Su-
matra).

Ee itodk short. Leaves 4-8 by 1-24 in., coriaceous, pale beneath, tip with a
tubular mucro; nerves 7-8 pairs, nearly straight and costa beneath strong; petiole
sheathing at the base. Peduncles equalling the petioles or shorter. Spathe 14-2 in.,
erect or inclined, green, oblong, acute or acuminate. Spadiw sessile, much shorter
than the spathe, stout ; fem. infl. shorter than the male, narrowed below, with tabular
neuters below it; male rounded at the top; connective broad, pubescent. Berries
very small, turbinate ; stigma a small sessile disc. Seeds fusiform, with a trans-
parent fleshy coat which is produced into a long tail at top and base,—Engler
figures the spathe exactly as in Homalomena nutans, namely, broadly ovate and
cernuous on a decurved peduncle.

23. ANADENDRUM, Schott.

Scandent shrubs rooting on trees. Leaves distichous, entire or pinnatifid,
peticle geniculate at the tip; primary nerves many, secondary branch-
ing. Spathe ovate acuminate, deciduous. Spadix stipitate, elongate,
cylindric ; flowers crowded, bisexual; perianth 0, annular, or cupular.
Stamens 4-6, filaments very short, flattened; anthers terminal, cells
erect subreniform. Ovary obconic, truncate, 1-celled, crown flat; stigma
small, sessile, linear; ovule solitary (or 2 in A. medium), basilar.
Berries small, scattered; pericarp without intercellular needles. Seed
exalbuminous, testa thick ; embryo macropodal.—Species 4 or 5,
Malayan.

540 OLXvI. aRoIDEM. (J. D. Hooker.) [Anadendrum.

* Leaves entire.

1. A. montanum, Schott in Bonpland. y. (1857); Prodr. 371;
leaves drying black ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, petiole slender,
sheath very narrow. Engler Arac.97; Ic. ined. No. 83. Scindapsus mon-
tanus, Kunth Enum. iti. 64; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 184. Pothos malayanus,
Mig.t.c. Suppl. 596. P. elegans, Wall. Cat. 4444. Calla montana, Blume
Cat. Hort. Buit. et in Flora (1825), 147.

TENASSERIM ; at Mergui, Helfer. Punane, Wallich. Prrax, Scortechini:
King’s Collector. Matacca, Grifith, Maingay.—Distr1z. Malay lslands,

Stem as thick as a goose-quill, terete, smooth. Leaves 6-12 by 23-4 in., coria-.
ceous, base cuneate rounded or subcordate often unequal-sided; nerves very many,
spreading ; petiole 3-9 in., sheathed to the knee in young leaves, to a variable
height in older; knee 4-$in. Peduncles 2-4 in., slender, rigid. Spathe 14-2 in.,
beak long straight. Spadix 1-2 in. ; stipes slender. Perianth cupular, nearly as
high as the ovary. Berries pisiform.

Var. longirostris ; beak of spathe as long as the body.— Perak, Wray,—Borneo.

2. A. marginatum, Schott in Gstr. Bot. Wochendl. (1857), 117;
Prodr. 390; leaves drying green oblong-lanceolate acute or acuminate,
petiole very broadly sheathing up to the knee. Hngler Arac. 96. Pothos
marginatus, Wall. Cat. 4443...

Prnana, Porter. Prax, Scortechini, King’s Collector.—Distriz. Sumatra,

Stem stout. Leaves 6-12 by 2-8} in., base acute acuminate cuneate or rounded,
usually unequal-sided; nerves very many, suberect or spreading ; petiole 4-6 in.,
sheath 3-4 in. broad, 2-auricled at the tip; knee short. Peduncles 3-5 in. Spathe
14-28 in. long, as in A. montanwm, white on pale yellow. Perianth annular.

3. A. latifolium, Hook. f.; leaves drying greenish broadly oblong
cuspidately acuminate base acute, petiole rather slender, sheath very
narrow. :

Prax; Scortechini, King’s Collector.

Stem as thick as a swan’s quill. Leaves 10-13 by 44-54 in., coriaceous; nerves
about 12 pairs, strong, spreading and arched; petiole 7-10 in., narrowly sheathing
for Zits length. Peduncle 3-5in. Spathe 2-3 in., white within, greenish without ;
beak 4-3 the length of the body. Spadia 1-2 in., shortly stipitate. Perianth
annular.

** Teaves pinnatifid.

4. A. medium, Schott in Bonpland. v. (1857) 45; Prodr. 392; Rha-
phidophora Huegeliana, Schott dl. cc. 45, 384. Scindapsus medius, Zoll.
and Moritz Syst. Verz. n. 82; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 186. Epipremnum
medium, Engler Arac. 250. Pothos pinnatus, Wall. Cat. 4438.

PERAK, Scortechini, King’s Collector. SINGAPORE, Wallich, Maingay.—D1s-
TRIB. Malay Islands.

Stem 20 ft., iess than 1 in. diam. Leaves 6-14 in. long and broad, or broader
than long, membranous, deeply pinnatitid or pinnatisect, often perforate towards
the costa ; lobes 2-4 pairs, obliquely truncate, upper angle acute, basal lobes dimi-
diate-ovate; petiole channelled, sheathing towards the base. Peduncle 4-6 in.
Spathe 2-3 in., eymbiform, pale green without, white or cream-colrd. within.
Spadi« shorter than the spathe, yellow, stipes} in. Ovary 2-celled, according to
Maingay, but Mr. Brown and I find but one cell with 2 erect basal ovules, and so it
is represented in a drawing by Scortechini. Berry turbinate. Seed (judging by a
figure of Scortechini) with a macropodal embryo.—Engler has referred this rather
anomalous plant to Epipremnum, but the stipitate spadix, ovules, the want of

Anadendrum.] CLXVI, ARDIDEH, (J. D. Hooker.) 541

needles in the pericarp, and apparently macropodal embryo, all point to Anadendrum.

There are needles in the tissue.of the petioles, which I do not find in any other
Anadendrum,

24. SCINDAPSUS, Schott.

_ Climbing shrubs with the characters of Anadendrum, but the spadix
is sessile, there is no cupular perianth, and the pericarp of the berries

abounds in intercellular needles.—Species about 10, tropical Asiatic,
Australian and Polynesian.

See note under genus Rhaphidophora.
* Leaves obliquely ovate elliptic or lanceolate.

1. S. officinalis, Schott Meletem. i. 21; Gen. t. 81; Prodr. 395;
branches wrinkled when dry, leaves 5-10 by 24-6 in. ovate elliptic-ovate
or nearly orbicular caudate-acuminate base rounded or slightly cordate,
primary nerves distinct, petiole 3-6 in. broadly winged up to the knee,
spathe 4-6 in. oblong subcylindrical beaked. Kunth Enum. iii. 683; Mig. Fl.
Ind, Bat.i, 452; Engler Arac. 254. Pothos officinalis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i.
431; Wight Ic. t.778; Wall. Cat. 4436. Calla ovata, Herd. Ham.

Tropical Himataya; from Sikkim eastwards.’ Ben@at,'Cuitracone, Burma,
and the ANDAMAN IsLDs. ' : : ,
' Stem as thick as the little finger. Leaves dark green. Pedunele solitary,
terminal, much shorter than the petiole. Spathe about 4-6 in. long, green without,
yellow within, beak slender. Spadix equalling the spathe, elongating in fruit,
greenish-yellow. Stigma elongate; fruiting hemispheric. Berries, few only

tipening, fleshy. Seed ovate-cordate.—Fruiting spadix sometimes a span long.

2. S. pictus, Hassk. Cat. Hort. Bogor. (184-4), 58; Pl. Jav. Rar. 159;
branches angled and muriculate when dry, leaves 5-7 by 14-5 in. falcately
ovate-lanceolate to broadly ovate acute or acuminate, petiole 1-1} in.
winged to the knee, spathe 14-2} in. cymbiform beaked. Mig. Fl. Ind.
Bat. iii. 183; Schott Prodr. 393; Engler Arac. 252. 8. pothoides, Schott
lc. 894 (not of Mig.). S. argyrea, Engler Ll. ¢. 255.

Perak; King’s Collector.—DisTRiB. Java, Borneo.

Stem 6-8 ft., as thick as a goose-quill or more, 4-6-angled when dry through
contraction of the tissues, and pale red-brown. eaves thickly coriaceous, dul]
green; nerves very close and slender, primary and secondary hardly distinct.
Peduncles equalling the petiole, very stout. Spathe white. Spadim green.—The
leaves of young plants are orbicular-cordate, green blotched with white.

3. S. Scortechinii, Hook. f.; branches deeply wrinkled when dry not
muriculate, leaves 3-6 by 14-24 in. ovate orbicular or falcately lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, base rounded or subcordate, primary nerves very
obscure, petiole 2-54 in. broadly winged, spathe 13-24 in. ovate acute or
acuminate.

PERAK; Scortechini, alt. 3-4000 ft., King’s Collector; on Maxwell’s Hill,
Wray.

San scandent, as thick as a swan’s quill or less, pale, wrinkled, other-
wise quite smooth. Leaves thickly coriaceous; nerves very many, primary hardly
distinguishable from the secondary ; petiole winged to the knee or 3 way up. Peduncle
much shorter than the petiole. Spathe yellowish on both surfaces. Spadi# much
shorter. Berries about 4 in. diam. across the crown.

542 cLxvI. aRorDEs. (J. D. Hooker.) [Scindapsus.

4, S. hederacea, Schott in Bonpland. v. (1857), 45; Prodr. 395;
branches tercte smooth, leaves 5-8 by 1-24 in. falcately lanceolate
acuminate base acute, primary nerves indistinct, petiole 2-4 in, broadly
winged up to the knee, spathe 2-2$ in. narrow long-beaked. Engler Arac.
258; Ic. ined. No. 18 (young plant). 8. pothoides, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. iti.
ea (not of Schott). 8. inquinatus, Schott in Mig. Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat.
, Prrax; Scortechini, King’s Collector, MaLacoa; Griffith, Maingay.—DIstTRIB.

ava.

Stem climbing, 30-40 ft., as thick as a goose-quill or more. Leaves rather
thinly coriaceous ; petiole with pale sheaths, Peduncle 1-2 in., stout. Spathe
much narrower than in any of the previous species, terete, slightly curved, pale
yellow. Fruiting spadi 3-4 in., white. Berries about 4 in. diam. across the
crown.—Leaves broadly ovate cordate in young plants.

5. S. perakensis, Hook. f.; branches stout terete smooth, leaves
8-12 by 2-8 in. oblong-lanceolate or falcately lanceolate acuminate thinly
coriaceous, base acute or rounded, primary nerves distinct beneath, petiole
4-7 in. broadly winged up to the knee, peduncle 3-6 in. very stout, spadix
(after flowering) 3-5 in. cylindric or subclavate.

PuRax ; Scortechini, King’s Collector.

Stem 30-40 ft., 2-3 in. diam. (Héng’s Coll.), pale when dry. Leaves coriaceous,
costa rather slender; primary and secondary nerves undistinguishable above, nervules
trabeculate ; petiole sometimes 1 in. across the opened sheath. Peduncle 3-4 in.
Spathe not seen. Fruiting spadin nearly 14 in. diam.; carpels slatey blue, } diam.
across the crown. Seeds lenticular, 3 in. diam., black.

** Leaves broadly or narrowly oblong, rarely ovate or sublanceolate.

6. S. crassipes? Engler in Bot. Jahrb. i. 182; in Beccart Males. i. 4;
Ic. ined. No. 1; branches as thick as the thumb terete smooth, leaves 8-10
by 2-3 in. oblong acute base rounded densely coriaceous, costa very
thick, primary nerves obscure, petiole 1-2 in. broadly thickly winged,
peduncle very stout.

Purak, Scortechini.—DI1sTR1B. Borneo ?

TI haveseen only an imperfect specimen and drawing by Scortechini, in which the
leaves are narrower and petiole shorter than in Engler’s figure. In Scortechini’s
drawing and specimen the stem is very stout; petiole 1 in. across the thick
coriaceous wings; peduncle 2 in.; young fruit 6 in. by 1 diam. Berries } in. diam.
across the crown. :

7. S. Beccarii? Engler Bot. Jahro. i. 182; in Beccari Males. i. 277;
branches very stout, leaves 12-18 by 4-53 in. oblong or linear-oblong acumi-
nate-coriaceous, base acute, petiole 6-12 in. winged to the knee, primary
nerves distinct beneath, peduncle included in the leaf sheath, spathe 3-33
in. oblong terete acute.

PrnanG and Perak, Scortechint, King’s Collector. —DistRiB. Sumatra.

Differs from Engler’s figures of S. Beccarti, in the petiole sheathing to the knee,
and in the spathe emerging from the middle of the leaf sheath, and not from its apex.
King’s Collector describes the‘stem as 15-20 ft. and 14-2 in. diam.; leaves dark

lossy green ; spathe waxy white ; spadix cream-colrd, The ovaries are very narrow
und laterally compressed, not 7g in. across the crown.

8. §. cuscuaria, Presi. Hpimel. 242? stemless, leaves 12-18 by 4-7
jn. caudate-acuminate, base acute or rounded, nerves very many and close

Scindapsus. | OLXVI. aRoIDER, (J. D. Hooker.) 543

uniform anastomosing, petiole as long as the blade or longer stout winged
to the knee, peduncle very stout, spathe 3 in. cymbiform acuminate, spadix
stout, 8. maranteefolius, Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 187. Cuscuaria maranti-
folia, Schott Gen. t. 80; Prodr. 398 ; Engler Arac. 251. C.spuria, Schott
in Bonpland. ix. (1861), 367. Aglaonema? cuscuaria, Mig, lic. 227.
C. Rumphii, Schott in Mig. Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bot, i. 130.

Nicopar Isups. ; (Jelink. in Herb. Caleutt.)—DistRis. Malay Islds,

Rootstock very Stout. Leaves coriaceous, costa stout, base unequal-sided.—
The only specimen is an imperfect one, but agrees so far with the Javan plant. I
have taken the synonymy from Engler.

25. RHAPHIDOPHORA, Schott.

Habit and characters of Anadendrum, but spadix sessile, perianth 0,
ovules many parietal; the many-seeded berries confluent and their tissue
loaded with intercellular needles; seed albuminous, embryo axile.—
Species about 30, tropical Asiatic, Australian and Polynesian.

I greatly doubt the value of characters taken from the stigmas of dried
specimens of this genus, Scindapsus and Epipremnum, whether raised or sessile in
the crown of the ovary, and whether orbicular or oblong, or linear; they appear to
change in form with age, and certainly do so in drying. The nerves of the leaves
which afford characters in the dried state are often invisible in the fresh.

* Leaves entire and imperforate (see also R. pertusa).

+ Petiole not more than half the length of the blade (a rather variable
character).

1. R. crassifolia, Hook. f.; leaves 6-7 by 14-2 in. subfalcately lanceo-
late acuminate thickly coriaceous base narrowed acute or rounded, nerves
very obscare, petiole 14-23 in. slender channelled up to the blade, peduncle
very short, spathe 3 in. cylindric apiculate, stigma raised.

PERaz, King’s Collector.

Stem 20-30 ft. as thick as a goose-quill or thicker. Leaves very dark grey and
opaque when dried, with recurved margins; costa rather slender, nerves sunk in the
tissue, most obscure above and there marked only by superficial wrinkles, absolutely
concealed beneath under the smooth epidermis. Spathe thickly coriaceous, cream-
colrd. Ovaries >; in. diam., with raised pulvinate central stigmas.—Closely
resembles R. angustifolia, Schott, in form of foliage, but quite distinct in the
texture and nervation of the leaves and in the large spathes. In the Calcutta
collection of drawings is that of a plant named Pothos ventricosa, Wall. mss. from
N. E. Bengal, which resembles this ; the spathe is represented as purple.

2. R. Maingayi, Hook. f.; leaves 6-8 by 2-24 in. oblong-lanceolate
acute shining above, base acute, nerves uniform and raised on the upper
surface primary very slender but distinct beneath erecto-patent, petiole
short, spathe sessile P 43 in. cylindric beaked, stigma circular depressed on
the surface of the (dry) ovary.

Matacca, on trees, Maingay.

The specimens are imperfect, the leaves being detached from a portion of appa-
rently a tortuous branch as thick as the little finger. Leaves coriaceous, drying
yellow brown, costa rather slender, the apparent difference between the nervation of
the two surfaces is great, the nerves in the upper being raised through the shrinking of
the tissues, whilst beneath the erecto-patent primaries are capillary, the secondaries

544 cLxvi. aroripEz. (J. D. Hooker.) [Rhaphidophora.

very obscure. Spathe remarkably thick-walled (at least } in. thick). Ovaries
narrow, ;/; in. across the crown.

3. R. Wrayi, Hook.f; leaves 7-12 by 14-2 in. narrowly lanceolate
caudate-acuminate submembranous, base narrowed acute or rounded,
nerves capillary on both surfaces, petiole 2-3 in. slender channelled up
to the blade, spathe 14-2} in. peduncled cylindric or ovoid beaked spadix
as long as the spathe, stigma raised pulvinate.

Perak; Wray (with No. 662), Scortechini, King’s Collector.

Stem 30-40 ft., woody, as thick as a goose-quill or less, internodes 4-1 in., sur-
face striate. Leaves drying greenish-brown and quite opaque; nerves erecto-patent,
jo-4 in. apart with anastomosing nervules; petiole slender, stiff. Pedunele 3-14 in.
Spathe terete, walls very thick, green, cream-colrd. within. Fruiting spadia oblong,
24 in. long byl in. diam. Stamens 2. Berries } in. across the crown.

4, R. Lobbii, Schott in Bonpland. v. (1857), 45; Prodr. 379; leaves
3-8 by 14-3 in. ovate oblong linear-oblong or lanceolate acuminate or cau-
date thinly coriaceous, base acute or rounded, primary nerves distant and
usually well marked beneath all spreading and arched, petiole 1-24 in.
channelled up to the knee or limb, spathe small (1-1}) peduncled oblong
beaked, stigma raised. Engler Arac. 241.

Perak ; Scortechint, King’s Collector. Matacca; Griffith, Maingay. SINGA-
porr ; Lobb.—DistrRiz. Borneo, Java.

Stem 20-80 ft. much branched, as thick as a goose-quill or less. Leaves greenish

. brown and opaque when dry; 8-10 primary nerves very indistinct above, undersur-
face very smooth. Peduncle lin. Spathe turgid. Spadie oblong. Ovaries J, in.
diam. across the crown.— Stamens 6-8 and ovary 2-3-celled. Maingay, mss.

5. R. minor, Hook. f.; leaves 3-5 by 13-14 in. elliptic-lanceolate
acute or acuminate base acute or cuneate, primary nerves many slender
erecto-patent raised on both surfaces, petiole 1-2 in. broadly channelled up
to the blade, spathe peduncled 2-3 in. beak long slender, stigma raised
pulvinate. ; ;

Perak; Scortechini. Mauacca; Griffith (Kew Distrib. 5988), Maingay.

Branches as thick as a goose-quill or less, soft, striate, and foliage pale yellowish
brown, not shining when dry. Leaves thinly coriaceous; nerves slightly arching.
Peduncle 1-13 in., yellowish. Spathe coriaceous, apparently red, beak ending in a
very slender point. Spadixz cylindric. Ovaries ~; in. diam. across the crown.
Berries 3 in. diam.

6. R. Schottii, Hook. f.; leaves 8-14 by 2-44 in. falcately lanceolate
or oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate caudate-acuminate coriaceous, base
acute, nerves very many and slender uniform erecto-patent raised on both
surfaces, petiole 13-3 ‘in. stout channelled to the middle of the knee,
spathe 3 in. ovoid acuminate, spadix peduncled very stout, stigma
raised pulvinate. BR. Peepla (in part), Schott in Bonpland. v. (1857), 45.
Engler Arac, 242.

Assam ; Masters. Kuasta Hits; alt. 0-4000 ft., J. D. H. g& 7. 7.

Stem as thick as the little finger, smooth, terete, purple except the young
brauches. Leaves thinly coriaceous, in young plants distichous 3-4 in, ovate acute,
base very oblique. Peduncle 1-4 in. Spathe yellow inside and out. Spadie reddish,
when advancing to fruit 3 in. by lin.diam. Ovaries transversely elongate, } in diam.
—In the dried spadix (Assam) advancing to fruit, the pulvinate stigmas are raised on a
very short conical style; but in my drawing of the ovary, made in the Khasia Hills,
it is a depressed areole in the centre of the flat crown of the ovary. The petioles

Rhaphidophora.] CLXVI. AROIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) 545

vary greatly in length.—Near R. Peepia, but a very much stouter plant, with larger,
longer and narrower leaves.

7. R. Scortechinii, Hook. f.; leaves 10-12 by 3-4 in. ovate-lanceolate
unequal-sided caudate-acuminate base cuneate submembranous, primary
nerves 14-20 pairs strongly raised on both surfaces spreading and arched,
petiole 4-6 in. broadly channelled up to the limb, peduncle 3-4 in., spadix
2 by $ in., stigma elliptic sessile.

PERak ; Scortechini.

Stem creeping or stones, nearly as thick as the little finger. Leaves sub-
coriaceous, yellow undulate and opaque when dry.—The above is chiefly from
Scortechini’s drawing and notes attached to his specimens. The nerves of the leaves
are at least 14-20 pairs, united by oblique nervules. Scortechini describes the seeds
as winged, the lateral wings oblique, but he does not figure them so.

tt Petiole more than half the length of the leaf-blade.

8. R. lancifolla, Schott in Bonpland. (1857), 45; Prodr. 880; leaves
6-10 by 14-3 in. falcately-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate acuminate or cau-,
date membranous, base acute or rounded unequal-sided, nerves very many
raised on both surfaces erecto-patent, petiole 4-7 in. channelled to the knee,
spathe peduncled 3-4 in. ovate-oblong long beaked, stigmas raised pulvi-
nate. Engler Arac, 241; Musters in Gard. Chron. (1874), ii. 611; fig.
124, j

The Kuasra H1bxs and Munnipore; alt. 83-6000 ft., Grifith, Watt, &e.

Stem scandent, rooting, as thick as a goose or swan’s quill. ZLeeves thinly .
coriaceous, adult greenish-brown when dry, not shining above; nerves with
anastomosing nervules ; petiole slender. Pedunele 1-4 in. Spathe thickly coriaceous,
pale or darker red within. Spadix 13-2 in. (fruiting 3-4 in.) ; ovaries % in. diam.—
The 3-5 erecto-patent primary nerves described by Schott are with difficulty distin-
guished from the secondary, and in very few leaves only.

9. R. Peepla, Schott in Bonpland. v. (1857), 45 (partly); leaves 5-8
by 2-43 in. very unequal-sided obliquely ovate cuspidately. acuminate |
coriaceous, base rounded or cuneate, nerves very many uniform raised on
both surfaces, petiole 4-8 in. channelled up to the limb, peduncle 3-5 in. long,
spathe 23 in. lanceolate narrowed into a straight beak, stigmas raised. R.
calophyllum, Schott /.ce.; Prodr. 242; Engler Arac. 242.. Scindapsus
Peepla, Schott Melet. i. 21; Kunth Enum. ni. 62. Pothos Peepla, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. iti. 454; Wight Ic. t. 780 (not of Wallich). Monstera Peepla,
Schott (ex Linnza), vi. (1831), Litterat. Ber. 52.

Sixxiu Himataya and the Kuasta Hits, alt. 4-6000 ft.; Roxburgh, Griffith
(Kew Distr., 5959). Burma; onthe Karen Hills, Kurz.

Stem as thick asa swan’s quill, smooth, terete. Leaves coriaceous, drying pale
yellow-brown and shining above, nerves with rectangular nervules. Spathe
greenish yellow. Ovaries creamy, § in. diam.; stigma pulvinate on a very short
conical style——Roxburgh’s figure represents a spathe 5 in. long and the leaves as
having 5-7 pairs of primary arching nerves, which are not distinguishable in the
dried specimens. J have seen no Ceylon specimens, for Thwaites’ R. Peepla is R.
pertusa.

10. R. gracilipes, Hook. f.; leaves 6-8 by 2 4 in. broadly or
narrowly oblong-ovate unequal-sided cuspidately acuminate submem-
branous opaque, base rounded or cuneate, primary nerves 14-16 pairs raised
beneath widely spreading and arching, petiole 5-10 in. very slender,

VOL. VI. wn

546 CLKVI. AROIDEZ. (J.D. Hooker.) [ Rhaphidophora.

grooved channelled up to the limb, spathe 3-4 in. cylindric long-beaked,
stigmas raised pulvinate.

Prrax; Larut, Scortechini, King’s Collector. ;

(Stem 20-40 ft. by 1-14 in. diam., branches 3 in. diam., King’s Collector).
Leaves pale greenish or yellowish-brown and undulate when dry; petiole pale.
Pedunele 1-2 in. Spathe yellow, cream-colrd., or tinged with pink within. Spadix
shorter than the spathe. Ovaries 3, in. diam. ; stigmas orbicular.—In form the leaves
closely resemble &. Peepla, but their texture and nervature are very different.

ll. R. Kunstleri, Hook. f.; leaves 10-16 by 23-5 in. oblong or
oblong-lanceolate acuminate rather membranous, base acute or cuneate,
primary nerves many spreading and arched prominent beneath, petiole
10-15 in. grooved channelled up to the blade, spathe 6-8 in. cylindric
with a long stout beak, stigmas raised.

Perak, at Larut, Kunstler (King’s Collector).

(Stem 40-60 ft., 3-4 in. diam. Kunstler), branches 5} in. diam. eaves rigidly
undulate, opaque and dirty-brown when dry, sometimes very unequal-sided at the
base, deep green when fresh, crowded at the tips of the branches; nervules oblique ;
petiole slender, pale. Peduncle 1-3 in., very stout. Spathe white, thick walled.
Ovaries >; in. diam., stigma minute.—The spathe is one of the longest in the genus.

12. R. Hookeri, Schott in Bonpland. (1857), 45; leaves 7-24 by
23-12 in. membranous oblong cuspidately caudate-acuminate, base unequal-
sided cuneate rounded or cordate, primary nerves very many spreading
and arched, petiole 3-12 in. channelled up to the knee, spathe 23-3} in.
ovoid-oblong turgid, beak long slender, stigmas very broad orbicular pulvi-
nate. Pothos Peepla, Wall. Cat. 4444 (in part).

Sixzm Himawaya, alt. 1-4000 ft., J. D. H. Upper Assam, Grifith. S1tHEet
and Kuasia Hitts, alt. 2-3000 ft., Wallich, &c, Muonnipore, alt. 6000 ft.,
Watt,

A lofty climber; stem as thick as the thumb. Leaves the largest of the entire-
leaved species, very thin in texture, dark green, drying a dull’ grey-brown, with a
rather shining surface. Petiole pale, not deeply channelled. Spathe green, yellow
within and along the outer margins, walls very thick, base rounded. Spadizx short,
stout. Ovaries 4 in. diam. ; stigmas remarkably large for the genus.

** Leaves perforated, pinnatifid, or pinnatisect.

13. RB. Beccarii, Engler Bot. Jahrb. i. 181; in Beccari Males. i. 271,
+. 19, fF. 6-9; leaves narrowed from the middle to an acute base entire or
pinnatifid with falcate caudate-acuminate 1-many-nerved lobes, petiole
6-10 in. of young leaves broadly winged, peduncle 4-8 in., spathe 3-4 in.
cylindric acuminate, stigmas orbicular or oblong raised. Epipremnum
Beccarii, Engler in Bull. Soc. Tose. Ort. 1879, 269.— Wall. Cat. 4438 B.

Perak, Scortechini, King’s Collector.—D1stR1B. Siam, Borneo.

Rootstock short, tufted, as thick as the little finger, creeping and rooting (or
15-20 ft., King’s Collector), Leaves 10-15 by 4-8 in., unequal-sided, pale beneath ;
lobes very variable in breadth; petiole channelled up to the limb. Spathe dull
cream-coloured.—The stigmas in a drawing by Scortechini are sessile, very small and
oblong, but in his and other dried specimens they are large oblong or orbicular and
often cupped. Engler figures them as oblong raised and cupped.

14. R. pertusa, Schott in Bonpland. v. (1857) 45; Prodr. 382; leaves
8-18 in. long and 6-10 in. broad, young small ovate entire, old pinnatifid
to below the middle or perforate, base truncate or subcordate, lobes few

Rhaphidophora. | CLXVI. aROIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) 547

broad falcate acuminate, primary nerves 5-8 pairs, spathe 5-7 in. ovate-
oblong beaked. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 185; Engler Arac, 244. Scindap-
sus pertusus, Schott. Melet. i.21; Kunth Enum. iii. 62. §. Peepla, Thw.
Enum, 336. Pothos pertusas, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 434, Wight Ic. t. 781. P.
officinalis, Wail, Cat. 4436 G.—Rheede Hort. Mal. xii. t. 20, 21.

The Deccan PrninsuLta; Coromandel, Malabar, and southward to CeyLon.—
DistR1B. Malay Islands,

A tall climber. Leaves usually with oblong holes on one side; petiole about as
long as the blade, deeply channelled, young winged, wings not auricled at the top.
Spathe shortly peduncled. Spathe yellow. Ovuries 4-angled; stigma sessile,
pulvinate.

15. R. glauca, Schoti in Bonpland, v. (1857) 45; Prodr. 382; leaves
6-10 in. long and broad glaucous beneath pinnatisect, segments falcate
linear or broader caudate-acuminate 2-7-nerved, petiole as long as the
blade slender channelled up to the blade, spathe 4~6 in. oblong or lanceo-
late cuspidate. Engler Arac. 245; Ic. ined. 101. Scindapsus glaucus,
Schott Melet.i.121; Kunth Enum. iii. 61. Monstera glauca, C. Koch ex~
Schott. Pothos glaucus, Wall. Pl. As. Rar, ii. 45, t. 156; Cat. 4440. —

TRopicaL and SusprropicaL HimaLaya; from Nepal, Wallich, eastwards to
the Kuasia, Naga, and Munnipore HIixts, ascending to 7000 ft.

Stem as thick as the thumb, climbing lofty trees. Leaves of a fine glaucous blue
beneath ; young elliptic-ovate; segments 2-4 pairs, narrowed towards the base,
2-5enerved; petiole 6-10 in. Peduncle 3-7 in. Spathe very variable in size,
longer than the spadix, yellow on both surfaces. Spadix pale yellow. Stigma
of fresh ovary a longitudinal slit, of the dried pulvinate and raised.

Var. ? khasiana ; leaves 12-14 in., segments 3-7, 7-9 in. long.—Khasia Hills at
Churra and Pomrang, J.D.H. & T. T.—Referred by Schott to R. glauca, with which
it agrees in form of segments of leaf, and spathe and spadix, but the leaves are longer
with more numerous and longer segments.

16. R. eximia, Schott in Bonpland. v. (1857) 45; Prodr. 387 ; leaves
1-2 ft. longer than broad oblong pinnatisect with 4-7 pairs of obliquely
truncate acute l-costate and many-nerved segments, petiole very stout,
spathe a foot long oblong cuspidate, stigma raised on the conical top of
the ovary. R. grandis, Schott in Wstr. Bot. Zeit. 1858, 394; Prodr.
386.

Tropical Himaraya ; Kumaon, alt. 4000 ft., Strachey & Winterbottom; Sikkim,
alt. 2-5000 ft., and Kuas1a Hixts, alt. 0-4000 ft., Griffith, &c.

A lofty climber ; stem as thick as a child’s wrist. eaves bright green on both
surfaces. Peduncle 6-10 in., as thick as the thumb. Spathe orange-yellow, out-
side and in. Spadisx shorter than the spathe, white.

17. R. decursiva, Schott in Bonpland. v. (1857) 45; Prodr. 385;
leaves 1-3 ft. longer than broad oblong pinnatisect base, broadly cordate,
segments 8-15 pairs falcately ensiform acuminate costate and with several
lateral nerves, petiole very stout, spathe 5-7 in. subcylindrically cymbi-
form yellow beaked, stigma raised on the conical top of the ovary. Hngler
Arac. 246 (excl. many syns.); Bot. Mag. t. 7282. Scindapsus decursivus,
Schott Meletem.i.21; Kunth Enum. ini. 62; Wight Ic. t. 779; Mig. FI.
Ind. Bat. iii. 186; Thw. Enum. 336; Bot. Mag. t. 7282. Monstera de-
cursiva, Schott in Wien. Zeitschr. 1829 (Linnea (1831) Literat. Ber. 52).
Pothos decursiva, Rowb. Fl. Ind. i, 486; Wall. Pl. As. Rar. ii. 83, excl,
the Attran plant). P. decurrens (error for decursivus), Wall. Cat. 4437 A,
in part. 3

Nu

548 CLXVI. aRomDEa. (J.D. Hooker.) [Rhaphidophora.

Srxxim Himataya, alt. 2-5000 ft., J.D.H. Kuasra Hits, alt, 0-4000 ft.

A lofty climber, stem as thick as a child’s wrist. eaves bright green on both
surfaces, segments 6-18 by 1-2 in., tip sometimes almost truncate but always more
acuminate than in R. ewimia; petiole 1-2 ft., as thick as the little finger. Peduncle
3-6 in. Spathe bright yellow on both surfaces.

18, R. affinis, Schott in Bonpland. v. (1857) 45; Prodr. 385; leaves
1-2 ft. longer than broad oblong base broadly cordate pinnatisect or
pinnate, segments many pairs falcately ensiform acuminate narrowed at
the base 1-costate with very slender lateral nerves, spathe 5-6 in. oblong
cymbiform purple cuspidate, stigma raised on the conical top of the ovary-
Engler Arac. 247. ;

Kuasia Hitz, alt. 3-5000 ft., Grigith (Kew Distrib, 5952), &e.

Habit and characters of R. decursiva, and as robust, differing as far as my
specimens and drawing tell, in the beautiful violet-purple spathe, and very slender
lateral nerves of the narrower unicostate leaflets.

19. R. Korthalsii, Schott in Mig. Ann. Mus. Iugd. Bat. i. 129;
leaves oblong 1-23 ft. by 6-15 in. pinnatisect longer than their petioles,
segments many pairs linear falcate truncate acute 2-4-costate and many-
5 Na spathes crowded 6-8 in., stigmas slightly raised. Engler Arac.
247.

Penane, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1555). Prax, Scortechini, King’s Collector.
—Distris. Java.

Stem 30-40 ft., 2-3 in, diam., branching above, densely crinite below the upper-

most leaves and inflorescences. Leaves dark green; segments 3-8 in., base not

contracted ; petiole as thick as the little finger, sheathed up to the knee. Pedwncles

3-8 in., very stout. Spadix 6-7 in. cylindric. Ovaries very small.

20. R- tetrasperma, Hook. f.; leaves 5-7 in. long and broad broadly
ovate or orbicular cordate sparingly pinnatifid lobes cuspidate or acuminate, °
petiole rather shorter than the blade, spathe 13-2 in. turgidly cymbiform
acute, placentas each 2-ovuled.

Perak, Scortechini,

Stem 3-4 in. diam., flexuous, terete, rooting at the nodes, which are 3-4 in.
apart. Leaves often very unequal-sided ; lobes 1-2, broad, acute, 1-2-costate ; petiole
channelled up to the knee. Peduncle 1-2 in., very stout. Spathe white. Spadiz
subclavate. Stigma a raised furrow on the top of the ovary. Berries full of inter-
cellular needles.—Scortechini figures and describes the ovary as 2-celled, with an
erect ovule in each cell; but Mr. Brown and I find 1 cell and 2 ovules on each
placenta.

26. EBPIPREMNUM, Schoit.

Characters of Rhaphidophora, but the ovules are 1-3 anatropous on a
nearly basal placenta, and the berries are not confluent.—Species about 8,
Malayan and Polynesian.

This genus had better be merged in Rhaphidophora.

1. EB. giganteum, Schott in Bonpland. v. (1857) 45; Prodr. 389;
leaves entire oblong obtuse base cordate, nerves very many and close
horizontal, spathe 6-10 in. subsessile fusiform falcate woody. Engler
Arac. 249. Scindapsus giganteus, Schott Meletem. i. 21; Kunth Enum.
iii. 63. Monstera gigantea, Schott in Wien. Zeitsch. (1829), ea Linnea,
1831, Litter. Ber. 538. Pothos giganteus, Rowb, Fl. Ind. i. 434,

Punana, Rowburgh. Perax, Scortechini, King’s Collector.

Epipremnum.] CLXVI, aRoIDES. (J.D. Hooker.) 549

A lofty climber, over 100 ft.; stem 2-3 in, diam. Leaves 12-24 by 6-12 in.,
bright green (drying yellow-brown) very coriaceous, shining above; costa very
stout, nerves trabeculate by the rectangular nervules; petiole as long as the blade,
winged throughout its length. Peduncle solitary. Spathe ending in a curved beak.
Spadiw as long as the spathe. Stigmas ona style that rises from the hollow crown
of the ovary.—Roxburgh describes the spathe as dirty dull purple, but it is dull
green in his drawing. King’s Collector says of the Perak spathe, green outside and
yellow within, its walls are about 3 in. thick.—A closely allied flowerless plant in
Herb. Wallich (No. 4442, from Singapore), has leaves 18 in. long by 5} broad.

2. EB. mirabile, Schott Gen. Aroid. t. 79; Prodr. 338; leaves entire
pinnatifid or pinnatisect, base cordate, segments ensiform falcate truncate
acute or acuminate 1-3-costate base rounded or broadly cordate, spathe
in. cymbiform. Engler Arac. 249; N. E. Br. in Gard. Chron. 1882, i.
180, and Journ. Bot. (1882) 332. Rhaphidophora candata, Schott in Bon-
pland. v. (1857) 45. R. Wallichii, Schott Prodr. 383; Hngler 1. ¢. 245. R.
pinnata and pinnatifida, Schott in Bonpland. 1. c.; Prodr. 384. R. lacera,
Hassk. Cat. Hort. Bogor. 58; Pl. Jav. Rar. 155. R. Cunninghamii, Schott
in Bonpland, ix. (1861) 367. Scindapsus caudatus, pinnatifidus and
pinnatus, Schott Meletem. i. 21; Kunth Enum. iii. 62-63. 8. caudatus,
Engl. 1. c. 248. Pothos caudatus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 436; Wall. Pl. As.
Rar, ii. t. 192. P. decursivus, Wall, in As. Res. ii. 88, t. 192; Pl. As. Rar.
li. 83 (the Attran plant only). P. pinnatifidus, Rowb. Fl. Ind. i. 437. P.
decurrens (error for decursivus), Wall. Cat. 4437 A (in part), B—Monstera
pinnatifida, Schott in Wien. Zeitschr. 1820; in Linnea, vi. Litter. Ber.
02. Rumph. Herb. Amb. v. 489, t. 183, £. 2.

MarraBan and Tenassenim, Wallich, Falconer. Punana, Roxburgh.—DIs-
TRIB. Malaya, Australia, Polynesia.

A lofty climber; stem stout, 1 in. diam., clothed above with a network of the
fibrous remains of the stipular sheaths. Leaves 12-20 by 7-12 in., always with small
fenestrations or perforations along the region of the midrib, by which it may be
distinguished from all allied plants; lobes 4-10 pairs, terminal trapezoid ; petiole
8-15 in., knee 1-1} in. Spathe 4-44 in., green without, yellowish within. Spadiz
sessile, 2 in. thick, obtuse, green. Ovaries 1-celled, placentas stretching half-way
across the cell; stigma linear ; ovules 1-3 at the base of the placentas.—Schott figures
many arrested ovules which I do not find. Roxburgh says of the Penang plant grow-
ing in the Bot. Garden, that the extreme leafless shoots are long and pendulous,
differing thus from all other species of Pothos known to him. This species (if the
identifications are correct with the Pacific plant) is the Tonga drug, much lauded in
cases of rheumatism. Iam indebted to Mr. Brown for unravelling the intricate
synonymy of EZ. mirabile and Rhaphidophora decursiva.

3. E. humile, Hook f.; dwarf, leaves entire ovate-cordate acuminate,
nerves spreading and arched, spathe 1-li in. cymbiform beaked. Ana-
dryum humile, Schott in Mig. Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. i. 127; Engler Arac.
181; Ie. med. No. 152.

" Penana, Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1560.) Prrax, Curtis, Scortechinit.—DIstRIB.
umatra.

Rootstock as thick as the little finger, creeping (climbing?). Leaves 4-7 by
3-43 in., coriaceous, acuminate, sinus deep narrow rounded at the base; nerves many,
spreading, arched, and branching with the secondary; petiole 6-12 in., not sheath-
ing. Peduncle solitary, 14-2 in. Spathe erect. Spadiw shorter. Stamens 4.
Ovary obpyramidal, truncate, 1-celled; placenta parietal, stretching nearly across
the cell, with one erect anatropous ovule on each side of its base; stigmas hemi-
spheric.—The ovary is certainly 1-celled according to both Mr. Brown’s and my own
analyses, the ovules are detected with great difficulty. The habit is very unlike that.
of either E. giganteum or mirabile.

550 CLXVI, AROIDEZ. (J.D. Hooker.)

27. LASIA, Lour.

A stout spinous marsh plant; rhizome branched and petiole peduncle
and leaf nerves beneath all prickly. Leaves long-petioled, hastate, entire
or pedately pinnatifid. Spathe very long, narrow, fleshy, twisted, base
convolute, deciduous. Spadix short, cylindric, dense-fid., flowering down-
wards. Sepals 4-6, obovate, tips truncate incurved. Stamens 4-6, fila-
ments short, flat ; anther-lobes parallel, slits extrorse. Ovary ovoid, 1-celled,
l-ovuled; style stoat; stigma depressed; ovule pendulous from the top of
the cell, anatropous or semi-anatropous. Berries obpyramidal, 6-sided, top
warted or muricate. Seed compressed, rugose, exalbuminous; embryo
macropodal.

L. heterophylla, Schott Melet. 21; Kunth Hnum, iii. 67; Mig. Fl.
Ind. Bat. ii. 176, L. Zollingeri, Jenkinsii, and Hermanni, Schott in Bon-
pland. v. (1857) 125. L. desciscens, Schott in Ann. Mus, Lugd, Bat. i.
127. L. Roxburghii, Grif. Itin. Notes, iii.155 ; Motul. iii.155. L. spinosa,
Thw. Enum. 336; Engl. Monog. Arac. 273. Pothos Lasia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i.
438; Wall. Cat. 4447. P. heterophylla, Rowb. J.v. 487; Wight Ic. t. 777.
had Ham. in Wall. Cat. 4447. Dracontium spinosum, Linn. Sp.

. 967%

From tropical Stxxim Hrmanaya, Assam, BENGAL, and Burma, southwards to
SInGaPoRE and CeyLon.—Distsis. Malay Islds., China.

Rootstock 1 in. diam. Leaves 6-18 in. long, rigidly coriaceous, young hastate or
sagittate with broad or narrow basal lobes, older often broader than long, and deeply
pinnatifid, base cordate, lobes 1-costate acuminate; petiole terete, 2-4 ft., sheathing
towards the base. Peduncle about as long as the petiole, slender. Spathe 8-14 in.,
claret-colrd., opening at the base only. Spadix about 1 in., claret-colrd., fruiting
4-5 in. and 1 in. diam.

28. PODOLASIA, N. E. Br.

Habit and characters of Lasia, and like it prickly, but the leaves are
always entire, the spathe short, open to the base, the ovule is laterally
attached towards the base of the ovarian cells, and the berries are globose,
quite smooth, and entirely exserted beyond the sepals.

P. stipitata, WV. H. Br. in Gard. Chron. 1882, ii. 70.

Perak, Scortechini, King’s Collector.—DistTR1B. Borneo.

Rootstock as thick as the little finger or thicker, creeping. Leaves 8-14 in.,
broad or narrow, hastate or sagittate, 6-12 in. broad across the insertion of the
petiole ; basal lobes parallel divaricating or horizontal, 4-4 in. broad, acute or acu-
minate; petiole as long as the blade or shorter, slender. Peduncle shorter than the
petiole, very slender. Spathe 3-5 in., narrowly cymbiform, deep red. Spadix about
% as long as the spathe, red; stipes 3-3in. Berries § in. diam., few on the spadix,
red.

29. CYRTOSPERMA, Grif.

Perennial warted or prickly herbs. Leaves hastate. Spathe expanded,
straight or twisted, base convolute or not, persistent. Spadix short, dense-
fid., flowering downwards. Sepals 4-8, truncate, tip incurved. Stamens
4-8, filaments short, flat; anthers ovate-oblong, slits extrorse. Ovary 1-
celled; stigma sessile, pulvinate; ovules 1 or more, semi-anatropous, pen-
dulous by long funicles from near the middle of the cell. Berries crowded,

Cyrtosperma. | CLXVI. AROIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) 551

obovoidly globose, smooth, 1-7-seeded, scarcely longer than the accrescent
sepals. Seeds compressed, crested; albumen scanty; embryo hooked.—
Species about 10, tropical.

G. lasioides, Griff. Itin. Notes iii. 149; Nolul. iii. 150; Ic. Pl. Asiat.
t. 169; leaves sagittate, lobes caudate-acuminate, petiole and peduncle
prickly, flowers 6-merous, ovules 2. Schott Gen.t. 84; Prodr. 403; Engler
Arac. 270; Ic. Ined. No. 89.—Wall. Cat. 4447.

PERAK; in marshes, Scortechini, King’s Collector. Mawacca, Griffith. Srnea-
PORE, Gaudichaud, &e.—Distziz. Borneo.

Rootstock stout. Leaves like those of Lasia, 24-3 ft., basal lobes as long as the
median, costa and nerves prickly beneath; petiole 2~8 ft., sometimes as thick as
the middle finger. Pedunele shorter than the petiole. Spathe 1-5 in., lengthening
to 8 in fruit, open to the base, flat, ovate or lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, many-
nerved, white or yellow within, reddish-brown without striped with green. Spadix
pink ; stipes stout, dorsally adnate to the spathe. Fruiting spadix 4-6 by 1 in.
diam. Berries closely packed.—Young plants are smaller in foliage aud spathe.

30. ANAPHYLLUM, Schott.

_ A tall herb, with creeping rootstock. Leaves broad, membranous,
pinnate or pedatipartite. Spathe large, broadlylanceolate, caudate, twisted,
membranous, deciduous, base very shortly convolute. Spadix short, cylin-
dric, stipitate, flowering downwards, base adnate to the spathe. Sepals 4,
large, obovate, truncate,incurved. Stamens 4, filaments flat; anther-
cells saccate, pores terminal. Ovary ovoid or oblong, 1-celled, 1-ovuled ;
os a sessile, disciform; ovule semianatropous, parietal. Berries obo-
void.

A. Wightii, Schott Gen. Aroid. t. 83; Prodr. 404; Engler Arac. 275}
—Wall. Cat. 8968.

TRAVANCORE; Courtallam. Wight.

Leaves 1-2 tt. long or more; leaflets 2-6 pairs, sessile or petiolulate, 8-18 by
2-4 in., acuminate, l-costate, base cuneate rounded or acuminate, terminal lobe
simple or divided ; petiole 3-4 ft., quite smooth, Pedunele longer than the leaf.
Spathe 6-12 by 2-4in. Spadiz 1 in.

‘31. POTHOS, Linn.

Climbing branched shrubs, branches rooting. Leaves distichous. Pe-
duncles terminal or axillary or from lateral shoots. Spathe small, reflexed,
cymbiform, or elongate, persistent. Spadix sessile or stipitate, flower-
ing upwards, stipes often decurved or Hexuous. Sepals 6, tips incurved.
Stamens 6, filaments flat; anther-cells ellipsoid, slits extrorse. Ovary
3-celled ; stigma small; ovules 1 in the inner angle of each cell, anatro-
pous. Berries 1-3-seeded. Seeds exalbuminous; embryo macropodal.—
Species about 20, tropical Asiatic, Australia and Pacific, with one
Madagascar. ;

A. Leaves with a broad flat truncate petiole, and short entire sheath.
Spadiz (in the Indian species) very short, globose oblong or pyriform, stipes
long.

1. P. scandens, Linn. Sp. Pl. 968; leaves 2-4 in. obovate or lanceo-
late, peduncles 2-3 in., bracts very small, spathe cymbiform cuspidate,
spadix globose ovoid or shortly oblong. Bot. Reg. t. 183; Hook. Ic. Pl. t.

552 CLXVI. AROIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) [Pothos.

175; Schott Meletem. i. 21; Avrotd. i. 22, t. 838; Prodr. 563; Roxb. Fl. Ind.
ui. 457; Kunth Enum. iti. 65; Grah. Cat. Bomb. Pl. 229; Dalz. & Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 257; Wall. Cat. 4435; eacl. D, BE, F; Engler Arac. 84 (excl. var.
8). P. exiguiflorus and cognatus, Schott ll. ec. 21, 22, t. 41, 48, and 561,
_ 562. P. fallax, Schott Prodr. 560. P. decipiens, Schott im Bonpland.

(1859), 165; Prodr. 562. P. Roxburghii, De Vriese in Plant. Jungh. i. 103.
—Rheede Hort. Mal. vii. t. 40.

Throughout India, on walls and tree trunks, from Beneat eastward to BuRMA, and
southward to SINGAPORE ; and from the Concan to CEYLON, and the ANDAMAN and
Nicopar Isups.—DistR1B. Malay Islds., China.

Stem as thick as the little finger, much branched; internodes 3-1 in. Leaves
very variable, 3-2 in. broad, acute apiculate or acuminate; base cuneate or rounded ;
petiole 1-3 by 4-2 in., base 4-amplexicaul. Peduncles equalling or exceeding the
bracts, which are 3-2 in. long. . Spathe 1-4 in. green. Spadiw 1-1 in. diam.,
yellow, about as long as its stipes. Berries 4-2 in. long, oblong.—P. cognatus,
distinguished by the short peduncle is not even a constant variety, and there are not a
few other Schottian species, that must go under P. scandens.

2. P. Vriesianus, Schott Aroid. 22, t.386; Prodr. 565; characters
of P. scandens, but bracts much larger, } in. long and broad, spadix larger
erect inclined or deflexed. Engler Arac. 80. P. Roxburghii, Schott Aroid.
d, ne 37 (not of de Vriese). Hngler lc. 81. P. scandens, Wall. Cat.
4435 P

Sizxim Himatayra, alt. 1-4000 ft., J.D. H. Buotan, Griffith; SitHeEt,
Wallich.

Almost exactly intermediate between P. scandens, of which it has the foliage,
&c., and P. Catheartii; which has larger but quite similar spathes and spadix.
De Vriese erred in supposing that Roxburgh’s and Wight’s plant differed from
scandens,

3. P. Cathcarti; Schott Aroid.i.22,t 44, 45; Prodr. 565; leaves 3-6 in.
ovate oblong or lanceolate acute or acuminate, peduncle very stout 4-2 in.,
bracts large concave, spathe orbicular, spadix stoutly stipitate suberect or
decurved oblong or globose. Hugler Arac. 85. P. scandens, Don Prodr.
21; Wall. Cat. 4435, D, E, F

TRopicat HrmauayA, ascending to 4000 ft. from Kumaon, Strachey & Winter-
bottom to BHoran, AssaM, the Kuasia Hints, MuNNIpoRE and BuaMa.

A very much larger plant than P. scandens, or Vriesianus, with thickly coria-
ceous bracts, the inner sometimes $ in. long, a spathe sometimes nearly an inch
broad, and spadix 3-3 in. diam., on a stipes 4-2 in. long. Berries 3-2 in. long,
obovoid or oblong, scarlet.

4, P. angustifolius, Presi. Hpimel. 242; leaves 14-2 by 2-2 in.
linear apiculate, peduncle very short, bracts small, spathe lanceolate,
spadix suberect minute globose or ellipsoid. Schott Aroid. i. 21, t. 31;
Prodr. 559; Engler Arac. 81.

TENASSERIM, Helfer, &c.

Stem much branched ; brauches short, as thick as a crow-quill ; internodes 1-2 in,

Leaves 1-3 in. broad; nerves parallel; petiole 3-2in. Spathe } in. long. Spadiz
~o-t in. diam.

5. P. Hookeri, Schott Aroid. i. 23, t. 46.; Prodr. 566; leaves 3-4 in.
lanceolate acuminate, peduncle 14-23 in. decurved, bracts ovate acute,
spathe cymbiform acuminate, spadix oblong. P. scandens, Hook, Ic. Pl. t.
175. P. scandens, var. Hookeri, Engler Arac. 84,

Pothos. } CLXVI. AROIDES. (J.D. Hooker.) 553

Cryton, Walker.

Stem and foliage as in the common state of P. scandens and Vriesianus.
Peduncle often longer than the petiole. Spathe 3-2 in. Spadix 4-} in,, its stipes
about as long.

6. P. macrocephalus, Scort. mss.; leaves lanceolate apiculate,
petiole as long as the blade, peduncle 13-2 in. decurved, spathe ovate-
cordate or orbicular cuspidate, spadix globose or shortly pyriform.

Perak, Scortechini, King’s Collector.

Climbing 60-80 ft.; branches as thick as a crow-quill, internodes }—% in.
Leaves 24-3} by 3-% in.; rather -broader than the petiole. Peduncle rather stout ;
bracts very variable, sometimes few with the longest only 4 in., at others many, and
tin. long. Spathe 3-2 in. diam., white ; occasionally asecond smaller superior spathe
occurs, Spadiv 3 in, diam., or less, yellow.—This differs from P. Junghunianus
and macrophyllus, de Vriese (in Plant. Jungh. i. 108, 104) of Java and Sumatra
solely in the narrower leaves and great length of the petiole. I suspect that all
there may prove forms of one.

B. Petiole (knee only) very short; sheath very long, split to the base.
Spadiz long, sessile or stipitate.

* Spadin cylindric, dense-fid. ; flowers not in clusters.

7. P. Kingii, Hook. f.; stout, leaves 6-10 by 3-4 in. oblong or oblong-
lanceolate caudate-acuminate, base narrowed rounded, bracts 14-2 in.,
spathe 4-6 in. ovate-lanceolate.

PERAK ; Scortechini, King's Collector ; alt. 2-3000 ft.

Stem 6-10 ft., asthick as a swan’s quill, branches 2-3 ft., pale. Leaves coria-
ceous, often unequal-sided, shining on both surfaces; petiole+ in.; sheath 3-4 in.,
margins membranous, at length fibrous, tip 2-auricled. Spathe dark purple within,
pale without. Spadix half as long. Ovary oblong; style very short, stigma
penicillate.

8. B. Barberianus, Schott Aroid. 24, t.53; Prodr. 573; leaves 3-5
bv 12-1} in. oblong- or ovate-lanceolate acuminate base rounded, sheath
clasping the branch, peduncles terminal and axillary, spathe linear-
lanceolate. Engler Arac. 90.

Perak; on rocks, Scortechini, King’s Collector.—DisTR1B. Borneo,

Stem slender, branches as thick as a crow-quill. Leaves thinly coriaceous, tip
sometimes caudate; petiole 2 in., sheath 2-3 in., by 3-3 in. broad, biauricled.
Peduncle deflexed, 1-14 in. Spathe 3-1 in., acuminate. Spadiw as long, sessile.
Stigmas pulvinate, sessile.

9, P. Wallichii, Hook. f.; leaves 33-4 in. oblong-lanceolate acumi-
nate, base cuneate or rounded, sheath divergent from the branch, peduncles
axillary and terminal, spathe linear-lanceolate acuminate. P. tenera,
Wall. Cat. 4439, B. (not Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. Hd. Carey). P. gracilis,
Schott Prodr. 572. Engler Arac. 91 (not of Roxb.)

PENANG, Porter, Curtis; Perax, Scortechini. :

Very similar to B. Barberianus in foliage, but a more slender plant, with the
spreading leaf-sheaths not } in. broad, the peduncle 14-3 in. long much more slender,
a shortly stipitate spadix, and a slender minute style with a very inconspicuous
stigma.—In Carey’s Edition of Roxburgh’s Flora Indica, Wallich proposed the name
of P. tenera for an Amboyna plant cultivated in the Calcutta Garden, named P.
gracilis by Roxburgh in mss.

554 CLXvI. AROIDEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) ({ Pothos.

10. P. lancifolius, Hook. f.; leaves 4-7 by 1-1} in. narrowly oblong-
lanceolate caudate-acuminate base cuneate sheath divergent from the
branch, peduncle terminal, bracts 0, spathe ovate-lanceolate acuminate.

PERAK; Scortechini.

A large climber, branches as thick as a crow-quill. Leaves thinly coriaceous,
pale when dry, and undulate within the margin, tip slender; nerves erecto-patent ;
petiole 4-4 in., sheath slender, tip bifid. Peduncle 1-1} in., spreading ‘or deflexed.
Spathe 14 in., lurid purple, striate. Spadiv 1-12 in., subsessile, cylindric, obtuse,
in. diam. Sepals and stamens 6 each; filaments linear-oblong. Stigma minute.

** Spadiz slender ; flowers in small spirally disposed or whorled clusters.

11. P. latifolius, Hook.f. ; leaves 5-7 by 24-4 in. oblong or obovate-
oblong acute or obtuse base rounded or cuneate, sheath divergent from the
branch, peduncle terminal, bracts 0, spathe linear from a rounded base,
tip emarginate mucronate in the sinus much shorter than the stipitate
spadix.

Prrax ; Larat, alt. 2-3000 ft., King’s Collector.

Stem climbing, 10-15 ft.; branches rather stout, internodes 1-14 in. Leaves
coriaceous, nerves nearly horizontal, slightly arching ; petiole 4-3 in., sheath 3-4 in.
Pedunele deflexed or sigmoid. Spathe 24 in., pale green, reflexed, 5-nerved, mucro
2 in. long. Spadin 3-5 in., yellow, flowers in approximate equidistant whorls or
spirally disposed.

12. P. Maingayi, Hook. f.; leaves 4-5 by 1-1} in. narrowly oblong-
lanceolate acuminate base cuneate or rounded, sheath divergent from the
branch, peduncles terminal, spathe linear oblong? much shorter than the
slender stipitate spadix, flowers very minute laxly distantly whorled.

Matacca, Maingay. (Kew Distrib. 1538, P. gracilis).

Branches as thick as a crow-quill, internodes 3-lin, Leaves coriaceous, drying
brown ; nerves widely spreading, slightly arched; petiole 4 in.; sheath 24-8 in.
Peduncle 14-2 in., usually tortuous. Spathe imperfect. Spadéw 3 in., stipes 4 in.
Stamens very short.

13. P. Curtisii, Hook. f.; leaves 5-7 by 1/2 in. oblong-lanceolate
or linear-oblong acuminate base cuneate or rounded, sheath divergent from
the branch, peduncles terminal, spathe narrowly linear from a dilated
rounded base shorter than the slender stipitate spadix, flowers in crowded
spirals.

PERAK; Scortechini; King’s Collector. PENnane; Curtis.

Resembles P. Maingayi so closely that I hesitate to describe it as specifically
different, but the flowers are more than twice as large as in that plant, and densely
clustered on the much longer (often 6 in.) spadix; and the stamens are much longer.
The narrow reflexed spathe is 2-2} in. long.

14, P. Kunstleri, Hook. f.; leaves 8-12 by 2-34 in. unequal-sided
oblong or subfalcately oblanceolate caudate-acuminate, base cuneate or
rounded, sheath divergent from the branch, peduncle terminal, spathe
linear apiculate, spadix very slender, flowers spirally whorled.

Perak ; King’s Collector.

Stem climbing 10-15 ft. Leaves coriaceous, very variable, the older or lower
(like those of P. latifolius) are up to 3 in. broad, acuminate, base rounded, the
younger are as long but only 2-23 in. broad, with very long pointed tips and acute
bases ; nerves spreading and arching, much more close in the older leaves ; sheaths

Pothos. | OLXVI. AROIDEZ, (J. D, Hooker.) 555

2-3 in. Peduncle 14 in., decurved or tortuous. Spathe 13 by } in,, tip obtuse
apiculate. Spadia 5 in. ; flowers solitary or clustered.

15. P. remotifiorus, Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 1383; leaves 3-6 by 2-2 in.
unequal-sided linear or oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate caudate-
acuminate, base acute or obtuse, sheaths very slender divergent from the
branch, peduncles terminal and axillary, spathe linear-lanceolate apiculate,
spadix very slender zigzag, flowers solitary. Kunth Enum. iii. 65; Schott
Aroid. i. 25, t. 54; Prodr. 573; Thw. Enum. 337; Engler Arac. 92.
pores, Moon Cat. Pl. Ceyl. 10 (name only); Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii.
182.

Crrton ; Walker ; up to 4000 ft., Thwattes.

. Stem as thick as a sparrow-quill, much branched. Leaves coriaceous, tips fili-
form; nerves erecto-patent, arched; petiole 4+ in., very slender, sometimes in a
straight line with the sheath, which is 4-12 in. long. Peduncle 1-1}:in., erect,
decurved, or slender. Spathe 3-2} in., striate, base rounded, Spadia 1-24 in.

C. Petiole very short, base semi-amplexicaul (sheath 0).

16. P. Thomsonianus, Schott Aroid. i.24, t. 51; Prodr. 571; leaves
4-6 by 1}2 in. elliptic- or oblong-lanceolate caudate-acuminate, base
cuneate, peduncles lateral and terminal, spathe small oblong-lanceolate,
spadix subsessile cylindric dense-ild.

The Carnatic; G. Thomson.

Branches as thick as a duck’s quill. Leaves thinly coriaceous, rather unequal-
sided, drying yellowish; petiole 1} in. Pedunele 1 in., decurved. Spathe 4 in.
Spadix 3-1 in.—Formed parts of a herbarium made by collectors in the Carnatic
employed by the late Gideon Thomson, Esq., of Madras, for his brother, the late
Director of the Calcutta Bot. Garden.

INDETERMINABLE SPECIES.

P. BiraRius, Wall. Cat. 4445, from Singapore, young leaves only.
P. optiquus, Wall. Cat, 4446; from Tavoy, Gomez.

32. ACORUS, Linn.

Aromatic marsh herbs, rootstock creeping. Leaves distichous, ensiform,
base equitant, nerves parallel. Peduncle leaf-like. Spathe the ensiform
continuation of the peduncle. Spadiz sessile, cylindric, dense-fid., flowering
upwards. Sepals 6, orbicular, concave, tips incurved. Stamens 6, fila-
ments linear flat; anther reniform, cells confluent above, slits extrorse.
Ovary conical, 2-3-celled ; stigma minute ; ovules many, pendulous from
the top of each cell, orthotropous. Berries few-seeded. Seeds oblong,
micropyle often fimbriate, albumen fleshy, embryo axile.—Species 2 north
temp. regions.

1. A. Calamus, Linn. Sp. Pl. 324; leaves 3-6 ft. midrib stout.
Roub. Fl. Ind. ii. 169; Don Prodr. 21; Wall. Cat. 196; Grah. Cat.
Bomb. Pl. 230; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. Suppl. 96; Thw. Enum. 337;
Griff. Notul. iii. 157; Ic. Pi. Asiat. t.162. Engler Arac. 217. A. Griffithii
and nilaghirensis, Schott in Cistr. Bot. Zeitschr. (1858), 357, and (1859),
101; Prodr. 580, and 579. A. Belangeri, Schott in ‘Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat.
i. 284. A. Casia, Bertol. Pl. Nuov. Asiat. ii. (1865), 8.—Rheede Hort. Mal.
xi. t. 48.

556 CLXVI, aARoIDER. (J. D. Hooker.) [ Pothos.

Throughout Inpra and CeYLon, in marshes, wild or cult., ascending the Himalaya
to 6000 ft. in Sikkim, Disrrrs. north, temp. and warm regions. :

Rootstock very aromatic. Leaves 3-6 ft. by 3-1} in., margins waved. Peduncle*
3-2 in. broad. Spathe 6-80 in. long. Spadiz 2-4 in. $-$ in. diam., slightly
curved. Sepals about equalling the ovary.—Sweet Flag.

2. A. gramineus, Soland.in Ait. Hort. Kew,i.474; midrib0. Schott
Prodr. 580; Engler Arac. ii. 218. A Calamus, Benth. Fl. Honghk, 345. A.
terrestris, Spreng. Syst. ii. 118; Schott 1. ¢. 579. A. Tatarinovii, Schott in
str. Bot. Zeitschr. (1859) 101. A. Calamus var. terrestris, Hngler 1. c. 217.

Sixxmm Himataya, alt. 6000 ft. J.D.H. Kasra HItzs, alt. 4-5000 ft., Griffith,
&c.—DistRis. China, Japan.

‘Much more variable in size than A, Calamus, from 6 in. to 3 ft., with a shorter
spathe and more slender spadix. .

Ornper CLXVII. LEMNACEE.

Minute or small annual floating green scale-like plants, rootless or
with capillary roots, propagated by budding or by hybernating bulbils,
rarely by seed. Flowers 1-3, naked, or in a spathe; perianth0. Stamens
1-2, anthers 1- or 2-celled. Ovary 1-celled; style short; stigma truncate,
or funnel-shaped ; ovules 1-7. Uféricle bottle-shaped. Seeds 1- or more,
testa coriaceous; albumen 0, or fleshy; embryo axile, cylindric.—Genera
2, or according to various authors3or4. Species about 20, in all countries.

1. BLEMNA, Linn.

Fronds with one or more roots, bearing the flowers in marginal clefts.
Filaments slender ; anthers 2-celled. Ovwles 1-7.—Species 17, natives of all
countries.

L. obcordata, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 5201, is a species of Riccia.

1. G. minor, Linn. Sp. Pl. 976; root solitary, frond symmetrical
obovoid or oblong nearly flat on both surfaces, ovule solitary. Kunth
Enum, ti. 4. Reschb. Ic. Fl. Germ. vii. t. 14. Hegelm. Lemne, 141, t. 9,
10; Botss. Fl. Orient. v. 29; Kurz in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 266.

Throughout InpiaP Western TiBet, to 9500 ft., Thomson.—DistTRIB.
Cosmopolitan. ,

Frond 3-4 in. long; young sessile on the old, but soon detached, green above,
epidermal cells with flexuous walls. Root-skeath not appendaged, cap obtuse.
Spathe 2-lipped. Stamens 2 (each a male fi.). Style long. Seed horizontal, hemi-
anatropal, albuminous.—Kurz (Journ. Linn, Soc. xi. 266) thinks that Z. minor
does not occur in India proper. If this be so, L. paucicostata has been mis-
taken for it, a point I must leave it for local botanists to clear up. Hegelmaier gives
the Caucasus and W. Tibet as the only Asiatic habitats.

2. L. paucicostata, Hegelm. Lemnz, 139, t. 8; root solitary, frond
asymmetrical obovate or obovate-oblong nearly flat on both surfaces,
ovule solitary. Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 30. L. minor, Griff. Notul. iii. 216;
Hegelm. in Seem. Journ. Bot. (1865), 112; Thw. Huum. 331.

In various parts of InpIa and Cryxon; ascending the Khasia Hills to 6000 ft.—
Distz1B. Cosmopolitan tropical. a

Distinguished from L. minor by the asymmetric fronds, appendaged root-sheath,
acute root-cap, and erect orthotropous seed.

3. L. gibba, Linn, Sp. Pl. 970; root solitary, frond orbicular or

Lemna.] CLXVII. LeMNACER. (J. D. Hooker.) 557

obovoid tumid beneath, ovules 2-7. Reichd. Ic. Fl. Germ. vii. t.14; Boiss.
Fil. Orient. v. 30; Hegelm. Lemnz, 145, t. 11-18. Telmatophace gibba,
Schleid, in Linnea, xiii. 391; Kunth Enum. iii. 6; Kurz in Journ. Linn.

ae ix. 266.—Lemna, Griff. Notul. iii, 221 (2nd species), Ic. Pl. Asiat. t.

Still waters throughout Inv1a, ascending to 7000 ft. in the Himalaya.—Distrip.
Cosmopolitan.

Frond 3-4 in. diam., opaque, young sessile, cells beneath very large, epidermis
with flexuous walls. Root-sheath elongate, cylindric, root-cap acute. Stamens 2.
Utricle circumciss. Seeds erect, anatropous, albumen scanty or 0.

4, &. trisulca, Linn. Sp. Pl. 970; root solitary, frond oblanceolate
tip serrate young hastate persistent, ovule solitary. Kunth Enum. iii. 5;
Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. vii. t. 15; Hegelm. Lemnex, 134, t. 5,6; Boiss. Fl.
Orient. vi.29; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 281. L. cruciata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii.
566.—Lemna, Griff. Notul. 218 ; Ic. Plant. Asiat. t. 262.

PangaB, Stewart. Bunaat, The Concan, MunwEPoRE, and BurmMa.—DisrTa1B.
Temp. and trop. regions.

Fronds 3-§ in, long, young on one or both sides placed cross-wise to the old ;
epidermis 0. Root-cap acute. Style very short. Seed hemianatropous, horizontal ;
testa rough, grooved.

5. &. polyrrhiza, Linn. Sp. Pl. 970; roots many, frond herbaceous
broadly obovate or orbicular flat or nearly so 7-nerved, ovules 1-2 erect.
Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. vii. t.15; Thw. Enum, 331; Kurz in Journ. Linn.
Soc. ix. 267. IL. orbiculata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 565. L. major, Grif, Motul
ii. 216; Ic. Plant. Asiat. t. 264 (anal.). Spirodela polyrrhiza, Schleid.
in Linnea, xiii. 392; Kunth. Enum. iii. 7; Hegelm. Lemne, 15], t. 18-15;
Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 30.

Common throughout Inpra and CeyLon.—Disrris. Temp. and trop. regions.

Fronds 4-4 in. diam., dark green above, usually purplish beneath; epidermal
cells with flexuous walls. Spathe 2-lipped. Stamens 2. Ovules 1-2, semianatro-
pous.— Kurz describes a var. concolor with much larger fronds, green on both sur-
faces, as occurring under trees in Bengal.

6. L. oligorrhiza, Kurz in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 267, t. 5; roots
few, fronds membrdnous ovate or oblong 3-5-nerved. Benth. Fl. Austral.
vii. 163. Spirodela oligorrhiza, Hegelm. Lemne, 147, t. 16. S. melanor -
rhiza and pleioirrhiza, #. Muell. ex Kurz in Seem. Journ. Bot. (1867) 115.

Bene, Kurz, and elsewhere in India.—Disrzis, Trop. Asia, Australia, Poly-
nesia.

Fronds 3-4 in. long by half as broad, thin, shining, collected in circinate groups,
purple beneath. Roots 2-5, very long. Flowers asin L. minor.—Kurz, from whom
the above characters are taken, says that he at first took it for an extreme form of
L. polyrrhiza, in company of which he always found itin Bengal; but on discovering
the flowers he considered it distinct. It has the general form and size of L.
minor.

2. WOLFFIA, Horkel.

Fronds like grains of sand, rootless, proliferous, bearing the flowers on
the upper surface. Spathe 0. Anthers sessile, 1-celled. Style short, stigma
depressed; ovule 1, erect.

1. W. arrhiza, Wimm. Fl. Schles. 140; fronds subglobose. W.
Miehelii, Schleid. Beitrag. Bot. 283. W. Delilii, Kurz in Journ. Linn. Soc.

558 CLXxVI. LEMNACEZ. (J.D. Hooker.) [ Wolfia.

ix. 265 (not of Schleid.). Lemna arrhiza, Linn. Mant. 294. L. globosa,
Roxb. Fl, Ind. iii. 565; Grah. Cat. Bomb. Pl. 252; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb.
Fi. 281. Grantia globosa, Griff. Notul. iii, 229; Ic, Pl. Asiat. t. 267, f. 2.
Bruniera vivipara, Franchet in’ Billot. 1864, 25.
Common, probably throughout Inp14 and CeyLon.—Disters, Cosmopolitan,
Ofthis Kurz distinguishes two Indian varieties, a larger, Delili (Grantia globosa,
Griff.), and a smaller with more cylindric fronds, the Lemna globosa, Roxb.

2. W,microscopica; Kurz in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 265; frond flat
above, conical beneath and tapering into a rootP Hegelm. Lemne, 127.
Grantia microscopica, Griff. Notul. iii. 226; Ie. Plant. Asiat. t. 266-268.

BENGAL, Griffith.

Known only through Griffith’s description and drawings.

Orprer CLXVIII. TRIURIDEZ.

Slender, leafless, coloured annuals. Stem subsimple, filiform, with a few
distant scales. Flowers unisexual, small, in terminal corymbs or racemes ;
pedicels decurved, bracteate. Perianth inferior, 6-8-partite or -lobed ;
lobes ovate-lanceolate or subulate, valvate in bud. Mate Fu. Stamens
2-6, hypogynous or perigynous, anthers free or immersed in a thick disk,
cells 2, confluent, slits extrorse; pistillodes 3, subulate, or 0. Fem. FL.
Staminodes 0 or few. Carpe/s many, sessile on a receptacle, 1-celled;
style terminal lateral or basal, persistent; stigma acute, clavate, or peni-
cillate. Ovules solitary, erect, anatropous. Achenes in a globose head,
obovoid, coriaceous or fleshy, nucleus hard, embryo not seen.—Genera 2,
tropical America and Asiatic.

SCIAPHILA, Blume.

Perianth 3-8-partite or -lobed. Anthers sessile at the base of the
perianth. Style ventral or basilar.—Species about 14, Asiatic and
American.

1. S. erubescens, Miers in Proc. Linn. Soe. ii. (1850) 74; in Trans.
Linn. Soc. xxi. 48; raceme many-fid., perianth segments 6 broadly lanceo-
late naked style, clavate penicillate hardly longer than the ovary. Thw.
Enum. 294; Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot, vii. (1855) 10. Aphylleia eru-
bescens, Champ. in Caleutt. Journ. Nat. Hist. vii. 468.

CEYLON ; in shady woods at Galle, Champion; Colombo, Ferguson.
©" Stem 3-4 in. Flowers } in. diam., hyaline, pale purplish, speckled with red
streaks ; pedicels 2 in.

2, S. secundiflora, Thw. ex Benth. in Hook, Journ. Bot. vii. (1855)
10; Enum. 294; raceme secund, few-fid., perianth segments 6 subulate
acuminate naked, style clavate penicillate hardly longer than the ovary.

Cryton ; forests near Sittawake, Thwaites.

Stem 6-14 in., purplish; bracts broad, acute. Flowers monecious, pedicel

~o-} in.; perianth about } in. diam. Anthers sessile, transversely oblong, white,

3. S. janthina, Thw. Enum. 294; flowers long-pedicelled, perianth
segments 8 lanceolate, stamens 4, style subbasilar filiform much longer
than the ovary. Hyalisma janthina, Champ. in Calc. Journ, Nat. Hist.
vil. (1847) 466 ; Miers. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxi. 49.

TRAVANCORE; Tinnevelly, Beddome. CEYLON; in damp forests, Champton,

Sciaphila.] CLXVIIl. TRIURIDEZ. (J. G. Hooker.) 559

Stem 4-8 in.; bracts about 3; in. Flowers alternate, opposite and whorled,

mono- or dicecious, pedicel 4-1 in.; male }in. diam., fem. }in. -Anthers sessile on
a thick disk.

4. S. khasiana, Hook. f. in Gen. Plant. iii. 1003; perianth segments
4-5 ovate-acuminate, male fl. with 3 subulate pistillodes, style ventral
filiform much longer than the ovary.

Kuasia Hixzs, alt. 4000 ft., J. D. H. & 7. T.

Plant red-purple. Stem 3-6 in., filiform or capillary, flexuous, simple or branched,
naked or with a few scales, fem. much the stoutest. Flowers dicecious, racemose,
male ;, in. diam., fem twice as large and longer pedicelled; bracts of male minute,
of fem. } in., subulate; perianth papillose. Anthers very large, globosely 4-lobed,
white, dehiscence transverse ; pistillodes erect, subulate, purple. Carpels many,
papillose. -Achenes reniformly obovoid, pericarp cellular, purple. Seed conform to
the pericarp; testa chartaceous, yellow-brown, transversely strongly reticulate ;
nucleus oblong, cellular, homogeneous, white.—Described from drawings I made in
the Khasia.

Orpver CLXIX. ALISMACEE.

Marsh or water plants of various habit. Leaves radical, entire. Flowers
regular, uni- or bisexual. Perianth segments 6, 2-seriate, outer (sepals)
herbaceous, inner petaloid rarely 0. Stamens 6 or more, hypogynous or
perigynous ; anthers erect, basifixed, 2-celled, slits lateral or dorsal. Car-
pels 3-6 or more, 1-celled, sessile or stipitate on a flat or raised receptacle ;
style short, long (or 0), subterminal or ventral, stigma simple; ovules 1 or
more, insertion various. Fruit of small achenes or follicles. Seeds small,
exalbuminous; embryo straight or conduplicate.—Genera 12, species about
60, cosmopolitan.

Tribe 1. AtisMacEx. Fruit of 3 or more achenes.

Flowers bisexual. Stamens 6-9. Receptacle flat F . 1, ALrisma.
Flowers polygamous. Stamens 6. Receptacle flat . . 2, LIMNOPHYTOY,
Flowers unisexual. Stamens many. Receptacle globose or

oblong “ , é : . : . : . 8, SAGITTARIA,
Flowers monecious. Stamens 3 . : . : ; . 4, WISNERIA.
Tribe II. Buromes. Fruit of follicles.
Petals marcescent. Embryo straight . H : . 5. Buromus.
Petals deciduous. Embryo hippocrepic : é . . 6, Buromopsis.

: l. ZLLISMA, Linn.

Scapigerous herbs. Leaves lanceolate, cordate, or sagittate. Flowers
bisexual in umbelled or panicled whorls, white or pink. Sepals 3, her-
baceous, persistent. Petals 3, membranous, deciduous. Stamens 6 or 9,
filaments filiform. Carpels few or many ; receptacle small; stigma small,
terminal; ovule solitary, anatropous, basilar. Fruit of few or many
compressed or turgid, coriaceous or hard achenes. Seeds erect, testa mem-
branous; embryo hippocrepic.—Species about 10, cosmopolitan.

1. A. Plantago, Linn. ; leaves linear ovate-lanceolate or subcordate
5-7-nerved, fruiting sepals spreading, achenes membranous compressed,
style slender deciduous. Kunth Enum. iii. 148; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. vii.
t. 57; Micheli in DC. Monog. Phan. iii. 32; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v.9; Wail.
Cat. 4998. PA. intermedium, Griff. ex Voigt Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. 680.

560 CLXIX, alIsmacez, (J. D. Hooker.) [Alisma.

Marshes, &c. of the Lower Himataya, alt. 1-7000 ft., from Kashmir to Munne-
pore and Burma.—Disrris. N. and S. temp. regions.

Rootstock fleshy, swollen. Leaves 6-8 in., erect or spreading. Scape 1-4 ft.
Flowers in panicled whorls, 4 in. diam.; petals pink or rose with a yellow claw.
Achenes 20-30, in a single whorl; style ventral.—A small state found in Kashmir,
alt. 7000 ft., by Clarke, resembles A. ranuncudoides, but the carpels are in one whorl,
though irregularly disposed.

2, A. reniforme, Don Prodr, 22; leaves orbicular-cordate or reni-
form 13-17-nerved, fruiting sepals persistent, achenes 5-8 turgid, endocarp
thick hard, style slender persistent. Wight Ic. t. 322; Kunth Enum. iu.
151; Benth. Fl. Austral. 186. A. calophyllum, Wall. Cat. 4997. A.
parnassifolium, 8 majus, Micheli in DC. Monog. Phan. iii. 36.

Marshes, &c., throughout the plains and low country of India, ascending the
hills to 5000 ft. (not in Ceylon).—Distrip. Australia. |

Leaves coriaceous, 14-4 in. (up to 7 in. broad), often broader than long, tip
rounded or emarginate, nervules very fine and close. Scape 1-3 ft. Flowers white,
3 in. diam., in very large whorled panicles; branches and pedicels long; sepals as
long as the petals, at first erect in fruit, at length reflexed. Achenes not whorled,
obovoid, dorsally ribbed, ribs smooth; style subterminal.—United by Micheli with
the European 4: parnassifolivm, but differing much in the coriaceous very broad large
leaves and in geographical distribution.

3. A. oligococcum, F. Muell. Fragm. Phyt. Austral, i. 23; leaves
membranous broadly ovatescordate with acute lobes and a narrow sinus
punctate 11-17-nerved, bracts very large lanceolate, fruiting sepals re-
flexed, achenes 2-6 whorled turgid dorsally keeled keels tubercled, endo-
carp thick hard, style very short terminal deciduous. Benth. Fl. Austral.
vii. 185; Michel, in DC. Monog. Phan. iii. 37. A. glandulosum, Thw.
Enum. 332. <A. apetalum, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 4996.

Marshes, &c., in the plains of the PangaB and Beneat, but not common, CEYLon,
Thwaites.—Distris. Africa trop., Australia.

Leuves 3-6 iv. long by 2-3 in. broad, nervules distant. Panicle 6-9 in. long
and broad; bracts herbaceous, lower 1-3 in. long, lanceolate. Flowers of L.
Plantago.

2. LIMNOPHYTON, Miquel.

An erect succulent marsh plant, with the characters of Alisma, except
that the flowers are polygamous.

L. obtusifolium, Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 242; Micheli, in A.DC.
Monogr. Phan. iii. 39. Alisma sagittifolium, Willd. Sp. Pl. ii. 277;
Kunth. Enum, iii. 151. A. Kotschii, Hochst. in Flora, 1843, 499. A.
obtusifolium, Thw. Enum. 332. Sagittaria obtusifolia, Linn.; Kunth.
Enum. iii. 158; Rowb. Fl. Ind. iii. 646; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 249;
Wall. Cat. 4992. Dipseudochorion sagittifolium, Buchen. in Flora, 1865,
241.—Rheede Hort. Mal. xi. t. 45.

The Deccan; from the Concan southwards, in tanks, &c. CEYLON, Thwaites.—

Distriz. Trop, Africa, Madagascar.

Usually very robust, but sometimes dwarf. Leaves 6-12 by 4-8 in., reniformly
sagittate or triangular, with long tapering spreading lobes, many-nerved ; petiole
2-3 ft. Scape 2-4 ft., stout, angled. Flowers many, 3-} in. diam., white, upper
mostly male. Sepals reflexed after flowering. Petals obovate. Stamens 6, fila-
ments of the male enlarged at the base. Achenes numerous, turbinate, turgid, epicarp

fleshy ; style ventral, stigma capitate.

CLKIX, aLIsMaoER. (J. D. Hooker.) 561

3. SAGITTARIA, Linn.

Erect stemless, usually perennial water plants. Leaves long-petioled,
elliptic cordate or sagittate. Flowers in panicled or spicate whorls,
unisexual or polygamous. Sepals 3, herbaceous. Petals 3, membranous,
deciduous. Stamens 6 or more; filaments filiform, compressed. _ Car-
pels very many, crowded on a large globose or oblong receptacle,
laterally flattened ; style ventral or apical, stigma papillose ; ovules solitary,
basilar. Fruit a globose or oblong head of flattened crested or winged
achenes. Seeds erect, testa thin ; embryo hippocrepic.—Species about 15,
temperate and tropical.

1. S. sagittifolia, Linn.; leaves hastate or sagittate, achenes flat
dorsally winged. Kunth Enum. iii. 156; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iti. 645; Wall.
Cat. 4991; Reichb. FI. Germ, vii. t. 58; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v.11; Micheli
in A.DC. Monogr. Phan. iii. 66.. 8. hermaphrodita, Ham. in Wall. Cat.
le. §. hastata, Don Prodr. 22. 8. Doniana, Sweet, Hort. Brit. 1826.

In tanks, &c., throughout the plains of Inp1a from the Panjab to Bengal and
Munnipore.—Dristars. Europe, N. Asia, N. America.

Leaves obtuse or acute, 2-8 in. long, very rarely elliptic or lanceolate, lobes more
or less diverging ; petiole 8-18 in., trigonous. Scape 6-18 in., with 3-5 whorls of
3-5 flowers each } in. diam. ; lower whorls fem., upper male, with longer pedicels ;
bracts short, obtuse. Flowers $ in. diam. ; petals white, claw often purple. Achenes
obliquely obovate, apiculate, wings broad entire or subcrenate,

2. S. gsuayanensis, Humb. Bonpl. & Kunth, Nov. Gen. & Sp. i. 250;
leaves floating broadly ovate deeply cordate obtuse, achenes flat surrounded
by a broad toothed wing. Kunth Hnum. iti. 161. S. cordifolia, Rowb. Fl.
Ind. iii. 647; Kunth l. c. S. Lappula, Don. Prodr. 22. 8S. parviflora,
Wall. Cat. (ex Micheli). Alisma? Hamiltonianum and cristatum, Wall.
Cat. 4993, 4994, 4995. A. stellatum and pubescens, Ham. ex Wall. Cat.
4993, 4995. Lophiocarpus guayanensis, Micheli in A.DC. Monogr. Phan.
iii. 62.

In tanks and marshes, throughout the plains of Inp1a, to Burma and the
Matay PEnInsvta, but not very common ; (not in Ceylon).—Disrais. Malay Islands,
China, trop. Australia.

Petioles, scape, and pedicels often more or less hairy. Zeaves 1-2 in., mem-
branous, lobes broad acute or obtuse, sinus broad or narrow; nerves radiating,
obscure ; petiole long or short. Scape 6-18 in., stout. Flowers 2 in. diam., white,
in few approximate irregular whorls ; pedicels short, very stout ; flowers of the lower
whorls usually ternate, bisexual, 9-12-androus, of the upper more numerous, male,
6-10-androus. Petals obovate, erose. -Anthers cordate at the base. Achenes very
many.

4. WISNERIA, Micheli.

Scapigerous marsh or water herbs. Leaves long-petioled, filiform
lanceolate or oblanceolate. Flowers minute, monoecious, in remote involu-
crate whorls on a very slender rachis; involucre campanulate, truncate,
membranous. Sepals 3, equal or one larger, persistent. Petals 2-4,
equalling or smaller than the sepals. Materi. Stamens 3. Pistillodes
subulate. Fum.rt. Staminodes setaceous. Carpels 3-6, erect, ovoid; re-
ceptacle small tumid; style 0, or terminal, short, stigma minute; ovule
solitary, basilar. Achenes and seed subglobose or compressed; embryo
conduplicate, hyppocrepic—Species 3, Trop. Asia, Africa, and Madagas-
car.

VOL. VI. 00

562 CLEVI. aLisMacez. (J. D, Hooker.) [ Wisneria.

W. triandra, Micheli in A.DC. Monog. Phan. iii. 82; sepals and petals
3 each, achenes subglobose, stigma sessile. Sagittaria triandra, Dalz. i
Hook. Journ. Bot. ii. (1850), 144; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 249.

The Concan; in water holes, Malwan, Stocks. :

Leaves with the petiole 9-16 in., narrowly linear-spathulate obtuse, 4-3 in. broad,
midrib stout penni-nervuled, lateral nerves slender submarginal, Scape shorter
than the petiole. Flowers ternate, very shortly pedicelled, white ; sepals linear-
oblong ; petals much larger, obovate. Filaments short, anthers didymous. Achenes
few, subglobose or obovoid, smooth.

5. BUTOMUS, Linn.

A glabrous erect water plant, with a stout creeping rootstock. Leaves
erect, linear, elongate, triquetrous, blade 0. Scape erect, terete. Flowers
bisexual, in simple bracteate umbels, pink. Sepals and petals both
coloured and persistent, coriaceous, erect. Stamens 9, hypogynous, fila-
ments elongate-subulate; anthers linear, didymous after dehiscence.
Carpels 6, whorled on a flat receptacle, connate below; stigma ventral
elongate furrowed; ovules many, scattered, parietal, ascending. Fruit of
6 coriaceous beaked many-seeded follicles. Seeds linear-oblong, furrowed;
einbryo straight.

B. umbellatus, Linn.; Kunth Enum. iii. 164; Reichd. Ic. Fl. Germ.
vii. t. 58; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v.12; Wall. Cat. 7244.

The Pangas and KasHMig; in marshes, &c., alt. 1-5000 ft.—Distr1B. Europe ;
N. Asia.

Leaves 3-4 ft. by 4 in. broad, acuminate, base sheathing. Umbel many-fid.,
bracts 3; pedicels 2-4 in. Flowers 1 in. diam.

6, BUTOMOPSIS, Kunth.

An annual marsh herb with milky juice. Leaves elliptic, acute. Flowers
in solitary or superposed bracteate whorls; perianth as in Butomus, but
petals larger than the sepals, membranous, fugacious, white. Stamen
8-12; anthers oblong. follicles, 6-7, erect; membranous. Seeds very
many, minute, smooth.

B. lanceolata, Kunth Enum. iii. 165; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 249 ;
Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 187; Micheli in A.DC. Monog. Phan. iii. 87.
B.? latifolia, Kunth l.c. Butomus lanceolatus, Roxb. Fl. Ind, ii. 315;
Wall. Cat. 4999. B. latifolius, Don Prodr. 22. B. Dobia, Ham. in Wail.
l.¢. Teeganocharis cordofana, Hochst. in Flora (1841), 369.

Puains oF Inp1A, from Rohilkund to Assam and the Deccan.—Distris. tropics
of the old world. ;

Very variable in stature and stoutness. Leaves 2-6 in., broad or narrow, 3~7-
nerved, acute obtuse or apiculate. Scape as long as the leaves, stout or slender.
Umbels 3-20-fid.; bracts few, short, scarious; pedicels 2-8 in., erect. Flowers
$-1 in. diam.; sepals ovate or orbicular; petals longer, obovate. Stamens 8-10,
filaments rather slender, anthers oblong. ollicles 6-7, tapering into short beaks,
membranous, connate below.

Oxper CLXX. NAITADACEZE.

Aquatic or marsh herbs of various habit. Rootstock usually creeping.
Stems usually elongate (short or 0 in Triglochin) branched. Leaves erect,

CLEX. NAIADACEH. (J. D, Hooker.) 563

or submerged or floating, base sheathing; stipules 0 or within the sheath.
Flowers inconspicuous, usually green, 1-2-sexual. Perianth 0, or tubular,
or of 3-4 inferior valvate segments. Stamens hypogynous; anthers
1-2-celled. Ovary of 1-4 1-ovuled carpels, style long or short, stigma
various; ovule erect or pendulous. Fruit of 1-seeded utricles achenes or
drupelets. Seed exalbuminous; embryo straight or curved, radicular end
very large.—Temperate and tropical; genera 16, sp. about 120.

* Stigmas discoid or decurrent on the ovary.
+ Perianth of sepals or scales. Flowers bisexual.

Marsh herbs. Sepals 6, herbaceous green . . . . . . . 1. TRIGLOCHIN.
Aquatics. Sepals 1-3, white, membranous . . .. . . . 2. APONOGETON.
Aquatics, Sepals 4, herbaceous, green . . . . . . . . 8. POTAMOGETON,.

tt Perianth 0. Flowers uni- or bi-sexual.

Aquatics, Stamen 2. Carpelsstipitate . .... . . . 4 Ruppra.
Aquatics. Stamen1, Carpelssessile. . . . .. . =. . 5, ZANNICHELLIA,

** Stigmas subulate or capillary. Flowers unisexual.

Fresh or brackish aquatics. Perianth hyaline . . . . . . 6. Natas.
Marine. PerianthO. ae Boge Abt Pig Sieh O36 7. Cymopocga.

1. TRIGLOCHIN, Linn.

Scapigerous marsh herbs. Leaves rush-like, flat or terete. Flowers
small, bisexual, spicate or racemose, 2-bracteate. Perianth-segments 3 or 6,
herbaceous, concave, deciduous. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the
segments; anthers didymous, slits extrorse. Carpels 6, 1-celled, 1-ovuled,
3 alternate often imperfect; styles short, often connate, stigmas peni-
cillate; ovules basilar, erect, anatropous. Fruit of 3 or 6 free or
connate achenes or follicles with recurved tips. Seed erect; embryo
straight.—Genus cosmopolitan; species about 12.

1, T. palustre, Linn. Sp. Pl. 338; leaves 4-terete throughout, fruit
clavate, carpels 3 slender attached to the axis by a point. Kunth Enum.
iii. 143; Reitchb. Ic. Fl. Germ. vii. t. 51; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 13.—Tri-
glochin, Griff, Notul. iii. 204; Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 271. .

TEMPERATE and ALPINE HimaLaya, and WssTeRN TiBet, alt. 8-15,00C
ft.—Disteisp. N. temp. regions and 8. America,

Stem 6-24 in., tuberous and stoloniferous. Leaves 2-12 in., flaccid. Scapa
slender ; raceme elongating after flowering, pedicels short. Perianth green, margins
purplish. Anthers purple. Fruit 4 in. long, appressed to the rachis; carpels
dorsally terete.

2. T. maritimum, Linn. Sp. Pl. 339; leaves slightly flattened at
the tip, fruit oblong of 6 separable carpels. Kunth Enum. iii. 145;
Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. vii. t. 52; Boiss. #1. Orient. v. 13.

TeMPERaTE and ALPINE Himanaya, and WESTERN TIBET, from 12,000-16,000
ft.—-D1stTRiB. N. temp. regions.

Larger, stouter, and more tuberous at the base than T. palustre. Scape stout,
curved ; raceme longer, but not elongating so much in fruit ; flowers larger ; fruit
2 in., not appressed to the scape, carpels 0 on the back.

00.

564 OLXX. NaIADACEEZ. (J. D, Hooker.)

2, APONOGETON, Thumb.

Submerged scapigerous plants ; rootstocks tuberous. Leaves floating or
erect, oblong. Scape long, bearing a single or twin sessile spikes of often
unilateral or distichous bisexual flowers; the very young spikes enclosed
in a conical deciduous sheath. Perianth 0, or of 1-3 equal or unequal
white segments. Stamens 6 or more, filaments subulate, unequal, persis-
tent ; anthers didymous. Carpels 3-6, 2- or more- ovuled ; style short, stigma
discoid or decurrent persistent ; ovules basilar, anatropous. Fruit of 3 or
more coriaceous follicles. Seeds erect; embryo straight.—Species about
20, Asiatic, African and Australian.

1. A. monostachyon, Linn. f. Suppl. 214; leaves floating oblong
3-5-nerved opaque, cross nervules distinct, spike solitary, sepals 2 shorter
than the 3 smooth 4-8-seeded follicles. Roxb. Cor. Pl. i. 58, t. 81; Fl. Ind.
ii. 210; Thw. Enum. 333; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 248; Griff. Notul. iti.
208; Wail. Cat. 5167, A, B, C, H.; Andry. Bot. Rep. vi. t. 406. A. mono-
stachys, Edgew. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. iii. (1844), 405, t.17. A. lucens,
Herb. Madr. A. flavidum, Herb. Ham. Spathium monostachyum, Hdgew.
in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. iti. (1848), 588, t. 16. Potamogeton indicus,
Roth ex Roem. & Sch. Syst. 1.576. Saururus natans, Linn. Mant, 227.—
Rheede Hort. Mal. ii. t. 15.

Tanks, &c,, throughout Inpra and Crynton.—Disrris. Trop. Asia and
Australia,

Leaves 3-6 in., acute or obtuse, herbaceous, base cuneate rounded or cordate.
Spike 1-6 iv., lax or dense-fid. Sepals obovate to lanceolate. Stamens 6. Seeds
oblong.—Submerged leaves membranous transparent and with distinct cross-
nervules as in A. crispum.

2. A. crispum, Thunb. Nov. Gen. i. 73; leaves submerged from
linear-oblong to lanceolate 3-7-nerved membranous translucent cross-
nervules distinct, spike solitary, sepals much longer than the 3-4 smooth
1-2-seeded follicles. Thw. Enum. 333. <A. undulatum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii.
211; Wall. Cat. 5167, D. 5168; 5175, F.; Aitchis. Cat. Panjab Pl. 145.
Ouvirandra undulata, Edgew. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. iii. (1844), 405,
t. 18. Spathium undulatum, Hdgew. in Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. iii. (1843),
533, t. 15.—Limogeton, Edgew. ex Griff. Notul. iii. 203.

Tanks throughout Inpts and CreyLton.—Distris. Australia. '

Leaves 1-3 ft., flat or undulate; base acute rounded or cordate. Sepals very
variable in size, if two species be not confounded under this name. Roxburgh
ae them ‘fas in monostachyon,’’ but in some specimens they are fully } in.
ong.

3. A, echinatum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 210; leaves floating linear-
oblong 3-5-nerved opaque cross-nervules obsolete, spike solitary, sepals
shorter than the 3 echinate 2-seeded follicles.

Tanks in Brneat, Roxburgh.

Ihave seen but one specimen of what I take to be this plant, in Herb. Wight,
named A. dispermum. Wight says it quite resembles 4. monostachyon, except in the
follicles, which are larger, 2-seeded, more narrowed into a nearly straight beak, and
they are dorsally irregularly ridged. Roxburgh describes echinatum as about
6-seeded ; but he. figures on the plate of A. monostachyon, apart from the enlarged
6-seeded follicles of that plant,3 others carpels which are strongly echinate and
2-seeded, and to which he doubtless alludes under his description of the former,

Aponogeton. | CLXX. NalapacEm. (J.D. Hooker.) 565

saying, ‘‘ There isa var. if not a distinct species with hedgehog 2-seeded capsules,
but in all other respects the same.’’—It follows that he, by inadvertence, describes
the follicles of A. echinatum as 6-seeded. :

4, A. microphyllum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 211; leaves very small
oblong long-petioled sides incurved, spike solitary, sepals much larger
than the 3 smooth 1-2-seeded follicles, seeds globose. Spathium microphyl-
lum, Voigt Hort. Suburb. Calcutt. 694.

Buaoran Mrs.; in damp places, Roxburgh.

I have seen no specimens, and Roxburgh’s description differs much from a
drawing in his collection, The latter represents a plant seven inches high, with a
smooth naked tuber, four leaves with sheathing petioles 1} in. long, blade 4 by 3 in.
concave recurved, apparently oblong acute, and quite opaque; spike 14 in., clothed
with spreading white sepals} in. long, and red-brown anthers. Roxburgh, on the
other hand, describes the leaves as many times shorter than the spike, spreading
close to the surface of the earth, 1 in. long by 4 broad, and the spike as everywhere
covered with beautiful blue flowers. The globose seeds are remarkable.

3. POTAMOGETON, Linn.

Submerged water-plants with creeping rootstock. Leaves submerged
or floating, opposite or alternate, entire or toothed ; stipules intrafoliaceous.
Flowers small, spicate on a scape rising from a membranous spathe,
ebracteate. Perianth-segments 4, concave, green, valvate. Anthers 4,
sessile on the segments, didymous, slits extrorse. Carpels 4, sessile,
1-celled, 1-ovuled; stigma subsessile or decurrent, persistent ; ovule in-
serted in the inner angle of the cell, campylotropous. “Drupelets small,
coriaceous or spongy. Seed subreniform; embryo macropodal.—Species
about 50, cosmopolitan.

In determining the Indian species of Potamogeton I have had the invaluable
aid of Mr. Arther Bennett, F.L.S., whose knowledge of the genus is as full as it is
accurate.

* Upper or all the leaves floating.

1. P. indicus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 452; upper leaves floating oblong
elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate coriaceous, lower submerged longer narrower
membranous, stipules 1-14 in. free, spike dense-fid., drupelets small
smooth. Kunth Hnum. iii. 189; Don Prodr. 21; Wall. Cat. 5175 excl. F. ;
Grah. Cat. Bomb. Pl 200; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 248. P. Roxburghianus,
Schult. f. Mant. iii. 367. P. natans, Thw. Enum. 333.

Throughout the plains of Inp1a, ascending the Himalaya to 9000 ft. in Sikkim.
Burma, Collett. Cryton, Thwaites.—Diste1B. Malay and Sandwich Islds.

Stem terete. Floating leaves 3-43 by 1-2} in., alternate or uppermost opposite,
base acute or rounded, opaque; stipules'as long as the petioles or shorter. Peduncle
stout or slender.—Differs from P. natans especially in the shorter stipules and
smaller drupelets.

2. P, natans, Linn. Sp. Pl. 126; upper leaves floating oblong
elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate biplicate at the insertion of the petiole, sub-
merged few or 0, stipules 4-5 in. free spikes dense-fid., peduncle stout,
drupelets dorsally keeled shortly beaked. Kunth Hnum. ii. 127. Reichb.
Ie. Fl. Germ. vii. t. 50; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 15; Attch. Cat. Panjab Pl.
145. P.rufescens, Aitch. 1. c. 145.

566 CLXX. NalADACER, (J. D. Hooker.) [Potamogeton.

The Pansas, Thomson. Kasumir, alt. 5000 ft., Jacquemont, &c.—DIstTEIB.
widely diffused especially in temp. climates.

Stem terete. Leaves 2-6 in. ; submerged (if present) sessile, long, narrow, and
without a limb, Peduncle stout. Drwpelets 4 in. long.

3. P, oblongus, Viv. FI. Ttai. 2, t. 13; floating leaves long-petioled
elliptic or lanceolate thinly coriaceous, submerged narrowly lanceolate,
stipules 14 in., peduncle and dense-fid. spike very slender, drupelets
minute shortly beaked not keeled. Engl. Bot. t. 2849. P. polygonitolius,
Pourr. in Mem. Acad. Toul. iii. (1788), 825; Hook. f. Students’ Brit. Fl.
Ed. 3, 431. P. digynus and P. elegans, Wall. Cat. 5177, 5178.

Nezpat, Wallich. Kuasta Hitts, alt. 4-5000 ft. J.D.H.& 7.7. SINGAPORE?
Wallich.—Disr21z. Temp. and trop. regions of the old world.

The more membranous leaves, shorter stipules, very slender peduncle and
spike, smaller flowers and minute drupelets not —1, in. long, distinguish this from P.
natans. :

4, BP. javanicus, Hassk. in Verh. Natuurk. Ver. Ned. Ind. i. (1856),
26; floating leaves small ovate-oblong or elliptic acute at both ends
5-7-nerved longer than their petiole, submerged linear acuminate, stipules
3-l-in., peduncle slender, spike lax fid., drupelets 4-orbicular beaked, ribs
often toothed or tubercled, beak hooked, Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 750. P.
tenuicaulis, 7. Muell. Fragn. i. 90, 244; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 171. P.
parvifolius, Buchen. in Brem. Abhandl. vii. (1880), 32. P. heterophyllus,
Ham. in Wall. Cat. 5181. P. hybridus, Mich.? Herb. Ind. Or. Hf. & T.

Plains of Inpra; ascending the Himalaya to 7000 ft., in the N. West, and
9000 ft. in Sikkim. Kasia Hits, alt. 6000 ft.—DistTRis. Trop. Asia, Africa and
Australia.

Stem very slender. Leaves 4-1} in. ; blade twice as long as the petiole or longer
Spike 3-4 in.; flowers very small, in interrupted whorls; peduncle as long or
longer. Sepals orbicular-obovate. Drupelets 2, in., turgid, beak stout.

** Leaves all submerged, ovate oblong or broadly linear, translucent.

5. P. perfoliatus, Linn. Sp. Pl. 126; stem stout, leaves amplexicaul
ovate-cordate entire 5-9-nerved, peduncle short stout, drupelets hardly
keeled shortly beaked. Kunth Enum. iii. 188; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ.
vii. t. 29; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v.17; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 248.

WesTERN Himataya; from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 4-8000 ft. WuxstERN
T1BET, alt, 8-14,000 ft.—Disrris. N. temp. regions, Australia.

Stem terete, dichotomous. Leaves 1-4 in., margins scaberulous, upper opposite;
stipules small, caducous. Pedunele stout, not thickened upwards. Spike dense-fid.
Sepals long-clawed. Drupelets 3, in., compressed, beak straight.

6. P. crispus, Linn. Sp. Pl. 126; stem slender, leaves semiamplexi-
eaul linear or linear-oblong crisped serrulate 3-nerved, peduncle curved
tapering upwards, spike few-fld., drupelets obliquely ovoid long-beaked.
Kunth Enum. ii.133 ; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. vii.t. 29,30; Boiss. Fl. Orient.
v.17. P. tuberosus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 472; Wall. Cat. 5174; Grah. Cat.

ee Fil. 200; Dalz & Gibs. Bomb, Fl. 248. P. crenulatus, Don Prodr.

Prains of InpIA and TempErate Himazaya; from Kashmir to Bhot It.
4-6000 ft. Munwiporr, Watt,—Disters. N. and 8. temp. and subtrop. pasioas. ;
Stem dichotomous, compressed. Leaves 1-3 in., alternate and narrowed at the
base, or opposite and amplexicaul, tip rounded; stipules small, caducous. Peduncle

Potamogeton.] CLXX. NalapacEa. (J, D. Hooker.) 567

long. Spike very short, few-fld.; flowers very small. Drupelets 2 in., obliquely
ovoid, compressed, ribs entire or toothed.

7. P. lucens, Linn. Sp. Pl. 126; stem stout, leaves large subsessile
oblong-lanceolate cuspidate undulate serrulate many-nerved, peduncle
stout thickened upwards, spike stout, drupelets small turgid shortly beaked.
a ake iii, 1382; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. vii. t. 36, 37,40; Boiss. Fl.

rient. v. 16.

Kasumip, alt. 5-6000 ft., Jacquemont, &c. Kumaon, alt. 6400 ft., Strachey 5
Winterbottom.—DistR1B. N. temp. regions, Australia. :

Stem branched. Leaves 4-10 in., very variable, upper opposite sometimes float-
ing; stipules large, long, 2-winged or -keeled. Druwpelets 5 in., convex on both
faces, obtusely beaked.

8. P. mucronatus, Presi Epimel. 245; leaves all submerged longer
than their petioles, elliptic- or oblong-lanceolate acute or cuspidate
membranous many-nerved base acute or obtuse, stipules much longer than
the petiole lanceolate connate, peduncle very long, spike of interrupted
groups or whorls of flowers. P. malaianus, Mig. Ill. Fl. Archip. Ind. 46.
P. lucens, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 5176.

Beyeat ; at Dinagepore and Kulna and Karnata, Hamilton.—DistTR1B. Borneo
Philipp. Islds.

Leaves 3-5 by 4-3 in., 5-9 or more-nerved, blade twice or thrice as long as the
petiole; stipules 1-14 in. Spike 14-2 in.; flowers laxly crowded or whorled.
Sepals suborbicular, very shortly clawed. Fruit 4-orbicular, shortly beaked.—Has a
good deal the aspect of P. lucens, to which Hamilton referred it. The specimens
are very poor, and insufficient for a satisfactory diagnosis.

*** Leaves all submerged, very narrowly linear or filiform,

9. P. pectinatus, Linn. Sp. Pl. 127; leaves filiform acute opaque
1-3-nerved, margins slightly thickened, stipules adnate to the leaf-sheath,
drupelets large turgid smooth hardly beaked. Kunth Hnum. iii. 137;
Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. vii. t.19; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v.18; Aitch. Cat. Panjat
Pl, 145. P. marinus ?, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 5179 A, Bin part. Ruppia
subsessilis, Zhw. Enum. 333, in part.

Plains of Inpia, the Himataya, and WESTERN and Eastern TIBsT, alt. 12-
17,000 ft. Cxynon, Thwaites,—DIstR1B. most regions. ;

Stem filiform, densely distichously branched. Leaves 3-8 by 35-+ in., lower
sometimes 5-nerved. Peduncle not thickened upwards; flowers interruptedly

whorled. Drupelets 2 in., dimidiate-obovoid.

10. P. pusillus, Linn. Sp. Pi. 127; leaves narrowly linear or filiform
acute usually 3-nerved membranous, stipules small free, peduncle long
filiform, flowers few minute clustered, drupelets turgid stoutly beaked
obtusely keeled. Kunth Enum. iii. 186; Reichd. Ic. Fl. Germ. vii. t. 22;
Boiss. Fl. Orient. v.18; Wall. Cat. 5180.

Kasumi, alt. 5000 ft., Thomson.—Distris. N. and 8. temp. regions.

Stem filiform, densely distichously branched. eaves 4-3 in., rarely acuminate,
rarely 5-7-nerved. Spike 6-10-fld. Drupelets obliquely ovoid.

Subsp. flabellatus, Hook. f., Students’ Brit. Fl. 436; leaves 3, in. broad 3-5-
nerved. P. flabellatus, Bad. in Proc. Linn. Soc. Ser. ii. (1853), nom. ; in Phytolo-
gist, iv. 1158. P, marinus? Ham. in Wall. Cat. 5179 B, in part.—Upper Bengal;
Patna, Wallich. The Panjab, Tiomson.—Disrris. Britain.

568 cixx, Nalapacex. (J. D. Hooker.)

4, RUPPIA, Linn.

Submerged slender branched brackish-water plants. Leaves elongate,
filiform, sheaths stipuliform. Flowers minute, bisexual, 2-6 together within
the leaf-sheath on a short peduncle which usually elongates greatly after
flowering, and is then straight or spirally twisted. Perianth 0. Anthers
2, sessile, opposite, 2-celled. Carpels 4, 1-ovuled, at length (in fruit) long-.
stipitate, stigma sessile; ovule pendulous. Achenes ovoid, obtuse or
beaked. Seed uncinate, embryo macropodal.—Species temperate and sub-
tropical.

R. rostellata, Koch in Reichb. Ic. Crit. ii. 66, fig. 306; Ic. Fl. Germ.
vii. t. 25; peduncle straight after flowering, achenes obliquely ovoid acutely
beaked. Boiss. Fl. Orient. v.20. BR. maritima, Grif. Notul. iii. 196; Ic.
Pil. Asiat. t. 257-259.

TuroveHout Inpr4 and in Ceyxzon, in brackish water.—D1sTR1B. Europe temp.
and trop. Asia. 3

Stem 2 ft. and upwards. Leaves 1-3 in. Fruiting peduncle 1-6 in, Achenes
zy in. long.

5. ZANNICHELLIA, Linn.

Submerged salt-water plants, with slender rootstock and stems. Leaves
linear, sheaths stipular. Flowers minute, enclosed in the leaf-sheaths, a
male and fem. in one membranous spathe. Male fl. a linear 2-3-celled
anther, filament slender. Fem. jl. perianth cupular hyaline. Carpels
2-9, sessile; style long slender, stigma oblique peltate crenate.; ovule
solitary, pendulous, orthotropous. Achenes 4, sessile or stipitate, reniform,
crested. Seed pendulous, testa thin; embryo subcylindric, cotyledonary
end twice folded on itself.—Species 4-5, or forms of one.

Z. palustris, Linn. Sp. Pl. 969; subsp. PEDICELLATA; male peduncle.
short, achenes 2-4 subsessile, back crenate or tubercled, style as long as
the body of the achene or longer, anthers 2-celled. Aschers. Fl. Brandenb.
668; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 15; Micheli, Nov. Gen. t. 34,f. 2. Z. pedun-
culata, Reichb. Fl. Germ. vii. t. 16; Ic. Crit. viii. t. 760. Z. gibberosa,
Reichb. l.l.c. ¢. t. 16 and t. 759. Jc. Fl. Germ. vii. t. 21, 22. Z. pedi-
cellata, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 5185; Griff. Notul. iii. 190; Ic. Pl. Asiat. t.
255, 256.

Salt marshes and lagoons throughout Inp1ra, ascends to 15,000 ft. in W. Tibet.—
DistRis. (of Z. palustris), all regions but ? Australia.

I find the following forms amongst the Indian specimens: a, from Western Tibet ;
flowers sessile or very shortly peduncled, achenes stipitate, dorsally crenate, style
shorter than the achene; 6, from the Panjab and Behar; flowers sessile, achenes
stipitate smooth or tubercled dorsally or ventrally or both, style very long; c, from
Western Tibet, alt. 12-13,000 ft.; flowers sessile, achenes sessile very slender; d,
from the Panjab ; flowers subsessile, style as long as the achenes; e, from the Panjab
and Behar ; flowers peduncled, achenes small as long as their stalks, style shorter
than the achene.

6. NAIAS, Linn.

Submerged plants; stem branched, filiform, smooth or muricate. Leaves
opposite alternate or whorled, linear, entire or toothed. lowers minute,
ixillary, moncecious or dicecious. Matzry. Perianth an outer tubular
or inflated entire or 4-fid tube and a hyaline inner. Stamen 1, adnate

Naias.} OLXX. nalADacez. (J. D. Hooker.) 569

to the inner perianth, apiculate or cuspidate, 1-4-celled. Fem. perianth 0,

or hyaline and adherent to thecarpel. Carpel1, sessile, 1-ovuled; stigmas

2-4, slender; ovule basilar, erect, anatropous. Achene oblong. Seed

‘heat ae very thin; embryo straight.—Species about 10, temperate and
ropical.

The Indian species of this genus require a very close examination, which I regret,
to say I have not materials in flower and fruit sufficient to enable me to undertake.

1. N. major, Ali. Fl. Pedem. ii. 221; stem terete toothed, leaves
linear almost pinnatifidly toothed, teeth triangular, base hardly dilated,
flowers solitary, anther 4-celled. Kunth Enum. iii. 112; Nees Gen. Fl.
Germ. li. t. x.; in Linnea, ix. t. 7, and x. t. 1; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v.
27. N. fucoides, Griff. Notul. iii. 184; Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 251, f. 1. N.
muricata, Del. Fl. Egypt. 281. N. spinosa, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 5182.

Throughout India, in fresh and brackish water, ascending to 8000 ft. in Western
Tibet. CrYLoNn,—DistR1B. Europe, Asia, Africa.

Stem terete, branched. Leaves 3-1} in., teeth 4-8 on each side, dorsally spinous ;
sheath with rounded entire sides. Flowers diccious; invol. of male oblong, 2-3-
toothed. Carpel oblong, stigmas 2-3, filiform. Achene 3,-} in.

2. N. graminea, Del. Fl. Egypt. 282, t. 50, f. 3; leaves narrowly
linear or subulate acuminate flaccid acutely many-toothed, basal auricles
erect lanceolate toothed on both margins, flowers fascicled moncecious,
anthers 4-celled. Kunth Enum. iii.115; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v.28; A. Braun
in Seem. Journ. Bot. ii. (1864) 278, £.5. N. seminuda, Griff. Notul. iii.
184; Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 251, f. 2, and t. 258, 254. N. semiatipula, Bald. Fl. Ticin.
t. 15. Caulinia alzanensis, Pollin. Fl. Veron. iii. 49. Fluvialis indica,
Pers. ex Wall. Cat. 5183 B.

Throughout Inp1a in still fresh water, and Ceyzon.—Distris. the Old World
generally.

Stem 1-2 ft. Leaves 2-1 in., usually whorled, broader, more transparent and
more acutely toothed than is N. minor.

3. N. minor, All. Fl. Pedem. ii. 221; leaves very narrowly linear
remotely toothed basal auricles rounded or truncate toothed rarely acute
and entire, flowers fascicled moncecious, anther I-celled. Kunth Enum. iii.
113; Mees Gen. Fl. Germ. iii. t.x.; Boiss. Fl, Orient. v. 28. N. dichotoma,
Rovb. Fl. Ind. iii. 749. N. ternata, Roxb. ex Grif. Notul. ui. 183; Griff.
Te. Pl. Asiat. t. 252. WN. indica, Cham. in Linnea, iv.501. Caulinia indica,
and fragilis, Willd. in Mem. Acad. Berl. (1798) 89. C. indica, Wall. Cat.
5183, in part.

Throughout Inpr1a and CryLon, in still sweet water.—Distris, Old World
generally.

Stem very slender, much branched. Leaves spreading, or the upper recurved,
Zin. or less, hardly 3, in. broad, green or brown when dry.—There may be two
or more species in India under the above name, The other plant under Wallich’s
5183 is a Chara.

4, N. falciculata, 4. Brawn in Seem. Journ. Bot. ii. (1864) 278, £. 4;
stem rigid, leaves as in N. minor, but auricles falcately incurved entire or
the inner margin entire the outer toothed.

Mapras; at Tuticoreen, Wight.—Distris. Philippine Islands.

I greatly doubt this being distinct from WN. minor, amongst numerous specimens
of which I find some with basal auricles very like those figured by Braun as falci-
culata.

4

570 CLEX. NalaDAcEz. (J. D. Hooker.) {Waias.
INDETERMINABLE SPECIES,

N. renvis, A. Br. (not Z. tenuis, Reut. Cat. Jard. Gener., 1854) is a plant
from Behar alluded to by Magnus in his “ Beitrag. Gatt. Naias,’’ Vorwort, p. vii.,
and refers probably to a form of N. minor as above diagnosed.

N. HETEROMORPHA, Griff. ea Voigt Hort. Suburb. Calcuit. 694. A Serampore
specimen so named in Herb. Kew, by Griffith, has a very long laxly leafy stem, the
long toothed leaves have no auricles, or most minute toothed ones. It is not in
flower or fruit.

N. graipa, Griff, Notul. iii, 181. I cannot identify any Indian species with
this. It is a native of Serampore, described as blackish green when dry with fleshy
rigid leaves. Some specimens included under N. minor answer to the colour.

7. CY¥MODOCEA, Kenig.

Submerged marine plants; rootstock rigid, jointed, creeping. Leaves
oblong or linear; sheaths stipular. Flowers axillary, uni- or bi-sexual,
in membranous sheaths. Perianth 0. Mar ru. <Anthers 2, elongate,
connate, stipitate, slits extrorse; pollen confervoid. Fu. rem. Carpels 2,
subsessile, ovoid, compressed, l-ovuled; style short, stigmas subulate
recurved; ovule pendulous, orthotropous. Fruit of 2 ovoid coriaceous or
woody and externally succulent carpels. Seed pendulous; testa thick ;
embryo inflexed.—Species 4 or 5, Indian and Pacific Oceans.

As this sheet was parsing through the press, I received from Vr. Trimen a list of
the Ceylon Halophytes known to him, and in which I find Cymodocea serrulata (true)
and C. australis. And amongst the Hydrocharide, there are to be added at p. 663
of vol. v., Halophila Beccarii, Asch., and Thalassia Hemprichti, Asch.

l. ©. ciliata, Ehrenb. ex Aschers. in Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berl.
(1867) 3; in Linnea xxxv. 162; leaves 3-6 by 4-4 in. linear falcate, tip
rounded ciliate-serrulate. Boiss. Fl. Orient. v.23; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii.
178; Aschers. in Sitzb. Bot. Ver. Brandb. (1882) 28. Thalassia ciliata,
Kin. Ann. Bot. ii. 97; Kunth Enum. iti. 120. Posidonia serrulata, Thw.
Enum. 333. Zostera ciliata, Forsk. Fl. Aigypt. Arab. 157.

AnpaMAN Isxps., Prain. CzyLon, Gardner, Harvey.—DistR. of the genus.

Stem or rhizome 3-12 in., woody, branched, covered with annular scars, Fl. and
frt. unknown.

2. C. serrulata, Aschers. & Magn. in Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berl.
(1867) 3; leaves 4-6 by 2-3 in. linear nearly straight, tip entire or denti-
culate. Posidonia serrulata, Spreng. Syst. i. 181.

CzriLon, Thwaites (C.P. 3056).—Disrris, of the genus,

I have seen no Ceylon flowering or fruiting specimens.

3. G. isoetifolia, Aschers. l.c.; in Linnea, 1. c. 163; and in Nuov.
Giorn. Bot. ii. 182 ; stem short, leaves terete fleshy grooved tip 3-toothed.
Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 22; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 178. C. sequorea, Kunth
Enum. iii. 118 (excl. Syn.) ; Thw. Enum. 333.

Souru Carnatic; at Tuticoreen, Wight. Cxryzon, Harvey, Glenie.—Disrris.
Indian Ocean.

Leaves 3-5 by 7y-yYq in., glaucous. Flowers in dichotomous cymes.

_ 4. ©. australis; Trim. Cat. Ceylon Pl. 99; leaves 5-7 by 4-3 in.,
linear nearly straight tip rounded or truncate and 3-toothed. Halodule
australis, Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 227. Diplanthera tridentata, Steink. in

Ann, Sc. Nat. Ser. ii.ix. 98. Zostera uninervis, Forsk. Fl. Aoypt. A
exx. and 157. i gypt. Arab.

Cymodocea. | CLXX. NataDACER. (J. D. Hooker.) 571

Cxr1oy, fid. Ascherson.—Distrts, of the genus.
T have seen no Ceylon specimens, and regard the identification of all the above
enumerated species but C. ts@tifolia, as provisional only,

Ornver CLXXI. ERIOCAULEE.

_ Marsh or aquatic scapigerous herbs. Leaves narrow. Flowers very
minute, in involucrate heads, bracteate, unisexual, usually moncecious ;
perianth inferior. Matzru. Sepals of 2-3 free or connate scales. Petals
2-8, equal or unequal, often very obscure, inserted on the top of a clavate
elongate stipes. Stamens 6 or fewer, some often reduced to filaments, 3
opposite to or adnate to the petals; anthers dorsified. Pistillode minute
or0. Frm.rz.; sepals 2-8, caducons. Petals 3 (rarely 2 or 0) persistent,
spathulate or oblanceolate, usually ciliate or villous, and with a black
glandon thedisk. Ovary 3, rarely 2-celled ; style short, persistent, stigmas
2-3 slender, with sometimes interposed lobes or appendages; ovules soli-
tary in the cells, pendulons, orthotropous. Capsule deeply 3-lobed, mem-
branous; lobes globose, loculicidal. Seeds pendulous, testa coriaceous,
striolate and often papillose ; embryo outside the floury albumen.—Genera
6, species 6-700 chiefly tropical.

The Indian species all belong to the genus Eriocaulon, in which the anthers
are didymous and 2-celled, the stigmas without appendages, and the inner involucral’
bracts are not radiating. They are most difficult of classification, presenting no
good sectional characters, that of flowers trimerous or dimerous being’ quite decep-
tive. The leaves vary greatly in length, breadth and nervation; as do the scapes in
length. The sheath of the scape is usually membranous at the tip, but sometimes
green, which latter is, I think, a good character. ‘The outer invol. bracts may be
erect spreading or deflexed, in the latter case they are usually hidden under the
flowers, but they are sometimes though hidden spreading. The male fl. are in-
variably pedicelled; the fem. usually so, and this appears to afford a pretty good
character ; as is that of the fem. petals and ovary being raised on a stipes above the
sepals, or not. The 3 male sepals may be, in the same head, connate in a funnel-
shaped sheath split on one side, or 2, orall free. The male petals are often obsolete,
‘and the filaments very variable in number and length in the same head, The fem.
sepals are normally 3, and are very caducous, but the anticous is usually smaller and
flatter than the others, more caducous, and often easily overlooked, when the calyx
appears to be dimerous. The fem. petals vary a good deal in breadth, length and
hairyness, and especially in the size and position of the gland (if present), even in the
same head. I can found no characters on the length of the stigmas and style, which,
however, differ a good deal in different species. The seeds in some species vary a good
deal in colour, from amber-yellow to red-brown; normally they are broadly oblong,
striated, with often papiliose ridges, and most minute transverse striolations. The
hairs of the head are of two kinds, white opaque stout obtuse bristles, and capillary
transparent jointed ones; they are sometimes intermixed, and it is often difficult to
say to which category the hairs should be referred. :

In the following epitome of the Indian Hriocaulons (with which I am far from
being satisfied) I have been obliged to propose a good many new species. Some of
them may be described Malayan ones, of which I have seen no specimens, and the
descriptions of which are too imperfect for their identification, I have minutely
examined most of the old world species accessible to me, but find very few conspecific
with the Indian.

ERIOCAULON, Linn.

A. Aquatics. Stems elongate, branched, submerged, densely leafy,
upper branches floating. Leaves capillary. Heads very small. Invol.
bracts very small, oblong or cuneate, glabrous. (See also H. Dalzellii at
end of genus.) :

572 CLXXI. ERIOCAULLZ. (J. D, Hooker.) [Eriocaulon.

1. E. setaceum, Linn. Sp. Pl. 87; receptacle conival villous, fl.
bracts cymbiform acute coriaceous glabrous black, seeds dark brown.
Kunth Enum. iii. 550. Steud. Syn. Pl. Cyp. ti. 270; Thw, Enum. 341.
E. intermedium, Kern. in Linnea, xxvii. 601—Rheede Hort. Mal. xii. t.
63.

Maxawak; at Quilon, Wight. Cuyton; Walker, &e.

Stem 2-8 ft., stout or slender, flexuous. Leaves 13-2 in., flexuous, 1-nerved.
Peduncles very many, slender, 14-3 in. ; sheath $-1 in., tip membranous. Heads
iin. diam. Male petals obscure; stamens 6; fem. sepals cymbiform, glabrous or
nearly so; petals narrow, ciliate, with or without a gland. Seeds oblong, quite
smooth.

2. EB. capillus-naiadis, Hook. f.; receptacle conical or convex
villous, fl. bracts whitish membranous outer glabrous inner with long
white dorsal hairs, seeds dark olive-green or black. EH. setaceum, Wall.
Cat. n. 6077; Mart. in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. iii. 29; Korn. in Linnea, xxvii.
(excl. syn. Linn.).

Benes; Serampore, Griffith, Vicrampore, Clarke. Kuasta Hruts; at Nonk-
rem, J.D. H.§ T. 7. Burma; Tavoy and Pegu, Wallich, &c. The Concan,
Stocks.—DistTR1B. Cochin China.

Closely resembles Z. setacewm in habit, foliage, &c. In the Burmese and Khasian
specimens the fem. petals are ciliate with long hairs, in the Concan and Cochin-
Chinese they are nearly glabrous.

3. E. bifistulosum, Van Heurck. Obs. Bot. 105; receptacle conical
glabrous, fl. bracts dark all with short dorsal bristles, seeds chesnut
brown. KE. setaceum, Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 191.

Kuasia Hrxizs, at Myrung, alt. 5000 ft. Grifith.—Distris. W. Africa,
Australia.

This is closely allied to B. capillus-naiadis and setacewm, differing from both in
the glabrous receptacle, and from the former in the very short hairs of the fi.
bracts which are more mucronate and less membranous; the seeds too are much
smaller. The fem. petals are narrow, glabrous, with minute apical glands, as in the
Concan specimens of E. capillus-naiadis.

B. Terrestrial or marsh plants ; stem rarely elongate.

* Petals of male fl. 8, one much the largest and protruded beyond the
floral bracts, rarely subequal and all protruded. Invol. bracts globose in
all; floral bearded.

+ Heads more than fin. diam. Receptacle villous.

4, HE. robustum, Steud. Syn. Pl. Cyp. 271; subcaulescent, scape
subsolitary very stout, invol. bracts ovate-oblong or lanceolate acuminate
pale shining, sepals and petals villously bearded, fem. fl. subsessile. Korn.
in Linnxa, xxvii. 674. 8. bracteosum, Steud. 1. c. 272.

Niteutei Hits ; alt. 6000 ft., Wight, &e.

Rootstock often as thick as the thumb. Leaves 1-9 by 3-3 in., narrowed to the
obtuse or rounded tip, soft, thin, opaque, very many-nerved, striate, often shining.
Scape 8 in.-3 ft., as thick as a crow-quill or less. Heads 4-2 in. diam. ; invol,
bracts many-seriate, scarious; receptacle convex, villous; fl. bracts narrowly lanceo-
late, acuminate. Flowers 3-merous ; sepals of both sexes 3, concave villous; stamens
6; fem. fl. with the ovary and petals stipitate above the sepals, stipes villous.—
Much the stoutest Indian species.

5. B. caulescens, Hook. f. & Thoms. Herb, Ind. Or.; caulescent,
scape subsolitary from the stem or its branches, invol. bracts oblong outer

Eriocaulon.] CLXXI ERIOOAULLA, (J. D, Hooker.) 573

obtuse inner acute black shining, fem. fi. subsessile, sepals and petals
villously bearded. HE. atratum, 6 major, Thw. Enum. 341.

( Cryton; Wight; G. Thomson; central province, alt. 5-7000 ft., Thwaites
No. 131).

ee simple, in young plants 3-4 in. long and as thick as the thumb, often
copiously branched in ‘old ; branches 6-10 in. long, leafy throughout. Leaves 2-6
by 2-3 in., narrowed from the base to the obtuse tip, rigid, quite opaque; nerves
very many, close, obscure. Scape stout or slender. Heads 4-2 in.; invol. bracts
sub 3-seriate, scarious ; receptacle flat, villous; fi. bracts oblanceolate, acute, dark,
shortly bearded; 2 sepals of fem. fl. concave, the 3rd flat ; petals very unequal,
glands Jarge; ovary with petals stipitate, stipes villous.—The only Indian much-
branched species,

+} Heads 3 in. diam. or less.
§ Receptacle villous.

6. E. subcaulescens, Hook. f.; stem short stout densely leafy,
leaves linear acute concave thick opaque, scapes 2-3, bracts all yellowish,
involucral broadly obovate scarious, floral cuneately oblanceolate acute
bearded, fem. fl. sessile, petals oblanceolate villous, ovary with petals sessile.

Cryton ; Newera Ellia, Gardner, Thwaites (C.P. 61 and 789 in Herb. Kew),

Stem 3-4 in., as thick as the little finger. Leaves very many, 2-3 by 3,-# in.,
erect, very many-nerved, quite smooth on both surfaces; sheath slightly woolly at
the base. Scape 12 in., slender. Head 4-4 in. diam., depressed spherical, pale ;
male and fem. sepals 2 concave, 1 flat, all bearded ; fem. petals oblanceolate villous;
ovary villous at the base. Seed sub-globose, smooth.—Closely resembles a Bornean
species from Kina Balu, in which the male petals are shorter.

7. B, longicuspis, Hook. f.; stem short stout, leaves short linear-
subulate acuminate flat thick opaque, scapes tall very slender, invol. bracts
very small cuneately obovate scarious blackish, floral cuneate tip black
rounded toothed and with a long black cusp, fem. fl. pedicelled, petals
oblanceolate ciliate with the ovary long-stipitate. HE. cristatum, var.
Thw. Enum, 341.

Cryton, Thwaites (C.P. 1002 in Herb. Kew; 789 in Thw. Enum.).

Rootstock as thick as a swan’s quill. Leaves 2-2} in., narrowed from the base
to the tip, many-nerved, obscurely striate ; sheaths obscurely woolly at the base.
Scapes 18-20 in., weak, flexuous. Heads } in. diam., the black cusps of the fi.
bracts contrasting with the white small petals; receptacle hemispheric; male fl. on
slender pedicels; sepals3, free, tips bearded ; stamens 6; fem. petals very unequal,
longer than the sepals, glands large.—I have seen only one specimen of this well-
marked species.

8. EB, polycephalum, Hook. /.; rootstock very stout, leaves elongate
narrowly sword-shaped acuminate flat thin, scapes very many tall slender,
invol. bracts very small cuneately obovate scarious blackish shining,
floral oblanceolate long-cuspidate black softly bearded, fem. fl. shortly
pedicelled, sepals and petals softly hairy, ovary subsessile.

CznTRAL InpIA; near Pachmarchi, Duthie.

Rootstock as thick as the middle finger. Leaves many, 2-8 by 1-4 in., lower
recurved, very many-nerved, narrowed to the acuminate tip, rather glossy. Scapes
30 or more, 8-20 in. Heads 3-4 in., globose, ash-colrd., hairs flexuous ; receptacle
convex, shortly villous ; tips and cusps of bracts black ; male sepals 3, free; stamens
6; fem. sepals long, narrow; petals narrowly oblanceolate, ciliate with long soft
hairs.—A very handsome species, closely allied to E. longicuspis, but very much
larger with many scapes.

574 CLXXI, ERIOCAULLE. (J D. Hooker.) [Eriocaulon.

9. E. odoratum, Dalz.in Hook. Kew Journ. iii. (1851), 280; leaves
short subulate recurved 7-nerved, scapes many filiform, heads snow white,
invol. bracts short obovate-oblong obtuse scarious dark, floral cuneately
obovate bearded, fem. fl. pedicelled, sepals narrow subequal oblanceolate,
petals oblanceolate villously ciliate, ovary with petals very shortly
stipitate. Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 280; Kern. in Linnea, xxvii. 683.

The Concan; prov. Malwan, in stagnant water, Dalzell.

Leaves 1 in., } in. broad at base, narrowed thence to the finely acuminate tip,
translucent. Scapes 6-10 in., deeply grooved; tip of sheath membranous. Heads
2-4 in. diam., globose; recept. hemispheric, shortly villous with brownish hairs ;
fi. bracts concealed by the male petals; fem. sepals longer than the petals.—Smells
strongly of chamomile, Dalzell.

10. B. atratum, Kern. in Linnea, xxvii. 610; leaves very slender
linear obtuse opaque; scape long solitary, invol. bracts cuneately obovate
black shining inner acute, floral black shortly bearded outer orbicular-
obovate very shortly cuspidate inner narrow cuneate acute, fem. fl. sessile,
petals oblanceolate villous.

Cryiton; Gardner (n. 972).

Densely tufted. Leaves 4-6 in., erect or spreading from an erect base, ~.— 3, in.
broad, sheaths woolly at the base, nerves very many, close. Scapes 1 ft. and under.
Heads } in. diam., hemispheric; invol. bracts convex, rigid, incurved; inner floral
black above the middle; recept. hemispheric, densely villous; male fi. pedicelled,
stamens 6; fem. subsessile; 2 sepals of fem. concave, narrow flat; ovary sessile,
base hairy.—I am rather doubtful of this being Kernicke’s EF. atratwm, which he
describes from a specimen in the Berlin Herb. as being stouter than 2. cristatum,
and broader leaved. It is most like the Khasian eristatum of the Ceylon species.

§§ Receptacle glabrous or nearly so (or villous in K. cristatum, var.).

ll. E. cristatum, Mart. in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. iti. 28; Cat. 6070;
densely tufted, leaves erect 3-6 in. narrowly linear flat tip obtuse rigid
opaque many-nerved striate, scapes 1 or more rigid about twice as long as
the leaves, heads snow-white, invol. bracts cuneately obovate edged with
black, floral dark broadly obcuneate acute very shortly bearded, fem. fl.
shortly pedicelled, petals narrowly oblanceolate villously ciliate, ovary
sessile. Korn. in Lannea, xxvii. 609.

Kaasia Hits; alt. 4-5000 ft., common.

Leaves j,—j5 in. broad, narrowed to the obtuse tip; sheaths short, not woolly
at the base. Scapes rigid, deeply grooved. Heads 3-3 in, diam., black and white ;
invol. bracts coriaceous ; floral rather rigid; receptacle fat or convex, quite glabrous,
or very sparsely hairy. Seeds oblong with papillose ridges.—The EH. cristatum of
Benth, Fl. Hongk. differs in the equal or subequal male petals.

Var. Mack; leaves broader, receptacle densely villous.—Assam (probably
Khasia) Mrs. Mack.—Perhaps a different species.

12. B.melaleucum, Mart. in Wail. Pl. As. Rar. iii.28; Cat. 6080;
leaves 1-2 in. subulate acuminate 3-7-nerved opaque, scapes subsolitary,
invol. bracts membranous black, outer obovate-oblong obtuse, acute,
floral acuminate black thickly bearded, fem. fl. subsessile, petals linear
villously ciliate tipped with short white bristles, glands 0, ovary with
petals subsessile. unth Hnum. ii. 568; Kern. in Linnea, xxvii. 164.
E. leucomelas, Steud. Nom. Ed. 2,1.585; Syn. Pl. Cyp. 272; H. quinquan-
gulare, Herb. Heyne. |

Niteuiri Hinis, Heyne, Schmidt, ARRanan, King.

Leaves translucent, recurved, more opaque in Schmidt’s specimen; sheath
glabrous at base. Scape strongly grooved. Head 4 in. diam. black and white;

Eriocaulon.] CLXXI, ERIOOAULLA. (J. D. Hooker.) 575

invol. bracts at length reflexed shining; receptacle subglobose; male sepals 3 free or
2 connate, odd petal shortly protruded ; fem. sepals narrow, as long as the petals, 2
free concave 3rd flat; ovary and petals very shortly stipitate.—Very near H. atratum
in which the recept. is villous, and the odd petal of male fl. not protruded. The
specimens are few and poor, except King’s. Koornicke describes the recept. as villous,
but it is decidedly glabrous in Wallich’s specimen.

13, HE. mitophylum, Hook. f.; densely tufted, leaves 2-3 in. almost
filiform from a broad sheathing base acuminate flattened opaque, scape
twice as long as the leaves, heads very small hemispheric, invol. bracts
spreading obovate-oblong obtuse black, floral black cuneately obovate
obtuse very shortly bearded, fem. fl. sessile, petals oblanceolate obtuse
villously ciliate.

Kuasia Hitis ; Myrung, alt. 5000 ft. Griffith (Kew Dist. 5578, 5580) ; Jaintea,
alt. 4000 ft., Clarke.

Leaves flaccid, 5-7-nerved ; sheath not woolly at the base. Sheath of scape not
lacerate at the mouth. Heads i-} in. diam., white and black ; invol. bracts 3-4-
seriate, at length lacerate, not shining; receptacle globose; sepals of male 3, free;
trancate tips bearded; odd petal shortly exserted; fem. sepals 2 concave 3rd flat;
ovary very shortly stipitate-——Perhaps a form of £. miserum, but the large leaf.
sheaths are very different, and the receptacle is globose,

14, E. miserum, Kern. in Linnea, xxvii. 607; densely tufted, leaves
very short capillary or 0, scape solitary very long filiform, heads very small
globose, outer invol. bracts orbicular-oblong obtuse coriaceous lacerate
pale brown or black, floral oblanceolate acute bearded, male petals sub-
equal, fem. fl. sessile, petals subequal spathulate villous. HE. cristatum,
Mart. in Wall. Pl, As. Rar. iii. 28; and Cat. 6070 (in part).

Siunet; Bruce (Herb. Wall.); Kuasia Hits, in river sand, alt. 2500 ft.,
Clarke. ‘

Rootstocks matted, 1-2 in. long, slender clothed with capillary roots. Leaves
few, 1-2 in., much shorter, or O in Clarke’s specimens. Scapes 12-18 in. flexuous, not
deeply grooved, tips of sheaths membranous. Head 1-7 in. diam., grey-white ; fl. bracts
concealed by the male petals; invol. bracts 2-3-seriate ; receptacle slender, columnar ;
male sepals bearded, petals subequal or one longest ; fem. sepals 2 oblong cymbiform
3rd flat, all bearded ; ovary with petals sessile or very shortly stipitate-—Wallich’s
specimens are young and imperfect, .

15. BE. Collettii, Hook. f.; leaves short broadly subulate acuminate
recurved many-nerved, scapes tall slender, heads globose snow-white, invol.
bracts very small linear-oblong obtuse membranous pale, floral oblanceo-
late acute, petals of male fl. subequal, fem. fl. sessile, sepals much shorter
than the petals which are villous and with the ovary shortly stipitate. |

Uprer Burma; Shan Hills, alt 4000 ft., Collett.

Leaves 14 by 4 in., narrowed from the base to the tip, opaque, striate. Scapes
several, 6-grooved; sheaths rather short. Heads 3~-} in. diam.; invol. bracts
2-seriate, pale or dark, at length reflexed and concealed uuder the flowers; recep-
tacle convex ; fl. bracts much shorter than the flowers, male sepals truncate bearded,
one petal largest; fem. sepals much shorter than the petals, of which 2 are oblong
obtuse concave tip bearded, the 3rd flat; petals oblanceolate, glands large.

16. BH. breviscapum, Kern. in Linnea, xxvii. 676 ; leaves (Hoating P)
very long strap-shaped flat flaccid, scape solitary, head broadly hemi-
spheric (or globose P) invol. bracts few very small oblong obtuse scarious
dark, floral oblanceolate acute shortly bearded, fem. fl. subsessile, sepals
villously bearded, petals oblanceolate villous with long hairs, ovary with
petals shortly stipitate.

576 OLXXI. ERIOCAULLA. (J. D. Hooker.) | Eriocaulon.

Inp1a; Huegel. N. Canana, Tinai Ghat, alt. 2000 ft., in streams and pools,
Talbot.

Stem very short. Leaves 6-15 by 1-1 in., exactly linear, opaque, 7—11-nerved,
nerves very slender. Seape shorter or longer than the leaves; sheath 2-23 in., tip
obtuse membranous, Heads } in. diam., black and white, rather few-fid. ; recep-
tacle convex, glabrous; invol. bracts green, much shorter than the floral; male
sepals densely bearded, petals villous, one much largest; stamens 6; fem. sepals
short oblong concave, tips truncate bearded ; petals subequal, glands large. - Seeds
very minute, subglobose, pale yellowish, shining.—Male petals and stamens some-
times sessile between the sepals, the conical stipes being very sbort or 0.

** Petals of male fl. subequal, or one rather larger, often very obscure,
none produced beyond the floral bracts.

+ Involucral bracts woolly or hairy (sometimes glabrous in H. Browni-
anum). Receptacle villous in all.

17. EB. Wightianum, Wart. in Wail. Pl. As. Rar. iii. 28; Cat. 6067 ;
tall, stout, leaves broadly linear or ensiform, tips obtuse, heads globose
snow-white, invol. bracts pale cuneiform reflexed tips truncate or rounded,
floral oblanceolate acuminate strongly cuspidate villous, male petals
small subequal, fem. fl. sessile, sepals narrow concave, bearded, petals
obovate or oblanceolate villous with very long hairs, ovary sessile. Kunth
Enum. iti. 563; Steud. Syn. Pl. Cyp. 271; Keern. in Linnea, xxvii. 658
(excl. syn.) H. sexangulare, Herb. Heyne.

TeNASSERIM, Wallich, &. PxEau, Kurz. The Concan, Stocks, &. CEYLON,
ascending to 7000 ft. (C.P. 378, 3382).

Rootstock often as thick as the thumb. Leaves 4-10 by 3 in, (and scapes),
glabrous or sparsely hairy, many-nerved. Seapes many, stout, ribbed and deeply
grooved ; sheaths with long free green tips. Heads 4 in. diam., subsquarrose from
the prominent tips of the fl. bracts; invol. bracts coriaceous at the base; receptacle
convex villous; flowers pedicelled; male petals minute in the Tenasserim specimens,
small subequal in the Concan ; stamens6. Seeds globosely oblong, dark red-brown,
papillose.—Fem. fl. sometimes 4-merous.

. 18. B. Brownianum, Mart. in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. iii. 25, t. 248 ;
Cat. 6066; tall, slender, leaves narrowly linear or ensiform acuminate
glabrous or hairy, scapes solitary very tall, heads 4 in. diam. globose or
hemispheric snow-white, invol. bracts obovate-oblong or cuneiform rigid
spreading at length reflexed, outer floral cuneiform inner spathulate
obtuse, male petals small, fem. fl. pedicelled, petals narrow villous with
very long straight hairs, ovary subsessile. Kunth Hnum. iii. 562; Steud.
Syn. Pl. Cyp. 271; Korn. in Linnea, xxvii. 663. E. nilagirense, Stewd.
Lc.; Korn, l.c. 661.

Kuasia Hits, alt. 46000 ft., common. Munnirorz, Watt. Niteutri
eo Gardner. CEYLON, Gardner, ascending to 7000 ft., Thwaites (C.P.
377, 1001).

Rootstock stout, Leaves 6-18 by 3;—3 in., many-nerved, and scapes glabrous
pubescent or copiously hairy. Scape 1-2 ft., ribbed and deeply grooved ; sheath
very long, tip acuminate green. Heads sometimes depressed and concave beneath
the stiff pale or dark invol. bracts 3-3 in. long, equalling the flowers ; receptacle
flat or convex; male sepals free or connate, tips bearded, petals subequal; fem.
sepals cymbiform, dorsally hirsute, acute or cuspidate. Seeds oblong or subgiobose
papillose and striate.—The hairs of the fem. petals are much longest in the Khasian
plant.

Eriocaulon.] OLXXI, ERIOOAULEZ. (J. D, Hooker.) 577

19. EB. sericans, Mart. in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. iii. 29; Cat. 6079;
leaves short subulate, scapes 1-2 slender, heads } in. diam. globose snow-
white, invol. bracts oblong pale yellow scarious not reflexed tips rounded,
floral cuneate-obovate acute pubescent tips of outer glabrous, male sepals
small orbicular, fem. fl. pedicelled, sepals narrow concave, petals oblan-
ceolate ciliate, ovary with petals very shortly stipitate or sessile. Kunth
Enum. iii. 568; Steud. Syn. Pl. Cyp. 272. HE. gracile, Mart. l.c.; Wall.
Cat. 6079; Kunth l.c. 558. EH. infirmum, Steud. 1. c. 270.

Burma; at Prome and Tavoy, Wallich. ;

Rootstock small. Leaves 4-1 in., erect and recurved, 3-5-nerved, opaque.
Scapes 4-grooved ; sheath short, tip acuminate green. Heads very pale; invol.
bracts shining, pubescent; receptacle small, hemispheric; flowers pedicelled; male
sepals 3, narrow, free or 2 connate bearded; petals unequal; fem. petals unequal,
glands 0. Seeds globosely oblong, papillose.—I have no doubt as to the specific
identity of sericans with gracile; Kornicke unites the former with Wighti-
anum, it is certainly very close, but the heads are much smaller; the male petals
larger and fem. broader. The ovary with petals is sessile in gracile very shortly
stipitate in sericans. The specimens are very few.

20. E. lanceolatum, Mig. in Pl. Metz ewsicc.n.131; leaves narrowly
oblong-lanceolate many-nerved translucent, scapes many slender, sheath
inflated above tip green, heads globose + in. diam. snow-white, invol.
bracts small pale quadrate or obovate scarious not reflexed, male petals
obscure, fem. fl. sessile, sepals 2 deeply cymbiform 3rd flat all bearded,
petals very unequal oblanceolate ciliate, ovary with petals sessile. Steud.
Syn. Pl. Cyp. 271; Keern. in Linnea, xxvii. 656.

The Concan and Canara, Metz, Stocks. .

Rootstock small. Leaves 1-24 by 4-4 in., acute or acuminate, flaccid, hardly
sheathing. Scapes 4-6 in., not deeply grooved; sheath very slender below, inflated
above the middle, tip acuminate, Heads very like those of EH. sericans, as are the
bracts and seeds.—One of the fem. sepals is sometimes winged at the back.

tt Involucral and floral bracts both glabrous or nearly so.
§ Receptacle glabrous or sparsely hairy.

_ 21. B. Sieboldianum, Sieb. & Zuce. ex ‘Steud. Syn. Pl. Cyp. 272;
leaves short subulate or setaceous, scapes very many, heads small globose
or ovoid, bracts all scarious, invol. oblong obtuse gradually passing into
the oblong-lanceolate subacute shining floral, fem. fl. long-pedicelled, sepals
1-2 slender or 0, petals 0, ovary long-stipitate. E. sexangulare, Mart. in
Wall. Pl. As. Rar. iti. 28. H. hexangulare, Kunth Enum. iii. 551; Thw.
Enum. 341; Steud. l.c.; Kern. in Linnea, xxvii. 618; Dalz. & Gibs.
Bomb. Fl. 279; Wall. Cat. 6073. E. setaceum, Herb. Heyne. HE. nitidum
and tenue, Herb. Ham.

TuHRoveHout Inpra; from Kashmir to Assam and Burma, and southward to
Crrzon (C.P. 795).—DistRis. China, Japan, Mt. Philipp.

Annual. Leaves 2-4 in., 3-5-nerved, rarely 3, in. broad, opaque or translucent.
Scapes slender; sheath short. Heads 1 in, diam., pale whitish or purplish; invol.
bracts spreading or ascending, much shorter than the head; receptacle columnar,
glabrous or sparsely hairy ; fl. bracts imbricating upwards, closely appressed, often
with a broad purplish central band; male sepals 3, petals minute, stamens 1-6;
fem. fl. with a long stipes above the sepals which is jointed between the sepals and
ovary. Seeds minute, red-brown, quite smooth.—Closely allied to Australian E.

VOL. VI. Pp

578 CLXXI, ERIOCAULEM. (J. D. Hooker.) [Eriocaulon.

cinereum, Br., which has a villous receptacle. As ascertained by Trimen (Linn. Soc.
xxiv. 186) from the examination of Hermann’s Herbarium, the HE. serangulare of
Linneus is E, Wallichianum of Martius. In Herb. Linu. FE. sewangulare bears its -
right name; where there is also a specimen of E, Sieboldianum, from Konig,
unnamed.

22. B. Duthiei, Hook. f.; leaves very short broadly subulate, scapes
many very slender, heads } in. diam. broadly ovate or hemispheric, invol.
bracts spreading oblong obtuse scarious shining passing into the dark
linear-oblong or oblanceolate acuminate glabrous glistening floral, fem. fl.
shortly pedicelled, sepals 2 very narrow, petals 3 filiform.

CrentraL Provinces ; Bhimkund, in the Khandma district, Duthie.

Leaves 4-2 in., many-nerved. Scapes2-5in.; sheath short. Heads nearly black,
glistening ; fl. bracts strongly incurved, sometimes obscurely pubescent towards the
tips ; receptacle very tall and slender, quite glabrous; flowers shortly pedicelled ;
male sepals 2, narrow, subacute, glabrous; petals very obscure; stamens 6; ovary
with the petals stipitate. Seeds broadly oblong, quite smooth, yellow.

23. E. alpestre, Hook.f. & Thoms. Herb. Ind. Or.; leaves broadly
or narrowly subulate, scapes very many short stout, heads broadly obconic
few-fld., invol. bracts suberect as long as the flowers cuneiform coriaceous,
floral obovate-oblong, fem. fl. sessile, sepals oblong cymbiform obtuse
glabrous, petals 3 subequal obovate coriaceous glabrous glands apical. E.
kiusianum, Mawim. in Herb. Hort. Petrop.

S1kx1mM Himataya, alt. 8-12,000 ft., and Kaasra Hits, alt, 5-6000 ft., J. D. H.,
Clarke.—DistR1B. W. China, Japan.

Leaves very many, 1-5 by 3-3 in., narrowed from a broad base to the acute tip,
few or many-nerved, usually spreading. Scapes shorter or longer than the leaves,
often flexuous. Heads 4 in. diam. or less; invol. bracts yellowish and black; floral
black, coriaceous ; receptacle small, convex, glabrous; male sepals 3, truncate,
glabrous; petals obscure; stamens 6; fem. petals white, shortly clawed; ovary
with petals sessile. Seeds large, oblong, yellowish or dark, quite smooth.—An un-
usually well-marked species by the glabrous coriaceous fem. petals.

24. E. truncatum, Ham. ex Mart. in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. iii. 29;
Wall, Cat. 6076; leaves 1-2 in. subulate, scapes many stout, heads 4-4 in.
diam. hemispheric, invol. bracts cuneate spreading shining, floral scarious
obovoid tip concave truncately rounded glabrous, fem. fl. pedicelled, sepals
2 narrow, petals 3 filiform or very narrowly oblanceolate ciliate, ovary
with petals stipitate. Kunth Enum. iii. 555; Steud. Syn. Pl. Cyp. ii. 270;
Kern, in Linnea, xxvii. 631; Thw. Enum. 341 (excl. syn.). E. cinereum,
Ham. Ueucocephala spathacea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 618.

Assam, BeneaL, Burma, and southward to Manacoa and Cerzon (C.P. 793).
—Distris. Malay and Philippine Islands, China.

Leaves + in. broad at the base or less, acuminate, few- or many-nerved. Scapes
1-4in. Heads glistening; invol. bracts sub-2-seriate ; floral incurved and imbri-
cating; receptacle conical, sparsely hairy; male sepals free or coherent; petals
minute, ciliate; fem. fl. long-pedicelled, sepals concave or linear and flat; petals very
variable in breadth. Seeds pale, ribs papillose——This is unquestionably Roxburgh’s
Leucocephala spathacea, of which he had a good drawing made.

Var. malaccensé ; floral bracts broader, flowers of both sexes sessile, petals
broader and more coriaceous, gland apical, ovary with petals stipitate, seeds larger. —
Malacca, Grifith (Kew Distrib. 5567); at Kwala Pehang, Ridley.—Possibly a
different species.

§§ Receptacle more or less villous.

Eriocaulon.] CLXXI. ERIOCAULEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) 579

25. BE. oryzetorum, Mori. in Wail. Pl. As. Rar. iti. 28; Wall. Cat.
6069 ; leaves ensiform, scapes many short or tall, heads yellow globose or
ovoid, bracts all scarious hyaline, invol. oblong obtuse passing into the
cuneate-obovate cuspidate densely imbricate floral, fem. fl. shortly pedi-
celled, petals slender. Kunth. Enum. iti. 552; Steud. Syn. Pl. Cyp. 270;
Kern. in Linnea, xxvii. 639. E. Hamiltonianum, Mart. lc. 29; Wall.
Cat.6075; Kunth l.c.

Tropica Himataya, from Kumaon to Sikkim; Assam, SinHEt, Prev,
Cuota Naq@pore, SIncaPorse and PENaNa.

Rootstock short, stout, or 0. Leaves 1-3 by 1-4 in., spongy, very many-nerved,
narrowed to a truncate coriaceous tip. Scapes 8-18 in. (shorter in dwarf states),
soft, flexuous. Heads 4-} in. diam., straw-colrd., base intruded; receptacle conical
or columnar, densely villous; male sepals 2, tips fimbriate or glabrous; petals
minute or 0; stamens 6; fem. fl. pedicelled, sepals 3, slender, caducous; petals
filiform to oblanceolate, naked or ciliolate, caducous; ovary with petals stipitate
above the sepals. Seeds pale yellow, very minute, smooth.—Z. Hamiltonianum is
certainly an immature state of oryzetorum.

26. E. stellulatum, Kern. in Linnea, xxvii, 620; leaves mem-
branous broadly subulate or linear, scapes many hairy, heads globose,
bracts all many times longer than the flowers white scarious stel-
lately spreading and finely acuminate, involucral ovate-lanceolate, floral
narrowly lanceolate, fem. fl. sessile, petals oblanceolate ciliate with long
hairs, ovary with petals sessile. _

The Concan, Hugel, Stocks. ? Benaa (Herb. Kew).

Leaves 1-2 in. by 4-3} in. broad at the base, tapering to a point, very many-
nerved. Scapes 2~7 in., hairs spreading; sheaths shorter than the leaves, tips long
free acuminate. Heads 3-4 in. diam., perfectly glabrous except the conical recep-
tacle and ciliate fem. petals ; male sepals 2, free or connate, glabrous, hyaline; petals
very short; stamens 6; fem. fl. sessile; sepals 3, dimidiate-ovate falcately incurved
with long slender recurved points, dorsally crenately winged, petals narrowly ob-
lanceolate, ciliate. Seeds dark chesnut, smooth.

27. B. echinulatum, Dart. in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. iii. 29; Wall.
Cat. 6082; leaves subulate opaque finely acuminate, scapes many obscurely
grooved, heads small globose, bracts all white rigid stellately spreading
subulate-lanceolate, floral many times longer than the dimerous subsessile
flowers, ovary with petals stipitate. Kunth Enum. iii. 568; Steud. Syn.
Pl. Cyp. 272; Korn. in Linnea, xxvii. 519.

Tavoy; Mergui, Gomez, Grifith.—DisTR1B. Tonkin, China.

Leaves many, $-1 in., erecto-patent, spongy. Scapes rather stout, 1-5 in.,
terete, shining; sheath short. Heads 3-1 in. diam., straw-colrd.; invol. bracts
ovate, narrowed into a slender rigid point; floral longer, narrowed at the base;
receptacle villous ; male sepals connate, glabrous ; petals minute, deformed ; stamens
5-6; fem. sepals falcately lanceolate, clawed, dorsally crenately winged below the
middle, margins spinulose-serrate ; petals 0.

28. E.minutum, Hook. f.; very small, leaves subulate or filiform
acute or obtuse, scapes very many, sheaths membranous and inflated above,
heads minute subglobose few-fd. pale, invol. bracts erect ovate-lanceolate
acuminate scarious, floral oblanceolate acute or cuspidate, fem. fl. subses-.
sile, sepals falcate winged or keeled, petals 1-3 very slender or 0, ovary
with petals sessile or substipitate.

s ae Concan, Law. Mysore, Sir F. Adams, RasPuTANA, on Mt. Aboo, Stocks,
uthie,

Pp2

5&0 OLXxI. ERIOCAULES. (J.D. Hooker.) [Hriocaulon.

Densely tufted. Leaves 3-2 in., compressed, opaque, 3—5-nerved, base dilated
and sparsely woolly within. Scapes 13-23 in., capillary, flexuous ; sheath short.
Heads 3, in. diam., shining; invol. bracts much longer than the floral, which are
glabrous or sparsely hairy; receptacle small, columnar, sparsely villous ; male calyx
infundibular, split on one side, tips bearded; petals minute; stamens 3-4; fem.
sepals 2, with rarely a filiform 3rd, faleately incurved with recurved tips, glabrous,
keel or wing spinulose. Seeds oblong.—Resembles E. achiton, but invol. bracts very
different.

+++ Involucral bracts glabrous, floral bearded villous or pubescent.
§ Receptacle glabrous or sparsely hairy.

29. B. sexangulare, Linn. Sp. Pl. 87; tall, stout, leaves long,
scapes many tall, heads conoid or hemispheric hard hoary base truncate,
invol. bracts coriaceous subquadrate or orbicular, floral persistent densely
imbricate spathulate cuspidate rigid, fem. A. sessile, petals short filiform
with a terminal pencil of hairs, ovary with petals subsessile. E. Wallichi-
anum, Mart. in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. iii. 26, t.249; Cat. 6068; Kunth Enum.
iii. 564; Nees in Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. xix., Suppl. i. 449; Steud. Syn. Cyp.
271; Korn. in Linnea, xxvii. 687; Thw. Enum. 341; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. 280; Trimen in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 136. E. quidrangulare, Lour.
Fl. Cochinch. 77.

TENASSERIM, southward to Matacca ; and the Deccan PENINSULA, from CANARA
southwards. CEyYLoN, Macrae, &. (C.P. 220)—Distris. Tropical Asia, Mada-
gascar.

Rootstock as thick as the little finger or less, Zeaves 4-12 in., }-{ in. broad at
the base, flat, narrowed up to the acuminate or subacute tip, many-nerved, opaque,
striate, drying brown. Scapes up to 18 in., stiff; tips of sheaths acuminate, not
membranous. Heads 34 in. diam. or less; invol. bracts shining, horizontal, rigid,
appressed ; floral dark, rigid, with white tips; receptacle globose columnar or
hemispheric, sparsely shortly pilose; flowers fiat; male sepals free or connate, one
sometimes dorsally winged, petals minute; fem. sepals 3, 2 cymbiform incurved
acute dorsally crenately winged or not, 3rd linear, narrow. Seeds subglobose or
oblong, the ridges papillose.—In some Concan specimens from Dalzell the leaves are
1-4 in. broad, linear, flaccid, quite translucent, and the heads very small. The
Australian ZH. australe, Br., hardly differs.

Var. longifolium ; more slender, leaves often longer, fem. fl. dimerous, petals
sparsely hairy from the middle upwards. E. longifolium, Nees in Herb. Willd. ex
Kunth lic. 567; Steud. l.c.; Kern. lc. 690. E. sexangulare, Willd. Herb.—
Tenasserim, Malacca, the Andaman Islands, and Ceylon.

30. EB. Dalzellii, Kern. in Linnxa, xxvii. 605; rhizome elongate,
leaves very slender finely acuminate, scapes many, heads hemispheric
white villous, invol. bracts scarious obovate- or cuneate-oblong, floral
hyaline oblanceolate subacute, fem. fl. pedicelled, sepals 2 linear slender,
petals 3 narrowly oblanceolate ciliate with flexuous hairs, ovary with
petals stipitate. H.rivulare, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. iii, (1851) 280;
Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 280.

South Concan; in the Malwan Province, in streams, Dalzell.

Rootstock elongate, prostrate, densely clothed with tortuous capillary rootlets.
Leaves in a terminal tuft, 4-10 by ~,—4; in., flexuous, flattened, opaque, 7-nerved.
Scapes 7-18 in., 10-grooved. Heads 4 in. diam., base truncate or intruded; invol.
bracts short, yellowish; receptacle hemispheric or columnar, sparsely hairy ; fl. bracts
incurved, hairs caducous; male sepals free or connate, tips villous, petals small
elliptic subequal; stamens 6. Seeds globose, smooth, shining.—Some flowerless very

Eriocaulon.] CLXXlL ERIOGAULER. (J. D. Hooker.) 581

long leaved specimens have a leafy stem 2-3 in. long, as in Sect. A, but much
stouter. EH. fluviatile, Trim. (see end of genus) is probably allied,

31. E. cuspidatum, Dalz. in Hook. Kew Journ. iii. (1851) 281;
leaves short linear-ensiform flaccid 7-9-nerved translucent, margins
thickened, tip rounded and cuspidate, scapes several very long, heads
globose or hemispheric white villous, invol. bracts cuneiform or rounded,
scarious, floral membranous cuneate-obovate, fem. fl. sessile, sepals 3, 2
deeply cymbiform dorsally tubercled, ovary with petals sessile. Dalz. &
Gibs. Bomb. Fi. 280.

The SouTHERN Concan ; between Vingorla and Malwan, Daizell.

Leaves 1-4 by 3-3 in., erect and recurved. Scapes few or many, 6-10 in., soft,
shining, obscurely furrowed ; sheath much longer than the leaves, tips membranous.
Heads 1-4 in. diam., base intruded ; invol. bracts yellow, passing into the hyaline
floral; receptacle convex, quite naked; male sepais 2, narrow, free; petals small,
subequal, fimbriate; stamens 6; fem. sepals coriaceous; petals 3, very narrow,
fimbriately villous towards the tip. Seeds oblong, quite smooth.

32. E. nepalense, Prescott ex Bong. in Act. Acad. Petrop. Ser. vi. i.
610; leaves broadly subulate or ligulate many-nerved, scapes many slender,
heads globuse grey, invol. bracts cuneate-obovate scarious at length recurved,
floral linear oblong dark obtuse or apiculate, fem. fl. shortly pedi-
celled, sepals cymbiform, petals very narrowly oblanceolate ciliate with the
ovary stipitate. Kunth Hnum. ii. 554; Steud. Syn. Pl. Cyp. 270. H.
viride, Kern. in Linnea, xxvi. 6387. EH. quinquangulare, Wall. Cat.
6072 E.

TEMPERATE Hrmataya; from Garwhal, alt. 5-6000 ft., to Sikkim, alt. 4-5000
ft. The Kuasia Hrxt1s, alt. 4-6000 ft.

Rootstock small. Leaves 2-3 by 3-} in., usually subulate and narrowed from
the base to the acute tip, but often broader flaccid linear and obtuse or rounded at
the tip, opaque or translucent, many-nerved. Scapes 4-9 in., soft; sheaths with
membranous tips. Head 3 in. diam.; receptacle convex or columnar, quite glabrous ;
floral bracts finely hairy ; male sepals 3; petals minute ; stamens 6 ; sepals very con-
cave, tips ciliate. Seeds oblong, ribs papillose.—Very similar to EB. luzulefolium
but the invol. bracts of the fully formed head are recurved, the receptacle is
glabrous. The ligulate leaved specimens look different.

33. EB. gregatum, Kern. in Linnea, xxvii. 606 ; dwarf, tufted, leaves
very slender flat acute flexueus opaque, scapes subsolitary, heads very
small hemispheric or globose white or hoary, invol. bracts spreading or
erect cuneiform black, floral oblanceolate obtuse and subacute dark, male
petals small subequal, fem. fl. sessile, sepals 2 dorsally bearded narrowly
cymbiform 8rd flat, tips villous with stout hairs, petals spathulately
oblanceolate densely villous, ovary with petals sessile.

Kaasra Hits; alt. 5-6000 ft., on rocks in streams, Griffith, &e.

Roots of capillary fibres. Leaves 1-14 by J; in. Scapes slender, often flexuous,
deeply 4- or 5-grooved; sheaths with membranous tips. Heads j in. diam., white
above the black involucre; receptacle columnar, glabrous; male sepals 3, free or
connate ; petals minute, obovate, subequal, villous; stamens 2-6; fem. petals with
large black glands. Seeds broadly oblong, yellow.—Allied to E. mitophyllum and
miserum, but the male petals are small and equal.

34. BH. Pumilio, Hook. f.; leaves very short subulate acuminate,
scape few short slender, sheath pale green not striate subinflated tip
rounded, head 35 in. diam. few-fld. hairy, invol. bracts 3-4 erect obovate

582 OLXXI, ERIOCAULES. (J. D. Hooker.) [Hriocaulon.

or cuneately oblong tips rounded, floral cuneately oblanceolate subacute,
fem. fl. sessile, sepals 2 oblong concave tips ciliate flat, petals oblanceo-
late ciliate, ovary with petals sessile.

Westrrn Himataya; Kumaon, 3-4000 ft. and Garwhal, alt. 8-9000 ft.,
Duthie.

Leaves }-4 in., spongy, opaque, green. Scapes 1-13 in., obscurely 4-grooved ;
sheath as long as the leaves, tip membranous. Heads subglobose ; invol. bracts
scarious, glistening, pale or dark; floral dark, sprinkled with white hairs ; receptacle
stall, conical, glabrous ; male sepals free, tips ciliate; petals very minute; stamens

6. Seeds oblong, pale, with papillose ridges.—Near E. achiton, but the receptacle
is quite glabrous.

8§ Receptacle villous.

35. BE. luzulefolium, Mart. in Wail. Pl. As. Rar. iii. 28; Cat.
6071; leaves short broadly subulate many-nerved, scapes many flexuous,
head small hemispheric pubescent base truncate and intruded, invol. bracts
spreading or erect (never reflexed) outer broadly cuneiform shining, floral
cuneately oblanceolate obtuse, fem. fl. pedicelled, sepals slender concave
tipped with bristles, petals 3 linear-lanceolate ciliate, ovary with petals
stipitate. Kunth Enum. iii. 553; Schnizl. Icon. t. 46, £. 2,5; Steud. Syn.
Pl. Cyp. 270; Kern. in Linnea xxvii. 636,

Throughout Inp1a; from Bengal to Burma and the Concan, ascending the
Khasia Hills to 6000 ft., common, CEYLON, Gardner.

Rootstock elongate and as stout as a swan’s quill, or slender, densely fibrous.
Leaves 1-3 by 5-1 in., narrowed from the base to the tip, opaque, rarely trans-
lucent, Seapes 3-12 in., slender; sheath obtuse. Heads 4 in. diam., pale; invol.
bracts coriaceously scarious; floral dark, shortly hairy, receptacle conical or
columnar; male sepals 2-3, tips ciliate; petals minute, obscure; pedicel of fem.

fl. slender. Seeds oblong, yellow.—Difficult to distinguish at sight from H. trilobum
and quinguangulare.

36. EB. quinquangulare, Linn. Sp. Pil. 87; leaves linear ensiform
or subulate acute or acuminate, scapes many, heads globose grey or snow-
white, invol. bracts very short scarious linear-oblong to broadly cuneate
at length reflexed under the head, floral oblanceolate or spathulate hyaline
acuminate or finely cuspidate, male petals minute, fem. fl. pedicelled,
sepals slender, petals narrowly oblanceolate sparsely ciliate, ovary with
petals stipitate or substipitate. Mart. in Wall. Pl. As, Rar. iii. 28; Cat. 6072;
Kunth Enum. iii. 556; Steud. Syn. Pl. Cyp. 270, Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl.
280; Thw. Enum. 341. (excl. var.); Kern. nm Linnea, xxvii. 646. EH. argen-
teum, Mart. il.c. EH. Martianum, Wall. Cat. 7279 (proliferous state).
E. argyreum, Steud. d.c. 271. HE. erythropodum, Mig. in Hohen. Herb.
Canara,n.131. Spherochloa quadrangularis, Beauv. ex Desv. in. Ann. Se.
Nat. Se. xiii. 47. Leucocephala graminifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 612.

Throughout Inpra ; from the Upper Gangetic plain to Burma, and southward to
Cryton (C.P. 792).

Leaves 1-4 by 4-3 in.; usually narrowed from the base to the acuminate tip,
few or many-nerved, opaque or subtranslucent, often bright red when dry. Scapes
1-4» rather stout and flexuous ; sheath short, tip membranous. Heads 4-4 in. diam.,
grey when the fl. bracts are sparsely shortly villous, snow-white when they are many
and densely villous ; invol. bracts very variable in breadth, pale, glistening ; recep-
tacle globose or columnar ; male sepals 3 or 2 or all connate, tips long-ciliate ; petals
very small; stamens 6. Ovary usually with the petals stipitate. Seeds oblong,
smooth.—It is difficult to distinguish forms of this from luzulefolium and

Briocauion.) OLXXI. ERIOCAULEE. (J.D. Hooker.) 583

trilobum. It is said to be Australian, but I have seen no specimen from that
country.

37. E. trilobum, Ham. in Wall. Cat. n. 6072 D; leaves broadly
subulate or ensiform acute or acuminate many-nerved, scapes many, heads
globose dark grey base intruded, invol. bracts small linear-oblong reflexed,
floral spathulately oblanceolate obtuse or subacute, male petals minute,
fem. A. subsessile, sepals 3 dark cymbiformly oblanceolate, petals narrowl
oblanceolate sparingly ciliate, ovary with petals sessile or subsessile.
quinquelobum, Wall. Cat. l.c.; Korn. in Linnea, xxvii. 645. H. subula-
tum, Bojer ex Korn. i.c.. EH. Sollyanum, Royle Ill. 409, t. 97. f. 1.

Throughout Inp1a ; from Kumaon, ascending to 4000 ft., to Bengal, the Concar
and Malabar.

Habit of Z. quinguangulare, from which it is often difficult to distinguish forms,
but the heads are usually smaller, much darker in colour, the invol. bracts are
narrow, the floral never acuminate or cuspidate, and the flowers are very shortly,
if at all pedicelled, with broader concave fem. sepals that are strongly ciliate on the
back. Ovary sessile or very shortly stipitate—Mr. Law has sent specimens of a
variety with broader leaves and the narrower lanceolate acute invol. bracts radiating
and longer than the head ; the fem. sepals too are narrower, these are accompanied
with specimens in which the invol. bracts are normal, together with intermediates.
I have seen no specimen with the conspicuous red foliage so common in #,
quinquangulare.

38. E. Helferi, Hook.f. ; leaves ensiform acute flaccid, scapes many,
heads globose or hemispheric white, invol. bracts obovate-oblong scarious
Spreading or at length recurved, floral cuneately obovate acute dorsally
tomentose, male sepals 3 glabrous, petals obscure, fem. fl. sessile, sepals
3 oblong, 2 concave obovate ciliate, ovary with petals sessile.

TunassERIM, Helfer (Kew Dist. 5584).

Leaves 3-4 by 3-3 in., translucent. Scapes 4-9 in., flexuous, young glabrous or
hairy below; sheathacuminate. Heads fin. diam., softly tomentose; receptacle densely
villous; invol. bracts much shorter than the floral, which are much longer than the
flowers ; male fl. pedicelled ; sepals concave, tip hooded; stamens 4-6; fem. petals
remarkably broad, unequal. Ovary sessile. Seeds minute, dark red-brown, strongly
striate and papillose.

39. EB. Walkeri, Hook.f. ; densely tufted, leaves narrowly subulate or
Jinear few-nerved tips obtuse, heads globose snow-white, invol. bracts
shorter spreading outer quadrate or cuneiform inner oblong, floral oblanceo-
late acute or mucronate, fl. fem. sessile, sepals narrowly oblong obtuse,
petals oblanceolate villously ciliate with very long jointed spreading hairs
and tipped with short stout obtuse white ones, ovary with petals sessile.
E. quinquangulare, var. argenteum, Thw. Enum. 341.

Czyton ; at Caltura, Macrae; in paddy fields, Thwaites (C.P. 3562).

Leaves 1-2 by 34-74—- in., glistening, opaque. Scapes 6-8 in., very slender.
Heads 1-4 in. diam. or less; invol. bracts pale, scarious; floral white, membranous
densely villous above the middle; receptacle hemispheric, hairs as long as the hyaline
flowers ; male sepals 3 (2 connate) long-bearded, petals 3 small orbicular subequal
villous, Seeds broadly oblong, orange-yellow, shining, not striolate; chalaza very
‘large.—A very distinct species, well characterized by the copious very long slender
white hairs of the fem. petals, which appear to envelop the flower.

40. BE. Thwaitesii, Kern. in Linnea, xxvii. (1854), 627 ; leaves linear
subulate or ensiform acuminate many-nerved, scapes many twice as long,
head hemispheric dark sparsely mealy, involucre as broad as the heads,

584 OLXXI. ERIOGAULEA. (J. D. Hooker.) [Eriocaulon.

bracts spreading and incurved obovate-oblong shining, floral oblanceolate
acute tips hoary, male sepals glabrous, fem. fl. pedicelled, sepals cymbiform,
petals short filiform penicillate above the middle with long spreading hairs,
ovary with petals sessile.

Nirenie1 Hinis; Schmidt. Cryton, Walker, Thwaites (C.P. 790, in part).

Leaves 1-24 by 7,4 in., few- or many-nerved, opaque. Scapes flexuous; tips of
‘sheath acuminate, not membranous. Heads 3-4 in. diam. ; receptacle convex, densely
villous ; fl. bracts greenish-brown scarious ; male sepals 3 (2 connate) glabrous or
nearly so, petals very small, stamens 6 ; fem. sepals nearly glabrous, dorsally rounded
or subcarinate. Seeds oblong with papillose strie.—Well marked by the slender
fem. petals, much like those of E. secangulare. The Nilghiri specimens are much
smaller and narrower leaved than the Cingalese.

41. E. collinum, Hook. f.; leaves short narrowly linear or subulate,
scapes many, heads globose dark grey, invol. bracts small, outer very short
cuneate-obovate, floral oblanceolate or spathulate acute acuminate or cus-
pidate dorsally hoary or the outer glabrous, male petals 3 small one often
lJargest and exserted beyond the sepals but not beyond the bracts, fem.
fl. pedicelled, sepals 2 cymbiform 3rd flat, petals narrowly oblanceolate
ciliate, ovary and petals sessile or shortly stipitate. EH. luzulefolium, Thw.
Enum, 341.

Ninenirt Hints, Foulkes, Schmidt, Gardner; Conoor, 7000 ft., Clarke.
Cryton; Newera Elia, Gardner, &c., alt. 4000 ft. (C.P. 796, 1000).

Densely tufted. Leaves 1-23 by ~,-2 in., obtuse, compressed, 1-9-nerved,
opaque or translucent. Scapes 14-12 in., rigid, flexuous ; sheath stout, equalling or
shorter than the leaves, tip obtuse membranous. Heads } in. diam.; invol. bracts
searious, at length reflexed ; receptacle hemispheric or columnar, densely villous ;
sepals of male and fem. dark.—The well developed male petals distinguish this
species from the others of this section except H. Walkeri, in which they are sub-
equal—In Wight’s Herbarium there are specimens (without habitat) of this or
a closely allied plant, smaller in size, in which the male petals are equal.

42. B, achiton, Kern. in Linnza, xxvii. (1854), 630; small, leaves
subulate, scapes twice as long, heads very small hemispheric few-fld., invol.
bracts erect cuneiform pale, tip truncate or rounded, floral obovate-
spathulate hirsute or hoary, fem. fl. shortly pedicelled, sepals 2 slender,
petals 3 or 0, ovary with petals stipitate.

Kasia Hruts; alt. 4-5000 ft., Griffith (Kew Distrib. 5876), Clarke.

Leaves 3-1 in., flattened, opaque, 3—-5-nerved at the base. Scapes few, filiform ;
sheath finely acuminate, tip not membranous. Heads j,-1 in. diam.; invol. bracts
few, coriaceous, shining; floral incurved, nearly glabrous; receptacle hemispheric,
villous ; flowers shortly pedicelled ; male sepals 2, narrow; petals minute or obsolete ;
stamens few ; fem. sepals filiform linear or dilated and concave towards the hairy
tips, petals in the most developed heads 3, narrowly oblanceolate, ciliate. Seeds
oblong, transversely striolate, red-brown.—Very near the E. nigricans, Br. of
Australia.

43. HE. xeranthemum, Mart. in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. iii. 29; Wall.
Cat. 6084; dwarf, leaves subulate acuminate, scapes twice as long stout,
heads broadly obconie, invol. bracts erect, outer much longer than the floral
lanceolate acuminate, floral cbovate-oblong or oblanceolate tips hirsute,
fem. fl. subsessile, sepals 2 narrow tips ciliate, petals 8 narrowly oblanceo-
late ciliate, ovary with petals shortly stipitate. Kunth Enum, iii. 555.
Steud. Syn. Pl. Cyp.270; Koorn. in Linnea, xxvii. 624. E. pygmeum, Dalz.
in Hook. Kew Journ. iti. (1851), Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 280. E. xeranthe-
moides, Heurck & Muell. Arg. Obs. Bot. 103.

Eriocaulon. | OLXXL ERIOCAULER. (J. D. Hooker.) 585

Nepal, Wallich. Brnaat, Sinmet, the Kasia Hitzs, and Tewasserim,
oar, &e. The Conoan, Stocks. CHota Nag@pore, Clarke.—DIstEIB. trop.
Afr.

Tufted, annual. Leaves }-1} in., many-nerved, often recurved. Scapes striate,
hardly grooved; sheath tumid, tips membranous, Heads 4-4 in. diam.; invol.
bracts scarious, stellately spreading, pale, shining, often lacerate ; receptacle convex,
villous ; flowers subsessile; male sepals 3, free (or 2 connate); petals minute or
obsolete ; fem. sepals rarely 8, the third capillary. Seeds much narrower than in
most: other species, linear-oblong, papillose all over, pale yellow.

IMPERFECTLY KNOWN SPECIES.

EH. fluviatile, Trim. in Journ. Bot. xxiii. (1885), 270; rootstock very
slender, leaves scattered very slender, scape solitary, heads small depressed
globose, invol. bracts roundish-oval brown, floral linear-oblong with coarse
white hairs on the upper part, fl. dicecious? fem. sepals linear-spathulate,
petals narrower membranous tipped with scanty white hairs.

Cryton ; Western province, in rapid stream, Trimen.

Submerged except the head; rootstock flexuous; roots copious, long. Leaves
8-10 by about 3, in., solid, compressed, chanelled, flaccid; sheath dilated, cottony
within. Scape rather shorter than the leaves; sheath not dilated, tip acute. Head
+ in. diam. (receptacle? ).—Descr. from Trimen. The only specimen seen by me is in
a very young state, with the flowers not available for analysis, Compare H. Dalzellii.

E. ceynanicum, Kern. in Linnea, xxvii. 667; a foot high, stem very short,
leaves 2-3} in. tufted linear suddenly mucronate, scapes solitary 1 in., heads rather
large cylindric-globose woolly white 4 in. long, invol. bracts obovate at length
hidden under the head, floral cuneate-obovate submembranous pale, reveptacle hairy,
male sepals obtuse membranous, anticous petal much largest, fem. fl. sessile, sepals
free acute like those of the males, petals 3 spathulate obtuse spongy anticous much
the largest far longer than the sepals.—Hairs of bracts and perianths obtuse.
Ceylon, Herb. Berlin.—Evidently near Z. atratwm, but leaves mucronate.

E. EURYPEPLON, Kern. l.c. 685; 2-3 in. high, leaves 2 in. tufted broadly
linear narrowed upwards tip obtuse membranous, scapes crowded 4-winged 13-3 in.,
heads subglobose 14-24 in. broad powdery pubescent and nigro-niveous, invol.
bracts rigid powdery-pubescent olive-black much shorter than the heads, floral
rhombic-cuneate olive-black rigid closely imbricate hiding the fl., receptacle hairy.—
Ind. Or.

E. HETEROLEPIS, Steud. Syn. Pl. Cyp. 271; Kern. 1.c. 572; tufted, stem very
short, leaves lanceolate from a broad base subobtuse, hardly 1 in. long.—Bombay,
Rouz.

E, minimum, Lam. Encycl.iii.275 ; Kunth Enum. iii.; Steud. Syn. Pl. Cyp. 268 ;
A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 8347°2; Kern. 1. c. 635.—Ind. Or., Sonnerat. (Herb.
Lamarck). Male sepals 2, free, linear-oblong.—Perhaps a form of H. truncatum,
fid Koern, more probably Z. Sieboldianum.

E, yeesianum, Kern. l, c. 628.—Ceylon (Herb. Berol.).—Is likened to trun-
catum and achiton by its dimerous sepals, but the receptacle is shortly villous.
Very like Z. viride in the head, differs in the form and number of the perianth seg-
ments and the obtuse floral bracts, Kern,

Orper CLXXII. CYPERACEE. By C. B. Clarke, F.R.S.

Grass- or rush-like herbs. Stems solid. Leaves 3-ranked, rarely 0 ;
sheaths closed. Flowers 1-2-sexual, small or minute, solitary in the axils of
the scales (glumes) of the spikes or spikelets that are solitary or variously
disposed on the stem. Perianth 0, or of hypogynous bristles or scales.
Stamens 1-3, rarely more; anthers linear, basifixed on the flattened fila-

586 CLXXI. ERIOCAULEH. (J. D. Hooker.) [Eriocaulon.

ments. Ovary (in Caricee enclosed in a utricle) 1-celled; style short or
slender, 2-3-cleft, branches slender stigmatic; ovule 1, basal, erect, anatro-
pous. Fruit a compressed or 3-gonous nut. Seed erect, free; embryo
minute, inside the usually floury albumen.—Genera 60; species 3000,
universally distributed.

The above Ordinal character applies especially to the Indian Cyperacea, and takes
no account of exceptions to it, which occur in extra-Indian species.

I am indebted to Mr. C. B. Clarke, F.R.S., for the following account of the
Indian Cyperacee. It will be observed that in it the citations of authors and of
Floras have been almost restricted to those in which the species and their synonyms
have been first indicated or described, and to the standard works of Kunth,
Boeckeler and Steudel (and of Boott in the genus Carex), to a good figure when
acceptable, and to the various Indian Floras, monographs, &c. The vast literature of
the order, so many species of which are scattered over large areas of the globe and
are hence described in many extra Indian works, renders this course unavoidable in
the case of a ‘‘Flora’’ which, like that of British India, must have circumscribed
limits. I have myself supplied the following clavis.—J. D. H.

A. CypErEx. Spikelets of few or many glumes; lower 1-2 gl. always
empty, uppermost male empty or imperfect, intermediate ones bisexual.
Remirea is exceptional.

Tribe I. Hucyrerzx. Fl. glumes usually many, distichously arranged.
Hypogynous bristles 0.

* Style 2-fid. (in Juncellus very rarely 3-fid.).

Rhachilla of spikelet deciduous . ea A - . . 1. Kyzpimea,.

Rhachilla of spikelet persistent. Nut laterwlly compressed . 2, PyorEus.

Rhachilla of spikelet persistent. Nut dorsally compressed 3. JUNCELLUS.
** Style 3-fid.

Rhachilla of spikelet persistent . F 4, CYPERUS.

Rhachilla of spikelet deciduous. . . . . . .. . . . 5. Mariseus.

Spikelet much flattened. Nut narrow, otherwise as Mariscus. 6. CouRTOIsiA.

Tribe II. Scrresxz. Fl, glumes usually many, spirally arranged.
Hypogynous bristles often present.

* Style-base constricted or articulate above the nut. Leaves all near
the base of the stem. Inflorescence umbelled.

Hypogynous bristles nearly always present. LeavesO. . . 7. ELEOCHARIS,

Hypogynous bristles 0. Style-base persistent, or if deciduous
not leaving atumouronthenut. . . .... =,

Hypogynous bristles 0. Style-base deciduous leaving a tumour
on the nut. Leaves with long finehairs . . . . . . 9. Bunposryzis.

8. FIMBRISTYLIS.

** Style-base passing gradually into the nut.

Hypogynous bristles 0-6, undivided, linear, rarely oblong . . 10, ScrrPus,

Hypogynous bristles 6, divided to base into linear segments . 11, ERIOPHORUM.

Hypogynous bristles 6 or 3, interior 3 broadly obovate (except
in F. Wallichii,&e.. 2... 12. FuIRENA.

Hypogynous scales 2, hyaline, elliptic, enclosing the nut | | 13. LipocarPHa,

Tribe III. Ryxcuosrornm. FI. glwmes 1 or 2, with several lower empty
glumes and several upper empty or male glumes which are thinner and not
keeled. Hypogynous bristles filiform, linear, or 0.

* Style 2-fid.

CLXXI, CYPERACEE. (C. B, Clarke.) 587

Style-base thickened not passing gradually into thenut . . 14. Ryncowospora.

** Style 3-fid.
Lowest fertile gl. somewhat distant from the one above it. . 15. ScH@NUs.
Spikelets panicled, 1-7-fld., lowest fl. alone perfect. . . . 16. Cuapium.
Spikelets 3-4-fld. , uppermost fl. alone perfect. . . 17. MickoscH@nvs.
Spikelets 1-2-fid., laa fi, alone aaa, hypos. scales
long . . 18. LEPIDOSPERMA.
Spikelets 1-2-4, as in 18, eae baie 0. soe ee , . 19, Gaunt.

Anomalous genus.

Spikelets sessile in dense digitate cylindric spikes; glumes 4,
3 empty, uppermost with a perfect flower. . . . . . 20, Remin@a,.

B. Hyrotyrrem. Spikelets with one terminal fem, flower, two basal
opposite male glumes, and 0-9 intercalated monandrous or empty spirally
arranged glumes.

Spikes corymbose; style 2-fid . . c . . 21. HypoLytrum.
Spikes corymbose; style 3-fid . : ‘ . . 22, THORACOSTACHYUM.
Spikes congested ; style 3-fid . : sie. . 23. Mapanta,

Spikes in an oblong panicle a { . 24, SCIRPODENDRON.
Spikes in a unilateral dense spiciform panicle : . 25, LEPIRONIA.

C. Scterirex. Spikelets 1-sexual or with one basal fem. flower and one
or more male or ards one Nut ee eae osseous. Hypogynous scales
or bristles 0. . : . 26, ScLERIa.

D. Caricez. Spikelets uni- or aesual monoecious or dicecious.
Nuts enclosed in an entire or 2-fid sac (atricle).

Utricle split down one side. . « « 27, Koprusta.
Utricle entire or 2-fid at the tip only . : . . 28. Carex.

1. KYLLINGA, Roito.

Stem erect, simple, leafy below only, terminated by 1-3 sessile capitate
spikes. Spikes ovoid or cylindric, dense, with numerous small compressed
spikelets. Glumes 4-5, distichous, rhacheola disarticulating above the
two lowest which are empty; gl. iii. bisexual; gl. iv. male or empty,
rarely fertile; gl. v. rudimentary or 0 (rarely additional upper glumes
occur). Stamens 1-3, anterior; anthers linear-oblong, muticous or nearly
so. Nut compressed laterally ; style linear, base continuous with nut;
branches 2, linear.—Sp. 33; all hot and temp. regions except Hurope.

* Nut-bearing glume not winged in the upper half of its keel.

1. K. triceps, Rottb. Descr. et Ic. 14, t. 4, fig. 6 (excl. cit. Rheede) ;
nearly glabrous, rhizome very short, stem thickened at base, spikes 3-1
(rarely 4-5) subcylindric whiteish, nut ultimately yellow-brown. Rozbd. Fl.
Ind. i. 181; Nees in Wight Contrib. 91; Thw. Enum. 345; Boeck. in
Linnzea, xxxv. 418 (exel. var, B). K. monocephala, Nees in Wight Contrib.
91 (not of Rottb.). K. brevifoliaP Hb. Heyne—Kyllingia, Wall. Cat. 3443.
I, Lipocarpha, Wall. Cat. 3445, partly.

From N.W. Inpra and Sinp to Ben@at, Burma, and Cryton.—DistR1B.
Africa, China, Austral.

Stems 2-12 in., base tumid. Leaves as long (or half as long) as the stem, 3% in.
broad. Head res in. in diam.; bracts 8-4, up to 2-3 in. Spikelets car's in.

588 CLXXI.' CYPERACEE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Kyllinga.

Fertile glume ovate, keel smooth green subexcurrent, sides 3-4-striate, straw-colrd.
Stamens usually 2. Nut 2 length of glume, ellipsoid, obtuse.

2. K. cylindrica, Nees in Wight Contrib. 91, partly; nearly gla-
brous, rhizome very short, stem not thickened at base, spikes 3-1 sub-
cylindric straw-colrd., nut yellow-brown ultimately black. Boeck. in
Linnea, xxxv. 415.—Kyllingia, Wall. Cat. 3442, partly, 3443 D, partly.

Scattered widely in Inpra, not plentiful anywhere. Troproan Himataya,
from Kumaon to Sikkim. Parasnata, T. Anderson. Cuitragone, H.f. & T. Th.
NILGHERBIES, King. Singapore, Hullett.—Disteip. Afric., Austral.

Stems 4-12 in. Leaves 3-3 in. broad, usually much shorter than stem. Head
often of 3 spikes, median cylindric 2 in. long, lateral much shorter, subovoid ; bracts.
3-4, up to 2-3 in. Spikelets 3,3 in. long. Fertile glume ovate, keel green scarcely
excurrent, sides not glandular-papillose, Wut 2 length of glume, ellipsoid, obtuse.

3. K. melanosperma, Nees in Wight Contrib.91; glabrous, rhizome
thick very short, stem elongate, leaves short, head solitary ovoid, nut
ultimately black. Thw. Enum. 345; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 419. K.
brevifolia, Nees 1. c. 91 (partly, not of Rotid.). K. fuscescens, Boeck. 1. c.
421, partly. K.vaginata (and var. major), Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. ii. 63;
Mig. Fl. Ind Bat. iii. 290.—Kyllinga, sp. Wall. Cat. 3440.

Nineuereizs, Leschenault, &c. Crynon, Thwaites, &. SINGaPorE, Kurz.—
Disrris. Java, 8. Africa, Madagase.

Rhizome about 1 in. Stems 20 in., sharply triquetrous at top. Leaves often 4
by + in., always much shorter than stem. Spike 2 by 1 in., thicker than in K.
cylindrica ; bracts up to 2-4 in., leaf-like. Spikelets } in. long, usually with 1
rarely 2 nuts. Fl. glume ovate, acute, keel green scarcely scabrous, sides 3—4-striate
fuscous. Stamens often 3. Nut 2 length of glume, oblong-obovoid.

4, K. brevifolia, Rottb. Descr. et Ic. 13, t. 4, fig. 3; glabrous, rhizome
creeping elongate, leaves long or short, spikes 3-1 ovoid, fl. glume sub-
mucronate eglandular, keel upwards not winged, nut ultimately yellow-
brown. Nees in Wight Contrib. 91 (partly); Thw. Enum. 345; ‘Boeck. in
Linnea, xxxv. 424, K. intermedia, Br. Prodr. 219. K. cruciata, Nees in
Linnea, ix. 286. K. monocephala, Thunb. Fl. Japon. 35; Mig. in Ann
Mus. Lugd. Bat. ii. 142 (not of Rottb.). K. sororia, Kunth Enum. ii. 131 .
Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 293 (partly). K. gracilis, Kunth 1. c. 134; Mig. tc.
292, K.fuscata, Mig. tc. 294. K. aurata, y Hohenackeri, Boeck. l.c.
423. K. triceps, Thunb. Fl. Japon. 35 (not of Rottb.). Schcenus colo-
ratus, Linn, Sp. Pl. ed. 2, 64, and herb. propr—Kyllingia, Wall. Cat. 3443,
partly.

Throughout Inp1a; from the Panjab to Assam, CerLon, and Maracca.—
Distriz. All warm regions except the Mediterranean.

Rhizome 4-12 in. Stems 4-24 in. (or sometimes 4-2 in. curved). Leaves
z5-$ in. broad, longer than the stems or very much shorter. Head 3-3 in. diam.,
green or brownish ; spikes often 1; if 3, median ovoid, scarcely cylindric ; bracts
3-4, up to 4in. Spikelets 4-3 in., usually with 1 nut only. Fl. gl. ovate, keet
green 8-nerved slightly excurrent or recurved, lower half setulose-scabrous upper
smooth or sparsely setulose, sides 3-4-striate. Stamens 3 or 2. Nut 2 OF + the
length of glume, ellipsoid, obtuse ; style as long as half the nut. °

** Nut-bearing glume winged in upper half of keel.

5. K. monocephala, Rott. Descr. et Ic. 13, t. 4, fig. 4; nearly gla-
brous, rhizome creeping elongate, spikes 1-3 ovoid, fl. glume submucronate

Kyllinga.] CLXXII, CYPERAGEH. (C. B. Clarke.) 589

upper half of keel with a lunate crested glandular wing, nut yellow-brown.
Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 180; Nees in Wight Contrib. 91 (partly); Mig. Fl. Ind.
Bat, iii. 291; Thw. Enum. 345; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 427. K. triceps,
Linn. f. Suppl. 104 (partly, not of Rottb.). K. sororia, Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat.
iii. 293 (parély, not of Kunth). K. gracilis, Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. ii. 68
(not of Kunth). K. mindorensis, Steud. Syn. Pl. Cyp.67. Scirpus Cepha-
eed ‘ii Hort. Vind. t. 97.—Kyllingia, Wall. Cat. 3443 A, F (partly), H
partly).

Throughout Inp1a, common ; from Kumaon to Assam, CEYLON and SINGAPORE.

—Disrzis. Hot and warm temp. regions of the Old World except the Medi-
terranean.

Closely resembles K. brevifolia except in the crest (usually straw-colrd. with
seattered red circular resinous glands) on the upper part of keel of nut-bearing
glume, —

6. KH. squamulata, Vahl Enum. ii. 381; nearly glabrous, roots
fibrous, spikes 1-3 ovoid, fl. glume scarcely acute its keel winged by a
broad hyaline incise-toothed crest, nut brown. Boeck. in Linnza, xxxv. 481,
K. Metzii, Steud. Syn. Pl. Cyp. 70. K. monocephala, Strachey Herb.
Kumaon, 74 (not of Roitb.).

Western India; Kasumir, Thomson. GURWHAL, up to 5500 ft., Duthie. Mr.
AxBoo, King. Canana, Metz.—DistRiz. Trop. Africa.

Stems tufted (annual), 2-12 in. Leaves often longer than stem, } in. broad.
Head 3 in. in diam., green or brown. Spikelets } in. long, maturing 1 nut only,

2. PYCREUS, Beauv.

Characters of 4 Cyperus but nut compressed laterally, and style
branches 2.—Species 50, all warm and temp. regions.

* Outer superficial cells of nut (at least on its shoulders) longitudinally
oblong or elliptic; nut often appearing transversely lineolate or imper-
fectly zonate (by reason of the narrow ends of the cells running into an
undulating line).

1. P. flavescens, Nees in Linnea, ix. 283; annual, slender, umbel
simple or reduced to 1 head, bracts spreading, spikelets linear 3, in. wide
yellow or pale, nut obovoid compressed shining black hardly half as long
as the glume. Cyperus flavescens, Linn. Sp. Pl. 68 (not of Linn. Herb.) ;
Kunth Enum. ii. 5; Reichd. Ic. Fl. Germ. viii. 31, t. 278, figs. 662-664 ;
Boeck. in Linnxa, xxxv. 438, and in Journ. Iinn. Soc, xviii. 104; Clarke,
1.¢. xxi. 36; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 364 (excl. Cabul sp.).

Pounsas ; Kurrum Valley, Aitchison, u. 964.—DistTRis. N. temp. regions,

Stems 1-12 in. Leaves often 3 length of stem, 3, in. wide, grass-like. Spikelets
clustered or very shortly spicate, spreading in fruit. Nut obtuse, with transverse
white lines ; black cells of surface longitudinally oblong.

2. P. stramineus, C. B. Clarke; umbels reduced to 1 compound
head of 5-12 straw-colrd. spikelets, bracts and spikelets (even in fruit)
suberect (otherwise nearly as P. flavescens). Cyperus stramineus, Nees in
Wight Contrib. 74; Kunth Enum, ii. 9; Clarke in Journ. Innn, Soe.
‘xxi. 89. C. capillaris, Hochst. ms.; Steud. Syn. Pl. Cyp. 4 (not of Keenig.).
C. coromandelinus, Boeck. in Linnza, xxxv. 480 (not of Spreng.). C. fili-
formis, Heyne; Wall. Cat. 3820 (partly).

590 CLXXIL OYPERACES. (C. B. Clarke.) LPycreus.

Throughout Inpra, except the drier country, frequent, alt. 0-3000 ft.; from
Kuasia, H. f. § T.T., to CEYLON and Tavoy.

Roots aromatic (J. D. Hooker). Spikelets 15-40-fld., or often long, even up to
70-fld.

3. P. latespicatus, C..B. Clarke; middle-sized, umbel simple or
reduced to 1 head, spikelets spicate 4 in. wide straw-colrd. more or less
chestnut-red marked, nut obovoid compressed black hardly as long as 4
glume. Cyperus latespicatus, Boeck. in Flora, xlii. 433 bis, and in Innnea,
xxxv. 467;.Olarke in Journ. Iinn, Soc. xxi, 40. ©. diaphanus, Schrad. ex
Roem. & Sch. Syst. ii., Mant. 477; Kunth Enum. ii. 9; Boeck. in Linnea,
xxxv. [1867-8] 437; Clarke, 7.c. 80. C. intermedius, var. indica, Boeck.
Lc. 451 (not of Steud.). C. pseudo-bromoides, Boeck. 1.c. 464 (the Nepal
plant). C. angulatus, Strachey Cat. Pl. Kumaon, 74; Duthie in E. T.
Atkinson Gaz, x. [1876] 620 (not of Nees). C. aphyllus, Boeck. 1. c. 450.
C. pauper, C. B. Clarke, l. c. 41 (the Himal. plant not of Hochst.).—
Cyperacea, Griff. Itin. Notes, 32, n. 506.

From Kumaon to Kuasta, alt. 83-6000 ft. Brna@at, Cnota Nacporsz, and
Matapar.

Usually annual. Stems 4-16 in., occasionally 0. Leaves usually 4 length of
stem, } in. wide, sometimes 0. Spikelets stouter than in P. flavescens, 20-60-fid.
Nut with longitudinally oblong cells.—Strachey’s plants are depauperated, filiform,
bearing only 1 or 2 spikelets, and were formerly referred by me to P. pauper, an
Abyssinian sp.

** Outer cells of the surface of nut all subquadrate hexagonal, none
oblong.

+ Stem decumbent at base, often clothed 3 its length by leaf-sheaths.

4. P. sanguinolentus, Nees in Linnza, ix. 283; middle-sized (or
depauperate and filiform), umbel simple or contracted into 1 head, spikelets
linear or oblong generally red-marked, glumes loosely imbricate, nut
obovoid biconvex almost turgid. Cyperus sanguinolentus, Vahl Enum. ii.
351; Nees in Wight Contrib. 75; Thw. Enum. 342; Aitch. Cat. Punjab.
Pl. 156. C. Eragrostis, Vahl 1. ¢. 322? (exclud. syn. Retz.); Kunth Enum.
ii. 7; Moritz. Verz. Zoll. Pfl. 96; Strachey Cat. Pl. Kumaon, 74; Boeck.
in Linnea, xxxv. 443; Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 57, and xxv.
80. C. cruentus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 196 (not of Rottb.).. C. pumilus, Rottd.
Desc. et Ie. 29, t. 9, fig. 4 (not of Iinn.). C. atratus, Steud. in Zoll. Vers.
Ind. Archip. ii. 62, and Pl. Cyp.12; Mig. Fl. Ind Bat. iii. 259; Boeck. 1. c.
446. C. concolor, Steud. Pl. Cyp.6. C. Rehmanni, Boiss. Fl. Orient. v.
364. C. grossarius, Heyne ms. C. jeminicus, Heyne ms. (not of Rottb.)..
—Cyperus, Wall. Cat. 3318 (mainly), 3335.

Throughout Inp1a, ascending to 10,800 ft.; from Kasamir to Assam, Cryton
and SINGAPORE.—DistTRis. Warm parts of the Old World. : .

Glabrous. Rhizome creeping, 4-10 in., or often flowering the first year. Stem
4-20 in. Leaves as long as stem or much shorter, 3, in. wide. Spikelets shortly
spicate or clustered, 3-1 by 3 in., 6-24-fld. Glumes boat-shaped, ovate, obtuse, 3.
green nerves on back, sides usually red- or chestnut-marked. Nut hardly 4 length
of glume, ashy-brown.—Belongs to a very small group of closely-allied species, which
alone of all the Cyperee have nodes (and sheaths and leaves) far above base of stem ;
usually a prominent character in P, sangwinolentus, but frequenily absent. Sikkim

Pycreus.| CLXXIL CyPERaCEm. (C. B. Clarke.) 591

specimens from 10,000 ft., are 4-6 in. high with stem (and leaves) capillary, bearing
1 or 2 spikelets only, and may be a new species.

+t Small or medium-sized, roots fibrous, leaves close to base of stem.

5. P. nitens, Nees in Linnea, ix. 283, and in Nov. Act. Acad. Nat.
Cur. xix., Suppl. i. 43; small or scarcely middle-sized, umbel simple or
reduced to 1 head, spikelets small clustered or shortly spicate linear or
linear-oblong straw-colrd. or dusky, glumes minutely mucronate or nearly
muticous, nut small obovoid. Cyperus pumilus, Linn. Sp. Pl. 69; Gaertn.
Fruct. i. 9, t. 2, fig. 2; Kunth Hnum. ii. 4 (in small part); Roxb. Fl.
Ind. i. 196 (exel. syn. Rottb.); Strachey Cat. Pl. Kumaon, 74; Clarke in
Journ. Iinn. Soc. xxi. 43 (not of Rottb. or Nees). C. nitens, Vahl Enum.
i. 331; Kunth Enum. ii. 3; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 483 (not of Retz.). C.
membranaceus, Vahl. l.c. 330; Kunth l.c.3. C. punctatus, Rowb. Fl. Ind.
i. 198 (exel. cit. Pluk.). C. pulvinatus, Nees & Meyen in Wight Contrib.
74; Thw. Enum. 342. OC. obstinatus, Steud. Syn. Fl. Cyp. 10; C. tor-
tuosus, Herb. Roxb.; Wall. Cat. 3339.—Cyperus, Wall. Cat. 3312 (mainly).

Throughout Inpza, alt. 0-6000 ft., frequent; from the Punsas to Assam,
Cryion, and Sryearporr.—Distris. Warm regions of the Old World.

Annual. Stems tufted, 1-12 in. Leaves often as long as stem, = in. wide,
weak. Umbel rays 1-6 in. up to 2-4 in. long, usually shorter. Spzkelets 5-30 in
a spike, 3-2 by 3; in., 8-44-fld.; rhachilla slender, persistent. Glumes boat-
shaped, 3-5-nerved, back green, sides pale nerveless, keel (in the Indian form) nearly
always excurrent recurved. Stamen in the Indian plant usually 1 (in large examples
sometimes 2). Nut compressed, brown, nut 4 as long as the glume.

6. P. pumilus, Nees in Linnea, ix. 283; annual, umbel simple, spike-
lets spicate oblong 6-10-fid. much compressed, glumes on back 3-nerved
green, sides 2-3-nerved pale, keel excurrent recurved, nut broad ellipsoid
flattened. Cyperus hyalinus, Vahl Enum. ii. 329; Kunth Enum, i. 3;
Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 254; Boeck. in Linnzea, xxxv. 482; Clarke in Journ.
Linn, Soc. xxi. p. 46; Ridley in Forbes East. Archip. 520. CO. pumilus,
Nees in Wight Contrib. 74 (excl. all syn.); Kunth Lc. 4 (in great part, not
of Linn.) ©. strictus, Wight ms. (not of Roxb.); Wall. Cat. 3386, C
partly.

Mapras; in rice-fields, Wight, Leith.—DistRis. Timor.

Stems 2-8 in. Leaves as long as stem, 2 in. wide, weak. Umbel rays 3-7, up
to 2 in. long. Spikelets 4-12 in a spikelet, not clustered, $ by % in. Glumes
almost glistening on their pale or yellowish nerved sides. MNutobtuse, ashy-black,
more than } length of glume.

7, P. eapillaris, Nees in Linnea, ix. 283 and in Mart. Fl.
Bras. ii. pars. 1,9; wmbel apparently simple or condensed into 1 head,
(see var. y) spikelets clustered linear many-fid. much compressed straw-
colrd., brown or black, nut small ellipsoid compressed apiculate chest-
nut-black. Cyperus globosus, All. Fl. Pedem. Auctuar. 49; Reichb. Ic.
Pl. Crit. iti. 26, t. 229, and Ic. Fl. Germ. viii. 32, t. 279, fig. 665; Boeck.
in Linnea, xxxv. 458; Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 279 and xxi. 47. OC.
flavidus, Decne. in Nouv. Ann. Mus. iii. 359 (not of Retz. or Roub.). C.
capillaris, Keenig. ms.; Roxb. Fl. Ind.i. 194; Nees in Wight Contrib. 76 ;
Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 283. C. Lamarckianus, Schultes in Roem. & Sch.
Syst. ti. Mant. 108; Kunth Enum. u.9. C. vulgaris, Steber ms.; Kunth
1c.4. C. mucronatus, Moritz: Verz. Zoll. Pfl. 95 (not of Rottb.). C. flaves-

592 OLXXII. cypERaceEs. (C. B. Clarke.) [Pycreus.

cens, Thw. Enum. 342; Aitch. Cat. Pl. Punjab 155. C. polystachyus,
Strachey Cat. Pl. Kumaon, 74; Duthie in E. T. Atkinson Gaz. x. 620.—
Cyperus, Wall. Cat. 3318.

N. Ivpra ; alt. 0-6000 feet, from Kasuuin to Coota Nacpore and AssaM.—
Disrris. Temp. and trop. old world. :

Glabrous. Stems tufted, 4-24 in. Leaves 4-12 by 2 in., weak. Umbel
rays up to 23 in., usually very short; bracts 4-8 in. Spikes subglobose. Spikelets
5-50, £ by 2 in., 40-fld. Glumes ovate, obtuse. Stamens 2; anthers small, muti-
cous. Wut 4 length of glume.—The Himal. plant is identical with the European ;
its spikelets are rather broad, ferruginous-green, and the glumes are (in fruit) rather
loose, thin. In the Khasia Hills the glumes are often browner, chestnut, or very
black, rigid, tightly imbricated.

Var. B. nilagiricus, C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn.’ Soc, xxi. 49; spikelets narrower
more rigid, glumes (even in fruit) rigidly imbricated not inflated straw-colrd. or
brown or (more often) chestnut or black. Cyperus nilagiricus, Hochst. ms.; Steud.
Syn. Cyp. 2; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 457. C. atro-ferrugineus, Steud. l.c.2. C.
Junghuhbnii, Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 260. C. ater, Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 283
(not of Vahl.). C. lucidus’and lividus, Heyne ms, C. Eragrostis, Rotéler, ms.
C. semiteres, Heyne ms., Wall. Cat. 3310,—The Deccan Peninsula and Ceylon.—
Disrariz. Afric., S.H. Asia, Austral.—tThis var. is founded on the narrower spikelets ;
colour is accidental.

Var. y stricta, C. B. Clarke, l.c. ; spikelets narrower straw-colour or yellow less
compressed frequently short 6—12-fld. sometimes curved or twisted, glumes closely
packed but loosely imbricated. Cyperus strictus, Lam. Ill. i. 146; Roxb. Fl. Ind.
1.200; Kunth Enum. ii. 12; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat, iii. 258. C. tortuosus, Kenig ms.;
Road. 1.c.197; Nees in Wight Contrib. 75 ; Kunth l.c.16. C. divaricatus, Herb.
Ham; Wall. Cat. 3312 (partly).—N. India, from the Punjab to Assam, Chittagong
and Chota Nagpore.—DisTR1B. Asia, Afric.

8. P. polystachyus, Beauv. Fl. Owar. II. 48, t. 86, fig. 2; umbel
apparently simple or contracted into 1 head, spikelets clustered even in
fruit suberect (see var. 8) linear many-fld. dusky straw-colour often red-
marked, nut oblong nearly symmetric truncate. Cyperus polystachyns,
Br. Prod. 214; Rowb. Fl. Ind.i.193; Nees in Wight Contrib.75; Kunth
Enum. ii. 138; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 281; Thw. Enum. 342; Boeck. in
Linnea, xxxv. 477; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 365; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn,
Soc. xx. 280 and xxi. 51. C. odoratus, Linn. Sp. Pl. col. i. 46. OC. tereti-
fructus, Steud. in Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. ii. 62 and Syn. Cyp. 3. Cy
strigosus, Wight ms. C. corymbosus, Roxb. ms. (not of Rottd.). C. tiliformis
Herb. Heyne, Wall, Cat. 3320 A. (partly). C. bicarinatus, Herd. Heyne,
Wall. Cat. 3333.—Cyperus, Wall. Cat. 3340. ‘

Near the coast of Inp1a from Stnp to SINGAPORE; common. SILHET, Hook St. &
T. saints be especially maritime regions. : oa
Glabrous. Stems 12-30 in., sometimes 0. Leaves overtoppin
shorter, 3 in. broad, weak. Umbel rays 1-7, up to 0-2 in. iy o
10-50 spikelets; bracts 3-6, spreading, up to 4-16 in. spikelets 2 by 3; in., 20-50-
fid. Glumes boat-shaped, ovate, muticous, papery, not rigid. Stamens 2 (usuall );
anthers small, oblong. Nut compressed, biconvex, black, 4 length of glume. a
Var. . lawiflorus, Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 261; spikes more open spikelets in
fruit rectangularly spreading subsolitary, often more tinged with yellow red or
brown, Cyperus paniculatus, Rottb. Descr. et Ic. 40. C. plenus, Heyne ms.: Kunth
Enum. ii, 12. C. geminatus, Heyne ms. C. Hookerianus, Arnott ms. ‘(not of
Thwaites).
The Deccan, and ManaY Peninsulas, and Ceyton, frequent.—Distris. all hot
regions.

Pycreus. | CLXXII. oyprracesz. (C. B. Clarke.) 593

9. PB. ferrugineus, C. B. Clarke; spikelets rather broader redder,
glumes more distant (otherwise as P. polystachyus, Var. 8). Cyperus ferru-
gineus, Poir. in Lam. Encyc. vii. 261; Kunth Enum. ii. 11; Baker Fi.
Maurit. 408. C. polystachyus, Vars. ferruginea and macrostachya, Boeck. in
Linnea, xxxv. 479, Vars. ferruginea, micans and filicina, 0. B. Clarke in
Journ, Linn. Soc. xxi. 54, 55. C. strictus, Rottiler ms. Heyne ms. (not of
Roxb.)\—Waill, Cat. 3331.

The Deccan PENINSULA; Rottler, G. Thomson. Cuittagone; J. D. H—
Disrxiz, Afric. Americ.

10. P. sulcinux, C. B. Clarke; as P. polystachyus, var. 8, but spike-
lets longer, glumes more remote, nut unsymmetric its faces much com-
presed usually concave. Cyperus sulcinux, C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn.
Soc, xxi. 56 and xxv. 80.

BENGAL ; up to 5000 feet, alt. frequent. ANAMALLAY Mts.; Beddome. Pzavu;
Kurz. Trenasszrim; Helfer (Kew Distrib. n. 6209, 4).—Disreis. Afr. trop.
Malaya.

Slender. Spikelets up to 40-50-fid. Narrow edge‘ot nut much flattened against
the rhacheola,

Tit Robust, spikelets larger, yellow brown or red, leaves close to base of
stem.

ll. P. angulatus, Nees in Linnea, ix. 283; robust, umbel simple,
spikelets yellow or brown-yellow (see also var. 8) spicate, nut small obo-
void 3-3 length of glume. Cyperus unioloides, Br. Prod. 216; 0. B. Clarke
in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 60. CO. bromoides, Willd. ms.; Link Jahrb. iii. 85;
Kunth Enum. ii. 8; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxy. 463. C. angulatus, Nees in
Wight Contrib. 73; Boeck. l.c. 465.—Cyperus, Wall. Cat. n. 3824.

Nepat; Wallick. DinasporE; C. B. Clarke. Kuasia; alt, 3~5000 feet, Hf.
&¥ T.7.,&e. Niteutrt Hints; Wight. Ava; Wallich.—DistR1B. tropics.

Glabrous. Rhizome long, J, in. in diam., or often 0. Roots fibrous. Stem
13-3 ft. Leaves often 2 length of stem, + in. broad. Umbel rays 3-8, up to 2-4 in.
long (in depauperated a single few-spikeleted head); bracts 4-5, up to 8-12
in., leaf-like. Spikes of 3-20 spikelets, sometimes slightly compound; bracteoles
inconspicuous. Spikelets 2 by 2 in., 22-fid. Glumes 2 in., ovate, triangular-acute,
loosely imbricate in fruit, 1-3-nerved, back green, sides shining yellow brown,
margin crisped. Stamens 3; anthers oblong-linear. wt compressed, black; style
small, branches linear shortly exsert.

Var. B Wightii; umbel contracted into a subcompound head, spikelets larger
shining chestnut-brown.

Deccan Peninsula; Wight.—A remarkable plant, only once collected. The
spikelets are, in size and colour, unlike any Indian or other example of P. angulatus,
while they most closely resemble P. macranthus, a Cape plant; but the nuts have
the surface-cells subquadrate, while in P. macranthus these are longitudinally
oblong.

12. P. puncticulatus, Nees in Linnea, ix. 283; umbel compound or
simple, spikelets red spicate, nut broad-ellipsoid truncate } length of
glume. P. Baccha, Nees in Linnza, ix. 283. Cyperus puncticulatus,
Vahl Enum, ii. 848; Kunth Enum. t. 15; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl.
283; Thw. Enum. 342; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 472 (excl. syn. Roxd.);
C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 68. CO. Baccha, Kunth l.c.115. C.
inundatus, Nees in Wight Contrib. 76 (not of Rowb.). C. procerus, Roxb,

VOL, VI. aq

594 CLXXII. CYPERAGES. (C. B, Clarke.) [Pycreus.

Fi. Ind. i. 208, chiefly. C. flavidus, Herb. Heyne; Wall. Cat. 3336, A. C.
tegetum, Herb, Wight; Wall. Cat. 3355, B.

The Deccan PeninsuLa; Rottler, Wight, &c. CEYLON; Thwaites.—DIstTRIB.
China.

Glabrous, annual. Stem erect at base, subsolitary, 1-2 ft. Leaves often as
long as stem, 4 in. broad. Spikelets $ by 3 in., 7-80-fid., sides very parallel.

Var. B. quinquagintiflorus, C. B. Clarke, l.c. 69; spikelets elongate up to 50-
fid., anthers apiculate. Cyperus macrostachyus, Vahl Enum. ii. 349 (as to plant
of Rottler, not of Lam. or Poir.). C. longus, Herb. Heyne; Wall. Cat. 3336 B.—
Madras, Heyne.

13. P. albomarginatus, Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. ii. part 1, 9;
umbel simple or compound, spikelets long yellow or ruddy brown, glumes
obtuse white-edged in fruit spreading not imbricate, nut obovoid greatly
compressed nearly as long as glume. Cyperus Hochstetteri, Nees ms.;
Krauss in Flora, xxviii. 755 (in note); Boeck..in Linnea, xxxv. 471; C. B.
Clarke in Journ. Iinn. Soc. xxi. 69. C. flavicomus, Torrey Bot. Mewic.
Bound. 226; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 261 (excl. syn., not of Michz.).

Concan and Matasar; G. Thomson, &. Rangoon; R. Scott, Kurz.—
DistRis. Tropics.

Glabrous, annual. Stem erect at base, subsolitary, 1-3 ft. Leaves often 2 length
of stem, % in. broad. Umbel rays sometimes 11, up to 7 in. long, sometimes 2-3,
only lin, long. Spikelets often large, 1 by 2 in.

INDETERMINABLE SPECIES.

C. KaMPH@VENERI, Boeck, Cyp. Nove, i. (1888), 5 ; rhizome tuberous, style but
little exserted shortly 2-fid.—NicoBar Isups. ; Kamphevener.

3. JUNCELLUS.

Stem erect, simple, leafy only near base. Inflorescence umbellate or
capitate. Spikelets linear or oblong, compressed; rhacheola persistent.
Glumes distichous, deciduous, concave, muticous, 2 lowest empty, 4—0 suc-
ceeding bisexual, uppermost 1-3 sterile or empty. Stamens 3-2, anterior;
anthers oblong-linear. Nwt plano-convex, broad plane face flat against
rhacheola; style-base continuous with nut, not tumid; branches 2, linear.
—Species 12, in all warm climates.

This genus is Cypert Sect. Juncellus of Kunth, and differs from Cyperus by
having a 2-fid style, and more or less compressed, not equilaterally trigonous nut.
Several of the species have been considered by Boeckeler and others as forms with
2-branched styles of corresponding species of Cyperus.

* Inflorescence umbelled.

1, J. serotinus, C. B. Clarke; stoloniferous, stout, stem at top
triquetrous thick, leaves and bracts long, umbel compound, spikelets linear
in dense spikes, glumes broad-ovate obtuse 7-9-nerved, nut longer than 4
the glume. Cyperus serotinus, Rottb. Descr. et Ic. 31; Kunth Hnum. ii.
19; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 492. C. Monti, Linn. f. Suppl. 102; Host.
Gram, Austr. iv. 38, t. 67; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. viii. 82, t. 279, fig. 666;
C. B. Clarkein Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi, 72, t. 3, fig. 29; Boiss. Fl. "Orient. =
366. C. japonicus, Mig. in Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. ii.140. C. puncticulatus
ree m aa Linn, Soc, xix. 189 (not of Vahl).—Monti, Bonon. Prodr. 12,
t. 1, fig. 2. :

Juncellus. | OLXXII. CYPERACEE, (C. B. Clarke.) 595

Kasumir; alt. 1000 ft., Jacquemont, &. PungaB; alt. 1000 ft., Thomson,
&c.—DistR1B. from Spain to Japan.

Glabrous, except sometimes rhachis of spikes. Stems solitary, 1-3 ft. Leaves
often as long as stem, }—} in. broad. Bracts 3-5, up to 8-18 in. leaf-like. Umbel
rays 3-6, up to 2-6 in, long, very unequal, rather stout ; umbellules shortly corym-
bose or capitate ; bracteoles short. Spikes of 5-40 spikelets, Spikelets 3-4 by 25
in., 12-30-fld. (or shorter 6-8-fid.), turgid ; rhacheola robust, tetragonous, excavated,
scarcely winged. Glumes approximate; margins narrowly scarious, in dried ripe
examples incurved crisped. Stamens 3; anthers scarcely apiculate. Style short ;
branches about as long as nut. Nut obovoid, obtuse, smooth, dark-brown.—Much
confused in herbaria with Cyperus pilosus, Vahl, which it generally resembles and
has further the rhachis of the spikes minutely hairy, a rare character in Cyperus.”

2. J. stylosus, C. B. Clarke; stem at top trigonous slender, leaves
and bracts rather short, glumes not striate towards their margins, style-
branches very long, nut (not quite ripe) small; otherwise as J. serotinus.
Sper Monti, var. 6? stylosa, C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn, Soc, xxi.

Kauasia Hints; Griffith.

Leaves not half length of stem. Bracts scarcely overtopping inflorescence.
Rhachis of spikes glabrous, Glwmes chestnut-red, with very narrow white margins,
inflated as in J. serotinus. Spikelets comose from the persistent long dark-red styles.
Nuts perhaps all imperfect. :

_ 8. J. inundatus, C. B. Clarke; stout, stem at top triquetrous thick,
leaves and bracts long, umbel compound, spikelets in loose spikes, glumes
obtuse 5-7-nerved, nut longer than 4 the glume. Cyperus inundatus,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 201; Wall. Cat. 3342 A,B; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn.
Soc. xxi. 31, 73 (not of Br. or Nees). C.diluvialis, Schultes in Roem. &
Sch. Syst.ii. Mant. 124. C. puncticulatus, Stead. Syn. Cyp. 10 (partly, not
of Vahl).—Cyperus, Wall. Cat. 3355, C. 3359, F.

Bene@a; in swamps, from Sylhet to the sea, frequent.—DistRis. China.

Rhachis of spike glabrous, 1-2 in., spikelets often 3-4 in. apart. Differs little
from J. serotinus, but by the open spikes. In herbaria it is more frequently mixed
either with Cyperus procerus or Pycreus puncticulatus.

4, J. alopecuroides, C. B. Clarke; large, leaves and bracts long,
umbel large compound, spikes cylindric very dense, spikelets liear-oblong
bearing 8-30 nuts, glumes concave dirty straw-colour, rhachilla rather stout
subquadrangular not winged, nut small 3 length of glume. Cyperus
alopecuroides, Rottb. Deser. et Ic. (1773), 38, t. 8, fig. 2; Nees in Wight
Contrib. 76; Kunth Enum. ii.19; Thw. Enum. 342 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb, Fl.
282; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 261; Boeck.in Linnea, xxxvi. 322 (exel. var. a) ;
Boiss. Fl. Orient. vy. 367; C. B. Clarke in Journ Linn. Soc. xxi. 30, 74,
t. 2, fig. 138; King in T. E. Atkins. Gaz. x. (1876), 320. C. compositus,
Br. Prodr. 217. C. semidives, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 36. C. speciosus, con-
gestus, alopecuroides, Herd. Heyne; Wall. Cat. 3344, B, C.

Throughout India, from PesHawuR, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 6150) to SinzEr,
Hook. f. & T. T., and CerLon, Thwaites.—Disreis, Afric. and Austral. trop.

A large glabrous annual, 2-3 ft. Leaves often as long as stem, , 4-} in.
broad. Rays of wmbel 4-6 in.; bracts 12-18 in., leaf-like; raylets often 1 in,
bearing at apex 2-4 ebracteolate spikes. Spikes 1-14 by } in. Spikelets 3 in.,
lanceolate, compressed. Gluwmes muticous or mucronulate. Stamens 3; anthers
muticous. Wuts plano-convex, finally ashy-black (many imperfect pale); style
as long as nut, branches longer, shortly exsert.— United by Boeckeler with

Qq2

596 OLXXII, CYPERACEZ. (C. B. Clarke.) [Juncellus.

Cyperus evaltatus, Retz; but separated by the very crowded spikes and 2-fid
style.

** Stem with one head of spikelets.

5. J. pysmeus; C. B. Clarke; annual, leaves and bracts long green
flaccid, spikelets innumerable in a compound head linear often curved or
twisted, nut plano-convex 3-4 length of glume. Cyperus pygmeus, Rottd.
Descr. et Ic. 20, t. 14, figs. 4,5; Nees in Wight Contrib. 72; Kunth Enum.
ii. 18; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iti 261; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 368 (excl. syn. Rorb.) ;
Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 493 (excl. var. B); C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn.
Soc, xx. 282 and xxi. 28-30, 81, t. 2, figs. 10, 10a; King in EH. 7. Atkinson
Gaz. x. (1876), 320. C. squarrosus, Kowb. Fl. Ind. i.190. C. monocephalus,
Roxb. mss. (not Fl. Ind.). Dichostylis pygmea, Nees in Linnea, ix. 289.
Pycreus diffusus and pygmaeus, Nees in Linnea, ix. 283.—Isolepis?
Wall. Cat. 3495.

From Kasumir to Burma and Ceylon. AJ] warm regions (excl. Europe).

Glabrous. Stems coespitose (often very many), 1-10 in. Bracts 3-6 in., spread.
ing. Head 4-4 in, in diam. Spikelets often 100,} in., 8-24-fld., greenish-white,
finally pale brown. Glumes close-packed, boat-shaped. Stamens 2-1; anthers small,
linear-oblong, muticous. Nut ellipsoid, brown, top pyramidal ; style shorter than
nut ; branches shortly exsert.—Much confused (by Boeckeler finally united) with
Scirpus Michelianus, Linn.; so that the synonymy cannot be completely ex-
tricated. In the young state it is difficult to distinguish the two apart ; but when
the spikelets of J. pygme@us are ripe, and the glumes (except a few of the top in-
fertile) have fallen away, the scars on the rhacheola (and therefore the glumes and
nuts) are seen to be exactly distichous ; whilst the rhacheola of ripe S. Michelianus,
shows the scars arranged spirally from the base of the spikelet. Rheede’s Hort.
Mal. xii. t. 54, on which alone several specific names are grounded, is usually referred
here, but it is as likely to be Fimbristylis argentea, Vahl. F

6. J. levigatus, C. B. Clarke; rhizome creeping, leaves short or
long, lower bract as though continuing stem, head lateral, spikelets
1-30 linear 16-40-fld. somewhat turgid, glumes close-packed obtuse, nut
3-3 length of glume. Cyperus levigatus, Linn. Mant. 179; Rotth. Deser.
et Ic. 19, t. 16, fig. 1; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 260 ; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv.
486 ; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 366; C..B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 282 and
xxi. 77, t. 3, figs. 20, 21 and t. 4, fig. 33; Adtech. in Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2;
Bot. iii. 121, C. mucronatus, Rottd. 1. c. 19, t. 8, fig.4; Rowb. FU. Ind. i.
185 ; Nees in Wight Contrib.72; Kunth Enum.ii.17; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ.
viii. 31, t. 278, fig. 661. C. lateralis, Forsk. Fl. 4g. Arab. 13; Roxb. 1. c.
186; Nees in Wight Contrib. 73 (not Linn. J). C. Roxburghianus, Presi.
in Oken Isis, xxi, 271. C. pleuranthus, Nees l.c.73. (. acuminatus, Roxb.
ms. ©. mucronatus and ©. niveus, Herd. Heyne; Wall. Cat. 3311.

Pycreus levigatus, Nees in Linnea, x. 130. P. mucronatus and lateralis
Nees l. c. x. 283.

Throughout Western Inpia from the Punjab, Aitchison, and Bundelkund,
Duthie, to Sourn Mapas, Wight.—Disrerp. most warm climates.

Glabrous. Rhizome usually woody, 4 in. in diam. internodes very short densely
covered by chestnut or red scales, when floating sometimes 3-6 ft. with long inter-
nodes. Stems 4-24 in. Leaves sometimes as long as stem, } in. broad, usually
short, occasionally obsolete (i.e. sheaths terminated by a lanceolate process not
green). Spikelets closely clustered, 4-4 in., rigid, often curved, straw-colrd. or
tinged with chestnut or chestnut-red ; rhacheola stout, tetragonous, hardly winged.
Glumes concave, ovate, 7-ll-nerved. Stamens 3; anthers yellow with a small

Juncellus.| CLEXLL. CYpERacEa. (C. B. Clarke.) 597

linear-lanceolate red scabrous crest. Style slender, hardly as long as nut; branches
shortly exsert. Nut plano- or concavo-convex, top obtuse.

Var. B. junciformis ; rigid, spikelets 1-6 rigid sbining chestnut or black. C.
distachyos, All. Fl. Pedem. Auctuar. 48, t. 2, fig. 5; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 867. C.
junciformis, Desfont. Fl. Atlant, i. 42, t. 7, fig.1; Boiss. l.c. C. levigatus, var.
junciformis, C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 79.

Peshawur; Stewart. Sind; Stocks.—Disrr1p. Oriental.

4, CYPERUS, Linn.

Stem erect, simple, leafy only near base. Inflorescence umbellate or
capitate. Spikelets linear or oblong, compressed; rhacheola persistent.
Glumes distichous, 2 lowest empty, 4-co succeeding bisexual seriatim de-
ciduous, uppermost 1~3 sterile or empty. Stamens 3-2, rarely 1; anther
linear or oblong, sometimes crested. Vut triquetrous, trigonous or plano-
convex, plane face flat against rhacheola; style-base continuous with nut,
not tumid, branches 3 linear (occasionally 2 in upper fi. of C. stoloniferus,
and in C. Cephalotes).—Species 300, all warm and temperate regions.

Subgenus I. Anosrorum (Genus), Nees in Linneea, ix. 287. Style long,
undivided or obscurely 3-2-toothed. Hydroschoenus, Moritzi Verz. Zoll.
Pf, 95. Trentepohlia, Boeck. in Bot. Zeit. xvi. 249.—(Sp. 1).

1, G. Cephalotes, Vahl Enum. ii. 311; leaves and bracts long, inf.
of one compound dense head, nut stipitate below corky. Kunth Enum. ii.
48; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 271; C.B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 25,
34, t. 1, figs. 1-6. C. monocephalus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 188. OC. Hookerianus,
Thw. Enum. 342 (not of Arn.). CO. leusocephalus, Wight ms. (not of Retz).
C. natans, Ham. ms. C. dubius, Rottler in Neue Schr. Gesell. Freunde
Berlin, iv. 193, in Obs. Anosporum monocephalum, Nees in Linnea, ix.
287, and in Wight Contrib. 92; Griff. Notul. iii. 103; Boeck. in Linnea,
xxxvi. 411. A. Cephalotes, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xlv. pt. 2, p. 159.
Hydroschoenus kyllingioides, Zoll. & Mor. ms.; Moritzi Verz. Zoll. Pft.
95; Mig. U.c. 296. Trentepohlia bifoliata. Boeck. in Bot. Zeit. xvi. 249.
Ungeria monocephala, Nees ms.—Kyllinga, Wall. Cat. 3441 (mainly).
Rheede Hort. Mal. xii. t. 53.

From Bsenean to Mapras and Burma.—Distris. China, Malaya, Austral.

Glabrous, floating in tanks; stolons slender. Stems 4-16 in. Leaves 2-5, as
long as 3 stem, 2 in. broad. Bracts 3-5 up to 4-8 in., leaf-like. Heads }-% in.
diam. Spikelets 10-70, 4-4 by 4% in., compressed, rigid, often bent, 10-36-fid. ;
rhachilla stout, persistent, angular, hardly winged. Glumes closely packed, boat-
shaped, green, more or less marked with red or chestnut. Stamens 3-2; filaments
broadly ligulate; anthers large, linear-oblong, muticous. Nut 4 length of glume,
ovoid, unequally trigonous (i.e. somewhat plano-convex) passing gradually into the
linear style 2 length of nut.—In the Cyperacee which float in tanks that are never
dry, a corky thickening of the cells especially towards the lower angles of the nut
enables them to float, and hence vegetate among the rotting surface vegetation of the
tank,

Subgenus II. Prycnostacnys, Inflorescence umbellate throughout or
capitate; spikelets digitate or clustered, not spicate. Style-branches linear,
rarely linear-lanceolate. (Sp. 2-26.)

Sect. 1. Matantes. Style-branches linear-lanceolate. Nut corky below.
—Tank floaters. (Sp. 2.)

598 OLXXIL CYPEFRACES, (C. B. Clarke.) [ Cyperus.

2. G. platystylis, Br. Prodr. 214; leaves and bracts long, umbel
wiapearde pet Faas wewether often very numerous. C. B. Clarke in
Journ. Linn, Soc. xxi. 27, 117, t. 1, figs. 7-9 (ened. syn. C. caducus). C.
pallidus, Heyne ms.; Nees in Linnza, ix. 284, and in Wight Contrib. 79 ;
Kunth Enum. ii. 40; Thw. Enum. 348. C. canescens, Herb. Heyne, and
C. fluitans, Herb, Ham.; Wall. Cat. 3337, 3359 D (partly). Anosporum
pallidum, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 412.

From Brenean and Burma to CEyLon and Prewane.—Duistris. Malaya,
Austral.

Glabrous, floating in tanks, Stolons covered by ovate acute striate pale-brown
scales, Stems solitary, 6-42 in. Leaves often as long as stem, up to 3-3 in. broad,
coarse, cutting, nerves many, strong. Umbel 1-10 in. diam. ; bracts 8-18 in., leaf-
like, somewhat corymbose. Spikelets 5-1300, 1-6-together digitate, % by % in,
20-40-fid., brown pale or reddish ; rhachilla persistent, scarcely winged. Glumes
very close-packed, boat-shaped, back with 3 green nerves. Stamens 3; filaments
ligulate ; anthers linear-oblong, crested with a small linear-lanceolate red mucro.
Nut ellipsoid, 3 length of glume, unequally trigonous, pale brown, corky cells of the
angles straw-colrd.; style much shorter than nut, deciduous, branches as long as
style.

Sect 2. Amadiles. Slender annuals. Umbel very rarely reduced to a
single head. Spikelets small. Glwmes mucronate. (Sp. 3-5.)

3. ©. amabilis, Vahl Enum. ii. 318; spikelets linear, golden-brown,
glumes truncate mucro short erect, stamen 1, nut obovoid 2 length of
glume. Kunth Enum. ii. 108; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 283,
and xxi. p. 85. C. aureus, H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp.i. 205; Kunth lec. 21.
Boeck. in Linnxa, xxxv. 494.

Kumaon, King. Morapazpap, Thomson. CHota NaGPoRE; up to 2000 ft.,
C. B. Clarke.—Distris. Warm regions.

Glabrous. Stems cxspitose, 2-8 in. Leaves 3-4 length of stem, 5); in. broad,
weak. Umbel often very compound, rays 4 in. long; sometimes reduced to 1 head
(very variable in development) ; bracts up to 2 in., leaf-like. Spikelets 3-10 in a
spike, up to 2 by 7,—4 in., 36-fid. (often much shorter). Glumes boat-shaped, back
3—5-nerved, sides nerveless, mucro variable (often very short). Anthers small, oblong.
Nut fine brown; style as long as nut, branches 8, linear.

4. G. castaneus, Willd. Sp. Pl.i. 278; small, umbel rarely com-
pound, spikelets linear chestnut or pale, glumes obtuse mucro conspicuous
recurved, stamens 2-1, nut exactly oblong 4-2 length of glume (mucro
excluded). Roxb. Fl. Ind.i.195; Nees in Wight Contrib. 79; Kunth Enum.
ii, 21; Thw. Enum. 343; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 496 (excl. Wall. 3376 B);
C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 87. CO. squarrosus, Trimen Cat.
Ceylon Pl. 100. C. pusillus, Herb. Wight; Wall. Cat. 3323.

From East Nepat, J. D. Hooker, to CeYton, Thwaites, and Perax, King.—
Distris. Tonkin, Austral.

Glabrous. Stems 3-6 in. Leaves as long as stem, 3, in. broad, or (usually)
shorter. Umbel rays 0-2 in. rarely again divided, sometimes reduced to a single
head; bracts often as long as inflorescence. Spikelets 3-20 in a cluster, black-
chestnut in type form, 3-4 by J; in., 15~70-fid. G@Zumes boat-shaped, back 3-nerved,
keel excurrent greenish-yellow. Anthers small, short-oblong. Nut red-black, sides
exactly parallel ; style much shorter than nut; branches small, linear.

5. G. cuspidatus, H. B. & K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. i. 204; glumes
strongly 3-nerved, mucro conspicuous recurved, nut oblong-obovoid 4

Cyperus.) OLEXII, oYPeRAcEsZ. (C. B. Clarke.) 599

length of glume (mucro excluded) otherwise as C. castaneus. Kunth Enum.
li. 22; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 496; O.B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soe. xx.
284, and xxi. 88, and xxv. 80; Trimen Cat. Pl. Ceylon, 100. C. angusti-
folius, Ham. ms.; Wail. Cat. 3376 (mainly); Nees in Wight Contrib. 79;
Kunth Enum. ii. 21. ©. castaneus, Hance in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiii. 180;
Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 261 (“forma Sundaica”). C. solutus, Steud. Syn.
Cyp.14; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 263.

Throughout Inp1a; from KasHMig and Assam to CryLbon and Prnane.—
Distriz. All warm regions.

The older botanists referred the chestnut-colrd. examples to C. castaneus, the ferru-
ginous-brown to C. cuspidatus, and these are the prevalent colours of the spikelets.
But the colour varies in both, and Boeckeler has distinguished them by the nut
(which is broader upwards in C. cuspidatus) tolerably satisfactorily. C. cuspidatus
is a very common plant, OC. castaneus a rare one. :

Sect. 3. Difformes. Small or middle-sized, annuals or biennials ;
rhizome 0, or in C. Haspan creeping. Leaves and bracts moderately long,
narrow, weak. Inflorescence umbellate, sometimes reduced to a single
oe Spikelets small, numerous. Glwmes scarcely cuspidate. (Sp. 6-

6. C. fuscus, Linn. Sp. Pi. 69; annual, small, umbel simple com-
pound or reduced to a head, spikes clustered small linear-oblong, nut ellip-
soid triquetrous apiculate 3-* length of glume. Host Gram. Austr. ii. 49,
t. 73; Kunth Enum. ii. 37; Boeck in Innnexa, xxxv. 585; C. B. Clarke in
Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 185; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 370.

Kasuuiz and N.W. Himataya, alt. 6000 ft., Thomson, &¢.—DisTRIB. West-
ward to Britain.

Glabrous. Stems cespitose, 2-16 in., weak. Leaves longer or shorter than
stem, $1 in. broad, grass-like. Rays of umbel often 1-1} in., sometimes much
longer ; bracts usually exceeding inflorescence. Spikes 4-} in. in diam. Spikelets
5-15, 3-3 by 3; in., 16-36-fid., often reddish. Glumes boat-shaped, ovate, scarcely
mucronate. Stamens usually 2; anthers oblong, obtuse. Nut equally or unequally
triquetrous, pale brown. Style much shorter than nut, deciduous; branches
linear.

7. ©. difformis, Linn. Sp. Pl. 67; annual, middle-sized, umbel simple
compound or reduced to 1 head, spikelets very small linear-oblong most
densely crowded, glumes obovate truncate, nut broad ellipsoid nearly as
long as glume. Fottb. Descr. et Ic. 24, t. 9, fig.2; Rowb. Fl. Ind. i. 195;
Nees in Wight Contrib. 88; Kunth Enum. ii. 38; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. FI.
282; Mig. #1. Ind. Bat. iii. 269; Boeck. in Linnza, xxxv. 586; Thw. Enum.
344; King in E. J. Atkinson Gaz. s. (1876) 323; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v.
370; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 290, and xxi. 133. C. Goeringii,
Steud. Syn. Cyp. 24; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iti. 271.—Cyperus, Wall. Cat. 3363
(mainly).

Throughout Inpia, alé. 0-8000 ft., universal throughout the Old World in rice-
fields; Mexico (introduced ?),

Glabrous. Stems 4-20 in., acutely triquetrous at top. Leaves usually somewhat
shorter than stem, 3-2 in. broad, flaccid. Umbel usually contracted, rays up to 2 in.,
sometimes much larger; bracts 2-10 in., lowest often suberect (i.e. umbel lateral).
Spikes 4-4 in. in diam., globose. Spikelets 1-2 by >), in., somewhat turgid, 10-
30-fld. Glwmes close-packed, concave, very obtuse, straw-colrd., sides more or less
red. Stamen 1, rarely 2; anther small, oblong, muticous. Wut subsessile, sub-
equally trigonous, pale-brown; style much shorter than nut, branches linear short.

600 cuxxu. cyperaces. (C. B. Clarke.) (Cyperus.

8: G. silletensis, Nees in Wight Contrib. (1834) 79; middle-sized or
slender, stolons 0, umbel contracted or reduced to 1 head, spikes globose
dense, spikelets small linear many-fld., glumes ovate-oblong, nut oblong-
obovoid 2-8 length of glume. Kunth Enum. ii. 33; Boeck. in Linnea, xxsv.
555; C.B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 182.—Cyperus, Wall. Cat.
3363 F, 3536 (partly).

Beneat, Assam, SIKKIM, and BuRMA. 7

Stems 4-12 in., rather slender at top, flowering the first year, but often producing
short lateral shoots from the base of stem. Spikes pale brown. Glumes at top sub-
triangular. Otherwise resembling C. difformis.—Seldom collected, but not rare..

9. G. pulecherrimus, Willd. ex Kunth Enum. ii. 35; middle-sized,
stolons 0, umbel dense usually compound with innumerable spikes of 5-10
very small linear spikelets, glumes ovate-oblong, their oblong tip inflexed
towards rhachilla, nut broadly ellipsoid 2 length of glume. Mig. Fl. Ind.
Bat. iii. 267; Boeck. in Linnza, xxxv. 573; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn.
Soe. xxi. 182; Trimen Oat. Pl. Ceylon, 100. C. eumorphus, Stewd. in Zoll.
Verz. Ind. Archip. ii. 63, and Syn. Cyp. 22; Mig. lc. 268. C. silletensis,
Thw. Enum. 343. C. Haspan, Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 270 (partly).—
Cyperus, Wall. Cat. 3357.

Sinp, Pinwill. Brneat, Wallich. AssaM, Griffith, &c. CEYLON, Thwaites.
PrEnanG, Curtis, n. 1954.—DistRiB. Java, Borneo.

Very near C. silletensis ; dried examples are easily distinguished by the crisped
incurved top of glume. Spikelets very like those of C. flavidus, which is a slender
species. '

10. ©. Haspan, Linn. Sp. Pl. 66 (partly); middle-sized or small,
pale or red not yellow, rhizome long-creeping but plant often flowering in
first year, spikelets 2-6-digitate small linear, stamens 3-2, nut small ovoid
or obovoid 2-4 length of obtuse glume. Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 210; Mees in
Wight Contrib. 80 (partly); Kunth Enum. ii. 34; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl.
282; Thw. Enum. 343; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 574, var. a partly, and
var. 8; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 287, and xxi. 119. C. grami-
nifolius, Poir. in Lam. Encye. vii. 267; Kunth t.c. 98. CO. pes-avium,
Bertol. Mise. Bot. viii. 30, t. 3, fig. 1. Cyperus gracilis, Herb. Heyne,
Wall. Cat. 3369, D, E, F, 3372.—Scirpus, Rottb. Deser. et Ic. 58, t. 17, fig. 3
(exel. Syn. Linn.).

Throughout Inp1a; abundant, especially in dibbled rice-fields—DistrRis. All
warm regions.

Glabrous. Rhizome in typical form creeping, 6 in. and upwards, covered by
ovate triangular scales and with distant solitary stems; but stems often czespitose
on a very short rhizome or with fibrous rocts only. Stems 4-80 in., sometimes
stout, almost 3-winged at top, sometimes slender trigonous. eaves short or longer
and overtopping the stem, or 0. Umbel small or large, compound or simple, thin
straggling with few spikes, or dense with innumerable spikes; bracts short or long
and far overtopping umbel, (in Khasia examples) long, 3 in. broad, tip triangular-
lanceolate. Spikelets 1-3 by 3,—j; in., 10-40-fid., varying much in development.
Glumes close-packed, ovate, obtuse, obscurely (or not) mucronate. Azthers linear-
oblong, often bristly at top. Nut trigonous, slightly compressed, minutely scabrid
or smooth, pale brown (sterile white); style about as long as nut, branches linear
slightly exsert.—This and many other species show that in Cyperacee stoutness of

stem, length and breadth of leaves, development of umbel, length of bracts, are
often futile characters.

1l. C. flavidus, Retz. Obs. v. 18; slender, annual, ripe yellow or

Cyperus. | OLXXI. OYPERAGEH. (C. B. Clarke.) 601

finally blackening, stamen 1 (rarely 2), nut plano-convex (plane face against
rhachilla), ripe marble-white (otherwise as C. Haspan). Roxb. Fl. Ind. i.
200; Nees in Wight Contrib. 80, in note; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 283;
C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 287, and xxi. 122 and xxv. 8l. C.
Haspan, Rottb. Descr. et Ic. p. 86, t. 6, fige2; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 574
(Var. a partly). C. tenuispica and C. Fieldingii, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 11. C.
microcarpus, Boeck. in Bremen Abhandl. vii.37. CO. strictus, Herb. Heyne ;
Wall. Cat. 3365. CO. Haspan and C. hexangularis, Herb. Wight; Wall.
Cat, 3869, A, B, C.—Cyperus, Wall. Cat. 3318 (partly).
se Tvonguont Iypra, abundant in rice-fields—Distris. Warm regions of the Old

orld.

Lives about 3 months, Bracts usually longer than stem. Glwmes rather
smaller than in C. Haspan. Nut very obtuse at top.

Sect. 4. Nivei. Rhizome woody, very short; rootlets wiry. Inflores-
cence of one head. (Sp. 12-14.)

12. ©. Teneriffee, Poir. in Lam. Encyc. vii. 245; stems at base
cylindric thickened by coloured sheaths, spikelets 10-36-fld. much com-
pressed red, glumes very acute conspicuously mucronate, nut 2 length of
glume. C.nitens, Rottb. in Neue Schr. Ges. Freunde, Berlin, iv. 198, in
Obs. (not of Retz.). CO. coromandelinus, Spreng. Syst. i. 217 (not of Boeck.).
C. pectiniformis, Roem. et Sch. Syst. II., Mant. 128 (not of Nees). CO.
pectinatus, Roxb, Fl. Ind. i. 190 (not of Vahl). C. Wightii, Nees in Wight
Contrib. 78; Kunth Enum. ii. 99; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 507. C. rubi-
cundus, Kunth i. v.49; Webb et Berth. Phyt. Canar. iii. 361, t. 240 (nut
too acute); OC. B. Clarke in Journ Linn. Soc. xxi. 104 (not of Vahl). C.
arenarius, Herb. Heyne; Wall. Cat. 3314, A (partly). C. nitens, Herb.
Madras; Wall. Cat. 8314, B.

Deccan PeEntnsuLa, Rottler, Wight. Poona, Woodrow, Nit@uHiris, Ho-
henacker.—Distgis. Africa, Arabia.

Glabrous, whole plant usually more or less red; stolons 0. Stems 2-11 in.
Leaves usually 2 length of stem, $-} in. broad, weak; sheaths broad, usually scarious,
inflated. Bracts 2, lower 1-13 in. Spikelets 3-20 in 1 head, 2 by iin. Glumes
close-packed, much imbricated at base, 9-15-striate, keel very acute excurrent con-
spicuously, Stamens 3; anthers nearly‘muticous. Nut obovoid, triquetrous with
concave faces, reticulate black and white; style as long as nut, branches linear.—
C. rubicundus, Vahl, is a Puerto Rico plant ; and the description can hardly (ad-
mitting error in habitat) refer to C. Teneriffe, as Vahl does not describe the
excurrent mucro of the glumes. Finally, even were our plant C. rubicundus, Vahl,
it must take the earlier name of Teneriffe. The name C. nitens, Rottler, is
earlier ; but C. nitens, Retz., cannot be set aside, because almost the only certain
thing regarding it, is that it was not a Pycreus, and therefore not the Cyperus nitens,
auctorum.

18. G. niveus, Retz. Obs. v. 12; culms at base nodose closely uni-
seriate, spikelets 3-12 in one head strongly compressed linear-oblong 20-40-
fid. white or cinnamomeous, glumes muticous, nut oblong-obovoid 4 length
of glume. Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 191; Mees in Wight Contrib. 78; Kunth
Enum. ii. 45; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat, iti. 271; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 530;
Aitch. Cat. Punjab Pl. 155, and in Journ. Linn. Soc. xix. 189; C. B. Clarke
l.c. 108.—Cyperus, Wall. Cat. 3377.

From Kasumir to Upper Burma, alt. 0-6000 ft. and southward to Calcutta and

Hyderabad.—Diste1B. Cabul, China.
Glabrous, Rhizome woody, almost wholly constructed of the nodose bases of

602 cuxx, orpeRaces. (C. B. Clarke.) [ Cyperus.

stems, Stems 8-16 in., slender. Leaves } length of stem, ds} in. broad, weak.
Bracts 2-8, up to 1-1} in. Spikelets commonly 3 by % in. (sometimes nearly twice
as long). Glumes very close-packed, acutely keeled, many-nerved. Wut sessile,
trigonous, black ; style nearly as long as nut, branches linear.

14. ©. leucocephalus, Retz. Ods. v. 11; stems slender nodose at
base, with one dense globose white head, spikelets compressed, glumes
oblong-obtuse obscurely 3-l-nerved, nut oblong +-% length of glume.
Kunth Enum. ii. 97; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 590; C. B. Clarke in Journ.
Linn. Soc. xxi. 107. C. pulchellus, Br. Prodr. 218. C. sorostachys, Boeck.
l.c. 588. Sorostachys kyllingioides, Steud. Sg Cyp. 71; Mig. Fl. Ind.
Bat. iii. 296.—Cyperus, Wall. Cat. 3536 (partly). Lipocarpha, Wall. Cat.
3445, D.

Scattered from Moneuir, Wallich, to Mysonx, Law, and Martazan, Wallich ;
(seldom collected).—Distrrs. Tropics generally.

Glabrous. Stems 4-10 in., cespitose on a very short woody rhizome. Leaves
about 3 length of stem, narrow. Inflorescence 3-2 in. in diam. Spikelets 6-50, in
large forms nearly 4 by 2 in., up to 28-fid.; in small only 1 in. long 6-8-fid.
Stamen 1. Nut black, white reticulate; style much shorter than nut, branches
linear small.

Sect. 5. Conglomerati. Rhizome woody, creeping ; rootlets thick, often
woolly. Inflorescence umbelled or with 1 head. (Sp. 15-19.)

15. GC. arenarius, Retz. Obs. iv. 9; stems solitary distant on a much-
divided creeping rhizome subterete at top 1-headed, spikelets elliptic-
oblong 10-16-fid., glumes ovate obtuse, nut obovoid unequally trigonous
% length of glume. Nees in Wight Contrib. 77; Kunth Enum. u. 46;
Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 284; Thw. Enum. 342; Boeck. in Linnza, xxxv.
536; Aitch. Cat. Punjab Pl. 154; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn, Soc, xxi.
106. C.conglomeratus, var. y Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 369 (not of Rottb.).
Robartia indica, Linn. Fl. Zeyl.17, & Amen. Acad. i. 388); of. Trimen
in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 135.) — Pluk. Almag. 178, t. 300, fig. 7.—
Cyperus, Wall. Cat. 3314 A. (partly), 3535.—Scirpus glomeratus, Herb.
Heyne; Wall. Cat. 3460.

Seacoast from Sinp to CryzLon and Orissa. PungaB Puain; Aitchison,
Duthie.—DistR1B. Persia, Arabia.

Glabrous. Rhizome slender, roots not woolly. Stems 4-12 in. Leaves often
overtopping stem, =1;-3 in. broad. Bracts 2-3, lowest 2—4 in. long, suberect often as
though continuing stem. Spikelets straw-colrd., finally brown. Glumes boat-

shaped, strongly 3-nerved. Nué concavo-convex dusky black; style very short,
branches linear longish.

16. C. conglomeratus, Rotth. Descr. et Ic. 21, t. 15, fig. 7; roots
woolly, stems at base approximate somewhat thickened, spikelets linear
rather large 8-16-fld., glumes minutely mucronate, nut obovoid unequally
trigonous 4 length of glume. Decne. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 2, ii. 15; Boiss.
Fl. Orient. v. 369 (var. a in great part). C. Jeminicus, Rottb. Deser. et
Ie. 25, t. 8, fig. 1 (not of Retz). C. pungens, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 537
(except part of a elata); C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi.113. C.
proteinolepis, var. 6 pumila, Boeck. 1. c. 523,

Sinp ; Lace.—Distris.; Westwd. to N. Africa.

Glabrous. Rhizome sometimes elongate, 3-1 in. in diam. Stems 4-24 in., some-

what robust. Leaves often % length of stem and upwards. Umbel simple, not
rarely contracted into 1 head; rays often 3-4, about 1 in. long.

Cyperus.) OLXXII, cyPpeRAcER. (C. B. Clarke.) 603

17. GC. pachyrrhizus, Nees ex Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 545; stems
long robust at top trigonous l-headed, leaves often as long as stem rigid
concave, bracts 3-4 long spreading, spikelets very numerous densely
agglomerated (otherwise as C’. conglomeratus). CO. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn.
Soe. xxi. 111; Trimen Cat. Pl. Ceylon, 100. C.conglomeratus, Thw. Enum.
343. OC. arenarius, Prain Laccadive Pl. in Ic. Mem. Med. Off. Army Ind.,
part v. (1890), 54 (not of Retz.). C. leucocephalus, Wight ms. (partly).

Czyton ; Thwaites, Wight, Laccapivz Isups. ; Hume.

Roots densely woolly. Stems 12-20 in. Head more than 1 in, in diam. of
30-80 spikelets.—Trimen doubts (with reason) whether this is other than a large
form of C. conglomeratus, Rottb.

18. C. effusus, Rotib. Descr. et Ic. 22, t. 12, fig. 3; spikelets linear
compressed 20-60-fid., glumes most densely packed scarcely mucronate
(otherwise as C. conglomeratus). Kunth Enum. ii. 47; Edgew. in Journ.
As. Soc. Beng. xvi. 1220. C. proteinolepis, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 15; Boeck.
in Linnea, xxxv. 522; OC. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi, 113. C. con-
glomeratus, var. effusa, Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 369. C. conglomeratus, var.
B major, Boeck. l.c. 544; C. B. Clarke Ul. c. 112. ©. curvulus, Boeck.
.. 541 (partly). C. densus, Br. in Salt Abyss. Append. 62.

Sinp ; Pinwill.—Distr1e. Westwd. to N. Africa.

Spikelets 3-1 by j3-} in. broad, much narrower than in C. conglomeratus.
—C. effusus includes many plants differing greatly in size (as does C. conglomeratus)
but all unlike C. conglomeratus in the exceeding closely packed glumes; the spike-
lets are not longer than in C. conglomeratus, but have twice as many flowers.

19. ©. Atkinsoni, C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn, Soc. xxi. 109; roots
not woolly, stems thickened at base approximated on a short rhizome top.
nearly terete, umbel simple contracted, spikelets linear much compressed
20-30-fld. pale brown (otherwise as C. effusus.)

Kasumir; Bimbur, Atkinson. N.W. Himataya; Kotgurh, Thomson. SIND;

Kurrachee, Stocks. :

This plant is not very near C. niveus (where originally placed) differing not
merely by the umbellate spikes but by the structure of the spikelet, which is very
close to that of C. effusus. Though the character of woolly rootlets holds good in
this group throughout a great series of herbarium material, Schweinfurth tells me
that it is not to be relied on for the discrimination of species, as it is merely an

adaptation for growth in sand.

Sect. 6. Diffusi. Tall or middle-sized perennials with green somewhat
broad often 3-nerved leaves. Umbels compound, generally decompound.

(Sp. 20-26.)

90. G. diffusus, Vahl Enum. ii. 321; spikelets 4-24-fid., glumes
broadly ovate suddenly acute-mucronate in fruit somewhat distant upper
margins not imbricate, nut broadly ellipsoid triquetrous subpyramidal at
either end % length of glume. Nees in Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. xix.
Suppl.i. 58; Mig. F1. Ind. Bat. iti. 264, C. elegans, Sw. Obs. Bot. 30; Kunth
Enum. ii. 28; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 533; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn, Soc.
xx. 288 and xxi. 125 ercl. tab. Sloane (not Linn.). C. longifolius, Decne.
in Nouv. Ann. Mus. iii. 359; Ridley in Forbes East. Archip. 520 (not
Poir). C. mestus, Kunth le. 81. C. nigro-viridis, Thw. Enum. 344.
—Cyperus, Wall. Cat. 3358, 3362, 3870,A. Hypxlyptum, Griff. Itin. Notes,

17, n. 248.

604 CLXXI. cYPERAcEE, (OC. B. Clarke.) (Cyperus.

Throughout Inpia, except the dry west, common from SIKKIM and Assam to
CzYton and Penane.—Distpis. All warm regions.

Glabrous. Rhizome very short; roots wiry. Stems 8-30 in. Leaves often as
long as stem, 1-2 in, broad, flat, green, 3-nerved. Umbel 4-12 in. in diam., decom-
pound (depauperated examples with few spikes occur) ; bracts 4-10, up to 1-2 ft.,
leaf-like. Spikelets 3-9 together, digitate, 1-4 by 3-1 in. (sometimes much longer).
Glumes boat-shaped, green, back 3-5-nerved; wings of rhachilla narrow, not deci-
duous. Stamens 3-2; anthers small, linear-oblong, often (when young) with a small
linear-lanceolate crest. Nut dusky black; style much shorter than nut, sometimes
hardly any; branches linear, shortly exsert.—One of the commonest of the genus,
best known as C. elegans, Linn., but no part of Linnzus’s elegans, whose type, his
figure cited, and his description, are all of C. viscosws, Aiton. Nor can his descrip-
tion include C. diffusus, Vabl. Kunth, in transferring the name C. elegans, Linn.,
to this plant, followed Swartz and Willdenow.

21. GC. pubisquama, Steud. in Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip.ii. 62 and Syn.
Cyp. 20; spikelets very numerous rigid, glumes minutely mucronate often
puberulous, their upper margins tightly imbricate even in fruit (otherwise
as C. diffusus), Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 266. C. lagorensis, Steud. Syn.
Cyp. 36. C.diffusus, Kunth Enum. ii. 30; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 534;
C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 127 and xxv. 81; Trimen in
le Bot. xxiii. 140 (not of Vahl or Roxb.).—Cyperus, Wall. Cat. 3370,

From Assam and BurMA to Perak and CryLton.—DistTRiB. Malay Islds.
Differs, uniformly, from large examples of CO. diffusus, Vahl in the tightly-
packed glumes (even in fruit); but might be treated as a var.

22. ©. Helferi; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 360; middle-sized, umbel
middle-sized flaccid, glumes distant ovate-lanceolate shortly mucronate,
nut 4 length of glume (otherwise as C. diffusus). OC. B. Clarke in Journ.
Linn. Soc. xxi. 128.—Fimbristylis, Wall. Cat. 3528.

Burma; Chappedong River, Wallick. Prav; Kurz. Mrraui; Griffith (Kew
Distrib. 6140), TxnasszRim or ANDAMaANs, Helfer (Kew Distrib. 6140).

23. G. multispicatus, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 362; umbel very
decompound, spikelets many solitary compressed slenderer, glumes densely
imbricated minutely mucronate, nut 4 length of glume (otherwise as C.
diffusus). C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 129 (and 14, C. multi-
striatus, by error).

CacuaR; Keenan. Tsnasserim or ANDAMANS; Helfer (Kew Distrib. 6163).
Umbel 12-16 in. across; spikelets innumerable, in Helfer’s specimen nearly all

pedicelled solitary, in Keenan’s about half solitary half 2-3 together digitate.
Glumes in fruit with upper margins imbricated.

24, ©. Kurzii, C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 129; umbel
very decompound secondary rays rigidly divaricate, spikelets 20-40-fld.
wings of rhachilla broad persistent, glumes closely imbricate tip triangular
acute scarcely mucronate (otherwise as C. multispicatus),

AnpDAMAN Isrzs; Phaacia, Kurz.

This does not match any of the foregoing closely-allied species (nn, 20-24
inclusive).

25. G. turgidulus, C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soe. i. 130; stem at
top triquetrous almost 3-winged, umbel dense secondary rays divaricate,
spikelets few-fid. turgid sometimes almost terete clustered in small globose

Cyperus. | CLXxil. cypeRAcEs. (C, B. Clarke.) 605

heads (otherwise as C. diffusus). Scirpus trialatus, Boeck. in Linnea,
xxxvi. 721.—Isolepis, Wall. Cat. 3473. ‘

From Prev to Penana and Mazacca, frequent, Helfer (Kew Distrib. 6164),
&e.—Disteis. 8. China.
Stems 12-20 in. Umbels 3-4 in, in diam. Spikelets usually about 6-fld.

26. C. radians, Nees & Meyen ex Nees in Linnea, ix. 285 (name)
and in Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. xix. Suppl. 1, 63; umbel simple or compound
rays longer than stem, spikelets 1-30 clustered compressed or nearly
terete, glumes broad striate mucronate, nut broad ovoid 3 length of glume.
Benth, Fl. Hongk. 386; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 515; C. B. Clarke in
Journ. Linn, Soc. xxi. 100. OC. radicans, Kunth Enum. ii. 95. C. Griffithii,
Steud. Syn. Oyp. 316; C. B. Clarke, 1. c. 101. C. macropus, Mig. Fl. Ind.
Bat. Suppl. 260, 599 (not of Boeck.). C. sinensis, Debeauzx. in Act. Linn.
Soc. Bordeaua, xxxi. 14, t. 2, and xxxviii. 30.—Cyperus, Wall. Cat. 3371,
B. (partly). Rynchospora, Wall. Cat. 3427.

Matay PEninsuna. TENASSERIM, Helfer (Kew Distrib. 6209); Sineapoze,
Wailich.—DistRi1s. China, Malaya.

Glabrous. Rhizome very short ; stolons0. Stems frequently less than 1 in. Leaves
much exceeding stem, } in. broad, rigid, not 3-nerved, often becoming brown. Rays
of wmbel always remarkably long (13 in. in Maingay, n. 1721). Spikes 3-2 in.
in diam., sometimes globose, dense with 10-80 spikelets, sometimes in clusters
of 2-5 spikelets, or occasionally spikelets mostly solitary pedicelled. Spikelets 4 by
2 in., 6-12-fld.; rhachilla not winged. Glumes closely imbricate, green usually
marked with red, muticous. Nut and style much as in C. diffusus.—Ridley has
proved C. Grifithii to be only a form of C. radians, This unmistakable species is
not very closely allied to C. diffusus; but, unless a section is made for it alone, it is
not clear where it can be better arranged than at the tail of the Dijfusi.

Subgen. III. Cuoristacuys. Injl. umbellate, spikes often more or less
corymbed; spikelets (sometimes very, shortly) spicate. Style-branches
linear. (Sp. 27-61.) [N.B.—There is no line of separation between this
subgenus and .II. Pycnostachys. }

Series A. Rhachilla of spikelets not much winged. Leaves and bracts
long (except in C. malaccensis). (Sp. 27-89.)

Sect. 1. Compressi. Annuals, or sometimes flowering the second year.
(Sp. 27-31.)

27. GC. compressus; Linn. Sp. Pl. 68; green, leaves and bracts long,
umbel simple, spikes of 3-10 spikelets very shortly spicate, glumes boat-
shaped keel acute excurrent, rhachilla of spikelets not winged, nut obovoid
obtuse black acutely triquetrous with concave faces. Burm. Fl. Ind. 21;
Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 194; Nees in Wight Contrib. 76; Kunth Enum. ii. 23;
Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 263 and Suppl. 260, 599; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fi.
282; Thw. Enum. 342; King in H. T. Atkinson Gaz. x. 320; Boeck. in
‘Linnea, xxxv. 517; OC. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn, Soc. xx. 284 and xxi.
97; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 372 (not of Jacg.). C. pectiniformis, ees
in Wight Contrib. 77 (excl. syn. Rowb.). C. Meyenii, Nees et Meyen in
Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. xix. Suppl. i. 57.—C. viridis, Herb. Roxb.; Wall. Cat.
3308.

Throughout Inp1a; from the Punjab and Assam to Ceylon and Singapore.—
Distrie. All warm countries (except Australia).

606 OLXXII. CYPERACEE, (C, B. Clarke.) [ Cyperus.

Glabrous. Stems cwspitose, 4-16 in., or (in the form C. pectiniformis, Nees)
0-2 in. Leaves often nearly as long as stem, 4-2 in. broad. Umbel rays 0-6 in. ;
bracts often longer than umbel, leaf-like. Spikelets 4-1 by 3-4 in. (in form pectini-
formis up to 14 in. and 20-60-fid. Glumes densely, not rigidly, imbricated, ovate,
many-nerved, mucro scarcely recurved, Stamens 3; anthers linear-oblong, scarcely
apiculate. Wut 3 length of glume, very broad; style shorter than nut, branches
linear shortly exsert.

28. CG. glaber, Linn. Mant. 179; umbels contracted, spikelets very
closely spicate more or less red-tinged, glumes muticous or very nearly so,
nut obovoid obtuse minutely conic-apiculate (otherwise as C. compressus).
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. viii. 32, t. 280, fig. 669; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 517;
C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 104; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 371. C.
patulus, Kitaib. ew Host Gram. Austr. ii. 49, t. 74; Kunth Enum. ii.
24; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iv. 240 (not of Bied.).

Sinp; Pinwill.—Distris. Westward to Sicily.
Umbel rays 3-14 in. Glwmes nearly always reddish on the sides (green in C.
compressus).

29. ©. aristatus, Rottb. Descr. et Ic. 23, t. 6, fig.1; small, umbel
nearly simple or reduced to 1 head, spikelets densely spicate 6~30-fid.,
glumes ovate-lanceolate many-striate over nearly their whole breadth
acuminate into a recurved bristle, nut oblong or narrow-obovoid 3 length
of glume (bristle inclusive). Roxd. Fl. Ind. i. 190; Kunth Enum. ii. 23
(excl. syn. Burm.) ; Strachey Cat. Pl. Kumaon 74; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii.
262; Thw. Enum. 343 (excl. syn. Ham.); Boeck. in Linneea, xxxv. 500; C.
B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 91; Trimen Cat. Ceylon Pl. 100. C.
squarrosus, Linn. Sp. Pl. 66 (partly). C. versicolor, Nees ins Wight Contrib.
78. C. arenarius, Herb. Wight; Wall. Cat. 3374, 3375.—Isolepis echinulata,
Kunth Enum, ii. 205.

i TroricaL and Temp, Hrmat.; alt. 0-8500 ft., and thence to Ceylon.—D1sTErs.
'ropics,

30. ©. Iria, Linn. Sp. Pl. 67 (excl. Rheede); leaves and bracts lon g,
spikelets spicate or subracemose linear 6-20-fld., glumes obovate in fruit
hardly imbricate, nut triquetrous nearly as long as glume. Roxb. Fl. Ind.
i. 201; Mees in Wight Contrib. 87 ; Kunth Enum. ii. 38; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat.
iii. 269 and Suppl. 260; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 282; Bdgew. in Journ.
Linn. Soe. ix. 319; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 595; King in E. T. Atkinson
Gaz, x. 620; Aztch. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xix.189; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 370;
Cd. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn, Soc. xx. 289 and xxi. 187. (©. songaricus, Karel.
et Kiril. in Bull Soc. Mose. 1841] 859. C. seminudus, Moritzi Verz. Zoll.
Pfl. 96 (not of Roxb.). C. diaphaniria and microiria, Steud. in Zoll. Verz.
arene oe ae Syn. eae year mae Baker Fl. Maurit.

not of Boeck.).—Cyperus, Wall. Cat. 3360, 3361.—C :
Grass. 8. Punjab, t. 38, A. TESTU ae eae

Inpia, cack i rice-fields.—DisrRi1s. Old world.

A glabrousshortlived weed. Stems ceespitose, 4-20 in. Leaves often q
as stem, { in. broad, grass-like. Umbel 2-20 in. in diam., varying eran ti He
usually compound, 3-5, up to 4-12 in.; primary rays sometimes at apex corymbose
sometimes again umbelled. Spikes very loosely spicate, rhachis }-2in, Spikelets 5-20
obliquely erect, yellow or brown (not red nor chestnut), 4-3 by 3 in.; rhacheola not
winged. Glumes 3-5-nerved on back, sides nerveless, muticous or scarcely apiculate
Stamens 2 or 3; anthers oblong, muticous. Nut triquetrous, black; style much

Cyperus.] CLEXI. CYPERACEE, (C. B. Clarke.) 607

shorter than nut, branches linear shortly exsert.—Rheede Hort. Malad. xii. 105, t.
56, cited by Linnaus, &e., is C. inundatus, Roxb.

Var. B paniciformis (sp.) Franch. et Savat. Pl. Japon. ii, 103, 587; spikelets
bearing 2-4 nuts, spikes (in the extreme typical form) drawn out into nearly linear
racemes. C, parviflorus, Nees in Wight Contrib. 87 (encl. all syn.), C. Iria, Thw.
Enum. 344, :

From Kashmir to Ceylon and the Andamans,

31. C. glomeratus, Linn. Sp. Pl. 68; large, without stolons, leaves
and bracts long narrow, umbel compound, spikelets in very dense short-
cylindric spikes, glumes elliptic-oblong obtuse ferruginous finally brown,
nut oblong 3 length of glume, Host Gram. Austr. ii. 48, t. 71; Kunth
Enum. ii, 77; Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. viii. 38, t. 284, fig. 675, Boeck. in Linnsea,
lg 592; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 141; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v.

72,

Kasumir; Sonamurg, alt. 6500 ft., Zhomson.—DistRiB. From Italy to China
and Japan.

Glabrous. Stems 12-33 m. Leaves often as long as stems, 1-} in. broad.
Umbel, rays 83-8 up to 3-4 in. long, often concentrated nearly into 1 head; bracts
3-5, 6-12 in. long. Spikes } by 3 in. Spikelets 40-50, 4 by +, in., compressed,
12-20-fid. Glumes scarcely keeled, in fruit loosely imbricated; rhacheola with
narrow hyaline wings. Stamens 3; anthers small, oblong, muticous. Nut exactly
oblong, pyramidal at either end, dusky black; style much shorter than nut,
branches linear shortly exsert.

Sect. 2. Rhizome becoming woody; elongate stolons frequent. Large
(or middle-sized). (Sp. 32-39.)

32. C. distans, Linn. f. Suppl. 103 ; umbel large compound, spikelets
spicate narrow-linear 10-20-fid., glumes remote oblong-elliptic obtuse, nut
oblong or narrowly ellipsoid 4% length of glume. Jacg. Ic. ii. t. 299;
Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 207; Nees in Wight Contrib. 88; Kunth Enum. ii. 98;
Thw. Enum. 344; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 612; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl.
283; Duthie in H. T. Atkinson Gaz. x. 620; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn.
Soc. xx. 290 and xxi. 144. C. elatus, Rottb. Descr. et Ic. 37, t. 10 (not of
Linn.). C. nutans, Presl in Oken. Isis. xxi. 271; 0. B. Clarke, 1. ¢. 291 and
143 (partly). C.Jacquini, Schrad. in Linnea, xi., Litt. Ber. 87; Steud. 1. c.
49. C. graminicola, Steud. in Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. ii. 63 and Cyp. 49.
C. Kurrii, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 38; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iti. 279.—Cyperus, Wall.
Cat. 3350, 3366.

From the Himaraya, alt. 0-3000 ft., to Ceynon and SinegapoREe.—DIstRI1B.
All warm regions.

Glabrous. Stolons up to 2 by =, in. clothed by dark brown elliptic acute scales.
Stems 1-3 ft. (depauperated less than 1 in.), Leaves often as long as stem, 3-4 in.
broad. Ombel 8-12 in. in. diam., from a single head 24 in. diam. to an umbel with
one ray 26 in. copiously 3-4 times compound; bracts rather longer than umbel,
leaf-like. Rhachis of spike 4-2 in., glabrous. Spikelets 2-1 by 25 in., young
nodding, mature spreading at right angles, more or less red; wings of rhachilla
narrow, hyaline, ultimately caducous. Stamens 3; anthers oblong, muticous. Nut
dusky black; style much shortcr than nut, branches shortly exsert.—The slender
rhacheola of spikelet, apparently wavy from the very distant scars of the fallen
glumes, usually marks this species.

33. C. nutans, Vahl Enum. ii. 363; large, spikelets racemose (i.e.
loosely spicate) ripe suberect, glumes somewhat remote often minutely
mucronate (otherwise as large examples of C. distans). Kunth Enum. il.

608 OLXX1I, OYPERAOEH, (C. B, Clarke.) [ Cyperus.

94; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 286; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 597. C. B. Clarke
in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 148 (ercl. syn. and Madag.). C. exaltatus,
Strachey Cat. Pl. Kumaon, 74; Duthie in EB. T. Atkinson Gaz. x. 620 (not of
Retz). C. distans, 8 major, Thw. Enum, 432.—Cyperus, n. 54, Herb.
Ind. Or. H. f. et T. T.

From the PunsaB to Cacuar and CEYLon.

Usually 2-34 ft. Umbel primary rays often 8-12 in.; spikes bowing on the
ultimate rays. Spikelets in ripe fruit collapsing in a tassel (not spreading at right
angles as in C. distans), rather broader than in C. distans with less remote
glumes.—It is difficult to draw a line between this species and fine examples of C.

+ distans.

34. ©. eleusinoides, Kunth Enum. ii. 39; umbel large com-
pound, spikelets densely spicate linear 20-40-fid., glumes not very remote
often mucronulate, nut narrowly ellipsoid often curved 3~—3 length of
glume. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 270; Boeck. in Linnza, xxxv. 596; C. B.
Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 142 and xxv. 81; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v.
371. C. xanthopus, Steud. in Flora, xxv. 595 and Syn. Cyp. 36; Thw.
Enum. 344, ©. infra-apicalis, Nees mss.; Aitch. Cat. Punjab Pl. 155, and
in Journ. Linn, Soc. xix. 189. OC. racemosus, fastigiatus and mysurensis,
Herb. Heyne ; Wall. Cat. 3346. C. complanatus, Herb. Wight ; Wall. Cat.
3347.

From the PuysaB to Cron, frequent; the Naga Hills, C. B. Clarke. —Disrers.
Asia, Africa, Austral.

Glabrous. Stems 15—40 in., with short lateral shoots at base ; no elongate stolons
seen. Spikelets 2-2 by % in., pale or testaceous, scarcely becoming red or chestnut-
brown as in C. distans and nutans, to which species it is closely allied.

35. C. Thomsoni, Boeck. in Linnza, xxxvi. 295; rhizome very short
woody, umbel dense large compound or contracted nearly simple, spikelets
somewhat large spicate linear 16-24.-fid. pale, glumes loosely imbricate ellip-
tic subacute, nut oblong or ellipsoid 3-2 length of glume, C. B. Clarke in
Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 177.—Cyperus sp. n. 55, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. et
TDs

Sixxim Terai, Assam, CacHaR and BrenGat.—Duistris. Tonkin.

Glabrous, Stems 12-20 in., robust. Leaves often as long as stem, 1-4 in.
broad, strong. Umbel (in Hooker u. 263 (“‘type”’ of Boeckler) 44 in. in diam.,
but often much larger (primary rays up to 7 in.) ; bracts exceeding umbel. Spikes
dense, rhachis 3-3 in.; glabrous. Spzkelets 20-40 nearly 1 by } in., moderately
compressed ; wings of rhacheola very narrow, persistent. Glumes with 7-9 very
close dorsal nerves, sides nerveless. Stamens 3; anthers linear-oblong narrow,
minutely tipped by red obtuse connective. Nut trigonous, black, top acutely
pyramidal ; style shorter than nut; branches linear, shortly exsert. *

36. ©. malaccensis, Lam. Jil. i. 146; rhizome creeping, culms
robust almost 3-winged at top, spikelets spicate linear 6—12-fid., glumes
obtuse when dry with margins incurved all round, nut very narrowly
oblong 2 lengthof glume. Kunth Enum. ii.74; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv.
603; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 147; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 373
(ewel. syn. C. enodis). C. odoratus, Linn. Sp. Pl. 46 (partly). C. gangeticus,
Roxb. ms.; Wall. Cat. 3351 A (partly), C. incurvatus, Roxb. Fl, Ind. i.
196. C. Pangorei, Roxb. 1. c. 202. CO. procerus, Rowd. 2. c. 208 (partly, i.e.
at least tab. cited). CO. scoparius, Decne. in Nouv. Ann. Mus. iii. 359:
Ridley in Forbes East. Archip. 520 (not Poir.). ©. Wallichii, Nees in

Cyperus.} OLXxII, oyPpERAcEs. ‘(C. B, Clarke.) 609

Wight Contrib. 83 (part of Wall. n. 3342 C. with trifid style). C. spanio-
phyllus, Steud. Cyp. 21; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 267. C. tegetiformis,
Benth, Fl. Austral. vii. 279 mostly (not Rowb.). C. Pangorei and Pani-
ae Herb, Ham.; Wall. Cat. 3329, M. N.—Rheede Hort. Mal. xii. 93, t,

On brackish mud banks, from BeneaL to SInGaPoRE, SIND; Pinwill.—
Disreis, Asia, Austral., Polynes.

Glabrous. Stolons long, 3-3 in. diam., clothed by broad lax black-chestnut
scales 1 in. long, hardening into woody creeping rhizomes. Stems 18-36 in., at
top 3-3 in. in diam. with 3 concave faces. Leaves usually few, topmost 2-6 in.
erect, green, sword-shaped, shortly caudate. Unmbel 2-6 in. in diam., simple com-
pound or congested; bracts 3-5, up to 6 by 2 in., lowest usually erect (till fruit-
time). Spikes of 4-10 spikelets, rhachis glabrous. Spikelets 3-4 by sos in.
Glumes about 3; in., very concave, in dry examples loosely imbricated. Stamens
3; anthers linear-oblong, not crested. Nut trigonous, becoming black; style 4
length of nut; branches linear, slightly exsert.—This perhaps from its short leaves
is more nearly allied to C. ¢egetiformis, Roxb., but differs in the very narrow wing
to rhachilla. Easily recognized, when dry, by the glumes (though closely packed)
being forced apart by their edges being crispidly incurved all round.—Cyperus,
Rottb. Deser. et Ic. p. 40, t. 11, fig. 8, is adduced here by various authors; but 1
do not see how it differs from C. polystachyus, Rottb. (which may be anything except
Pycreus polystachyus, Beauv.).

37. ©. pilosus, Vahi Enum. ii. 354; stolons slender, stems at top
acutely triquetrous, secondary umbels closely corymbed, rhachis of spikes
scabrous-pilose (or in form C. marginellus and var. y glabrous) ; spikelets
linear 10-20-fid., nut ellipsoid apiculate 3 length of glume. Kunth Enum.
ii. 80; Strachey Cat. Pl. Kumaon, 74; Thw. Enum. 344; Boeck. in Linnea,
xxxv. 598; Duthie in E. T. Atkinson Gaz. x. 620; O. B. Clarke in Journ.
Linn. Soc. xxi. 148 and xxv. 81. C. paniculatus, D. Don Prodr. 39 (cf.
Spreng. Syst. Cur. Post. 29). C. Donianus, Diet. Sp. Pl. ii. 290. C.
fimbriatus, Nees in Wight Contrib. 86; Kunth 1.c.100; W. Wats. in E. T.
Atkinson Gaz. x. 393. C. marginellus, Nees in Wight Contrib. 88; Kunth
Zc. 75. OC. procerus, Roth. Catal. Bot. iii. 5 and Nov. Pl. Sp. 35 ; Nees 1. c.
83 (partly, not Rottb.). C. honestus, Kunth l.c. 74. OC. venustus, Moritzt
Verz. Zoll. Pfl. 96 (not Br.). C. subalatus, pauciflorus, and hebes, Steud.
Syn. Oyp. 31, 34, 315. C piptolepis, Steud. i Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. ii.
63 and Syn. Cyp. 40. C. Heyneanus, Boeck. in Flora, xlii. 440-d1s. C.
truncatus, Franch. et Savat. Pl. Jap. ii. 105 (not of Turcz). C. Griffithianus,
Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 601. C. Wallichii, Wight ms. (not Nees).—Cyperus,
Wall. Cat. 3334, 3348, 3355 (parély).

Throughout Inpra, alt. 0-5000 ft., abundant.—Disrris. Trop. As., Afric., and
Austral. :

Glabrous, except the rhachis of spikes, Stolons scarcely 2, in. diam., with
distant nodes and scales 3-3 in. long, easily overlooked when young as roots, but
afterwards thickening somewhat into a wiry rhizome. Stems from 3 ft. with umbel
16 in, across, to 4 in. with umbel reduced to 1 head. Leaves often $ length of stem,
i4 in. broad; bracts overtopping umbel, leaf-like. Rhachis of spikes in most
examples definitely pilose, often only more or less scabrous subpilose, in the form
marginellus microscopically glabrous. Spikelets (commonly) 2 by 7; in., compressed,
reddish or brown or straw-colrd., close or remote, when ripe spreading at right
angles; rhacheola obscurely (or not) winged. Glumes ovate, muticous, scarcely
keeled, 3-7-nerved on back, ultimately loosely imbricated. Stamens 3; anthers
linear-oblong, muticous. Nut acutely trigonous, black; style shorter than nut;
branches linear, moderately exserted.—Of all Cyperee@ this has proved the most

vou, VI, Br

610 CLXXII, OYPERACER, (O, B. Clarke.) [ Cyperus.

dangerous to Cyperologists ; many examples have the rhachis of the spikes distinctly
scabrous-pilose, occasionally it is quite glabrous. Further, there are two plants
exceedingly like C. pilosus in general aspect, viz. Juncellus Monti and Cyperus
procerus, Rottb., andin both of these the rhachis of spikelets is occasionally scabrous-
pilose.

Var. 8 obliqua, C. B. Clarke 1.c. 151; spikelets with fewer (sometimes only
5-6) ee onan pale and very far apart. C. obliquus, Nees in Wight Contrib.
86; Kunth Enum. ii. 60; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 611; W. Wats. in E. T.
Atkinson Gaz. x. 383. C. quinqueflorus, Hochst. ms.; Steud. Syn. Cyp. 37
(partly).—Inp1a ; widely scattered, but very much less common than the type.—
Java.

Var. y polyantha, C. B, Clarke 1.c.; umbel rays 23 in., secondary umbels
corymbose, rhachis of spikes nearly glabrous, spikelets 1 in. 40-45-fld. chestnut-
red.—Bengal; Mymensingh, C. B. Clarke.

38. C. Babakensis, Steud. in Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. ii. 62; umbel of
few rays, secondary umbels condensed into oblong or square dense rigid
compound-spikes, rhachis of spikes not pilose (scarcely scabrous), spikelets
more robust than those of C. pilosus, glumes boat-shaped hispid-scabrous
at the top of keel, nut hardly 4 glume (otherwise as C. pilosus). Boeck, in
Linnea, xxxv. 521. OC. Babakan, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 6 (wrongly placed in
Pycreus). ©. bengalensis and pilosus, var. 6 Babakensis, C. B. Clarke in
Journ. Tinn, Soc, xxi. 151. C. Bacha, Herb. Ham.; Wall. Cat. 3336 E.
(partly).

East BeneaL; Grigith (Kew Distrib. n. 6207); Nathpur, Wadlich, n. 3336,
E. (partly) ; Mymensingh, C. B. Clarke.—DistR1B. Java. ;

Rays of umbel 3-6, lowest much longer than the others, erect, stout. Spikes
2 by 1} in. very dense. Spikelets 2 by $-2 in., 14-40-fld., red-brown; rhacheola
stout.

39. C. procerus, Rottb. Descr. et Ic. 29, t. 5, fig. 3; stout, glabrous
(but see var. 8), secondary umbels loosely corymbed of 1-5 spikes, spike-
lets remote large 20-46-fld., glumes broad obtuse, nut obovoid 4 length of
glume (otherwise nearly as large C. pilosus). Mees in Wight Contrib. 88
(excl. syn.) ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 203 (excl. cit. Rheede) and Kunth Enum. ii.
72; Thw. Hnum. 343 ; Boeck. in Flora, \viii. 84; CO. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn.
Soc. xxi. 152 (excl. syn. Roth.). C. ornatus, Br. Prodr. 217. C. carnosus,
Heyne ms.; Nees i.e. C. amoyensis, Hance in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser.5, v-
249. C. Heynei, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 600. C. carnosus and spadiceus,
Herb. Heyne; Wall. Cat. 8355, A.

BENGAL to CeyLon and StnaaPorz; mostly near the sea, rarely alt. 0-3000 ft.
in valleys.—DisTR1B. Amoy, Tonkin, Java.

Very like large forms of C. pilosus, but with open inflorescence, distant larger
spikelets, often 1 by 3-4 in., either straw-colour or red-tinged, sometimes high-red.
—Though very closely allied to C. pilosus, it is seldom referred to it, because the

rhachis of spikes is glabrous. From its red colour it has been confounded with
Pycreus puncticulatus, Nees.

Var. 8 lasiorrhachis; axis of spikelets scabrous-pilose.—Chota Nagpore ; alt.
2000 ft., C. B. Clarke.—Perhaps the plant collected by V. Ball in Chota Nagpore ;
ef. C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 151, in note.

iG ats B. Rhachilla of spikelets (usually conspicuously) winged. (Sp.
end.

Cyperus.| OLXXII. oypERacEs. (C. B, Clarke.) 611

Sect. 3. Bulbosi. Stolons slender, soon disappearing, terminating in
tunicated bulbils.—Closely allied to Mariscus Sect. Bulbocaules. (Sp. 40.)

40. G. bulbosus, Vahl Enum. ii. 342; coat of bulbils striated black
splitting into elliptic very acute segments, leaves overtopping stem narrow
flagellate, umbel contracted corymbiform lowest ray somewhat distant
(spikelets nearly as in C. rotundus). Nees in Wight Contrib. 80; Dalz. &
Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 284; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 300; Trimen in Journ. Bot.
xiii. (1884), 358. C.jemenicus, Retz. Obs. iv. 11 (jeminicus) ; Roxb. Fl.
Ind. i. 191; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 175, t. 2, figs. 17, 18
(var. B excl.) and in Journ. Bot. xix. 18, cum fig. (not of Rottd.). C. gemi-
natus, Koenig ms.; Ainslie Mat. Med. Hind. (1813), 250; Moon Cat. Pl.
Ceylon, 6 (not of Schrader). C. oleraceus, Roxb. ms. C. stoloniferus,
Nees in Wight Contrib. 81 (partly, not of Retz.). C. hexastachyus B pen-
dulus, Nees in Wight Contrib. 82 (partly). C. rotundus, Kunth Enum. ii.
51 (partly); Thw. Enum. 343 (partly)—Cyperus, Wall. Cat. 3317, A.

(partly).

Sinp; Stocks, &c. ALIGURH; Duthie (n. 7670). The Deccan PENINSULA
and Ceyzon.—Diste1s. Trop. Afric., As. and Austral.

Glabrous. Stolons 1-24 in., thread-like ; bulbils ovoid-conic, at first $ in., white,
edible, ultimately larger with thick black coat. Stems 4-12 in., slender. Leaves
numerous, subbasal, up to 2 in. broad, tip long-caudate. Umdel sometimes evolute,
rays up to 2 in., usually contracted 1-1} in, in diam. interruptedly subcorymbose ;
bracts overtopping inflorescence, similar to leaves. Spikelets 3-20 reddish, up to
& by iy in., 8-26-fid. ; wings of rhachilla elliptic, persistent. Glumes boat-shaped,
ovate, obtuse, 1l-nerved. Stamens 3; anthers linear, muticous, Nut obovoid,
obtuse, triquetrous, black, hardly 4 glume; style shorter than nut, branches linear,
somewhat long.—In the absence of roots this species can generally be discerned by
the imperfection of the umbel i.e. lowest bract with its ray a little distant.

Sect. 4. Brevefoliati. Tall. Stolons long, hardening into creeping
rhizomes. Leaves short, rarely } length of stem, Glumes approximate,

closely imbricate. (Sp. 41-44.)

Al, ©. articulatus, Linn. Sp. Pl. 66; stem robust terete, leaves
hardly any, umbel compound of many spikes, bracts very short acute scale-
like, spikes linear many-fid, nut oblong-ellipsoid 3 length of glume
Kunth Enum. ii. 53; Nees in Wight Contrib. 80; Thw. Enum. 343 ; Boeck.
in Linnea, xxxvi. 274; O. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn, Soc. xx. 291, and xxi.
155. ©. nudus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 187 (not 209, nor H. B. § K.). C. gymnos.
Roem. & Sch. Syst. ii., Mant. 97. C. diphyllos, Benth. Fl. Austral. vil.
279 (chiefly, not Retz) —Cyperus, Wall. Cat. 3364.

Bencat to CeyLon.—Distzis. All warm regions.

Glabrous. Stolons }-2 in. diam., clothed by ovate-lanceolate striate brown-
black scales 2 in. long. Stems 3-6 ft., often 2-4 in. apart on the thick woody
rhizome, at top 3-3 in. in diam., terete or scarcely trigonous, when dry usually
with false nodes } in, apart; upper sheaths usually terminated by a subspathaceous
lanceolate-colrd. limb, rarely by a small green leaf. Umbel rays often 10, up to
2-6 in.; bracts }-2 in., ovate, striate, subturgid at base hardly keeled, concave,
margins not reflexed. Spikelets 5-15 together, shortly spicate, 3~1% by ,’5 in., 12-
50-fid., straw-colrd., afterwards dusky. Glumes even in fruit imbricate, ovate,
obtuse, concave, scarcely keeled, obscurely 3-5-nerved on back; wings of rhachilla
oblong or elliptic, scarious, ultimately deciduous. Stamens 3 ; anthers linear-oblong,
muticous. Wut trigonous, acute at either end, black ; style shorter than nut ;

branches linear, shortly exsert.
Rr2

612 CLXXII, OYPERACER, (C. B. Clarke.) [ Cyperus.

42. G. tegetiformis, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 6, and Ic. ined. t. 1321;
leaves hardly any, stem trigonous at top often triquetrous not (or ob-
scurely) transversely septate, bracts short (rarely 3 length of umbel) lowest
green (not ovate at base) with margins recurved in dried examples (other-
wise as QO. articulatus). Wall. Cat, 3351 B (partly); Kunth Enum. i. 56;
Arn, in Wight Contrib. 89, in note; C. B. Clarke in Journ, Linn. Soe. xxi.
157. O.nudus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 209, not 187 nor H. B. K. C. benga-
lensis, C'. Spreng. New. Entd. iti. 101. OC. Gula-Methi, Roem. & Sch. Syst.
ii. Mant. 125. ©. corymbosus, Ic. Madras, Wall. Cat. 3351 (largely).—
Cyperus sp. n. 40, Hf. & T. Th. Herb. Ind. Or. (Chittagong example).

Ben@at and Assam, Mapras and BunpeLcunD.—Distrig. China, Japan.

This has been confused with C. malaccensis, Lam., which differs by the very
narrow wing to rhachilla of spikelets, by the loosely imbricated concave subinflated
glumes, and by the apex of stem 3-winged.

43. ©. corymbosus, Rottb. Descr. et Ic. 42, t. 7, fig. 4; stem at top
obscurely trigonous, uppermost leaf short or 0, bracts 3-3 length of umbel
or sometimes overtopping it, spikelets ferruginous or reddish (otherwise
as (. tegetiformis). Thw. Enum. 344; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc.
xxi. 158. C. diphyllus, Retz Obs. v.11; Kunth Enum. ii. 54; Boeck. in
Linnea, xxxvi. 272. O. Koenigii, Vahl Enum. ii. 302; Kunth l.c. C.
monophyllus, Vahl l.c. ii. 352 (fide Nees). C. seminudus, Road, Fi.
Ind. i. 187; Nees in Wight Contrib. 80; Kunth 1. c. 55 (not of Moritz.). ©.
enodis, Boeck. 1.c. 271. Papyrus Pangorei, Nees J. c. 88 (partly).—Fim-
bristylis, Wall. Cat. 3525 EH.

From Koumaon, Wallich, to Assam, Burma, CEYLON.—DistR1B. As., Afric.,
and Amer.

Stems 2-3 ft., when dry often more or less transversely septate. Uppermost
leaf in the type example of Retz, nearly 6 in. long. Bracts leaf-like, green, not
ovate at base, keeled, with margins recurved in the dry state, in the type of C.
diphylla, Retz, much overtopping the inflorescence.

Var. 8 Pangorei, C. B. Clarke, 1. c. 292, 159; spikelets 1 in. 18-36-fd. C.
Pangorei, Rottb. l.c. 31, t. 7, fig. 3; Kunth l.c.57. C. corymbosus var. macros-
tachya, Boeck, l. c. 277 (cf. Steud. Syn. Cyp. 31, note to C. corymbosus).—Decean
Peninsula, Wall. Cat. 3351 C, &c. (Herb. Kew).—Madagasc.

44. C. seariosus, Br. Prodr. 216; stolons slender, stems long slender
at top triquetrous, umbel slender contracted, spikelets linear pale straw-
colour (very like those of C. tegetiformis). C.B. Clarke in Journ. Linn.
Soc. xxi. 159. C. pertenuis, Roxb. Fl. Ind.i.198; Nees in Wight Contrib.
83. C. rotundus, Thw. Enum. 348 (partly); Boeck. ms. partly, not of
Tinn.

Beneat; Soondreebun, C. B. Clarke, common. Prev, Kurz ms., 683, 684
(Herb. Calcutta).—Distriz. Australia.

Glabrous. Stolons 3-2 by +4; in., clothed by elliptic acute lax striate concolorous
scales 3 in. long. Stems 16-86 in., at top 3, in-in diam. Leaves (in the Indian
as in Brown’s examples) variable, usually short (less than + stem), sometimes much
longer, sometimes 0, narrow, weak. Umbel thin; rays slender, sometimes up to
3 in. long, sometimes not 4 in.; bracts nearly always as the leaves, i.e. hardly any
when leaves short, exceeding inflorescence when leaves longish.— Nt very near C,
eae i differs little from O. tegetiformis, but in the extreme slenderness of stem
and umbel.

Sect. 5. Subimbricate. Tall. Rhizome very short, woody ; stolons 0,
i.e. lateral shoots from base of stem immediately ascending. Glumes

Cyperus.] cLxxn. oyperacesz. (C. B. Clarke.) 613

scarcely imbricate in fruit (in this differing from the Brevefoliate and
Rotunde). (Sp. 45-47.)

45. C. macer, C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn, Soc. xxi. 160; stems long
slender, leaves few short, umbel loose irregular slender, spikelets linear
8-16-fld., glumes obtuse, nut obovoid 1-8 length of glume.

On rocks in rivers. Peau, Kurz, u. 671. Cartragona, 0. B. Clarke. CENTRAL
Inp1a; Duthie, n. 9837.

Glabrous. Stems 2-3 ft., at top very slender triquetrous. Leaves inconspicuous,
uppermost 4-6 (rarely 8-10) in. long, erect, narrow. Umbel rays 3-6, slender,
2-4 in. long, sometimes again divided; bracts 4-2 in., leaf-like. Spikelets 4 by
3; in.; wings of rhachilla narrow-oblong, hyaline, disappearing. Glumes somewhat
remote, in fruit not imbricate, ovate-oblong, 3-5-nerved, back green, sides brown
nerveless. Stamens 3; anthers linear-oblong muticous. Nut trigonous, ashy-black ;
style shorter than nut ; branches linear, long.—Somewhat nasois bling slender forms
of C. tegetum, but the narrow evanescent wing of rhacheola would remove it out of
the present series altogether.

46. ©. tegetum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 208; stem robust at top trigonous
or triquetrous, leaves usually short or 0 (sometimes pretty long), umbel
compound or decompound usually large, spikelets shortly spicate linear
many-fid. often coloured, wings of rhachilla strong caducous, glumes some-
what remote in fruit obliquely spreading, nut oblong-obovoid 3 length of
glume. Wall. Cat. 3332 A, 3352 mainly; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Ininn.
Soc. xxi. 160 (excl. syn. C. Schimperianus, and African plants), and xxv.
81. C. corymbosus, Konig ms.; Rottl. in Neu. Schr. Gesell. Freunde,
Berlin, iv. 219 in Obs.; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 276 (mostly) ; Duthie in
EB. T. Atkinson, Gaz. x. 620 (not of Rottb.). C. dehiscens, Mees in Linnea,
ix. 286; Kunth Enwm. ii. 56 (excl. syn. Roxb.); Trimen Cat. Pl. Ceylon,
100. C. Paugorei (¢.e. Pangorei), Wight ms.; Thw. Enum. 344 (not of
Rottb.). C. tegetiformis, W. Wats. in T. EB. Atkinson Gaz. x. (1876) 393
(not of Rowbd.). C. Pangorei & C, subulatus, Herb. Heyne; Wall. Cat.
3330. Papyrus dehiscens, Nees in. Wight Contrib. 89. P. Pangorei, Nees
le. 88 (mostly). BP. corymbosus, Nees fc. 89 (excl. syn. Rottd.).

Throughout Inp1a, alt. 0-6000 ft., from Kasumir to CeyLon and Burma.—
Disrris. Cult. in Mauritius (C, teatilés, Bojer),

Glabrous. Rhizome horizontal, stout, woody. Stems 3 ft. Leaves uppermost
usually 4-8 by 4 in.; often 0, occasionally 16 in. Umbel usually 4-12 in. in diam. ;
umbellules corymbose, spikes numerous. Spikelets 3 by 25 in., 10-20-fld., usually
fine-brown or reddish. Glumes elliptic-oblong obtuse, 3—-5-nerved, scarcely keeled.
Wings of rhacheola ovate, acute, finally yellow or red-brown separating by a clean
cut. Stamens, nut, and style much as in C. macer.

Var. 8 ambigua, C. B. Clarke 1. v. (1884) 162; spikelets 1} in., glumes 3 in.,
wings of rhacheola narrow hardly separating. Madras Peninsula, Wallich, n.
3329 F, in Herb. Kew (not Herb. propr.), and one of the two examples of n. 3330, in
herb. propr.

47. C. Zollingeri, Steud. in Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. ii. (1854) 62,
and Syn. Cyp. 17; culm elongate, leaves long narrow, umbel compound
with long slender rays or sometimes reduced to 1 head, spikelets spicate
long-linear yellow, glumes somewhat remote large, nut obovoid black
Zlength of glume. Boeck. in Linnwa, xxxvi. 352, C. compressus, var.
Thw. Enum, 342. C. rotundus, Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 260, 600. C.
rotundus, var. carinalis, Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 280. C. tenuiculmis,
Boeck. 1. c. 286 (not of Flora, |xii. 554). C. Wightii, Hance in Journ, Bot.

614 CLXx1. oyprRacERS. (C. B. Clarke.) [ Cyperus.

xvi. 14 (not of Nees). C.lucidulus, C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi.
99, and xxv. 80 (not of Klein, except by mixture)—Cyperus, Wall. Cat.
3321, 3367.

Throughout moist Inpra, alt. 500-5000 ft., plentiful, from Nepan, Wallich,
and Assam, Griffith, to CrYLoN, Thwaites, and Mataccs, Griffith.—DisTRI1B. Trop.
As., Afric., and Austral. : ;

Glabrous. Rhizome short, horizontal, woody. Stems solitary but not distant,
of 14-3 ft. (small examples under a foot occur), slender for their length, triquetrous,
Leaves 2 stem, 2 in. broad. Umbel in well-developed examples large, straggling,
rays 4-10 up to 9 in. with radioles of secondary umbels up to 3 in., but small 1-
headed examples are frequent, with all intermediate forms; bracts as long as umbel
or greatly overtopping it. Spikes large, open, rhachis glabrous. Spikelets 3-16,
often 1 by 2 in, 20-fld., compressed. Glumes boat-shaped, ovate, obtuse, 7-11-
nerved, in fruit scarcely imbricated ; rhachilla slender, in fruit flexuose, wings oblong
hyaline separating. Stamens 3; anthers linear-oblong, muticous. Wut triquetrous,
obtuse ; style shorter than nut, slender; branches linear, slender.

Sect. 6. Rotundi. Tall or medium plants, stoloniferous or rhizome
woody. Leaves and bracts long. Rhachilla of spikelets winged. Glumes
closely imbricated. (Sp. 48-55.)

48. C. longus, Linn. Sp. Pl. 67; rhizome somewhat thick creeping,
stem rather robust at top subacutely trigonous, at base oblique or decum-
bent not nodosely thickened nor suddenly contracted into a wiry rhizome,
spikelets shortly spicate linear-oblong 6-16-fld., nut ellipsoid 4-4 length of
glume. Kunth Enum. ii. 60; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 279, var. a; Botss.

Fl. Orient. v. 375, vars. 8, y; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 164,
excl. vars. 8, y.

Quetta, Hamilton, Mr. ABoo, G. King.—DIste1z. Westward to the Atlantic.
Glabrous. Rhizome 2,-} in. in diam., clothed by loose ovate triangular striated
brown scales. Stems 1-3 ft. Leaves 4-% stem, 4+ in. broad. Umbel rays 3-10,
1-10 in. long. Spikelets 4 by +; in., slightly compressed, greenish ferruginous or
chestnut-red. Glumes ovate, obtuse, hardly keeled , 5-7-nerved, back green, margins
narrowly scarious. Stamens 3; anthers linear-oblong, muticous or scarcely api-
culate. Wings of rhacheola elliptic, hyaline, persistent. Wut trigonous, black ;
style shorter than nut, branches linear shortly exsert.—Var. tenuiflora, Boeck., the

ee ai Mediterranean form is not Indian, and is scarcely included in the above
escription.

49. ©. stenostachyus, Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 280; tall, stolons
long with distant bulbous thickenings, umbel compound compact, spikelets
densely spicate suberect (otherwise nearly as C. longus).—Australia.

Stolons long, =, in. in diam.
bulbose. Lowest dract 12
esteemed a var. of C. long
bent, passing into the root
spreading.

Stems 24 ft., triquetrous, at base erect somewhat
-16 in., as though a continuation of stem.—This might be
us (as by Boeckeler), which has the stem at base decum-
without a bulbose thickening, and the spikelets rectangular

Var. B indica ; lowest bract suberect very long, spikelets ferruginous brown. C.
longus, Linn., var. gracilis, Boeck, in Linnea, xxxvi. 281. C. denudatus, Heyne, in
Wall. Cat. 3849, 3329, F.—Drccan PENINSULA, Wallich.

50. CG. rotundus, Linn. Sp. Pl. 67 (not Linn. Herb.); stem at base
nodosely thickened suddenly constricted into a wiry rhizome (otherwise
nearly as C. longus). Roxb. Hort. Beng. 5, and Fl. Ind. i. 197; Kunth
Enum. ii. 58 (excl. C. bulbosus, Vahl, and others); Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi.

Cyperus. | CLEXM. cypERACES. (C. B. Clarke.) 615

283 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. F1.283; Thw. Enum. 848, partly; C. B. Clarke
in Jowrn. Linn, Soc. xx. 292, and xxi. 167; Aiich. & Hems. in Trans. Linn.
Soc. ser. 2, Bot. iti. 121. CO. hexastachyus, Rott. Descr. et Ic. 28, t. 14,
fig.2; Nees in Wight Contrib. 81 (partly). C. leptostachyus, Griff. Itin.
Notes, 321 (not of Nees). C. tenuiflorus, Royle Ill. 412 (not Rottb.).—
Cyperus, Wall. Cut. 3317 A (partly), 3322, 3353, 3373. C. albidus, Herd.
Heyne; Wall. Cat. 3356; Rumph. Herb, Amb. vi. 1, t. 1.

Inp14, alt, 0-6000 ft., a pestiferous weed.—Disrris. All warm regions.

Glabrous. Stolons slender, up to 4-8 in., hardening into wiry roots, thickened
into black woody ovoid tubers 4-1 in. in diam., not (or very obscurely) zoned.
Stems subsolitary, 4-32 in., at top triquetrous. Leaves long, often overtopping stem,
3-4 in. broad. Umbel frequently compound, primary rays 2-8 in., spikes loosely
spicate of 3-8 spikelets; but umbel sometimes large, sometimes reduced to 1 head
and (in a common Calcutta form) to 1 spikelet. Spikelets in flower or fruit un-
distinguishable from C. longus.

Var. B centiflora, C. B. Clarke in Journ, Linn. Soc. xxi. 171; spikelets elongate
many-fid. often curved or twisted. Moneuyr, Wall. Cat. 3373 (right-hand
example). The Deccan, G. Thomson, u. 258.—In this (n. 258) the spikelets are
32 in., with 118 flowers, but all forms intermediate between this and C. rotundus
occur.

51. C. stoloniferus, Retz Obs. iv. 10; rhizome woody long-creeping,
stems at top trigonous at base nodose, umbel simple contracted or sub-
capitate, spikelets terete shortly spicate, glumes close-packed concave
obtuse, style-branches 3 long, nut obovoid unequally trigonous somewhat
curved. Nees in Wight Contrib. 81; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 489 (excl.
syn. CO. tuberosus and var. 8); C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 286,
and xxi. 172. OC. littoralis, Br. Prodr. 216. C. tuberosus, Bojer. Hort.
Maurit. 879; Kunth Enum. ii. 50; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 283. C.
rotundus, part, Kunth l. c.59. C. bulboso-stoloniferus, Steud. in Zoll. Verz.
Ind. Archip. ii. 62, and Syn. Cyp. 18. C. conjunctus, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 18.
C. lamprocarpus, Boeck. 1. c. 490. C. juncifolius, Klein ms.; Wail. Cat.
3315, A. CO. Jemenicus, Heyne; Wall. Cat. 3315, B. C. arenarius, Hance
ms.—Cyperus, Wall. Cat. 3309, mixed.

Shores of Inp1A, especially in sea sand; from Sind to Ceylon, Coromandel, and
the Malay Peninsula.—Nilghiri Mts., Foulkes, Disreis. Mauritius, China, Malaya,
Australia.

Stolons long, hardening into the creeping rhizome, not producing tunicated
buibils. Stems 4-8in. Umbel rays 0-1 in.; bracts usually 3, varying in length as
do the leaves. Spikelets 3 by ,3; in., 8-20-fid.; glumes more closely packed than in
C. rotundus, their margins often glistening hyaline.

52. CG. Fenzelianus, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 33; tall, stolons long
thickish, leaves and bracts elongate, umbel large compound, spikelets
(young and old) straw-colour (otherwise as C. longus or large C. rotundus).
Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 297. C. pallescens, Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 375 (not
of Desfont). C. ochreoides, Steud. I. v.84. C. tenuiflorus, Balfour Socotra,
305 (not of Rottb.). C. longus var. pallida, Boeck. 0. c. 280 (eacl. C. mitis,
not of Boiss.). C. longus, vars. 8 pallescens and ¢ elongata (partly),
C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 165, 166. ©. rotundus, Boeck. in
Flora, 1xii. 554,

Mapras ; Chingapuna, G. Thomson, n. 383.—DisTRIB. Westwd. to N. Africa.

Stems 2-8 ft., robust, at base somewhat nodose then suddenly narrowed into
acreeping rhizome 5-4 in. diam. Leaves often nearly as long as stems, } in. broad,

616 CLXxI. oyPeRacEa. (C. B. Clarke.) [Cyper

fleshy sometimes almost spongy, when dry convolute.—Habit and general aspect of
C. longus, but the root of large states of C. rotwndus. Schweinfurth, who has
studied this whole series of species alive, doubts if any line can be drawn between C.
longus and C. rotundus,

53. ©. subcapitatus, C. B. Clarke; stems and leaves long slender,
umbel as though lateral of 24 spikelets contracted or subcapitate, lowest
bract long narrow as though a continuation of the stem (otherwise nearly
as O. rotundus). ©. polystachyus, Rottb. Descr. e¢ Ic. 39, t. 11, fig. 1?
—Cyperus, Wight in Wall. Cat. n. 3316.

Deccan Peninsuta; Wallich. Nin@uiri Hiuts; alt. 2000 ft., Gamble.

Stem 20 in., at top less than 3 in. in diam., at base oblique nodosely thickened
then abruptly contracted into a long slender rhizome. eaves somewhat shorter
than stem, g-i in. broad. Umbel rays 0-4 in. Spikelets slender, ferruginous-
brown.

54. CG. tuberosus, Roitb. Descr. et Ic. 28, t. 7, fig. 1, fide Boeck. ;
stolons elongate rather slender, stem tall at base bulbous woody, umbel
evolute rays slender (in form OC. tenuiflorus, sp. Roxb., very slender),
spikelets linear (in form C. tenuiflor. very slender), glumes in fruit
not closely imbricated (otherwise as (C. rotundus), Roxb. Hort. Beng. 5
& Fl. Ind.i.199; Kunth Enum, ii. 50 (in small part); Boeck. in Linnea,
xxxvi. 285 (ewel. the Cape plants and descrip. of nut). C. Pangorei, Retz.
Obs. iv. 10 (not of Rotib. or Roxb.). C. lucidulus, Klein; Link. Jahrb. iii.
86 (not of C. B. Clarke). CO. rotundus, Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 279
(chiefly). OC. rotundus (tenuiflora) Thw. Enum. 343. C. rotundus, var.
procerula, C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 172 (in great part). C.
rotundus, var. acuta, Boeck. 7. v. 230. C. tenuiflorus, Roxb. 1. c. 199; Nees
in Wight Contrib. 82 (Indian plant); Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 284; W.
Wats. in E. T. Atkinson Gaz. x. (1876), 393; Trimen in Journ. Bot. xxiii.
140; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. (1883), 193 and xxi. 174 (not
Rott. or Boeck.). C. procerulus, Nees in Wight Contrib. 82; Kunth
Enum. ii. 51, C. Retzii, Nees l.c.; Kunth le. 73; Thw. Enum. 343.
C. hexastachyus, Wees I.c. (partly). C. Roestelii, Kunth lc. 58. C.
pertenuis, Bojer Hort. Maurit. 379 (not Roxb.). OC. longus, Baker FI.
Maurit. 411. _C. mitis, Steud. Cyp. 316 (cf. Boeck. in Flora, 1859, p. 447).
C. procerus, Herb. Rowb.; Wall. Cat. 3329, A.

CEYLON; Thwaites, nn. 3750, 3966, Deccan Peninsula; Wallich, Wight.
ee hot Wallich, Grifith (Kew Distrib. n, 6141).—Distris. Mauritius,
Austral.

Equal in size to the large forms of C. rotundus, but has slenderer rays and
spikelets. It is C. ¢uberosus of herbs of Kenig, Rottler and Roxburgh ; the figure of
Rottboel (tuberosus) does not agree very well; but, as it is satistactory to Boeckeler,
and as it is Leis es identify an old picture without analyses, it saves complica-
tion to accept his identification, rather than to separate farther the 0. tub
Rottler (and others) trom that of Rottboell. : : Soar

55. C. esculentus, Linn. Sp. Pl. 67; stem at base erect, stolons
lateral long very slender bearing tubers, leaves and bracts long, spikelets
yellow or yellow-brown, glumes over nearly their whole breadth plicate-
striate (otherwise as C. rotundus). Kunth Enum. ii. 61; Boeck. in Linnsea
xxxvi. 287; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 298 and wx 178. C
Tenorii, Pres/.; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. viii. 82, t. 281, fig. 670. O. pumilus
and C. jeminicus, Herb. Heyne; Wall. Cat. 3354. ate

Cyperus. | OLXXII, orppracesz. (C. B, Clarke.) 617

From the Punsaz, 7. Thomson, to NineHirt Mrs., Hohenacker, scattered, not
common.—-Disrris. 8. Europe, Afric, Americ. ,
Stolons exceedingly slender, with small pale scales, often disappearing after the
tubers are formed; tubers (ripe) woody, more regularly zoned than those of OC.
rotundus. Glumes in fruit slightly rigid, so that they are less closely imbricated
(than in C. rotundus) the spikelets more turgid.—So close to C. rotundus that it is
much mixed with it in many herbaria. | -

Sect. 7. Exatratt. Tall. Stolons0. Leaves and bracts long., Umbel
large compound, spikes and spikelets many. Rhachilla of spikelets con-
spicuously winged. Anthers apiculate, not rarely crested. Style (with
its 3 branches) ‘small. Nut small, ashy black. (Sp. 56-61.) 3

56. ©. radiatus, Vahl Hum. ii. 369; spikes digitate scarcely
peduncled long-cylindric dense, spikelets linear 12-30-fid., glumes (even
in fruit) closely imbricate, wings of rhachilla oblong persistent, anthers
short-oblong not crested, Kunth Enum. ii. 71; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi.
317; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn, Soe. xxi.185. C. involucratus, Poir. in
Lam, Eneye. vii. 253. C, verticillatus, Rowb. Fl. Ind.i.206; Kunth l.c.71;5
Nees in Wight Contrib. 87. C. digitatus, Nees J..c. 85 (not Rowd.). C.
Roylei, Arn. in Wight Contrib. 85 (in note); Kunth 1. c. 100. C. obscurus,
Nees in Hook. Kew Journ. vi. 27. Cyperus, Wall. Cat. 3345. ‘

From Agra, Munro to Penana, Curtis; plentiful in Bengal.—DistrRis. As.,
Afric., Amer. oy Stee” a

Glabrous. Stems 1-3 ft. Leaves often % stem, }‘in. broad. OUmbel simple or
compound ; spikes 1 by 3 in., very dense: Spikeléts, commonly 3~ by 34 in., usually
dull-colrd., not bright yellow or red-brown. Glumes broad ovate, keeled, obtuse,
3-5-nerved on back, muticous ‘or sometimes mucronate. Nut ovoid, 2—} length of
glume ; style 4 as long as uut, branches 3 linear small.

57. G. exaltatus, Retz Obs. v. 11; spikes (some) peduncled long-
cylindric, spikelets very many (not. tightly crowded) linear 8-20-fid., glumes
(even in fruit) closely imbricate, wings of .rhachilla oblong persistent,
anthers oblong not crested, Kunth Enum. ii. 70; Nees in Wight Contrib.
84 (excl. C. fastigiatus); Thw. Enum. 343;' Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 319;
GC. B. Clarke in Journ, Linn. Soc. xxi. 186 (incl. var. 8 ameena.) C. odoratus,
Burm. Fl. Ind. 20, t. 8, fig. 2 (not Linn.). O.venustus, Br. Prodr. 217;
Kunth 1. c. 68 (partly); Thw. Enum. 432. C. umbellatus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i.
205; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 284; Arn. in Wight Contrib. 85 in Obs.
(not Benth.).’ C. alopecuroides, Rowb. 1. c. 208. CO. acerosus, Roxb. ms.;
Arn, 1.c. 84 (in note). C. oryzeticola, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 37. C. race-
mosus, Heyne, ms.; Boeck. in’ Flora, \xii. 555 (not Boeck. in Linnea,
xxxvi. 310). C. parviflorus, Heyne, ms., Wall. Cat. n, 3343, B. (cf. Kunth
Enum. ii. 115, not of Nees). Papyrus venustus, Schrader in Mart. Fl.
Bras. ii. (part‘i.) 59 in note. C. maximus, elatus, parviflorus, extensus,
spicatus, Herb. Heyne; Wall. Cat. 3343. C. verticillatus, Herb. Wight &
Herb. Ham., Wail. Cat. 3343, H, I.—Cyperus, Wall. Cat. 3327, 3828,

From the Punsap to Assam and CryLon; common.—Distais. Trop. and
subtrop. regions.

Stem 3-6 ft.— Hardly to be distinguished from large forms of C. radiatus, but by
the less dense spikes. Spikelets often brightly coloured. vaste

Var. 6 dives, C. B. Clarke ].c. 187; umbel divaricate rigid, ripe spikelets rigid
hard spreading at right angles somewhat turgid, style 3-fid. C. dives, Delile Fl.
Egypt, 5, t.4, fig.3; Kunth Enum. ii. 71; C. B. Clarke l.v. 298. °C. alopecuroides,
Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 322.—N. India ; from Sind, Pinwill to Chittagong, J. D.
Hooker.—Africa, .

618 orxxu. oypERacez. (C. B, Clarke.) [ Cyperus.

58. G. Oatesii, OC. B. Clarke; umbel large compound, spikes (at
least some) peduncled cylindric, spikelets very many distant linear 14-fid.,
glumes obtuse white-edged slightly inflated incurved not tightly imbricated,
wings of rhachilla linear yellow soon separating, anthers oblong not
crested, nut small yet nearly 2 length of glume. C. exaltatus, var. Oatesii,
C. B. Clarke in Jowrn. Linn. Soc. xxi. 188.

Burma; Thyat Myo, Oates. f :

Very like slenderer forms of C. ezaltatus, but differing especially in the very
narrowly lanceolate yellow deciduous wings of the rhachilla.

59. ©. digitatus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 205; stem tall at top triquetrous,
umbel large compound rays divaricate, spikes cylindric, spikelets very
many linear 6—40-fld., wings of rhachilla lanceolate yellow soon deciduous,
anthers linear-oblong scarcely crested, nut oblong-obovoid 4 length of
glume. C.auricomus, Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 286; OC. B. Clarke in Journ.
Linn. Soc. xxi. 188 (partly, scarcely of Sieber). CO. venustus, Nees in Wight
Contrib. 86 (descr. erroneous); Kunth Enum. ii. 68 (chiefly); Boeck. in
Linnea, xxxvi. 316 (partly) (not Br.). C. Neesii, Kunth t.c. 101 (eel. syn.
DTinn.).; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 315; Trimen in Journ. Bot. xxiii. 140.
C. racemosus, Retz (PP) (fd Arn. in Wight Contrib. 85 in Obs. C. quin-
queflorus, Steud. (Herb. propr.) Syn. Cyp. 37 (partly). C. tuberiferus,
Schrad.; Steud. l.c. 41. Papyrus venustus, Nees in Linnea, x. 138.—
Mariscus, Wall. Cat. 3429, 3438,

From the PungaB to Assam, CrYLon, and Prnane.—DIstBIB. Tropics.

Glabrous (even the rhachis of spikes). Stem 14-4} ft. Leaves often as long as
stem, 3-2 in. broad. Umbel 8-24 in. in diam.; bracts usually longer than umbel.
Secondary wmbels usually conspicuously bracteoled; spikes corymbose, shortly
peduncled. Spikelets often 3-4 by 35-4 in., very variable in size, yellow golden
rufous or brown. Glumes boat-shaped, ovate, scarcely mucronate.—The African
C. auricomus, Sieber, with which this was united by Bentham, is very closely allied,
but differs by the stem sub-3-winged at top, the irregular umbel and other small
points.

Var. 6 Hookeri (sp.) Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 308; spikelets somewhat broader
rigid very densely spicate ultimately bright brown, nut a little more acuminate at
top. C. Neesii, Thw. Enum. 344; CO. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi. 189 in
Obs. (scarcely of Kunth). C. auricomus, var. khasiana, C. B. Olarke J. c. 188 and
81. Papyrus elatus, Nees in Wight Contrib. 88 (not Cyperus elatus, Linn.).—From
the Khasia Hills, alt. 4000 ft., to Ceylon.

60. C. elatus, Linn. Sp. Pl. 67; tall, leaves and bracts long, broad,
umbel large compound, spikes narrow cylindric dense with brown suberect
spikelets, spikelets linear 14-fld., wings of rhachilla lanceolate yellow
caducous, anthers narrow oblong, crest 3-4 length of anthers, nut 3-2
length of glume. C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi, 189. C. race-
mosus, Retz Obs. vi. 20? ; Nees in Wight Contrib. 85 ; Kunth Enum. ii. 100;
Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 310.—Cyperus, Wall. Cat. 3341, A.

Deccan PeninsuLa; Wight. Punane; Wallich.—Dtstr1s. Malaya.

Stem 8-4 ft. Leaves nearly as long, $ in. broad. Primary rays of umbel 6 in.

Var.? macronua, C. B. Clarke 1c. 190; larger, with still larger umbel, nut
nearly as long as glume.—Bengal; Comilla, C. B. Clarke.—Leaves 4 in. broad,
two lateral nerves above strongly marked, keel beneath scabrous cutting. Primary
rays of umbel 10 in.

61. C. platyphyllus, Roem. & Sch. Syst. ii. 876 ; very large, leaves

Cyperus. | OLXXI. OYPHRACES. (C. B, Clarke.) - 619

and bracts very long broad, umbel very large, spikes long linear-cylindric,
spikelets linear subterete suberect dirty straw-colour, wings of rhacheola
broad-lanceolate yellow separating, crest of anthers }-2 length of cells.
C. B. Clarke in Journ, Innn. Soc. xxi.190. OC. elatus, Rowb. Fl. Ind. i.
204 (not of Linn.). C. maximus, Roxb. ms. C. fastigiatus, Rotil. in Neu.
Schr. Gesell. Freunde Berlin, iv. 210 (not of Rottb.). C. eminens, Klein,
ms.; Kunth Enum. ii. 70; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 312. C. Roxburghii,
Nees in Wight Contrib. 84; Kunth l.c. 99; Thw. Enum. 843. Papyrus
err | Willd. in Abhandl. Akad. Berol. (1816), -74.—Cyperus, Wail.
at. 3341, B.

Decoan PENINSULA ; Rottler, &c. CEYLON; Thwaites (n. 3041).

Stem 6 ft., sometimes more, at top triquetrous, scabrous, angles cutting. Leaves
often 1 in. broad, two lateral nerves prominent above, whiteish underneath, often
scabrous on keel. Primary rays of wmbel 8-10 in. Spikes 4 in.

RESIDUARY SPECIES.

C. BRUNNESCENS, Boeck. Cyp. Nov. ii. 3; robust, wholly brown-fuscous, umbel
simple 6-8 in. diam., spikelets oblong obtuse, glumes 8-10-striate with recurved
mucro, style very slender deeply 3-fid. Singapore; Voight.

C. cononarius, Kunth Enum.ii. 44. (Scirpus coronarius, Vahl Enum. ii. 261.
Isolepis coronaria, Roem. & Sch. Syst. ii. 118.) Bengal. Style trifid, Kunth; bifid,
Vahl, ‘‘ Resembles Kyllingia monocephale” Vahl.

C. cyzinpEicts, Boeck. in Flora, xlii. 487 bis—lInp. OrtznT. “ Very like C.
Wallichianus, Spreng.,”’ Boeckeler. But C. Wallichianus, Spreng. has been in-
serutable to botanists (see Kunth Enum. ii. 98) nor is it known where Boeckeler has
elucidated it.

C. inpicus, Boeck. Cyp. Nov. i. 6 (not of Persoon) ; 2 ft., umbel compound 6
in. diam., spikes dense cylindric, style deeply 3-fid, rhacheola narrowly winged.—
Himalaya ; Bulwascher Valley, alt. 2000 ft., and Jubbulpore, alt. 1000 ft., O. Kuntze
(“Near Cyp. chilensis,”’ Boeck.).

C. pusintus, Vahl Enum. ii. 303, ie. C. pygmaus, Retz. Obs. iv. 9.—
Tranquebar.

C. niaipuLus, Vahl Enum, ii. 342.—Ind. Orient.

C. sEti¥oLius, Don Prodr. 38.—Nepaul.

C. sPponaioso-vaGINnAtus, Boeck. Cyp. Nov. i. 6; tall, umbel compound, spike-
lets loosely spicate, wings of rhachilla linear-oblong cuspidate yellow soon separating.
—Brneat; O. Kuntze.—Perhaps C. digitatus or C. Oatesiz.

C. TENER, Vahl Enwm. ii. 299.—Ind. Orient.—‘‘ Isolepidis sp. 2.’? Kunth,

C. tRisuLcus, Don Prodr. 39.—Nepaul.
C. UMBELLATUS, Burm. Fi. Ind. 21, t. 9, fig. 1. (not Rowb.).—Perhaps
grass.

C. WanticHianus, Spreng. Syst. Cur. Post, 28 (C. pulcher, Don Prodr. 38).—
Nepaul.

5. MARISCUS, ahi.

Leaves and bracts grass-like. Glumes persistent, 2 lowest empty, 1-12
suceeeding bisexual nut-bearing; rhacheola disarticulating above the 2
lowest empty glumes leaving a knob.—Otherwise as Cyperus.—Sp. 160,
warm. regions.

Subg. I. Buizocavuis. Base of stem oblong thickened by the turgid
membranous coloured sheaths. (Sp. 1-2.)

620 cuxxu. oyprRaczz. (C. B, Clarke.) [Mariseus.

_ 1, M. Dregeanus, Kunth Enum. ii. 120; stolons 0, umbel contracted
into 1 very dense ovoid head, spikelets ovoid bearing 2-6 nuts. M. irro-
ratus, Wees in Hook. Kew Journ. vi. 28. M. kyilingiesformis, Boeck. m
Flora, xlii. 448, 496 (style wrongly 2-fid.). Cyperus dubius, Rottl. in Neu
Schr. Gesell. Freunde Berlin, iv.193 ; Rowb. Fl. Ind. i. 189. Wall. Cat. 3326 ;
Nees in Wight Contrib. 85; Thw. Enum. 344; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv1. 336
(in small part); C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn, Soc. xx. 285 and xxi. 197 (not
of Rottb.). C. kyllingiwoides, Vahl Enum. ii. 312; Kunth Enum. ii. 94,
C. cruentus, Boeck. 1. c. 338 (not of Roxb.). Scirpus glomeratus, Linn. Sp.
Pl. 32. Schcenus coloratus, var. 8 Linn. Sp. Pl. ed. ui. 64. Sch. niveus,
Linn. Syst. Veget. (ed. xiii.), 81.

Lowzr Brneat; Wallich. S. Deccan; up to 5000 ft.; Rottler, Wight.
Cryton ; Thwaites, C.P. 855, 2942, &c, Mazay Peninsuxa ; from Pegu, SINGAPORE.
Disrris. Afric., Borneo.

Glabrous. Stems 4-16 in., at top triquetrous, rather slender; lowest persistent
as torn fibrils. Leaves often as long as stems, 4,—-} in. broad, weak; sheath dilated,
ferruginous or reddish. Inflorescence } in. in diam. ; bracts 3-5, up to 4-6 in. long,
leaf-like. Spikelets numerous, 1-3 in. long, nearly terete ; nodes of rhachilla short
with elliptic wings. Wutbearing glume ovate, blunt, triangular, 14~19-nerved.
Stamens 3-2; anthers linear-oblong, muticous. wt oblong or somewhat obovoid,
trigonous, ashy black, 2-$ length of glume; style shorter than nut ; branches linear,
somewhat long.—Cyperus dubius, Rottb. Deser. et Ic. 20, t. 4, fig. 5, brought here
by all authors, is a Kyllinga, probably K. brevifolia, Rottb.; the general appearance
of the head will not do for M. Dregeanus ; also in Kyllinga the style is always 2-fid,
in Mariscus always 3-fid. 3

2. IZ. bulbosus, C. B. Clarke (not of Steud.) ; stolons slender, umbel
simple with short rays or subcapitate, spikes cylindric dense pale, spikelets
broad-oblong, bearing] nut. M. pictus, ees in Wight Contrib. 90 (partly).
Kyllinga bulbosa, Kenig ms.; Vahl Enum. ii. 376, in note; Roem. & Sch.
Syst. ii. 247, in Obs. (not of Beauv.).—Mariscus, Wall. Cat. 3435 C (mainly),
Kyllinga, Wall. Cat. 3441 A (partly).

Deccan Prninsuna, Rottler, Heyne; Palavarum to Permacoil, in the hills,
Wight ; N. Canara, Young.

Glabrous. Stems 3-8 in., thickish, trigonous, striate; stolons elongate, j; in.
in diam., clothed by oblong striate pale-brown scales. Leaves as long as stem, 3-
4 in. broad; lower sheaths much inflated, striated, brown. Spikes about 7, on rays
0-} in., up to 2 by Zin. ; bracts 5-7, up to 4-7 in., leaf-like. Spikelets 5-4 in.,
spreading at right angles. Nut-bearing glume ovate, acute, 11-17-striate, straw-
colour. Wut ellipsoid, trigonous, black-chestnut, 2 length of glume.

Subgen. II. Eu-Mariscus. Base of stems not oblong thickened by
much dilated leaf-sheaths (though often shortly nodose). Rhacheola ot
spikelets only breaking up at one node, viz. that above the two lowest
empty glumes.

Sect. 1. Umbellati. Leaves green. Spikelets green or becoming yellow,
bearing 1-2 (very rarely 3) nuts. Lowest glume of spikelet (bracteole of

some) very acute, aristate—[Nearly all are considered by Bentham as
varieties of his Cyp. umbellatus.] (Sp. 3-7.)

_ 38, M. paniceus, Vahl Enum. ii., partly; stolons long slender, umbel
simple, bracts 4-5 long, rays unequal usually short, spikes solitary cylin-
dric dense ebracteate, spikelets small 1-fid., in fruit broad-lanceolate
trigonous curved more or less recurved. Nees in Wight Contrib. 89;

Mariseus.] OLXXII. CYpERACEZ. (C. B. Clarke.) 621

Kunth Enum. ii. 119 (in small part). M. Wallichianus, Kunth lc. 117.
M. Pullu, Steud. Syn. Oyp. 66. ‘Kyllinga panicea, Rottb. Deser. et Ic. 15,
t. 4, fig. 1. Cyperus paniceus, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 381 (fig. of Rottler
only), C. umbellatus, Thw. Enum. 845 (not of Roxb.). OC. umbellatus, var.
anicea, CO. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 296, and xxi. 201.—Mariscus,
all, Cat. 3433, 3435, partly, 3437 B, partly.

From Lower Ben@at to Cryton,—Disrris. Mauritius.

Glabrous, slender. Stolons 2-3 by 3; in., clothed by lanceolate striate rich-
brown scales. Stems 4-12 in., trigonous, nodose at base. Leaves often as long as
stem, 4-4 in. broad, flaccid. Rays of umbel 0-1} in.; bracts often 4 in., leaf-like.
Spikes + by 4 in., exactly cylindric, ultimately pale. Spikelets (ripe) } by gs in.,
apparently 4-glumed ; 2 lowest glumes empty, persistent; 3rd glume nut-bearing,
ovate, deciduous, its upper margins broad scarious nerveless enclosing nut; 4th
glume (really the rhacheola of the upper suppressed flower), lanceolate, tip rudi-
mentary glume) elongated. Nut oblong, trigonous, black, 2 length of glume.

Var. B Rowburghiana; larger, stems up to 2 ft., rays of umbel up to 2 in.,
bracts 5-7, spikelets larger 4 in. long (1-fld.). M. cyperinus, Nees in Wight Con-
trib. 90, var. a (not of Vahl). Kyllinga umbellata, Rowb. Ic. Ined. t. 191. Scirpus
echinatus, Linn. Sp. Pl. 50, the Ceylon plant, see Zrimen in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxiv.
135,—Mariscus, Wall. Cat. 3434, 3485 B (partly).—From Simla to Ceylon.—
Distrib. Java.—Rhachilla (above the nut-bearing glume) winged, as Jong as nut,
terminated by a rudimentary glume or by a very small triangular-lanceolate plate.

4, M. cyperinus, Vahl Enum. ii. 377; rhizome hardly any, umbel
simple, bracts 5-7 long, rays short or curved, spikes solitary broad-cylin-
dric dense, spikelets linear-lanceolate usually 2-fid. in fruit suberect brown-
green. Wees in Wight Contrib. 90 (8 only). M. umbellatus, Moritei Verz.
Zoll, Pf. 98; Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. ii. 63. M. sundaicus, Mig. Fl. Ind.
Bat. iii. 289. Kyllinga cyperina, Retz Obs. vi. 21. Cyperus umbellatus,
Benth. Fl. Hongk. 386; Thw. Enum, 345 (partly). C. paniceus, Boeck. in
Linnea, xxxvi. 381 (the 2-fld. Java plants). C. umbellatus, forma cyperina,
C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soe. xxi. 200.—Mariscus, Wall. Cat. 3431,
3485 A, partly, 3436.

Nortu-west Inp1a; Moradabad, Thomson. CoRromANnDEL, Roxburgh, &e.
Carton, Thwaites. Matay Peninsuna, Grifith, &c.—DistRis. As. trop., Poly-
nesla.

Glabrous. Rhizome perennial, hardly 2 in. Rays of wmbel 5-10, rigid, acutely
triquetrous. Spikes 2 by 4 in., ebracteate. Spikelets + by ~, in., in fruig obliquely
erect, dusky reddish-green.—Qtherwise as M. paniceus. ,

Var. 8 bengalensis ; umbel contracted into 1 head, spikes shortly cylindric or
ovoid, spikelets linear bearing 2—4 nuts in fruit spreading at right angles. C. Ander-
sonianus, Boeck. in Engler Jahrb. v. 502 (from descript.).—Mariscus, Wall. Cat.
3437 F. Bengal, alt. 0-4000 ft.; Uppzr Assam, Sikkim, and Kuyasia Hitts,—
Stems 1-2 ft., stronger. Inflorescence 2-14 in. in diam. Spikelets } by j5 in.;
glumes (with ripe nuts) somewhat distant.

5. M. pictus, Nees in Wight Contrib. 90 (chiefly) ; rhizome short,
umbel simple contracted, bracts long, spikes solitary cylindric dense, spike-
lets linear-oblong bearing 1 nut suberect yellow in fruit, rhacheola very
short. Cyperus pictus, Wallich ms. C. umbellatus, Thwaites Hnum. 345
(partly). C. paniceus, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 327 (partly). OC. umbel-
latus, var. a typical (partly), C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn, Soc. xxi. 200
(not var. y picta, 201).—Mariscus, Wall. Cat, 3435 A (partly).

Deccan Peninsuna, Heyne, &c.

Resembles M. cyperinus or paniceus ®, but differs much in the structure of

622 OLXXII. cypERAGEE. (C. B. Clarke.) [ Mariscus.

the spikelet ; the nut is formed as usual in the 3rd glume, the rhacheola above its
base is exceedingly short, while the 4th glume (usually containing a barren’ flower)
is well developed.—The ripe nut thus is contained apparently by the 3rd and 4th
glumes, not’by the 3rd glume and the rhacheola.

6. M. tenuifolius, Schrad. in Mart. Fl. Bras. ii. (pars 1) 46; stolons
slender, umbel simple contracted, spikes solitary cylindric or ovoid loose,
spikelets usually bearing 2 nuts dusky-green ultimately suberect. C.
umbellatus, Thw. Enum. 345 (partly). C. umbellatus, var. laxata, C. B.
Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi, 201.—Mariscus, Wail. Cat. 3432.

Deccan Peninsuna, Wallich, &c. Monentz, Wallich, Matacca, Grifith,
Kew, n. 6241.

Stolons scarcely #; in. in diam., clothed by lanceolate striate scales, Stems
slender. eaves very narrow. Rays of umbel 0-1 in. Spikelets bearing 1-3
(mostly 2) nuts.—From the stolons this plant is usually mixed with M. paniceus,
but from the structure of the spikelets it must be more closely allied to UM. pictus.

7. M. Sieberianus, Nees in Linnea, ix. 286; rhizome short, umbel
simple, bracts 5-10, rays 5-12 up to 1-4 in. ultimately straight, fruiting
spikes exactly cylindric, fruiting spikelets linear-lanceolate (or lanceolate)
bearing 2-1 nuts dense yellow or pale divaricate on all sides at right
angles, nut linear-oblong or oblong (cf. the 3 vars.). M. umbellatus, Vahl
Enum. ii. 376 (partly); Nees in Wight Contrib. 90 (chiefly) ; Kunth Enum.
ii. 118 (chiefly); Strachey Cat. Pl. Kumaon, 74; EH. T. Atkinson Gaz. x.
[1876] 622; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 285. M. cyperinus, Nees in Wight
Contrib. 90, var. a (& var. B partly, i.e. plant of Sieber); Royle Ill.
412. M. paniceus, Strachey, 74; EH. T. Atkins. 1. c, 622. Scirpus
cyperoides, Linn. Mant. 181. Kyllinga umbellata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 182
(scarcely of Rottb.). Cyperus umbellatus, Mig. in Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat.
ii. 142, OC. umbellatus, var. a (partly) & «, C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn.
Soc. xxi. 201. OC. ovularis, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. [1869-70], var. a
(partly, not of Torrey). C. cylindrostachys, Boeck. 1. c. 383 (chiefly). C.
Steudelianus, Boeck. in Engler Jahrb. v. [1884] 91.—Mariscus, Wail. Cat.
3437 (mainly).

From Norta-West Himaraya, alt. 0-6000 ft., and Assam to Cryton and
Srin@apore.—Distris. Warm regions of Old World.

Glabroys. Stems 1-23 ft. Leaves often nearly as long as stem, }-2 in. broad
rather weak. Umbel 1-5 in. in diam 3 rays ultimately very straight (not curved as
in M. cyperinus). Spikes solitary (see, however, var. -y), often 1 by Zin.; bracteoles
inconspicuous. Spikelets sometimes 1- sometimes 2-fld., varying in length accord-
ingly. Nut trigonous, chestnut-colrd., 2-% length of glume.—M. umbellatus is
Kyllinga umbellata, Rottb. Descr. et Ic. 15, t. 4, fig. 2, a plant abundant in Africa
and very close to J. Siberianus, but has smaller shorter more bracteate spikes
fuscous-green when ripe. ;

Var. 8 evolutior ; spikelets linear bearing 2-4 nuts. M. corymbo B i
Flora, xii. 409 ? Cyperus umbellatus, var, ¢ cylindrostachys, . B. oe Ge
4, @, 201 (chiefly). C. biglumis, 0. B. Clarke i. c. 199 (partly), (scarcely Mariscus
biglumis, Gaertner).—Throughout India (except Madras ?).—Distrip. Tropics.

Var. y subcomposita ; spikes often digitate on the rays bracteolate. M. biglumi
Gaertn, Fruct. i. 12, t. 2, fig. 8; C. B. Clarke l. ec. 199 (party) —umecn ale
5000 ft., Strachey. Mapras Puninsvxa (?), Wall. Cat. n. 3437 &—Japan, Poly.
cS mies oe pet t. 63, usually brought here differs by the suka
not exactly cylindric, the spikelets not spreading at right angles: i
MM. cyperinus drawn a little too large. . . i ieee

Mariscus. | OLEXII, OYPERACER. (C. B. Clarke.) 623

Var.? 8 khasiana; spikelets small obtuse yellow bearing 1 deciduous nut.—
East Bengal, Grifith ; Khasia Hills; Shillong, alt. 4000 ft., C. B. Clarke.

Sect. 2. Pseudo-cyperus. Glumes in fruit scarcely imbricate (but per-
sistent). Spikelets bearing 4 (or more) nuts. (Sp. 8-10.)

8. M. ischnos, C. B. Clarke; umbel of 1-3 spikes nearly (or quite)
agglomerated into 1 head, spikelets oblong bearing 4-7 nuts dirty-white,
rhacheola very narrowly winged, nut oblong-ellipsoid 4 length of glume.
Cyperus ischnos, Schlecht. in Bot. Zeit. vii. 99; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi.

80.

Nizeuiri and Kure Hiuns, G. Thomson (the single Old World example).—
Disreis. Trop. America.

Nearly glabrous. Rhizome short. Stems 1-2 ft., slender. Inflorescence } in.
in diam., ovoid, dense, Spikelets 3 by 3; in. Nut-bearing glumes elliptic-oblong,
obscurely 9-nerved. Style short; branches 3, linear.

9. M. Hookerianus, C. B. Clarke; umbel of 7 cylindric dense
spikes, rays scarcely any, spikelets oblong bearing 4 nuts dirty-white,
wings of rhachilla lanceolate deciduous, nut oblong-ellipsoid as long as
glume.

SIxEIM ; in hot valleys, J. D. Hooker.

Glabrous. Rhizome (seen) horizontal, woody, rather slender. Stems approxi-
mate, 20 in. Leaves 8-12 by2 in. Umbel 1} in. in diam.; rays 0-4 in.; bracts 4,
up to Gin. Spikes 2 by Zin. Spikelets 1 by ~ in., when ripe obliquely erect.
Nut-bearing glumes obtuse, with 9-11 strong nerves. Nut trigonous; style-branches
3, linear.

10. M. squarrosus, C. B. Clarke; slender, annual, umbel subsimple
spikes loose broad quadrate, spikelets divaricate linear 6-26-fld., glumes’
elliptic with long recurved mucro, style 3-fid, nut linear-oblong curved.
Cyperus squarrosus, Linn. Sp. Pl. 66; Rotth. Deser. et Ic. 25, t. 6, fig. 3;
Nees in Wight Contrib. 75; Kunth Enum. ii. 22; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl.
281; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 501; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Iinn. Soc. xx.
284, and xxi. 94 (excl. var. 8). C. maderaspatanus, Willd. Sp. Pl. i. 278
(excl. syn. Pluk.). C. hyalinus, Herb. Heyne; Wall. Cat. 3313 A. C.
pusillus, Herb. Wight (partly). Pycreus squarrosus, Nees in Linnea ix.
283.—Cyperus, Wall. Cat. 3312 D (partly).

From Breneat to Ceyton, and Mereur.—Disrris, Trop. Afric.

Glabrous. Stems 3-8 in., caespitose. Zeaves often as long as stems, 3, in.
broad, weak. Umbel rays rarely up to 2 in.; bracts exceeding umbel, leaf-like.
Spikelets 6-20 in a rather loose spike, in the common form in. 6-8-fld., sometimes
nearly 1 in., 26-fld. ; rhachilla dehiscing froma pulvinus above the two lowest empty
glumes. Stamen 1. Nut about 4 length of glume (excl. its long arista).—Resembles
Cyperus aristatus, Rottb., with which it was mixed by Linnzus, and by many
authors since.

Sect. 3. Turgiduli. Spikelets oblong or subovoid, hardly compressed.
Umbels compound. Robust plants with coarse leaves. (Sp. 11.)

1l. M. albescens, Gaud. in Freyc. Voy. Bot. 415; leaves somewhat
thick transversely lineolate, spikelets closely approximate hardly ae
gested somewhat turgid oblong bearing 3-6 nuts, glumes obtuse, nut shor
broad ovoid. Cyperus pennatus, Lam. Ili. i. 144; Kunth Enum. ii. 80 ;
Thw. Enum, 343; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn, Soc. xxi.194, C. canescens,
Vahl Enum. ii. 355 (excl. syn. Rheede); Nees in Wight Contrib. 84; Kurz

624 otxxu. oypuracEsZ. (C. B. Clarke.) [ Mariscus.

Veget. Andamans, 54; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi, 340.—Cyperus, Wall. Cat.
3359 (mainly).—Rheede Hort. Mal. xii. 103, t. 55.

From Baneat to Ceyton and SrneaPore.—DisteRis. Trop. Afric., Malaya,
Austral., Polynes.—mostly near the sea. ;

Stems 1-3 feet. Leaves often nearly as long as stem, 3 in. broad. Rays of
umbel often 4 in. Spikes cylindric or ovoid, cinnamomeous-red or brown or straw-
colour.

Sect. 4. Flabelliformes. Spikelets subulate, bearing 4-14 nuts.

12. M. microcephalus, Presi. Rel. Haenk. i. 182; large, leaves
and bracts spongy, umbel compound or decompound, spikes stellately
globose brown, spikelets straight, glumes obtuse rather remote, nut nar-
rowly obovoid top conic almost beaked. M. dilutus, Nees in Wight Con-
trib. 90. M. giganteus, Boeck. in Flora, xiii. 443. Cyperus compactus,
Retz Obs. v. 10, fide Kunth. C. dilutus, Vahl Enum. ii.357 ; Kunth Enum.
ui.92; Thw. Enum. 344; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 354; Kurz Rep. Anda-
mans, 54, and in Journ. As. Soc. xlv. (part 2) 158; C. B. Clarke in Journ.
Linn. Soc. xxi. 198. C. spinulosus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 203.—Mariscus, Wall.
Cat. 3430, 3439.

Throughout Inpra, ‘alt. C-3000 ft.; from MussooREE and Assam to CEYLON
and Penane,—DistRis. Mauritius, China, Malaya.

Glabrous. Rhizome short. Stems 1-3 ft. Leaves nearly as long as stem, § in.
broad. Umbel often 8-12 in. in diam.; spikes of 20-40 spikelets. Spikelets some-
times 3 by j, in., bearing 14 nuts, often much shorter bearing 4-8 nuts, Nut-
bearing glumes boat-shaped with 9 faint nerves. Wings of rhachilla oblong, hyaline
persistent.

Subg. III. Torvzinivm (Gen. Desv.). Spikelets bearing several
nuts ; rhacheola finally breaking up into joints each containing I nut.

13. M. ferax, C. B. Clarke; large or middle-sized, umbel usually
large compound, spikelets numerous spicate linear bearing 4-16 small
oblong black nuts, which fall off in the joints of rhacheola held by the
persistent wings. Cyperus ferax, L. C. Rich. in Act. Soe. Hist. Nat.
Paris, i.106; Kunth Enum. ii. 89; Boeck in Linnea, xxxvi. 399; C0. B.
Clarke in Journ. Linn, Soc. xx. 295 (eucl. syn. C. lutens), and xxi. 191. C.
odoratus, Forst. Prod. Ins. Austral. 6; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 407 (not
of Linn.). C. ferox, Vahl Enum. ii. 357. C. pennatus, Herb. Mus. Paris;
Boeck. l. ¢. (not of Lam.). Diclidium ferox, Schrad. in Mart. Fl. Bras.
il., pars 1, 54,

Beyeat; Furidpore, C. B. Clarke. Prev, Kurz, n. 2686. Merreut, Griffith
(Kew Distrib. nn. 6143, 6198).—Distris. All warm regions.

Glabrous. Stolons 0; rhizome hardly any. Stems often 12-20 in., leaves nearly
as long, 3 in. broad; but small examples occur. Umbel very variable, from 2—
24 in. in diam.; bracteoles (bracts to the secondary umbels) usually conspicuous,
leaf-like, but sometimes (as in type of L. C. Richard) very small. Axis of spikes
+ in. carrying about 20 spikelets which ultimately spread at right angles. Spikelets
commonly 3-3 by 5 in., bearing 6-10 nuts, yellow or brown. Glumes quadrate-
elliptic, hardly keeled, about 7-nerved ; rhachilla (especially in fruit) usually flexuose ;
wings short, elliptic, ultimately becoming firmer, yellowish-brown, enfolding the
nut. Nut oblong or ellipsoid, overtopping the wings; style hardly 4 length of nut,
slender ; branches linear.—This abundant American species has, after several doubt-
fully-distinct forms have been split off as species, been described under 53 names.

CLXXII. OYPERACEZ. (C. B. Clarke.) 625

6. COURTOISIA, Jees.

Glumes persistent, 2 lowest empty, 1-3 succeeding (in the Indian species)
bisexual nut-bearing winged on keel; rhacheola disarticulating above the
two lowest empty glumes. Otherwise as Mariscus.—Species 2 or 3, in
Africa, Madagascar, India.

C. cyperoides, Nees in Linnea, ix. [1834] 286, and in Wight Con-
trib, 92; umbel compound, spikes globose very dense yellow-brown, spike-
lets. compressed very flat broad-elliptic containing 1-2 nuts, style 3-fid,
nut narrow-oblong 2 length of glume. Arn. in Edinb. N. Phil. Journ, xvii.
262; Kunth Enum. ii. 127; Boeck. in Flora, xliv. 335, and in Linnea,
xxxv. 434; Benth. in Hook. Ic. Pl. t.1341. Kyllinga cyperoides, Roxb. Fl.
Ind. i. 182. Mariscus cyperoides, Dietr. Sp. Pl. ii. 348. Cyperus Kleini-
anus, Hochst. in Herb. Hohenack., n. 645. C. glomeratus, Klein ms.—
Wall. Cat. 3537.

From Sizxim and Assam to Mapras and Pgev, alt. 0-6000 ft., frequent.—

Distris. Madagascar.
Glabrous, annual. Stems 3-16 in., caespitose. Leaves often as long as stem,

2 in. broad, nearly smooth. Umbel rays 3-10, up to 1-4 in. long ; bracts 3-7, up to
4-12 in. long; raylets of umbellules 3-5, up to 1 in.; bracteoles of umbellules often
lin. Spikes 1-4 in. in diam. Spikelets Lin. Gluwmes boat-shaped, flattened ;
keel with a continuous glistening entire wing its whole length; sides not striate.
Stamens 3; anthers oblong. Nut trigonous, acutely-pyramidal at top, almost
beaked, chestnut black, smooth, outermost cells small, subquadrate. Style short,
persistent ; branches linear, much longer than style, exsert.

7. BLEOCHARIS, 2. Br.

Glabrous. ‘Stems simple, erect, without nodes. Leaves 0, sheaths few
cylindric truncate or with a small unilateral subapical tooth, barren leaf-
like stems often present. Inflorescence a single (rarely more) terminal
spikelet. GJwmes imbricate on all sides, obtuse ; lowest “ bract,” (but not
always empty), not longer than the spikelet. Lowest flower nut-bearing,
perfect; many succeeding glumes usually nut-bearing, upper tabescent.
Hypogynous bristles 8-5, rarely fewer (in E. atropurpurea, often small
or 0). Stamens 3-1, anterior; anthers linear-oblong, not crested. Style
linear, as long as the nut, branches 3 or 2, linear; style-base dilated,
constricted or apparently articulated on the nut, but usually persistent.
Nut obovoid, plano-convex (when style bifid) or trigonous (when style
trifid).—Species 113, cosmopolitan.

Sect. I. Limnocutoa, Nees in Wight Contrib. 114 (not of Lestid.) ;
stems stout or medium; spikelets elongate, many-fld.; glumes subrigid,
plano-concave, not (or scarcely) keeled, of one colour nearly.—All stoloni-

ferous.

* Nut smooth (i.e. outer cells small, quadrate-hexagonal, inconspicuous).
Style 2-3-fid.

]. HE. plantaginea, Br. Prod. 224 (in note); stems robust terete
transversely septate when dry, spikelet fuscous straw-colrd. hardly wider
than stem, style 2+3-fid. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii, 8302; Thwaites Enum.
959. E. tumida, Roem. & Sch. Syst. Mant. ii. 86. Scirpus plantagi-
noides, Rott. Deser. et Ic. 45, t. 15, fig. 2. S. lantagineus, Retz. Obs. v.
14, Rowb. Fl. Ind, i.212 ? S.dubius, Rowb. 1c. 215 (specimen imper-

VOL. VI. 88

626 OLXxu. oypERAcEs. (C. B. Clarke.) [Eleochart s.

fect). §.tumidus, Rowd. l.c. Limnochloa plantaginea and_tumida, Nees
in Wight Contrib. 114, Heleocharis plantaginea, Boech. in Linnea, X xxvi.
474, in small part. Eleocharis, Wall. Cat. 3454 (except B).

From Sinp, SAHARUNPORE and Assam to CEYLON and the Manay PENINSULA.
—Disreis. Tropics of Old World. :

Stolons long, iin. diam. Stems 1-3 ft., 1-4 in. diam.; slender (Se. plantagi-
neus, Roxb.), or stout (Sc. tumidus, Roxb.) ; sheaths membranous, soon torn. Spike-
let 4-13 by 3-4 in. (in some Madagascar examples 34 in. long). Glumes } in.,
suberect, densely packed, obovate, with numerous striations on the back ; 1-3
lowest empty persistent, lowest stouter appearing as though a continuation of the
stem. Bristles 7, equalling or exceeding the nut, retrorsely scabrous, yellow-brown.
Nut rather large, 3-2 of glume, biconvex or obscurely trigonous ; style-base de-
pressed conic, brown-black. The American plants referred to plantaginea by
Boeckeler are very distinct (E. interstincta, Br.) (see Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 292).

2. &. equisetina, Presl. Rel. Henk. i. 195; stems slender terete
transversely septate when dry, spikelet fuscous straw-colrd. wider than
the stem, style 2-fid.

Cryton; Walker, Thwaites (C.P. 3777).—Disrxis. N. Caledonia, Philippines.

Stems 1 foot, 35-4 in. diam.; uppermost sheath close-fitting, firm, terminated
on one side by an oblong-triangular tooth. Nué obovoid, somewhat narrowed
triangularly at top.—Perhaps a var. of H. plantaginea; I cannot distinguish the

Ceylon from the Philippine examples,
** Nut reticulate or trabeculate. Style 3-/id, rarely 2-fid.

3. BE. variegata, Kunth Enum. ii. 153; stems robust nearly
terete not transversely septate, glumes suberect laxly imbricate red-
brown near their margin, bristles 7 retrorse scabrous about as long as the
cancellate nut. Heleocharis variegata, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 470.—
Mascarene Isles.

Var. lawiflora, stems more slender, subtrigonous under narrower spikelet, glumes
fuscous green not red brown near margin, bristles longer than finely trabeculate
nut. Scirpus laxiflorus, Thw. Enum. 485.—Eleocharis, Wall. Cat. 3454, B
(partly).

Assam ; Simons. Sr1LHET; J. D. Hooker. Cuyton; Thwattes, MALAY PENIN-
SULA, frequent to SINGAPORE, Kurz.—DistriB. Malaya, China, Polynesia.

Stems 8-16 in. ; uppermost sheath membranous, on one side ovate, subacute at top.
Spikelet nearly 1 by & in. Glumes 2 in., lowest as though a continuation of the
stem, persistent. Style 3-fid, or sometimes 2-fid. Nut slightly narrowed at apex,
style-base conic; outer cells transversely oblong, small, superposed in 30-40 vertical
series, the nut appearing longitudinally 30-40-styiate.

4, E. ochrostachys, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 80 (not of Boeck.); stems
slender nearly terete not transversely septate many barren intermixed,
spikelet slender scarcely broader than the stem, glumes suberect laxly
ue hee dusky green, style 3-fid. Heleocharis subulata, Boeck. in Flora,
xii. 412,

Matacoa; Grifith. Srinearorz; Ridley.—Disrris. Java, Borneo.
Stems 8 by soy in. Spikelet less than 4 in.—This does not differ much from

very slender examples of S. variegata, var. lawiflora, except by the numerous barren
stems.

5. BE. fistulosa, Schultes in Roem. & Sch. Syst. ii. Mant. 89; stems
robust not transversely septate triquetrous under the spikelet, spikelet

Lileocharis.} CLXXIL CYPERACER, (C. B. Clarke.) 627

nearly an inch acute, bristles 6 as long as the cancellate nut retrorsely
scabrous, style usually 3-fid. E. acutangula and media, Schultes l.c. 91.
E. planiculmis, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 80; Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. ii. 62.
Scirpus fistulosus, Poir. Eneycl. vi. 749. S. acutangulus and medius,
Roxb, Fl, Ind. i, 213. Limnochloa media and acutangula, Nees in Wight
Contrib. 114. Heleocharis fistulosa, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 472.—
Eleocharis, Wall. Cat. 34538.

From Nepat and Assam to Burma and Czwzon.—DisrEis. Tropics
generally.

: Stems 1-3 ft. by 2 in. Spikelet scarcely broader than the stem, dusky green,
Glumes } in., suberect, obovate, rather laxly imbricate, dirty straw-colrd. Wut as
long as 4 glume, unequally biconvex, obovoid, top narrowed; style-base ovoid-
conic; outermost cells transverse-oblong, superposed in 24-40 vertical series, nut
hence longitudinally striate.

6. E. spiralis, Br. Prod. 224 (in note); stems robust not transversely
septate triquetrous under spikelet, spikelet 2-1 in. obtuse, glumes obtuse
subtruncate, bristles much shorter than cancellate nut irregular smooth.
Thw. Enum. 352 (excl. syn. media). Scirpus spiralis, Rottb. Deser. et Ic.
45, t. 15, fig. 1; Rowb. Fl. Ind.i. 212; Wall. Cat. 3454, B (partly). 8S.
mutatus, Roxb. mss. Limnochloa spiralis, Nees in Wight Contrib. 114.

S. Inp1a; not common; E. Benaau; Griffith; Kurz. Bompay; Salsette,
Jacquemont, Deccan PrninsvuLa; Wallich. Burma; Griffith, &c. CEYLON;
Thwaites, &.—DIstRIB. Mauritius ?

Stems 2 tt. by }-1in. Spikelet 1-2 in. diam. ; very dense, marked by a spiral
line apparently i.e. the summits of the very erect close regular glumes. Glues
obovate, summit much depressed triangular nearly truncate. Style 2-3-fid.
Bristles slender from 3-3 the length of the glume, half-obsolete. Nut half as long
as glume; style-base often nearly confluent with nut; outermost cells shortly trans-
versely oblong, superimposed in 36-40 vertical series, so that the nut exhibits 36-40
slender striations.

Sect. II. Etzoczenus, Nees in Wight Contrib. 112 (Genus); stems
slender or medium; spikelets many or few-fld., usually wider than the
stems; glumes membranous, usually 1-3-nerved, keel green; style 2-fid.—
Heleocharis (Genus), Lestib. Hssai Cyp. 41.

7. E. atropurpurea, Kunth Enum. ii. 151; roots fibrous, stems
slender, spikelet small ovoid or subcylindric, bristles retrorsely scabrous
white or 0, nut black smooth, style 2-fid base small depressed-conic white.
J. Gay in Flora xxv. 641; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Bot. xxv. 269. Scirpus
atropurpureus, Retz. Obs. v.14; Rowb. Fl. Ind. i. 219; Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ.
viii. 87, t. 295. Eleogenus atropurpureus, Nees in Wight Contrib. 1138.
Heleocharis atropurpurea, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 404 (excl. var. y).
—Isolepis, Wall. Cat. 3489. ;

West Himaraya, alt. 3000 ft., to Assam and CrynLon.—Dis7e1B. Tropics
generally, except Malaya.

Stems 2-6 in, Spikelet 4-4 in., many-fid. Glumes broad, obtuse, black-chest-
nut, keel green. Bristles in the Indian tropical examples usually 7-5, as long as the
nut, in the Himalayan (as in the European) examples O or very small. Wut
minute, obovoid, compressed, as long as 4-3 glume.

8. E. capitata, Br. Prod. 225 ; roots fibrous, stems somewhat slender,
spikelet small dense obtuse, bristles as long as nut retrorsely scabrous
brown or ferruginous, nut black ear style 2-fid base small depressed

S88

628 OLXXII. OYPERACEE. (C, B. Clarke.) [ Eleocharis.

ale. Decne in Nouv. Ann. Mus. iii. 861; Thw. Enum. 351; Dalz. & Gibs.

‘omb. Fl. 285; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 299. Scirpus capitatus, Linn.
(partly); Roxb. F. Ind. i. 215. Hleogenus capitatus, Nees in Wight Contrib,
112. Heleocharis capitata, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 461.—Isolepis? Wail.
Cat. 3486, 3487, A, 3493.

BrEnak and Brenaat to CEYLON and SrncaPoRe, not common.—DIsTRIB. Most
warm countries.

Stems 2-14 in. Spikelet 3-4 in., pale. Bristles 7, or fewer. Nut as long as
2 glume, compressed, obdvoid.—Usually easily distinguished from E. atropurpurea
by its larger size; but small examples can hardly be separated except by the coloured
bristles (which are glistening-white in Z. atropurpurea).

9, E. ovata, Br. Prod. 224 (in note); roots fibrous, stems somewhat
slender, spikelet small dense, bristles exceeding the nut retrorsely scabrous
brown, nut straw-colrd. or brownish smooth, style 2-fid base broad
triangular. C. B. Clarke in Journ. Bot. xxv. 268. Scirpus ovatus, Roth.
Catal. i. 5. Hleogenus ovatus, Nees in Linnea, ix. 294. Heleocharis
ovata, Boeck. in Flora, xliii. 2, and in Linnea, xxxvi. 462; Boiss. FI.
Orient. v. 387.

Inpia; Wallich, 3487 (partly in Herb. Kew).—Disterz. Tropics and temp.
regions,

Very much resembles FE. capitata, except in the colour of the nut, and the shape
of the style-base.

10. E. palustris, Br. Prod. 224 (in note); rhizome creeping, stems
medium or stoutish, spikelet ellipsoid or cylindric dense-fid., nut yellow
or brownish, style 2-fid base conical or ovoid, Nees in Wight Contrib. 113 ;
C. B. Clarke in Journ. Bot. xxv. 267. HE. uniglumis, Nees l.¢. 113.
Scirpus palustris, Linn. Sp. Pl. 70; Reichd. Ie. Fl. Germ. viii. 38, t. 297.

'S. uniglumis, Link Jahrb. iii. 77. Heleocharis palustris, Boiss. Fl. Orient.
v. 386; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 466 (excl. examples with 3-fid style).—
Eleocharis, Wall. Cat. 3449, 3450, 3451, 3455.

From the W. Himanara, ascending to 12,500 ft., to Sinp and Beneat.—
Distris. Cosmopolitan (not known from Australia, Oceania or Malaya).

Rhizome black or chestnut, Stems 4-20 by 2,-§ in. diam.; uppermost sheath
truncate, on one side sometimes triangularly produced. Spikelef 3-1 by 2 in.,
chestnut or straw-colrd. Glumes obtuse, persistent, keel green, lowest empty about
% surrounding or (in form wniglwmis) almost wholly surrounding stem. Bristles 6,
as long as nut, retrorsely scabrous, rusty-brown, or (more frequently) reduced both
in numbers and length. Stamens 3, but in flowers near the tabéscent top of the
spikelet, and in small depauperated examples, 2-1. Nut as long as } glume,
unequally biconvex, obovoid, much narrowed at top, sometimes to a very short
beak ; style-base contracted below on nut; outer cells of nut quadrate-hexagonal

or shortly longitudinal oblong, obscure i.e. nut smooth; or very rarely cells more
prominent, i.e. nut reticulated.

Sect. ITI. Htxocaris proper.—As Sect. II. (Eleogen » but styl
3-fid—Limnochloa, Lestid. Hssai Cyp. 41 (not of as) peer eer ces

* Aciculares. Nut trabeculate i.e. its outer
cells superimposed in vertical series so that the
striate.

transversely-oblong small
nut appears longitudinally

ll. B. acicularis, Br. Prod. 224

(in note); rhizome filif > Bt
capillary, spikelet slender few-fld., style ae ee

3-fid, nut oblong-lanceolate straw-

Eleocharis. ] CLEXII. OYPERAGES. (C. B. Clarke.) 629

colrd, C. B. Clarke in Lond. Journ. Bot. xxv. 270. Scirpus acicularis,
Linn. Sp. Pl. 71 (partly); Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 294, eleocharis ; Boeck. in
a xxxvi. 431. Chatocyperus costulatus, Nees et Meyen Pl. Meyen,

‘ Mapras PENINSULA; Kottler (Herb. Kew).—Distrip. Europe, N. & E. Asia,
merica.

___ Stems 2-4in. Spikelet 2 in., with 4-6 (rarely 8-10) nuts. Glumes in the few-
fid. spikelets subremote, lower 2-3-stichous, upper distinctly spiral. Bristles 3-4,
white, feebly retrorse scabrid, variable in length, occasionally wanting. Wut as long
as 4-2 the glume, polyhedral, subterete, with 12-15 longitudinal ribs; style-base
small narrow bulbiform.

** Chetaries. Nut coarsely prominently cancellate, i.e. its outer sub-
quadrate large cells prominent.

12. BE. Chetaria, Roem. & Sch. Syst. ii. 154 and Mant. ii. 90; roots
fibrous, stems small, spikelet small few-fid., style 3-fid, nut triquetrous
white truncate. E. setacea, Br. Prod. 224 (in note), not 225. Cyperus
setaceus, Retz. Obs. v. 10; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 185, Chestocyperus Lim-
nocharis, Nees in Wight Contrib. 96. Ch. setaceus, Nees in Linnea, ix.
289; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii.298; Thw. Enum. 351. Heleocharis Chetaria,
Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 428.—Isolepis, Wall. Cat. 3485.

BEne@at to CEYLON and Maracca.—DistrR1s. Tropics.

Rhizome 0, or sometimes nearly an inch, filiform, white. Stems usually 1-4 in.,
occasionally 6-10 ia.; !uppermost sheath lax, whitened, scarcely torn. Sypikelet +
in., with 1-4 nuts. G@lwmes subdistichous, upper spiral. Bristles 6, as long as nut,
retrorsely scabrous, pale, occasionally smaller or obsolete. Nut as long as } glume,
the acute angles sometimes excurrent at its shoulder, outer cells in each face in
6-10 series, sometimes perforated, style-base depressed-conic.

*** Leiocarpice. Nut smooth, ie. outer cells quadrate-hexagonal or
shortly longitudinal oblong obscure so that the nut is neither distinctly
striated nor distinctly reticulated.

13. EB. subvivipara, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 424 (Heleocharis)
cespitose, stems filiform, spikelet often proliferous, lower glumes
2-3-sti¢hous, nut obovoid much narrowed at top, style 3-fid base linear-
conic. H. cespitosissima, Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxi, 450.

Kuasia Hints; alt. 4-5000 ft., C. B. Clarke; Nineuirt Hits (fide
Boeckeler).—DisTr1B. Madagascar.

Roots fibrous, or (fide Baker) slender stolons sometimes present. Stems 4-16
in.; uppermost -sheath truncate. Spikelet. 3-4 in., few-fld., sometimes longer
clavate with many empty lower glumes. Bristles 6, as long as nut, retrorsee
scabrous, pale ferruginous. Nué as long as 4-2 the glume, trigonous, olive,
narrowed at top into an exceedingly short narrow neck; style-base very much
narrower than nut, wider than neck of nut.

14. E. afflata, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 76; caespitose, stems slender
uppermost sheath truncate spikelet dense sometimes proliferous, nut
obovoid yellowish green, base large pyramidal, style 3-fid, Mig. FV.
Ind. Bat. iti. 299. E. subprolifera, Steud. 1.c.80; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii.
300. Scirpus afflatus, Benth. Fl. Hongk. 394. MHeleocharis subpro-
lifera, Boeck, in Linnea, xxxvi. 426. H. Thomsoni, Boeck.d.v. 451. HH.
ochrostachys, Boeck. Jc. 452 (not of Steud.). H. chlorocarpa, Boeck. in

630 CLXXN. cyPeRACEE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Hleocharis.

Flora, \xi. 1878, 34. H. Kuntzei, Boeck. Cyp. Nov. i. 14.—Eleocharis sp.
nu. 8, Herb. Ind. Ord. H. f. & T. Th.

Kuasta Hrxts, alt. 0-6000 ft.; Assam; Grigith; Munniporz, Watt; Burma,
Griffith, &c.—DistR1B. E. Asia, Java.

Stems 4-16 in., 4-6-striate; uppermost sheath with an oblique triangular
(scarcely mucronate) mouth. Spikelet 1-4 in., lower glumes in numerous spires.
Bristles 6 or 5-4, as long as nut, retrorsely scabrous, pale brown. Nut as long as

-2 glume, trigonous, top slightly narrowed truncate closely applied to style-base
(not forming a minute neck under it),

15. H. congesta, Don Prodr. 41; caespitose, stems slender, upper-
most sheath truncate with a lateral tooth, spikelet dense sometimes pro-
liferous, style 3-fid, nut obovoid narrowed at top yellowish brown, style-
base bulbiform. E. palustris (P Br. vel. sp. nova) Strachey Cat. Pl.
Kumaon, 73. E. ovata, Thw. Enum. 351 (not Br.). Scirpus congestus,
Spreng. Syst. Cur. post. 27.—Eleocharis purpurascens, Boeck. in Innnea,
xxxvi. 455.

Throughout Inpra, alt. 3-6500 ft. (except Bengal), Kasumir, C. B. Clarke;
Nepean, Wallich; Coota Naaporn, C. B. Clarke; Niucuin1 Hinxs, Perottet;
Cxryton ; Thwaites.

Stems with many striations (hence nearly terete), not 4—6-striate angular (as Z’.
afflata) ; mouth of uppermost sheath usually horizontal with a small tooth % in. long
excurrent horizontally below the margin then curving upwards.—Otherwise as S.
affata, of which this may be a Western var., often referred to H. palustris,
from which species it widely differs in the fibrous roots, 3-fid style and trigonous
nut.

16. E. tetraquetra, Nees in Wight Contrib. 113; rhizome short,
stems 4-8-quetrous, spikelet oblong-ellipsoid dense, bristles 6 longer than
nut brown-red densely retrorse-scabrous subplumose, style 3-fid. Thw.
Enum. 351. HE. erythrochlamys, Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 300. Heleocharis
tetraquetra, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 447. H. Wichurai, Boeck. 1. c.
448. H. alta, Boeck. Cyp. Nov. i. 17. Scirpus Wichurai, Franch.
& Sav. Fl. Japon. ii. 544 (not of Boeck.). S. Hakonensis and ‘8. Onaei,
Franch. & Sav... ii. 110,111. 8. petasatus, Maxim. in Bull Soc. Mose.
liv. 64.—Eleocharis, Wall. Cat. 3452.

Throughout Inpra in the hills, alt. 1500-11,000 ft.; from Kumdon to
SikxIM, and the Kuasia Hin~s to CryLon and Burma.—Disreis. E, Asia,
Australia.

Rhizome usually descending, short ; long slender stolons covered by scales, some-
times present. Stems 8 in. to nearly 3 ft.; uppermost sheath truncate, with some-
times a minute lateral tooth. Spikelet 3-2 in., often a fine brown. Retrorse barbs
of the bristles much longer more densely placed than in other species, in evolute
examples bristles quite plumose. Nut 4 length of glume, trigonous, obovoid,
yellowish, narrowed at top; style-base equalling 4-3} length of nut, ovoid, fuscons,
scabrous.

8. FIMBRISTYLIS, aii.

Stems tufted, roots fibrous or woody, short; stolons 0 (except in F.
stolonifera & Pierotit). Leaves only near base of stem. Inflorescence
terminal, umbellate, corymbose or reduced to few (or one) spikelets.
Spikelets solitary or clustered, many-fld. Glwmes imbricate on all sides
or (in Sect. Abildgaardia) lower distichous or subdistichous, upper-
most nut-bearing spiral; 1-2 (rarely 3) lowest empty, several succeed-

Fimbristylis.] CLXXII, OYPERACEE., (OC. B. Clarke.) 631

ing with bisexual flowers deciduous, upper tabescent. Stamens 3 or 2-1,
anterior; anthers not (or shortly) crested. Bristles 0. Style long or
longish, often villous, 8- or 2-fid, deciduous (leaving no button), or
persistent; style-base dilated, constricted below the dilatation. Mut
obovoid (very rarely oblong), obtuse; gynophore more or less prominent,
sometimes dilated at apex into an obscurely 3-lobed saucer.—Species 125,
all warm regions.

CONSPECTUS OF THE SECTIONS (exceptions omitted).
Sect. I. ELEzocHaRoIpES. Stems with one spikelet . . . . . Sp.1-9.

Sect. II. Drcnetostytis. Style 2-fid.

Series A. Spikelets solitary . . . .. . . . Sp. 10-26.

Series B. Spikelets clustered . . . . . . . . . Sp. 27-30.
Sect. III. Tricumnosryiis. Style 3-fid.

Series A. Spikelets solitary . ..... . . Sp. 31-45.

Series B. Spikelets clustered . . . . . . . . ~ Sp. 46-51.
Sect. IV. Apinpgaarpia. Lower glumes distichous . . . . Sp. 52-58.

Sect. I. Etzocuaromes, Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 301. Lowest fertile
glumes of the spikelet spirally imbricated; stems with 1 spikelet (1-3 in
£. polytrichoides).

* Style 2-fid ; nut biconven.
t+ Nut oblong, style subpersistent.

1. F. tetragona, Br. Prod. [1810] 226; stem nearly leafless, spike-
let somewhat large conic dense-fid., style-branches 2 short, nut reticulate
straw-colrd. Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 305. F. cylindrocarpa, Kunth Enum.
ii. 222 ; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii.7; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. xxxix. part 2,
85. F. abjiciens, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 107; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 316. F.
Arnottii, Thw. Enum. 348. Mischospora efoliata, Boeck. in Flora, xliii.
113.—Isolepis ?, Wall. Cot. 3490 F.

Throughout Inp1A, except the North-West, alt. 0-3000 ft.; from Nepan and
BomBay to Ceyton and Tavoy.—Distais. E. Asia, Australia.

Glabrous. Stems 4-24 in., tufted, obscurely quadrangular; uppermost sheath
laterally mucronate or produced, sometimes up to 1-1} in., lanceolate, coloured,
hardly foliaceous. Spikelet 3-2 in., terete, erect. Glumes oblong, truncate, scarcely
mucronate, keeled, horizontally spreading ; 2 or 3 lowest empty, ovate, much
shorter than spike. Stamens 2 (rarely 3). Style long, flattened, villous nearly to
the base. Nut as long as 4—-$ glume, linear-oblong, plane-convex, curved, deciduous
with glume, stalked; outermost cells quadrate-hexagonal, conspicuous, in about 9
longitudinal series on each face of nut.

tt Nut obovoid, transversely wavy wrinkled or ridged (outermost cells
longitudinally oblong).

2, F. acuminata, Vahl Enum. ii. 285; stem leafless with one erect
lanceolate spikelet, style 2-fid, nut obovoid transversely wavy wrinkled
straw-colrd. rarely becoming discoloured brown. Mees in Wight Contrib.
96; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 314; Thw. Enum. 348; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii.
3. F. acicularis, Br. Prod. 226. Scirpus scaber, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 220.
Eleogiton scabra, Dietr. Sp. Pl. ii. 99.—Isolepis?, Wall. Cat. 3487 B
(partly), 3494.

632 cLEXxU. cypeRacez. (C. B. Clarke.) [Fimbristylis,

Throughout Lyp1a, alt. 0-2000 ft., from Kumaon and Assam, to CEyLoNn and
Mazacca.—Disrais. E, Asia, Malaya, Australia.

Glabrous. Stems 4-12 in., slender, obscurely quadrangular ; uppermost sheath
produced on one side, 0-} in. Spikelet 4-% in. Giumes ovate, scarcely mucronate,
pale or chestnut with green keel; lowest 2-3 enipty, much shorter than spikelet.
Stamens usually 2. Szyle nearly as long as nut, flattened, slightly villous at top ;
branches shorter than style. Wut as long as 3-4 glume, biconvex, with 4-7 strong
transverse ridges.

3. F. setacea, Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot, ii. [1843] 239;
stem bristle-like, leafless (see var.) with one slender erect lanceolate spike-
let, style 2-fid, nut very small obovoid transversely wavy wrinkled white.
F. acuminata, 8 minor, Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iti. 314; Boeck. in Linnea,
xxxvii. 4. Isolepis cochleata, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 100.

S. Burma, Kurz. Sin@aporr, Kurz, Ridley.—Distris. Amboyna, N. Aus-
tralia.

Stem 4-6 in. Spikelet by 2; in. Glumes pale, thin, almost (except keel)
hyaline.—Differs from F', acuminata by its slenderness and very small nut.

Var. brevifolia (sp.) Steud. lc. 72 (sub Abildgaardia); leaves more or less
developed, sometimes nearly as long as stem.—Philippines, Australia.

4, FE. nutans, Vahl Enum. ii. [1806] 285; stem nearly leafless, spike-
let oblong or ovoid often oblique, style 2-fid, nut obovoid transversely wavy
wrinkled white rarely discoloured. Mees in Wight Contrib. 96; Thw. Enum.
348 ; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 5. Scirpus nutans, Retz Obs, iv. 12.

Knasta Hits, alt. 2500 ft., C. B. Clarke. Burma, Griffith, &. Nicopars,
Kurz. Crxton, Thwaites, &c.—Distris. Borneo, China, Australia.

Stem 8-20 in. Spikelet.4 by fin. Glumes rusty-brown, lowest a little larger,
much shorter than the spikelet, deciduous.—Hardly differs from F. acuminata but
by the rather broader, oblique spikelet.

ttt Nut obovoid, smooth, reticulate (1.¢e. outermost cells arranged as brick-
wall parenchyma).

5. FE. polytrichoides, Vahl Enum. ii. [1806]248; slender, glabrous,
stem with 1 (rarely 2-8) ellipsoid-oblong obtuse spikelet, glumes ovate
obtuse, style 2-fid, nut smooth brown-black often slightly white-scaly on
shoulders. Nees in Wight Contrib, 96; Thw. Enum. 348. F. sub-bulbosa,
Boeck. in Flora, xli. 598. F. juncea,- Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 4 (not of
Roem. & Sch.). Scirpus polytrichoides, Retz. Obs.iv.11. Isolepis ?, Wadd.
Cat, 3487 B (partly), 0, 8532.— _Rumph. Amb. vi. 17, t. 7, fig. 1.

From Bzneat to CEYLON and Mazacca, common near the sea.—DisTRIB.
Tropics of Old World.

Stems 13-8 in. Leaves about half as long as stem; sheaths glabrous or obscurely
puberulous. Spikelet commonly 4 by in. Glumes many, densely imbricate on all
sides, fuscous brown ; 2-3 lowest empty, often like the others, but lowest sometimes
Lin., as though a continuation of stem. Stamens 3-1. Style rather shorter than
nut, glabrous, base little dilated. Nut as long as } glume, obovoid, biconvex;
outermost cells in about 30 rows on each face, ultimately marcescent scarious, :

Var. HALOPHILA (sp.), Kurz ms.; stems and leaves stouter, spikelet up to 4
by 3 in.—Bzne@at ; Soondreebun, Kurz. Mapras; Nellore, Gamble. ;

6. F.tenuicula, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 385; stem bristle-like,
sheaths hairy, spikelet cylindric-lanceolate, glumes ovate obtuse minutely

Fimbristylis. | OLXXIL, CYPERACEEZ. (C, B. Clarke.) 633

mucronaté, style 2-fid, nut smooth brown obscurely white-scaly on
shoulders.

Syxiuet, C. B. Clarke. Tunasszrim, Helfer.

Stem 4-8 in, Spikelet 4 by 5 in. G@lumes suberect, dirty straw-colour, keel
green, lowest like the others or if bracteiform shorter than spikelet. Stamens 1-2.
Style below bifurcation glabrous or sparsely hairy. Nwé less obtuse than that of
FE. polytrichoides ; outermost cells larger, in about 15 longitudinal rows on each face
of nut.—Otherwise as F. polytrichoides, from which it differs chiefly in its narrower
acuter spikelet. ;

** Style 3-fid; nut trigonous.

7. EF. pauciflora, Br. Prod. 225; stem bristle-like, spikelet slender
lanceolate pale, style 3-fid, nut obovoid white shoulders subtubercled.
Benth, Fl. Austral. vii. 303. F. filiformis, Kunth Enum. ii, 221; Mig. Fl.
Ind. Bat, iii. 314; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 23. F. pumila, Benth. in
Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. ii. [1843] 239; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 315. F.
malaccana,' Boeck. in Flora, xli. 597. Trichelostylis filiformis, Nees in
Wight Contrib. 102. Isolepis ?, Wall. Cat. 3488.

From Mrraul, Griffith, to Sinearorr, Wallich.—Disteip. E. Asia, Malaya,
N. Australia. : «

Annual, glabrous. Stems 4-8 (rarely 12) in., tufted, leafiess, or lower sheaths
sometimes leaf-bearing (or fide Boeckeler uppermost sheath sometimes leaf-bearing).
Spikelet 2 by 3; in. Glumes ovate, imbricate (somewhat loosely) on all sides, erect,
concave, adpressed, white, subscarious, with rusty spots on the back, all falling ;
rhacheola scarcely hispid. Stamens frequently 2. Style below trifurcation nearly
glabrous, deciduous together with its narrowly-pyramidal style-base. Nut as long
as } glume; outermost cells small, obscure.

8. BF. Kingii, C. B. Clarke ms.; Boeck. Cyp. Nov. ii. 40; stem slender
hairy, spikelet ovoid-ellipsoid, glumes ovate obtuse, style 3-fid, nut obovoid
dusky black minutely scabrid.

Nineurer Hints, alt. 6-8000 ft. ;

Rhizome very short. Stems 4-12 in., tufted. Leaves as long as 4-2 stem, narrow,
hairy. Spikelet 4 in., terminal, erect, terete, dense-fld. Glwmes imbricate on all
sides, adpressed, concave scarcely keeled, chestnut-brown, slenderly 3—5-nerved,
glabrous ; lowest empty, like the others or more seldom bract-like 4-lin. Stamens
3. Style long, slender, glabrous, deciduous together: with its narrowly-pyramidal
base; branches long. Nut as long as 4 glume, trigonous; outermost cells small,
subquadrate, lax, subpapillose, scarious—Near the Australian F. monandra, ¥.
Mueller. -__

9. F. subtrabeculata, C. B. Clarke; stem slender, spikelet ellip-
soid, glumes ovate obtuse, style 3-fid, nut obovoid straw-colrd. smooth
subtrabeculate.

Niteniri Hints; Pykara, alt. 5600 ft., Gamble.

Glabrous. Rhizome 0, or short, slender, descending nearly vertically. Stems
4-8 in., tufted. Leaves several, longish (often 3 stem), bristle-like. Spikelet 3 in.,
fine brown ; bract 0 or shorter than spikelet. Glumes numerous, imbricate on all
sides, concave, scarcely keeled, brown, 3-nerved, paler on back. Style long, gla-
brous, deciduous together with its narrowly-pyramidal base, branches long, linear.
Nu# as long as 2 glume, obtuse, scarcely stalked, trigonous; outermost cells trans-
versely oblong white not vertically superimposed in regular series; nut thus not
longitudinally striate but irregularly conspicuously trabeculate.—This may be F.
sub-bulbosa, Boeck. Cyp. Nov. 1i. 39 (non Flora xli. 598) from description ; but Boeck.
says this is “allied to #. juncea, Roem. & Sch. with 2-fid style (sometimes 3-fid).”

634 CLXXI, CYPERACER. (C. B. Clarke.) (Fimbristylis.

Sect. II. Dicuznostyuis, Benth. Fl, Austral. vii. 309 (not Dichostylis
[Genus] Nees). Lowest fertile glumes of the spikelet spirally imbricated ;
stems with many or several (depauperated examples not rarely with 1)
spikelet; style 2-fid; nut biconvex; style usually flattened from front to
back, often villous below its bifurcation—This section contains all such
species as are neither Eileocharoides nor Abildgaardia, and have only 2
branches to the style. In this section the style is never 3-fid (except F.
stolonifera, var. 8). Compare, among the species placed in Trichelostylis,
F. globulosa, and F. cymosa in which 2-fid styles sometimes occur.

Series A. Spikelets all (or nearly all) solitary—exrcept in F. rigidula
often paired, in F. diphylla (and in other species) occasionally clustered ;
in F. spathacea the umbel is dense, sometimes congested into a head.

* Stem with few (often 3-1) spikelets.

10. EF. schoenoides, Vahl Hnum. ii. 286; glabrous, stem with 1-3
middle-sized ovoid spikelets, style 2-fid, nut obovoid stalked biconvex
smooth white rarely discoloured brownish. Nees in Wight Contrib. 97;
Thw. Enum. 348; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 5 (excl. var. 8). F. bispicata,
Nees 1. c. 97 (mainly); Boeck. 1. c. 6 (partly). F. inconstans, Steud.
Syn. Cyp. 107. F. polymorpha var. depauperata, Boeck. in Flora,
Iviii. 111. Scirpus schoenoides, Retz Obs. v.14. S. monostachyus, Kenig.
ms.; Roxb. Fl. Ind.i. 219. §. bispicatus, Rozb. l.c. 220. Isolepis mono-
stachya, Spreng. Newe Entdeck. iii. 11. I. bispicata, Roem. & Sch. Syst.
Mant. ii. 61. I. rariflora, Schrad. in Roem. & Sch. l.c. 65. Hleogiton
monostachya, Dietr. Sp. Pl. ii. 97. Abildgaardia nervosa, Presi. Rel.
Haenk. i. 180.—Isolepis ?, Wall. Cat. 3490 (except F).

Throughout Inp1a, alt. 0-6500 ft.—Distrrp. S.E. Asia, N. Australia.

Rhizome 0, or rarely horizontal, very short. Stems 4-12 in., tufted, rather
slender, striate, base often thickened. Leaves as long as 3-3 stem (occasionally
longer than stem), narrow, edges incurved (when dry) most minutely scabrous.
Spikelets 3— in., dense-fid., pale or brown. Glumes ovate, obtuse, scarcely mucro-
nate, adpressed, incurved, many-striate, rusty-brown rarely green on back; lowest
empty, like the rest, or rarely bract-like with green nerve excurrent 4-1 in.; all
caducous seriatim, leaving the rhachilla minutely hairy by the ragged edges of the
areoles. Stamens 3, rarely 2; anthers not crested. Style long, flattened, villous
nearly to base; branches short. Wut as long as 3-3 glume; outermost cells very
small, subquadrate obscure.—The large Khasi form, with rusty-brown spikelets 3 in.
long, is by Boeckeler added (perhaps rightly) to F. sub-bispicata.

ll. F. sub-bispicata, Nees & Meyen, in Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur.
xix., Suppl. i. 75; glabrous, stem with 1-3-6 large cylindric spikelets, style
2-fid, nut obovoid stalked biconvex smooth white or becoming brown.
Benth. Fl. Hongk. 391. F. japonica, Sieb. et Zuce. ms.; Steud. Syn. Cyp.
107. F. bispicata, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 6 (partly).

Onissa; Pooree, W. S. Atkinson.—DistRis. China, Japan.

Stems 8-20 in. Spikelets up tol by 4 in. Wud scarcely as long as 4 glume.—
The type of Nees and Meyen is an abundant Hast Asiatic plant near the sea, and
appears distinct from F. schanoides by its larger size and larger spikelet; but the
species is scarcely otherwise separable, though admitted by Bentham.

** Stem with many or several spikelets [but, even in the case of species
that have normally a compound umbel, small examples with few (some-
times with 1) spikelets occur.]

Fimbristylis.) CLXXIL, CYPERACES, (C. B, Clarke.) 635

+ Nut linear-cylindric, curved.

_ 12. F. dipsacea, Benth. in Gen. Pl. iii. 1049; slender, umbel
simple or compound of 12-1 spikelets, glumes aristate, squarrose, style
longish branches 2 long. Scirpus dipsaceus, Rottb. Deser. et Ic. 56, t. 12,
fig. 1; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 736. S. minimus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 219.
Echinolytrum dipsaceum, Desv. Journ. Bot. i. 21, t. 1; Mees in Wight
Contrib. 96. Isolepis dipsacea, Roem. & Sch. Syst. ii. 119; Thw. Enum.
350. I. elachista, Roem. & Sch. Syst. Mant. ii. 61. I. verrucifera, Mauim.
Prim. Fl. Amur. 300.—Isolepis, Wall. Cat. 3478 A, 3479 (mainly).

From Central Inpia, Bene@at, and Assam, to Burma and Ceyton.—Disrxis.
Afric., E. Asia, ‘

Annual, nearly glabrous. Stems 1-6 in., tufted. Leaves often as long as stem,
capillary. OUmbel often 1-3 in. diam.; bracts several, often overtopping umbel.
Spikelets 3 in. diam., subglobose, dense with aristate glumes. Glumes elliptic, pale,
nerve green long excurrent into a curved tail. Stamen 1 or 2; anthers small,
oblong, not crested. Style slender, glabrous, branches longer than nut; style-base
slightly bulbous, persistent or deciduous. Young pistil frequently ornamented by
clavate glands, which usually disappear in fruit, but in Wight, n. 1865 (described in
Gen, Pl. iii. 1049), are developed into ovoid processes nearly as wide as nut. Nut
nearly as long as glume (omitting its arisfa), usually smooth pale brown, minutely
transversely wavy-lined, but sometimes papillose scabrous by reason of the persistent
glands.—Perhaps a distinct genus, for it is not closely allied to any other species,
Most authors have placed it in Scirpus, Sect. Micranthi, to which it has little re-
semblance, except in the aristate squarrose glumes; the nut and style are wholly
different. Bentham has placed it in Fiméristylis with which the inflorescence
glumes and even nut fairly agree, but the style does not; it is often deciduous, and
then sometimes leaves a minute button on the apex of nut, much as in Bulbo-
stylis.

tt Style-base with many long pendent hairs.

13. F. squarrosa, Vahl Enum. ii. 289; slender, umbel compound,
glumes shortly aristate more or less squarrose, style 2-fid, nut obovoid
smooth straw-colrd. Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. viii. 44, t. 735; Boeck. in Linnea,
xxxvii. 10. F. comata, Nees in Wight Contrib. 102. Scirpus aestivalis,
Wall. in Roub. Ft. Ind. i. 230 (in note, not of Reiz.). Pogonostylis squar-
rosa, Bertol. Fl. Ital. i. 312.—Fimbristylis, Wall. Cat. 3517 C, partly.

From Kasuuig and Assam to Mr. Apoo and Burma; especially in rice-fields.
Distzis. All warm regions.

Annual; all parts pubescent, puberulous or glabrous. Stems 2-8 in., striate.
Leaves as long as 3-3 stem. Umbels often 2-4 in. in diam., with many spikelets;
bracts usually short, sometimes as long as umbel. Spikelets 1-1 by 3, in. Glumes
fascous, keel 3-5-nerved, excurrent into a curved tail. Stamens often 2. Style
small, hairy below bifurcation; from the margin of style-base hang 10-18 uni-
cellular slender linear trichomes, as long as 4-3 nut, closely adpressed to it; style-
base easily deciduous with the (then conspicuous) trichomes. Nut as long as } glume,
never conspicuously striate longitudinally.

ttt Nut obovoid, conspicuously longitudinally striate, trabeculate (by
reason of the transverse short-oblong cells between the striations).

14. EF. dichotoma, Vahl Enum. ii. 287 ; umbel compound or decom-
pound, spikelets many solitary oblong angular, glumes ovate acute gla-
brous, style 2-fid, nut 5-9-striated on each face straw-colrd. or rarely
discolrd. black-brown. . Nees in Wight Contrib. 101; Boeck. in Innnea,

636 cixxu. oyperacez. (C. B. Clarke.) [Fimbristylis.

xxxvii. 12 (excl. var. 8, y, F. Royeniana and American sp.) ; Benth. Fl.
Austral. vii. 310 (excl. some syns.). F. pallescens, Nees t.¢. 101; Strachey
Cat. Pl. Kumaon, 73; Thw. Enum. 348. Scirpus dichotomus, Linn.
Sp. Pl. 50; Rottb. Deser. et Ic. 57, t. 18, fig. 1. 5S. annuus, Host
Gram. Austr. iii. 42, +. 63 (style wrongly 3-fid). S. pallescens, Roxb.
Fi. Ind. i. 229.—Fimbristylis, Wall. Cat, 3511, 3515, 3516 B, 3517 A.

Throughout Inp1a, alt. 0-4000 ft., especially in rice-fields.—DistR1iB. Warm
regions of Old World. 5

‘Annual, pubescent or puberulous. Stems 2-10 in., tufted. Leaves often as long
as stem, narrow. Umbel often 2-4 in, diam., sometimes with 9-5 spikelets only ;
bracts often as long as umbel. Spikelets 4 by } in., somewhat angular from the
acute keels to glumes. Glumes boat-shaped, ferruginous, keel green 1-3-nerved,
lowest empty more or less bract-like often pubescent. Stamens 2-1 (or 3 fide
Boeckeler). Style long, flattened, often villous nearly to base. Nut as long as 4
glume, biconvex ; outermost cells, shortly transversely oblong, conspicuous, vertically
superimposed in 5-9 rows on each face of nut.—Closely allied to F. diphylla, in
which the spikelets are terete, the glumes being much less keeled than in F. dicho-
toma,

15. F. diphylla, Vail Enum. ii. 289; tufted, roots fibrous, leaves
as long as 7-2 stem, umbel compound or simple or reduced to 1 spikelet,
spikelets ovoid-oblong terete, glumes glabrous, style 2-fid, nut 5-13.
striated on each face straw-colrd., or rarely discolrd. brown, Nees in Wight
Contrib. 100; Thw. Enum. 348. F. laxa, Vahl Enum, ii. 292. F,
tomentosa, Vahl l.c. 290. Nees 1. c. 100 & in Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur,
xix. Suppi.i. (1843) 81. F. glauca, VaAl 1c. 288. F. annua, Roem. &
Sch. Syst. ii. 95, and Mant. ii. 55; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. viii. 44. F.
depauperata, Br. Prodr. 227. F. curvifolia, Steud. Cyp. 116. F. brachy-
phylla, Schultes in Roem. & Sch. Syst. ii. Mant. 580. ¥.foliosa, Link Hort.
Berol. i.288. F. cincta, Nees 1. c. 98 (in note). F. Royeniana, Nees 1. ¢. 99.
F. ovalis, Nees l.c. 98; Thw. Enum. 348. F. podocarpa, Wees 1. ¢. (partly)
& in Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. xix. Suppl. i. (1843) 77 (partly); Benth.
#1. Hongk. 391. F. communis, Kunth ne 1. 284; Strachey Cat. Pl.
Kumaon, 73 (excl. syns.). EF. Metzii, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 127. F. similis,
Steud. Syn. Cyp. 112. FF. spadicea, Boeck. in Flora, xlu. 70 (not of Vahl).
¥. pentastachya, Boeck. l. c. x1. 36 & in Linnza, xxxvii. 17. F. Heynei, Boeck.
in Flora, xliii. 244, F. polymorpha, Boeck. in Linnea l.c. 17 (eacl. some
syns.). EF. rigidula, Thw. .¢. 348 (not of Nees). Scirpus diphyllus, Retz

bs. v.15; Rowb. Fl. Ind. i. 227. 8S. annuus, Allioni Fl. Pedem. ii. 171,
t. 88, fig. 5. §. miliaceus, brevifolius, arvensis and glomeratus, Foz. J. ¢.
294, 226, 227. Trichelostylis curvifolia, Nees lc. 105 (im note). Isolepis
curvifolia, Schrad. in Roem. & Sch. Syst. ii. Mant. 70.—Fimbristylis,
Wall. Cat. 3501, 3507 (mainly) 3508, 3539 (mainly) 3518, 3521 A.

Throughout Inp1a, alt. 0O-6000 ft. ; common.—Distris. All warm regions.

Glabrous or hairy. RAizome none, or very rarely O-1 in.; stolons 0. Stems
1-24 in., striate, 3-5-angled (rarely compressed) under umbel. Leaves linear or
filiform, obtuse or acute, glabrous or hairy, never reduced to sheaths. Umbels 1-8
in. diam.; bracts 3-4, sometimes short suberect, sometimes ‘spreading much longer
than umbel. Spikelets commonly 4-2 in. Glumes concave, glabrous (rarely
minutely ciliate on margins), brown or reddish, rarely chestnut-colrd., back green ;
lowest 1-3 empty like the others, or rarely somewhat elongated bract-like. Stamens
3, 2orl1. Style long, flattened, villous (at least in the upper half); branches rather
short. Nut as long as 3 glume, biconvex, obovoid, shortly stalked, smooth, almost
glistening white, or in the Malay examples slightly tubercular on shoulders.—As

Fimbristylis.] CLXXI. OyPERACEE. (C. B. Clarke.) 637

limited here, this is one of the most widespread weeds in the world.—The following
varieties (among many others) have been esteemed species :—

Var. 1. annua (sp.) Roem §& Sch.; umbel with few (often with 3-1) ellipsoid
obtuse spikelets—Common in Europe, rare in Bengal.

Var, 2. DEPAUPERATA (sp.)’Br.; stems very slender, flaccid, with few spikelets
—C. B. Clarke (n. 44119) from Assam, has a long slender stem, with a single lateral
spikelet, overtopped by most slender leaves ; recedes from the type F. diphylla more
than does the Australian F. depauperata.

Var. 3, PLURISTRIATA, var. OC. B. Clarke (F. pilosa of most authors not of
Vahl); sheaths and leaves often hairy, nut 10-16-striate on each face often
gougeote or tubercular on shoulders,—A very common southern, especially Malay
‘orm.

Var. 4. SPIROSTACHYS (sp.) F. Muell.; large, umbel large, spikelets Jarge.—
In Australia; but a Khasia form is equally large.

Var. NILAGIRIcA; rhizome very short, creeping; stems 12 in. in a close linear
series ; leaves filiform.—Perhaps referable to F. stolonifera. Nilghiri Hills, Pykara,
‘King.

16. FE. stolonifera, C. B. Clarke; stoloniferous, spikelets dark
ene otherwise as F'. diphylla.—Fimbristylis, Wall. Cat. 3503, A, B
(part) C.

Kasia Hixzs, alt, 2-5600 ft., common. Munrypoor; Watt. Nepat or
Beneat; Wallich.

Stolon breaking out horizontally from the base of stem, hardening into a long
wiry rhizome clothed with lanceolate striate dusky scales. Stems subsolitary,
1-2 ft., slender. Leaves as long as 3-2 stem, erect, very narrow, tip obtuse, hairy
or glabrate. Umbel nearly simple, sometimes depauperated with few spikelets.
Sptkelets 2 by } in.

Var. ludens; style-branches 3 or 4,—Khasia ; alt. 6~7000 ft., C. B. Clarke.

4+t+++ Nut obovoid, smooth, reticulate (not conspicuously striate longi-
tudinally.)

17. BE. wstivalis, Vahl Enum. ii. 288; umbel compound or decom-
pound, spikelets many solitary oblong subcylindric, glumes ovate acute
submucronate, style 2-fid, nut smooth obscurely reticulate straw-colrd.
Nees in Wight Contrib. 102; Boeck. in Linnxa, xxxvii. 11; Trimen Cat.
Pl. Ceylon, 101 (excl. syn.). F. Griffithiana, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 110. F.
dichotoma, Boeck. in Flora, xlii. 70 (not of Vahl). F. tricholepis, Mig. #1.
Ind. Bat. iii. 319. FF. Griffithii, Boeck. in Flora, xliii. 241. Scirpus
wstivalis, Retz Obs. iv. 12; Rowb. Fl. Ind. i. 227.—Isolepis, Wall. Cat.
3475.—Fimbristylis, Wall. Cat. 3516, A, 3517 B, D, EH. :

Throughout Inpra, alt. 0-3000 ft. (except the North-west), abundant.—DisTR 1B.
S. and HE. Asia, Australia and a var. in America. :

Annual, more or less pubescent or puberulous. Stems 2-10 in. Leaves often as
Tong as 4-$ stem. Spikelets 4 by 35 in. Glumes keeled, glabrous or pubescent,
erect or subsquarrose. Stamens 1-2. Style scarcely longer than nut, slightly com-
pressed, usually villous; margin of style-base often minutely hairy (not with long
pendent trichomes of F. squarroea). Nut as long as 3 glume; outermost cells
quadrate-hexagonal, arranged in 12-16 vertical rows on each face of nut, but far
less prominent than in F. dichotoma.

18. EF. seaberrima, Nees in Wight Contrib. 102; stems middle-
sized compressed under umbel, leaves and bracts long, umbel compound

638 OLEXII, cYpERAcEE. (C, B. Clarke.) [Fimbristylis,

and decompound, style 2-fid, nut obevoid smooth straw-colrd. Boeck.
in Linnea, xxxviii. 409 (not xxxvii. 18.)—Fimbristylis, Wall. Cat. 3507,
C.

SYLHET; Wallich.

Glabrous. Roots fibrous, stout. Stems 12-20 in. scabrous on edges at top.
Leaves flat, robust, often overtopping stem. Bracts 3-4, two lower often 4-5 in,
very scabrous on margins. Spikelets many, 1 by =, in., 5-8-fid., acute, chestnut-
brown. Gluwmes ovate, acute, adpressed-incurved. Stamens 3. Style long, scarcely
compressed, nearly glabrous; branches long. Nut as long as 2 glume, biconvex,
scarcely stalked ; outermost cells very small in 20-24 vertical series on each face.—
From the flattened top of stem and small spikelets this has been sometimes referred
to F. complanata.

19. F. podocarpa, Nees in Wight Contrib. 98 (partly) ; nut smooth
finely reticulated not longitudinally striated, gynophore very prominent
obpyramidal, otherwise as F’. diphylla. Nees & Meyen in Nov. Act. Acad.
Nat. Cur. xix. Suppl. i. (1843) 77, var. 6 (and part a not 8.) F. communis,
Kunth Enum. ii. 234 (partly). F. polymorpha, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii.
14 (partly).—Fimbristylis, Wall. Cat. 3521 B.

From the W. Himalaya to Upper Assam and Dacca; Cuota Naqporg, C. B.
Clarke; Kuasta, H. f. et T. T. (Fimbristylis n. 33) ; &c.—DistTR1B. Malaya, China,
Marianne Isles.

This is F. podocarpa, Munro ms. and Herb. Hook. f.; the type example of F.
podocarpa in Wight named by Nees’ hand is typical F. diphylla, Vahl.—In F.
podocarpa (as here understood) the gynophore is obpyramidal, distinguishable from
the nut, its apex is dilated sometimes into a 3-lobed saucer resembling much some
Sclerias. The nut has the small outermost cells in 20-24 rows on each face.

20. F. fuscinux, C. B. Clarke; nearly glabrous, stems middle-
sized, leaves long, umbel large compound, glumes keeled acute puberulous,
style 2-fid, nut obovoid smooth dusky finally black.

N. Inp1a; Moradabad, 7. Thomson; S1xx1m Teral, C. B. Clarke.

Stems 8-20 in. Leaves as long as 4-3 stem, rigid, tip subobtuse. Umbel often
6 in. diam. Spikelets all solitary, ovoid, 4-4 in. long, somewhat angular by reason
of the keeled glumes. Glumes glabrate, margins ciliate hairy, shoulders often
puberulous, tips spreading not adpressed incurved (as in F. ferruginea).—From the
large umbel and long leaves this has been referred to F’. diphylla; itis nearer F.
ferruginea.

21. F. albo-viridis, C. B. Clarke ms. in Herb. Calcutt.; umbel
somewhat lax, nut obovoid straw-colrd. shining smooth or with numerous
obscure longitudinal striations—otherwise as f diphylla.

E. Beneat; Grifith (in Herb. Caleutt.) ; RrvER Muana, J. D. Hooker; Uprer
Assam, Jenkins.

Stems 12-20 in. Leaves long, nearly glabrous. Umbel once or twice compound,
pedicels long. Spikelets 4-3 in. long, greenish-white, sometimes tinged purple-
chestnut. Nut often with minute scattered white scales; outermost cells small, in
25-80 longitudinal series on each face.—Very near F. diphylla, but all the examples
agree closely, and the marking of the nut is unlike that of F. diphylla—much
nearer that of F. podocarpa.

22. EF. ferruginea, Vahl Enum. 291; stems 8-30 in., leaves short
sometimes none, glabrous or hairy, umbel simple or compound usually
contracted, glumes often puberulous below tip, style 2-fid, nut obovoid
smooth pale finally brownish. Delile Fl. Atgypt, 10, t. 6, fig. 3; Nees in

s

Fimbristylis. | CLXXI. CYPERACEZ. (C. B. Clarke.) 639

Wight Contrib. 97; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 287; Thw. Enum. 348 ; Boeck.
tm Linnea, xxxvii. 16. F. arvensis, Vahl Enum. ii. 291. F. marginata,
Labill. Sert. Austro-Caledon. ii. t. 16, fig. 1. F. Roxburghii, Dietr. Sp.
Pl. ii. 162. F. confinis, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 115. F. trispicata, Steud. lc.
107, F. cyrtophylla, Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 11.325. F. ochreata,Boeck. in Flora
xli. 599 (of xlin. 177), F. andamanica, Kurz Andaman Rep. Append.
B, 21. peg he ferrugineus, Linn. Sip. Pl. 74. S. arvensis, Retz Obs. iv.
11 (not of Roxb.). S. globulosus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 217 (not Fimbr.
globulosa, Kunth). S. tristachyus, Rowb. l.c. 221. 8. tranquebariensis.
‘Roth. Catal. Bot. iii. 6 (see Boeck. in Flora, xiii. 36). Schoenus poly-
empha Rottb. Descr. et Ic. 67.—Fimbristylis, Wall. Cat. 3506 (mainly),
» OO27.

Throughout Inp1a, alt. 0O-3000 ft., abundant near the sea. —DisTRis. All warmer
regions.

Rhizome none or hardly any. Stems 8-80 in., tufted, base slightly thickened,
often clothed by shining hard rusty scales. Leaves usually hardly any, sometimes
4-6 in., very narrow. Umbel usually of 5-10 spikelets, sometimes with 20 spikelets,
rarely with 1-3 spikelets; bracts shorter than umbel, often very short. pikelets
2in. Glumes obtuse scarcely mucronate, brown, tip incurved, keel green. Stamens
3 or 2; filaments ligulate; anthers not crested. Style longer than nut, flattened,
villous below bifurcation. Nué as long as 4-4 glume, shortly stalked; outermost
cells small, in numerous longitudinal series.

Var. ? tenuissima, stems 16 in. very slender slightly flattened with 1-3 small
pale spikelets, glumes nearly glabrous, nut very smooth. Cryrion; Mrs. Marriot
(Herb. Delessert).—Leaves 1-6 in., very slender. Bracts 4 in. Spikelets 4 in.,
ellipsoid. Glumes with obscure round red glands. Nut as of F. ferruginea.—This
looks like a distinct species, but only known by one sheet of specimens.

23. F. compressa, Boeck. in Linnxa, xxxviii. 387 (not of Roem. &
Sch.) ; stems long base slender, leaves longish, umbel twice or thrice com-
pound, spikelets cylindrical, glumes dusky-brown puberulous, style 2-fid,
nut obovoid smooth dusky-brown. F. tenuifolia, Nees ms. F. gracilis,
Arnott ms. Scirpus fuscus, Roxb, ms.

Mapras, Roxburgh, Wight. MrEneui, Griffith. TENASSERIM, Helfer.

Stems 8-20 in., 8-5-angular under umbel, basal sheaths herbaceous. Leaves 8
in., very narrow, glabrous, sheaths often fimbriate hairy in mouth. Umbel often
4-5 in. diam. with 25-40 spikelets; bracts frequently overtopping umbel. Sptkelets
nearly 4 in. long, glumes very densely imbricate. Otherwise as F. ferruginea, to
which it is specifically very near.

24. EF. longispica, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 118; nearly glabrous, stems
middle-sized, leaves long, umbel compound or decompound, spikelets
cylindric-lanceolate rusty green, style bifid, nut obovoid smooth, minutely
reticulate finally brownish. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 325. F. Buergueriand
¥. ferruginea, Mig. in Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. ii. 144, F. spadicea, var. B
major, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 20.

SinaaporE; Pahang, Ridley.—DisTR1B.—Malaya, China, Japan. (The Ameri-
can F. spadicea is hardly separable).

Leaves as long as 3-2 stem, stout, flat. Umbel 1-3 in. diam. ; branches suberect ;
lowest bract overtopping umbel, Spikelets } by yy in., terete, hard. Glumes ovate,
scarcely apiculate, erect, closely imbricate, horny, rusty brown with 3 green nerves
on back. Style and stamens nearly as in F. diphylla. Nut as long as 2 glume,
very shortly stalked; outermost cells small, in about 20 series on each face,
jie. nut slenderly obscurely 20-striate on each face, subtrabeculate between the
striations.

640 CLXXII. cypeRacea. (C.B. Clarke.) — [Fimbristylis.

25. BF. rigidula, Nees in Wight Contrib. 99; rhizome horizontal
woody short, leaves longish, umbel once or twice compound, spikelets
very obtuse solitary and paired, style 2-fid, nut obovoid smooth dirty
straw-colrd. EF. Hanceana, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 394.—Fimbristylis,
Wall. Cat. 3519 (partly).

From Kumaon, alt. 0-6000 ft. to Bengal, C. B. Clarhé. Munzypoor, Watt,
Suan Hix1s, Collett.—Distrts. China, Philippines.

Stems 4-16 in., thickened at base, closely 1-seriate on rhizome. Leaves as long
as 4 culm, glabrous, or (with their sheaths) pubescent; tip subobtuse. Umbel 1-5
in, diam., somewhat lax; bracts short, Spekelets 14 in., ellipsoid or subglobose.
Nut nearly as of F. ferruginea, but paler, less glistening ; outermost cells in 20-30
series on each face, i.e. nut minutely reticulate, faintly 20-80 striate longitudinally.
—Well-marked by the rhizome and paired subglobose spikelets. The &. rigidula,
Herb. Berol. reduced to #. diphylla by Kunth and Boeckeler, is not the plant of
Nees. :

26. F. spathacea, Roth. Nov. Pl. Sp. 24; leaves short rigid, umbel
compound with solitary spikelets often contracted sometimes subcapitate,
glumes obtuse often notched, style 2-fid, nut obovoid smooth or somewhat
tubercled dusky. F. Wightiana, Mees in Wight Contrib. 99; Thw. Enum.
349. FF. glomerata, Nees in Linnea, ix. 290; Boeck. in Linnza, xxxvii.
47. F.rigida, Kunth Enum. ii. 231. F. ciliolata, Steud. Syn. Oyp. 109.
F. capitata, Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. ii. 61 (not of Br.). F. levissima,
Steud. l.c.117. F. junciformis, Munro in Seem. Bot. Voy. Herald, 422
(not of Kunth). ¥. biumbellulata, Boeck. in Flora, xli. 604 (see xlii. 34).
Scirpus glomeratus, Retz Obs. iv. 11 (not of Rowbd.). S. strictus, Roxb. Fl.
Ind. i. 226.—Cyperus, Wall. Cat. 3300 (partly).

From Sinp, and Orissa, to CeYLon and SiIv¢aAPoRE.—DistRis. Warm regions.

Stems 4-16 in., tufted, rigid. Leaves as long as 4 stem (often much shorter),
narrow, glabrous, margins incurved. Umbel 2 in. diam. in well-developed examples,
usually somewhat dense with solitary but closely approximated spikelets; in less
developed examples the spikelets are nearly or quite clustered, sometimes virtually
ina single head ; bracts short, broad. Spikelets 3-4 by 54, in., cylindric or ellipsoid, up
to 60 in an umbel. Gluwmes ovate, concave, incurved, margins scarious. Stamens
usually 2. Style somewhat shorter than nut, often glabrous, Wut as long as 3
glume, biconvex, shortly stalked.—This plant offers a transition to the next series
(F. argentea, sericea, &c.) by the often clustered spikelets; Boeckeler appears only
to know this contracted form (which is not Nees’ type), and to have placed it (on
account of such occasionally contracted heads) in the 3-stigma group of F. cymosa,
junciformis, &c. In F. spathacea, the style is never 3-fid.

Series B. Spikelets, or some of them. clustered. (Seealso F. spathacea,
F, rigidula, and occasionally F. diphylla in series A, B.)

* Stems with only one head.

27. FE. argentea, Vahi Enum. ii. 294; stems leafy at base, spikelets
linear-cylindric grey or whiteish, glumes scarcely acute, style 2-fid, nut
obovoid pale smooth or obscurely transversely wavy-lined. Nees in
Wight Contrib. 100; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 287; Thw. Enum. 348;
Boeck, in Linnea, xxxvii. 8. Scirpus aryenteus, Rottb. Descr. et Ic. 51, t.
17, fig. 6; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 223. 8. monander, Rottb. Deser. et Ie. 50, t.
14, fig. 3 (not of Rozxb.).—Isolepis, Wall. Cat. 3483.—Rheede Hort. Mal.
xii. t. 54.

_ From Bren@at and Centrat Inpia to CeyLon.—DistRis. Mauritius, fide
Boeckeler.

Fimbristylis.] ouxxxu. oyperacea, (C. B. Clarke.) 641

Stems annual, tufted, trigonous, 4~8 in, (or in Duthie n. 9860, stem 0, spikelets
basal). Leaves usually shorter than stem, narrow, glabrous. Spikelets 4-20 in the
head, 2 by 3, in., densely-fid.; bracts 2-4, much overtopping head. Glumes ovate,
silver-grey, keel green. Stamen often 1. Style small, shorter than nut, nearly
glabrous, deciduous with its base. Mut very small, about 4 as long as glume,
biconvex, almost margined ; outer cells obscure.

28. F. albicans, Nees in Wight Contrib. 100; stems leafy at base,
spikelets ellipsoid rusty grey, glumes scarcely acute, style 2-fid, nut
obovoid straw-colrd. smooth transversely minutely trabeculate. Boeck. in
Linnea, xxxvii. 9.—Isolepis, Wall. Cat. 3482.

Deccan PENINSULA; Wight, Wallich.

. Nearly glabrous. Stems 8-14 in., slender. Leaves narrowly ligulate, tip sud-
denly narrowed acute. Spikelets 4-15 in the head, 4 by gin. Stamens often 2.
Style longer than nut; slender, glabrous, with long linear branches. Mut small,
shining ; outermost cells conspicuous, transversely oblong, not accurately superim-
posed in vertical series (so that the nut is scarcely striated longitudinally).—Other-
wise as F. argentea.

** Clusters of spikelets subumbellately corymbed.

29. EB. Hookeriana, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 22; nearly glabrous,
spikelets clustered and solitary linear-lanceolate, style 2-fid, nut obovoid
yellow-brown squamose-tuberculate.

Kuasta H1u1s, alt. 1500-4000 ft. CHora Naa@pore; alt. 2000 ft. Clarke.

Annual, Stems 4-10 in., tufted, compressed. Leaves often as long as stem,
narrow, flat. Umbel often 4-6 in. diam.; branches oblique-erect; bracts like the
leaves, often overtopping umbel. Spikelets 1-6 in « cluster, $ by 4-7, in.,
terete. Glumes rather remote, oblong, shortly acute, adpressed incurved, rusty-
green, keeled, brown-scarions on sides. Stamens usually 2. Style longer than nut,
scarcely flattened, slightly dilated at base, villous nearly its whole length, deciduous
with style-base. Nut as long as 3-1 glume, biconvex, obtuse, very shortly stalked;
outer cells transversely-oblong, regularly superimposed in 12-15 vertical series in
each face (i.e. nut slenderly longitudinally 12-15-ribbed); shoulders of nut
subtuberculate by small scales or papille.

3uU. EF. sericea, Br. Prod. 228; leaves numerous, white silky strigose
beneath, spikelets ellipsoid-oblong silvery grey, style 2-fid, nut obovoid
smooth pale. Boeck. in Linnza, xxxvii. 22. F.decora, Nees & Meyen in
Wight Contrib.101. F. dasyphylla, Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 327. ¥F. velu-
tina, Franch. in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xxvi. 87.

Orissa; Poori, W. 8. Atkinson; Ganjam, Lawson. SincaporE, Ridley.—
Distris. EB. Asia, Malaya, Australia.

Rhizome descending or horizontal, woody, up to 3 in. long, sometimes divided,
densely covered by leaves. Stems 4-8 in., rigid, striate. Leaves as long as }-}
stem, rigid, curved, 3;—3 in. broad. Umbel 2-3 in. in diam., simple or compound ;
bracts 3-4 in. Spikelets 2-6 in a cluster, } by 4-4 in., somewhat densely-flowered.
Glumes erect adpressed, ovate, keeled, scarcely acute, striate, dusky purple-green,
pubescent by minute white hairs, margins scarious white. Style about as long as
nut, slightly villous below bifureation, deciduous with style-base. Mut as long as
3-2 glume, biconvex, scarcely stalked.

Sect. III. Tricuetostyiis (Geuus), Lestid. Essai Fam. Cyp.40. Lowest
fertile glumes of spikelet spirally imbricated; stems with many or several
(rarely few or 1) spikelets. Sty/e.3-fid(Gin F. cymosa and F. glob«losa, the
lowest flowers in a spike have often 3-fid style, the upper a 2-fid pe

VOL. VI. T

642 cLxxu. cyprracea, (C. B. Clarke.) [Fimbristylis.

Series C. Spikelets all (or nearly all) solitary.
* Stem with few (sometimes 3-1) spikelets.

31. EF. tenera, Roem. & Sch. Syst. ii., Mant. 57; stems 8-12 in.
slender, umbel lax subcompound, spikelets ellipsoid ultimately cylindric-
lanceolate, glumes ovate acuminate submucronate glandular-puberulous,
style 3-fid, nut obovoid white smooth or subtuberculate coarsely reticulate.
Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 26. F. muriculata, Benth. in Hook. Niger. Fl.
554, Scirpus tenellus, Rowb. Fl. Ind. i. 224. Trichelostylis tenella, Nees
in Wight Contrib. 103.

Deccan Peninsuta, Wight.—DistRiB. Trop. Africa.

Roots fibrous. Stems tufted, 4-5-angular under umbel, base sometimes thickened.
Leaves as long as 4 stem, ,—7, in. broad, flat, glabrous. Umbel 1-2 in. in diam.,
with 7-9 spikelets ; bracts 2-3, bristle-like, up to 1 in. long. Spikelets 4 by {4 in.,
about 10-fid. Glumes adpressed, boat-shaped, chestnut-red, margins scarious. Sta-
mens often 2. Style longer than nut, glabrous, deciduous with pyramidal style-base.
oye long as 2 glume, round-trigonous.—Described from Nees’ type in Herb.

ight. ;

Var. oxylepis, (sp.) Steud. Syn. Cyp. 110; glumes glabrate, nut verrucose
yellow-brown. F. glabra, Steud, l.c. 111. Fimbristylis, Wall. Cat. 3514 B, E,
partly, 3531.—From Lahore and Bengal to Madras.

Var. ? obtusata ; leaves numerous +, in. broad obtuse, glumes glabrate not mu-

cronate, nut verrucose yellow-brown (spikelets sometimes clustered).—Lower Bengal,
Wallich, Kurz. Singapore, Ridley.—Borneo.

32. F. monticola,; Sieud. Syn. Cyp. 111; glabrous, stems 6-14 in.
slender, umbel lax simple or hardly compound, spikelets oblong-lanceolate,
glumes ovate acute, style 3-fid, nut broadly obovoid brown slightly tubercled.
F, tenuifolia, Thw. Enum. 434—Fimbristylis, Wall. Cat. 3514 A.

South Mapras and Ceyton; Cannanore, Campbell. Nin@Hiri1 Hitis, Hohe-
nacker. ANAMALLAYS, Beddome.

Leaves bristle-like, margins (when dry) incurved. Umbel 1 in. in diam., with
4-8 spikelets ; rays ultimately recurved deflexed. Wut as long as 3-2 glume, acutely
trigonous; outermost cells transversely oblong, in 12-15 irregular vertical series.—
Otherwise as F’, tenera.

33. F. merguensis, C. B. Clarke; stems 1 ft. rather slender, leaves
several short, umbel once compound, spikelets largeish lanceolate, style
3-fid, nut small obovoid straw-colrd. smooth. F. Thwaitesii, var. Boeck.
ms. Trichelostylis sp., n. 21, Herb. Ind. Or. Hf. & T. T.

Matay PENInsuLA; Mergui, Griffith; Tenasserim, Helfer (Kew Distrib.
6330).

Glabrous. Roots fibrous, Stems tufted, obscurely 3—-4-angular under umbel.
Leaves as long as 3-3 stem, narrow, flat, tip obtuse. Umbel 1-3 in. in diam., with
12 spikelets; bracts scarcely 3 in. Spikelets nearly 4 by } in., terete, acute, fine
rusty-brown. Glumes erect adpressed, rigid, ovate, shortly acuminate. Stamens
3-2. Style long, white, glabrous, deciduous with the narrowly pyramidal style-base.
- Nut as long as } glume, trigonous, minutely mucronate.

34. BE. Pierotii, Mig. in Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. ii. 145; stoloniferous,
glabrous, stems 1 ft. somewhat slender, umbel simple or once compound,
style 3-fid, nut obovoid straw-colrd. laxly reticulate smooth or somewhat
tubercled. Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 32. Trichelostylis sp., n. 20, Herb.
Ind. Or. H.f. & T. T. (partly).

Fimbristylis.| | obxxl. cypuracea. (C. B. Clarke.) 643

N.W. Hrmataya, alt. 4-9000 ft. Sima, 7. Thomson, Gamble. Kumaon,
Duthie.—Distr1B, Japan.

Stolons up to 2 in,, densely clothed by lanceolate striate scales, finally hardening
into a woody rhizome, Leaves as long as 4 stem, flat, acute. Umbel 1-3 in. in
diam., with 5-14 spikelets; bracts short. Spikelets 3 by 2 in., ellipsoid-lanceolate,
10-fid. Glumes adpressed, boat-shaped, ovate, shortly acuminate, chestnut or testa-
ceous, usually with round glands in upper half, margins scarious. Style long,
glabrous, deciduous with narrow style-base. Wut as long as 4-2 glume, tip sub-
pyramidal.

** Stem with many spikelets (at least in fairly developed examples).
+ Nut slenderly trabeculate (outermost cells transversely oblong).

35. F. Arnottiana, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 28; stems a foot (at
least), umbel decompound, spikelets cuboid-ellipsoid one-colrd., glumes
ovate obtuse brown hardly keeled, style 3-fid, nut obovoid yellow-brown
transversely lineate obscurely tuberculated.

Deccan PrEninsuta; Cannanore, Campbell (Herb. Wight propr., n. 1884,
right-hand plant only).

Stems somewhat slender, 4-5-angular under umbel. Umbel 3-4 in. diam.,
glabrous, with 30 spikelets; bracts 3-4, up to 2 in. long, very narrow. Spikelets
+ by 2 in., obtuse, 10-fid., styles conspicuously protruded. Glumes concave, ad-
pressed incurved, scarcely striate. Stamens 2-3; anthers linear-oblong, scarcely
apiculate. Style as long as nut, slender, glabrous, deciduous with the narrow style-
base. Nut small, as long as 3-2 glume.—Founded on some upper portions of stems
without leaves, pasted down (in Herb. Wight) with F. quinquangularis, to which it
is closely allied.

36. EB. filifolia, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 32; stems 2 ft. quadran-
gular, leaves long narrow convolute or.0, umbel decompound and supra-
decompound, spikelets ellipsoid acute, style 3-fid, nut obovoid straw-yellow
smooth obscurely transversely linedlate.—Trichelostylis sp., n. 14, Herb.
Ind. Or. Hl. f. & T.

Srzxim Terai; Dulkajhar, alt. 500 ft., C.B. Clarke. Kuasra Hinzus; Churra,
alt. 4200 ft., J. D. H., &e.

Glabrous. Leaves sometimes as long nearly as stem, often shorter, sometimes 0.
Umbel 4-12 in. in diam., with many (sometimes 250) solitary spikelets; bracts
22 in. Spikeletsi by % in., brown. Glumes ovate, obtuse, with 3 green nerves.
Style as long as nut, slender, slightly villous below trifurcation, deciduous with the
narrow pyramidal style-base ; branches long linear. Nut as long as 2 glume, round
trigonous ; outermost cells in about 12 longitudinal series on each face.—Resembles
large examples of F. diphylla, but differs not only in the 3-fid style, but in the long
linear style-branches.

37. F. asperrima, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 40; stems 14-23 ft.,
leaves long, umbel decompound with numerous spikelets, bracts acute
often longer than umbel, style 3-fid, nut ellipsoid brown smooth trans-
versely trabeculate smooth or slightly tuberculate. F. chatorrhiza, Thw.
Enum. 349 (partly, not of Kunth). Isolepis dura, Moritzi, Verz. Zoll. Pi.
97. Trichelostylis asperrima, Nees ms.—Fimbristylis, Wall. Cat. 3502 B
(partly), 8525 (mixed).

Crrtoy, Thwaites, &e. From Tavoy, Wallich, to SineaPore, Ridley, frequent.
—Disrris. Malaya.

Stems either 5-angular or flattened under umbel. Leaves several, often as long
as stem. Unmbel large, sometimes with 150 Botany spikelets. Spikelets, style, and

Tt2

644 OLXXII, CYPERACEE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Fimbristylis,

nut much as in F. eomplanata (but nut more trabeculate).—Much resembles larger
forms of F. complanata, Link, but differs by the long bracts. ‘The Khasia plants
referred here by Boeckeler were perhaps F’. Thomsonii, Boeck.

38. F. quinquangularis, Kunth Enum. ii. 229; stems 8-24 in.,
leafy at base or leafless, umbel decompound or supradecompound, spikelets
small ellipsoid-lanceolate 6-14-fld., style 3-fid, nut obovoid transversely
lineolate pale or brownish more or less tuberculate. Thw. Enum. 349;
Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 287; Boeck. in Linnwa, xxxvii. 42 (excl. F. Sal-
bundia). F. Salbundia, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 44 (mostly, not of Kunth).
F. angularis, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 116. F. Boeckeleri, Steud. t. c. 113 (partly,
see Boeck. in Flora, xlii. 69). F. tenera, Boeck. 1. c. 111 (not of Roem. &
Sch.). Scirpus quinquangularis, Vahl Hnum. ii. 279; Rowb. Fl. Ind. i.
229. 8S. miliaceus, Linn. Herb. (? Sp. Pl.i.75). 8. pentagonus, Roxb. 1. c.
218. §. Salbundius (Satbundius), Ham. ms. (not ¥'. Salbundia, Kunth).
Trichelostylis quinquangularis, Nees in Wight Contrib. 104. Isolepis an-
gularis and L? pentagona, Roem. & Sch. Syst.ii., Mant. 69.—Fimbristylis,
Wall. Cat. 3499, 3512 (mainly).

Throughout Inpta, alt. 0-4000 ft., CeyLon, and Manay PeninsuLa.—Disteis.
Malaya, China, Austral. Mauritius introd. ?

Glabrous, annual, very variable in size. Sfems usually flattened at base with
subdistichous sheaths, often 4-5-angular under umbel. Leaves often as long as +
stem, very variable in development. OUmbel often 4-8 in. in diam. with 100 spike-
lets, sometimes small with 15-5 (larger than usual); bracts 4-14 in. Spikelets
#7 in. Jong, more acute than in F. miliacea, subterete (not polygonal as in F.
Salbundia, Kunth). Glumes ovate, subacute, 3-nerved. Style longer than nut,
slender, slightly villous below trifurcation, deciduous with the narrow pyramidal
style-base, branches long. WVué small, as long as 2 glume.—Hardly separable from
F. miliacea (see Arnott in Wight Contrib. 105).

Var. crassa ; more robust, rhizome woody, stems stouter often 2-8 ft. leafless or
nearly so, spikelets rather larger broadly ellipsoid. F. aphylla, Steud. Syn. Cyp.
114. F. globulosa, var. 8 aphylla, Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 822.—Ceylon, Thwaites
(n. 823, partly), &c. Nilghiri, alt. 5-8000 ft., plentiful—Java, Tonkin. ‘

39. F. miliacea, Vahl Enum. ii. 287; stems 8-24 in., leafy at base
or (rarely) leafless, umbel decompound or supradecompound, spike-
lets small globose (or ultimately cylindric) obtuse many-fid., style 3-fid,
nut obovoid transversely lineolate pale or brownish more or less tubercu-
late. Thw. Enum. 348; Dalz. & Gitbs. Bomb. Fl. 287; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat.
iii. 821; Boeck. in Linneza, xxxvii. 43. F. littoralis, Gaud. in Freye. Voy.
Bot. 413. EF. benghalensis, Roem. & Sch. Syst. ii. 94, and Mant. 530. ‘
flaccida, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 113; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 321. F. flaccidula,
Zoll. Syst. Verz. Ind. Archip. ii. 61. Scirpus miliaceus, Burm. Fl. Ind. 22,
t. 9, fig. 2; Rottb. Deser. et Ic. 57, t. 5, fig. 2 (not of Rowd.), 8. tetragonus,
Poir. Encye. vi. 767 ; Rowb. Fl. Ind. i. 228. 8. benghalensis, Pers. Syn. i.
68. Isolepis ? tetragona, Roem. & Sch. Syst. Mant. ii. 69. I. miliacea,
Presl. Rel. Haenk. i. 188 (excl. var. 8). Trichelostylis miliacea & tetra-
gona, Nees in Wight Contrib. 103, 104.—Fimbristylis, Wall. Cat. 3500,
3024,

Throughout Inpra, alt. 0-6000 ft., abundant.—Disrers. All warm regions.

Hardly separable from F. quinguangularis, but by the obtuser spikelets. Outer
cells (transverse) of nut translucent, appearing themselves longitudinally striolate.

+t Nut smooth verrucose or tubercular, not trabeculate.
40. EF. globulosa, Kunth Enum. ii. 231; stems 8-16 in., top sheath

Fimbristylis. | OLXXIL, CYPERACEE. (CO. B. Clarke.) 645

leafless, spikelets cuboid-ellipsoid obtuse, glumes obtuse, style 3-fid (see
var. 8), nut obovoid verrucose pale brown. Thw. Enum. 349; Boeck. in
Innnexa, xxxvii. 45, F. umbellaris, Vahl Enum. 11,291. F. efoliata, Steud.
Syn. Cyp. 109. Scirpus umbellaris, Lam. Ill. i. 141. §. globulosus, Retz
Obs. vi. 19, Isolepis globulosa, Roem. & Sch. Syst. ii. 119. Trichelostylis
Fievaloats Nees in Wight Contrib. 105.—Fimbristylis, Wall. Cat. 3518,

CEYLON, Thwaites. From Nupat, Wallich, Assam, Griffith, and Suan H111s,
Collett, to Penane, Wallich—DistR1B. Malaya, Tonkin, Polynes.

Glabrous. Rhizome none or scarcely any. Stems tufted, 4-5-angular under
umbel, Lower sheaths bearing long leaves or leafless. Umbel sometimes 2 in.
diam., with 20 spikelets; often smaller, sometimes with 2-1 spikelets ; bracts rarely
Zin. Spikelets 3 by 4 in., dense-fid., dusky-brown. Glumes concave, incurved,
8-nerved. Stamens often 2. Style as long as nut, deciduous with the narrowly
pyramidal style-base; branches linear. Nut as long as 2 glume, round trigonous ;
outermost cells lax (i. e. nut. somewhat verrucose), shortly transversely oblong, super-
imposed in 12-15 vertical series in each face (i.e. nut slenderly longitudinally striate).
—Spikelets sometimes barren at top, elongate-cylindric. #

Var. Torresiana (sp.), Gaud. in Freye. Voy. Bot. 413; style 2-fid, nut biconvex.
Assam, Masters. Bengal, J.D.H.—Marianne Islands.—No 38-fid styles could be
found; the examples have the uppermost sheath leafless as in typical F. globulosa.

Var. Vicaryi; lower sheaths with long leaves, uppermost sheath with a green
leaf 3-2 in. long, central sessile spikelet usually deficient. Trichelostylis sp.,
n. 16, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. § T.—Banks of the Chenab, Thomson; Dehra Doon,
Vicary.

41, EF. insignis, Thw. Enum. 349; stems 12-16 in. robust base leafy,
umbel compound with about 10 large lanceolate spikelets, style 3-fid, nut
small obovoid smooth white laxly reticulated. Hance in Journ. Linn Soe.
xiii. 182 (excl. syn. Trichelostylis, n. 20). F.Thwaitesii, Boeck. in Linnea,
ee 24. F.amblyphylla, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 116 (the plant described in
Obs.).

CrYLon, Thwaites.—DistRis. Borneo, China.

Glabrous. Rhizome short, descending. Stems obscurely 4~-5-angular under
umbel, eaves several, as long as 3 stem, narrowish, flat, tip suddenly narrowed.
Ombel 13-34 in, in diam., sometimes simple with 4-5 spikelets; bracts 2-3, less
than Zin. long. Spikelets 4-2 by 2 in., hard, acute. Glumes } in., boat-shaped,
acute submucronate, brown-chestnut. Stamens 3. Style long, villous, white,
tardily deciduous with the narrowly pyramidal style-base. Mut as long as 1-4
glume, triquetrous with concave faces, obtuse almost emarginate.

42. F. pentaptera, Kunth Enum. ii. 229; stems 16-36 in. leafless
hairy acutely 5-angular under umbel, umbel decompound, bracts small,
style 3-fid, nut obovoid shining brown smooth minutely reticulate. Boeck.
in Linnea, xxxvii. 30. F. Salbundia, Thw. Enum. 349 (not of Kunth). 8S.
quinquangularis, Boeck. in Linnza, xxxvii. 42 (as to Thw. C.P. 823). Tri-
chelostylis pentaptera, Nees in Wight Contrib. 105.

Ceylon, up to 6000 ft., Gardner, Thwaites. Deccan Peninsula, Wight (n. 2904,
in Herb. Caleutt.).

Rhizome short, horizontal, woody. Stems somewhat thickened at base; sheaths
hard, yellow-brown. Umbel 2-5 in. in diam., with sometimes 40-85 spikelets.
Spikelets } by 3, in., chestnut-colrd. Glumes adpressed, ovate, scarcely acute.
Stamens often 2. Style long, glabrous, deciduous with the narrowly pyramidal style-
base. Nué as long as } glume.—Easily recognized by the hairy stem.

646 OLXxi, cyPeRacEm. (C.B. Clarke.) [Fimbristylis.

43, F. complanata, Link Hort. Berol. i. 292; stems 8-24 in.
flattened under umbel, leaves almost premorse, style 3-fid, nut minute
obovoid pale more or less tuberculate. hw. Enum. 349. F. autumnalis,
var., Roth. Nov. Pl. Sp. 26; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 38. F. scabra,
Kunth Enum. ii. 245. ¥. Boeckeleri, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 118, partly. Scirpus
complanatus, Retz Obs. v.14; Rowb. Fl. Ind. i. 228. 8. anceps, Willd, in
Berl. Mag. ii. 288, t. 8, fig. 2; Rowb. I.c. 280. Cyperus complanatus,
Willd. Sp. Pl. i. 270. Isolepis complanata & Willdenowii, Roem. & Sch.
Syst. ii. 119, 120. Trichelostylis complanata & T. scabra, Nees in Wight
Contrib. 103.—Fimbristylis, Wall. Cat. 3502 A, 3510, 3525 (partly).

Throughout Inpra in the warm region.—DisTB18. All warm regions.

Glabrous. Rhizome hardly any, sometimes very short horizontal. Leaves often
4-8 by Lin. Umbel often 4 in. in diam., compound and supradecompound, some-
times with 180 spikelets; bracts 2, shorter than umbel (often suberect), similar to
leaves, almost premorse. Spikelets } by jin. Stamens usually 3. Style longer
than nut, glabrous; branches linear, long. Wut about 3 length of glume; outer-
most cells short oblong transverse, in vertical series but obscure (i.e. nut scarcely
striate).

Var. microcarpa (sp.), F. Muell. Fragm. Phyt. Austral. i. 200; stems slender
hardly flattened under umbel, spikelets more slender, nut very small velate (i.e.
outermost cells withering and partly peeling off). Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 316.
F. tenera, Boeck. in Flora, lviii. [1875] 111 (excl. var., not of Roem. § Sch.).—
Kumaon, alt. 8000 ft., Strachey § Winterbottom, n. 2; Sikkim, alt. 9500 ft., J.D.H.
Bombay, Dalzell.—Eastern Asia, Australia.

This species admitted by Bentham, comes between F'. complanata, Link, and F.
autumnalis, Roem. & Sch., species which Boeckeler unites.

Var. Kraussiana, (sp.) Hochst. in Flora, xxviii.757; stems slender obscurely flat-
tened under umbel, umbel more compact less compound often with 10-30 spikelets.
F.connectens, Thaw. Enum, 349.—Ceylon, Thwaites.—China, Malaya, Afric.

Var, fenesirata; spikelets larger rusty-brown, glumes large laxly subpatent
obtuse shining, nut white fenestrate by the strongly reticulate persistent outermost
cells.—Deccan Peninsula; Palimcottah, Wight (n. 2899).—Roots fibrous. Stems 12-
16 in., tufted, conspicuously flattened at top. Leaves as long as % stem, 2 in. broad,
tip subobtuse. Umbel and bracts nearly as in F. complanata, typ. Spikelets 2 by
4 in., many-fid.

44, EF. Thomsonii, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 37; stems 8-24 in.,
leaves flat tip obtuse, umbel compound and supradecompound, spikelets
ellipsoid acute, style 3-fid, nut oblong-obovoid straw-colrd. verrucose or
subtuberculate obscurely transversely lineolate. £. complanata, Benth.
Fi. Hongk, 393.—Trichelostylis, sp. n. Herb. Ind. Or. H. f. & T.

N.E. Inpia, alt. 500-4000 ft., from Srxxim, Assam and Chota Nagpore to
Marrasan and SHAN HILLs, common.—DiIstRis. Tonquin, China.

Glabrous. Roots fibrous. Stems upwards obscurely 4-angular, or sometimes
subeompressed. Leaves sometimes short 2-4 in., sometimes a foot. Umbel 2-6 in.
diam., with sometimes 80 spikelets; bracts 4-5, usually shorter than umbel. Spike-
lets 2 by }in. Nut as long as 2 glume.—This species is near the large form of F.
complamata, Link, from which it mainly differs by the thicker spikelets and larger
nut (is probably often passed for #. diphylla, Vahl).

45. F. Salbundia, Kunth Enum. ii. 230; stems 13-3 ft, leafless 4-5-
angular, umbel decompound with 120 ovoid testaceous spikelets, glumes
keeled rather lax, style 3-fid, nut obovoid yellow-brown opaque smooth or
slightly tuberculate. Trichelostylis Salbundia, Nees in Wight Contrib.

Fimbristylis.] | cuxxu. ovperacea. (C. B. Clarke.) 647

105 (at least in part) not Scirp. Salbundius, Ham. in Wall. Cat. n. 3499
A, nor F. Salbundia, Boeck.).—Fimbristylis, Wail. Cat. 3499 CO. in

Herb. Berlin (not in Herb. Linn. Soc.), 2526, 3527 (in Herb. DO. not in
Linn, Soc.).

; Singet; Wallick, Kuasta Hits, Grigith. AMHERST; Waillich u. 3527
(in Herb. DC.).—Disrriz. Australia,

Glabrous. Rhizome very short, obliquely descending. Stems tufted, acutely
angular. Umbel 2-4 in. diam. ; bracts scarcely an inch, bristle-like, Spikelets ze
in., angular, about 10-fid. Glumes ovate obtuse, margins broadly scarious.—Has
been greatly confused with the leafless form of F. guinguangularis, from which it is

ied known by the testaceous spikelets, polygonal by reason of the acutely keeled
glumes.

Series D. Spikelets clustered (some solitary often added).

46. EF. leptoclada, Benth. Fl. Hongk. 393 (not Fl. Austral.) ; stems
1 foot slender, leaves long narrow, spikelets small in 1-3 small clusters
dark brown, glumes very obtuse tip ciliate, style 3-fid, nut obovoid yellow-
brown verrucose. F. retusa, Thw. Enum. 349; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii.
46; Hance in Lond. Journ. Bot. xvi. 112.

Cryton ; Thwaites. Matacca; Griffith.—DistErB. Borneo, China.

Annual, glabrous. Leaves as long as } stem (or all stem) ,-2, in. broad.
Umbel 4-1 in., often congested into a head ; bracts hardly in. Spikelets usually
3-8, 4 in., ellipsoid, obtuse. Stamen often 1. Style as long as nut, glabrous, deci-
duous with the shortly pyramidal style-base; branches linear. Nut as long as 2
glume, round trigonous.

47, FE. paupercula, Boeck. in Linnexa, xxxviil. 396; stems 1 ft.
slender, clusters of spikelets in a simple umbel, style 3-fid, nut obovoid
with many longitudinal striations finally black.

> Decoan Peninsuna ; Pulney Mts.; Wight (n. 2896).

Nearly glabrous. Rhizome short, obliquely descending. Stem under umbel
5-angular, minutely scabrous pilose. Leaves as long as 4 stem, narrow. Umbel
rays 4-5, 1 in. long; bracts hardly }in. Spikelets 2-7 to wa cluster, iin. long,
ellipsoid, brown, about 6-fid. Glumes ovate, keel slightly excurrent as a mucro,
glandular upwards, sometimes puberulous. Nut as long as } glume, triquetrous,
apex obtuse; outer cells shortly transversely elliptic, regularly arranged in about
16 vertical series on each face.—This is in Herb. Calcutt., Paris, and Berlin ; but
not in Mus. Brit. or Kew.

48. F. junciformis, Kunth Enum. ii. 239; stems 4-16 in., leaves
several rigid, umbel compound and decompound, spikelets clustered, style
3-fid, nut obovoid nearly smooth or verrucose straw-colrd. or pale brown.
Boeck, in Linnsea, xxxvii. 49. F. Heenkei, Dietr. Sp. Pl. iti. 161. F.
chetorrhiza, Kunth 1.c. 240; Strachey Cat. Pl. ii. 73. F. falcata, Kunth
1. c. 289. Scirpus falcatus, Vahl Enum. ii. 275. Isolepis falcata, Roem.
& Sch. Syst. ii. 118. Trichelostylis junciformis and cheetorrhiza, Nees in
Wight Contrib. 106.—Fimbristylis, Wall. Cat. 3519 (partly), 3520.

Throughout Iwp14, alt. 1500-5900 ft., from Kasamin and Assam to Mapras and
Preu.—Distris. Madagascar, Philippines.

Glabrous. Rhizome woody, short ; or sometimes 2 in. long horizontal. Stems
tufted, rigid, upwards 4-5-angular or obscurely flattened. Leaves usually short but
sometimes as long as 4-3 stem, =1,-3 in. broad, flat, margins incurved, tip obtuse.
Umbet 1-4 in. diam., with 20-30 clusters, often much smaller with 3-5 clusters ;
bracts 2~4, short, rarely 1 in. Spikelets 2-5 toa cluster, with none or few solitary

648 CLXXU. oyPpERAcEE, (C.B, Clarke.) [Fimbristylis.

spikelets in the typical form, but examples with many solitary few clustered spike-
lets occur, 34 in., brown or chestnut-colrd., many-fid. GJumes ovate, obtuse,
margins conspicuously scarious, Stamens 8. Style longer than nut, slender,
slightly villous below trifurcation, deciduous with the small pyramidal style-base ;
branches long. Wut as long as} glume, not (or obscurely) striate.—F. Haenkei,
Dietr. is the older (but less certain) name for this species. The Californian habitat
given by Boeckeler is probably erroneous.

Var. abbreviata (sp.) Boeck. in Flora, xli. 601 ; spikelets some paired but mostly
solitary. F. chetorrhiza, Thw. Enum. 349 (partly).—Ceylon ; Thwaites, Gardner.
Deccan Peninsula; Wallich n. 3520 A. (partly). Anamallay Mts.; Beddome.

Var. latifolia (sp.) Kunth 7. c. 239; leaves 3-2 by 2 in. flat curved and twisted,
spikelets rather many (rarely all) solitary. F. faleata, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii.
48. F. torta, Kunth l.c.24; Boeck.l.c. 31. Trichelostylis torta and T. latifolia,
Nees in Wight Contrib. 105, 106.—Fimbristylis, Wall. Cat. 3498.—Deccan
Peninsula; Wight, Wallich. Ceylon; Walker.

49. F. nigrobrunnea, Thw. Enum. 434; stems 8-20 in., leaves
several stout obtuse, umbel simple compound or decompound, spikelets
some clustered (rarely all solitary), glumes shining hard dark-brown lower
few-ranked or obscurely distichous, style 3-fid, nut obovoid yellow-brown
verrucose or nearly smooth. F. subtetrastachya, Boeck. in Lannea, xxxvil.
50. F. pyecnostachya, Hance in Journ. Bot. xv. 338. Abildgaardia
Eragrostis, Boeck. l.c.55 (partly, not of Nees & Meyen).—Fimbristylis,
Wall. Cat. 3523.—Trichelostylis sp. n. 20, Herb. Ind. Or. H. f. & T.

Kuasia HIvtzs, alt. 38-5000 ft. Muwrrpoor; alt. 3500 ft., Watt. Deccan
PeninsvuLa; Courtallum, Wight. NicoBars. Cxry.Lon, Thwaites, &c.—DIsTRIB.
Cambodia.

Glabrous. Rhizome hardly any. Leaves as long as 3-2 stem, by + in. broad.
Ombel 3-6 in. diam. ; bracts about 4 in.; spikelets in the common Khasia form 2-10
to a cluster, in the Ceylon form solitary. Spikelets} by 1 in., or sometimes much
smaller. Glumes ovate, acute, keeled, adpressed. Stamens generally 2. Style
as long as nut, slightly villous below trifurcation. Nutas long as 2 glume.—This
species might perhaps be arranged in Sect. Abildgaardia,

50. E+ uliginosa, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 109; stems 4-8 in. slender,
leaves almost bristle-like, spikelets clustered black-chestnut, style 3-fid,
nut obovoid smooth pale slightly narrowed at top. Boeck. in Linnea, 25,
25.

NineutRi Hints ; alt. 6~7000 ft., Perrottet, &c.

Leaves as long as 3} stem, 34-3; in. broad. Umbel simple or often reduced
toa single cluster sometimes to a single spikelet.—Otherwise as F. nigro-brunnea,
Thw., of which this may be a small mountain state.

51. F. digitata, Boeck. in Flora, lxi. 35; stems 2-5 in. bristle-like
base bulbous, spikelets 3-8 straw-colrd. in a subterminal head, style
3-fid, nut obovoid smooth straw-colrd. or finally brownish. Benth. &
Hook, f. Gen. Pl. iii. 1050. Scirpus Lawianus, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi.
479. Trichelostylis digitata, H. f. & T. ms.

Bombay ; Dalzell. Canara; Law, Young; Belekerri, Talbot.

Glabrous. Leaves as long as 4 stem, bristle-like. Bracts 2-1, shorter than
head. Spikelets 3-3 by 2,-2 in., 6-18-fld. Glumes ovate-oblong, scarcely acute,
keeled, chaffy, nearly 1-colrd. Style nearly as long as nut, glabrous, deciduous,
with small pyramidal style-base, branches linear. Nut as long as } glume, sessile,
round-trigonous, obtuse at top.

Fimbristylis,] OLXXII, oYPeRACEZ. (C. B. Clarke.) 649

Sect. IV. Apitpeaarpia (Genus) Vahl Enum. ii. 296. Lower glumes
of spikelet distichous or nearly so, upper fertile glumes spirally placed.
(See also F. nigrobrunnea, sp. n. 49 above.) Spikelets not clustered.

* Spikelets pale, nut large triquetrous base much narrowed.

_ 52. FE. monostachya, Hassk. Pl. Juv. Rar. 61; stems leafy at base
with 1 (rarely 2-3) spikelet, nut-bearing glumes 2-3-stichous shortly
mucronate, style 3-fid, nut somewhat large obovoid more or less tuberculate
gtraw-colrd. or pale-brown. Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 308. Cyperus mono-
stachyus, Linn. Mant. 180; Rotth. Descr. et Ic. 18, t. 13, fig.8. C. indicus,
Pers, Syn. i. 65, Scirpus schoenoides, Rowd. Fl. Ind.i. 221. Abildgaardia
monostachya, Vahl Enum. ii. 296; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 286; Thw.
Enum, 347; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 58. A. levigata, Link Jahrb. iii.
81. A. Rottboelliana, Nees in Wight Contrib. 95. A. compressa, Pres.
feel. Heenk. i. 179. A. indica, Nees in Linnea, ix. 289.—Abildgaardia,
Wall. Cat, 3491.

Throughout warmer Inp1a.—DistRis. All warm regions.

Glabrous. Rhizome 0, or very short. Stems 2-16 in., tufted, slender, angular.
Leaves as long as 3 stem, narrow. Spikelet quasi-terminal (bract hardly any) 4 by
+in., or in some of Wallich’s collections nearly twice these dimensions, compressed
with glumes distichous), or often twisted. Glumes ovate, acute, keel green, sides
straw-colrd. or yellow. Stamens 3; anthers linear-oblong not crested. Style long,
villous nearly to the base, deciduous with pyramidal style-base ; branches rather
short. Nut as long as 4-1 glume, base much contracted.

63. F. tristachya; Thw. Enum. 434 (not of Br. or Nees); stem stout
leafy at base with 2-5 (rarely 1) large spikelets, nut-bearing glumes 2-3-
stichous shortly mucronate, style 3-fid, nut large obovoid ‘tuberculate
ultimately brown-black. Cyperus triflorus, Linn. Mant. 62. Schcenus
cyperoides, Retz Obs. iv. 8. Abildgaardia tristachya, Vahl Hnum. ii. 297 ;
Nees in Wight Contrib. 95; Thw. t.c. 347; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 54.
A. monostachya, var. Hassk. Pl. Jav. Rar, 61.—Isolepis?, Wall. Cat.
3492.

Deccan PENINSULA, frequent; Wight, &c. CrYLon; Thwaites.—DIsTRIB.
Warmer Africa.

Stems 1-23 ft. Leaves as long as 4 stem, rigid. Spikelets 1 in., compressed,
often twisted.—This species is altogether larger than the common forms of F. mono-
stachya ; from the large form of F. monostachya it does not differ much except by
its dark nut.

** Cnikelets brown, nut small base not much narrowed.

54, F. fusca, Benth. in Gen. Pl. iii. 1048; leaves several short
flat, umbel often compound, bracts short, glumes few-ranked boat-
shaped acute brown puberulous, style 3-fid, nut obovoid pale smooth
slightly verrucose. F. cinnamometorum, Hance in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiii.
182 (not Kunth). F.Kamphoeveneri, Boeck. in Engler Bot. Jahrd. v. 505.
Gussonia pauciflora, Brongn. in Bot. Duperr. Voy. 171, t. 34,B. Abildga-
ardiafusca, Nees in Wight Contrib. 95; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 54. A.
pauciflora, Kunth Enum. ii. 249. Schoenus puberulus, 0. A. Meyer Cyp.
Nov. 2, +. 1. Rynchospora? anomala, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 149; Mig. Fl. Ind.
Bat. iii. 337. Isolepis longispica, Steud. 2. c. 104.—Fimbristylis, Wail.
Cat. 3530.

650 CLXXI. cypERAcExZ. (C. B, Clarke.) [ Fimbristylis,

Nepat; Wallick. Burraxur; Kurz. Peeu; Kurz. PENANG; alt. 2500 ft.,
Kunstler.—Distr1B. Malaya, China.

Rhizome very short, woody, horizontal, densely leafy. Stems about 1 ft.,
slender, angular, glabrous. Leaves scarcely as much as } stem, 34; in. broad,
minutely pubescent or nearly glabrous, tip obtuse. Umbel 1-24 in. diam., with
about 10-20 spikelets; bracts 3-2 in., usually hairy. Spikelets 1-2 by § in,
flattened ; lowest three glumes empty, lowest 2 shorter; nut-bearing glumes 2-6,
subdistichous, upper glumes 3-6 male or sterile 3~several-ranked. Glwmes sub-
mucronate, margins scarious, upwards often glandular. Stamens usually 2. Style
long, slender, glabrous, deciduous with pyramidal style-base; branches linear. Nut
as long as 4-3 glume, subacutely trigonous, obtuse; outermost cells somewhat lax,
sometimes almost papillose.

55. EB. fulvescens, Thw. Enum. 434; annual, glabrous, leaves as
long as 3-3 stem, otherwise nearly as / fusca, var. B longifolia. Boeck. in
‘Linnea, xxxvii. 55. Abildgaardia fulvescens, Thw. 1. c. 347.

Cryton; Walker, Thwaites (n. 679).

Stems tufted. Umbel nearly as in F’. fusca, or sometimes more loose, with pale-
cinnamon long-pedicelled spikelets; bracts ligulate scabrous. Spikelets 3-2 in.
broad, i.e. often rather broader than in F’. fusca.

56. F. cyperoides, Br. Prodr. 228; leaves several long narrow,
umbel compound, bracts short, glumes few-ranked boat-shaped acuminate
brown glandular, style 3-fid, nut oblong-obovoid pale transversely trabe-
culate. Benth, Fl. Austral. vii. 317. F. biflora, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii.
393. Abildgaardia cyperoides, Nees in Wight Contrib. 95 (in note).
Gussonea cyperoides, Pres?, Rel. Heenk. i. 183, t. 33 (see Benth. & Hook. f.
Gen. Pl. 1049.)

N. AUSTRALIA, PHILIPPINE, CAROLINE ISLES.

Stems about 1 ft., slender (base thickened by horny sheaths) closely approximate
ona very short rhizome. Leaves as long as 3-3 stem, glabrous or minutely hairy.
Umbel 1-34 in, diam., sometimes with 80 spikelets usually with much fewer,
glabrous or minutely hairy; bracts }-lin. Spikelets 4 by 4 in., flattened; lowest
2-8 glumes empty, lowest 1-2 small; nut-bearing glumes 2-4, distichous, upper
glumes 3-6, male or sterile, 3-several-ranked. Stamens often 3. Style long,
slender, deciduous with its hairy pyramidal style-base; branches linear. Wut as
long as 2 glume, round trigonous.—California (Presl.) is an error for Manila.

Var. cinnamometorum (sp.) Kunth Enum. ii. 229; roots fibrous, stems tufted,
nut shining somewhat polygonal, outermost cells transversely oblong superimposed
regularly in 7-11 vertical series on each face (i.e. nut 7-11-ribbed on each of its 3
faces). Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 35. F. glabra, Steud. Syn. Cyp.111, chiefly. Scirpus
cinnamometorum, Vahl Enum. ii. 278. Trichelostylis cinnamometorum, Nees in
Linnea, ix. 290. Abildgaardia cinnamometorum, Thw. Enum. 347 (excl. syn.
fusea).—Pegu and Ceylon ; China.—Steudel’s #. glabra is founded on Hohenacker
n. 131, a, which is this “cinnamometorum,” mixed with F. tenera var. ovylepis ;
Steudel’s description regards mostly cinnamometorum.

57. ¥. actinoschoenus, C. B. Clarke; leaves hardly any, spikelets
in one small dense head 4-1-fld., glumes about 6 few-ranked lower
subdistichous, style 3-fid, nut small obovoid trigonous. Actinoschcenus
filiformis, Benth. in Hook. Ic. Pl. xiv. 33,t. 1346. Arthrostylis filiformis,
Thw. Enum. 352; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 524,

Cryrton; Thwaites (n. 3469), Beckett.

Glabrous, perennial. Stems slender, 12-30 in, Leaves 0-} in., setaceous, green,
close to base of stem. Spikelets up to 20 in u globose head 3-3 in. diam. ; bracts
0-3 in., setaceous. Spikelets 4 in., usually 2-fld., lower flower alone perfecting a

Fimbristylis.] CLEXIL OYPuRAcEE, (C. B, Clarke.) 651

nut ; but sometimes 4-fid., the three lower flowers perfect. Lowest 3 glumes smaller
empty ; glume subaristate, with recurved point (but,see var. 8B). Style deciduous ;
base conic, dilated. Nut smooth, reticulate.

Var. 6 chinensis; spikelets less numerous, points of fl.-glumes shorter suberect.
Arthrostylis chinensis, Benth. Fl. Hongk. 397. Actinoschosni sp. Benth. in Hook.
Ic. Pt. xiv, 33.—Perak, alt. 6500 ft., Wray, n. 354, alt. 800 ft., Kunstler (a.
3373).—Hongkong.

58. F. disticha, Boeck. in Linnzxa, xxxviii. 393; stems 4-10 in.
slender base leafy, umbel 1-3 times divided slender lax, spikelets small
narrowly oblong flattened, lower glumes distichous, style 3-fid, nut
obovoid pale verrucose almost tuberculate.

Gee 3; Wallich. MovunMEIn; Parish. Mureui; G@rifith.—DuistRis. Cochin
ina,

Annual. Stem 5-striate, base thickened by numerous sheaths. Leaves in the
type 2 in., often much longer, flat, glabrous, tip obtuse. Umbdel 4 in., nearly
glabrous, bracts 4 in. Spikelets 1 by 3; in., pale brown, with about 15 flowers.
Glumes boat-shaped, ovate, subobtuse, glabrous, margins minutely hairy, 1-2 lowest
empty deciduous. Stamens often3. Style long, glabrous, deciduous with pyramidal
style-base, branches long. Wut as long as 3-2 glume, round-trigonous.

Var? Kurzii; stouter, umbel denser, rays hairy, spikelets stouter, glumes
distichous densely minutely hairy.—Sikkim Terai; Titaliya, Kurz. /

DOUBTFUL SPECIES OF Fimbristylis.

F. GAMBLEANA, Boeck. Cyp. Nov. ii. 40.—Mapras; alt. 3000 ft., Gamble.—
“ Allied to #. tenera,’? Boeck.

9. BULBOSTYLIS, Kunth.

Annuals. Stems slender, leafy only at base. Leaves very narrow and
sheaths generally finely hairy. Corymb umbelliform or congested, some-
times reduced to 1 spikelet. Spikelet of numerous axillary perfect fowers,
tabescent at top. Glwmes imbricated on all sides, 2-1 lowest empty.
Hypogynous bristles 0. Stamens 3-1, usually 2; anthers not crested.

tyle as long as nut, linear, glabrous; branches 3, linear; style-base very
small, bulbiform ; style with style-base deciduous, leaving a minute button
on apex of nut. Nut obovoid, obtuse, 3-gonous, scarcely stalked, smooth.
—Species 70, all warm regions. ;

This genus comprises a large group of very closely allied species, easily recognized
by the fine leaves and needle-like hairs, as well as by the peculiar button left on
the nut (itself ultimately deciduous). They are placed in Fimbristylis by Bentham, who
laid great stress in the Cyperacee on the inflorescence; and by Boeckeler in Scirpus.
They are really very closely allied to Eleocharis (of which genus one American
species is Bulbostylis nudipes, Kunth), from which genus the few Indian Buldo-
stylides are easily distinguished by their leaves.

1. B. barbata, Kunth Enum. ii. 208 (see p. 205); stem glabrous
with 3-20 spikelets in a globose head, style 3-fid, nut straw-colour
obscurely reticulated or porose-punctate. B. Wallichiana and Willdenowii,
Kunth tl. c. 209, 210. Scirpus barbatus, Rottb. Deser. et Ic. 52, t. 17, fig.
4; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 751 (excl. var. 8). 8S. antarcticus, Thunb, FT.
Cap. 96; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 223 (not Linn.). §.monander, Row, 1. v. 222.
S. puberulus, Boeck. l.c. 767 (armeroides only). Isolepis barbata, Br.
Prodr. 222; Nees in Wight Contrib. 109; Strachey Cat. Pl. Kumaon, 73;
Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 310; Thw. Enum. 350. I. Wallichiana, Roem. &

652 Obxxu, cypERacez, (C. B, Clarke.) [Bulbostylis.

Sch. Syst. Mant. ii. 533, I. capillaris, Don Prodr. 39 (not_ Roem. & Sch.).
I. Cumingii and I. involucellata, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 101. I. subtristachya,
Hochst.; see Boeck. l.c. 752. Fimbristylis monandra, Roem. & Sch. Syst.
Mant. ii. 59. F. barbata, Benth. Fl Austral. vii. 321.—Burm. Thes.
Zeyl. t. 47, fig. 2.—Isolepis, Wall. Cat. 3481, 3497. ;

Throughout Inp1a, alt. 0-4000 ft., from Kasur and Assam to CEYLON and
Sincapore.—Distris. Warm regions.

Stems tufted, 2-10 in., bristle-like, striated. Leaves as long as } stem ; sheaths
usually with needle-like hairs at least in their throat, Capitulum 3-3 in. diam. ;
bracts shorter, or much longer, than head. Spikelets 3-4 in., oblong-lanceolate.
Glumes boat-shaped, ovate, scarcely acute, rusty brown with green keel, margins
minutely ciliate, sides puberulous or glabrate. Wud as long as 3 glume.

Var. pulchella (sp.) Thw. Enum. 350 (under Isolepis); lower glumes ovate-
lanceolate longer more rigid than in B. barbata type. Scirpus Thwaitesii, Boeck,
in Linnea, xxxviii. 380,—Isolepis, Wall. Cat. 3480, B. 3481 C.—South Madras.
Pondicherry ; Perrottet ; Tuticorin; Wight n. 2891, Wallich. Ceylon; Thwaites
n. 829, 3761), &c.—The type form of this var. looks aseparable species, but
there are intermediates which I cannot sort between the two; Wight regarded
all as one species.

_2. B. subspinescens, C. B. Clarke; stem hairy with about 10
spikelets in an almost prickly head, style 3-fid, nut pale brown.

Orissa; Poori, W. S. Atkinson, Clarke.

Whole plant pubescent. Stems 4 in., rigid, curved. Leaves as long as } stem.
Spikelets nearly 4 in., hard, almost stellately spreading; bracts about as long as
the head. Gluwmes scarcely keeled, densely pubescent.—Otherwise as B. barbata, of
which it might be treated as a var. growing in sea sand.

3. B. capillaris, Kunth Enum. ii. 212 (see p. 205); stem glabrous,
spikelets nearly all solitary in a simple or compound umbel, style 3-fid,
nut pale transversely undulate. Scirpus capillaris, Linn. Mant. 321.

Throughout AMERICA.

Var. trifida (sp.) Kunth Enum. ii, 213; nut smooth or often verrucose not
transversely undulate. Scirpus densus, Wall. in Rowb Fl. Ind. (ed. Carey & Wall.)
i, 281, S. gracillimus, Boeck. in Linnea xxxvi. 761. S. trifidus, Hance in Journ.
Bot. xvi. 112, Isolepis trifida, Nees in Wight Contrib. 108; Strachey Cat. Pl.
Kumaon, 73; Thw. Enum. 350. 1. tenuissima, Don Prodr. 40. I, densa, Roem. f
Sch. Syst. Mant. ii.71; Nees in Wight Contrib.109. I. trichokolea, Steud. Sen. Cyp.
96; Mig. Fl. Ind, Bat. iii, 308. Fimbristylis capillacea, Steud. 1. c.111. F. capil-
laris, Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 8322 (partly) ; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 390.—Isolepis,
Wall. Cat. 3476.

Very common from the Himataya, alt. 0-8500 ft., to Ceyton.—Disrris, Warm
regions of Old World.

Stems tufted, 4-10 in., slender, striate, glabrous under umbel. eaves as long as
4-2 stem, bristle-like, nearly glabrous; sheaths with needle-like hairs at least in
their throat. Umbel very variable; in form densus (sp. Wall.) umbel very com-
pound dense with spikelets; in trifida (sp. Kunth) umbel with 3 or not rarely
2-1 spikelets. Spikelets in the Indian plants solitary, 3 in., ellipsoid or oblong.
6-15-fid. Glumes boat-shaped, ovate, obtuse, brown or blackish, puberulous, keel
green scarcely excurrent in a mucro. Nut as long as 2 glume.—Some Indian
specimens have stems 16 in. with large compound umbels.—I cannot separate this
specifically from the American type capillaris; the shape of the outermost cells of
the nut is identical in the two, the superficial difference in marking is often imperfectly
developed.

4. B. puberula, Kunth Enum. ii. 213 (see p. 205); stem pubescent or

Bulbostylis. CLXXI. CYPERACEH. (C. B. Clarke.) 653

puberulous under umbel, umbel often congested (sometimes lax) spikelets
solitary, style 3-fid, nut pale transversely wrinkled. Scirpus puberulus,
Poir Eneycl. vi. 767; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 767. 8. Wightianus,
Boeck. l.c. 765 (in great part). S. barbatus, Boeck. 1. c. 751 (as to syn.
Isolepis gracilis and Thwaites n. 834). I. gracilis, Nees in Wight Contrib.
109 (not Linnea, x.161); Kunth lc. 217; Thw. Enum. 350. I. puberula,
Steud. Syn. Cyp. 103. Cyperus: pubescens, Steud. 1. c. 50.

Deccan PEninsuLa, Wight. Cryton; Thwaites n. 8384. Murevui; Grifith.
Matacca ; Kunstler, SINGAPORE ; Burbidge.—DistRis. Trop. Africa, Malaya and
Cochin China.

Very near B. capillaris ; the spikelets are really solitary, but often closely packed
in an umbel less than 1 in. diam. In Wight n. 1892 (type of Isolepis
gracilis, Nees) the stems are long, very slender; the umbel is lax, some pedicels
2 in. long.

10. SCIRPUS, Linn. (partly).

Herbs of very various habit, all glabrous (or the inflorescence slightly
hairy). Spikelets usually many-fld. (lower glumes spirally imbricated)
sometimes few-fld. (lower glumes subdistichous upper spirally imbricated).
Glumes 1-2 (rarely 3) lowest empty, several (rarely 1) succeeding with
perfect nut-bearing flowers, upper tabescent. Hypogynous bristles 7-1
setaceous, or 0, or (in S. littoralis and S. Isolepis) sometimes broad ovate.
Stamens 8-1, anterior; anthers linear-oblong or oblong, crested or un-
appendaged. Style long or short, glabrous, 3-fid or 2-fid, base linear
or linear-conic, continuous with apex of nut. Nut trigonous or plano-
convex, sessile or nearly so.—Species 125, all regions.

This genus here includes (in several very dissimilar sections) all the scirpoid
species left after the neighbouring genera have been taken out, Eleocharis and
Fimbristylis differ by the enlarged style-base (separated from the nut by a constric-
tion or a line); Fuérena and Bulbostylis have hairy leaves ; Eriophorum has bristles
ligulate, laciniate (to the base in the Indian species).

Sect. I. Monostacuyi. Small or slender. Stems (or branches) with
one spikelet. Style long.

1. S. fluitans, Linn. Sp. Pl. 71; stem weak elongate branched
leafy upwards, bristles 0, style 2-fid, nut plano-convex obovoid smooth
pale. Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ, viii. 38, t. 298 (excl. the triquetrous nut) ; Boeck.
in Linnea, xxxvi. 485 (excl. var. y and part 8). Isolepis fluitans, Br.
Prodr. 221; Thw. Enum. 350. I. curvula, Kunth Enum. ii. 189. I. cur-
vata, Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. ii. 62. Eleogiton fluitans, Link Hort. Berol.
i. 284. HE. curvulus, Nees in Wight Contrib. 110.

Kasta Hinzs; alt. 1-3000 ft. Ninenir1 Hits; Perrottet, &e., with more
rigid purple glumes (var. spadicea). Cryton ; Thwattes, &c., with shortened curved
nodes and clustered peduncles and leaves (var. curvula).—DisTRiB. Nearly all
regions.
ia Root fibrous. Stems 2-12 in. long, flaccid, in water or on mud. Leaves 4-24
in., very narrow. Peduncles 1-4 in. Spikelet J,-1 in., many- or few-fid.; bract
usually shorter than the spikelet, or 0. Glumes ovate, obtuse, concave. Nut as
long as 3-2 glume; outermost cells small quadrate-hexagonal obscure (i.e. nut
smooth or obsoletely reticulate).

2, S. submersus, Sauvalle Fl. Cuba, 175; stem weak elongate
branched leafy upwards, bristles 6 overtopping nut, style 2-fid, nut (only

654 CLXxII. cyPERACEZ. (C. B. Clarke.) [Seirpus.

one in each spikelet) plane-convex lanceolate-obovoid smooth pale. S. con-
fervoides, Pour. Encye. vi. 755 (non Boeck.); Kunth Enum, ii. 173 partly (the
deseript. not the diagnosis). Eleocharis? confervoides, Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat.
iii, 808, Rynchospora ruppioides, Benth. (Rhyncospora) in Hook. Ie, Pl.
xiv. 31, t. 1844; Trimen Cat. Ceylon Pl. 103 and in Journ. Bot. xxiii. 140,
Websteria limnophila, 8. H. Wright in Bull. Torrey Club, xiv. [1887] 185.

Creyton; Thwaites (C.P. 3936); Colombo, Beckett.—DistRiB. Sporadic,
tropical.

Floating. Stems 10-20 in. Leaves 2-4 in., clustered, capillary. - Spikelet 3 in.,
oblong-lanceolate. Glumes two lowest concave, elliptic-oblong, thin, enclosing the
spikelet ; upper glumes smaller, male or sterile, sometimes 0; lowest glume empty,
the next supporting a perfect nut-bearing flower. Bristles setaceous, retrorse-
scabrous, straw-colrd. Nut half as long as its glume, itself style and style-base
exactly as in S. fluitans, but much larger.

3. S. pauciflorus, Lightf. Fl. Scot. 1078; leafless, spikelet quasi-
terminal few-fld., bristles 6-3, style 3-fid, nut trigonous obovoid smooth,
pale or somewhat brown; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. viti. 38, t. 299; Boeck. in
Linnea, xxxvi. 479. S. Beothryon, Hhrh. Phytoph.n. 31; Linn. f. Suppl.
103.

West Tiset; Thomson. KasHMir; alt. 8000 ft., O. B. Clarke.—Disrris.
N. temp. and cold regions.

Roots fibrous, but stolons sometimes added. Stems 2-10 in., leafy only near base,
erect, clustered; uppermost sheath truncate, often marked by a brown transverse
line, sometimes apiculate on one side. Spikelet 3-4 in., subebracteate, bearing about
5 nuts. Glumes ovate, obtuse, dusky chestnut. Bristles about as long as nut,
retrorse-scabrous, straw-colrd. Nut as long as 2 the glume; style-base narrowly
pyramidal continuous with nut; outermost cells of nut small, subhexagonal, withering
(i.e. nut smooth, lead-colrd., smooth or minutely reticulate, white-veiled),

4, S. pumilus, Vahl Enum. ii. 243; leaves very short, spikelet quasi-
terminal few-fld., bristles 0, style 3-fid, nut trigonous obovoid glistening
black. 8. alpinus, Schleich. Cat. 1821; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. viii. 38, t.
300; Boeck. in Linnzea, xxxvi. 480; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 378. 8. ceespito-
sus, Boeck. in Linnza, xxxvi. 488 (the Asiat. examples and syns.). Iso-
lepis eres Roem. & Sch. Syst. ii. 106. I. oligantha, C. A. Meyer Cyp.

ov. 3, t. 1.

Kasumir; W. Tibet, Skardo and Hanle, alt. 14,000 ft. Thomson; Gurais,
Winterbottom ; Gilgit, Giles.—Disrris. N. temp. and cold regions.

Stolons slender, becoming wiry black creeping rhizomes. Stems 2-6 in., setaceous,
green. Leaves 3-3 in., setaceous, green, Spikelet scarcely 3 in., ovoid.—Otherwise
as 8. pauciflorus, Lightt., of which this species has been reckoned a var. (see Roem.
& Sch. Syst. Mant. ii. 72 in Obs.) ; ripe examples are easily recognized by the shining
black nut. The rhizome (most commonly 0 in §. pauciflorus) is here black, woody,
though very thin,

Sect. 2. Isoneris (Genus), Br. Prodr. 221. Small or middle-sized.
Stems leafy only near the base. Spikelets usually in clusters. No trace
of hypogynous bristles. Style long, 3-fid. :

_5. S. setaceus, Linn. Sp. Pl. 73 (partly); small, stem bearing 1-3
spikelets in a quasi-lateral head, style 3-fid, nut longitudinally striate and
transversely trabeculate between the striations, Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. viii.
39, t. 8301. Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. (excl. var. B & y). Isolepis setacea,
Br. Prodr, 222; Nees in Wight Contrib. 107; Strachey Cat. Pl. Kumaon,
72 (excl. syn. pygmea).

Scirpus. ] CLKXIl, OYPERACEEZ. (C. B. Clarke.) 655

Temp. and Alpine Himazaya, alt. 8-13,000 ft., from Kashmir to Sizxim.—
Distris. Throughout Europe, Asia; in Africa; in Australia.

Rhizomé 4-3 in., almost filiform, or more often 0. Stems 1-8 in. Leaf usually
about 1 in., setaceous, sometimes nearly as long as the stem. Spikelets 3,—} in.,
6-20-fid. ; bract as though a continuation of the stem. Glumes ovate, obtuse, keeled.
Nut as long as half its glume, trigonous obovoid, obtuse, minutely apiculate ; outer-
most cells transversely short-oblong, superimposed in 6-9 vertical series on each
face, so that the nut appears on each face longitudinally 6—-9-striate-—Much mixed
in herbaria, and by many authors (even Boeckeler), with S. cernuus, Vahl (S. Savitz,
Sebast. & Mauri) which differs in the smooth nut, i.e. the outermost cells are
quadrate-hexagonal, somewhat obscure, not arranged in vertical series (nut minutely
reticulate not horizontally striate). S. cerxuus, Vahl is a cosmopolitan species,
ewcept India and the adjacent countries.

6. S. Holoscheenus, Linn. Sp. Pi. 72; stems rather stout, umbel
lateral (rarely reduced to a single head) of distant dense globes of
numerous small spikelets, style 3-fid, nut trigonous obovoid smooth
minutely reticulate leaden-black. Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 720; Boiss.
Fi. Orient. v. 381. Holoschcenus vulgaris, Link Hort. Berol. i. 293. H.
filiformis and H. australis, Reichb. in Flora, 1830, p. 499, 500, and Ic. #7.
Germ. viii. 44, 45, t. 816, 317 (erroneous as to sete).

PunsaB; Hazara, alt. 4000 ft., Stewart. Sinp; Pinwill—Distris. Europ.,
Afric., W. Asia.

Rhizome horizontal, woody, covered by ovate chestnut scales; fibrous roots
thick, often (when growing in sand) woolly. Stems 8-30 in., approximate, terete.
Leaves all near the base of the’ stem, sometimes 6 in. long, usually shorter, or re-
duced almost to sheaths. Umbel simple or very compound of 1-80 usually (2-10)
heads; lowest bract sometimes 4-8 in., sometimes 3-1 in. Spikelets scarcely + in.,
ellipsoid, dense-fid. Glumes ovate, keel subexcurrent, tip hairy (rarely glabrous).
Stamens 3; anthers red-crested. Nut small, as long as 3-2 glume, subtriquetrous,
obtuse, minutely apiculate; outermost cells minute, quadrate-hexagonal, obscure,
withering (nut more or less white-veiled by such withered fragments on the dark
nut).—In one example in Herb. Calcutta (from the N.-W. Himalaya?) I found two
lateral scales, very similar, and similarly placed to those occasionally found in 8.
Isolepis, Boeck., but much stouter, and which I suppose may represent 4 bristles
dilated and connate in pairs. (See Journ. Bot, xxx. 321—823.)

Sect. 3. Sctrrus proper. Large or middle-sized. Stems leafy only
near the base. Inflorescence various, but spikelets not spicate. Hypogy-
nous bristles often present. Style long.—Differs from Sect. Isolepis very
little except in the frequent presence of bristles.

* Nut more or less transversely muricated (the outer cells of the nut
are longitudinal oblong, so that their thickened, often elevated, ends form a
transverse wavy line).

In these 6 closely allied species—spikelets clustered—clusters solitary or umbellate
glumes entire, i.e. apex neither emarginate nor hispid—bristles simply scabrous or 0
—anthers not crested—style 8-fid (or in S. debilis 2-fid.)

7, S.supinus, Linn. Sp. Pl. 73(partly); stems medium terete, spikelets
in a single lateral head (in var. heads few closely umbelled), glumes ovate
keeled with suberect mucro, bristles 0, style 3-fid, nut obovoid triquetrous
obtuse transversely scabrous-undulate black. Rowb. FU. Ind. i. 217; Reichd.
Te. Fl. Germ. viii. 40, BE, 802; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 699 (excl, var. B
andy). §. melanospermus, A. C. Meyer, Cyp. Nov. t.2. Isolepis supina,

656 OLXXIL. CYPERACES. (C. B. Clarke.) [Seirpus.

Br. Prod. 221; Nees in Wight Contrib. 107; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 309.
Schoenus junceus, Willd. Phyt. i. 2, t. 1, fig. 4—Scirpus, Wall. Cat.
3461. ;

Throughout Inp1a and CeYLon (except Assam), alt. 0-3000 ft.—Disrris. Old
World generally, and in America.

Roots fibrous. Stems 2-12 in. Leaves short, usually less than an inch. Head
of 7-1 spikelets, quasi-lateral; lowest bract as though a continuation of the stem,
1-4 in., terete, channelled (not triquetrous). Spikelets 1-} in., many-fid., sub-
pentagonous. Wut as long as half glume, acutely triquetrous, or slightly
compressed.

Var. uninodis; heads umbellate, on 3-1 rays rarely so much as 1 in. S,
mucronatus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 216 (not of Linn.). Isolepis uninodis, Deléle Fl.
Egypt. 8; +. 6, fig. 1. I. ambigua, Zoll. Syst. Verz. Ind. Archip. ii. 62 (not of
Steud.). I. oryectorum, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 96.—SinpD; Pinwill. BEne@at ; Wailich,
J.D. H. CoRoMANDEL; Rozburgh; Wight. Ceyton; Leschenault, Macrae.—
Distris. Trop. Africa, Java, Austral.

8. S. erectus, Poir. Encyc. vi. 761; stems medium or elongate terete,
spikelets in a single lateral head, glumes ovate concave incurved, bristles
6-5 rarely 0, style 2-3-fid, nut broadly obovoid plane-convex obtuse slightly
transversely wavy black. S debilis, Pursh Fl. Am. Sept.i.55; Benth. Fl.
Austral. vii, 232. 8. juncoides, Roxb. Fl. Ind.i. 216; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii.
308. S.luzonensis, Presl. Rel. Henk.i. 193; Neesin Wight Contrib.112. 8.
Wallichii, Nees in Wight Contrib. 112. 8. junciformis, Nees l. ec. 112 (not of
Retz). 8. timorensis, Kunth Enum. ii. 162. S.supinus, var. 8 and y Boeck.in
Linnea, xxxvi. 600. S. lateralis, Herb. Heyne and S. ternatus, Herb. Ham.;
Wall. Cat. 3462, 3468, 3469, 4471. Eleocharis juncoides, Schultes in Roem.
& Sch. Syst. Mant. ii. 90. .

Throughout Inp14 with Ceyton ; alt. 0-3000 ft.—DistRis. Temp. Asia and N.
Am., Austral. _

This species united with S. supinus by Boeckeler has been again separated by
Bentham ].c. on the characters of the bristles, style branches and nut. The two
appear amply distinct; S. supinus has carinate glumes and angular spikelets, S.
erectus has concave glumes and terete spikelets.

9. S. articulatus, Linn. Sp. Pl. i. 70; stems medium terete spongy
leafless, spikelets in a single lateral dense head, glumes ovate acute,
bristles 0, style 3-fid, nut obovoid triquetrous faintly transverse wavy
brown summit subpyramidal. ottb. Descr. et Ic. 53; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i.
214; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 702. S. fistulosus, Forsk. Fl. Ayypt-Arab,
14. 8. prelongatus, Poir. Eucyc. vi. 764 and Suppl. v.91. 38. incurvatus
and S. subarticulatus, Roxb. Fl. 1. c. 214, 215. Isolepis articulata, Nees
in Wight Contrib. 108; Thw. Enum. 350; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 286.
J. prolongata and I. incurvata, Nees in Wight Contrib. 108. Eleocharis
incurvata, Schultes in Roem. & Sch. Syst. Mant. ii.92. Holoschcenus in-
curvatus and H. subarticulatus, Dietr. Sp. Pl. ii.165,166.—Scirpus, Wall.
Cat. 8456, 3457, 3458, 3459.—Rheede Hort. Mal. xii. t. 71.

Throughout Inpia, alt. 0-3000 ft., from the Himanaya to CEYLON and Movt-
MEIN.—Disrris. Africa, Philippines, Australia.

Root fibrous. Stems 4-80 in., densely tufted, soft, often: (when dry) transversely
septate; sheaths at top membranous, soon torn. Lowest bract similar to the stem,
appearing « continuation of it, and often longer than it. Spikelets 1-4 in. long,
rusty or purple, usually many, but heads of few spikelets occur. Glumes slightly
keeled, not notched at tip, margins neither fimbriate nor hairy. Stamens usually 3.

Scirpus. | CLXXIIL, cypERAcEs. (C. B. Clarke.) 657

Style slender ; branches 3, long. Wut nearly half as long as glume, almost symmetric-
trigonous, faces concave.

10. S. quinquefarius, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 3465; stems medium or
slender terete nearly leafless, spikelets 1-9 in a single lateral dense head,
glumes broadly ovate acute inflated in fruit, bristles 0, style 3-fid, nut
obovoid triquetrous faintly transversely wavy black. Boeck. in Linnea,
im 701. Isolepis lupulina and I. Roylei, Nees in Wight Contrib.

Norruern Inpta, from RaAwvt PINDEE, Aitchison, SIND, Pinwill, and CENTRAL
a King, to Assam, Wallich & Griffith.—Distris. Turkestan, Cabul, Trans-
vaal.

Root fibrous. Stems 2-12 in., often (when dry) transversely septate... Spikelets
shining straw-brown. Glwmes many-ribbed, sometimes laxly spiral, sometimes 5-
ranked. Nut with interrupted paler transverse lines.—Very nearly allied to S.
articulatus; but in the fruiting spikelets the glumes are looser inflated more shining,
reminding Nees of hops (whence his name Jupulina).

11. S. mucronatus, Linn. Sp. Pl. 73; stems medium or robust
triquetrous nearly leafless, spikelets in a single lateral dense head, glumes
ovate subacute, bristles 5 or 6 unequal, style 3-fid, nut obovoid trigonous
shining black smooth scarcely transversely wavy. Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ.
viii. 40, t. 303; Boeck. in Linnxa, xxxvi. 703. S. muticus, Don Prodr.
41. &. triangulatus, Rowb. FI. Ind. i. 217; Nees in Wight Contrib, 111.
S. javanus, Nees J. c. 112. 8. sundanus, Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat, iti. 304. 8.
mysurensis, Herb. Heyne; Wall. Cat. 3467.

Throughout Inp1a, alt. 0-6000 ft.—D1sTRIB. Kurope, Madagascar, warmer Asia,
Australia.

Roots fibrous or a short horizontal rhizome. Stems 8-30 in.; sheaths triangular-
lanceolate membranous at top on one side. Lowest bract $—4in., as though a con-
tinuation of the stem, trigonous. Spikelets 4-4 in., pale or (especially in the hills)
chestnut-colrd. Glwmes keeled, many-ribbed, not notched at top, margins glabrous
or minutely scabrous-hairy. Bristles retrorsely scabrous, two longer ones nearly
as long as nut. Nut somewhat compressed, as long as $ glume.

12. S. corymbosus, Heyne ex Roth. Nov. Sp. Pl. 28; stems stout
terete leafless, spikelets clustered on rays of a lateral umbel, glumes ovate
acute mucronate, bristles 0, style 3-fid, nut obovoid trigonous black smooth
or with faint transverse lines. Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 706. S. incli-
natus, Delile; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 381. 8. bangalorensis, Herb. Heyne ;
Wall. Cat. 3464. Isolepis corymbosa, Roem. & Sch. Syst. 11.110, and Mant.
ii. 65; Mees in Wight Contrib. 108. I. inclinata, Barbey Levant, t. 8, fig. 9.
—Isolepis, Wall. Cat. 3471, 34:72.

Wustrrn Inpia; Sind, Pinwill. Mount Asoo and Goonag, King. JUBBUL-
porn, Beddome. HYDERABAD, Campbell. Bane@aLoke, Wallich.—Africa, Mada-

ascar.

‘ Rhizome 2-4 in., horizontal. Stems approximate, 3 ft., at base + in. in diam.
Umbel simple or compound, rays usually short sometimes 5 in. long; lowest bract
4-4 in., suberect, hardly simulating a continuation of stem. Spikelets 3-3 in.,
rusty. Glumes faintly striate, glabrous, not notched at top. Nut scarcely £ as
long as glume, pyramidal at top.—S. supinus, var. uninodis differs by having leaves
and nut more obtuse.

*#* Nut smooth or obscurely reticulate (outer cells of nut subquadrate or,
if longitudinally oblong, arranged as brick-wall parenchyma).— Glumes
notched at top, except in 8. grossus. Bristles 7-2, rarely 0.

VOL. VI. vu

658 OLXXIL cyPERAcEE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Seirpus.

18, S. triqueter, Linn. Mant. 29; stems stout triquetrous, leaves
short, umbel subsimple lateral, spikelets clustered, bristles 3-6 retrorse-
scabrous, style 2-fid, nut plane-convex smooth pale ultimately brown.
Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. viii. 40, t. 305; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 334, in note.
S Pollichii, Gren. & Godr. Fl. Franc. iii. 374; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi.

1.

Kasumir and BattistHan, alt. 6-8000 ft., Jacquemont, Thomson, &c.—DistE1p.
Europe, Central Asia to Japan, S. Africa.

Glabrous, except margin of glumes. Rhizome elongate, branching ; scales ovate-
triangular, striate, rusty-brown, often rubbed off. Stems 1-3 ft., two faces plane,
third (flower-bearing) concave. Leaves 3-3 in. long, or hardly any. Lowest bract
4-2 in., triquetrous, as though continuing stem. Rays of umbel 4-2 in. with 2-8
clustered spikelets on each; or umbel congested nearly to a single head. Spikelets
% in. long, broad cylindric, rusty-brown (in the Himal. form). Glumes broadly
ovate, keeled, notched at top with a short mucro in notch; margins scarious, ciliate,
hairy. Bristles rigid, brown-red, often about as long as nut, incurved over its
shoulders, scabrous with short white reflexed teeth (not plumose). Stamens 3,
anthers with short red crests. Style fide Boeckeler sometimes 3-fid. Mut less
than 4 length of glume.—As to the specific name, Bentham has shown l.c. that this
plant was 8. triqueter, Linn., and that Boeckeler erred in discarding that name.
It hardly differs trom 8. lacustris var. carinata, except by the more acutely tri-
quetrous stem.

Var. segregata; ultimate rays of the umbel all (or nearly all) with one spikelet,
bristles 3 (sometimes 2). ?S. subulatus, Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. lx., part 2,
335.—Lower Bengal, especially the Soondreebun, C. B. Clarke.—New Guinea.
—Stolons slender. Rays of the inflorescence sometimes again divided, sometimes
33 in, long. Briséles 3 or 2 (usually 4 or more in S. triqueter, typ.), black-red.

14. S. lacustris, Linn. Sp. Pl. 72; stems stout terete or somewhat
trigonous, umbels usually compound, spikelets clustered and solitary,
bristles 6-5 retrorsely simply scabrous, style 2-3-fid, nut obovoid smooth
finally black. Reichd. Ic. Fl. Germ. viii. 41, t. 306; Boeck. in Linnzxa,
xxxvi. 712; Strachey Pl. Kumaon, 73. 8. validus, Vahl Enum. ii. 268. 8.
Tabernemontani, Gmel. Fl. Badens. i. 101; Reichd. lic. t. 307, 723. 8.
carinatus, Sowerby Engl. Bot. t. 1983. S.Duvallii, Hoppe; Reichb. 1. c. 42,
t. 308. S. Meyenii, Nees in Linnea, ix. 293. 8S. subulatus, Aitch. in
Journ. Linn. Soc. xix. 189. Juncus zebrinus, Gard. Chron. [1877] 399,
t. 62.

Kasumir, alt. 5500 ft., and Lapax, Schlagintweit, &c. Kumaon, alt. 4500 ft.,
Thomson, Strachey § Winterbottom. Munnyroor, Watt.—Disrris. Europe,
Africa, Australia, N. America. .

Ehizome horizontal. Stems 13-4 ft., often standing in water. Leaves hardly
any, or sometimes 4 in., or (floating) 1-2 ft. Umbel usually once or twice divided,
4-6 in. in diam., sometimes reduced almost to a small head; lowest bract suberect,
short. Spikelets $ in. long. Glumes ovate, notched at top with a small mucro in
notch ; margins membranous, pilose. Bristles as long as the nut or reduced, some-
times almost 0. Stamens 3, anthers crested. Nut 3-3 glume, plane-convex.—In
type S. lacustris, the stem is terete, the style 3-fid; var. Tabernemontani differs
in style bifid ; var. carinata in stem obscurely trigonous.—(S. lacustris of S. America
is S. riparius, Presl.).

15. S. maritimus, Linn. Sp. Pl. 74; stems robust trigonous, leaves
several long, umbel compound simple or capitate, glumes notched hairy
at top mucronate, bristles 6-3 retrorse-scabrous rarely subobsolete, style
3-fid (see var.), nut obovoid smooth finally black. Nees in Wight Contrib.
111; Reichd. Ic. Fl. Germ. viii. 42, t. 310, 811.4; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi.

Scirpus.] CLXxII. cypERACEZ, (C. B. Clarke.) 659

722; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 288. 8. corymbosus, Forsk. Fl. Agypt.
Arab. 14 (not of Heyne). S. tridentatus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 225.—Fimbri-
stylis, Wall. Cat. 3504, 3505.

From Kasumir, Jacquemont, Kasuear, alt. 10,000 ft., Scully, and Mornapagap,
T. Thomson, to MaLaBaR, Law, and Mysorg, Heyne.—DistTRis. Old World, with
vars. in Australia and America.

Rhizome creeping, woody, divided, nodes dilating into tubers. Stems 14-6 ft.,
often covered some way up by sheaths. Leaves grass-like, harsh, often as long as
stems. Umbel very variable in development, branches corymbose or subumbellate ;
spikelets 3-8 or solitary on each ray; or umbel rarely reduced to a head of 3-1
spikelets. Lowest bract often 4-10 in., sometimes much shorter. Spikelets large,
commonly 3 in. in diam. Glwmes erect, fine brown or chestnut-colrd. (but see var.) ;

- margins often subfimbriate. Bristles usually somewhat shorter than the nut, rigid,
often unequal. Stamens 3; anthers red-crested. Style long. Nut very variable
in size and shape at top; in the Indian form hardly more than } length of glume.

Var. afinis (sp.), Roth. Nov. Pl. Sp. 30; spikelets capitate usually 3-1, large
ovoid lanceolate, glumes straw-colrd. sparingly hairy, bristles 4 as long as nut, style
2-fid, nut small, Nees in Wight Contrib. 111. S. strobilinus, Rowb. Fl. Ind. i.
219. S. maritimus, var. (sp.?), Maxim. Prim. Fl. Amur. 299. 8S. macrostachys,
Boeck. Cyp. Nov.i.19. 8. Balna, Ham. ; Wall. Cat.3463.—Throughout N. India, in
the plains; from the Punjab, Thomson, and Bombay to Assam and Pegu.—N, Asia,
Turkestan, N. China, Amurland.—Appears distinct from the typical S. maritimus
by its few pale large spikelets and 2-fid style, but the American and Australian
varieties connect it. The extreme state of affinis is the Burmese form, in which the
stem is terminated by one very large spikelet 13 by 2 in.

16. S. littoralis, Schrad. Fl. Germ. i. 142, t. 5, fig. 7; stems stout
trigonous upwards, leaves short or 0, umbel lateral, spikelets mostly solitary,
bristles 7-2 plumose brown, style 2-fid, nut obovoid smooth chestnut or
black. Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. viii. 42, t. 309. S. subulatus, Vahl Hnum. ii.
268; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 306; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 288; Boeck. in
Linnea, xxxvi. 715. 8. fimbrisetus, Delile Descr. Kgypt. 11, t. 7, fig. 1.
8. plumosus, Br. Prodr. 223. 8S. pectinatus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 218; Tho.
Enum. 351. 8. triqueter, Gren. & Godr. Fl. Franc. iii. 373; Boeck. lc.
716 (not of Linn.). Malacochete littoralis, Nees in Linnea, ix. 292.
M. pectinata, Nees in Wight Contrib. 110.—Fimbristylis, Wall. Cat.
3506 C (partly).

From Kasumrr, alt. 3500 ft., and Benea to CEYLoN.—DIstTRIB. Hurope, Africa,.

W. Asia, Australia.

Glabrous, except margins of glumes. Rhizome hardly any; sometimes slender
stolons are present. Stems 14-2} ft., terete at base. Leaves 1-2 in. long, mem-
branous; or sometimes 4 in. long, green. Umbel compound or decompound, often
4 in. diam.; branches suberect. Lowest dract 1-3 in. (sometimes 6 in.), erect.
Spikelets up to 2 by 2 in., subcylindric. Glwmes ovate, obtuse, notched at top,
mucronate in notch by excurrent green keel, rusty or brown, ultimately almost
scarious. Bristles (or scales) ligulate (sometimes broad), plumose by spreading
monoliform hairs, in the Indian plant often 4, somewhat longer than nut. Stamens
3 or 2; anthers red-crested. Nut 4 glume, compressed.—Hasily recognized among

the Indian Scirpi by the plumose bristles.

17. S. grossus, Linn. f. Suppl. 104; very large, leaves only near
base of stem long, corymb large compound depressed divaricate, spikelets
very many solitary, glumes ovate not notched, bristles 6 simply scabrous
(see also var. 8) sometimes small or 0, style 3-fid, nut trigonous obovoid
smooth ashy-grey or black. Road. Fl. Ind. i. 231; Thw. Hnum. 351; Dalz.
& Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 288; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 723. 8. maximus, Roxb.

vu

660 CLEXII. cyPERAcER. (C, B. Clarke.) [Setrpus.

Zc. 231. 8. emulans, Steud. in Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. ii. 62, & Syn. Cyp.
87 (partly). S. maritimus, var. emulans, Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 306. 8.
canaliculato-triqueter, Steud. l.c. 318. 8. Griffithii, Boeck., and S. sca-
berrimus, Boeck. in Flora, xli. 595. Hymenochete grossa, Nees in Edinb.
NV. Phil. Journ. [1834] 264, & in Wight Contrib. 110. H. maxima, Wees
in Linnea, ix. 293. Isolepis maxima, Dietr. Sp. Pl. ii. 180.—Scirpus,
Wall. Cat. 3470.

Throughout Iwpra (except the N.W.), alt. 0-2000 ft.; from Sinp and Assam to
CrYton and Maracca.—Disrris, Malaya, Tonkin, Philippines.

Glabrous, or glumes with pedicels minutely puberulous-scabrous. Stem 3-9 ft.,
thick at base, roots fibrous often in water or mud ; stolons not rarely added. Leaves
often 2 length of stem, stout, broad, keeled, serrate-edged. Corymb often 8-16 in.
in diam., supradecompound ; bracts several, divaricate, lowest up to 3 ft., leaf-like.
Spikelets sessile and pedicelled, } in. long, ovoid, brown, dense-fid. Glumes ovate,
obtuse with a minute mucro. Bristles 6 or fewer, in type as long as nut, linear,
brown, scabrid or setose by short unicellular hairs, but not rarely bristles depau-
perated very short smooth, 0 in form §. mawimus. Stamens 3; anthers scarcely

crested. Style long. Nut scarcely 4 glume, minutely beaked by style-base con-
fluent with nut.

Var. Kysoork (sp.), Roxb. 1. c. 230; glumes more mucronate, bristles 6, villous
or almost plumose by numerous multicellular hairs. Rynchospora Kysoor, Dietr. Sp.
Pi. ii. 74. _Hymenochete Kysoor, Nees (cf. note in Wight Contrib. 110).—Assam,
Jenkins. Bengal, Griffith, &c. Chota Nagpore, alt. 2000 ft., C. B. Clarke. Bombay,
Dalzell.—Stolons fide Roxburgh Icon sometimes bearing black tubers 2 in. in
diam.

Sect. 4. Buysmus (Genus), Panzer in Roem. & Sch. Syst. Mant. ii. 41.
Medium or slender plants. Spikelets closely spicate. Style long.

* Stem with leaf-bearing nodes above the base, style 2-fid.

18. S. Caricis, Retz Fl. Scand.11; spikelets subdistichously closely
spicate or densely subpaniculate, bristles 6 much longer than the nut,
nut smooth ashy-black narrowed at both ends (but see var.). S.
compressus, Pers. Syn. 1. 66; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 707. Schcenus
compressus, Linn. Sp. Pl. 65. Blysmus compressus, Panzer in Link. Hort.
Berol.i, 278; Reichb, Ic. Fl. Germ. viii. 36, t. 293. Leptolepis tibetica,
Boeck. Cyp. Nov. heft. i. 31.

W. Himatara and W. TisEr, alt. 7-15,000 ft.; from Len, Stoliczka, to KUMAoN,
Duthie, Puaren (N.E. Sikkim), G. King.—Duistris. Europe, W. and Centr.
Asia. :

Glabrous. Rhizome creeping, divided. Stems 4-8 in., leafy below, angular
striate or terete. Leaves often as long as stems, linear. Spike, in type form,
1-2 in., dense; lowest bract short, or much overtopping spike. Spikelets usually
distichous, sometimes on all sides the rhachis (lowest sometimes remote) 4 in. long,
6-9-fid., brown. Glumes ovate-triangular, subacute, concave, several-nerved. Rha-
chilla of spikelet compressed at base, somewhat zigzag, lowest fl. somewhat distant
from next above nearly as in Schenus, Bristles slender, minutely retrorse-scabrous,
red-brown. Stamens 3; anthers with linear-lanceolate red crest. Style long,
slender. Nut 4 glume, compressed or plano-convex; outermost cells small, obscure.

Var. brevifolia (sp.), Decne in Jacquem. Voy, Bot. 173, t. 173; stems 1-2.ft.
with nodes and leaves above the middle, spikelets scarcely distichous lowest some-
what distant. Strachey Cat. Pl. Kumaon, 73.—West Himalaya; Chini, Jacquemont.
W. Tibet, alt. 13,000 ft., Stoliczka.—Glumes often scarcely striate. Bristles and
nut as in 8. Caricis typ.—A trifling var.

_ Scirpus.) CLEXIIL CYPERAOEEZ. (C. B. Clarke.) 661

Var. sikkimensis ; stems 4-16 in., spikelets distichous, nut sessile ellipsoid,
margins near its base thickened by large corky cells.—Sikkim ; Lachen, alt. 8500 ft.,

J.D.H.—This would be an Anosporum of Boeckeler, as the nut probably germinates
while floating in water.

Var. dissita (sp.), Duthie in Saharunpore Report, 1885; stem 14 in. bearing
two long-peduncled distant spikes, spikelets densely panicled not distichous, nut
sessile ellipsoid margins near its base thickened by large corky cells.—Kumaon;
Kutti, alt. 12,500 ft., Duthie. —Very unlike the ordinary S. Caricis.

_ 19. S. rufus, Schrad. Fl. Germ. i, 188, t. 1, fig. 3; spikelets subdis-
tichously closely spicate, bristles 0 or very short slender, style 2-fid, nut
ovoid acute smooth ashy or brown. Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi.707. Schcenus
compressus, var., Inghtf. Fl. Scot. 1188, t. 24, fig. 2. S. rufus, Huds. Fl.
eae Failed rufus, Link. Hort. Berol.i. 278; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ.
vill. 36, t. 293.

W. Tizet, Zhomson.—Europe, Centr. Asia, Canada, Chili.

Very near S. Caricis, Retz, differing by the small bristles and the sessile nut.
Glumes usually chestnut-black, but sometimes brown as of §. Caricis. Bristles
usually rudimentary, smooth, sometimes nearly as long as nut and rough with
microscopic papilli but not setulose.

** Nearly leafless, style 3-fid.

20. S. subcapitatus, Thw. Enum. 351; stems long slender with
nodes only close to the base, spikelets 6-1 eee spicate, style 3-fid,
ot 6 long, nut oblong smooth black. Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi.
04. °

Deccan PENINSULA, Wight. NILGHIRIS, Gardner. Curyton, Thwaites, T.
Anderson.—DistRis. Sumatra, China.

Glabrous. Rhizome woody, very short. Stems 8-20 in., rigid, terete, sheathed
only near base. Leaves 0-} in., subulate. Bracts short; lowest 4 in., shorter than
spike. Spikelets % in., many-fid., brown. Glwmes ovate, acute, concave, entire not
notched, keel with 3 yellow nerves. Bristles very slender, much longer than nut, in
fruit somewhat lengthened, red-brown, smooth, near tips slightly thickened papillose-
scabrous. Stamens 3; anthers crested. Style long; branches 3, long. Nut 2
glume, regularly trigonous, exactly oblong, shortly pyramidal at base and apex, ripe
shortly acuminate at apex ; outermost cells, minute, quadrate-hexagonal, nut hence
smooth or minutely granular.—A remarkable species, placed on account of its
spicate inflorescence with Blysmus to avoid making another section for it only.
The nut and bristles are as in the next section Sylvatice.

Sect. 5. Sytvatica. Stems tall with many leaf-bearing nodes in the
upper part. Paniclelong ; corymbs decompound, large, spreading. Bristles
(if any) undivided, more or less elongate in fruit—Sxr1pu1a (Genus), Opiz
Natural. Tausch. ix. 349.—EHriophori sp., Benth in Gen. Pl. iii. 1052.

21. S. Eriophorum, Mich. Fl. Bor. Am. i. 33; spikelets in clusters
of 4-1 comose in fruit by elongate bristles, style 3-fid, nut trigonous ellip-
soid acute smooth brown. Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 731. 8. Wichurai,
Boeck. l.c. 729. Eriophorum cyperinum, Linn. Sp. Pl. 77; Benth. in Gen.
Pi. iii. 1052. Trichophorum cyperinum, Pers. Syn. i. 69. :

Kasra, alt. 2500-6000 ft., common. Assam, Jenkins, EH. Himauaya, Grifith.
—Distzis. K. Asia, N. America,

Glabrous, except pedicels. Stems 2-6 ft. Leaves up to 18 by finch. Bracts
several, often longer than inflorescence. Umbel 4-12 in. in diam. Spikelets 3 in.,
many-fid., ellipsoid, brown. Glumes small, ovate, acute. Bristles 6-5, ultimately

662 CLXXI. CYPERACEEZ. (C, B, Clarke.) ~- ([Seirpus.

2-4 times nut, slender, brown, smooth below, near apex thickened papillose-scabrous.
Anthers not crested. Nut small, }-2 glume, shortly beaked.

22, S. chinensis, Munro in Seem. Bot. Voy. Herald, 423; spikelets
clustered, bristles 3 slender or 0, style 2-fid, nut compressed ovoid apiculate
smooth pale. Benth. Fl. Hongk. 395. 8. sylvaticus, Strachey Cat. Pl.
Kumaon, 73. 8. ternatanus, Reinw.; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii, 307. S.
Eriophorum var. conglomeratus, Boeck. in Herb. Berol.—Hypolytrum,
Wall. Cat. 3404 D (partly). :

From Cuvumspa and Kumaon, alt. 0-5500 ft. Strachey & Winterbottom to
Mouyeypoor, Watt, and Marrapan, Wallich.—D1stR1B. China, Bonin Isles.

Glabrous, except ultimate rays of umbel. Stems 2-7 ft., solitary, in swamps
often stoloniferous. Leaves long, often overtopping stem, } in. broad, scabrous on
margins and keel. Umbel 4-8 in. diam., divaricate; bracts several, lowest up to
20 in. Spikelets in clusters of 3-15, small, about 2 in,, many-fid., ellipsoid, obtuse,
brown. Glumes concave, ovate, obtuse. Bristles often 0, sometimes 3, rarely 5,
overtopping nut, as long as glume, ultimately scarcely elongate not twisted (spikelets
not comose), smooth, minutely papillose-scabrous near the top. Stamens 2, rarely
3; anthers scarcely crested. Wut $ glume, smooth or sometimes microscopically
verrucose.—The leaf-sheaths are long, occasionally perforated at base by descending
shoots (aerial stolons) covered with small ovate scales.

Sect. 6. MicnEtiani. Low, tufted, leafy. Spikelets small, in a single
head, bracts long. Glumes scarcely acute, notnotched. Bristles0. Style
long, or branches long, continuous with the smooth nut.

23. S. kyllingioides, Boeck. in Linnzxa, xxxvi. 733; spikelets very
small, style 3-fid, nut oblong-obovoid obtuse smooth brown or black.
Isolepis kyllingioides, A. Rich. Tent, Fl. Abyss. ii. 502. Kyllinga micro-
cephala, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 70 (excl. the Obs.).

DruRa Dxoon; Vicary. Mr. ABoo, alt. 3000 ft.,and Goona, King. Sauvaor;
Vicary. HypRaBaD; Campbell. Canara; Young.—DistR1B. Trop. Africa.

Glabrous, Stems 4-10 in., slender, base thickened, sometimes with slender long
stolons. Leaves 4-3 stem, very narrow, green. Head 3 in. diam., of 5-15 spikelets;
bracts 1-3 in., leaf-like. Stamens 2 (8 fide Boeckeler); filaments scabrous; anthers
short oblong, not crested. Style slender, not longer than nut, branches long (some-
times 2 fide Boeckeler). Nut 4 glume, equally trigonous or subcompressed, minute
apiculate; outermost cells subhexagonal, ultimately often punctate.—Easily known
from the next species by its small head of very small spikelets, but is very like a
small Kyllinga.

24, S. Michelianus, Linn. Sp. Pl. 76; spikelets numerous densely
compound-capitate, style 2-fid (very rarely 3-fid), nut oblong or narrowly
obovoid subacute smooth yellow-brown. Reichb. Ic, Fl. Germ. viii. 48, t.
312; Boeck. in Flora, liv. 158, 159. Isolepis Micheliana, Roem. & Sch.
Syst. 1.114; C. B. Clarke in Journ, Linn. Soe. xxi. 29, 30, +. 2, fig. 11.
Cyperus pygmeeus, var. 8, Boeck. in Linnza, xxxv. 494; Benth. in Gen. Pl.
in. 1044 (partly). C. diffusus, Rowb. Fl. Ind. 1.189 (excl. syn.). C. musarius,
Herb. Ham. ; Wall. Cat.n.3325 A. Dichostylis Micheliana, Nees in Wight
Contrib. 94.—Isolepis, Wall. Cat. 3484 A, B.

Throughout British Inp1a; from Kashmir to Tenasserim, common.—DisrE1B.
Europe, Asia, Algeria,

Annual, tufted, glabrous. Stems 1-8 in., triquetrous. Zeaves often longer than
stem. Head }-$ in. diam., bracts several long leaf-like. Spikelets 1-3 in.; rhachilla
of spikelet marked spirally by the lozenge-shaped scars. Stamens usually 2; anthers
hardly crested. Style about as long as nut. Wut 4 glume, shortly pyramidal at

Scirpus. ] OLXXII, CYPERACEH. (C. B. Clarke.) 663

both ends; outer cells subhexagonal, ultimately lax hyaline (so that a nut appears
microscopically hyaline-margined),—Ripe examples of this species, with fallen glumes,
are easily seen to belong to Scirpus not Cyperus; but young small examples are
difficult to distinguish from Cyperus pygmaeus.

Sect. 7. Micrantur. Small tufted annuals. Stems with few short
leaves near base. Spikelets 1-4, capitate, lateral dense-fld. Bristles 0.
Style very short, branches short, recurved. Anthers small, oblong.

25. S. Tsolepis, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvi. 499; stem setaceous with
one spikelet, glumes obovate obtuse, style 2-fid, nut oblong-obovoid smooth
reticulate, black. Hemicarpha Isolepis, Nees in Edinb. N. Phil. Journ.
Xvil. 263, and in Wight Contrib. 92.

Beneat; Grigith, Brenan; J. D. H. Cuota Naq@pors; alt, 2000 ft., OC. B.
Clarke. Deccan Peninsuna; Wight.—DistrRis. Africa.

Glabrous. Stems 3-4 in. Leaves 1-2, }-1-in., linear. Spikelet 2-1 in.,
rectangularly divaricate, 20-40-fld.; bract 1-1} in., erect, as though continuing
stem. Glumes rhomboid, deciduous, rarely minutely mucronate. A thin hyaline
obovate irregular scale as long ‘as nut (very rarely 2 scales) is sometimes present,
oblique lateral between nut and glume. Stamen 1, lateral. ‘Style less than 4 nut,
deciduous, style-base not dilated. ut a little shorter than glume, biconvex.

26. S. squarrosus, Linn. Mant.181; stem slender with few spike-
lets, glumes narrowly obovate long-caudate, style 3-fid, nut narrowly
obovoid smooth reticulate yellow-brown or finally black. Rottd. Descr. et
Ic. 49, t. 17, fig. 5; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 222; Boeck. in Linnxa, xxxvi. 734.
Isolepis squarrosa, Roem. & Sch. Syst. ii. 111; Nees in Wight Contrib.
106; Thw. Enum. 350; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 286. Ascolepis tenuior,
Steud. Syn. Cyp. 105. Lipocarpha microcephala, Hance in Ann. Sc. Nat.
ae 5, v. 249.—Isolepis, Wall. Cat. 3477, 3478 B.—Rheede Hort. Mal. xii.

, t. 38.

Throughout EastERN PENINSULA, PuNngaB, alt. 0-6000 ft., and Assam to
CEYLON.—DistE1B. Trop. Africa, Madagasc., Java, China.

Glabrous. Stems 2-16 in. Leaves short, in the Indian specimens commonly
1-2 in., linear. Spikelets 1-10 (usually 2-4) capitate, divaricate, A~1 in., densely
softly echinulate from tails of glumes. Glwmes very many, caducous, small,
narrowly obovate, suddenly narrowed into the ligulate curved subobtuse tail.
Stamen 1, sometimes 2; anthers not crested. Style scarcely 4 nut, deciduous, style-
base scarcely dilated. Nut a little shorter than glume (without its tail), nearly
regularly trigonous.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES OF SCIRPUS.

S. QUADRANGULUS, Don Prodr. 40. Sc. Donianus, Spreng. Syst. Cur. Post. 28 ;
perennial; stem 14 ft. strict, 4-gonal, base sheathed by 2-3 leaves; leaves linear
erect often longer than the stem, channelled, keeled beneath, smooth below, scabridly
toothed on the margin towards the apex; umbel compound, proliferous, not a little
like Juncus acutiflorus, shorter than the 5-leaved involucre; spikelets small, ovate
brown ; few-fid. glumes ovate concave mucronulate ; style not jointed on the ovary.
Alps of Nepal, Wallich.

1l. ERIOPHORUM, Linn.

Glabrous. Stem with leaves only near base. Corymb of few (or 1)
spikelets, or compound umbelliform. Spikelets with numerous perfect
flowers. Glumes imbricate on all sides. Hypogynous bristles 6, divided
nearly to base, segments ligulate, finally elongate i. heads comose.

,

664 CLXXII. cypERACER. (C.B. Clarke.) [Hriophorum.

Stamens 3-1, on the anterior side of nut. Style slender, glabrous, deci-
duous, long (in Sect. Lachnophorum short); branches 3 (accidentally 2 or
4) long. Nut sessile, trigonous, smooth, dusky black, apex narrowed.—
Species 10, Arctic or N. Temperate, except Sect. Lachnophorum.

The genus was well-marked, until Bentham (Gen. Pl. iii. 1052) removed the
comose species of Scirpus (the Sylvatice Sect.) into it, on the ground that the
hypogynous bristles are similar. But in each flower of Eviophorum,the bristles are
20-40 (or with 20-40 segments), while in Scirpus, Sect. Syloatice they are 6 ; and in
their ligulate structure (see Fl. Dan. Suppl. t. 8) they differ greatly from Scirpus.
Also, in Scirpus Sect. Sylvatice, the stems have leaf-bearing nodes in their upper
half.—E. filamentosum, Boeck. in Engler Jahrb. v. is Xerotes leucocephala, Br.

Sect. I. ExiopHorum proper. Leaves moderately long. Style long.

1. B. Scheuchzeri, Hoppe Taschenb. 104; stoloniferous, sheaths not
lacerate, stem bearing 1 spikelet, bracts 0, style 3-fid, nut smooth. Reichb.
Ic. Fl. Germ. viii. 35, t. 685; Boeck. in Linnza, xxxvii. 92. E. capitatum,
Host Gram. Ausir. i. 30, t. 38. E. vaginatum, Curtis Fl. Lond.ii.t.11. E.
humile, Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. (1838), 103. E. vaginatum, var.
humile, F. Nylander in Act. Soc. Sc. Fenn. iii. 18.

Kasumir; alt. 18,000 ft., Lance; C. .B. Clarke.—DistRis. Arctic and Alpine
regions.

Sen 4-12 in., often covered some way up by sheaths. Leaves (except in
dwarf examples) shorter than stem, edges (in dried specimens) much inrolled.
Spikelet 4 in., broad ellipscid. Glumes ovate, scarious, and black. Bristles white,
or ultimately brownish. Anther's not crested. Style longer than nut, very slender ;
branches 8, long. Wut 2 glume, trigonous, cylindric ellipsoid or subovoid.

Sect. II. Lacunoruorum, &. Nylander in Acta Soc. Se. Fenn. iti. 22.
Leaves numerous, linear, long. Glumes keeled, acute. Style short
(branches long).

2. E. comosum, Wall. Cat. 3446 (eacl. var. 8); stems robust, umbel
compound or decompound, spikelets numerous rusty brown, style 3-fid.
Nees in Wight Contrib. 110 (eacl. var. 8); Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 330;
Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 98. H. arundinaceum, Wall. Cat. 3448; Nees
/.c. Scirpus comosus, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey and Wall. i. 234.
8. elongatus, Ham. ex Don Prodr. 40. Trichophorum comosum and T.
arundinaceum, Strachey Cat. Pl. Kumaon, 73.—Eriophorum, Wall. Cat.
3447, partim.

Very common; from Sinp and the Himataya, alt, 0-10,000 ft. to Savaor,
CuitTaconeG, and Burma.—Distr1B. Tonkin, China,

Glabrous. Rhizome hardly any. Stems 4-20 in., slender, tough. Leaves often
overtopping stem, harsh, edges serrulate; lower sheaths chestnut-black, ultimately
often lacerate. Umbel 2-8 in. diam.; spikelets mostly solitary, often 100; bracts
very long, often 8-12 in. Spikelets 4-3 in., narrowly ellipsoid, many-fid. Glumes
acute or obtuse, green on back. 4nthers with lanceolate scabrous high-red crest.
Style shorter than nut. Nut 3-2 glume, oblong-ellipsoid, trigonous, beaked, smooth,
brown-black.—In Wallich Cat. n. 3447 the woolly rhizome of Spodiopogon
angustifolius, Trin. is, mixed; hence Eriophorum cannabinum, Royle Ill. 415 is
Spodiopogon angustifolius.

3. BE. microstachyum, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 399; stem 2-6 in.
slender with 1-3 subcapitate chestnut-brown spikelets, style 3-fid. E.-
comosum, 6 nanum, Nees in Wight Contrib. 110.

Eriophorum.] CLXXII CYPERACEE. (C. B. Clarke.) 665

AwPIne Hrmataya, alt. 8-16,000 ft.; head of Jumna Valley, Jacquemont ;
Nynee Tal, Thomson ; Chupcha in Bhotan, Griffith. ‘
Tliis may be regarded as a depauperated alpine form of Z. comosum; but the

examples are numerous, exactly alike, from distant localities ; and there aré wanting
intermediate forms.

12. FUIRENA, Roiid.

Stem bearing leaves or leaf-like bracts even in its upper half. Leaves
grass-like, base sheathing. Spikelets clustered, with numerous perfect
flowers, tabescent at top. Glwmes imbricate on all sides, strongly aristate,
hairy in upper half. Hypogynous bristles 6 (3 in the position of sepals, 3
of petals) or much reduced, or 0; 3 sepals bristle-like, 3 petals (in the
Ei species) battledore-shaped. Stamens 3 anticous, or 2. Style long,
slender, glabrous, finally deciduous ; branches 3,long. ut small, obovoid,
or ovoid, triquetrous, more or less stalked, smooth reticulated or trabecu-
late, usually narrowed at top often with a minute beak (which may be the
persistent style-base).—Species 25, scattered all warm regions.

The spikelets with the stem leafy in upper half, are like no other sedges but the
i dei section of Scirpus, from which Fwirena is known by its strongly aristate
glumes.

_ Sect. I. Psrvpo-Scrrrvs. Three inner hypogynous bristles (petals)
linear or narrow, or more often 0.

1. EF. pubescens, Kunth Enum. ii. 182; spikelets in a terminal
cluster (axillary clusters not rarely added), hypogynous bristles 0 or
rudimentary linear, style 3-fid, nut smooth white not (or most minutely
obscurely) reticulated. Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 104 (excl. all Indian
syns. and specimens). Scirpus pubescens, Lam. Iil.i. 189; Desfont. FI.

tlant. i. 52, t. 10. Carex pubescens, Poir. Voy. et Barb. ii. 254. C.
Poiretii, Linn. Syst. [ed. Gmelin] ii. 140. Isolepis pubescens, Roem. gf
Sch, Syst. ii. 118.

PungaB ; Thomson (Herb. Brit. Mus.).—Distris. S.W. Europe, all Africa.

Rhizome creeping, short. Stems 12-20 in., triquetrous, glabrous except at top.
Leaves 2-8 by 4 in., glabrous or hairy. Spikelets in clusters of 5-1, ovate-oblong,
2 in. long; bracts as long as spikelets (occasionally very much longer). Glumes
lurid black o glaucescent, often somewhat regularly 5-ranked. Nut subsessile ;
beak pyramidal, minutely scabrous.

2. FE. Wallichiana, Kunth Enum. ii. 182; spikelet-clusters corymbed,
hypogynous bristles 0 or linear (see also var.), nut slenderly striate longi-
tudinally finely trabeculate between strie. F. cuspidata, Kunth . c. 187 ;
Dalz, & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 286. F. pubescens, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 104
(all Indian syns. and specimens, not of Kunth). Scirpus cuspidatus,
Roth. Nov. Pl. Sp. 31.—Fuirena, Wall. Cat. 3545.

N.W. Inp1a. Hurdwar, Wallich; Sutledge Valley, Thomson. CENTRAL
Inpia; Goona, &c., King. “Kuanpwa; Duthie. Poona; Jacquemont. BomBay,
Dailzeil, &e.

Hardly distinguishable from F’. pubescens, Kunth, but by the elegantly striate
nut, and more compoundedly corymbose inflorescence. eaves and sheaths glabrous.
Sepals often 4-2 nut, linear, often unequal, retrorsely scabrous or smooth, often 0.
Petals always 0 (except in var.). Nut ellipsoid, triquetrous, narrowed at both ends,
yellow brown or testaceous; beak small, pyramidal, hardly scabrous ; outermost.
cells transversely oblong, superimposed regularly in longitudinal series.

666 CLXXII. CypeRAcEH. (C. B. Clarke.) [Fucrena.

Var. evoluta; petals narrowly. elliptic 3-nerved shortly stalked with long
linear papillose-scabrous arista, overtopping nut.—Rajpootana; Merwar, Duthie
{n. 4919),

Sect. 2. Furrena proper. Three inner hypogynous bristles (petals)
obovate or subquadrate, broad-headed.

3. EF. glomerata, Lam. Iii. i. 150; annual, clusters of spikelets
1-3 approximate, petals clawed with subquadrate heads, style 3-fid, nut
ovoid smooth pale. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 328; Thw. Enum. 347 ; Boeck.
in Linnea, xxxvii. 107. F. canescens, Vahl Enum. ii. 385. F. ciliaris,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 180. F. Rottboellii, Nees in Wight Contrib. 94; Mig. Fl.
Ind. Bat. iii. 329. Scirpus ciliaris, Linn. Mant. 182; Rottb. Deser. et Ic.
55, t. 17, fig. 1. S. pilosus, Retz Obs. vi. 19 (not of Thund.). 8. aristatus,
Willd. Sp. Pl. i. 8300.—Fuirena, Wall. Cat. 3544 (partly).

Throughout warmer Inp1a, very common in rice-fields, from the Himanaya
to CEYLON and the Matay PEYINSULA.—DistTRIB, Trop. Africa, S.E. Asia, and
Australia.

Usually hairy, sometimes (except inflorescence) glabrate. Stems 4-16 in.
Spikelets in clusters of 3-10, 2 by 2 in. ; bracts not much overtopping clusters.’ Sepals
linear, as long as nut or short, smooth or scabrous at top. Petals often as long as
nut; lamina quadrate, cordate or hastate at base, 3-nerved, brown with 3 minute
teeth at top, glabrous or minutely hairy at top. Nut triquetrous; beak cylindric,
sometimes minutely hispid.

4. F. uncinata, Kunth Enum. ii. 184; annual, clusters of spikelets
1-3 approximate (one distant sometimes added), glumes strongly hooked-
aristate, petals clawed broadly obovate pubescent on margin, nut ovoid
smooth brown. Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 108 (not Thw.). F. ciliaris,
Nees in Wight Contrib. 93; Thw. Enum. 347. Scirpus uncinatus, Willd.
Sp. Pl. i. 300. 8S. capitatus, Burm. Fl. Ind. 21. Isolepis uncinata,
Roem. & Sch. Syst. ii. 111.—Fuirena, Wall. Cat. 3544 A and D (partly).—
Pluk. Alm. 190, fig. 7.

Deccan PENinsULA; Rottler, &e. Canara; Thomson. CrYLon; Moon,
Thwaites (C.P. 3038), &c. :

Stems 4-8 in., hairy upwards. Sepals linear, shorter than nut, minutely retrorse-
scabrous or smooth. Petals nearly as long as nut, scarcely hastate at base.—Other-
wise as F’. glomerata, to which it is closely allied, but readily distinguished by the
strong hooked bristles to the glumes.

5. BE. Trilobites, (. B. Clarke; annual, clusters of spikelets 1-3
approximate, petals very long-clawed with lunate heads long retro-cuspi-
date at base on each side, style 3-fid, nut ovoid smooth pale.

Deccan PeninsuLa. Secunderabad; Wight; near Hydrabad, Campbell. (The
same locality, and probably one collection.) :

Noted by Wight as perhaps a var. of Rottboellii i.e. of F. glomerata, Lam.; the
petals are different and remarkable. Spikelets rather slenderer (than in F.
glomerata), glumes blacker with longer green ariste. Petals as long as nut, their
head at top semicircular entire, their two lower angles long-produced downwards,
cuspidate.

_ 6 F. umbellata, Rottb. Descr. et Ic. 70, t. 19, fig. 3; rhizome creep-
ing woody, clusters of spikelets often many in an elongate panicle, petals
obovate subsessile, style 3-fid, nut ovoid smooth pale or finally brownish.

Fuirena.] CLXXIL oyPuRacez, (C. B. Clarke.) 667

Thw, Enum. 347; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 110. F. paniculata, Lam. Ii.
i, 150, t. 39. F. pentagona, Nees in Wight Contrib. 93; F. quinquan-
gularis, Hassk. in Flora, xxv. (1842) Beibl. 3. F. uncinata, Tho. 1. c. 347
(not of Kunth).—Fuirena, Wall. Cat. 3542, 3543.

Throughout Inpra, except the drier North-west, alt. 0-3000 ft.—DisrRis. All
warm (not too dry) countries.

Stolons hardening into rhizomes, clothed by ovate-lanceolate striate scales,
Sepals much shorter than nut, linear, glabrous or retrorse-scabrous, often 0. Petals
nearly as long as nut, 3-nerved, minutely hairy, truncate at top and often notched
sometimes with a minute mucro in the notch.—Generally known from F’. glome-
rata by the more compound corymb—an unsafe character; when the rhizome is
wanting, dried examples can be certainly distinguished only by the shape of petals.

13. LIPOCARPHA, Br.

Glabrous. Stem leafy only near base, bearing a single head of few
(usually 1-6) spikelets. Spikelets with very many hermaphrodite flowers,
tabescent at top. Glumes imbricated on all sides, deciduous leaving the
persistent rhachilla marked by lozenge-shaped scars. Squamelle 2, an
anticous and posticous, hyaline, elliptic, as long as nut (formed out of
coalescent hypogynous bristles). Stamens 3-1, anticous; anthers small,
linear-oblong, muticous. Style small, slender, glabrous, shortly 2-fid
(sometimes 3-fid) scarcely exsert. Nut small, oblong or ovoid, plano-
convex, smooth, reticulated, finally brown-black—Species 13, warm
regions.

This genus in habit, inflorescence, rhachilla of spikelet, style and nut, is ex-
cessively like (and really closely allied to) Scirpus Sect. Micranthe ; from which it
only differs in the squamellz standing fore and aft, not laterally. These squamellz
are hyaline, cling to the nut, and are difficult to see.

1. L. argentea, Br. in Append. Tuckey Congo, 459; spikelets 1-8
pale or fuscous, nut much shorter than squamell, style linear 3-fid as
long as 3-2 nut. Thw. Enum. 347; Strachey Cat. Pl. Kumaon, 73; Boeck.
im Linnea, xxxvii. 114 (excl. American examples). L. levigata, Nees in
Wight Contrib. 92. Hypelyptum argenteum, Vahl Enum. ii. 288. Tunga
laevigata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 183. Kyllinga albescens, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 68;
Mig. Fl. Ind Bat. iii. 294.—Lipocarpha, Wall. Cat. 3445 F,G,H.

From the Western Himataya, alt. 0-6000 ft.; and Assam to CrYLon and
SmncaPorE.—DistRis, Trop. and sub-trop. Old World.

Rhizome hardly any. Stems 4-24 in., obtusely trigonous, smooth. Leaves as
long as stem or much shorter, 3 in. broad. Spikelets up to } by 2 in.; bracts often
2in. Glumes obovate, apex obtusely triangular incurved. Wut sessile, obovoid or
ellipsoid obtuse.

2. L. sphacelata, Kunth Enum. ii. 267; spikelets 1-8 black-purple
or if pale usually purple spotted, nut nearly as long as squamelle, style
very short 3-fid. Thw. Enum. 347; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 116. L.
triceps, Nees in Wight Contrib. 92. Hypzelyptum sphacelatum, Vahl
Enum, ii. 283. H. ceylanicum, Nees in Linnea, ix. 288. Tunga triceps,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 183. Scirpus hemisphericus, Roth. Nov. Pl. Sp. 29.
Hypelytrum triceps, Dietr. Sp. Pl. ii. 363.—Lipocarpha, Wall. Cat. 3444.

Throughout Inpra (except the dry N.-West), alt. 0-2000 ft., from NEPAL and
Assam to CEYLON and Tavoy.—Disrgis. Trop. Africa and America.

668 CLXxI. oyperAcEH. (C. B. Clarke.) [Ltpocarpha.

Very like ZL. argentea, but can usually be distinguished by the more purple
heads, It is largely confused in collections with L. argentea, but can be satistactorily
separated by the shorter squamelle and style.

3. L. microcephala, Kunth Enum. ii. 268; spikelets 4-1 pale or
tuscous squarrose, glumes acuminate tip excurrent recurved, style 3-fid,
nut linear-oblong as long as squamelle. Boeck. in Linnza, xxxvii. 118;
Debeau Fl. Tchefou, 146, t. 3, fig. 2. L. Zollingeriana, Boeck. in Flora,
xlii. 100. Hypzlyptum microcephalum, Br. Prodr. 220. Ascolepis
kyllingioides, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 105.

SIncAPorE; Ridley.—DistripB. 8.H. Asia, Australia.

Glabrous. Stems 4-10 in., slender. Leaves 3-2 length of stem, narrow, weak.
Glumes ovate, scarcely obovate, acuminate. Spikelets smaller than in the two
preceding species.

14. RYNCHOSPORA, Jah.

Plants varying much in size and habit. Leaves long, narrow. Spike-
lets in 1 or more heads, or panicled, often clustered. Glwmes often 7-8,
lower more or less distichous, upper spirally imbricated; three lowest
(sometimes more) empty, fourth usually longer containing a perfect nut-
bearing flower ; uppermost more or less tabescent, male or sterile, thinner
in texture rounder on back than nut-bearing glume; above the fourth
glume another (in R. Sikkimensis 2-4 more) similar nut-bearing glume
follows. Hypogynous bristles often present. Stamens 3 (or 2-1), anterior.
pel long, linear, glabrous, branches 2, long or short, style-base dilated.

ut oblong or ovoid, compressed, beaked by the persistent style-base
(clearly distinguishable from nut).—Species 150, in the warmer regions of
the world, specially numerous in America. —

Series A. Hartostytem, Benth. & Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 1059. Style
very shortly 2-fid, or almost undivided.

Division I. Caritratz. Spikelets in a single terminal head. Stems
with leaves only near the base. :

Sect. I. Spaa#roscnanvs (Genus), Mees in Nov. Act, Acad. Nat. Cur.
xix. Suppl. i. (1848), 97. Spikelet bearing onenut. Glumes subdistichous.
Nut laterally compressed i.e. flattened with one edge next axis (as in
Pycreus).

1. R. Wallichiana, Kunth Enum. ii. (1837), 289 (Rhynchospora) ;
stems slender, head globose dense brown, bracts longer than head, style
very shortly 2-fid, nut obovoid smooth or minutely scabrous on shoulders.
Benth. Fl. Hongk. 396 and Fl. Austral. vu. 349; Thw. Enum. 352; Boeck.
in Linnea, xxxvii. 542 (excluding American examples). R. Henkei, Presi.
Rel. Henk. i. 199. Schoenus ruber, Zour. Fl. Cochinch. i. 52. Morisia
Wallichii, Nees in Edinb. New Phil. Jowrn. 1834 (n. 34) 265 and in Wight
Contrib.115. Haplostylis Meyenii, Nees in Linnea, ix. (1834), 295, and in
Edinb. New Phil. Journ. 1834 (n. 34) 265, and in Wight Contrib, 115
(partly). Spheroschoenus Wallichii, Arnott & Nees in Nov. Act. Acad.
Nat. Cur. xix. Suppl. i. 97. Cephaloschcenus parvus, Nees 1. c. 100.
Mariscus umbellatus var. procerior, Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. ii. 63.—
Rynchospora, Wall. Cat. 3422, 3428.

Throughout Inpra (except the North-west) alt. 0-5000 ft., common; from

Rynehospora.] cuxxm. cypeRacea. (C. B. Clarke.) 669

NzPaL and Assam to Cuytoy, Nicopars, Kwrz and Mauacca.—DisrzEis. Trop.
Africa, S.E, Asia to Japan, Malaya, trop. Australia,

Stems tufted, 4-24 in., trigonous, striate, smooth; stolons 0. Leaves several,
¥ stem, $ in. broad, flat, minutely scabrous, glabrous or sometimes hairy. Spikelets
20-50 in a head, 3-3 in. diam.; bracts 3-8, 1-8 in., glabrous or villous-ciliate.
Glumes 6-7; 3 (or 4) lowest empty, ovate, scarcely acute; fourth longer containing
a perfect flower, fifth containing a sterile (or no) flower; seventh glume (when
present) narrow, thin, rudimentary. Hypogynous bristles sometimes 6 as long as
nut, brown, scabrous (teeth pointing upwards) sometimes 6-4 half as long less
scabrous, sometimes rudimentary or 0. Stamens 2, less often 3; anthers linear-
bpececd crested. Wut} glume; beak narrow conic, }-} nut, pale, smooth or rarely
scabrous,

Sect. 2. Haprosryzis (Genus), Nees in Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. xix.
Suppl. i. (1843), 101. Spikelet bearing one nut. Glumes obscurely disti-

chous. Nut dorsally compressed i.e. flattened with one face next axis (as
in Juncellus).

2. R. Wightiana, Steud. Cyp. (1855), 148 (Rhynchospora); spikelets
about } in., hypogynous bristles 6 scabrous, style very shortly 2-fid, nut
linear-oblong black minutely white dotted. Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii.
(1873), 544. Haplostylis Wightiana, Nees in Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur.
xix. Suppl. i. (1848), 101.

Mapras Penrnsuna, from Poona, Jacquemont and CHUNDA, Duthie, to
Quiton, Wight.—DistRiz. Cochin China. (Also a var. in Brasil.)

Stems tufted, 4-24 in., slender, trigonous, glabrous; stolons 0. Leaves several,
3-4 stem, 4, in. broad, glabrous, or scarcely ciliate. Spikelets numerous, in a
dense rusty brown head 4 in. diam.; bracts 3-6, 2-6 in., ciliate on margins near
base. Glumes 6-7; 8 (or 4) lowest small empty, fourth longer with perfect nut-
bearing flower, upper male or rudimentary. Bristles rigid, as long as nut (some-
times twice as long), brown, minute teeth pointing upwards. Wut % glume,
sometimes ornamented by scattered papille; beak 4 nut, pale, decurrent on margins
of nut.

3. BR. longisetis, Br. Prodr. (1810), 230 (Rhynchospora) ; spikelets
nearly 3 in., hypogynous bristles 3 scabrous 3 plumose, style very shortly
9-fid, nut linear-obovoid brown. Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 541; Benth.
Fl. Austral. vii. 350. BR. Prescottiana, Wall. Cat. 3423. Schcenus
longisetis, Poir. Encycl. Suppl. ii. 252. Cephaloschcenus longisetis, Nees
in Linnea, ix. 296. C. longirostris, Nees? in Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur.
xix. Suppl. i. (1843), 101 in Obs.

Burma; Prome, Waillich n. 3423; Karenia and Pegu, Kurz; Nummayan, 2.
Scott.—DistxR1B. North Australia.

Closely resembling R. Wightiana, but heads larger. Hypogynous bristles
usually twice nut (exclusive of beak), in the upper half all are simply scabrous with
teeth pointing upwards, in the lower half the 3 inner (petals) are nearly glabrous,
the 3 outer (sepals) densely plumose. Wut nearly 3 in., often minutely bristly on
shoulders; beak 2 nut, conic-oblong, not decurrent on nut. [There are several
closely allied Australian species included under R, longisetis both by Bentham and
Boeckeler.]

Division IJ. PotycurHat#. Spikelets in distant dense globose heads,
Stems with nodes and leaves far above base.—[The other species of this
division form the genus Cephaloscheenus proper of Nees, and have the nut
dorsally compressed; but the single Indian sp. has the nut laterally
compressed i.e. is closely allied to R. Wallichiana.]

670 CLXxu, cypERacEE. (CO. B. Clarke.) [Rynchospora.

4, R. malasica, C. B. Clarke; globose spikes 2-6 distant spiked
or racemed, spikelets 1-fid., hypogynous bristles 5-6 twice as long as nut
capillary smooth, style very shortly 2-fid, nut obovoid smooth chestnut-
colrd. beak narrowly conic pale.

Matay PENINSULA; Malacca, Grifith (Kew u. 6358); Singapore, Ridley.—
Distris. Borneo, ’

Stems nearly 2 ft. Leaves often overtopping stem, 1 in. broad, glabrous or
scabrous pilose; bracts all similar to leaves, lowest sometimes 4 in, from the next.
Spikes 3-2 in. diam. of about 15 spikelets. Spikelets 1 in., constructed as in R.
Wallichiana. Nut 4 glume, biconvex; beak nearly as long as nut, smooth, base
narrow.

Division III. Panicunata. Paniculate. Spikelets solitary or clustered.
Sten: robust, with nodes and leaves (or bracts) far above base.—Calyptro-
stylis (Genus), Nees in Linnea, ix. (1834), 295, is part of this Division.

5. R. aurea, Vahl Enum. ii. 229; robust, nearly glabrous, with-
out stolons, spikelets numerous in several corymbs, style very shortly
2-fid, nut obevoid truncate, beak as long as nut, and nearly as broad at
base. Benth. Fl. Hongk. 396, and Fl. Austral. vii. 349; Mig. Fl. Ind.
Bat. ti. 3386; Thw. Enum. 352; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviil. 626. R.
articulata, Roem. & Sch. Syst. Mant. ii. 49; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 288;
Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iti. 337. Scirpus corymbosus, Linn. Amen. Acad. iv.
303. Schcenus articulatus, Rowd. Fl. Ind. i. 184 [ed. Wall. 189]. 8.
surinamensis, Rottb. Descr. et Ic. 68, t. 21, fig. 1. Calyptrostylis florida,
Nees in Mart. Brasil Cyp. 138, t. 13. Cephaloschoenus articulatus,
Nees in Edinb. New Phil. Journ. (1834), 266, and in Wight Contrib. 115.
—Cyperus, Herb. Wight; Wail. Cat. 3371 A.—Rynchospora, Wall. Cat.
3424, 3426,

Throughout Inp1ra forcast the north-west), in the hot region, abundant ; from
Sizxm and Assam to CEYLON and Sinaaporr.—Distris. Warm regions of the
lobe.
: Stems 2-3 ft., smooth or scabrous upwards, with leaves (or leaf-like bracts) their
whole length. Leaves 1-2 ft. by 4-1 in., on margins (and often on keel beneath)
scabrous. Panicle often 1 ft. long, composed of 3-5 corymbs. Spikelets mostly
solitary, rusty-brown, about § in. long. Glumes about 7; lowest 3 (or 4) smaller,
ovate, sometimes mucronate; fourth glume longer, subobtuse, with perfect flower ;
upper glumes male or sterile. Hypogynous bristles 6, as long as nut simply
scabrous, not rarely unequal or some deficient. Style exceedingly long, minutely
bifid at tip. Nut 35 in., 3 glume, smooth, reticulated or transversely wavy ;
beak pale, flattened, more or less grooved longitudinally on each face, rough, hardly
exsert from glumes.—In the American forms the nut has usually two furrows on its
shoulders and 2 pits (sometimes. large) on its back; in the Asiatic plants these
furrows and pits are often just “‘ indicated,’’ often entirely absent.

6. R. triflora, Vahl Enum. ii. 232; somewhat robust, nearly
glabrous, stolons often present, spikelets in loose corymbs, style very
shortly 2-fid, nut ellipsoid truncate transversely undulate, beak longer
than nut linear pyramidal. Boeck. in Linnzxa, xxxvii. 625. R. ceylonica,
Kunth Enum. ii. 294. BR. zeylanica, Thw. Enum, 352. Scirpus triflorus,
Poir. Encycl. Suppl. ii, 248. Cephaloschenus Zeylanicus, Nees in
Edinb. New Phil, Journ. 1834, 265, and in Wight Contrib. 115. Hphip-
piorhynchium triforum, Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. ii. (pars 1) 136 in note.

Cryton; Thwaites n. 3036, Macrae.—Disrris. Tropical America.

Stolons rather slender, clothed by ovate striate straw-colrd. scales. Stems, leaves,

Rynchospora,] _OLXX1l. OYPERACEA, (C. B, Clarke.) 671

spikelets as in R. aurea, but more slender; spi
8 : i 3 spikelets more clustered, less numerous
in a more straggling open panicle, Wut hardly & in., brown, smooth or microsco-

ically i . ‘
De muriculate; beak at base very narrowly pyramidal, much

7. R. Hookeri, Boeck. in Linnza, xxxvii. 621 (Rh
F ; F nchospora) ;
ine Sie robust, nearly glabrous, spikelets in loose plas ee
very shortly 2-fid, nut obovoid chestnut-colrd. smooth suddenly narrowed
into avery small cylindric neck, beak linear as long as nut. Schoenus

a raeniatas, Buch, Ham. ms. ((not of Foxb.).—Rynchospora, Wall. Cat.

N.E. Inp1a; alt. 0-800 ft. Assam; Seebsagur, 0. B. Cl

if j a 4 ; oy 2B arke, &e. Sylhet
Terai; J. D. Hooker. North Bengal; Nathpur, SPition, Wallich 7 Mudhiarr
Jungle, C. B. Clarke ; Pegu, Brandis (Herb. Calcutta).

. Hardly stoloniferous, lateral shoots push out from base of stem. Stems, leaves,
spikelets, nearly as in smaller examples of 2. aurea, but corymbs much more
straggling irregular, spikelets 1-5-clustered. Nut. in. long, surmounted by the
minute neck also chestnut-colrd.; beak greenish-straw-colrd.

Series B. Dirnostrtem, Benth. & Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iii. 1059. Style
deeply divided, branches 2 long-linear. (Stem with nodes bearing leaves
ie ear bracts) far above its base. Spikelets loosely corymbose or

8. RB. sracillima, Thw. Enum. 435 (Rhynchospora), not of Sau-
valle; glabrous, very slender, spikelets solitary long-pedicelled panicled
bearing often 2 nuts, hypogynous bristles 0, style-branches 2 long, nut
broadly obovoid truncate transversely wavy-wrinkled, beak broad depressed.
Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii, (1878), 597; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
eG (1876), pt. i. 159. R. Kamphooveneri, Boeck. in Engl. Jahrb, v.

CrYton ; Thwaites n. 3818. Kuasta; J. D. Hooker. Nicopars; Kurz.—
Distriz. Hongkong.

_ Roots fibrous. Stems 2 ft. Leaves 4-12 in., setaceous. Panicle 12 by 3 in.,
with 18 spikelets. Spikelets } by 2, in., dusky brown. Glwmes 7-8, obtuse, 3 or 4
lowest empty shorter. Style long slender, branches 2 as long as style. Nut 2
glume, pale ash-colour; beak as broad as nut, becoming black, saddle-shaped.

9. R. glauca, Vahl Enum. ii. 233; glabrous, panicle narrow,
corymbs rather small, spikelets numerous bearing 1-2 nuts, hypogynous
bristles scabrous with teeth pointing upwards, style-branches 2 long, nut
broadly obovoid truncate transversely wavy wrinkled, beak 13 nut. Boeck.
in Linnea, xxxvii. 585 (ewel. the “larger” form). R. gracilis, Vahl Enum.
ii, 234, BR. laxa, Br. Prodr. 230; R. laxa 8 minor, Thw. Hnum. 352 (not of
Vahl). BR. chinensis, Nees in Wight Contrib. 115; Boeck. 1. c. 586 (the
Khasia plants).—Rynchospora, Wall, Cat. 3421.

. Kuasra and Nineute1 Hittzs, alt. 4-6500 ft., Nepat; Wallich. CEYLON,
Thwaites C.P. n. 2396, &c.—DistR1s. Warm regions of the globe.
Rhizome biennial or perennial, short, becoming woody; lateral shoots (hardly
. stolons) push out from base of stem. Stems tufted 1-24 ft., rather slender, nearly
smooth, with nodes throughout their length. Leaves 8-20 by yz-} in., nearly
smooth. Panicle 12 by 1-2 in.; axillary corymbs often 2-3, distant, peduncled,
2 in, diam. Spikelets shortly pedicelled or somewhat clustered § in., with 6-7
glumes. Hypogynous bristles 6 or 5, rigid, brown, usually as long as nut rarely
reaching top of beak. Stamens usually 2; anthers not crested. Nut 3-3 glume,

672 OLXXII, CYPERACEE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Rynchospora

sessile, turgid, chestnut-brown, with 12-18 transverse wrinkles, beak (in the Old
World examples) broadly conic, smooth or nearly so. [The names glauca and
gracilis were published in the same volume. Many authors prefer the gracilis
supposing the species to be Swartz’s Schenus gracilis. But Swartz says his Schenus
gracilis had a 3-fid style, so that it was no Rynchospora (except perhaps in small
part by mixture) ; Mr. Bentham has hence adopted glauca. ]

Var. B chinensis (sp.) Boeck. 1.c. 586 (not of Nees & Meyen) ; spikelets longer
up to } in. often bearing 2 nuts, beak longer often equalling $ nut, hypogynous
bristles usually reaching top of beak. R. glauca, Boeck. l.c. 585 (partly). R.
lavarum, Hook. & Arn, ‘Bot. Beech. Voy. 98 (not of Gaud.). R. laxa, Theaites
Enum. 352 (not of Vahl).—Crryton; Thw, (C.P. 677, &c.). TENAsSERIM ; Helfer
(Kew Distr. n. 6303), Griffith (Kew Distr. 6302).—DisTRis. Sea-coasts of Madagase.,
Borneo, China, Sandwich Isles. A maritime form.

10. R. Griffithii, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 404, nut narrowly
obovoid ellipsoid rounded at top, beak # nut, hypogynous bristles reaching
top of beak scabrous; otherwise as R. glauca.

East BeneaL; Griffith (Kew Distr. 6303). AssaM; Griffith. Kuasta; J. D.
Hooker; alt. 4200 ft., C. B. Clarke.

Var. 8 LEVISETIS; hypogynous bristles 6 twice nut smooth. R. chinensis,
“forma tenuis,’ Boeck. 1. c. 587.—Upper Sikkim; Lachen and Lachoong, alt.
10,000 ft., in wet meadows. J. D. H.—A remarkable form, an alpine state of
R. Grifithii. The nut is narrow, so that Boeckeler’s alliance of it with the sea-
coast R. chinensis is not satisfactory.

ll. R. sikkimensis, C. B. Clarke; glabrous, panicle narrow,
corymbs rather small, spikelets numerous bearing 3-6 nuts, hypogynous
bristles 6 scabrous twice nut, style-branches 2 long, nut small narrowly
obovoid truncate, beak ovoid longer and broader than nut smooth (otherwise
as R. Griffithii).

Uppsr SIKKIM ; Catsuperri Lake, alt. 8000 ft—J. D. H.

Spikelets 4 in., fine brown, with 12-18 glumes and 3-8 pistilliferous flowers.—
This plant may be the R. chinensis described by Boeck. in Linnza, xxxvii. 587,
which he says has about 5 fertile flowers to the spikelet; but it does not agree in
this particular with Thaites n. 677, which is Boeckeler’s type of R. Chinensis.

UNDETERMINAL SPECIES OF EYNCHOSPORA.

Scirpus (Rynchospora?) MoLLIs, Wall. in Rowb. Fl. Ind. [ed. Carey and Wall.]
i. 227; stems 1-2 ft. hairy, leaves few towards base of stem hairy, umbel 7-rayed,
spikelets oblong, glumes ovate subaristate smooth, hypogynous bristles 3 long hairy,
style compressed hairy and ciliate with broad cordate articulate base. Fimbristylis ?
mollis, Kunth Enum, ii. 246.

Nepat; Wallich.

The style being compressed must be assumed to be 2-fid ; this, joined to the 3
long hypogynous bristles, would fix the plant in Rynchospora (as suggested by
Wallich), but it cannot be referred to any known Indian species of that genus,

15. SCHGENUS, Linn. (in part).

Spikelets capitate or panicled; flowers axillary. Glumes (except the
uppermost tabescent) distichous; 3 (or more) lowest empty, 1-4 following
perfect, nut-bearing, somewhat remote. Hypogynous bristles often present,
setaceous, not dilated at base. Stamens 3,anterior. Style 3-fid, gradually
passing into the nut without any constriction below style-base. Nutina

Schenus.] CLXXIL. OYPERACEE. (C. B, Clarke.) 673

hollow of the zigzag persistent rhachilla, trigonous.—Species 59, chielly
Australian; with a few Cosmopolitan, Malayan, Japanese and Chilian.

1. S. nigricans, Linn. Sp. Pl. 64; stem without nodes except near
base, spikelets almost capitate, hypogynous bristles 1-4 nut or nearly obso-
lete, style 3-fid, nut sessile ovoid smooth marble-white. Boiss. Fl. Orient.
vy. 893 ; Atich. in Journ. Linn. Soe. xviii. 104. Chestospora nigricans, Kunth
Enum. ii. 323 ; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 290.

PonsaB; Kurum Valley, Aitchison. Sinp; Pinwill.—Distem. Nearly cos-
mopolitan, except 8S. E. Asia and Australia.

Almost glabrous. Rhizome horizontal, woody; stolons 0. Stems 4-24 in.,
subterete. Leaves 4-12 in., often half stem, very narrow with incurved margins.
Spikelets 1-15, 3-4 in. long, in a close distinctly compound head; lowest bract sub-
erect, often 1-4 in. Glumes ovate, obtuse, microscopically hispid on keel, chestnut
or brown; three lowest empty, 1-3 next nut-bearing. Nuts; in ellipsoid, top
acutely pyramidal.

2. S. calostachyus, Poir. Encyel. Suppl. ii. 251; stem with nodes
throughout its length, spikelets nearly 1 in. long loosely panicled,
hypogynous bristles } nut white, style 3-fid, nut ovoid slightly tubercular
or wrinkled chestnut-black. Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 368. Cheetospora
calostachya, Br. Prodr. 233. Cyclocampe waigiouensis, Steud. Syn. Cyp.
156. Cyclocarpa waigouensis, Mig. F'l. Ind. Bat. iii, 339.

Singapore; Ridley—DistRis. Malaya, Australia.

Rhizome short, horizontal, woody. Stems 1-2} ft., rigid, rather slender, sub-
terete. Lower leaves 4-12 by +3, in., glabrous; sheaths at their mouth scarious,
scarcely pubescent. Panicle 8-16 in. long, with 8-14 spikelets; lower bracts like
‘the leaves, upper reduced nearly to sheaths. Spikelets elliptic-lanceolate, compressed,
chestnut or brown. Glumes elliptic-lanceolate, scarcely acute, minutely hairy on
margins; 4-8 lowest empty, densely packed; 3-2 following nut-bearing, distant on
zigzag rhachilla. Nut 4 in., subsessile, trigonous, curved.

16. CLADIUM, P. Browne.

Stout perennials, glabrous or inflorescence minutely hairy. Stems round
or flattened, leafy or leafless. Leaves equitant, xiphoid or trigonous at
top, or flat. Spikelets panicled, often in sessile clusters at the angles of
zigzag branches, small, with 4-11 glumes. F/owers 1~7, axillary, lowest
of each spikelet perfect, nut-bearing. Glwmesimbricate on all sides; lowest
1-4 (usually 2-3) empty, smaller (or not larger) than succeeding 1-3 in-
cluding perfect flowers; uppermost glumes male or sterile, tabescent.
Hypogynous bristles slender, or small, or 0. Stamens 3-2. Style linear;
branches 3, long; style-base dilated, fused with nut. Nwé small or scarcely
middle-sized ; beak large pyramidal, or smaller umbonate, or undistinguish-
able from nut, or reduced to a speck.—Species 44; one cosmopolitan; the
rest insular or maritime, in both hemispheres.

‘Subgenus I. Evctapium, Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 402. Stems tall, round
with nodes carrying leaves (or leaf-like bracts) their whole length. Leaves
flat, not distichous. Panicle oblong of several corymbs. Spikelets nu-
merous, clustered, most 2-fld., the lower flower nut-bearing.

1. G. Mariscus, Br. Prodr. 236; stems 3-8 ft., leaves 3 in. broad
scabrous, glumes brown subobtuse, hypogynous bristles 0, style 3-fd. nut
ovoid acute shining chestnut-colrd. Boeck. in Linnea xxxvili. 232, C.

VOL. VI. XK

674 CLXXI. OYPERACES. (C. B. Clarke.) [Cladium.

germanicum, Schrad. Fl. Germ, i. 75, t. 5, fig. 7. C. jamaicense, Crantz
Inst. i. 862, Schcenus Mariscus, Linn. Sp. Pl. i. 62.

Kasuurr; Lake, alt. 5200 ft., Jacquemont, &c.—DistE18. Cosmopolitan. :

Glabrous, stoloniferous. Leaves often nearly equalling stem; teeth on margins
and midrib beneath cutting. Panicle 1-2 ft. long or more; corymbs distant, several
times corymbosely divided; lower bracts leaf-like. Spikelets usually in globose
clusters of 4-12. 3,-1 in., young lanceolate, ripe ovoid, uniform brown. Glumes
6-7, ovate, concave; 3-4 lower empty, smaller; rhachilla abbreviated, persistent.
Stamens usually 2; anthers linear-oblong, crested. Wut scarcely 4; in., hard; style-
base ovoid, large, fused into nut, of which the cavity is carried up into style-base.

Subgenus II. Macnm#rina (Genus), Vahl Enum. ii, 238, Clusters
panicled, mostly sessile at the angles of zigzag branches. Hypogynous
bristles small. Nut more or less stalked, rostrate.

2. ©. Maingayi, C. B. Clarke; stems stout flattened, basal leaves
equitant 2 in. broad, spikelets dark-red, hypogynous bristles slender longer
than nut, style 8-fid, nut turgid trigonous shortly stalked, beak long
pyramidal hairy.

Mr. Orurr (Malacca), alt. 4250 ft., Griffith (Kew Distrib. 6304), &e.

Stems 1-3 ft. Basal leaves several, crowded, often as long as stem; stem leaves
0 or occasionally 1. Panicle 12-18 in., oblong; lowest branch often distant.
Spikelets 4 in., ovoid, usually bearing 2-4 nuts. Glumes ovate, tip triangular
scarcely acute; 2-3 lowest empty. Hypogynous bristles 6, their upper balf thinly
clothed with short upward-pointing hairs. Wut, in. long, on a short obpyramidal
stalk.—Very near the West Indian Macherina restioides, Vahl.

3. C. undulatum, Thw. Enum. 353; stem long round-trigonous,
leaves basal very narrow, spikelets brown, hypogynous bristles much
shorter than nut, style 3-fid, nut sessile ovoid brown. beak very small.
Lepidosperma zeylanicum, Nees in Linnea, xxxviii. 232. Tricostularia
fimbristyloides, Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 384. Carpha junciformis, Boeck.
tn Linnea, v. 38, 267.

Czyton, Rotéler, Thwaites, &. Matay PEntnsuta; Pahang, Ridley.—Dis-
TRIB. Malaya, Australia. ‘

Nearly smooth and glabrous. Sfem 1-3 ft., somewhat slender, leafless except
near base. Leaves 9-18 by 3 in., convolute when dry. Panicle 2-12 in., greatly
varying in development ; branches flexuose or zigzag; lowest bract leaf-like or short.
Spikelets in clusters of 2-5, + in. long, ellipsoid, 1-2-fld.; lower flower perfect,
nut-hearing. Glumes not distichous; two lowest smaller, empty. Hypogynons
bristles 6, hardly 4 nut, setaceous, base dilated white. Nut scarcely ;, in., smooth ;
beak depressed, pyramidal or umbonate, not 4 nut, hairy.—The hypogynous bristles
are as of Lepidosperma, but the lower flower producing the nut does not suit that
genus.—Bentham (Fl. Austral. vii. 384) considers the Ceylon, Borneo, and Aus-
tralian plants here united as three species.

Subgenus ITI. Baumza (Genus), Gaud. in Freycinet Voy. Bot. 416, t. 29.
Clusters of flowers panicled, mostly sessile at the angles of zigzag branches.
Hypogynons bristles 0. Wut nearly or quite sessile, rostrate (in the Indian
species).

4. ©. riparium, Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 405; stems obscurely flattened,
cauline leaves few obscurely xiphoid or subterete, panicle elongate lax of
many spikelets, style 8-fid, nut obovoid round-trigonous smooth, beak

small conic minutely hairy. Baumea riparia, Boeck. in Iinneea, xxxviti.
246.

Cladium.] OLXxI. cypERaces. (C. B. Clarke.) 675

West AUSTRALIA.

Stolons long, densely clothed by lanceolate striate dirty-straw-colrd. scales.
Stems 8 ft., trigonous, under panicle flattened biconvex. Basal leaves often as long
as stem, hardly 4 in. broad; in their upper half very variable in form, sometimes
xiphoid (i.e. flat thick in middle without a central nerve), sometimes 3-4-angular or
passing into nearly linear-conic. Panicle 8-12 in.; lower branches distant; lowest
bract 1} in. long; secondary branches flexuose, minutely scabrous-puberulous.
Spikelets in clusters of 1-5, 3 in. long, 2-1-fld., brown; lowest flower perfect, nut-
bearing. Fl. glume ovate-lanceolate, at least as long as the two lower empty glumes.
Nut +, in., sessile, brown; beak 3 nut.

Var. crassa; stems usually 6 ft. ; spikelets rather larger, densely clustered, 2-4
flowers and 1-3 nuts; styles and filaments conspicuously exserted. Buaumea crassa,
Thw. Enum, 358; Boeck. l.c. 238.—BENGAL; Svondreebun, C. B. Clarke. Kuasta,
alt, 5000 ft., Shillong, C. B. Clarke (introduced ?). Ceylon; Prov. Ambagamowa,
Thwattes, C.P. 845.—In the Ceylon examples (crassa type), with which the Bengal
agree, the roots are thick black (the plant probably not stoloniferous), the nuts are
nearly twice as long as in the Australian plant shining brown. But in the Khasi
plant, stolons are generally present and the nuts are like those of C. riparium, Benth.
typ.

5. ©. glomeratum, Br. Prodr, 237; medium-sized, leaves linear in
upper half terete or subtrigonous not transversely septate, panicle elongate
narrow interrupted, spikelets clustered, style 3-fid, nut oblong-ellipsuid
obtusely trigonous, beak small ovoid hairy. Kunth Enum. ii. 304; Benth.
Fl. Austral. vii. 404 (not Baumea glomerata, Gaud.). Chapelliera glo-
merata, Nees in Lehm. Pl. Preiss. ii. 76 in Obs.; Mig. in Ann. Mus. Lugd.
Bat. ii. 146. Baumea rubiginosa & Brownei, Boeck. in Linnea, XxXXviii.
241, 242.

SinGAPoRE, Ridley—DistE18. China, Japan, Austral., and N. Zeal.

Stolons long, clothed by ovate striated scales. Stems 1-8 ft., nodose throughout
their length. Basal Jeaves 8-20 in., cauline few short or 0. Panicle 4-10 by
1-2 in.; lowest bract 4-14 in., hardly leaf-like. Spikelets 1-3 together (clusters
often themselves clustered), + in., rusty-brown, 2~4-fid. bearing 1 (rarely 2) nut. Fi,
glumes ovate acute, keel upwards scabrid, margins conspicuously thinly villous.

17, MICROSCHGNUWS, Gen. Nov.

A very small, glabrous perennial. Stems with nodes, bearing narrow
leaves. Inflorescence of 1-3 approximated spikelets. G/uwmes 6, imbricate
on all sides, subsimilar; two lowest empty ; 3 (or 2) following male, mon-
androus; uppermost lateral (appearing terminal) perfect, nut-bearing,
monandrous. Hypogynous bristles 2, minute, rudimentary (perhaps re-
duced stamens). Style linear-cylindric, smooth, continuous with pistil ;
branches 3. Nué (not well ripe) ellipsoid, trigonous, smooth, pyramidal

at base and top.

IM. Duthiei, C. B. Clarke; stems 1-3 in.

West Himanaya; Gurwhal, Tibri, alt. 15,500 ft., Duthie.

Stems tufted; with very short stolons or short lateral shoots. Leaves 2 or 3 on
each stem, about 1 in., grass-like ; margins incurved, smooth; sheaths short. Spike-
lets about 2 in., ellipsoid; lowest bract similar to leaves; upper bracts gradually
shorter, passing into glumes. Glumes ovate-oblong, concave scarcely keeled, chest-
nut-red, hardly scarious on edges. Anthers \inear-oblong, not crested, scarcely

- exserted,
x x2

676 cLxxu. cyperacem. (C. B. Clarke.)

18. LEPIDOSPERMA, Labill.

Glabrous, rigid, robust stoloniferous plants. Stems leafy only near
base. Panicle of many spikelets, often oblong, contracted. Spikelets of
5-10 glumes, of 2-3 axillary flowers, rarely producing more than 1 nut,
lowest flower being always sterile (i.e. male or pistilimperfect). FU. glumes
(even young) similar to the lower empty glumes. Hypogynous bris‘/es 6,
short, ovate with a triangular or setaceous tip. Stamens 3. Style with 3
long branches; style-base glabrous or nearly so, fused into the glabrous
smooth trigonous nut.—Species 36, all Australasian except the present.

L. chinense, Nees & Meyen in Linnea, ix. 302, and in Mov. Act.
Nat. Cur, xix. (Suppl. i.) 117; stems robust terete, leaves mostly long terete,
panicle oblong dense, spikelets clustered, glumes lanceolate acute sub-
distichous, style 3-fid, nut .—4 in. obtuse. Benth. Fl. Hongk. 398; Boeck.
in Linnea, xxxviii. 329 (excl. L. confine).

Matacca; Mt. Ophir, Grigith (Kew Distrib. 6115).—DistRip. 8, China.

Stems 2-3 ft. Leaves stem-like. Panicle 2-4 by 1 in., very dense, base scarcely
interrupted. Glumes 5-7, lower distichous, 1-2 highest spiral tabescent; flowers
3-2, lowest sterile, upper perfect nut-bearing. Hypogynous bristles scarcely §
length of glume, easily overlooked in young flowers.—Bentham says, “ Flowers 3,
lowest fertile.” Nees says, ‘‘Glumes empty except the penultimate which is male,
and the terminal thin one” (which Nees supposes nut-bearing). The terminal thin
glume is sterile, the penultimate perfect, nut-bearing.

19. GAHNIA, J. R. & G. Forst.

Coarse, usually scabrous, perennials. Stem with nodes, bearing leaves
or leaf-like bracts throughout its length. Panicle copious, or linear-
oblong. Spikelets clustered, often black or dark brown, 1-2-fid., upper
alone nut-hearing. Glumes imbricated on all sides, lower 3-5 (or more)
empty, keeled, o mucronate, hispid, upper gradually larger, unaltered
in fruit; the top 3 (or 2) glumes heteromorphons, in young fl. very small
(usually not 3 length of uppermost keeled empty glume) subquadrate,
scarcely nerved, in fruit enlarged rigid brown or black; lowest hetero-
morphous glume with 3-6 (often 4) stamens or empty, second heteromor-
phous glume with 3 stamens perfecting a nut, uppermost empty or 0.
Hypogynous bristles 0. Filaments long (often elongated in fruit holding
the nut); anthers crested. Style slender, glabrous; branches 8 (or 4)
long; style-base continuous with pistil, often a small black conical point
to the nut. Mut bony, round or trigonous, sessile.—Species 27, from
Singapore to the Sandwich Isles, abounding in Australasia.

The structure of the spicula of Gaknia has been recently described by Colenso in
Trans. N. Zeal. Inst. xviii. 278, and by Hillebrand in Flora Hawaii, 481. In those
species (and specimens) which have but one flower in the spikelet, that flower appears
terminal and the three small heteromorphous glumes (scales) appear as a perianth
of 3 imbricated segments. But the cases where the above three glumes contain two

flowers (both of which may be pistilliferous though only the upper nut-bearing),
negative this explanation.

G. javanica, Voritzi Verz. Zoll. Pfl. 98; tall, leaves long narrow
very scabrous, panicle oblong-linear dense, spikelets 2-1-fld. black, style
3-fid, nut linear-oblong shining brown black-tipped. Boeck. in Linnea,
x3xviil. 339. Phakellanthus multiflorus, Zoll. Syst. Verz. Ind. Archip. ii.

Gahnia.] OLXXM. cyPuRACEa, (C. B. Clarke.) 677

61. Syzyganthus multiflorus, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 153. Schcenus panicu-
Pole Cat. Hort. Bogor. 296 (not of Burm.). S, Hasskarlii, Steud
.c. 166,

Matay Istanps; from Sumatra to Fiji.

Nearly glabrous. Stem often 8 ft., terete. Leaves often nearly as long as stem,
3-4 in. wide, tip caudate very scabrous. Panicle 12 by 3 in., dense; brauches from
each lower sheath usually several (sometimes 15); lower bracts long, similar to
leaves. Spikelets nearly 4 in., when young lanceolate; lower flower sterile or male
or wanting. Lower glumes 3-4, keeled, mucronate; upper glumes 3-2, when young
very small, ultimately enlarged hardened, 3 as long as the uppermost keeled glume.
Stamens in lower flower 4, in the upper 3; filaments persistent ultimately elongate
and brown, often retaining the nut.

Var. penangensis ; lowest bract shorter, often not half length of panicle, panicle
looser, branches finally nodding (not in suherect clusters).—Penang, alt. 3000 ft.,
G. King. Perak, alt. 6500 ft., Wray. Malacca; Punnus, Griffith (Kew Distrib.
6305).

20. REMIREA, Auxdlet.

A glabrous perennial. Stem short, with numerous long leaves. Spikes
digitately capitate; bracts long. Spikelets densely sessile, 1-fld. Glumes
4, imbricate laxly on all sides, small, ovate-triangular, three lowest empty
green striate, uppermost nerveless containing a perfect quasi-terminal
flower. Hypogynous bristles 0. Stamens 3, unilateral. Style linear,
smooth ; base not dilated; branches 3, linear. Mut oblong-ellipsoid, tri-
gonous, smooth; style deciduous.

The flower is here really axillary, the continuation of the axis suppressed at an
early stage. The plant is allied to the Rynchosporee, as Bentham has it.

R. maritima, Avil. Pl. Guian. i. 45, t. 16; stem nearly covered
by sheaths of leaves (i.e. head sessile) or only covered near base (i.e. head
peduncled). Beauv. Fl. d Owar. ii. 22,t. 73; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc.
xlv. (1876), pt. ii. 158; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxv. 435. R. pedunculata, Br.
Prodr, 236; Thw. Enum. 345. BR. Wightiana, Nees in Wight Contrib. 92.
R. disticophylla, Boeck. in Flora, xli.410. Mariscus capitatus, Zoll. Verz.
Ind. Archip. ii 68. Lipocarpha foliosa, Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 337; Kurz #1.
Bangka, 224.—Cyperus, Wall. Cat. 3378.

Sea-coasts. Canara; Talbot. TENAsSERIM; Helfer; Mauacca, Griffith ; N1co-
Bars, Kurz; &c. CryLon; Thwaites (C.P. 3227.)—Disrris. All tropical sea-
coasts,

Rhizome up to 2 ft. Stems distant, or tufted from the branched head of
‘rhizome, 2-6 in., subtrigonous, smooth. Leaves often longer than stem, narrow,
rigid, curved nearly smooth. Braets 2-6, patent, 1-3 in., leaf-like. Spikes about
4 in, long, ellipsoid, of about 3u spikelets, dirty straw-colrd. Spikelets 4 in., ellipsoid.
Nut % glume, chestnut-colrd.; outermost cells minute, round-hexagonal, often
porose (i.e nut puncticulate.)

21. HYPOLYTRUM, L. C. Rich.

Stem with some nodes far above the base. Leaves Hat, somewhat thin,
3enerved, narrowed gradually at each end. Spikes panicled, branches
rigid; bracts long, leaf-like. “Spikelets without glumes interposed between
the two opposite basal males and the terminal pistil except in A. turgidum

678 OL3xu. cypERacEH. (C.B. Clarke). [Hypolytrum.

and H. longirostre. Style continuous with ovary, persistent ; branches 2
long. Dut small, but often overtopping bracteoles, biconvex, osseous,
subpersistent; style-base ultimately becoming a conical or ovoid beak.—
Species 25, tropical and subtropical.

This and the following four genera, incladed under the division Hypolytree (see
p. 587), or Mapaniee, are so peculiar in structure that the following observations
may prove useful.—Spikelets small, in spikes resembling the spikelets of a stout
Scirpus; the (apparent) glumes being obtuse bracteoles. Spikelets containing one
terminal fem. fl. (of a pistil only) and two opposite boat-shaped 1-glumed monan-
drous male fl. at its base; between these two basal males and the terminal female
are placed 0-11 concave or nearly plane glumes unsymmetrically whorled, sterile or
1-6 monandrous; the three inner glumes (empty), often appearing nearly as sepals
to the pistil. Glumes to the two lowest male flowers (squamelle), acutely keeled,
hairy on keel, placed laterally with respect to the bracteole. Stamens small;
anthers not crested.

In Hypolytrum the spikelet might be regarded as a single flower, consisting of a
bract, two opposite boat-shaped bracteoles, 2 stamens and a pistil. But in Mapania
(and other genera) the number of male and barren glumes interposed between the
squamelle and the pistil shows that this flower is really an inflorescence, as in
Euphorbia, The species are sometimes polygamo-dicscious, some plants producing
only empty nuts with abnormal beaks. The seven Indian species here described
might be treated as H. latifolium with five varieties.

1. H. latifolium, Z. C. Rich. in Pers. Syn. i. 70; stems stout
triquetrous upwards, leaves long often 3-1 in. broad, style 2-fid, nut
(fertile) wrinkled brown or chestnut, beak small conical pale (large when
nut is barren). Thw. Enum. 346 (8 and part a); Kurz in Journ. As. Soc.
Xxxviiil. part 2, 72 (partly). H. giganteum, Wall. Cat. 3404 (partly);
Nees in Wight Contrib. 93 (partly); Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 131. H.
schcenoides, Nees in Linnza, ix. 288. H. myrianthum, Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat.
iii. 333. H. latifolium and diandrum, Dietr. Sp. Pl. uu. 365. Tunga
diandra, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 184. Scirpus anomalus, Retz. Obs. v. 15.
Albikkia scirpoides and schcenoides, Presl. Rel. Henk, i. 185, t. 34, 35.—
Hypolytrum, Wadi. Cat. 3402, 3403, 3404 (mainly).

Srxzim and Assam to SINGaporr, TravANcoRE, CEYLON, Nicopar and
ANDAMAN Istps.—DistTRIB. Malaya, China, Austral., Polynesia. ;

Rhizome perennial, short; roots thick, smooth, very tough. Stem 1-3 ft,
smooth or slightly scabrous, bearing nodes and leaves above the base, often above the
middle. eaves often 6-13 in., scabrous on margins. Panicle 2-6 in. diam.
pyramidal, compound-corymbose or as if depressed-umbellate, often dense, sometimes
depauperated with few spikes; branches divaricate, scabrous, very rigid. Spikes
nearly all solitary, young 3-4 in. oblong-obovoid, fruiting 4 in. subglobose. Glumes
(i.e. bracteoles) closely spirally imbricate, scarcely ~5 in. long, concave, elliptic,
obtuse, membranous, 1-nerved, brownish. Squamelle 2 glume. Nut (without beak)
a little longer than glume, sessile; beak about + length of nut.— Wall. Cat. 3404 is
this mixed with Scurpus chinensis, Munro, and a Mapania. In some specimens from
the Khasia Terai the nuts are empty, their beaks inflated ovoid-conic twice as long
as the nut; these Boeckeler (Linnma, xxxvii. 180) calls the Indian H. mauritianum.
—It is possible to refer the Mauritian plant to a var. of latéfoliwm ; but, if these two
are kept distinct, it is not possible to arrange the Khasian plant under. both.

2. KH. Wightianum, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. p. 180; stems stout,
leaves long $~2 in. broad, paniele compound dense, style 2-fid, nut (fertile)
straw-colrd. or pale, beak conical pale 4-3? nut. UH. giganteum, Nees in
Wight Contrib. p. 93 (partly).—Bheede Hort. Malab. xii. t. 58.

Hypolytrum.] ouxxu. oyrgraczz, (C. B, Clarke.) 679

_ Canara; Dalzell. Matapar or Concan; Stocks. WyYNAAD; Goodaloor,
King. Nicopars; Kurz.

Distributed in Herb, H. f. and T.as « local form of H. latifolium, which it

peat resembles, The nut is usually glandular-punctate, pitted rugose or nearly
smooth.

3. H. turgidum, C. B. Clarke; stem stout, leaves long 3-2 in.
broad, panicle compound dense, spikelets often of three glumes (besides
the bracteole), style 2-fid, fertile nut large brown purple punctate, beak
small or hardly any. H. latifolium, Thw. Enum. 346 (partly).

Czyton, Central Province, alt. 3000 ft., Thwaites (C.P. 3).

Thwaites subsequently (in ms.) separated this as » distinct species. The two
boat-shaped squamellze are lateral (as in all the Mapaniee) ; the third extra glume
is flat concave thin without keel on the anterior side of the spikelet within the
squamelle. A similar extra glume occurs frequently in several of the large American
Hypolytree ; thus indicating an approach to Thoracostachyum.

4, H. penangense, (. B. Clarke; stem stout, leaves long 3-3 in.
broad, panicle compound of 100 spikes, young spikes } by 2, in. linear
cylindric.

Psenane ; Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1720).

imperfectly known from a young example; but the young spikes differ much
from those of H. latifolium at the same point of development.

5. EH. trinervium, Kunth Enum. ii. 272; stem somewhat slender,
leaves 3-4 in. broad, bracteoles broad-oblong obtuse entire brown not
scarious-margined, style 2-fid, nut small black-purple, beak conical pale
a as long as nut. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 332 and Ill. Fl. Archip. Ind.

9.

“East Inpims” (Herb. Willdenow).

Altogether slenderer than H. latifolium, to which Boeckeler refers it asa weak
example.— Stem 16 in.; cauline leaves 1 or 2 remote. Panicle 1-1} in. diam., with
25 spikes. Sptkes in fruit scarcely 3 in. diam., themselves their glumes (bracteoles)
and nuts much smaller than in Z. latifolium. Nut (with its beak) less than ¥, in. ;
beak straw-colrd., densely covered with round red glands.

6. H. proliferum, Boeck. in Linnza, xxxvii. 126; stem somewhat
slender, leaves 4-1 in. broad, bracteoles oblong-obovate brown upper
margin conspicuously white-scarious lacerate, style 2-fid, nut small dusky
brown, beak conical dusky brown rather shorter than nut.

‘SinqarorEe; Wichura, Ridley.—Distris. Borneo.

Rhizome woody, obliquely descending (not ‘ proliferous-branched ” as described
by Boeckeler). Stem 16 in., cauline leaves 1 or 2 remote. Panicle 1-1} in. diam.,
with 20 spikes. Young spikelets 2 by Ay iv., cylindric, glistening white (broad
scarious margins of braoteoles covering up the brown bases). Spikelets in fruit 4
diam., subglobose. Nut ovoid, scarcely 2; in. long, nearly smooth.—Very like H.
trinervium, except as to the conspicuously scarious bracteoles.

7. H. longirostre, Thw. Enum. 346; stem 12-20 in., corymb rigid,
bracteoles hard subacute, one (or more) squamella often interposed between
the two basal male squamelle and pistil, style 2-fid, beak longer than nut
conic acute pale not grooved. Kurz in Journ, As. Soc. Beng. xxxviii. pt.
ii. 75; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 128. H. latifolium y minor, Kurz l. ce. 74
(partly, not of L. C. Rich.).

Crrton; Thwaites (C.P. 3468.) :
Stolons long, slender, clothed by small red-brown scales, hardening into a

680 oLxxu. oyperaces. (C. B. Clarke.) [Hypolytrum.

woody horizontal rhizome. Stem trigonous, nearly smooth, with few leaves upwards.
Leaves often as long as stem, 4 in. broad, gradually narrowed at both ends; margins
scabrous. Corymb 1} in. diam., with 12-20 spikes; bracts often 6 in., resembling
the leaves. Spikes 4 in., ellipsoid, dirty straw-colrd. Bracteotes (glumes) ovate,
striate, falling with nuts. Lateral third glume to spikelet monandrous or sterile.
Nut scarcely 3, in., subglobose, olivaceous, wrinkled.

22, THORACOSTACHYUM, Kurz.

Leaves flat, 3-nerved, narrowed gradually at eachend. Spikes panicled,
branches rigid ; bracts long, like the leaves. Spikelets small, with usually
4 glumes (of which lowest sometimes monandrous) interposed between the
two opposite navicular basal male fl. and the terminal pistil. Style 3-fid.
Nut osseous, shining; beak conic acute (not seen in 7. hypolytroides).—
Species 5, in Ceylon, Seychelles, Malaya, Australia.

1. TY. bancanum, Kurz in Tydsch. Nat. Vereen. Ned. Ind. xxvii. 286,
and in Bot. Zeit. xxiii. (1865), 204 (Thoracostachys, name only) and in
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxxviii. pt. ii. 76; stem 1}-3 ft., corymb rigid, spikes
short ellipsoid, style 3-fid, nut shining testaceous with 3 longitudinal
grooves in its conical top. Lepironia bancana, Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl.
604 and Ill. Fl. Archip. Ind. 63. Hypolytrum borneense, Kurz in Journ.
As. Soe. Beng. xxxviiil. pt. 1. 74; Mig, Ill. Fl. Archip. Ind. 59. Mapania
bancana, Benth. & Hook. f. Gen. Pl. iti. 1055.—Hypolytrum, Wall. Cat.
3401, 3404 E.—Cyperus, Wall. Cat. 3371 B (partly). ;

Sincapore; Wallich, Ridley. Matacca; Griffith (Kew Distrib. 6273).—
Distris. Malaya.

Stolons slender, hardening into a woody rhizome. Stem scabrous at top, remotely
(or not) leaf-bearing upwards. Leaves often as long asstem, 2 in. broad; margins (at
lcast near tips) scabrous. Corymb 1-2 in. diam., with sometimes 50 spikes; bracts
often 6 in., leaf-like. Spikes % in. diam., ultimately 3 in., beaks of persistent nuts
spreading on all sides, Bracteoles hardly 2, in., ovate, obtuse, striate, horny. Nut
about J; in., beak none, or rather completely fused with nut; grooves very narrowly
spathulate.

Var. longispica; spikes 4 in. oblong smutted, nuts perfect—Malacca; Griffith,
Krew Distrib. n. 6357).—The abnormal elongation of the spikes is supposed due to
the Ustilago.

2. T. hypolytroides, C. £8. Clarke; very large, panicle large de-
compound with 800 spikes, glumes (bracteoles) membranous elliptic, 4
glumes intercalated between two basal male fl. and pistil, style 3-fid.
Hypolytrum Pandanophyllum and Pandanophyllum hypolytroides, F.
Muell. Fragm. ix. 16. Mapania hypolytroides, Benth, Fi. Austral. vii. 341.
M. Pandanophyllum, Schum. & Hollr. Kaiser Wilhelms Land, 25.

Mauay Peninsuta; Johore, Ridley n. 4093.—Distriz. N. Guinea, Queensland.

Stem 3-5 ft. Bracts 32 by 1 in., 3-nerved. Panicle 12 by Sin. Spikes soli-
tary 4 in., cuboid-ellipsoid, of very many spikelets.

03, MAPANIA, Aud!.

Stem very short ;.inflorescence congested on scapes, Leaves long, often
tough and coarse. Spikelet of 6 (or 5) glumes besides the bracteole, viz.
two lowest boat-shaped, opposite, monandrous ; third (on the anterior side
of spikelet) plane-concave, not keeled, thin, sterile or monandrous; three

Mapania.| cLxXII. cypuraces. (C. B. Clarke.) 681

upper as though in a whorl, narrow-oblong, thin, empty. Style continuous
with ovary, persistent; branches 3, long. Mut osseous, small or large, dry
or succulent, beaked or obtuse.—Species 33, Tropical, cosmopolitan.

Sect. I. Hatostrmma (Genus), Wall. ex Benth. in Gen. Pl. iii. 1070 (by
a misreading of bad lithography). Leaves long narrowed at both ends.
Lateral scape long or short. Spikes capitate in a single head, distinct, of
many spikelets; bracts shorter than spikes. Spikelets often 4 in. Nut
dry, buried in the chaffy bracteoles and glumes; beak small conic, or
hardly any.

1. M. silhetensis, C. B. Clurke; scape 1-2 ft. smooth upwards
with 1-6 spikes, leaves often 1 in. broad scarcely scabrous on the keel
beneath, bracteoles + in. 3-5-striate, style 3-fid, nut ovoid muck narrowed
at base almost stalked. Pandanophyllum palustre 8 silhetana, Kurz in
cir rs Soc. Beng. xxxviii. pt. ii. 79 (partly.)—Cyperacea, Wall. Cat.
n. B

Uprer Assam; alt. 300 ft , Jenkins, C. B. Clarke. Syunur; Wallick.

Rhizome long, nearly 4 in. diam. Leaves 1-3 ft,, margins scabrous. Scape ro-
bust, sheathed at base by some horny scales, naked upwards. Spikes $ in., ellipsoid ;
bracteoles 4 in., chaffy, elliptic-oblong, dirty straw-colour, persistent. Squamelle
aud glumes linear-oblong, nearly as long as bracteoles; ard lateral glume sterile.
ene long, slender, branches 3 long. Nut 2 in., ashy black; beak very small, fused
with nut.

2. M. palustris, Benth. in Gen. Pl. iii. 1070; scape 1-2 ft. glandular-
scabrous upwards with. 10-50 spikes, leaves often 15 in. broad acutely
scabrous on keel beneath, bracteoles 3 in. lacerate at top often sub-bifid,
style 3-fid, nut ovoid little narrowed at base. Pandanophyllum palustre,
Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 138; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxxviii. part
2, 78 (var. malesica) (not of Hassk.). Lepironia palustris, Mig. IW, Ft.
Archip. Ind, 63, t. 25.

Stnaarorse; Ridley.—DistR1z. Malaya.

Rhizome long, nearly } in. diam. Leaves 3-4 ft., margins scabrous. Scape ro-
bust, sheathed at base by some horny scales. Heads 1}-2in. diam. Spikes % in.
ellipsoid, bracteoles chaffy, persistent. Squamelle and glumes linear-oblong, nearly
as long as bracteoles, 3rd lateral glume sterile. Wut 3 in., ashy-black, beak small
conic.— Pandanophyllum palustre, Hassk. (in Tydsch. Nat. Vereen. Ned. Ind. x. 119,
297) had a bifid style and 3-5 spikelets, so that it cannot be present plavt (aceording
to a specimen in the British Museum from Teysmann it was Cephaloscirpus, Kurz,
with which the general description of Hasskark coincides).

3. Mf. Kurzii, C. B. Clarke; scape 4-16 in. smooth upwards with
1-15 spikes, leaves lin. broad aculeate on keel beneath, bracteoles 3 in.
strongly 13-striate reddish-brown.

Maracca; Griffith (Kew Distrib. 6356). Prax; alt. 1750 ft., King. PENnane,
on Government Hill, alt. 1750 ft., Maingay, King.

Rhizome thick. Leaves densely equitant, very rigid, harsh, as of a Pandanus ;
tips long attenuate, trigonous, aculeate. Inflorescence 1 in diam., rigid; bracts
short, ovate, brown. Spikes } in., ellipsoid, brown. Bracteoles ovate, obtuse, rigid,
incurved, entire at apex. Sgquamedle nearly as long as bracteole, brown. Nut not
seen.—Closely allied to M. palustris ; spikes and spikelets rather smaller.

nN

4. IZ. andamanica, C. B. Clarke; scape 4-12 in. smooth upwards,
leaves broad almost flaccid smooth on keel beneath, bracteoles 3 in.

682 CLXXII. oYPERACEZ. (C. B. Clarke.) [Mapania.

slenderly striate pale brown. Pandanophyllum zeylanicum, Kurz in Journ.
As. Soc. Beng. xxxviii. part ii. 80 (partly).

ANDAMAN IsuDs.; Helfer (Kew Distrib. 6298), Kurz.

Stolon long, rather slender, covered by ovate striate lax scales. Scales at base of
culm up to 2 in., very lax, striate, pale brown, with an ovate-oblong limb on one side
sometimes nearly 1 in. long. eaves much softer than in M. Kurzii ; margins re-
motely scabrous or almost smooth. Jnfl. of M. Kurzii, but much less rigid;
bracteoles loosely imbricate. Nut not seen.—Closely allied to 10. palustris.

5. MW. multispicata, C0. B. Clarke; scape 6 in. with head of 10-50
spikes, leaves 3-4 ft. by 4-$ in. margins strongly scabrous cutting,
bracteoles 4 in. dark-brown, nut very small obovoid. Pandanophyllum
humile, Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. ii. 61; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 334 (not of
Hassk.). Hypolytrum compactum P Moritz: Verz. Zoll. Pfl. 98. H. humile,
Boeck. in Innnea, xxxvii. 128 (mainly).

SincaporE; Ridley.—DistRis. Java.

Head very much smaller than in the preceding species, about 4 in. diam. when
young. The species appears more allied to Sect. Pandanophyllum, but the spikes are
distinct in the head.

Sect. III. Panpayorayttum (Genus), Hassk. in Tydsch. Nat. Vereen.
Ned. Ind. x.118 (partly). Stem very short, leaves long. Lateral scapes
short or longish. Inflorescence (a corymb) congested into one ovoid or
oblong head ts second head rarely added in M. longa}; bracts shorter or
little longer than spikes. Spikes of few (sometimes 1) spikelets; upper
bracts passing into bracteoles. Nut as in sect. Halostemma.

* Leaves gradually narrowed at base and apex.

6. MZ. Wallichii, C. B. Clarke; scape 4-6 in. stout covered for 2 its
length with scales, inflorescence a dense head 1-13 in., ovoid or ellipsoid,
partial spikes all containing one spikelet only. Pand. palustre (“ in-
florescentid juvent” contained ripe nuts), Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng.
XXXVHi. pt. ii. 79 (not of Hassk.)— Wall. Cat. 3541.

Sineaporz, Wallich.—DistR1B., Borneo.

Leaves equitant, up to 3 ft. by 2 in., margins aculeolate. Bracts ovate-oblong,
obtuse, thick, shorter than infl. Bracteoles } in., elliptic, obtuse, chaffy, tough.
Squamelle and glumes a little shorter than bracteole, narrew-oblong. Nut 2 in.,
ovoid, ashy-black, beak hardly any.

7. M. zeylanica, Benth. in Gen. Pl. iii. 1056; seapes 4-12 in. with
few scales close to base, leaves aculeate on margin to base, mature infl.
broad ovoid more or less compound, i.e. basal spikes containing several
spikelets, upper spikes with one spikelet. Pand. zeylanicum, Thw. Enum.
345; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxxviii., pt. ii. 80 (excl. Andaman sp.) ;
Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 138. Lepironia ceylanica, Mig. Lil. Fl. Archip.
Ind. 61, t. 22 (spikes very young).

Crrton, Thw., C.P. 3029. E. Inp, Penins., Rottler—Distris. Borneo.

Resembles M. Watllichii, but spike shorter more compound. Leaves 2-3 ft. by
Sin., aculeate on keel beneath, long-attenuate linear, margins aculeolate. IJn/l. in
trt. rather more than 3 in. diam. Spikelets, glumes, and nut, as in M. Wallichit.
Style 3-fid and nut subglobose ; or (Boeckeler) 2-fid.

8. M.immersa, Benth. in Gen. Pl. iii. 1056; scapes 1-23 in. clothed
throughout by lanceolate leaf-like scales, leaves (except tip) only slightly

Mapania.] CLEXI. CYPERACEE. (C, B. Clarke.) 683

scabrous, infl. ovoid partial spikes rarely containing more than one spikelet.
ma eae Thw. Enum, 433; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxxviii.,
pt. 11. 83,

Czyton, Thwaites (C.P. 3819).

Leaves numerous, equitant, 24 ft. by 2 in., tip caudate. Upper scales of scape
up to 1-23 in. long, linear-lanceolate; lower bracts similar to upper scales often
overtopping infl.; upper bracts shorter, lanceolate, passing into bracteoles. Partial

(lateral) spikes, all (or nearly) of one spikelet. ut nearly as in WM. zeylanica, but
more narrowed at base (shortly stalked).

9. M. tenuiscapa, C. B. Clarke; scapes 4-6 in. very slender with
scales only close to base, leaves narrow margins aculeate nearly through-
out, infl. in fruit ovoid more or less compound, ie. basal partial spikes
containing more than one spikelet. Pand. Miquelianum, Kurz im Journ.
As. Soc. Beng. xxxviii., pt. ii. 81 (partly). P. angustifolium (sp.), Kurz ms.
(correcting himself).

Matacoa, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 6299). JoworE, Ridley—Disrriz. Sumatra.

Similar to M. zeylanica, but infl. and spikes smaller. Leaves numerous,
equitant, up to 24 ft. by 2 in., long attenuate at both ends, aculeate on midrib
beneath. Inflorescence (in fruit) hardly 4 in. in diam. Squamelle 6, § in. long,
hardly shorter than bracteole. Wud as of M. zeylanica, or scarcely smaller.

10. M. longa, C. B. Clarke; scapes 10-25 in., naked except close to
base, leaves elongate, infl. of 1 (rarely 2) large ovoid head, partial spikes
rarely containing more than one spikelet.

SINGAPORE, Ridley.—DistRis. Borneo.

Leaves 3 ft. by 2 in., tip attenuate, margins aculeate nearly throughout, keel
beneath smooth except towards tip. nfl. in fruit 3 by $in.; bracts much shorter
than infl, Wut 2-4 in., obovoid, beak short.—Perhaps better referred to Sect.
Halostemma.

** Leaves broad, suddenly narrowed at base into a quasi-petiole, at top
into a linear tail.

11, M. humilis, Naves & Villar in Blanco Fl. Filip. Append. 309;
scapes 2—5 in. clothed by scales at base, leaves 1-13 in. broad, ifl. of one
head #-lin. M. lucida, N. E. Br. in Illustr. Hortic. xxxii. 77, t. 557.
Pand. humile, Hassk. in Tydsch. Nat. Vereen. Ned. Ind. x. 119; Kurz in
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxxviii., pt. ii. 82. P. Zippelianum, Kurz in Tydsch.
Nat. Vereen. xxvii. 126, & in Bot. Zeit. xxiii. 204. P. Wendlandi, Gard.
Chron. xxi, [1884] 711. Lepironia cuspidata, Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl.
603. L. humilis, Mig. Ill. Hl. Archip. Ind. 61, t. 23.

Prnana, Curtis. Prrax, King. Mazacoa, Griffith (Kew Distrib. 6300),
Hervey. Sinearort, Ridley.—DistR1B. Malaya.

Rhizome short, woody, obliquely descending, passing upwards into a short stem
terminated by a crown of densely equitant leaves; from the apex of rhizome lateral
ascending shoots break out. Leaves 14-3 ft., 3-nerved, aculeate on margins and on
keel beneath at least at top; quasi-petiole 2-12 in., dilated at base. Scapes axillary
in the lower leaves, rather stout, smooth trigonous upwards ; basal scales ovate-
lanceolate, hard, striate, green with brown-scarious margins. Injfl. young, oblong,
mature ovoid; bracts shorter than head, similar to scales at base of scape. Lower
partial spikes nearly always compound, i.e. containing a few spikelets; bracteoles
4 in., ovate, obtuse, striate, Squamelie 6, hardly shorter than bracteole, linear,
brownish, Anthers linear-oblong, yellow, not crested. Style long; branches 3.
Wut + in., ellipsoid, sessile, dusky-black ; style-base (in pistil and in half-ripe nut)
conical, beak-like, in ripe nut nearly completely absorbed.

684 CLXXII. CyPERACEZ, (C. B. Clarke.)

24. SCIRPODENDRON, Kurz.

Stem stout, with nodes upward, terminating in an oblong panicle. Basal
leaves very long, narrowed at both ends. Spikes clustered, ellipsoid, of
many spikelets. Spikelets of 8-11 glumes beside the bracteole, viz. 2 lowest
boat-shaped, opposite, monandrous; 3 uppermost quasi-whorled, narrow-
oblong, thin, empty; 3-6 intermediate, monandrous, or sterile. Style
long linear, branches 8, base continuous with ovary. Nut large, osseous,
coarsely 6- (or more-) ribbed longitudinally, dusky-black, obtuse.

S. costatum, Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxxviii., pt. ii. 85; basal
leaves 3-8 tt. by 1 in., narrowed gradually at both ends aculeate on margins
and midrib beneath upwards. Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 341; Goebel in Ann.
Jard. Bot. Buitenz. vii. 122, t. 14, fig. 1-11. S. sulcatum, Mig. Ill. FT.
Archip. Ind, 65, t. 28. Hypolytrum costatum, Thw. Enum. 346. Pand.
costatum, Kurz in Journ. As. Baer Beng. xxxviii., pt. ii. 85, in Obs. Scleria
macrocarpa, Wall, Cat. 3538.

.Ceyton, Keenig, Trimen. Prenane and SIn@spore, Wallick. Matacca,
Grifith (Kew Distro, n. 6134).—Disrris. Java, Austral., Samoa.

Rhizome woody. Stem 1-2 ft., at top 2 in. in diam. trigonous, smooth. Panicle
4-6 in. long; branches clustered, thick, short; lower bracts leaf-like, upper very
short. Spikes 2 in. long; spikelets 3-3 in.; bracteole (outermost glume) as long as
spikelet, ovate, obtuse, striate, chaffy, dirty straw-colrd. Squamelle, two outer not
unuch shorter than bracteole, hairy on keel; inner narrower, rather shorter. Wut
2 in. long, 3 in. in diam., woody, with succulent epicarp (eaten in Samoa by

natives).

25. LEPIRONIA, L. C. Rich.

Stem long, simple, leafless except a few scales at base. Speke (ap-
parently) simple, lateral, oblong-ellipsoid, of many spikelets. Spikelets
of 8-11 glumes beside the bracteole, viz. 2 lowest boat-shaped, apposite,
monandrous; 8 uppermost quasi-whorled, narrow-oblong, thin, empty;
3-6 intermediate, monandrous or sterile. Style rather short, linear,
branches 2, linear. Nut ellipsoid, much compressed, acutely keeled on
margins, smooth dry.

LL. mucronata, L. C. Rich. in Pers. Syn. i. 70; stem 13-3 ft., terete,
lower bract as though a continuation of stem. Mig. Ill. Fl. Archip. Ind. 60,
t.20; Thw. num, 346; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxxviii., pt. ii.77 ;
Bueck. in Linnea, xxxvii. 140; Goebel in Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. vii. 126,
t. 14, fig. 12, 13. Scirpus coniferus, Poir. Encye. vi. 756, and Suppl. v.90.
Restio articulatus, Retz. Obs. iv. 14. Chondrachne articulata, Br. Prod».
220. Choricarpa aphylla, Boeck. in Flora, xli. 20.

Matacca, Gaudichand, Grifith. Stneators, Lobb. CEYLon, Thwaites, &e.—
DistR1s. Madagascar, Malaya, Queensland, Viti (China cult. only, fide Hance).

Rhizome horizontal, woody, clothed by ovate subacute strate ferruginous seales,
Stems approximate, % in. in diam., when dry apparently transversely septate; scales
often covering base of stem for 4-8 in.; uppermost produced on one side, Tanceolate
not green. Spike usually 4-1 in. long, occasionally much larger, brown or chestnut,
lowest bract often 1-2 in. Bracteoles (apparently flower-glumes} spirally imbri-
cated, Lin., ovate, obtuse, rigid, not striate, ultimately deciduous with nut. Two
outer squamelle scarcely shorter than glume, hairy on keel. Nut §-2 in , obscurely
longitudinally striate ; linear style-base persistent.

CLKXI, oyprracem. (C. B. Clarke.) 685

26. SCLERIA, Berg.

Perennial or annual. Stems erect, leaf-bearing. Leaves narrow, sub-
3-nerved, often serrate cutting severely; base sheathing. Panicle often
stout, elongate, compound, sometimes narrow or reduced nearly to a spike ;
primary bracts leaf-like, secondary narrow often setaceous. Flowers all
unisexual. Spikelets unisexual, rarely bisexual; bisexual spikelets with
one fem. fl. below, and a few males above; fem. spikelet similar, but upper
male portion reduced to a small rudiment pressed laterally against the nnt
or occasionally 0 (when the fem. fl. appears terminal). Glumes usually
2-4 empty below the fem. glume, or in the male spikelets 2 below the male
glumes; fem. glume concave, margins not united at base round the pistil.
Stamens 3-1; anthers linear-oblong, often mucronate. Nut osseous, often
shining; style linear, not dilated at base, deciduous; branches 3, linear.
Gynophore usually prominent under the nut, apex dilated, often into a 3-
toothed saucer.—Species 150, in moist warm countries,

Subgenus I. Hyroporum (Genius), Nees in Linnea, ix. 808, character
widened, Bisexual spikelets many.

1. S. pergracilis, Kunth Enum. ii. 354; very slender, nearly gla-
brous, roots fibrous, spikelets clustered on a linear interrupted spike, style
3-fid, nut white tubercled fenestrate, disc obsolete. Strachey Cat. Pl.
Kumaon, 73; Thw. Enum. 354; Boeck. in Linnza, xxxviii. 438. Hypo-
porum gracile, Nees in Edinb. Phil. Journ. xvii., p. 267, and in Wight
Contrib. p. 118.—Scleria, Wall. Cat. 3406.

Widely scattered from GURWHAL, alt. 5600 ft., Duthie, to SytHRT, Wallich.
Benar, Kurz. Caora Naeporz, T. Anderson. Deccan PxEninsua, Wight.
Cryton, Thwattes.—DistriB. Trop. Africa.

Stem 10-20 in. Leaves 4-10 by tin. Spike 2-6 in.; clusters (of 2-5 sp'kelets)
4-2in. apart ; bract ovate-lanceolate, hardly longer than clusters. Bisexual spikelets
scarcely 2 in,, numerous, terminal, with sometimes 4 male spikelet close beneath.
Fem. glume poat-shaped, ovate-lanceolate, greenish ; glume below it similar, sub-
opposite; superior male glumes thinner, brownish, more obtuse, not keeled. Mut
gy in. in diam., ovoid, trigonous, base narrow trigonous.—Dr, Trimen writes: ‘“ The
lemon-scented leaves are used to drive away mosquitoes.”’

2. S. lithosperma, Sw. Prodr. 18, and Fl. Ind. Occid. 92, in note ;
slender or medium, nearly glabrous except the sheaths, rhizome woody,
panicle thin straggling. style 3-fid, nut white smooth (except in var. 8),
disc nearly obsolete. Nees in Wight Contrib. 117; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb.
Fl. 288; Thw. Enum. 354; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 451; Kurz in
Journ. As. Soc. xlv., pt. ti. 159 (not Rord.). S. tenuis, Retz. Obs. iv. 13;
Roxb, FT. Ind. iti. 574. S. Wightiana, Steud., Syn. Cyp. 176. Scirpus
lithospermus, Linn. Sp. Pl. [ed. 1] 51. Schcenus lithospermus, Linn.
Sp. Pl. [ed. 2], 65. Olyra orientalis, Lour. Fl. Cochinck. i, 674. Hypo-
porum lithospermum, Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. Cyp. 172.—Scleria, Wall.
Cat. 8417, 3418, 3419.—Rheede Hort, Mal. xii. t. 48.

Thronghout Inp1a (except the West arid area), alt. 0-3000 ft , common, from
Sixxim to Ceyzton and MaAtacca. AnpDamans and Nicospars, Kurz.—DIstRiB.
All warm regions except Continental Africa.

Rhizome elougate, horizontal. Stems 13-3 ft., not tufted. Leaves 6-12 hy
4 in.; sheaths usually hairy. Panicle (fully developed) a ft., distant primary
branches 4 in., ascending, again divided ; but often very thin with few spikelets.

686 CLxxu. oypERacEE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Scleria,

Spikelets much clustered, many bisexual 4 in. long, nearly smooth and glabrous,
very similar to those of 8. pergracilis but larger. Nut , in. long (sometimes much
smaller) ellipsoid, trigonous, base narrow trigonous.

Var. 8 (Rowburghii), Thw. Enum. 354; rather stouter, nut rather larger with
pyramidal subacute apex, transversely wrinkled by ferruginous glands-(at least when
young). Hypoporum Roxburghii, ees ms.—Ceylon, Thwaites; Deccan Peninsula,
Wight.—Partial panicles much more rigid, subpyramidal, clusters of spikelets more
numerous and dense.—This might be esteemed a species, but too much regard must
not be paid to the reticulation or wrinkling of the nut in Scleria, which arises from
irregularities in drying, &c. The outer cells of the nut in Scleria are in every species
small, quadrate-hexagonal, obscure.

3. S. corymbosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 574; robust, coarse, nearly
glabrous, panicle long copious of several compoundedly-corymbose axillary
partial panicles, style 3-fid, nut white, smooth, disc very small. 8. andro-
gyna, Nees in Linnea, ix. 308, & Wight Contrib. 117; Thw. Enum. 353;
Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 536. 8. majus, Moon Cat. Pl. Ceyl. 62. 8.
corymbifera, Boeck. 1. c. 5387.—Scleria, Wall. Cat. 3412.

Warm moist region, sparsely scattered from Kaasia Teal, J.D.H., to CEYLON,
Thwaites, and Matacca, Griffith.

Rhizome horizontal, often } in. in diam., clothed with brown scales. Stems
3-8 ft., stout ; sheaths triquetrous, not winged. Leaves 20 by 1 in.; margins sca-
brous. nfl, 1-2 ft. by 4-6 in. ; lower peduncles exserted 1-4 in., rigid. Spikelets
2 in. long, nearly all bisexual, clustered and solitary, usually brown or straw-colrd.,
sometimes more or less chestnut-colrd., constructed nearly as in 8. lithosperma
but stouter ; stamens often 8. Nut nearly } in. long, ellipsoid, subtrigonous, much
narrowed at base. -Dise slightly dilated, scarcely 3-lobed, yellow-brown; margin
(inner disc of authors) very short, subtriangular, glandular, often dark red.

4, S. Ridleyi, C. B. Clarke; slender, nearly glabrous, panicle of
few small very distant axillary corymbs, style 3-fid, nut white smooth
apiculate, disc very small.

Sincapore ; Polar Buru, Ridley (n. 1641),—Distriz. Hongkong.

Rhizome horizontal, } in. in diam., clothed by small ovate striate dark-red scales.
Stem 2 ft., 74; in. in diam., triquetrous, scabrous; sheaths very narrowly winged ;
ligule almost truncate, margin narrow scarious hardly hairy. Leaves 12 by 3 in.
Partial panicles scarcely 1 in. in diam., lowest 4-8 in. from the next, with about.
8-20 spikelets. Nut-besaring spikelets usually with male fl. at top, other male spike-
lets also added. Nut (rather more pointed) and disc as in S. corymbosa, Roxb., to
which Boeckeler has referred it and which is the true affinity; but the difference in
stoutness, stem-leaves, and panicle is very great.

Subgenus II. Scrzria proper. Bisexual spikelets none or few.

Sect. I. Tzsszettata. Slender (sometimes tall) plants. Roots fibrous,
or the rhizome very short not thick. Leaves not caudate-setaceous at tip.
Panicle narrow, the lower axillary panicles often remote, reduced to spikes,
sometimes very short.

* Nut tessellated.

5. S. tessellata, Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. 315 (excl. cit. Rumph.); slender
sometimes tall, hairy or glabrate, roots fibrous, panicle elongate thin
luwer branches remote, style 3-fid, nut tessellate, lobes of disc-margin
short ovate erect thin pale. Nees in Wight Contrib. 118; Thw. Enum,
p- 354 (var. 8 only); Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 470. 8. propinqua &

Scleria.] CLXXI. cyPERACES. (CO. B. Clarke.) 687

parvula, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 169,174. S. uliginosa, Boeck. l.c. 471.—Scleria,
Wall. Cat. 3405 A.

Throughout Inpra (except the West arid area), alt. 0-8000 ft., frequent; from
pee Muneyroor to Cryton and Psav.—Disrris. Malaya, China, Japan,
Austral.

Roots often black-red. Stems 1-2 ft. Leaves 4-10 by scarcely 4 in., lanceolate,
subobtuse (not acutely setaceous) at tip, hardly scabrous, with white hairs or gla-
brate ; sheaths conspicuously winged or not. Panicle commonly straggling, lower
partial panicles on peduncles 0-5 in., narrow or condensed 1-2 in. long, but some-
times evolute more rigid subpyramidal. Fem. spikelets 1 in. long, ferruginous-green,
glabrous. Nut scarcely ~; in. in diam., at first white, the raised reticulations
covered with minute ferruginous hairs, at last often nearly smooth shining white
shallowly reticulated. Disc small, salver-shaped, 3 lobes of margin triangular (rarely
lanceolate) reaching to 4-4 height of nut.

6. S. biflora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 573; slender, nearly glabrate, roots
fibrous, panicle elongate thin lower branches remote, style 3-fid, nut tessel-
late, lobes of disc-margin lanceolate acute or subulate erect stout ferrn-
ginous-browa. S. Steudeliana, Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 344; Boeck. in
Linnea, xxviii. 475. 8. tessellata, Benth. Fl. Hongk. 399; Thw. Enum.
354, a (not 8); Kunth Enum. ii. 343 (partly).—Scleria, Wall. Cat. 3405 B.

Lower Beneat, Wallich; Calcutta, C. B. Clarke; Mudhopoor Jungle,
Cc. B. Clarke. Cacuar, Keenan. Crytox, Walker.—Distris, Malaya, 8S.
China. ©

Usually glabrous except the (so-called) ligule of leaf. Fem. glume scabrid on its
keel upwards, or smooth. Lobes of disc-margin reaching to 3-3 height of nut.—
This may be regarded as a var. of S. ¢essellata (which it altogether resembles), only
differing in the lobes of the dise-margin.

7. S. Stocksiana, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 474; nearly glabrous,
panicle elongate thin lower branches remote, style 3-fid, nut tessellate, lobes
of disc-margin short ovate ferruginous their edges reflexed auriculate. S.
tessellata (part), Herb. Ind. Or. Hook. f. & T.

Bomsayr, Law.

The examples show only panicles, without leaves or roots. Nut rather larger
and more glabrous than of S. tessellata. Dise dark red, glandular.—May have a
horizontal rhizome, and be more nearly allied to 8. junciformis.

** Nut smooth or very obscurely reticulated.

8. S. annularis, Kunth Enum. ii. 359; slightly hairy, rhizome 0,
panicles axillary remote oblong rigid, style 3-fid, nut ovoid stoney-white,
disc-margin truncate. Boeck. in Linnea, xxxvili. 456. Hypoporum anou-
lare, Wees ms. (fide Kunth).

N.:West Inp1s, Royle. Beneat, Grifith. CuntratInp1a; Chunda, Duthie.
Mazasar, Law.—DistTE1B. China.

Roots fibrous, dark-red. Stems 1-2 ft., slender or medium; sheaths 3-winged,
hairy or glabrous. Leaves 4-8 by 3 in., lanceolate, tipsubobtuse. Panicles axillary,
often 1 by } in., subspicate, secondary bracts conspicuously exsert. Spikelets gla-
brous, very like those of §. tessellata. Nut yg in., not apiculate, very smooth.
Disc obconie, as long as contracted nut-base, smooth, chestnut or reddish.—A well-
marked species, externally very like S. tessed/ato.

9. S. zeylanica, Poir. Encycl. vii. 3 (excl. Madagasc.); slender,
nearly glabrous or thinly hairy, rhizome hardly any, panicles axillary
distant small; fem. glumes glabrous, style 3-fid, nut small (mature) white

688 CLXXIL CYPERACEEZ. (C. B. Clarke.) [Scleria.

smooth or obscurely reticulate, dise-margin subentire. Nees in Wight
Contrib. p. 118. 8. ceylanica, Kunth Enum. ii. 358; Thw. Enum, 435, 8.
Thwaitesiana, Boeck. in Innnea, xxxviii. 454, §. lateriflora, Boeck. l.c.
455; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. xlv., pt. 2,159. S. hebecarpa, Thw. Enum.
p. 354, 435.

Tenassenim, Helfer. Nicopars, Kurz. Crrion, Thwaites—DistRis. Borneo.

Stems 1 ft., connected at base on a very short slender lignescent rhizome
Leaves with scattered slender needle-white bairs or glabrescent, tip lanceolate sub-
obtuse (not setaceous-caudate). Spikelets small, as of S. tessel/ata. Nut scarcely
jj; in. in diam., dried young reticulate, mature osseous smooth or nearly so. Dise-
margin coloured, glandulose, not (or obscurely) 3-lobed.—S. lewa, R. Br., hardly
differs but by its strictly fibrous roots.

10. S. flaccida, CO. B. Olarke (non Steud.) ; slender, softly hairy all
over, roots fibrous, panicles axillary small distant, fem. glumes hairy, style
8-fid, nut small ovoid smooth white, disc-margin subentire coloured
glandular.

Assam (in Seebsagur), C. B. Clarke. Prau, Kurz.

Stems flaccid, 1-2 ft. Leaves in. broad, lanceolate, subobtuse at tip. Punicles
axillary, 4 in. ‘long. Spikelets small, all unisexual, fem. } in. long usually con-
taining the depauperated sterile apex of the spikelet as a lateral compressed rudiment
(of two glumes) about 2 length of nut. Nut broad, obtuse not apiculate.—Might
stand asa var. of the Australian S. rugosa, Br., which however has a reticu‘ated
subtuberculated nut.

¥#* Nut smooth, white, fluted longitudinally.

11. S. caricina, Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 426; annual, very slender,
nearly smooth and glabrous, panicle of several remote small axillary
clusters, fem. glume sub-3-toothed, style 3-fid, nut very small, disc-margin
obsolete. 8. axillaris, Moun Cat. Pl. Ceylon, p. 62. Diplacrum caricinum,
Br. Prodr. 241; Endl. Iconogr. t. 25; Thw. Enum. 354; Boeck.in Linnea,
xxxvill. 484, D. tridentatum, Brongn.in Duperr. Voy. t. 26. D. zeylani-
cum, Nees in Wight Contrib. p.119. Olyra malaccensis, Kenig in Herb.
Heyne.— Wall. Cat. 3540.

Inpia, frequent ; from the Sixxim TeRAI and Assam to CEYLON and TENAS-
SEkIM.—DIstR1B. Malaya, China, Australia.

Roots fibrous, slender. Stems 1-12 in., tufted. Leaves 2 by 3-4 in., lanceolate,
tip subobtuse ; sheaths trigonous, not winged. Primary bracts (floral leaves) alto-
gether leaf-like tuft usually of very small subsessile clusters just exserted from their
sheaths, but in evolute examples, lower clusters are sometimes paniculate with
branches Lin. long. Spikelets all unisexual, fem. 4, in. long with 1 or 2 smaller
male spikelets closely applied to its base. Fem. spikelet: lowest glume ovate boat-
shaped obtuse ; 2nd glume (sterile) rather longer, boat-shaped, apex deeply, emar-
ginate (from the centre of the emargination the midrib is produced as # linear-
triangular point), smooth, 2-ribbed on each side ; 8rd glume similar to 2nd and
subopposite to it, containing fem. flower; no rudiment of an upper gluine. Nué
scarcely z, in. in diam.; disc small obpyramidal, margin most minute, white,
truncate.—See Goebel in Ann. Jard. Butt. vii. 182, t. 15, figs. 21-29, who considers
the female flower truly terminal, and therefore places the species among the
American Cryptangiee.

**E Nut covered by conical tubercles hairy at their tips.

12. S. Neesii, Kunth Enum. ii. 358; small, hairy, rhizome hardly
any, panicle of 2-1 distant axillary clusters (in Ceylon one terminal head),

Seleria. } CLXXIL OYPERACER. (G. B, Clarke.) . 689

spikelets somewhat large lanceolate hairy, style 3-fid, nut small globose as
‘though softly glochidiate. Thw. Enum. 354; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii.
449. S. stricta, Moon. Cat. Pl. Ceyl, 62. Hypoporum capitatum, Wees in
his ix. 308, & in Hdinb. Phil. Journ. xvii. 267, & in Wight Contrib.

Cryrton, Macrae, &c.—Disreiz. Borneo.

In the Ceylon specimens—Stems 4-8 in. Leaves lanceolate, tip subobtuse, Head
globose, of about 12 spikelets. Spikelets all unisexual (not a Hypoporum), nearly
4 in. long, ferruginous; female glume mucronate. Wut about 2 in. Disc minute,
patent, margin as long as contracted base of nut, pale, truncate scarcely 3-lobed.—
The Ceylon specimens (not plentiful) have uniformly small 1-headed specimens, but
are a small form ofa Borneo plant, which is a foot high with the lower axillary head
of spikelets remote.

Sect. 2. Hlate. Robust plants with thick (except in S. pstlorrhiza)
woody horizontal rhizome. Leaves (in many) caudate-setaceous at tip.
Partial panicles rigid, often pyramidal. Lobes of disc-margin entire for
slightly digitate in S. multifoliata}.

* Sheaths (of middle stem-leaves) winged (sometimes in S. edata, and S.
chinensis obscurely).

13. S. hebecarpa, Nees. in Linnea, ix. 303, and in Wight Contrih.
“117; scarcely robust, slightly hairy (see also var. 6), panicle thin scarcely
rigid, style 3-fid, nut minutely velvety, lobes of disc-margin lanceolate
thin brown concavely applied to nut. Thw. Enum, 435; Boeck.in Linnea,
xxxviii. 478. S. alata, Doon Cat. Pl. Ceyl. 62. 8. scrobiculata, Zoi.
Verz. Archip. Ind. ii. 61 (not of Nees). S. stipularis, Thw. Hnwm. 358, 435
(not of Nees).—Scleria, Wall. Cat. 3415.

Throughout Inp14 (except the N.W. arid region), alt. 0-5000 ft., and CxyLon,
common.—Disteis. Malaya, China, Japan, Australia, Polynesia.

Rhizome + in. in diam., clothed by ovate striate dark-red scales. Stems usually
2-8 ft., occasionally taller ; sheaths (or some of them) usually distinctly 3-winged.
Leuves 1 ft., margins scabrous (cutting) in dried specimens more or less revolute,
usually long acuminate, occasionally subobtuse. Panicle 1 ft. long, oblong ; partial
panicles usually thin lax of few spikelets, but sometimes stouter pyramidal, their
bracts often much exsert conspicuous, but sometimes short. Spikelets all unisexual ;
fem. } in., slightly scabrous scarcely hairy; fem. glume mucronate ; superior sterile
radiment usually present. Wut 5 in. long, ovoid, obscurely trigonous, narrowed at
apex, straw-colrd. or brown, nearly always obscurely reticulated, margins of reticu-
lations microscopically brown-hispid, or finally glabrate almost shining. Lobes of
dise margin as much as 4-3 height of nut, f :

Var. pubescens (sp.), Stend. Syn. Cyp. 168; more hairy, sometimes softly
villous. Benth. Fl. Hongk. 400. S. vestita, Boeck. 1. c. xxxviii. 482. S. villosula,
Wall. Cat. 3414. 8S. sumatrensis, var. 8, Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 344 (not of Retz).—
From Sikkim and Assam to Chota Nagpore, Malaya, China.—Leaves often softly
villous beneath, Rhachis of panicles very hairy. Spikelets sometimes hairy.

14. S. Thomsoniana, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 479; robust, gla-
brous (even rhachis of panicle), partial panicles remote narrow slenderly
peduncled, style 3-fid, nut tessellated minutely hairy, lobes of disc-margin
3 very short thickened reflexed yellow-brown. S. khasiana, Boeck. Cyp.
Nov. ii. 29:—Scleria, sp. 12, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. et T. T.

Kuasia Hints; on the southern slope, alt. 0-3000 ft., from Chela to Lakhat,
LDS T.T7.,&. Muxzyroor, alt. 2500 ft., C. B. Clarke.

VOL, VI. yy

690 CLXxU. crpERicez. {C. B. Clarke.) [Scleria.

Rhizome 3 in. thick. Stems 8 ft.; sheaths broadly 3-winged, sometimes obscurely
winged ; ligule glabrate or not, rarely densely hairy. Panicle often tinged red ;
lowest peduncle often 6 in. Spikelets like those of S. hebecarpa ; disc margin almost
spongy shortly reflexed as three ears.—Most easily distinguished from 9. elata by
the glabrous rhachis of the panicles.

15. S. alta, Boeck. in Linnxa, xxxviii. 485; robust, glabrous (even
rhachis of panicle), partial panicles narrow somewhat remote, style 3-fid,
nut tessellated minutely hairy, lobes of disc-margin 3 united at base
appressed to the nut pale green rounded crenate at summit.

East Benean; Foot of Khasia Hills, Griffith, J. D. H. § T.T; Mudhopoor
Jungle, C. B. Clarke.

Very near S. Thomsoniana, except the lobes of disc-margin; secondary bract
longer, more conspicuous.

16. S. elata, Thw. Enum. 353, a (excl. C.P. 825); robust, more or
less hairy (at least rhachis of panicle), partial panicles distant rigid
pyramidal, style 3-fid, nut tessellated minutely hairy, lobes of the dise-
margin short obtuse or scarcely obtuse-triangular. Boeck. in Linnea,
xxxvili. 487. §. lithosperma, Rorb. Fl. Ind. ii. 574 (not of Willd.). 8.
Hasskarliana, Boeck. in Engler Jahrb. v. [1884] 511. Diaphora cochin-
chinensis, Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 709.—Scleria, Wall. Cat. 3408, A, C.

Throughout Inpra (except the N.W. arid region), alt. 0-2000 ft., and CeyLon.—
Distris. Java, China.

Deser. of Thwaites, C.P. 3030.—Stem 3 ft. by 4 in. in diam., glabrous. Leaves
1-2 ft. by } in., tip attenuated, margins scabrous, cutting the hand, when dry
recurved ; sheath 3-winged, wings broad or narrow, two wings often much broadest ;
ligule depressed-ovate, hairy. Panicle 1 ft. by 4 in.; partial panicles 4 by 3 in.,
branches rectangularly divaricate, red, hairy. Spi%elets numerous, all unisexual,
male and fem, scattered in all parts of infl.; panicle dense, but spikelets scarcely
clustered. Fem, spikelets 4 in.; fem. glume shortly mucronate, glabrous, sterile
superior glumes tabescent (generally present). Nué 4-7; in., as of S. hebecarpa,
and similarly becoming glabrate ultimately, white or dusky; lobes of: disc-margin
scarcely attaining } height of nut, ferruginous or red.—Thwaites says of his S. elata
“sheaths not winged,” whereas Boeckeler puts it in his section having “ trialate
sheaths.” The explanation is that Thwaites described S. elata mainly from C.P.
n. 825 (which is S. chinensis, Kunth, var. 6), while Boeckeler describes C.P. 3030,
which is the very common S. elata. Thwaites may, however, have rightly treated
this (winged leaf-sheaths) as of small importance.

Var. latior ; stouter, stems often 6-9 ft. very thick, sheaths conspicuously winged,
panicles large dense, spikelets clustered dusky, nut larger white.—N.E. India, alt,
0~3500 ft., common.

Var. decolorans ; robust, panicle dark-red, nuts larger early discoloured, finally
black-purple as are glumes.—Sikkim, Khasia, Muneypoor, alt. 3-6000 ft., common.

17, S. chinensis, Kunth Enum. ii. 357; similar to S. elata, but
ligules with an ovate-oblong scarious brown elongation of their margin
#4 in. long. Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 486. S. ciliaris, Nees in Wight
Contrib. 117 (not of Mich.). S. scrobiculata, Moritzi Verz. Zoill, Pf, 98
(not of Nees).

Sincapore, Ridley (n. 1556).—Drsterp. China, Malaya, N. Australia.

Var. biauriculata ; wings of leaf-sheaths narrow or sometimes obsolete, scarious
margin of ligule shorter (2-2 in. long), broad obtuse very fragile bianriculate at base,
8. elata, Thw. Enum. 353, partly, 8. exaltata, Boeck. in Engicr Jahrb. v., p. 511—
Ceylon, Thwaites. Singapore, Ridley (n. 1556). :

Seleria.] CLEXII, OYPERACER. (C. B. Clarke.) 631

18. S. Radula, Hance in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 4, xviii. 232; robust,
scabrous, very slightly hairy, partial panicles several peduncled pyramidal,
secondary bracts long setaceous conspicuous, style 3-fid, nut smooth
white, lobes of disc-margin small ovate. §. levis, var. scaberrima, Benth.

ne Hongk. 400 (not S. levis, Retz). S. aspera, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii.

Matay Peninsuna, Perar, alt. 300 ft., King’s Collector (n. 1929),—D1srriz.
Hongkong.

Closely allied to robust forms of S. elata, Thwaites, but differs by being very
scabrous, by the rhachis and rhacheolw being scabrous (scarcely hairy), and by the
nut being smooth (scarcely tessellate).

_ 19. S. psilorrhiza, C. B. Clarke; robust, nearly glabrous, rhizome
wiry slender, panicle contracted nearly to a linear-oblong dense spike,
style 3-fid, nut large smooth white, lobes of disc-margin 3 very short obtuse
thick subreflexed.

Herb. Kew “a Catcurra communicata ;’” specimen in fine fruit.—There is
what I take to be a young example of the same species from Cambodia. :
Rhizome creeping, jy in. in diam., clothed by distant ovate striate red scales.
Stems 2 ft., scabrous. Leaves 1 ft. by 4 in.; sheath 3-winged; ligule ovate, obtuse
. glabrous. Paniele 2-24 by % in., stout, rhachis somewhat hairy; lower branches
0-} in., secondary bracts 4-1 in. filiform. Spckelets all unisexual, as of S. hebecarpa
and S. elata; fem. glume aristate. Nué 4 in. long, ovoid, scarcely at all trigonous
or hairy; disc obpyramidal, rigid, purpurescent, margin very narrow with rigid
yellowish lobes—Quite unlike the five last sp., and is perhaps more allied to S.
Stocksiana.

20. S. oryzoides, Pres? Rel. Haenk. i. 201; robust, glabrous, panicle
one terminal nearly bractless dense with numerous long suberect branches,
spikelets solitary spicate, style 3-fid, nut smooth white, disc truncate.
Nees in Wight Contrib. 116; Thw. Enum. 353. S. latifolia, Moon Cat.
Pl. Ceyl. 62. S. orizoides, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 492.—Wall. Cat.
3539.

S.E. Inpia; from Assam to CrYLon and to Matacca.—Distris. Zanzibar,
Malaya, Philippines, Australia.

Stolons long, terete, 4 in. in diam., usually without scales (because in water),
Stems 8-6 ft., scabrous. Leaves up to 3 ft. by 2 in., margins very scabrous, tip
suddenly narrowed; sheath 3-winged or not rarely nearly wingless; ligule 0.
Panicle lovg-peduncled, 6 by 3-4 in. ; branches often once divided, secondary 2 in.,
simple. Spikelets unisexual ; some plants are nearly male; in others the fem. spike-
lets (much less fewer than the males) are near base of spikes. Fem. spikelets } in.;
fem. glume scarcely mucronate. Nut }.in. indiam., globose ; lobes of disc extremely
short refluxed (Nees by some error says the perigynium is profoundly 3-lobed
adpressed to the nut),

** Sheaths (of middle stem-leaves) triquetrous, not, or very obscurely,
winged.

+ Leaves (that is those next below the bracts) almost regularly alternate.

21. S. Hookeriana, Boeck. in Linnza, xxxviii. 498; robust, more
or less hairy, partial panicles 1-3 lanceolate or ovoid branches erect,
spikelets chestnut-colrd., style 3-fid, nut very obscurely reticulated, lobes
of disc-margin (obscurely 3) broad obtuse thick retlexed.—Scleria sp., n. 13,
Herb, Ind. Or. H. f. et T T. . ;

ry

692 CLEXI. cyperaceR, (C. B. Clarke.) [Scleria.

Krasia and Na@a Hits, and Muneypoor, alt. 4-6000 ft., J. D. #. fT. T.,

C. B. Clarke, Watt. :
Rhizome 2-} in, in diam., covered by small ovate striate black-red scales. Stems

8 ft., glabrous. Leaves up to 1 ft. by 4 in., tip setaceous, glabrous or hairy ; sheath
usually wingless or occasionally distinctly 3-winged. Spikelets nearly as in S. elata.
Nut }in. long, young white shallowly tessellate, mature smooth shining.—Most easily
known from the S. elata by the panicle-branches ascending (not rectangularly divari-
cate). In the specimen Hooker sent to Berlin, the panicle is contracted into a dense
ellipsoid-oblong compound spike, and Boeckeler founded the species on this character ;
but in well evolute examples, the panicle is large compound—the lower partial
panicles several, 8 in. apart.

22. S. khasiana, (0. B. Clarke (not of Boeck.) ; robust, softly hairy
all over, partial panicles 1-3 lanceolate or subovoid branches erect, style
3-fid, nut reticulate hairy, lobes of disc-margin short ovate erect minutely
apiculated.

Kuasta HI11ts, alt. 4500-5750 ft., OC. B. Clarke.

Similar and allied to S. Hookeriana, but less robust, more hairy, nut more
reticulated, lobes of dise-margin erect, lanceolate-caudate. Leaves long-setaceous at
tip, very hairy; sheaths densely (usually retrorsely) hairy. Spikelets (except brac-
teoles) nearly glabrous, often brown sometimes chestnut. Wut =, in. long, ultimately
reticulated hairy; tails of lobes of disc-margin reaching to 2 height of nut.—S.
khasiana, Boeck., is 8. Thomsoniana.

23. S. junciformis, Thw. Enum. 354 (not of Kunth); medium-sized,
hairy, rhizome short branched, panicle narrow, spikes distant, style 3-fid,
nut largeish obtuse obscurely reticulate, disc-margin truncate lobes very
short reflexed. S. hirsuta, Moon Cat. Pl. Oeyl. 62; Trimen, Cat. Pl.
Ceyl. 103 (not of Boeck.). S. pilosa, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 473. Cylin-
dropus junciformis, Nees in Linnea, ix. 308, & in Edinb. Phil. Journ. xvii.
266, and in Wight Contrib. 118.

Cxyton; Reingan Corle, Thwaites (C.P. 3225).

Rhizome + in. in diam., contorted. Stem nearly 3 ft., rather slender. Leaves
up to 18 by 4 in., tip lanceolate subobtuse. Panicle very slender ; lowest partial
panicle (spike-like) 1 in., nodding on a slender peduncle 2-4 in. Spikelets nearly
3 in., ferruginous, almost glabrous, no bisexual spikelets seen. Nut 1 in. long, as of
S. tessellata.—Approaches S. tessellata by its subobtuse leaves and infl., but the.
rhizome differs.

24. S. melanostoma, Boeck. in Linnza, xxxviii. 514; nearly gla-
brous except rhachis of panicle, leaves at nearly regular distances, sheaths
not winged, ligule short narrowly scarious-margined, partial panicles
distant pyramidal, nut tessellated pale or often becoming fuscous-black,
disc-lobes very short depressed ovate. S. Hasskarliana and 8. Ploemii,
Boeck. in Engler, Jahrb, v. 511, 518. 8. melanosperma, Nees & Arn. ms.
in Herb, Wight, u.2377.—Scleria sp. 15, Herb. Ind. Or. H.f. & T. T.

Beneat and Kuasta Hits, frequent, Griffith, &c. Deccan PENINSULA 3 Cour-
tallum, Wight.—DistR1B. Java.

This species is 8. elata, without wings to the leaf-sheaths, and like it varies from
1lto8ft. As to the colour of the nut, white and discoloured blackish nuts occur
often in one panicle.—Some of Hooker’s Scleria, n. 15, is S. elata, and it was all
formerly so named by Boeckeler.

tt Leaves (that is those next below the bracts) imperfectly ( falsely)
opposite or ternate.

Scleria.] CLXX. CypeRAcEx. (C. B. Clarke.) 693

25. S. bancana, Mig: Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 602; robust, nearly gla-
brous, partial panicles dense approximate subcoalescent branches ascend-.
ing, spikelets dusky stramineous, style 3-fid, nut ovoid apiculate reticulate,
lobes of disc-margin 3 ovate-triangular auricles reflexed. §. macrophylla,
Presl. Rel. Haenk. i. 200; Nees in Wight Contrib. 116. §. malaccensis,
Boeck, in Linnza, xxxviii. 507.—Scleria, Wail. Cat. 3409.

TENASSERIM, Kurz. Matacca, Griffith. SrIn@apore, Wallich.—DI1stR1B.
Borneo, ‘l'onkin.

Rhizome woody, 3-3 in. diam. Stems 2-4 ft. Leaves (upper approximated in
pairs) 12-18 by 4 in., tip lanceolate subobtuse; sheath triquetrous sometimes nar-
rowly 3-winged. Panic/e uninterrupted in Indian examples (in Borneo lowest partial
panicle is sometimes 5 in. distant); secondary bracts long, linear, conspicuously
exsert, Spikelets nearly as of S. elata. Nut =, in. in diam., white or straw-colrd.,
minutely hairy, ultimately glabrate; lobes of disc-margin reaching to } height of
nut, adpressed, pale.

26. S.multifollata, Boeck. in Linnexa, xxxviii. 510; robust, nearly
glabrous or (var.) hairy, partial panicles pyramidal red (except var.), style
3-fid, nut reticulate hairy often finally discoloured, lobes of disc-margin 3
triangular attaining 3-} height of nut.—Scleria, Wall. Cat. 3407 (partly)
3410 (partly), 3411 (partly).

i Rana@oon and Tavoy, Wallick, Sinaarors, Grifith, &c.—Distx1B. Malay
Ids.

Leaves (next below lowest bract) in (false) whorls of 2 or 3, tip setaceous,
margins scabrous cutting the hand; sheaths not winged. Nut-bearing spikelets
somewhat obovoid. Nut; in. long, rather narrower than in adjacent species, often
ultimately dark red, shining or subviscid. Margin of disc cup-shaped at base, its
3 lobes thick red adpressed sometimes entire often crenulate occasionally their edge
cut into short oblong blunt lobes terminated by glands (approaching sub-gen.
Schizolepis).—Most readily distinguished from 8. sumatrensis by the narrowed base
of the fruiting spikelet.

Var. pilosula; more hairy, leaves beneath densely softly hairy, panicles and
spikelets fuscous stramineous. §S. pubescens, Zoll. Verz. Ind, Archip. ii. 61 (not of
Steud.).—Penang, King’s Collector, &c. Java.—Plant 3-6 ft.; spikelets greenish
wiite (King) ; lower bracts subopposite (like the upper leaves) ; panicle only slightly

airy.

Var. ophirensis ; panicles fuscous, lower peduncles long, male spikelets narrow,
lobes of disc-margin shorter (than in S. multifoliata type), pale.—Malacca; summit
of Mt. Ophir, alt. 5000 ft., Hulleté (n. 869).—A very coarse rigid form, which might
be treated as a species,

27. S. sumatrensis, Retz. Obs. v. 19, t. 2; robust, nearly glabrous,
partial panicles pyramidal brown or red, style 3-fid, nut globose reticulate
often finally discoloured, lobes of disc-margin very large attaining 3-3
height of nut obtuse. Nees in Wight Contrib. 116; Thw. Enum. 353;
Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 518; Kurz in Journ. As. Soc. xlv., part 2, 159.
S. setigera, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 575. 8. purpurascens, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 169.
—Scleria, Wall. Cat. 3407 (partly), 3408 B, 3413.

S. Benoa to Siveapore, frequent. Nicosars, Kurz. Penane, Wallick.
Crrton.—Disrris. Java.

Resembles S. multifoliata, Boeck., and most easily distinguished by the broad
rounded base of the fruiting spikelets—Secondary bracts 1 in., filiform, often con-
spicuous. Wut 4-2 in. diam., mature glabrate, pale or brown, or often dark red
shining. Lobes of dise-margin sometimes nearly enveloping the nut, truncate
sometimes crenulate undulate.

694 OLXxu. oyPeRacez. (C. B. Clarke.) — [Scleria.

28. S. levis, Retz Obs. iv.13; robust, nearly glabrous, partial panicles
pyramidal rigid brown, style 3-fid, nut globose smooth white, lobes
of disc-margin 3 ovate pale spreading attaining scarce 4 height of nut.
S. levis, Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. 314; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 575; Nees in Wight
Contrib. 117; Thw. Enum. 354; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviil. 512; Kurz in
Journ. As. Soc. xlv., part 2 [1876] 160. 8. zeylanica, Moon Cat. Pl. Ceyl.
62 (fide Trimen, not of Poiret).—Scleria, Wall. Cat. 3410 (partly), 3411
(partly).

From Assam to Sine4rors, alt, 0-1000 ft. Nicopars, Kurz, Cryion.—D1s-
TRIB. Java, Hongkong. RP ra

Similar to 8. sumatrensis and S. multifoliata, but generally easily distinguished
by the globose white nut.—Panicle usually slenderer than in S. sumatrensis, secon-
dary bracts less conspicuous. Glume to the nut broadly ovate at base, shortly acute.
Nut =~} in. in diam., depressed-globose, somewhat trigonous; lobes of disc-margin
somewhat thick, white with green nerves, at tip entire or slightly erenate-toothed.

Sect. 3. Scurzozpis (Genus), Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. ii. (pars. 1) 158,
186 (char. extended). Character of Elate, but rim of disc-margin with
numerous triangular or lanceolate teeth.

29. S. bracteata, Cav. Ic. v. 34, t. 457; robust, hairy, partial
panicles several upper male with numerous small spikelets, lower fem. with
fewer larger spikelets (1-sexual plants also occur), style 3-fid, nut
globose verrucose, rim of dise truncate rigid crenulate or scarcely toothed.
Boeck. in Linnea, xxxviii. 515. Macrolomia bracteata, Nees /.c. 182,
t. 24.

Tropical AMERICA, abundant.

Var. B assamica; nut tessellate scarcely verrucose, rim of disc with many tri-
angular (sometimes narrow almost lanceolate) teeth.—Scleria, n. 6, Herd, Ind. Or.
H.f. & T.—Assam, Masters (in Herb Kew).—This Assam plant cannot be separated
from Schizolepis. It is not easy to conjecture how it could Le introduced into Assam 5.
but I believe it to be only a form of the purely American S. bracteata nevertheless.

UNDETERMINED SPECIES OF Scleria.

ScreriaA Ringiana, Boeck. Cyp. Nov. ii. 30.—PENANG, alt. 2500 ft., Rink.—
* Allied to S. tessellata, Willd.,’? Boeck.

27. ROBRESIA, Willd.

Glabrous, nearly smooth, perennials. Stem simple, bearing grass-like
leaves near base only and one cylindric or oblong terminal spike, or (in
sect. 4) leaves and several loosely panicled spikes. Spikes (apparently often
simple) 1-sexual, or 2-sexual (when fem. spikelets inferior). Spikelets male,
or fem. ]-fld., or bisexual with one tem. fl. at base. Mem. glumes (the
bracteole to spikelet) homologous with utricle of Carew, its margins in
their lower half more or less connate in their upper half free, forming
thus frequently an imperfect utricle (which in bisexual spikelets encloses
rhachilla of male 1-4-fd. upper portion of spikelet). Style 3-fid (in K.
macrantha 2-fid). Nut usually as long as glume, oblong or narrowly
obovoid, trigonous (in A. macrantha flat).—Species 20, N. temp. region.

_ Sect. I. Humtcarex (Gen.) Benth. in Gen. Pl. iii. 1072 (chiefly). Stem
with 1 apparently simple linear or oblong spike. Fem. spikelets 1-fid.,

ae sometimes the rudiment of rhachilla within fem. glume. Style

Kobresia.] CLEXIL. OYPERACER., (C. B. Clarke.) 695

1, K. seticulmis, Boeck. in Linnxa, xxxix. 3 partly (char. reform.) ;
stems slender 2-8 in., vernal leaves flat linear-lanceolate tipped, spikes 3-1
in. linear fem. or fem. at base male at top, fem. glume deeply eht, style
3-fd, nut (including exserted beak) ,{; in. Hemicarex Hookeri, 0. B.
Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 383 (partly). Carex (better Kobresia)
mutans, Boott ms.—Klyna sp. 2, Herb. Ind. Or. H. f. & T. T.

SIKKIM ; alt, 12-13,000 fs., Lachen Valley, at Momay, J. D. H.

Rhizome very short, woody; rootslong, thick, tough, Stems ceespitose. Vernal
leaves 2 by jy in., summer 5-8 in., tip long-caudate, filiform, scabrous; sheath
testaceous, becoming brown, not fimbriated. Spikes ~, in. broad; bracteoles (cor-
responding to “glumes” of carex) rhomboid-ovate, brown, yellow on back, lower
often more or less aristate, upper obtuse. Glume (i.e. utricle), subspathiform, at
top obliquely truncate, with 2 green ribs; a minute rudiment of rhachilla is some-
times within it. Nut linear-oblong, brown, as long as glume; beak }~-2 length of
nut, exsert.—Boeckeler united with K. seticulmis, filicina, aud his description of
seticulmis is mainly drawn from filicina (he had only a scrap of K. seticulmis.)

2. MK. Hookeri, Doeck. in. Linnza, xxxix. 4; stems rather slender
4-12 in., vernal leaves flat linear-lanceolate tipped, spikes (all fem. at base
male at top but see var. 8) 14-1} in. linear, narrower interrupted at base,
fem. glume deeply split, style 3-fd, nut (including exserted beak) $ in.
‘Carex Esenbeckii? Boott ms. (not of Kunth). Hemicarex Hookeri, C. B.
Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 383 (partly), t. 30, figs. 3, 4.

SIxx1M, alt. 11-13,000 ft.; Lacheu, J. D. H.; Singale-lah, C. B. Clarke.

Closely allied to K. seticwlmis, but larger in all its parts. Leaves 4 in. broad;
summer leaves 1 foot long caudate-tipped.—In this group, the stems in flower are
short, surrounded by lanceolate-tipped leaves; in fruit the stems are greatly
elongated, with long-caudate summer leaves.

Var. ? 6B dioica; spikes (very many seen) unisexual.—Sixxim ; Namdee, alt.
12,000 ft., Pantling.—Male spikes 2 by } in. Fem. spikes 2-24 in., in two examples
branched. ‘These are spring examples, and may be K. Hookeri, or a new species
allied thereto.

3. K. angusta, CO. B. Clarke; stems slender 1-5 in.,all leaves very
navrow, spikes dicecious males short (on short stems) sublanceolate fem. (on
elongating stems) linear-filiform interrupted at base, style 3-fid, nut nearly
asin X. seticulmis, but beak shorter.

Sixxim ; Sundukphoo, alt. 12,000 ft., C. B. Clarke.

Vernal leaves 2 by j; in ; summer leaves 4-5 in. Male stems 1-2 in.; male

‘spikes 4-2 by 4-1 in.; male bracteoles elliptic-lanceolate, brown, back green, edges
scarious. Fem. stems ultimately 4-5 in.; fem. spikes (young) 1} by 3, in.

_ 4 E&. vaginosa, C. B. Clarke; culms 4-8 in. clothed some way up
by withered sheaths, leaves all filiform, spikes (mostly dicecious) male
linear-oblong fem. linear with distant bracteoles, style 3-fid, nut linear-
oblong, beak 4 length of nut.

Sr1xxim; Lachen Valley, at Momay, alt. 15,000 ft., J. D. H.

Stems covered up to }-% their length by scarious flaccid sheaths. Leaves 2-6
in., at base scarcely 2, in. broad. Male stems about as long as female, Male
spikes 2 by J; in. Fem. spikes (sometimes having male spikelets at top) 1 in,
most of the bracteoles (except a few at top) not imbricated.

5. K. trinervis, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxix. 548, in note; stems 2-8
in. rather slender, summer Jeaves very long not long-caudate, spikes
(usually dicecious) fem. 24 in. linear, male bracteoles elliptic-oblong obtuse

696 cLxxm. cyprraces. (C. B. Clarke.) [Kobresia.

cinnamon colour, style 3-fid. C. trinervis, Nees in Wight Contrib. 120 (not
of Degland). ©. Esenbeckii, Kunth Enum. ii. 522; Strachey Cat. Pl.
Kumaon, 73; E. T. Atkins, Gaz. x. 618 (mot of Boott). C. linearis, Boott
Carez, i. 51 (partly). Hemicarex trinervis, C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn.
Soc. xx. 382 in small part (was chiefly C. linearis, Booté).

Western Nerat; Royle n. 188, Gurwuat; alt. 10,000 ft., Strachey &
Winterbottom n, 19.

Leaf-sheaths testaceous or somewhat chestnut-colour, lacerate. Summer leaves
12-16 by 4-1 in. flat. Male spikes 2-1 by iin. Fem. spikes with occasionally a
few male spikelets at top.—This does not greatly differ from K. Hookeri; in which
the summer leaves are shorter, long-caudate. It hardly differs from Carex linearis,
Boott, but by the “ utricle’’ being split 2 the way down to base.

6. Kk. foliosa, C. B. Clarke; dicecious, stems 20 in. somewhat robust,
summer leaves 20 by 2 in. not caudate-setaceous, female spikes 1} in.
linear, male bracteoles elliptic-lanceolate acute yellow-brown keel green,
style 3-fid. :

GuRwHatL; alt. 11-13,000 ft., Duthie (nn. 57, 4494).

_ Rhizome oblique, stout, thick with lacerate leaf-sheaths.—Closely allied to K.
trinervis, but larger.

7. K. fissiglumis, (C. B. Clarke; female stems 4-5 in, summer leaves
4-5 by 5-4 in. not caudate-setaceous, fem. spikes 1 in. linear black-purple,
fem. glume split down to base margins quite free, style 3-fid.

WestERn Nepat; alt. 12,500 ft., Duthie (n. 6092).

Stems slender, not thickened at base; leaf-sheaths tight, brown, not lacerate.
Fem, spikes lax, somewhat interrupted at base; upper bracteoles elliptic-oblong,
obtusé, black with green back. Pistil distinctly stalked.—Specimens all female; a
male plant sent by Duthie under the same number appears not to belong to this
species (possibly K. foliosa).

8. K. pyemea, (. B. Clarke; stems 1-13 in., leaves 1-12 in. setaceous,
spikes 3-3 in. oblong, style 3-fid, beak of nut very short, hardly exsert
from glume. Hemicarex pygmea, C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 383.
—Elyna sp. nu. 7, Herb. Ind. Or. H. f. et T. T.

WestEegsn Tipet; Ladak, alt. 12-15,000 ft., Thomson. Kunawur; Jacque-
ae 1783. Sixxim; Momay and Kangra Lama, 13-15,000 ft., J. D. H.; Phari;

. King.

Stems in dense tufts; leaf-sheaths testaceons, little torn. Leaves numerous,
channelled. Spikes unisexual. Dracteoles ovate-oblong, scarcely acute, fem. brown,
male paler, Fem. spikelets 4-6 in each spike. Fem. glume having. margins united
toward base, Nut 4); in., oblong-ellipsoid, pale, apiculate, hardly beaked.

Sect. 2. Htyna (Gen.) Schrad. Fl. Germ. i. 155. Stem with 1 appa-
rently simple linear or oblong spike. Fem. spikelets (at least several of
lower ones) with rhachilla (within fem. glume) bearing 1-4 male fl. Style
2-fid. [Glwme (i.e. homologue of utricle in Carex) split down to base.]

9, K. filicina, C. B. Clarke; slender, fem. spikes 1-1} in. narrow
linear neither rigid nor dense, style 3-fid, nut small narrow oblong, beak
exsert often ultimately recurved. K. seticulmis, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxix.
3 (partly). Hemicarex filicina, C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soe. xx. 384.
—Elyna sp. n. 1, Herb, Ind. Or. H. f. & T. T.

N.W. Himaraya, alt. 10,000 ft.; Simla, Thomson ; Kumaon, Duthie.

Stems 2-10 in. Leaves 4~6 by jy in., tip caudate. Spike very slender, x; in.
broad, green ultimately brown. Upper bracteoles 3; in., elliptic-lanceolate, acute.

Kobresia.} CLXXU. cyprRacez, (C. B, Clarke.) 697

Lower spikelets mostly 2-fid. ie. lower fem., upper male. Wut nearly as long as
glume ; beak % length of nut. Pure - o

_ 10. K. Duthiei, C. B. Clarke; stems medium-sized rigid, spikes
linear dense green, style 3-fid, nut small narrowly obovoid, beak short
scarcely overtopping glume.

ie alt. 11-16,000 ft., Duthie (nn, 8461, 6098, 6094) and Gurwhal (a.

Stems densely czespitose, 4-8 in., striate; lower sheaths tight, not lacerate.
Leaves many, 3-3 length of stem, 2 in. broad, flat, tip caudate. Spikes 1 by 3, in.,
very rigid; bracteoles 3, in. ovate, closely spirally imbricated. Spikelets mostly.
2-fld. upper flower male. Nut, including beak, about as long as glume; beak 4
length of nut.

ll, K. capillifolia, C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 378;
somewhat slender, leaves linear-setaceous, sheaths chestnut-colour some-
what torn, spikes linear, bracteoles obtuse erect margins scarious, style
3-fid, nut ellipsoid (scarcely obovoid) narrowed at top into linear style.
K. scirpina, Boeck. in Journ. Linn, Soc. xviii. 104 and xix. 90. K. elata
and K. brunnescens, Boeck. Cyp. Nov. i. 82,40. Elyna capillifolia, Decne.
in Jacquem. Voy. Bot. 173, t.174. HH. spicata, Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 394.—
Elyna, sp. n. 6, Herb. Ind. Or. H. f. & T. T.

Kasamirn to GURWHAL, alt. 10-12,000 ft., frequent, Jacqguemont, T. Thomson,
§e. Korrum VALLEY; alt. 12,500 ft., Aitchison.

Stems 2-12 in, Spikes 3-1 by 3-4 in,, brown chestnut-colour or yellow;
bracteoles 3 in. Spikelets mostly 8-4-fid. Nut shorter than gluthe.—Very near the
European XK. seirpina, Willd., but is a finer plant, with a brighter thicker spike.

12, K. schoonoides, Boeck. in Linnzxa, xxxix. 7; stems stout rigid,
leaves linear channelled incurved, sheaths shining brown very little torn,
spikes oblong dense, bracteoles } in. elliptic oblong obtuse, style 3-fid,
nut obovoid obtuse, beak small linear. Avich. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xix.
190; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 378 (not of Henders.). K.
sibirica, Boeck. in Linnxa, xxxix.7. K. Royleana, Henders. Yarkand 339
(not Trilepis Royleana, Nees). Elyna schoenoides, C. 4A. Meyer in Ledeb.
Fil, Alt. iv. 235 (in note); Kunth Enum.. ii. 584; Strachey Cat. Pl.
Kumaon, 73; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 394. HE. Sibirica, Turcz. in Bull. Soc.
Imp. Mose. (1838) 103.

Himatayra ; alt. 10-16,000 ft. from W. Tiset, Thomson, to S1kx1m, J.D. H.—
Distris, Caucasus, Central Asia, Siberia.

Rhizome woody, short. Stems 4-24 in., ~,-} in. diam. Leaves as long as stems,
to scarcely 4 of stem, ~:-3 in. broad, Spikes 4-1 by 4 in.; bracteole. chaffy, loosely
imbricated, suberect. Spikelets 1-5-fld., lowest fl. fem., or towards top of spike
wholly male. Wut 7, in., ashy black.

13. K. nitens, C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 379, t. 30, fig. 7;
stems rigid, leaves linear channelled incurved, sheaths testaceous-brown
scarcely lacerate, spike ellipsoid dense, bracteoles } in. ovate obtuse shining,
style 3-fid, nut obovoid obtuse, beak very short scabrous.

West. Himazara, alt. 12-15,000 ft.; Kashmir, C. B. Clarke; Kumaon and
Gurwhal, Duthie.

Stems 2-10 in. Leaves overtopping stem. Spikes} by } in. Bracteoles shining
chestnut-colour, paler on back, margins often white-scarious. Nut y, in., very like
that of K. schenoides. :

698 CLXxII. cypERAcEEH, (C. B. Clarke.) [Kobresia

Sect. 3. Euxosresia. Spike on each stem 1, linear oblong or ovate,
compound subpaniculate, dense or interrupted at base (but smaller simple
spikes occur in most species occasionally). Lower spikelets bisexual except

in C. uncinoides. Style 3-fid—Trilepis, Nees in Edinb. N. Phil. Journ.
xvii. 267 (as to type species).

14. K. Royleana, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxix. 8; stems somewhat stout,
leaves linear flat when dried, spikelets medium-sized purple-green or
ferruginous-brown, style 38-fid, nut ellipsoid attenuated into beak.
stenocarpa, O. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 380. K. schcenoides,
Henders. Yarkand, 839 (not of Boeck... Trilepis Royleana, Nees in Edinb.
N. Phil. Journ. xvii. 267 and in. Wight Contrib. 119; Kunth Enum. i.
535; Strachey Cat. Pl. Kumaon, 73. EHlyna stenocarpa, Karel & Kiril. in
Bull. Soc. Imp. Mose. xv. (1842), 526.

ALPins Himataya, alt. 10-16,000 ft.; from W. Trset, Thomson, to SIKKIM,
J.D. H., frequent.—Distris. North Cabul, Central Asia. :

Stem in Royle’s specimens scarcely 4 in., in Thomson’s 2 ft. Leaves sometimes
as long as stem, often very much shorter, very variable in width (3-4 in.). Spikes
(in Royle’s) 3 by 4 in.; in Thomson’s up to 24 in., panicled, branches subcrect
with many spikelets, ferruginous brown. Lower spikelets 2 in., often 3-4 fld. Nut
ys in.—The large series of dried examples appears to unite Royle’s (the type) with
the fine collections of Thomson. Closely allied to the English K. caricina, Willd.,
but has, in general, much larger brighter spikes.

15. K. uncinoides, (0. B. Clarke; robust, infl. oblong dense compound
(a second panicle on remote long peduncle occasionally added), spikes
in large part l-sexual, lower spikelets fem. l-nutted; fem. glume long
utriculate deeply split down, style 3-fid, nut oblong fine brown, style-base
linear. Carex uncinoides, Boott Carex, i. 8, t. 23; Boeck. in Linnxa, xxxix.
109.—Triticoides, Griff. Itin. Notes, 140.

Sixgim; alt. 10-16,000 ft, J. D.H., &. Buotan; Grifith.—DIstRIB.
Tibet.

Glabrous. Rhizome 3 in. by din. diam., woody, densely scarred. Stems 1-2 ft.,
striate. Leaves sub-basal, very much shorter than stem. Infl. 3 by 2 in., straw-
yellow, somewhat interrupted at base. Glume to fem. spikelet § in. by 35 in.,
brown, delicately striate, microscopically pubero-ciliate, mouth whitened shallowly
lacerate on one side split down below the top of nut sometimes even in young state
nearly to base of nut. Rudiment of the spicula exsert out of mouth of utricular
glume.—Boott shows the utricle nearly complete; the margins of the slit fold over
as in several other Kobresia, and escaped his artist’s microscopic power. It is a
typical Kobresia very like Royleana (except the linear style-base) ; it hardly differs
from Elyna kokanica, Kegel (Descr. Pl. fase. 8. 23) except in its larger size.

Sect 4, Hemicarex (Genus), Benth. in Gen. Pl. iii. 1072 (partly).
Spikes loosely panicled ; lowest bract long, leaf-like. Style 3-fid.

16, K. laxa, Boeck. in Linnea, xxxix. 6; stems 8-24 in. rather slender,
spikes 1— or 2-sexual (lowest spikelet fem.), style 3-fid, nut narrow oblong
apiculate scarcely beaked. K. pseudo-laxa, C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn.
Soc. xx. 381. Cobresia laxa, Nees in Wight Contrib. 119. ElynaP laxa,
Kunth Enum, ii. 584. Hemicarex laxa, Benth. Gen. Pl. iii. 1072; CO. B.
Clarke 1. c. 385,t. 30. Carex impunctata, Boeck. in Linnea, xl. (1876), 343
(the Himal. plant).

ALPINE HimaayA, alt. 650C-12,000 ft.; from N.W. Kasumin, Giles, to
Sizxim, J. D. H.

Kobresia.] OLXxIl. cyperacts. (C. B. Clarke.) - 699

Rhizome creeping, short.. Leaves as long as stem, 4, in. broad, grass-like.
Pavicle 2-4 in. long, narrow, branches slender erect ; sometimes wholly fem., rarely
wholly male, Fem, spikes long, slender, with lanceolate distant spikelets ; bracteoles
not imbricated, style-branches conspicuous exsert. Fem. spikelets usually 1-fid.,
sometimes an- upper male fi. added. Male spikelets 3-several-fid, Séyle linear,
hardly $ length of nut; branches 3, linear very long.

17. K. curvirostris, C. B. Clarke; stems 4-6 in. slender, spikes
(all seen fem.) densely panicled, nut narrowly-oblong, beak cylindric exsert
curved. Hemicarex curvata, C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xx, 384.—
Elyna sp. n. 10, Herb. Ind. Or. Hf. & T. T.

Sixxim ; Tungu, alt. 13,000 ft., J.D. H.
Leaves as long as stem, y; in. broad. Panicle 1 by 4 in.—Resembling, and
closely allied to, K. lara. ~

Sect. 5. Psrupoxosresia. Style 2-fid. Nut flat.

18. K. macrantha, Boeck. Cyp. Nov. i. 39; spike ovoid compound,
spikelets clustered mostly 3-5-fld. lowest flower female, glume split to base,
margins not overlapping. K. filifolia, C. B. Clarke in Journ. Innn. Soe.
xx. 381. Elyna filifolia, Turez Fl. Baical. Dahur. ii. part i. 288 (from
descript.).

W. Trset; Nubra, Schlagintweit (on. 2424) and Ladak (u. 1344).—DisTERIB.

Central Asia.
' Khizome short. Stems exspitose, 2-7 in. Leaves many, 4 length of stem, 35-75
in. broad, flat; sheaths pale, not torn, Spike % by 4 in. Bracteoles 7 in., ovate-
obloug, obtuse, nearly flat, brown with green back. Fem. glume elliptic-oblong,
obtuse, concave, open (nowise utricle-like.) Mut 5 in., obovoid, obtuse, brown ;
style linear, 2 length of nut ; branches 2, long, linear.

28, CAREX, Linn.

Characters of Kobresia, but utricle enclosing nut bottle-shaped,
mouth of its beak entire notched or shortly slit.—Sypecies 1100 throughout
the world, less abundant in dry or very hot regions.

The so-called ‘‘ glumes” of Oaricew are not homologous with the fi. glumes of
Sctrpee. The male spike is here considered homologous with the female spike;
ie. not as by Eichler and others who consider in C. diotca the male plant to bear a
simple spike, the fem. plant to bear a compound spike.

- Conspgctus or SEcTIONS of Carex (exceptions omitted).

Subgenus I. Viena. Style 2-fid.

Sect. I. Muricate. Terminal spike fem. at base, male at top.
* Spikes short, ovoid or oblong (C. muricata, &e.) . . . sp. 1-10
** Spikes linear-cylindric (C. brunnea, &.).. . « « »- » Sp. li-l4
Sect. 2. Remote, Terminal spike male at base, fem. at top.
* Spikes short, ovoid or oblong (C. remota, &e.) . . . . sp. 15-18
** Spikes linear-cylindric (C. teres, &c.). 2 . « « « » sp. 19-22
Sect. 3. Vulgares. ‘Terminal spike wholly male (C. vulgaris,
Ge) 6 weg ew we we ww ew ww wo BP 23-33

700° CLXXI. cyPERACEZ. (C. B, Clarke.) [ Carex.

Subgenus II. Evcarex. Style 3-fid.

Sect. 4. Rare. Stem with 1 spike, fem. at base (C. rara, &c.) sp. 34-39
Sect. 5. Indice. Terminal spike fem. at base, male at top;
or, when spikes very numerous many male at top, ter-

minal spike sometimes wholly male.

* Subscapose, basal leaves long (C. cyrtostachys, &c.). . sp. 40-42

** Spikes short, very numerous (C. cruciata, &e.) . . . sp. 43-66
*** Spikes long-cylindric. Peduncles mostly solitary (C.

Myoswrus, &.) . . 6 6 6 we ee tw 8p 67-73
##%* Spikes long-cylindric. Peduncles often several from
each lower sheath. Terminal spike sometimes wholly

male (C. polycephala, &c.). . « . « « + + » Sp. 74-84

##%%#* Species not easily placed in any one of the -preceding 4

subsections (C. curticeps, C. speciosa, C. fragilis,

Oe sa a i cok ce Sart, San Soe es EI . sp. 85-91
Sect. 6. Atrafe. Terminal spike male at base fem. at top (C.
atrata, &e.) . - » » Sp. 92-98

Sect. 7. Proprie, Terminal spike wholly male (in the first
group occasionally fem.at top). Spikes not very numerous,
occasionally up to 12.
* Utricle glabrous, beak short . . 4 . . « + - ~ Sp. 99-105
** Utricle glabrous, beak long (C. japonica, &c.). . . « sp. 106-125
*** Utricle hairy or minutely setulose (C. hirtella, &c.). . sp. 126-142

Subgenus I. Vienra (Genus) Beauv. in Lestib. Essai Cyp.22. Styles
2-fid; in C. stenophylla rarely 3-fid.

[N.B.—In Subgen. Eucarex, in the Indian species, 2-fid styles occur in 2 or 3
species in the upper part of the spike, or in poorly-developed spikelets. ]

Sect. 1. Muricatz. Terminal spike (and usually some or mauy of the others)
fem. at base male at top. [Spikelets in C. fluviatilis all or mostly 1-sexual,
moneecious or dicecious. ]

* Spikes short, ovoid or oblong, sessile or nearly so; infl. a dense or interrupted
compound spike, [The series of species proceeds from the dense to the more
interrupted. ]

1. GC. ineurva, Lighif. Fl. Scot. ii. 544, t. 24, fig. 1; rhizome descend-
ing, stems short, spikes ovoid androgynous male at top forming one ovoid
compound spike, glumes brown slightly scarious-edged, style 2-fid, utricle
ellipsoid-acuminate inflated thin plicate scarcely nerved, beak short
minutely scabrous on margins. Schk. Riedgr. i. 27, t. Hh. fig. 95; Kunth
Enum. ii. 875; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. viii. 4, t. 199, fig. 533; Boott Carex,
iv. 210; Boeck. in Iinnea, xxxix. 48. OC. juncifolia, Allioni Fl. Pedem. ii.
264, t. 92, fig. 4 (not of Schk.). Vignea incurva, Reichd. Fl. Germ. Excurs.
56.

N. W. Himataya, from Kunawur and Kashmir to the Karakorum, alt. 11-15,500
ft., Thomson, &c.—D1stTR1B. Mountain and cold regions.

Stems up to 6 in. (in India), often several clustered on top of ascending rhizome.
Leaves sometimes as long as stem, narrow, often (when dry) incurved sometimes
flat. Infl. about 4 in. diam.; lowest bract jin. Glumes obtuse, margins shining,
yellowish, not broadly white scarious. Utricle rather longer than glume, larger than
nut, withering with folds on it; beak shortly 2-fid, hyaline ultimately at top. Nut
2 utricle, plano-convex, obtuse, shining-chestnut. Style 4 nut, branches long exsert.

2. C.stenophylla, Wahlenb. in Kong. Vet. Akad. Handl. Stockh. [1803]
142 ; rhizome descending, stems short, spikes ovoid androgynous male at top
forming one ovoid or oblong compound spike, glumes strongly starious-

Carez.] OLXXII. oypERAcER. (C. B. Clarke.) 701

edged, style 2-fid, utricle ellipsoid acuminate ultimately thick crustaceous
blackish obscurely nerved, beak short scabrous on margins. Kunth Enum.
ii. 874; Reichd. Ic. Fl. Germ. viii. 5, t. 200, fig. 534; Boott Carer, iv. 200
and Ic. Ined, 676; Boeck. in Linneea, xxxix, p. 50 and in Journ. Linn. Soe.
xviii. (1881), 105. C. juncifolia, Schk. Riedgr. i. (1801), 26 and ii. 6, t. 6,
fig. 32 (non Allioni), C. glomerata, Host Gram. Austr) i. 34, t. 44 (non
Thunb.). C. Hosti, Schk. Riedgr. ii. 7, t. Ii, fig. 32. ©. duriuscula, C. A.
Meyer in Mem. Sav. Etrang. Petersb. i. 214, t. 8; Kunth Buum. ii. 374,
C. arctica, Deinb.; Fries Novit. Fl. Suec. Mant. iii. 135; Anderss Cyp.
Scand. 70, t. 3, fig. 13. ©. Deinbolliana, J. Gay in Ann. Se. Nat. ser. 2,
xi. 183. Vignea: stenophylla, Reichb. FI. Germ. Excurs. 56. Kobresia
hyalinolepis, Boeck. Cyp. Nov. i.39. Elyna capillifolia, Henders, Yarkand,
339.—Carex sp. Griff. Itin. Notes, 239, nn. 310, 311.

N. W. Himatara, and W. Trzer from Piti and Kashmir to the Karakorum, alt.
8-14,000 ft.—DisrRiB. Mountain and cold Northern regions.

Very near C. dacurva, Lightf.; in good fruit distinguished therefrom by black
thick-walled utricle nearly filled by nut, in a younger ‘state often distinguishable by
prominent glistening white edge of glumes. But there are examples referred to C.
stenophylia, Wahl. by Boott that are here placed under C. incurva, Lightf. or C.
divise, Hudson. Many examples of C. stenophylla are referred in herbaria to Kobresia,
(which is separated by the 3-fid style, but a 3-fid style occursin Carex stenophylla.)
—In a Himalayan example (Lance n, 285 in Herb. Kew) the ripe fruiting spikes are
elongate, the lowest spike 3 inch distant, but the shining margins of glume and the
black crustaceous nuts are exactly as in C. stenophylla, The characters taken from
roughness of stem, breadth and incurving of leaves, &c., mentioned carefully by
European authors, were found not to be valid by Boott.

3. C. divisa, Huds. Fl. Angl. 348; rhizome horizontal, spiker ovoid
androgynous male at top forming one ovoid or oblong or interrupted com-
pound spike, glumes brown, style 2-fid, utricle ovoid acuminate stout
moderately nerved, beak short scabrous on margins. : Good. in Trans. Linn.
Soe. ii. 157, t. 19, fig. 2; Kunth Enum. ii. 372; Reichd. Ic. Fl. Germ. viii.
7, t. 205, fig. 545; Boott Carex, iv. 186 and Ie. Ined. 681; Boeck. in
Linnea, xxxix. 55and in Journ. Linn. Soc. xviii. LO5. C. rivularis, Schk.
Riedgr. i. 30, t. Ce. fig. 87. OC. austriica, Schk. lc. ii. 10, t. Qaq, fig. 157.
C. Bertolonii, Schk. 1. ¢.ii. 5, t. D fig. 18 and t. Rerr, fig. 202. C, coacta,
Boott in Proc. Linn, Soc. i. (1846), 285 and in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 133.
C. curaica, var. y coarcta, Boott Carex iv. 204. C.curaica, Boiss. Fl. Orient.
iv. 402.

W. Himataya (Soot#.)—Dtsrere, Cabul to Britain.

Stems 1-2 ft., or in some Cabul examples 3-6 in. Leaves often 2 stem, narrow,
margins usually incurved when dry. Injfl. 2 by ¢ in, interrupted at base (in well-
developed examples). Lowest bract usually + inch, but sometimes overtopping infl.
Fem, glumes ovate, hardly mucronate, brown, scarious margin narrow. Utricle
greenish or yellowish, ultimately brown, somewhat thickened ; nerves 5-7 on plane
face, slender, 11-13 on convex face rather stronger; beak shortly bifid.— Much
stouter than C. incurva and C. stenophylia, and utricles longer. : Resembles gener-
ally C. foliosa and C. nubigena, Don; the plane face of the utricle is in CG, Soliosa
hardly striate at all; in C. nubigena strongly multistriate ; the utricle of (On divisa
comes between the two. OC divisa, Huds. can generally be distinguished by its
shorter bracts, browner glumes, and more creeping rhizome.—The Kuram Valley
examples of Aitchison were collected [alt. 10,000 ft.] just outside the then frontier,
and the Kashmir examples of Jacquemont cited by Boott are referred here to C.
vilpinaris, Nees, but C. divisa, Huds. is almost certain to occur within British

India,

7C2 CLEXI. CYPERACEZ, (C. B. Clarke.) (Carex.

4, ©. vulpinaris, Nees in Wight Contrib. 121; nearly as C. divisa,
but utricle smaller elliptic-lanceolate membranous obscurely nerved.
Kunth Enum. ii. 383; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxix. 63. C. curaica, var. 8
Boott Carex, iv. 204 OC. divisa, Boott l.c. iv. 186 (partly). CO. Henning-
siana, Boeck. Cyp. Nov. i. 42.

Kunawog; Royle n. 73. GuRWHAL ; alt. 11,000 ft., Duthie (n. 55). Lanout;
Schlagintweit (n. 2813). Kasumiz; Baramulla, Jacquemont (un. 338, 362).—
Diste1s. Cubul.

Leaves in. broad. Inji. dense. Glumes acute or almost acuminate, brown.
Utricle slender, very thin; beak somewhat winged on scabrous margins.—Stems 15
in. type form; Jacquemont’s are identical, with stems 5-9 in.; one is marked by
Boott C. divisa, Hudson, the other C. stenophyila, Wahl. ?

5. G. curaica, Kunth Enum. ii. 375; rhizome long-creeping, culms
distant somewhat stout, spikes ovoid androgynous male at top forming
one ovoid compound spike, style 2-fid, utricle ellipsoid lanceolate nearly
nerveless, beak minutely or obsoletely scabrous on margins. Boott Carer,
iv. 204 in small part. C. ovata, C. A. Meyer in Ledeb. Fl. Alt. iv. 207 and
Ic. Pl. Ross, iv. 10, t. 823. C. incurva, var. B, Trev. in Ledeb. F!. Ross. iv.
270 (ercl. syn.). C. stenophylla, Benth, in Henders. Yarkand 338.

Kasumir; Barzil; alt. 10,500 ft., C. B. Clarke. Lower Karakash, alt. 14,000
ft., Henderson n. 867.—Distris. Central Asia.

Very like large states of C. stenophylla; stems 8-10 in., stouter, leaves broader ;
margins of glumes less shining scarious. Ripe utricle very convex, hardly inflated,
yellowish, nerveless on the plane face, very obscurely nerved on the convex face.
This plant is (as C. A. Meyer states) near C. faetida, Allioni. The C. curaica of
Turezan., Maxim., and others is largely (or wholly) founded on C. pycnostachya,
Karel. et Kiril. (in Bull. Soc. Mose. xv. 522) which is of similar appearance, and
with utricles of similar shape but strongly mavy-nerved.

6. GC. nubigena, D. Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xiv. 326 and Prodr.
42; rhizome short or 0, leaves long narrow incurved when dry, spikes
ovoid androgynous male at top forming an ovoid oblong or interrupted
linear compound spike, style 2-fid, utricle ellipsoid narrowed into an
oblong-linear beak many-nerved on both faces. Nees in Wight Contrib.
120; Kunth Enum, ii. 385; Strachey Cat. Pl. Kumaon, 78; Thw. Enum,
855; Boott Carex, i. 1, t. 2; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxix. 90. C. fallax, Steud.
in Zoll. Vers. Ind. Archip. ii. 60 and Cyp. 189; Boeck. l. ce—Carex, Wall.
Cat. 3396.

Himaayra; alt. 5-13,000 ft., abundant. Kuasia to Muneypoor, alt. 4-6000
ft., abundant. Sinn; Pinwill, Nita@urei, Anamallays, and Ceyzon; alt. 5-8000
ft., common.—DistTR1B. Cabul, Malaya, China, Japan.

Stems 6-30 in., cespitose on a tough perennial rhizome. Lower leaves long.
Infl. from } in., dense, ovoid, to 5 in. linear interrupted, greenish becoming brown ;
lowest bract usually much overtopping infl., sometimes not fin. Spikes 1 in., dense.
Fem, glumes ovate scarcely apiculate, shorter than utricle, Anthers linear-oblong,
very shortly apiculate. Style occasionally 3-fid, fide Boott. Uvtricle small, of thin
texture, plano-convex, green or pale brown, 9-11-nerved on plane face, 11-15 on
convex; small red glands frequently scattered all over utricle between the nerves;
beak not winged, commonly quite smooth, not rarely scabrid, sometimes almost
hispid. Wut hardly 4 utricle, compressed, obtuse, brown,—General aspect of C.
muricata, Linn. var. foliosa, but may be generally separated by the narrower in-
volate leaves. Well distinguished from all allied Indian species by the utricle many-
nerved on both faces. C. detorhyncha, C. A. Meyer Mem. Sav. Etrang. Petersb. i.
217, +t. 9, a Central Asian plant, differs only by the leaves being rather broader,

Carex.] OLXxI. cyPeRacea, (C. B. Clarke.) 703

flat when dry, and by the utricles having in their upper half only many larger
orange-red glands. Though kept distinct by Boott and Boeckeler it should probably
be esteemed only a form of QO. nudigena. ;

_ 4%. G. muricata, Linn. Sp. Pl. 1382; rhizome short or 0, leaves not
incurved, spikes ovoid androgynous male at top forming an oblong or in-
terrupted linear compound spike or very narrow panicle, style 2-fid, utricle
ovoid narrowed into a narrow conic beak. nerveless on plane face. Schk.
Riedgr. i, 20, tt. E. 22, and He. 91; Kunth Enum. ii. 384; J. Gay in Ann.
Se. Nat. ser. 2,x. 855; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. viii. 9, t. 215; Boott Carex, iv.
192; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxix. 86. C. divulsa, Gooden. in Trans. Linn. Soe.
ii 160; Sehkk Lc. tt. Dd. 89 and Ww. 89; Kunth Ll. c. ii. 385: Reichh.
Fl. Ie. Fl. Germ. viii. 11, +. 220, Vignea muricata (and divulsa), Reichb. Fi.
Germ, Excurs. 57 (and 59.) ;

KasHMIR ; alt, 6-9000 ft., C. B. Clarke.—Disrais. Asia, colder N. regions.

The Kashmir examples resemble ordinary large European typical ones. Stems
20 in. Leaves 1-1 in. broad, flat when dry. Infl. 2-3 in. by 4 in., consisting of
4-8 globose spikes, lower shortly distant. Anthers with a linear crest. Utricle
‘large, 3 in. long, yellowish, with a few irregular nerves on convex face, otherwise
“nearly nerveless, beak bifid 3 its length, margins closely minutely scabrid or nearly
smooth. Nut} utricle, subquadrate-ovoid compressed, not at all trigonous.—The form
C. divulsa is in infl. and general aspect nearer the subjoined var.

Var. B foliosa (sp.) D. Don im Trans. Linn, Soc. xiv. 327 and Prodr. 42;
inflorescence pale of many spikelets at base often subcompound, utricle smaller. Mees
in Wight Contrib. 121; Boott Carex i. 1,t.3; Kunth U.c. 384; Strachey Cat. Pl.
Kumaon, 73; Boeck. 1. c. 88. C. notoleia, Nees l.c.; Kunth 1. c. 388. C. Walli-
chiana, Spreng. Syst. iii. 812 (not of Prescott). C. muricata, var. indica, Boott
Carex, iv. 1938.—Carex, Wall. Cat. 3387.—Himalaya; alt. 6-9000 ft., from
Kashmir to Upper Sikkim frequent. Sind; Pinwill. Khasia hills; alt. 4000 ft.,
Grifith. Putney and Nitenirt Hints; Wight—Resembles shorter examples of
the European C. divulsa. Boott finally reduced the whole series under C. muricata,
Linn. The Indian var. foliosa has the crested anthers and flat leaves of muricata,
and is thus easily distinguished from nubigena even when young. Some of the
Indian plants referred here are hardly separable from the American C. stipata, Muhl.
which extends to Japan and Amurland.

8. ©, Thomsoni, Boott Carez,i.1,t. 1; stem lignescent with many
nodes, spikes ellipsoid androgynous male at top forming a close linear
compound spike long overtopped by leaves, style 2-fid, utricle ovoid-
triangular thinly obscurely many-nerved with numerous red glands
throughout. Boeck. in Linnea, xxxix. 93.

Himavaya and Kaasta, alt. 1-5000 ft., from Kumaon, Thomson, to UPPER
Burma, Griffith, frequent, only on river margins.—Distais. Tonkin, Nae

Stems 1 ft., densely cespitose, very rigid, black in age, and often shining,
perennial, not rarely rooting at top and throwing thence a cluster of stems the next
season. Leaves numerous, infolded when dry, narrow, fur overtopping the infl.
Infl. often by 4-5 by 4 in., dense, of 25-30 regularly placed brownish spikes.
Ctricle small, brownish, plano-convex, hardly narrowed into the triangular shortly-
notched beak.—The younger examples have been mixed with C. nubigena, Don,
which has the infl. sometimes dense and regular; but in C. nubigena the infl. is less
‘overtopped by leaves, and the utricle is more narrowed into the beak.

9. ©, fluviatilis, Boott Carex, iv. 172, t. 582; leaves long narrow
equalling the green stem, spikes ellipsoid androgynous male at el
numerous forming a close linear compound spike, style 2-fid, utricle ovoid

704 CLxxul. cyPpERACEZ. (C. B. Clarke.) [Carex.

many-nerved without glands acuminated into a short rough-edged beak.
Boeck. in Linnea, xxxix. 93.

Urrer Burma; Wullaboom in Hookhoom, Grifith (Kew Distrib. n, 6103).—
Disreris. China, Japan.

Rhizome woody. Stems 1-2 ft. Infl. 4-6 by 4-3 in., dense, of 40-70 spikes ;
lowest bract scarcely 1 in. Spikes nearly } in., straw-colrd. Uéricle (larger than
in Thomsoni) plane-convex; nerves 8 on the plane, 12 on the convex face; beak
minutely scabrous on edges.—Very near C. Thkomsoni) but much less rigid; the infl.
in fruit resembles that of Sefaria italica. It is sometimes completely dicecious; in
other cases the infl. has male spikes in the middle fem. at both ends (or at top only)
as occurs in C. disticha.

10. CG. teretiuscula, Good. in Trans. Linn. Soc. ii. 163 (excl. tab.
cited) ; stems 2 ft. scubrous at top, leaves nearly as long as stems narrow,
spikes ovoid or ellipsoid androgynous male at top green variegated brown
forming a linear oblong interrupted compound spike, style 2-fid, utricle
small stalked slightly spongy ovoid conical-beaked gibbous few-nerved
on convex face, margins of beak serrate subhyaline almost winged. Schk.
Riedgr. i. 30, tt. D.19, & T. 69; Kunth Enum. ii. 390; Boeck. in Linnea,
xxxix. 104. C. teretiuscula, var. 8 major, Boott Carew, iv. 145, t. 466.
CO. mitis, Boeck. I. c. 104.

Kasumip, alt. 6-7000 ft., Thomson. Buotan, Griffith, n. 2663 (Kew Distrib,
n, 61v4).— DistR1B. Cooler N. Hemisphere.

Griffith’s example shows no root, but is in ripe fruit; the utricle has a ridge on
the nerveless face and about 4 nerves on the middle of the turgid gibbons face,
‘exactly as in European C. teretiuscula. Thomson’s Kashmir plant has numerous
stems closely placed on an intricately branched short weak rhizome; the young
utricles are stalked and show the subalate margins of the beak. I put these two
plants together, for they must be very closely allied; Mr. J. G. Baker says that
neither of them matches exactly C. teretiuscula.

** Spikes linear-cylindric, peduncled, inflorescence loose.

11. G. longipes, Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xiv. 329, & Prodr. 43;
infl. long very lax, lowest peduncle solitary usually 1-spiked long, fem.
glumes mucronate some aristate, style 2-fid, utricles green or fully ripe
yellowish. Mees in Wight Contrib. 124; Kunth Enum. ii. 418; Drejer
Symb. Caric. 24, t. 10; Boott Carex, iv. 190, Ic. Ined. t. 644; Boeck. in
Linnea, x1. 376 (not of Thwaites).—Carex, Wall. Cat. 3388.

NepatL, SIKKIM, and Kwasta, alt. 4-12,000 ft., common.—Distris. China.

Rhizome short, woody, divided. Stems 6-24 iw., slender. Leaves 2 the stem,
2 in. broad. Cauline sheaths distant, lowest often near base of stem. Lowest
pedunele usually exsert 2-8 in. (but see var. y), almost filiform, nodding. Spikes
3-10 on each stem, 1-3 in., green or yellowish, usually solitary or lowest with 1 or 2
smaller near base. Dale glumes obtuse with a minute rough excurrent mucro;
anthers submuticous. Fem. glumes ovate, acuminate, mucro produced into a rough
bristle often overtopping utricle. U?ricles much flattened, ovoid or ellipsoid, sud-
denly narrowed into a long beak, distinctly 7-9-nerved on each face, glabrous, or
scabrous on margin sometimes also on two marginal nerves (see var. 8); beak
narrowly oblong, deeply bifid, lobes lanceolate erect, scabrous or rarely glabrous on
margins. Wut much flattened, 2 utricle (with beak), ovoid, obtuse, dark brown;
style little thickened, exsert branches shorter than utricle.

Var. B nepalensis, Boott Carex, iv. 190; utricles scabrous-pilose over both faces.
C. macrolepis, Don in Trans. Linn, Soc. xiv. 329, & Prodr. 42 (not of DC.). C.
nepalensis, Spreng, Syst. iii. 811; Nees in Wight Contrib. 125; Drejer Symb.

Carex. | CLXXI. cyPperacez. (C. B, Clarke.) 705

Cariv. 23, t. 9 ;, Kunth Enum. ii. 8391.—Carex, Wall. Cat. 3888 (largely).—Nepal,
Wallich.—Kept up as a species by Drejer and Nees, working with one or two pieces
only. A good series of material shows a transition from the perfectly glabrous
utricle (through forms with one or two marginal nerves scabrous) to the very sca-
brous utricle ; and both Boeckeler and Boott unite the two.

Var. y dissitiflora ; stouter with broader leaves and longer utricles, lowest peduncle
usually very shortly exsert, spikes elongate very slender the lower utricles solitary,
distant.—Nilghiri, alt. 6-7000 ft., Wight, C. B. Clarke. Anamallays, Beddome.
Khasia, alt. 5-6000 ft., C. B. Clarke.—Perbaps a distinct sp., according. to Drejer
Symb. Caric. 24. Lowest peduncle often carrying 2 or 8 spikes. The Nilghiri
plant appears a distinct species; but the Khasia series shows a complete transition
from var. y dissitiflora to typical C. longipes.

12. ©. brunnea, Thunbd. Fl. Japon. 38 ; infl. long lax, lowest peduncle
often several-spiked often 2 or more from one sheath, fem. glumes acute or
scarcely mucronate, style 2-fid, ripe utricle brown ellipsoid much flattened
pilose (in Indian examples) striate, beak linear, exsert portion of stigmas
abont as longasutricle. Schk. Reidgr. ii. 16, t. Xx. fig. 111; Kunth Enum.
i. 892; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxix. 145. C. gracilis, Br. Prodr. 242; Boott
Carez, i. 59, tt. 154, 155, 156 [excl. syn. C. lachnosperma, Wall.]; Thw.
Finum. 355. C. flexilis, Don Prodr. 42, not of Rudge. OC. lenta, Don in
Trans. Linn, Soc. xiv. 327; Kunth l.c. 418. C. nepalensis, OC. B. Clarke
in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxv. 82, not of Spreng.

N.W. Himanaya, alt. 4500-6000 ft., frequent. Muwnzypoor, alt. 3750 ft., C. B.
Clarke. Assam, Griffith. Sinp, Pinwill. Putney and Nitearri Hrtt1s, alt.
6-7000 ft., Wight, &c. CEYLon, ult. 5000 ft., Thwaites.—Distxis. The Mascarene
Isles, Australia, Japan, Sandwich Islds.

Rhizome oblique. Stems 1-3 ft., slender. Leaves 2 stem, 2 in. broad. Cauline
sheaths somewhat distant, lowest usually above middle of plant. Peduzcles often
several from each sheath, lowest exsert 1—8 in., slender, nodding, sometimes bearing
3-10 spikes. Spikes 14-2 in., slender. Male glumes obtusely triangular, reddish-
brown. Fem. glwmes ovate, apex triangular, ultimately ferruginous-brown. Ufricle
rather small, not parallel-sided, 9-15-nerved on each face, minutely hairy on uerves,
suddeply narrowed into a beak about } utricle; be:k shortly bifid, lobes erect. Nut
much flattened, ovoid, suddenly narrowed at top, yellow-brown, nearly filling utricle
except beak. Style about as long as beak, slightly swollen, contracted at base ;
branches long very brown, but much shorter than in the two following species.—
Limits and geographic range uncertain. In many of the non-Indian examples the
utricles are glabrous, or there are several peduncles even from the middle sheaths of
the inflorescence.

13. C. teinogyna, Boott Carex, i. 60, t. 158; inf, long lax, peduncles
often 2 or more from one sheath bearing 1 or few spikes, fem. glumes
acute often mucronate, ripe utricle brown oblong much flattened striate,
beak linear long deeply bifid, style 2-fid branches longer than utricle.
Boeck, in Linneea, xxxix. 1465..

Kauasia and Jatnrea Hitts, alt. 3-5000 ft., Griffith, &c.

Resembling C. brunnea, Thunb., but a slenderer plant with narrower leaves.
Utricle remarkably parallel-sided, suddenly narrowed into a linear beak nearly as
long as itself, many-nerved on both faces, often minutely scabrous pilose on all the
nerves, the minute hairs sometimes only on the margins or near the top very rarely
wanting; lobes of beak erect. Wut oblong, filling utricle. -Branches of sfyle 2,
very long, brown red, persistent on ripe fruit.

14, GC. longicruris, Nees in Wight Contrib. 124; infl. long lax,
peduncles often 2 or more from one sheath bearing 1 or few spikes, fem.
VOL, VI. zz

706 CLXXII. CYPERACEZ. (C. B. Clarke.) [ Carex.

glumes lanceolate acute, style 2-fid, ripe utricle ferruginous much flattened
ovate-lanceolate acuminate into beak glabrous except green margins, beak
slightly notched with the green scabrous margins incurved, exsert portion
of style-branches fully as long as utricle. Kunth Enum. ii. 417; Boott
Carex, i. 59, t. 157; Boeck. in Linnza, xxxix. 148. C. longipes, Thw.
Enum. 355.

W. Himataya; from Kishtwar, alt. 4000 ft., C. B. Clarke, to Nepal, Wallich.
eo Perrottet, Wight, alt. 8000 ft., C. B. Clarke. Crynon, Thwaites (C.P.
2749).

Very similar to C. longipes, brunnea, and teinogyna, but distinct by the utricle,
Utricle long, triangular-acuminate, the strictly linear portion of beak short; plane
face 7-9-nerved, convex face 15-nerved bright ferruginous yellow with two sca-
brous green margins, margins in lower half of beak incurved over the plane face.
Fem. glumes shorter than utricle. Branches of style 2, nearly as long as in C.
teinogyna.

Sect. 2, Rumorz, Terminal spike male at base fem. at top (or rarely fem. in
the middle male at both ends or accidentally wholly male), the other spikes male at
base or the lower often wholly fem.

* Spikes short, sessile or nearly so, ovoid or oblong, dense. Glumes pale.

15. ©. remota, Linn. Sp. Pl. 1383; infl. elongate, lower spikes
distant, lowest bract long usually overtopping infl., style 2-branched,
utricle ellipsoid flattened narrowed into an oblong beak slenderly many-
nerved on both faces. Schk. Riedgr. i. 46, & ii. 22, t. HE, fig. 23; Nees in
Wight Contrib. 121; Kunth Enum. ii. 404; Reichbd. Ic. Fl. Germ. viii. 8,
t. 214, figs. 556, 557; Boott Carex, iv. 198, & Ic. Ined. 669, 670; Boeck. in
Linnea, xxxix., p. 129. C. axillaris, Linn. Sp. Pl. 1382. Vignea remota,
Reichb. Fl. Germ. Excurs. p. 58.

N. TEMPERATE HEMISPHERE.

Glabrous. Rhizome short, slender, without stolons, Stems clustered, 1-2 ft.,
slender. Leaves 2 stem, scarcely } in. broad, weak. Infl. often half length of plant,
lower spikes solitary 1-3 in. apart ; lowest bract 4-10 in., very narrow, weak. Spike
12 in, ellipsoid, greenish. Glumes ovate, acute, keel green, sides pale. Anthers
linear, muticous. Utricle small, glabrous, scabrous on margin; beak 2-fid, lobes
erect ; margins scabrous. Wut subovoid, flattened, 2 utricle excluding beak.

Var. 8 Rochebruni (sp.), Franch. et. Savat. Pl. Japon. ii. pp. 126, 555; utricles
nerveless on plane face, very slenderly 3—5-nerved on convex face, gradually narrowed
upwards into a narrow-triangular beak.—Temperate Himalaya; from Kashmir, alt,
7- 8000 ft., to Sikkim, alt. 7-12,000 ft., &e., and Kuasia Hits, alt, 4500 ft—
Beak of utricle is, in all Indian material, more or less winged, in this (as in the
nerveless plane face) showing au approximation to17. C. alta. In general appearance,
it matches well typical European C. remota.

16. G. canescens, Linn. Sp. Pl. 1383; infil. linear, spikes short cylin-
dric approximate, bracts short lowest much shorter than infl., style 2-
branched, utricle ovoid flattened narrowed into a short triangular beak
slenderly 8-10-nerved on both faces. Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. viii. 7, t. 206,
figs. 546, 647; Boott Carex, iv. 154, t. 496; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxix. 122.
C. curta, Gooden, in Trans. Linn. Soc. ii. [1794] 145; Schk. Riedgr. i. 43,
& ii. 21, t. C, fig. 13; Kunth Enum. ii. 403. Vigna canescens, Reichb. Fl.
Germ. Fcurs. 58.

Kasumi, alt. 6-12,000 ft., C. B. Clarze.—Distg1B. Cooler parts of globe,

Carex.] CLEXIL. CyPrRacem, (C. B. Clarke.) 707

Glabrous. 2hizome short, slender, without stolons. Stems clustered, 2 ft,
Leaves % stem, {-2 in. broad. Infl. 2-5 in., lower spikes solitary, 1 in. apart; lowest
bract setaccous, about 1 in. long. Spikes }-}in., greenish. Utricle small, glabrous,
ae nearly smooth on margin; beak triangular, hardly notched, minutely glandular-
scabrous,

17. G. alta, Boottin Proc. Linn. Soc. i. 254, & in Trans. Linn. Soe.
xx. 130, & Carex, i. 59, t. 153; larger and stouter in all its parts than
C. remota beak of utricle strongly winged, so that utricle is widest in its
upper half, nut small not filling utricle (otherwise as C. remota). Boeck.
in Linnea, xxxix. 126. C. Brizopyrum, Kunze Suppl. 169, t. 48.

Kuasta; Molin, alt. 5800 ft., C. B. Clarke. Muneypoor, alt. 5-6000 ft., Watt.
—Distris. Java.

Altogether resembles a large C. remota. Leaves and bracts up to 1-3 in. broad.
Spikes often 4 in., cylindric. Utricle in outline elliptic with a short point, scabrous
almost serrulate on the green shoulders formed by the wings of the beak, with a
groove on the plane face below the termination of the slit of the beak.

18. G. cooptanda, C. B. Clarke; small, leaves linear, spikes 2
cylindric short dense close together, upper male at base pale brown, bracts
hardly any, style 2-branched, utricle ovoid flattened narrowed into a short
conical subentire beak nerveless smooth.

Kuasia Hints; Grifith.

Glabrous. Rhizome slender, creeping, divided. Stems 6 in., slender. Leaves
4 by 3, in. Spikes 2 in. apart, upper 4 by 2 in., lower rather smaller female. Glumes
as long as utricles, ovate, obtuse, brownish with scarious margin upwards. Utricle
zs in. long, without glands; exsert part of stigmas as long as utricles.—There are
three excellent specimens, exactly like each other, and very unlike any other Indian
Carex, with the note of Boott on them in Herb. Hooker stating that they were
collected by Griffith in Assam.

*# Spikes long-cylindric or linear, lower peduncled. Glumes coloured,

19. GC. preelonga, C. B. Clarke; tall, leaves long, spikes 4-9 linear
nodding, styles 2-fid, utricle broadly ovoid compressed nerveless smooth
suddenly narrowed into a very short linear sube.tire beak. C. phacota,
B minor, C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn, Soc, xxviii. 141.

Sizxim, alt, 7-9000 ft., frequent, C. B. Clarke.

Glabrous, tufted, lower sheaths shining, brown. Stems 2-3 ft. Leaves 18 by
}-} in. Lowest spike 4-3 in. distant; peduncle 3-3 in. long; bract overtopping
infl., not sheathing. Spikes 4 by 2 in. terete; terminal inale at base, fem. in
middle, fem. or male (sometimes branched) at top. Fem. glumes as long as utricles,
8-nerved, green on back, black-purple on side, emarginate or acuminate, excurrent
green tip often scabrous. Utricle } in., obovate turgid, yellow-brown, whole sur-
face minutely yellow-glandular-punctate ; beak exactly linear, granular-glandular,
becoming very white when quite ripe, shortly notched; stigmas shortly exsert,
Nut obovoid, biconvex, very smooth, nearly filling utricle. ;

Var. B angustior ; stems 12-18 in. slender more scabrous, leaves scarcely 3 in.
broad, spikes 3-1 in.—Khasia Hills, ult. 4-6(00 ft., C. B. Clarke, Burma ; Shan
States, alt. 5000 ft., Collett—Terminal spike occasionally wholly male. There are
still 16 Sikkim and 34 Khasi specimens of this species in my collection, which show
that Boott was right in attaching moderate importance to the sex of the terminal
spike.

20. 6. teres, Boott Carer, i. 62, t. 167 (excl. lower utricle) ; tall, leaves
long, spikes 4-9 linear nodding, aig lee 2-fid, utricle ellipsoid compressed
“Le

708 OLXXII. CyPpeRAcEE. (C. B. Clarke.) -~ [(Carex,

nerved smooth gradually passing into a conical entire beak. Boeck. in
Linnea, xl. 393.
‘ Srxxrm, alt. 8-9000 ft.; Sinchul, J. D. H.; Tonglo and Sundukphoo, C. B.
Clarke, &e. é .
Glabrous, tufted, lower sheaths shining brown. Stems 3 ft. Leaves 18 by } in.
Lowest spike 3-4 in., distant; peduncle 2~4 in. long; bract overtopping infl., not
sheathing. Spikes 5 by 3 in., terete; terminal male at base, fem. in middle and
usuaily at top. Fem. glwmes as long as the utricles, oblong-lanceolate, aristate,
broadly 3-nerved, green on the back, sides black-purple, bristle green scabrous.
‘Utricles } in., turgid, fuscous, 7-11-nerved on each face, whole surface minutely
yellow-glandular. punctate ; beak scarcely granular, hardly notched; stigmas very
shortly exsert. Wut ovoid, somewhat narrowed upwards.—This species, from the
root to the glumes, is extraordinarily like C. prelonga, but rather stouter; the
fruiting spikes and utricles are totally unlike.

21. G. sikkimensis, C. B. Clarke; tall, leaves long narrow, spikes
4-7 linear clavate, styles 2-fid, utricle ellipsoid compressed most slenderly
nerved brown smooth narrowed into a conico-linear entire beak.

Srxxrm ; Jongri, alt. 12-13,000 ft., C. B. Clarke.

Lowest spike 2-3 in. distant ; peduncle 2-3 in. long ; lowest bract overtopping
the infl., not sheathing. Spikes 2 by } in., terminal usually fem. at top clavate,
sometimes fem. only in the widdle, sometimes wholly male. Fem. glumes as long as
utricles, oblong-lanceolate, not or scarcely mucronate, black-purple, back pale yellow.
Utriele J, in., stalked, not glandular ; beak oblong from w conical base, glandular-
seabrous ; stigmas exert 2 the length of utricle. Nut ellipsoid, 4 the length of
whole utricle-—Not closely allied to the preceding species; it has the utricle identi-
cally of C. notha from which it differs not only in the fem. top of the terminal spike,
but in its larger size and much larger spikes.

22. GC. cernua, Boott Carez, iv. 171, t. 578; leaves long, spikes 4-8
cylindric very dense, styles 2-fid, utricle broadly ovate much compressed
nerveless densely glandular subscabrous to base rich-brown, beak conical
entire.

Assam; to Sudiya, Jenkins, Simons, Griffith (Kew Distrib, 6099).—Drsreis.
Tonkin, Japan.

Stems 12-18 in. Leaves as long as stem, up to 4 in. broad. Lowest spike
4-2 in. distant; peduncle 3-2 in. long; bract overtopping inf., not sheathing.
Spikes up to 24 by 1 in.; terminal one male at base (sometimes fem. in middle male
at both ends). Fem. glumes as long as utricle, 3-nerved, green on back, bristle
lanceolate excurrent rough. Ufricle scarcely 4, in., stalked; conical beak un-
distinguishable from utricle with no (or hardly any) linear termination.—In C.
prelonga the whole utricle is sprinkled with minute yellow translucent glands sunk
in the substance of utricle; in C, cernua tbe glands are very thick, white, almost
depresse'l papilla. C. cernua appears really nearer C. phacota than C. prelonga,
but ditters from both in the densely packed utricles.

Sect. 3. Fulgares. Terminal spike male, the others fem. or male at
top, solitary.

23. C. phacota, Spreng. Syst. iii. 826: spikes 3-11 lower nodding on
slender peduncles linear-cylindric, fem. glumes with an excurrent green
scabrous tip, styles 2-fid short, utricle ovoid flat nearly nerveless glandular
to the base, beak short triangular with hardly any linear prolongation.
Nees in Wight Contrib, 126; Kunth Enum. ii. 420; Drejer Symb. Caricol.
15, t. 4 (excl. C. punctata & notha); Boott Carex, 1.68, t.168; Thw. Enum.
356; Boeck.in Linnea, xl. 434. C. lenticularis, Don in Trans. Linn. Soc.

Carex.) CLXxU, cypeRacem, (C. B, Clarke.) 709

xiv. 331, & Prodr. 43 (not of Mich.). ©, platycarpa, Hochst. Steud. Syn.
‘Cyp. p. 214.—Carex, Wall. Cat. 3394 (type sheet), 3395 A, partly. “2
Himaraya, alt. 4~7000 ft., from Gurwhal to Bhotan, frequent. Kaasra Hits,
alt. 2-6000 ft., and Parxoy Mrs., Griffith. Assam; Luckimpore at 300 ft.
TENASSERIM, alt. 3500 ft. Pacumari, Punneys, NinGuinis, and CzyLon, alt.
4-6000 ft.—DisTR1B. Malaya, Japan. “
Glabrous, Rhizome woody, short. Stems closely tufted, 1-23 ft., triquetrous,
Leaves often as long as stem, } in, wide. Infl. usually 4-6 in., lowest spike 1-2 in.
distant ; lowest bract usually far overtopping the infl., but sometimes shorter than
it, not sheathing. Fem. spikes 1-2 in. (sometimes longer) by 2 in., in fruit appear-
ing purple with green linear marks (glumes); male spike 1-2 in., rather slender lax,
pale fer:uginous. Fem. glumes narrow, rather longer than utricle, green 3-nerved
on back, sides pale ferruginous or scarious, Utricle about yy in., usually dark
purple with a green margin, densely granular with red-purple glands throughout ;
_ mouth of beak entire.—The large quantity of this common species now to hand
leaves hardly any absolute characters to distinguish it from the two following. In
some, the bracts are slender, shorter than the infil. ; in others, the beak of the utricle
has a distinct linear prolongation nearly as in the very close C. Arnottiana. ‘The
colour of the plant glumes and spikes varies much from the type; the Ceylon
examples have the spikes a rich brown (as in C. Arnottiana). The most. general
characters for C. phacota appear to be the rough excurrent green tip of the fem.
glume with the utricle dense with glands to its base.

24. ©. pruinosa, Boott in Proc. Linn. Soc. i. 255; Trans. Linn.
Soc. xx. 131, & Cares, i. 65, t. 174; spikes broader laxer than in C. phacota,
utricle larger 3 in. long, obscurely 3-5-nerved ; otherwise as C. phacota,
of which Boeckeler esteems it a form.

East Benaat, Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6106). Kaasta Hrxts, alt. 4200 ft.,
C. B. Clarke.—Dist31B. Java.

Boott (Carex, iv. 198, Ic. Ined. 667) has brought here his C. pieta from Japan,
which has nerveless utricles.

25. C. Arnottiana, Nees ms.; Drejer Symb. Caricol. 16, t. 5; ex-
current tip of glume smooth, utricle glandular in its upper half, beak short
triangular with a minute linear prolongation, otherwise as C. phacota.
Boott Caren, iv. 178, Ie. Ined. 607 (not in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 129); Thw.
Enum. 356; Boeck. in Linnea, xl. 435.—C. socia, Boott in Proce. Linn.
Soe. i. 254, & in Trans. Linn, Soe. 1. c. 128.

CeYLoN ; elevated parts of Central Province, Walker, Thwaites.

26. GC. notha, Kunth Enum. ii. 421; spikes 3-7 lower on slender
peduncles linear-cyliudric, fem. glumes obtuse or minutely mucronate,
styles 2-fid shorter than utricle, utricle ellipsoid plane-convex slenderly
3-5-nerved minutely glandular narrowed suddenly into a short linear
beak. Boott Carex, i. 8, t.24; Boeck. in Linnea, xl. 433. C. Victorialis,
Nees in Wight Contrib. 126 (style erroneously 3-fid); Kunth Hnwm. ii. 516.
C. punctata, Nees lc. 127 (not of Gaudin). O. Benthamiana, Boot in
Royle Himal. 412. C. phacota, Drejer Symb. Caricol. 15 (partly).

Himataya, alt. 5-11,000 ft., trom Chini, Jacquemont, and Gurwhal, Thomson,
to Bhotan, Griffith. :

Male spikes 2in., brown. Lowest bract hardly so long as infl.. Glumes green,
obscurely 3-nerved on back, often quite muticous ; ifa small mucro it is quite unlike
C. phacota, in which the whole green width of the glume is produced as an oblong-
linear flat tip, Uéricle exceeding the glume about 7, in., with round or lineur,
yellow or brown, scattered sunk glands; beak slightly notched, minutely granular.—
Utherwisé'as C. phacota, © :

‘710 ouxxu. crperacez. (C. B, Clarke.) [Carec.

27. ©. fucata, Boott ms.; spikes dense blackish, styles 2-fid exsert
about 3 length of utricle, utricle nerveless, otherwise nearly as C.
notha.

Sixxim; Lachen, alt. 9-12,000 ft., J. D. H. :

Lowest bract far overtopping infl. Spikes much more densely packed, and thicker
than in C. notha; glumes rather longer, black with a linear green mark on back.
Lowest spike 3-10 in. distant in some examples.

28, GC. rubro-brunnea, C. B. Clarke; spikes 4-8 close together
nearly sessile, styles 2-fid persistent very long red-brown, utricle ellipsoid
plane-convex very slenderly 3-5-nerved or nerveless minutely glandular
narrowed suddenly into a short linear beak. C. heterolepis, Boott in Perry
Exped. Japan, ii. 327, not of Bunge.

Knasia Hits, alt. 2-6000 ft., very common, C. B. Clarke. MUNEYPOOR,
Watt.—DistEiB. China, Japan.

Glabrous. Rhizome woody, short. Stems clustered, 1-2 ft. Leaves numerous,
often as long as culm, searcely } in. broad. Spikes 2-3 by 3-2 in., brown-red,
often comose by long persistent styles; male spike paler ; lowest spike rarely 1 in.
distant ; lowest, bract much overtopping inflorescence. Fem. glumes ovate-triangular,
muticous or nearly so, rich brown with yellow keel. Utricle very nearly as of C.
fucata (or C. notha), but exsert part of style-branches much longer than utricle.

29. C. Prescottiana, Boott in Proc. Linn. Soc. i. 286, & in Trans.
Linn. Soe. xx. 135, & Carex, i. 45, t. 115 (excl. Hawaii plant); spikes 3-6
lower peduncled 4-6 in. long slender, styles 2-fid, utricle small compressed
ovoid slightly nervose smooth eglandular beakless. C. producta, Boott in
Herb. Hook. C. teres ? partly, Boott Carez, i. 62, t. 167 (lower utricle only).
—Carex, Wall. Cat. 3386.

Nezpat, Waillich.‘ Kuasia HILts, alt. 4500 ft.; Myrungand Nunklow, J. D. H.
—Distris. Japan.

Glabrous. Stems 14-2} ft. Leaves nearly as long as stem, up to i in. broad.
Lowest spike 1-5 in. distant, peduncle 3-2 in.; lowest bract equalling infl., not
sheathing ; terminal spike 23 in. by } in., male, with a short second male spike often
added. Fem. spikes nodding, wavy, 2 in, broad, yellow brown in fruit. Fem. glumes
about as long as utricles with a short excurrent tip or obtuse. Uftricle scarcely
zz in., slightly inflated, irregularly 3-5-nerved on each face, with a very few scattered
sunk obscure glands, suddenly narrowed at top to a small entire mouth, hardly
microscopically a beak.—Very near C. prelonga, but the utricles are smaller, less
nerved, without linear beak ; and in all the specimens seen the terminal spike is
wholly male.—In his “ Carex” i. 62, t. 167 (and herbarium), Boott mixed this with
C. sandwicensis, Boeck. (C. Prescottiana, H. Mann) from the Sandwich Isles of
which the utricle differs materially. I think it probable that C. Prescottiana, Boott.
was C. heterolepis, Bunge, Enum. Pl. Chin, Var. [1831] 69 (not of Boott); for
Bunge says his C. heterolepis resembled C. pendula, but had a bifid style.

30. C. cxespititia, Nees in Wight Contrib. 127; spikes 4-10 lowest
subsessile or erect on a short peduncle cylindric dense rigid, styles 2-fid,
utricle ovoid compressed irregularly few-verved smooth eglandular sud-
denly narrowed into a minute entire beak. Kunth Enum. v. 2, p. 412;
Boott Carex, iv. 183, t. 428, fig.3; Boeck. in Linnza, xl. 437.—Carex,
Wall. Cat, 3392.

SytuHet, Wallich, C. B. Clarke.

Glabrous, 2 ft. high, habit of C. rigida, Gooden., but with a most irregular infl.
Yerminal male spike sometimes 4 in. usually 0-2 in. above the next, 2 in, long,

Carex.] OLXXII. CYPERACEE. (C. B, Clarke.) 711

pale, slender, or shorter thicker purple-chestnut. Fem. spikes often 1 by } in.,.
often 2-7 fascicled with 1 or 2 remote below, frequently with 1-6 rectangularly
divaricate short branches. Ufricles greyish with green margins, and 1-4 irregular
green nerves.—Appears always thus irregular ; the rhizome is usually woody, short,
but sometimes the stem at base appears slender decumbent rooting in mud. Easily
recognized, as being the only low-level Indian species at all resembling C. rigida.

31. C. rigida, Gooden. in Trans. Linn. Soc. ii. 198, t. 22, fig. 10;
stems 4-8 (rarely 10-12) in., leaves (dried) flat or margins near base slightly
recurved, spikes 3 or 4 close together cylindric short dense, bracts not
overtopping the infl., styles 2-fid, utricle ellipsoidal flattened smooth
nearly nerveless apiculate by minute entire beak. Schk. Riedgr. i. 56, &
ii. 25, t. U, fig. 71; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. viii. 12, t. 225, fig. 578; Boeck. in
Linnea, x). 414. CO. saxatilis, Schk. 1. c. 54, & ii. 25, tt. i., fig. 40, & tt. fig.
40; Kunth Enum. ii. 410. C. vulgaris, var. alpina, Boott Carex, iv. 167,
tt. 568-574. C. orbicularis, Buott in Proc. Linn. Soc. i. 254, & in Trans.
Linn, Soc. xx. [1851] 134.

ALPINE Himazaya and W. Tiset, alt. 9-13,000 ft., from Gilgit, Giles, to
Sikkim, J. D. H.—Disre1s, Cooler parts of the World.

Stoloniferous. Leaves often curved. Spikes 3-3 by 2-}in. Fem..glumes ovate-
triangular, acute scarcely mucronate, chestuut-purple.—lIn the original C. orbiewloris
Boott, the utricles are unusually large, but not larger than in some Huropean
forms,

32. GC. vulgaris, Fries Nov. Mant. iii. 158, & Summ. Veg. 230; stems
often 10-20 in., leaves (dried) conduplicate, spikes less close longer, utricle
more or less slenderly nerved, otherwise as C. rigida. Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ.
viii. 18, tt. 226, 227; Boott Carex, iv. 166, tt. 557-567; Boeck. in Linnza,
xl. 416. C. cespitosa, Schh. Riedgr. i. 57, & ii. 27, figs. Aa, t. 85, a, b, &
Bb, t. 85, ¢, d,e; Kunth Enum. ii. 411.

N.W. Himazaya and W. T1s£7, alt. 10-13,000 ft., from Gilgit, Giles, to Lahoul,
Jaeschke, trequent.—DistTR1B. Cooler parts of the World.

Some of the material Mr. Baker considers good Yorkshire O. vulgaris, but there
are many examples which he considers do not match either C. vulgaris, Fries, or C.
rigida, Gooden.

Var. B distracta; spikes Jess close, lowest 2-7 in. distant.—Kashmir; Gurais,
alt. 8000 ft., C..B. Clarke.—Altogether unlike any European form, J. G. Baker.

33. GC. erostrata, Boott ms.; utricles obovoid compressed beakless,
otherwise as C. rigida, Strachey Cat. Pl. Kumaon, 73; Duthie in T. E.
Atkins. Gazetteer, x. 618.

Kumaon; Barji Kang Pass, alt. 14,500 ft., Strachey & Winterbottom (Carex,
n. 22). ; F

Instead of a minute beak there is a triangular notch at the top of the utricle.
“T cannot recollect ever seeing any C. rigida like it,” J. G. Baker.

Subgenus II. Carex proper, Style-branches 3 (see also 2. C. steno-
phylla).
Sect, 4. RaRz. Stem with 1 spike (seealso 42. C. radicalis), fem. at base.
Seta (i.e. rudiment of the suppressed upper part of spikelet) often present within
utricle. Bract hardly longer than fem. glumes.

34. GC. microglochin, Wall. in Handl. Kong. Akad. Stockh. 140, &
Fl. Lapp. 224; spike 3-3 in., style-branches 38, utricles lanceolate acu-

712 oLxxu, oxPeRaces. (C. B. Clarke.) [Carez.

minate glabrous striate, ripe deflexed with seta protruded. Schk. Riedgr.
32, t. Ssss, fig. 110; Kunth Enum. ii. 424; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ, viil.
3, t. 196; Boott Carew, iv. 174, t. 589; Boeck. in Linnza, xxxik. 32.
Uncinia microglochin, Spreng. Syst. iti. 830; C. B. Clarke in Journ, Linn,
Soe, xx. 401. U. europa, J. Gay in Flora [1827] 28. Leptolepis tibetica,
Boeck. Cyp. Nov. i. 31 (partly, i. e. Schlagintweit, n. 6450).

N.W. Huataya and W. Trev, alt. 11-15,000 ft.; from the Karakorum,
Thomson, to Kuvawur, Jacquemont, frequent.—DIsTRIB. N. Europe, Asia, Green~
land.

Glabrous. Rhizome slender, very short. Stems 6-12 in., slender. Leaves scarcely
% length of stems, setaceous. Spike pale brown, in flower hardly 2, in. broad.
Fem. glumes ovate, obtuse, obscurely nerved, shorter than utricle. Utricle about
Lin, (includ. exsert rigid seta often more than 7 in.) ; beak terete, mouth entire.
Nut oblong-ellipsoid, brown, about 4 utricle—In fruit the seta hardens into a-
straight smooth yellow linear cone filling the mouth of the utricle; at its apex 1s
often a curved point articulated which sometimes is 4 rudimentary male fl.—Uneinia
differs from Carex only by the hooked end of the seta, but the hook is as much de-
veloped in C, microglochin as it is in U. Kingii ; and the only reason for not putting
C. microglochin into Uncinia is that the latter genus is very nearly confined to the
S. Hemisphere.

35. CG. parva, Nees in Wight Contrib. 120; spike 4-3 in., style-
branches 3, utricles lanceolate acuminate long-beaked glabrous striate,
ripe deflexed with setaincluded. Kunth Enum. ii. 419; Boott Carez, i. 56,
t, 418; Boeck. in Linnea, xxxix. 38. C. macrorrhyncha, Karel. et Kiril.
in Bull. Soc. Mosc. iii. [1842] 521.

Himauara, alt, 11-12,000 ft., from Kasnmir (Deosai), Winterbottom, to SIKKIM
(Lachen), J. D. H.—DistE1B. Central Asia. é

Kesembles C. microglockin, but stouter in allits parts. Spike brown or chestnut.
Fem. glumes ovate, acute, lower aristate, lowest empty sometimes % in. (a bract).
Utricle usually 4 in. and more (much like that of C. microglochin reckoning in the
seta) ; beak slender terete with oblique subentire mouth. Seéa sometimes carrying
a rudimentary minutely hairy glume, but included.

86. C. linearis, Boott Carex, i. 51, t. 136; spike 2-3 in. linear, style-
branches 8, utricle oblong complete glabrous nerveless beak linear-conic
as long as nut with a slit on posticous face extending % length of beak.
Boeck. in Iinneea, xxxix. 36. ©. Esenbeckii, Boott in Proc. Linn. Soc. i.
285, & in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 183 (mainly, not of Nees). C. elynoides, J.
Gay ms. Hemicarex sp., Benth. in Gen. Pl. iii. 1072. H. trinervis, OC. B.
Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xx. 382, chiefly (not Kobresia trinervis, Boeck.).
Uncinia nepalensis, Nees ms.

ij Himaxaya, alt, 11-14,000 ft.; from Kasumirn, Levinge, to Sixxim (Lachen),
_ D, H.

Glabrous. Rhizome short, woody. Stems densely tufted, clothed at base with
testaceous or subcastaneous sheaths becoming torn and fimbrillate ; stems ultimately
1-2 ft., in flower often only a few inches. Leaves in flower often 2 or 3 in., sub-.
sequently 1 ft,, setaceous. Spike nearly always bisexual, $ in. broad, loose at base.
Fem. glumes elliptic-oblong, greenish then pale brown, obtuse, lower distant aristate
bract-like. Utriele 1 in. long, thin, passing into the beak. Nut filling utricle,
exactly oblong, trigonous, pale brown, one angle pressing against posticous tace of
utricle.—Confounded by Boott originally with C. Hsenbeckii (i.e. Kobresia trinervis,
Boeck.), and by Bentham and myself. Boott’s figure is correct, but in his Herb.
he has Kobresia trinervis still partly mixed, nor has he perhaps discussed the
synonymy quite satistactorily, Most of the material is easily sorted, bevause K. trinervis

Carex. ] CLXXIL OYPERAGEZ. (C. B, Clarke.) 713

abounds in spikes wholly male, whereas in C. linearis the spikes are fem., at top
male. But in K. trinervis there occur fem. spikes shortly male or barren at top,
and these exactly resemble spikes of C. linearis. The only diagnostic difference
appears to be that in K. trinervis, the bracteole (homologous with utricle of Carez):
is split on the posticous face nearly to its base so that the nut is partially protruded ;
in C. linearis the beak of the utricle is split on the posticous face nearly (not quite)
to its base, so that: the nut is completely inclosed in the utricle. ‘The habit of C,
Unearis is entirely that of a Kobresia, and the two genera touch at this point. :

Var. 8. elachista ; stems (with nearly ripe fruits) scarcely 2 in., leaves exceeding
stems, spikes in fruit }in., very slender all bisexual 2-4-nutted.—W. Nepal, alt.
11-12,000 ft., Duthie (n. 6091).—This looks like a distinct species; but there is
he of a and except in size no distinction between it and C. linearis has been

iscovered.

37. G. vidua, Boott ms.; spike 1 in. linear, style-branches 3, utricle
(including beak) oblong-ellipsoid glabrous without nerves, beak as long as
nut with a slit on posticous face extending 3 length of beak.

S1xx1m ; Lachen, alt. 13,000 ft., J. D. H.

Glabrous. Stems 6 in., rigid, clustered, at base covered by dark-chestnut shining
fimbrillate sheaths. Leaves nearly as long as stems, setaceous. Spikes seen wholly
fem., about $ in. broad, denser, more rigid, than in C. linearis. Fem. glumes ovate,
obtuse, brown, yellow-backed, lowest hardly aristate. Uéricle with beak 3-4 in.
long; utricle proper obovoid, scarcely louger then the obovoid, nut passing imper-
ceptibly into au ovoid compressed beak of same length and width, scabrous on margins,
top obtuse.—A strange plant marked by Bvott “ dioica,’’ the 4 spikes seen have some
sterile glumes at top.

38. C. rara, Boott in Proc. Linn. Soc. i. 284, & in Trans. Linn. Soc.
xx. 139, & Carex, i. 44, t. 109; rhizome very short slender, stems and leaves
very slender, spike 4-3 by 4-4 in. dense, style 3-branched, utricle ovoid-
pyramidal many-ribbed glabrous. Thw. Enum. 354; Boeck. in Linnea,
xxxix. 36. C. nana, Boott in Mem. Amer. Acad. N.S. vi. 418, & Cares, iv.
139, t. 449, fig. 2. C. capillacea, Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 438 (scarcely of
Boott).

Buoran, Grifith, Kuasta HIts, Griffith, alt. 6000 ft., C. B. Clarke, CEYLON,
alt. 6000 ft., Thwattes——DisTR1B. Japan, Borneo, Austra).

Glabrous. Stems 4-20 in., tufted. Leaves often half as long as stems, setaceous,
Spikes nearly all bisexual, terminal male portion shining ferruginous, very narrow.
Fem. glumes ovate, obtuse, 3-nerved, shorter than utricles. Uéricle in fruit close,
spreading at right angles, with no linear tip to beak or a most minute subrecurved
mucro, strongly closely ribbed without glands, or in Khasi examples cometimes with
fewer weaker ribs and scattered large glands between (= the Japan C. nana, Boott).

39. G. capillacea, Boott Carex, i. 44, t. 110; rhizome 0, stems and
leaves capillary, spike 1- by 75-4 in. dense, style 3-branched, utricle ovoid-
pyramidal many-ribbed glabrous. Boeck. in Iinnza, xxxix. 37.

Srxxrm, alt. 9-12,000 ft., J. D. Hooker, &c. Buoran, Griffith.—D1stR1B,
Japan.
co 4-10 in., tufted.—Smaller in all its parts than C. rara, but I see no other
difference.—The Australian plant called by Bentham C. capillacea has leaves and
spikes as wide as C. rara, and I refer it to rara accordingly ; it might be all treatet
as one,

Sect. 5. Inptcz. Terminal spike fem. at base male at top; or, when spikes
very numerous many male at top, terminal (1 or few) sometimes wholly male.

714 OLXxu. cypeRacez. (C, B. Clarke.) [Carex.

* Subscapose, basal leaves long, cauline leaves and bracts very short.

40. C.cyrtostachys, Brongn. in Bot. Voy. Coquille 152, t. 25; inf.
compound, spikes linear-oblong lax pale, style 3-fid, utricle ellipsoid-
trigonous many-nerved minutely hairy, beak scarcely } utricle. Kunth
Enum, ii. 513; Moritzi Verz. Zoll. Pfl. 98; Boott Carew, ii. 103, t. 310;
Boeck, in Linnea, xl. 327.—Carex, Wall. Cat. 3383.

Penane; Wallick. Prerax; alt. 3500 ft. King’s Collector, SINGAPORE,
Ridley.—Distz1B, Malaya, China.

Glabrous, except utricle. Rhizome horizontal, thick. Zeaves many, subradical,
1-2 ft. by 4-4 in., flat, tough, many-nerved. Scapes numerous, 4-9 in., with sheaths
and peduncles nearly throughout their length; bracts 0-4 in., linear; peduucles
exsert 0-1 in., 1-5-spiked. Spikes $ by A-Lin. Fem. glumes ovate, acute, scarcely
mucronate, shorter than utricle. Utricle 4 in.; beak scarcely notched. Style with
its 3 branches short, style-base linear. Nut ‘‘distorted by depressions,’’ Boott,
gynophore small yellow, there are two main lateral excavated patches. (The only
Indian species that has a strongly excavated-distorted nut.)

41. ©. Helferi, Boeck. in Linnza, xl. 365; basal leaves long up to 1
in. broad, scape with 4-6 distant peduncles each carrying one dense ovoid-
cylindric pale head, infl. minutely hairy, style 3-fid, utricle ovoid trique-
trous beak linear 2 utricle.

TenassErim ; Helfer (Kew Distrib. 6111, 2).

Rhizome stout. Leaves 20 in., flat, sub 3-nerved. Scape 10-14 in.; bracts 2-3
by 4 in., sublanceolate ; peduncles exsert, 4-1 in., minutely hairy. Sprkes 4-} in.,
oblong or (fruiting) ovoid, 4—-1-nutted, ferruginous. Fem. glumes ovate, bristle
exceeding beak of utricle. Utricle % in. and upwards, pyramidal at both ends,
slenderly many-nerved, minutely hairy; beak slender, mouth very small, base

minutely bulbous to hold slightly bulbous style-base.—An unmistakable species.

42, CG. (?) pandanophylia, C. B. Clarke; leaves long broad, spikes
in numerous fascicles on branches of scape female at base male at top,
glumes elliptic obtuse minutely scabrous-hairy long cuspidate. Scleria
pandanophylla, Kurz ms.

Preau; Yomah, Kurz.

Very stout. Rhizome oblique, woody. eaves subradical many, 1-2 ft. by 1-1}
in., flat, striated, glabrous, as though petioled, petiole dilated at base. Scape
stout, 9 in., branches 2-3 in., minutely hairy. Spikes 3-3 by 2, in.; bracteoles 3 in.
setaceous. Glumes closely imbricated on all sides, chestnut-colrd. with narrow
white margin.—Very young; at Calcutta where the material is little more advanced,
the minute “ flowers’? in the lower axils of a spike appeared utricular; but they
might represent the youngest stage of 2 Mapanioid inflorescence; the leaves are
altogether like those of Mupania,

** Spikes short, very numerous (not scapose).

43, C. indica, Linn. Mant. 574; leaves subbasal very long, infl. elon-
gate, of distant peduncled pyramidal compound panicles, young spikes
3-4 in. linear pale long-bracteoled, glumes aristate, style 3-fid, utricle sub-
globose trigonous many-striate glabrous suddenly contracted into an
oblong-linear beak. Boott Curex, 11. 87, tt. 250, 252-254; Boeck. in Linnza,
xl. 847 (eacl. Wallich n. 3420, not Kunth, or Nees.) C. Moritzii, Steud. in
Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. ii. 60; Boeck. in Linnea, xl. 350. C. longiaristata,
Boott ms.; Kurz in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xlv. (pars. 2), 160. C.
fissilis, Boott ms.

Eastern PENINSULA; from SIxximM Terai (Dulkajhar) C. B. Clarke, & Cacnar,

Carex. | CLXxu. cyperaceaz. (OC. B. Clarke.) 715

eee, to SELANGOR, Kunstler. NicoBars; Jelinek,—Distris. Cochinchina,
ava,

Glabrous, except secondary panicle-branches, Rhizome coarse, woody, with
harsh black bristles (remains of sheaths). Stems 2-24 ft. Leaves numerous,
2-3 ft. by 4 in., coarse, margins scabrous, nerves very numerous strong, 2 lateral
prominent on upper face. Inft. 18 in. ; lower peduncles often 5 in. exsert; bracts
usually as long as infl. Spikes (young) ~, in. diam., distant, in fruit divaricate,
pale brown with about 6 divaricate utricles. Utricle fuscous green, obscurely
inflated, 20-30-nerved; beak oblique, sometimes sparsely setose, 4-3 utricle,
mouth small oblique scarcely bifid. Wwz ellipsoid, trivonous; style-base somewhat
bulbous.—This is usually recognized among this critical group by the linear pale
spikes and the frequent conspicuous subulate 4 in. bracteoles at their base. C.
divaricata, Wall, Cat, 3533 trom Saluen River, very young, has been supposed to be
C. indica, but it wants the characteristic setaceous bracteoles.

Var. ? 6, laetebrunnea ; spikes } in. fine brown, male glumes scarcely aristate
young brown, utricles ripe brown obliquely erect. not divaricate, style-base on ripe
nut not bulbous. C. Thwaitesi, Boott ms. (not Hance). C. bengalensis, Thw.
Enum, 355 (not Rozb.). C. indica (partly), Boeck. in Linnea, x1. 347; Boott
Carex, t. 251.—Cryton; Thwaites (C.P. n. 2628). PMeRaul; Grifith (Kew
Distrib. nu, 6135, 6137, but specimens too young for determination).

Var. Milnei (sp.) Boott ms.; slenderer with narrower leaves, spikes 3-} in.
male part short, glumes pale strongly aristate. Carex? Wall, Cat. 3533.—Pahang,
Ridley (n. 2143, a.) Borneo, New Caledonia, Polynesia.—Stems 1 foot; leaves } in.
broad; bracteoles setaceous, less prominent than in C. indica type.

44, ©. distracta, C. B. Clarke; leaves sub-basal very long, infl.
elongate of distant peduncled pyramidal thin panicles, spikes 4-3 in.
linear-oblong solitary brown slenderly bracteate, fem. glumes truncate
aristate, style 3-fid. ‘C. fissilis, Boott ms. (not Boott Carez).

Assam; Herb, Kew.

Habit and infl. of C. indica, Linn, Partial panicles compound but lax, spikes
mostly 4 in. apart, early divaricate; bracteoles hair-like, 4 in., inconspicuous.
Utricle (young) nearly glabrous.—The closest affinity of this plant may not be
with C. indica, but it is exceedingly unlike Boott’s C. fissilis from Aneiteum, of
which the type figured is in Herb. Boott.

45. ©. cruciata, Wahl. in Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Stockh. xxiv. 149;
not of Nees); leaves very long, infl. elongate of distant peduncled
pyramidal compound panicles, spikes 4 in. linear-oblong ferruginous 3-6-
nutted, style 3-fid, utricle ellipsoid trigonous strongly-ribbed suddenly
contracted into beak 3-% utricle. C. bengalensis, Rorb. Fl. Ind, iii, 572;
Boott Carew, ii. 85 partim (t. 248); C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn, Soe.
xxv. 82. OC. valida, Nees in Wight Contrib. 128; Kunth Enum. ii. 513. C.
indica, Munro in Seem. Bot. Voy. Herald 423; C. B. Clarke l.c. xv. 119,
in Obs. (not of Linn.). C. vacua, Boott ms. ; Boeck. in Linnzea, xl. 343
(partly). C. Bruceana, Boott ms. (ef. Boutt Carew, ii. 85.) C. condensata,
Boott ms. (Griffith, Kew distrib. n. 6049, &c.) C. canaliculata, Boott ms.—
Carex, Wall. Cat. 3400 B.

Sixuim; alt. 4-6000 ft., J. D. H., &c. Brora; alt. 6000 ft., Grifith.
KuastA; alt, 0-5000 ft., frequent. CacHAn; J.D. H. PERAK; alt. 3-600 ft.;
King’s Uollector.—D1sT3B1B. China, Madagascar. ;

Glabrous except the secondary panicle-branches and sometimes utricles. Rhizome
woody, horizontal. Stem 2-3 ft., stout. Leaves often as long as stem, a in,
broad, flat, many-striate, caudate-acuminate ; 2 lateral nerves often manitest ;
basal sheaths usually shining yellow-brown, rarely much fimbriate into black tough

716 CLxx1. oyPprRAcEz. (C. B. Clarke.) (Carex.

fibres. nfl. 12-20 in.; lower peduncles often 2-3 in. exsert, bracts usually as long
as infl., leaf-like. “Spikes in fruit divaricate on the stiff divaricate panicle-branches.
Glumes (from middle female flowers) much shorter than utricle, ovate, minutely
or not mucronate, 8—1-nerved on back, ferruginous, lineolately marked. Utricle
vy in., ferruginous or brown, prominent in fruiting panicle, scarcely inflated, rarely
glandular-dotted, quite smooth or minutely scabrous towards neck; ribs about 12,
thick; beak usually sparsely scabrous, with elliptic mouth on one side. Nu¢ fitting
pretty closely utricle, ellipsoid, substipitate, pyramidal at top; style-base scarcely
dilated.

Var. 8B nagporensis; secondary panicles with suberect branches scarcely
pyramidal sometimes very slender, ripe utricle scarcely inflated fuscous-green often
with black or red dots in upper half, beak subconie at base 4-3 utricle.—Chota Nag-
pore ; alt. 2-4000 ft., common from the Kolhan to the summit of PakasNATH.—A
great variety of forms is here included, all undoubtedly one species and no one
matching C. cruciata, Wahl. typ. One form is large, with the secondary panicles
long-peduncled large dense brancbes in fruit very stout rigid erect ; another has very
narrow leaves, panicles slender the lower with only 5-8 spikes. There is every
gradation between. The utricles are sometimes nearly glabrous, sometimes intensely
scabrous with large linear-conic points.

Var. y argocarpus ; secondary panicles pyramidal often very dense, ripe utricle
glistening white inflated conspicuous. C. bengalensis, Boott Carem, ii. 85 (chiefly)
tt. 240-242 ; Boeck. in Linnea, xl. 346 (partly). C. vacua and C. condensata, Boott
ms. (partly.)—Abundant iu Inp1a, from the E. Nepal, J.D. H., to Khasia and
Assam, Tonkin.—A plant collected by Boott on the Brahmapootra bank, having
fuscous-green utricles much less conspicuously ribbed, is supposed a plains form
of var. argocarpus. Most of the glistening-white fruits are fuscous in the
herbarium. :

46. ©. parvigluma, C. B. Clarke; leaves very long, stem short,
infl. usually of one pyramidal compound panicle, spikes as of C. cruciata,
style 3-fid, utricle globose trigonous many-striate glabrous suddenly
narrowed into a linear beak ? utricle.

Assam ; Luckimpore, alt. 1500 ft., C. B. Clarke.

Glabrous, except panicle-branches, Rhizome horizontal, woody. Leaves 2-3
ft. by 4 in. Stem including infl. 5-8in. IJnfl. 3 by 14 in., resembling much a
single peduncled panicle of C. cruciata ; in one example a small nearly-basal panicle
is added. Fem. glumes exceedingly small, elliptic, aristate. Utricle not inflated,
rather larger, and nerves 15-18, slenderer than in C. crucidta, to which it is nearly
allied, but ditfers by the short stem, and very small glumes,

47, G. condensata, Nees in Wight Contrib. 123 (Royle, n. 83 only, not
of Kunth); leaves very long, infl. elongate of distant peduncled oblong
panicles, spikes 1~§ in. clustered ferruginous 3-6-nutted, style 3-fid, utricle
narrow-ellipsoid trigonous irregularly ribbed not inflated, beak 3} length
ot utricle 2-fid. Bovtt Carez, ii. 86, tt. 247, 248; Duthie in E. T. Atkinson
Gaz, x. 616. C. bengalensis, Boeck. in Linnea xl. 847 (chiefly). C.
indica, var. condensata, Strachey Cat. Pl. Kumaon, 73. C. indica, Nees in
Wight Contrib. p. 123 (Royle n. 85).—Carex, Wall. Cat. 3400 A.

Sind; Pinwtll. Himauaya, alt..1-10,000 ft., common; from Dalhousie to
Bhotan. Kaasia Hixzs, alt. 4-5000 ft., abundant.

Separated from C. crueiata by the less pyramidal partial panicles, and the
utricle, which is smaller with linear-oblong shorter beak, less nerved (often nearly
nerveless on the plane face), frequently black- or red-dotted in the upper half. The
utricle is more or less-scabrous-pilose, but sometimes glabrate. The panicle (when
dry) is ulways between cinnamomeous and brown.

Carex.) OLXXI, oyprRacez. (C. B. Olarke.) 717

48. G. vesiculosa, Boott Carew, iii. 107, t. 323; inf. irregularly
panicled, spikes rarely clustered, style 3-fid, utricle small narrow-ellipsoid
trigonous irregularly ribbed not inflated, beak 4 utricle with narrow bifid
mouth (otherwise as C. condensata). Boeck. in Linnaa, xl. 345. C.
diffusa, Boott ns.—Carex, Wail, Cat. 3400 B.

SIKKIM Himaayva; ali. £000 ft., C. B. Clarke. Buovan; Grifith. Kaasta
Hixts, alt. 4-6000 ft., very common.

Leaves rarely 4 in. broad, usually narrower than in CO. condensate. Fem. glumes
ovate-lanceolate (hardly mucronate) nearly as long as ripe utricle, more enclosing
utricle than in preceding species. Beak of utricle longer than in C. condensata,
more narrowed at top. Jnl. (in dried plants) usually rich-brown, sometimes paler,
cinnamomeous, —Hardly separable from C. condensata.

Var. 8 paniculata; inflorescence a compound loose rich-brown panicle, utricle

7 in. (larger than in C. vesiculosa, Boott type).—Sikkim ; alt, 700-2500 ft. (Herd.
Griffith), C. B. Clarke.

49. G. continua, C. B. Clarke; leaves sub-basal very long narrow,
inf. elongate cylindric nearly continuous, spikes numerous solitary fine
brown, fem. glume with bristle as long as utricle, style 3-fid, utricle small
oblong-ellipsoid trigonous strongly many-nerved hairy narrowed into
short deeply bifid beak. C. Bruceana, Boott ms. (in small part.)

Nezpat; Wallick, Sigcim Himaxaya; alt. 500-1100 ft., plentiful, U. B.
Clarke.
' Tufted. Rhizome woody, short. Stems 8-16 in. Leaves numerous, much over-
topping stems, 4-! in. wide, tough. Injl. 4-8 by 14 in., scarcely interrupted at
base; bracts long, overtopping inflorescence. Spikelets 3-4 in., 8-7-nutted,
numerous and close together, not clustered as in C. vesiculosa. Utricle 4 in.,
narrow, brown, with 15-20 regular close strong nerves.—The utricle is not unlike
that of C. vesiculosa, the inl. is different, somewhat resembling small forms of
C. eructata, with which latter Boott arranged it.

50. ©. stramentitia, Boott ms.; Boeck. in Linnea, xl. 351; infl.
young pale straw-colrd. ripe dirty-straw-colrd. not brown, style 3-fid,
utricle rather large globose-trigonous many-striate glabrous not inflated,
beak linear 4 utricle very shortly 2-fil. C. condensata, Booté ms. (partly).
C. condensata, 8 fava, Nees in Wight Contrib. 123. C. Wightiana, Boott
ms. (partly.) C. filicina, Boeck. ms in Herb. Schlagintweit.n. 14702.—
Carex, Wall. Cat. 3398.

From NeEpat to extreme EK. Assam, alt. 500-3000 ft.; common in lower
Sixxim, J. D. H., &. Garo, Kasia and Mixrr His, on Assam face. Cuora
NacporE; BewaRr; on Parasnath, alt. 4000 ft., OC. B. Clarke.

Glabrous except the secondary panicle-branches. Rhizome stout, woody. Leaves
2-3 ft., often 4-2 in. broad, Panicle often 12-16 in., linear-oblong; partial
peduncles compound, lower distant ; spikes fascicled, resembling those of C. conden-
sata, Utricle } in. and upwards, rather acute, trigonous, fuscous green, very sud-
denly narrowed into beak ; nerves 15-20, slender but well-marked.— Fyom its habit,
this plant has been mixed with C. condensata, from which its large utricle entirely
separates it. It is really very near C. indica, Linn., and closely resembles it in the
utricle; but the spikelets are shorter, whiter, and the characteristic conspicuous
setaceous bracteoles of C. indica are wanting.

51. C. filicina, Nees in Wight Contrib. 123; leaves very long, ind.
elongate of distant pyramidal compound panicles, spikes small often
very many on slender branches not congested, female glumes small not
(or scarcely) mucronate, style 3-fid, utricle small narrow ellipsoid or

718 oLxxtl. cypeRices. (C. B, Clarke.) [Curee.

ovoid definitely nerved glabrous (very rarely thinly minutely setulose) heak
linear about as long as utricle [but see vars. 8, y.]| Kunth Enum. it, 510;
Boott Carex, iii. 105 (vars.a and y) tt. 311, 312; Boeck. in Linnea, xl. 352;
U. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. v. 82. C. meiogyna, Nees in Wight
Contrib. 123, var. B (Wight n. 1915, b.) C. cruciata, Thw. Enum, 355
(partly.) ©. nilagirica, Hochst. ; Steud. Syn. Cyp. p. 207.

Throughout the Kaasta and Naea Huts, alt. 1500-6000 ft.; NIL@HIRI
and Putney Hitzs; alt. 4-7000 ft. Cexnon; Thwattes (C. P. 820, partly), &e.—
Distais. China, Java.

Glabrous, except the minutely hairy panicle branches. Rhizome very woody,
short (no long stolons). Stems 1-8 ft. Leaves often as long as stems, and in Nees’
type rather broad (often 3 in. and more) flat, thin. Panicle usually more than 4
stem ; partial panicles often very dense ; branches much slenderer than in C. cructata
or condensata. Fem. glumes commonly small, ovate, as long as utricle (without
beak), sometimes elliptic-lanceolate, glabrous or minutely hairy, chestnut in S.
Indian form, often paler or ferruginous in the Khasian. Utricle 2 in., trigonous,
fitting the black nut very closely, about 15-nerved, tapering or suddenly narrowed at
top; beak oblique, curved, subrecurved or straight, more or less scabrous-hairy,
mouth very small, shortly bifid—Here are included the C. filicina, a, of Nees and
Boott, and the Khasia var. y pallida of Boott which has usually (not always) paler
glumes,, The utricles in the Khasia plant are often shorter and more ovoid than
in the S. Indian.

Var. 8 meiogyna, Strachey Cat. Pl. Kumaon 73; leaves often narrower, beak
shorter froin 3 to 3 utricle. Duthie in T. E. Atkins. Gaz. x. 616 ; Boott Cares iii.
tt. 313-316. C. meiogyna (sp.) Mees in Wight Contrib. p. 123 (only Royle, n 82).
Cyperus caricinus, Don Prodr. 39.—From N.-W. Himalaya to Bhotan, alt. 3-9000
ft., very common.—Considered here as a stouter form of this (as by Boott dubiously
and Boeckeler) with the same distribution is C. cruciata, Nees in Wight Contrib.
123 (a only) ; Strachey Cat. Pl. Kumaon, 73 ; Boott Carex ii. 319, 320; Duthie in
. E. Atkins. Gaz. x. 616, also marked by Boott =C. ramosa, Schk. (a Mascarene sp.)
which it is near; but itis nearer the true ©. cruciata above, from which it differs
in the slenderer panicle-branches and spikes.

Var. y minor, Boott Carex, ili. 10, tt. 317, 318; leaves very narrow, spikes
small pale densely clustered, glumes ferruginous, utricle very small, beak hardly $
utricle.—N. Sikkim; alt. 7560-10,000 ft., J.D. H., &c—A very similar plant is
found in Khasia, alt. 6000 ft., but with the beak of utricle much longer; it must be
a var, of C. filicina, Nees. ; .

Var. ? 8 miicrogyna; leaves very narrow, spikes very slender, glumes very small
ovate obtuse dark brown, utricle very small fuscous, beak hardly § utricle.—Carex,
Wall. Cat. 3399. Kurg and Ceylon. Chittagong; Arracan and Ava.

52. CG. plebeia, C. B. Clarke; leaves narrow, partial panicles
pyramidal slender, spikes brown, fem. glumes ovate acute scarcely mucro-
nate, style 3-fid, utricle (for the plant rather large) narrow ellipsoid
acutely trigonous strongly many-nerved hairy fuscous-brown, beak scarcely
2 length of utricle.

Crota Nagpore; alt. 1500-2000 ft., throughout the province, C. B. Clarke.

This may be esteemed another var. of C. filicina, Nees. It was in cultivation
in 1879 in the Calcutta Bot. Garden under the traditional name of C. bengalensis,
Roxb. It is the only Carew that Roxburgh would know at his old Samulcottah
station, and the only species convenient for introduction at Calcutta. But Roxburgh
describes his CO. bengalensis as having come from Sylhet; and it is probable that
Roxburgh would not have ditterentiated a low-level Khasia plant of C. cruciata,
Wahl. from C. plebeia. I have therefore thought it more convenient to reduce C.
bengalensis, Roxb. to C. cruciate, than to introduce a great change in the names of
this critical group.

Carex.] CLXXU, CYPERACES. (C. B. Clarke.) 719

53. GC. leptocarpus, C. B. Clarke; leaves subbasal very long, infl.
elongate, partial panicles distant long-peduncled pyramidal compound thin,
spikes § in. distant 3-6-nutted, style 3-fid, utricle very distant ellipsoid
tapering-lanceolate much recurved strongly-nerved glabrous greenish,
beak linear conic 2 utricle.

Muneypoor; Waitt (n. (6728.)

Glabrous (panicle branches minutely scabrous hairy). Stems 2-3 ft., stout.
Leaves as long as stem, 3-4 in. broad, harsh, two lateral nerves conspicuous. Inft.
1-1} foot ; lowest peduncle exsert, 6 in.; partial panicles 3 by 23 in. ; bracteoles 4 in.,
filiform. Young spikelets linear, pale-brown; ripe spikelets rather wide from the
strongly divaricate utricles. Fem. glumes elliptic-lanceolate, mostly bristle-pointed.
Utricles ,—}, in. apart, },-;5 in. long, slender (not well ripe).—From the remote
utricles this species does not resemble any of the other allies of C. eruciata, Wahl.

54. ©. merearensis, Hochst. ms.; Steud. Syn. Cyp. 194; partial
panicles oblong or scarcely pyramidal, fem. glumes aristate ferruginous
(otherwise as C. filicina). C. cruciata, var. 8 Nees in Wight Contrib. 124,
C. amoena, Boott Carex, iii. 106, t. 321; Boeck. in Linnea, xl. 354. C.
ramosa, Boott Care, iii. 105, t. 322 (excl. Maurit. pl., not Schkuhr). C.
Lindleyana, Herb. Ind. Or. H. f. & T. (partly). C. glaucina, Boeck. in
Linnea, x1. 353 excl. Hohen. n. 629 (which Boeckeler never saw),

NIn¢uini and Putney Mrs.; frequent, from Courtantum, Wight, to Ooty,
alt. 8000 ft., C. B. Clarke.

A nearly glabrous form, branches of panicle only minutely scabrous on angles.
Utricle nearly 34 in., ellipsoid-trigonous, 15-nerved, glabrous, pale, tapering into
oblique linear beak about as long as utricle.—Hardly differs from the Madras C.
filicina growing with it, but by the pale ferruginous-green colour, the rather larger
utricles, and (especially) the definitely aristate female glumes, C. ramosa, Schkur,
a Mauritius plant, with which Boott combined it, has hairy utricles and distant
spikelets laxly panicled.

Var. B major, Steud. Syn, Cyp. p. 194; spikelets 3-3 in. linear with 6-10 distant
seabrous-hairy utricles. C. ramosa, Schk.? Boott ms.—Canara, Hohkenacker (n.
629) ; Anamallays, Beddome.—This has been greatly confused, having, on account
of its number (Hohkenacker, n. 629) been taken in Herb. Kew for C. glaucina, Boeck.,
and “written up” accordingly. But Boeckeler’s C. glaucina is founded on Wight,
n. 1293 = Boott, tab: 322, which is not exactly = Hohenacker n. 629; but here is
treated as a form of it.

55. G. raphidocarpa, Nees in Wight Contrib. 122; leaves minutely
hairy, panicle-branches densely hispid (otherwise as C. mercarensis).
Kunth Enum. ti. 512; Boott Caren, ii. 85, t. 244; Boeck. in Linnea, xl. 363
(raphiocarpa).

Punyey Hits, Wight, u. 1911 (one collection).

A rather stouter plant than C. mercarensis, with rather larger fruits, that might
be esteemed merely a larger hairy form of it.

56. C. ceylanica, Boeck. in Linnxa, xl. 341; glabrous (panicle-
branches minutely scabrous), leaves rather short not caudate, utricle
rather large shining brown (otherwise as C. filicina, Nees). C. cruciata,
Thw. Enum. 355 (partly).

Cryton ; alt. 6600 ft., Thwaites (C.P. 820 partly). ;

Leaves not exceeding 5 in., tip sword-shaped (very unlike all the C. filicina
group). Fem. glumes brown-red, ovate-lanceolate, not aristate, Utricles } in.,
ellipsoid-trigonous, 15-nerved, minutely hairy in upper part, tapering into an oblique

729 OLXXiI, cYPERACES. (C. B. Clarke.) [Carex

linear beak 2 utricle—Boott never named this, but left it inhis C. filécina packet.
Munro notes that it looks like C. Lindleyana.

57. ©. Wightiana, Nees in Wight Contrib. 122; leaves’ subbasal
very long, intl. elongate, lower panicles distant peduncled oblong often
simply spicate, spikes 4 in. often 6-8-nutted pale suberect in fruit,
bracteoles inconspicuous, style 3-fid, utricle ellipscid-trigonous many-
nerved greenish scabrous-hairy, beak linear 3 utricle. Kunth Enum. i.
512; Boott Carex, i. 11, t. 30 (excl. Khasia plant); Boeck. in Linnea, xl.
366. C. meiogyna. Nees l. c. 123 (all the Madras material, Wight, n. 1915,
&e.). Cy indica, Nees ms. in Herb. Wight n. 1914, and in Wight Contrib.
123.—Carex, Wall. Cat. 3400, C. (partly).

Souta Manpras; Courtallum, Wight.

Glabrous, except panicle-branches and utricles. Rhizome stout, horizontal.
Stems 2-23 ft. Leaves often as long as stem, 3-4} in. broad. Jnfl. often 12 by 3 in. ;
lower panicles in fruit 2 by 4 in. Young spikes linear, green, somewhat ferruginous.
Fem. glumes ovate, acute, pale, often shortly aristate. Uzéricles $3 in., nerves 20 or
more; beak nearly straight, mouth slender 2-fid.—A very homogeneous series of
‘specimens, apparently all from one neighbourhood, though Nees described it under
‘three names.

58. ©. ecostata, C. B. Clarke; leaves narrow, infil. elongate dark
brown, lowest panicle distant slenderly peduncled narrow oblong (nearly
reduced to a spike), fem. glumes ovate-triangular not mucronate, style
8-fid, utricle ellipsoid trigonous nearly nerveless glabrous, beak slightly
oblique 2 utricle.

East Assam; Jakpho Summit, alt. 9900 ft., OC. B. Clarke.

Closely resembles in general appearance and infl. the Indian C. Wightiana, but
the utricles are almost nerveless; they usually have one face quite nerveless, the
other faces with 1 or 2 irregularly-placed thiu nerves on each,

59. ©, repanda, C. B. Clarke; panicles very distant small pyramidal,
spikelets 4-4 in. 4-nutted pale divaricate in fruit, bracteoles long con-
spicuous, utricle narrow-ellipsoid many-uerved pale glabrous, beak linear
curved 3-2 utricle (otherwise as C. Wightianz). OC. Wightiana, Boott
Carex, i. 11 (var. perigyniis glabris, Boott, ms. i.e. the Khasian plant).

Kuasia Hitts, alt. 3000-5500 ft., J. D. H., OC. B. Clarke.

60. C, perakensis, C. B. Clarke; leaves subbasal long narrow, infl.
elongate, partial panicles linear-oblong erect, spikes oblong 1-4-nutted
white, style 3-fid, utricle ellipsoid trigonous many-nerved hairy, beak
straight linear about 2 utricle.

Prrak; Wray.

Glabrous (panicle branches minutely scabrous scarcely hairy). Rhizome stout,
woody. Stem 2 ft, Leaves rather longer than stem, + in. broad, tough, sub-3-
nerved. Inf. 8 by 14 in, ; lowest peduncle 3 in. distant; bracts far overtopping
inflorescence, Partial panicles with erect connivent branches in fruit, the dark-red
styles prominent over the white glumes and white-green utricles. Fem. glumes
as long as utricle, exclusive of short bristle. Uztricle (with beak) nearly 2 in., beak
shortly bifid.

61. ©, sanguinea, Boott in Proc. Linn. Soc. i. 285, & Trans.
Linn, Soc, xx. 137, & Carer, ix. 157, t. 515; leaves shorter than int.
narrow, infl. elongate, partial panicles oblong with irregularly capitate
dark-red spikes, style 3-fid, utricle narrow ellipsoid trigonous narrowed at

Carex.} CLEXI. cyperacez, (C. B. Clarke.) 721

both ends minutely scabrous hairy, beak scarcely } utricle. Boeck. in
Tinnea, x1. 874; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 406.

W. Himataya ; alt. 3000-6000 ft.; Kunaor, Royle; Hazara, Stewart; Murree »
Fleming, Trotter.

Glabrous (panicle branches minutely scabrous, hardly hairy). Rhizome woody,
branched, with several approximate stems, Stems including infl. 8-18 in. Leaves
numerous, scarcely 4 in. broad. Jnl. often occupying 3 the plant ; lower peduncles
exsert; bracts finely caudate, shorter or longer than inflorescence. Spikes 4-3 in.,
4-8-nutted, comose from the long red style-branches. Fem. glumes ovate-triangular,
not aristate, much shorter than utricle. Utricle 2;-;, in., narrowed at both ends,
red-marked, obscurely nerved. Nut stipitate, narrowed into the linear persistent
style-base.— The exsert part of style-branches is longer than utricle, and longer than
as shown in Boott’s picture. This species does not seem very closely allied to the S.
Indian C. Lindleyana, &c. ; it should perhaps stand next C. vesiculosa, Boott.

62. ©. rhizomatosa, Steud. in Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. ii. (1854), 60
and Syn. Cyp. 206; leaves shorter than infl. narrow, infl. linear, peduncles
distant slender nearly simple, spikes ovoid 1-4-nutted brown in irregular
heads, style 3-fid, utricle broadly ellipsoid trigonous scabrous hairy, beak
scarcely $ utricle 2-fid. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 348. C. Cumingiana,
Steud. Syn. Cyp. 206 ; Boott Carex, iii. 107, tt. 824, 325; Boeck. in Linnea,
xl. 367; Vidal. Pl. Vase, Filip, 286. C. capitulata, Boott ms.

Assam; Gowhatty, Boott. Kasia Hrtts; N. face, alt. 2-8000 ft., frequent,
C. B. Clarke. Munerypoor; Watt. Parxore Mts.; Grifith.—Disrais. Tonkin,
Java, Philippines.

Glabrous (except utrieles). Rhizome very tough, covered with black fibres of
torn sheaths (it grows where the grass is burnt annually). Stems tufted, 6-18 in.
Leaves usually 3-6 in. by + in., not caudate. Inf. 6-10 by scarcely $in.; upper
bracts about as long as infl. Heads of spikes 1-} in. diam., usually only one on
each peduncle, but peduncles often 2 from one sheath. Fem. glume ovate-lanceolate,
brown, often mucronate ; male glumes mucronate. Uftricle fuscous brown, obscurely
8-15-nerved. :

63. ©. Lindleyana, Nees in Wight Contrib. 121; leaves subbasal
long narrow, infl. elongate lower peduncles distant, partial panicles con-
densed oblong brown-green, style 3-fid, utricles oblong-ellipsoid many-
nerved glabrous, beak linear straight deeply bifid 3 ntricle. Kunth Enum.
ii. 512; Boeck. in Tinnea, xi. 362. CO. thyrsiflora, Boott Carew, i. 12, t. 34.
C. cruciata, Thw. Enum. 355 (partly).

Ninearri Hrxr1s; alt. 6-8000 ft., Wight, frequent. CEYLoN ; alt. 5-8000 ft.,
Thw. (C.P. 3161, &.)

Stems 1-2} ft Leaves 4 in. broad, not overtopping infl., not caudate. Fem.
glumes ovate, sometimes shortly mucronate, many-nerved, Uéricles not much
differing from those of C. cruciata, Wahl., with which Thwaites united it. Partial
panicles 14 by 4 in., dense, unlike the pale pyramidal partial panicles of C. cruciata.

64. C. leucantha, Arnott ex Boott in Proc, Linn. Soc. i. 257, and
in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 135, and Carex, i. 10, t. 28; leaves very long
narrow, infl. elongate depauperated, peduncles few distant very short
carrying 1 or 2 small whitish heads, style 3-fid, utricles broad-ellipsoid
trigonous many-nerved hairy not inflated, beak linear § utricle. Thw.
Enum. 355; Boeck. in Linnea, x1. 369.

Sourm Deccan; Courtallum, Wight. Cryzon; not rare up to 2000 ft.
Thwaites (C.P. 2631, &e.). whos ' ;

Stems 1-2 ft., rather slender. Leaves overtopping infl., § in. broad. Lower

VOL. VI. oA

722 OLXXII, OyYPERACEH. (C. B. Clarke.) [ Carex.

peduncles often 6-8 in. distant, exsert 1-2 in.; heads depauperated, 4 in. diam. of
1-6 spikes. Spikes } in., ovoid (in fruit), 4-8-nutted. Fem. glumes ovate, acumi-
nate, cuspidate (cusp not overtopping beak of utricle), nearly glabrous except at
top. Utricle (with beak) 3 in., nerves 20 not strong; beak rather deeply bifid,
very little conic-dilated at base.

65. G. malaccensis, C. B. Clarke; heads pyramidal rigid } in.
diam. white, female glumes minutely hairy, utricle strongly-nerved
glabrous subinflated narrowed into conico-linear flattened beak scabrous
on margins, otherwise as C. leucantha.

Matacca; Langkawi, Ridley (n. 1669). hace

Bracts under terminal head 4 by 3 in., leaf-like, horizontally spreading (in C.
leucantha, weak suberect very narrow). Beak of utricle curved inwards trigonous
compressed with two acute very scabrous margins (in C. leucantha nearly terete).

—The long narrow leaves and few depauperated remote white heads are very like
C. leucantha.

66. C. spicigera, Nees in Wight Contrib. 121; leaves very long
narrow, infl. oblong panicled fuscous, lower peduncles 1-2 in. distant,
partial panicles oblong interrupted, style 3-fid, utricle ellipsoid trigonous
many-nerved hairy, beak oblong scarcely 3 utricle. Kunth Enum. u. 512;
Boott Carex, i. 10, t. 29; Thw. Enum. 355; Boeck. in Linnea, xl. 368.

Ceyton ; “Central Province up to 6000 ft.,”? Thwaites (C.P. n. 822), &.

Stems 1-14 ft. Leaves overtopping infl., 3-2 in. broad. Infl. 3 by 1 in.;
partial panicles 4 by }in., dense. Spikes in fruit ovoid, 4-nutted. Fem. glumes
ovate, often aristate, shorter (including bristle) than utricle. Uvtricle 3; in., brown-
red; beak searcely notched.

Var. 6 minor, Thw. 1.c, 355; very slender, infl. by 3in. E. Gardneri, Boott
ms.—Cryton (C.P. n. 824), Gardner. Stems 8-10 in., almost capillary. Leaves
scareely $ in. broad. Inflorescence reduced to a subsessile interrupted spike.

Var. y rubella (sp.) Boott Carex, iv. 176, t.599; infl. a single terminal pyra-
midal dense head # in. diam.—Ceylon (C.P. 2629).

Var.? 8 rostrata, Boeck. in Linneza, xl. 369; utricles nearly twice as long
narrower evidently beaked nearly smooth, glumes muticous. (Cf. Thw. Enum.
355].—Ceyton; Thw. (C.P. 2629).—This appears froin description scarcely a var.
of C. spicigera, but I have failed to find it among Thwaites C.P. 2629.

*** Spikes long-cylindric. Peduncles mostly solitary, sometimes 2, in each

sheath (cf. C. arridene, n. 78.), [Terminal spike sometimes wholly male in C.
desponsa and C. prestans. |

67. ©. baccans, Nees in Wight Contrib. 122; robust, leaves and
bracts long, panicle oblong or linear-oblong, fem. glumes striate nearly
throughout their width, style 3-fid, utricle ovoid-trigonous gibbous finally
berried, beak short ultimately minute. Kunth Enum.ii.513; Thw. Enum.
355; Boott Carex, ii. 83, tt. 234-236 and 238, 239; Boeck. in Linnea, xl.
339; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxv. 82. C. curvirostris, Kunze
Suppl. 79, 4.20; Mig. FL Ind. Bat. iii. 350. C. reeurvirostris, Steud. in

Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. ii. 60, and Cyp. 207. C. dolicophylla, Link ms.
(fide Boeckeler).

SIKKIM and Kwasta to the Naga Hixzs; alt. 2500-7000 ft. Matnasar Guats
to Cryton; alt. 3-6000 ft.—Distriz. Java, Sumatra, China, Philippines.

Glabrous. Rhizome very stout, short, horizontal, with approximate stems.
Stems often 3 ft. Leaves often overtopping inflorescence, } in. broad. Infl. 12-18

Carex.] OLXXIL cyprRacem, (C. B. Clarke.) 723

by 3-4 in, (small examples occur) ; bracts much overtopping infl. ; lowest peduncle
usually distant, exsert; partial panicle often 2-5 by 1-2in. Spikes 14 by § in.,
male portion dark-red when young. Fem. glumes ovate or obovate, acute or obtuse,
often cuspidate sometimes (even in large examples) muticous. Ufricle in the fully
developed state 3, in. diam, nearly globose, wall thickened more or less succulent,
red, nearly glabrous rarely obscurely scabrous-hairy near top; utricles in the half.
ripe state usually olivaceous with more prominent recurved beak. Mut ellipsoid-
remnone pyramidal at both ends, black, much narrower than utricle ; style-base
near,

Var.? B siccifructus; fem. glumes 8-5-nerved close to the keel, ripe utricles
ovoid somewhat inflated strongly many-nerved pale scabrous hairy near top, beak
straight short bifid. C. baccans (an var. an sp. nova?) Boott Carex, t. 237.—
Khasia; near Cherra, alt. 3500 ft., J. D. H., O. B. Clarke.—Appears nearer C.
Myoswrus, &c., than C. baccans ; the utricles get more or less red occasionally.

68. C. Myosurus, Nees in Wight Contrib. 122; robust, leaves and
bracts long, panicle elongate usually ample, spikes long many tailed by
male portion, style 3-fid, utricle oblong attenuated at both ends nerved
slightly hairy, beak short slightly notched nearly straight. Kunth Enum.
1.507; Boott Cares, ii. 87, tt. 229, 230, 232 ; Boeck. in Linnea, x1. 334. C.
macrophylla, Hochst. ms. ex Steud. Syn. Cyp. p.207. C. equata, Nees ms.
—Carex, Wall. Cat. 3384 B.

Nizeuiri & Putyey Hrx18 ; alt. 5-7000 ft., common. Courtallum; Wight.

Glabrous except utricles, Rhizome stout, short. Stems 2-3 ft. Leaves often as
long as stem, 3-4 in. broad, scabrous, caudate. Panicle 1 foot, lax (see remarks under
var. (3); branches scabrous, scarcely hairy. Spikes 3 by 1 in., many male 1} in.,
pale or more rarely deep brown. Fem. glumes ovate, often cuspidate, sometimes
muticous. Utriele exceeds} in. in Nilghiri type, pale, much stipitate; nerves 12-15,
not strong. Nut narrowly ellipsoid, trigonous, stipitate, filling utricle; style-base
not dilate,

Var. B eminens (sp.), Nees in Wight Contrib, 122 ; utricles shorter broader, beak
often rather deeply bifid. Kunth l.c. 506. C. floribunda, Boeck. l.c. 385. C.
Myosurus, Wees 1. c. 122 (Himal. pl.). C. scoparia, Wallich, ms. Carex, Wall. Cat.
3382, 3397, 3384 A.—Throughout Himalaya, alt. 2500-7500 ft., from Kashmir to
Bhotan.—Varies greatly in development ; spikes sometimes 6 only, in C. B. Clarke,
n. 24,938 are 210 in the part of panicle preserved. The spikes are usually deep-
brown in the Himal, plant). The utricles are always considerably shorter (and
usually broader) in var. 6 than in the Nilghiri plant ; in C. eminens, Nees, the common
Himal. plant the beak is deeply bifid; in some Sikkim and Bhotan plants (C.
floribunda, Boeck.) the beak is not more notched than in the Nilghiri plant (the
utricle is much broader), In Wallich, n. 3384, A, the whole of the upper part of
the inf. is male.

Var. y ratongensis; panicle narrow 10-15-spiked, fem. glumes muticous deep
brown, utricle very small oblong ellipsoid, beak very short lightly notched.—“C.
Myosurus P potius quam C. baccans,’? Boott ms.—Upper Sikkim, alt. 6-8000 ft.,
Ratong Valley, J. D.H.—Is taken here as an extreme high level state of C.
Myosurus, Nees (forma floribunda (sp.) Boeck.).

69. GC. prestans, C. B. Clarke; tall, very long, lower peduncles
very distant solitary long, spikes long many of the upper wholly male or
with 1 or 2 fem. only at base, fem. glumes elliptic-lanceolate scarcely
mucronate pale overtopping utricles, style 3-fid, utricles ovoid trigonous
minutely hairy at top, beak conic-linear } the length of utricle. C.
Myosurus, Duthie ms.

Kumaon; alt. 7-8000 ft., Duthie (n. 6118).

Glabrous, Stem 3 ft. Leaves and ae asin CO. Myosurus. Inf. 2 ft. long;

re

724 OLXXI. cypERAceE. (C. B. Clarke.) [ Carex.

lowest peduncle exsert 5 in. Partial panicles 4 by 14, appearing as if simple with
distant whorls of sessile spikes. Spikes 13 in., throughout the plant many male,
many with only one basal fem. Utricle with many, not prominent, nerves.—This
may be a sexual (nearly male) state of C. Myosurus, as Duthie regarded it.

70. G.spiculata, Boott in Proc. Linn. Soe. i. 288, and in Trans. Linn.
Soc. xx. 189 and Carex, i. 3, t.7; leaves narrow, spikes denser with
obliquely ascending fruits, panicle more rigid (otherwise as C. Myosurus,
var. B).

Srxxim ; alt. 1-2000 ft., common. Kuasia Kitts, alt. 250-6000 ft., very
common.

Ucricle ellipsoid, trigonous ; lanceolate upwards ; beak as though short cylindric,
the strong margins of the utricle carried up the beak as winged margins.—Boott
says separable from C. Myosurus by the glabrous utricles, but in Boott’s own
material the utricle is more or less hairy—just as in C. Myosurus.

Var. nobilis (sp.) Boott Carea, i. 4, tt. 9,10, 11; infl. large compound, ripe
utriele more spreading their short beaks somewhat recurved. C. pandata, Boott
ms.—Jaintea Hills; alt. 3500-5000 ft., J.D. H., CO. B. Clarke—This local form is
very striking, and is named C. nobilis by Boott in Herb. Hook.; butthe C. nobilis
Boott, tt. 9,10, 11, appear large forms of C. spiculata, leading on to the Jaintea
plant.

71. ©, composita. Booti Caren, i. 3, t.8; leaves long narrow, panicle
long narrow, spikes in fruit dense, fem. glumes brown-margined cuspidate
often overtopping beak of fruit, style 3-fid, utricle small obovoid pyra-
midal-compressed at top hairy nearly or quite nerveless beak very small.
Boeck. in Linnea, xl. 328; 0. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn, Soc. xxv. 82. C.
Myosurus, Boott ms. (partly).

From Buoran, Griffith, to Mereut, Grifith, Kuasta HILis; alt. 38-6000 ft.,
J.D. H., &., aud east to Naca Hits.

Glabrous, except utricles. Rhizome creeping; stolons often 3-6 in. by } in.
diam. Stems 2 ft, Leaves usually (with bracts) overtopping stems, 2 in. broad,
caudate-setaceous rough-tipped. Jnl. 6-12 in., narrow, 6—15-spiked; lowest
peduncle usually short 4-1-spiked, oceasionally more distant long filiform. Spikes
usually 1-1} in., sometimes nearly 3 in., and much broader with very lovg fem.
glumes. Uricle shert-stalked, green then stramineous,—Primarily distinguishable
from C. Myosurus and C. spiculata by the nerveless utricles.

72, G. desponsa, Boott Carew, ii. 82, +. 228; leaves long narrow,
peduncles 3-7 very distant 1-spiked, terminal spike with fem. at base or
wholly male, fem. glume small ovate cuspidate, style 3-fid, utricle large
ellipsoid trigonous nervose glabrous, beak linear 3 utricle.

Kuasia Hits, alt. 5-6000 ft., Moflong and Mairung Wonds, J. D. H.

Glabrous, Rhizome woody, horizontal. Stems 12-20 in. Leaves numerous
overtopping stem, 3-4 in. broad ; lower spikes 3-6 in. apart, long-peduncled. Spikes
14 by } in., lax, ferruginous green. Utricle (including beak) 4 in., ferruginons
or brown-red, beak sparsely scabrous with 2 small teeth.—Boott likens this to C.
longipes, Don in general habit. It does not seem really allied to OC. Myosurus, and

the terminal spike being not rarely wholly male, its t: fiinity i i
aoe ea iz y y , its true affinity is perhaps not with

73, C. scitula, Boott Carex, iv. (1867), 177, t. 600; stems slender
tufted, leaves overtopping infl. linear, spikes 3-7 oblong cylindric dense
comose from brown-red stigmas, fem. glumes lanceolate acuminate, style

Carex.) CLXXII. OyPERaceH. (C. B. Clarke.) 725

3-fid, utricles very small ellipsoid trigonous nervel inutely hai k
short conic. Boeck. in Tein, xl. 385, Secrest

Misamer Hitts; Paen Panee (Khosha’s), Griffith (Kew Distrib. 6097).

_Glabrous, Stolons long, slender, becoming woody. Stems 6-10 in. Leares
% in. broad. Spikes 3 by tin. Fem. glumes } in., brown-red. Uféricle nearly
white, narrowed into beak, beak included much shorter than glume. Style-branches
3, exsert part much longer than utricle, persistent.

*** Spikes long cylindric. Peduncles often several from one sheath,

74. C. insignis, Boott Carex, i. 5, t. 14; cauline leaves many shorter
than infl. narrow, their sheaths concealing nearly whole stem, inf. long
narrow, peduncles severalor many from each sheath, spikes long linear
lax dark green, style 3-fid, utricle ellipsoid trigonous nerveless nearly
glabrous, beak conic-linear 2 utricle. Boeck. in Linnza, xl. 337.

From East Nexpat, J.D. H., eastwards to Assam and the Kaas:a Hits, alt,
3500-7000 ft., common.

Glabrous, Stolons stout, elongate, covered by torn scales. Stems 2-3 ft., lowest
6-12 in. covered by nearly leafless red sheaths, Leaves 6-12 by 1-2 in., flat. Inf.
often 12 by 2 in.; lower bracts similar to the leaves, not overtopping infl. Spikes
13-2 in. by 3-j in., mostly shortly male at top, terminal one sometimes wholly male.
Fem. glumes ovate, obtuse, cuspidate, shorter (cusp included) than utricles. Utricles
(beak included) 3 in., sometimes hispid-scabrous on angles and margins of beak,
otherwise glabrous, Wut closely filling utricle; style-base linear.

75. ©. polycephala, Booit Carex, i. 4, t. 12; leaves long, infil. elon-
gate oblong dense, peduncles fascicled, spikes large oblong-cylindric dense
straw-colrd., fem. glumes elliptic acute, style 3-fid, utricle ellipsoid
trigonous few-nerved glabrous, beak linear as long as utricle. Boeck. in
Linnea, x]. 333.

Sixxim Himataya, alt, 7-10,000 ft., J. D. H., &e.

Glabrous. Rhizome stout; stolons elongate. Stems 12 18 in., robust. Leaves
exceeding infl. 1} in. broad. Inf. 10 by 2-3 in. Spikes numerous, solitary (many
long-pedicelled), ¢ by 1-3 in.; terminal spike (always as seen) female at base.
Fem. glumes acute-triangular, scarcely mucronate, l-nerved, bright straw-colrd.
Utricles % in. (or rather more), green finally black, not inflated, nerves 6-8, suddenly
narrowed at top; beak smooth, shortly 2-fid. Mut ellipsoid, trigonous, pyramidal
at either end, dark-brown ; style-base not dilated.

76. ©. Walkeri, Arnott ms. ex Boott in Prac. Linn. Soc. i. 257 and
in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 129, and Carew, i. 2, t.4; leaves nearly as long as
stem, infl. elongate narrow interrupted, peduncles fascicled, spikes long
linear, fem. glumes oblong-obovate cuspidate, style 3-fid, utricle oblong
trigonous attenuate at either end glabrous, beak conic-linear length of
utricle. Thw. Enum. 335; Boeck. in Linnea, xl. 333.

Nitewiri Hruts; alt. 5~7500 ft., frequent, C. B. Clarke. Crynon; alt. 7000
ft., Thwaites (C. P. u. 2751), &c.—Distris. Java.

Glabrous. Stems 2-3 ft. Leares often } stem, 1-} in. wide. IZnfl. 20 by 2-3
in.; lowest bract often not reaching halfway to its top. Spikes 2 by 3 in., dark-
brown in Ceylon examples, pale ferruginous-green in Nilghiri; terminal and upper
spikes often wholly male or with only 1 or 2 utricles at base. Fem. glumes, cusp
included, shorter than utricles. Utricles 3% in., scabrous on 3 angles and on beak,
attenuated into beak, nerves not prominent. Nut oblong-ellipsoid trigonvus.

77. ©. decora, Boott Carex, i. 5, t. 15; stout, leaves and bracts
long, inf. long narrow, peduncles often clustered, spikes larye linear

726 CLxxul, oyPERACEH, (C. B. Clarke.) [Carex

purple-red, several terminal frequently wholly male, fom. glumes ovate
obtuse or retuse, style 3-fid, utricles long narrow-ellipsoid trigonous nerve-
less glabrous, beak 4 utricle. Boeck. in Linnza, xl. 338.

Sixxim Hrmataya; alt. 9-12,000 ft., J. D. H., &c., abundant.

Glabrous. Rhizome woody ; lateral shoots strong. Stems 2-3 ft. Leaves often
overtopping infl., 4-4 in. broad, coarse. nfl. 18 by 3 in.; lower peduncles some-
times 8 in. exsert, 6 in. long, 5-spiked. Terminal spike with a few fem. at base, or
sometimes 6-10 top spikes wholly male 13 by 25 in. Fem. glumes 3-3 in., dark-red,
scarious-edged, lower often distant. Style long, base conic, branches | 3 long.
Utricles 1-1 in., attenuate at both ends, greenish, not inflated ; beak conic-linear,
often minutely scabrous, teeth 2 long linear.—Varies greatly in size of glumes and
utricles; a large form with utricles more than i in. long and clusters of wholly
male spikes has been taken for a distinct species.

78. CG. arridens, C. B. Clarke ; robust, leaves overtopping stem, infl.
elongate, peduncles 2-1 from each sheath bearing many spikes, spikes
linear-lanceolate dark-red with few fem. at base or wholly male, style 3-fid,
utricle ovoid trigonous nerveless hairy, beak linear hairy longer than
utricle.

Prev ; Nattoung, alt. 4000 ft., Kurz. Prrak; alt. 3000 ft., Kunstler.

Glabrous, except utricles. Rhizome oblique, woody, stout. Stem 18 in. Leaves
(subbasal) numerous, $ in. broad, coarse, strongly striate. Inf. 12 by 2in; lower
peduncles distant, exsert 2 in., stout, erect. Spikes 4-3 in., rather stout. Male
glumes oblong-obovate, obtuse, scarcely mucronate, red-brown with scarious margin.
Fem. glumes ovate, acuminate, scarcely mucronate, much shorter than utricles (beak
included). Uféricle covered with golden hairs in upper part suddenly narrowed into
beak, beak slender 2-fid into two large lips. Wut ellipsoid, trigonous, pyramidal at
both ends, dark-brown, style-base linear.—C. diraricata, Wall. Cat. 3533 from
Saluen is very young; it may be this,

79. GC. Daltoni, Boott Carex, i. 5, t. 16; large, leaves long, infl. long
compound peduncles clustered, spikes linear, fem. glumes cuspidate, style
3-fid, utricle small narrow ellipsoid trigonous nerveless hairy, beak oblong-
linear % the length of utricle. Boeck.in Linnea, xl. 331. C. crassipes,
Boeck, tl. c. 329.

Upper SIKKIM ; alt. 7~-10,000 ft., J. D. H., Pantling. Buotan; Griffith.

Glabrous. No stolons seen. Stems 2-2} ft., stout; lower sheaths horny, yellow
or chestnut-colour, grooved. eaves many, overtopping the stem, } in. broad, stout,
striate. Injl. 18 in. by 6; peduncles in lowest sheath sometimes 6~20, 7 in. long,
slender. Spikes 2 by 3 in., chestnut. or pale-yellow or intermediate ; terminal spikes
often nearly (sometimes wholly) male. Fem. glumes ovate, subobtuse, cusp reaching
to top of beak of utricle. Utricles becoming chestnut-red almost shining when fully
ripe, narrowed into beak (yet nut is obovoid rather obtuse) ; beak not hairy, scabrid
on the bifid teeth.

80. C. ineequalis, Boott ms. ; medium sized, leaves long very narrow,
infl. long compound, peduncles clustered, spikes linear, glumes shortly cus-
pidate, style 3-fid, utricles small narrow ellipsoid trigonous nerveless hairy,
beak oblong-linear 2 utricle.

z a ae alt. 8-9000 ft., Duthie, Srxxim Himazaya ; Lachen, 9-11,000 ft.,
.D. A.

Stems slender, 12-15 in. Leaves as long as stem, hardly } in. broad. Inf. 7 by
lin. Spikes } by 3 in., chestnut or pale; terminal spike sometimes wholly male.—
Closely allied to C. Daltoni; the utricles turn shining chestnut-red when fully ripe,
and (what is unusual in Carew) though the utricle is attenuated into the beak, the

Carex.) CLKXIL OyPeRACcEs. (C. B. Clarke.) 727

nut is obtuse at top.—The difference in size, stoutness, and breadth of leaves between
this and C. Daltonz is great.

_ 81. Cc. Winterbottomi, C. B. Clarke; leaves and bracts narrow
slightly overtopping infl., infil. long narrow of 19 spikes whereof 6 terminal
wholly male, peduncles clustered, fem. glumes elliptic acute pale, style
3-fid, utricle ellipsoid trigonous nerveless hairy, beak bifid } length of
utricle. CO. setigera? var. fasciculata, Strachey Cat. Pl. Kumaon, 73;
Duthie in T. EH. Atkinson Gaz. x. 616.

Kumaon; alt. 8000 ft., Strachey g Winterbottom (n. 16).

Glabrous. Rhizome creeping, woody. Stems approximate, 10 in. Leaves }-2
in. broad, rather rigid. Inj. 6 by 1 in.; peduncles shortly exserted, little divided.
Terminal 6 sptkes male, 1 by + in.; glumes pale brown, acute, not euspidate, mar-
gins white shining. Lower spikes } by idin., with 4-8 basal females. Style-
branches 3, rather long. Fem. glumes pale, 1-nerved, exceeding utricles.

82. ©. pulchra, Boott Carex, i. 4, t.13; leaves shorter than infl.
narrow, infil. oblong, peduncles short clustered, spikes rather numerous
linear, chestnut-brown, fem. glumes very small not cuspidate, style 3-fid,
utricle small narrow ellipsoid trigonous nerveless glabrous red-brown,
heak conic-linear length of utricle shortly bifid. Boeck. in Linnea, xl.
336.

Srxxm Hrmataya; alt. 10-14,000 ft., Lachen, J.D.H. East Nepat;
Tambur River, J. D. H.

Glabrous. Stolons slender. Stems approximate 8-16 in., slender. Leaves
scarcely in. broad, 1 or 2 cauline often present. JInfl. 4 by 1 in.; spikes mostly
fem. with a few males at top, terminal sometimes wholly male; peduncles often 6 or
more clustered, not rarely divided. Spikes 1 by ~5—j5 in., much slenderer than in
C. inaequalis or Daltont. Fem. glumes 35 in., about as long as utricle.—This
species differs from all (except C. manda, Boott) by the very small glumes and
utricles, and very slender spikes.

83. ©. munda, Boott Carex, i. 7, t. 20; leaves about as long as infl.
narrow, infl. very lax, peduncles distant long lower often paired, spikes
oblong-linear straw-colrd., fem. glumes elliptic triangular-tipped, styles
3-fid, utricle ellipsoid-trigonous nerveless glabrous green-yellow, beak 4
utricle nearly entire. Boeck. in Linnea, x1. 383.

Sixxim HimazayA, alt. 10-14,000 ft., J. D. H., &e., frequent.

Glabrous. Stolons slender. Stems 10-18 in., very slender. Leaves §-} in.
broad, weak. Injl. of few scattered distant solitary spikes; lower peduncles often
exsert 3-6 in, Spikes mostly fem. at base (terminal sometimes wholly male), 4 by
din. Ubricle 3,—j5 in.—Closely allied to C. pulchra, Boott; spikes and utricles
larger (though small), Rhacheola not rarely developed inside utricle. Possibly a
form of C. Stracheyi; the utricles are rather smaller, glabrous, the terminal spike
usually fem. at base.

84, ©. Stracheyi, Boott; Strachey Cat. Pl. Kumaon, 73; spikes
20-30 loosely panicled on slender long peduncles, uppermost 2 male, lower
fem. slender cylindric pale, style 3-fid, utricle ellipsoid-lanceolate setulose
narrowed into a linear-conic beak. Duthie in T. E. Atkinson Gaz. x.
618.

N.W. Himataya; Kumaon, alt. 8000 ft. (Mudhari Pass), Strachey § Winter-
bottom (n. 18). GURWHAL, alt. 12-13,000 ft., Duthie. : ;

Glabrous. Stems 12-18 in. Leaves as long as the stems, } in. broad. Panicle
commencing at 8 in. from base of stem. Peduncles 2-5 from one sheath, 3-7 1n.,

728 cLxxil. oyperaces. (C. B. Clarke.) [ Carex.

nearly capillary; bracts not overtopping panicle. Spikes solitary (rarely a small
second added) 2 by ,, in.; two upper male (in one case with a disjunct fem. at base)
ferruginous, the others fem. often shortly male at top. Fem. glumes ovate, acute,
(lower often mucronate), pale, sborter than utricle. Utricle small, Jess than yy in.,
yellow-green, obscurely nerved, setulose-scabrous at least in the upper half, granular
or subscabrous below ; beak shorter than utricle, setulose, scabrous, shortly notched 5
exsert style-branches much shorter than utricle. Nut fitting the utricle, ellipsoid,
triquetrous, brown.—Very like C. munda, Boott.

¥#*#%* Species of Sect. ‘‘INDIcH”’ not easily placed in any one of the preceding
four subsections.

85. ©. curvata, Boott Carex, i. 2, t. 5 (non Knaf); small, leaves
filiform, infl. compound oblong yellow dense, spikes very small ovoid 4-6-
nutted with few males at top, utricle ellipsoid plano-convex 3-nerved,
glabrous, beak very short oblong bifid, style 3-fid. Boeck. in Linnea,
xxxix. 110.

Sixxim Himataya; Tungu, alt. 12-13,000 ft., J.D. H. Pharee, Dungboo.

Glabrous. Rhizome woody. Stems densely caespitose, 2-6 in., sometimes curved.
Leaves overtopping the short stems, often curved, edges inrolled. nfl. 13 by 3 in.,
lowest bract often overtopping it. Lowest partial panicle subsessile (peduncle in-
cluded in the short sheath), nearly 4 in. with 2-6 spikes. Spikes 3 in., nearly
entirely fem. Fem. glumes ovate, acute, scarcely mucronate, yellow, back green,
about as long as utricle. U/tric/e 2; in., sessile, almost concavo-convex, yellow with
3 gretn longitudinal bands; beak bifid, nerves of utricle running up into its teeth.
Rudiment of the spicula usually present, as long as utricle, flat, green, 3-striate,
applied to the posticous face of nut, often (as observed by Boott) splitting the utricle
down.—Boott was unable to indicate the affinities of this species; Boeckeler has
placed it in the middle of Vignea ; it has several points in common with Kodresia.

86. ©. inclinis, Boott ms.; stems 4-9 in. slender 4-6-spiked, leaves
much overtopping infl. narrow, spikes solitary nearly all male at top
terminal usually fem. at base, style 3-fid, utricle narrow-ellipsoid tri-
gonous nearly nerveless, beak 4-4 length of utricle. C. setigera, var. 5
Inclinis, Boott ms.

Sixxim Himataya; Tonglo, alt. 1C,000 ft., and Lachen, alt. 12~13,000 ft.,
J. D. H., &e.

Glabrous, except minutely hairy utricles. Rhizome creeping ; stolons elongate,
rather slender. Leaves numerous, 1 ft. (and upwards) by 2 in.—Out of 17 terminal
spikes 2 are wholly male, 15 fem. (usually only a few distant utricles) at base.
Spikes solitary 3 by 4 in.; male glumes dark red. Fem. glumes ovate-lanceolate,
PPReeniNe not quite reaching beak of utricle—Technically near C. composita,

oott.

87. C. fragilis, Boott Carex, i. 7, t.21; stem very slender, leaves
about as long as stem narrow, peduncles 3-6 very distant filiform, spikes
pale basal fem, distant, style 3-fid, utricle (unripe) oblong-obovoid minutely
scabrous-hairy, beak linear $-% utricle. Boeck. in Linnea, xl. 383.

S1xxImM Himawaya, alt. 11,000 ft.; Lachen and Lachoong, J. D. H.

Glabrous, except utricles. Rhizome very short, horizontal. Stems densely uni-
seriate, 8-14 in. Leaves Lin. broad, lower 1-3 in. long, upper up to 12 in. Lowest
peduncle 3-4 in., capillary, uppermost 1-2 in. Spikes sometimes 1 by 2 in. with 10
fems. at base; sometimes 6-8-fld., very slender the 2 or 3 basal fems. distant. Fem.
glumes elliptic, 3-nerved, emarginate, often muticous. Utricle very obscurely few-
nerved.—Extremely like C. inclinis, collected at the same place by J. D. H.; the
material of both being scanty, and the fruits of C. fragzlis only half ripe, it is not

Carex.) CLXXU. crpgRacem. (C. B. Clarke.) 729

safe to unite them. C. fragilis differs by the extreme slenderness of the infl. and
peduncles, and by lowest bract not (or scarcely) overtopping inf,

88. C. munipoorensis, C. B. Clarke; short, leaves and bracts
narrow overtopping infi., spikes all fem. at base oblong solitary straw-colour
not very numerous, lower peduncles 2-3-clustered, glumes elliptic-lanceolate
elongate, style 3-fid, utricle oblong glabrous beaked.

Muniroor; Jopoo, alt. 9500 ft., Watt (n. 6894).

Glabrous. Rhizome woody. Stems approximate, 6-8 in. Leaves subbasal, nu-
merous, up to 11 in. by 3 in., rather tough. JInjl. 3 by 1 in., a solitary long-
peduncled spike sometimes added near base of stem. Spikes 12-14 on 1 stem, 3 by
@ in., dense. Male glumes very elongate, not cuspidate ; fem. glumes similar, rather
less elongate, shining, irregularly 3-5-nerved. Uf¢ricle not ripe.

89. G. speciosa, Kunth Enum. ii. 504; leaves long, spikes 3-1 very
remote linear fem. at base, style 3-fid, fem. glumes short ovate muticous,
utricle ovoid-pyramidal many-striate green puberulous hardly beaked.
Booté Carex, i. 58; Boeck. in Innnea, x1. 388; C. B. Clarke in Journ. Linn.
Soc. xxv. 82. C. concolor, Nees in Wight Contrib. 125 (not R. Br.). C.
peduncularis, Wallich ms. C. courtallensis, Nees ms.; ex. Boott Carex, i.
62, t. 138,

Widely distributed in INpra, alt. 1-7000 ft.; from Nepal to Sikkim, and Khasia
ae to Muneypoor; also Kajmahl, Purasnath, and Mts. of 8. India—Disrris.

orneo.

Glabrous. Rhizome woody, short, with tough fibres (remains of lower sheaths).
Stems 1-2 ft., slender but tough. Leaves (subbasal) often exceeding stem, some-
times scarcely 4 in. wide, tough, many-striate, sometimes 4 in. broad, flat. Peduncles
usually very short, often not exserted from sheath, but basal often 4-10 in. long
(perhaps a stem) ; bracts like the leaves usually not overtopping infl. Spikes 1-3 in.
by 4 in. Fem. glume triangular-tipped, muticous, shorter than utricle. Ultricles
Z in., trigouous, not inflated, mouth nearly entire. Nut oblong-obovoid, 2 utricle,
black ; style (and its 3 branches) short, style-base scarcely dilated.

90. ©. radicalis, Boott Curez, i. 56, t. 147; leaves subradical many
exceeding the slender stems, spikes 2-1 very remote broad ovoid 3 in. diam.,
style 3-branched, utricle ovoid many-ribbed hairy. Boeck. in Linnea,
xxxix. 40.

S1xxim Himataya; Lachen, alt. 10-11,000 ft., J. D. H.

Glabrous, except utricle. Rhizome oblique woody. Leaves 10 by +5 in., many.
Stems almost capillary, sometimes 2 from one sheath, sometimes with a leaf and
peduncle in the middle. Spike irregular, sometimes of 2 or 3 obscurely fused into
ene head, pale. Fem. glumes ovate-triangular 1-nerved, lower mucronate, lowest
bract-like sometimes Lin. Utricle few, small, with no linear beak, dull green.

91. CG. curticeps, C. B. Clarke; leaves as long as stem narrow,
spikes 2-14 very long approximate several terminal often male or with
few fem. at base, fem. glumes ovate usually cuspidate, style 3-fid, utricle
1 in. and upwards elongate-lanceolate nerveless glabrous, beak 3 as long as

utricle.

Sixxim Himataya, alt. 10-12,000 ft., common, C. B. Clarke,

Glabrous. Stems 1-2 ft. Leaves rarely more than 3 in. broad. Infl. 3-24 in.
long. Fruiting spikes 2-34 in. long; glumes 3 in. apart, % in. long. Utricle | alto-
gether resembling that of C. decora, but sometimes % in. long.—Closely allied to
C. decora, but the infl. is uniform and very different.

730 CLXXII. cyprracegz, (C. B. Clarke.) [Cares

Sect. 6. Arratz, Spikes few (1-8), terminal male at base fem. at top.
Glumes dark-chestnut or black except keel.

[See also CO. melanantha, C. ustulata, and C. alopecuroides in the next
section. ]

92. ©. alpina, Sw. in Liljeb. Svensk. Fl. ed. ii. 26; slender, spikes
(8-4) cuboid or short cylindric approximate short-peduncled, style 3-fid,
utricle obovoid-ellipsoid trigonous granular pale obscurely nerved smooth
or very nearly so, beak very small oblong emarginate, nut nearly filling
utricle. Boott Carez, iii. 112 (incl. var. B infuscata, partly), tt. 356, 357,
358; Boeck. in Linnea, xl. 394, & in Journ. Linn. Soc. xviii. 104. C.
Vablii, Schkuhr. Riedgr. ii. 46, t. Ppp. fig. 154; Reichd. Ic. Fl. Germ, viii.
16, t. 235; Kunth Enum. ii. 481. OC. infuscata, Mees in Wight Contrib.
125 (partly); Kunth Enum, ii. 481. ©. Lehmanni, Boott ms.; Strachey
Cat. Pl. Kumaon, p. 73; Boott Carex, iii. 113 (partly); Duthie in E. T.
Atkinson, Gaz. x. 618.

West Himaraya, alt. 8-15,000 ft., from KasumMir to Kumaon, common;
Sikkim; Yeumtung, alt. 15,000 ft., J. D. H—Disrris. Cold N. Hemisphere.

Glabrous. Rhizome short, woody, slender. Stems 4-26 in., tufted. Leaves
usually much shorter than stem, near its base, narrow (5 in.), weak, nearly smooth ;
not rarely a node with leaf is added 1-2 in. below the infl. Spikes 3-3} by 4 in.,
often sessile in a head, lowest scarcely } in. distant ; lowest rarely 1 in. distant, then
ona peduncle 4-1 in.; lowest bract usually about as long as infl. Glwmes dense,
}in., ovate, triangular-tipped, yellow keel very variable in width, often 0. Ultricle
about +; in., yellow or ultimately pale brown, nerveless or irregularly obscurely
few-nerved, loose subinflated but fitting nut; oblong part of beak cylindric, short or
scarcely any, granular, quite smooth or very sparsely scabrid; style-branches 3,
protruded part about half length of utricle—C. Vahlii, Schkuhr, referred here by
Boott and others, is described and figured with utricles hairy all over, and in my
opinion should be excluded. As to the W. Nepal plants referred by Boott to C.
Lehmann, see remarks under that plant.

Var. B erostrata; Boott, lc. 71, t. 194, fig. 2; besk of utricle 0.—Kunawur,
Royle. Tibet, alt. 15,000 ft., Strachey 4 Winterbottom.

Var. y gracilenta (sp.), Boott ms.; Strachey, Cut. Pl. Kumaon, p. 73; very
slender, leaves scarcely 3; in. broad, spikes small. Boeck. l.c. 1853; Duthie l.c.
618. C. alpina, 6 infuscata (partly), Boott Carez, iii. 113, t. 359 ; Boeck. l. c. 394,
—Kumaon, alt. 10,000 ft., Strachey & Winterbottom (n. 20), Sikkim; Lachen, alt.
11-14,000 ft., J. D. H— Stems 2-16 in. Spikes } by 2 in., considerably smaller than
in the usual Himalayan form (C. infuscata, (sp.) Wight), but not different from
inany European examples of C. a/pina. ‘Though Boeckeler keeps this up as a species,
Byvott finally accepted Spach’s opinion that it is only a form of C. alpina,

93. ©. Gehmanni, Drejer, Symb. Caricol. 13, t. 2; lowest spike
sometimes 1-3 in. distant, lowest bract usnally much overtopping inf,
spikes and utricle smaller than those of C. alpina, otherwise as C. alpina,
Sw. Strachey Cat. Pl. Kumaon, 73; Boott Carea, iii. 118, t. 361; Boeck.
in Linnea, xl. 395. C. infuscata, 8 microcarpa, Nees in Wight Contrib.
125; Kunth Enum. ii. 431.—Carex, Wall. Cat. 3381.

Himarara, alt, 11-13,500 ft.; from Kumaon, Strachey § Winterbottom, to
Sikkim, J. D. H., frequent.

Exceedingly near C. alpina, Sw. Stems sometimes: rather stouter, acutely tri-
quetrous, scabrous, but not rarely slender nearly as in C. alpina. Ubricle scarcely
zz in., often scabrous on the shoulders, whence spikes often oblong, narrower than

Carex. | OLXXIL CYPERACEE. (C. B, Clarke.) 731

in C. alpina.—Strachey & Winterbottom, n. 21, the plant in Herb. Kew inscribed
by Boott as C. Lehmanni, Drejer, is, in my opinion, fairly typical C. alpina,

94, Ge obscura, Nees in Wight Contrib. 126; spikes (3-7) oblong or
cylindric approximate short-peduncled erect dense, style 3-fid, utricle
oblong narrowed to each end trigonous granular yellow smooth, beak
pyramidal scabrid emarginate, nut nearly filling utricle. Kunth Enwm. ii.
515; Strachey Cat. Pl. Kumaon, 73; Boott Carex, i. 70, t. 192; Boeck. in
Linnea, xl, 895. C. infuscata, Nees in Wight Contrib, 125 (partly). C.
hematostoma, Herb. Jacquem.

West Himataya, alt. 8-10,500 ft., from Kashmir, 0. B. Clarke, to Kumaon,
Strachey & Winterbottom.

Glabrous. Stoloniferous. Stems 1-2 ft., rather slender. eaves often over-
topping stem, 3 in. broad, flat, weak (the leaf so commonly seen 1-3 in. below the
infl. in C. alpina never (?) occurs here). Spikes often very close, subsessile, or
lowest sometimes 2 in. distant on a Lin. peduncle, $ by 2 in., dark chestnut or black,
terminal occasionally wholly male; lowest bract usually overtopping infl. Glumes
ovate, triangular-tipped, dark chestnut, often yellow on keel. Utricle 3; in. as
long as glume, less than ,3, in. broad, very obscurely inflated, nerves irregular or
obscure; beak none, except hollow elongate pyramidal part of utricle. Style-branches
shorter than the utricle.—The plant here described as typical C. obscura is Royle’s,
n. 118 (C. hamatostoma, Herb. Jacquem.), which is C. obscwra, Munro and Boott,
but was C. infuscata of Nees. CO. parvibracteata, Nees, referred here by Boott
(Carex, iii, 108), is = C, psycrophila, Nees.

Var. B brachycarpa; utricle much shorter obovoid-ellipsoid narrowed very
suddenly into a short-oblong beak scabrous on shoulders granular (not shining
yellow) when ripe——Himalaya, alt. 10-12,000 ft., from Simla, Duthie, to Sikkim,
J.D. H., &e.—This is Boeckeler’s C. obscura.—Utricle usually nerveless or nearly
so. Basal sheaths a shining horny-brown. Spikes often uniform black.

95. C. atrata, Linn. Sp. Pl. 1387; spikes 3-6 large approximate
cylindric dense lowest peduncled nodding, glumes ovate acuminate, style
8-fid, utricle large ovoid or ellipsoid inflated yellow-brown smooth beak-
less nearly nerveless, nut sessile much smaller than utricle. Schkuhr
Riedgr, i. 52, & ii. 42, +. X. fig. 77; Kunth Enum. ii. 483; Reichb. Ie. Fl.
Germ. viii. 16, t. 237; Boott Carez, iii. 114, tt. 8362-364; Boeck. in Linnea,
xl. 398. C. aterrima, Hoppe in Sturm Fl. Deutsch, [xxi. 3] 12; Kunth Lc.
434; Reich. l.c. t. 236. C. caucasica, Stev. in Mem. Soc. Mose. iv. 68;
Kunth 1. ¢. 433.

Kasumi, alt. 11,000 ft., frequent, C. B. Clarke. Sixxim, alt. 11-17,000 ft.,
J.D. H., King.—Disteis. Cold N. Hemisphere.

Glabrous. Stoloniferous. Stems 1 in. apart on the creeping rhizome, 2 ft.,
medium stout, triquetrous scabrous at top. Leaves often as long as stem, 3—% in.
broad. Spikes 3-1 by 3-4 in.; lowest 4-2 in. distant, sometimes compound ; lowest
peduncle 1-24 in., rather slender; lowest bract usually overtopping infl. Glumes
3-4 in., fem. often nearly uniformly black except margin, sometimes with yellow
keel, male paler usually with yellow keel. Uvtricle 3 by 3 in., plane-convex, shining,
triangular at both ends, slightly granular, finally shining ; mouth small, round, entire
or with a short slit on one side. Style-branches much shorter than utricle, occa-
sionally the entire protruded part of style is nearly as long as the branches. Nut
ellipsoid or obovoid, trigonous, less than half the length of nut and about halt its
breadth.—Much of Boott’s Indian C. atrata is C. nivalis, Boott.

96. C. Duthiei, C. B. Clarke; spikes approximate, lowest very shortly
peduncled, glumes acuminate linear-tipped, utricle narrow oblong, nut
small stalked nearly filling utricle, otherwise as C. atrata.

732 CLXXI1. oyPERACEZ. (C. B. Clarke.) [ Carex.

GuRWRHAL; alt. 13-14,000 ft., Duthie (n. 4499), Srxxim; alt. 11-15,000 ft.,
J.D. #H.. &e.

May be esteemed a var. of C. atrata, but the utricle is not 3 the breadth, so
that the nut though smaller than that of C. atrata, nearly fills it. The lowest
peduncle is usually less than 4 in., the glumes are acuminate to a long linear obtuse
black point exceeding the utricles.

Var. 8 giacialis; stems 2-6 in., leaves much shorter than stems, spikes very
small (sometimes } by 2 in.), utricles small very little inflated. C. atrata, var.
glacialis, Boott Carea, iii, 114, t. 365.—N. Sikkim ; alt, 15-17,0U0 ft., J. D. H.

97. CG. nivalis, Boott in Proc. Linn. Soc. i. 256 and in Trans. Linn.
Soe, xx. 136 and Carex, i. 18, t. 35 (partly); terminal spike wholly male or
fem. at top, utricle broad much compressed often of thin texture with
minute beak, nut-stalked exceedingly small (otherwise as C. atrata).
Strachey Cat. Pl. Kumaon, 73; Boeck. in Linnaa, x]. 400. C. cinnamomea
& Griffithii, Boott im Proe. Linn. Soc. 1. c. 257, 286, and in Trans. Linn.
Soe. le. 186, 138. C. Oliveri, Boeck. in Flora, |xiti. 455, and in Journ.
Linn. Soc. xviii. 104, :

Himapaya and W. Tipev, alt. 11-17,000 ft., common; from the KaRzaKkorvuym,
Thomson, &c., to SIKKIM, J. D. H.—Distris. Cabul, Central Asia.

Boott states (Carex, i. 13) that he finally doubted whether this was distinct from
C. atrata, and it is certainly not, unless Boott’s sorting is altered. In C. nivalis,
the utricle has concavo-convex very acute margins; its texture is very thin becoming
often scarious purple or pale. The colour of the glumes varies excessively, being
black-red in the type plant, cinnamomeous in the N.-W. Himalaya, yellow-brown in
Karakorum, becoming pale yellow or green yellow in the extreme form; the utricles
in all these forms are concolorous (or nearly so) with the glumes. In C. nivalis (as
in C. atrata) there occur alpine forms with stems 2-3 in. high. It appears from
Fischer’s collections that Ledebour, Turczanimow, &c., must have included this under
C. atrata,—C. Griffithii, Boott is founded on Griffith, n. 78, which has, in the four
infi. of this number, the terminal spike wholly male, and is so described by Boott.
Subsequently Boott mixed with this (undoubtedly correctly) both in Kew Herb. ard
in his own Griffith n. 142 (from Cabul also) which has in the five infl. seen by me the
terminal spike (decisively) fem. at top. This is exactly the plant published as C.
Oliveri by Boeckeler, who relying on the terminal spike supposed it must be different
from C. Grifithii. From the large quantity seen by me I should say the terminal
spike was about as frequently female at top as wholly male. In his “Ill. Carex’

Boott reduces his C. cinnamomea to his C. nivalis, but does not refer to his 0.
Griffithii.

98. ©. psychrophila, Nees in Wight Contrib. 127; spikes approxi-
mate cylindric lowest peduncled, style 3-fid, utricles ellipsoid trigonous
smooth pale green suddenly narrowed into a linear-oblong scabrous beak
not inflated. Kunth Enum. ii. 463; Strachey Cat. Pl. Kumaon, 73 ; Boott
Carew, i. 70, t. 191 (excl. Royle, n. 112); Bozch. in Linnea, xl. 402. C.
asperula, Wees 7. e.124; Kunth l.c. 433 (not of Turcz.). C. parvibracteata,
Nees l.c. 125; Kunth 1. ¢. 483. C. celsa, Boott J. c. iii. 108, t. 330.

Himataya; from Kasumtr, alt. 8-10,000 ft., C. B. Clarke, to Sixxtm, alt.
12,000 ft., J. D. H.; frequent.

Glabrous. Rhizome creeping. Stems 1-2 ft., rather slender. Leaves § as long
as stems, 3-3 in. wide, weak. Spikes 3-3 by 3 in. (in fruit), dense; terminal spike
nearly always fem. at top, occasionally wholly male; lowest spike often 1-2 in.
distant, on a peduncle 3-1} in. Glumes small, ovate, triangular-tipped, chestnut,
with or without a yellowish keel. Ut¢ricle small, obscurely nerved, thin; nut black,
nearly filling utricle ; exsert part of the 3 style-branches much shorter than utricle
(beak included), beak about 3 utricle, rather deeply 2-fid.—Not nearly allied to the

Carex.] CLEXII, CYPERACEE. (C. B. Clarke.) 733

preceding group ; perhaps near ©. alopecuroides.—Boott has included Royle, n, 112
(the sole foundation of C, obseura, Nees) in his C. psychrophila, Subsequently

Boott (Carex, iii, 108 in Obs.) reduces C. parvibracteata, Nees (which is C.
psycrophila) to C. obscura, Nees. :

Sect. 7. PRopriz. Terminal spike wholly male. (In ©. ustulata and C.

alopecuroides frequently, in some others very rarely, there occur terminal spikes
male at base fem. at top.)

* Utricle glabrous (or scabrous on margins) ; beak 0 or very short.

99. Cc. melanantha, C. A. Meyer ee Ledeb. Fl. Alt. iv. 216 and
1c. Pl. iv. 8, t. 317; spikes 3-6 approximate snbsessile (lowest peduncle
rarely ¢ in.) dense, glumes black-red triangular-tipped, style 3-fid, utricles
obovoid-ellipsoid nerveless granular usually dark-red upwards, beak hardly
any. Kunth Hnum. ii. 432; Boott Carex, iv. 211; Turcz. Fl. Baikal.
Dahur. ii. (pars. 1) 269 a only; Boeck. in Linnea, xl. 399. C. nigra, var.
B Trevir, in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iv. 288. C. nigra, var. orientalis, Regel Descr.
Pl, fase. viii. 28. C. atrata Boott ms. (partly). C. Moorecroftii, var.
Boott ms. C. nivalis, Boeck. ms. (partly).

KasuaMir ; alt. 9-12,000 ft., Thomson, &,, C. B. Clarke.—Distais. Central
Asia, Cabul.

Stoloniferous. Stems 6-24 in. Leaves numerous, often nearly as long as the
stem, 3 in. broad; lower sheaths very pale brown. Infl. usually 1-2 in., longer than
lowest bract. Spikes 4 by 4 in. Glumes nearly uniform black red or with a
narrow pale keel. Utricle shorter than glume, slightly scabrous on shoulders,
trigonous, slightly winged ; exsert part of stigmas rather shorter than utricle.—The
original description of this species states the terminal spike to be male at base fem.
at top, as in the type specimens, but in hardly any others; the Indian examples have
the terminal spike male, and Turezaninow and Regel say this is so very generally
in the Central Asian plant. Boeckeler and Boissier say that C. nigra maiuly differs
by not being stoloniferous; but C. nigra is plentifully stoloniferous. Treviranus
therefore unites C. melanantha with C. nigra; it has the same general aspect, but
C. nigra has a totally different much-compressed utricle. C. parvifiora, C. A.
Meyer (Enum. Pl. Caue. p. 30) which includes C. sabulosa, Turez. and C. melano-
cephala, Turez., is also exceedingly like ©. melanantha in general aspect; it is
common in Central Asia, aud very likely to occur in British India, and to have been
overlooked. It differs from C. melanantha in having the uiricle more acuminated
into a short (but much more definite) linear beak.

100. ©. Moorcroftii, Falconer ms. ex Boott in Proc. Linn. Soc. xx.
(1851), 140, and Carex, i. 9, t. 27; spikes larger brighter than in C.
melanantha, glumes black-red or paler, terminal spike often pale, utricle
larger pale upwards, otherwise as C. melanantha. Strachey Cat. Pl.
Kumaon, 73; Boeck. in Linnea, xli.179. ©. melanantha, 8 baicalensis,
Turez. Fl. Baikal Dahur.i. 270, C. melanantha, var. Boott ms.

Himatraya and Trpz7, alt. 12-16,000 ft., from the Karakorum to TIBET (N, of
Sikkim), alt. 16-17,000 ft., J.D. H. and Phari, King.—Disrrie. Central Asia, :

Appears like a fine bright-colrd. form of CO. melanantha as the Russian botanists
(and apparently Boott at last) esteemed it The fruiting spikes look very different
as pale-yellow utricles alternate with dark-chestnut glumes; whereas in C. melan-
antha, the dull black-red tops of utricles are concolorous with glumes. C. Moor.
eroftit is sometimes nearly 2 ft. high, with spikes 3 in, in diam.

101. ©. supina, Wadl. in Handl. Vet. Acad. Stockh. 158; small,
rhizome slender creeping, spikes approximate sessile small, one terminal

734 CLXXII, oypeRacEz. (C, B. Clarke.) [Carex

slender male, 2-3 subglobose female 4-10-fruited, style 3-fid, utricles rather
large trigono-globose nerveless glabrous not inflated, beak minute linear.
Kunth Enum. ii. 444; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. viii. 25, t. 259; Strachey Cat.
Pl. Kumaon, 73; Duthie in E. T. Atkinson Gaz. x. 618. OC. glomerata,
Schkuhr Riedgr. i. 79, t. fig. 41. C. Schkuhrii, Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. 264;
Schkuhr lc. u. 51, t. Qqq, fig. 158. C. obesa, var. y supina, Boott Carex,
iv. 161, t. 5385; Boeck. in Linnza, xli. 184.

Kumaoy, alt, 14-15,000 ft.; Bugdwar, Strachey g Winterbottom (n. 17) ; Kutti
Yangti Valley, Duthie (n. 6098).—DisTR1B. Central Asia, Alpine Europe.

Glabrous. Stems 3-6 in. Leaves 3-6 by gy in. Terminal spike 3 in., very
slender ; fem. spikes 2 in. indiam. Fem. glumes ovate, triangular-tipped, chestnut-
colrd. Utricle obscurely irregularly nerved at base, suddenly contracted, scarcely
scabrous at top, nearly filled by nut, green-yellow to pale-brown ; beak slightly
2-fid.—C. obesa Allioni (Fl. Pedemont. ii. 270) differs by its larger size, lowest spike
cylindric peduncle, utricle distinctly nerved on their posticous face, more acuminated
into a more definite beak.

102. CG. ustulata, Wahl. in Handl. Acad. Stockh. 156; middle-sized
or small, spikes 2-5 approximate, terminal male or variously bisexual,
lowest nodding on slender peduncle, fem. glumes elliptic-oblong black-
red, style 3-fid, utricle ellipsoid nerveless glabrous acuminated into a
very short scabrous beak inflated much larger than nut. Kunth Enum. ii.
462; Reichd. Ic. Fl. Germ. viii. 22, t. 250, fig. 615; Boott Caren, i. 70, 71,
t. 198, figs. 1,2, and t. 194, fig. 1; Boeck. in Linnea, xli. 260. C. atro-
fusca, Schk. Riedgr. i. (1801), 106, t. Y fig. 82. C. coriophora, Fischer
ms. ex Kunth 1. c. 463; Strachey Cat. Pl. Kumaon, 73. C. frigida, Wall.
ms.—Carex, Wall. Cat. 3389, A.

Himataya and TrBst, alt. 12-17,000 ft.; from the Karakorum, Thomson, to
Sixxim, J. D. H.—Disrris. Cold N. Hemisphere.

Glabrous. Rhizome creeping; scales pale. Stems 4-16 in. (taller are called C.
coriophora, Fisch.). Leaves usually }-} length of stem ; a node, with a leaf 1-3 in.,
often occurs 3-4 in. below the infl. Inj. 1-4 in.; lowest spike sometimes 1-2 in.
distant on peduncle 1-1} in. ; lowest bract much shorter than infl., and when distant
usually sheathing. Spikes 4-3 by 33 in., short-cylindric or ovoid, dense; terminal
spike in the Europ. and sometimes in the Himal. plants male at base fem. at top, or
(not rarely) wholly fem., or frequently fem. with a few males at top, or male at
both ends fem. in the middle, or fem. at both ends male in the middle. Ubtricle
about as long as glume, more or less biack-red, compressed, quite flat when the nut
does not ripen, otherwise trigonous with two marginal wings; beak very short, 2-fid
or aia emarginate. Nut stalked, small; style-branches shortly exsert from
utricle.

108. G. cruenta, Nees in Wight Contrib. 128; closely allied to 0.
ustulata but larger in all its parts, spikes 5-12 remote, peduncle of lowest
usually 3-6 in. Kunth Enum. ii. 463; Strachey Cat. Pl. Kumaon, 73;
Boott Carex, ii. 75, tt. 201, 202, 203; Boeck. in Linnea, xli. 261.—Carex
Wall. Cat. 3389, B. y

Himataya, alt. 8-15,000 ft., common; from Ginart, Giles, to Sikkim, J. D. H.
—DistRrs. Central Asia ?

Stems often 2 ft. and more; infl. nearly a foot. Fem. spikes often 1 in.; lowest
peduncle not rarely divided, i.e. with 1-3 spikes; terminal spike (sometimes 2)
wholly male in the copious material, except a quantity collected by Levinge at Sona-
murg (large typical cruenta) where the terminal spikes are all male at base fem. at
top. Fem. glumes often mucronate. Utricle longer narrower than those of CG. ustu-
Tata, less inflated, more or less red-black.—Generally easily recognized, but many

Carex. | CLEXI. CrpeRace#. (C..B. Clarke.) 735

small specimens Boott could not sort between C. cruenta and C. ustulata. These
are very near C. fuliginosa, Schkur, which looks different by reason of its paler
utricles, C. cruenta no doubt extends to Central Asia, but it is not known under
what name the Russian botanists record it.

104, ©. maculata, Boott in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 128 and Carex, i.
9, t. 26; stems 8-24 in. slender, spikes 3-10 cylindric dense rigid dark
terminal one male paler, lowest remote, style 3-fid, utricle ovoid-triangular
nervose dark brown glabrous granular beakless gland-dotted to base. Thw.
Enum. 355; Boeck. inLinnea, x1.191. C. micans, Boott in Mem. Am. Acad.
(N. 8.) vi. 419,

Kuasta ; alt. 4000 ft., C. B. Clarke, &c. NIn@Hirt Hinus; alt. 5000 ft., C. B.
Clarke, &c. Crynon; alt. 5000 ft., Thwaites. DistniB. Korea, Japan, Australia.

Glabrous. Rhizome creeping; stems 1-3 together. Leaves nearly as long as
stem, narrow (hardly more than }in. broad). Hem. spikes nearly 1 in. by HH in.
in diam. ; lowest (sometimes very remote), peduncled (peduncle often 2-4 in.), upper
fem. often clustered erect, male slenderer sessile bright brown; bracts overtopping
the infl., leaf-like. Fem. glumes rz in., narrow triangular, sub-3-nerved, pale
brown with a green centre. Udricles unequally trigonous, 5-8-nerved on each face.
Wut sessile, 4-3 utricle.

105. ©. vicinalis, Boott Carex, iv. 133, t. 428, fig. 2; three upper
spikes male, fem. 3 distant long-cylindric dense lowest peduncled, style
3-fid or occasionally 2-fid, utricle ovoid beakless glabrous minutely
granular.

Nites Hitts; Schmidt

Apparently 3 ft high. Léwest bract about 1 foot, much overtopping infl., not
sheathing. Male spikes 2 in., pale bright brown, close together. Fem. spikes 14 by
t-¢ in., erect; lowest peduncle 2 in. ; lowest spike 3 in., distant. Fem. glumes
elliptic, obtuse, dark purple with green back. Utricle (unripe) 3; in. long, dusky
grey, obscurely 3—5-nerved on convex face, triangular at either end ; style-branches
hardly } length of utricle.—Boott compares this species with C. caespititia, Nees ;
but the style in (. vicinalis appears generally 3-fid. The only specimen consists of
the top of one stem, as figured by Boott.

** Utricle glabrous, beak long.

106. ©. Jackiana, Boott in Proc. Linn. Soc. i. 260 and in Trans.
Linn. Soc. xx. 182 and Carew, i. 9, t. 25; spikes 3-9 distant, uppermost one
male, others cylindric-lanceolate, style 3-fid, utricle rather large ellipsoid-
lanceolate strongly many-nerved glabrous lurid green gradually narrowed
into conic beak. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 358. OC. instabilis, Boott ms. ex
Boeck. in Linnea, xli. 246. C. papulosa, Boott in Mem. Am. Acad. vi.
“ns. 418,

Kauasia Hitzs; alt. 83-6000 ft., Grifgith (Kew Distrib. 6090), &c.—Distais.
Java, Japan.

Glabrous. Stems 2 ft., triquetrous, stoutish, scabrous at top. Leaves nearly as
long as stem, 2 in. broad. Spikes 1 by 2 in., lower usually 3-4 in. apart, then
erect on short stout peduncle, but rarely a peduncle near base of stem (then of course
long slender) is added ; spikes lax-fid., sometimes 2-3 in. long with lower flowers
remote; bracts overtopping infl. Fem. glumes ovate, acute, pale, scarious, acute or
mucronate. U¢riele } in., subtrigonous, slightly inflated, very strongly nerved ; beak
as long as nut, notched. Nut obovoid, triquetrous, pale.—The Khasian plant agrees
very closely with the Javan.

Var. ? minor; much slenderer, spikes few often few-fd. ovoid, utricle ovoid
slightly nerved suddenly narrowed into a linear beak. C. Jackiana, Thw. Enum.

736 CUXXIL CyPERAcEH. (C. B. Clarke.) { Carex.

356 (excl. var. B); Boeck. in Linnea, xli. 277—Nitaniet Hrs; alt. 7000 ft., C.
B. Clarke, u. 11,061. Czyton; alt. 5000 fc., Thwattes (C.P. 3198).—Stems 2-10
in., very slender. Leaves overtopping stem, } in. broad. Spikes shorter, reduced
sometimes to 2-4 flowers. Utricle wider than in C. Jackiana type, stretched tight
on the large nut, shining not lurid, obscurely striate, base obconic, beak narrow
minutely scabrid.—This differs « good deal from C. Jackiana, and is regarded by
Boeckeler (who transposed the name) as specifically different from the Khasian
species, Boott subsequently marked the plant as C. Jackiana, but be had of it only
immature examples.

107. G. fusiformis, Nees in Wight Contrib. 128; spikes 6-12 loosely
panicled, uppermost one male, lower female iong linear lax interrupted,
female glumes pale mucronate, style 3-fid, utricle ellipsoid rather suddenly
narrowed into oblong-linear beak glabrous slenderly striated. Kunth
Enum. ti. 471; Strachey Cat. Pl. Kumaon, 73; Boott Carex, i. 44, t. 111;
Duthie in T. E. Atkinson Gaz. x. 616; Boeck. in Linnea, xli. 248.

Temperate Himataya; Mussoorie, Royle, n. 88; Kumaon, alt. 7000 ft.,
Strachey § Winterbottom. Sikkim; Lachen, alt. 10-12,000 ft., J.D. H.

Glabrous. Stems 1-1} foot. Leaves 12 by } in., flat. Lower fem, spikes often
3-4 in. apart, peduncled, solitary, 2 in.; bracts about as long asinfl. Fem. glumes
ovate, very distant, those near middle of spike aristate. Utricle 4-1 in., slender,
green, inconspicuously 10-nerved; beak as long as utricle, with a few microscopic
scabrous points, notched. Nwu¢ ellipsoid, filling the utricle, pale; style branches
shortly exsert.—General appearance of C. sylvatica. :

108. GC. finitima, Booti Carez, i. 44, t. 112; female glumes (from the
middle of the female spike), elliptic-obtuse with a very short lanceolate
point not aristate (otherwise nearly as C. fusiformis). Boeck. in Linnea,
xli, 247.

Sixxim Himazaya, alt. 9-12,000 ft., frequent, J. D.H., C. B. Clarke.—
Distris. China.

Stems 1-3 ft. Spikes more numerous than in C. fustformis, often several from
one sheath ; terminal not rarely fem. in the middle. Uftricle hardly nerved, some-
what suddenly contracted into a long linear beak.

Var. 6 attenuata; slender, leaves shorter 4 in. wide, spikes fewer about 1 in.,
utricles rather smaller.—Khasia Hills, Vale of Rocks, alt. 4500 ft., C. B. Clarke
(n, 48,675).—Stems 8-12 in. Leaves much shorter than stems. This appears more
different from C. finitima than is C. fusiformis. —

109. G. breviscapa, C. B. Clarke; stem very short far outtopped by
leaves, spikes 8-14 linear greenish uppermost one male, glumes distant
obtuse, style 3-fid, utricle broad lanceolar very angular many-nerved
glabrous, nut narrow rhomboid, truncate at top. C. Jackiana, var. 8,
breviculmis, Thw. Enum. 356 ; Trimen Cat. Pl. Ceylon, 104 (not of Boott). °

Cxryton ; Ambagowa District, Thwaites (C.P. 3781.)

Glabrous. Stems 1-2 in., excl. of infl. 2-5 in. Leaves 2 ft. by 4 in., tough,
many-nerved. Jnl. narrow ; lower peduncles 14 inch, erect, carrying 2-4 spikes;
bracts overtopping. Fem. spikes 1 by 2 in.; male 4-$ in., very slender. Fem.
glumes much shorter than utricle, elliptic, yellowish with green back. Uéricles 2
in., green, passing gradually into conic deeply-notched beak. Wud trigonous, elon-
gate-rhomboid, truncate at top, closely fitting utricle—Much more like C. finitima
ares but the nut is distinctive, and impresses its peculiarities on the
utricle.

110. C. japonica, Thunb, Fl. Japon. 38; stolons long slender, stems
medium almost 3-winged, spikes about 5 close together uppermost one mule

Carex. | OLXXI. cyPERacEs. (C. B. Clarke.) 737

(occasionally fem. at base) small, lower fem. cylindric very dense rigid pale,
style 3-fid, utricle ovoid glabrous suddenly contracted into a linear-conic
beak. Sehh. Riedgr. i. 115, t. Ww, fig. 110; Kunth Enum. ii. 517. C.
Japonica, 8 minor, Boott Carew, ii. 88. C: chlorostachys, Don in Trans.
Linn. Soc. xiv. 330 and Prodr. 43. ©. Doniana, Spreng. Syst. iii. 825 ;
Nees in Wight Contrib. 128; Kunth l.c, 503; Boott in Perry Exped. Jap.
ii. 327 (Donniana). C. Motoskei, Mig. mm Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. ii. 148.
A rican es, Franch. et Savat, Pl. Japon. ii. 152, 58).—Carex, Wall.
ait. : :

Nerat; Wallich. Srxxim Himayava; Herb. Griffith (Kew Distrib. n. 6079)
Kuasia Hitts, alt. 5500-6000 ft., frequent, C. B. Clarke. —DistEis. Japan.:

Description of Khasian plant.—Glabrous. Rhizome often 8 in. very slender,
with pale brown scales. Stems 6-15 in., rather stout, very acutely triquetrous.
Leaves often as long as stem, 4-4 in. broud. Fem. spikes 4-1 by } in., very short-
peduncled, suberect, green or yellowish, when young almost comose from the brown-
red styles; terminal spike small, almost concealed among the fem. spikes; bracts
far overtopping infl. Fem. glumes ovate-lanceolate, aristate, green with scarious
margins, hardly so long as utricle. Utricles 3 in., very close-packed, obliquely
ascending, trigonous, 8-nerved, beak narrow, notched, glabrous or most minutely
scabrous. Wut ellipsoid, subacute at both ends, filling the utricle—None of the
Khasian specimens match the original C. japonica, described by Thunb, “spicis
ovatis,” and figured by Schkuhr (= C. aphanolepis, Franch. et Savat.). The
Indian C. japontca is C. chlorostachys, Don, which is near the following var.

Var. 6 alopecuroides (sp.) Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xiv. 382 & Prodr. 43; tall,
spikes 2 in. long linear-cylindric, male spike often as long as female frequently
female at top, utricle ellipsoid passing almost gradually into oblong-beak; Mees in
Wight Contrib. 128; Boott Caren, ii. 88, t. 258; Boeck. in Linnea, xli.172. C.
emodorum, Spreng. Syst. iii. 818; Kunth Enum. ii. 516. C. japonica, Boott Cares,
ii. 88, t. 257 (excl. var. B); Boeck. l.c. 283. C. Doniima, Drejer Symb. 26, t. 13.
Carex, Wall. Cat. 3395 A (partly) B.

Srzxim HimatayA; alt. 5-7000 ft., J. D. H. Kwasra Hints; Nunklao, alt.

4-5000 ft., J.D. H., C. B. Clarke. Muneypoor: alt. 8500 ft., Watt.—Disrrrs.
Japan. ' : : ;
Out of 81 spikes collected by me at-Nunklao 14 have the terminal spike (mostly
plentifully) fem. at top. Stems much less 3-winged than in the Khasia C. japonica.
Both Boott and Boeckeler have reduced: this plant to C. japonica, Thunb., but it is
very unlike it in general aspect ; the principal difference I find in the male spike
which is in C. japonica short occasionally female at base, in var. (?) alopecurotdes
long, frequently fem. at top. : °

111. CG. diluta, M. Bieb. Fl. Taur. Caucas. ii. p. 388; iii. 614;
spikes 3-10 distant, terminal one male, lower fem. cylindric dense rusty
green, glumes shorter than utricle rough-tipped, style 3-fid, utricle ellipsoid
obscurely striate glabrous green narrowed into a short-oblong notched
beak.. Kunth Enum. ii. 448; Boott Carew, iv. 139, t. 448; Boeck. in
Linnea, xii. 235; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 425. C. punctata, Gaudin Agrost. ii..
(1811), 152 & FI. Helvet. vi. 106, t. 2; Kunth l.c. 448; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ.
viii, 22, t. 251; Boott Carem, iv. 155, t. 500; Boeck. t.c. 271. C. levicaulis,
Kunze "Suppl. 31, t. 6, fig. 2. C. rigidifolia, Sewb. FI. Azor. 21, t. 2,

fig. 1.

f ; Indus Valley, alt. 7650-9000 ft., frequent, C. B. Clarke. Kuna-
ee oi eLo8 ft., Munro. -DIetRIB. Cabul and Central Asia to Lapland and
the Azores. j ; ;

geen Stolons 0. Stems caespitose, 6 in. to3 ft. Leaves very variable (in |

Indian examples) sometimes less than 7 length of stems } in. brond, sa 20
VOL. VI. »

738 CLXXIL. OTRERAGEE. (C. B. Clarke.) [Carex.

eee

by i in.; bracts similarly varying», Lower spikes always distant, peduncle sometimes
hardly exsert from the ‘sheath withYerect rigid spike, sometimes much longer with
nodding spike (in Kunawur examples capillary with slender spike) ; 3-5 upper spikes
not rarely. fascicled. Male spike 3-14 in., pale brown, glumes hardly mucronate.
Fem. spikes commonly $-1 by 3 in,, dense, not rarely slenderer (in Kunawur hardly
4 in. wide, much looser). Fem. glumes shorter than utricle, ovate, thin, pale brown,
linear-triangular back green excurrent in a scabrous cusp. Ufrtcle 4 in., trigonous,
irregularly nerved, herbacéous, often “ punctate’? with ferruginous dots (often
inissing in Europ. and Cent. As. examples); oblong portion of beak about 3-%
length of utricle, glabrous or slightly minutely scabrous. Mut filling utricle,
obovoid-ellipsoid, trigonous.—The identification of C. punctata, Gaudin, with C.
diluta, M. Bieb. is due to Trevirarus (Bull Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1863, i. 541); and is
accepted by Trautvetter, while Regel (Act. Hort. Petrop. vii. 573) and Boissier
admit both species in Asia. The common Indus Valley plant appears to me
identical with the European C. punctata, Gaudin.

112. ©. Munroi, Boott ms.; tall slender, leaves narrow, spikes 5-6,
lowest very remote on filiform peduncle, topmost male with one utricle at the
base linear lax pale brown, female glumes ovate acute scarcely mucronate,
style 3-fid, utricle ellipsoid trigonous imperfectly nerved thin glabrous,
narrowed into a short oblong-limear beak. C. chinensis, Munro ms. C.
diluta, var. Boott ms.

Kunawte ; alt. 11,500 ft. Munro (n. 2431).

Glabrous. Stems 3 ft. Leaves 18 by? in., flat. Lowest peduncle 2 in., distant
11 in. from the next. Spikes 3-14 by 2-} in., drooping, rather lax. Fem. glumes
shorter than utricle, ferrnginous brown, green 3-nerved on back. Ufricle 3, in.,
subsessile, wall of thin loose texture pale; beak very shortly bifid, smooth.—Perhaps
allied to C. Chinensis, which has erect less distant spikes and hairy utricles. The
texture and character of the utricle is much like that in C. diluta, M. Bieb. In
both the examples preserved there is a utricle at base of the terminal male spike.

113. C. ferruginea, Scop. Fl. Carniol. ii. 225; spikes 3-7 distant,
terminal one male, lower fem. cylindric long-peduncled nodding brown,
glumes equalling utricle ovate acuminate, style 3-fid, utricle ellipsoid
glabrous beak lanceolate longish notched scabrous on edges. Reich. Ic. Fl.
Germ. viii. 21, t. 248; Boott Carex, iv. 207; Boeck. in Linnea, xli. 228.
©. Mielichhoferi, Schk. Riedgr. ii. 66, t. Mmmm, fig. 198; Kunth Enum. ii.
466.

Kasumig; Pir Pinjul, alt. 11,000 ft., C. B. Clurke.—Disrxis. Alpine Europe
and (if C. Scopoliana, Willd. be included) Central Asia.

Glabrous, brownish. Stems 1 ft. Leaves nearly as long as stem, in. broad,
flat. Spikes all distant, 2-1 in.; bracts sheathing. Glwmes (male and fem. similar)
castaneous-red with green backs, often mucronate. Utricle quite glabrous in the
Indian example (as in Scopoli’s description and in Schkuhr’s C. Mielichhoferi) ;
beak lanceolate-linear triangular, plane, subconcave on posticous face, glabrous but
very scabrous on edges.— C. Scopoliana, Schk. Riedgr. ii. 77, t. Nuun, fig. 199 has
utricle hispid somewhat subovoid suddenly narrowed into a small oblong beak. This
is united (perhaps rightly) with C. ferruginea, Scop. (not Schk.) by Boott and
Boeck.).

114. G. tristis, M@. Bied. Fl. Taur. Came. iii. 615; leaves flat,
spikes 6-8 cylindric, uppermost 3 usually male, lower fem. distant
peduncled suberect, fom. glumes ovate hardly mucronate, style 3-fid,
utricle ellipsoid trigonous glabrous fulvous-hispid on angles suddenl:
narrowed into linear shortly-notched beak. Kunth Enum. ii. 465. G.
sempervirens, Villars, var. y, Boott Carex, iv. 218; Boeck. in Linnea, xli.

Carex. | OLKXII. CyPERACcEz. (C. B. Clarke.) 739

227. OC. Schottii, Boiss. Diagn, ser. 2, iv. 123. CO. T
of Boott, of. Turce. Fl. Baioul. Dakur. i a ag eg

N. Kasumir to the Karakorum; alt, 13-15,000 ft., O. B. Clarke.—DistRie.
Central Asia.

Glabrous. Stolons 0. Stems 1-2 ft., rather slender, trigonous. Leaves rarely
3 the stem, 3-4 in. broad. Spikes chestnut-purple, fem, 2 by 3 in. ; lowest peduncle
often 3-5 in. distant, exsert 2-4 in.; bracts not overtopping infl. Fem. glumes
chestnut with scarious edges, shorter than utricle ; keel green-yellow or concolorous.
Uiricle +, in. (beak excluded), green, prominently 8—nerved ; beak 2 length of nut,
compressed, setose-scabrous on margins. Wut filling utricle, shortly-stalked, style
searcely microscopically pubescent.

115. ©. flava, Linn. Sp. Pl. 1884; spikes 3-6 approximate (or lowest
somewhat distant) terminal one male, lower fem. sh ort-cylindric dense, fem.
glumes ovate, style 3-fid, utricle ovoid subinflated ribbed glabrous flaves-
cent suddenly narrowed into oblong linear beak. Schk. Riedgr. i. 72 and
ii. 56, t. H. fig. 36; Kunth Enum. iii. 446; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. viii. 30, t.
273 ; Ledeb. FU. Ross. iv. 299; Boeck. in Linnea, xli. 272. C. patula, Host
Gram, Austr. i, 48, t, 64. CO. Gideri, Willd. in Act. Berol. 44, t. 1, fig. 2
(fide Kunth); Reichb. 1c. 29, t. 272, C. lepidocarpa, Tausch. ms.; Kunze
Suppl. 52, t. 18, fig. 2; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. viii. 29, t. 272.

Kasamir ; alt. 6-11,000 ft., Jacquemont, Thomson, &c.—Distris. N. temp.
regions, Tasmania (?).

Glabrous. Stolons 0. Stems caespitose, 13-20 in. Leaves often 2 length of stem,
+43 in. broad. Spikes commonly all approximate, sessile sheath hardly any; or, if
one spike is distant, that is peduncled in a distinct sheath (the rule throughout the
genus). Fem. spikes commonly 3-3 by 4 in., sometimes larger; often much
smaller ; beaks of ripe fruit stellately spreading or deflexed, rarely obliquely erect.
Fem. glumes ovate, shorter than utricles, pale often yellowish, muticous or rarely
mucronate. Utricles with 8 or 9 thick ribs about half as long as utricle; beak with
an oblique small mouth or shortly notched. Wut not nearly filling utricle, obovoid,
trigonous.—Boott has not touched C. flava & C. @deri. The Indian examples show
the same range of variation as the European; in size from 14 to 20 in,, the spikes
varying greatly in size, the beaks of the ripe fruit spreading, or deflexed, or rarely
obliquely erect.

116. G. songorica, Karel. et Kiril. in Bull Soc. Mose. iii. 525 ; spikes
3-5 distant erect, uppermost 1 (or 2) male, lower fem. cylindric dense,
fem. glumes ovate cuspidate shorter than utricle, style 3-fid, utricle ovoid
or ellipsoid inflated corky shining red-brown narrowed into short 2-fid beak
sessile subtruncate at base. Boott Carex, iv. 200; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v.
430. C. Gebleri, Prescott ms. ex Boottin Proc. Linn. Soc. i. 261 & in Trans.
Linn. Soc. xx. 141. OC. nutans, Boeck, in Journ. Linn. Soc. xviii. 105 &
(var. microcarpa) in Linnea, xli. 297.

N. Kasumie ; alt. 8-10,000 ft., C. B. Clarke.—Distrizs. Cabul, Central Asia,
Mandschuria.

Glabrous. Rhizome short, horizontal, woody. Stems 1-2 ft. Leaves often $
stems, 3-3 in. broad. Male spikes often pale, narrow, sometimes dark brown much
broader (as in C. nutans, Host). Lower spikes usually nearly sessile, sheath short ;
sometimes peduncle 1} in., sheath $in. Fem. spikes 14 by } in., or smaller, © Fem.
glumes pale or brown with green back, margins usually scarious white, Utricle
often more than 3 in., ellipsoid (as long as in C. nutans, Host) but typically shorter, |
remarkably truncate, sessile ; teeth of beak deep, spreading curved. Nut long, ellip-
soid, pyramidal at both ends, trigonous, dark-brown.—If Boeckeler be followed in
treating C. songorica as a var. of nutans, Host, all the Indian (and neighbouring)

material will belong accurately to that a ,
B

740 OLXXII, CYPERACEZ. (OC. B. Clarke.) [ Carex.

117. CG. rostrata, Stokes in With. Brit. Pl. ed. ii. 1059; spikes 3-6
distant erect, uppermost 1 (or 2-3) male, lower fem. cylindric dense, fem.
glumes lanceolate not aristate, style 3-fid, utricle ovoid or ellipsoid much
inflated thin narrowed suddenly into short beak, nut very small. C. am-
pullacea, Gooden. in Trans. Linn. Soe. ii. 207 ; Kunth Haum. ii. 494; Reichd.
de. Fl. Germ. viii. 31, t. 277 ; Boott Carex, iv. 156, t. 501. :

KasHmir ; Jacquemont, alt. 10-11,000 ft., Thomson, alt. 8-13,000 ft., C. B.
Clarke. LawovuL; Jaeschke.—DistriB. Cool Northern regions. :

Glabrous. Stoloniferous,’ Stems 2~38 ft., robust.: Leaves often 2 the stem, 4 in.
broad, scabrous near tip. Male spike 13 by iin. Lowest fem. spike 1-13 by 3 in.,
often 3 in. distant, on a peduncle O-} in. Fem. glumes. purple-chestnut with
narrow pale back (in the Indian examples, often pale in the European). Uftrieles
(fertile) 3 in. long, ellipsoid, longer than glume,'but many of the utricles are ovoid
more inflated (with sterile nut) shorter than glume; ribs of utricle 6-8, incon-
spicuous (till the nut is taken out and the wall of utricle looked through) ; beak in
sterile utricles about 4 as long as utricles linear-conic, in fertile utricles much
shorter, shortly 2-fid with erect teeth: Wué (perfect) very small, not 4 length or
breadth of utricle, obovoid, dark-brown.—This Indian .C. rostrata is so referred by
Boott, and is conspicuous by the narrow chestnut-purple glumes imperfectly. covering
the pale (nearly white) utricles ; the beak of the front is very little split.. Mr. Baker
says ‘it is not at all good C. ampullacea.” 7

118. GC. vesicaria, Linn. Sp. Pl. 1388 (partly); spikes longer than
in C. rostrata, fem. glumes ovate-lanceolate mucronate or short-aristate
pale, utricle rather larger than in C. rostrata, beak deeply notched with
2 conspicuous shining lanceolate rigid teeth (otherwise as C. rostrata),
Kunth Enum. ii. 494; Reichd. Ic. Fl. Germ. viii. 30, t. 276.; Boott Carex,
iv. 162, tt. 536, 537; Boeck. in Linnea, xli. 319.

Kasumirn; Margan Pass, alt. 11,500 ft, W. S. Atkinson.—Distet1B. - Cold
temp. N. régions. ; ae ‘

Male spikes 23 in., and up to 14 in. apart (in the Kashmir examples). Fem.
spikes up to 3 by 3 in., both glumes and utricles pale stramineous.—Atkinson’s
collection ‘is copious, though not fully ripe; Mr. Baker says it’is “ satisfactory
vesicaria.” :

119. GC. pseudo-cyperus, Linn. Sp. Pl. 1387 ; spikes 3-7 moderately
near together, terminal one male pale, lower fem. cylindric dense nodding,
female glumes Iinear-oblong aristate pale, style 3-fid, utricle ellipsoid-
lanceolate subinflated thin pale smooth strongly ribbed, beak 2-fid in two
erect whitened almost prickly tecth. Kunth Enum. ii. 501; Reichb. Ic. Fl.
fn vili. 30, t. 275; Boott Carew, iv. 140, tt. 451, 452; Boeck. in Linnea,

Kasur ; alt. 6000 ft., Thomson ; Pir Punjal, alt. 11,000 ft.; Levinge—DistR1p.
Cool N. regions.
Glabrous. “Stolons 0. Stems 25 ft. Leaves often longer than stem, 3-4 in.
broad, flat. Spikes 1-3 in. long, lowest 1-3 (rarely 4-6) in. distant. Utricles din,
ultimately divaricate, green or yellowish ; beak about half as long as utricle, deeply
sao Nut ovoid, somewhat narrower than utricle, and ‘about ‘half as long,
rown, :

120. ©. acutiformis, Ehrh. Beitr. iv. 43; spikes 3-7 distant erect,
appermost 8-2 male chestnut-red, fem. cylindric dense, fem. glumes
elliptic-lanceolate not aristate, style 3-fid, utricle ovoid or ellipsoid in-
flated thin obliquely ereot fuscous glabrous obscurely nerved, beak short,
nut very small. Boeck in Linnea, xli. 289. C. spadicea, Roth Tent. ii.

Carex. | CLEXII, CYPERACEH. (C. B. Clarke.) 741

461. OC. paludosa, Gooden. in Trans. Linn. Soe. ii. 202; Nees iw’ Wight
Contrib. p. 129; Anderss. Cyp. Scand. 17; Kunth Enum. ii. 487 Reichd.
Ic. Fl. Germ. viii, 28, t. 266; Boott Carex, iv.214. C. Kochiana, DC, Hort.
Monsp. 89; Reichb. 1. ¢. t. 271.

Kasumi, alt. 7000 ft., Thomson. Nepat, Royle (n. 180).—DisTRiB, Cool
N. temp. regions, u ,

This differs from C. rostrata and C. vesicaria by the thick dark-colrd. male
spikes, the suberect (not divaricate) ripe utricles, the fuscous lurid grey colour of
utricles with shorter beak.—In Jaeschke’s Lahoul collections is a young Carew with
11 spikes, the lower peduncles carrying 3-4 spikes, style 3-fid, utricle, glabrous ;
it is too young for determination; and resembles generally C. acuta rather than C.
acutiformis, but the style is 3-fid so that it must be placed here.

121. G. tumida, Boott Carew, i. 66, t. 181; spikes 5=6 suberect,
terminal one male long linear, lower. fem. short-peduncled distant long-
eylindric dense, fem. glumes lanceolate short aristate pale, style 3-fid,
utricle ellipsoid fuscous glabrous suddenly narrowed into, a conic-linear
shortly-notched beak. “Boeck. in Linnza, xli. 248.

Sixxim Himaraya, alt. 9000 ft., J. D. H., alt. 5000 ft., C. B. Clarke. Kuasta
Hitis; Shillong, alt. 6000 ft., C. B. Clarke.

.Glabrous. Steins 12-18 in. Leaves fonger than stem, }~} in. broad. Terminal
spike 2 in., very narrow, pale. Lower spikes fem. 2-3 by 4 in., ripe fruits obliquely
suberect. Fem. glumes narrow-lanceodlate, 3-nerved, stramineous, shorter than
utricle, aristate or muticous; bracts much overtopping infl. Utricle $ in., not
inflated, thin, obscurely nerved, lurid slate-colrd.; beak nearly as long as utricle
its lower half conic. Nut obovoid-ellipsoid, trigonous, filling utricle.—The swelling
in the middle of the beak, figured and insisted on by Boott, is taken from a single
(not well-ripe) collection ; in well-ripened fruits the lower half of the beak is conic
the upper narrow oblong; it is hardly possible to describe it as tumid in the
middle. .

122. ©. olivacea, Boott in Proc. Linn. Soe, i. 286,:4 in Trans. Linn.
Soc. xx. 138, & Caren, i. 56, t. 149; spikes 4-8 suberect, terminal one male,
lower fem. somewhat distant short-peduncled long-cylindric: dense, fem.
glumes lanceolate aristate pale, style 3-fid, utricle ovoid’ inflated fuscous
glabrous finally deflexed suddenly narrowed into a short linear notched
beak.- C. confertiflora, Boott in’ Mem. Am. Acad. N.S. vi. [1859] 418, &
Carex, iv. 184;: Franch. & Savat. Pl. Japon. ii. 151, 578.

Sixxim; Terai, J.D. H. Assam, alt. 300-1000 ft., frequent, C. B. Clarke, &.
Cacnar, Keenan.—DistRiB. Java, Japan. :

‘Taller and stouter than C. tumida, Boott; leaves in Hooker’s examples up to
4 in. broad. Stolons long... Terminal: spike 2-4 by 2 in., glumes obtuse purple
with green keel. Fem. spikes (not quite ripe) up to 7 by 4 in. in Hooker’s examples,
usually shorter thicker denser. Young utricle ovoid-conic, gradually narrowed up-
wards, when ripe much. inflated; teeth of beak short, linear, finally spreading not
very prominent, Nut ellipsoid or ovoid, much smaller than utricle.— Usually larger
than ,C. tumida ; it is easily told from it when young by the much thicker deeply-
colrd. male spike, when ripe by the inflated deflexed utricles. :

123. G. lobulirostris, Drejer Symb. Caric. 27, t. 14; spikes 46
approximate large cylindric erect, terminal one male dark brown, glumes
lanceolate aristate dark brown fem. much smaller, style 3-fid, utricle ovoid
somewhat inflated black red’ glabrous nervose suddenly narrowed into a
linear shortly-notched beak. Booté Carew, iv. 190; Thw. Enum. 356;
Boeck. in Linnea, xli. 244. CO. Arnottiana, Boott in Proc. Linn. Soc. i.

742 CLXXIl, CYPERACEEZ. (C. B. Clarke.) [ Carex.

260, & in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 129 (not of Drejer). OC. Neesiana, Arnott
ms. (not of Endi.).

CEYLon, Gardner, &c., alt. 6-7000 ft., Thwaites.

Glabrous. Stems 2-8 ft., rather stout. Leaves often overtopping stem, }4 in.
broad. Spikes very close together, subsessile; lowest sometimes 14 in. distant on a
lin. peduncle; bracts very long. Fem. spikes 2 by 3-3 in., rigid. Uftricle 2 in.,
spreading, hardly deflexed, longer than glumes, thin but somewhat succulent; beak
concolorous Jess than 4 length of utricle. Nut ellipsoid, trigonous, subsessile,
pyramidal at top, shortly apiculate, dark-brown.

124. G. lurida, C. B. Clarke; spikes 4-5 distant cylindric, terminal
2-3 male purple, lower fem. erect peduncled dense, fem. glumes elliptic
aristate, style 3-fid, utricle ovoid inflated thin lurid glabrous suddenly
narrowed into a deeply bifid beak with 2 spreading prominent linear teeth..
C. rostrata, Boeck. in Linnea, xli. 317 (the Sikkim plant). C. ampullacea,
var, Boott ms.—Caricis sp. (n. 1067), Griff. Itin. Notes, 194.

Sixxim Himataya; Lachen, alt. 9-12,000 ft., J.D. H. Buotan; Chupcha,
alt. 8000 ft., Grifith (Kew Distrib. n. 6066).

Male glumes purple-red with green keel, triangular tipped. Fem. glumes purple-
red on sides, the 3-nerved yellow back excurrent in a rigid scabrous arista, about as
long as utricle. Utricles in size and shape about equalling those of small examples
of C. rostrata, but different in colour; beak 2-fid very deeply into linear teeth
finally stellately divaricate, conspicuous.—Boott observes that he has never seen
such fem, glumes as these in C. rostrata.

125. GC. fuscifructus, C. B. Clarke; spikes 3-6 suberect somewhat
distant, terminal one male greenish, lower fem. cylindric dense short-
peduncled, fem. glumes lanceolate acute mucronate pale, style 3-fid, utricles
ovoid fuscous many-nerved glabrous, beak oblong conic very long shortly
2-fid.

Assam; Luckimpore, alt. 300 ft., C. B. Clarke.

Glabrous, stoloniferous. Stems 15 in., rather stout. Leaves overtopping stem,
scarcely 4 in. broad. Lowest spike sometimes as much as 8 in. distant on a 2 in.
peduncle, usually much closer; bracts 1 ft. Male spike 1} in., glumes very green
on back, aristate. Fem. spékes 14 by +-$in.; glumes 3-nerved, rather shorter
than utricles, scabrous-pointed. Uéricle nearly + in., conically narrowed at base,
somewhat inflated ; exserted part of style-branches hardly } utricle.

*k* Utricle hairy, or minutely setulose.

126. ©. flacea, Schreb. Spicil. Fl. Lips. Append. u. 669; spikes 4-6
distant long-cylindric, terminal 3-2 male, fem. glumes ovate acute, style
3-fid rarely 2-fid, utricle ellipsoid turgid obtuse puberulous-scabrous,
beak minute subentire. Host Gram. Austr. i. 66, t. 90; t. P, fig. 57, &
t. Zz, fig. 118. C. glauca, Scop. Carn, ii. 223; Kunth Enum. ui. 459 ;
Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. viii. 29, t. 269; Drejer Symb. Caric. 20, t. 6; Boeck.
in Linnea, xii. 187.

Srnp, Pinwill.—Temp. N. Hemisphere.

Glabrous, glaucous. Stolons long, hardening into a creeping branching rhizome
15 in. long in a Sind example. Stems 8-18 in. Leaves 2 stem, } in. broad, harsh.
Fem. spikes 13 by 2 in., dense in fruit; male spikes often longer 12 in. in Sind
examples. Lowest spike short-peduncled, erect, or if very remote long-peduncled
long-sheathed; bracts usually about as long asinfl. Utricle small, about 2, in. in
the Sind plant, obscurely trigonous.

a

Cares. | CLXXIL OYPERACEEZ. (C. B. Clarke.) 743

127. ©. setigera, Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xiv. 330, & Prodr. 43;
Sstoloniferous, spikes 4-8 cylindric distant, terminal 1‘(or 2-3) male, lowest
fem. peduncled erect, fem. glumes ovate often aristate, style 3-fid, utricles
ovoid hispid suddenly narrowed into small oblong notched beak. Nees in
Wight Contrib. 126; Kunth Enum. ii:'515 (partly); Boeck. in Linnea, xii.
189 (excl. Boott, t. 6, cited). C. hymenolepis, Nees lc. 126; Kunth'l. e.
505. C. setigera, var. minor, Strachey Cat. Pl. Kumaon, 73 (not Boott).—
Carex, Wall. Cat. 3385.

Himawayva, alt. 7-10,000 ft., frequent, from Mussoorie, Jacguemont, to Sikkim,
J.D. H., and Phari, G. King.

Glabrous, Rhizome long, creeping, = in. in. diam. Stems 1-2 ft. Leaves
nearly as long as stem, 3-3 in. broad. Spikes 14-2 in. long (in the typical C.
hymenolepis, hardly half as much in the var. chronlepis, Drejer), fem. up to } in.
broad (but not more than. § in. broad in smaller forms referred here) ; lowest fem.
spike often male at top, rather lax, often interrupted at-base. Fem. glwmes as long
as utricle, with a bristle much overtopping utricle in the standard form (which is
often small or disappears) usually with bright brown sides and scarious margins (but
the colour of male and fem. glumes varies widely). Utricle 3,—j, in., brown-green,
very hispid, nerveless, strongly 2-edged, the concave face only obscurely ridged by
the angle of nut, margined by. the incurved edges. Nut ellipsoid, trigonous, nar-
rowed much at base, dark brown; style slender, glabrous, base not dilated; exsert
part of branches about as long as utricle.

+ ®

128. GC. Schlagintweitiana, Boeck. Cyp. Nov. i. 48; stoloniferous,
spikes 3-6 very small cylindric distant pale, terminal 1 (or 2) male, lowest
fem. peduncled erect, fem. glumes ovate often mucronate, style 3-fid,
utricle very small ovoid hispid suddenly narrowed into small oblong
oe beak. OC. setigera, var. 8 minor, Boott Caren, i. 2, t. 6, fig. 1 (not

ig. 2). a

N.W. Himataya, alt. 6-10,000 ft. ; Kashmir, C. B. Clarke; Nyneé Tal, Thomson ;
Simla, Schlagintweit (n. 5039), &e. Sinp, Pinwill—DIstRIB. Yarkand.

Stolons numerous, long. Stems 4-10 in., slender, Leaves ¢vertopping stem,
zy in. broad. Fem. spikes (in fruit) § by ~j,-% in., weak. Utrictes hardly gy in.
long.—Otherwise as C. setigera, Don, from which this differs mainly in size.

- Lica ,
129. GC. inanis, Kunth Enum. ii. 522; spikes 4-12 cylindric approxi-
mate, terminal one male, fem. glumes ovate sometimes mucronate, style
3-fid, utricle small ovoid trigonous hispid suddenly narrowed into a-small
notched beak. OC. setigera, 8 minor, Bvott Caren, i. 2,t. 6 (mostly, i.e.
fig. 2). C.setigera, y humilis, Nees in Wight Contrib. 126. C. setigera,
var. fascicularis, Strachey Cat. Pl. Kumaon,73. C. setigera, Kunth Enum,
di, 515 (partly)—Carex sp. (Royle, n. 122), Nees in Wight Contrib. p. 120. .
’ -Himataya, alt. 7-10,000 ft.; from Kashmir, C. B. Clarke, to Sikkim, J. D. iH.
Rhizome divided, short, i.e. arises from lateral offsetts not from elongate stolons.
Stems 2-15 in., slender. Leaves overtopping stem, narrow. Bracts very long, con-
spicuously overtopping infl. Spikes (in fruit) % by ¢ in, dense, grey-greeff, upper
often fascicled, lowest sometimes a little distant, short-peduncled, occasionally carry-
ing 8-4 spikes. Fem. glumes frequently muticous, the midrib sometimes shortly
excurrent. Utricle much smaller than in C. setigera, Don, more turgid, without
one face coneave.—Spikes much denser than those of C. setigera, Don.

130, GC. kashmirensis, C. B. Clarke; spikes 3-6 short-cylindric
approximate, terminal 1-3 male, fem. glumes ovate muticoug, style 3-fid,
utricle ellipsoid lanceolate trigonous hispid acuminated into oblong deeply
bifid beak. C. hirtella, Boott ms. (partiy).

744 CLXXII. CYPERACEH. (C..B, Clarke.) [ Cavex.

Kasumir, alt, 10-15,000 ft., Thomson, frequent, C. B. Clarke. o

Resembles generally C. precow or C. pilulifera, but has an oblong beak to
utricle ending in two scarious lanceolate teeth. Rhizome short, creeping, divided.
Stems 8-16 in., slender. Leaves all nearly basal, 2 length of stem, % in. broad, flat.
Injl. usually 1-14 in.; bracts not (or scarcely) overtopping infl, Spikes very close,
nearly sessile ; lowest fem. occasionally 1-1} in. distant, then shortly peduncled.
Spikes 4-4 in., ferruginous; fem. with 8-20 utricles. Utricle 3 in. long (much
smaller than in C. hirtella), greenish, about 8-ribbed. Nu¢ filling utricle, dark
brown, oblong-ellipsoid ; style microscopically scabrous-pilose, exsert branches about
as long as utricle.—The preceding C. inanis, Kunth, is distinguished from the present
sp. by its very long bracts. %

181. C. heematostoma, Nees in Wight Contrib. 125; spikes 4-10
linear-cylindric, uppermost 3-1 male, lower fem. somewhat distant short-
peduncled suberect, fem. glumes ovate, style 3-fid, utricle much com-
pressed ovoid tip triangular-oblong deeply 2-fid hairy, nut stalked, style
hairy. Kunth Enum. ii. 514; Strachey Cat. Pl. Kumaon, 73; Boott
Carex, i. 72, t. 196; Boeck, in Linnea, xli. 302. C. macrogyna, Boott l. c.
7, t. 22; Boeck, U. ec. 223 (not of Turcz),

Himataya and W. Trpet ; N. Sikkim, alt. 12-17,000 ft., J. D. H., &c. Kumaon,
alt. 10-13,000 ft., Duthie, &. Kunawur, alt. 7-9000 ft., Royle, &c. Nubra, alt.
15-17 ,000 ft., Tromson.—DistR1B. Central Asia. :

Glabrous, except spikes. Rhizome short; no stolons seen. Stems 8-30 in.,
unusually terete. Leaves 4-20 by } in., weak, flat when dry. Spikes sometimes 24
by 4 in. (or in some high-level Sikkim examples 4 by 3 in. few-fid.), chestnut-purple.
Fem. glumes shorter than utricle, mucronate, dark chestnut with or without a broad
green back, in the large Sikkim examples brown-pilose, in Royle’s plant nearly
(sometimes quite) glabrous. Utricle }-1 in., with few obscure nerves, usually
ae upwards. Nut oblong-obovoid, trigonous, obtuse, with short oblong api-
culus. ee

132. ©. hirtella, Drejer Symb. Caric. 21; leaves very narrow en-
rolled when dry, utricle ellipsoid-lanceolate very long—otherwise as C.
hematostoma, Nees. Boott Carex, i. 11, t. 31; Boeck. in Linnza, xli. 209,
& in Journ. Linn. Soc. xviii. 105. C. tenuis, Nees in Wight Contrib. 128;
Kunth Enum. ii. 516.

Kasumir, alt, 9-13,0CO ft., very common. Kunawur, Royle. GuRWHAL,
alt. 9-10,000 ft., Duthie (nu. 62).

The full form has utricles 4-4 in. long and is very marked; but eastern examples
have smaller utricles, and are hardly distinguishable from C. hértella by their very
narrow inrolled leaves. The utricles in both species are triangular at tip without
any definite beak ; the terete stems, the much-stalked nut, and the very hairy.style
are characteristic of both species. The spikes in C. hirtella are (usually) 3 male,
8-2 fem. ; the glistening margins of the glumes are sometimes very prominent, some-
times not more so than in C, hematostoma and many sp.

133. C. cardiolepis, Nees in Wight Contrib. 127; spikes 3-5 distant
cylindric, terminal one male, fem. glumes ovate truncate mucronate pale-
backed, style 3-fid, utricles obovoid-ellipsoid trigonous scabrous bristly
suddenly narrowed into minute oblong beak. Kunth Enum. ii. 516;
Strachey Cat. Pl. Kumaon, 73; Boeck. in Linnza, xli. 200 & in Journ.
Linn. Soe. xviii. 105; -Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 409.

N.W. Himanaya, alt. 8-11,000 ft., frequent; from Kumaon to Kashmir.—
Disrers. Cabul. “

Glabrous. Sms 6-18 in., cxspitose on a tough short rootstock. Leaves often
nearly as long as‘ stem, Yj in. broad, flat. Lowest fem. spike in fruit 1 by 3 in.,

Carex.) CLEXIL CYPERACHR, . (C, B, Clarke.) 745

on peduncle 1 in. ; bract sheathing, its free portion very short (rarely 1 in.), Fem.
glumes rather large, Gonspicuous by the strongly-ribbed broad green back:; male
glumes sometimes similar but.often chestnut-red. Utriele + in., shorter than glume,
round-trigonous, obscurely nerved; beak hardly notched. Nut obovoid, trigonous,
filling utricle ; style very short, base slightly swollen, branches as long as utricle.

134, G. Halleriana, Asso Syn. 133, t. 9, fig.2; spikes 3, terminal
one oblong-cylindric male, fem. 2 close to it short few-Ad., fem. glumes
ovate green, style 3-fid, utricle somewhat large ovoid ‘strongly-ribbe |
green minutely glandular-pilose tip triangular shortly notched. Boott
Carex, iv. 128, tt. 415, 416; Boeck. in Innnea, xli, 201. C. ‘alpestris,
Allioni’ Fl. Pedem. ii. 270; Kunth Enum. ii. 479. C. gynobasis, Vill.
Dauph. ii. 206; Reichd. Ic. Fl. Germ. viii. 25, t. 259. C. diversiflora, Host
Gram. Austr. i. 58, t.70.

Sinp, Pinwill.— Distris. Westward to Europe. Also (subspecies) in N.
America, :

“Glabrous, Stems 6-12 in., cspitose on a harsh short rhizome. Leaves ‘usually
many, often as long as stem, scarcely 1, in. broad. Terminal male spike 2 by Lin,
dense, pale brown. Lowest fem. spike rarely 1 in. distant, usually ovoid close to
the upper fem.; bract very short. (Slender subbasal stems carry often 1 spike
wholly female or male at top; there is no line to be drawn between this state and
the common form of 1 male spike with 2 shorter female spikes at its base.)

- 185. ©. leeta, Boott Carex, i. 69, t. 188; slender, spikes 2-3 distant
cylindric, terminal 1 male, fem. glumes broadly obovate chestnut-purple,
style 3-fid, utricle obovoid-ellipsoid trigonous pilose tip short-triangular
beakless. Boeck. in Linnza, xii. 199. ;

Ԥixxrm Himaraya; Tungu, alt. 12-13,000 tt., J. D. H.

Glabrous, Stems 4-6 in., cespitose on a small tough woody rootstock. Leaves
4-4 stem, 4-75 in. broad, flat. Lowest fem. spike 2 by 3 in., on peduncle 13 in;
bract sheathing, its free extremity very short. Fem. glumes very broad, tip de-
pressed-triangular, keel narrowly green. Ufricle scarcely =; in., terminated by a
small round hole. Nut obovoid, triangular, filling utricle; style short.—Boeckeler
cites this as “‘C. pellucida, Hook. f. et T, Thoms., not of Turcz.” ‘C. pellucida,
Turez., was never published, nor does Boeckeler say what it was: the nathe was
sent Boott (by Fischer on an example) who affixed it in ms. to Hooker’s Tungu
plant. Turczanimow subsequently published his ms. C. pellucida as C. Kirilowii
{Fl. Baical-Dahur, ii. (pars. 1) 275]; it is very near indeed to C. leta but has more ~
acute fem. glumes, and Boctt subsequently referred it to C. pediformis, C. A. Mey.

136. CG. setosa, Boott Carex, iii. 108, tt. 327, 328, 329; sptkes 2-5
distant slender cylindric, terminal one male, fem. glumes elliptic acute or
truncate, style 3-fid, utricle oblong-obovoid trigonous setose narrowed
rather suddenly into a short oblong scarcely-notched beak. Boeck. in
nnza, xli. 3038. © :

HimMabaya, alt. 10-12,000ft. Sikkim, J. D. H., &c. GuRWHAL, Duthie.’ Kasu-
mir, OC. B. Clarke. : . ; . ;

Glabrous, Stems cespitose on a woody horizontal rhizome, 8-12 in., medium in
the Sikkim plant, filiform in the Kashmir. Leaves hardly 3 stem, 4% in. broad,
flat. Terminal male spike more than 1 in. in the Sikkim. plant, 3-4 in. in the
Kashmir, pale. Fem. spikes 2 by 3 in. (in the Sikkim type) dense, on a 2-3 in. erect
peduncle ; in the Kashmir plants, fem. spikes 4-4 in., delicate, lax, on filiform wavy
peduncles. Fem. glumes likewise vary from narrow ovate acute (in Sikkim) to
truncate in Kashmir. Utricle small, shining brown, with few scattered long fulvous
setze in Hooker’s type plant (whence name setosa); in the perfectly ripe Kashmir
plant utricles are green thin with rather copious short pubescence.—The Gurwhal

746 CLXxU. cypeRacEz. (C. B. Clarke.) [Cares

examples since Boott (collected by Duthie) are intermediate between the Sikkim and
Kashmir. The Kashmir plant, both in the truncate glumes and utricles, is near
C. cardiolepis, Nees, but the spikes and utricles are much slenderer.

187. ©. oligocarya, C. B. Clarke; slender, spikes 4-1 terminal 1
male, fem. spikes peduncled with 4-1 utricles, style 3-fid, utricle obovoid-
ellipsoid pilose suddenly narrowed into a long deeply-notched beak.

N.W. Trser; Dras to the Karakorum, alt. 12-13,000 ft., C. B. Clarke.

Glabrous except utricles. Rhizome stout, horizontal. Stems 6-10 in. Leaves
numerous, much shorter than stem, =, in. broad, flat. Spikes 4-3 in., terminal one
male often with a fem. close to its base or may be termed ‘‘ androgynous male at top.”
Lowest fem. spike 1-2 in. distant, on a 1-14 slender peduncle; bracts shorter than
infl. Fem. glumes elliptic-lanceolate, hardly mucronate, shorter than fruit. Utricle
(beak included) 1-2 in., trigonous, about 8-ribbed, brown-green ; beak 2 length of
body. Utricle ending in two long lanceolate white glabrous teeth. Nut ellipsoid,
trigonous, filling utricle; base of style not dilated, branches long.—The European
and Asiatic few-utriculate species compared have all a much shorter beak than
this.

138. C. breviculmis, Br. Prodr. 242; slender, spikes 2-6 oblong
rather small, terminal one male pale, fem. with 8-14 utricles, fem. glumes
with long bristle much exceeding utricles, style 3-fid base dilated, utricle
small ellipsoid trigonous slightly hairy, tip pyramidal. Kunth Enum. ii.
522; Boott Carex, iv. 181; Boeck. in Linnea, xli. 209. C. Royleana, Nees
in Wight Contrib. 127;, Kunthl. c. 441; Boott Carex, i. 6,t.19. C. leuco-
chlora, Bunge in Petersb. Mem. Sav. Etrang. ii. 142. C. Langsdorfii, Boott
in Trans. Linn. Soc, xx, 144. OC. puberula, Boott in Perry Euped. Jap. ii.
234,

N.-W. Hrmatara, alt. 6-10,000 ft., Royle, &. Sinp; Pinwill, Kaasta
Hits, alt. 4500-6300 ft., C. B. Clarke. Munrypoor; alt. 6000 ft. Watt.
Niterri Hittzs ; alt. 7000 ft., C. B. Clarke—Distris. Japan, China, Austral., N.
Zealand.

Glabrous, except utricles. Rhizome creeping. Stems cespitose, 4-16 in.
Leaves often 2 stem, % in. broad, flat. Spikes usuaily approximate, subsessile ;
lowest fem. sometimes 6 in. distant on 2 in. peduncle; fem. ripe spikes 4 by
2in. Style at base dilated green, sometimes forming a button as in the nuts of
Eleocharis.

139. ©. nemostachys, Steud. in Flora, xxix. 23 and Cyp. 218; ro-
bust, stolons long, spikes 3-8 approximate long-cylindric very dense,
terminal one male, style 3-fid, female glumes linear-caudate, utricle ovoid
trigonous somewhat hairy beak long conic-linear. Mig. in Ann. Mus.
LIugd. Bat. ii. 150, 211; C. excurva, Boott Carew, i. 57, t. 150; Boeck. in
Linnea, xii. 245. C. Zollingeri, Boeck. l.c. 242.—Carex sp., Griff. Iftn.
Notes, 86 (n. 1256).

Kuasta and Jaintea Hills, alt. 83-5000 ft., everywhere very common, J. D.
Hooker, &. Garo Hi1x1s; alt. 1200 ft., C. B. Clarke.—Distr1B. China, Japan.

Glabrous, except utricles. Stolon very long, stout. Stems 3-1 ft., at top
triquetrous scabrous. Leaves often as long as stem, § in. broad, flat, margins
scabrous, cutting ; sheaths often fimbriated. Male spike sometimes 44 by $ in,
always long ; fem. spikes erect (peduncles hardly 3 in.) 3 by 4 in., dense, appearing
hispid from the linear beaks spreading in all directions and the long persistent
style-branches. Fem. glumes from a very short triangular base, linear as long as
utricles, finally whitening. Utricle (beak included) about } in.—An unmistakable
plant that cuts severely.

Carex] CLEXU. OYPERACEE. (C. B. Clarke.) TAT

140. GC. Wallichiana, Prescott in Wall. Cat. 3380; glabrous except
utricles, stolons long, leaves (all sub-basal) long, spikes 4-8 distant long-
cylindric dense, 3-1 terminal male, style 3-fid, utricle ovoid-ellipsoid
densely hairy, beak very short divided nearly to base into two lanceolate
prickly teeth. Nees in Wight Contrib. (1834), 129; Kunth Enum. ii. 483;
Strachey Cat. Pl. Kumaon, 73 ; Boott Caren, i. 6, t.18; Boeck. in Linnea,
xli. 810 (partly); Adich. Cat. Punjab. Pl. 152. ©. Fedia, Nees /.c. 129;
Kunth Enum. ii, 483. C. hirta, Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 431; Boeck. in Journ.
Linn. Soc. xviii. 105 (not of Linn).—Carex, Wall. Cat. 3390.

N. Inpra, generally from Rawul Pindee, Aitchison, to BuRMa, Griffith, and
from Detar Canat, alt. 800 ft., Edgeworth, to Sikkim, alt. 9000 ft., King.—
Distris. Cabul. :

Stems 6-30 in. Leaves often 2 stem, 4 in. broad, sheaths often fimbriate.
Spikes often 14 in.; terminal males pale rather thick, often 3-2, sometimes 6-4,
rarely 1; fem. 3 in. thick, ashy, lowest often 3-7 in. distant on erect peduncle ;
bracts usually overtopping infl. Fem. glwmes ovate, acute, often mucronate, fuscous,
shorter than utricles. Utricle (beak included) 3-1 in. long, 8~10-nerved; teeth
of beak ultimately whitening spreading.—United with C. hirta, Linn., both by
Boeckeler and Boissier; to which it is undoubtedly allied. C. hirta differs in the
sheaths (or the “ligules”’ at least) hairy, the male spike smaller, the utricles
larger more acuminate into a longer beak.—C. Wallichiana, Boeck., was founded
partly on Falconer’s u. 1164 which is C. ligulata, Nees.

141. C. ligulata, Nees in Wight Contrib. 127; stems with nodes and
leaves throughout their length, leaves 3-3 in. wide, spikes 6-8 cylindric
distant, terminal one male slender, style 3-fid, utricle densely hairy ovoid
acuminate into.a short 2-fid beak. Kunth Enum. ii. 516; Strachey Cat.
Pl. Kumaon, 73; Boott Caren, i. 45, t.118; Boeck. in Linnea, xli. 305. C.
breviculmis, Thw.. Enum. 356 not Br.). C. Thwaitesii, Hance in Journ.
Bot. v. 235 (cf. Trimen Cat. Pl. Ceylon, 104). C. Wallichiana, Boeck. in
Linnea, xii. 310 (partly, not of Prescott). C. lachnosperma, var. 8
major, Nees in Wall. Cat. 3379 (partly) (83879 8 Wall. Herb. propr.).—
Carex, Wall. Cat.. 3394 (second sheet).

Kasumir; Falconer to NEPAL, Wallich, alt. 5-7000 ft. Kasra Hitts, alt.
5-6000 ft., @rifith, OC. B. Clarke. Nizerri Hit1s; alt. 57000 ft., C. B. Clarke.
CrryLon ; alt. 4-5000 ft., Thwaites.—DistTR1B. China, Japan.

Sheaths and leaves (partly) minutely hairy. Rootstock woody, short, knotted,
not thick. Stems 12-30 in. Lower leaves short; those springing from middle of
stem about as long as infl., flat, striate. Terminal spike 3 by 7; in., brown. Fem.
spikes 14 by i in., erect on short peduncles, pale or fuscous. Fem. glumes ovate,
acute, mostly mucronate, shorter than utricles. Utricle (beak included) yy in.

142. G. hebecarpa, C. A. Meyer in Petersb. Mem. Sav. Etrang. i.
293, +. 12; leaves and lower bracts very close together scarcely § in.
broad much overtopping infl., fem. spikes slender with distant utricles,
fem. glumes whitening (otherwise as C. ligulata, Nees). Kunth Enum. ii.
471; Boeck. in Linnza, xli. 301. CO. Wallichiana, C. B. Clarke in Journ.
Linn. Soc. v. 25, 83 partly, not of Prescott). C. lachnosperma, Wall. Cat.
3379, A.

Neupat; Wallich. Muneyroor; alt. 5800 ft., C. B. Clarke.

Beak of utricle rather longer and slenderer than in C. ligulata, Nees,

Var. 8 lachnosperma (sp.) Nees in Wight Contrib. 124 (excl. syn.) ; leaves close
together + in. broad, fem. spikes dense 4-¥in. broad. Kunth 1. c. 505. C. Kunthii,
Drejer Symb. Caricol. 22. C. gracilis, Boott Cares, i. 59 (partly). C. Maubertiana,
Boott 1. c. 45, t. 114. C. ligulata, Nees, oar. minor and angustifolia, Boott ms.

748 OLXXIL. cyPERAcEa. . (C. B. Clarke.) [ Caren.

Nepat; Wallick, Kuasta Hints; alt, 4500 ft., Griffith (Kew Distrib. 6063),
J.D.H. Muneyeoor; ; alt. 4000-8000 | ft.. OC. B. Clarke.—DisrRis. Cochin-
China. :

Appears exactly intermediate between ‘C. ligulata, Nees and C. hebecarpa, C. A:
Meyer; but it grows . mixed with the latter in such away both in Wallich’s
collections and in Muheypoor, that it must not be separated from it. This raises
a presumption that the whole series of plants included under C. igulata, Nees, and C.
hebecarpa should be regarded as one species. Boott was much puzzled by the inter-
mediate form, and gave it various names; but in reducing it to C. gracilis,’ he
forgot that the style in gracilis is 2-fid.

UNDETERMINED INDIAN CAREX.

1. C. AITCHISONI, Boeck. in Flora, lxiii. 456. Kurrum Valley (British
Afghanistan) ; Aitchison. . Allied to C. microlepts, Boeck. & C. enn Gaud. afi
Boeckeler.

. 2, C. cynocistis, Boeck. Cyp. Nov. I. 47. Tibet; Sehiagintweit, sees (partly)
» and (n. 7045). Allied to C. pulla, fide Boeckeler.

3. C. pimorPHa, Boeck. l.c. 45. W. Himalaya; Schlagintweit nme (4175).
Allied to C. alpina, fide. Boeckeler.

4. C, Exieva, Boeck. in Engl. Jahrb, v. 514. Ceylon; Wichura ae 2690).
Allied to C. acicularis & C. Archeri, fide Boeckeler, ‘

5. C. HEIEROLEPIS, Boeck. Cyp. Nov. 1. 48:(not.of Boott).- Spiti ; 4 Schlagintweit
(n. 6972). Allied to C. magellanica, fide Boeckeler. ;

6. C. LONGEPEDICELLATA, Boeck. Cyp. Nove, i. 41. Ladak ; Sehlagintweit (a.
1642). Allied to C. stenophyila, C. incurva, fide Boeckeler.

7. C, LonaicusPis, Boeck, 1. c. 49. Balti; Schlagintweit (n. 6088). Allied to
C. fuliginosa, C. frigida, fide Boeckeler.

8. C. MacranrHa, Boeck. l.c. 49. Tibet.; SURE Ate est (a. 7017). Allied to C.
ustulata, fide Boeckeler.

9. C. MELANOLEPIS, Boeck. l e. 47, Lahoul ; Schlagintweit (a. 2869) (partly).
Allied to C. pulla, fide Boeckeler.

10. C. MinvTI¥EORA, Boeck. l.c.51. W. Himalaya; alt. 6000-7300 ft., Schla-
gintweit (n, 4919). Allied'to C. hebecarpa, C. A. Meyer, fide Boeckeler, ~

ll. C. potyeywna, Boeck. 1. c. 40. Kishtwar ; Schlagintweit (a. 3840). ° Allied
to C. leiocarpa, fide Boeckeler.

12. C. pszUDO-BICOLOR, Boeck. l.c. 44. W.-Himalaya ; Sehlagintweit (1. 8643)
Allied to C.-dicolor, fide Boeckeler.

13. C. TIBEVICA, Boeck. lc. 46, Spiti; Sohtantnsineth: (n. 6960). Allied to C.
Lehmanni, fide Boeckeler.

14, C. tRisPicuLatTa, Boeck. l.c. 45. Gurwhal; alt. 10,000-10,600 ft., Schla-
gintweit) n. 10,'&6). Allied to C. bicolor and C. pseudo-bicolor, fide Boeckeler.

- 15. C. UncinuFoRMIs, Boeck, 1. c. 40. Kumaon; alt. 11,000-12,000 ft., Schia+
gintweit (u. 9640). Allied to C. linearis, Boott, fide Boeckeler.

LasroLeris, Boeck. (in Flora, lvi.. 90, and in Linnea, xxxviii. 542), referred by
its author to Cyperacee, is, as pointed out in Gen. Plant. (iii, 1043) identical with
Eriocaulon. The description of the only Indian species, L. brevifolia, is tuo incom-
plete for identification with any previously described Eriocaulon, Lut answers to
ererl common ones.

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

The Synonyms and Species incidentally mentioned are printed in italics.

Page
Abildgaardia cinnamo-
- metorum,Thw. . 650

compressa, Presl . 649
cyperoides, Nees 650
Eragrostis, Boeck. . 648
Sulvescens, Thw.... . 650
‘fusca, Neos . .. . 649
‘indica, Nees . 649
levigata, Link 649
monostachya, Vahl . 649
nervosa, Presl . 634
_ pauciflora, Kunth . 649
Rottboelliana, Nees. 649

tristachya, Vahl . . 649
sp., Wall. . . . 649
Acampe, Lindl. . 1 54, 179

cephalotes, Lindl. . 63
congesta, Lindl. . . 63
dentata, Lindl. . 62, 66

Page

? Thomsoni, Clarke . 376
umbellata, Clarke . 368
sp. Hf. & T. 367, 368
Acorus, Linn. . . . 555
Belangeri, Schott . 555
Calamus, Linn. . . 555
Calamus, Benth. . 556
Casia, Bertol. . 555
gramineus, Soland . 556
Grifithii, Schott. . 555
nilaghirensis, Schott 555
Tatarinovii, Schott. 556
terrestris, Spreng. . 556

Acriopsis, Reinwdt. . 79

crispa, Griff... 79
Grifithii, Rchb.f. . 79
. indica, Wt. . . . 79

javanioa, Reinwdt. 79
picta, Lindl. . . . 79

excavata, Lindl. . . 63 Ridleyi, Hk. f. . . 79
Griffithii, Rchb.f. . 66) Actinoschenus _filifor-
intermedia, Rehb. f. 66 mis, Benth. . . 650
P longifolia, Lindl. . 62] sp. Benth. . 651
P multiflora, Lindl. . 62]? Adenoncos wirens, Bl. 77
papillosa, Lindl.. . 63| Adenostylisemarginata,
Wightiana, Lindl. . 62 Bl.. . . 107
Wightiana, Thw. . 62 integerrima, BL. . 107
Aecras angustifolia, Brides, Lour. 43, 178
Lindl. . © 9| affine, Wall. . . . 44
Achasma macrocheilos, amplemicaule, Lindl. 40
Griff. . “°, 285) ampullacewm, Roxb. 64
magalochetlon, Grif. 236} appendiculatum, —
metriocheilos, Griff... 234 Wall... .. . 6 . 67

Aclisia elegans, Hassk. 368

gigantea, Hassk.. . 368
indica, Wt. . 368
sorzogonensis, E.

. 867

Meyer

Arachnites, Lindl. . 41
Arachnites, Swartz. 28

Ballantinianum,
Rehb.f...- .- 47
Borassi, Ham. . 48

‘ Page
Borassi, Smith . . 10
Brooketi, Lindl. . . 46
caleeolare, Smith . 60
caynosum, Griff. . . 32
cornutum, Carey . 47
cornutwm, Roxb.. . 47
crassifolium, Par. §f

Rchb.f. . . . . 46
crispum, Lindl. . . 45
cristatum, Wall... . 538
cylindricum, Lindl.

44, 196
cylindricum, Hook.. 44
cylindricum, Linn. . 198
dasypugon, Smith . 66
decumbens, Grif. . 48
densiflorum, Wall. , -72
diforme, Wall. . . %6
Emericii, Rchb.f. . 47
expansum, Rehb. f.. 46
faleatum, Lindl. . 46
Fieldingii, Lodd. . 45
flavidum, Lindl. . 47
guttatum, Roxb. . . 82
Hystrix, Lindl. . 39, 76
illustre, Rchb. f.. ., 45

Larpente, Hort . . 46
lasiopetalum, Willd.’ 48
latifulium, Thw. . 32

leopardorum, Wall.. 60
lepidum, Rehb. f. . 48
Lindleyanum, Wt. « 45
lineare, Hk.f. . . 47
Lobbti, Hort... . 45
longicornn, Hk. f. . 44
maculatum, Smith . 51
maculosum, Lindl.. 45
Mendalii, Jen. . . 48

750

Page
mitratum, Rchb.f. . 44
multiflorum, Roxb. . 44

nobile, Warn.. . . 47

odoratum, Lour.. . 47

pachy phyllum,
Rehb.f.. . . 48

pallidum, Roxb. . . 36
premorsum, Willd, . 32
racemiferum, Wall.. 68
radicosum, A. Rich. 46
ramosum, Wall. . . 72
Reichenbachit, Linden 47
retrofractum, Wali.. 46
retusum, Swartz . By
rigidum, Ham. . 48
rigidum, Smith . . 196
Rohanianum,Rehb.f. 47

roseum, Lodd.. . . 45
rostratum, Roxb.. . 36
spicatum, Don . . 382

suaveolens, Roxb. . 34
suavirsimum, Lindl. 47
teniale, Lindl. . . 31
tessellatum, Wt. . . 52

testaceum, Lindl. . 50)

trigonum, Klotzsch. 45
umbellatum, Walk . 61
undulata, Smith . 63
Vandarum, Rchb.f. 44
VPeitchii, Hort. . . 45
viridiflorum, Thw.

88, 196
Warnert, Hort. . . 46
Wightianum, Lindl. 50
Williamsi, Warn. . 45
sp. Griff. . . . . 58
Zirobrion earinatum
Spreng. . . 1,195
Aitheria, Haodl. . . 114
fusca, Lindl. . 97, 112
mollis, Lindl. . . 109
Agaveamericana, Linn. 277
cantula, Roxb. 217
vivipara, Linn. 207

Agiacdorum Griffiths
Schott . . . 523

Aglaonema, Schott . 528
birmanicum, Hk. f. 529
Clarkei, Hx. f. . 529

costatum, NV. E. Br. 531
? cuscuaria, Mig.. . 548
Griffithii, Schott . 528

Helferi, Hz. f. . 529
Hookerianum,

Schott : 529
integrifolium, Schott 529
longecuspidatum,

Schott . 530

Page
malaccense, Schott . 530
minus, Hk. f.. . 530
nanum, Hk. f. . . 530
nicobaricum, Hk. f.. 530
nitidum, Kunth . . 529
oblongifolium,
Schott . . 528
palustre, eau and
Binn.. . . . 528
pictum, Engl. . . . 5380
pumilum, Hh. f.. 530
Schottianum, Mig. . 529
Scortechinii, Hk. f. 530
Albikkia schanoides
Presl . 678
scirpoides, Presl . 678
Aletris, Linn. . . . 264
hyacinthoides, Linn. 270
khasiana, Hk. f. . 265
litoralis, Ken. . 264
nepalensis, Hk. f. . 264
perfoliata, Wilid. 264
sikkimensis, Hk. f.. 265
seylanica, Mill. . 270
Alisma, Linn. 559
apetalum, Ham. . . 560
calophyllum, Wall. . 560
cristatum, Wall. . 561
glandulosum, Thw. . 560
P Hamiltonianum,
Wall. . . 561
P intermedium, Griff. 559
Kotschii, Hochst. 560

obtusifolium, Thw. . 5
oligococcum, F.

Muell. . . 560
parnassifolium, Mich. 560
Plantago, Linn. . 539
pubescéns, Ham.. . 561
reniforme, Don . . 560
sagittifolium, Willd. 560
stellatum, Ham. . 561

ALISMACER . 559

ALLIEEX 301

Allium, Linn, . 837
Ampeloprasum,

Lian. . . 337
ascalonicum, Linn. . 337
atropurpureum,

Waldst. & Kit. 344
atrosanguineum,

Schrenk.. . . . 888
auriculatum, Kunth 342
Bakeri, Regel . . 341
blandum, Wall. . . 339
cerulewm, Wall. . . 341
Cepa, Linn. 337
Clarkei, Hk. f. 344

junceum, Jacq. .

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Page
consanguineum,

Kunth . .. . 840
Cumaria, Ham. . 337
ellipticum, Wall. . 342
exsertum, Baker . . 341
Fedschenkoanum,

Regel . . 338

Govanianum, Wall. 344
grandifiorum, Ledeb. 339
Grifithianum, Boiss. 339
Hookeri, Thw. . . 341
humile, Kunth. . . 344
Jacquemontii, Regel 342
Jacquemontii, Kunth. 339
. 842
leptophyllum, Wall.

339, 342
lilacinum, Royle . 339
longisepalum, Bert.. 339

longistamineum,
Royle . 340
loratum, Baker . 345

macranthum, Baker 345
nivale, Jacq. . . . 344
obtusifolium, Klotzsch

& Garcke . . . 339
odorum, Linn ..
oreoprasum,Schrenk 344
Pallasi, Bunge

platyspathum,

Schrenk . 340
Porrum, Linn. 337
robustum, Kar & Kir. 345
Roxburghii, G. Don 343
rubellum, YU. Bieb. . 339
rubellum, Ledeb. 339
rubens, Baker 339
sativum, Linn. 337
ie

Linn... . 338
Schrenki, Regel . 343
Semonovii, Regel 338
senescens, Miq. . . 343
sibiricum, Linn. . . 338
sikkimense, Baker . 341
splendens, Miq. 341

Stracheyi, Baker . 340

Sulvia, Ham. . 337
syntamanthum, C.

Koch. . : 339
tataricum, Ait. 343
tenue, G. Don 339
Thomsoni, Baker 340
tuberosum, Roxb. 343
uliginosum, G. Don 343
victorialis, Linn.. . 342
violacewm, Wall. . 341
vulcanicum, Boiss. . 339

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Page
Wallichii, Kunth. . 341
Allopytheon Hookeri,
Schott . . . 518
Alocasia, Schott . 524
‘- acuminata, Schott . 527
. alba, Schoté . 528
amabilis, Hort. . 527
Beccarii, Engl. . . 527
. commutata, Schott . 526
cucullata, Schott . 525
decipiens, Schott . 526
denudata, Engl.. . 525
fallax, Schott . . 527
fornicata, Rowb. . 528
: fornicata, Schott . 526
indica, Schott . 525
-Jenningsii, Veitch . 523
‘longiloba, Mig. . 527

macrorrhiza, Schott 526
montana, Schott... 525
navicularis, Koch §
Bouché 2 oe O2e
odora, CO. Koch . 526
perakensis, Hemsl. . 528
rapiformis, Schott . 525
rugosa, Schott - . 525

singaporensis, Lind. .
sp., Griff. . .

Aloe perfoliata, Willd.
vera, Linn. . +
zeylanica, Jacq. -

525
- 528
264
264

. 270

Alpinia, Linn. . 252
alba, Rose. » . 253
Allughas, Rose. . . 253
aquatica, Rosc. . 256
Asericea, Moon . . 256
aurantiaca, Wall. . 255

bracteata, Rozb. .

. 255

bracteata, Rosc. . . 254
caloarata, Rose. . 254
Cardamomum, Roxb. 251
carnea, Griff. . . 253
cernua, Sims . . . 254
conchigera, Griff. . 253
costata, Roxb.. . . 235
cristata, Griff. . 256
? decurvata, Baker 257
Galangay Sw. . . . 253
Galanga, Wall. . . 253
Hamiltoniana, Wall, 217
involucra‘a, Grif. . 256
linguiformis, Roxb. . 235
malaccensis, Rosc. . 255
malaccensis, Wall. . 256
Manii, King . . 253
P Missionis,. Wall. . 202
mutica, Rowb.. . 254

Page
Neesana (Mesuana)

Grah. . 247
Nimmonii, Grah. 244
nutans, Rose. . 256
petiolata, Baker. . 255
Rafiflesiana, Wall. . 255
Rheedii, Wt. . . 254
Roswburghit, Sweet . 255
scabra, Benth. . 256
Psecunda, Baker . 257
sessilis, Koen. . . 219
viridiflora, Griff... . 253
Wrayi, King . , 254
zingiberina, Hk, f. . 253

AMARYLLE 277
AMARYLLIDEE 277
Amaryllis carnosa,

Ham. . 280
cenosa, Ham. . 281
insignis, Ker-Gawl.. 283
latifolia, L’Her. . . 288
lineata, Lamk. 284
ornata, Bot. Mag.

283, 284

vivipara, Lamk. . . 281

zeylanica, Linn. . . 288
Ambrosinia ciliata,

Roxb. . - 492

retrospiralis, Roxb. . 493
spiralis, Roxb. . 494
unilocularis, Wt.. . 494
Amelina Wallichit,
Clarke . . 883
Amischotolypaglabrate,
Hassk. .38
marginata, Hasek. . 383
motlissima, Hassk. . 383
Amomum, Linn. . 233
aculeatum, Rozb. . 242
acuminatum, Thw. . 237

araneosum, Baker . 234

aromaticum, Roxb. . 241
Benthamianum,

Trim. . - 242
biflorum, Jack . 240

cannzcarpum, Benth.240
Cardamomum, Linn. 251

ciliatum, Baker . . 238
corynostachyum,
Wall... . . 238
costatum, Benth. . 235
Cureuma, Jacq. . 214
dealbatum, Roxb. . 239
echinatum, Willd. . 242

eletterioides, Baker 240
Fenzlii, Kurz . . 234
floribundum, Benth. 233
fulviceps, Thw. . . 237

751
Page

gomphocheilos,
Baker. . 236
gramineum, Wall. <a

graminifolium, Thw, 238
hypoleucum, Thw. . 240
involucratum, Benth. 233
Kingii, Baker . 241
Koenigii, Baker . . 237
latifolium, Lamk. . 211
Leonurus, Ken. . . 236
linguiforme, Benth. 235
littorale, Ken. . 289
macrocheilos, Baker 235
macrodus, Scort. . 286
macrostephanam,,

Baker . . 243
Maingayi, Baker | 235
masticatorium, Thw. 238
masimum, Roxb. . 239

_megalocheilos, Baker 236
metriocheilos, Baker 234

microstephanum,
Baker. . 239
montanum, Koon. . 248
nemorale, Benth. . 233
pauciflorum, Baker . 238
pterocarpam, Thw. . 241
pulchellum, Thw. . 251
racemosum, Lam. . 251
repens, Willd. . 251
roseum, Roxb. . 244
rubro-luteum, Baker 236
rufescens, Benth. . 242
scyphiferum, Ken. 237
seviceum, Roxb. . . 239

i
Baker . . 234
spurium, Gmel. . 247
stenoglossum, Baker 234
subulatum, Roxb. . 240
sylvestre, Poir. . 247
triorgyale, Baker . 237
uliginosum, Kon. . 241
vitellinum, Lindl. . 242
xanthioides, Wall. . 239

ae es
Baker. . . 241
Zedoaria, Berg. . 211
Zerumbet, Linn. . . 247
Zerumbeth, Koon. . 211
Zingiber, Linn. . 246
ap. Grif. . 240
Sp. Koen... . . 237
Amorphophallus, Bl... 513
bulbifer, Bi. » « 51S
burmanicus, Hh. f. . 517
campanulatus, Bl. . 513
campanulatus, BI. . 514

752

Page
Chatty, André . 613
chlorospathus, Kura 516

commutatus, Bngl.. 515
dubius, Bl. . 514
elatus, Hh. f. . . 517
giganteus, Bl... . 517

hematospadix,Hk.f. 517

. longistylus, Kurz .. 515

‘“lyratus, Engl. . 517
margaritiferus;

Kunth , « . 519

oncophyllus, Prain. 516
Prainii, Hk. f. . . 516
purpurascens, Kurz 515

Rex, Prain . . 514
sparsiflorus, Hk. f. . 516
sylvaticus, Kunth . 518

tuberculiger, Engl.. 517

virosus, N. HE. Br. . 513
zeylanicus, Bl. . 518
Anadendrum, Schott . 539
latifolium, Hk. f. . 540

marginatum, Schott 540

medium, Schoit.. .. 540

montanum, Schott . 540
Anadryum humile,

Schott . 549

Anezctochilus, Bl. 94, 179
albolineatus, Par. &
Rehb.f.. . . . 96
previlabris, Lindl. . 95
crispus, Lindl. . . 99
Dawsonianus, Low .
elatior, Lindl. . . 95
grandiflorus, Lindl. .
Griffithii, Hk. f.. . 96
lanceolatus, Lindl. .

luteus, Lindl. . 101
regalis, Bl. . . . 95
Reinwardatii, Bl.. . 95
Roxburghii, Lindl. . 95
setaceus, Lindl. . . 95

tetrapterus, Hk f.. 96

Anaphyllum, Schott . 551
Wightii, Schott . . 551
Aneilema, Br. . B74

equinoctiale, Kunth 383
canaliculatum, Dalz.
compressum, Dalz. .
conspicuum, Kunth
croceum, Griff. -

cumosum, Kunth

debile, Wall. . . .

densiflorum, Kunth . 390
diandrum, Ham.. . 378
didymum, Wall. . . 368
dimorphum, Dalz. . 377
dimorphum, Thw. 376

Page
divergens, Clarke . 376
diversifolium, Hassk. 379
elatum, Kunth . 377
ensifolium, Wt. . 879
esculentum, Wall. . 377
esculentum, Wall. . 3879
filifor me, Ham. . 381
foliosum, Hassk.. . 379
giganteum, Br. . . 379
glaucum, Thw. «ote
gramineum, Br. . 377
Hamiltonianum,
Wall. . 380

herbaceum, Wall. 377, 382
hispidum, Don 390
Hookeri, Clarke . . 376
Junghuhnianum,Mig. 379
Keenigii, Walt. . B81
lancifolia, Griff... . 379
lanuginosum, Wall. 380
latifolium, Wt. . . 377
lineolatum, Kunth . 376

longifolium, Hook. 379
longifolium, Wall. . 376
loriforme, Hassk. . 379
Loureirei, Hance . 375
? melanostictum,

' Hance . 877
minutum, Kunth. . 379
montanum, Wt. . 381
montanum, Thw.. . 376
nanum, Kunth . 877
nudicaule, Kunth 379
nudiflorum, Br.. . 378

nudifiorum, Miq. 877, 381
nudiflorum, Wall. . 381
nummularium, Mig. 378

ochraceum, Dalz. . 380
ovalifolium, Hk. f. . 382
ovatum, Wall. . 382

paniculatum, Wall. 381

paniculatum, Wt . 377
pauciflorum, Wt. . 378
pauciflorum, Dalz. . 381
pilosum, Wall. . 380
protensum, Thw.. . 376
protensum, Wall.. . 382
radicams, Don . 378
reniforme, Ham, . . 368

scaberrimum,. Kunth 382
scapiflorum, Wt. . 375
scapiflorum, H.£.&T. 376
secundiflorum, Kunth 368

secundum, Wt. . 879
semiteres, Dalz. . 381
serotinum, Don . 875
sinicum, Lindl. . . 379
spectabile, Kurz . . 375

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Page
spicatum, Wall. . 373
spiratum, Br. . 377
terminale, Wt. . 879
Thomsoni,. Clarke . 376

trichocolea, Schauer 379

triquetrum, Wall. . 378
tuberosum, Ham.. . 375
vaginatum, Br. . . 381
versicolor, Dalz. . 378
zeylanicum, Clarke . 376
sp. H.f.&T.. 876, 382
sp. Miq. . 377
sp. Wall. 368
Angracumpugioniforme,
Klotzsch
zeylanicum, Lindl. . 78
Anguillaria, Heyneana,
Wall...
indica, Br. . 3 . 357
indica, Grah, . 357
ANGUILLARIEE . . 301
Anosporum, Nees . . 597
cephalotes, Kurz. . 597

monocephalum, Nees 597

pallidum, Boeck, . 598
Anthericum Adenan-
thera, Forst. . 887
nepalense, Spreng. . 335
Nimmonii, Grah.. . 336
niveum, Schult. f.° 336
ornithogaloides, —
Hochst. . 334
parviflorum, Benth. 336
serotinum, Linn.. . 354
tuberosum, Heyne. . 334

tuberosum. Roxb: 334,335
unifiorum, Roxb. ©, 855
Aoplarentformis, Lindl. 152

Apaturiamontana,Thw. 117
Apetelon minutum, Wt. i
Aphylleia erubescens,
Champ.~. . . 558
Aphyllorchis, Bl. . . 116
montana, Rehb.:f. . 116
pallida, Bl. . 117
Prainii, Hk. f. . .117
? vaginata, Hk f. . 117
Aponogeton, Thunb. . 564
crispum, Thunb.. . 564
echinatum, Rowb. . 564
flavidum, Ham. . . 564
lucens, Hb. Madr. . 564
microphyllum, Roxb. 565
monostachyon, Linn. 564
monostachys, Hdgew. 564
undulatum, Roxb. . 564
Apostasia, Bl. . 174
Brunonis, Griff. . . 175

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Page

latifolia, Rolfe - 175
nuda, Br... . 175
Wallichii, Br.. . 175
Appendicula, Bl. . . 82
bifaria, Lindl. . . 82
callosa, Bl. » « 88
eordata, Hk. f. 83

85
83
85

cristata, Bl. ‘
cyathifera, Rehb. a
echinocarpa, Hk. j.
graminifolia, a
& Binn.. .
Koonigii, Hk. f. . 84, 198
Jancifolia, Hk. f. . 84
Lewisii, Griff.

longifolia, Bl. . 85
Maingayi, Hk. f.. . 85
reduplicata, Rchb.f. 82
stipulata, Griff. . 83
teres, Grif. . . . 85
torta, Bl. . . . 84
xytriophora, Rchb. f. 84

sp. Griff. . . . . 85

Arachnanthe, Bu. 27
bilingnis, Benth. . 28
Catheartii, Benth. . 28
Clarkei, Rolfe 28
Maingayi, Hk. f. 28
moschifera, Bl.. . 28

Arachnis moschifera,Bl. 28

Areca, Linn... . 405
augusta, Kurz 414
Catechu, Linn. . 405
concinna, Thw.. . 406
costata, Kurz. . 409
curvata, Griff. 408, 411
Dicksonii, Roxb. . 409
disticha, Roxb. 408
Faufel, Geertn. 405
gracilis, Roxb. . . 407
hematocarpa, Griff. 410
henasticha, Kurz. . 406
horrida, Griff. . . 415
hortensis, Lour. . . 405
humilis, Roxb, . 408
malaiana, Griff.. . 410
nagensis, Grif. . . 406
Nenga, Bl.. . . . 412
Nibung, Mart. . . 414
oryzeformis, Gertn. 409
poradowa, Griff. . . 411
pumila, Bl. . 412
tigillaria, Jack . . 414
triandra, Rowb. . . 406
triandra; Roxb.? . 407
Wallichiana, Mart. . 416
sp. Griff. 407, 410

ARECER . « 403

VOL. VI.

Page
Arenga, Labill. . . 421
Griffithti, Seem. . . 421
obtusifolia, Mart. . 421
saccharifera, Labill. 421
Westerhoutii, Griff... 421
Wightii, Griff. . 422
Arethusa bengalensis,

Hort. . « « d22
ecristata, Griff. « 122
plicata, Andr. . . 119

ARINEE . . 490

5 | Ariopsis, Nimmo . 519
peltata, Nimmo . . 519
protanthera,N.H.Br. 519

Ariszema, Mart. . 497
abbreviatum, Schott 503
afine, Schott . . 505
album, N. E. Br.. . 498
alienatum, Schott . 505
anomalum, Hemsl. . 498
caudatum, Engl.. . 508
commutatum, Schott 502
concinnum, Schott . 505
consanguinenm,

Schott . . . 505
cornutum, Schott . 506
costatum, Mart.. . 501
eostatum, Wall. . . 500
curvatum, Kunth. . 502
cuspidatum, Engl. . 497
decipiens, Schott . 503

- dolosum, Schott. . 500
echinatum, Schott . 506

eminens, Schott. .
erubescens, Schott .

500
506

P erubescens, Dalz. &

Gibs.. . . . 504
exile, Schott . . 506
ss cara N. E.

. 507
fliforme, ‘Thw. . + 504
fimbriatam, Mast. . 502
flavum, Schott . 508
fraternum, Schott . 507

galeatum, N. E. Br.

502

P gracile, Kunth. . 512
Griffithii, Schott. . 499
helleborifolium,

Schott .. . 502
? heptaphyllum, ‘BL. 508
Hookert, Schott . . 499
Hookerianum,Schott 499
Huegelti, Schott . . 504
intermedium, Bl. . 500
Jacquemontii, Bl. . 505
Jacquemontii, Engler. 507
Kunstleri, Hh. f.. . 497
Leschenaultii, Bl. . 504

758

Page
Leschenaultvi, Engl. 507
mirabile, Schott. . 500
Murrayi, Hk . 507

neglectum, Schott | 504
nepenthoides, Mart. 504
ochraceum, Schott . 507
papillosum, Steud. . 504
? pentaphyllum,

Schott . 508
petiolulatum, Hk. j- 498
Prazeri, Hk. f. . 501

propinguum, §. chott 501

pulchrum, N. E. Br. 505
? pumilum, Bl. . . 509
Roxburghii, Kunth. 497
Scortechini, Hk. f.. 503
speciosum, Mart. . 500
Steudelii, Schott . 502
Stracheyanum,Schott 500
tortuosum, Schott . 502
utile, Hk. f. . 499

verrucosum, Schott 499
vituperatum, Schott 506
Wallichianum, Hk.f. 500
Wattii, Hk. f. . 498

Wightii, Schott . . 507
Wightit, Hook. . 504
Wrayi, Hemsl. - 503

498, 502, 504,
505, 506, 510
Arisarum amboinense,
Rumph,. . . . 510
Aroid. Wall. 495, 518, 519,
520, 521, 522, 523, 524,
525, 529, 530, 533, 534,
536, 537.

sp. Wall.

AROIDEZ . be te . 490
Arrhynchiwm labrosum,
Lindl. 28

Arthrostylis chinensis,

Benth. . 651
Jiliformis, Thw. 650
Arum, Linn. . 509
angulatum, Griff, 512
bulbiferum, Roxb. . 515
campanulatum,Roxb. 513
clavatum, Desf. 508
Colocasia, Linn. . 523
costatwm, Wall. 501
crenatum, Wt. 512
cucullatum, Lour. . 525
curvatum, Roxb. 502

cuspidatum, Bl.. .
cuspidatum, Roxb. .
divaricatum, Linn. .

divaricatum, Thw. . 518

echinatum, Wall. . 506

erubescens, Wall. 506
3c

754

Page
flagelliforme, Lodd.. 512
flavum, Forsk. . 503
fornicatum, Roxb. . 526

gracile, Roxb. . . 512
grandiflorum, Ham.. 518
Grifithii, Schott . 509
guttatum, Wall. . 508
indicum, Roxb. . 525
integrifoliwm, Link. . 529
Jacquemontii, Bl. . 509
lyratum, Roxb. . 517
macrorrhizon, Linn, 526
margaritifer, Roxb. . 519
minutum, Willd.. . 518
montanum, Roxb. . 525
mucronatum, Spr. . 513
Murrayi, Grah. . . 507
nepenthoides, Wall. , 504
nympheifolium,

Roxb, . . . . 528
occultatum, Ham, . 515
odorwm, Roxb. . . 526
orizense, Roxb. » 509
ovatum, Linn. . . 495
pedatum, Willd.. 508
peltatum, Lam. . . 523
pentaphyllum, Linn. 508
peregrinum, Linn. . 526
? pumilum, Lamk. . 509
Rumphii, Gaud. . 514
sessiliflorum, Roxb. . 5(8
speciosum, Wall.. . 500
spirale, Grah. . . 494
spirale, Retz. . . 494
sylvaticum, Roxb. . 518

taccoides, Ham. . 515
tortuosum, Wall.. . 502
trilobatum, Bot. Mag. 510
trilobatum, Linn. . 509

trilobatum, Roxb. . 510
venosum, Lindl. . . 508
viviparum, Roxb. . 522
sp. Griff, . . . 520
Ascolepis kyllingivides,
Steud.
tenuior, Steud. . 663
ASPARAGEX . . 300
Asparagopsicabyssinica,
Kunth . . 316

acerosa, Kunth . . 317
adscendens, Kunth . 318
Brownei, Kunth 316,317
Curilla, Kunth . . 318
Decaisnei, Kunth . 316
floribunda, Kunth . 316
Hohenackeri, Kunth 316
javanica, Mig. . . 317
rbricaulis, Kunth . 318

sarmentosa, Dalz. &
Gibs. : . 817
Asparagus, Linn.

acerosus, Roxb, . . 317
acerosus, Wall. 316
adscendens, Roxb. . 317
asiaticus, Linn... . 316
asiaticus, Wt. 316

capitatus, Baker.
Curillus, Ham.
Curillus, Wall...
315, 316,
dubius, Dene. .

dumosus, Baker . 815
falcatus, Linn. . . 318
fasciculatus, Br. 316, 317

filicinus, Ham. . 314
floribundus, Rottl. . 315
gonoclados, Baker 318
gracilis, Royle 315
Jacquemontii,Baker 316

levissimus, Steud. . 317
lycopodineus, Wall. . 315
nepalensis, Baker 316

racemosus, Willd. . 316
Rottleri, Baker . 315
rubricaulis, Baker . 318
sarmentosus, Linn. 319

sarmentosus, Heyne
P sarmentosus, Thw.

subulatus, Steud. 315
volubilis, Ham. . . 316.
volubilis, Wall. 317, 318
zeylanicus, Hk. f . 317
ASPHODELE . . 800

Asphodelopsis aranga-
dinensis, Steud. .
Asphodelus, Linn.’ .

estivus, Rchb. 332
clavatus, Roxb. . 332
comosus, Baker . 332
microcarpus, Rchb.. 332
parviflorus, Wt. . . 332
persicus, Jaub. &
Spach. . 333

tenuifolius, Cavan. .
Aspidistra, Ker. .
longifolia, Hk. f.
lurida, Baker.
ASPIDISTRER. . . 800
Atacca crostata, Kunth 287
integrifolia, Presl . 288
Ate acuminata, Thw. , 183
virens, Lindl. . . 133

Banglium sulphureum,
Ham... . . . . 217
Banksia speciosa,Koen. 250

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Page
Barnardia indica, Wt. 348
Barrotia diodon, Gaud. 484

Baumea, Gaud. . . 674
Brownei, Boeck.. . 675
crassa, Thw. . . 675
riparia, Boeck. 674
rubiginosa, Boeck. . 675

Belamcanda, Adans . 276
chinensis, Leman . 277
punctata, Moench . 277

Belosynapsis neues:
Hassk. . . . 388
Bentinckia, Berry. . 418
Coddapanna, Berry 418

nicobarica, Bece. 418
Birchea teretifolia, A.
Rich... . 24
P Bletia picallosa,
Don .
Dabia, Don ... 4
Blysmus, Panz. . . 660
compressus, Panz. . 660
rufus, Link. . . 661
Bonaka benghatensis,
Griff...
herbacea, Wall. 138
punduana, Lindl. . 185
BornassgeEz. . . . 405
Borassus, Linn. . , 481
ethiopum, Mart.. . 482
dichotomus, White . 482
flabellifer, Linn.. . 482

flabelliformis, Murr. 482,
Gomutus, Lour.. . 421
Botrydsicyos penta-
phyllus, Hochst. . 289
Brachyspathasylvatica,
Schott . . . . 518
zeylanica, Schott. . 518
Bromheadia, Lindl. 20
? aporoides, Rehb. f. 20

Finlaysoniana,
Kehb. f.. . 20
palustris, Lindl. . . 20

Brunieravivipara, Fran. 558
Bulbdillaria gageoides,
Zuce.. .
Bulbophyllum adeno-
petalum, Lindl. . 188
clandestinum, Lindl. 187
clandestinum, Linn. 198
conchiferum, Rchb.f. 188
concinnum, Hk. f. . 187
cupreum, Lindl.. . 188
leptanthum, Hk. f. . 188
Lobbii, Lindt. . 187
Macrei, Rchb.f... 190
macranthum, Lindl. 187

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Page
Medusx, Rchb.f. . 187
patens, King . . . 187
rufinum, Rchb.f... 188

Sillemianum, Rchb.f. 189
striatellum, Ridl. . 189
vermiculare, Hi. f.. 188

Bulbostylis, Kunth . 651
barbata, Kunth . . 651
capillaris, Kunth . 652
nudipes, Kunth . . 651
puberula, Kunth . 652
pulchella, Thw. . . 652

subspinescens, Clarke652
trifida, Kunth . 652
Wallichiana, Kunth 651
Willdenowii, Kunth 651

BUTOMES . » . . 559
Butomopsis, Kunth . 562
lanceolata, Kunth . 562
P latifolia, Kunth . 562
Butomus, Linn. . . 562
Dobia, Ham. . . . 562
lanceolatus, Roxb. . 562
latifolius, Don. . 562
umbellatus, Linn. . 562
Caladium acre, Br.. . 528
amboinense, Ham. . 583
cucullatum, Pers. . 525
discretum, Ham.. . 519
esculentum, Vent. . 523

glycirrhizum, Fraser 526
heterophyllum, Pres] 527
macrorrhizon, Br. . 526
montanum, Heyne . 495
nympheifolium, Vent.523

odoratissimum,
Koch . : . 526
odorum, Lindl. . . 526
P ovatum, Ham. . 519
ovatum, Vent. . 495
, pumilum, Don . 522
viviparum, Lodd. . 522

Calamosagus harine-
folius, Griff. . 475
laciniosus, Griff.. . 475
ochriger, Griff. . 476

polystachyus, Griff. . 476
seaphigerus, Griff. . 475
wallichiefolius, Griff. 475
wallichicefolius,Mart. 475
Calamus, Linn. . . 436
acanthospathus, Griff.448
amarus, Lour. . . 447
andamanicus, Kurz. 457
anguslifolius, Griff.. 464
arborescens; Griff. . 439
aureus, Reinw. . 460

axillaris, Bece.

Brandisii, Becc. .
caesius, Blume .
calicarpus, Griff. .
castaneus, Griff. .
castaneus, Griff. .

Page

« 456 |,

. 448
. 456
. 467
. 440
. 440

collinus, Griff. 439, 472

concinnus, Mart.
conirostris, Becc.
delicatulus, Thw.
densifilorus, Bece.

« 444

. 461}

446
« 445

Diepenhorstii, Mig. 454

diffasus, Bece.
digitatus, Becc.
Doriaei, Becc,
Draco, Griff.
erectus, Roxb,
exilis, Grif.
extensus, Roxb. .
eatensus, Mart.
fasciculatus, Roxb.
Feanus, Bece. .
Pernandezii,

H. Wendl... .
filipendulus, Bece,
flagellum, Griff .

« 447 |

. 442
. 456
. 467
. 438
« 454
. 462
» 444
. 444
, 448

. 459
. 443
. 439

Flagellum,T. Anders. 463

floribundus, Griff.
Gamblei, Becc. .
geminifiorus, Griff.
geniculatus, Griff.
giganteus, Becc. .

. 444
. 453
. 479
. £70

460

glaucescens, Blume . 456

gracilis, Roxb.
gracilis, Thw.
grandis, Griff.
grandis, Kurz

Griffithianus, Mart. 440 |.

Guruba, Ham.
Helferianus, Kurz

« 453
. 442

463
» 463

. 449
- 446

Heliotropium, Ham. 447
hostilis, Hort. Calc. 489
Huegelianus, Mart. 452

humilis, Roxb.
P humilis, Roxb. .
hygrophilus, Griff.
hypoleucus, Kurz
Hystrix, Griff.

. £62
. 456
« 464

451
. 469

inermis, T. Anders... 456

insignis, Griff. . 459
intermedius, Griff. . 464
javensis, Bl. . 442, 462
Jenkinsianus, Griff.
439, 462
levigatus, Mart.. . 477
latifolius, Roab.. . 455
latifolius, Kurz . . 458
leptopus, Griff. . 468

Bc 2

755

Page
leptospadix, Grif. 441
Lewisianus, Griff. 465
Lobbianus, Bece.. . 462
longipes, Griff. 471
longisetus, Griff. 440
longisetus, Thw.. . 441
luridus, Becc. . . 446

macracanthus,T. An-
ders. . . . £56
macrocarpus, Griff. . 439
Martianus, Becc. . 459
Mastersianus, Griff.. 449
manimus, Reinw. . 479
melanacanthus, Mart. 453
melanacanthus, Mart, 454
melanolepis,H.Wend.452
Metzianus, Schlecht. 462
micracanthus, Griff. 467
micranthus, Blume . 461
mishmiensis, Griff. . 445
monoicus, Roxb. . . 448
montanus, Anders. . 449

monticolus, Griff. . 466
multiflorus, Mart. . 445
myrianthus, Becc, . 451
neglectus, Becc. . . 458
nicobaricus, Becc. . 446
nitidus, Mart. . . 449

nutantiflorus, Griff. . 463

ornatus, Blume . . 460
ornatus, Griff. . 460
ovatus, Reinw. 460
ovoideus, Thw. . 457

Oxleyanus, Trys. ¥

Binn. . nen 458
pachystemouus, Thw.442
pallidulus, Bece. . 457
palustris, Grif. . . 458
paniculatus, Mart. . 459
paradowus, Kurz. 480
paspalanthus, Becc.. 450
? penicillatus, Roxb.

443, 462
perakensis, Bece. . 451
petiolaris, Griff. . . 466

platyspathus, Mart. 449
Ppolygamus, Roxb.439,462
polyspathos, Wall. , 450
Pseudo-Rotang,Mart. 444
Pseudo-tenuis, Becc. 445
quinquenervius, Roxb.460
radiatus, Thw. . 442
radulosus, Becc.. . 443
ramosissimus, Griff. 450
Rheedei, Grif, . .. 452
rivalis, Thw. . 441, 462
Rotang, Linn. » 447
Roaburghii, Griff. . 448

756
Page
Royleanus, Griff... 447
rudentum, Mart. . 441
yudentum, Thw. . . 455

rugosus, Becc. . . 443
schizospathus, Griff. 439
scipionum, Lour. 461
sctpionum, Lam. . 448
simplex, Becc. 456
singaporensis, Becc. 454
spathulatus, Becc. . 459
strictus, Mig. . - 471
tenuis, Roxb. . . 447
tenuis, Bece. . 445
Thwaitesii, Becc. 441
tigrinus, Kurz 440
tomentosus, Bece. . 455
travancoricus, Bedd. 452
unifarius, H. Wendl. 458
verticillaris, Griff. 470

viminalis, Willd. . 444

viridispinus, Becc. 458
Wightii, Griff. 452
~ geylanicus, Becc. 455
sp. Griff. . 477

Calantheaustralis,Hort. 195
colorans, Rchbb. tf. 195
grandijlora,Hort.Belg.195
labrosa, Rehb. f. 195

longipes, Hk. f. 195
Petri, Rehbb. f. 195
rubens, Ridl. . 195
rubro-oculata, Paxt. 195
tricarinata, Lindl. 195
veratrifolia, Hook. . 195
vestita, Lindl. . 195
Calecearia fornicata, Bl. 118

picta, Bl... 118
Calla angustifolia,J. ack 533

aromatica, Roxb. . 532
calyptrata, Roxb. . 589°
humilis, Jack . 584
montana, Bl. . . 540
nitida, Jack . . 529
oblongifolia, Roxb. . 529
occulta, Lodd. . 5382
orata, Ham. 541
rubescens, Roxb.. . 532
virosa, Roxb. 524
CaLLEeez . 491

Callisia orientalis, Ham. 380
P Caloscordon exsertum,
Herb. . 841
Calyptrocoryne Wightii,
Schott .. . 513
Salyptrostylis florida,
Nees...
Camarotiscbtusa, Lindl, 36
pallida, Lindl. .°. 36

Page
purpurea, Lindl... . 36
rostrata, Rchb.f. . 36
Campelia glabrata,

Hassk. . 384
marginata, Bl. . 883
marginata, Wall. . 384
mollissima, Bl. . 383

Campylandra auran-
tiaca, Baker . 825
Wattii, Baker . 825
Candarum Rowburghii
Schott Aah
Canna, Linn. . 260
chinensis, Willd.. . 260
flavescens, Link . 261
indica, Linn. . . 260
indica, Linn. . . 260
speciosa, Rosc . . 261
CANNES . 200
Cardamomum officinale,

Salisb. . 251
medium, Roxb. . 235
medium, Schult.. . 235

Carex, Linn. . . 699
acicularis, Boeck. . 748
acutiformis, Hhrh. . 740
e@quata, Nees . . 723
Aitchisoni, Boeck. . 748

alopecuroides, Don. 737

alpestris, Allioni. . 745
alpina, Sw. . 730
alpina, Boeck. . 748
alta, Boott . . 707
amena, Boott . . 719
ampullacea, Good. . 740
angustifolia, Boott . 747

aphanolepis, Fran. &
Sav. . . . 137

Archert, Boeck. . 748
arctica, Deinb. . 701
Arnottiana, Nees. . 709
Arnottiana, Boott . 741
arridens, Clarke . . 726
asperula, Nees . 732
aterrima, Hoppe. . 731
atrata, Linn. . . 731
atrata, Boott . . . 733
atrofusca, Schk. . . 734
austriaca, Schk.. . 701
avillaris, Linn. . 706
baccans, Nees . 722
baccans, Boott . 723
bengalensis, Boeck. . 716
bengalensis, Boott . 716

bengalensis, Roxb.715,718
bengalensis, Thw. . 715
Benthamiana, Boott 709
Bertolonii, Schk. . 701

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Page
bicolor, Boeck. . . 748
breviculmis, Br.. 746
breviculmis, Thw. . 747

breviscapa, Clarke . 736
Brizopyrum, Kunze. 707
Bruceana, Boott 715,717

brunnea, Thunb.. . 705
cespititia, Nees . . 710
cespitosa, Schk. . . 711

canaliculata, Boott. 715

canescens, Linn. . 706
capillacea, Boott. . 713
capillacea, Benth. . 713
capitulata, Boott . 721
cardiolepis, Nees . 744
caucasica, Stev. . . 731
celsa, Boott . 732
cernua, Boott . 708
ceylanica, Boeck. 719
chinensis, Munro 738
chlorostachys, Don. . 737

cinnamomea, Boott . 732

coacta, Boott . FOL
composita, Boott. 724
concolor, Nees . 729
condensata, Nees . 716

condensata, Boott
715, 716, 717

confertifiora, Boott . 741
continua, Clarke . 717
cooptanda, Clarke . 707
coriophora, Fisch. 734
courtallensis, Nees . 729
crassipes, Boeck. 726
eruciata, Wahl. . 715
eruciata, Nees . 718
cruciata, Thw.

718, 719, 721
eruenta, Nees . . 734

Cumingiana, Steud. 721

curaica, Kunth 702
curaica, Boiss. . 701
curaica, Turez. . 702
curta, Good. . 706
curticeps, Clarke . 729
curvata, Boott . 728

curvirostris, Kunze . 722
cylocistis, Boeck. . 748
cyrtostachys, Brong. 714
Daltoni, Boott 726
decora, Boott . : 725
Deinbdolliana, J. Gay 701

desponsa, Boott . . 724
diffusa, Boott . . 717
diluta, M. Bieb. . . 737
dimorpha, Boeck. . 748
distracta, Clarke . 715

divaricata, Wall. 715,726

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIFS AND SYNONYMS.

, Page
diversifiora, Host 745
divisa, Huds. 701, 702
divisa, Boott . . . 702
divulsa, Good. . . 703
dolicophylla, Link . 722
Doniana, Drejer . 737

Domana, Spr.. . . 787
duriscula,C.A.Meyer 701
Duthiei, Olarke . . 781

ecostata, Clarke . . 720
elynoides, J.Gay . 712
eminens, Nees . . 728
emodorum, Spr. . . 737
erostrata, Boott . . 711
Esenbeckii, Boott

695, 712
Esenbeckii, Kunth . 696
encurva, Boott . . 746
exigua, Boeck. . 748
fallan, Steud.. . . 702
Fedia, Nees . . 747

ferruginea, Scop. °. 738
filicina, Nees . . . 717
JSiicina, Boeck. . . 717
finitima, Boott . . 736
Jfissilis, Booté 714, 715
flacca, Schr. . . . 742
flava, Linn. . . . 739
flewilis, Don . . . 705
floribunda, Boeck. . 723
fluviatilis, Boott . . 708

fetida, Allioni . 702
foliosa, D. Don . . 703
fragilis, Boott. . 728
Jrigida, Boeck. . . 748
frigida, Wall. . 734

fucata, Boott . . . 710
Suliginosa, Boeck. . 748
fuliginosa, Schk. . 735
fuscifructus, Clarke 742
fusiformis, Nees. . 736
Gardneri, Boott.. . 722
Gebleri, Presc. . . 739

glauca, Scop. . . 742
glaucina, Boeck.. . 719
glomerata, Host . 701

glomerata, Schk.. . 734
gracilenta, Boott 730
gracilis, Boott . . 747
gracilis, Br. . . . 708
Grifithi, Boott . . 732
gynobasis, Vill. . . 745
hematostoma, Nees 744
hematostoma, Jacq. 731
Halleriana, Asso. 745
hebecarpa, C.A. Meyer747
Helferi, Boeck. . . 714
Henningsiana,Boeck..702

Page
heterolepis, Boeck. . 748

- heterotepis, Boott . 710

heterolepis, Bunge . 710

hirta, Boiss. . . . 747
hirta, Linn... 747
hirtella, Drejer . 744
hirtella, Boott 743
Hosti, Schk, P . 701

hymenolepis, Nees . 748
impunctata, Boecs. . 698
inzequalis, Boott 726

inanis, Kunth. . 748
inclinis, Boott . . 728
incurva, Lightf. . 700
incurva, Boeck. . . 748
indica, Linn. . 714
indica, Boeck. . 715
indica, Munro . . 715

indica, Nees . 716, 720
infuscata, Nees 780, 731

infuscata, Wt. . 730
insignis, Boott . 725
instabilis, Boott . . 785
Jackiana, Boott , . 735
Jackiana,Thw. . 735
japonica, Thunb. . 736
japonica, Boott . . 737

juncifolia, Allioni . 700
juncifolia, Schk.. . 701
kashmirensis, Clarke 743
Kochiana, D.C... . 741
Kunthti, Drejer . . 747
lachnosperma, Nees. 747
lachnosperma, Wall. 747
leeta, Boott. . . . 745
levicaulis, Kunze . 737
Langsdorfii, Boott . 746
Lehmanni, Drejer 730
Lehmanni, Boeck. 748
Lehmanni, Boots . 730
letocarpa, Boeck. . 748

lecorhyncha, C. A.
Meyer . 702

lenta, Don. . . 705

lenticularis, Don. - 708

lepidocarpa, Tausch. 739
leptocarpus, Clarke. 719
leucantha, Arn. 721
lewcochlora, Bunge . 746
ligulata, Nees . 747
Lindleyana, Nees . 721
Lindleyana, H.f.&T. 719
linearis, Boott . . 712
linearis, Boeck. . . 748
linearis, Boott . . 696
lobulirostris, Drejer 741
leneenodiennes ,
Boeck. . ‘ . 748

157

Page
longiaristata, Boott . 714
longicruris, Nees. 705
longicuspis, Boeck. . 748
longipes, Don . . 704
longipes, Thw. . . 706
lurida, Clarke . . 742

macrantha, Boeck. . 748
macrogyna, Boott . 744
macrogyna, Turez. . 739
macrolepis, Don . . 704
macrophylla, Hochst. 723
macrorrhyncha, Kar.
&Kir. . .°. . 712
maculata, Boott. . 735
magellanica, Boeck. 748
malaccensis, Clarke 722
Maubertiana, Boott 747
metogyna, Nees 718, 720
melanantha, 0. A.
Meyer. . . 733
melanocephala,Turoz. 733
melanolepis, Boeck. 748
mercarensis, Hochst. 719
micans, Boott . . 735
microglochin, Wall. 711
microlepis, Boeck. . 748
Mielichhoferi, Schk. 738
Milnei, Booté. . 715
minutiflora, Boeck. . 748
mitis, Boeck. . . . 704
Moorcroftii, Fale. . 733
Moritzit, Steud. . . 714

Motoskei, Mig. . 737
munda, Boott . - 427
munipoorensis,

Clarke . . . 729
Munroi, Boott . . 738
muricata, Linn.. . 703
mutans, Boott . . 695

Myosurus, Nees . 723
Myoswrus, Boott . . 724
Myosurus, Duthie . 723
Myosurus, Nees . . 723
nana, Boott . . 713
Neesiana, Arn. . . 742
nemostachys, Steud. 746
nepalensis, Clarke 705
nepalensis, Spr. . . 704
nilagirica, Hochst. . 718

nivalis, Booté . . 732
mivalis, Boeck. . . 733
nobilis, Boott G24
notha, Kunth. . . 709
Notoleia, Nees. 703
nubigena, D.Don 702
nutans, Boeck. . 739
nutans, Host . 739
obesa, Allioni. . 134

758
Page
obscura, Nees . « Fak
obscura, Munro &
Boott . 731
obscura, Nees . . 733
G@deri, Willd. . . 739
oligocarya, Clarke . 746
olivacea, Boott . 741
Oliveri, Boeck. . 732
orbicularis, Boott . 711
ovata, C. A. Meyer . 702
paludosa, Good. . . 741
(?) pandanophyila,
Clarke . . . 714
pandata, Boott . 724
papulosa, Boott . . 735
parva, Nees Ae

parvibracteata, Nees

731, 732
parviflora, C.A. Mey. 733
parvigluma, Clarke. 716
patula, Host . . 739
pediformis,C.A.Mey. 745
peduncularis, Wall.. 729
pellucida, H. f. & T. 745
pellucida, Turcz. ,. 745
perakensis, Clarke . 720
phacota, Spr. . . 708
phacota, Drejer . . 709
platycarpa, Hochst. 709
plebeia, Clarke . 718
Potretti, Linn. . . 665
polycephala, Boott . 725
polygyna, Boeck. . 748
prelonga, Clarke .'707
prestans, Clarke . 723
Prescottiana, Boott . 710
Prescottiana, 4H.
Mann . . 710
producta, Boott . . 710
pruinosa, Boott . . 709
Pseudo-bicolor,
Boeck. . - 748
Pseudo-cyperus,
inmm.. . . . . 740
psycrophila, Nees
731,732
puberula, Boott . . 746
pubescens, Poir. . . 665)
pulohra, Boott . 727
pulla, Boeck. . . 748
punctata, Gaud.
737, 738, 748
punctata, Necs 709
pycnostachya, Kar. &
Kir. . - 702
radicalis, Boott . . 729
ramosa, Boott . . 719
ramosa, Schk. 718, 719
raphidocarpa, Nees . 719

Page
rara, Bootté . 718
recurvirostris, Steud. 722
remota, Linn, . 706
repanda, Clarke . 720
rhizomatosa, Steud . 721

rigida, Good. . 711
rigida, Strach. . 711
rigidifolia, Seub. . 737
rivularis, Schk. . 701
Rochebruni, Franch.

& Sav. . . 706
rostrata, Stokes . . 740
rostrata, Boeck. . . 742
Royleana, Nees . . 746
rubella, Boott . 722

rubro-brunnea, Clarke710
sabulosa, Turcz. . 733

sandwicensis, Boeck. 710
sanguinea, Boott - 720
saxatilis, Schk. . . 711
Schkuhrii, Willd. . 734
Schlagintweitiana,
Boeck. . . 743
Schottti, Boiss. . 739
scitula, Boott. . 724
scoparia, Wall. . - 723
Scopoliana, Schk. . 738
. sempervirens, Vill. . 738
setigera, Don. . 743
setigera, Kunth . 743
setosa, Boott . . 745
sikkimensis, Clarke . 708
socia, Boott . 709
songorica, Kar. §
Kir, . . . 739
spadicea, Roth . 740
speciosa, Kunth . . 729
spicigera, Nees . 722
spiculata, Boott . . 724
stenophylla, Wahl.
700, 702
stenophylla, Benth. . 702
stenophylla, Boeck. . 748
stipata, Muhl.. . . 703
Stracheyi, Boott. . 727
stramentitia, Boott. 717
supina, Wahl. . 733
teinogyna, Boott . 705
tenuis, Nees . 744
teres, Boott . 707
teres P Boott . . 710
teretiuscula, Good.. 704
Thomsoni, Boott . 703

. 715
~ TAT

Thwaitesi, Boott
Thwaitesiit, Hance
thyrsiflora, Boott . 721
tibetica, Boeck. . 748
trichostyles, Fran. &
Sav... . 137

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Page
trinervis, Nees . . 696
trispiculata, Boeck. . 748
tristis, M. Bieb. . 738
tumida, Boott . . TAL
anciniiformis, Boeck. 748

uncinoides, Boott . 698
ustnolata, Wahl. . . 734
ustulata, Boeck.. . 748
vacua, Boott 715, 716
Vahlii, Schk. . 730
valida, Nees . TI.
vesicaria, Linn. . 740
vesiculosa, Boott vila
vicinalis, Boott . . 735
Victorialis, Nees. 709
vidua, Boott 713
vulgaris, Fries. . . 711
vulpinaris, Nees . 702
Walkeri, Arn.. 725
Wallichiana, Presc.. 747

Wallichiana, Boeck. 747
Wallichiana, Clarke 747

Wallichiana, Spr. . 703
Wightiana, Nees. - 720
Wightiana, Boott

717, 720
Winterbottomi,

Clarke oe 3428
Zollingeri, Boeck. . 746
sp. Griff. 701, 742
sp. Wall. 702, 704, 705,

709, 710, 714, 715, 716,
717,718, 720, 723, 730,
734, 737, 743, 746, 747
Caricen 587

Carpha jumeiformis,
Boeck. 674
Caryota, Linn. . 422
furfuracea, Bl. 423
Grifithii, Becc. . . 423
horrida, Moon Cat. 415
mitis, Lovr. . . 423
mitis, Hb. Cale. . . 419
mitis, Willd. ? - 418
nana, Wall. . 423
obtusa, Grif. . . . 422
obtusidentata, Griff... 422
? ochlandra, Hance. 423
propingua, Bl. . . 423
sobolifera, Wall. . . 423
urens, Linn. . - 422
urens, Jacq. . . 428
Casumunar Rowburghii,
Colla . ‘ 248
Caulinia alzanensis,

Poll. . . 669
fragilis, Willd. 569
indica, Wall. 569
indica, Willd. . 569

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMs.

Page

Cantleya, Royle . . 208
Cathearti, Baker. . 208
lutea, Royle . . 208
petiolata, Baker . . 209
robusta, Baker . 209
spicata, Baker . 209

Cenvlophon vitellinum,

Horan. . . . . 248
Cephalanthera, Rich.. 124
acuminata, Lindl. . 125
cucullata, Boiss. . 125
ensifolia, Rich. . 125
Royleana, Regel. . 126
Thomsoni, Rchb.f. . 125
ayphophyllum,
Rehb.f.. . . 125
Cephaloschenus articu-
latus, Nees . . 670
longirostris, Nees P . 669
longisetis, Nees - 669
parvus, Nees . . 668
zeylanicus, Nees . . 670

? Ceratochilusorchideus,

Lindl. - 198
Ceratolobus, Bl. 477
Kingianus, Becc. . 477
levigatus, Becc.. . 477

Ceratopsis rosea, Lindl. 124
Ceratostylisteres, Rchb.f. 85
Cerochilusrubens,Lindl. 115
Cheradoplectron Spi-
ranthes, Schauer . 163
Chetocyperus costula-

tus, Nees 629
Limnocharis, Nees . 629
setaceus, Nees 629

Chetosporacalostachya,
Br: « . + + » 678
nigricans, Kunth . 673
Chamecladon, Schott . 531
angustifoliwm,Schott 533

Grifithii, Schott . 534
humile, Mig. . . . 584
obliquatum, Schott . 535
ovatum, Schott . 5386
sanguinolentum,

Grif... . . . . 582
truncatum, Schott . 535

Chamerops _excelsa,

Thunb. . 436
Fortunei, Hook. . . 436
Grifithii, Lodd.. . 436
khasyana, Griff. . . 436
Martiana, Wall. . . 436
Ritchieana, Griff. . 429

Chapelliera glomerata,
Nees . . . . 675

Page

Cheirostylis, Bi. 104, 179

flabellata, Wt. . . 105

Griffithii, Zindl.. . 105
malleifera, Par.

Rehb. f. ‘ 105

parvifolia, Lindl. 105

pubescens, Par.

Rehb. ff... 106
pusilla, Lindl. 105
pusilla, Lindl. 99

Chiloschista, Lindl. 33
usneoides, Lindl. . 37
usneoides, Wt. 37

Chlorophytum, Ker. . 333
abyssinicum,Kotachy

& Peyr. . . 336
acaule, Baker . . 336

anthericoidewm,Dalz. 334
arundinaceum, Baker333
attenuatum, Baker . 335
breviscapum, Dalz.. 333
breviscapum, Thw. . 333
faleatum, Baker . . 336
glaucum, Dalz. . 334
Heyneanum, Wall.. 333
Heynei, Baker . 333
khasianum, Hk. f. . 334
laxiflorwm, Baker . 336
laxum, Br. . . 336
malabaricum, Baker 335
nepalensis, Baker 334, 335
Nimmonit, Dalz. . . 336
orchidastrum, Lindl. 336
parviflorum, Dalz. . 836
tuberosum, Baker . 334

undulatum, Wall. . 335
Chondrachne articu-
lata, Br. . - . 684
Choricarpa aphylla,
Boeck. . . . . 684
Chrysobaphus Ronbur-
gh, Wall. . . 95
Chrysoglossum macu-
latum, Hk. f. . . 198
Ciomisaccus lanceolatus,
Breda . » . 111
Cirrhopetalum __ble-

pharistes, Rchb.f. 190
concinnum, Hook. f. 190
longescapum, Teysm,

& Binn. . . . 189
Roxburghii, Zindl.. 190

Cistella cernua, Bl.. 18
Claderia, Hook.f. . . 178
Cladium, Br,. . . 673

germanicum, Schrad. 674
glomeratum, Br.. . 675

759

Page

jamaicense, Crantz . 674
Maingayi, Clarke . 674
Mariscus, Br, . . 673
riparium, Benth.. . 674
undulatum, Thw. . 674
Cladosperma, Griff. . 411
Cleisostoma, Bl. 71, 179
acaulis, Lindl. . 62
andamanicum, Hk.f. 71
bicuspidatum, Hk.f. 75
bipunctatum, Hk. f. 78
brevipes, Hk. f. . 9. 73
callosum, Rchb. f. 74
crassifolium, Lindl, 72

Dawsonianum,Rehb.f.

decipiens, Lindl. 75
discolor, Lindl. . 75
Juscum, Lindl. 71
galeatum, Thw. 71
lanatum, Lindl. . 60
Jatifolium, Lindl, 71
loratum, Rchb. f.. 76
maculosum, Lindl. . 71
maculosum, Thw. 75
Mannii, Rehb. f. . 74
ramosum, Hk. f. . 72
spicatum, Lindl. . 72
P subaltum, BI. 70
tenerum, Hk.f. . 73
Thwaitesianum, Trim. 75
undulatum, Rehb. f.. 74
uteriferum, Hk. fi .. 74
Wendlandorum,
Rehb. f. . : 74
Clinogyne, Salish. . . 257
dichotoma, Salish, . 258
grandis, Benth. . . 258
virgata, Benth. 258
Clintonia, Rasin. 361
alpina, Kunth 361
udensis, F. & M. . 361
Cnemidia angulosa,
Lindl. co 192)
bambuseefolia, Thw. 94
* curculigoides, Thw. 94
semilibera, Lindl. 92
Cobresia laxa, Nees 698
CocoInEz . . 405
Cocos, Linn. 482
nana, Griff. . 483
nucifera, Linn. . 482
Celoglossum, acumina-
tum, Lindl... . . 163
brevifolium, Lindl.
157, 166
cernuum, Rehb. f. . 156
densum, Lindl. . 156

* Err. typ. for Cnemidia curculigoides, read Tropidia curculigoides,

760

Page
lacertiferum, Lindl. . 163
Manmit, Rehb. f.. . 163

peristylotdes,Rebb. f.
secundum, Lindl,
Ceelogyne ihe

156
160

Rehb. f. . . 194
asperata, Lindl... 194
barbata, Griff. . 194

cristata, Lindl. . 193
elata, Lindl. . 194
Gardneriana, Lindl. 193
Hookeriana, Lindl.. 194
humilis, Lindl. . 194
lagenaria, Lindl.. . 194

longibractata, Hk. f.
Massangeana, Rchb.f.

194
193

ocellata, Lindl, . . 194
pandurata, Lindl. . 194
preecox, Lindl. . 194

Reichenbachiana, T.
Moore. . 194
Rossiana, Rehb. f. . 193
salmonicolor, Rchb.f. 194
Schilleriana, "Rehb. f. 194

speciosa, Veitch . . 194
tomentosa, Lindl. . 193
CoLcHICE£ . . 801
Colchicum, Linn. . 356
- luteum, Baker . 356
Colebrookia bulbifera, 2
Roxb.. . . . . 206
Collabium, Bl. « 173
Colocasia, Linn. . 523
acris, Schott . . 523

‘ affinis, Schott . . 528

Antiquorum, Schott 523

cochleata, Mig. . 625
eucullata, Schott . 525
esculenta, Schott. . 523
euchlora, C. Koch . 523
fallax, Schott . . 524
Fontanesii, Schott . 523
P fornicata, Kunth . 526
gigantea, Hk. f.. . 524
indica, Engl. . 524
indica, Kunth . 525
macrorrhiza, Schott. 526

Mannii, Hk. f. . . 524
Pmontana, Kunth , 525
mucronata, Kunth . 526
navicularis, Koch &

Page

rugosa, Kunth . 525
virvsa, Kunth. . 524
viwipara, Thw. . £22
Wendlandii, Engl. . 524
sp. Hk.f.&T. . . 528
sp. Wall.. 523, 526, 527
Conocasizrm . . . . 491
Colpopodeum sp. Wall. 299
Commelina, Linn. . . 368
agraria, Kunth . 869
alba, Ham. . 874
albescens, Hassk. . 373
angustifolia, Hassk.. 373

appendicalata, Clarke 374

attenuata, Ken. . . 372
avenefolia, Grah. . 374
acillaris, Linn. . 889

benghalensis, Linn.

370, 374
benghalensis, Wall. . 372
bracteolata, Lamk. . 378
cespitosa, Roxb.. . 369
canescens, Vahl . 370
clavata, Clarke . 871
coelestis, Willd. . . 369
communis, Linn. . 374
communis, Roxb.. . 372

communis, Wall.
370, 371, 372,

373

communis, Walt.. . 369
conspicua, Bl. . 382
Pcristata, Bl. . . 885
cucullata, Linn. . . 370
eymosa, BI. . . 890

deficiens, van Houtte

369

delicatula, Schlecht. 370
densiflora, Bl. . . 390
diandra, Keen. . 379
diffusa, Burm. . . 869
Donii, Dietr. . . 372
elata, Vahl . 877
ensifolia, Br. . 374

ensifolia, F. Muell. .

373

Bouché . . . 527
nympheifolia, Kunth 523
odora, Brongn. . . 526
odorata, Hook. . 526
pruinipes, Koch . . 523
P pumila, Kunth . 522
rapiformis, Kunth . 525

esculentum, Heyne 377
falcata, Hassk. . . 371
Forskalai, Vahl . 371
gigantea, Vahl . 379
glabra, Clarke . 371
Hamiltonii, Spr... 390
Hasskarlii, Clarke . 370
herbacea, Roxb. . 377
hirsuta, Clarke 371
hispida, Ham. . 390
Hookerit, Dietr.. 379
Kurzii, Clarke . 873
lanuginosa, Heyne . 380
lnearifolia, Kunth . 369
lineolata, Bl. . 377

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Page
longicaulis, Jacq. . 369
longifolia, Spr. . 379
longifolia, Thw. . . 373
lunata, Heyne . 874
maculata, ae . 872
? minuta, B1. . 879
mollis, Jacq. 370
multicaulis, Hochst. 373
nana, Roxb. . 378
nervosa, Burm. . 370
nilagirica, Steud. . 371

Nimmoniana, Grah. 374
nudicaulis, Burm. . 379
nudiflora, Linn.. . 369
nudiflora, Linn. . . 379
obliqua, Ham. . 372
paleata, Hassk. . . 372
paludosa, Bl. . . 372
paludosa, Burm.. . 372
pedunculosa, Link . 370
persicariefolia,

Wt. 2 ie ew 2 BIB
polyspatha, Wt. . . 372
procurrens,Schlecht. 370
prostrata, Regel. . 370
pumila, Royle . 378

_radicans, Spr.

379

rajmahalensis,Clarke 372

repens, Roxb. . . 372
rugulosa, Clarke. . 374
salicifolia, Roxb. . 370
salicifolia, Bojer . 369
salicifolia, Thw.. . 371
scaberrima, Bl. . . 382
scapiflora, Roxb. . 375
Schimperiana,

Hochst. . . . 873
secundiflora, Bl.. . 368

semiovata, Ham.. .
semiovata, Wall. .
setosa, Wt.. . ss
sikkimensis, Clarke .
Simsoni, Clarke .

sinica, Roem. & Sch.

372
374
373
369

. 374

379

spirata, Linn. . 378
striata, Hdgew. . . 372
striata, Hochst. . . 369
striata, Wall.. 373, 374

subaurantiaca, Hochst.

369
subulata, Roth. . . 369
_suffruticosa, Bl.. . 374
tuberosa, Lour. . 375
turbinata, Vahl . . 370
undulata, Br. . 373
vayinatum, Linn, . 381
zeylanica, Falkenb.. 374
sp. Edgew. 374

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Page

sp.iH. f. & T.
373, 374, 387
sp. Migq. . 871
sp. Wall. . 373
CoMMELINACES. . 366
CoMMELINEA, . 366

Compsanthus maculatus,
Spr.

. 359

Giseomenacatintn. Don 359
Conophallus bulbifer,
Schott . 515

commutatus, Schott
lyratus, Schott
tuberculiger, Schott.
ConostyLEx.
Convallaria cirrifolia,

515

. 517

517

- 264

Wall. . 322
Govaniana, Wall. 319
leptophytla, Don 321
multiflora, Linn.. . 319
oppositifolia, Wall. . 321
punctata, Wall. . 321
verticillata, Linn. 821
sp. Griff. 321

CoNVALLARIEE . 300
Cordylestylis —foliosa,
Fale. . . 1
Cordyline, Commers . 331
Jacquininii, Kunth . 331
Stieberi, Kunth . . 331
terminalis, Kunth . 331
terniflora, Planch. . 330

Coryciwm? humile,Ham.
Corymbis, Thou. . .
brevistylis, Hk. 7.
disticha, Lindl. .
longiflora, Hk. f.. .
rhytidocarpa, Hk. f.
veratrifulia, Bl. . .
Corymborchis assamica,

Corypha, Linn.
elata, Rozb.
Gebanga, Kurz
macropoda, Kurz
Martiana, Becc. .
Saribus, Lour. .
Talliera, Rob. . .
umbraculifera, Linn.

428,

CorYPHEA

Corysanthes, Br.
fornicata, Lindl.
picta, Lindl. .

Costus, Linn.
arabicus, Jacq.
arabicus, Linn.
globosus, Bl.

107
91

429

. 404

118

. 118

118

. 243
. 250
. 253
. 250

Page

Kingii, Baker . 250
malaccents, Koon. . 255
nipalensis, Rose. . 250
speciosus, Smith. . 249
Cottonia, Wt. 26, 178

Championi, Lindl. . 26
macrostachya, Wt.. 26
peduncularis,Rehb.f. 26

Courtoisia, Nees . 625
cyperoides, Nees . 625
Cremastra, Lindl. 16, 178
Wallichiana, Lindl. 16
Crinum, Linn. . . 280
amoenum, Roxb. . . 282
asiaticum, Zinn. . 280
asiaticum, Roxb.. . 281

asiaticum, Wall. 283, 284
brachynema, Herb.

; 282, 284
bracteatum,Bot.Reg. 284
bracteatum, Willd. . 284
canaliculatum,Carey 284
canalifolium, Herb. . 284
canalifolium, Carey . 283

Careyanwm, Herb. . 283
deflexum, Ker. . 281
elegans, Carey . 283
ensifolium, Rowb. . 281
erythrophyllum,

Carey . 3 . 284

Herbertianum, Schult. 284

Herbertianum, Wall. 283
humile, Herd. . . 282
insigne, Sckhultes . 283
latifolium, Linn. . 283
latifolium, Lindl. . 283
Linnei, Roem. . 283
longifolium, Roxb. . 282
lorifoliwm, Roxb. . 283

macrocarpum, Carey

moluccanum, Roxb... 283,
ornatum, Herb. . . 283
pauciflorum, Mig. . 285
pedunculatum, Br. . 284
pratense, Herb. . . 282
procerum, Carey. . 281
pusillum, Herb. . . 282
Roxburghii, Grah. . 281

speciocissimum, Herb. 283
speciosum, Herb.. . 283
stenophyllum, Baker 281
Stracheyi, Baker . 282
strictum, Herb.
sumatranum, Roxb. . 284
toxicarium, Roxb. . 280
umbellatum, Carey. 284
venustum, Carey. . 283
Wallichianwm,Roem. 283

284.

. 284

graminifulia, Nimmo
latifolia, Dryand.
malabarica, Wt. .
orchioides, Garin.
? pauciflora, Moon
recurvata, Dryand. .

761
Page
Wattii, Baker. . 281
zeylamicum, Linn.
283, 284
sp. Wall. . 281
Crocus, Linn. . 276
sativus, Linn... . . 276
Cryptocoryne, Fisch. . 492
affinis, N. EB. Br.. . 494
Beckettii, Thw. . . 493
ciliata, Fisch. . . 492
cognata, Schott . . 494
consobrina, Schott . 493
cordata, Griff. . . 493
Dalzellii, Schott . . 495
drymorhiza, Zipp. . 492
elata, Griff. . . 492
elliptica, N. B. Br. . 495
Gomezii, Schott . . 495
Griffithii, Sehett. . 493
Huegelii, Schott. . 494
Kenigii, Schott. . 496
lancifolia, Schott . 496
ovata, Schott . . 495
retrospiralis, Kunth 493
Roxburghii, Schott . 494
Roxburghii, Dalz. &
Gibs.. . . 494
spiralis, Fisch. . . 494
spiralis, Thw. . . 492
Thwaitesii, Schott . 495
unilocularis, Schott. 493
unilocularis, Wt. . 494
Walkeri, Schott . . 492
Wightii, Schott . . 493
sp. Grif. . . . 493
Cryptosperma, Griff . 550
lasioides, Griff. . 551
Cryptostylis, Br. . . 117
Arachnites, Bl. . 118
Curculigo, Gerin.. . 278
brevifolia, Dryand. . 279
crassifolia, Hk. f. . 279
Finlaysoniana, Wall. 279
gracilis, Wail. . 278

278

. 280
. 279
. 279
. 279

278

sumatrana, Roxb. . 280
villosa, Wall. . 278, 280
Curcuma, Linn. . . 209
eruginosa, Rowb. . 212
albiflora, Thw. . . 215
Amada, Rozb. . 213
amarissima, Rose. .' 212
angustifolia, Roxb. . 210

762 INDBX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Page

angustifolia, Dalz. &
Gibs.. .

aromatica, Salisb. ‘ ; 210

attenuata, Wall. 213
cesia, Roxb. . 212
Careyana, Wall.. . 225
caulina, Grah. 224
coccinea, Wall. 216
comosa, Rowb. 211
cordata, Wall.. 216
cordifolia, Roxb.. . 216
decipiens, Dalz. . . 215
elata, Roxb. 211
erubescens, Wall.. 213

ferruginea, Roxb. .
glaucophylla, Wall. .

grandiflora, Wall. . 216
Kunatleri, Baker . 214
Kurzii, King . 216
latifolia, Rosc. 211
leucorhiza, Rowb. 212
longa, Linn. 214
longa, Wall. . 210
longifiora, Salisb. 213
longifolia, Wall. . . 246
montana, Rose. . . 214
musacea, Wall. 225
neilgherrensis, Wt.. 210
officinalis, Salisb. 211
oligantha, Trim... . 215
ornata, Wall. . 211
parviflora, Wall. 215
petiolata, Roxb. . . 216
plicata, Wall.. 213
ei aa

Grah. z 214
reclinata, Rowd. 214
Roscoeana, Wall. 216
rotunda, Linn. 220
rubescens, Roxb. . 213
rubricaulis, Link. 213

speciosa, Link. . .
strobilifera, Wall. .

strobilina, Wall. . 216
Zedoaria, Rose. . 210
Zedoaria, Roxb. . . 210
Zerumbet, Roxb. . 210

Cuscuaria marantifolia,
Schott

Rumphii, Schott. . 543
spuria, Schott . 543
Cyanotis, Don . 884
adscendens, Dalz. . 386

arachnoidea, Clarke 386
axillaris, Roem. & Sch. 388
barbata, Don . . 885

urmanniana, Wt. . 385
concanensis, Hassk. . 386

Page
cristata, Schultes f. . 385

cristata, Linn. . 885
cucullata, Kunth. . 389
decumbens, Wt. . 387

dichotricha, Stocks . 387
disrumpens, Hassk.

388, 389
ertantha, Hassk. . . 388

fasciculata, Schultes f. 387
fasciculata, Wall. 385, 386

glaberrima, Hassk. . 385
hirtella, Mig. . . 885
hispida, Dalz. . . 385
HAugelii, Hassk. . . 385
incerta, Hassk. . . 389
karliana, Hassk. . 389
kewensis, Clarke . 388
lanceolata, Wt. . 387
Lawiana, Wt. . 387
longifolia, Wt. . 386
nilagirica, Hassk. . 389
nobilis, Hassk. . 885
nodifiora, Clarke . 385
papilionacea,

Schultes f. . » 884
pilosa, Schultes f. . 387
pilosa, Wt.. . . 386
racemosa, Clarke. . 885
rosea, Wt: . . . . 388
sarmentosa, Wt. . . 386
? sericea, Hassk, . . 386
Stocksti, Hassk. . 386
Thomsonii, Hassk. . 386
Thwaitesti, Hassk. . 388
tuberosa, Schultes f. 386
vaga, Schultesf.. . 387
vaginata, Wt. . . 385
villosa, Schultes f. . 387
vivipara, Dalz. . 388
Wightii, Clarke . . 386
zeylanica, Hassk. . 387
sp. H.f.&T. 386, 387
sp. Wall. . . 385

Cybele, Fale. . 129
alpina, Fale. . . 129

Cyclocampe waigiouen-
sis, Steud. . 673
Cyclocarpa watgicwen-
sis, Mig. . 673
Oylindrochilus pulchel-
lus, Thw. 39
Cylindropus juncifor-
mis,Nees . . . 692
Cymbidium, Swartz . 8

P affine, Griff. . 15
affine, Warn. . 15
Alagnata, Ham. . 52
alatum, Roxb. 19

aloefolium, Heyne .

aloifolium, Swartz
aloifolium, Lodd.
aloifolium, Wall.
aloifolium, Wt.

assamicum, Linden .

bicolor, Lindl.
carnosun, Griff. .

chloranthum, Lind i.

cochleare, Lindl... _
crassifolium, Wall.

cyperifolium, Wall.
Dayanum, Reichb. f.

densiflorum, Griff.
Devonianum, Pact.
eburneum, Lindl.
elegans, Heyne
elegans, Lindl.

ensifolium, Swartz .

P erectum, Wt. .
erythreum, Lindl.
Finlaysonianum,
Lindl. .
Gibsoni, Paxt. .
giganteum, Wall.
giganteum, Lindl.

hematodes, Lindl.
Hookerianum,
Reichb. f.

inconspicuum, Wall.

iridioides, Don
javanicum, Bl.

lancifolium, Hook. :

lineare, Heyne
longifolium, Don

Lowianum, Bechb. f..
macrorhizon, Lindl.

Mannii, Rehb. f. .
Mastersii, Griff. .

micromeron, Lindl. .
minimifoliium, Thw.

Parishii, Rehb. f.

pendulum, Bot. Reg.

pendulum, Swartz
precov, Smith
:premorsum,

Satyrium, Ham. .
scriptum, Swartz
sikkimense, Hk. f.
sinense, Lindl.

syringodorum, Griff. .
tenuifolium, Willd..
tenuifolium, Lindl. .

tenuifulium, Wt. .

tessellatum, Swartz .

tesselloides, Roxb.

12,
grandiflorum, Griff.

15
15
37
12
11
10

. 194
Swartz
pubescens, Lindl. .

63
1
58
18

- 52

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

ligrinum, Par. . . 9
tricolor, Miq. .
triste, Rowb. . . . 22
triste, Willd, . . 23, 25
triste, Wt. . . . . 24
variciferum, Rchb.f. 14
viridiflorum, Griff. . 18
Wallichii, Lindl.. . 11

sp. Griff. 6, 12, 14, 192
Cymodocea, Kanig . 570
equorea, Kunth . . 570
australis, Trim. . . 570
ciliata, Ehrenb. . 570
isoetifolia, Asch.. . 570

serrulata, Asch. &

Magn. . . . 570
Cyperacea, Griff. . 590
Wall. . 681
CYPERACEE . 585
CYPEREE . . . . 586
Cyperorchis, Bl. 14,178

cochleare, Benth. . 15
elegans, Bl. . . . 14
Mastersii, Benth. . 15
? Wallichii, Bl. . . 18
Cyperus, Linn. .
acerosus, Roxb. . . 617
acuminatus, Roxb. . 596
albidus, Heyne . 615
alopecuroides, Boeck. 617
alopecuroides, Heyne 595
alopecuroides, Rotth. 595
alopecuroides, Roxb. 617
amabilis, Vahl . 598
amoyensis, Hance . 610
Andersonianus,Boeck.621
angulatus, Nees . . 593
angulatus, Strach. . 590
angustifolius, Ham. . 599
aphyllus, Boeck.. . 590

arenarius, Retz.. . 602
arenarius, Hance . 615
arenarius, Heyne . 601
arenarius, Prain . 603
arenarius, Wt. . 606
aristatus, Rottb.. . 606

articulatus, Linn. . 611
ater, Dalz. & Gibs. . 592
Atkinsoni, Clarke . 603
atratus, Steud. . . 590

atro-ferrugineus,

Steud. ‘ . 592
aureus, H.B.K. . 598
auricomus, Benth. . 618

auricomus, Sieb.. . 618
Babakan, Steud.. . 610
Babakensis, Steud. . 610
Baccha, Kunth . . 593

Page
Bacha, Ham. . . . 610
bengalensis, Clarke . 610
bengalensis, C. Spr. . 612
bicarinatus, Heyne . 592
biglumis, Clarke. 622
bromoides, Willd. . 593
brunnescens, Boeck. 619
bulboso-stoloniferus,
Steud. .. . 615
bulbosus, Vahl . 611
canescens, Heyne . 598
canescens, Vahl . . 623
capillaris, Hoch. . 589
capillaris, Koon.. . 591
caricinus, Dou . 718
carnosus, Heyne. . 610
castaneus, Willd. . 598
eastaneus, Hance . 599
Cephalotes, Vahl . 597
chilensis, Boeck.. . 619
compactus, Retz. . 624
complanatus, Willd. 646
complanatus, Wt. . 608
compositus, Br. . 595
compressus, Linn. . 605

concolor, Steud. . .
congestus, Heyne

590

. 595

conglomeratus, Rottb. 602

conglomeratus, Thw.
conjunctus, Steud.
éoromandelinus,
Boeck.

coromandelinus, Spr.
coronarius, Kunth .
corymbosus, Rottb. .
corymbosus, Koen.
corymbosus, Roxb.
corymbosus, Wall.
cruentus, Boeck. .
cruentus, Roxb.
curvulus, Boeck. .
cuspidatus,H. B.f-K.

603

. 615
. 589

601
619
612

. 613
. 592
. 612
. 620
. 590
. 603

598

cylindricus, Boeck.. 619
cylindrostachys,

Boeck. . 622
dehiscens, Nees . 618
densus, Br. . . 603
denudatus, Heyne . 614
diaphaniria, Steud. 606
diaphanus, Schrad.. 590
difformis, Linn. . . 599
diffusus, Vahl 603, 604
diffusus, Kunth . . 604
diffusus, Roxb. . . 662
digitatus, Roxb. . . 618
digitatus, Nees . 617
dilutus, Vahl.. . . 624
diluvialis, Schult. . 595

763

Page
diphyllos, Benth. . 611
diphyllus, Retz. . . 612

distachyos, Allioni . 597
distans, Linn. . 607
divaricatus, Ham, . 592
dives, Delile - 617
Dowianus, Dietr.. . 609
dubius, Rottl. 597, 620
effusus, Rottd.- . . 603
elatus, Linn. 618
elatus, Heyne . 617
elatus, Rottb. . 607
elatus, Roxb. . 619
elegans, Kunth 603
elegans, Linn. . . 604

eleusinoides, Kunth 608

eminens, Klein . 619
enodis, Boeck. . 612
Eragrostis, Rottl. . 592
Eragrostis, Vahl. . 590
esculentus, Linn. . 616
eumorphus, Steud. 600
exaltatus, Retz. . 617
exaltatus, Retz. . 596
ezaltatus, Strach. . 608
extensus, Heyne . . 617
JSastigiatus, Heyne . 608
fastigiatus, Rottl. . 619

Fenzelianus, Steud. 615

Serax, L. C. Rich. . 624
Jeroz, Vahl . 624
Serrugineus, Poir, . 593
Fieldingii, Steud. . 601
fiiformis, Heyne
589, 592
JSimbriatus, Nees . . 609
flavescens, Linn. . . 589
flavescens, Thw. . . 591
flavicomus, Torr. . 594
flavidus, Retz. . 600
flavidus, Decne. . . 591
flavidus, Heyne . 594
fuitans, Ham. . 598
fuscus, Linn. . . 599
gangeticus, Roxb. . 608
geminatus, Heyne . 592
geminatus, Koen.. . 611
glaber, Linn. . . 606
globosus, Allioni. . 591
glomeratus, Linn. . 607
glomeratus, Klein . 625
Goeringit, Steud. . 599
gracilis, Heyne _. 600

graminicola, Steud 607
graminifolius, Poir.. 600
Griffthianus, Boeck. 609
Griffithti, Steud.. . 605
grossarius, Heyne . 590

764

Page
Gula-Methi, Roem, &
Sch. . 612
gymnos, Roem. & Sch.
611
Haspan, Linn. . . 600
Haspan, Benth. . . 600
Haspam, Rottb. . . 601

Haspan, Wt. . . . 601
hebes, Steud. . . . 609
Helferi, Boeck. . . 604

hexangularis, Wt. . 601
hexastuchyus, Nees . 616
hexastachyus, Rotth. 615
Heyneanus, Boeck. . 609
Heynet, Boeck. . . 610
Hochstetteri, Nees . 594
honestus, Kunth . . 609
Hookerianus, Arnott 592
Hookerianus, Thw. . 597
hyalinus, Heyne . . 623
hyalinus, Vahl . . 591
incurvatus, Roxb. . 608
indicus, Boeck. . . 619
indicus, Pers. . . . 649
infra-apicalis, Nees. 608
inundatus, Nees. . 593
inundatus, Roxb. 595, 607
involueratus, Poir. . 617
Tria, Linn.. . . . 606
Iria, Thw.. . . . 607
ischnos,Schl.. . . 623
Jacquini, Schrad. . 607
japonicus, Mig. . . 594
jeminicus, Heyne
590, 615, 616
jeminicus, Retz . . 611
Jeminicus, Rotth. . 602
juncifolius, Klein . 615
junciformis, Desf. . 597
Junghuhnii, Mig.. . 592
Kampheeveneri, Boeck.
594
Kleinianus, Hochst. 625
Kenigii, Vahl . . 612
Kurrvi, Steud. . . 607
Kaurzii, Clarke . . 604
Kyllingieoides, Vahl 620
levigatus, Linn. . . 596
lagorensis, Steud. . 604
Lamarckianus, Schult.
591
lamprocarpus, Boeck. 615
lateralis, Forsk.. . 596
latespicatus, Boeck. 590
leptostachyus, Griff. 615
leucocephalus, Retz. 602
leucocephalus, Wt.
597, 603

littoralis, Br. .
lividus, Heyne . 592
longifolius, Decne . 603

longus, Linn.. . 614
longus, Baker . . 616
longus, Vahl . . . 594

luctdulus, Clarke . 614
lucidulus, Klein . . 616

lucidus, Heyne . . 592
macer, Clarke . . 613
macropus, Mig. . 605
macrostachyus, Vahl 594
maderaspatanus,

Willd. . . . . 628
malaccensis, Lam. . 608
marginellus, Nees 609
maximus, Heyne . 617
maximus, Roxb.. . 619
membranaceus, Vahl 591
Meyenii, Nees . . 605
microcarpus, Boeck. 601
microtria, Steud.. . 606
microlepis, Baker . 606
mitts Steud.. . . 616
mestus, Kunth . . 603
monocephalus, Roxb.

596, 597
monophyllus, Vahl . 612
monostachyus, Linn. 649
Monti, Linn. . . . 594
mucronatus, Heyne . 596
mucronatus, Moritz. 591
mucronatus, Rottb. . 596
multispicatus,Boeck. 604
musarius, Ham. . . 662
mysurensis, Heyne . 608
natans, Ham.. . . 597
Neesti, Kunth. . . 618
Neesii, Thw. . . . 618
nigro-viridis, Thw. . 603
nilagiricus, Hochst. 592
nitens, Retz. . . . 601
nitens, Rottb.. . . 601
nitens, Rottl.. . . 601
nitens, Vahl . . . 591
nitens, Wall. . . . 601
niveus, Retz. . . . 601
niveus, Heyne . . 596
nudus, Roxb.. 611, 612
nutans, Vahl. . . 607
nutans, Presl. . . 607
Oatesii, Clarke . . 618
obliquus,Nees . . 610
obscurus, Nees . . 617
obstinatus, Steud. . 591
ochreoides, Steud. . 615
odoratus, Burm. . 617
odoratus, Forst. . . 624

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Page
odoratus, Linn. 592, 608
oleraceus, Roxb. .
ornatus, Br. . . . 610
oryaeticola, Steud. . 617
ovularis, Boeck. . . 622
pachyrrhizus, Nees. 603
pallescens, Boiss. . 615
pallidus, Heyne. . 598
Pangoret, Ham. . . 609
Pangorei, Heyne. . 618
Pangorei, Retz. . . 616
Pangorei, Rotth.. . 612
Pangorei, Roxb.. . 608
Pangorei, Wt. . . 613
paniceus, Boeck. . 621
paniculatus, D.Don 609
paniculatus, Rotth.. 592
Panimotha, Ham. . 609
parviflorus, Heyne . 617
parviflorus, Nees . 607
patulus, Kitaib, . . 606
pauciflorus, Steud. . 609
pauper, Clarke . . 590
pectinatus, Roxb. . 601
pectiniformis, Nees
‘ 605, 606
pectiniformis, Roem. 601
pennatus, Boeck. . 624
pennatus, Lam. . . 623
pertenuis, Bojer. . 616
pertenuis, Roxb. . . 612
pes-avium, Bertol. . 600

pictus, Wall. . . . 621
pilosus, Vahl . . . 609
pilosus, Vahl. . . 595

piptolepis, Steud. . 609
platyphyllus, Roem.
Sch. . . . . 618
platystylis, Br. . . 598
plenus, Heyne . . 592
pleuranthus, Nees . 596
polystachyus, Br. . 592
polystachyus, Rottb.
609, 616
polystachyus, Strach. 592
procerulus, Nees. . 616
procernus, Rottd.. . 610
procerus, Roth. . . 609
procerus, Roxb.

593, 608, 616
proteinolepis, Steud. 603
Pseudo-bromoides,

Boeck. . . . 590
pubescens, Steud. . 653
pubisquama, Steud. 604
pulchellus, Br. . . 602
pulcher, Don. . . 619
pulcherrimua, Witla. 600

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Page
_pulvinatus, Nees &

Meyen. . . 591
pumilus,Heyne . . 616
pumilus, Linn, . 591
pumilus, Nees . 591
pumilus, Rottb. . . 590
punctatus, Roxb.. . 591

puncticulatus, Aitch. 594
puncticulatus, Steud. 595
puncticulatus, Vahl . 593

pungens, Boeck. . . 602
pusillus, Vahl . . 619
pusillus, Wt. . 598, 623
pygmeus, Retz. . . 619
pygmaeus, Rottb.. . 596

quingu<florus, Hochst. 610
quinqueflorus, Steud. 618
racemosus, Heyne

608, 617
racemosus, Retz. . 618
radians, Nees § Mey. 605

radiatus, Vahl . 617
radicans, Kunth. . 605
Rehmanni, Boiss. . 590
Retzti, Nees . 616
rigidulus, Vahi . 619
Roestelzi, Kunth. . 616
rotundus, Linn. . . 614
rotundus, Benth.. . 616
rotundus, Boeck. . 615

rotundus, Kunth 611, 615
rotundus, Miq. . . 613
rotundus, Thw. 612, 616
Rowburghianus,Pres] 596
Roaburghii, Nees . 619
Roylei, Arn. - 617
rubicundus, Kunth . 601
‘rubicundus, Vahl . 601
sanguinolentus, Vahl 590

scariosus, Br.. . 612
scoparius, Decne. . 608
semidives, Steud. . 595
seminudus, Moritz. . 606
seminudus, Roxb. . 612
semiteres, Heyae. . 592
serotinus, Rottb.. . 594
setaceus, Retz. . 629
setifolius, Don . 619
silletensis, Nees . 600
silletensis, Thw.. . 600
sinensis, Deb. . . 605
solutus, Steud. . 599
songaricus, Karel. 606

sorostachys, Boeck. . 602

spadiceus, Heyne . 610
spaniophyllus,Steud. 609
speciosus, Heyne. . 595
spicatus, Heyne . . 617

Page
spinulosus, Roxb. . 624
spongioso-vaginatus,
Boeck. * 3
squarrosus, Linn. 606, 623
squarrosus, Rexb. . 596
squarrosus, Trim. . 598
stenostachyus, Benth.614
Steudelianus, Boeck. 622
stoloniferus, Retz. . 615

stoloniferus, Nees . 611
stramineus, Nees. . 589
strictus, Heyne . 601
strictus, Lam. . . 592
strictus, Rott). . 593
strictus, Wt. . 591
strigosus, Wt. . . 592
subalatus, Steud. . 609

subcapitatus, Clarke 616
subulatus, Heyne . 613
sulcinuw, Clarke. . 593
tegetiformis, Roxb. . 612
tegetiformis, Benth. . 609
tegetiformis,W.Wais. 613

tegetum, Rozb. . 613
tegetum, Wt. . 594
tener, Vahl 619
Teneriffe, Poir. . 601
Tenorit, Presl. . 616

tenwiculmis, Boeck. . 618
tenuiflorus, Balf. f. . 615

tenuiflorus, Roxb. . 616
tenuiflorus, Royle 615
tenwispica, Steud. . 601

tenetifructus, Steud.. 592

Thomesoni, Boeck. . 608
tortwosus, Kuen. . 592
tortuosus, Roxb. . . 591
triflorus, Linn. . 649
trisulcus, Don. . 619

truncatus, Franch. . 609
tuberiferus, Schrad. 618

tuberosus, Rottbh. . 616
tuberosus, Bojer.. . 615
turgidulus, Clarke . 604

umbellatus, Burm. . 619
umbellatus, Benth. . 621
umbellatus, Mig.. 622
umbellatus, Roxb. . 617
umbellatus, Thw. 621,622

unioloides, Br. . 593
venustus, Br. . . 617
venustus, Moritz. . 609
venustus, Nees . 618
versicolor, Nees . 606

verticillatus, Roxb. . 617
verticillatus, Wt. &

Ham. . . . 617
viridis, Roxb. . 605

765

Page
viscosus, Aiton - 604
vulgaris, Sieb. . 591
Wallichianus, Spr. . 619
Wallichii, Nees . . 608
Wallichii, Wt. . 609
Wightti, Hance . . 613
Wightii, Nees. . 6OL
zanthopus, Steud. . 608
Zollingeri, Steud. . 618
sp. Coldstream “ 606
sp.H.f.&T. 608, 612
sp. Wall. 590, 591, 592,

593, 595, 599, 600, 601,
602, 603, 604, 605, 606,
607, 609,611, 614, 615,
617, 618, 619, 623, 624,
640, 677, 680.
sp. Wt... 616, 670
Cyphostigma, Benth. . 250
exsertum, Scort.. . 251
pulchellum, Benth. . 251
CYPRIPEDIEE 169, 177

Cypripedium, Linn. . 169
barbatum, Lindl. . 174
Boxall), Rchb.f... 171

concolor, Batem. . 170
cordigerum, Don .170
Crossit, Belg. Hort. 174
Drurii, Bedd. . . 172
elegans, Rehb. f.. . 169
Fairieanum, Lindl. . 173
hirsutissimum, Lindl. 171
insigne, Wall. - 172
macranthon, Swartz 170
niveum, Rehb. f.. . 171
orbum, Rehb. f. . . 174

pardinum, Rchb. £.. 173
Parishii, Rehb. f. . 174-
purpu-atum, Wt. . 174

Spicerianum, Rchb.f. 172
superbiens, Rehb. f. 173
Veitchianum, Ill.

Hort. . » . 173
ventricosum, Swartz 170
venustum, Wall. . 173
villosum, Lindl... . 171
Warnerianum,

Rehb. f. . . 174

Cyrtopera bicarinata,

Tindl. « » « «@
Brunoniana, Wt.
candida, Lindl.
Culleni, Wt.
flava, Lindl.
fusea Wt. . F
Gardneri, Thw. .
lamzflora, Gardn..
Mannii, Rebb. f..

PAD BOIN IAD

766

Page

mysorensis, Lindl. . 6
nuda, Rehb. f. 6
obtvsa, Lindl. . 3
plicata, Lindl. 6
rufa, Thw. . 8, 196
sanguinea, Lindl. 8
squalida, Rehb. f. 6
Cyrtosia altissima, Bl. 89
javanica, BI. . . 88
Tindleyana, Hk. £.&T, 88
Cyrtosperma, Grif. . 550
lasioides, Griff. . . 551
Cyrtostachys, Bl. . 414
Lakka, Bece. 414
Cystorchis, Bl.. 97,179
fusca, Benth. . 112
javanica, Bl. . 97
variegata, Bl. . 97
Deemonorops, Bl. . 462

angustifolius, Mart. 464
calicarpus, Mart. . 466
didymophyllus, Becc. 468
JSascicula us, Mart. . 459

geniculatus, Mart. . 470
grandis, Mart. 463
grandis, Kurz . . 463
Guruba, Mart. . 449
hirsutus, Bl. . . 468
hygrophilus, Mart. 464
hypoleucus, Kurz 451
Hystrix, Mart. 468
intermedius, Mart. . 464

Jenkinsianus, Mart. 462
Kuntsleri, Becc.. 469
Kurzianus, Hook. f. 463

leptopus, Mart. 468
Lewisianus, Mart. 464
longipes, Mart. . . 471

macrophyllus, Becc. 470
Manii, Bece. . 463
melanolepis, Mart. . 452
micracanthus, Becc. 467

monticolus, Mart. 465
nutantiflorus, Mart.. 462
oligophyllus, Becc. . 470
petiolaris, Mart.. . 466
platyspathus, Mart.. 450
propinquus, Becc. . 467
Pseudosepal, Becc. . 465
ramosissimus, Mart. 450
Rheedei, Mart. « 452
Sabut, Becce. . 469
Sepal, Becc. 465
strictus, Bl. . 471
tabacinus, Bice... . 466

Page
vagans, Bece. . . 469
verticillaris, Mart. . 470
Dalzellia vivipara,
Hassk. . . 388
Pecaisnea angu’osa,
Lindl - . 92
Dendrobiumaduncum,
Wall... . 185
aduncum, Hk. f. . 185
Andersonii, Scstt . 187
atropurpureum, Mig.
184, 198

aurantiacum, Rchb.f. 187
bifartwm, Lindl. 83, 186
bolboflorum, Fale. . 184
Brymerianum.Rchb.f.187

chryseum, Rolfe. . 187
crocatum, Hk. f.. . 185
eumulatum, Lindl, . 185

Dalhonsieanum, Wail.186

Devonianum, Pazt.. 186
flavidulum, Ridl. . 185
geminatum, Lindl. . 183

hercoglossum, Rchb.f. 185
Hughii, Rehb. f.. . 187
hymenanthum, Hk.f. 185
hymenopterum,Hk.f. 185
inauditum, Rebb. f.. 183
kentrophyllum, Hk.f. 184

Kuntsleri, Hk. f.. . 184
Leonis, Rchb.f. . 184
Loddigesii, Rolfe . 187
longicolle, Lindl. . 183
longipes, Hk. f. . 183
Macrei, Lindl. . . 184
macropodum, Hk. f. 183
moulmeinense, Far. 187
panduriferum, Hk. f. 186
pendulum, Roxb. . 186
pulchellum, Rozb. 186
pumilum, Roxb. 184
sphegidoglossum,

Rebb. f. 186
stuposum, Lindl. 186
subteres, Lindl. 184
subulatum, Lindl. 184
tenuicanle, Hk. f. . 184
teres, Roxb. 49
Teysmann:, Mig.. . 184

tropzoli florum,Hk.f. 186
tuberiferum, Hk. f.. 184
vaginatum, Wall. 83
w-ratrifulium, Roxb. 191
Dendrochilum juscwm,
Teysm. & Binn. . 190
Dentrocolla amplezi-
caulis, Bl.
Arachnites, Bl.

40
41

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Page
Hystri#, BL... . 89
pulchella, Thw. . 39

serreformis, Lindl. . 41
teres, Bl. 34
Desmotrichum gemina-
tum, Bl 183
Dianella, Lamk. . . 336
ensifolia, Redouté . 337
javanica, Kunth. 337
nemorosa, Lamk.. . 337
odorata, Bl. . . . 337
sandvicensis, Hook.

& Arn. . . 837

Diaphora _cochinchi-

nensis, Lour. . . 690

Dicerostylis lanceolata,
BL. . . . . 110
Dichespermum auran-

tiacum, Hassk. 378
Blumei, Hassk. 380
cigantewm, Hassk. . 376
juncoides, Wt. 381
Kenigii, Hassk.. . 381
lanceolatum, Wt.. . 381
ochraceum, Hassk. . 380
paniculatum,Hf.&T. 381
repens, Clarke 380
repens, Hassk. 378
repens, Wt.. . 380
semiteres, Hassk.. . 381

Dichostylis spies

Nees . . 662

pygmea, Nees . ., 596
Diclidium ferow,Schrad.624
Dictyospermum con-

spicuwm, Hassk. . 382
montanum, Wt. . 382
ovalifolium, Wt. . 382
ovatum, Hassk. 382
protensum, Wt. . . 382
Wightii, Hassk. 368, 382

Didymoplexis, Grif. . 121
pallens, Grif. . 122
Didymosperma, H. Wal.

& Dr... . 420
gracilis, ‘Hk. ft . 420
hastata, Becc. 420
Hookeriana, Becc. 420
nana, H. Wal. & Dr. 420

Dioscorea, Linn. 288
aculeata, Linn. . 296
aculeata, Ham. . 291
aculeata, Roxb. . 291
aculeata, Wt. . . 295
acutangula, Ham. . 296
alata, Ionn. . 296
alata, Griseb. . 295
altissima, Roxb. . . 289

INDEX OF GENERA, SPEOIES AND SYNONYMS.

amena, Roxb. .

angulata, Rowb. .

angulifiora, Steud.
anguina, Rowb.

atropurpurea, Roxb.

Bisantaca, Ham. .
bulbifera, Linn. .
bulbifera, Br. .
bulbifera, Russ.
Cerubulium, Ham.
Cliff tiana, Lam.
Collettii, Hk. f.
coriacea, Wt. .
crepitans, Ham.
crispata, Roxb. .
cylindrica, Vitm.
cymosula, Hemsl.
damona, Roxb.

Page
. 289
. 296
. 296
. 293
296
. 296
. 296
. 295
. 296
. 291
. 295
. 290
. 292
. 294
. 296
. 296
. 291
. 289

decemangularis, Ham.295

decipiens, Hk. f..
defiexa, Hh. f.
deltoidea, Wall. .
Devipata, Ham. .
digitata, Mill .
echinata, Ham.
fasciculata, Roxb.
gibbidora, Hk. f.
glabra, Rob. .

glabra, Wall. 292,293,

globosa, Roxb.
Hamiltoni, Hk. f.
heterophyla, Roxb.
hirsuta, Dennst. .
Hurchusia, Ham.
incrassata, Ham. .
intermedia, Thw.

. 293
. 293
. 291
. 296
. 289
. 291
. 296
. 294
. 294
294
296
295
. 295
. 289
. 296
. 295
. 297

Jacquemontii,Hook.f.290
japonica, Hb. Madr. 296

Kleiniana, Kunth

kumaonensis, Kunth

lanata, Balf. .
lanceolata, Heyne.
Jaurifolia, Wall..
lunata, Roth .
nepalensis, Sweet.

nmmmularia, Kanth
nummularia, Lamk. .
? nummularia, Willd.

obcuneata, Hk. f.
octangularis, Ham.
odoratissima, Wall.

oppositifolia, Linn.

orbiculata, Hook.
ovata, Ham.
peltata, Juss. .

pentaphylla, Linn.

pentaphylla, Wall.
polyclades, Hk. f.

. 289
290
. 291
. 292
. 293
. 289
. 297
294
294
295
. 293
. 296
. 296
. 292
. 292
. 295
. 297
. 289
. 290
. 294

Page
pulchella, Roxb. . . 295
purpurea, Rowb.. . 297
pyrifolia, Kunth. . 292
rubella, Ruzb. . 297
sagittata, Royle . . 294
sativa, Linn. . . . 295
sativa, Hb. Madr. 295
sativa, Linn. . . . 291
sativa, Wall. 292, 295

spicata, Roth . 291,

spinosa, Roxb. . 291
spinosa, Wall. . 294
tiliefolia, Kunth 291

tomentosa, Heyne «

trinervia, Roxb. 289, 292
triphylla, Ham. . . 289
triphylla, Linn, . . 289
triphylla, Russ. . 289
triphylla, Wall. . 290
Tunga, Ham.. . 295
versicolor, Ham. . 295
virosa, Wall. . 289
Wallichii, Hk. f.. . 295
Wightii, Hx. f. 291
DioscoREACEZ . 288
Dipcadi, Medic. . 345
concanense, Dalz. . 346
hydsuricum, Baker . 347
minor, Hk. f. . 346
montanum, Baker 346
serotinum, Medic. 346
unicolor, Baker . 346

Diphylax, urceolata,
Hk. f.. Rien
Diplacrum caricinum,

Ish bee soe ast
tridentatum, Brong.

zeylanicum, Nees 688
Diplanthera tridentata,
Steinb. . . . . 570
Diplocentrum, Lindl.. 78
congestum, Wt.. . 78
longifolium, Wt.. . 78
recurvum, Lindl. 78
Diplochilos hirsutwm,
Lindl. . . . . 167
longifoliwm, Lindl. . 167
Diplomeris, Don 166
hirsuta, Lindl. 167
pulchella, Don . . 167

Diploprora, Hk. f. 26,178
Championi, Hk. f. . 26
Dipodiom, Br. P 19
favum,Ham.. . . 7
paludosum, Rehb. f. 19
pictum, Rehb. f. . 19
plicatum,Ham. . . 6
ramentacewm, Ham. 4

767

Page

Roniata, Ham. 6
scariosum,Ham.. . 3
sp. Griff. . 195

Dipseudochorion sagit-
tifolium, Buchen . 560
Disperis, Swartz. 168, 177
neilgherrensis, Wt. 169
tripetaloides, Lindl. 169

zeylanica, Trimen . 169
Disporum, Salisb. 339
calcaratum, Don . 359
ceylanicum, Wt. . . 360
fuloum, Don . 360

Hamiltonianum, Don 359
Horsfieldii, Don . . 360
latipetalum, Coll. &

Hemsl. . . . . 339
Leschenaultianum,

Don . 360
multifiorum, Don 360
mysorense, Wt. . 360
parviflorum, Don . 360
Pitsutum, Don . 360
pullum, Salisb. . 360
Wallichii, Don . 359

Dithyrocarpus
Meyenianus, Kunth. 390
paniculatus, Kunth . 390

petiolatus, Wt. . 390
Rothii, Wt. . 390
rufus, Kunth . . 390
undulatus, Wt. . 390

Dochafa flava, Schott 503
Donacodes, Bl. . . 236
Donan Arundinastrum,
Lour.. . . . . 258
Doritis, Lindl. . .31,178
Braceana, Hk.f.. . 196

pulcherrima, Lindl.. 31
tenialis, Benth. . 31
Wightii, Benth. . 32
Dossinia, Morr. . . 102
lanceolata, Lindl. . 109
marmorata, Jindl. . 96
Dracena, Linn. . . 827

angustifolia, Roxb. . 327
atro-purpurea, Roxb. 330
aurantiaca, Wall. . 329
brachyphylla, Kurz 328
brachystachys, Hk. f.328
Cantleyi, Baker . . 331
elliptica, Thunb.. . 330
elliptica, Thunb. &

Dallm. . . . 829
ensifolia, Wall. . 827
ferrea, Linn. . . 331
Finlayson, Baker . 327
gracilis, Wall. . 330

768 INDEX OF

Page
graminifolia, Wall. . 327
granulata, Hk. f. . 327
Griffith, Regel . . 330
Helferiana, Wall. . 330
Heyneana, Wall. . 329
Jackiana, Wall. . . 331
javanica, Kunth . . 330
linearifolia, Kurz . 331
maculata, Planch. . 330
maculata, Roxb. . . 380
maculata, Wall. . . 323
Maingayi, Hk. f.. . 329

P marmorata, Baker 329

pachyphylla, Kurz 329
petiolata, Hk. f. . 331
Porteri, Baker - 328
spicata, Rowb. 328
spicata, Baker 328
terminalis, Jack . . 331
terminalis, Wt. . 329
terniflora, Rowb.. . 328
ternifora, Wall. . . 330
termfolia, Kurz . . 328
Thwaitesii, Regel . 329

Wallichii, Kunth 328, 330
Daacanee - + 800
Dracontium polyphyl-

lum, Denst..

spinosum, Linn. . . 550
Drapiezia multiflora, Bl. 360
Drymophleus singa-

porensis, Hk. f. . 413
Dymczewiexia capitata,
Horan. . . 249
elata, Horan. . 249
marginata, Horan. . 249

Echinolytrum dipsacewm,
Desv.. . . . . 685
Echioglossum striatum,

Rehb. f. 76
Elate sylvestris, Linn. 425
Eleocharis, R. Br. . 625

acicularis, Br. 628

acutangula, Schult. .
affata, Steud...

atropurpurea, Kunth 627
capitata, Br. . . 627
Chastaria, Roem.gf-Sch.629

P confervoides, Miq. . 654
congesta, Don 630
equisetina, Presl . 626
erythrochlamys, Mig. 630
fistulosa, Schult. 626
incurvata, Schult, . 656
interstincta, Br. . . 626
Jjuncoides, Schult. . 656
media, Schult. 627

GENERA, SPEOIES AND SYNONYMS.

Page
ochrostachys, Steud. 626
ovata, Br. 62

ovata, Thw. * 630
palustris, Br. . 628
palustris, Strach. . 630
planiculmis, Steud. 627
plantaginea, Br.. . 625

purpurascens, Boeck. 630

setacea, Br. . . 629
spiralis, Br. . . 627
subprolifera, Steud. . 629
subvivipara, Boeck. . 629
tetraquetra, Nees . 630

tumida, Roem. & Sch. 625

uniglumis, Nees . . 628
variegata, Kunth . 626
sp. H.f.§T.. . . 630
sp. Wall. 626, 627, 628,

; 630
Eleogenus, Nees . . 627

atropurpureus, Nees. 627

capitatus, Nees . 628
ovatus, Nees . 628
Eleogiton ganeied
Nees. . . 653
Sluitans, Link. . 653
monostachya, Dietr.. 634
scabra, Dietr. . . 631
Elettaria, Maton . 251
cannecarpa, Wt.. . 240

Cardamomum, Maton 251

costata, Horan. . . 235
floribunda, Thw.. . 233
imvolucrata, Thw. . 233

linguiformis, Schult. 235

major, Smith. . 251
mendia, Link. . . 235
nemoralis, Thw. . . 238
rufescens, Benth. . 242
Elettariopsis, Baker . 251
Curtisii, Baker . 252
exserta, Baker . 251
serpentina, Baker . 252
Elyna, Schrad. . . 696

capillifolia, Decne. . 697

capillifolia, Hend. . 701
filifolia, Turez. 699
kokanica, Regel . . 698
P lava, Kunth. . 698}.
schenoides, C. A.
Meyer . . 697
sibirica, Turcz . 697
spicata, Boiss. . 697

stenocarpa, Kar. & Kir.698

sp. H.f. & T.

697, 699
Ephippiorhynchiwm

triflorum, Nees . 670

695, 696,

Page
Epidendrum alotfolium,

Bot. Mag. 1
aloifolium, Linn. . 10
bidentatum, Ken. . 197
calceolare, Ham. . 60
ealceolaria, Ken. . 197
ealceolaria terres-

tre, Ken. 197
clavatum, Ken. . . 197
clavatum, Retz. 66
complanatum, Kaen. 197
complanatum, Retz.. 41
ensifolium, Lion. 14
Flabellaom ati, :

Kan... 197
Flos-zris? Ken. 197
Flos-eris, Linn. 28
geniculatum, Ham. 45
hexandrum, Keen. 84, 198
Hippium, Ham. . 32
liliiflorum, Ken.. . 198
longiflorum, Ken. 198
lycopodioides, Ken. 198
nudum, Ken. . 198
ophrydis, Ken. 198
orchideum, Ken. 198
plantaginifolium,

Kon. . . . . . 198
premorsum, Roxb. 63
pusillum, Ken. 198
pusillum, Retz 37
retusum, Linn. 32
saaronicum, Ken. . 197
scriptum, Linn. 18
sessile, Ken. . 198
spathulatum, Ken. . 198
spathulatum, Linn. . 50
subulatum, Ken. 198
subulatum, Retz. 44
Supplexminima,Ken.198
tenuifolium, Linn. 25
tessellatum, Roxb. 52
tomentcsum, Ken. . 198
triste, Forst. 25
umbellatum, Ham. 66
variegatum, Ken. 198

Epipactis, Br. . . 125
P americana, Lindl. . 126
amena, Ham. . 126

P bicarin ta, Ham. . 6

carinata. Roxb. 121
consimilis, Wall. 126
consimilis, Don 125
Dalhousie, Wt. . . 125
gigantea, Dougl. . 126
herbacea, Lindl. . . 125
intrusa, Lindl. 126
Juliana, Roxb. 119

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Page

latifolia, Sw... . 195
macrostachya, Lindl. 125
mucrostachya, Wt. . 126
plicata, Roxb.. . . 119
Royleana, Lindl. . 126
veratrifolia, Boiss. . 126
Epiphanes javanica,Bl. 123
pallens, Rehb. f.. . 122
Epipogum, @Qmelin. . 124
aphyllum, Sw. » 124

Gmelini, Rich. . . 124
nutans, Rchb.f. . . 124
roseum, Lindl. . 124

Epiprempum, Schott . 548
Beccarii, Engl. « 546
giganteum, Schott . 548

humile, Hk. f.. . 549
medium, Hngl. . . 540
mirabile, Schott . . 549
Eremurns, Bieberst. . 332
himalaicus, Baker . 332
persicus, Boiss. . 333

Eria calamifolia, Hk.f. 191

muscicola, Lindl. . 190
pulchella, Lindl.. . 190
Thwaitesii, Trim. . 191
tomentosa, Lindl. . 198
EriocauLez. . . . 571
Eriocaulon, Linn. . . 571
achiton, Kern. . 584

alpestre, Hk. f. § T. 578
argentewm, Mart.. . 582
argyreum, Steud. . 582
atratum, Kern. . . 574

australe, Br. . . . 580
bifistulosum,
V. Heurk. . . . 572

bracteosum, Steud. . 572
breviscapum, Kern. 575
Brownianum, Mart. 576
capillus-naiadis, Hk.f.572
eaulescens,Hk.f.J¢ T. 572
ceylauicum, Kern. . 585
cinerewum, Br.. . . 578

cinerewm, Ham. . . 578
Collettii, Hk. f. . . 575
collinum, Hk.f. . . 584
cristatum, Mart.. . 574
cristatum, Benth. . 574
cristatum, Mart. . . 575

cuspidatum, Dalz. .
Dalzellii, Kern. . . 580
Dathiei, Hk. f. .
echinulatum, Mart.. 579

erythropodum, Miq. . 582
eurypeplon, Kern. . 585
fluviatile, Trim. . . 585
gracile, Mart. . 577

VOL. VI.

Page

gregatum, Kern... . 581
Hamiltonianum,

Mart... . . 579

Helferi, Hk. f. . . 583

heterolepis, Steud. . 585

hexangulare, Kunth. 577
infirmum, Steud. . 577
intermedium, Koern. 572

kiusianum, Max.. . 578
lanceolatum, Mig. . 577
lewcomelas, Steud. . 574
longicuspis, Hk. f. . 573
longifolium, Nees . 580
luzulefolium, Mart. 582
luzulefolium, Thw. . 584
Martianum, Wall. . 582
melaleucum, Mart. 574
minimum, Lam. . . 585
minutum, Hk. f.. . 579
miserum, Kern. . 575
mitophylum, Hk. f. . 575
. Neesianum, Kern. . 585
nepalense, Presc. . 581
nigricans, Br.. . . 584
nilagirense, Stend. . 576
nitidwm, Ham. . BIT
odoratum, Dalz.. . 574
oryzetorum, Mart. . 579

polycephalum, Hk. f. 573
Pumilio, Hk. f. . . 581
pygmeum, Dalz. . . 584
quidrangulare, Lour. 580
quinquangulare, Linn.582
quinquangulare,
Heyne ... . 574
quinquangulare, Wall. 581
quinquelobum, Wall. 583
sivulare, Dalz. . 580

robustum, Steud.. . 572
sericans, Mart. . 577
setaceum, Linn.. . 572

setaceum, Benth. . 572
setaceum, Heyne. . 577
setacewm, Wall. . . 572
sexangulare, Linn. . 580
sexangulare, Heyne . 576
serangulare, Mart. . 577
sexangulare, Willd. . 580
Sieboldianum, Sieb.
Zuce. . . 77
Steboldianum, Koen. 578
Sollyanum, Royle . 583
stellulatum, Kern. . 579
subcaulescens, Hé. f. 573
subulatwm, Bojer . 583
tenue,Ham. . . - 577
Thwaitesii, Kern.
trilobum, Ham. .

769

Page
truncatum, Ham. . 578
viride, Korn... . . 581
Walkeri, Hk. f. . 583

Wallichianum, Mart.

578, 580
Wightianum, Mart. . 576

xeranthemoides, Heurck
& Muell.. . 584
xeranthemum, Mart. 584
Eriophorum, Linn.. . 663
arundinaceum, Wall. 664
cannabinum, Royle . 664
capitatum, Host . 664
comosum, Wall. . . 664
cyperinum, Linn.. . 661
filamentosum, Boeck. 664

humile, Turez. . . 664
microstachyum,
Boeck.. . . . . 664

Scheuchzeri, Hoppe 664
vaginatum, Curt. . 664
sp.Benth.. . . . 661
sp. Wall. . . . . 664
Erythrorchis altissima,
Blac 2 rere
altissima, Lindl... . 89
Lindleyana, Rehb. f. 88
Erythronium indicum,
Hb. Madr. . . . 348
Erythrotis Beddomei,
Hk.f.. . . . . 388
Esmeralda Catheartii,
Reichb.f. . . .
Clarkei, Reichb. f. . 28
Eteria abbreviata,

Lindl. . . - 109
afinis, Lindl. . . 109
‘albida, Bl. 2... 97
flava, Lindl. . 108
flava, Wall. . . 109
javanica, Bl. 2 . . 7
lanceolata, Rchb. f.. 109
moulmeinensis, Par.

& Rehb. f. . . . 109
nervosa, Lindl. . . 108
pusilla, Wall. . - 105

Eucyperez . . . . 586
Enugeissonia, Griff, . 480
tristis, Griff. . . 481

Eugona superba, Salisb. 358

Eulophia, Br. . 1, 177,178
albiflora, Bdgew. . 2
andamanensis, Rehb. f. 8
atro-virens, Lindl. .
biearinata, Hk. f.
bicolor, Dalz. . .
brachypetata, Lindl. .
bracteosa, Lindl. .

3D

wo BOO) > OO

770

Page
burmanica, Hk. f. 5
campestris, Wall. . 4
candida, Hk.f. . . 6

carinata, Lindl. .
decipiens, Kurz. .
densiflora, Lindl.
elata, Hk. f. .
explanata, Lindl.
flava, Hk.f. . . .
graminea, Lindl. 2, 19
grandiflora, Lindl. .
hemileuca, Lindl.
herbacea, Lindl... .
holochila, Coll. &
Hemsl. F
inconspicua, Griff, :
lachnocheila, Hk. f.
macrobulbon, Par. x
Rehb. f.
macrorhizon, Hk. f.
macrostachya, Lindl.
Mannii, Hk. f.
monophylla, apd
Moore
nuda, Lindl.
obtusa, Ee: tae
ochreata, Lindl. .
pratensis, Lindl. .
ramentacea, Lindl.
ramentacea, Wt. .
rupestris, Lindl. .
sanguinea, Hk. f.

for) NP OO QT COT

[1
ive)

OraARPD WOOD HHA Db

squalida, Lindl. . 6
stenopetala, Lindl. . 5
virens, Br. . . 1,198
sp. Trim. ‘i 8
Euproboscis pygma,
Griff...
Euthyra, Salisb. . . 362

Fieldia gigantea, Rchb. f. 27
Fimbristylis, Vahl . 630
abbreviata, Boeck. . 648

abjiciens, Steud.. . 631
acicularis, Bre. . . 631
actinoschoenus,

Clarke . . . . 650
acuminata, Vahl. . 631
aestivalis, Vahl . . 637
albicans, Nees . . 641
albo-viridis, Clarke . 638
amblyphylla, Steud. 645
andamanica, Kurz . 639
angularis, Steud. . 644
annua, Roem. & Sch.

636, 637

Page
aphylla, Steud. . . 644
argentea, Vahl - 640
argentea, Vahl . . 596
Arnottiana, Boeck, 643
Arnottii, Thw. . . 631
arvensis, Vahl. . . 639
asperrima, Boeck. . 643
autumnalis, Roem. &

Sch. . . . . . 646
barbata, Benth. . . 652
benghalensis, Roem.

&Sch. . . . . 644
biflora, Boeck. . . 650
bispicata, Boeck. . 634
bispicata, Nees . . 634
biumbellulata,Boeck. 640
Boeckeleri, Steud.

644, 646
brachyphylla, Sch. . 636
Buergueri, Mig. . . 639
capillacea, Steud. . 652
capillaris, Benth. . 652
capitata, Zoll.. . . 640
chetorrhiza, Kunth . 647
chetorrhiza, Thw. 643, 648
ciliolata, Steud. . . 640
cincta, Nees . . . 636

cinnamometorum,

Kunth . .. . 650
cinnamometorum,

Hance ... . 649
comata, Nees. . . 635

communis, Kunth 636, 638
complanata, Link . 646
complanata, Benth. . 646
compressa, Boeck. . 639
confinis, Steud. . . 639
connectens, Thw.. . 646
curvifolia, Steud. . 636
cylindrocarpa, Kunth 631
cyperoides, Br. . 650
cyrtophylla, Migq. 639
dasyphylla, Miq.. 641
decora, Nees & Mey. 641
depauperata, Br. 636, 637
dichotoma, Vahl . 635
dichotoma, Boeck. . 637
digitata, Boeck. . . 648
diphylla, Vahl . . 636
diphylla, Vahl 638, 646
dipsacea, Benth. . . 635
disticha, Boeck. . . 651
efoliata, Steud. . 645
Jalcata, Boeck. . . 648
falcata, Kunth . . 647
ferruginea, Vahl. . 638
ferruginea, Mig. . . 639
filifolia, Boeck. 643

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Page
filiformis, Kunth. . 633
Jlaccida, Steud. . . 644
flaccidula, Zoll. . . 644
foliosa, Link . . . 636
fulvescens, Thw. . 650
fusca, Benth. . . . 649
fuscinux, Clarke. . 638
Gambleana, Boeck. . 651
glabra, Steud. 642, 650
glauca, Vahl . . . 636
globulosa, Kunth. . 644
glomerata, Nees . . 640
gracilis, Arnatt . . 639
Griffithiana, Steud. . 637
Griffithti, Boeek.. . 637
Henkei, Dietr. 647, 648
Hanceana, Boeck. . 640
Heynei, Boeck. . . 636
Hookeriana, Boeck. . 641
inconstans, Steud. . 634

insignis, Thw. . . 645
japonica, Sieb. &
Zuce.. . . . . 634

juncea, Boeck. . . 632
guncea, Roem. & Sch. 633
junciformis, Kunth . 647
junciformis, Munro. 640
Kampheveneri, Boeck.649
Kingii, Clarke . - 633
Kraussiana, Hoehst. 646
levissima, Steud. . 640
latifolia, Kunth . . 648
lawa, Vahl. . . 636
leptoclada, "Benth. . 647
littoralis, Gaud. . 644
longispica, Steud, . 639
malaccana, Boeck. . 633
marginata, Labill. . 639
merguensis, Clarke. 642
Metzi, Stend.. . . 636
microcarpa, F. Muell. 646
miliacea, Vahl . . 644
? mollis, Kunth . . 672
monandra, F. Muell. 633
monandra, Roem. &
Sch. ‘ . 652
monostachya, “Hassk. 649
monticola, Steud. . 642
muriculata, Benth. . 642
nigrobrunnea, Thw.. 648
nutans, Vahl . . . 632
ochreata, Boeck. . . 639
ovalis, Nees . . . 636
owylepis, Steud. . . 642
pallescens, Nees . . 636
paucifilora, Br. . . 633
paupercula, Boeck. . 647
pentaptera, Kunth 645

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Page
penias'tchya, Boeck. 636

Pierotu., Wig.. . 642
podocarpa, Nees. . 638
-podocarpa, Munro . 638
' podocarpa, Nees . . 636
polymorpha, Boeck.
636, 638
polytrichoides, Vahl . 632
pumila, Benth. 633
pycnostachya, Hance 648
quinquangularis,

Kunth . . » 64d
retusa, Thw. . . . 647
rigida, Kunth... . 640
rigidula, Nees. 640
rigidula, Berol. 640
rigidula, Thw. 636
Roxburghti, Dietr. . 639

Royeniana, Nees. . 636
Salbundia, Kunth . 646
Salbundia, Boeek. . 644
Salbundia, Thw.. . 645
scaberrima, Nees 637
scabra, Kunth. 646
schoenoides, Vahl . 634
sericea, Br. . . 641
setacea, Benth. . 632
similis, Steud. 636
spadicea, Boeck.. . 636
spathacea, Roth. . 640
spirostachys,F. Muell. 637
squarrosa, Vahl . . 635
stolonifera, Clarke . 637
eub-bispicata, Nees

Y Meyen. . . . 634

sub-bulbosa, Boeck.

32, 633
subtetrastachya,

Boeck. . . » 648
subtrabeculata,

Clarke . . - 633
tenera, Roem. § Sch. 642
tenera, Boeck. 644, 646
tenuicula, Boeck. 632
tenwifolia, Nees . . 639
tenuifolia, Thw. . 642
tetragona, Br. 631
tetragona, Br. . 366

Thomgonii, Boeck.
644, 646

Thwaitesii, Boeck. . 645
tomentosa, Vahl . . 636
Torresiana, Gaud. 645
torta, Kunth . . 648
tricholepis, Miq.. . 637
trispicata, Steud. 639
tristachya, Thw.. . 649

uliginosa, Steud.

Page
umbellaris, Vahl. . 645
velutina, Franch. . 641
Wightiana, Nees. . 640

sp. Wall. 604, 612, 635,
636, 637, 638, 639, 640,
642, 643, 644, 645, 646,
647, 648, 649, 659.

Fisquetia siasaaa aia

Gand. . . 484
militaris, Gaud. . 484
ornata, Gaud.. . 486
ovata, ‘Gand. . . 487

FLAGELLARIEE . - 890
Flagellaria, Linn, . . 390
angustifolia, Wall. . 391
indica, Linn. . . 891
minor, Bl. . . 391
Floscopa, Lour. . . 390
Hamiltonii, Hassk. . 390
Meyeniana, Hassk. . 390
paniculata, Hassk.
382, 390
petiolata, Hassk.. . 390
scandens, Lour.. . 390
undulata, Hassk.. . 390
Fluggea psigiapan:

Baker. . . . 268
Griffithit, Baker . . 270
intermedia, Kunth . 269
Jacquemontiana,

Kunth ... . 269
japonica, Rich. . 267
japonica, Schult. . 269
P prolifera, Baker . 270
Wallichiana, Kunth 268

Fluvialis indica, Pers. 569
Forrestia, A. Rich.. . 383

glabrata, Hassk.. . 384

Griffithii, Clarke. . 383
hispida, A. Rich. . 383
hispida, Bot. Mag. . 383
Hookeri, Hassk. . . 384
marginata, Hassk. . 383
mollis, Hassk. . . 383
rostrata, Hassk. . . 384
Franquevillea major,
Zoll. . . . . . 279
Freycinetia, Gaud, . 487
angustifolia, Bl... 487
angustifolia, Kurz . 487
Brunoniana, Wall. . 487

Debregeseana, Gaud. 487
Gaudichandii, Bennet 488
insignis, Bl. . . 488
pycnophylla, Solms. 487

Walkeri, Solms. . . 487
Fritillaria, Zinn. . . 352
cirrhosa, Don. . . 353

3 p2

771

Page
Corona-imperialis,
Geertn. . . 354
Gardneriana, Wall. 353
Gulielmi-Waldemarii,
Klotzsch. . . 853
Hookeri, Baker . . 352
imperialis, Linn.. . 353

? macrophylla, Don . 352
oxypetala, Royle . 352
oxypetala, Hook.. . 353
Roylei, Hook.. . 353
Stracheyi, Hk. f.. . 353
Thomsoniana, Don . 352
P triceps, Klotzsch . 353
verticillata, Wall. 353
Foirena, Rottb. . . 665
canescens, Vahl . . 666
ciliaris, Nees . . 666
ciliaris, Roxb. . . 666
cuspidata, Kunth 665
glomerata, Lam. . 666
paniculata, Lam.. . 667
pentagona, Nees. . 667
pubescens, Kunth . 665
pubescens, Boeck. . 665
quinquangularis,

Hassk. .. . 667
Rottboellii, Neos . - . 666
Trilobites, Clarke . 666
umbellata, Rotth. . 666
uncinata, Kunth. . 666
uncinata, Thw. . 667

Wallichiana, Kunth 665
sp. Wall. 665, 666, 667

Gabertia scripta, Gaud. 18
Gagea, Salisb. » . 355
commutata, C. Koch 356
elegans, Wall.. . . 355
lutea, Schultz. . . 355
Moorcroftiana, Wall. 355
pedunculata, Wall. . 356
persica, Boiss. . . 3855
Ppulchella, Wall, . 354
reticulata, Schultes f. 356
sarmentosa, C. Koch 356

stipitata, Merkl.. . 356
taurica, Stev.. . . 356
triphylla, C. Koch . 356
Gahnia, Forst. 676
javanica, Moritz.. 676
Galanga, Salish. 253
Galeola, Lour. . 88
altissima, Rchb. }. 89
altissima ? Rcehb. f.. 89
Cathoartii, Hk. f. 89
Falconeri, Hk. f.. 88

772

Page
Hydra, Rehb. f. . . 89
javanica, Benth. 88, 197
Lindleyana, Rchb. f. 88
? pusilla, Hk. f. 89

Galera nutans, Bl... 124

rosea, Bl. . 124
Gamochilus, Lestid. . 231
Gamoplezis, Fale. +. . 122

orbanchoides, Fale. .
Garciana cochinchinen-

es Loar. 4 « 363
Gastrochilus, Wall. 217
affinis, Wall. . 218
calceolaria, Don. . 60
Jenkinsii, Wall.. . 218
longiflora, Wall... . 217
minor, King . . . 217
parvula, Wall. . 218

pulcherrima, Wall. . 217
rubrolutea, Baker . 218
Ptiliefolia, Baker . 218
tillandsioides, Baker 218

Gastrodia, Br. . 122
elata, Bl. . . 122
exilis, Hk. f. . . 123
? Hasseltii, Bl. . 123
javanica, Endl. . 123

orobanchoides, Benth.122
Geocallis fasciculata,
Horan. . . . . 241

Geodorum, Jackson 16
appendiculatum,
Griff... 18
attenuatum, Griff, 17
candidum, Lindl. 18
candidum, Wull.. 17
citrinum, Jacks. . 17
dilatatum, Br. 17
dilatatum, Lindl. 18
dilatatum, Wall. . 16
fucatum, Lindl. . 18
javanicum, Lindl. 18
laxiflorum, Grif. . 18
pallidum, Wall. . 18
pallidum, Griff. 18
parviflorum, Lindl.. 18
purpureum, Br.. . 16
semicristatum, Lindl. 18
sp. Griff. 18

Georchis biflora, 1 Lindl. 114

cordata, Lindl. . 114
foliosa, Lindl. . . 118
secundiflora, Griff. . 113
vittata, Lindl.. . . 114
Gethyllis fusiformis,
Ham... . . 279
Globba, Linn. . 201

Andersoni, Clarke . 202

122 |

Page
arracanensis, Kurz . 203
brachycarpa, Baker 205
bracteata, Heyne . 206
bracteolata, Wall. . 204

bracteosa, Horan. . 206
bulbifera, Roxb. . . 206
canarensis, Baker . 206
Careyana, Roxb.. . 203
cernua, Baker . . 205
Clarkei, Baker . 201
elongata, King . 208
erecta, Red. . 254
expansa, Wall. 204, 205
floribunda, Baker . 203
Hookeri, Clarke . . 202
Hura, Roxb. . 205
Kingii, Baker . . 204
marantina, Linn. . 206
marantina, Wall. . 206

marantinoides, Wt. . 206

multiflora, Wall. . 202
multiflora, Wall.. . 205
nutans, Linn. . . 256
ophioglossa, Wt. . 202
orixensis, Rowb. . . 201

orizensis, Wall.
201, 202, 203
pallidiflora, Baker . 204

pauciflora, King . . 205
pendula, Roxb. . 205
pendula, Wall. - 202

platystachya, Baker 206

purpurea, Andr.. . 200
racemosa, Smith. 201
radicalis, Roxb. . . 200
saltatoria, Rose. . . 200
sessiliflora, Sims . 203
spathulata, Roxb. . 201

stenothyrsa, Baker . 204
strobilifera, Zoll. &
Moritz. .

E 206
subscaposa, Coll. §

Hemsl. . 204
substrigosa, King . 202
subulata, Roxb. . . 200
uliginosa, Miguel . 203
velutina, Wall. . 202
versicolor, Smith . 205
Wallichii, Baker. . 202

Glomera, Bl.. . . . 178

Gloriosa, Linn, Z 358
Doniana, Schultes f. 358
simplex, Don . . . 358
superba, Linn. . . 358

Glossula tentacula,

Lindl. 163

Gomutus obtusifolia, BL. 421

saccharifer, Spr.. . 421

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Page
Gonatanthus, Kiotzsch 522

Grifithii, Schott . 520
Pornatus, Schott . 522
sarmentosus, Klotz. 522
Gonioscypha, Baker . 326
eucomoides, Baker . 326
Goodyera, Br. 110, 179
biflora, Hk. f.. . 114
carnea, A. Rich. . . 111

cordata, Benth. . . 114

discolor, Ker. . . 101
elongata, Lindl. . 116
flabellata, A. Rich. . 106
foliosa, Benth. . 113
fumata, Thw. . . 111
fusca, Hk. f. . . 112
gracilis, Hk. f. . 112
hirsuta, Griff. . . 94
hispida, Lindl. . 114
marginata, Lindl. . 112

ovalifolia, Wt . . 115

Prainii, H&. f.. . 112
procera, Hook. .- 111
recurva, Lindl. . 112
repens, Br. . lil
robusta, Ak. f. . 113
rubens, Bl. . . 111
secundiflora, Lindl. 113
vittata, Benth. . . 113
sp.Griff.105, 118, 115, 116
Govindovia nervosa,Wt. 92
Grammatophyllum, Bi. 18
affine, Griff. : 19
fastwosum, Lindl. 18
? Finlaysonianum,
Lindl... 20
macranthum, Rehbf. 18
paludosum, Griff. 19
seandens, Griff. . . 19
speciosum, Bl. 18

Grantia globosa, Griff. 558

microscopica, Griff. . 558
Grosourdya Hystrio,

Rehb.f.. . . . 39
Gussonea cyperoides,

Presl.. . . . 650
pauciflora, Brong. . 649

Gymnadenia Chusua,

Lindl. . . . 127
cylindrostachya,

Lindl. . . 142
galeandra, Rchb. f.. 164
Helferi, Rchb. f.. . 164
longifolia, Lindl... . 141
obcordata, Rchb. f. . 164
Orchidis, Lindl. . . 142
platyphylla, Lindl. . 141
puberula, Lindl.. . 127

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

secunda, Lindl.
’ spathulata, Lindl.

? tenuiflora, Lindl.

? tenwis, Lindl.
violacea, Lindl.

Page
- 160
. 127
- 163
. 156
. 142

Gyrostachys australis, B1.102

Habenaria, Willd. . . 181
acuifera, Wall. . . 146
acuminata, Thw.. . 133
affinis, Don . 166
affinis, Wt. . . 149
Aitchisoni, Rehb. f. 152
andamanica, Hk. f. . 184
arouata, Hk. f. . . 155
arietina, Hk. f. . . 188
aristata, Hk. f. . 158
avana, Hk. f. . . 148
barbata, Wt. . - 133
bicornuta, Hk. f.. . 156
brachyphylla, Aitch.

&Hemsl. . . . 152
-brachyphylla, Rchb. 7 151
Brandisii, Hk. f.. . 162
breviloba, Hk. f.. . 159
candida, Dalz. . 148
caranjensis, Dalz. . 166
-cephalotes, Lindl. . 139
chlorina, Par. &

Rehb. f. . 147, 197
-ciliolaris, Kranz.. . 144
-commelinifolia, Wall.143
concinna, Hk. f.. . 155
constricta, Hk. f. . 161
corymbosa, Par.

Rehb. f. . . 136
crassifolia, A. Rich. 151
crinifera, Lindl... . 142
cubitalis, Br.. . . 157
decipiens, Hk. f. 165, 197
decipiens, Wt. . . 197
decipiens, Wt.. . . 141

densa, Wall. . . 153
dichopetala, Thw. . 136
digitata, Lindl. . . 134
diphylla, Dalz. . 151
ditricha, Hk. f. . . 151
dolichostachya, Thw. 135
elliptioa, Wt. . - 147
~ensifolia, Lindl, . . 137
fumbriata, Wt. . 189
flavescens, Hk. f. . 150
foliosa, A. Bich.. . 135
furcifera, Lindl. . 149
furfuracea, Hk. f. . 144
fusifera, Hk. f. . . 147
galeandra, Benth. . 163
Gardneri, Hk. f.. . 158

Page
geniculata, Don . . 138
Gerardiana, Wall. . 187
Gibsoni, Ak. f. . . 185
gigantea, Don . 137
gigas, Hk. f. . . '. 160
glabra, A. Rich. . . 148
goodyeroides, Don . 161
goodyeroides, Hook... 162
‘gracillima, Hk. f. . 163
gracilis, Coleb. . 166
graminea, Lindl.. . 151
graminea, A. Rich. . 150
grandiflora, Lindl. . 136
Griffithii, Hk. f.. . 197
hamigera, Griff. . . 149
Hamiltoniana, Hk. f. 160
Helferi, Hk. f. . . 164
Heyneana, Lindl. . 148
intermedia, Don. . 138
jantha, Benth. . . 164
Jerdoniana, Wt. . 152
Josephi, Rehb. f.. . 152
khasiana, Hk. f.. .. 151
Kingii, Hk. f.. . . 144
lacertifera, Benth. . 163
laciniata, Dalz. . 185
latifolia, Lindl. 140
latilabris, Hk. f.. . 153
Lawii, Hk.f.. . . 162
leptocaulon, Hk. f. . 154
Lindleyana, Steud. . 140
Lindleyana, Wt. . . 135
linguella, Lindl.. . 146
Lobbii, Rehb. f. . . 166

longibracteata, Hk.f. 166
longicalcarata, A.

Rich. . . . 141,197
longicorniculata,
Grah.. . . - 141
longicornu, Lindl.
139, 197
longifolia, Ham.. . 141
lucida, Wall. . 133
lutea, Benth. 164

‘ macroceratitis, Rottl. 141

macrostachya, Lindl. 134

malabarica, Hk. f. . 159
malleifera, Hk. f. 143
Mandersii, Hemsl. §
Coll. . - . « - 146
marginata, Coleb. . 150
modesta, Dalz. 166

monophylla, Coll. s
Hemsl. . . 143

montana, A. Rich. . 139
montana, Wt. . 141, 197
muricata, Vidal . . 144
Murtoni, Hk. f. . 144

rotundifolia, Lindl. é
Schischmarefiana,
Cham.

schizochilus, Grab. :

secundiflora, Hk. f.

sikkimensis, Hk. f. .
ee Par. &

Rehb. f.
stenantha, Hk. f
stenopetala, Lindl. .
? stenopetala, Lindl.
stenostachya, Benth.
Stocksii, Hk: f. .

Gibbs. .
subpubensg, A. Rich.
Susanne, Br.. . .
Sutleri, Rehb. f. .
tenwicornis, Wall. .
tenuis, Griff.
tipulifera,

Rehb. f. .
torta, Hk. f. 3
travancorica, Hk. f.
trichosantha, Wall.
triflora, Dow. .
trifurcata, Hk. f.
trinervia, Wt... |
uniflora, Don.
uniflora, Dalz. .
urceolata, Clarke
vidua, Par. § Rchb.f.

Par. &

773
Page
nematocaulon, Hh. f. 164
oligantha, Hk. f. . 154
‘Orchidis, Hk. f. . . 142
ovalifolia,;Wt. . . 149
- pachycaulon,: Hk: f. 154
Parishii, Hk. f. . . 161
pectinata, Don . 187
pectinata, Lindl.. . 138
pelorioides, Par. &
Rehb.f. .. 166
peristyloides, Wt. 156
Perrottetiana,A.Rich.
164
plantaginea, Lindl, . 141
platyphylla, Spr.. . 140
polyodon, Hk. f... . 139
Prainii, Hh. f. . . 159
promensis, Wall.. . 150
pterocarpa, Thw. 145
pubescens, Lindl. . 144
rariflora, A Rich. 136
reniformis, Hk. f. . 152
rhynchocarpa, Hk. f. 145
Richardiana, Wt. 139
robustior, Hk. f. . 160
rostrata, Wall. 146

145
156

. 158
suaveolens, Dalz. &

. 140
148
137

. 152

149

. 150

. 157
. 159

135
138

. 142
. 148
. 135
- 166
. 137
. 165

146

774

Page
viridiflora, Br. . . 150
Wightii, Trim. . 162

zosterostylis, Hk. f. 155
sp. Griff 2... . 138
Haemaria, Lindl. 101, 179
discolor, Lindl. . . 101
Hamatorchis altissima,
Bl. is
Hzmopornacez. . . 264
Halodule australis,Mig. 570
Halophila Beccarii,

Asoh.. . . . . 570
Halostemma, Wall.. . 681
Hamatris triphylla,

Salisb. . . . . 289
Hanguana, Bl. . . . 391
Hapale, Schott . . 521
Hapaline, Schott . 521

Benthamiana, Schott 521

Brownii, Hk. f. . . 521
Haplostylis, Nees . . 669

Meyenti, Nees . 668

Wightiana, Nees. . 669
Harina caryotoides,

Ham... . . . . 419
nana, Griff. . . . 420
oblongifolia, Griff. . 419

Hartwegia Nimmonit,

Dalz. . . 336

Hasskartia leucaewntha,
‘Walp. . meet es
Hedychium, Ken. . . 225

acuminatum, Rosc. . 227
album, Ham. : . 225

angustifolium, Bot.
Reg... . . 232
angustifolium, Wall. 231
aurantiacum, Wall. 232
aureaum, Clarke . . 229
barbatum, Wall. . . 231
bicornutum, Wall. . 227
cernuum, Wt.. . . 226
chrysoleucum, Hook. 226
coceineum, Ham. . 231
cocctneum, Lindl. . 231
coccinewm, Wall. 231, 232
coronarium, Ken. . 225
crassifolium, Baker. 228

densiflorum, Wall, . 227
elatum, Br. . » 232
elatum, Clarke . 231
ellipticum, Ham. . 228
Elwesii, Baker . 226

. 228
« 227
. 227
. 226
. 226

fastigiatum, Wall.
flavescens, Lindl.
flavescens, Lodd. .
flavum, Bot. Mag.
flavum, Roxb, .

* Heleocharis, see also Eleocharis.

Page

Gandasulium, Ham. 225

Gardnerianum, Rosc. 230
Gardnerianum, Wall.

231, 232

Gomezianum, Wall. 228

gracile, Rob. . . 229
gracile, Wall. . . 229
gratum, Wall. . . 232

Griffithianum, Wall, 229
heteromallum, Lindl. 230
Hookeri, Clarke . . 230
longicornutum, Griff.228
luteum, Herb.Caleut. 232
marginatum, Clarke 226

Prophete, Ham. . . 225
Roscoet, Wall. . . 231
Roaburghii, Sieb. . 227
Steboldi, Wall. . . 227
speciosum, Wall. . 231
spicatum, Ham, . . 227
spicatum, Lodd. . . 225
squarrosum, Buch. . 231

stenopetalum, Lodd. 231
sulphurewm, Wall. . 226
thyrsiforme, Ham. . 230
Tocucho,Ham. . . 230
trilobum, Wall. . . 227
urophyllum, Lodd. . 226

venustum, Wt. . 226
villosum, Wall. . . 228
sp. Griff . . 225, 228
Hekorima candida,
Kunth . . 822

*Heleocharis, Leatib. . 627
alta, Boeck. . . . 6380
atropurpurea,Boeck. 627
cespitosissima, Baker 629
capitata, Boeck.. . 628
Chetaria, Boeck. . 629
chlorocarpa, Boeck. . 629
jistulosa; Boeck. . . 627
Kuntzei, Boeck. . 630
ochrostachys, Boeck. 629
ovata, Boeck. . - 628
palustris, Boiss. . . 628
plantaginea, Boeck. 626
subprolifera, Boeck. 629
subulata, Boeok.. . 626
tetraquetra, Boeck, . 630

Thomsont, Boeck. . 629
variegata; Boeck. . 626
Wichurai, Boeck. . 630
Hellenia alba, Willd. . 253
Allughas, Willd.. . 254
aquatica, Horan.. . 256
grandiflora, Retz. . 250
scabra, Bl... . 256

Helmia bulbifera, Kunth 295

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS,

Page
? demona, Kunth . 289
? tomentosa, Kunth . 289
HEMEROCALLEZ. . . 300
Hemerocallis, Linn. . 326
disticha, Don . . 326
fulva, Linn, . . 826
longituba, Mig. . . 327
Hemicarez, Benth. 694, 698
curvata, Clarke . . 699
Jilicina, Clarke . . 696
Hookeri, Clarke . . 695
lawa, Benth. . . . 698
pygmea, Clarke. . 696
trinervis, Clarke 696, 712
sp. Benth.. . . . 712
Hemicarpha Isolepis,
Nees,. . . . . 663
Hemiorchis, Kurz.. . 206
burmanica, Kurz. . 207
Hemipilia, Lindl. . . 167
calophylla, Par. 5

Rchb.f. . . 167

cordifolia, Lindl. | 167
Henosis, Hk. f.. 177, 189
Heritiera alba, Retz. . 253.

Allughas, Retz, . . 254

aquatica, Retz. . . 256
Herminium, Linn. 128, 180

angustifolium, Benth. 129

congestum, Lindl. . 130

constrictum, Lind]. . 161

Duthiei, Hk. f. . . 180

fallax, Hk. f.. . . 129

fallaw, Lindl... . . 129

goodyeroides, Lindl.. 161

gramineum, Lindl. . 131

grandiflorum, Lindl. 129

Hamiltonianum,

Lindl. .. . 169
Josephi, Rchb. x . 129:
longicruris, Wright . 129
Monorchis, Br. . . 128
orbiculare, Hk. f. . 130
pugioniforme, Lindl. 180
reniforme, Lindl... . 152

unalaschcense, Rchb.f. 130
sp. Griff. » . . 165
Herpysma, Lindl. 98,179
longicaulis, Lindl. . 98
tHetzria, Bl. 114, 179
“anomala, Lindl. . . 116
elata, Hk. f. . . . 116
elongata, Lindl. 116, 197

Gardneri, Benth . 115
Helferi, Hk. f. . 115
longifolia, Benth. . 109
ovalifolia, Benth. . 115
rubens, Benth, . 115

+ Hetzria, see also Altheria and Etzria.

INDEX OF

Page
Heterocarpus glaber, Wt. 371
hirsutus, Wt. . . . 371
? obliquus, Hassk. . 372
Heterosmilax, Kunth . 314
indica, A. DC. . 314
Heterostalis diversifolia,
Schott . . . . 510
foliolosa, Schott. . 510
Huegeliana, Schott . 510
Hitchenia, Wall. . 224
Careyana, Benth. . 225
caulina, Baker . . 224
glauca, Wall. . . 224
musacea, Baker . . 225
Roscoeana, Benth. . 216
Holoschenus australis,
Reichb. . . . . 655
filiformis, Reichb. . 655
incurvatus, Dietr. . 656
subarticulatus, Dietr. 656
vulgaris, Link. . . 655
Homalomena, Schott . 531
angustifolia, Hk. f.. 533
aromatica, Schott . 532
corulescens, Jungh. 533

cordata, Schott . 532
deltoidea, Hk. f.. . 536
elliptioa, Hk. f. . . 536

Gaudichaudii, Schott 532

Griffithii, Hk. f.. . 534
humilis, Hk. f. . . 533
Kingii, Hk. f.. . . 585
lancifolia, Hk. f. . 533
majus, Griff. . . . 583
minus, Griff. . 583
nutans, Hk. f. . . 535
obliquata, Hk. f... . 534
ovata, Hk. f. . . . 536
paludosa, Hk. f.. . 531

pontederefolia, Griff. 533
? propingua, Schott. 531

pumila, Hk. f.. . 535
rostrata, Griff. . . 5382
rubescens, Kunth . 532
rubra, Hassk. . . 532

sagittefolia, Jungh. 531
Scortechinii, Hk. f. 534
singaporensis, Regel 537
trapezifolia, Hk. f. . 536
truncata, Hk.f.. . 535
velutina, Scort. . 584
Wallichii, Schott . 533
Hornstedtia Leonurus,
Retz». . . . - 236
Scyphus, Retz. . 2387
Hura siamensium, Keen. 205
Hyacinthorchis varia-
bilis, Bl. . 16

GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS. 775
; Page Page
Hyacinthus purpureus, Hypoxis, Linn. . . 277
Griff. Oe 8g . 349; aurea, Lour. . . . 277
serotinus, Linn. . . 346| érachystachya, Wt. . 279
Hyalisma janthina, curculigoides, Wall. . 278
Champ. . . . . 558] dulcis, Stend.. . 279

Hydroschoenus, Moritz. 597
kyllingioides, Zoll. &
More ss sm %
Hylophila, Lindl. 110,
lanceolata, Hk. f. . 110
mollis, Lindl. . . 110
Hymenocallis tenuifiora,
Herb. . 3 8
Hymenochete grossa,

597
179

286

Nees . F . 660
Kysoor, Nees . . 660
maxima, Nees . . 660

Hypelyptum, Griff. . 603
argenteum, Vahl. . 667
ceylanicum, Nees . 667

microcephalum, Br. . 668
sphacelatum, Vabl . 667
Hypelytrum, see Hypo-
lytrum.
HYPOLYTREZR .. .
Hypolytrum, £.C.Rich.
borneense, Kurz. . 680
compactum, ? Moritz. 682
costatum, Thw. . 684
diandrum, Dietr. . 678

587
677

gigantewm, Nees. . 678
giganteum, Wall.. . 678
humile, Boeck. . 682

latifolium, Z.C.Rich. 678

latéfolium, Dietr. . 678
latifolium, Thw. . . 679
longirostre, Tiw. . 679

mauritianum, Boeck. 678
myrianthum, Miq. . 678
Pandanophytlum,

F. Muell. . . . 680
penangense, Clarke. 679
proliferum, Boeck. . 679
schenoides, Nees . 678
triceps, Dietr.. . . 667
trinervium, Kunth . 679
turgidum, Clarke . 679
Wightianum, Boeck. 678
sp. Wall. 662, 678, 680

Hypoporum, Nees . . 685
annulare, Nees . 687
capitatwm, Nees . . 689
gracile,Nees . . . 685
lithospermum, Nees. 685

Roaburghit, Nees. . 686
HypoxipEz . . 277
Aypcaidopsis pumila,

Steud. . . . . 857

Pranquevillei, Mig. . 278

latifolia, Wt. . . . 279
leptostachya, Wt.. . 279
minor, Don 278
pauciflora, Wt. 279
Saarpata, Ham. . . 278
trichocarpa, Wt. . . 279

Hysteria, veratrifolia,
Reinw. . . .. 91

Tguanura, Bl.. . 415
bicornis, Becc. .. . 417
brevipes, Hk. f. . . 416
corniculata, Becc. . 417
diffusa, Becc. . . 416
geonomeformis,

Mart. . . 415

malaccensis, Becc, . 416
parvula, Becce.. . . 417
polymorpha, Becc. . 417
Wallichiana, Hk. f.. 416
Indeterminata, Wall, . 299
Toniris Doniana, Klatt 272

fragrans, Klatt . 272
Pallasii, Klatt . . 272
triflora, Klatt . . 272
Iphigenia, Kunth . 357
caricina, Kunth . . 357
indica, Kunth . . 857
pallida, Baker . . 357
racemosa, Kunth . 357
Ipsea . . . . . . 178
IRIDEZ. Bf A. Sepa
Iridiorchis gigantea, Bl. 12
Iris, Linn. . . . 271

‘Aitchisoni, Boiss. . 272

aurea, Lindl. . . . 273
biylwmis, Vahl . . 272
Clarkei, Baker . . 275
crocea, Jacq. . . . 273
decora, Wall. . . 274
deflexa, Knowl. &
Weste. . « 275
Doniana, Spach . . 272
Duthieii, M. Fost. . 275
ensata, Thunb. . 272
fragrans, Lindl. . . 272
gilgitensis, Baker . 274
goniocarpa, Baker . 274

halophila, Bot. Mag. 272
Hookeriana, M. Fost. 275
kashmiriana, Baker, 275
Kingiana, M. Fost. . 274

776

Page
kumaonensis, Wall. 274
longifolia, Royle. . 276
-longispatha, Fisch. . 272
Milesii, Mf. Fost... 278
Moorcroftiana, Wall. 272
nepalensis, Don . . 273
nepalensis, Don . . 276
nepalensis, Wall. 275, 276

Notha, M. Bieb. . . 272
pabulina, Naud. . . 272
Pallasii, Fisch. . . 272

Sisyrinchium, Linn . 272

spuria, Linn. . . 272
Stocksti, Boiss. ~ 272
sulcata, Wall. . . 274
tigrina, Jacq. . - 274
triflora, Balbis . 272
Wattii, Baker . » 273
Isolepis, Br. . . 654
ambigua, Zoll. . 656

angularis, Roem. &

Sch. . 644
articulata, Nees. . 656
barbata, Br. . 651
bispicata, Roem. &

Sch. . 634
capillaris, Von . 652
cochleata, Steud.. . 632
complanata, Roem.

& Sch. Z . 646

coronaria, Roem. &
Sch. . « « « + 619
corymbosa, Roem. &

Sch. . . . . . 657
Cumingii, Steud. . 652
curvata, Zoll. . . 653

curvifolia, Schrad. . 636
curvula, Kunth . . 653
densa, Roem. & Sch. 652
dipsacea,Roem.& Sch. 635
dura, Moritz. . . 643
echinulata, Kunth . 606
elachista, Roem. &
Sch. . . . . . 685
faleata, Roem & Sch. 647
Jluitans, Br. - 653
globulosa, Roem. &
Sch. . é « 645

gracilis, Nees . . 633
inelinata, Barb. . . 657
ineurvata, Nees . . 656

involucellata, Steud. 652
kyllingioides, A. Rich. 662

longispica, Steud. . 644
lupulina, Nees . 657
maxima, Dietr. . 660

Micheliana. Roem. &

Sch. 662

Page
ailiacea, Preal. . . 644
monostachya, Spr. . 634
oligantha, C.A.Meyer 654
oryzetorum, Steud. . 656
P pentagona, Roem.
& Sch,
prolongata, Nees
puberula, Steud, .
pubescens, Roem. &
Sch. . . . . . 665
pumila, Roem. & Sch. 654
rariflora, Schrad. . 634
Roylei, Nees . 657
setacea, Br. . 654
squarrosa, Roem. &
Sch... . 663
subtristachkya, Huchst.652
supina, Br.. . . 655
tenwissima, Don . 652
? tetragona, Roem. &
Sch, . . . . . 644
trichokolea, Steud. . 652
trifida, Nees - 652
uncinata, Roem. &

Sch... . 666
uninodis, Delile . . 656
verrucifera, Max.. . 635
Wallichiana, Roem.

&Sch, . . . . 651
Willdenowii, Roem.

« & Seb. . 646

sp. Wall. 398, 596, 605,
627, 2628, 629, 7631,
632, 633, 634, 635, 637,
640, 641, 649, 652, 662,
663.

Ixia chinensis, Linn. . 277

Jocaste albiflora, Kunth 323

purpurea, Kunth , 328
Josephia . . . 178
JUNCACEE - . 892
Juncellus, Kunth . . 594

alopecuroides, Clarke 595

inundatus, Clarke . 595
levigatus, Clarke . 596 |
Monti, Rottb. . . 610
pygmeus, Clarke. . 596
serotinus, Clarke . 594
stylosus, Clarke . . 595
Juncus, Linn. . 892
articulatus, Lion. . 395

benghalensis, Kunth 398
bracteatus, Buchen. 397
bufonius, Zinn. . . 392
campestris, Linn. . 401
castaneus, Hf. & T. . 898

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Page
chrysocarpus, Buchen.8094
Clarkei, Buchen.. . 400
communis, H. Mey. . 392
compressus, Jacq. . 393
concinnus, Don . . 399

concinnus, Hf. & T.. 398
effusus, Linn. . . 892
effusus, Steud. . 893
elegans, Royle . 399
glaucus, Bhrh. . 393

Grisebachii, Buchen. 394
himalensis, Klotzsch 398
Hoffmeisteri,Klotzsch 398
indicus, Royle . . 396
khasianus, Buchen. . 399
lampocarpus, Ehr. . 395
leptospermus,

Buchen.. . . . 896
Leschenaultti, J.Gay 395
leucanthus, Royle . 397
leucomelas, Royle . 397
maritimus, Lamk. . 393
membranaceus, Royle 397
minimus, Buchen. 400
monticola, Steud. . 396
nematocaulon, Hk. f. 400
ochraceus, Buchen. . 894
plumosus, Wall. . . 401
prismat carpus, Br. 395
punctorius, Linn. f. 395
scirpotdes, Jacg.. . 398
sikkimensis, Hk. f.. 399
sinensis, J. Gay . . 396
sphacelatus, Decne.. 398

sphenostemon,
Buchen.. . . . 398
tenuis, Willd. . . 893

Thomsoni, Buchen. . 397
triglumis, Linn.. . 396
unibracteatus, Griff. 396
Wallichianus, La
-Harpe .. . . 896
zebrinus, Gard. Chr. 658

sp. Wall. 896, 398, 399
Keempferia, Linn.. . 218
Andersoni, Baker . 221
angustifolia, Rosc. . 219
candida; Wall. . 222
concinna, Baker. . 22)
Crawfurdti, Wall. . 222
diversifolia, Link. . 220
elegans, Wall. . 222
Galanga, Linn. . 219
Galanga, Willd. . . 219
humilis, Salisb. . 219
involucrata, King . 221

linearis, Wall. - 223

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES‘ AND SYNONYMS.

; Page
-gonga, Jacq. . » 222
macrochlamys, Baker 223

marginata, Carey . 219
ovalifolia, Rorb.. . 219
‘ovata, Roxb. . 220
pandurata, Romb. . 220
Parishit, Hk. £. . 220
parviflora, Wall. . 221
parvula, King 223

plantaginifolia, Salish.219
Prainiana, King . . 220
Roscoeana, Wall, . 220
Roscoe, Wall.. », . 221
rotunda, Linn. . ., 222
Rowburghiana,Schult.219

scaposa, Benth. . 224
secunda, Wall. « 223
sessilis, Koon. . . 219
sikkimensis, King . 223
siphonantha, King . 222
speciosa, Baker . . 220
undulata, Link. . 219
versicolor, Salish. . 222
‘Katon Indel; Ham.. . 425.
Kentia paradowa, Mart, 411
Keppleria, sp. Mart. . 418
Kobresia, Willd. . 694
angusta, Clarke . . 695

brunnescens, Boeck. 697

eapillifolia, Clarke 697
curvirostris, Clarke. 699
Duthiei, Clarke . . 697
elata, Boeck. . . - 697
filicina, Clarke . 696
filifolia, Clarke . 699
fissiglumis, Clarke . 696
foliosa, Clarke . 696
: Hookeri, Boeck. . 695
hyalinolepis, Boeck. 701
laxa, Boeck. . . 698
macrantha, Boeck. . 699
nitens, Clarke . 697
pseudo-laza, Benth, 698
pygmea, Clarke. . 696
Royleana, Boeck. . 698
Royleana, Hend.. . 697
achoenoides, Boeck, . 697

schenoides, Hend. , 698
scirpina, Boeck. . . 697
seticulmis, Boeck. . 695
seticulmis, Boeck. . 696

' sibirica, Boeck. . . 697
stenocarpa, Clarke . 698
trinervis, Boeck.. . 695
uncinoides, Clarke . 698
vaginosa, Clarke. . 695

Korthalsia, Bl... . . 474
andamanensie,; Beee. 475

Page
angustifolia, Miq. . 476
echinomeétra, Bece. . 474

ferox, Becc. . . . 476
flagellaris, Mig... . 476
laciniosa, Mart. . . 475

Lobbiana, H. Wendl. 475
polystachya, Mart. . 476
rostrata, Bl... . . 475
scaphigera, Mart. . 475
scaphigera, Kurz . 475
Scortechinii, Becce. . 475
tenuissima, Bece. . 476
wallichiefolia, H.
Wendl. . . . . 475
Kyllinga, Rottb. . 587
albescens, Steud.. . 667
biglumis, Clarke. . 622
brevifolia, Rottb. . 588
brevifolia P Heyne . 587
brevifolia, Nees . . 588
brevifolia, Rottb.. . 620
bulbosa, Koon. . 620
cruciata, Nees . 588
cylindrica, Nees . . 588
eyperina, Retz. . 621
cyperoides, Roxb. 625
’ fuscata, Mig. . . . 588
fuscescens, Boeck. . 588
gracilis, Kunth . 588
gracilis, Zoll. . . 589
intermedia, Br. . 588

melanosperma, Nees 588
Metzii, Steud.. . 589
microcephala, Steud. 662
mindorensis, Steud. . 589
monocephala, Rottb. 588
monocephala, Nees . 587
monocephala, Strach. 589
monocephala, Thunb. 588
monocephala, Vahl . 619

panicea, Rotth. . 621
sororia, Kunth . 588
sororia, Mig. . . . 589
squamulata, Vahl . 589
triceps, Rottd. . 587
triceps, Linn. . . 589
triceps, Thunb. . . 588
umbellata, Rottb. . 622

umbellata, Roxb. 621, 622
Wie ot Zoll. . 588
yo. Wall.
” 587, 588, 589, 597, 620
Kyllingia, see Kyllinga

Lagenandra, Dalz. . 495
insignis, Trim. . 496
Keenigii, Thw. . 496
Jancifolia, Thw.. . 496

777
Page
ovata, Thw. . 495
Thwaitesii, Engler . 496
toxicaria, Dalz. . 495
Lamprocarpus thyrsi-
florus, Bl. . . 367
Lamprodithyros panicue
latus, Hassk. . 390
protensus, Hassk. . 382
Lampuzsiwm minus,
Rumph. . . 249
Languas aii
Koon... . . 256
sylvestre, Koon, . . 256
vulgare, Koen. . 253
Lasia, Lour. . 1 550
desciscens, Schott -. 550
Hermanni, Schott . 550.

heterophylla, Schott 550

Jenkinsii, Schott . 550
Roaburghti, Griff. . 550
spinosa, Thw.. . 550
Zollingeri, Schott . 550

Ledebouria hyacinthina,
Roth . . 348

maculata, Dalz. . 848
Lemna, Linn. . . . 556
arrhiza, Linn. . . 558
cruciata, Roxb. . 557
gibba, Linn. . . . 556
globosa, Roxb. -. . 558
major, Griff. . 557
minor, Linn. . . 556
minor, Griff. . . 556
obeordata, Ham. . . 556
oligorrhiza, Kurs . 557
orbiculata, Roxb. . 557

paucicostata, Hegelm. 556
polyrrhiza, Linn. . 557

trisulca, Zinn. . . 557
sp. Griff. . 557
LEMNACEZ . . 556
Leopardanthus scan-
dens, Bl... 19

LepipocaRPpEz . . . 404
Lepidosperma, Labill. 676
chinense, Nees /Mey. 676
zeylanicwm, Nees . 674
Lepironia, L. C. Rich . 684
baneana, Mig. . 680
ceylanica, Mig. . 682
cuspidata, Mig. . 683
humilis, Miq. . 683

mucronata, DL. C. Rich. 684
palustris, Miq. . 681
Leptolepis tibetica,
Boeck. . 660, 712
Lewcocasia gigantea,
Schott . . . . 524

778

Page
Leucocephala gramini-
folta, Roxb. . - 582
spathacea, Roxb.. . 578
Leweojum capitulatum,

Loar. . . . 278
Leucorehis, Bl. . - 121
sylvatica, Bl...) . 122
Leucostachys, Hoffm. . 111
Licuala, Thund.. . . 480
acutifida, Mart. . . 433
ferruginea, Becc. . 432
glabra, Grif. . . 482
horrida, Bl. . 431
Kingiana, Becc. . . 434
Kunstleri, Becc.. . 433
longipes, Griff. . . 431
malayana, Becc.. . 4381
modesta, Becc. . . 433
paludosa, Grif. . . 430
paludosa, Kurz . . 431
peltata, Roxb. . 480
pusilla, Becc. . 433
ramosa, Bl. . . . 481
Scortechini, Bece. . 434
spinosa, Wurmb.. . 431
triphylla, Grif. . . 482
Liliacea, Griff. . . 355
LILIACEE . . . 299
Lilium, Linn, . . . 349
Bakerianum, Hemsl. 350
Batisua, Ham. - 350
cordifolium, Don . 349
claptonense, Hort. . 351
giganteum, Wall. . 349
Hookeri, Baker . . 352
longiflorum, Wall. . 350
longifolium, Griff. . 352
Lowii, Baker . . 350

Metzi, Steud... . . 350
nanum, Elotesch . . 852
neilgherrense, Wt. . 350

neilgherrense, Hemsl.
&Coll, . . . 351
neilgherricum,
Lem... . . 350
nepalense, Don . . 350
nepalense, Coll. &
Hemasl. 2 . 350
ochroleucum, Wall. ~ 351
oxypetalum, Baker . 353
polyphyllum, Don . 351
primulinum, Baker . 351
punctatum, Jacq. . 351
roseum, Wall. . 352
roseum, Wall. . . 352
stylosum, Klotzsch . 351
sulphureum, Baker . 351
Thomsonianum, Royle352

Page
Thomsomanum, Ldl. 352

tubsiflorum, Wt. . 350
Wallichianum,
Schultes f. . 349
Wallichtanum, Wt. . 350
Limnochloa, Lestib. . 628
acutangula, Nees . 627
media, Nees . . . 627
plantaginea, Nees . 626
spiralis, Nees. . . 627
tumida, Nees . . 626
Limnophyton, Mig. . 560
obtusifolium, Mig. . 560
Limodorum angusti-
folium, Ham. 13
bicallosum, Ham. 196

bicolor, Roxb... . . 2

bidentatum, Willd. . 197
candidum, Roxb. . 18
clavatum, Willd. . 66
complanatum, Willd. 41

dubium,Ham. .. 4
ensatum, Thunb.. .
epidendroides, Willd. 1
Flos-acris, Sw.

liliiflorum, Willd. 198
longsfolium, Ham. 12
longifolium, Roxb. 13
nutans, Roxb.. . 16
pusillum, Willd. . 37

ramentaceum, Roxb. 4
recurvum, Roxb. .

retusum, Sw. 32
roseum, Don . . 124
spathulatum, Willd. 51
subulatum, Willd. 44

virens, Sw. . 1

Limogeton sp. Edgew. 564
Liparis decursiva,

Rehb. f. . 183
diphyllos, Nimmo 152
Dolabella, Hk. f. 183
gracilis, Hk. f. . . 182
latifolia, Lindl. . . 182
nervosa, Lindl. 182
paradexa, Rchb.f. . 181
Parishii, Hk. f. . . 182
resupinata, Ridl. 183
robusta, Hk.f. . . 182

Scortechinu, Hk.f. .

serraformis, Lindl, 41
tenuifolia, Hk. f. . 182
torta, Hk. f. . 182
Wrayii, Hk. f. 181
zeylanica, Ridl.. . 183
Lipocarpha, Br. . 667
argentea, Br. . « 667
foliosa, Miq. . . . 677

INDEX OF GENERA, SPEOIHS AND SYNONYMS.

Page
levigata, Nees . . 667
microcephala, Kuntk 668
microcephala, Hance. 663
sphacelata, Kunth . 667
triceps, Nees . . 667
Zollingeriana, Boeck. 668

sp. Wall. 587, 602, 667
Liriope spicata . , 270
Listera, Br. . . 103, 180

micrantha, Lindl. . 104

ovata, Br. . . . 104

pinetorum, Lindl. . 104

reniformis, Don . . 152

tenuis, Zindl.. . . 104
Livistona, Br. . . 434

chinensis, Br. . « 434

cochinchinensia,

Mart... . . . . 434

Diepenhorstu,Teysm, 436
Jenkinsiana, Griff. . 435

Kingiana, Bece. . . 435
sinensis, Mart. . . 434
speciosa, Kurz . . 435
spectabilis, Griff,. . 435
Lloydia, Salish. . . . 354
alpina, Salish, . . 354
himalensis, Royle . 354

kunawarensis, Royle 356
longiscapa, Hook. . 354
serotina, Rchb. . . 354
Lontanus domestica,
Rumph. . .
Lophiocarpus guaya-
nensis, Mich. .
Lowia, Scortech, . . 263
longiflera, Scort. . 264
Loxococcus, H, Wendl.
¥ Drew . . . 2 418
rupicola, H. Wdl. &
aes - . . 413
Ludisia discolor, Lindl. 101
Luisia, Gaud. .22, 178

- 482
. 561

alpina, Lindl. . . 53
antennifera, Bl. . 25
bicaudata, Thw.. . 26
Birchea, Bl. . . . 24
brachystachys, Bl. . 23
brachystachys,Rchb.f. 22
burmanica, Lindl. 22
filiformis, Hk. f. 23
Grovesii, Hk. f. . 25.
macrotis, Rchb. if. 24
micrantha, Hk. f. . 23
microptera, Rchb.f. 25
platyglossa, Rchb.f. 22
primulina, Par. ¥

Rehb. f. . - . 24
Psyche, Rehb, %. A 24

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Page
retusa, Rchb.f. . . 23
tenuifolia, Bl. . 24

teretifolia, Gaud. . 22
teretifolia, Rchb. f.. 23
trichorhiza, Bl. . 23
trichorhiza, Lindl. 23
tristia, Hk. f. . 25
untflora, BL. . 44
volucris, Lindl. . . 25
zeylanica, Lindl.. . 22
zeylanica, Thw.. . 24
Luzula, DC.. . . . 401
campestris, DC.. . 401
effusa, Buchen. 401
Forsteri, H.f. & T.. 401
plumosa, EF. Meyer . 401
spicata, DC. . . . 401
Macherina, Vahl . 674
restioides, Vahl : . 674

Macrocladus sylvicola,
Grif... 2... . 428
Macrolomia bracteata,

Nees... . 694.

Macrostigma, tupise
troides, Kunth. . 325
Macrostylis disticha,
Breda .
Malacochete littoralis,
Nees. . ow
pectinata, Nees . . 659
Malazis cernua, Willd. 17

latifolia, Bl. 182
lunata, Bl. . . 180
nervosa, Swartz . . 182
nutans, Willd. . 16
Mantisia, Sims . . . 200
saltatoria, Sims . . 200

spathulata, Schult. . 201
Mapania, Awbl. . . 680
andamanica, Clarke . 681
bancana, Benth. &
Hk.f.. . . . . 680
humilis, Nav. § Vill. 683
hypolytroides, Benth. 680
immersa, Benth.. . 682

Kurzii, Clarke . 681
longa, Clarke . . 683
lweida, N. BE. Br.. . 683

-taultispicata, Clarke. 682
palustris, Benth.. . 681
Pandanophytlum, ‘Sch.

& Holle. . . 680
silhetensis, Clarke . 681

tenuiscapa, Clarke . 683
Wallichii, Clarke pie

zeylanica, Benth.

Page

Maranta ee A.
Dietr.. . . . 259
dichotoma, Wall. . 258
Galanga, Linn. . 253
grandis, Mig. . . 258

imbricata, A. Dietr. 259
malaccensis, Burm. . 255
parviflora, A. Dietr, 259
Placentaria, A. Dietr.259
ramosissima, Wall. . 258
spicata, Thw. . . 260
virgata, Wall. . . 258
MARANTEE -» . » 200
Mariscus, Vahl. . . 619
albescens, Gaud. . 623
biglumis, Gaert.. . 622
bulbosus, Clarke. . 620
capitatus, Zoll. . . 677
corymbosus, Boeck. . 622
cyperinus, Vahl . . 621
cyperinus, Nees 621, 622

ceyperoides, Dietr. . 625
dilutus, Nees . . 624
Dregeanus, Kunth . 620
ferax, Clarke. . . 624

giganteus, Boeck. . 624

Hookerianus, Clarke 623
arroratus, Nees . 620
ischnos, Clarke . . 623
kyllingieformis,

Boeck. . . . 620

microcephalus, Presl.624
paniceus, Vahl . . 620
paniceus, Strach. . 622
pictus, Nees . . 621
pictus, Nees . . 620
Pullu, Steud. . . 621
Sieberianus, Nees . 622

squarrosus, Clarke . 623
sundaicus, Mig. . . 621
tenuifolius, Schrad.. 622
umbellatus, Moritz. . 621
umbellatus, Vahl. . 622
Wallichianus, Kunth 621
sp. Wall. 618, 620, 621,
622, 624
MEDEOLEEZ . 301
Medora divaricata,
Kunth . . . . 323
Meistera, Giseke . 237
Melanthacea, Griff... 356

Melanthium caricinum,
Roth... . 357

hyacinthoides, Herb.
Madr.. . . . . 348
indicum, Linn. . . 357
nudum, Heyne . 348
racemosum, Roth . 357

779

Page

Merendera, Ramond . 356

Aitchisoni, Hk. f. . 357
persica, Boiss. J

Kotseh. . 357

Mesoclastes brachysta-

chys, Lindl.. 23

uniflora, Lindl. 44
Mesodactylus deflexa,

Wall. . . 175

Metachilum eyathiferum,
Lindl..

Methonica Doniana,
Kunth ... . 358
superba, Lamk. . . 358
Metroxylon, Rottb.. . 481
inermis, Mart. . . 481
Rumphii, Mart. . . 481
Sagus, Rotth.. . . 481
Micropera, Dalz. . . 55
Micropera, Lindl. . . 33
muculata, Dalz. . . 64
pallida, Lindl. 36, 67
pallida, Wall.. 36
viridifiora, Dalz. . 63
Microsacous, Bl, 77
javensis, Bl. . q7
virens, Hk. f.. 17

Microschosnus, Clarke 675
Duthiei, Clarke . . 675
Microstylis crenulata,

Rid... . . . 181
Mischospora _efoliata,
Boeck .. . . 631
Moliniera ai
Herb. .

crassifolia, Baker . 279
Finlaysomiana, Baker 279

gracilis, Kurz. . 278
latifolia, Kurz . 280
plicata, Colla . . 278
plicata, Karz . . 280
recurvata, Herb.. . 278
sumatrana, Herb. . 280

Monochilus affine,Lindl. 109
afinis, Wt. . . . 108

flabellatus, Wt. - 106
flavum, Wall. . - 108
galeatus, Lindl. . . 107
longilabre, Lind]. . 108
nervosum, Wall. . . 108
regium, Lindl]. . 108
Monochoria, Presl.. . 362
dilatata, Kunth . . 362
hastzfolia, Pres’. . 362
hastata, Solms . 862
linearis, Mig. . . 363
paucifiora, Kunth &
Mig. . 868

780

Page
sagittata, Kunth. 362
vaginalis, Pres? 363
Monolophus eas
Wall... . 222
linearis, Wall. . 223
scaposus, Dalz. . 224
secundus, Wall. . . 223
Monstera eal,
Schott. . 547
gigantea, Schott . . 548
glauca, C. Koch . . 547
Peepla, Schott . 545
pinnatifida, Schott . 549
Monti, Bonon. . 594
“€ Moorva,”? As. Res. 271

Morea chinensis, Murr. 277
Morztsz. . 271
Morisia Wallichsi, Nees 668
Murdannia tuberosa,

Royle. - 875
Musa, Linn. . 261
assamica, Hort. Bull. 263
aurantiaca, Mann . 263
Olifortiana, Linn. . 262
coccinea, Andr. . 263
dasycarpa, Kurz. . 263
glauca, Roxb. . « 262
Mannii, Wendl. . . 263
nepalensis, Wall. . 261
ornata, Roxb. . . 263
rosacea, Jacq. . 263
sanguinea, Hk. f. . 263
sapientum, Linn, . 262
superba, Rob. . 261
teatilis, Grah.. . 261

uranoscopos, Lour.. 263
velutina, Wendl.. . 263
Muscart bootanense,

Griff. . 299
Muszz. . 200
Myoda rufescens, Lindl. 101
Myrialepis, Becc. 480

Scortechini, Becc. . 480
Myrmechis glabra, Bl.. 98
Mystacidium, Lindl. . 78

zeylanicum, Lindl.. %8

NAIADACES 562
Naias, Lenn... 568
dichotoma, Roxb. 569
falciculata,A.Braun 569
fucoides, Griff. 569
graminea, Dei. - 569
heteromorpha, Grif. 570
indica, Cham.. . 569
major, Allioni 569
minor, Alliont 569
muricata, Del, 769

Page
rigida, Griff. . . 570
ante. Cie . . 569
semistipula, Balb. . 569
spinosa, Ham.. . . 569
tenuis, 4. Br. . . 570
ternata, Roxb. . . 569
Nanuorhops, H. Wadi. 429
Ritchieana, H. Wal. 429
NARTHECIEEZ . . . 301
Nectarobothriwm
striatum, Ledeb. . 354
Nenga, H. Wendl. &
Drude .. ~ 412
gracilis, Becc. - 407
macrocarpa, Scort. . 412
pumila, Wendl. . . 412

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Page
ciliolata, Hk. f. . 180
insectifera, Hk. f. . 180
iridifolia, Lindl.. . 180
lunata, Lindl.. . . 180
Mannii, Hk. f. 180

pachyrachis, Rehbf. .f. 181
rosea, Hk. f. . . . 180
Odontoehilus, Bl. 98, 179

brevistylis, Hz. f. . 100
calcaratus, Hk. f. . 99
Clarkei, Hk. f. . 100
crispus, Hk.f. . . 99
Elwesii, Clarke . . 100
flavus, Benth. . . 101

grandiflorus, Benth. 1CO
lanceolatus, Benth.. 101

Wendlandiana, Schef.412| macranthus, Hk. f.. 98
Nengella paradoxa, pectinatus, Hk. f. 99
Bece.. . . . . 411] pumilus, Hk. f. . 99
Neottia, Linn. . 103, 180| @ceoclades fleruosa,,
amena, Bieb. . . 102 Lindl. ‘4 72
australis, Br. . - 12) paniculata, Lindl. 58
cerispata, Bl. - . 102) pusilla, Lindl. 57
flecuosa, Smith . .102| Retzii, Lindl. 37
Lindleyana, Dene . 103), tenera, Lindl... 73
listeroidea, Lindl. . 103} Conia ? alata, A. Rich. 73
macrophylla, Don . 130] Olyra malaccensis,Koen. 688
monophylla, Don . 181! orientalis, Lour.. . 685
parviflora, Smith . 102 | Oncosperma, Bl. . 414
plantaginea, Don 181} cambodianum, Hance 414
procera, Ker. . . 111| fasciculata, Thw. . 415
sinensis, Pers. 102| filamentosa, Bl.. . 414
strateumatica, Br. . 103 horrida, Scheff. . 415
wiridiflora, Bl. 96 | OPHIOPOGONER . 264
NEorrisz 88 | Ophiopogon, Ker 267
Nephelaphyllum, Bi. . 192| brevifolius,Royle . 324
grandifiorum, Hk. f. 192) Clarkei, Hk. f. . . 268
nudum, Hk. f. 192] dracenoides, Hk. f. 268
Nervilia Aragoana, Griffthii, Hk. f.. . 270
Gand. . . 121] indicus, Royle . 270
Neubeckia decora, Klatt 274} indicus, Rottl. . 269
sulcata, Klatt 2741 indicus, Wt. . 269
Neuwiedia, Bl. . . 175| intermedius, Don . 269
Curtisii, Rolfe . .175) japonicus, Gawl.. . 267
Griffithii, Rehb. f. . 176) japonicus, Wall. 268, 269
Lindleyi, Rolfe . .175| longifolius, Decne . 268
Nipa, Wurmb. . 424| Malcolmsoni, Royle. 269
fruticans, Wurmb. . 424

Nolina? javanica, Hassk.386

Nothoscordium Sulvia,
Kunth

Oberonia pugnantolts,
Lindl.
caulescens, Lindl.

‘| Notholirion macro-
phyllum, Boiss. . 352
roseum, Wall. . . 352

. 337

. 180

micranthus, Hk. f. . 269

minor, Royle . . 270
mollis, Royle . . 270
mollis, Royle. . 824
P pallidus, Wall... . 270
P pallidus, Wall.. . 324
prolifera, Lindl.. . 270

reptans, Hk. f. . . 268
spicatus, Ker-Gawl. 270
Wallichianus, Hk. f. 268
Ophiria paradora, Becc. 411

INDEX OF GENERA, SPEQIES AND SYNONYMS.

Page

OPHRYDEE . . 126, 197
Ophrys Monorchis, Linn. 128
nervosa, Thunb. . 182
Orania, Zippel. . - 423
macrocladus, Mart.. 423

nicobarica, Kurz. . 418
Orchidantha, N. E.

Brown . . 264
OgcHIpeEz. . . . . 1
Orchis, Linn. . 126

altissima, Ham. . . 187
Chusua, Don . . . 127
clavata, Heyne . 150

commelinifolia,Roxb. 143
cubitalis, Linn. . 157
gigantea, Sm. . . 137
grandiflora, Heyne . 1386
Hatagirea, Don . . 127
latifolia, Linn. - 127
leucantha, Ham. . . 16
longicornu, Heyne . 139
micranthema, Ham.. 160
mysorensis, Heyne

5 135, 150
obcordata, Don . 164
pectinata, Sm. . 137

plantaginea, Roxb. 140
platyphyllos, Roxb. . 141
platyphyllos, Willd. 140
Ronburghii, Pers. . 140
spathulata, Rchb.f. 127
Stracheyi, Hk.f. . 128
stratewmatica, Linn.

103, 197
stylosanthes, Ham, . 143

Susanne, Heyne. . 164
Susanne, Linn. . . 187
tenuis, Roitl. .. . 141
umiflora, Roxb. . . 167
viridifiora, Sw. . 150

Ornitharium striatu-
lum, Lindl... . . ‘84
Ornithochilus, Wall. 76,179
eublepharum, Hance 76
fuscus, Wall. . . . 76
striatulus, Hort. Cale, 34

Ornithogalum faleatum,
Wt. .... . 336
indicum, Kun. . . 334
indicum, Roem. . . 335

polyphyllum, Heyne 348
ORONTIEZ. . . . ~- 492
Orsidice amplexicaulis,
Rehb. F. . 7
Otandra cernua, Salish. 17
Otochilus alba, Lindl. 195
Ouvirandra undulata,
Edgew. r

Page

Pachystoma . . 178
PALME . 402
Pancratium, Linn.. . 285
biflorum, Road. . 285
cambayense, Herb. . 286

longiflorum, Roxb. . 286
longiflorum, Herb. . 285
malabaricum, Thw.. 286
malabathricum, Herb. 285
parvum, Dalz. . 286
tiareflorum, Salish. 285

triflorum, Rowb. . 285
verecundum, Ait. . 285
verecundum, Wt. . 286
zeylanicum, Linn. . 285
PANDANEA 483
Pandanee, Wall. 487
Pandanophylium,
Hassk. . 682

angustifolium, Kurz 683

costatum, Kurz . . 684
humile, Hassk. . 683
humile, Zoll. . . 682
hypolytroides, F

Moell. - 680
immersum, Thw. . 683

Miquelianum, Kurz. 683

palustre, Boeck. . . 681
palustre, Hassk. . . 681
palustre, Kurz . 682
Wendlandi, Gard. —
Chr. . . 683
zeylanicum, Kurz . 682
zeylanicum, Thw. . 682

Zippelianum, Kurz . 683
Pandanus, Linn. . 483
andamanensium, Kurz

485
albus, Hort. . . . 486
atrocarpus, Griff. . 484

Candelabrum, Kurz. 485
caricosus, Spr. . . 484
caricosus, Mig. » 484

ceylanicus, Solms. . 484
crassipes, Wall. . . 484
fascicularis, Zam. . 485
footidus, Roxb. . 483
furcatus, Roxb. - 484
Jurcatus, Hassk.. . 486
furcatus, Thw. . 484

graminifolius, Kurz 486

horridus, Reinw. . 486
Houlletii, Carr. . . 486
humilis, Thw.. . 486

integrifolius, Lour.. 486

Lais, Kurz . 486
laevis, Rumph. . 486
Leram, Jones . . 486

781
Page
Leram, Kurz . . 485
Linnei, Gaud. . 486

leucacanthus, Hassk. 485
minor, Ham. . « 485
odoratissimus, Roxb. 485

odoratus, Salisb.. . 485
ornatus, Kurz . 486
ovatus, Kurz . . 486

polycephalus, Linn. 487
Rheedii, Gand. - 485
spinifructus, Dennst. 484

turbinatus, Lodd. . 487
unguifer, Hk. f. . . 485
verus, Kurz . 485
Yvani, Solms . . . 487
sp. Wall. 484, 485
Papyrus corymbosus,

Nees . . 613
dehiscens, Nees 613
elatus, Nees . 618
latifolius, Willd.. . 619

Pangorei, Nees 612, 613

venustus, Nees . 618

venustus, Schrad. . 617
Paragnathis pulchella,

Spr... . . . 167
Pardanthus chinensis,
Ker . 277
nepalensis, Sweet . 277
Paris, Linn. 362
Daisua, Ham. . 362
imperialis, Jacq . 362
polyphylla, Smith . 362
Pattonia macrantha,
Wt. . 18
Peliosanthes, Andr. 265
albida, Baker . . 267
Bakeri, Hk. 7. . . 267

campanulata, Wall. . 266

courtallensis, Wt. . 266
Griffithii, Baker. . 266
humilis, Andr. . 266
humilis, Baker . 267
longifolia, Steud. . 266

macrophylla, Wall.. 266
neilgherriensis, Wt. 266

Teta, Andr. . 265
Teta, Wall. . 266
violacea, Wall. . . 266
violacea, Wall. . 265
Peristylus aristatus,
Lindl. . 158
aristatus, Thw. « 15s

brachyphyllus,A,Rich.159

brevilobus, Thw. . . 159
chloranthus, Lindl. . 163

constrictus, Lindl. . 161
elatus, Dalz. 162

782 INDEX OF
Page

extlis, Wt. . . 158
fallax, Lindl. . 129

goodyeroides, Lindl. .
gracilis, Bl, .
grandis, Bl. . . .
Hamiltonianus, Lind1.160
lancifolius, A. Rich. 160
Lawii, Wt... . 162
Parishii, Rehb. £ . 162
plantagineus, Lindl. 162
Richardianus, Wt. . 156
robustior, Wt.. . . 160

_ spiralis, A, Rich. . 159

Petiliwm imperiale, J.

St. Hil... 354
Phajus albus, Lindl. . 192
Bensoniea, Hemsl. . 192
maculatus, Lindl. . 192
nanus, Hk. f.. . 192
Wallichii, Lindl. . 191
Phakellanthus mutti-
florus, Zoll.. . . 676
Phalenopsis, Bl. 29, 178

antenmfera, Rchb.f. 31
cornu-cervi, Par,
Rehb. f.

: 29
Esmeralda, Rehb. f

31

fuscata, Rchb.f. . 31
Kunstleri, Hk. f.. 30
Lowii, Rchb.f. . 30
Mannii, Rchb. f. . 30
Parishii, Rchb. f.. 31
speciosa, Rchb. f. 30
tetraspis, Rehb. f. 30
violacea, Teysm. 5
Binn.. . « 29
Phalangium Adenan-
thera, Poir. . . 337
alatum, Ham. . . 333
alatum, Wall. . . 834
attenuatum, Wt.. . 335
falcatum, Wall. . . 336
indicum, Kunth . . 335
nepalense, Lindl. . 335
niveum, Poiret . 336
oligospermum, Wt. . 336
ornithogaloides,
Schweinf. . 834
Pparviflorum, Wt. . 336
tuberosum, Dalz. &
Gibs.. . . . . 835
tuberosum, Wt. . 334
PHILODENDREZ . . 491
Philodendron ? pere-
grinum, Kunth 526
PHILYDRACEE . . . 363
Philydrum, Banks . . 363

lanuginosum, Banks . 363

Page
bifida, lapsus bicolor,
eo ae

GENERA, SPEOIES AND SYNONYMS.
Page
PHENICES . 404
Phenicoidea, Griff.. . 425
Phoenix, Linn. . . 424
acaulis, Buch. . 426
acaulis, Mig. . . 427

Andersom,Hort.Cale.425

cycadifolia, Regel . 428
dactylifera . 424
farinifera, Rowb.. . 426
humilis, Royle 426
Loureirii, Kunth. . 427
Ouseleyana, Griff. 427
paludosa, Roxb. . 427
pedunculata, Griff. . 427
pusilla, Gaertn. . . 425
pusilla, Lour. . 427
P pusilla, Trim. 426
robusta, Hk. f. . 427

Roebelinti, O’Brion . 427
rupicola, T. Anders. 425

siamensis, Miq. - 427
sylvestris, Roxb. 425
sylvestris, Thw. . 425
sylvestris ? Wall.. 427
aeylanica, Trim.. . 425
zeylamca, Hort. . 425
Pholidocarpus, Bl. . 436
? Thur, Migq. 436
macrocarpa, Becc. . 436

Pholidota parviflora,
Ahsfis «3% vw 2 196

Phrynium, Willd. 258
Cadellianum, King . 260
capitatum, Willd. . 258
dichotomum, Korn. . 258
dichotomum, Roxb. . 258
Griffithii, Baker . . 260
imbricatum, Rowrb. . 259
macrostachyum,

Wall... . . . . 259
musacewm, Wall.. . 259
parviflorum, Roxb. . 259
spicatum, Roxb. . . 259
spicatum, Griff. . . 260
sumatranwm, Mig. . 260
virgatwm, Roxb. . . 258

zeylanicum, Benth. . 260
Phyllodes Placentaria,
Lor. . . . . 259

Physurus, Rich, .94,179
Blumei, Lindl. . 94,
hirsutus, Lindl. . 94
humilis, Bl. 94
? viridiflorus, Lindl. 96

Piletocarpus protensus,

Hassk. P

Pinanga, Bl. . . 406

bicolor, Bl.videbifida 408

coronata, Kurz . 409
costata, Bl.. . 409
Dicksonii, Bl. . 409
disticha, Bl. . 408
gracilis, Bl. . 407
Griffithii, Bece. . 407
hexasticha, Scheff. . 406
Hookeriana, Becc. . 410
hymenospatha,Hk.f. 411
Kuhlii, Bl.. . . . 409
malaiana, Scheff. . 410
Manii, Bec. . . . 409
Nenga, Bl. , . 412
paradoxa, Scheff. 411
patula, Bl. . . . 4/1
pectinata, Becc.. . 410
perakensis, Bece. 410
polymorpha, Becc. . 407
robusta, Becc.. . 408
Scortechini, Becc. . 408

subruminata, Becc..
Pistia, Linn... . . . 496

Stratiotes, Linn. . 497
Platanthera acuifera,

Lindl. . . 147
acuminata, Lindl. . 153
afinis, Wt... . 164
arcuata, Lindl. . . 155
brachyphyllo, Lindl. 151

canarensis, Lind1.152,197

candida, Lindl. . 142
Champion, Lindl. . 164
clavigera, Lindl.. . 153

commelinifolia, Lind]. 143

constricta, Lindl. . 161
cordifolia, Lindl. . 167
eubttalis, Lindl.. . 157
densa, Lindl. . . 153

galeandra, Rehb. f..
geniculata, Lindl. .
gigantea, Lind]. . .
Heyneana, Lindl.
jantha, Wt. . 3
latilabris, Lindl. . a
linifolia, Lindl. . .

163
138
137

. 148

164
153
151

longibracteata, Lindl. 166
lucida, Lindl. . . 133
lutea, Wt. . . 164

marginata, Lindl. .

150

marginata, Wall. . 135
obcordata, Lindl. . 163
Orchidis, Lindl. . . 142
Orchidis, Wall. . 153

rhynchocarpa, Thw. 145

robusta, Lindl.

. 187
rostrata, Lindl. 146,

147

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Page

Schischmarefiana,
Lindl . .

stenostachya, Lindl. .
Susanne, Lindl.
uniflora, Lindl.

Regs pee

- 130
156
. 137
. 166

183
477
479

Flatout, uM ort, *
assamica, Grif. . .
assamica, Hk. . . 478
elongata, Mart. . . 479
elongata, Griff. - 478
geminiflora,H.Wendl.479

Griffithii, Bece. . . 478
himalayana, Grif. . 478
khasyana, Grif. . . 478

macrostachya, Kurs 478
montana, Hk. f. . 478
Plectocomiopsis, Becc. 479
geminiflorus, Becc. . 479

paradoxus, Bec. . 480
Wrayii; Bece. . - 480
Plesmonium, Schott . 518
dubium, Schott . . 519

margaritiferum,
Schott. . .. 518
Plocoglottis, Bl. 21, 177, 7
acuminata, Bl. i
javanica, Bl. ae 2
Podanthera pallida, Wt. 124
Podianthus arifolius,

Sohnitzl. . 97
Podochilus, Bl. . 80
acicularis, Hk. f. 82
cultratus, Lindl. 80
_falcatus, Lindl. . . 80
khasianus, Hk. f. . 81
lacescens, Bl. . 82
malabaricus, Wt. 80
microphyllus, Lindl. 81
microphyllus, Wall.. 81
saxatilis, Lindl. . 81
unciferus, Hk. f. . 81
Podolasia, N. EH. Br. . 550
stipitata, N. E. Br. . 550
Pogochilus, Falc. 88

Pogonia, Griff. . 118
biflora, Wt. 119
carinata, Lindl. 121
carinata, Wt. . . 121
flabelliformis, ‘Lindl. 121
Gammiena, Hk. f. . 120
juliana, Wall. 119
macroglossa, Hk. f. 120
mmaculata, Par. 5

Rehb. f. - 120
Nervilia, Bl. . 121
119

plicata, Lindl.

Page

Scottii, Rchb.f. . . 120
velutina, Par. x

Rehb. f. . . . 119

sp. Griff . . 120, 121

Pogonostylis squarrosa,

Bertol. . . . . 685

Pollia, Thunb. . . . 367
Aclisia, Hassk. . . 367
glaucescens, Teyam.

& Binn. . . . . 867
indica, Thw. . - 368
japonica, Hance. . 368
pentasperma, Clarke 368
purpurea, Hort.. . 383
sorzogonensis, Endl, 367
subumbellata, Clarke 368
thyrsiflora, Hndl. . 367

PoLnizrz . . . . 366
Polychilus Cornu-cervi,
Breda ....
PoLYGONATER . 300
Polygonatum, Tourn. . 319
brevistylum, Baker . 319

Cathcartii, Baker . 320
? ciliatum, Royle . 320
cirrifolium, Royle . 322

geminiflorum, Decne 320
Govanianum, Royle 319
graminifolium, Hk.f. 319
Griffithii, Baker . . 320
Hookeri, Baker . 320
Inglesii, Royle - 822
Jacquemontianum,
Kunth ..
Kingianum, Coll. x
Hemsi. < e » B22
leptophyllum, Royle. . 821
multiflorum, Allioni 319
nervulosum, Baker . 319
officinale, Allioni . 319
oppositifolium, Royle 320

321

punctatum, Royle . 321
rosewm, Bot. Mag. . 321
sibiricum, Baker. . 322

verticillatum, Allioni 321
Polystaehya, Hook. 20

| Wuteola, Hook. . 21
luteola, Wt. . . 21
purpurea, Wt. . 21
Wightii, Rehb. f.. 21
zeylanica, Lindl. 21

Pomatocalpa spicatum,

Kuhl & Hasselt. . 74

Pontederia dilatata,

Andr. . . . 363
hastata, Linn. . 362
pauciflora, Bl. . 363
plantaginea, Roxb. . 363

783
Page
racemosa, Ham. . . 863
saggttata, Roxb. . 863
sagittifolia, Heyne . 363
vaginalis, Linn. . . 363
PONTEDERIACEE . 862
Posidonia serrulata,
Spreng. . . . 570
serrulata, Thw. . 570
Potamogeton, Linn. . 565
crenulatus, Don . 566
crispus, Linn. . 566
digynus, Wall. 566

elegans, Wall... .
flabellatus, Bab. . . 567
flabellatus, Hk. £.. . 567

heterophyllus, Ham. . 566
hybridus, Mich.?. . 566
indicus, Roxb. 565
indicus, Roth. . 564
javanicus, Hassk. . 566
lucens, Linn, . 567
lucens, Ham. . 567
malaianus, Mig. . . 567

marinus? Ham. . .

mucronatus, Pres!’ . 567
natans, Linn. . 565
natans, Thw. . 565
oblongus, Viv. 566
parvifolius, Buch. 566
pectinatus, Linn. 567

perfoliatus, Zinn. .
polygomfolius, Pourr.
pusillus, Linn.
Rowburghianus, Schult.
565
rufescens, Aitch.. . 563
tenuicaulis, F, Muell. 566
tuberosus, Roxb. . . 566
Pothos, Linn, . . 651
angustifolius, Presl. 552
Barberianus, Schott 553

bifarius, Wall,.. . 555
Cathearti, Schott . 552
caudatus, Roxb. . . 549
cognatus, Schott. . 552
Curtisii, Hk. f. . 554
decipiens, Schott. . 552

decurrens, Wall. 547, 549

decursiva, Roxb.. . 547
decursivus, Wall.. . 549
elegans, Wall. . . 540
elliptica, Moon . 555

exiguiflorus, Schott . 552

fallaz, Schott . . 552
giganteus, Roxb.. . 548
glaucus, Wall.. . . 547
gracilis, Schott . . 553
heterophylla, Roxb. . 550

784

Page
Hookeri, Schott . . 552

Junghunianus, de
Vriese . 553
Kingii, Hk.f.. . 553
Kunstleri, Hk. 7f.. . 654
lancifolius, Hk. f. . 554
Lhasia, Roxb. . . 550
latifolius, Hk. f.. . 554

macrocephalus,Scort. 553
macrophyllus, de

Vriese - . 558
Maingayi, Hk. f.. . 554
malayanus, Mig.. . 540

marginatus, Wall. . 540
obliquus, Wall. . 555
officinalis, Roxb.. . 541
officinalis, Wall. . . 547
Peepla, Roxb. . . 545

. 546

Peepla, Wall. .
pertusus, Roxb. . 547
pinnatifidus, Roxb. . 549
pinnitus, Wall. . 540
remotiflorus, Hk. . 555
Roaburghii, de Vriese 552
Roaburghti,Schott . 552
scandens, Linn.. . 551

scandens, Don . 552
scandens, Hk. . . 552
seandens, Wall. . 552
spinosa, Ham.. . . 550

. 553

tenera, Wall. . .
Thomsonianus,Schott 555
ventricosa, Wall.. . 543
Vriesiauus, Schott . 552
Wallichii, Hk. f. . . 553
Prionostachys ensifolia,
Hassk. . . . . 379
herbacea, Hassk. . . 377
terminalis, Hassk. . 379
Pteroceras, Hasselt. . 33
Pterygodiwm sulcatum,
Roxb. . . - -
Ptychoraphis, Becc. . 413
augusta, Becc. . 414
singaporensis, Becc. 413

107

Ptychosperma costata,
Mig. . - . 409
disticha, Mig. . . 408
Kuhlii, Miq. . 409
malaiana, Mig. . 410
patula, Mig. . . . 411
rupicola, Thw. . 413

singaporensis, Becc. 413
Pycrens, Beawv.. . 589
albomarginatus, Nees594

angulatus, Nees - 593
Baccha, Nees . . 593
capillaris, Mees . 591

Page
diffusus, Nees. . 596
ferrugineus, Clarke . 593

flavescens, Nees. . 589
levigatus, Nees . . 596
lateralis, Nees . 596

latespicatus, Clarke. 590
mucronatus, Nees . 596
nitens, Nees . » . 591
polystachyus, Beauv. 592
polystachyus,.Beauv. 609
pumilus, Nees. - 591
puncticulatus, Nees. 593
puncticulatus, Nees. 610
pygmaeus, Nees - 596
sanguinolentus, Nees 890
squarrosus, Nees. . 623
stramineus, Clarke . 589
sulcinux, Clarke. . 593
PytHoniez . . . . 491
Pythoniwm bulbiferum,
Schott ....
Wallichianum,Schott 518
sp. Griff. 499, 506

Ravenala madagasca-
riensis, Sonn. . . 198
Remirea, Aublet 677
disticophylla, Boeck. 677
maritima, Aubl.. . 677
pedunculata, Br.. . 677
Wightiana, Nees. . 677
Remusatia, Schott. . 521
Hookeriana, Schott . 522
vivipara, Schott . . 521
vivipara, Wt.. . . 519
Renanthera, Lour. . 48
angustifolia, Hk. f.. 49
Arachnitis, Lindl. 28, 197
bilinguis, Rchb. f. 28
coccinea, Lour. . 48

elongata, Lindl.. . 48
Flos-aeris, Rchb. f.. 28
histrionica, Rchb.f. 49
labrosa, Rehb. f. . 28
matutina, Lindl. . 49

micrantha, Bl . . 49

Renealmia calcarata,

Haw. . . 254
fasciculata, Rose. . 241
mutica, Salisb. . . 255
nutans, Andr. « 256

Restio articulatus, Retz. 684
Rhamphidia elongata,

Thw.. ... . 197
Gardneri, Thw. . 115
ovalifolia, Lindl... . 116
rubens, Lindl. . 115

Rhaphidophora, Schott 548

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Page
affinis, Schott . . 548
angustifolia, Schott 543
Beccarii, Engl. . . 546
calophyllum, Schott 545
caudata, Schctt . . 549
crassifolia, Hk. f. . 543
Cunninghamii,Schott 549

decursiva, Schott . 547
eximia, Schott . 547
glauca, Schott . 547

gracilipes, Hk. f. . 545

grandis, Schott . . 547
Hookeri, Schott . . 546
Korthalsii, Schott . 548
Kunstleri, Hk. f. . 546
lacera, Hassk.. . . 549
lancifolia, Schott 545.
Lobbii, Schott 544
Maingayi, Hk.f.. . 543:

minor, Hk.f. . . .
Peepla, Schott .
pertusa, Schott
pinnata, Schott . .
pinnatifida, Schott .
Schottii, Hk. f. . .
Scortechinii, Hk. f.
tetrasperma, Hk. f.
Wallichii, Schott
Wrayi, Hk. f.. .
Rhomboda longifolia,
Lind. ....
Rhopaloblaste singapo-
rensis, Hk. f. . . 413
Rhuacophila javanica,
Bl. . - . « 887
Rhyncanthera panicu-
lata, BL. 2... 91
Rhynchanthus, Hk. f. 257
longiflorus, Hk. f. . 257
Rhynchostylis, Bl. 32, 178

109

garwalica, Rehb. f.. 32
guttata, Rchb. f.. 32
premorsa, Bl... . 32
retusa, Bl.. . . . 82

Rhyncopyle elongata,
Engl... . . . . 539

Ridleya. . . . . . 88
Robartia indica, Linn. 602
Roscoea, Smith. . . 207
alpina, Royle . - 207
capitata, Smith . . 208
elatior, Smith. . . 208
gracilis, Smith - 208
longifolia, Baker . 208
lutea, Ruyle . . . 208
petiolata, Baker . . 209
purpurea, Smith. . 207
purpurea, Lindl... . 208

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Page

. purpurea, Royle. . 207

‘spicata, Smith . . 209
Rostkovia ensiformis,

Ham... . . . 396

Rotang Pajare, Griff. . 459

Roussinia indica, Gaud. 486
Roxburghia Gloriosa,

Pers. . . 298
gloriosoides, Jones . 298
gloriosoides, Wt.. . 298
Stemona, Steud.. . 298
viridifiora, Smith . 298

RoxBURGHIACEE . 297
Ruppia, Linn. . 568

maritima, Griff... . 568
rostellata, Koch . 568
subsessilis, Thw.. . 567
Ryckia furcata, De
Vriese . . . . 484
Rynchospora, Vahl 668
P anomala, Steud. . 649+
articulata, Roem. &
Sch. . . 670
aurea, Vahl 670
ceylonica, Kunth. . 670
chinensis, Boeck. 672
chinensis, Nees 671
glauca, Vahl . 671
glauca, Boeck. . . 672
gracilis, Vahl. . . 671
gracillima, Thw.. . 671
Griffithii, Boeck.. . 672
Henkei, Presl. . 668
Hookeri, Boeck. . . 671

Kamphevenert,Boeck.671.
Kysoor, Dietr. . . 660
lavarum,Hook.& Arn.672

. lawa, Br. . 671
lava, Thw. . . 672
longisetis, Br. . . 669
malasica, Clarke. . 670
Prescottiana, Wall. . 669
ruppioides, Benth. . 654
sikkimensis, Clarke . 672
triflora, Vahl. . 670

Wallichiana, Kunth 668
Wightiana, Steud. . 669
ge Thw. . . 670

sp. Wall
605, 668, 670, 671
RyYNcHosPoRE#. . . 586

54, 179

Saccolabium, Bl.
61

acaule, Hk. f.. + -
acuminatum, Hk. f..
acuminatum, Thw. .
VOL, VI.

Pag |

; asulifaltam, Lindl. . é1

ampullaceum, Lindl. 64
bellinum, Rehb. f. . 61
Berkeleyi, Rchb.f. . 33
bigibbum, Rehb. f. 61
bipunctatum, Par. &
Rehb.f.. . . "3
Blumei, Lindl. . 82
brevifolium, Lindl.. 57
buecosum, Rehb. f. . 58

calceolare, Lindl. 60, 197
calceolare, Paxt.. . 61

carinatum, Griff. . 63
cephalotes, Hk. f. . 63
clavatum, Lindl... 66
econgestum, Hk. f. 63
curvifolium, Lindl. . 65
dasypogon, Lindl. . 66
densifiorum, Lindl. . 72
denticulatum, Paxt.. 61
discolor, Rchb.f. . 56
distichum, Lindl. 64
filiforme, Lindl. . 56
flavum, Hk. f.. 58
fleouosum, Lindl. 72
fragrans, Par. &

Rehb. f. - - . 58
galeatum, Gardn. . 71
garwalicum; Lindl.. 32

geminatum, Lindl.

giganteum, Lindl. .
gracile, Lindl.
Grifithii, Par. &

Rehb.f.. . . . 7
guttatum, Lindl. . 32
Heathii, Hort. . . 82
Helferi, Hh. f. . . 57

P inconspicuum, Ak. f. 56
intermedium, Griff. 61
Jerdonianum, Rehb. f. 59

lanatum, Hk. f. . . 60
lineare, Lind]. 47,
lineolatam, Thw.. 62

littorale; Rchd. f.

longifolium, Hk. f.
62, 197

maculatum, Hk. f. . 64

micranthum, Lindl... 59
miniatum, Hook. . 65
minimiflorum, Hk.f. 59
nilagiricum, Hk. f. . 60
niveum, Lindl. . . 55
obliquum, Lindi.. . 61

obtusifolium, Hk. f. 65

ochraceum, Lindl. . 62
pallens, Lindl. . . 65
paniculatum; Wt. . 47

785
Page
papillosum, Lindl. . 63
papillosum, Dalz. &
Gibs.. . 1... 62
papillosum, Wt. . . 63
parvulum, Lindl. . 58
Pechéi, Rehb. f. . 66
penangianum, Hk.f. 57
perpusillum, Hk. f. . 56
premorsum, Hk. f.. 62
premorsum, Lindl. . 32
Pumilio, Rchb.f. . 56
pusillum, Lindl. . 57
racemiferum, Lindl.. 68
ramosum, Lindl. . .' 72
reflecum, Lindl. . . 49

retusum, Fl. des Serres 32

Rheedii, Wt. . . . 82
ringens, Lindl, 46
roseum, Lindl. . . 58
rostellatum, Hk, f.. 59
rubrum, Lindl. . . 65
rubrum, Wt. 46
speciosum, Wt. . 45
? tenerum, Lindl... 73
tenticaule, Hk. f. 64
trichromum, Rchb.f. 65
undulatum, Lindl. . 74
virescens,Gardn.. . 57
viridiflorum, Lindl. 63
Wightianum, Hk. f.
62, 197
Wightianum, Lindl.. 46
Sagittaria, Linn. . 561
cordifolia, Roxb.. . 561
Doniana, Sweet.. . 561

guayanensis, H.B.K.561
hastata, Don . . . 561
hermaphrodita, Ham. 561
Lappula, Don . . 561
obtusifolsa, Linn. . 560
parviflora, Wall.. . 561
sagittifolia, Linn. . 561
triandra, Dalz. . 562
Saguerus Langkab, Bl. 421
Rumphii, Roxb. . . 421
saccharifer, Wurmb. 421
Sagus farinifera,Gertn, 48)
genuina, Bl. . . . 481
anermis, Roxb. . . 481
? Kenigi, Griff. . 481
levis, Rumph.. . . 481
Rumphii, Bl...
Rumphi, Willd...
Sansevieria, Thunb. . 270
JSruticosa, Bl...
Roxburghiana,9 chult.271
zeylanica, Willd, . 270
zeylanica, Roxb. . . 271
3:

786

Page

Sarcanthus, Lindl. 66, 179

appendiculatus, Hk. JF. 67

arietinus, Rchb.f. . 70

asperus, Rchb. f.. . 70

chrysomelas, Rchb.f. 70
densijlorus, Par.

Rehb. f. . 72
erinaceus, Rchb.f. . 69
filiformis, Lindl. 66
Siliformis, Wt. . 56
guttatus, Lindl. 32
insectifer, Rchb.f. . 68
laxus, Rehb. f. 69
lorifolius, Par. 69
macrodon, Rehb. f. 70

mirabilis, "Rehb. f. 58, 70

oxyphyllus, Wall. 70
pallidus, Lindl. . 68
Parishii, Hook. 69
pauciflorus, Wt. . 67
peninsularis, Dalz.. 67

: pupsong ores el £.70
racemifer, Rchb. f.:. 68
roseus, Wt. .

Scortechinii, Ak, ee 68
secundus, Griff. . 67
Stowellianus, Batem. 69
teretifolius, Rohb. f. 67
tricolor, Rckb. f.. . 68
Walkerianus,Rchb.f. 58
Walkerianus, Wt. . 58
Williamsoni, Rchb.f. 67
Sarcochilus, Br. 33, 178

amplewicaulis,Rchb.f. 40
Arachnites, Rchb. i 41
aureus, Hk. f.. 35
Berkeleyi, Rehb. ie 37
brachyglottis, Hk. if. 34
brachystachys,Hkjf. 41
cladostachys, Hk. f. 35

complanatus, Hk. f.

41, 197
filiformis, Hk.f. . 39
hirsutus, Hk. f. . 38

hirtulus, Hk. f.
hirtus, Benth.

Hystrix, Rchb.f... 38
leopardinus, Par. a
-Rehb. fi. . 38
lilacinus, Grif. 40
luniferus, Rehb. f. 37
luniferus, Bot. Mag. 37
maculatus, Benth. 64
Mannii, Hk. f. 36
merguensis, Hk. f. . 40
minimifolius, Hk. f. 37
muriculatus, Rchb.f. 34
nepalensis, Spr. . . 60

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Hage Page
notabilis, a. . 42 |Schoenus, Linn. . . 672
obtusus, Benth. . 86] articulatus, Buch. . 671
pauciflorus, Hk. j. . 41] articulatus, Roxb. . 670
premorsus, Spr... . 63| calostachyus, Poir. . 673
pugionifolius, Hk. f. 196; coloratus, Linn. . . 588
pulchellus, Trim. 39} compressus, Linn. . 660
purpureus, Benth. . 36] cyperoides, Retz.. . 649
recurvus, Hk.f.. . 39 gracilis, Swartz.. . 672
Roxburghii, Hz. f. . 36 Haskarlii, Steud. . 677
Scopa, Rchb.f. . 40| junceus, Willd. . . 656
Scortechini, Hk. f.. 40] lithospermus, Linn. . 685
serreformis, Rehb. f. 41 longisetis, Poir. . . €69
Sillemianns, Rchb.f. 42] Mariscus, Linn. . . 674
stenoglottis, Hk. f..° 34| nigricans, Linn.. . 673
suaveolens, Hk. f. 33 | nivens, Linn. . . 620
trichoglottis, Hk. f. 39] paniculatus, Hassk.. 677
Trimeni, Hk. £. . 40,196 | polymorphus, Rotth. 639
usneoides, Rckb. f.. 37] puberulus,C.A.Mey. 649
viridiflorus, Hk. f.38,196 | ruber, Lour. . 668
Wightii, Hk. f.. 37,198 | rufus, Huds. . 661
Saribus cochinchinensis, surinamensis, Rotth. 670
eG . #435 | Sciaphila, Bl. . 558
Satyrium, Swartz. . .168| erubescens, Miers. . 558
albiflorum, A. Rich. 168] janthina, Thw. . . 558
Epipogium, Linn. . 124] Khasiana, Hh. f.. . 559
foliosum, Heyne. .160| secundiflora, Thw. . 558
nepalense, Don . 168 | Scilla, Linn. . . 348
pallidum, A. Rich. . 168] coromandeliana,
Perrottetianum, A. Roxb. . 347
Rich. . - 168] Cundria, Ham. 347
repens, Linn. . 95,112 | denudata, Ham. 347
Wightianwm, Lindl. 168| Hohenackeri, Fisch.
Sauromatum, Schott 508 Y Mey... . 849
guttatum, Schott .508| indica, Baker. . 348
pedatum, Schott . 508 indica, Roxb. . . 347
punctatum, C. Koch. 508| maculata, Baker. . 348
sessiliflorum, Kunth 508| serotina, Bot. end . 346
simlense, Schott . 508 | ScinLEz : . 301
venosum, Schott. . 508 | Scindapsus, Schott . 541
Saururus natans, Linn. 564| argyrea, Engl. . 541
Scaphochlamys, Baker 252} Beccarii? Engl.. . 542
malaccana, Raker . 252} caudatus, Engl. . . 549
Schenorchis, BI. 54, 179 caudatus, Schott 549
juncifolia, Thw. . 56| crassipes? Engl. . 542
Schismatoglottis, Zoll. cuscuaria, Presl.. . 542
& Morita. 537 | decursivius, Schott . 547
brevicuspis, Hk. f. . 587 | giganteus, Schott . 548
brevipes, Hk. f. . . 588] . glaucus, Schott . . 547
calyptrata, Zoll. & hederacea, Schott 542
Moritz . . 5389] ingquinatus, Schott . 542
elongata, Engl. . 589 | marantefolius, Mig. 543
Kurzii, Hk. f.. 539 | medius, Zoll. &
longipes, Mig. 538 Moritz . 540
minor, Hk. f. . 538 | montanus, Kunth . 540
mutata, Scort. 538 | officinalis, Schott . 541
Scortechini, Hk. f. . 537 Peepla, Schott 545
Wallichii, Hk.f.. 537] Peepla, Thw. . . 547
Schizolepis, Nees . 694 . 542

perakensis, Hk. f.

atropurpureus, Retz. 627

glomeratus, Heyne .

602

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS. 787
Page Page Page
pertusus, Schott . . 547! congestus, Spr. : 630 maritimus, Maxim. . 639
pictus, Hassk, - . . 541) contferus, Poir, 684] maximus, Roxb. . . 659
pinnatifidus, Schott . 549) coronarius, Vahl. 619 medius, Roxb. . . 627
pinnatus, Schott » + 549] corymbosus, Heyne. 657 melanospermus, A. C.
pothoides, Mig. - 5421 corymbosus, Forsk. . 659 Meyer . 655
pothoides, Schott - 541] corymbosus, Linn. . 670 Meyeniit, Nees . . 658
Scortechinii, Hk. f.. 541 cuspidatus, Roth. . 665 Michelianus,Linn.596,662
Scimrzz . . - . 586] cyperoides, Linn, . 622 miliaceus, Burm.. . 644
Scirpodendron, Kurz . 684] debilis, Purah . 656] miliaceus, Linn. . . 644
costatum, Kurz . . 684] densus, Wall. . . 652 | miliaceus, Roxb.. . 636
sulcatum, Mig. - 684) dichotomus, Linn. . 636 minimus, Roxb. . . 635
Scirpus, Linn. - 653} diphyllus, Retz. . 636| mollis, Wall. . . 672
acicularis, Linn... . 629 dipsaceus, Rotth.. . 635] monander, Rottb. . 640
acutangulus, Roxb. . 627] dissitus, Duthie . 661] monander, Roxb.. . 651
emulans, Steud. . . 660} Donianus, Spr. . 663] monostachyus, Koen. 634
estivalis, Retz. . 637 | P dubius, Roxb. . 625} mucronatus, Linn. . 657
wstivalis, Wall. . . 635} Duvallii, Hoppe . 658| mucronatus, Roxb. . 656
afinis, Roth 659 | echinatus, Linn. . 621] mutatus, Roxb. . 627
affiatus, Benth, 629 elongatus, Ham. . 664] mutiews,Don . . . 657
alpinus, Schl. . . 654| erectus, Poir., . 656] mysurensis, Heyne . 657
anceps, Willd. . - 646] Eriophorum, Mich.. 661] nutans, Retz... . 632
annuus, All. - 636] falcatus, Vahl. . . 647] Onaei, Fran. & Sav. 630
annuus, Host . 636) ferrugineus, Linn. 639] ovatus, Roth.- . . 628
anomalus, Retz. . . 678! fimbrisetus, Delile . 659] pallescens, Roxb.. . 636
antarcticus, Thunb. . 651] fistulosus, Forsk. ‘. 656| palustris, Linn. . 628
argenteus, Rotth. . 640] fistulosus, Poir. . 627| pauciflorus, Lightf.. 654
aristatus, Willd.. 666! fluitans, Linn. . 653| pectinatus, Roxb. . 659
articulatus, Linn. . 656] fuseus, Roxb.. . . 639] ‘pentagonus, Roxb. . #44
arvensis, Retz. . - 639] globulosus, Retz.. . 645) petasatus, Max. . 630
‘arvensis, Roxb. - 636] globulnsus, Roxb. . 639] pilosus, Retz. . . 666

plantagineus, Retz. . 625

Beothryon, Hhrh, . 654] glomeratus, Linn, . 620] plantagineus, Roxb. 626
Balna, Ham. . . 659 glomeratus, Retz. 640] plantaginoides,Rotth. 626
bangalorensis, Heyne 657| glomeratus, Roxb. . 636] plumosus, Br.. . . 659
barbatus, Boeck.. . 653) gracillimus, Boeck. . 652| Pollichii, Gren. &
barbatus, Rottb.. . 651) Grifithii, Boeck.. . 660 Gody. . : 658
benghalensis, Pers. . 644] grossus, Linn. . - 659| polytrichoides, Retz. 632
bispicatus, Roxb.. . 634) Hakonensis, Fran. & prelongatus, Poir. . 656
brevifolia, Decne. . 660 Sav. . F . 680] puberulus, Boeck. 651
brevifolius, Roxb. 636 | hemisphericus, Roth. 667| puberulus, Poir. . . 653
cespitosus, Boeck. . 654 | Holoschcenus, Zinn. 655| pubescens, Lam. =. 665
canaliculato-triqueter, inclinatus, Delile .657/ pumilus, Vahl . 654
Steud. incurvatus, Roxb. . 656| quadrangulus, Don.. 663
eapillaris, Linn. . 652] Isolepis, Boeck. . 663] quinquangularis, :
capitatus, Burm.. . 666| javanus, Nees. . 657 Boeck. ; . 645
capitatus, Linn. . . 628| junciformis, Nees . 656 quinquangularis, .
earicis, Retz. . . 660] juncoides, Roxb. . . 656 Vahl . . 644
carinatus,Sowerb. 658] kyllingioides, Boeck. 662| quinquefarius, Ham. 657
cephalotes, Jacg.. 589{| Kysoor, Roxb. . . 660) riparius, Presl 658
cernuus, Vahl. . . 655! lacustris, Linn. 658 | rufus, Schrad. 661
chinensis, Munro 662,678 | lateralis, Heyne. 656/ Salbundius (Satbun-
ciliaris, Linn. . . 666 Lawianus, Boeck, . 648 dius), Ham. 644
cinnamometorum, laxiflorus, Thw. . 626 Savit, Seb. & Maur. 635
Vahl... . 650) lithospermus, Linn. . 685| scaber, Roxb. . 631
comosus, Wall. . 664 littoralis, Schr. . 659 scaberrimus, Boeck. . 660
complanatus, Retz. 646 luzonensis, Presl. . 656 schanoides, Retz. 634
compressus, Pers. 650 | macrostachys, Boeck. 659 | schenoides, Roxb. 649
confervoides, Poir. . 654 | maritimus, Linn. . 658| setaceus, Linn. . 654

38 2

788

Page |
spiralis, Rottb. . . 627
squarrosus, Linn. . 663
strictus, Roxb. . . 640
strobilinus, Roxb. . 659

subarticulatus, Roxb. 656

suboapitatus, Thw.. 661
submersus, Sawv. . 653
subulatus, Aitch. . 658
? subulatus, Prain . 658
subulatus, Vahl . . 659
sundanus, Miq. . . 657
supinus, Linn. . . 655
sylvaticus, Strach. . 662
Tabernemontant,

Gmel.. . . . . 658
tenellus, Roxb. . . 642
ternatanus, Reinw. . 662
ternatus, Ham. . 656
tetragonus, Poir.. . 644
Thwaitesii, Boeck. . 652
timorensis, Kunth . 656
tranquebariensis,

Roth. . 639
trialatus, Boeck. 605
triangulatus, Roxb. . 657
tridentatus, Roxb. . 659
trifidus, Hance . . 652
triflorus, Poir. . . 670
triqueter, Linn. . . 658
triqueter, Gren. &

Godr.. . 659
tristachyus, Roxb. 639
tumidus, Roxb. 626
umbellaris, Lam. 645
uncinatus, Willd. 666
uniglumis, Link. . 628
validus, Vabl. . . 658
Wallichit, Nees . 656
Wichurat, Boeck. . 661
Wichurai, Franch. &

Sav. . - . . 680
Wightianus, Boeck. 653
sp. Rottbh. . . . . 600
sp. Wall. 656, 657, 660

Scitaminea Finlayson-

iana, Wall. . . 203

ScITaMINEEZ . 198
Scleria, Berg. . 685
alata, Moon . . 689
alta, Boeck. . . . 690
androgyna, Nees. . 686
annularis, Kunth. . 687
aspera, Boeck, . . 691
acillaris, Moon . 688
bancana, Mig. . 693
biflora, Rowb. . . 687
bracteata, Cav. . 694
caricina, Benth.. . 688

Page
ceylanica, Kunth . 688
chinensis, Kunth . 690
ciliaris, Nees. . . 690
corymbifera, Boeck. 686
corymbosa, Roxb. . 686
elata, Thw. . . . 690
elata, Thw. . . 690
evaltata, Boeck. . . 690
flaccida, Clarke . . 683
Hasskarliana, Boeck.
690, 692
hebeearpa, Nees. . 689
hebecarpa, Thw.. . 688
hirsuta, Moon . 692
Hookeriana, Boeck. . 691
junciformis, Thw. . 692
khasiana, Clarke . 692
khasiana, Boeck. 689, 692
levis, Willd. . . 694
lateriflora, Boeck. . 688
latifolia, Moon . 691
lawa, R. Br. . 688
levis, Retz. . . 694
lithosperma, Sw.. . 685
lithosperma, Roxb. . 690
macrocarpa, Wall. . 684
macrophylla, Presl.. 693
majus, Moon . . 686
malaceensis, Boeck. 693
melanosperma, Nees
& Arn. . . . 692
melanostoma, Boeck. 692
multifoliata, Boeck. 693
Neesii, Kunth . 688
orizoides, Boeck.. . 691
oryzoides, Presl.. . 691
pandanophylla, Kurz 714
parvula, Steud. . . 687
pergracilis, Kunth 685
pilosa, Boeck. . . 692
Plemii, Boeck. . . 692

propingua, Steud. .
psilorrhiza, Clarke .
pubescens, Steud. .
pubescens, Zoll. . .
purpurascens, Steud.
Radula, Hance

Ridleyi, Clarke . .

Rinkiana, Boeck. .

686
691
689
693
693
691
686
694,

scrobiculata, Moritz. 690
serobiculata, Zoll. . 689
setigera, Roxb. . 693
Steudeliana, Mig. 687
stipularis, Thw. . . 689
Stocksiana, Boeck. . 687
stricta, Moon. . 689
sumatrensis, Retz. . 693
tenuis, Retz, . . . 685

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Page
tessellata, Willd; 686, 604
tessellata, Benth. 687
tessellata, Hk. f. & T. 687
Thomsoniana, Boeck. 689
Thwaitesiana, Boeck. 688

uliginosa, Boeck. . 687
vestita, Boeck. . . 689
villosula, Wall. . 689
Wightiana, Steud. . 685
zeylanica, Poir.. . 687
zeylanica, Moon. . 694
sp. H. f. & T.

' 689, 691, 692, 694
sp. Wall. "685, "686, "687,

689, 690, 693, 694.

ScLERIEZ. . 587
Seaforthia costata, Mart. 409
Dicksonii, Mart.. . 409
disticha, Mart. . 408
gracilis, Mart. - 407
Kuhlii, Mart.. . . 409
malaiana, Mart.. . 410
oryzeformis, Mart. . 409
patula, Mart. . . 411
Seidlia, Opiz . . . 661
Selenipedium Parishii,
Jolibois . . 174
Serapias ec,
Ken... . 198
epidendrea, Retz. 1
SISYRINCHIEE . 271
Slackia aii mis,
Griff. . . 415
SMILACEE bee ee . 300
Smilacina, Desf. . 323
albiflora, Wall. . 823
alpina, Royle . . 361
bootanensis, Griff. . 323
divaricata, Wall. . 323
fusca, Wall. . . 323
oleracea, Hk. f. § T. 323
oligophylla, Hk. f. . 323
pallida, Royle. . 328
purpurea, Wall. . . 323
Smilax, Zinn. . . 802
aspera, Linn.. . . 306
aspericaulis, Wall. . 306
barbata, Wall. . . 306
Blumei, A.DC. . ., 313
calophylla, Wall. . 303
calophylla, Wall. . 318
China, Maxim. . . 307
collina, Kunth . . 318
decipiens, Spr. . 313
elegans, Wall. . . 305
elegans, A.DC. . . 304
extensa, Wall. . 809
extensa, Wall.. . . 808

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS,

Page
ferox, Wall. . . . 307
fulgens, Wall.. . . 806
glabra, Row. . . 802
glaucophylla,

Klotzsch . 804
grondifolia, Wt.. . 810
.grandis, Wall, . . 810
Griffithii, 4.DC.. . 313
Helferi, A.DC. . 809

Hohenackeri, Kunth 310

Hookeri, Kunth . . 302
indica, Vitm.. . . 310
Kingii, Hk. f.. . . 807
levis, Wall. . . . 308

lancewfolia, Roxb. . 308
laurifolia, Hohen. . 310
lawrifolia, Roxb. 811, 312
laurina, Kunth . . 312
leucophylla, Bl.. . 312
longebracteolata,

Ak f.. . . . . 805
P luzonensis, Presl . 309
macrophylla, Roxb. . 310
? macrophylla, Dalz.

&Gibs. . . . . 312
maculata, Roxb.. . 3806
megacarpa, A.DC.. 311

menispermoidea,
ADC. . . 805
. micropoda, A.DC. . 308

minutiflora, A.DC. . 305
myosotifiora, 4.DC.

808, 309
Myrtillus, A.DC. . 304
P narcotica, Ham. . 289

nilagarensis, Steud. . 306
obliqua, Spr. . . . 313
ochreata, A.DC. . . 311
? odoratissima, Bl. . 306
orthoptera, ADC. . 311
ovalifolia, A.DC. . 312
ovalifolia, Hk. f. & T. 310

ovalifolia, Roxb. . 310
oxyphylla, Wall. . 308
ovyphylla, Kunth . 308

pallescens, A.DC. . 307
parvifolia, Wall. . 304
peguana, 4.DC.. . 303
perfoliata, Bl. . 813
polyacantha, Wall, . 311
prolifera, Rowb. . . 312
prolifera, Hk. f. & T. 310
prolifera, Wall.
310, 311, 318
pseudo-China, Hb.
Madr. .. . . 310
pseudo-China, Roxb. 313
quadrata, 4.DC. . 308

Page|
retusa, Roxb. . . . 810
vigida, Wall... . . 804

Roxhurghiana, Wall. 311
Roxburghiana, Wall. 306
Rowburghti, Kunth . 310
setosa, Miq. . . . 806
singaporensis,A. DC. 313
Thomsoniana, A.DC. 807
umbellata, Hb. Madr. 310
umbellata, Heyne . 312

vaginata, Deene.. . 305
villandia, Ham, . . 314
virosa, Ham. . . . 289

Wallichii, Kunth
Wailichit, Steud. .

. 313
304

Wightii, A.DC. . . 310
zeylanica, Linn.. . 309
zeylanica, Wall. . . 309

zeylanica, Wt. . . 310
Sorostachys kyllin-
gioides, Steud. . 602
Sparganium, Linn. . 489
carinatum, Ham. . 490
erectum, Kurz . . 490

. 490
. 490
490

565

ramosum, Huds. +
simplex, Huds.
stoloniferum, Ham. .
Spathium microphytlum
Voigt. . . ..
monostachyum,
Edgew. . . . . 564
aundulatum, Hdgew.. 564
Spathodithyros suffrutt-
cosus, Hassk. . . 374
Spathoglottis aurea,
LindlL . . . . 191
Kimbaliana, Hort. . 191
Lobbii, Rchb.f. . . 191
pubescens, Lindl. . 191
? trivalvis, Wall. . 79
Spherochloa quadran-
gularis, Beau.. . 582
Spheroschenus Wal-

lichti, Arn. & Nees 668
Spiranthes, Rich. 102, 180
amena, Bunge . . 102
australis, Lindl. . . 102
australis, Wt.. . ~ 103
autumnalis, Rich. . 103
densa, A. Rich. . . 103

102
102
130

flexuosa, Lindl. . .
longispicata, A. Rich.
macrophylla, Spr. .
monophylla, Spr... 131
nove. Zelandice, Hk. 102
parviflora, Lindl. . 102
pudica, Lindl. . - 102
unalaschcensis, Spr.. 130

789

’ Page
Wightiana, Lindl, . 108
sp. Griff... . . 102

Spirodela melanorr-
hizo, F.Muell. . 557
oligorrhiza, Hegelm. 557
pletorrhiza, F..Muell, 557
polyrrhiza, Schleid. 557
Spodiopogon angustifo-
lus, Trin. . . 664
Stachyopogon pauci-

JSlorus, Klot. 264
spicatus, Klot. . . 274
Stauritis viqlacea,
Rehb.f.. . . . 29
Stauropsis, Rchb.f. . 27
giganteus, Benth. . 27
undulatus, Benth. . 27
Stemona, Low... . . 298
Curtisii, Hk f. . . 298

gloriesoides, Voigt . 298
Griffithiana, Kurz . 299

minoy, Hk. f... . 298
tuberosa, Lowr. . 298
Stenaster, sp. . . . 284

Stenochasma:convolutum,

Griff... . 236
urceolare, Griff. . . 237
Stereochilus, Lindl. . 33
hirtus, Lindl. . . 85
Steudnera, C. Koch . 519
assamica, Hk. f. . . 520

capitellata, Hk. f. . 521
colocasizfolia, C.
Koch,. . . . . 520
colocasiefolia, Hk. f. 520
cqlocasioides, Hk. f. 520
discolor, Hort. . 520
Griffithii, Schott . . 520
Stichoneuron,. Hk. f. . 299
membranaceum,
Ah f.. . . - . 299
Streptolirion, Hdgew. . 389

Grifithii, Karz . . 389
volubile, Edgew.. . 389
Streptopus, Miche.. . 322
candidus, Wall. . . 322
chinensis, Smith. . 360

peduncularis, Smith 360

simplex, Don. . . 322
Strobidia conchigera,
Kuntze . . . . 258
Sturmia nervosa,
Rehb.f.. . . . 182
Susum, Bl... . . 391

anthelminticum, Bl, 391
anthelminticum,

Maury ... . 391
malayanum, Planch. 391

790

Page Page

Symmeria schizochilus, pygmea, Lindl. . 86, 87
Grah.. . . . .142| Theriophonum, Bl. . 512
Synantherias, Schott . 517| crenatum, Bl. . . 512
sylvatica, Schott. .518| Dalzellii, Schott. . 513

i i multiflorus,
Steud. . . . . 677

Tacca, Forst.:. 287
aspera, Roxb. . 288
cristata, Jacq. 287

integrifolia, Ham.
integrifolia, Ker-
Gawl, . . 287
levis, Roxb. .
piunatifida, Forst: 287, 517
pinnatifolia, Gertn. 287
Rafflesiana, Jacq. . 287
TacCACER. . . . 286
Teganocharis cordofana,

Hochst... . . 562
Teeniophyllum, Bl. 76
Alwisii, Lindl. . 76
scaberulum, Hk. f.. 77
serrula, Hk. f. 77

Tainia cordata, Hk. f. 198
latifolia, Benth. 14, 192
maculata, Hk. f. 190, 193

Talliera bengalensis,Spr.429

Tali, Mart. 429
Tapinocarpus Dalzellii,
Schott . 513
indicus, Dalz. . 513
Telmatophace gibba,
Schleid.. . . . 557
Terminalia ie aaa ee
Rumph. .

Teta viridiflora, Roxb. . 265
Teysmannia altifrons,
Rehb. f. . . 483
Thalassia ciliata, Kin, 570
Hemprichii, Asch. . 570
Thalia canneformis,
Willd. . . 258
Thecostele, Rchb. f, 19
alata, Par. & Rehb. f. 19

Maingayi, Hk.f.. . 20
quinguefida, Hk. f. . 20
Zollingeri, Rchb.f. . 19
Thelasis, Bl.. . . . 85
bifolia, Hk.f.. . . 86
? capitata, Bl. . . 86
carinata, Bl. . . 87, 88
carinata, Rehb. f. 88
decurva, Hk. f. . . 87
elata, Hk. f. . 87
elongata, Bl. . 86
khasiana, Hk. f. . 87
longifolia, Hk. f.. 87

infaustum, N. £. Br. 513

Klein, Schott . . 512
Wightii, Schott . . 512
Wightii, Engl. . 513

zeylanicum, N.E.Br. 513
Theropogon, Maxim. . 324
pallidus, Mawim. 270, 324
Thisbe, Fale... . . . 129
Thomsonia, Wall. . .
Hookert, Engl. . . 518
nepalensis, Wall. . 518
Thoracostachyum, Kurz 680
bancanum, Kurz. . 680
hypolytroides, Clarke 680
Thrinspermum ampleni-
caule, Rohb.f.. . 40

Ayachnites, Rchb.f. 41
Freemani, Rehb. f. . 42
Hystriz, Rehb. f. 39
lilacinwm, Rchb.f. . 40
teresRehb.f.. . . 34
usneoides, Rehb. f. . 87
Tinantia lineolata,
Hassk. . . 377
Tofieldia, Huds.. . 357
himalaica, Baker 358
nepalensis, Strach. &
Wint.. . . . . 265
nepalensis, Wall.. . 264
Tovaria fusca, Baker . 323
oleracea, Baker . 323
oligophylla, Baker . 323
pallida, Baker . . 323
purpurea, Baker . 323
Trachycarpus, H. Wal. 435
excelsa, H. Wal. 436
Fortunet,H.Wdl. . 436
khasiana, H. Wdl. . 436
Martiana, H. Wal. . 436

Tradescantia aphylia,

Heyne . 875
austin is, Linn, 389
barbata, Spr. . . . 385
cordifolia, Griff.. . 389
cristata, Heyne . . 385
cristata, Jacq. . . 385
? cyanotidea, Hassk. 387

fasciculata, Heyne .
gangetica, Linn. .

ambricata, Roxb..

incana,Heyne . .
lanata, Heyne . . 386
malabarica, Linn.
montana, Heyne.

INDEX OF GENERA, SPEGIES AND SYNONYMS.

Page
paniculata, Roth. . 382
paniculata, Roxb. . 390

papilionacea, Linn. . 385

pilosa, Heyne,. . 387
radicans, Royle . . 385
rufa, Presl . . 390

rupestris, Law. 385, 388
terminalis, Bl. . .

thyrsifiora, Bl. 367
triflora, Heyne . 3869
tuberosa, Roxb. . 386
umbellata, Heyne . 385
vaga, Bl... 387
villosa, Spr. 387
sp. Griff. 383
TRADESCANTIEZ . . 367
Trentepohlia, Boeck, . 597
bifoliata, Boeck.. . 597
Trichelostylis, Lestib. . 641
asperrima, Nees . . 643
chetorrhiza, Nees . 647
cinnamomeiorum,Nees650
complanata, Nees . 646
curvifolia, Nees . . 636
digitata, H. f. & T.. 648
filtformis, Nees . . 633
globulosa, Nees . 645
gunciformis, Nees . 647
latifolia, Nees . 648
miliacea, Nees . . 6
pentaptera, Nees. . 645
quinquangularis, Nees644
Salbundia, Nees. . 646
scabra, Nees . . 646
tenella, Nees . - 642
tetragona, Nees . . 644
torta, Nees. . 648
sp. H. f. & T.
642, 643, 645, oe
Trichoglottis, Bu.
Dawsoniana, Rehd. fis i
quadricornuta, Kurz 43
retusa, Bl... . 48
Trichophorum arundi-
naceum, Strach. . 664
comosum, Strach. . 664
cyperinum, Pers.. . 661
Trichopodium angusti-
folium, Lindl. . . 297
cordatum, Lindl.. . 297

intermedium, Lindl. 297

zeylanicum, Thw. . 297
Trichopus, Gerin. . . 297
zeylanieus, Gerin. . 297

Trichosma suavis,Lindl.193

Tricostularia fimbristy-
loides, Benth. . . 674

Tricyrtis, Wall.. . . 358

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS,

Page

elegans, Wall... . . 359
pilosa, Wall.. . . 359
Triglochin, Linn. - 563
maritimum, Linn. . 563
palustre, Linn. . 563
sp, Griff. . . . 568
Trilepis, Nees . . . 698

Royleana, Nees . . 698

Trillidium Govanianum,
Kunth . 861
Trillium, Linn. . . . 861
Govanianum, Wall. 361
Tschonoskii, Maxim. 361
ie hus, Lestib. . 220
pleurapallida, Lindl. 107

rib nel ae oltgo-

spathus, Hassk. . 373
paleatus, Hassk. . . 373
Triticoides, Griff. . . 698
TRIURIDEZ . . 558
Tropidia, poets 92
angulosa, Bl... 92
assamica, Bl. : 93
curculigoides, Lindl. 93
curculigoides, Kurz. 94
Govindovii, Bl. 92
graminea, Bl.. . 93
Maingayi, Hk. f.. . 98
pedunculata, Bl.. + 93
semilibera, Bl. - 92
_. Thwaitesii, Hk. f. . 93
Tulipa, Linn... . . . 354
chrysantha, Boiss. . 355
Lehmanniana,Merckl.355
stellata, Hook. . 355
undulata, Jacq. « 355
TULIPEZ . . 301
Tunga diandra, Roxb. 678
lerigata, Roxb. . 667
triceps, Roxb. . - 667
Tupistra, Ker. . 824
aurantiaca, Wall. . 825
Clarkei, Hk. f. . . 325
macrostigma, Baker 325
nutans, Wall.. . 824
singapureana, Wall. 325
squalida, Baker . . 324
Stoliczkana, Kurz . 325
Wattii, Hh. f.. . 825
P sp. Griff. . - 325
Typha, Linn.. . - 488
angustata, Chaub. &
Bory. . . . 489
angustifolia, Kurz . 489
angustifolia, Thw. . 489
elephantina, Roxb. . 489
javanica, Schnizl. . 489
latifolia, Rdgew,. . 489

Page

latifolia, Moon - 489
Laxmanni, Lepech. . 489
Maresti, Balland, . 489
Martini, Aitchis. . 489
minima, Kurz . . 489
stenophylla, Rohrb. . 489
TYPHACEZ .. . 488
Typhonium, Schott . 509

brevipes, Hk. f.. . 511

bulbiferum, Date. 4 BLL
crenatum, Schott . 512
cuspidatum, Bl.. . 511

510

divaricatum, Decne. 510
510

diyersifolium, Wall.

fallaa, N. E. Br... 511
flagelliforme, Bl.. . 511
folioloswm, Engler . 510
gracile, Schott . 512

Huegelianum, Schott 510

javanicum, Mig. . 510
minutum, Bl. . . 518
minutum, Schott. . 512
Motleyanum, Schott 510
orizense, Schott . . 509
pedatum, Schott. . 511
pedatum, Schott. . 511
Roxburghii, Schott. 510
siamense, Engler. . 509
trilobatum, Schott . 509
triste, Griff. - 509
Uncifera, Lindl. . 54,179
acuminata, Lind]. 65
obtusifolia, Lindl. . 65

Uncinia europea, J.Gay 712

microglochin, Spr. . 712

nepalensis, Nees . . 712
Ungeria monocephala,

Nees . . 597

Urania speciosa, Wall. 198
Urginea, Steinh. . 347
congesta, Wt . . 348
coromandeliana,Hk.f.347
coromandeliana, Wt.
346, 347
indica, Kunth . 347
indica, Wt. . . . 348
polyphylla, Hk. f. . 348
senegalensis, Kunth . 347
Wightiana, Hk. f. . 347
Uropetalumconcanense, -
Baker . 346
hydsuricum, Hdgew. 347
montanum, Dalz.. . 346
serotinum, Bot. Reg. 346
Ovularia Betua, Ham. 359
calcarata, Wall. . . 359
chinensis, Gawl.. . 360

791
Page
Hamiltoniana, Wall.
59, 360
Leschenaultiana,

Wall... . 360
multiflora, Reinw. . 360
parviflora, Wall.. . 360
umbellata, Wall.. . 360

UVULARIEE . . 301

betes Br. . 49, 178
alpina, Lindl. . . 53
Bensoni, Batem. . 51
bicaudata, Thw. . 26
bicolor, Grif. . . 52
brunnea, Rehb. fo . 51
Catheartii, Hk. f. 27
caerulea, Grif. 51
czerulescens, Grif. . 50
cerulescens, Journ.

Hort. Soc. . 51
congesta, Lindl. . 63
cristata, Lindl. . . 53
Denisoniana, Bens,

& Reh. f. Bl
densiflora, Lindl. 53
faseiata, Gardn. . 62
jfimbriata, Gardn. 62
gigantea, Lindl. . 27
Grifithi, Lindl. . 53
Hookeriana, Rchb.f. 50
Lindleyana, Griff. 27
longifolia, Lindl. 62
multifiora, Lindl. 62
obliqua, Wall.. . . 61
Parishii, Veitch &

Rohb f. . . . . BI
parviflora, Lindl. . 50
peduncularis, Lind]. 26
pulchella, Wt. . 60
pumila, Hi.f.. . 53
Roxburghii, Br. . 52

spathulata, Spr. 50, 198

Stangeana, Rehb. ce 54
striata, Rchb. f. 53
teres, Lindl. . . . 49
tesselloides, Rehb. f. 52
testacea, Rchb.f. . 50
? trichorhiza, Hook. 23
undulata, Lindl.. 27
Vipani, Rchb.f... 54
Wightiana, Lindl. . 62
Wightii, Rchb.f... . 54
sp. Griff. . . 1
sp.Jones . . . . 52
VANDEZ . . ee eee |
Vanilla, Swartz. . 90
albida, Bl. he is (OL
aphylla, BIW. a. 5 BL

792

Page
aphyila, Lindl. . . 90
Griffithii, Rebb. f. 91

Moonii, Thw.. . 90
Parishii, Rchb.f. 90
pterosperma, Lindl.. 89
rubiginosa, Griff. 89
Walkeriz, Wt. . 90
Wightiana, Lindl. 90
sp. Grif 2... 91
‘sp. Wall. : - 91
Veratronta malayana,
Mig. . 391

Veratrum ? malayanum,
Jack. . .. . 391
Vignea, Beauv. . 700
canescens, Reichb. - 706
divulsa, Reichb.. . 703
incurva, Reichb. . 700
muricata, Reichb. . 703
remota, Reichb. . . 706
stenophylla, Reichb. 701

Vitis sp. Wall. . . . 290
Vrydagzynea, Bl. 96,179
albida, Bl... . . 97
gracilis, Bl. . . 97
viridiflora, Hk. f. 96
Waitlesia paludosa,
Rehb.f.. . . . 19
picta, Lindl. 19
Wallichia, Rowb. . 418
caryotoides, Rowb. . 419
caryotoides, Wall. . 419

densiflora, Mart. . 419
disticha, T. Anders. 419

nana, Griff. . . . 420
oblongifolia, Griff. . 419
Yome, Kurz . . 419

Websteria limnophila,

8.H.Wr. . . . 654
Wisneria, Wich.. .

triandra, Mich. . .

Wolffia, Horkel . . . 557
arrhiza, Wimm. . . 557
Delilii, Kurz . 557
Micheli, Schleid. . 557

microscopica, Kurz. 558
Wrightia caryotoides,

Roxb... . . 419

Wurfbainia, Giseke . 241

Xerotes leucacephala,Br. 664
Xiphion Atichisoni,
Baker. . . . . 272
Donianum, Alefeld . 272
XYRIDEZ . . . . . 864
Xyridion aureum, Klatt 273
Nothum, Klatt . . 272

Page |

spurium, Klatt r O72
Xyris, Linn. . . . . 364
anceps, Lamk. . . 364
bancana, Mig. « 866
capensis . . . . 866
indica, Linn. . . 864

indica altera, Vahl . 365
lappacea, Heyne. . 366
malaccensis, Steud.. 365
nilgarensis, Steud. . 365
oryzetorum, Mig.. . 365
pauciflora, Willd. . 365
robusta, Mart. . 364
schoenoides, Mart. . 365
Walkeri, Arn. . . 365

Wallichii, Kunth. . 365
sp. Grifl . . . 365
Yoania, Maxim. . 123, 180
japonica, Mawim. . 123
Zalacca, Reinw. . . 472
affinis, Griff. - 472
Beccarii, Hk. f. . . 474
conferta, Griff. - 473
edulis, Reinw. . 472
edulis, Wall. . 473
glabrescens, Grif. . 473

macrostachya, Griff.. 473

Rumphii, Griff. . 473
secunda, Grif. . 472
Wallichiana, Mart. . 478
Zannichellia, Linn. . 568
gibberosa, Reichb. . 568
palustris, Linn. . . 568
pedicellata, Ham. . 568

pedunculata, Reichb. 568
Zantedeschia aromatica,

C. Koch . 532
cordata, 0. Koch. . 582
fetida, C. Koch . . 532
rubens,C. Koch . , 582
virosa, C. Koch . . 524

Zephyranthes tubis-
patha, Herb.
Zerwmbet speciosum,

. 277

Jacq. . - 256
Zingiber, Lest. . 247
Zeuxine, Lindl. . 106, 179

- 109
. 108
. 106
- 106

abbreviata, H&. f.
affinis, Benth. .
bracteata, Wt.
brevifolia, Wt.
emarginata, Lindl. . 107
flava, Benth. . 108
goodyeroides, Lindi. 107
integerrima, Lindl. . 106
longifolia, Hk. f. . 109

INDEX OF GENERA, SPECIES AND SYNONYMS.

Page
longilabris, Benth. . 107
membranacea, Tid, 106
moniliformis, Griff. . 105
moulmeinensis, Hk.f.109

nervosa, Benth. . . 108
procumbens, Bl. . 107
regia, Benth.. . . 108
reniformis, Hk. f. . 107

robusta, Wt. . - »
sulcata, Lindl. .
Tripleura, Lindl. .
Zingiber, Adans_ .
barbatum, Wall. .
capitatum, Roxb.
Casumunar, Roxb. .

cernuum, Dalz. . . 245
chrysanthum, Rose. . 243
Clarkei, King . . 248

Clifordia, Andr.. .
cylindricum, Moon.
elatum, Roxb... . .
flavescens, Link .
gracile, Jack . . .
Griffithii, Baker . . 246
intermedium, Baker 246
ligulatum, Rowb.. . 245
ligulatum, Wall. . . 248
macrostachyum, Dalz.247
marginatum, Roxb. . 249

Missionis, Wall. . . 246
montanum, Link. . 248
nigrum, Gaertn. . . 254
Nimmonii, Dalz.. . 244
officinale, Rosc. . 246

panduratum, Roxb. . 245
pardocheilum, Wall. 245
Parishii, Hk.f. . . 248
purpureum, Rose. . 248
roseum, Rosc.. . . 244

tubeus, Rorb.. . . 243
spectabile, Grif... . 247
spurium, Koen. . 247

squarrosum, Roxb. .
squarroswum, Wt.. .
Wightianum, Thw. .

Zerumbet, Smith . 247
ap. Bl... . . . 249
sp. Griff. . 247
sp. Hance . . . . 249
ZINGIBEREEX . . 198

Zostera ciliata, Forsk. 570

uninervis, Forsk. . 570
Zosterostylis Arachnites,

Blog ww ce we ae: LIS

Walkere, Wt. . . 118

zeylanica, Lindl.. . 118
Zygomenes axillaris,

Spr... . . . 389

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