Srigiiale teas aN $ ei Eset ‘iy Z Cia fs sts BY ¢H) Lt fie (tog Deepest Hise Ra as aii i Med ae Wes lntelnea pier to Spttaebsrrr itt ty eating: Bat f (Ug enieticnieniec tay i eC J SS HaER OR Pas soy u SPEEA ne Agree fasstishste iN Ba He eet Heer | Cornell Mniversity Library BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF Henry W. Sage 1891 ABAETI RIIB 6421 RETURN TO ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY ITHACA, N. Y. | | JUL 8 19 DATE DUE GAYLORD CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu319240507 78681 FLORA OF BRITISH INDTA. FLORA OF BRITISH INDIA. BY SIR J. D. HOOKER, C.B., G.C.S.I. M.D., F.R.S., D.C.L. OXON., LL.D. CANTAB. CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE INSTITUTE OF FRANCE, AND HON. MEMBER OF TUE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL. ASSISTED BY VARIOUS BOTANISTS. VOL. VII. / CYPERACEAi, GRAMINEAS AND GENERAL INDEX. ° PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR INDIA IN COUNCIL. LONDON : : L, REEVE & CO. PUBLISHERS TO THE HOME, COLONIAL, AND INDIAN GOVERNMENTS> 6, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 1897. LONDON: PRINTED BY GILBERT AND RIVINGION, LD ST, JOHN’S HOUSE, CLERKENWELL, E.C. PREFACE TO VOL. VII. Tue length of time, upwards of a quarter of a century, occupied in the publication of the Flora of British India, has resulted in the later volumes containing a far more complete account of the families of plants to which they are devoted than do the earlier volumes of theirs. For this there are two reasons, the extension of the area of British India in the interval, and the many collections that have been trans- mitted to Kew from wholly or imperfectly explored regions of India during the same interval. : The extension of area has been : on the East, Munnepore, and by far the greater part of Burma, adding many Indo-Chinese genera and species to the flora; on the West, British Beluchistan and other trans-Indus hills and valleys, adding Oriental genera and species. Neither of these extensions have, however, added so much to the Indian flora as might have been expected; for, as regards Burma, extensive materials were already available from Pegu, Martaban, Tenasserim, and the upper and lower Irawaddy valleys; and as regards the West, the low country Oriental flora is represented in the plains of Sind and the Panjab, and the upland and alpine in the trans-Indus valleys, Western Tibet, and the Kashmir Himalaya. On the other hand, the collections received from previously unex- plored and partially explored regions of India proper have been numerous and full of novelty and interest. Of these the first in importance are Mr. C. B, Clarke’s, whether for their extent, the know- ledge and judgment with which the specimens were selected, ticketed, and preserved, or for the valuable observations which accompany them. They were obtained over a greater extent of India than had been traversed by any other Indian botanist, and at all elevations, up to 18,500 ft., from the bend of the Indus at Gilgit, Kashmir, and Western vi PREFACE. Tibet, in the extreme West; from Sikkim, Bengal, Assam, and Munne- pore in the East; from Behar, Central India, and Chota Nagpur in the centre ; and from the Nilghiri Hills in the South. Next in importance are the Malay Peninsula collections made by Father Scortechini, the Messrs. Curtis, Wray, Hervey, Hullett, Merton, and Ridley, and by collectors sent by Dr. King from the Botanic Gardens of Calcutta. These latter have added several hundred species to the genera described in the first volume alone of this Flora, and have been published by Dr. King in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Thirdly rank Mr. Duthie’s copious and excellently preserved collections made in Kashmir, Western Tibet, Garwhal, Kumaon, Rohilkund, Rajmahal, and Central India, and Dr. Aitehison’s from the Kurrum and other valleys west of the Indus. Of the works upon Indian Botany that have appeared during the pub- lication of Flora of the British India, the more important are Mr. C. B. Clarke’s ‘“‘ Composite Indice ” (1876) ; Mr. Kurz’s “ Forest Flora of Burma” (1876); Dr. Brandis’ ‘‘ Forest Flora of N.-W. and Central India” (1874); Col. Beddome’s “Flora Sylvatica of Southern India,” vols, i. and ii. (1869-73), and his “ Icones Plantarum Indiz Orientalis,” vol, i, (1874); Dr. Trimen’s ‘‘ Handbook of the Ceylon Flora,” Parts ii—iii. (1893-5) ; and Dr. King’s “Annals of the Botanic Gardens, Calcutta,” vols. ii—vii. (1888-1897), which include illustrated mono- graphs by himself and other Indian botanists of the Indian species of Ficus, Quercus, Pedicularis, Magnoliacee, Anonacee, Bambuse, &c. In the Preface to the first volume of this work I have stated that it was proposed to include in it the Ferns and their allies. This intention has been abandoned, owing to the appearance of excellent available works describing the Indian species, especially Hooker and Baker’s “ Synopsis Filicum ” (1874) ; Col. Beddome’s ‘‘ Review of the Ferns of N.-W. India” (1880), and his “ Handbook of the Ferns of British India” (1883), with Supplement (1892). Having regard to this ‘‘ Flora of British India,” I must remind those who may use it that'it has no pretensions to give full characters of the genera and species contained in it. It aims at no more than ‘being an attempt to sweep together and systematize within a reasonable time and compass, a century of hitherto undigested materials scattered through a library of botanical books and monographs, and preserved in vast collections, many of which latter had lain unexamined for half a PREFACE. vii century in the cellars of the India House and in public and private herbaria. It is a pioneer work, which, besides enabling botanists to name with some accuracy a host of Indian plants, may, I hope, serve two higher purposes, to facilitate the compilation of local Indian floras and monographs of the large Indian genera; and to enable the phytographer to diseuss the problems of the distribution of plants from the point of view of what is perhaps the richest, and is certainly the most varied botanical area on the surface of the globe, and one which, in a greater degree than any other, contains representatives of the floras of both the Hastern and Western Hemispheres. J. D. Hooxer. November, 1897. ADDENDUM. Vol. vii. p. 416, under 2. S, chilianthum, insert habitats : Singapore, Wallich ; Malacca, Stevens. Distrir.: Java, Sumatra. FLORA OF BRITISH INDIA. Orprr CLXXII]. GRAMINEZE. Erxct decumbent or creeping herbs, or in Tribe Bambusee shrubs or trves. Stem terete or compressed, jointed; internodes solid or hollow. Leaves simple, usually long and narrow, entire, parallel-nerved, with a sheathing base distinct from the blade; sheath split to the base (very rarely entire) with often a transverse hyaline erect appendage (ligula) at the union with the blade, facing the latter. Inflorescence terminal, rarely also from the upper sheaths, consisting of spicate racemed capitate or panicled spikelets. Spikelets of three or more alternate distichous bracts (glumes), of which the two lowest are normally empty, and the succeeding, if more than one, are arranged on an axis (rachilla), and are all or some of them flowering; within each flowering glume and opposite to it is an erect narrow 2-nerved scale (palea), the margins of which are infolded towards the glume and enclose at the base the true flower. Flowers uni- or bisexual, consisting of 2, rarely 3 or 6 microscopic scales (lodicules) representing a perianth, and stamens or a pistil, or both. Stamens 3, rarely 1,2, 6, or very rarely many, hypogynous; filaments capillary; anthers versatile, fugacious, of two parallel cells, with no apparent connective; pollen globose. Ovary entire, 1-celled; styles 2, rarely 3, free or united at the base, usually elongate, and exserted from the sides or top of the spike- lets, clothed with simple or branched stigmatic hairs; ovule erect, ana- tropous. Fruit a seed-like utricle (grain) free within the fig. glume and palea, or adherent to either or both; pericarp very thin, rarely thick or separable from the seed. Seed erect; albumen copious, mealy; embryo minute, at the base of and outside the albumen; cotyledon scutelliform, bearing on its face an erect conical plumule, and descending conical radicle. Genera about 300; specics estimated at about 3030, but many are doubtful, and more mere varieties ; natives of all climates and regions. In working up the grasses for this Flora, I find the multiplication of species to have passed all bounds, and their nomenclature to be involved in a corresponding degree. This has arisen from two principal causes, from authors not taking into account the wide area over which the individual species of grasses range,* and from the imperfection of the descriptions of the earlier and many later authors. It is sixty-two years since Kunth published his ‘“ Agrostographia Synoptica (Tubingen, 1833), which is an uncritical sweeping up of all previously known supposed genera and species, with imperfect descriptions and synonyms. It was succeeded (in 1835) by a second volume, in which a few hundred species of the first volume are very fully and accurately described, and valuable notes upon others ure added. In 1855 Steudel’s “Synopsis Graminum’”’ appeared. It in no respect advances, and in many ways retards the student of the Order. Of more recent works on Graminea, three only are of great mark, namely, Munro’s very able Monograph of the Bambusew (Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxvi. (1868) ; Bentham’s revision of the genera, Gen. Plant. vol. iii. * It is a fact familiar to every one who examines collections of plants from hitherto unexplored countries, that novelties amongst the grasses ure very few indecd, compared with what vccurs in other natural fainilies. VOL, VII. B 2 CLXXIIL. GRAMINEEZ, (J. D. Hooker.) (1883), a work of remarkable completeness and accuracy, considering the chaoti¢ condition in which the author found the Order; and Hackel’s admirable monograph of the Andropogonee in A. de Candolle “ Monogr. Phanerog.”’ vol. vi. (1889), the largest and most difficult Tribe of grasses. I have cited synonyms to a much greater extent in this than in any other Order described in the “Flora of British India” (except the ‘‘ Cyperacee” by Clarke) with the view of aiding the researches of future authors. Many of these synonyiws had never been fixed with any approach to exactness, and many were for the first time identified during Mr. Jackson’s and my labours on the ‘‘ Index Kewensis.’”’ I cannot expect that all will prove to have been satisfactorily reduced, and still less that all have been brought to light. Keferriug to the classification of the Indian genera, I have been compelled to diverge somewhat from Bentham’s arrangement, and to abandon some of his Tribes and Subtribes, in many cases following Hackel’s more recent and well-considered views. These divisions throughont the Order are of very unequal value, and are as difficult of delimitation as of definition upon any fixed principles. They are, indeed, in some cases arbitrary, and in others more or less artificial. In this matter, and in the description or revision of some of the very difficult genera, I have derived great aid from Dr. Stapf, Assistant in the Herbarium of the Royal Gardens, who has lately been instructed by the Director of Kew to study atd name.the materials in that Herbarium critically. As Dr. Stapf shares my views as to the wide ranges of the species, and the undue multiplication of their synonyms, his labours may be expected to yield far-reaching results, taxonomic, morphological and geographical, and to modify some of the conclusions arrived at in the following attempt to methodize the Indian Graminee. As affecting the numbers and synonyms taken from‘! Wal- lich’s List,” I have to observe that for some of them I have had to depend on the ticketed duplicates in Herb. Hook. and Benth., the types being wanting in the Wallichian collection in the rooms of the Linnzan Society. Series A. Panicacew. Spikelets articulate on their pedicels, or deciduous with them, 1-2-fid., upper fi. alone (if 2) fruiting. Exceptions. Spikelets inarticulate on their pedicels in Arundinella and Isachne. Spikelets articulate on their pedicels, or with articulate pedicels occur in Poaceae, in Alopecurus, Cyathopus, Polypogon, Fingerhuthia, and Lophatherum. Upper flower alone fertile in Tribe Phalaridee of Poacew, and in Tristachya. I. Rachis of infl. inarticulate, or subarticulate in Stenotaphrum. FI. gl. usually coriaceous or herbaceous. Tribe I. Panicum. Spikelets 2-fiJ., upper fl. bisexual, lower male or neuter, rarely both fertile. (Spinifex is dicecious.) * Spikelets articulate on their pedicels, except Isachne and Arundinella. + Spikelets not involucellate by bristles. § Spikelets not awned (gl. II and III beaked or awned in Pan, Crus-galli). (See also Tricholena and Arundinella.) Spikelets dorsally flattened, base not thickened; gls. 3, with very rarely a minute fourth (lowest) . . . 1. Paspatom. Spikelets of Paspalum, but with a thickened basal callus. 2. ERIOCHLOA. Spikelets subglobose, panicled; gls. 4, I and II sepa- rately deciduous, subequal . : ee 3 Spikelets panicled or spicate, gls.4 (2 in P. subeglume) , I and II very rarely subequal, II and III awned in P. Crus-gallt, LV rarely very shortly awned . . 4 Panicum. Spikelets of Panicum, but gl. IV. narrowed into a short, flattened stipes, or with 2 appendages near the base . 5. ICHNANTHUS. Spikelets innumerable, very minute, hairy, densely crowded in the capillary branches of a very large panicle. . . . r a i . . 6. THYSANOLmNA. 3. IsacHne, CLXXII, craminzz. (J. D, Hooker.) 3 Spikelets panicled, branches of panicle produced beyond the uppermost spikelets ; gl. I minute, hyaline . . 4 CHAMERAPHIs, Dicecious, male spikelets in clustered spikes, fem. soli- tary. . . 2 7 . is : . 8. SPINirex. §§ Spikelets awned, ewcept in some sp. of Tricholena and Arundinella. Spikelets of Panicum, but nerves of gl. II broadly fimbriate, and palea of III deeply cleft, IV awned ¢ 9, Axonorrs, Spikelets silky; gl. I 0, or minute and distant from II and ILI with usually capillary awns . . . : Spikelets solitary or fascicled on a simple rachis or the branches of a panicle; gl. I long awned . Spikelets persistent on the pedivels, or gis. I and IT sepa- rately deciduous, IV deciduous; usually awned, awn bent. . : . . ‘ : 12, ARUNDINELLA. tt Spikelets each surrounded by an involucel of bristles . 18, Stanra. ** Spikelets persistent on their pedicels, at least the fertile, or deciduous with their pedicels. + Spikelets in involugelled deciduous fascicles, Involucel of bristles . ‘ 5 : 14. PENNISeTUM. Involucel of spines connate at the base. . . . 15. Cencuros. +t Spikelets not involucelled, Spikelets 2-seriate on a flat subarticulate rachis —. . 16. StENoTAPHROM. Spikelets (at least the fertile) 1-seriate on an inarticulate flat rachis, the base of which dilates and encloses a fruiting spikelets . - - * : é . 17, Taouarta, Tribe II. Ornyzea. Spikelets 1-fid., articulate on their pedicels and deciduous from them. Palea 1-8-nerved. Stamens 6 or fewer. 10. TRIcHOLANA. 11, OpLismENnts. Spikelets 2-sexual, awned or not; gis. 4, I and II minute or setaceous. : . 18. Oryza. Spikelets 2-sexual, awnless ; gls. 2, broad, thin é 19, Legrsra. Spikelets 2-sexual, awned ; gls. 2, narrow, thin x . 20. Hyarorniza. Spikelets 1-sexual; fruiting gl. inflated; leaves broad . 21. LEPrasPis. Tribe IIT. Zoystzz. Spikelets 1-fid., deciduous with their pedicels, 2-sexual, or some imperfect. ‘ * Spikelets fascicled. Spikes geminate ; fascicles unilateral “ . : . 22. TRacnys. Spikes solitary ; fascicles quaquaversal; gl. III echivate. 23. TRawus. *& Snikelets solitary, rarely 2-nate. j Racemes slender; pedicels flattened; gl. I and 1I muri- cate . ‘ . : : : ‘ : a . 24, Lartpss. Raceme slender ; spikelets minute, base of gl. I saccate . 25. LopnoLEris. Spike very slender; spikelets narrow; gl. I and IL awned sg . . A 2 é 26. PERorIs. Spike rigid ; spikelets appressed to the rachis, not awned. 27. Zoysia. II. Rachis of inflorescence usually articulate. Tribe IV. AnpRopoconzex. Spikelets usually 2-nate, or the terminal in the infl. 3-nate, pairs homo- or heterogamous. FV. gi. smaller than the empty, hyaline, often awned or reduced to an awn. Subtribe I. Maypea. Spikelets spicate, all 1-sexual; male spikes in terminal panicles, or continuous with ae fem spike. F B 4 CLXXIU. GRAMINER. (J.D, Hooker.) Fruiting spikelets enclosed in a stony, nut-like polished bract i : ‘ : 7 " : - 28. Corx. Fruiting spikelets, having all the inner gl. concealed within the greatly enlarged hardened outer 29. Potyroca. Fruiting spikelets densely crowded on a cylindric spongy . rachis, grain exposed . ‘ ‘ i . 29%, Zma, Subtribe IT. Diwerizax. Spikelets homogamous, secund on a slender inarticulate rachis, 1-Ad., diandrous é F . 80. Diwerta. Subtribe ITI. Saccharras. Spikelets homogamous, in compound racemes or panicles (except Pollinia) ; gl. I not sunk in a hollow of the rachis. * Rachis not or rarely fragile. Spikelets in a cylindric silvery thyrsus, 1-fld., not awned. 81. ImpmRata. Spikelets panicled, 2-nate, 1-fld., awned . . F . 82. MIsSCANTHUS. ** Rachis fragile. Spikelets in panicled racemes, 2-fid., awned . . . 83. Spopropogon. Spikelets in geminate digitate or fascicled spikes. . 384, Ponninia. Spikelets in a thyrsus of spiciform racemes, 1-fid., awnless 35. SaccHaRrM, ‘pikelets in a thyrsus of spiciform racemes, 1-fld., awned. 36, ERIANTAUS. Subtribe IV. Iscnrmem. Spikelets many, in solitary digitate or fascicled spikes, usually heteromorphous; gl. I not sunk in a hollow of the rachis. (See Pollinia in Sarcharee ; Vossia in Rottboelliec.) * Margins of gl. I of sessile spikelet inflered. Spikes rarely solitary ; spikelets 2-nate, 2-fld., awned . 87. Ischamum. Spikes solitary; spikelets 1-fld., gl. I pectinate . - 38. ERemocuLoa, ** Margins of gi. I of sessile spikelet not inflexed. Spikes solitary ; spikelets 2-nate, 1-2-fld., 2-awned . - 89, PogonaTHERUM. Spikes solitary or 2-nate; spikelets 2-fld., diandrous ; gl. I very broad, truncate. 5 ‘ . : : Spikes 2-nate or digitate ; spikelets 1-fld. : 3 » 4L. ARTHRAXON, Spikes digitate; spikelets 2-fld.; gl. I tubercled . 42, THELEPOGON. Spikes 2-0 -nate; spikelets 2-nate, upper alone awned . 43, Lopuovoaon. 40. APocorIs. Subtribe V. AptupEx. Spikelets 3 on an in- articulate rachis . 5 F F s . 44, APLUDA. Subtribe VI. Rorrporttina. Spikelets homo- or hetero-gamous, 1-2- fid, solitary, or 2- rarely 3-nate on the internodes of an articulate srike or raceme, not awned (gl. I caudate in Vossia); gl. I not keeled, adnate to or sunk in a depression formed by the internode and pedicel of the upper spikelet; gls. of sessile spikelet 4. Spikelets 2-nate, gl. I caudate . ‘ : : . 45. Vossta. Spikelets 2-nate, gl. I flat s : 7 ‘ - 46, RorrBorLita. Spikelets 2-nate, gl. I globose 5 . 47, Manisvris. Spikelets solitary, gl. I convex . - 48. OpxIvRos. Subtribe VII. Ratzesurciem. Spikelets homo- gamous, 3-nate on the slender internodes of a solitary flattened fragile spike, two perfect, 1-Ad., third imperfect; gls. 4 49. RaTzEBURGIA. Subtribe VIII. Evanpropoconrm. Spikelets heterogamous, 1-fid., 2- rarely 3-nate on the whorled articulate branches of simple or compound racemes or panicles (solitary in Cleistachne); gls. 4, I not keeled, LV usually awned. OLXXIIL, GRaMINEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) 5 Spikelets 2-3-nate, in a simple spike, gl. I with tuber- cled penicillate ribs . 50. ELIonurus. Spikelets solitary, terminating the branches of a thyrsoid ; panicle. 51, CLEISTACANE. Spikelets capitate, male sessile, 2.fid., forming an involu- criform whorl round the pedicelled fem. . 52. GERMAINIA. Spikelets 2-nate, or the eee 3- sas spicate, or panicled . ‘ 53. ANDROPOGON. Spikelets in 2 ‘superposed series ; 7 upper ser ies “of hetero- gamous pairs, and a terminal male, lower a whorl of 4 persistent males or neuters 54. ANTHISTIRIA. Spikelets as in Anthistiria, but male and : neuter spikelets deciduous with the fem.; callusO . F . 55. IszrneMa. Series B. Poacesws. Spikelets continuous (not articulate with) their pedicels, 1- many-fld.; rachilla articulate at the base, and often between the fig. gls.; lowest fl. always fruiting, upper often male or neuter. Exceptions. Upper fl. alone bisexual in Phalaridew. Spikelets articulate on their pedicels, or gl. 1 and II separately deciduous occur in Alopecurus, Melica, Fingerhuthia, Cyathopus, and Spherocaryon.—See under Panicacee some genera with spikelets inarticulate at the base. Tribe V. Puataripes. Spikelets with a terminal perfect fl., and one or more imperfect male or neuter below it; rachilla not produced beyond the perfect fl. Panicle contracted or spiciform ; spikelets awnless . . 56. PHaaris. Panicle spiciform ; gis. 6, III and IV neuter, awned; . stamens 2. ; ‘i . 57, ANTHOXANTHUM. Panicle lax.; gls. 6, “TH and IV male, awned or not . 58, Hif#RocuLoa. Subtribe VI. Acrostipzm. Spikelets 1-fid.; rachilla jointed at the base, produced or not beyond the fig. gl. ; gla. 8, I and II empty, IIT fig. awned. Exceptions. Spikelets sometimes 2-fid. in Sporobolus and Muehlenbergia. Subtribe I. Stirzrm. Spikelets panicled; rachilla not produced beyond gl. I1I; fi. gl. rigid or hard, awned (except Milium). . GI. IIT narrow, awn 3-fid. : . - . 59. ARISTIDA. Gl. ILI narrow, awn entire, grain terete . r : . 60. Stipa. Gl. III broader, awn entire, grain dorsally compressed . 61. ORnyzopsis. Gl. III obovoid, awn 0, grain oblong. 2 - . 62. MriLivm. Subtribe II. Patzorpesx. Spikelets in spiciform or subspiciform panicles, gl. III hyaline, loosely wrapping the grain; stigmas exserted from the top of the spikelet. * Rachilla produced beyond the fig. i ; Gl. I and II shorter than III . ‘ 3 ‘ - 63. HeLEocuioa. Gi. Tand II longer than IlY . : : - 5 . 64, PHLEUM. ** Rachilla not produced. G1. I and II longer than IIL; panicle cylindric . . 65, ALOPECURUS. Gi, I and 1I minute; panicle laxly subspiciform . . 66. Psippsia. Subtribe III. Hvuacrostem. Spikelets usually small, in open or con- tracted many-fid. panicles; gls. usually thin or membranous ; stiginas laterally exserted from the spikelet. Spikelets rarely 2-fld. in Sporvbolus and Muehlenbergia. 6 CLEX1. GRAMINEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) * Rachilla not produced beyond gl. IT. , + Spikelets articulate on their pedicels, or gl. I and II separately deciduous, or pedicel articulate in the middle. Spikelets oblong; gl. I and II 3-nerved, III 5-nerved, awnless . * 3 . 5 . : ss Spikelets very narrow; gl. 1 and II 3-nerved, III faintly 1-8-nerved, usually awued . . 2 . ‘ Spikelets compressed; gl. I and II subequal, awned, nerved ‘ ‘ E ‘ : : . Spikelets subglobose; gl. I nerveless, II and III 1- nerved, awnless 5 : ; F . 70. SPH#ROCARYUM. ++ Spikelets and pedicels inarticulate, gl. I and IT persistent, Gis. all awnless; I and II l-nerved, pericarp of grain 67. CYaTHOPUS. 68, GARNOTIA. 69. PoLYPoGgon. loose 5 : * F 3 é . . 71. Sporosotus. Gl. I and II subequal, 1-nerved, awnless, awn of IIT dorsal or 0 . 3 é r . - < . 72, AGRosTIS. Gl. I and II unequal, awnless, 1-nerved, awn of III ter- minal P F é ‘ : F : : . 73. MuBHLENBERGIA. Gl. I and II 3-nerved, awnless, base of III penicillate with long hairs . eee 74, CALAMAGROSTIS. ** Rachilla produced beyond gl. III usually peni- cillate with long, silky hairs; gl. I and II 3-nerved. . 75. Devevxta. Tribe VII. Avene. Spikelets 2- or more fid., panicled, very rarely spicate, or panicle subspiciform; fl. gls. usually awned, awn geniculate and often twisted, rarely straight or 0; rachilla produced or not beyond the upper fl. gl. Subtribe I. Atrem. Spikelets 2-fld.; gls. membranous; rachilla not produced. Gl. I acute, many-nerved ; fl. gl. long-ciliate . 2 - 76. ERIACHNE. Spikelets minute ; rachilla and keel of fl. gi. ciliate. . 77. ZuNKERIA. Spikelets awnless; gl. III largest 2-sexual, [V male . 78. CoBLACHNE. Spikelets 3-nate; gl. land II awnless, ILI male, cleft, awned in the cleft . F 0 3 ‘ 3 * Gl. I and JI awnless, [II and IV bisexual, hyaline, dor- sally awned . - . aa 3 7 . 79. TRISTACHYA, 5 80. Aira. Subtribe III. Evavenrz. Spikelets 2- or more fid.; rachilla pro- duced. Spikelets 2-fld., both bisexual, awned - . . 81. DescHampsra, Spikelets 2-fld., lower fl. bisexual awnless, upper male or neuter awned ‘ ‘ : A ‘ F . 81*, Hoxcus. Spikelets 2-6-fid.; fl. gl. awned, awn subterminal or dorsal . 82. AVENA. Spikelets 3- or more-fid.; fi. gl. deeply cleft, awned in the cleft . . a . : ‘ : 3 83. DanTHONTA. Tribe VIII. Cutoripex. Spikelets 1- or more-fid., 2-seriate (some- times very distantly) and secund on an inarticulate spike or on the spici- form branches of a slender panicle; fl. all or the lower only bisexual ; rachilla produced or not beyond the upper fi. gl. y * Spike solitary, terminal (see also Chloris), Spikelets minute, 1-fld.,awnless . 4 F i - 84. MicrocHtoa Spikelets 1-2-fid., in’ pedicelled deciduous articulate : clusters, awned . . 85. GRracizea. Spikelets 1-2 fid., in sessile inarticulate clusters, awned . 80. ENTEROPOGON, Spikelets many-fid.; fl. gl. 3-awned i z - . 87. TrIPogon, CLEXUI. GRAMINEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) 7 é ill -— or spiciform branches digitate, racemed or panicled (or solitary in hloris Spikes digitate, 1-fid., upper imperfect 1.0 . F . 88. Cynopon. Spikes solitary, spicate or racemed; spikelets 2-or more- fid., upper fl. imperfect . 89. CHLoris. Spikes digitate or whorled ; spikelets 3-6- fd., densely crowded, awnless . . 90. ELevsiIne. Spikes racemed on a long rachis ; spikelets 2-3- fld., awned . 91. DinepRa. Spikes panicled, filiform ; "spikelets very minute, alternate, 1- or more fid., awnless 7 92. LEPTocHLoa. Spikes very long, ‘filiform, simple or divided spikelot very few, distant, 1- fid., awned : . 93. DichmTaRia, Tribe IX. Festucacem. Spikelets 2- or more-fid., pedicelled, rarely sessile, in effuse or contracted rarely spiciform, panicles; rachilla articalate at the base and often at the base of the fl. gls., always produced beyond the uppermost fl. gl. Subtribe I. Parpopnorzm. Spikelets few- or many-fid.; gls. many- nerved, fl. gls. many-awned or 4-5-lobed. Spikelets spicate, 2-5-fld.; empty gls. 4, 2 upper and fig. 4-lobed ; fl. gl. with a dorsalawn . . 94, POMMEREULLA, Spikelets in simple or branched spikes; fi. gl. many-awned 95. PaPPOPHORUM, Subtribe II. Anunpinzm. Spikelets panicled, 2- many-fid.; gls. very narrow, fig. penicillate with long silky hairs on the callus or sides or both, lowest fil. gl. sometimes male or neuter. Rachilla elongate, glabrous ; fl. gl. silkily hairy . - 96. ARUNDO. Rachilla very short; fl. gis. epee callus with long silky hairs . . . - '. . 97, PHRAGMITIS. Subtribe IIT. Guareatua, Spikelets 3 in spiciform panicles, or in spicate clusters with (in the Indian species) many imperfect spikelets of imbricating gis. at the base of the spike or of the clusters, 1- or more-fid. (Cynosurus has dimorphous spikelets). Spikelets in a cylindric spike, articulate on very short pedicels; gl. [and II awned . - 98. FINGERHUTHIA. Spikelets very minute, in globose clusters on an elongate simple rachis . . 99. ELYTROPHORUS. Spikelets in a dense unilateral ‘panicle, upper most of each branchlet 1-fid., concealed by the longer lower empty Is. : - 100, Lamagcgra. Spikelets in spiciform clusters, uppermost of each cluster 2-5-fld., lower of distichous subulate empty Poet arranged gis. . : . . - . 101. CynosvRus. Subtribe IV. Eracrostez. Infl. various. Spikelets 2-many-fid.; fl. gis. 1-3-nerved, entire, 3-toothed, 3-lobed or 3-awned. Panicle spiciform; spikelets 2-5-fid.; fl. gls. scarious, secund, mucronate or shortlyawned. . . . 102. KorLeria, Panicle effuse; spikelets 2-4-fid.; gl. I very short, 3- nerved, sub 3-toothed, fi. gl. broadly truncate, 3- nerved . . 103. CaTaBRosa. Infl. various ; spikelets many. “fd. : empty gls, shorter than the lowest fig. gl., 1-nerved ; fig. gls. 3-nerved ; grain very minute, terete . . 104. ERAGRosTIS, Infl. pyramidal; spikelets many- -fld. ; F empty gl. longer 8 CLXXIU. GRAMINES. (J. D, Hooker.) than the lowest, gl. II subulate, l-nerved; fig. gls. 8-nerved; grain broad, concave . . 105. MyriosTAcHys. Infl. subpanicled ; spikelets many-fid.; empty gl. shorter than the lowest fig. gl. I 3-nerved, II 5-nerved ; rachilla silky ; fig. gis, 3-nerved, grain grooved . 106. HanopyRuM. Infl. capitate in the (Indian sp.) ; spikelets few or many- fid. ; empty gis. shorter than the fly., I 1-3-nerved, Il Benerved ; fl. gis. 3-nerved, villous ; grain broad, concave. . 107. ConLACHYRUM. Spikelets sessile on the spiciform branches of a ‘tall, broad panicle, many-fld. ; fl. gls. 3-4-toothed . 5 108. DipLacHNE. Subtribe V. Meticem. Spikelets usually panicled, 1- or more-fid.; gls. many, upper smaller, empty, convolute in a clavate mass. Gl. Iand II separately deciduous . i e c . 109. MELIOA. Subtribe VI. Centotuucem. Spikelets 1- many-fid., 1-2-seriate on the rachis of a simple spike or on the long slender branches ofa simple panicle. —Leaves broad, tessellately nerved. Spikelets 1-fld., secund and articulate at the base; upper gis. empty, cocvolute with setiform tips . : . 110. LopHaTHERUM. Spikelets 8- or more-fid., secund, persistent ; fruiting gis. with reflexed aubmarginal bristles. . . 111. CewrorHeca. Spikelets 1-4-fld., secund, 2-seriate on the rachis of a simple spike . A . 112. StREProarye. Subtribe VII. Evrzstucea. " uttoteas scaly panicled, 2- or more-Ad. ; fl. gls. 5— many- (very rarely 3-) -nerved, upper empty or 0; styles short (except Duthizwa). (Spikelets of Brachypodiwm in long very lax spikes of Lleuropus in crowded spikes.) Spikelets many-fld., subspicately crowded; fl. gl. broad, many-nerved. Prostrate, leaves rigid, pungent . 1138. ALEvRoPus. Spikelets few-fld., in close secund clusters; gl. I and II shorter than the mucronate or awned fig. . . 114, Dacryuis. Spikelets on a short panicle, subsessile, compr ressed ; i. gis. keeled, tips membranous. Annuals . . 115. ScLEROCHLOA. Spikelets very small, in a narrow panicle with erect branches, awnless. Annuals . . . 116. Scuismus. Spikelets ovate, in a lax pyramidal panicle, pendulous ; 3 gls. inflated, awnless, closely imbricate, many-nerved, dorsally convex 117. Briza. Spikelets laxly panicled, "few-fid. ; ; ‘els. keeled, B-nerved (3- in P. persica), awnless, nerves rarely meeting at the tip . - 118. Poa. Spikelets laxly panicled, "1-2 fd, awuless ; gls. hyaline, , fig. very broad, truncate, B- nerved, lateral nerves very short = 119. CoLtropiom. Spikelets panicled, many- -fd., awnless ; gis. obtuse, dorsally rounded, 5~9-nerved, lateral nerves short . . 120. Guyceria. Spikelets panicled, many-fld, 3 fl. gls. acnte or awned, dorsally rounded, top of ovary naked or hairy . - 121. Festuca, Spikelets panicled, 3~ many-fld.; fl. gls. mucronate or awned, dorsally rounded, 5-9. nerved, top of ovary lobed villous‘. . 122, Bromus. Spikelets few, sub-capitate, 3-5- fld. ; 3; i. Bhs 7- “11-nerved, 2-fid ; style very long, 2-fld m 123. Duravea. Spikelets spicate, many-fld., mucrovate or awned —. 124. Bracayronium. CLXXIIL GRaminggZ. (J. D. Hooker.) 9 Tribe X. Hornem. Spikelets 1- or more-fid., sessile, 1-2 or more seriate on the rachis of a simple spike, or partially sunk in cavities of the same; rachilla usually articulate and produced beyond the fig. gls. into a naked or glumiferous bristle ; gls. awned or not, I and IT opposite or subcollateral, persistent or separately deciduous, I sometimes absent or very minute. Subtribe I. Lotiza. Spikelets solitary at the nodes of the spike; plane of the spikelets radial to the rachis. Spikelets 3— many-fid. ; gls. coriaceous, I absent, except in the terminal spikelet . 7 F ’ P a . 125. Lotium. Spikelets 1-2-fld.; gl. 1, minute or 0, II much longer than the hyaline III; spike cylindric, rachilla gla- brous : . 3 : 3 A ‘ . 126. Leprurvs. Spikelets 1-3-fid.; gl. I, minute or 0, II about as long : as the hyaline III; spike compressed, rachilla hairy . 127. OROPETIUM. Subtribe II. Trirtcra. Spikelets solitary at the nodes of the spike; plane of spikelets tangential to the rachis. Fl. gls. 5-9-nerved, lateral nerves not conniving, short or ending in teeth or awns . : . : . 128. Triricum. Fi. gis. 5-7-nerved, lateral nerves conniving or confluent with the single terminal awn . . 5 - . 129. AcRopyRuM. Subtribe III. Erymes. Spikelets 2 or more, collateral or fascicled at the nodes of the spike; plane of spikelets tangential to the rachis. Spikelets 1-fid. ; empty gl. subulate, rigid . . . 130. HorpEvum. Spikelets 2- many-fid.; empty gl. subulate, linear or oblong . - a 3 : . . . . 131. E1Lymvs, Tribe XI. Bamsuszm. Shrubby or arboreous grasses. Leaves flat, jointed on the sheath. Spikelets 1-o-fld.; lower 2- or more gls. empty, gradually increasing in size up to the flowering, with sometimes small terminal imperfect ones. Palea usually large, 2-keeled (in Melanucanna). Lodicules usually 3. Stamens 8,6, or 0. Styles 2-8, Subtribe I. Anunpinanizx. Palea 2-keeled; stamens usually 3; peri- carp thin, adnate to the seed. Spikelets 1- many-fid., racemed or panicled; empty gls. 1-2 3 ‘ e ‘ ‘ . « - 132, ARUNDINABIA. Spikelets 1-4-fid., spicate; spathes bracteate; empty gls. 2-3 . . : + « . . 7 - 183. PayLiostacays. Subtribe II. Huzampuszaz. Palea usually 2-keeled; stamens 6; pericarp thin, adnate to the seed. Filaments free ; paleas entire or slightly cleft, all 2-keeled 184. BamBUSA. oata. Filaments free ; paleas deeply clett, uppermost not keeled 135, THYRSscawenus. Filaments connate. Spikelets oo-fid.; paleas all 2-keeled 136. GiaantTocuLoa. Filaments connate. Spikelets few-fld.; palea of upper fl. 0 or glume-like, not keeled 3 . ‘ . 187. OxYTENANTHERA. Subtribe IIT. Denprocatamem. Palea 2-keeled; stamens 6; pericarp fleshy. or crustaceous; seed free. Spikelets 2—o-fld., 1 only usually fertile, usually capitate in the branches of the panicle; ovary hirsute at the top, pericarp crustaceous . . 5 . . . 138. DENDROCALAMTS. 10 CLEXUI. GRAMINERZ. (J. D. Hooker.) Spikelets 2-fid. as in Dendrocalamus ; ovary glabrous at the top, fruit large, pericarp fleshy . og . 189, MrLocaLAMvs. Spikelets 1-fid., loosely spiked on the branches of the panicle, bracteate; fruit small, depressed-globose ; pericarp crustaceous . . . . 3 . 140. PsrvposTacHYUM. Spikelets 1-fid. as in Pseudostachyum; fruit elongate beaked, pericarp crustaceous: . é 7 . . 141. TernostacHYuUM. Spikelets 1-fld., bracteate, crowded in globose heads ; fruit oblong, beaked, pericarp thick, separable . 5 . 142. CepHALOSTACHYUM. Subtribe IV. Metocannem. Spikelets 1-fid. Palea 0 or glame-like. Stamens 6-0. Pericarp crustaceous or fleshy, seed free. Spikelets in clusters on the branches of the panicle, rachilla produced far beyond the fl. gl.; fruit small, pericarp hard - 7 : : 4 F : . . 143. ScHIZOSTACHYUM. Spikelets very minute, clustered on the branches of the panicle, rachilla not produced ; lodicules 0 . °«, 144, Dinocatoa. Spikelets bracteate, crowded in unilateral spikes, rachilla not produced; fruit very large, fleshy i . 145. MELocanna. Spikelets large, capitate or subspicate; stamens 6 or more ; fruit very large, pericarp fleshy : . 146. OcCHLANDBA. : EXxcLUDED GENUS. PRIONANTHIUM, Desv. Opusc. 65 t. 4, isa S. African grass, erroneonsly described as Indian. It was subsequently published by Nees as Prionachne Ecklonit. Tribe I. Panicza. (See p. 2.) 1. PASPALUM, Zinn. Annual or perennial grasses. Spikelets 1-fid., secund in simple spikes or spikelike branches of a simple panicle or raceme, articulate on the pedicel but not thickened and callous at the base, never awned. Gluwmes 3 (homologous of II Ill and IV in Panicum), with rarely a very minute lowest fourth (I of Panicum); I and II subequal, membranous, both some- times very small or I (at the back of the fi gl.) absent; IT. epaleate ; III more coriaceous, paleate, bisexual. Stamens 3. Styles 2,free. Grain free within the hardened glume.—Species perhaps about 160, natives of all warm regions. As above defined, Paspalum includes the Digitaria section of Panicum, which appears to me to be artificially placed in the latter genus, because of the occasional presence of a very minute scale-like glume at the base of what is the 3rd gl. of Punicwm (that opposite the fig.). This minute glume which is present or absent even in the same species, is perveless and never embraces that above it, as the lowest gl. always does in Panicum proper. One Indian species alone of Panicum (P. subeglume) has only 3 glumes, but its decompound panicle and the form of its spikelets and its affinities are with Panitum. * Spikelets orbicular or broadly oblong, ovate-oblong in P. distichum. 1. P.scrobiculatum, Linn. Mant. i. 29; spikelets about as broad as the flat rachis 7';-3 in. diam. 2-4-ranked plano-convex or hemispheric, gl. I 3-nerved, Il 5-nerved. Fluegge Monogr. Gram. 86 (Paspalus); Trin. Diss. ii. 122, Gram. Panic. 56, Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 148; Kunth Enum. Pl. i. 53; Steud. Syn. Gram. 21; Rorb, Fl. Ind. i. 278; Grah. Cat. Bomb. Pl. 234; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb, Fl. Suppl. 97; Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 357; Trim. Cat. Pl. Ceyl. 104; Aitehis. Cat. Panjab Pl. 104; Wall. Cat. n. 8753; Wight Cat. n. 1601; Duthie Field and Gard. Crops, 8 +. 27; Grasses. N.W. Ind. 1; Indig. Fodd. Grass.t. 1; Fodd. Grass. N. iad. 1; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii, 480; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 408, Fl. Paspalum.] CLXXIII. GRAMINEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) 11 Austral. vii. 460. P. alternans, Steud. 7.c.26. P. auriculatum & cartila- gineum, Presl Rel. Haenk, i. 217, 216. ? P. bifarium, Edgew. in Journ. As. Soc, Beng. xxi. (1853) 178. P. coloratum, Rich. ex Doell in Mart. Fl. Bras. ii. IL. 78. P. Commersoni, Lamk. Iilustr. i. 175. P. coromande- lianum, Lamk. 1. ¢.; Kunth l.c.55; Steud. l.c. 32. BP. dissectum, Linn. Syst. ii. 86. P. dimidiatum, Linn. Syst. Ed. x. 855. P. firmum, Trin. Gram, Panic. 105, Sp. Gram. Ie. t. 125; Kunth lc. 60. P. flexuosum, Klein ex Presi l.c.215; Kunth lc. 54; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 482. P. frumentaceum, Rottb. ex Roem. & Sch. Syst. ii. 296; Koen. ex Trin. Gram. Panie. 57; Kunth l.c. 58. P. hirsutum, Retz. Obs. ii. 7; Kunth 1. ¢. 33; Mig. . c. 433. P. Houttuynii, H.C. Hall ex de Vriese in Pl. Ind. Bat. Reinw. 113. P. Kora, Willd. Sp. Pl. i. 882; Host Gram. Austr. t. 74; Beauv. Fl. Owar, ii. 5, t. 61; Rowd. l.c.; Grah.l.c.; Duthie Indig. Fodd. Grass. t, 2. P. longifolium, Rowd. 1. c. 280; Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 138; Wight Cat. n. 1602, Herb. n. 1600. P. mauritanicum, Nees ex Steud. l.c. 26. P. metabolon, P. Metzii, and P. mollipilum, Stewd. J.c. 19, 21,29. P. orbiculare, Forst. Prodr. 7; Fluegge 1. c. 88. P. polystachyum and P. pubescens, Br. Prodr. 188; Kunth l.c. 54,55. P. puberulum, Roem. & Sch. Syst. ii. 316 (Paspalus). P. sumatrense, Roth Nov. Sp. 35; Kunth lic. 55. P. Thunbergii, Kunth ex Steud. 1. c.28; Franch. & Sav. En. Pl. Jap. 159. P. venustum, Forst. f. ex Roem. & Sch. l.c. 297. P.Zollingeri, Steud. 1. ¢. 28. Panicum dissectum, Linn. Sp. Pl. 57.—Paspalum, Wall. Cat. n. 8754. —Rheede Hort. Mal. xii. t. 84.—Sloane Hist. Jam. i. t. 69, f. 2. Throughout hotter Inp1a (wild or cultivated), from the Panjab eastwards and southwards to Singapore and Ceylon.—Distais. All warm countries. Annual, erect or base very shortly decumbent, 1-6 ft. high, leafy, glabrous, rarely hairy. Leaves acuminate; ligule short, membranous, Pedwncle rather slender. Spikes 2-8, 1-8 in. long, alternate, erect or spreading; rachis ~;—j, in. broad, margins ciliate or serrulate. Spikelets in 2, rarely 8-4 rows, imbricate, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, sometimes geminate on a common pedicel; gl. I convex; IL flat with two snbmarginal strong nerves, aloog the inner margins of which the gl. is sometimes marked with shallow transverse pits (whence the specific name) ; gl. III. with inflexed auricled margins.—I find it impossible to classify the large series of “specimens of this variable plant under available varieties. Roxburgh regarded the Indian forms as 3 species, scrobiculatum, Kora, and longifoliwum. Between the first two of these he gives no differential characters, beyond that of scrobiculatum having erect stems 2 tt. high and being acultivated form, whereas Kora is indigenous, growing on the banks of watercourses and attaining 8 ft. (? error for 3 ft., as in the description that follows) and has the stem decumbent at the base. P. longifolium he separates by the creeping stems, geminate terminal spikes and pitted seeds, but as Trinius describes the pitting is microscopic (as in other forms of the species). Having regurd to the specimens before me, I recognize with more or less confidence (1) a form with larger dorsally tumid spikelets, which I assume to be the cultivated form (includ- ing orbiculare, frumentacum, Kora, coromandelianum, and hirsutum) ; its gl. IL is either pitted or not; and (2) a form with rather smaller spikelets, often in 3-4 rows, and gl. II never pitted, to which I refer longifolium, Zollingert, and dissectum (which latter is the earliest name (under Panicum) of the species), It aboundsall over India, and is the only form of which I have seen Malayan specimens. Besides the synonyms adduced above, as to which I am pretty well assured, there may be perhaps many more to be added. 2. P. conjugatum, Berg. in Act. Helvet. vii. (1772) 129, t. 8; spikes 2 terminal or subterminal very slender, spikelets ;}; in. subsessile orbicular nearly flat, gl. 1 hyaline margins villously ciliate. Sw. Fl. Ind. Oce. 1.133; Fluegge Monogr. Gram. 102 (Paspalus); Beauv. Fl. Owar. 56, t. 92, f. 2; Trin. Panic. Gen. 54, Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 102; Kunth Revis. Gram. 25, Enum. Pl.i. 61; Trim, Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 104. P. bicruralum et 12 cLXxm. GRaMInca. (J. D. Hooker.) [Paspalum. bicrurum, Saltzm. ex Doell in Mart. Fl. Bras. ii. II. 55. P. ciliatifolium, Trin. in Mem. Acad. Petersb. Ser. vi. iti. II. (1835), 340. P. ciliatum, Lam. Illustr. i. 175. P. dolichopus, Trin. ex Steud. Nom. ed. 2, ii. 271. P. “ phorum, Willd. ex Nees Agrost. Bras. 56. P. hirsutum, Poir. Encycl v. 28. P, longissimum, Hochst. ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 19. P. nutans, Lam. Tilustr. i175. P. Renggeri, Steud. lr. 17, P. protensum, Trin. Gram. Panic. 108. P. pubescens, Muhld. ex Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 89.._ P. supinum, Bose ex Poir. Encycl. v.29. P. tenue, Gertn. Fruct. ii. 2, t. 80. Digitaria conjugata, Schult. Mant. ii. 262.—Paspalus, Wall. Cat. n. 8756. Cacnar, Keenan. Punana, Curtis, &c. SINGAPORE, King. CEYLON, Thwaites (“‘introd, from W. Indies.”)—D1sTRiB. Trop. and subtrop. regions. : Annual. Stems 1-2 ft., creeping and branching below. Leaves 4-6 by 2 in., or less, margins of sheath above, and mouth ciliate. Peduncle very slender. Spikes 3-7 in., usually geminate and divergent, rachis glabrous. Spikelets imbricate, very pale, plano-convex ; glumes with marginal, villous nerves, and an obsolete median ; III coriaceous, apiculate, white.—A very elegant grass. 3. P. compactum, Roth Nov. Sp. 36; dwarf, hairy all over, spikes forming a pyramidal raceme, rachis slender triquetrous, spikelets 35 in. hemispheric. Kunth Enum. Pl. i.61; Steud. Syn. Gram. 3). P. costatum, Hochst. in Herb. Hohenack. n. 635. P. miliaria, C. Muell. in Bot. Zeit. xix. (1861), 325. P. porrigens, Arn. in Herb, Wight. Panicum Canara, Steud. 1.c.58. Pan. imperfectum, Rowb. ex Kunth t.c. Kuasia HItts, in wet places, alt. 83-5500 ft., Griffith, Gc. Raspurana; Mt. Aboo, Duthie. The Concan and Canara, Jacquemont, &. Nit@uiri HIL1s, Lawson. é Stem 6-10 in., decumbent, and branched below; roots stiff, wiry. Leaves 1-2 by 3-1 in., ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, hairy on both surfaces. Raceme 2-4 in. ; spikes many, upper gradually shorter; axils usually ciliate. Spikelets rather turgid, close-set, but not imbricate, pendulous by short pedicels; gl. I orbicular, obscurely 3-nerved; II narrower, margins broadly hyaline; 111 plano-convex, white, coriaceous, tip rounded. 4, P. distichum, Linn. Amen, Acad. v. 391; stem creeping and rooting, leaves narrow distichous, spikes geminate, spikelets 4 in. ovate- oblong, appressed to the rachis, gl. I and II equal acute membranous, TIT acute. Burm. Fl. Ind. 23; Sw. Obs. 35, t. 2,f.1; Gertn. Fruct. ii. 2, t.80; Kunth Enum. Pl. i. 52; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 460; Baker Fl. Maurit. 431. P. brachiatum, Trin. ea Nees Agrost. Bras, 62. P. depres- sum, Steud. Syn. Gram. 20. P. didactylum, Saltzm. ex Steud. l.c. P. digitaria, Poir. Encycl. Suppl. iv. 316. P. distachyon, Willd. ex Doell in Mart. Fl. Bras. ii. II. 78. P. Fernandesianum, Colla in Mem. Acad. Turin. xxxix. (1836), 27. P. fissifolium, Nees ex Doell l. c. 104. P. fur- catum, Fluegge Gram. Monogr. 114 (Paspalus). P. geniculatum, Heyne in Herb. Rottl. P. Kleinianum, Presl Rel. Henk. i. 209; Steud. Uc. 19. P. Kora, Forst. ex Spreng. Syst. i. 244. P. littorale, Br. Prodr. 188; Trin. Diss. ii. 95, Sp. Gram. Ie. t. 112; Kunth Enum. ic. 51. P. longiflorum, Retz. Obs. iv. 15, ew Rouwb. Fl. Ind. i. 279; Beauv. Fl. Owar. ii. 46, t. 85, f. 2; Grah. Cat. Bomb, Pl. 231. P. maculosum, Trin. Gen. Panic. 98, Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 118. P. Michauxianum, Kunth Revis. Gram. i. 25. BP. nota- tum, Flwegge 7.c. 106. P. obtusatum, Mees ew Doell, 1. c.103. P. obtusi- folium, Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic.t. 115. P. platycaule, Willd. ex Steud. Nom. ed, 2, ii. 272. P. repens, Ic. Rorh. n.779. ined. P. reptans, Pots. ex Doell Le. 75. P. serpentinum, Hochst. ex Steud. lc. 22. P. tristachyum, Leconte in Journ. Phys. xii. (1820), 285. P. vaginatum, Sw. Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ, 21; Fluegge tc, 108 (Paspalus) ; Beauv. 7. ¢, ii. 58, t. 92; H. B. 7 a eee eee Paspalum.) CLXXIL. GRAMINES, (J. D. Hooker.) 13 & K. Nov. Gen. & Sp.i. 91; Trin. Diss. ii. 94, Panic. Gen. 58, Sp. Gram. Te t. 120; Kunth Hnum. 52; Steud. l.c. 20. Panicum polyrhizum, Pres? Ic.1, 296. Pan. vaginatum, Gren. & Godr, Fl. Fr. iii, 462.—Paspalus, Wall. Cat. n. 8757? —Rheede Hort. Mal. xii. t. 44. N. W. Inpia, Duthie. SunpExBuNDs, Roxburgh, J. D. H. § T.T. Manapan, Rheede. Cannatio, Heyne, Matacca, Griffith, AnpamMan Istvs., Pruin.— DistTR1B. warm countries, Stems 1-6 in., erect or inclined from the long creeping base, usually stont, com- pressed below. Leaves 2-4 in., strict, flat or involute, glabrous or sparsely hairy towards the flattened sheath. Spikes close together, 1-14 in., rachis narrower than the 2-seriate spikelets. GJumes faintly nerved.—Apparently a rarer plant in India than in most tropical countries. Andaman Isld. specimens have a stout, woody, creeping stem, with thickened nodes, and very short, erect floweriug branches, with distichous, subulate, spreading leaves, aud spikes: partially exserted from the upper- most sheath. ** Spikelets ovoid, ellipsoid, or lanceolate. + Spikelets 2,-} in. long, with often a minute scale-like gl. at the base of gl. ITI. (Digitaria, Auct.). 5. P. sanguinale, Lamk. I/lustr.i. 176; spikes few or many, spike- lets =,-7; in. oblong or lanceolate acute or acuminate, gl. I.=3% III or shorter or 0, II 5-nerved with or without a minute basal gl., III and its palea oblung-lanceolate acuminute. D.C. Bot. Gall. iii. 16. P. egyptiacum, Poir. Hneycl. Suppl.iv. 314. P. bicorne, Lam. 1.¢. 176; Poir. Encycl. v. 29, Suppl. 306. P. blepharophorum, Ruem. & Sch. Syst. ji. 292. P. ciliare, DO. Fl. Fr. Suppl. 250. P. consanguinenm, Kunth Enum. Pl. i. 46. P. corymbosum, Kunth Enum. 48; Revis. Gram. i, 28. P. distans, Nees ex Trin. Gram. Panic. 83. P. filiforme, Steud. Nom. ed. i. 586. P. inequale, Link. Enum. Hort. Berol. i. 1038. P. oxyanthum, Steud. Syn. Gram. 27. P. reimarioides, Brongn. Bot. Voy. Coquitlo, t. 20. Panicum sanguinale, Linn. Sp. Pl. 57; Schreb. Besrhr. Grraes. t. 16; Fl. Dan. t. 388; Host Gram. Austr. ii. t. 17; Lamk. Encycl. Bot. t. 849; Knapp Gram. Britt. t. 12; Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 93, 94, 144; Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 358; Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 104; Aitchis. Cat. Punjab. P/.161; Duthve Indig. Fodd. Grass. t. 8, Grass. N.W. Ind. 2; Benth. Fl. Hongk.410, Fl. Austral. vii. 469; Baker Fl. Maurit. 435; Boiss. FT. Orient. v. 433. Pan. egyptiacum, Retz. Obs. ili. 8; Roxb. FI. Ind. i. 29:3; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. F1.291 ; Griff. Notul.iv.17, Ic. Pl. Aisat. t. 139, £.131. Pan. adpressum, Willd. in Ges. Naturf. neue Schrift. iv. (1803), 193; ‘Kunth Enum. Pl i. 84. Pan. bicorne and biforme, Kunth Revis. Gram. i, 33; Hnum i. 83, 84. Pan. ciliare, Retz. Obs. iv. 16; Kunth Enum. i. 82; Host Gram. Austr. iv. t. 15; Br. Prodr. i. 192; Roxb. Fi. Ind. i. 290; Dalz. & Gibs. lc. 290; Thw. Enum. 358; Griff. 1. 1. ¢. ¢. 32, t. 139, f. 65; Duthie Indign. Fodd. Grass. t. 9; Pan. commu- tatum, Nees in Linnea, vii. (1832), 274; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 410. ? Pan. corymbosum, Road. i.c. 292. Pan. didactylum, Kunth 1.1. c.c. 38, 84; Baker Fl. Mauvit. 435. Pan. eriogonum, Schrad. Pl. Hort. Goett. fase. i. ex Schult. Mant. ii. 253; Kunth 1.1. c. c. 33, 82. Pan. filiforme, Jacg. Obs. iii. 18,t.70 Pan. horizontale, Mey. Prim. Fl. Hsseq. 54; Kunth Enum. i. 81. Pan. Linkianum. Kunth Revis. Gram. i. 33. Pan. pabulare,: Aitch. & Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xix. (1882), 190; Boiss. 7. Orient. v. 434. Pan. pruriens, Fisch. ew Trin. Diss. ii. 77, Gen. Pan. ii. 77, Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 92: Kunth Enum. i. 83. Pan. radicosum, Presl Rel. Henk. i, 297; Kunth l.c.81. Pan. Rottleri, Kunth Revis. Gram. i. 33; Enum. Lc, 82. Digitaria wgyptiaca & biformis, Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 92, 93. J). 14 CLXXII. GRAMINES. (J. D. Hooker.) [ Paspalum. australis, Willd. ex Trin. in Mem. Acad. Petersb. Ser. vi. iii, (1835), II. 201. D. ciliaris, ne Syn. i. 85: Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iv. 468; T. Nees Gen. Lil. Germ. Monoc. n.16; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. i. t.27; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat, iii. 436; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iv. 458. D. commutata, Schult, Mant. ii. 262. D. didac- tyla, Willd. U.c. 91. D. distachya, Bojer Hort. Maurit. 363; Lamk. Hllustr. t. 43, £. 2. D. eriantha, Stewd. in Flora, xii. (1829), 468. D. eriogona Link Enum. Hort. Berol. i. 227, in Flora, lc. D. horizontalis, Wilid. lc. 92. D. linearis, Pers. lc. D. marginata, Link. t.c. 102. D. nervosa, Roem. & Sch. Syst. ii. 473. D. nodosa, Webb & Berth. Phit. Canuv. iii. IIL. 384, t. 246. D. pruriens, Biise in Pl. Jungh. 379; Mig. lc. 436. D. radicosa, Mig. l.c.437. D. repens, Willd. ex Kunth lc. 81. D. Rottleri, Roem. & Sch. 1. c. 471. D. sanguinea, Scop. Fl. Carniol. 72; Weber in Willd., Prim. Fl. Holsat. 6. D. sanguinalis, Scop. 1. ¢. ed. 2, 1.52; Reichd. lc. t. 87; Parlat. Fl. Ital. i. 125 (with full citations). D sanguinoleuta, Edgew. ex Aitch. Cat. Panjab. Pi. 161. D. setigera, Roth ex Roem. & Sch. lc. 474. Dactylon sanguinale, Vill. Delph. ii. 69. Phalaris velutina, Forsk. Fl. 4g. Arab. 17. Syntherisma vulgare, Schrad. Fl. Germ. i.161. 8. ciliare, Schrad. l.c.t. 3,£.7. P Axonopus corymbosus, Schult. Mant. ii. 77. Throughout Inp1a, in dry and moist situations, ascending the Himalaya to 6:00 ft. (cult. in the Khasia Hills).—Distris. all warm countries. Annual or perennial. Stem 2 in, to 3 ft., erect or ascending from a creeping, branching base. Leaves very variable, 1-12 by 3-} in. ; sheaths rarely hairy, except at or near the mcuth. Spikes 1-3 in., rarely more, usually strict; rachis trigonous or flattened, stout or slender, or winged, wings green, rarely more than twice the breadth of the midrib, margins smooth or ciliolate. Spikelets geminate, loosely or closely imbricate, rarely scattered ; gls. often silkily hairy along the margins and nerves, The hairs in the upper spikelet of var. ciliare sometimes abnormally developed into a long beard or brush of curved cilia; there is every gradation between the most densely bearded and almost glabrous spikelets (see also P. heteran- thum); gl. I (at the back of the fig. gl.) variously developed from an obscure tuft of hairs to nearly as long but not quite so broad as III, 3-5-nerved, usually silky ; II 5-nerved, lateral nerves marginal, rarely all close together, and with the interspaces thickened. when the gl. appears many-nerved ; III. lanceolate or oblong- lanceclate, smooth.—The above definition embraces a wide rauge of forms, which I believe are all referable to P. sanguinale. The species is one of the very commonest plants in India, and in all warm countries. A form (var. commutatum) is cul- tivated in the Kbasia Hills, of which fact I find no notice in any work on Indian food grains. The following attempt to classify the Indian forms is founded on a close study of an enormous collection of specimens from all parts of India, amongst which those of Mr. C. B. Clarke are especially noteworthy. As to the result, I am satisfied that no two botanists working independently over the same materials would arrive at the same, or agree in any other; and that the results of working over a large collection from any other country would again be different. I have made no attempt to deal with the American forms, at which I have only glanced; they suggest no modification of my arrangement of the Indian. Var. 1. eruciatum ; spikes several 2-3 in. usually horizontal, rachis slender trigonous narrowly or rather broadly winged, spikelets ovate-oblong acute or cus- pidately acuminate rather loosely imbricate quite or nearly glabrous purple or green, gl. II half as long as 1II ovate-oblong obtuse 3-nerved, III ovoid or obovoid rather turgid cuspidately acuminate. Panicum cruciatum, Nees ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 39. P. sanguinale, Wall. Cat. u. 8681. K.P.—Panicum, Wall. Cat. n, 8728. Digitaria cruciata, Nees ew Herd. Strack. v. Winterb. No. 3.—Himalayan region, alt. 5-8500 ft., from Iskardo and Kashmir to Sikkim and the Munnipore Paspalum. ] CLXXIII, GRAMINEEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) 15 hills—This form appears to me to be most nearly allied of any in habit and spikelets to Pasp. ambiguum. Var. 2. commutatum; usually tall, stout or slender, tufted or prostrate and widely creeping below, leaves rather long, spikes few or many (up to 20) 3-6 in. long fastigiately or subcorymbosely arranged, lower often whorled or fascicled, rachis slender narrowly winged, spikelets broad rather crowded shortly pedicelled, gl. I lanceolate rather shorter and narrower than III, II with the lateral nerves glabrous or pubescent, and with usually a minute gl. at the base, ITI lanceolate acuminate. Pan. commutatum, Nees in Herb. Royle; Digit. ciliaris? Wight Cat. n. 1609, Herb. n. 3083; Pasp. paniculatum, Herb. Jacquemont., Pan. sanguinale, Herb. Strach. & Wint.n.1. P. ciliare, Thwaites (C.P. n. 861, 862).—Panicum, Wall. Cat. n. 8681 A (racemosum, Herb. Heyne) B.C. (filiforme, Herb, Heyne) H.F.H.I.M.N.O.P.; P. filiforme and tenuifolium, Heyne in Herb. Rottl. l.c. PP. corymbosum, Roxb. le. P. filiforme, Rowb. Ic. ined.—Throughout’ India, especially in the hills, ascending to 7000 ft. along the Himalaya, and to 10,000 in Western Tibet. —(Asia, Africa.) This is the typical S. Africen Pan. commutatum, Nees, but I am doubtful as to its being the P. corymbosum, Roxburgh, which is described as found “only in valleys of the Circars, growing to a great size in standing waters, with culms creeping, or floating with their erect extremities above water; when found on dry ground it isin general 1-4 ft. high, Rowb.”” A specimen of var. commutatum in Herb. Kew is labelled Pan. filiforme in Roxburgh’s handwriting, but probably the ticket is misplaced. Var. 3, ciliare; usually tall, slender, spikes few (2-6) 3-6 in. long, rachis slender narrowly winged, gl. I long or short ciliate, gl. II of lower spikelet, with glabrous or sparingly villous, marginal nerves, of upper spikelet with the marginal nerves densely villous or bearded with soft spreading hairs that are much broader than the gl. and often hooked at their tips. PP. ciliare, Retz.; Wall. Cat. n. 8682).—Digitaria ciliaris, var. quadristachya, Wight Herb. n. 3034. D. commu- tata, Herb. Strach. § Winterb.n.2. The bearded glumes may occur in other of the varieties here enumerated (as in var. debile from the Nicobars) as it is only when the spikelet is well advanced that the beard appears to be fully developed.— Very common. Var. 4, pabulare; perennial, tall, strict, erect, spikes very many 3-7 in., rachis slender trigonous, spikelets rather distant narrowly lanceolate acuminate silkily villous white, gl. I as long as III 3-nerved, II with approximate nerves and usually a minute accessory gl. at its base, III very narrow acuminate. Pan. pabu- lare, Aitchis. § Hemsl. 1. c.—The lower hills of the Panjab, Affghanistan, and Belu- chistan, Jacquemont, &c. Var. 5, pruriens ; erect, glabrous, or sheaths hirsute, spikes many 3-5 in., rachis slender trigonous, spikelets narrowly lanceolate acuminate nearly glabrous, gl. I nearly as long as III, II very narrow, with approximate nerves and a minute basal gl., III very narrow acuminate. Pan. pruriens, Fisch. 1. c.—-Bengal, Wallich (Cat. n. 8681, L.). Burma, Grifith, Malacca, Cuming (n. 2397), Maingay (Kew Distrib. 1729), (Java. &c.).—Hardly different from var. extensum. Var. 6, Griffithti; spikes several 2-4 in, long very slender often drooping, rachis filiform trigonous, spikelets linear-lanceolate solitary or in distant pairs glabrous or ciliate, pedicel of upper often longer than the spikelets, gl. I nearly as long as III narrow 5-nerved ciliate, II with ciliate lateral nerves, I!1 narrow acuminate. Pani- cum Griffithii, Arn. in Herb. Wight. Pan. corymbosum, Thw. Herb. (C.P. 3800). Pan. dissitiflorum, Nees & Arn. in Wight Cat. n, 2341 (not of Steud.). Pan. sanguinale, Wall. Cat. n. 8681, D.G. and 8748. Pan. Rottleri, Kunth (nervosum, Willd.) Herb. Wight. n. 1610 (not of Aunth Revis. Gram.) — Panicum? Wall. Cat. n. 8748.—Madras, Burma, Ceylon.—This resembles Paw. commutatum, but has filiform spikes of scattered, longer pedicelled spikelets. It occurs in S. Africa, and no doubt elsewhere. ‘There is no locality on Arnott’s ticket of Grifithii, which is doubtless from the Madras peninsula, he has added to it, Wight Cat. n. 2057, which is Pan. horizontale, var. macantbrum, Nees, of which I have seen no specimen. : Var. 7, extensum; stout or slender, sheaths glabrous or hirsute, spikes few or 16 CLEXIL. Griminrx. (J, D. Hooker.) [ Paspalum. many, rachis narrowly winged, spikelets oblong-lanceolate acuminate more or less ciliate, gl. I half the length of IIL or less or minute ciliate. Pan. extensum, Nees & Arn. in Wight Cat. n. 2340 (which is Pan. dilatatum, Steud. 1.¢. 39). Pan. nervosum, Rottler in Ges. Naturf. Fr. Neue Schrift. iv. (1803), 194 (not Roxb). P. filiforme, Herb. Roxb.—Common. This resembles a slender form of var. commutatum, with reduced gl. I. Var. 8, debile ; small or dwarf, 4-10 in. high, much branched from the tufted or prostrate or creeping base, glabrous or hairy, spikes 2-5 1-3 in. digitate or nearly so slender, wings of rachis narrower than the midrib, spikelets lanceolate acuminate, gl. I. from minute to nearly as long as III ciliate, II 5-nerved glabrous or ciliate. Pasp. debile, Potr. Encyel. v.34 (excl. syn.) ; Roem. § Sch. Syst. ii. 303. Pan. debile, Desf. Fl. Atlant. i. 59; Bertol. Fl. Ital. ii. 778; Trin. Panic. Gen. 117. Digitaria debilis, Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. i. 91; Parlat. Fl. Ital. i. 127.—Plains and low hills, from Bengal to Burma, Malacca, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islds, Ceylon (C.P. n. 856, 857).—Wall. Cat. 8683 (spikes longer, more slender). A very common dwarf form in low ground or poor soil, passing into var. commutatum, and the following. The specimens with gl. I nearly as long as III are typical Pan. debile of the Mediteranean region, but there isa gradual shortening of that gl. to a mere fimbriate scale. A minute accessory gl. at base of gl. II is present or absent. The Nicobar specimens have the bearded upper spikelet of var. ciliare. Var. 9, Rottleri, characters of var. debile, but rachis of spike stouter broader green, the wings two or three times broader than the midrib, glumes broader as in commutatum, of which it isa dwarf form.—It resembles Host’s and Reichenbach’s figures of ciliare. Pan. RottleriP and P. ciliare, Wight Herb. n. 3032 (not Cat. 1610), and 3033.—Common in the plains of India. 7. P. heteranthum, Hook. f; stem stout, spikes many 6-12 in., rachis very stout rigid trigonous, spikelets } in. very distant, upper long- pediceiled lanceolate, gls. rigid finely acuminate, I and II longer than ITI, of lower spikelet glabrons of upper villous. Panicum barbatum, Kunth Revis. Gram. i. 33; Enum. Pl. i. 84; Steud. Syn. Gram. 43. Benth. Fil. Honghk. 410. Pan. elytroblepharum, Steud. in Zoll. Syst. Verz. 54. Pan. eminens, Steud. /.c. 43. Pan. heteranthum, Nees et Meyen in Nov. Act. Nat. Cur, xix. Suppl. i. (1843), 174; Steud. l.c.43. Digitaria barbata, Willd. Enum, Hort. Berol. 91. D. elytroblephara, Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 439, Matay Peninsuta; Pahang, Ridley.—Disrris. Java, China. A very remarkable species, of which I have seen only one Malayan specimen. The spikes appear to be irregularly produced, being leafy where their bases meet ; rachis strict or flexuous, margined with green. Lower spikelet of each pair with very strongly nerved, acuminate, glabrous gls., and no small basal gl., upper with a rigid pedicel and minute, orbicular, naked, basal gl., its other gls. densely villous; gis. of the upper spikelet at length spreading, hairs very long, with hooked tips.— Perhaps only an extreme form of P. saguinale, var. ciliare. I have seen no authentic specimen of P. elytroblepharum, but Miquel’s description of it accords with the Malayan plant, and he cites P. eminens as a synonym. 8. P. pennatum, Hook. f.; spikes 8-10 radiating elongate filiform cihate, spikelets 3 in. solitary or binate narrowly lanceolate subsilky, gl. I as long as IIL 3-5-nerved, II with or without a minute basal one nerves, 5 equidistant, III narrowly elliptic-lanceolate acuminate. Pani- cum pennatum, Hochst. in Flora, xxxviii. (1854), 197. Styp; at Kurrachee, Stocks. BrLucuistan, Frere.—Dtsrris, Arab., Abyssin. Stem 1-2 ft., branching from the suberect or prostrate base, slender. Leaves 1-6 by % in., glabrous, or sheaths and sometimes margins and both surfaces hairy, ciliate with long hairs towards the base; ligule rather long, membranous. Spike, 3-6 in.; rachis almost capillary, trigonous, very rarely branched, cilia very long. Sprkelets erect, pedicel of the upper almost as long as the gls. Paspalum. CLXXIM. GRAMINEE. (J. D, Hooker.) 17 9. P. ambiguum, DC. Fl. Frane. iii. 16; stems diffusely decumbent or ascending, spikes 2-4 subdigitate spreading, rachis narrowly winged, pedicels nearly glabrous, spikelets imbricate y; in. elliptic subacute silkily pubescent with slender hairs or glabrate, gl. 1 nearly = III, II 5-nerved, IIT ovate-oblong acute. Panicum ambiguum, Lapeyr. Hist. Abr. Pl. Pyr. 31; Fig. & Not. in Act. Tor. (1854) 336, t.11; Sang. in Atti Line. Ser. I. xviii, (1865) 219, t. 421. Pan. arenarium, Bieb. FI. Taur. Cauc. i. 52. Pan. distichum, Gaudin ex Steud. Nom. Ed. IT, ii. 255. Pan. glabrum, Gaudin. Agrost. Helvet.i.22; Fl. Helvet.i.155; Trin, Diss. ii. 83; Sp. Gram. Te. t. 149; Kunth Enum. Pl. i. 88; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 483; Steud. Syn. Gram. -1. Pan. humifusum, Kunth Revis. Gram. i. 33. Pan. Ischemum, Schreb. ex Schweigg. Spec. Fl. Erlang. 16. Pan. lineare, Krock Fl, Siles. i.95, Pan. sanguinale, Pollich. Hist. Pl. Palat.i.57. Digitaria filiformis, Koel. Descr. Gram. 26; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 27. D. glabra, Beauv. Agrost. 160; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iv. 468; Parlat. Fl. Ital.i.127. D. humifusa, Pers. Syn.i. 85; Engl. Bot. t. 2613. D. linearis, Rostaf. in Verh. Bot. Zool. Ges. Wien. xxii. (1872)99. D. procumbens, Hort. ex Steud. Nom. Ed. Il, i. 508. Syntherisma glabrum, Schrad. Fl. Germ. i. 163. Western Himataya, alt. 5-10,000 ft.; Kashmir, Stewart; Simla, Thomson. WESTERN TIBET, alt. 8-10,000 ft., Tromson.—Distx1B. Europe, N. Asia. Stems 6-12 in., usually diffusely spreading, rarely erect. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, glabrous; mouth of sheath hairy. Spikes 2-6, 1-2 in. long, suberect or divaricate, green or reddish. Spikelets variable in hairiness; the hairs often with slightly clavate tips; gl. II with rarely a minute one at the base ; IIL quite smooth.—Very similar to var. eruciatum of P. sanguinale, but has smaller broader not acuminate spikelets, and g]. IV is never acuminate. Even more like P. ternatum, which is best distinguished by the bristle-like hairs on the pedicel, and short clavate ones on the outer gls. 10. P. ternatum, Hook. f.; stems erect or decumbent below, spikes 2-3 subdigitate erect or spreading, rachis narrowly winged ciliolate, spike- lets 7,—7, in. geminate imbricate elliptic subacute villous with clavellate hairs, pedicels setulose, gl. I nearly = III or shorter, II 5-nerved nerves equidistant, 1II ovate-oblong acute. P. humifusum, Heyne ex Wall. Cat, n. 8755. Panicum ternatum, Hochst. in Flora, xxiv. (1841) i. Intell. 19; Steud. Syn. Gram. 40. Cynodon ternatum, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 405. Western Guats; Bababudan Hills, Heyne; Belgaum, Ritehie. Kasia HILLS; Pomrang, alt. 4-5000 ft., J. D. H. & T. T.—DistRis. Abyssinia. Habit. of P. ambiguum. Ieaves 2-5 in., linear-lanceolate or linear; sheath glabrous or with a few hairs, mouth ciliate; ligule short, membranous, truncate. Spikes 2-8 in., silvery-white. Spikelets pale, pedicels short, hispid with stitt hairs, the upper hairs half as long as the spikelet; gl. Land II with the hairs forming a dense fringe along the margins.—The Belgaum and Khasian specimens are tall and long leaved; the Bababudan ones very short. Said by Schimper to be a pest in cultivated land in Abyssinia. It so closely resembles P. ambiguum, that without microscopical examination of the hairs of the spikelets it is very diffcult to dis- tinguish it from that species. A Ceylon- plant, from Thwaites (C.P. 2573), with larger spikelets than P. longiflorum (to which I doubtfully refer it), cannot be distinguished from P. ternatum except by the structure of the hairs of the spikelet, +t Spikelets 3—yy in., with no minute gl. at base of II. 11. P. longiflorum, Retz. Obs. iv.15 (non Trin.) ; stems procumbent below rarely erect from the base, spikes 2- many subterminal erect or VoL. VII. c 18 cLxxim. GRAMINEZ. (J.D. Hooker.) — [ Paspalum. spreading, rachis filiform, spikelets 7-7; in elliptic-oblong silky with slender (not clavellate) crisped hairs, pedicels glabrous or nearly s0, gl. I and IL subequal or I shorter or obsolete, II 5-nerved, III ovate acuminate, Wail. Cat. n. 8721, C.; Wight Cat. n. 1603; Baker Fl. Maurit. 431. P. bifarium, Hdgew. in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxi. (1853) 157 nomen. (ew Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 358). P. brevifolium, Hluegge Gram. Monog. 150 (excl. Syn); Kunth Hnum. Pl. i 48; Wight Cat. n. 1603, 1604; Steud. Syn. Gram. 41; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 408, Fl. Austral. vii. 461; Franch. & Sav. En. Pl. Jap. ii. 159. P. chinense, Nees in Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. Voy. 931; Steud. lc. P. filicnlme, Nees ex Thw. lc.; Wight Cat. n. 1604; Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 104; Franch. & Sav. l. c.; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 1. P. granulare, Trin. in Spreng. N. Entdeck ii. 47; Kunth lc. 50. P. minotiflorum, Steud. l.c. 17; Benth. lc. P. nematodes, Schult. Mant. ii. 71; Kunth l.c. 65. Panicum argyrotrichum, Anderss. in Peters Reise ‘Mossamb. Bot. 548. Pan. lineare, 8 Pseudo Duroa, Nees in Herb. Wight. Pan. longiflorum, Gmel. Syst. 158; Wall. Cat. n. 8751 A. Pan. arvulum, Trin. Pan. Gen. 117, in Mem. Acad. Petersh. Ser. vi. iii. IT (1835) 305. Pan. propinquum, Br. Prodr. 193. Pan. Pseudo-Duroa, Nees Fl. Afr. Austr. 21; Wight Cat. n. 1608. Pan. tenuiflorum, Br. Lc; Kunth 1. ce. 85; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 7, Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. 13. Digitiria linearis, Schult. Mant. i. 264 (ex Miguel). D. longifiora, Pers. Syn. i. 85. D. Pseudo-Duroa, Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 489, D. Roxburgbii, Spreng. Syst.i. 270. D. tenuiflora, Beauv, Agrost.51. Milium filiforme, Rowb. Fl. Ind. i. 814; Wight Cat. n.1604,a.b.c. M.radiatum, Herb. Rotél. M. setaceum, Herb. Koen. in Mus. Brit. M. triracemosum, Rowb. Ic. Ined. n. 315. Agrostis lenta, Ait. Hort. Kew, i. 96. A. triracemosa, Herd. Roxb.—Paspalum, Wall. Cat. n. 8751, 8752 B.D.E. Throughout Inpra, from Kashmir eastwards and southwards to Ceylon (C.P. 860) and Malacca; ascending the Himalaya to 6000 ft.—Distriz. Trop. and subtrop. regions of the Old World. ' Annual or perennial ? Séems tufted, 6-18 in., simple or branched below and root- ing with ascending branches,or prostrate. Leaves very various, 1-13 in. long lanceol -te and divaricate, or 6-8 in. long, linear erect or spreading; sheath smooth or hairy; ligule short, truncate, membranous. Spikes 1-4 in., subdigitate or alternate, usually silvery-white. Spikelets geminate, a subsessile and pedicelled, pale green or purplish ; gi. ILI pale, or dark brown.—The extreme forms of this species are very dissimilar, the most marked are P. longiflorum, proper (revifolium, Fluegge), with often prostrate stems spreading from the reot or creeping and rooting from 6-12 in. with short lanceolate leaves, and 2~3 divaricate spikes, and P. minutiflorum, Steud., with slender erect stems, narrow linear leaves and many long erect spikes, exactly as P. Royleanum. The hairs on the spikelets seen under the microscope are very slender and as it were crisped or wrinkled, quite unlike those of P. ternatum and: oyleanum. Thwaite’s CP. n. 2573 is a puzz'ing plant, tall, with much longer spikelets, approaching those of P. ambiguum. Though in this species and its allies there is no distinct gl. at the base of II, a microscopical rudiment of one may often (always?) be detected. 12. P. Royleanum, Nees ex Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 358; erect or shortly decumbent below, leaves usually erect, spikes 2-10 erect, rachis filiform, spikelets j,-; in. oblong, gl. I and II densely crisply white- tomentose with clavellate hairs, pedicel setulose, gl. I = 2 IIT or shorter or obsolete, II broadly oblong subacute 5-nerved, III oblong subacute quite smooth. Trim. Cat. Pl. Ceyl. 158; Herb. Strach. & Winterd, Pasp.n. 2; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 1. P. filiculme, Herb. Strach. & Winterd, ie; Paspalum.] CLXXUI. GRAMINEEZ. (J.D. Hooker.) 19 (non Nees). P. trachyanthum, Nees in Herb. Wight. Panicum pube- rulum, Kunth Revis. Gram. i. 32; Hnum., Pl. i. 81; Steud. Syn. Gram. 41. ‘Digitaria puberula, Link Enum. Hort. Berol. i. 223. Milium ovatum, Heyne ex Wall, Cat. n.8752. Agrostis villosa, Koen. in Herb. Mus. Brit. la pote, Ham. in Wall, 1. c.—Paspalum, Wall. lc. n. 8684, 752, A.C. Hilly districts of Inp1a, from Kashmir eastwards to Munnipore, and southwards to Ceylon; ascending the Himalaya to 7000 ft.—Disrzis. Africa trop. Habit of the tall forms of P. longiflorum, almost always erect with long leaves, except in starved specimens; well distinguished from that plant (as Dr. Stapf first pointed out to me) by the short clavellate thick walled hairs of the spikelets, and the usually setulose pedicels, the longer hairs of which are sometimes half as long as the spikelet, as also by the shorter broader gl. III, which is (as in longiflorwm) pale yellowish or dark brown and shining. Gl, I is often reduced to # tuft of hairs; II always = III.—This species was referred by Munro to P. ischnocaulon, Trin., a grass erroneously attributed to India, by its author in Sp. Gram. le. t. 126, but corrected to America in the corrigenda at the end of that work. Some specimens have been referred by Munro to P. concinnum, Steud. (Syn. Gram. 19), a very doubtful species of unknown origin. In the Ceylon specimen, C.P, 859, the pedicels are hardly setulose. In African specimens, apparently of this species, they are remarkably developed and longer than the spikelets. Specimens from Poona are tall, 2 ft. high, very robust, and branched from the base. Steudel’s P. Royleanum is according to his description a very different plant, and judging by his reference of it to Wall. Cat. n. 8700 B. is Panicum auritum. 13. P. pedicellare, Trin. ex Steud. Nom. Ed. II, ii. 272; erect, spikes alternate approximate erect or spreading, spikelets ;'; in. geminate or 3—5- nate, upper of each pair half as long as their pedicels elliptic acute, gls. membranous, I and II subequal 5-nerved, III elliptic-oblong acuminate pale. P. granulare, Trin. in Spreng. Neue Entdeck. ii. 47; Spreng. Syst. i. 944; Kunth Enum. Pl. i. 50; Steud. Syn. Gram. 16. P. pedicellatum, Nees & Arn, in Wight Cat. 2310, & Herb. n. 3027; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 1. Milinm capillaceum, Koen. ew Steud. Nom. Ed. II, ii. 145. M. punctatum, Koen. in Herb. Mus. Brit. M. sanguinale, Rowb, Fl. Ind. i. 315 (ewel. Syn. Burm.). M. setaceum, Koen. in Herb. Banks.; Jacq. ex Trin. lev. M. striatum, Herb. Ham. ex Wall. Cat. a. 8747 A.—? Paspalum, No. 3, Griff. Notul. iti. 14 (in part), Ic. Pl. Asiat, t. 146, f.1—Panicum, Wall, Cat. n. 8747. Turovexovr Inpra, in the plains and low hills from the N.W. Provinces to Bengal. Niteuiri HILLs, alt. 5000 ft., Beddome. UprEr Burma, Collett. Stem 6-18 in., branched from the base. Leaves 2-6 by }-Zin., finely acuminate ; ligule short, scarious. Spikes 3~10, 1-4 in., subterminal on the very slender pedun- cle, spreading ; rachis capillary, trigonous; pedicels 3-4 in.; gls. slightly hairy.— Munro identifies Griffiths’ Pasp. 3 with this; it differs in the flattened rachis, red prostrate stem, and pale red spikelets, which I have never seen in pedicellatum, Roxburgb’s excellent drawing (as Milium sanguinale) shows pale spikelets. 14, P.jubatum, Griseb. in Goett. Nachr. (1868) 84(Gesamm. Abhandl. 301); erect, rather stout, leaves long, spikes very many lower whorled, spikelets J, in. in scattered pairs pale or dark purple elliptic acute, gle. finely tomentose, I rather shorter than III 3-nerved, II 5-nerved, III elliptic-lanceolate acuminate. The Kuasta Hitzs ; in wet places, alt. 5-6000 ft., J. D. H. & T.T., &e. Stem 2-4 ft., shining, internodes long. Leaves.6-10 by 4-% in., smooth ; sheath very long; ligule short rounded. sige 4-7 in., very unequal; rachis slender, Cc , 20 CLXXI1. GRAMINEZ. (J. D, Hooker.) [ Paspalum. trigonous. Spikelets subsessile; gls. thin, shining.—Pale spikes and spikelets occur on the same plant with the dark coloured. 15. P. Perrottetii,; Hook. f.; stem creeping below, spikes in a pra midal panicle lower often whorled, rachis capillary, spikelets cots 1. oblong-lanceolate acute brown, upper of each pair long-pedicelled, gl. I and IL subequal many-nerved, ITI elliptic-lanceolate acuminate. Panicum Wallichianum, Wight & Arn. in Wight Cat. n. 1607, Herb. 3085; Steud, Syn. Gram. 41; Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 358; Trim. Cat, Ceyl. Pl. 104. Pan. multibrachiatum, Hochst. ex Steud. l.c.74. Pan. Perrotteti, Kunth Revis. Gram. ii. 395, t. 3; Enum. Pl.i. 96. Milium minutiflorum, Trin. Panic. Gen, 33. Nitentse1 Hirus, Wight, &c., alt. 6000 ft., Lawson. CEYLON, in the Central Province, Twaites.—DistriB. N. Africa. Very variable in height, 6-24 in., much branched below. Leaves 1-6 by 3-4 in., glabrous or ciliate; sheaths 1-14 in. ; ligule rounded, scarious. Panicle 2-3 in., peduncle filiform. Spikes erecto-patent, lowest }—} in., upper gradually smaller ; rachis trigonous. Spikelets geminate, lower sessile or pedicelled.—The panicled inflorescence is very different from that of P. pedicellare. DOUBTFUL SPECIES. P. GRIFFITHIANUM, C. Mull. in Bot. Zeit. xxix. (1861) 325. ‘Foot of Khasia Hills, Grigith.”’—There is no Indian Paspalum that at all resembles the description of this, which, according to its author, is an ally of P. fluitans, Ell., and other American species. There is probably an error as to the habitat and collector. 2. BRIOCHLOA, H. B. & K. Annual or perennial grasses. Leaves flat. Spikelets secund on the spiciform branches of a raceme or panicle, base thickened and articalate on the thickened top of the short pedicel. Glumes 3, I and II subequal, membranous; III shorter, apiculate, hardened in fruit. Lodicules truncate. Stamens 3, anthers linear. Styles free. Grain oblong, free within the hardened glume.—Species few, tropical. The thickened base of the spikelet alone distinguishes Hriochloa from Paspalum, 1, B. polystachya, H. B. & K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. i. 95, £. 31; spikes panicled, spikelets 4 in. long erect ovoid acute, gl. I & IT silky or glabrous 3-5-nerved. Lam. Hncycl. t. 909; Kunth Enum. Pl. i, 72, Suppl. 53; Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 104; Duthie, Indig. Fodd. Grass. t. 41, Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. 2. EH. annulata, Kunth Rev. Gram. i. 30, Enum. i. 73; Aitchis. Cat. Panjab. Pl. 158; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 2; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 409, Fl. Austral. vii. 463. E. punctata, Ham. Prodr. Fl. Ind. Oce. 5; Kunth Enum. i. 72, Suppl. 54. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 441; Benth, Fl. Austral. vii. 462. HE. suudaica, Mig. l. c. Suppl. 606. E. succincta, Kunth lc. i. 73. Helopus annulatus, Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. ii. 17; Wight Cat. n. 1605; Wall. Cat. n. 8750. H. levis, Trin. ex Spreng. Neue Entdeck. ii. 49, fig. 4. H. pilosus, Trin. Fund. in. divaricate gibbously globose glabrous, gl. I == about 3 III suborbicular 3-nerved, II nearly = IV 7-nerved tip rounded, III oblong obtuse 3-5-nerved paleate neuter, IV broadly ovate cuspidate reticulately punctulate. Br. Prodr. 190; Kunth Revis. Gram. i. 211, t. 17, Enum, Pl. i. 78, Suppl. 60; Trin. Panic. Gen. 151; Nees Agrost. Bras, ii, 116; Griff. Notul, iii. 38, Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 189, fig. 67; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 8, Indig. Fodd. Grass. t. vi., Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. 7: Wight Cat, n. 1618, & Herb. n. 3059; Wall. Cat. n. 8692 (excl. B, & H Panicum.) CLXXIIL GRAMINEZ, (J. D, Hooker.) 29 partim) ; Benth. Fl, Austral, vii. 474. P. brizoides, Jacg. Helog. Gram. 2, t.2; Trin, Dias. ii. 128, Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 158,159; Kunth Enum. Pl. i. 78; Roxb. Fl. Ind, i. 293; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 290; Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 359; Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 159; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 2; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 445; Atichis. Cat. Panjab Pl.159; Nees Agrost. Bras. 115; Baker Fil. Maurit. 433. P. distans, Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 172. P. brizoides, var. distans, Trin. Ic. t. 159 B. P. flaccidum, Koen. mss. in Herb. Mus. Brit. P. floridum, Royle Ill. Bot. Himal. 420. P. granulare, Lam. I/l. i. 170, Roa iv. 740; Trin. Diss. ii, 129. P. Sama, Ham. ew Wall. Cat. 8692 F. Plains of India; in watery places from the Panjab to Assam and Burma, ascending to 5000 ft. in Nepal and Kumaon, and southward to CeyLon.—DisrRiz. Trop. Asia and Africa. Stem 1-4 ft., compressed, leafy, branched from the decumbent base. Leaves bifarious, 3-5 by 3-4 in., linear-lanceolate acuminate, or ligulate with a rounded tip; sheaths compressed, lower tumid, mouth hairy ; ligule 0. Spikes few or many, distant, }-lin. Spikelets 2-20, very pale, sessile. Glumes membranous, white with green nerves; III neuter or male; 1V sometimes almost orbicular, white or brownish, very minutely rough.—'The var. distans of Trinius is a depauperate state, and occurs on the same plant as the normal. A still more depauperate form, densely tufted, with stems and leaves 2-3 in. long and very few spikelets, is Wall. Cat. 8692 D from Herb. Wight, also found in Bengal. Mr. Rendle informs me that the name favidwm may be a mistake for flaccidwm, under which Koenig sent it to Retzius from Herb. Mus. Brit. where it is named flaccidum. 3. P. punctatum, Burm. Fl. Ind. 26; spikes longer than the inter- nodes tip usually excurrent setiform, spikelets 3,—7; in. plano-convex erecto- patent glabrous, gl. I very short truncate, II = about half IV suborbicular 3-nerved tip rounded or truncate, Il] ovate acute 3-5-nerved neuter, 1V ovate cuspidately acumivate granulate. P. fluitans, Retz. Obs. iii. 8 (not v.18); Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 2938; Griff. Notul. iii. 25, Ic. Pl. Asiat. 139, £. 281 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 290; Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 339; Trim. Cat. Ceyl. PI. 104; Aitchis. Cat. Panjab. Pl. 159; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 4, Indig. Fodd. Grass. t. 44, Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. 7; Baker Fl. Maurit. 433; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 487; Steud. Syn. Gram. 59; Nees Agrost. Bras. 115. P. brizoides, Retz. l.c.; Rottl. in Naturf. rl. Ges. Neue Schrift. iv. (1803), £11; Wall. Cat. n. 8690; Wight Cat. n. 1614. P. fluitans, Herb. Madr. Wall. Cat. n. 8692 B. P.granulare, Bojer Hort. Maurit. 364. P. mucro- natum, Roth Nov. Sp. 45; Steud. l.c.; Nees Agrost. Bras.116. P. paspa- loides, Wall, l.c. n. 4691 A (partim), B. Marshes throughout Inp1a, from the Panjab to Assam, and southwards to Malacca and Cryzon.—Disrris. Malaya, Mauritius, trop. and N, Africa. Perennial, quite glabrous. Stem 2-4 ft., base floating, rooting at the nodes ; lower internodes very stout, spongy. Leaves 4-8 in., linear, acute or acuminate ; lower sheaths dilated; ligule a ring of hairs. Sptkis many, 4-1 in., distant, sessile, secund, appressed to the glabrous rachis, very pale ; rachis about 75 in. broad, margin quite smcoth, tip free acicular as long as the upper spikelet. Spikelets j,—3, in. long, imbricate, sessile, ovate-oblong. Glumes membranous, IV as long as ILI.— Mr. Rendle informs me that he has examined in the British Museum the specimen (in Herb. Sloane) on the figure of which Burman founded P. punctatum, and that it is the same as P. fluitoms, Retz. And further, that the name /luitans is a ms. one of Koenig, and was no doubt sent by him to Retz, who says that he received the plant from Koenig. As to the rival claims of punctatum and fluitans for adoption, the former (published in 1768) has a quarter of century’s priority ; but whereas the P. fluitans has had more than a century of recognition in all countrics, P. punctatwm 30 CLEXI. GRamInez. (J. D. Hooker.) [Panicum. has never till now been recognized, nor could it have been from Burman’s description only. Under these circumstances, and taking into consideration the facts, that Retz described two different plants under the name of /luitans, and that punctatwm has been applied to no other species, I have adopted the latter. 4. P. paspaloides, Pers. Syn. i. 81 (paspalodes); spikes erect longer than the internodes, spikelets 74-5 in. erecto-patent subglobose glabrous, gl. I very short suborbicular retuse, II nearly = 1V_ strongly 5-nerved tip rounded, ILI broadly ovate acute 5-nerved paleate neuter, 1V oblong subacute nearly smooth. Kunth Enum. Pl.i.77; Trin. Pan. Gen. 153. Wall. Cat. 8691 (in part) ; Steud. Syn. Gram. 60; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 436. P. affine, Nees Agrost. Bras. 113. P.appressum, Doell in Mart. Fl. Bras. ii. II 184. P. beckmannieforme, Mikan ex Trin. in Spreng. Neue Entdeck. ii. 83; Spreng. Syst. i. 309. P_ brizeforme, Presl Rel. Henk. 302; Steud. l.c.60. P. brizoides, Lamk. Ill. i. 170 (not Trin. or Jacq.). P. carnosum, Salizm. ex Steud. lc. P. fluitans, Retz. Obs. v. 18; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 455. P. numidianum, Sieb. ex Schult. Mant. ii. 267 (not Lamk.). P. trancatum, Trin. Diss. ii. 130, Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 168 (not t. 172). Paspalum adpressum, Pers. Syn. i. 85; Rich. ex Lamk. lc. 176. Digitaria affinis, Roem. and Sch. Syst. i. 470. Kumaon, Strachey 5 Winterbottom, alt. 5000 ft. Uppmr GaNnG@ETic PLaIn; Delhi, Clarke. BunpELKuND, Duthie. Scinp, the Concay, MaLaBaR and TRANQUEBAR, Heyne, &c. CrYLon, Walker, &—DistTRis. Affghanistan, Arabia, Afric. and Amer, trop. Perennial, stem glabrous; prostrate, usually floating below and rooting at the nodes. Leaves spreading, linear, acuminate acute or obtuse, lower sheaths dilated. Spikes 3-1 in., appressed to the narrow, compressed, setulose rachis. Spikelets subsessile, turgid. Glumes membranous.—Habit of P. punctatum, which it closely resembles, but differs in the rachis of the spikes not produced at the tip with a few imperfect terminal spikelets, in the size of gl. II, in paleate III, and smooth 1V.— P. brizoides, Lamk., is the earliest name, but it bas been so promiscuonsly applied that it is better abandoned. Sect. II. Ecumocutoa. (See p. 27.) 5. BP. Crus-galli, Linn. Sp. Pl. 56; stem erect, leaves linear flat glabrous or scabernlous, raceme contracted or pyramidal, spikes many 2-4 in. often secund simple or subcompound, rachis setulose, spikelets qy-g in. (excl. awn) subglobose hispid or scabrid rarely glabrous, gl. I = 2-3 ILI acute 3-5-nerved, II=I11I mucronate or shortly awned, III paleate male or neuter awned, awn short or long rigid scabrid, IV ovoid obtuse or cuspidate and palea coriaceous shining white. J. Dan. t. 852, & t. 1564; Host Gram. Austr. ii. 15, t. 19; Encyel. Bot. +. 276; Knapp Gram. Britt. t. u.; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 29; Trin. Sp. Gram. Ie. . 161, 162; Wall. Cat. n. 8687 (erel. I.); Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 359 (eel. Syn. colonum); Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 104; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 3, Indig. Fodd. Grass. t.5, Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. 4; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 464; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 411, Fl. Austral. vii. 479; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 435; Franch. & Sav. En. Pl. Jap. ii. 160; Griseb. Fl., Brit. W. Ind. 546. P. Burmanni, Bieb. Fl. Taur. Caue. iti. 57, ex Link. Hort. Berol.i. 204. P. corvipes, Stokes Bot. Mat. Med.i.141. P. digitatum, Gilib. Erercit. 517. P. dubium, Sied. ex Steud. Nom. Ed. II, ii. 256, Syn. Gram. 46. P. echina- tum, Willd. Knum. Hort. Berol. 1032; Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 162; Jacq. Eclog. Gram. ii. 28, t. 20. P. hirtellum, Walt. Fl. Carol. 72. P. hirti- Panicum.] OLXXIII, GRAMINEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) 31 calycinum, Steud. Nom. Ed. Il, ii. 257. P. hispidulum, Lamk. Encyel. iv. 744 (non Del.); Retz Obs. v. 18; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 303 (fd. Ie. Pict.);° Wall. Cat, 8688 A.; Wight Cat. n. 2042; Steud. Syn. Gram. 47; Franch. & Sav. lc. 160. P. hispidum, Forst. Prodr.7; Nees Agrost. Bras. 257. P. horri- dum, Saltzm. ew Steud. l.c.47. P. Hosti, Bieb. l.c. P. limosum, Presl ew Nees lc. P. longisetum, Torr. in Am. Journ. Sc. Ser. I iv. (1822) 58, P. mirabile, Braun Del. Sem. Hort. Carlsruhe (1846). P. muricatum, Michr, Fl. Bor. Am.i. 47. P. oryzinam, Gmel. Syst. i. 157; A. Brawn in Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. 1851. P. pilosum, Dalz. § Gibs. Bomb. Fl. Suppl. 98. P. sabulicolum, Nees Agrost. Bras. 258. P,. scabrum, Lamk. TL. Ie 171; Wight Cat. n. 1648; Steud. l.c.47. P. stagninum, Retz. Obs. v. 17; Host Gram. Austr. iii. t. 51; Koen. in Naturf. 1. c.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 295; Nees in Mart. lc. 26; Griff. Notul. iii. 17; Wall. Cat. n. 8688; Wight Cat. n. 1649. P. Walteri, Pursh Fl. Am, Sept. i. 66. Oplis- menus Crus-galli, Dum. Obs. Gram. Belg. 138; Kunth Revis. Gram. i. 44, Enum. Pl. i. 143; Host 1. ¢.ii. t.19; Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 161; Dalz. ni Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 292. O. Cius-pavonis, H. B. & K. Nov. Gen. & Sp.i. 108. O.? dubius, Kunth Rev. Gram. i. 44, Enum. i. 143. O. limosus, Prest Rel. Henk. i. 821; Kunth Enum, i. 144. O. longisetus, Kunth Revis. Gram. l.c. O. muricatus, Kunth lc. 44. O. sabulicolus, Kunth Enum. i. 145. 0. scaber, Kunth Rev. Gram. i. 44. O. stagninus, Kunth Revis. l.c., Enum, 1.c.; Dalz. & Gibs. l.c.; Aitchis. Cat. Punjab Pl. 161; Mig. i.c. 464. Echinochloa commutata, Schult. Mant. ii. 267. E. Crus corvi, Beauv. Agrost. 58. E. Crus-galli, Beauv. l.c.; T. Nees Gen. Fl. Germ. Monocot.1 t.21; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 29. E.? dubia, Roem & Sch. Syst. 1.479. H. hispida, Schult. l.c. BE. hispidula, Nees in Royle 111. Bot. Himal. 416, 420; Dalz. & Gibs. lc. Suppl. 98. H. stagnina, Beawv. i.e. Ortho- pogon Crus-galli & Retzii, Spreng. Syst. i. 307. Ischeemum abbreviatum & fasciculatum, Herd. Ham. ea Wall, Cat. n. 8688. Digitaria hispidula, Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 91. Milium Crus-galli, Moench. Meth. 202, Throughout InpIa, especially in wet places and rich soils—Disrais. all warm countries, Annual. Stem 1-3 ft., stout or slender, erect or decumbent below, simple or branched. Leaves flat, up to an inch broad, glabrous or hairy; ligule 0. Raceme 4-8 in., usually inclined, or drooping. Spikes sessile or subsessile, upper gradually shorter, erect erecto-patent or rarely decurved. Spikelets densely packed in 3-5 rows, turgid; gl. I not awned; II and III subequal, usually 5-nerved, awn of III some- times 1} in. long ; IV from orbicular to broadly oblong.—Amongst the innumerable varieties of P. Crus-gatlz, I find it impossible to find characters constant enough for their limitation. Of exceptional states one with almost glabrous spikes is Echi- nochloa glabrescens (Munro mss.) ; it has large spikelets and cuspidate gls. It is Wallich’s n. 8687 E. B. C. H., and has been collected in the Western Himalaya, Khasia Hills and elsewhere. Another is Ischaemum glabrescens, Ham. ex Wall. Cat. n. 8688 D, with the stem nearly as thick as the little finger, solitary or 2-nate spikes, and spikelets with tubercle-based bristles. Thwaites CP, 900 and 3237, from Ceylon is a third, it has very broad leaves, and the rachis of the spikes is villously hairy. P. mirabile, Braun, is a remarkable plant, with 3-fld spikelets, the lower fi. paleate and neuter, two upper hermaphrodite. Some forms with cuspidate, very short y awned spikelets pass into P. colonum, through var. frumentacewm, and it is not unlikely that some of the synonyms placed under P. Crws-gallé should be transferred to P. colonwm, and vice versa. Var. frumentaceum; tall, robust, spikes thickened incurved sometimes corymbose with densely crowded uvawned spikelets, otherwise as P. Crus-galli. P. frumenta- ceum, Roxb. Fl. Ind.i. 304; Schult, Mant. ii. 230; Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 164; Diss. ii. 182; Wall, Cat. n. 8686; Wight Cat. n. 1617; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 4, 32 CLXXIM. GRAMINEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) [Panicum. Field & Gard. Crops 3, t. 24, Fodd. Gras+. N. Ind. 8; Franch. & Sav. En. Pl Jap. ii. 161. P.Crus-galli, Wall. Cat. n. 8687, C. G. P. Crus-galli, var. frumentaceum Trim, Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 104. P. grossum, Salish. Prodr.18. P. segetale, Herb. Roxb. Oplismenus frumentaceus, Kunth Revis, Gram. i. 45, Enum. Pl. i. 146; Dale. Xx Gibs. Bomb. Fl. Suppl. 98. Echinochloa frumentacea, Link Huum. Hort. Berol. i. 204; Aitchis. Cat. Panjad Pl. 161; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii, 465.—Cultivated in the hotter parts of Asia and Africa.—Roxburgh (Fl. Ind. l.c.) says of P. hispidulum, which is undoubtedly referable to P. Crus-galli, ‘‘it comes very near my P. frumen- taceum, and may probably be the same in its wild state.” 6. P. colonum, Linn. Syst. Ed. x. 870; stem rather slender decum- bent or shortly creeping below, leaves narrow scaberulous, raceme contracted, spikes suberect 1-14 in. usually distant, rachis pilose, sp’kelete ~)-g in. acute or subcuspidate glabrous or hispidulous, gl. 1 = 3 I1] or shorter acute 3-5-nerved, II and III subequal acute, III paleate, IV ovoid or oblongobtuse. or acute and palea coriaceous white. Jacg. Eclog. Gram. t. 32; Ehret. Ic. Sel. t. 8, £. 3; Beauv. Agrost.t.x. f. 6; Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 160; Steud. Syn. Gram, 46; Wall, Cat. n. 8685; Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pi. 104; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 8, Indig. Fodd. Grass. t. 4, Fodd. Grass. N. Ind, 4; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 411, #1. Austral. vii. 478; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 435 ; Franch, §& Sav. En. Pl. Jap. ii. 160; Grised. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 545. P. arabicum, Nees ex Steud. Nom. Ed. II, ii. 251, Syn. Gram. 63. P. brizoides, Linn, Mant. i. 184. P. cesium, Nees in Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. Voy. 935; Steud. l.c. 47. P.confertum, Herb. Rottl. ex Wall. Cat. n. 8687 4 P. Crus-galli, Wall. Cat. n. 8687 I; var. colonum, Coss. Expl. Alger. 28 ; var. minor, Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 359. P. cuspidatum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 298; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 3; Steud. l.c.; Fig. § de Not. in. Mem. Acad, Tor. (1854) 340, t. xiii. f. 1-16. P. Daltoni, Parlat. ex Webb in Hook. Niger Fl. 185; Steud. l.c. P. flaccidum, Wall. Cat. n. 8692 H (in part). P. grossarium, Griff. Notul iii. 36, Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 189, f. 118. P. hematodes, Presl Hl. Sic. i. 43; Steud. l. c. P. numidianum. Presl Cyp. §& Gram, Sic. 19. P. Petiveri, Kotsch. ex Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 545. P. pictum, Ken. in Naturf. xxiii. (1788) 204; Wight Cat. n. 1648; Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. iti. 120? P. Pseudo-colonum, Roth Nov. Sp. 147; Steud. l. v. 46. P. semiverticillatum, Herb. Rottl. (non Rottl. in Ainsl. Mat. Med.). P. tetrastichum, Forsk. Fl. Aig. Arab. 19. P. zonale, Prest Prodr. Fl. Sic. i. 82. Oplismenus colonus, HH. B & K. Nov. Gen. § Sp.i. 108; Kunth Enum. Pl. i.142; Dale. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 291; Aitchis. Cat. Punjab Pl. 161. O.? cuspidatus, Kunth Revis. Gram. i. 45, Enum. i.147. O. Pseudo-colonus, Kunth 1.1. c. 44, 142. Digitaria? cuspidata, Schult. Mant. ii. 265—Panicum, Wall. Cat. n. 8694, 8726.—Sloane Hist. Jam. i. t. 64, £. 8. Throughout Inp1a and Ceylon, ascending the Himalaya to 6000 ft.—DisTRiB. all warm countries. In its typical form P. colonum differs from Crus-galli by the characters given above, but there is a gradual transition of one into the other; and the cultivated var. frumentaceum has been assigned to both, having the unawned spikelets of the former, and the broad leaves robust habit and long crowded spikes with crowded spikelets of the latter. I find it very difficult in many cases to decide whether to refer certain specimens to the one or to the other, and am not at all confident that the synonymy of the two is in all cases right. Both Cosson and Thwaites regard colonum as a form of Crus-galli. 7. P. notabile, Hook. f.; spikes much longer than the internodes, rachis scabrid, spikelets § in. 2-3-seriate silkily hairy, gl. IT subaristately Panicum.) OLXXIM, GRAMINEZ. (J.D. Hooker.) 33 acuminate, III paleate male, IV orbicular-oblong rugulose short] ed. —Panicum, Wall. Cat. n. 8723. pe ain Burma ; Petroleum wells of the Irawaddi, Wallich. _ Stem 18-24 in., robust and foliage of Orus-gallé, nodes pubescent, Leaves 3-5 in., finely acuminate, ciliate towards the base; sheaths sparsely hairy ; ligule 0. Panicle 5 in., rachis flattened and angular, much narrower than the spikelets. Spikelets erect, imbricate, pale, sparsely silkily pubescent ; gls. membranous, I=} III, broadly ovate, obtuse, 3-nerved; II ovate, finely beaked, 5-nerved, hirsute ; III very broadly obovate, cuspidately acuminate, the inflexed margins densely ciliate with long erect hairs ; awn of IV as long as itself, strict, scabrid.—A very remarkable grass, with the habit of P. Crus-galli, but with the rugulose awned gl. IV of P. jaranicum, and hence intermediate between the sections Echinochloa and Brachiaria. Sect. III. Bracutarra. (See p. 27.) See P. turgidum in Sect. Errusz. * Gl. I nearly as long as II1; IV shortly awned.. 8. P. ambiguum, Trin. Gen. Pomnic.155; leaves narrow hairy base rounded, spikes few suberect, spikelets 3-3 in., glabrous, gl. I ovate acute 5-nerved, IL ovate-lanceolate acuminate 7-nerved, III epaleate, IV oblong minutely rugulose. Steud. Syn. Gram.61. P.infidum, Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 104 (non Trin.). P.javanicum, Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 358. P. sanguinale, Burm. Fl. Ind. t. 10, £. 2 (non deser.). Urochloa paspaloides, Presi Rel. Henk. i. 318 (fid. Trin.); Kunth Enum. Pl. 1.75. Burma; Mergui, Griffith. Cuyton, Gardner, Thwaites (CP. n. 858, 3244).— Distris. Mascarene, Malay and Pacific Islds. Annual. Stems 1-2 ft., slender, much branched from the base; nodes glabrous .or puberulous. Leaves 3-6 by 3-4 in., acuminate; sheaths glabrous or margins ciliate ; ligule a tuft of hairs, Spikes 3-4, 1-2 in.;. rachis slender, triquetrous, glabrous or with a few hairs at the nodes, Spikelets 2-seriate, alternate, sub- erect; palea of IV with green nerves ;awn of LV concealed by II and III.—The subequal gls. I and III will distinguish this from all other species of the Brachiaria section. P. ambiguum, Fig. & de Notar. is a very different plant. Presl describes two varieties in the Philippines; a lower gl. hardly half as long as the others; B glumes subzequilong. I have seen no Indian or other specimens answering to a. ** Gl. I much shorter than III ; IV often abruptly apiculate. § Spikelets 3-7; in. 9. P. prostratum, Lamk. Illustr. i. 171, Eneycl. iv. 745; leaves -short, base broad amplexicaul and sheaths ciliate, spikes usually crowded suberect, rachis trigonous, pedicels with long cilia, spikelets ~~), in. crowded subsessile 2-3-seriate ellipsoid glabrous, gl. I very short semi- lunar, II ovate acute 5-7-nerved, III 5-nerved paleate, IV obovate apicu- late minutely rugulose. Trin. Diss. ii. 150, Pante. Gen. 158, Sp. Gram, Ic, t. 184, 185; Kunth Enum. Pl. i. 89, Suppl. 68; Steud. Syn. Gram. 62; Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 359; Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 105; Attchis. Cat. Panjab. P1160; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 6, Indig. Fodd. Grass, t.45, Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. 11; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 476; Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 540. P. barbatum, Lamk. Illustr. le. P. cespitosum, Sw. Fl. Ind. Oce. i. 146. P. crispum, Llanos Fragment. 42. P. hirsutum, Heyne ex Wall. Cat. n. 8734 B. P. marginatum, Vahl ea Herb. Rottl. et ex Wall. Cat. u. 8732 VOL. VII. D 34 “CL¥xI. GRAMINEH. (J. D. Hooker.) {Panicum. B. P. procumbens, Nees Agrost. Bras. 109 ; Herb. Wight, n. 8052. P. eens Burm. var. alt. Fl, Ind. t.11,f 1; Rottl. in Neue Schrift. iv. (1803) 18 oe setigerum, Herb. Roxb. ex Wall.,Cgt. n. 8733 A.D. _P. eee nik, Hort. Berol. i. 207. , P.;-viaticum, Saltzm. ew Doell. in Mart. Fl. Bras. ii. II 155.—Panicum, Wall, Cat., n. 8733 aae 8734 B, C. D. ,Gramen paniceum minus, &. Petiv. ex Scheuchz. Agrost. 51 {non P. Petiverit, Trin.). PLAINS oF. INDIA, from the Panjab to Assam and Burma, and southward to CxryLon.—Distxis. Tropics generally. fe 58 \ ; Annual or perennial, ysually small ; stem 4-18 im, creeping below 3 modes glabrous, Leaves 1-2 in., up,to & in. broad, ovate-langeolate, acuminate; sheaths ciliate ; liguleO. Panicle usually shortly peduncled. Spikes subsecund, at length spread- ing; rachis scabrid and hairy. Spikelets pale, rather turgid; pedicels with cilia longer than the spikelets ; gl. I nerveless or 3-nerveds palea of III oblong, acute.— A common Bengal plant, of which and P. vitlosum I find it impossible to unravel the synonymy with confidence. Nees (Agrost. Bras. 109) includes under procumbens, repens, Burm. & Roxb. (not Linn.), prostratum, B Lamk., setigerum, Retz & Roxb., umbrosum, Retz & Roxb., grossarium, Koen. (not Linn.), barbatum, Lamk., & subcordatum, Roth. Wight (Cat.) includes under procumbens, Nees, besides most of the above, P. hirtum, Roth (Rothti, Spreng.) which is Oplismenus compositus. Mr. Rendle informs me that Petiver’s plant, which Trinins cites as. the type of his P, Petiverii, is .P. prostratum, Lamk., but that the P. Petiveriiof Trinius’ Icones is P. grossarium, Koen., not Linn.), which.I refer to the P. ramosum, Var. rigidum; stem .very stout wholly prostrate much brancbed,, leaves } in. triangular-ovate rigid pungent ciliate with, long hairs.— Wall. Cat. n. 8723 (in part). Caleutta, Clarke? Burma, Wallick, (The specimen has evidently been misplaced in the sheet of P. notabile.) ; ‘ . Var, burmanicum ; leaves sparsely hairy beneath, gl. FI and IEI puberulous. — Burma, Collett. 10. B. villesum, Lamk. Illustr. i. 173, Encyel. iv. 745; lealves ovate- ‘oblong obtuse or acute densely pubescent ‘on both surfates base rounded, ‘spikes secund erect tomentose, spikelets 3; in. ellipsoid glabrous or tomentose, gl. I very short semi-lunar nerveless, II ovate ‘acute 7-nerved, II ovate-oblong acute paleate, 1V obovate abruptly apiculate minutely rugulose. Kunth Enum, Pl. i. 98; Herb. Wight n. 3053. PP. Careyanum, Nees, Agrost. Bras. 118. P. coccospermum, Steud. Syn. Gram. 62; Tho. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 359; Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 105. P. grossarium, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 297; Hochst. in Herb. Hohen. n. 919. P. nanum, Nees in Herb, Royle, ea Steud. l.c.; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 5. P. nilagiricum, Steud. l.c. P. procumbens, 8 (setigerum, Rowb.) Wight Cat. n. 3053. P. yepens, Rowb. #7. Ind: i. 299. P. vestitum, Nees in Herb. Royle é Steud. l.¢,3 Aitchis, Cat, Panjab. Pl, 160; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 7, Fodd. Grass, N. Ind. 13.—Panicum, Wall. Cat. n. 8738 E, 8735. Subtropical and tropical Himataya, from the Chenab to Sikkim, alt. 83-6000 ft. Kuasra Hurts, alt. 2-6000 fr, Nitenter Hitts. Burmdé; Walldch. Crryon, Gardner.—D1s1 218. Tonkin, China. fa He Annual. Habit of P. prostratum, with which it has been confounded, but is a hill plant, distinguished by its hairy leaves and much more hairy spike and spikelets. ++ Spikelets 7-3 in. § Spikelets usually close together, more or less imbricating. 10*. P. muticum, Forsk. Fl. Aeg. Arab. 20; stout, nodes bearded, Panicum.] CLXXII. GRAMINEEZ. (J.D. Hooker.) 85 leaves long, base subcordate, panicle deltoid glabrous, spikes alternate, rachis uarrow flattened, spikelets 2 in. crowded ovoid acute glabrous, gl. I= j of III ovate acute 1-nerved, II and III subequal 5-nerved, III paleate male, IV ellipsoid obtuse margius narrowly incurved. Schult, Mant. ii. 225; Kunth Enum. Pl. i. 93; Steud. Syn. Gram. 40. P. amphi- bium, Steud. 1.c. 61; Zoll. Pl. Rar. Jav. 416. P. barbinode, Trin. Gram. Panic. 168, Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 318; Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 861; Steud. le. 67; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 2. P.equinum, Saltzm. ex Steud. l.c. P. leiogonum, Sieb. Pl. Egypt. ewsice.; Link. Hort. Berol. i. 206; Steud. le.79. P. Meyeriauum, Nees Fl. Afr. Austr. i.32; Steud. lc. 61. P. molle, Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 547 (excl. Syn.) non Sw.; Baker FI. Maurit. 430; Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 105 (non Sw.). P. numidianum, Lamk, Ill, 1.122, Diet. iv. 749; Desf. Fl. Atlant. i. 60, ¢.11; Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 174; Steud. le. 345; Doell. in Mart. Fl. Bras.ii. 11.187. P. pictiglume, Steud. l.c. 73. P. paraguayense, Steud. in Pl. Rengz (name only). P. pune- tulatum, Arn. ex Wight Cat. n. 2039; Steud. lc. 62, P. purpurascens, Radui be Opiz. in Flora, v. (1822) 266 ; Nees Agrost. Bras. 240; Steud. 1. c. 57. P. sarmeotosum, Hassk. Pl. Jav. Rar. 17 (non Rozb.). Paspalum mollicomum, Kunth l.c. 47; Steud. 7.c.31. Digitaria mauritiana, Wall. mss (Ke. in Herb. Kew).—Panicum, Wall. Cat. n. 8724. Benoa and CzrYLon, in marshes, cultivated or naturalized:.—-DisTris. Java, Africa, America. Stem ascending, 6-8: ft, high ; nodes softly bearded, rarely glabrescent. Leaves 6-10 by 4-2 in., and sheaths glabrous or hairy; ligule short, ciliate. Panicle erect, 3-5 in.; rachis stiff, scabrid. Spikes rather distant, stout, simple or divided below, lower 2-4 in., upper gradually shorter, rachis jin. broad ‘subhispid. Spike- lets turgid, sometimes solitary aud alternate throughout the spike, green or purplish ; gl. IV obscurely dotted or roughened.—The Water-grass of the Mauritius and Ceylon. I find gl. III to be always male, but being deseribed as neuter by others it no doubé varies in this respect, as do so many other Panica, It is very near the American P. molle, Sw., and is often confuunded with it, and the English names given above apply to both, It is distinguished from P. molee by the glabrous panicle and l-nerved (not 3enerved) gi. I. ll. P. javanicum, Poiy. Eniycl. Suppl. iv. t. 274; pubescent or hairy, leafbase rownded ‘er cordate, spikes 6-12, spikelets 3-3 in., bi- seriate alternate or upper scattered ovate acute, gl. I not = } II 3-nerved, II 7-nerved acute, IL like II 5-nerved paleate. 1V oblong rugulose shortly abruptly awned, Trin. Pan. Gen. 155; Baker Fl. Maurit. 134. P. Helopus, Trin. in Spreng. N. Entdeck. ii. 84, Pan. Gen. 150, Sp. Gram. Ie. t. 183; Nees Agrost. Bras. 117; Steud. Syn. Gram. 7; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 4, Indig. Fodd. Grass. t. 7, Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. 8 (excel. some Syns.); Benth. Fl, Austral. vii. 476 (in note). P. japonicum, error for ‘javanicum, Kunth Revis. Gram. i. 205, in syn. P. hirsutum, Koen. ex Rowh, Fl. Ind. i. 300, & Wight Cat. n. 1620; Aitchis. Cat. Panjab. Pl. 159. P. Koenigii, Spreng. Syst.i. 811. P. papillosum, Fenzl ex Steud. 1.c. 100, P. paspaloides, Herb. Heyne, ea Wall. Cat. n. 8729. P repens, Herb, Roxb. ex Wall. 1.c. n. 8731 A (non Fl. Ind.). P. trichopus, Hochst. in Flora, xxvil. (1844) 254. Oplismenus? hirsutus, Schult. Mant. ii, 271, 0. javanicus, Roem. & Sch, Syst. ii.891. Helopus trichopus, Hochst. ex Steud. 1.0. 100. Setaria ? hirsuta, Kunth Revis. Gram. i. 47, Enwm. Pl.i. 157. 8. pilifera, Spreng. Syst. iv. Cur. Post. 33. Urochloa panicoides, Beawy. Agrost. 52, t.11,£1; Kunth lc. i. 205, t. 14, Hnum. 74 (excl. Syn. Roxb.) ; Schult. pd 2 36 CLEXUI. GRamINuZ, (J. D. Hooker.) [Panicum. Mant. iii. 595. U. pubescens, Kunth 1.1. c. 31, 74. U. mauritiana, Bojer Hort. Maurit. 363.—Panicum, Sp. Wall. Cat. n. 8729. Plains of Inp1a, from Kashmir to Bengal, and southward to CayLon.—DIstR1B, Tropics generally. Annual. Stem 1-2 ft., decumbent and rooting below, nodes pubescent. Leaves 1-5 by 3-2 in., flat or undulate, very variable in breadth and form of base, lanceolate, acuminate and looge sheath laxly hairy; ligule a beard. Spikes 3-2 in. long, secund, spreading; rachis 3-gonous, pubescent and with a few long hairs. Spikelets 4 in., geminate or upper solitary, usually pubescent, pale; pedicels very short ; gi. I acute or obtuse; III male, pulea oblong; IV rounded at the tip.—Kunth (Revis. Gram. i, 206) says, under Urochloa panicoides, that he has examined in Desfontaine 3 Herbarium the type of Poiret’s P. javanicum, and identified it, which he cites as a syn. of Urochloa panicoides, but his figure of which again quite accords with a narrow-leaved form of P. Helopus, Trin. This requires the adoption the name javanicum (by misprint japoniewm in Kunth Revis.), for the species. Bentham, on the other hand (FI. Austral. vii. 477), says that Munro has seen an authentic speci- men of javanicum, and that it is quite distinct from P. Helopus. I have no means ‘of verifying either authority. 12. P. ramosum, Linn. Mant. i. 29; suberect, glabrous or pubescent, leaves amplexicaul, spikes many often crowded suberect, rachis scabrid and hairy, spikelets 3,-3 in. 1-2-seriate elliptic ovoid or obovoid glabrous ‘or pubescent, gl. I = 34 III ovate 3-5-nerved margins overlapping, II 7-nerved, III -5-7-nerved neuter, palea narrow, 1V subobovoid apiculate transversely rugulose. Kunth Enum. Pl. i. 125; Steud. Syn. Gram. 97; Wall. Cat. n. 8727 A. P.arvense, Kunth Revis. Gram. ii. 391, t. 109; Enum. Pl. i, 93; Steud. l.c. 67. P. aquariorum, Bansium & quinquan- gulare, Ham. ex Wall. Cat. n. 8727 O, 8725 A.B. P. canescens, Wight Cat. n. 1622 (non Roth.). P. fluitans, Herb. Heyne ex Wall. Cat. n. 8727 B. P. grossarium, Koen. in Naturf. xxiii. (1788) 205 (& Heyne & Rozb. in Herb. Banks). P. Kotschyanum, Hochst. in Flora xxv. (1842) Beibl. i. 33; Steud. lc. 68. P. nudighume, Hochst. l.c. xxvii. (1844) 33; Steud. lc. P. Petiverii, Trin. Diss. it. 144, Pan. Gen. 171, Sp. Gram. Ic. +. 176 A.B.; Kunth Enum. Pi.i. 91; Nees Agrost. Bras. 111; Steud. l.c.; Wight Cat. n, 1622, Herd, n. 1628, in part, & nu. 3226; Aitchis. Cat. Panjab Pl. 160; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 6, Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. 11; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 439. P. psilopodium, Koen. ew Trin. Pan. Gen. 217. P. semiverti- cillatum, Wight Cat. n. 1125. P. umbrosum, Retz. Obs. iv.16; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 297, Ic. pict. 103, 797.—Panicum, Wall. Cat. n. 8725 A. B. 8727 A. B. CO. and D. in part. Plains of Inp1a, from Scind and the N.W. Provinces to Behar and southward to Madras.—Distris. Affghan. Annual? Stem 1-3 ft., decumbent and branched below; branches erect, leafy. Leaves 8-4 by 4-1 in., lanceolate, acuminate, thin, glabrous or pubescent, base rounded and usually deeply lobed, margins minutely ciliolate; sheath glabrous or pubescent, mouth usually ciliate ; ligule short. Panicle 2-6 in., inclined, oblong, glabrous or pubescent; rachis angular. Spikes 1-2 in., erecto-patent, rather distant, sometimes divided at the base. Spikelets alternate, close or distant, often in pairs a sessile and pedicelled, pale green or yellowish,.turgid; pedicel usually with long cilia—I think this is certainly P. umbroswm, Retz & Roxb. 13. P.setigerum, Retz. Obs. iv. 15 ; leaves ovate-lanceolate with long cilia towards the amplexicaul base margins below ‘crenulately wrinkled, spikes alternate, pedicels with scattered long hairs, spikelets 4 in. biseriate alternate imbricate subsessile ovate acuminate glabrous or pubescent, gl. I Panicum.] CLEXIN. GRaMINEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) 37 = 4% IIT obtuse 3-nerved, II ovate-lanceolate acuminate 7-nerved, III 5- nerved neuter, palea as broad acuminate, IV broadly oblong mucronate or shortly awned finely rugulose. Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 299; Kunth Enum. Pl. 90 (excl. some Syns.); Herb. Ham. ex Wall. Oat. n. 8730 B._ P. affine, Pow, Encycl. Suppl. iv. 273 (ew Kunth). P. grossarium, Roxb. Ic. Ined. t. 798 (not Fl. Ind.). P. Helopus, Trin. (hirsutum, Koen.), Wight Cat. n. 1620. P. lanceolatum, Herb. Heyne ew Wall. Oat. n. 8730 A. P. nutans, Herb. Rottil. P. prostratum, forma major, Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 359. P. prostratum, var, horizontale, Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 105. P. repens, Herb. Wight ex Wall. Cat. n. 8730 C. P. subcordatum, Herb. Wight ec Wall. Cat. 8730 D. POplismenus prostratus, Edgew. in Hig Linn. Soe. vi. (1862) 195.—Panicum, Wall. Cat. n. 8727 D, tn part, Ben@aL; common. The Concan and SoutH Deccan, Rottler, &. CryYbon, Thwaites (C.P. 3236). Stem 2-3 ft., slender, prostrate and widely straggling below; lower internodes long ; nodes rooting, tomentose. Leaves 3-5 by 4-1} in., finely acuminate, flat, margins crispedly wrinkled below, or to beyond the middle; sheath with ciliate margins; ligule a few hairs. Spikes 3-6, suberect or spreading, rather distant ; angles of rachis scaberulous. Spikelets solitary or geminate, suberect, very acu- minate.—It is impossible to recognize this species from Retz’s description, but the name attached to three different specimens in Rottler’s Herbarium leaves little doubt as to his plant. Roxburgh describes setigerwm as having the stem almost’ woody towards the base, which is hardly the case in the specimens I have seen. Edgeworth cites P. setigerum, Roxb., for his Oplismenus prostratus, but it may well be doubted if he knew Roxburgh’s plant. Var. tumentosum, leaves 6-7 in., margins and sheaths with very long hairs, spike- lets larger 2 in. long tomentose, awn longer. 14. P. distachyum, Linn. Mani. i. 138; slender, quite glabrous, or panicle sparsely hairy, leaves linear or lanceolate base rounded, spikes 2-4 distant spreading, spikelets 2-4 in. solitary subsessile 1-2-seriate ellipsoid glabrous, gl. I= 3J1 5-7-nerved, II ovate acute 7-nerved, III 5-nerved, IV ellipsoid obscurely rugulose top rounded. Retz. Obs. iii. 17; Lamk. Til. t. 43, £2; Kunth Enum. Pl. 91; Steud. Syn. Gram. 41; Wight Cat. n.1612; Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 359; Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 104; Aitchis. Cat. Panjab. Pl. 159; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 3, Indig. Fodd. Grass. t. 42, Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. 6; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 478. P. distachyon & marginatum, Herd. Madr. ew Wall. Cat. n. 8732 A.B. P. dimidiatum, Heyne ew Wall, Cat. n. 8732 D. P. subquadriparum, Trin. Gram. Panic. 145, Sp. Gram. Ie. t.186; Kunth 1. c. 80; Steud. 1c. 60. P. repens, Herb. Rowb. ee Wall. lc. 8731 A. Digitaria distachya, Pers. Syn. i. 85.—Panicum, Wall. Cat. n. 8731, 8782. Plains of Inp1a, from the Panjab to Upper Assam and Burma, and southward to Malacca and Cryton. Great Cocos Isld. (Ind. Ocean), Prain.—DIsTRIB. China, Malaya, Australia. : : Stems 1-2 ft., branched, straggling and creeping below. Leaves 2-6 by 3-3 in., flat, margins of sheath ciliate or not, mouth hairy. Spikes 1-25 in., rarely more than 4, erect, at length spreading; rachis slender, glabrous. Spikelets variable in size, pale green; gl. I with overlapping margins below; II paleate or not, palea if present narrow, neuter. . Var. brevifolium, Wight & Arn. in Wight Cat. n. 1612 a; leaves 3-1 in., ovate- lanceolate, spikes shorter, rachis broader, spikelets 2-seriate.—Drier places. 38 CLXXIU. GRAMINEEZ, (J. D. Hooker.) [Panteum, §§ Spikelets more or less remote. : 15. P. semiverticillatum, Rottler in Ainslie, Mat. Med. Hindost. Eid. I. 219 (name only) ; stem stout erect branched, leaves broad base woolly , panicle large pubescent, spikes distant long alternate or whorled lax-Hd., rachis slender, spikelets 4-4 in. ovoid obtuse glabrous, gl. I much shorter than III verv broad obtuse s-nerved, IL obtuse 7-nerved, LIT 5-nerved, palea narrow hyaline, LV ovate-obleng obtuse minutely granulate. Steud. Sym. Gram, 62. P. semiverticillatum, Wight Cat. n.8050'?, 3051. P. Petiverii, hw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl, 359. Souta Deccan, Coimbatore, Rottler, Wight; Anamallay Hills, Beddoine. Czyton, at Damboul, Gardner (C.P. 895). : Stem tall, erect, or base shortly decumbent; nodes and often internodes below them tomentose. Leaves 5-8 hy 4-4 in., linear-lanceolate, finely acumirate, flat, glabrous except at the narrow base; sheath tomentose above ; ligule a tuft of wool. Panicle 4-8 in., subpyramidal; Spikes 1-2} in. ; rachis triquetrous, glabrous or pubescent. Spikelets pale, often solitary, upper shortly pedicelled.—Possibly a cult. form of P. ramosum. Described by Aiv-lie as a grain cultivated by the poor at Coimbatore and in other grain countries. I assume it to be Rottler’s plant, relying on Wight, who had resided at Coimbatore. P. semiverticillatuin, Herb, Rottler, from Jaffua in Ceylon is P. colonuwm. 16. Ps remotym, fietz. Obs. iv, 17; very slender, leaves long narrow and sheaths quite glabrous, spikes few distant slender spreading, spikelets 45 in. distant subsolitary ellipsoid obtuse glabrous, ol. I= 4-% ILI obtuse or subacute 3-nerved, IL obtuse 5-7-nerved. III 5-nerved, palea narrow, 1 V elliptic obtuse minutely rugulose. Kunth Enum. Pl. i. 125; Steud. Syn. Gram. 68. P. grossarium, Koen. var. Herb. Rottler. P. Petiverii, Tri. Sp. Gram. Ic. t.176,f.C. P. relaxatum, Nees ex Steud. Nom Ed. IL. ii. 262; Wight Cat. n, 1623 a, and 6 depauperatum. Orissa, Herb. Caleutt. Sour Duccan, Rottler; Courtallam, Wight; Ana- mallay Hills, Beddome, Stem 1-2 ft., much branched, decumbent, flaccid. Leaves 2-4 hy 4-3 in., finely acuminate, membranous, base quite glabrous; ligule very short, lacerate. Spikes 6-8, 2-4 in, long; rachis very slender, almost capillary, triquetrous, quite glabrous. Spikelets solitary or in distant pairs, sessile, or the upper long-pedicelled ; glumes thin, pale with grecn nerves.—I find no difference between Nees’ two vars. of relazatum. 7. P. Kurzil, Hook f.; slender, leayes short lanceolate base cordate, margins of sheaths ciliate, spikes few very slender naked or with few hairs, spikelets 75 in. ovoid acute glabrous, gl. [= 2-4 III 3-5-nerved, II ovate acuminate 7-nerved, IIT 5-neryed, palea broad, IV elliptic-oblong minutely ragulose, tip rounded apiculate—Panicum, Wall. Cat. n. 8745. Lower BENncGaL, Wallich, Griffith; Seebpore, Kurz; Vicrampore and Dacca, Jlarke, Benak; top of Parusuath, J.D, H. Annual, decumbent and rooting below, flaccid. Leaves 2-3 by 3-2 in., acuminate, margins crisped towards the usually ciliate base; sheath with’ villous margins 5. ligule bearded. Panicle 2-6 in. long; spikes few, very distant, 2-3 in. long, with ” rarely a short branch bearing 2~3 spikelets towards the base of the lower, Spikelets pale. subsessile or pedicelled.—This Lower Bengal plaut found at Seebpore close to the Calcutta Bot. Garden, should be one of Roxburgh’s species, but I cannot identity it. It is very closely allied to P. remotwm und altogether like that plant in habit, differing chiefly in the short leaves und the ciliate margins of the leaf-sheaths and in habitat, A doubtful specimen from Baidyanath (Santal Pergunuahs) collected by Clarke, bas the narrow leaves of remotum. Panicum.] CLYXII, GRaMincax. (J.D. Hooker.) 39 18. P. latifolium, Linn. Sp. Pl. 58; stem prostrate and rooting below, leaves lanceolate acuminate base rounded or cordate, panicle lax, branches distant stout, rachis scaberulous, spikelets large ‘3—-} in. very distant secund solitary or in pairs, glumes coriaceous 5-nerved, tips thickened, I = 3 II or longer, II and ILI subequal, IIT broadest triandrous, palea narrow, 1V ovoid acuminate quite smooth. Willd. Sp. Pl. i. 350; Kunth Enum. Pl.i.117; H. B. & K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. i:'100. P. Balbi- sianum, Schult. Mant. ii, 254; Steud. Syn. Gram. 76. P. grandiflorum, Trin, ex Nees Agrost. Bras, 154. P. oryzoides, Sw. Prodr. 23, Fl. Ind. Occ. 1.161; Kunth lc. 129; Nees Agrost. Bras. 154; ‘Steud. 1 é, 80; Arduin. Animadv. ii. t. 5; Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 547. P. Pseudo-oryzoides, ' Steud. lc. 75. P. Ridleyi, Hack. in Trans. Linn. Soc. Ser. 11. Bot, iti. 401 (name). P. zizanioides, H. B. K. l.c.; Steud. U.¢.'75.—Paniéum, Griff. Notul. iii. 31, n. 17,— Wall. Cat, n. 8706.—Gram. Virgin. &c. Moris. Hist. By Pi. iii. 196, 6. 8, f. 4, Sloane Hist. Jam. i, 114, t. 71, f. 3. Beveat, SirgEt, CacHar, Burma, and the Matay Psnins.—D{sre1B, Eastern trop. Asia and America, : ove: 8 Stem 6-24 in., rather stout, extensively creeping, glabrous, or nodes tomentose. Leaves 1-6 by 4-4 in., subdistichous, flat, glabrous ; sheaths smooth ; ligile short, ciliate. Panicle 1-6 in., erect, contracted; branches simple or sparingly divided, having short 3-fid. “branchlets at the base; ais stiff, angular. Spikelets turgid, very obscurely jointéd on the short stiff pedicels, pale green; gls. all broadly ovate, their thickened tips Jaterally compressed, lateral nerves on each side close together ; III empty or impertectly triandrous.—The compressed thickened tips of the glumes are very characteristic. aoe ; a Var. majus ; stem stout 4-6 ft., internodes 4-6 in, rigid, odes tomentose, leaves 4 in. broad, margins thickened, base narrowed, panicle‘nearly 1 in. long.—Malay Peninsula, at Goping, King’s Collector. < ‘ ; Sect. IV. Hymunacunz. (See p. 27.) 19, P. myurus, H. B. & K. Nov. Gen. & Sp, i. 98 (cacl. Syn. Lamk.) ; stem tall stout spongy below, leaves long flat ‘base cordate, pavicle narrow very compound often interrupted, branches closely appressed, spikelets 4-+ in. erect narrowly lanceolate, gl, I = 4 III, 1f 8-nerved, Lif much ionger than II 3-5-nerved, IV small thin lanceolate. Kunth Revis. Gram. i. 33, Enum. Pl. i. 86, Suppl. 65; Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 361; Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 104; Duthie Fédd. Grass. N.' Ind." 10 (ewcl: Syn.); Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 480 (egel. Syn. interruptum)—LBxcl: in‘ all Syn. Lamk, Rudge, Richard, Trin. P.acutiglumim, Steud. Syn. Gram. 66. P.auritum, Hassk. Pl. Rar, Jav. 22 (non Bregi). P. cynosuroides, Herb. Rottl. P. Hasskarlii, Steud. in Zoll. Syst. Verz. 54, Syn. Gram. 70; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 456. P, myurum, Meyer Fl, Esseq. 50 (eel. Syn. Lamk § Rudge). P. manga- loricum, Steud. l.c. 78. 'P. serratulum, Herb. Ham. in Wall. Cat, u. 8699. P, serrulatum, Roxb. Fl, Ind. i. 307; Kunth Enum, Pl. i. 126. Hymenachne myuros, Beawy. Agrost. 49, t. 10, 1.8 (cacl. Syn. Lam.) ; Nees Agrost. Bras. 275; Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 558 (ewcl. Syn.) ; Steud. l.c. Agrostis alope- curoides, Vahl. mss., & A. monostachys, Poir. Encycl. Suppl. i. 256, ex Kunth l.c.—Panicum, Wall. Cat. n. 8699. Marshes in Upper and Lower Ben@at, Assam, SILHET, the Deccan, Matayan Peninsuxa and CeyLon.—DistRis. Trop. As. Austral. and Amer. Stem erect, 2-6 ft., leafy, rooting at the nodes of the prostrate base, which is often as thick as a swan’s quill. Leaves 12-18 by 3-1 in., tapering from a brond cordate base to a fine point, margin serrulate; sheuth smooth, glabrous; ligule very 40 OLxx1, GRaming#. (J. D. Hooker.) [Panicum. short, rounded. Panicle 6-12 in., rarely 1 in. diam., often interrupted, sometimes quite cylindric. Spikelets erect, very shortly pedicelled, pale green ; gl. I broadly ovate, acuminate ; III tapering into a long rigid erect beak, palea 0 or imperfect. — Generally cited as P. myurus, of Lamk, butas Nees has pointed out ( Agrost. Bras, l.c.) Lamk’s plant is Richards’ P. myosurus (= P. indicum). In Maoro’s herbarium P, myurus is, perhaps rightly, referred to P. ampleatcaule, Rudge (Pl. Gui, i. 21), which is a much broader leaved plant. 20. P. assamicum, Hook. f.; slender, erect, leaves narrow base rounded, panicle spiciform cylindric very narrow interrupted, spikelets 3 in. densely crowded on the appressed branches, gl. I=4 111 8-nerved, II and III lanceolate 5-nerved, III rather longer than II epaleate, 1V ovate- lanceolate thin smooth. Assam, Masters, Griffith; Dacca, Clarke. Stem 12-18 in. or more, ascending, as thick as a sparrow’s quill, lower nodes rooting. Leaves 2-4 in., narrowed from the base to the acute tip, margins quite smooth, involute (when dry) ; sheath glabrous or mouth slightly hairy; ligule a narrow membrane. Panicle 3 in., hardly 2 in. diam., pale green, quite glabrous. Spikelets very shortly pedicelled; glumes thin.—I advance this species with hesita- tion. It is nearest to P. myurus, differing in size, narrow leaves, very narrow panicle, smaller spikelets, and shorter glume III. 21. P. auritum, Pres! ex Nees Agrost. Bras. 176; tall, erect, leaves linear-lanceolate base broadly cordate, panicle long contracted or more or less effuse much fastigiately branched, branches erect, spikelets 3-7, in. crowded on short branchlets solitary sessile or shortly pedicelled oblong or ovate-oblong subacute, gl. 1=43 III obtuse or acute nerves 3-5 arching, II and III subequal acute or acuminate 5-nerved, III paleate neuter, IV Janceolate acuminate smooth. Pres! Rel. Henk. i. 305; Trin. Pan. Gen. 176; Kunth Enum. Pl. i. 113; Steud. Syn. Gram. 70; Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 361; Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 105; Baker Fl. Maurit. 437; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 456. P.insulicola, Steud. lc. 73. P.javanum, Nees & Biihse in Mig. Pl. Jungh. 376 ; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat, l.c. 4538. P,maximum, Wail. Cat. n. 8715 F. P.patens, Bojer Hort. Maurit. ex Baker i.c. P. secundum, Herb. Rottl, Hymenachne myurus, Herd. Hf. & T. (in part).—Panicum, Wall, Cat. n. 8701, 8707. Marshes from BENeAL and the Conoan to BurMa, TRAvANcOoRE, the MaLay PENntinsvLa, and CryLon.—Distris. Malaya, China, Mauritius P : Perennial. Stem 3-6 ft., sometimes as stout as a goose-quill, soft. Leaves 8-14 by $-14 in., glabrous or sparsely hairy beneath, as is the sheath; mouth villously bearded ; ligule very narrow. Panicle 8-18 in., green, rachis scaberulous, branches 2-5 in., branchlets and fascicles of spikelets subsecund. Spikelets green, glabrous, nerves strong; gl. I broadly ovate; II and III ovate-oblong; palea of III small; IV as long as III, white, thinly coriaceous.—The Ceylon specimens have longer (75-3 in.) narrower and more acuminate spikelets than the normal. 22. P. interruptum, Willd. Sp. Pl. i. 341; stem tall very stout spongy below, leaves long flat base rounded or subcordate, panicle very narrow almost reduced to a spike, spikelets (many imperfect) 3} in. fascicled very shortly pedicelled ovoid rather turgid, gl. I = 4 III orbicular hyaline 5-nerved, I1=TIII ovate-oblong obtuse strongly 9-nerved, LI ovate-oblong obtuse, palea small, IV much smaller lanceolate acuminate polished white. Nees #1. Afr. Austr. 51; Kunth Enum. Pl. i. 87; Rowb. Fil. Ind. i, 286; Wall. Cat. n. 8695 Excl.C,; Thw. Enum, Pl. Zeyl. 361; Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 104; Wight Cat. n. 1640; Griff. Notul. ili. 26, Ic. Pl. Asiat. Panicum.] CLXXIII. GRAMINER. (J. D. Hooker.) 41 t. 139, £. 221 & t. 146, £.2.; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 316. P. caudatum, Thunb, Fl. Cap. i. 393. P. inundatum, Kunth Revis. Gram. i. 34; Enum: Pl, i. 88. P. spiciforme, Hochst ex A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 359. P. stagninum, Herb. Ham. ex Wall. Cat. n. 8695 D (non Retz). P. turritum, Thunb. in Mus, Nat. Acad. Upsal. x. 148. P. uliginosum, Roth Nov. Pl. Sp. 50. Hymenachne interrupta, Biihse in Mig. Pl. Jungh.i. 877; Mig. Fil. Ind. Bat. iii. 458; Steud. lc. 101. Swamps; from the Uprrr GANGETIC PLAIN to AssAM and BorMa, and south- ward to CeyLon—Disrtrts. China, Malaya, Afr. trop. Stem 3-5 ft., lower internodes often as thick as the thumb, rooting. Leaves 6-12 by 4-§ in., many-nerved, base hardly contracted; sheath smooth; ligule short, membranous. Spike 6-10 in. by } in. diam., strict; rachis stout, terete, channelled. Spikelets spreading, much longer than their pedicels, green, her- baceous.—Very near the American P. vilfotdes, Trin. (fluviatile, Nees). Bentham reduces ‘P, interruptum to P. myurus, but they are very different plants, 23. P. indicum, Linn, Mant. ii. 184; stem slender, leaves linear glabrous or hirsute base narrow, panicle spiciform oblong or cylindric dense fld, branches very short, spikelets longer than their pedicel 5-4 in. crowded ovoid or oblong subacute straight or curved glabrous or hispid, gl I=about 4 III 3-nerved, II ovoid cymbiform obtuse or subacute -9-nerved, III as long as II oblong obtuse 7-9-nerved, palea minute, IV minute ovoid subacute. Retz. Obs. i1.9; Kunth Enum. Pl. i. 183; Steud. Syn. Gram. 84; Trin. Diss. ii. 170, Pan. Gen. 84, Sp. Gram. Ic. 197 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 285; Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 361 (excl. CP. 909); Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 104; Benth, Fl. Hongk. 413, Fl. Austral. vii. 480; Franch. & Sav. En. Pl. Jap. ii. 163. P. angustum, Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 334; Wight Cat. n. 1642; Steud. l.c. P. arcuatum, Br. Prodr. 189; Kunth l.c. 77; Griff. Notul, iii. 39, 40, Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 147, f. 1; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 5, Fodd. Grass N. Ind. 9. P.contractum, Wight § Arn. ex Nees in Herb, Wight; Steud. 1.c. 84. P. conglomeratum, Herb. Rottl.;? Linn. Mant. 824; Kunth lc. 133. P. interruptum, Wall. Cat. n. 8695 C. partim. P. Johanne & incurvum, Herb. Linn. exw Munro in Journ. Linn. Soc. vi. 39. P. microstachyum, Lamk. Ill. i. 170, Encycl. iv. 739; Kunth l.c. 88. P. myosurus, Rich. in Act. Soc. Hist. Nat. Par. i. (1792) 106. P. myurns, Lamk. Il.i. 172. P. phalaroides, Roem. § Sch. Syst. ii. 452. P. phleoides, Br. ex Kunth l. c. Hymenachne indica, Biihse ee Mig. Fl. Ind. Bai. iii. 458. H.? phalaroides, Nees Agrost. 276; Steud. l. c. 202. PAira indica, Linn. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2. 94, Panicum, Wall. Cat. n. 8696 B. C. (in part) D. E. F. (ix part) G. H., 8697, & 8698. Tropical and subtropical Inp1a (ascending 6000 ft. in the Himalaya) from Garwhal eastwards and southwards. CrYLon.—Duistgis. Trop. Asia and Australia. (Mexico, an alien). P. indicum appears to pass insensibly into P. interruptum and P. myosuroides, the former of which differs in its stouter habit, the latter in its caudiform spike and more minute rounded spikelets. Though so abundant in the Plains to the eastward of the Jumna,I have seen no specimens from the west of that river; nor from Africa. The following are the principal Indian forms, .in describing which I have used the word spike in a conventional sense, Var. indicum proper; stem 6-18 in. erect or decumbent at the base, leaves narrow, spikes }-2 in. cylindric green whitish or blue-purple, spikelets 5-3} in. ovate-lanceolate acute straight or decurved glabrous or sparsely setose.—The common Plains form. P. phalarotdes, Roem. & Sch. is a common state with more setose spikelets ; it is P. indicum, B, Wight Cat. 1641 B. 42 OLERTHI. GRAMINEM (J.D. Hooker.) [Panicum Var. elatum ; glabrous, stem 3-4 ft. stout erect, leaves 6-10 in. by 3 in., spike 3-6 in. rather stout, spikelets 3 in. erect oblong-ovate acute violet blue rarely greenish.—Khasia hills, in wet places alt. 5-6000 ft, The nearest form to P. interruptum, Var. piloswm; like var. elatwm, but not so tall, more flaccid, leaves hirsute with spreading hairg.—Khasia hills, alt. 4-:5000 ft. ; Var. villosum ; softly silkily villous, stem 1~2 ft., leaves quite erect, spike 2-6 in., spikelets 4-4 in. green or purplish ovate-oblong glabrous.—Panicum, No. 39, Herb, Ind, Or. Hook. f. & T.—Khasia hills, alt. 5-6000 ft. Var. gracile; stem 1-2 ft. very slender simple or branched, leaves 46 by 3-3 in. flaccid, spikes 2-4 in. pale, spikelets 2 in. ovoid subacute glabrous spreading. —Nepal, Kumaon, Sikkim, &e. ; Var. angustum; whole plant very slender spike of very minute loosely packed spikelets ), in. loug.—This, the P. angustwm Trin., is a starved form. Var. turgidum ; stem 6~12 in., spike short cylindric or oblong very pale often proliferous, spikelets $-3 in, oblong turgid setulose——Panicum, Wall. Cat. n. 8697, 8698.—In wet places. Perhaps a diseased form. : 24, P. myosuroideg, Br. Prodr. 189; slender, leaves narrow, spike- lets innumerable 7;—7s in. densely crowded in an elongate cylindric curved caudiform panicle broadly obovoid or subglobose obtuse, gl. I about 3 IIT 3-nerved, II very-convex and III 5-7-nerved, III oblong obtuse palea minute, ITV minute ovate-oblong. Kunth Enum. Pl. i. 77; Steud. Syn. Gram. 56; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 480 (excl. syn. angustum) ; Disthie Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. 11. P. arcuatum, Wight’ Cat. n. 1639 (non By). P. angustum, Wight 7.c. 1642 (non Trin.); Wight Cat. nu. 164. P.' curva- tum, Rowb. Fl. Ind. i. 286 (non Linn.); Kunth l.c. 87 (excl. syn.) P. indicum, Herb. Wight n. 8042; Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 361 (in part). P. interruptum, var. contigua. Steud. in Pl. Ind. Or. Hohen. n. 1606 (non Willd.). P. multifloruam, Roxb. Ic. Pict. ined. +. 782. P. nervosum, Herb. Heyne ex Wall. Cat. n. 8696 A.—Panicum, Wail. Cat, n. 8696 A, C.F. (in part) G.—Sporobolus, Wall. Cat. n. 3766 ex Wight. Cat. n. 1642. Throughout the hotter parts of India from NepaL eastward to Assam and Burma, and southward to the Maay PenrnsvLa aud Ceyton.—Distars. China, Austral. Afric. trop. : eae T he ate ce Stem erect or shortly creeping. Legves rarely 3 in. broad. Spiciform or rather caudiform panicle sometimes 8 inches long, tapering’ from'base to tip, with rarely a short branch abruptly breaking out from near the base. Spikelets longer than their pedicels, green or purplish.—This is ynguestionably P. myosuroides, Br., and Rox- burgh’s P, curvatum, but I hesitate to cite all the authors who have taken up these names, in some cases probably from forms of P. indicum. In its ordinary state it is a very distinct grass, from its elegant tail-like inflorescence and minute obtuse spike- lets, but I find it impossible to separate specimens with short spikes from states of P. indicum. P. angustum, Trin., is such q state, and is referred fo myosuraides by Bentham, but its larger spikelets are rather those of true indicum. '"” : 25. P. curvatum, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. 730; stem very slender, and narrow leaves flaccid, spikelets in a lax panicle with capillary flexuous branches, spikelets gibbously ovoid-oblong decprved, nerves yery strong, gl. I minute, IL cymbiform or almost galeate, III shorter than II ovate, palea linear-oblong, IV minute. Wight Cat. n. 1686; Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 360; Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 105; Nees Agrost. Bras. 207, Fl. Afr. Austr. 50. P. costulatum, Bojer, mss. P.coryophorum, Kunth Revis. Gram. 93, t. 107; Enum. Pl. 88; Suppl. 66.—Panicum, Wall. Cat. n. 8742. "” Panicum.) CLXxIN. GRaminez. (J. D. Hooker.) 43 South Deccan PeninsvuLa; Heyne, &c., Courtallam, Wight. Cryton, Walker, Thwaites.—Distriz, Madagascar, 8. Africa. Stem 6-18 in., prostrate, much branched, remotely leafy, nodes glabrous. Leaves 2-3 by ¢ in., flat, sometimes sparsely hairy ; sheath long, slender; ligule hardly any. Panicle 1-4 in., branches alternate, quite glabrous. Spikelets j,—75 in., very strongly nerved, except gl. I, which is transversely’ oblong; II very strqngly 11- nerved ; III 3-5-nerved ; IV ovoid, obtuse—A very elegant small grass. Steudel (Syn. Gram. 85) has referred Sprengel’s P. madagascarense (Syst. i, 317) to this, but Sprengel’s character “ glumes obgoletely nerved’”? is irreconcilable. =~ ; Sect. V. Brevierum™. (See p 27.) 26. P. canaliculatum, Mees in Wight Cat. n. 1624; stemg very slender flaccid branched, leaves narrow, spikelets 4-3 in. solitary or few together clustered on distant very short branchlets along a capillary simple rachis ovate-oblong very shortly pedicelled, gls. membranous, I and IT not=4% III broadly ovate subequal, ITI ovate acute paleate male, IV as long as III lanceolate acuminate thin muriculate tip minutely 2-toothed and mucronulate. Steud. Syn. Gram. 55. P. myurum, Wight ex Steud. l.c. P. stenostachyum, Thw. Hmum. Pl. Zeyl. 486; Trim. Cat. Pl. Ceyl. 105. Aira interrupta, Rott. ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 55. Southern Deccan PEninsuLa, Wight. Cryuon; Jaffna ,Herb. Rottler; Trinco- malee, Glenie. Quite glabrous. Stems 2-3 ft., many from a small woody branched nodulose rootstock, erect or decumbent at the base. Leangs 83-10 by 4-3 in., thin, flat, quite smooth, nerves yery slender, tips setaceous, base narrow; sheaths smooth; ligule obscure, ciliate. Spikg 3-8 in., almost capillary. Spikelets solitary, binate, or in clusters of 3-6, on a yery short branch, sessile or subsessile, pale, glistening ; gl. I and II very broadly ovate, acute or obtuse; I 3-nerved ; If rather the longest, 5-nerved ; III faintly 5-7-nerved, its palea large, obtuse with broadly inflexed margins and green nerves at the smooth angles, which are faintly produced iy the tips; IV very pale, dorsally flattened and channelled, 5-nerved ; palea acute. odicules quadrately cuneate. Anthers linear. Style long, stigma short.—A very peculiar species. ‘ oS ; 27. P. nodosum, Kunth Enym. Pl. i. 97; stem creeping and yootiug below, leaves linear base rounded or cordate, pauicle broad rachis very slender scaberulous, branches very long filiform striate beariug remote racemose or solitary spikes of few secund elliptic-oblong acute spikelets qz-# in. long, gl. 1 not =} III 3-5-nerved, IL rather longer than I 5-nerved, II] 5-7-neryed epaleate, IV elliptic-lanceolate acute thin smooth. Steud. Syn. Gram. 59; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 412; Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 360 ; Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 105. P. Arnottianum, Nees in Wight Cat. n. 1611, Herb. n. 3068; Steud. lc, P. multinode, Presl Rel. Heenk. i. 303 (non Lamk.). P. violaceam, Llanos Fragm. 42. Bereat, Assam, and southwards to Manacca, Travancore and CEYLON.— Distui3. Malaya, Chiua. Stemg 1-2 ft., slender, leafy. Leaves 2-5 by 3-4 in., flat, thin, and as well as their sheatlis glabrous pilose or hirsute, base ciliate; ligule very short. Pantele 4-6 in., branches 2~8 in., solitary or fascicled. Spikelets pale green, sessile or very mein pedicelled, glabrous or slightly hairy; gl. IV. as long as III, dorsally attened. 44 CLXXU. GRAMINER. (J. D, Hooker.) [ Panicum. Sect. VI. Errusa. (See p. 27.) * GI. I as long as III or nearly so. (The three following species are in no way allied.) 28. P. wequiglume, Hook. f.; slender, leaves linear-lanceolate base narrow, panicle ovate lax, branches lax in alternate fascicles or whorls spreading laxly few-fid. and branchlets and pedicels capillary smooth, spikelets +; in. solitary oblong obtuse faintly nerved, I=III oblong obtuse white nearly flat faintly 5-nerved deciduous, IL broadly ovate sub- acute 9-nerved convex, III shorter than II oblong paleate male or neuter nerveless, [V much shorter than II stipitate broadly ovate obtuse sparsely pilose above or glabrous white. Nirentri Hri1xs ; Goodadoor Ghats, alt. 5000 ft., in 2 wood, Lawson. Stem 1-2 ft., apparently geniculately ascending, smooth, purplish ; nodes glabrous, Leaves 2-3 by 3-}in., flat, green, smooth, 5-7-nerved and striate, midrib slender ; base rounded or narrowly cordate; sheath purple, margin fimbriately ciliate; ligule a row of hairs. Panicle 4 in., branches in 6-8 rather distant fascicles of two or three, lowest 23 in. long. Spikelets very pale; gl. I very deciduous (so that the mature spikelet appears 3-glumed), but leaving a distinct scar ; II more coriaceous, nerves more distinct; III and its palea sometimes very small and empty.—A very curious grass. 29. P. ovalifolium, Poir. Encycl. Suppl. iv. 279; stem slender decumbent and rooting below, leaves 1-2 in. ovate acuminate amplexicaul, panicle ovoid excessively branched, rachis branches and pedicels capillary, spikelets solitary 7;-5 in. ovate subacute, gl. I. nearly = III, II hemi- spheric pubescent or hirsute 5-nerved, III flat obtuse, palea large, LV oblong acute dorsally rounded smooth, margins narrowly inflexed. Beauv. Fl. Owar. ii. 79, t. 110, £.1; Kunth Enum. Pl. i. 113 ; Steud. Syn. Gram. 84; Benth, Fl. Hongk. 413; Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 359; Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 105; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 6. P. amplexicaule, Potr. (teste Beauv.) ew Kunth Le. P. arborescens, Linn. Sp. Pl. 59 (in part) (cf. Trim. in Journ. Linn, Soc xxiv. 135). P. brevifolium, Rorb. Fl. Ind. i. 306, & Herb. Linn, P. guineense, Desv. mss. ex Poir, Encycl. Suppl. iv. 279. P. tricarinatum, Steud. Nom. Ed. 11 ii. 264, Syn. Gram. 94. Isachne tricarinata, Roth Nov. Sp. 57; Kunth Enum. Pl. i. 186.—Panicum, Wall. Cat. 8737. Sixxim Himataya, alt. 4000 ft.; Kuasta Hits, alt. 2000 ft.; Munneporg, Bupma, the MaLay PeninsuLa and CeyLon.—Distris. Malaya, China, trop. Afr. Stem geniculate and ascending below, leafy usually up to the panicle. Leaves membranous and sheaths glabrous ciliate or hairy above or all over; ligule very short, ciliate. Panicle ovoid. Spikelets variable in size; gl II very persistent.— Resembles Sphkerocaryum elegans and often mixed with it in Herbaria. As Trimen has pointed out (Journ. Linn. Soc. l.c.) this, according to Herb. Linn. & Fl. Zeyl. is P. arborescens, Linn., described as being as high as the loftiest trees. This error has no doubt originated from its having been accidentally assorted with an Arundinaria in Herb. Linn. 30. P. turgidum, Forsk. Fl. Ay. Arab. 18; shrubby, rootstock very stout creeping, stem woody, branches alternately or proliferously fascicled at the sheathed nodes, leaves short rigid, panicle erect giabrous branches solitary distant simple or sparingly divided, spikelets solitary ~>-g in. subglobose pale, gls. coriaceous cymbiform, I = III or nearly so orbicular 5-7-nerved, II broadly ovate acute 7-nerved, III acumi- Panicum.] OLXXIII, GRAMINEE. (J. D. Hooker.) 45 nate 9-nerved paleate male, 1V small ovoid acute quite smooth polished. Del. Fl. Hgypt. Ill. 51, t.9, £2; Nees Agrost. Bras.i.172 (in note); Trin. Pan, Gen. 221, Sp. Gram. Ie. t. 227; Kunth Enum. Pl. i. 97; Steud. Syn. Gram. 88; Duthie Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. 13. Sinp and CentRat Inpia, Duthie 1. c.—Distx1B. Beluchistan and westward to Egypt. . ; Mi olatack sometimes as thick as the little finger, root fibres strong woolly ; branches 2-4 ft,, hard, solid, smooth, sometimes as thick as a goose-quill, clothed at the base with imbricating scarious scales, and the nodes higher up with long scarious leaf sheaths, branches sometimes forming dense subglobose fascicles at the nodes 2-3 in, diam., with many short reduced panicles, eaves at the base of the stem 2-3 iv. long, flat, coriaceous linear-lanceolate, acuminate, smooth, at the upper nodes reduced to brown chartaceous open sheaths with a deciduous setiform blade, ligule a row of short hairs. Panicles very variable, 1-5 in. long; rachis and branches slender, subscaberulous ; pedicels short, tips cupular. Spikelets subsecund, young ovate-lanceolate acute, mature turgid; palea of gl. III broad with ciliate keels; of IV coriaceous like the gl. and shining. Anthers purple. Styles short, stigmas short, primrose-purple.— A remarkable grass, intermediate between Brachiaria and Effuse allied to no other Indian, with something of the habit of Spinifex. Duthie is my authority for the Indian habitats of this fine species; that of Sind is natural, the Central Indian I doubt exceedingly. As a species it is unmistakable. I should be disposed to refer it to the Brachiaria section, but Trinius places it under his section Miliaria, which answers to Effuse. ** Gl. I much shorter than IIT. + Annual erect leafy grasses. 31. P. miliaceum, Linn. Sp. Pl. 58; leaves linear acuminate and sheaths clothed with long spreading hairs, base not cordate, panicle thyrsiform usually decurved or nodding, branches long slender suberect, spikelets 2-} in. ovate-oblong cuspidately acuminate glabrous, glumes channelled between the nerves I= 3 III 5~7-nerved, II and III subequal 7-ll-nerved, III paleate neuter, LV broadly ovate turgid 3-5-nerved polished. Host Gram. Austr. iu. 16, t. 20; Kunth Enum. Pi. i. 104, Suppl. 81; Trin. Diss. ii. 186, Pan. Gen. 194, Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 221; Steud. Syn. Gram. 77; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 82; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 310; Wall, Cat.n. 8716; Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 105 ; Aitchis. Cat. Panjab. Pl. 158 ; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 5, Field & Gard. Crops. t. 23, Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. 9; Franch. & Sav. En. Pl. Jap. 165. P. asperrimum, Fisch. Cat. Hort. Gorenk. ex Jacq. Eclog. Gram. 46, t. 31; Nees Agrost. Bras, 199; A. Rich Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 374; Steud. l.c. P. callosum, Hochst. ex A. Rich Z.c. P. densepilosum, Steud. @.c. 72, ew Mig. Prolus Fl. Jap. 275. P. Milium, Pers. Syn. i. 83. P. pilosuam, Herb. Rowb. & Herb. Heyne ex Wall. Cat. l.c. P. striatum, Spreng. Syst.i.318. Milium esculentum, Moench Meth. 203. M. Panicum, Mill. Gard. Dict. Fd. 8, n. 1. Cultivated or naturalized (Wild ?) throughout the hotter parts of Inp1a, AFRICA, and other hot countries. Annual; stems tufted, 2-4 ft., stout, branching, leafy up to the panicle, often as thick as the little finger below. Leaves 6-12 by 34-1 in., glabrous ciliate or hirsute, base narrow, margin scabrid often ciliate ; sheaths lax, deeply grooved, clothed with very long spreading or reflexed hairs; ligule of long hairs. Panicle 6-12 in, branches filiform, fascicled, densely crowded, scaberulous ; pedicels often much longer than the spikelets, but sometimes much shorter. Spikelets green, erect, turgid ; gl. IV pale, sometimes dorsally 5-streaked.—Closely allied to P. miliare and P. psilopodium with which it possibly bybridizes, but with much larger spikelets. I ain 46 onxxil, craminexz. (J.D. Hooker.) [Panicum. far from satisfied that I have not erred in the synonyms cited for these three species, which are almost inextricably mixed. For a learned discussion on the Millet, the cultivation of which in Europe dates from prehistoric times, see A. de Candolle’s “ Origine de Plantes Cultivés,” p. 302. Munro has attached the following to a speci- men from Bombay (Woodrow, No. 89), ‘‘T believe this to be an uncultivated form of P, miliaceim it has spinulosely toothed scabrid leaves, and a perfectly erect panicle with very long erect branches, and few spikelets. 32. P. miliare, Lamk. Ill. Gen. 173; leaves linear hairy base rounded, panicle contracted or thyrsiform much branched erect or nodding, branches slender erect alternate, spikelets ~,-3 in. solitary or geminate usually shorter than their pedicels turgidly ovoid or ellipsoid acute, gl. I=: Ill broadly évate acute 3-5-nerved, nerves arching, II ovate-lanceolate 11-13-nerVed, III 9:nerved paleate neuter, IV from oblong to broadly ovate acute shining often 3-5-streaked dorsally. _Rottl. in Neue Schrift. Ges. Naturf. Berol. iv. (1803) 83: Rowb. Fl. Tkd.i. 309; Wall. Cat. 8712 C. in part, F.G. Hs 1.3; Wight Cat. n. 1629; Kunth Eniim. Pl.i. 104; Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 105; Aitchis. Cat. Panjab Pl. 159; Nees Fl. Afr. Austr. 40; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 5, Field. & Gard: Crops. 7, t. 26, Indig. Fodd. Grass. t. 46, Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. 10. P. attenuatum, Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 1033; Nees Agrost. Bras. 173; Trin. Diss. ii. 226. P. bievifolium, Balb. ew Nees Fl. Afr. Austr. 40. P. Menieri, Koen. ex Nees lic. P. miliaceum, Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 360. P. miliaceum, var. Rott. in Neue Schrift. l.c. P. musciparum, Herb, Linn. ex Munro in Journ, Linn. Soc. vi. (1862) 39. P. psilopodiun, Wight Cat. n. 1638a. P. simplex, Rottl. ea Trin. Gram. Panic. 216; Steud. Syn. Gram. 67. P. -sumatrense, Roth Nov. Sp. 50; Kunth l.c.—Panicum, Wall. Cat. n. 8718 B, 8720. Cultivated or naturalized (or native ?) throughout Inpra and Cryton,—DistTRI1B. Tropics cult. Annual, Stem 1-8 ft., rather slender, erect or base geniculate, simple or branched, usually leafy up to the panicle. Leaves 1-2 ft; by 3-1 in., flat, and sheaths rarely hirsute with tubercle-based hairs, acute or acuminate; ligule a narrow row of hairs. Panicle 2-10 in., lower branches long, pedicels of spikelets sometimes 3 in. Npikelets glabrous, rather flattened, usually green or purplish; gl. I var?able, white, - membranous, margins overlapping at the base, nerves arching and anastomosing ; IT and III herbaceous ; palea of III as long as its gl.—If I remember aright P. miliare was conjectured by Munro to be a cultivated form of P. psilopodium ; and except in the greater size, more contracted panicle, rather larger spikelets and usually shorter pedicels of P. mtliare I fail to find characters whereby to separate them, and these are not very reliable. In its common state the grain of miliare is broader than in any form of psilopodium and much darker colrd. P. simplea, Rottl. isa weak flaccid form from Tranquebar, growing inshadé. Trinius distinguishes it from P. psilopodium, by the scabrid pedicels of the spikelets, but they are quite glabrous iv Rottler’s speci- men of simplex. Jam not at all satisfied that I have rightly identified: the synonymy of this and P. psilopodiwm. Var. hirtum; upper leaf-sheaths with long spreadinghairs. P. hirtum, Wall. mss. in Herb. Linn. Soc. Panicum, Wall. Cat. n. 8718 (in part).— Burma, Wallich.— ‘Wallich’s sheet has three different looking plants; viz. 8718 A, from Malloon, with the panicle of pstlopodiwm, and hirsute sheaths; B from the banks of the Irawaddy with hirsute sheaths and the panicle of miliare ; along with these is a plant with oe similar panicle to the last but with glubrous sheaths. 33. P. psilopodium, Trin. Gram. Panic. 217 ; leaves narrow glabrous base rounded, panicle effuse branches capillary at length spreading, spike- lets +;-3 in. geminate ovate-lanceolate acute, pedicels capillary usually Panicum.) CLXXII. GRamMInez, (J. D; Hooker.) 47 longer than the spikelets, gl. I= 4 III or less broader than long 3-5- nerved tip obtuse or rounded, II ovate acuminate 1l-nerved, III as long as II 9-nerved paleate neuter, IV oblong obtuse apiculate. Nees Agrost. Brax 199; Kunth Enum. Pl. i. 100; Stetd. Syn. Gram. 83; Thwaites Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 360; Trim. Cat, Ceyl. Pl. 105 ; Attchis. Cat. Panjab. Pi.161; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 6, Field & Gard. Orops. i. t. 28, Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. 10 (in note). P. Chintaman, Herb. Ham: ex Wall. Cat. 8712 D. P. glabrum, Herb. Heyne ex Wall. Cat. n. 8712 C (in part). P. miliare, var. Meneri, Herb. Madr. ex Wall. Cat, n. 8712 B. P. miliare, Wall. Cat. n. 8712, A (in part) B (in part) D. P. mucronatum, Wall, Cat. n. 8717 (in part . Py ramosum, Koen, ea Herb. Banks. P. Royleanum, Nees ew Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 6. P. virgatum, Roxb. mss. te Steud. Nom. Ed, II ii. 265.—Isachne, Wali. Cat. 8659 B (in part). Hotter parts of Inp1a, ascending to 4000 ft., Burma, ManaccaA and CeYLon, Annual, S/em 1-2 ft., rather slender, simple or branched, usually leafy up to the panicle. Leaves 3-12 by 3-} in. flat, acute or acuminate, usually glabrous ; sheaths glabrous or hirsute, mouth with a few hairs; ligule a narrow row of hairs, Panicle 2-8 in.; lower branches long; pedicels sometimes 4 in. long. Spikelets rather flattened, dorsally gréen or purplish; gl. I variable, membranous, white, margins overlapping at the base, nerves 3-5 anastomosing; II and IIT _ herbaceous, palea of III as long’ ‘as the gl.; IV shining—Nees (Agrost. Bras.) describes gl. II as 7-nerved probably by error. Diseased states occur with gl. 1V' enlarged exserted fattened. ‘Trinius describes the spikeletis as elliptic and mucro- nate, and the panicle as contracted below and lax above, but this latter is a matter of development, ‘Trinius gives as a character of P. psilopodium glumes open, which is a conspicuous one in P. trypheron, but I do not retognize it in this. He further says that he bas seen this species in Herb. Lindley under the names of P. ramosum, Koen, and P. virgatum, Roxb. 4 ben in vain tried to verify this in Lindley’s Herb., and conclude that for Herb. Lindley Herb. Mus. Brit. is intended. Duthie, Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. 10 (in note) says that he is unable to distinguish P. pstlopodium from P.miliare. Dr. Stapf, who has carefully reviewed a multitude of specimens of P. miliare and psilopodium, is disposed to think them separable, though the former is probably a cult, form of the latter, The true psilopodium he thinks has nearly always glabrous teaves, smaller Spikelets and a shorter gil. I. . Var. coloratum; panicle violet or purple.—Simla and Garwhal, up to 6000 ft., -Mt. Abu, Duthie; Shan Hills, Burma, Collett. : 34. P. trypheron, ‘Schult. Mant. ii. 24445 leaves narrow, panicle effuse, branches long stiff filiform divaricate scaberulous, spikelets -3,-3 ‘in. often geminate, pedicels ca’pillary, gls. divergent strongly nerved I, IL and III broadly ovate, I = % LJ or longer acuminate 5-nerved, II and IIL subequal recurved subcuspidate 9-nerved, III paleate neuter, IV broadly oblong obtuse shining often 5-nerved. P. coloratum, 8 hirsutum, Nees in Herb, Lindl. (ee Steud.). P. confine, Hochst. in Schimp, Pl. Abyss. n. 1230; A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 373 '; Steud. Syn. Gram. 72. P.jumento- rum, A. Rich. 1. c. 373 (non Pers.). P. miliare, Wall. Cat n. 8712 A {in part) E. P. miliare, 8 simplex, Herd. Royle. P. mucronatum, Héi/nein Wall. Cat. n. 8717 (in part). PP. notatum, Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 6. P. Neesianum, Wight & Arn. éx Steud. l. ¢.'74, P. porphyrrhizos, Steud. le. P. rigidum, Herb. Heyne ee Wall. Cat n. 8714 A (nm part). P. Roxburghii, Spreng. * Syst.i. 320; Kunith“Enum. P1.i. 126; Steud.1.c. 98. P. tenellum, Rozb. Fl. Ind. i. 806; Duthie l.c. 7.—Panicum, Wall. Cat. n. 8718, 8714 A (in part). _ The Pangan and Ganertic Puarn to Currragone and southward to Mapras. Kumaoy, up to 5000 ft.—DisrRis. China, Borneo, Afr. trop. 48 OLXxIn. GRAMINEA. (J. D. Hooker.) [ Panicum. Annual. Stem 6 in. 3 ft., tufted, erect or geniculate below, leafy chiefly near the base; nodes rarely rooting. Leaves 3-10 by 3-} in., usually flat, thin, acumi- nate, glabrous hairy or hirsute on both surfaces or beneath only ; ligule short, fim- briate. Panicle 4-10 in., erect, often as broad as long. Spikelets green, yellow or purplish ; gl. IV. variable in breadth, and in colouring, from pure white to greenish- brown, with 8-5 darker dorsal stripes—Nees Fl. Afr. Austr. 51 has referred P. ek cata Sch. to P. curvatum, L., a very different plant, and not « native of engal, 35. P. humile, Nees ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 84; dwarf, slender, leaves very narrow glabrous base narrow, panicle broad effuse lax-tid., branches subsolitary long spreading naked few-fld., branchlets capillary, spikelets ‘gy in. pedicelled ovate acute glabrous, gl. I= 3 III broadly ovate acumi- nate 3-nerved, IL longest ovate-lanceolate acuminate 3-nerved, III ovate acute 3-5-nerved paleate neuter, IV much shorter broadly oblong obtuse pale shining. Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 360 (CP. 3243); Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 105; Duthie Grass. N.W Ind. 4, Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. 9. P. tenellum, Griff. Notul. iv. 21, Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 189, £. 194 (non Rowd.). The PansaB. Thomson; Beneat, Assam, SIKKIM, ARRACAN, and southward to CryLon.—DistR1B. Borneo, Annual. Stem 2-24 in., erect or geniculate below, much branched and often flowering from the base. Leaves 2-8 by 34-2 in., flat, base hardly cordate ; sheath glabrous, or mouth sparsely hairy. Panicle 1-3 in., often as long as the whole plant, very laxly and diffusely branched. Spikelets minute, pale or reddish, 36. P. hydaspicum, Hdgew. in Journ. Linn. Soc. vi. (1862) 207; dwarf, leaves linear-lanceolate hirsute base narrow, panicle effuse much branched glabrous, branches erecto-patent alternate rarely opposite and branchlets and pedicels filiform, spikelets j,-7; in. equalling or shorter than their pedicels solitary ovate acute glabrous, gls. membranous, nerves strong, l= 3, III ovate acuminate 5-nerved, II and III subequal ovate subacute 5-7-nerved, III paleate, IV elliptic obtuse brown shining. Aitchis. Cat. Panjab. Pl. 159; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 4. P. humile, _Aitchis. lc. The PansaB and Uppzr GaNneetic Puan; from the Ravee to the Indus. Edgeworth, &c. CENTRAL Provinces, Duthie. “Annual. Stem 6-18 in., geniculately ascending, rather stout below, branching from the very base. Leaves and skeaths clothed more or less thickly with long white hairs; sheaths inflated in some states. Leaves 1-2 by 3-3 in., flat, soft, acute; ligule a row of hairs. Panicle 2-4 in., peduncled, erect, ovoid rachis, and branches quite smooth, hardly flexuous. Spikelets pale green, except the dark brown gl. IV; palea of IIT smaller than the gl., oblong. 37, P. cesium, Nees in Hook. Kew Journ. ii. (1850) 97; erect, stout, hairy, leaves linear base narrow subcordate, panicle large erect subthyr- siform much branched, branches suberect lower fascicled, spikelets p.—;; in. subsessile except the terminal broadly ovoid turgid nerves anastomosing, gl.I= 4-3 III ovate obtuse 5-nerved, II and III subequal ovate acute 7-9-nerved, palea linear, IV =I] elliptic-ovate obtuse pale smooth shining. P. reticulatum, Thw. ea Trimen Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 105 (non Griseb.).—Panicum, Wail. Cat. n. 8744, Bevel, in the Jheels, J.D. H.& T. T. Cacnar, Keenan. Matacca, Griffith. Nicopar Istps., Kurz. Cryton; Pasdoon Corl, 7hwaites (CP. 3890).—Distxin. Borneo, N. Guinea, Philippines. é : Panicum.) CLXXIN. GRaMiInEz. (J. D. Hooker.) 49 Annual, Stems 2-3 ft., densely tufted, erect from the root. Leaves 6-10 by 3-} in., flat, soft, and sheaths more or less densely clothed with soft white spreading hairs ; ligulea ridge of bairs. Panicle 10-18 in. long; branches angular, scaberulous. Spikelets solitary or geminate, red-brown. Glumes rather soft; II deciduous; IV pale yellow or brownish, sessile, margins narrowly incurved.—The Bornean and Philippine specimens are more slender and less hairy than the Indian. +f Perennials. § Glume I very small, suborbicular, white, nerveless; (0 in P. sube- glume) ; III 3-9-nerved, paleate or not.—Spikelets usually very shortly pedicelled. 36.* P. maximum, Jacy. Ic. Pl. Rar. i. t. 18; Coll. i. 76; tall, stout, erect, leafy, leaves loug broadly linear or linear-lanceolate glabrous, panicle large decompound, lower branches whorled usually hairy, pedicels unequal capillary, spikelets ~,>-75 in. solitary or in pairs elliptic-oblong acute or obtuse glabrous, gl. I=}III white 0-3-nerved, II and III sub- equal 3-7-nerved, III paleate male, [V elliptic subacute transversely rugu- lose. Sw. Fl. Ind. Oce. i. 170; Nees Agrost. Bras. 166, Fl. Afr. Austr. 36 ; Trin. Gram. Panic, 221; Pan. Gen. 180; Steud. Syn. Gram.72; Wall. Cat. n, 8715 A. B (nm part) D.; Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 105; Aitchis. Cat. Panjab Pl. 159; Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 549; Baker Fl. Maurit. 436; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 439, P. altissimum, Brouss. Elench. Hort. Monsp. (1805) 42 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. Suppl. 98. P. confusum, Trin. ex Steud. Nom. Ed. II ii. 254, P. eburneum, Trin. Pan, Gen. 180; Steud. Syn. Gram. 73. P. Equisetum, Nees, ex Doell in Mart. Fl. Bras. ii. II, 206. P. fascicu- latum, “ Pl. Carib. non Sw.,” Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 549. P. gongylodes, Jacq. Eclog. Gram. 30,t.21. P.jumentorum, Pers. Syn. i. 83; HB. & K. Nov. Gen. §& Sp.i.104; Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 361: Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 5, Fodd. Grass. N. Ind.9. P.leve, Lamk. Ill. i. 172. P. longipes, Wight & Arn. in Wight Cat. n. 1638. P. megiston, Schult. Mant. ii. 248. P. pamplemoussense, Steud. i. c. 71. P. polygamum, Sw. Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 24, P. praticolum, Saltzm. ex Doell in Mart. Fl. Bras. ii. IL, 203. P. trichocondylum, Steud. 1. v. 74 P. tuberculatum, Presl Rel. Henk, i. 307. Cultivated in many parts of Inp14.—Nautive of Africa. Perennial ? 8-10 ft. high; stem branching, branches erect, nodes naked or bearded. Leaves 1-2 ft. by 4-1 in,, gradually narrowed from a small rounded or auricled base to a long filiform point, quite smooth, nearly glabrous; sheaths long, mouth villous; ligule-of long hairs. Panicle 1-2 ft., quite erect, branches erect, filiform, smooth; pedicels usually shorter than the swpikelets, glabrous or very sparsely pubescent, bright green, glistening, gls. thin.—This grass is described both as an annual and a perennial, Trinius’ description of P. eburneum I think refers it to maximum ; it is described as from Nepal. Var. B, Boiss. l. c.; spikelets shortly hairy, gl. IIL neuter.—Peshawur, Aitchison. Affghan.—Apparently a smaller plant than typical P. maximum. 37. P. repens, Linn. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2, 87; stem creeping and stoloniferous below, leaves distichous linear-lanceolate flat or convoiute glaucous, panicle usually contracted irregularly branched, branches 2-3-nate strict, spikelets jg in. sessile or shortly pedicelled ovate-lanceolate acute white, gl. I=} III orbicular, II and III subequal ovate acute sub-5-nerved, III paleate or not male or neuter, 1V ovate acnte smooth. Sibth. Fl. Gree.1. t. 61; Nees Agrost. Bras.171; Kunth Enum. P1.i. 103 ; Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 105; VOL. VII. E 50 OLXXII. GRamInez. (J. D. Hooker.) [Panicum. Aitchis. Cat. Punjab Pl. 160; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 6, Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. 11; Boiss. Fl. Orient. vii. 440; Benth, Fl. Hongk. 412. P. airoides, Br. Prodr. 190; Kunth ic. 122. P. aquaticum, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii, 373. P. arenarium, Brot. Fl. Lusit. i. 82, Phyt. Lusit. i. 16, t. 6; Nees Agrost. Bras. i. 170, Fl. Afr. Austr. 37; Trin. Pan. Gen. 181. P. coloratum, Cav. Ic. ii. 6, t. 110. P. convolutum, Beauv. ex Spreng. Syst. i. 819. P. hygrocharis, Steud. Jc. 72. P. ischemoides, Retz. Obs, iv. 17; Rottl. in Neue Schrift. iv. (1803) 185; Steud. ic. 98; Wight Cat. n. 1627; Wall. Cat. n. 8710. P. multinode, Lamk. Encycl. iv. 747 (ew Nees Agrost. Bras.). P. paludosum, Hochst. ew Steud. lc. 72 (not of Roxb.). P. polystachion, Ucria, Hort. Reg. Panorm. 54. P. psilopodium, Trin. ex Wight Cat. n. 1638 C.; Herb. Strach. § Winterb. No. 5. P. Rox. burgianum, Schult. Mant. ii. 245. P. sarmentosum, Hb. Wight ex Wall, Cat, 8710C. PP. uliginosum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 308; Wall. Cat. n. 8710 A; Kunth 1. c. 126.—Panicum, Wall. Cat. n.-8714 E, 8746. Throughout Inp14, by banks of streams and in dry places, from the Panjab eastwards and southwards. Cryton, Walker, Gardner.—DistRis. 8S. Europe, Asia, Afr., Amer. Stems 2-6 ft., erect or ascending from a stout creeping rootstock, leafy, simple or branched below, nodes rooting. Leaves 3-6 in., strict, often glaucous, usually narrow and involute, smooth, glabrous or hairy on the upper surface, margins some- times toothed towards the ciliate rounded base; sheaths with ciliate margins ; ligule a narrow coriaceous ring. Panicle 3-8 in., branches usually erect, very slender, angular, scaberulous; pedicels short, tip cupular. Sptkelets erect,.quite glabrous ; gl. I membranous, nerveless or 3-nerved ; palea of IIT truncate ; 1V shortly broadly stipitate, pale. Anthers red.—Roxburgh distinguishes his P. uliginosum from P, paludosum (proliferum, Zamk.) by the tetragonous smooth branches of the panicle, whereas in P. paludosum these are trigonous with acute hispid angles. I have seen no authentic specimens of his P. uliginosum, but his figure of ‘“ Gundru’’ (the native name which he gives for it) does not show this character of the panicle. 38. P. proliferum, Lam. Encycl.iv. 747; stem erect from a floating base, leaves linear or ensiform acute serrulate usually flat, panicle with long virgate spreading branches bearing short few-fid. branchlets and solitary sessile or shortly pedicelled spikelets which lie parallel to the branchlet, spikelets 3-} in. lanceolate, gl. l= 4-2 III orbicular, IT ovate acuminate 9-nerved, III lanceolate 9-nerved paleate or not, IV oblong acuminate smooth. Nees.Agrost. Bras. 170; Kunth Enum. Pl. i. 100; Steud. Syn. Gram.71; Muell. Fragment. viii. 191 (the King’s Creek plant). P. aurantiacum, Ham. ex Wall. Cat. n. 8714 B. P. gongylodes, Jacg. Eclog. Gram. iii. t. 21. PP. decompositum, Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 3. P. decompositum, var. paludosum, Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 105. P. elephan- tipes, Nees Agrost. Bras. 165. P. Elliottii, Trin. ex Nees 1.c. 170. P. fistulosum, Hochst. ex Steud. /.c. 71. P. natans, Koen. ew Trin. Panic. Gen, 237. P. paludosum, Rowb. Fl. Ind. i. 307; Wall. Cat. n. 8711; Nees Fl. Afr, Austr. 35; Kunth l.c.126; Griff. Notul. 37, Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 139, £.127; Duthie Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. 11. P. repens, Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 360; Zrim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 105; Trin. Pan. Gen. 179. P. rigidum, Heyne in Herb. Rottl—Panicum, Wall. Cat. v. 8714A. (in pari) B. C. D. Marshes and still waters throughout the low countries of Inpra, from the Panjab {o Assam and southward. CryLon.—Duistaris. Tropics generally. Perennial. Stem 2-3 ft. or more; lower nodes spongy, as thick as the little finger. Leaves €-12 by }-§ in., base broad but hardly cordate; sheaths loose; Panicum.) OLXXIII, GRAMINER. (J. D. Hooker.) 51 ligule a ridge of hairs. Panicle 6-10 in., often nearly as broad, lower branches whorled and fascicled, trigonous, scaberulous. Spikelets green, variable in size, terete, palea of gl. III 0, or minute, or linear, neuter or male rarely bisexual. Closely allied to (if not a more luxuriant aquatic form of) P. repens, and confused with if as to synonymy; but a coarser plant, with a more spreading panicle, more acuminate spikelets and a more oblong gl. IV. Further, P. repens faa normally shorter glaucous narrower convolute leaves, and a more irregularly branched panicle. Also very near the Australian P. decompositum, Br., which has normally a decom- pound panicle with more slender spreading branches and branchlets, and distant solitary.spikelets. Dr. Stapf has made for me a careful analysis of the spikelets of a large series of specimens, and I have made many myself. with the view of testing the value of the absence or presence of the palea in gl. III, and its sexuality. As examples he finds in 9 spikelets taken promiscuously 3 epaleate and 6 with reduced paleas. In 5 others all are paleate and male, in 3 others all paleate but neuter. In 9 others allepaleate. In a branch with 10 spikelets, 9 of them had gl. III paleate, 1 epaleate. Of 6 spikelets from near the base of a branch, 3 epaleate, 2 male with a rudimentary ovary, 3 paleate and female. Of 8 spikelets from a branch in the lower part of a panicle, 2 lowest epaleate, 6 paleate and bisexual. 89. P. subeglume, Trin. Pan. Gen. 204; stem slender, leaves linear, base narrowed, panicle large effuse, rachis and branches flexuous capillary, spikelets 4; in. pedicelled elliptic-oblong subacute, gl. I and II absent, IIT and IV equal, IIL 5-7-nerved glabrous or silky, IV elliptic-oblong or lanceolate cuspidate. Steud. Syn. Gram. 84. P. arcuatum, Br. ex Nees in Wight Cat. n. 1639 (non Br. Prodr.). P. Brownianum, Wight & Arn. ex Steud. le. 98. P. Torreyanum, Wight et Arn. ex Steud. Nom. Ed. II, ii. 264; Wight Cat. n. 1634. Milium capillare, Roth Nov. Sp. 39; Kunth Enum. Pi. i. 67. M. tomentosum, Koen. ex Rottl. in Ges. Naturf. Fr. Neue Schr. iv. (1803) 220; Steud. Syn. Gram. 34; Kunth 1. c. 66.— Isachne? Wall. Cat. n. 8659. SourHEeRN Dzccan, Heyne; Madura, Rotéler ; Palaveram, Wight. Perennial. Stem 1-2 ft., soft. Leaves 3-6 by % in. or less, finely acuminate, and sheaths glabrous softly hairy or tomentose ; ligule short, membranous. Panicle 3-7 in., spreading, glabrous; lower branches suberect, alternate, divided from the base. Spikelets much shorter than their pedicels, erect, dorsally compressed. Grain linear-oblong, obtuse.—The absence of gl. I and II are characters of Pas- palwm, but the habit and inflorescence are those of a Panicum. §§ Gl. I= 3 to 2 ILI, 5-7-nerved. a Spikelets acute or acuminate. (See also P. awritwm.) 40. P.incisum, Munro ex Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxv. (1890) 84,'+. 33; stem slender, leaves long linear-lanceolate base narrow, panicle effuse very lax, rachis branches and pedicels very slender subscaberulous, pedicels very long, spikelets } in. remote solitary elliptic acuminate, gl. I about == 2 III ovate acute 1-3-nerved, II and III subequal, II 5-nerved, Ill 7-nerved, palea short, IV elliptic acuminate quite smooth polished margin narrowly inflexed. Munro Cat. Pl. Griffith, &c., ined. p. 56. Upper Assam ; Naga hills, Griffith ; Nambre forest, alt. 400 ft., Clarke. Perennial. Stem 1-2 ft., quite glabrous. Leaves 5-10 by 4-3 in., finely aoumi- nate; ligule elongate-oblong, scarious. Panicle 3-6 in., usually sessile as it were on the upper leaf sheath. Spikelets many times shorter than their pedicels, obscurely articulate at the base; glumes distant on @ distinct inarticulate racheola; TI fuga- cious ; [V rather shorter than II, brown.—Altogether resembles an Lsachne in habit, E 2 52 CLXXIN, GRAMINEEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) [Panicum. and in the spikelet being obscurely jointed on the pedicel. A very closely allied plant collected by Beddome in the. Anamallay hills has a much broader rounded and cordate leaf-base, the spikelets are too immature for description. 41. P. antidotale, Retz. Obs. iv. 17; tall, glabrous, branching, leaves linear flat base rounded, panicle large effuse or coatracted, branches slender glabrous lower fascicled divided from the base, ikelets 75 in, shortly pedicelled solitary or clustered ovoid acute, gl. and II with broad membranous margins, I =} III broadly ovate acute 5-nerved, IL and III subequal strongly 5-7-nerved, II obtuse, III paleate, IV ovate or oblong acute smooth, Trin. Gram. Pan. 227, Pan. Gen.195; Nees Agrost. Bras. 201; Kunth Enum. Pl. i. 125; Steud. Syn. Gram. 77; Wight Cat. o. 1630; Thw. Enum. Pi. Zeyl. 360; Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl.105; Attchis. Cat. Panjab Pl. 158; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 2, Indig. Fodd. Grass. t. 3, Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. 4; Benth. Fl. Austral, vit. 483; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 440, P. maximum, Wail. Cat. n. 8715 B (in part) C (in part). P. poly- gamum, Herb. Madr. ew Wight Cat. n. 1630. P. pruinosum, Bernh. ex Trin. Pan. Gen. 191. P. subalbidum, Kunth Revis. Gram. ii. 397, t. 112, Enum. 101. P. tenue, Roxb. ex Wight Cat. (sub n. 1628 non Fl. Ind.). Milium arundinaceum, Koen. ex Wight Cat. 1. c. The PansaB and Upper GaNGETIc plain, and southward to the S. Deccan and Czyton.—Disteis. Affghan., Afric., trop. Austral. Perennial, sometimes shrubby, with a stout creeping rootstock bearing villously sheathed stolons ; branches as thick as a crow-quill ; internodes solid, woody, terete, smooth; nodes thickened. Leaves 6 by 2 in., narrowed from the base to the slender tip, flat, rather rigid, smooth on both surfaces, base narrow rounded, midrib distinct; nerves many, slender; sheaths quite smooth; ligule a ridge of hairs. Panicle 6 in. high, branches filiform, lower nearly 2 in. long, sparingly divided; branchlets rather short ; capillary. Spikelets quite glabrous; gls. rather thin, pale green ; palea of IIL nearly as long asthe gl., 2-toothed, nerves strong or slender; IV shorter than III, shortly stipitate, coriaceous, margins incurved; palea as large as the gl. Lodicules minute, orbicular. Filaments very short; anthers linear-oblong. Ovary narrow; styles short, free, stigmas broad——Roxburgh describes P. tenue as having “seeds, ovate transversely waved,”’ whereas they are quite smooth in P. antidotale. 42, P. elegantissimum, Hook. f.; tall, erect from the base, very slender, leaves subradical very long narrow softly pubescent base narrow, peduncle very long and slender, panicle effuse very broad laxly few-fld, branches long alternate distant solitary naked below and branchlets capillary quite smooth, spikelets 3, in. few on each branchlet shortly pouocled ovate acuminate, gl. I about 4 III ovate mucronate 5-7-nerved, Land III stipitute subequal ovate cuspidately acuminate, II 7-nerved 5 of the nerves strong above, III nerves 7 slender, palea small ovate, 1V elliptic-oblong obtuse as long as II white shining smooth. Matay Peninsuna; Perak, Ridley, Perennial. Stem 2-3 ft., tufted, and branched at the very base, stiff. Leaves chiefly subradical, 10-18 by 2 in., gradually narrowed from the base to the slender tip, strict, suberect, softly hairy all over; mouth of sheath villous; ligule a fascicle of hairs. Pantele 12-18 by 6-12 in., scaberulous ; branches1-3 in. apart. Spikelets very few and remote, reddish ; gl. I inserted much below the others; IV sessile by a broad base.—A most elegant grass. 43. P. acroanthum, Steud. Syn. Gram. 87; glabrous, erect, very slender, leaves narrow base contracted, panicle bread very efluse lax-fld.,, ~ Panicum.] CLXXIU. GRAMINEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) 53 branches subsolitary naked below, and long spreading few-fid. naked branchlets capillary, spikelets 3; in. long-pedicelled ovate-oblong acute glabrous or sparsely puberulous, gl. I = 4 III ovate obtuse 1-nerved, II and III subequal subacute 5-nerved, III epaleate, IV elliptic-oblong sub- acute palea quite smooth. Mig. Prolus, Fl. Jap. 168; Franch. & Sav. En. Pl. Jap. ii. 162. Upper Assam; Mishmi Hills, Grifith.—DistR1z. China, Japan. Perennial. Stem 2-8 ft., erect, not or rarely branchgd; nodes glabrous. Leaves 3-5 by 4-3 iv., thin, flat, glabrous, as are the sheaths; ligule a few hairs. Panicle 3-4 in. long and broad, very lax, open, with few scattered brownish or greenish spikelets; branches branchlets and pedicels perfectly smooth, gl. I II & III membranous ; IV thinly coriaceous, sessile.—I find no trace of a palea in gl. III of any specimen. No other species of this group has sparsely pubescent spikelets, except var. 6 of P. maximum, 8. Spikelets obtuse or subacute. * Gi. IIT. epaleate. 44, P. montanum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i.318 (excl. descr. gl. IV.); stem tall firm, leaves long lanceolate base broad deeply cordate, panicle large loose, rachis branches and pedicels very long capillary smooth, spikelets 1-5 in. solitary oblong obtuse or subacute, gl. I = 4 III ovate 5-nerved, if and III subequal obtuse 5-nerved, III epaleate. IV ovate subacute smooth. Kunth Hnum. Pl. 126; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 412; Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeul. 360; Trim. Cat. Pl. Ceyl. 105. P. barbatulum, Wall. ms. P. cour- tallense, Nees & Arn. ex Wight Cat. n. 2342, Herb. 1362, 3049; Steud. Syn. Gram, 83. P. euchroum, Steud. fc. 98. ? P.notatum (montanum, Fozb.), Wight Cat. 1362 (non Retz). P. trinapalium, Hb. Ham. ex Wall. Cat. n. 8722 A.—Panicum, Wall. Cat. n. 8719, 8722, 8739. Hotter hilly parts of Inpta, from the lower Himalaya in Garwhal, Duthie, to Sikkim, Burma, the Khasia Hills, and southward to Penang and CEYLoN.—DIsTRIB. Malaya, China, Philippines. Perennial. Stem 3-4 ft. or more. smooth, hard, sparingly branched, Leaves 5-7 by 4-14 in., thin, glabrous or pilose, smooth or scaberulous beneath, striate, base ciliate, midrib sometimes excentric ; sheath glabrous or pubescent, mouth hairy ; ligule obscure. Panicle 8-18 by 8-10 in.; branches whorled or alternate, axils sometimes glandular, lower strict and unbranched from 1-3 in. Spikelets terete, glabrous or faintly hairy; gl. II fugacious.—I do not find gl. IV to have 3 stripes as described and figured by Roxburgh, nor is it as broad as in his figure; but that the plant I have described is Roxburgh’s is confirmed by a specimen so named by himself. P. montanum has been referred by Wight to the Sumatran P. notatum, Retz (Obs. iv. 18), but that plant is described as having scabrid branches of the panicle, purple spikelets, and acute glumes. The black spots at the axils of the panicle seen in dried specimens of both species, are probably due to a glandular secretion, Wallich’s n. 8739, from Ava, has very long pedieels and broad glumes, and a broader gl. IV, but the latter is narrower than in Roxburgh’s figure, Duthie (Grass, N.W. Ind. 5) gives Stewart as authority for this grass being found in marshes near Peshawur, but I suspect that [sachne himalasca was taken for it. 45. P. humidorum, Ham. in Wail. Cat. n. 8721; tall, slender, leaves linear base narrowly cordate, panicle large loose, rachis branches and (rather short) pedicels capillary smooth, spikelets 5 in. ellipsoid obtuse glabrous, gl. I = % III obtuse 3-nerved, II and I1k obscurely 5- nerved, III epateate, IV ovate or oblong smooth, 54 CLXxI. GRawInEs. (J. D. Hooker.) [Pantcum, Assam; Goalpara, Hamilton. Sinuet, Cacuar, the Knasta and Naca Hits, and the JHEELS, Perennial. Gregarious in water (Clarke). Habit of P. montanum, but much more slender, with narrower leaves 4-8 by 3—§ in., a smaller panicle, with shorter pedicels and much smaller spikelets. Gl. IT fugacious. ; a Var. ? perakense; stem robust nearly as stout as a goose-quill below, leaves § in. broad, spikelets broader, nerves stronger. Perak, King’s Collector (n, 2546)— Probably a different species. 46. P. khasianum, Munro mss.; tall, leaves linear or linear- lanceolate base narrowly cordate, panicle very large branches very long slender smooth, pedicels long or short, spikelets subsolitary y's—jy in. ellipsoid subacute glabrous, gl. I minute much shorter than ITI, nerves 0 or 8 obscure, II and III subequal 5-nerved, III epaleate, IV elliptic-oblong subacute smooth. ; EB. Nepat and Sirxm, alt. 4~-7000 ft., J. D. H., Clarke. Kuasta HItts, in marshes, alt. 4-6000 ft., Griffith, &e. Perennial, Stem prostrate and creeping below, then erect, 3-6 ft. Leaves 6-12 by 2-13 in., thin, glabrous hairy or subscabrid, many-nerved, base usually contracted with incurved auricles, not or obscurely ciliate; sheath smooth or hispidly hairy, mouth bearded ; ligule very short, ciliate. Panicle 6-12 in., often as broad; lower branches nearly as long, solitary or fascicled, unbranched below.—Near P. montanum, differing in the narrower leaf-base, very short gl. I, and in gl. II not fugacious. Also near P. sarmentosum, from which the minute gl. I distinguishes it, ** Gl, IIT paleate. 47, P. sarmentosum, Row). Fl. Ind.i. 308; tall, branched, scandent, leaves long base narrow rounded, panicle pyramidal or ovoid loosely branched glabrous, rachis smooth, branches half-whorled capillary, spikelets gz; in., sessile or shortly pedicelled ovoid tips obtuse ciliolate, gl. I= 4 IIL ‘or more obtuse or subacute 3-5-nerved, II and IIL subequal orbicular nerves 5 broad, IIT palea small narrow, IV small ellipsoid subacute dorsally rounded smooth. Kunth Enum. Pl. i. 126; Steud. Syn. Gram. 98. P. micrognostum & P. vacillans, Stewd.l.¢c.75; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 456, P. concinnum, Nees in Hook. Kew Journ. ii. (1850) 97; Steud. l.c. 78; Mig. tc, 457. P.incomptum, Trin. Diss. ii. 200, Gram. Panic. 200, Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 232; Kunth I.c. 112; Steud. /.c. 88; Nees in Mart. Fl. Bras. ii. 207; Herb. Wight (Kew Distrib. u. 6492). P. maximum, Wall. Cat. n. 8715 E. P. tjicoyaense, Steud. 7.c. 70. ? P. incomptum, Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 4. —Panicum, Wall, Cat. n. 8709. Assam, SInnet, CacnarR, and the Kxasta Hits, ascending to 5000 ft, i ie Burma, and the Matay PENINSULA,—Du1sTRIB. Malay Islds., China, onkin. Perennial. Stems attaining 50 ft., often as thick as a goose-quill, solid, pubescent or glabrous, with whorls of long wiry slender branching roots at the bearded nodes below, whence the flowering branches issue, Leaves 12-15 by 4-1} in., linear- lanceolate, finely acuminate, base rounded or subcordate, smooth or hairy on both surfaces or beneath especially, many-nerved; sheaths smooth or sparsely hairy; ligule a brush of hairs. Panicle 6-12 in., very variable, branches erect or spreading, long or short, branchlets often creeping and entangling, straight or flexuous. Spike- lets erect or spreading.—Duthie gives P. incomptum as a native of Garwhal, alt. 4-£000 ft., but I have not seen P, sarmentoswm, Roxb. from the westward of Assam, and I suspect that P. montanum is the plant intended. Of P. concinnwm, which is Panicum.) CLXXIU, GRaMINER. (J. D, Hooker.) 55 Cuming’s n. 2284, Miquel says, stem villous under the panicle. Benth, (Fl. Hongk.) refers concinnum to sarmentosum, and includes incomptum. I do not find the Hongkong specimen in Herb. Kew. There are no specimens of this in Herb. Linn. Soc. and Wallich’s ticket No. 8709 has A. Hb. Finlayson, B. Silhet, C. Penang, D. Tavoy, E. Singapore. Sect. VII. Prycnoruyiium. (See p. 28.) 48. P. plicatum, Lamk. Encycl.iv. 736 ; perennial, leaves plicate from linear-lanceolate to elliptic-oblong, panicle elongate lax-fld., branchlets often ending in a stiff bristle, gl. I= 3 III or more orbicular-ovate 5- nerved, II = 4 IV or longer 5—7-nerved obtuse, III = IV dorsally flattened acute 5-9-nerved, IV ovate-lanceolate rugulose. Jacg. Eclog. Gram. i. t. 1; Trin. Gram. Panic. 183, Gen. Pan. 161, Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 223; Kunth Enum, Pl. i. 94; Wall. Cat. n. 8705; Griff. Notul. iti. 24, Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 189, fig. 229; Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 360 (excl. P. costatum); Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 105; Duthie Grass, N.W. Ind, 6, Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. 11; Benth, Fl. Hongk. 411; Anderss. in Walp. Ann. vi. 944. P.amplissimum, Steud. U.c. 54, P. asperatum, Kunth Revis. Gram. i. 39, Enum. Pl. le. 39; Miquel Fl. Ind. Bat. iii, 456. P. excurrens, Trin. Pan. Gen. 131, 249, Sp. Gram, Ic. t. 49; Kunth Enum.i. 94; Benth. Fl. Hong. 412, excl. syn. P. Kleinianum, Nees ex Anderss.in Walp. Ann. vi. 946. P lene, Steud. lic. 54, P. mauritianum, Willd. er Spreng. Syst. i. 305. P. nepalense, Spreng. lc. 321; Kunth Enum. i. 94; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 291; Aitchis. Cat. Panjab Pl. 160; Mig. 1. c. 448. P. nervosum, Roxb, Fl. Ind, i. 311; Wall, Cat. n. 8702. P. neurodes, Schult. Mant. ii. 228; Wight Cat.n. 1647; Anderss. l.c. 945; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 5. P. paucise- tum, Steud. l.c. 52. P. palmifolium, Koen. in Naturforsch. xxiii. (1788) 208; Kunth Enum. 93; Anderss. l.c. 945. P. Wallichianum, Nees Fi. Afr. Austr. 49; Mig. l.c. 449.—Panicum, Wail. Cat. n. 8703. Throughout the moister hilly parts of India, from Komaon in the Himalaya eastward, ascending to 5000 ft. in Sikxim, the Shan Hills in Burma, the Niz- GHIRIS, alt. 6000 ft., the Matay Prninsuna, and Cryton.—DistRis, China, Malay Islands, Stem 1-8 ft., erect or ascending from a woody branched stock, from the thickness of a sparrow’s to a swan’s quill, leafy. Leaves 6-24 by 4-4 in., finely acuminate, sessile on the sheath or petioled, membranous or chartaceous, glabrous or sparsely hairy ; sheath sometimes hispid, mouth ciliate’; ligule short. Pamicle thyrsoid, striate and erect; with short branches, or effuse and drooping, 1-2 ft. long, with branches 2—4 in. long (spiciform in reduced states) ; branches, pedicels and their setiferous scabrid tips green or purplish. Spikelets 4 in., ovoid; gl. I = } III or less, very broadly ovate, obtuse or acute, 5—7-nerved, paleate or not, male or neuter; IV acuminate, coriaceous, more or less rugulose.—After a study of an immense suite of specimens of this species from all parts of India, I am unable to follow Andersson (in Walp. Ann. 1.c¢.) in his separation of it into plicatum, palmifolium, neurodes and the seven vars. of the latter. These are, I think, all forms chiefly dependent on climate and age. Lamark’s P. plicatum was described (1797) from a cultivated specimen of uncertain origin (Mauritius or St. Domingo), but Jacquin’s excellent figure of it leaves no doubt of its identity with the Indian plant, for it resembles no American one. It has been widely cultivated for nearly a century, and « garden specimen in Bentham’s Herb. supports the identification. I doubt P. palmifolium of Poiret being specifically different, it is described trom an E. Indian specimen, though Grisebach (Fl. Brit. Ind. 547) identifies it with the W. Indian P. sulcatum, Aubl. Grisebach distinguishes palmifolium from plicatum by gl. II of the latter shorter than IV, and longer in ‘palmafolium, but I find this a most variable character and not borne out by the 56 OLXXII. GRAMINEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) [Panicum. material that Grisebach worked upon. He also describes gl. IV as ellipsoid, but it is ovate-lanceolate in both. Whether P. sulcatum is specifically different may be doubted. P. exeurrens, Trin., is a small narrow-leaved flaccid (perhaps young state, with a very slender panicle and erect branches; it is Wall. Cat. n. 8703, an a@common Himalayan form. Wall. Cat. n. 8705 is a gigantic form from Silhet, where I found it abundantly. 48.* PB. flavescens, Sw. Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 23, Fl. Ind. Oce. i. 158 ; annual, leaves plicate linear-lanceolate, panicle erect branches spreading simple pubescent and bristly, spikelets subsecund, gl. I = 4-3 II orbicular obtuse 8-nerved, II = IV apiculate 5-7-nerved, III = 1V 5-7-nerved paleate male, IV ellipsoid acuminate transversely rngulose. Kunth Enum, Pl. i. 128; Steud. Syn. Gram. 80; Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 547. P. bar- batum, Telf. ea Wail. Cat. n. 8689 D. P. costatum, Rowb. Fl. Ind. i. 312; Wall. Cat. l.c.; Kunth l.c. 93; Steud. l.c. 64; Anderss. in Walp. Ann. vi. 047. P. fasciculatum 8, Nees Agrost. Bras. 152. P. mauritianum, Herb. Willd. ex Spreng. Syst. i. 8305. P. paractaenioides, Trin. in. Mem. Acad. Petersb. Ser. 6, iii, II (1835) 219. P. Thouarsianum, ees ex Steud. l.c. 62. P. plicatum var. costatum, Baker Fl. Maurit. 437. Setaria mauritiana, Spreng. Syst. i. 305 (ex Baker). Cultivated in Horr. Bor. Cato., Wallick. Stam? Herb, Finlayson.—DistRiz. Trop. Amer. ; Stem 3-6 ft., slender above, stout branched creeping and rooting helow. Leaves 5-8 by 3-1 in., finely acuminate, narrowed to the very narrow base, thin, flaccid, softly hairy on both surfaces; sheath with hispidly ciliate margins towards the contracted mouth ; ligule obscure. Panicle 3-5 in., ovate-oblong, branches 1-1} in. Spikelets 35 in., subsessile, green.—This grass is described as annual by Grisebach, and as perennial by other authors. 49. P. rhachitrichum, Hochst. in Flora, xxvii. (1844) 254; annual, nodes of stem pubescent, leaves plicate, panicle subpyramidal, branches slender spreading and pedicels laxly hairy, gl. I minute membranous, IIT and III subequal ovate-oblong obtuse, III paleate neuter, IV ellipsoid rugulose tip rounded. Parlat. in Hook. Niger Flora, 187; Steud. Syn. Gram. 63. P. chamaeraphis, Nees ex A. Braun, Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. (1853), App. 20; Anderss. in Walp. Ann. vi. 947. P. homonymum, Steud. le. 48; Duthie Grass, N.W. Ind. 4 (nomogynum). SusTRoPicaL HrimaLaya; Dehra Dhun, Royle; Chamba, alt. 5000 ft., Clarke ; Kumaon, Duthie; Sikkim, alt. 6000 ft. Cuora Nagpur and Catcurta, Clarke. Distris. Africa trop. ; Stems tufted, erect, 8-18 in., leafy. Leaves 6-8 by 1-12 in., flaccid, glabrous or sparsely hairy, base rounded ; margins 2nd mouth of sheath villous. Panicle 2-6 in., branches alternate spreading ; rachis very slender, flexuous, bristle of pedicel twice as long as the spikelet. Spikelets 3, in., secund, 1-2-seriate, loosely or densely imbricate, sometimes fascicled in the Calcutta specimens, dorsally compressed ; gls. membranous, pale, nerves green ; I 1-8-nerved ; II 5-6-nerved, obtuse ; I1I 5-nerved, palea minute. Sect. VIII Grszosm. (See p. 25.) * Spikelets usually shortly pedicelled. 50. P. trigonum, Rez. Ols. iti. 9 (excl. Syn. Burm.); leaves 1-2 in., panicle contracted, branches short, spikelets 2; in. very shortly pedicelled Panicum. ] CLXXUI, GRAMINEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) 57 hispidulous, gl. I = about 3 III obtuse or acnte 3-nerved, IIT 5-nerved. Kunth Enum. Pl.i. 116; Nees Agrost. Bras. 206; Rowb. Fl. Ind. i. 305; Thw. Enum, Pl. Zeyl. 359 (in part); Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 205. P. difforme, Hoth Nov. Sp. 52. P. gibbum, Steud. l.c. 87. P.radicans, Bihse in Mig. Pl. Jungh. 375 ; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 453 (non Retz). P. repens and Burmanni, Heyne ew Herb. Wight. Aira repens, Hb. Heyne ex Wall. Cat. n. 8743 A.—Panicum, Wall. Cat. 8743 A.C. _ Lowrr Beneat, Wallich. The Deccan PeninsuLa, Heyne, &c. OBYLON, Walker, &c., Thwattes (C.P. n. 888).—DistRiz. Java. Perennial. Stem as thick as packthread, decumbent branching and interlaced below; branches erect. Leaves linear-lanceolate, glabrous or laxly hairy; sheath glabrous or margin ciliate; ligule rounded. Panicle 1-14 in., rachis and short suberect branches glabrous ; gl. I-III pale brown ; tip of IV naked or bearded. 51. P. pilipes, Nees & Arn. ex Biise in Mig. Pl. Jungh. iii. 376; tall, leaves 2-6 in., panicle contracted, branches short with often slender hairs on the pedicels, spikelets 3, in. very shortly pedicelled glabrous, gl. I = about 4 III obtuse 3-nerved, III 5-nerved. Wight Cat. n. 2348; Mig. Fil. Ind. Bat. iii. 453; Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 105. P. hermaphroditum, Steud. Syn. Gram. 67; Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 485. P. oxyphyllur, Hochst. ex Steud. l.c. 65. ?P. carinatum, Prest Rel. Haenk. i. 809 (ear ane in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. vi. (1885) 235).—Panicum, Wall. Cat. n. 8743: S1» tenuissima, Spreng. Syst. i. 258.—Sporobolus, Wall. Cat. nu. 3766, B, 3767. Throughout Inp1a, ascending the Himalaya to 5000 ft., Burma and Ozrnton.— Distzis. All warm countries. Stem 2-3 ft., sometimes as thick as a small goose-quill at the base. Leaves 8-24 in., convolute or flat, rarely 4in. diam., margins smooth ; ligule a few hairs. Panicle 6-18 in., often interrupted ; rachis stout, erect, or curved; branches erect, } in, or longer, often whorled, densely clothed usually to or to near the base with green spikelets, which are erect and imbricate, Spikelets larger than in S.diander. Gl. I= about 4 IIT; II not twice as long; III acute. Pericarp adherent.—It is not always easy to distinguish this from S. dtander, which is much the most common in India. In its normal state indicus is a far more robust plant, with a stout rachis and branches of the panicle, larger and more herbaceous more crowded spikelets, and a broader grain; but both vary greatly in the panicle. 3. S. minutiflorus, Link Enum. Hort. Berol. i. 88; tall, slender, leaves long, panicle very large effuse supra-decompound, branches capil- lary, spikelets #5 in., gl. I minute subquadrate, II=2% III orbicular- ovate obtuse, grain broadly obovoid. Kunth Enum. Pl. i. 214, Vilfa capillaris, Wight & Arn. ew Wight Cat. n. 2036 (non Mig). V. minuti- flora, Trin. Duss. 1. 158; Steud. Syn. Gram. 158. V. mangalorica, Hochst. ew Mig. Analect. Bot.ii. 24; Steud. 1.c.159. V.tenuissima, Schult. Mant. ii. 479. Panicum tenuiflorum, Hort. Monac. ea Link. lic. P. tenuissimum, Mart. e« Schrank in Denkschr. Bot. Ges. Regensb. ii. (1822) 26. The Deccan PENINSULA, Wight. Canara, Hohenacker. Stem 2-3 ft. Leaves narrow, flat, finely acuminate, margins quite smooth ; ligule of minute hairs. Panicle 12-18 in., erect; rachis quite smooth, very slender ; branches innumerable, 1-2 in., spreading, and branchlets excessively slender, flowering at the tips. Spikelets ellipsoid, dark colrd.; gl. I truncate; II broadly ovate, obtuse, nerveless; III ovate-oblong, obtuse, uerveless; palea shorter, broad, truneate, Stamens 2. 4, 3. Wallichil, Munro mss.; very tall, erect, leaves long, panicle tall oblong or subpyramidal decompound branches capillary, branchlets divaricate few-fld., spikelets 75 in., gl. I minute truncate, II = 3 NII or Sporobolus. ] CLXXII. GRAMINEE. (J. D. Hooker.) 249 longer ovate acuminate, grain broadly obliquely obcordate. Sporobolus, Wall. Cat. n. 3769 A. Bruak; Rajmahal Hills, Wallich. Prev, Kurz. Crynon; between Trinco- malee and Kantalla, Ferguson. Perennial ? Stem 3-4 ft., as thick as a crowequill, strict, sparingly leafy. Leaves 1-2 ft. by 1-4 in., quite smooth ; upper sheaths very long; ligule 0. Panicle 12-18 in. by 4—5 broad, branches opposite and whorled, branchlets flowering towards the tips. Spikelets pale brown; gls. IL and III faintly 1-nerved; palea oblong, truncate, as long as its gl. Stumens 3.—Habit of §. minutiflorus, but spikelets very different. 5. S. ioclados, Nees Fl. Afr. Austral. 161; leaves short, panicle oblong or subpyramidal effuse, branches capillary, spikelets 2-2, in. scattered, gl. 1 lanceolate=4 III, Il =2 III oblong-lanceolate obtuse, grain linear-oblong truncate. Vilfa ioclados, Nees ex Trin. in Mem. Acad. Petersb. Ser. VI. Se. Nat. v. IT. (1840) 65. Sornp, Stocks.—DistRis. 8. Africa. Stems 10-18 in., densely tufted, rather stout. Leaves 2-3 in., narrow, densely tufted, sheath short; ligule obscure. Panicle 3-7 in., branches opposite and alternate, spreading. Spikelets oblong, pale.-—A very elegant grass. ** Glume I as long as III or nearly so. Panicle contracted. 6. S. virginicus, Kunth Revis. Gram. i. 67, Enum. Pl. i. 210, Suppl. 167; stems erect from a decumbent woody creeping base, leaves strict distichous convolute pungent, panicle elongate narrow interrupted branches very short, spikelets j,-j, in. subsessile crowded, gis. I and IT oblong-lanceolate acute, I shorter than II, grain broadly obovoid. Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 108; Benth Fl. Austral. vii. 621; Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 583. 8. littoralis, Kunth 1.1. c.c. 68, 213. Vilfa barbata, Beauv. Agrost. 16. V. littoralis, Beauv. l.c.; Steud. Syn. Gram. 162. V. murina, Sied. ex Steud. l.c. 157. V. orientalis, Wight Cat. n. 1745 (in part). V. vir- ginica, Beauv. l.c.; Trin. Diss.i.155; Sp. Gram. Ie. t.48; Steud. 1. c.157; Baker Fl. Maurit. 449. Agrostis barbata, Pers. Syn.i.75. A. littoralis, Lamk, Illustr. 161. A. pungens, Pursh Fl. Am. Sept. 64. A. virginica, Linn. Sp. Pl. 63; Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. i. 20, t. 23. Podosemum vir- ginicum, Link Enum. Hort. Berol.i. 85. Calotheca sabulosa, Steud. in Flora, xii. (1829), II. 488. Crypsis maritima, Munro ea Macowan in Cape Monthly Mag. V.S. iii. (1871), Suppl. 7. CzyLow ; common on the shores, Heyne? Trimen.—DistTRis. Westwd. to tropical Africa and America ; eastwd. to Australia. Perennial. Stem ag thick as a duck’s quill, branched, hard and often tortuous at the base, then erect or ascending 6-10 in. high. Leaves close-set, erecto-patent, 1-3 in. long or more, narrow and almost terete from the involute margins, very pale, glabrous or scaberulous above, striate; sheaths terete, short or long; ligule ‘of long soft hairs. Panicle 1-4 in., subspiciform, very pale, narrow but more or less interrupted. Spikelets very shortly pedicelled ; gls. all 1-nerved, keels glabrous or obscurely scabrid towards the tip; palea oblong, narrowly truncate. Grain with the pericarp loosened if moistened.—Trinius’ figure represents gl. I as shorter than in the Ceylon specimens and others that I have examined. It ig remarkable that this grass should have no certain habitat on the shores of continental India. There is a specimen from Heyne in Rottler’s herbarium, marked “ Nawiilus, 2lst Aug., 1794,” 2 word which sounds more Cingalese than Indian. There is another in Wight’s herbarium, where S. orientalis, spicatus, tremulus and virginicus are all fastened on the same sheet as No. 1745. S. pungens, Kunth, of the Mediterranean 250 OLXXIII. GRAMINEH. (J.D. Hooker.) — [Sporobolua, region, from Spain to Egypt and Arabia, is a slight variety with a stonter dense panicle, which Dr. Stapf and I have independently sought in vain to distinguish by any other character, and this is of the slightest. 7. S. glaucifolius, Hochst. in Flora, xxv. (1842) I. Bieb. 198; slender, glaucous, leaves short strict narrow flat or undulate glaucous not pungent, panicle elongate contracted white, branches very short erect, spikelets in. subsessile crowded, gls. IT and 1 subequal ovate- lanceolate acuminate as long as III or rather longer. Vilfa glaucifolia, Steud. Syn. Gram. 154. V. scabrifolia, Hochst. ex Edgew. in Journ, Linn, Soc. vi. (1862) 196; Attchis. Cat. Panjab Pl. 165. Agrostis barbata, p, senegalensis, Pers. Syn.i. 76. A. littoralis B, Lamk. Llustr. 161; Poi. Encyel. Suppl, i. 251. The Pansas. Dehra Ismael Khan, Duthie; Multan, Edgeworth. Soin, Stocks, —Distaris. Afr. trop. Perennial; stems 12-18 in., densely tufted. Leaves 2-5 by =4,-} in., narrowed from the cordate base to the finely acuminate tip, margins smooth, somewhat hairy towards the base; ligule a ridge of minute hairs. Panicle 3-5 in., interrupted, very pale yellowish. Spikelets very shortly pedicelled; gls. all l-nerved; I and II hyaline, puncticulate; I rather shorter and narrower than II.—Of the synonymy cited above that of V7. littoralis B, and the two sp. of Agrostis are taken from J. Gay’s mss. on a Senegal specimen in Herb. Kew. Of V. scabrifolia I know nothing, nor where Edgeworth gets the name (which is not in the “ Kew Index,”’ but from his citing Stuck’s number (667) as the same plant, there is no doubt that S, glaucifolius is that meant. Edgeworth (l.c. 182) mentions this amongst other plants of which the seeds are swept up for food by the poorer classes of the desert. *** Glume I shorter than II and III. + Panicle contracted. Perennials, except S. piliferus. 8. S. tremulus, Kunth Revis. Gram. i. 67, Enum. Pl. i. 210, Suppl. 166; stoloniferous, leaves short subulate or filiform flat or convolute pungent margins smooth, spikelets ~, in., gl. 1 shorter than ITI lanceolate, II as long as III or longer, grain oblong. 8S. geniculatus, Nees e« Aitehis. Cat. Panjab Pl. 165. S. orientalis, Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 108 (non Kth.). Vilfa geniculata, Nees ex Steud. Syn. Gram.156; Herb. Wight nu. 3307. V. orientalis, Wight Cat. n. 1745 (in part). V. tremula, Trin. Diss. 1. 155; Steud. .c.160. Agrostis juncea, Lamk. Encycl. i. 60, Illustr. t. 41,f.2. A. Phuldubbha, Herd. Ham. ex Wall. Cat. n. 3770. ; in., gls. I and II subequal subacute scaberulous keels strongly scabrid, III about 3 shorter not awned tip truncate toothed, palea nearly = gl., callus quite glabrous. Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iv. 438; Bowss. Fl. Orient. v. 513; Trin. Diss, i, 195, Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 86; Heichd. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 35. A. adscendens, Lange in Kjoeb. Vidensk. Meddel. (1860) 33. A. anatolica, C. Koch. in Linnza, xxi. (1848) 879. A. densa, Bieb. Fl. Taur. Cauc. i. 56. A. diffusa, Bess. Prim. Fl. Gallic. i. 68. A. Muelleri, Presl? Bot. Bemerk. 120. A. refracta, Moench. Meth. Sy cle 60. A. stolonifera, Linn. Herb. non Sm. ; Bied. lc. iti. 62 (ew Ledeb, lc. 439). A. Villarsii, Poir. Encycl. Suppl. i. 251. The Pansap; Hursa, Aitchison, KasamiRn; Chittapani Valley, Levinge. SIMLA, alt. 2-4600 ft. (Griseb.).—Disrris. N. temp. regions. Stem long slender creeping, then ascending to 10-15 in. high, Leaves rather Agrostis.) CLEXII. GRAMINEEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) 255 broad. Panicle 2-3 in., lobed, branches very short with densely fastigiate branchlets, and crowded very shortly pedicelled green spikelets.—Described as annual by Grisebach in Ledeb. Fl. Ross., but as perennial by other authors. 3. A. subaristata, Attch. & Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xix. (1882), 192, t. 29; leaves scabrid, ligule long, panicle elongate contracted or sub- effuse, branches short scaberulous, spikelets ~; in., gl. I and II subequal scaberulous tips aristulate, keels scabrid, III about 3 shorter, tip truncate toothed, awn ) or minute, palea nearly as long as the gl., callus quite glabrous. Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 514. Kasumir, Falconer; at Sreenuggur and Nowgunji, alt. 5-6000 ft., Clarze.— Disteis. Afighanistan. Stem long creeping and rooting below (as in vulgaris) then ascending, stout or slender, Panicle 3-6 in., dense- or lax-fid., branches flowering to the base. Spike- lets pale, very shortly pedicelled, often densely packed. Gl. I and II membranous, with the median nerve sometimes produced into a very short awn; III dorsally awned in Affghan specimens.—Apparently a very distinct species, strongly resembling A. vulgaris in habit ; the awned gl. I and IT are found in no other Indian species, The Atfghan specimens have larger and more scabrid subhispid spikelets. 4, A. peninsularis, Hook. f.; tall, very slender, erect, leaves very narrow strict, ligule short, panicle as broad as long very lax and open, branches 2-4-nate and branchlets long capillary simple in the lower half or more then very sparingly branched and few-fd., spikelets 3 in., gl. I and II subequal, III nearly =II strongly 4-nerved tip truncate 2-aristulate, awn basal exserted, callus very shortly bearded, palea = gl. III lanceolate 2-nerved, anther as long as the gl. A. Hookeriana, Herb. Wight. Deccan PeninsuLa, Wight (Cat. n. 1746, in part); ? Pulney Mts., Wight. Stem 2 ft, or more, erect from the very base, stiff, leafy upwards. Leaves flat, 3-4 by 2 in,, erect, finely acuminate, nearly smooth. Panicle 3-4 in., branches in distant whorls, perfectly smooth. Spikelets green or purple. Anthers very large, purple, tips of cells almost beaked.—The Pulney plant has narrower more acuminate gl. land II than the others, and III is shorter in proportion, but it is otherwise identical ; its stamens are imperfect. Closely resembles Calamagrostis pilosula. ** Palea short or 0. + Gl. LIT awned. 5. A. canina, Linn. Sp. Pl. 62; radical leaves narrow convolute cauline very narrow, ligule oblong, panicle oblong or ovate spreading in fl. contracted in frt., branches lax-fld., spikelets 2,—3, in., gl. Iand II unequal lanceolate acute or acuminate, IIL + shorter tip truncate 4-toothed, awn median to basal, palea 0, callus glabrous, anthers long. Kunth Enum. Pl. i. 222; Host Gram. Austr. iv. t.53; Engl. Bot. t. 1856; Knapp Gram. Britt. t.21; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ.t. 33; T. Nees Gen. Fl. Germ. Monocot. i. n. 29; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 29; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iv. 440; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v.516. Trichodium caninum, Schrad. Fl. Germ.i. 198. Agraulus caninus, Beawy. Agrost. 5, t. 4, f. 7. Westrgn Himanaya and WesTERN TiBET; Kashmir, alt. 9-12,000 ft., Clarke, Duthie; Lahul, Hay. Nizenrrt Hist, alt. 8000 ft., Clarke (introd. ?).—Disrats. N. temp. regions. Stem 1-2 ft. very slender, rarely stoloniferous. Leaves 3,-j, in. broad. Panicle 2-4 in.; branches capillary, scabertlous or nearly smooth. Spikelets green, pale or purple; awn exserted, geniculate; callus sometimes minutely scabrid—There are upwards of 30 recorded synonyms of this plant. 256 CLEXII. GRAMINEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) [ Agrostis, 6. A. brachiata, Munro mss.; tall, very slender, leaves long, ligule very small, panicle effuse, branches branchlets and pedicels capillary divaricate, spikelets 2, in. few distant very long-pedicelled, gl. I and IT subequal oblong subacute, III nearly as long narrowly truncate, callus quite glabrous, awn median.—Sporobolus, Wall. Cat. n. 3769 B. Brewar; at Monghyr, Wallich. Stem 2-3 ft, high or more, as slender as a sparrow’s quill, weak and probably decumbent on bushes, internodes 6 in. long. Leaves 6-8 by 3-4 in., finely acumi- nate, contracted towards the base, thin and flaccid. Panicle 6-12 in., quite smooth, branches 2-24 in. long, opposite or in distant whorls of 3-5, horizontal ; pedicels 34 in. Gl. I and IJ equal, cymbiform; III as long as I and II, 5-nerved, mid-nerve reaching half way up; palea minute. Grain oblong, compressed, as long as the gl.— An extraordinarily delicate species, quite unlike any other and more resembling a Sporobolus. The specimens are advanced, in frt., and I have seen no awn, or any other indication of one except the shortened median nerve. 7, A.» fililpes, Hook. f.; very slender, leaves short very narrow, ligule very short, panicle very narrow elongate, branches short alternate and 2-3-nate erect smooth, spikelets »~; in. shortly pedicelled erect, gl. I and II unequal acute, III } shorter tip truncate nearly entire, callus quite glabrous, awn dorsal from above the middle geniculate, palea minute. Kuasia Hits, alt. 5-6000 ft., in several places, Clarke. Stem 8-15 in., erect or geniculate below, densely tufted, base hard. Radical leaves many, tufted, 1-2 in., subulate, cauline rather longer and broader. Panicle 2-4 in., interrupted; branchlets }-$ in., capillary, shortly naked below, smooth. Spikelets green or pale reddish; gl. I and IL with scabrid keels; awn shortly exserted. Anthers very short. Grain ovoid, acute.—Nearest to A. canina, but the long very narrow interrupted panicle is constant in all the specimens from five distant localities at different elevations. Var. ? palea 0, grain linear-oblong. A. nervosa, Nees, var. aristata, Munro in Herb. Kew.—Sikkim ; at Lachoong, alt 9000 ft. 8. A. Hookeriana, Clarke mss. (non Munro); very slender, leaves very narrow flaccid, ligule oblong, panicle broad with rather distant whorls of few very long flexuous capillary branches naked and unbranched for half their length, spikelets 3-2 in., gl. and II unequal lanceolate acumi- nate, III about + shorter tip truncate denticulate, callus glabrous or minutely hairy, awn dorsal. Srxxrm Himaraya, alt. 9-11,000 ft., in meadows, J. D. H. Cummins (in Herb. Clarke). Stem 1-2 ft. Leaves 2-6 in., flat, 3, in. broad. Panicle 2-6 in., branches 2-3 in., minutely scaberulous; pedicels as long as the spikelets or longer. Spikelets green, rather distant ; awn exserted ; callus sometimes distinctly but minutely bearded. Anthers linear. Grain oblong.—Spikelets very much larger than in the foregoing species. This is not 4. Hookeriana, Munro ex Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 30, nor Lachnagrostis Hookeriana, Nees ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 192. tt Gl. IIT not awned, 9. A. micrantha, Steud. Syn. Gram. 70; tall, rather slender, leaves narrow, ligule oblong, panicle elongate inclined contracted in fi., branches long capillary smoeth spreading in fruit, spikelets 2-5 in., gl. I and Il unequal -oblong-lanceolate acute, III 3-1 shorter tip truncate crenate callus Agrostis. | OLXXIIt. GRAMINE#, (J.D, Hooker.) 257 quite naked, nerves very faint, palea = about } gl., anthers about 4 gl.— ee Munro in Herb. Hook. f. & T. in part).—Agrostis, Wall. Cat. n. . CENTRAL HIMALAYA, alt. 4-6000 ft., from Garwhal to Sikkim. PKHasr1a Hitzs, alt. 5000 ft., Clarke. Stem 2-3 ft., tufted, rather stout below in Wallich’s specimens. Leaves 3-6 in., by 3-3 in., rarely broader, scaberulous. Panicle 4-10 in., lax-fid., slightly scaberulous, branches naked till towards the tips, lower whorled or fascicled ; top of pedicels clavate. Spikelets green, gl. III 5-nerved, nerves all vary slender or evanescent, the median sometimes arrested half way. Grain linear-oblong.—Steudel describes the palea as Jong as the gl., but it never exceeds + of that organ. The Khasian specimens have a much reduced panicle and much smaller palea. 10. A. myriantha, Hook. f.; stems stout leafy, leaves broadly linear-lanceolate, ligule short, panicle 4-12 in. inclined contracted many- and dense-fid., rachis rather stout, branches fascicled or whorled often fig. to the base, spikelets 3,-;}, in., gl. I and II subequal oblong subacute, IIT nearly as long tip truncate crenate, nerves very faint, callus quite naked, palea = 3~3 gl., anthers 1-3 gl.—Agrostis, n. 7 Herb. Hook. f. & T. Srxxim Himanaya; alt. 9-12,000 ft., common. Khasia Hills, alt. 4-6000 ft., common. Stem 1-5 ft., suberect or geniculate below. Leaves 4-12 by 3-1} in., scaberulous. Panicle 6-12 in.,,contracted in flower, less so in frt.; branches very many in many fascicles, strict, erect, sometimes naked for half their length. Spikelets pale green, or brownish shortly pedicelled ; gl. I and II scaberulous on the keels; III 5-nerved, nerves anthers palea and grain as in A. micrantha,—Very near 4. micrantha, but a much more leafy species, with shorter and broader gl. I and II, and IIL longer in proportion. Var. stkkimensis ; stem 1-2 ft., leaves 4-8 by {-} in., ligule oblong, anthers = 4 the gl.—Sikkim, common in woods. Var. khasiana; stem 3-5 ft., sometimes as thick as a goose-quill below, leaves 6-12 by 4-4 in., ligule often 0, panicle up to 12 in., anthers = 3 the gl._Khasia Hills, abundant. ll. A. Clarkei, Hook. f.; very slender, leaves very narrow, ligule short, panicle broadly pyramidal, branches capillary spreading sparingly divided, spikelets 2,—, 1., gl. I and II very unequal narrowly lanceolate acuminate, III much shorter than II 5-nerved nerves slender, tip truncate crenate, callus quite glabrous, palea very minute or 0. A. canina, Munro im Herb. Ind. Or. Hf. & T. (in part). Western Himaraya; Herb: Royle; Sikkim, alt. 9-11,000ft., J. D. H., Clarke, Cummins. Stem 6-14 in., suberect. Lowest leaves filiform, upper flat, all very narrow, seaberulous, Panicle 13-7 in., branches spreading in fl. and frt., smooth or nearly 0, naked below, lower geminate or in whorls of 3-5. Spikelets narrow, green purplish or very dark purple; gl. 1 4 or more longer than II, very finely acuminate, keel scabrid ; I11 short and broad.—Regarded by Mr. Clarke as an awn- less form of .4. canina, but besides wanting the awn, gl. I and II are narrower and more acuminate, and: III much shorter. 12. A. inewquiglumis, Griseb. in Goett. Nachr. (1868) 80; stems 4-6 in. densely tufted stiff stout, leaves filiform or nearly so, ligule short, panicle spiciform dense-fid., branches very short, spikelets 73-75 in., gl. I and II unequal ovate-lanceolate acute, III } shorter than II tip narrowly VOL. VII. s 258 cLxxin, GRamineR, (J.D. Hooker.) [A grostis. truncate crenate, callus quite naked, palea minute or 0, anthers short. Agrostis n. 10, Herb. Ind. Or. Hook. f. & Thoms. Sr1xxim Himanaya; alt. 12-16,000 ft., J. D. H., Clarke, &e.. Stem 4-6, rarely 8 in. Leaves usually convolute, upper sometimes flat, not ¥; in. broad ; lower sheaths green or purple. Panicle 1-2 in., strict, branches stout densely imbricating, fig. to the base. Spikelets very shortly and stoutly . pedicelled, green or. dark purple.—A very common alpine grass, constant in habit at all elevations, 13, A. divaricata, Griseb. in Goett. Nachr. (1868) 82; stems 4-6 in. densely tufted capillary, leaves capillary, panicle small with widely spreading divaricate sparingly divided branches and capillary pedicels, spikelets 3-2, in., gl Land II very unequal ovate-lanceolate, I acute, II acuminate, II] about 3 shorter than II tip truncate crenulate, nerves very faint, callus quite glabrous, palea most minute orbicular, anthers short. Herb. Ind. Or. Hf. & T. No. 11. Sixxrmm Himataya, Yeumtong, on moist banks, alt. 13,000 ft., J. D. H. The most delicate little species known to me, resembling Aira caryophyllea in size and slenderness, but growing in dense tufts. Leaves about 1 in., convolute, flexuous; ligule short, oblong. Panicle about 1 in. long and broad, branches gemi- nate, quite smooth. Spikelets remote, purple, keels of gl. I and II scabrid, pedicels rather long. Grain oblong.—A single specimen of a Sikkim Agrostis in Herb. Calcutta (n. 663 in part) without further habitat, resembles this in the small stature and panicle, but has a much stouter stem, and flat leaves about 3-5 in. gl. I and II are more obtuse. More specimens of both are much wanted. DOUBTFUL SPECIES. A. NERVOSA, Nees ew Trin. in Mem, Acad. Petersb. Ser. VI. vi. II (1845) 328; Steud. Syn. Gram. 165; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 30; leaves flat, ligule very short, panicle 4 in. lower branches 4-nate naked below, gl. I and IJ subequal hardly 5; in. acute, III $ shorter, awn 0, palea rather shorter than the ovary, callus very shortly retrorsely pilose.—Nepal. (See Calamagrostis pilosula). A. PROCERA, Retz. Obs. iv. 19. ? Thysanolena Agrostis. A. Wiautir, Nees ex Steud. l.c. 168; leaves flat margins scabrous, ligule ovate, panicle long capillary, branches 2—4-nate, branchlets 2—-3-chotomous scabrid, gl. I and II equal subobtuse, keel scabrid ITI = II 3-denticulate, palea rather fo the ovary ovate-lanceolate acute. Vilfa vulgaris, Wight Herb. 78 (ex teud.). A. ZENKERI, Steud. 1.c. 170; stem exceedingly slender scaberulous above, leaves 1-1} in. erect strict convolute retrorsely scabrid, ligule obtuse, panicle pyramidal, rays 2-nate widely spreading, spikelets 14 line purple, gl. I and II equal acute, III as long shortly denticulate 5-nerved awn 0, palea as long 2-nerved, callus hairy all over.—Nilghiri Hills. 73, MUBHLENBERGIA, Schreb. Annual or perennial very slender grasses. Leaves narrow, flat. Spikelets very numerous and minute, 1-fld., panicled, terete, not jointed on their pedicels; rachilla jointed at the base, not produced. Gluwmes 3,1 and II persistent, equal or unequal, l-nerved; III as long or longer than I and II, terete, membranous, 3-nerved, hairy below the middle, tip Muehlenbergia.] CLEXIT. GRAMINER, (J. D. Hooker.) 259 acute or minutely. 2-toothéd” awned, awn very slender not twisted; palea oblong, as long as the gl. or longer, 2-nerved, nerves almost meeting in the tip; callus minute. Lodicules 2, very minute. Anthers short or long. ‘ Styles free, stigmas short. Grain cylindric, free ‘in the gl. and palea.— Species about 60 chiefly temp. American: - © vk The above character applies to the Indian species ; of the American-some: have only one empty gl., in others gl. III is awnless or 5-nerved.. ©‘ 2 Geb i 8. x owe - 1, M. sylvatica, Torr. & Gr. ex.Trin. iw Mem. Acad. Petersb. Ser, VI. vi. IL. (1845) 292 (ewel. syn. viridissima) ;. panicle erect contracted interrupted, branches very short fig. to the base, spikelets very shortly pedicelled, gl. I and II 2-,4 in. lanceolate acuminate, III about as long, awo2+3in. Steud. Syn. Gram. 179; A. Gray Man. Bot. N. U. St..612, t.8; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind.28. M. Duthiwana, Hack. in Herb. Duthie. Agrostis diffusa, Muehlb. Deser. Gram. 64. A. sylvatica, Torrey Fl. N. Am. i. 87 (non Linn.). Western Hisataya; from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 4-9000 ft., Royle, &e.— Disrxip. Japan, N. Am. ie & Stem 1-3 ft., very slender, branched, decumbent and creeping below. Leaves 3-5 by 35-1 in., smooth or scaberulous ; ligule very short, lacerate. Panicle 4-6 in., pale green or violet; rachis and very short erect brariches and pedicels scabrid. Spikelets crowded, erect; gls. I and II subequal, 1-8-nerved, keels scabrid; III minutely notched at the tip, hairs much shorter than the gl. ; palea about as long as its gl. ; 2. M. viridissima, Nees ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 178; panicle elon- gate much fastigiately branched flexuous interrupted branches and pedicels slender, gls. I and JI ~—2; in. equal or unequal, III twice as long -or longer, awn 3-1 in. Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 28. M. Huegelii, Trin. in Mem. Acad. Petersb. Ser. VI. vi. IT. (1845) 293. M. geniculata, Nees ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 178; Duthie 1.c—Podosaemum, Wall. Cat. n. 8778. - TEMPERATE Himawaya, alt. 3-9000 ft., from Kashmir to Sikkim and the Kuasra Hints. Habit of M. sylvatica, but usually a larger grass, with longer broader leaves and a loose interrupted flexuous bright green panicle often a foot long. Spikelets shortly pedicelled ; gis. I and II very variable, both ovate-lanceolate 1-nerved and shortly awned with scabrid keels and awn, or I much smaller oblong or orbicular erose and nerveless. 3. M. himalayensis; Hack. in Herb. Duthie n. 10,128; panicle elongate much fastigiately branched interrupted, branches and pedi- celg slender, gis. I and II 4-3 in. subequal lanceolate acuminate or subaristate, I[I as long as I and II or rather longer, awn 3-1 in. Western Himauaya, alt. 6-7000 ft., from Chamba to Simla, Thomson, Madden, &c. Stem 12-18 in., very slender, decumbent or ascending, branched. Leaves narrow, flaccid ; ligule oblong. Panicle 3-6 in., very narrow, slender, flexuous, flaccid, branches distant. Spikelets bright green, glistening, larger than in sylvatica and viridissima to which latter it is most nearly allied, differing in being more slender with narrower leaves, in the laxer, fewer fid. panicle, in the larger spikelets, and in gl. III not being much longer than I and IT. 5 s 260 cLxxmt, craminem. (J.D. Hooker.) 74, CALAMAGROSTIS, Adans. Stout or slender grasses. Leaves narrow. Spikelets in narrow or effuse panicles, 1-Ad., not jointed on the pedicels; rachilla jointed at the base, not produced beyond gl. IIIT. Glumes 3, I and IT equal or unequal, lanceolate, acumi-ate, glabrous or scaberulous; ITI shorter, hyaline, trun- cate, crenate or cleft, glabrous or hairy, awned, paleate; palea often minute, rarely 0; callus bearded with long or short hairs.—Species about 15? natives of cold and temp. climates. See remarks under Agrostis (p. 258). See also Deyeuwia abnormis, which is intermediate between that genus and Calamagrostis. * Glume III glabrous. + Hairs of callus longer than gl. IIT. § Glume IIT dorsally awned at the middle or below it. 1. CG. epigejos, Roth. Tent. Fl. Germ. i. 34; stem stout creeping below, leaves glaucous scaberulous, ligule long acute, panicle dense, branches scaberulous, spikelets 1-3 in., gl. I and II subequal subulate- lanceolate, III =3II tip 2-fid, awn dorsal at or near the middle, palea = 4-2 gl. ITI, hairs of callus as long as gle. I and II. Kunth Enum. Pl. i. 237, Suppl. 184; Host Gram. Austr. iv. 24,t.42. Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ, t. 43; Leded. Fl. Ross. iv. 432; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v.525; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 30. C. georgica & thyrsoides, C. Koch in Linnea, xxi. (1848) 387, 388. OC. glomerata, Boiss. et Biihse in Mem. Soc. Nat. Mose. xii. (1860) 229, C. lithuanica & vilneensis, Schult. Mant. iii. 602. C. lanceolata, Stokes in With. Arr. Brit. Pl. Ed. UI. 31.122. C. glauca & Huebneriana, Reichb. Fl. Germ. Ewcurs. 27, Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 43. C. rigens, Fries Summ. Veg. Scand. 240. Arundo epigejos, Linn. Sp. Pl. 81; Hngl. Bot. t. 402; Fl. Dan t. 2165; Knapp Gram. Britt. t. 97. ee KasuMtR, alt. 8-14,000 ft., Falconer, &c.—Duisrris. N. Asia. Europe. 8. rica, Stem 2-4 ft., erect, usually stout. Zeaves long, narrow, finely acuminate, scaberulous, more or less glaucous; ligule oblong, rather long, acute. Panicle 6-12 in. or more, oblong or lanceolate, much branched, branches usually erect. Spikelets shortly pedicelled, erect, green or light or dark purple; gl. I and II subequal or II the longest, 1-nerved or II 3-nerved, kcel and often margins scaberulous; III glabrous, smooth or scaberulous, awn equalling its gl. 2. €. decora, Hook. f.; stems tall tufted very slender, leaves very long flat, panicle loosely branched, spikelets 2 in., gls. I and II sub- equal lanceolate, scaberulous, I[I = 2-3 I truncate 4-cuspidate, awn subpesa exserted, palea as long as the gl., callus hairs rather longer than gl. IIT. Kasumir; Astor Valley, alt. 9-10,000 ft., Duthie (n. 12,660). Stem 4-5 ft. or more. Leaves 12-18 by 4 in., scaberulous, pale green ; sheath smooth 3, ligule large, oblong, rounded. Panicle 3-8 in., pale green, rachis slender and fascicled branches scaberulous, branches naked below. Spikelets shortly pedi- celled, suberect ; gls. I and II hardly membranous, finely acuminate, keels scaberu- es I 3-nerved; III glabrous, except the callus; awn shortly exserted. Anthers inear. Calamagrostis,] OLXXIIL GRamMINEa. (J. D. Hooker.) 261 §§ Glume III awned in the wpper third or tip. 3. ©. emodensis, Griseb. in Goett. Nachr. (1868) 80; stem stout creeping below, leaves long broad flat glaucous scaberulous, panicle dense or effuse much-branched, spikelets 3 in. crowded, gl. I and II unequal subulate-lanceolate, III =3I1 cleft to about the upper } awned in the cleft, awn exserted, palea = 3-3 its gl. ©. nepalensis, Herb. Strach. & Winterb. (in part). Calamagrostis, Wull. Cat. n. 3781 B. ‘ TEMPERATE Himawaya, alt. 7-12,000 ft., from Kashmir to Bhotan, Falconer, Cc. Stem 3-5 ft., as thick as a goose-quill below. Leaves 12-18 by 4-2 in., thinly coriaceous, pale glaucous green, many-uerved ; sheath nearly smooth or scaberulous ; ligule oblong, membranous, Panicle 6-10 in., inclined or nodding, very soft, shining and silky, pale grey ; branches branchlets and very short pedicels capillary, smooth, or minutely scaberulous. Glumes I and II very thin, smooth, keels scaberulous, I 1-nerved ; II 3-nerved ; II{ glabrous, hyaline, usually cleft from the upper third into two lanceolate subulate-acuminate lobes; but the lobes are sometimes irregularly lacerate at the tip; nerves 5, faint. 4. G. littorea, DC. Fl. Franc. v. 255; stem stout or slender creep- ing below, leaves narrow scaberulous often convolute, ligule oblong, panicle dense or effuse, spikelets 4-3 in., gl. I and II unequal subulate- lanceolate scaberulous, III = 4-2 1 tip truncate erose or toothed, awn terminal in a notch or short cleft or dorsal below the tip included, palea nearly as long as the gl. Kunth Enum. Pl. i. 237; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 42; Boiss. KI. Orient. v. 524; Steud. Syn. Gram. 187. C. glauca, Reichb. Fl. Germ. Excurs. 27. C. lanceolata, Aitchis. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xviii. (1880) 107 (non Roth.). C.laxa, Host Gram. Austr.iv. 25, t.43; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. v. 482; Herb. Ind. Or. Hf. & T. (in part); Griseb. in Goett. Nachr. (1868) 80. OC. nepalensis, Nees ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 193; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 30; Aitchis. in Trans. Linn. Soc. Ser. IT. Bot. iii. 124, Arundo glauca, M. Bieb. Fl. Taur. Cauc. i. 79. A. laxa, Roem. & Sch. Syst. ii. 502. A. littorea, Schrad. Fl. Germ.i. 212, t. 4, £. 2.—Calama- grostis, Wall. Cat. n. 3781 A. TumMPERATE HimaLaya, alt. 6-10,000 ft. from Kashmir to Sikkim. WrEsTERN Tiset, alt. 10-12,000 ft.—DistRis. Europe, N. and W. Asia. Stem 2-5 ft., erect, as thick as a crow-quill or small goose-quill, but some- times very slender. Leaves 12-18 by 3,—} in., firm, smooth or scaberulous, flat or convolute; sheaths smooth ; ligule linear-oblong. Panicle very variable in form and composition, erect or inclined, green or purple, rachis and branches scaberulous. Spikelets rarely + in. long, sometimes only % in., when the outer glumes are broader ; gl. I and II with scaberulous keels, I usually about 3 longer than IT, but sometimes subequal, I 1-nerved and JI 3-nerved at the base, but both sometimes 3-nerved ; III glabrous, smooth or faintly scaberulous, faintly 5-nerved; awn very slender, variable in length, rarely longer than its gl—A very difficult plant to define satisfactorily so much do the spikelets vary in size, in the breadth of the empty gls., and in the incision of the top of gl. III, which is either rounded and obtusely 2-toothed with an awn in the sinus, or truncate with a terminal awn, or 2-lobed nearly } way down with lobes irregularly incised and the awn in the sinus, or finally the awn may be strictly dorsal below the truncate tip. Dr. Stapf, who has revised the whole of the Indian material which I had referred to this species, confirms the above view of its variation, and agrees with me in referring it to the European C. littorca, Var. tartarica ; stem shortir stouter, leavis eonvolute, paniele striet narrowly 262 CLXXUI. GRAMINEE. (J. D, Hooker.) [ Calamagrostis. oblong dense-fld., spikelets usually dark purple. C. tartarica, Jacquem. mss. C. laxa, var. robustior, Herb. Hf. d T.—Common in the drier districts especially in Western Tibet. ‘5. G. Stolizkai, Hook. f.; stem short stout, leaves erect convolute, panicle short oblong contracted dense, spikelets 4 in. shortly pedicelled, gl. I and II subequal lanceolate acuminate scaberulous, III about + shorter than II tip truncate 4-aristulate, awn terminal exserted, palea as long as its gl., hairs of callus rather longer than gl. III shorter than I and II. Western Tiset; Zanskar, on the Pensi-la, alt. 12-15,000 ft., Stolizka. Stem 18-24 in., erect. Leaves 3-6 by 1-4 in., very scabrid above; sheaths scaberulous; liguleoblong. Panicle 4 in. ; branches short, erect or suberect, scabrid. Spikelets erect, crowded, pale, shining; gl. I and II hyaline, sub 3-nerved; III glabrous, hairs of callus unequal in length; awn about twice as long as the spikelet, straight, shortly exserted.—I have seen only two specimens. 6. ©. debilis, Hook. f.; very slender, leaves short very narrow, panicle narrow, branches few rather short laxly flowering and pedicels capillary, spikelets 1 in. pale, gls. I and II unequal lanceolate acuminate keels quite smooth, III about 4 shorter than II or less, tip truncate erose, awn dorsal in upper third of the gl. exserted, palea as long as its gl., hairs of callus = gl. I and II. Srxxim Himataya; Chola, alt. 11,000 ft., J.D. H. Stem 12-18 in., tufted, geniculate below. Leaves distant, 1-2 by ~,-j, in., flat, quite smooth, upper shorter spreading; sheath smooth; ligule oblong. Panicle 2-5 in., branches and branchlets smooth. Spikelets pale purplish brown, long-pedicelled; gl. I and If 1-nerved; III glabrous, 5-nerved. .dnthers very small.—I found this very delicate species only once and then late in the season, the very small anthers are peculiar. tt Hairs of callus much shorter than gl. ITI. 7. ©. tripilifera, Hook. f.; very slender, leaves short narrow flat, panicle of few very long wide spreading 2-3-nate branches sparingly divided towards the ends, spikelets 4 in. long-pedicelled, gls. I and II subequal lanceolate acuminate, III firm } shorter than I tip truncate with 2 short lateral awns and a median dorsal exserted awn, palea 3 shorter than its gl., hairs of callus very unequal. é S1xxim Hrmauaya ; in the drier interior, alt. 10-13,000 ft. J. D. H., Clarke, King’s Collector. Stem tufted, 8-18 in., erect, hardly thicker than pack-thread. Leaves 4-6 by zo-% in, rather flaccid, quite smooth ; sheaths smooth ; ligule oblong. Panicle with few whorls of few quite smooth capillary branches 1-2 in. long each bearing 3-5 glistening pale yellow on dull purplish spikelets on pedicels longer than themselves ; gis. I and ITI 1-nerved, quite smooth, even the keels; III glabrous, rather strongly 4-nerved, tip with mucros between the lateral, and middle awns, the latter of sag a stiff and nearly twice as long as its gl.; callus hairs nearly half as long as gl. ITI. Var. Cumminsii; panicle contracted, branches much stouter appressed to the rachis, spikelets 4,—} in.—N.E. Sikkim, Cummins.—Perhaps a different species, but the stems, about a span long, being curved in a semicircle, show that the plant has grown under unfavourable conditions. Calamagrostis.| OLxx111. @RamINES. (J.D. Hooker.) 263 ** Glume ITI hairy all over ; callus hairs shorter than gl. IIL. ~ + Palea of gl. ITT nearly as long as its gl. 8. C. Munroana, Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 623; very slender, leaves long narrow,-panicle effuse or contracted, spikelets 3,~,3, in., gls. I and IL sub- equal oblong-lanceolate acute 1-nerved, keels nearly smooth, III = #% I ‘broadly truncate crenate, awn short infra-median included or 0, callus shortly hairy, anthers short. Agrostis’ ciliata, Herb. Strachey & Winter- bottom ; Herb. Ind. Or. Hf. & T. in part; PDuthie Grass. NW. Ind. 29 (non Nees). A. Munroana, Aitch. § Hemsl. in Journ. Linn. Soe. xix. (1882) 192. A.-pilosula, Hack. in Herb. Duthie n. 6231 (non Trin.). A, Royleana, Duthie 1. ¢. 30. : WESTERN HimatayYa, from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 8-12,000 ft., Royle, é&c. —Distaiz. Affghan. : Stems 6-18 in., tufted, roots fibrous. Leaves 2-8 in., scaberulous or nearly smooth, flaccid, or in high altitudes strict; sheaths nearly smooth; ligule variable. Panicle 2-5 in., oblong or pyramidal ; branches capillary, erect or spreading, lower fascicled or 2—-3-nate, smooth or minutely scaberulous, lower often long spreading and naked below. Spikelets pedicellled, green or purplish; gl. I and II very thin, smooth; III hairy all over; palea as long as its gl. or 4 shorter.—A very variable plant, one of two (the other is C. pilosula) which have been referred by Munro and others to Agrostis Royleana, Trin., a plant described by Trinius as having the bearded rachilla proper to Deyewwia (see end of genus). I have in vain sought to identify Munroana with any other of the Roylean species, none of which are accurately described. : os Var. stricta ; stem 6-10 in. strict, leaves very narrow rather stiff erect, panicie contracted, branches short erect or spreading, pedicels very short, spikelets green or purple, gl. IIT always awned. Agrostis No. 4, Herb. Strach. Winterb.— Common at altitudes of 11-15,000 ft. Though differing entirely in habit from the lax open panicled form of Munroana, I feel sure that this is only the alpine form of that plant from intermediates occurring between them. It resembles .4grostis inequiglumis, Griseb. : 9. ©. Griffithiana, Hook. f.; tall, erect, leaves long narrow sub- coriaceous, panicle long narrow branches suberect, spikelets 3 in., gl. I and IT subequal lanceolate acute, III narrow tip truncate with 4 short bristles the lateral longest, awn subbasal to median exserted, hairs, of callus very short, anthers linear. O. Hookeriana, var. aspera, Munro in Herb. Hf. & T. Agrostis Royleana, Munro in Herb. Strach. & Winterb. n. 2. Lachnagrostis Griffithiana, Munro Oat. Pl. Griff. Fale. &c. 67 ined, Deyeuxia Griffithii, Munro I. c. 56. | Western Himataya; Kumaon, alt. 5500 ft., Strachey & Winterb. Kuasia HIxzs, alt. 5000 ft., Griffith (Kew distrib. n. 6598), Hf. & T. &e. ; Stem 2-3 ft.; quite erect, as thick as a crow-quill. Leqves 6-10 by. 4-2 in., and sheaths smooth or subscaberulous; ligule very short. Panicle erect; branches 2-4 in., 2-5-nate, naked for half their length, then with crowded branchlets and shortly pedicelled green or purplish spikelets. Spikelets 4 in., III hairy all over ; pales nearly as long as its gl—A much taller and stouter plant than any form of ©. Mumroana, with much larger spikelets, short callus hairs, and linear anthers. A fourth imperfect gl. sometimes occurs. tt Palea of gl. III very short, rarely = ¥ its gl. 10. C. pilosula, Hook. f.; stem very slender erect, leaves long 264 OLxy111. GRaMINEEH (J.D. Hooker.) [Calamagrostis, narrow flat, panicle effuse or contracted, branches long or short sub- erect or spreading, spikelets 7-3 in:, gl. I and II subequal oblong-lanceo- late acute or acuminate 1-nerved smooth, III oblong tip truncate erose or crenate with sometimes 4 minute setulae, awn subbasal exserted, hairs of callus = } gl. III or shorter, anthers linear. Agrostis pilosula, Trin. in Mem. Acad. Petersb. Ser. VI. vi. II. (1845) 372. ‘TEMPERATE and ALPINE HIMALAYA, alt. 6-14,000 ft., from Kashmir to Sikkim, Niteuret Hints, alt. 83-6000 ft., Wight, Schmid, Jacquemont, &c. CxEYLoN, alt. 6-8000, Walker, &c. Stems 1-3 ft. or wore, tufted, 6-10 in. in alpine specimens, erect from a short inclined base. Leaves variable in breadth, up to 3 in., but usually very narrow, flaccid, smooth or subscaberulous ; sheath smooth; ligule very variable, longest in the upper leaves. Panicle very variable, large and effuse with spreading branches 1-4 in. long naked below and with loosely crowded spikelets at the extremities, or contracted with suberect shorter branches, or short broadly ovate or triangular; branches branchlets and pedicels minutely scabrid. Spikelets membranous, green and glistening in the larger forms, purple in others and more herbaceous in the alpine; gl. I and II smooth or subscaberulous, I rather the shortest, keels near or quite smooth, rarely scabrous ; III 3-3 shorter than I, hyaline, hairy all over, nerves often indistinct ; palea usually very minute, rarely nearly half as long as its gl.; awn more or less exserted.—A very variable grass of which Wallich’s No. 3775 A from Nepal, with spikelets ~; in. long may be regarded as the type; his B has rather larger spikelets, but is nut otherwise different. Iam far from supposing that I have suc- ceeded in unravelling its synonymy which is inextricably confused with C. Munroana Agrostis alba and others. The following are marked forms in their typical states as defined, but they pass into one another. Var. Wallichiana; very slender, leaves narrow sometimes filiform smooth, panicle 2-3 in., branches spreading lax-fid., spikelets green or purple. Agrostis ciliata, , Nees in Herb. Royle. A. Bookeriata Munro in Herb. Kew (non Steud.). A. Neesii, Steud. l.c. 293. A. nervora, var. aristata, Munro in Herb. Hook.f. ¥T. & Herb. Falconer. A. Royleana, Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 30 (non Trin.). A. Wallich- iana, Steud. Syn. Gram. 174, Lachnagrostis ciliata, Munro in Herb. Jacquem. n. 215. L. Hookeriana, Munro mss. Arundinella Hookeriana, W. § A. ew Arn. in Herb. Kew (Ceylon).—dgrostis Vall. Cat. n. 3775.— Agrostis n. 5, Herb. Strachey & Winterb—A common form. Var. scabra; stem 2-4 ft. stout, leaves 6-12 by 4-4 in., panicle very large effuse with long spreading horizontal capillary branches sometimes 4-5 in. long in distant whorls or fascicles, spikelets ;—+ in. pale green, gl. III with the truncate tip some- times minutely 2-4-mucronulate. Agrostis bicuspidata, Hack. in Herb. Duthie un. 10,088. A. Royleana, Hack. l.c. n. 7583. Lachnagrostis scabra, Nees in Herb. Royle.—In woods at about 7-10,000 ft. from Kashmir to Sikkim. Var. alpestris; stem 6-18 in. strict, leaves narrow strict, panicle shorter narrow or broad, spikelets smaller ~,—j, in. dark purple rarely green, gls. I and II oblong-lanceolate, palea sometimes = } its gl. Agrostis nervosa, Nees in Herb. Royle; ?Trin. in Mem. Acad. Petersb. Ser. VI. vi. II. (1845) 328. A. Royleana, Nees l.c. (non Trin.), A. ciliata, 8. nervosa, Nees in Herb. Royle. A. Roylei, Trin. ew Hack. in Herb. Duthie n. 6229.—Kashmir to Sikkim, alt. 11-15,000 ft. —A common grass at high elevations. Var. ciliata; panicle narrow effuse, rachis flexuous, spikelets 2 in. shortly pedicelled pale shining, palea = 4 its gl. Calamagrostis ciliata, Steud. Syn. Gram. 193. Agrostis ciliata, Trin. l. c. 373. Lachnagrostis ciliata, Nees ew Steud. 1.¢.—N.W, India, Royle, An obscure plant of which I have seen a single specimen from Herb. Royle. ll. G. Schmidii, Hook. f.; stem very slender erect, radical leaves tufted on a woody branched rootstock linear-lanceolate rigid narrowed into Calamagrostis.] OLXXIII, GRaMINEZ. (J.D, Hooker.) 265 a slender petiole, cauline filiform convolute, panicle short broad, branches few and long pedicels capillary, spikelets few 3-2 in., gl. 1 and II unequal lanceolate, III truncate bicuspidate from the outer pair of nerves, awn subbasal exserted, callus hairs short, anthers linear. Ninaurri Hinzs ; Ootacamund, Schmid. Rootstock as thick as a crow-quill. Stem filiform. Radical leaves 2-3 in., glabrous, nerves strong; petiole very slender stiff; sheaths of old basal leaves clothing the base of the new, lacerate, about an inch long ; ligule long, linear, mem- branous. Panicle broad, rachis and few distant branches quite smooth. &pikelets pale purplish, gl. I and II membranous, 1l-nerved, keels scaberulous; III hyaline, 6-nerved, hairy, awn twice as long as the spikelet; palea very minute, suborbicu- lar. I have seen only one poor specimen of this curious species, which should at once be recognized by its rootstock, and the slender rigid petioles of the leaves, long ligule, and tufted lacerate old leaf-sheaths about an inch long, crowning the rootstock. There is, however, in Herb. Kew a specimen of what may be the same species collected by Clarke at Conoor (in the Nilghiris) alt. 7000 ft., with a very slender stem 2-3 ft. long, and narrow flat sessile cauline leaves with a short ligule; its spikelets quite accord with those of C. Schmidii, but the base of the stem and lower leaves are wanting. 12. GC. Jacquemontii, Hook. f.; tall, slender, leaves very narrow, ligule oblong, panicle narrow drooping, branches erect naked below, spikelets few 4-4 in. long-pedicelled erect, gl. I and II subequal lanceolate sub 3-nerved, III = about 3 II tip truncate 4-toothed, awn supra-basal exserted, palea minute, callus hairs = 3 gl. III, anthers long. Kasumir; moist places on the Pyr Panjal, Jaequemont (n. 97). Stems apparently tufted, 18 in. high, geniculate below. Leaves 5-6 by 4 in., scaberulous ; sheaths quite smooth ; ligule oblong. Panicle 4-5 in., lower branches fascicled, 1-14 in., scaberulous. Spikelets pale yellowish; keels of gl. I and II smooth, III hairy all over.—I have seen only two specimens. The long spikelets distinguish it. This approaches var. ciliata of C. pilosula, but the spikelets are considerably larger. DOUBTFUL SPECIES. C. Hooxrriana, Steud. Syn. Gram, 292. Lachnagrostis Hookeriana, Nees ew Steud. A Ceylon plant described as having the palea as long as its gl. which occurs in no Ceylon specimen of the genus known to me. C. Royteana, Steud. Nom, Ed. II. i. 251. C. Roylei, Steud. Syn. Gram. 193. Agrostis Royleana, Trin. in Act. Acad. Petersb. Ser. VI. vi. Sc. Nat. II. (1845) 371. Lachnagrostis Royleana, Nees in Herb. Royle ex Steud. Nom. l.c. L. Hookeri, Nees ew Steud. Syn. 1. c-—Trinius founded this species on three plants, an Indian of Royle, a Nilghiri of Zenker, and a Ceylon one from ‘‘ Herb. Whytt.’”’ One of bis characters is the presence of a “bearded rudiment,”? which refers the plant to Deyeunia. I know of no Deyeuxia in Ceylon or the Nilghiris. 75. DEYEUXIA, Clar. Characters of Calamagrostis, but with the rachilla of the spikelet pro- duced beyond gl. III and usually penicillate with silky hairs; gl. III glabrous; hairs of callus usually short.—Species enumerated about 120. See remarks under Agrostis (p. 263). In D. Treutlert the produced portion of the rachilla is mosé minute and naked, in D. abnormia it is awnless and the rachilla 266 CLEXII. GramINEx. (J.D. Hooker.) [Deyeumia. is very minute or absent, but the hairs of the callus.are more or less crowded at the base of the palea. , A. Rachilla bearded or penicillate. * Awn of glume III basal or subbasal. 1. D. sylvatica, Kunth Revis. Gram. i. 77, Enum. Pl. i, 248, Suppl. 188, t. xiv. f.5; tall,leaves long scabrid beneath, panicle contracted at length open, spikelets 3 in., gl. I and II subequal ovate-lanceolate, III rather shorter than I tip shortly lacerate, callus loosely bearded, awn about twice as long as its gl., palea rather shorter than its gl., rachilla shortly bearded. Calamagrostis sylvatica, DC. Fl. Fr. v. 253; Host Gram. Austr, iv. 28, t. 48; Trin. Gram. Unifl. 223, t. 4; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 38; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iv. 427; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 526. C. arundinacea, Roth. Tent. Fl. Germ. i. 38. OC. pyramidalis, Host l.c. 28, t. 49; Reichd. lc. Arundo sylvatica, Schrad. Fl. Germ. i. 218, t.4,f.7. Agrostis arundinacea, Linn. Pl. Sp. 61. ; Wesrzrn Himazaya ; Kunawur, alt. 8000 ft., Thomson ; Kashmir, alt. 10-11,000 ft., Duthie.—DistTR1B. Europe, Reg. Caucas. Stem 3-5 ft., from a creeping base. Leaves linear, 1-2 ft. by 4-4} in., finely acuminate; ligule short. Panicle erect or drooping; branches short, scabrid. Spikelets green or purplish; gl. I 1-nerved; II 3-nerved; awn of III shortly exserted.—I have seen only two Indian specimens, which I think belong to D. sylvatica, Kunth, one from Thomson, with a very large panicle 16 in. long has the callus hairs scanty, about § the length of the gl., the other from Duthie has a shorter panicle, a much shorter rachilla, and the callus hairs are more copious and twice as long. I do not venture upon further citations than are given above, the synonymy of both Deyeuxia and Calamagrostis being in great confusion. 2. D. elatior, Hook. f.; very tall, stout, leaves long, panicle 1-2 ft. pyramidal branches long spreading, spikelets din., gl. I and II subequal lanceolate acuminate, III rather shorter than IT tip truncate erose, callus laxly bearded, palea rather shorter than its gl., awn exserted, rachilla very short its hairs about half the length of the gl. or longer. Calamagrostis scabrescens, var. elatior, Griseb. in Goett. Nachr. (1868) 79.—Deyeuxia, No. 7, Herb. Ind. Or. Hf. & T. Kaasia Hints, alt. 5-5500 ft., Grifith, &e. Stem 5-6 ft., as thick as a swan’s quill below. Leaves 2-3 ft. by 3-3 in., coria- ceous, closely nerved, midrib prominent beneath, glabrous or hairy beneath ; sheaths hirsute or glabrescent ; ligule short, scarious. Panicle 4-8 itt. broad when expanded ; branches scabrid, lower fascicled. Spikelets subscaberulous ; gl. I and II thin, keels and upper margin of II scabrid; III membranous, callus hairs sometimes = the gl. ; awn subbasal, twice as long as its gl. Grain linear-oblong.—Grisebach in re- ducing this to a variety of D, scabrescens, has overlooked the great difference in size and habit, and the different position of the awn which is subbasal. 3. D. triaristata, Hook. f.; very slender, leaves narrow, panicle flexuous contracted, rachis and branches capillary, spikelets } in. few, gl. I and II subequal narrowly lanceolate, III } shorter than I truncate, two lateral nerves produced into long awns, two intermediate mucros, median awn exserted, palea = 3 its gl., hairs of callus = 2 gl. III. Srxxim Himaaya; in woods, Yeumtong, alt. 12,000 ft., J. D. H. Stem 12-18 in., geniculately ascending from a slender creeping base, weak. Leaves 6-8 in., narrowly linear, finely acuminate, smooth, flaccid; ligule short. Panicle 5-6 in.; branches few, lower 2-3 in. long, and pedicels smooth. Spikelets Deyeusia.] OLXXIII, GRAMINES. (J. D, Hooker.) 267 pale green, shining; gl. I and II quite smooth on the sides and keels ; ‘TIT hyaline, lateral awns more than half as long as the gl., dorsal awn inserted + above the base capillary, about twice the length of the gl.; rachilla short; callus hairs scanty short, 4, D. compacta, Munro ex Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 30 (name only); stem short, leaves very narrow, panicle open or spiciform, spikelets din, gl. I and II subequal oblong-lanceolate apiculate, III truncate tip erose, palea nearly as long as its gl., awn basal, hairs of callus short. PCalamagrostis holciformis, Jaub. & Spach. Ill, Pl. Orient. iii, 61, t. 340. WESTERN TIBET, Jacquemont; Nubra valley, alt. 14-16,000 ft., Thomson; N. of Kumaon, alt. 15,000 ft., Strachey § Winterb. (Deyeuxia, No. 1). Stems 6-18 in., densely tufted, rather stout, sometimes slender. Leaves 1-3 in., flat or convolute ; ligule short. Panicle 1-2 in., branches very short, scaberulous. Spikelets purplish ; gl. I and II membranous, nearly smooth; III 4-3 shorter than II, minutely scaberulous, strongly 4-nerved, callus hairs short lax.—In Jacquemont’s and all other specimens in Herb. Kew, the panicle is oblong spiciform, with very short branches, and not as represented in the figure cited of Calamagrostis holci- formis which is taken from a specimen collected by Jacquemont and in which the panicle is quite open. The glumes I and II are represented in the same plate as narrowly lanceolate tapering to a point, and scabrid, none of which characters agreé with these specimens. Lastly, the date of collection is given as 1830, and that of the Kew specimen 1831. Nevertheless having regard to the great variability of these alpine grasses, I am disposed to think both referable to one species. 5. D. nivicola, Hook. f.; stem short, leaves obtuse or acute, panicle contracted spiciform, branches very short, spikelets 4 in. very narrow, gis. I and IL unequal lanceolate smooth, III truncate tip 4-mucronate, palea nearly =the gl., awn included? rachilla half as long as the gl. scey plumose, callus shortly bearded. Deyeuxia n. 4, Herb. Ind. Or, if. & T. Sigxim Himanayas; Momay, alt. 15,000 ft., J. D. H. Stem 5-7 in., densely tufted, erect or ascending, stout. Leaves as long as the stem or shorter, flat or subconvolute, 5-3 in. broad ; ligule short, truncate. Panicle 1-1} in., strict, erect, green and purplish. Spikelets erect, appressed; gl. I about ¢longer than II, both 1-nerved, acuminate; III about half as long as I, hardly scaberulous, nerves 4, strong; awn basal, not twice as long as the gl., erect. ** Awn of gl. III inserted above the middle of the glume (awn 0 in D. abnormis and rachilla very minute or obsolete). _ 6. D. seabrescens, Munro ex Duthie in Atkins. Gaz. N.W. Ind. 628; tall, stout, leaves long, panicle long contracted, spikelets 4— in., glumes all scaberulous, I and II subequal 1-nerved, III tip narrowed obtuse truncate crenulate or 2-fid, awn submedian, palea linear, callus shortly bearded. Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 31; Clarke in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxv. (1889) 89, t. 39. Calamagrostis scabrescens, Griseb. in Goett. ‘Nackr. (1868) 79. TemPrRats Hrmaaya, alt. 10-13,000 ft., from Kashmir to Bhotan. Munne- PORE, alt. 9900 ft., Clarke. Stem 2-5 ft. Leaves 6-18 by }-% in., flat or convolute, scaberulous ; sheath smooth; ligule membranous, lacerate. Panicle 6-10 in., erect or inclined, dense- fid., branches scaberulous ; pedicels long or short. Spikelets green or purplish; gl. I'and II linear-lanceolate, acuminate, margins smooth or villously ciliate ; III scarious, tip usually 2-fid, awn inserted rather above the middle about twice as long as the gl.; slightly bent, rachilla = 4-} gl. IIT, sparingly or copiously bearded. 268 OLXxIl. GRaminzz, (J. D. Hooker.) [ Deyeuxia, Grain narrowly oblong.—I do not find the awn to be twisted,.as in the description cited, and it is inserted lower than in the figure in the Linnean Journal. Var. humilis, Griseb. 1. c.; smaller, stems weaker, leaves 3-3 in. broad, panicle small lax-fid., spikelets green, gl. III hardly scaberulous, palea shorter. Deyenxia No. 2, Herb. Ind. Or. Hf. § T.—Sikkim Himalaya; Lachen Valley, alt. 11-12,000 ft., J. D. H. 7. D. filiformis, Hook. f.; stem very slender, leaves short, panicle short, spikelets 3 in., gl. I and II subequal subscaberulous, II 3-nerved, III hyaline asperulous, tip truncate 4-cleft, awn capillary submedian exserted palea=i-% its gl., hairs of rachilla about=the gl., hairs of callus short. Calamagrostis filiformis, Griseb. in Goett. Nachr. (1868) 79. S1xxim Himataya; Lachen Valley, alt. 10-12,000 ft., J. D. H. Stem 12-18 in., terete, tufted. Leaves 2-4 in., narrow, nearly smooth; ligule membranous. Panicle 2-3 in. long and nearly ag broad, pyramidal; branches few, very slender, nearly smooth. Spikelets shortly pedicelled, pale purplish; gl. I and II sometimes both 3-nerved ; II[ strongly 4-nerved, irregularly 4-cleft at the apex, the lobes almost setaceous ; awn inserted a little above the middle of the back. 8. D. pulchella, Hook.f; stem short stout, panicle 1-2 in. oblong or ovate, spikelets 4 in. crowded dark purple, gl. I and IT scaberulous finely acuminate, III scaberulous irregularly 4-toothed or sub 4-aristate, awn supra-median to sub-apical included, palea 3-14 as long as its gl., rachilla densely penicillate hairs = gl. III, callus shortly bearded. Calamagrostis pulchella, Griseb. in Goett. Nachr. (1868) 78. ALPINE and sUBALPINE Hima.aya ; from Kumaon and Garwhal, alt. 10-15,000 ft., to Sikkim, alt. 14-16,000 ft.—Disrris. Tibet. W. Szechuen, Pratt. Stems densely tufted, strict, erect. Leaves 3-5 in., rarely more, ~,—} in. broad, smooth or scaberulous, usually flat; ligule short, membranous. Panicle variable in size and form ; branches minutely scabrid, sometimes elongate and spreading. Spike- lets smaller than in D. seabrescens and not so strongly scaberulous, I and II rather unequal; III split at the tip into almost setiform lobes; insertion of awn most variable, but never quite terminal, capillary, as long asits gl. or shorter.— A very variable plant; the N.W. specimens have large looser more open panicles than the Sikkim. In one specimen from Garwhal, alt. 10-13,000 ft. (No. 148 and 245 Duthie) the panicle is very open) and I find occasionally a gl. terminating the rachilla. 9. D. abnormis, Hook. f.; tall, leaves narrow flat, panicle ‘broad or narrow, branches in distant whorls of 3-6 divided and fig. toward the ends, spikelets 4-74 in. long-pedicelled, gls. I and II subequal oblong- lanceolate acute, III rather shorter than I tip narrowly truncate crenulate, awn 0, palea =about $ its gl., rachilla very minute or obsolete, callus hairs = 4-3 the gl. Agrostis abnormis, Munro Cat. Pl. Griff. Helfer, &c., 57,ined. Calamagrostis capillacea, Clarke mss.—Agrostis No. 11 & 12, Herb. Ind. Or. Hf. & -T. Sixxim Himataya; Lachoong Valley, alt. 9000 ft., J. D. H. Kasia Hits, alt. 5-5500 ft., common, @rifith, &e. Stem 6-18 in., densely tufted, erect strict and slender with a narrow panicle, or rambling with stout branching stems 3-4 ft. long and a very effuse panicle ; upper internodes sometimes scaberulous. Leaves 6-8 by 4-4 in., rather rigid, scaberulous, as are the sheaths; ligule short, rounded. Panicle 4-6 in., rachis very slender strict; branches and branchlets eapillary, quite smooth: Spikelets pale brown; gh Deyeuacia.} OLxxuf. Graminea. (J.D. Hooker.) 369 J and II 1-nerved; III glabrous, nerves faint; hairs of callus longest under the palea,—Resembles Agrostis alba, from which the long callus hairs at once distinguish it. B. Rachilla minute, glabrous ; callus hairs very short. 10. D. Treutleri, Stapf in Hook. Ic. Plant. t. 2396; tall, slender, panicle elongate lax-fid., spikelets ~;—35 in., gl. I_and II very unequal lanceolate subacute scaberulous, I1I longer than II coriaceous obtuse scaberulous, palea as long as the gl., rachilla very small styliform, callus minutely hairy. Milium Treutleri, O. Kuntze Rev. Gen. Plant. 780 (partim). Sixxim Himataya, alt, 7-12,000 ft., in woods, J. D. H., Treutler, Clarke. Stem 2-4 ft., leafy nearly to the top. Leaves 8-10 by 4-4 in., linear-lanceolate, acuminate, flaccid, scaberulous beneath; ligule oblong. Panicle ovate, flaccid, at length rigid, scaberulous ; branches in distant whorls. Spikelets narrowly ovoid, pale ; gl. I ovate-lanceolate, acute, 1-nerved ; II longer, subacute, l-nerved ; III longer than II, laterally compressed, keeled ; palea about as long as the gl. Grain oblong, laterally compressed, tightly wrapped in the gl. and palea.—A very anomalous species. Tribe VII. Avenzea. (See p. 6.) 76. BRIACHNE, £7. Rigid, densely tufted grasses. Leaves filiform, convolute. Spikelets few, 2-fld. (both fi. perfect), not jointed on their long pedicels; rachilla jointed at the base, not produced beyond gl. IV. Glumes 4, I and IT empty, subequal, persistent, keeled, many-nerved; III and IV subequal, narrow, at length rigid, awned or not ; palea rigidly coriaceous, 2-cuspidate or 2-aristate, nerves obscure. Lodicules 2, oblong, truncate. Stamens 2-3. Styles free, stigmas plumose. Grain free within the rigid gl. and palea.— Species about 22 Australian, and 2 Asiatic. 1. EB. triseta, Nees ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 237; gl. I and II linear- lanceolate, III and IV long-awned, palea long-awned. Trim. Cat. Ceyl. P1108; Steud. Syn. Gram. 237. Megalachne zeylanica, Thwaites Enum. Pl, Zeyl. 372, 444, TENASSERIM; Mergui, Griffith, Helfer. Cryton ; Colombo, Thwates. Stems 14-2 ft., slender, erect, branched below. Leaves 3-nerved; ligule very short, ciliate. Panicle 2-4 in. Spikelets with the awns 4-3 in. long, purple; gl. I and II snbaristate, glabrous; ILI and IV narrow, silky; callus long. 2. BE. pallescens, Br. Prodr. 184; 21.1 and II ovate acuminate, III, IV, and palea bicuspidate. Kunth Enum, Pl. i. 310; Steud: Syn. Gram. 237. Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 630. EH. chinensis, Hance in Ann. Se. Nat. Ser. IV. xv. (1861) 228, in Journ. Linn. Soc. xiii. (1873) 186. E. Hookeri, Munro in Journ. Linn. Soc. vi. (1862) 42, name. Aira effusa, Spreng. Syst. i. 278. Cuirragone, J.D.H. & T.T. Pawane, Ridley. NicoBar Isups., Kurz.— Distrip. Borneo, Tonkin, China, Australia. Stem 1-2 ft. Leaves glabrous or slightly hairy. Panicle very lax. Spikelets with the awns 4 in.; gl. I and II slightly hairy; II1 and IV narrow and palea villously hirsute, awns of III and IV about = the gl., of palea very short.—Bentham describes the palea as entire, but in the Indian specimens they terminate in two short rigid spines. 270 cLExitt. Graminex, (J.D. Hooker.) 77. ZENKERIA, Trin. Tall, perennial, long-leaved grasses. . Spikelets small, panicled, 2-fld. (both fl. perfect), not jointed on their pedicels; rachilla jointed at the hairy base, not produced beyond gl. IV. Glumes 4, I and II empty, sub- equal or unequal, 1-nerved, keeled, acute, persistent; III and IV equal, obtuse or acuminate, many-nerved; palea as long as its gl., broad, keels strongly ciliate or hirsute. Lodicules 2, ovate, denticulate. Stamens 3, Styles short, distinct. Grain unknown.—Species the following. 1. Z. elegans, Trin. in Linnea, xi. (1837) 150, t. 3; leaves long narrow, panicle thyrsiform, branches erect, gl. I and II unequal, IIT and IV acuminate much longer than II. Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 108. Amphi- donax Heynii, Nees in Wight Cat. n. 1747; Steud. Syn. Gram. 97 ; Thwaites Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 370. A. tenella, Wight § Arn. ex Steud. l. c.—Pappo- phorum? Wall. Cat. un. 89038. Souturrn Deccan Peninsuna, Heyne, &c. Burma, Kurz. Cry on, Thwaites, &e. Stem 2-3 ft., as thick as a crow-quill, rigid, base woody. Zeaves as long as the stem or longer, strict, coriaceous, convolute, rarely flat, glabrous or sparsely hairy; sheaths coriaceous; ligule rounded. Panicle 6-8 in.; rachis flexuous; branches filiform, smooth. Spikelets =1,-} in., pedicelled, white; gl. I and II ovate, hyaline, 1-nerved ; I shortest, midrib very strong, excurrent; III and IV lanceolate, sparsely villous, 7-9-nerved; IV longest and most acuminate; callus bearded with long straight hairs ; palea as broad as the gls., hirsute. Amthers long, narrow. 2. Z. obtusifiora, Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xix. (1881) 93; leaves broadly linear-lanceolate narrowed at both ends, panicle pyramidal, branches widely spreading, gl. I and II unequal or subequal, III and IV obtuse not longer than II. Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 108. Amphidonax obtusiflora, Thwaites Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 370. CrYton; at Ratnapoora, Thwaites. Stems 3-5 ft., glabrous. Leaves 2 ft. by 3-1 in., acuminate, pungent, glabrous, coriaceous ; ligule very short, densely hairy. Panicle 6-8 in.; branches capillary, solitary or 2-nate; pedicels longer than the spikelets, with a glandular callus at the base. Spikelets 2,15 in., as broad as long; gl. I and II ovate, apiculate by the strong excurrent nerve, glabrous; III and IV rather longer, sides and callus villous ; palea as in Z, elegans, 78. COBLACHNE, Br. A small leafy very variable marsh grass. Leaves short, flat or con- volute. Spikelets 2-fid. (both fl. perfect or upper imperfect) in open or contracted or spiciform panicles, not jointed on the pedicels, not awned; rachilla jointed at the base, produced between gl. III and IV but not beyond IV. Glumes I and II broad, concave, obtuse, persistent, empty, I the largest; III much longer, subsessile, coriaceous, glabrous, except the shortly bearded callus; palea as long, coriaceous; IV much smaller and palea more or less hairy. Lodicules 0? Stamens 3; anthers long, narrow. Ovary ovoid, stigmas free. Grain free within the gl. and palea. GC. pulchella, Br. Prodr. 187. Nepat, Wallich, Kuasta and MuUNNEPORE HItts, alt. 4-6000 ft,, Burma, CenTRAL and SouTHERN Inp1A, and CeyLon.—Distris. Trop. Asia, Australia, and Madagascar. Coelachne.] OLXXIII. GRaMINEs. (J.D. Hooker.) 271 Stem 6-18 in., flaccid, decumbent or ascending, slender or rather stout, leafy up to the panicle. Leaves uniform throughout the stem, 3-1 in., lanceolate, subulate, acuminate, distant or subequitantly sheathing, ecostate, minutely scaberulous above, nerves striate; ligule a few hairs. Panicle very various. Spikelets j5-35 in, sessile or pedicelled, globose or ovoid; gl. I and II suborbicular or hemispheric, many-nerved, membranous or herbaceous; III hermaphrodite, coriaceous, dor- ‘sally rounded, nerves 0 or very obscure; palea coriaceous, margins incurved ; IV much the smallest, often imperfect, neuter or fem.—After a long study of a multitude of specimens from all the countries mentioned above, I conclude that there is but one known species of this genus. If there are two, the second is one to include vars. gracillima and perpusilla, in which case the latter name would be very inappropriate for both. Var. pulchella proper ; stems filiform decumbent and ascending, leaves lanceolate flat, panicle with distant spreading filiform branches, spikelets j,—j; in. sub- globose, gl. I and II hemispheric, III broadly ovoid, IV faintly hairy or glabrous. C, pulchella, Br. l.c.; Endl, Iconogr. t.2; Kunth Revis. Gram. ii. t. 143, Enum. Pl. i. 871; Steud. Syn. Gram. 284; Benth. Fl. Austral. vi. 626. Gramin, Wail. Cat, nu. 8909.—Burma; source of the Chappedong River, Wallich. Australia. Var. brachiata, Munro in Herb. Kew ; stem stout or slender suberect or ascending, panicle 2-4 in. long, branches shorter than in pulchella proper, spikelets =,—}; in. like those of pulchella proper but sessile. C. brachiata, Munro ex Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 626 (partim).—Tenasserim, Grifith (Kew Distrib. 6675) Helfer. Var. simpliciuscula ; stem suberect or creeping and rooting rather stout, leaves flat, panicle elongate narrow, branches short stiff, spikelets ~; in. ovoid sessile crowded on the branches or in fascicles on the main rachis, gl. [ and IT unequal, III ovate-lanceolate. C. simpliciuscula, Munro ex Benth. in Journ. Linn, Soc. xix. (1881) 98, Fl. Austral. vii. 626. C. infirma, Buese Pl. Jungh. i. 350; Mig. Fl. ‘Ind. Bat. iii. 899. C. pulchella, Thw. Enum. 273; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 480. C. brachiata, Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 108. C. madagascariensis, Baker, in Journ. Linn. Soc. xxv. (1890) 348. Isachne brachyglumis, Hochst. in Hohen. Pl. Nilgh. n. 1288 (name). Panicum simpliciusculum, Wight & Arn. ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 96.—Khasia and Naga Hills, alt. 4-5000 ft. 7. D.H. & 7.7., Clarke. Nilghiri Hills, Wight, &e. Ceylon, Walker, Thwaites (CP. 884).—Java, Tonkin, China, Madagascar.—Intermwediate between brachiata and spicata. Var. spicata ; stem short stout suberect, leaves flat, spikelets .4,—;4; in. ovoid in dense spiciform panicles subsessile, gl. I and II orbicular subequal membranous, III broadly ovate.—Nepal, #’allich (Cat. n. 8908). Chota Nagpore, Clarke. 8. India, Wight (Herb. nu. 3376).-—China. Var. gracillima, stems 6-12 in. capillary or filiform, leaves flat, panicle very slender, branches short spreading, spikelets few 3-1, in. pedicelled, gl. I and II very unequal, III and IV lanceolate. C. perpusilla, Thw. Enum. 373 (in part).— (Ce Hills, Schmid. Ceylon, Adam’s Peak and Newera Elia, in swamps, Thwaites -P, 130). ; ' Var. aa stems capillary densely tufted, leaves filiform, panicles as in gracillima but with fewer branches and spikelets. C. perpusilla, Thw. l.c. in part (C.P, 450). Trim.1l.c. (in part). Isachne perpusilla, Wight § Arn. ex Wight Cat. n, 2048.—Ceylon, Walker, Adam’s Peak, Thwaites. Var. Gardneri; stem 12-18 in. stout flexuous, clothed throughout with subulate- lanceolate erect sheathing leaves, panicle stiff with few short spreading branches, spikelets ,—J, in. sessile, gl. I and II subequal, III ovate.—Ceylon, Gardner (a. 1018, 1019), 79, PRISTACHYA, Nees. Perennial grasses. Leaves various. Spikelets 2-fid. (lower fl. male upper fem. or perfect), panicled, not jointed on their pedicels; rachilla villous, produced between gl. II and I1I but not beyond IV, jointed at the base. Glumes 4; I and II unequal, not awned, persistent, empty, lanceolate, 579 cL xt. GraMintia. (J. H. Hooker.) [Tristachya. acuminate, glabrous; III lanceolate, acuminate, membranous, awn 0; ‘IV deeply 2-fid with a long twisted awn in the sinus (copiously bearded above the middle in the Indian sp.); palea narrow, acute. Lodicules minute, cuneate, fleshy. Anthers long. Styles long, slender. Grain narrow, free.—Species 8, chiefly tropical. T. barbata, Nees ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 238; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 552; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 32. T. Stocksii, Boiss. 1.c.; Munro in Aitchis. Cat. Panjab. Pl. 168;. Duthie Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. 51. Loudetia barbata, A. Braun in Flora, xxiv. (1841) ii. 714. Sorghum barbatum, Hochst. et Steud. Pl. Arab. Hxsice. n. 788. Scryp; Stocks, —Distris. Arabia, Nubia. Stem 6-18 in. branched and woody below, geniculately ascending, base clothed with tomentose sheaths, slender and wiry above; nodes bearded. eaves 1-3 in., lanceolate from a rounded base, finely acuminate, pungent, rigid, glaucous, many- nerved, margin thickened subserrulate ; sheaths smooth; ligule 0. Panicle sparingly branched, 1-2 in. long and broad; branches solitary and 2-nate, capillary, flexuous, subscaberulous, branchlets 1-3-fld. Spikelets 4 in., pale yellowish; gl. I and IT 3-nerved, II 4-} longer than I; III much longer than I, interruptedly 7-nerved, and its callus glabrous; IV with a very short broad lamina, margins involute, lateral lobes lanceolate, aristate, 3-nerved, rather longer than the hairs; median awn about twice as long as the gl.—I find no character fer T. Stocksii. 80. ATRA, Linn. Annual or perennial grasses. Leaves narrow. Spikelets 2-fld. (both fl. perfect) panicled, branches capillary ; rachilla jointed at the base, not produced beyond gl. 1V. Glumes 4, hyaline; I and II subequal, 3-nerved, acute, empty, persistent ; IIT and IV smaller, often 2-toothed ; awn dorsal, capillary, usually twisted below; callus naked; palea hyaline, 2-nerved. Lodicules 2. Anthers smali. Grain minute, free or adhering to the hyaline gl.—Species 4 or 5, Europe and temp. Asia. A. caryophyllea, Linn. Sp. P/. 66; annual, very slender, leaves setaceous, ligule lanceolate, panicle broad erect capillary trichotomously branched, spikelets long-pedicelled. Kunth Enum. Pl. i. 289, Suppl. 241, t. 18, f. 2; Fl. Dan. t. 382; Lamk. Encycl. t. 44; Host Gram, Austr. ii. 33, t. 44; Svensk. Bot. t.508; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 94; Engl. Bot. t. 812; Knapp Gram. Britt. t. 35; T. Nees Gen. Fl. Germ. Monocot. i. n. 44; Steud. Syn. Gram. 221; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iv. 424; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 529; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 31. A. canescens, Host l.c. iv. 21, t. 36. A. Cupaniana, Guss Fl. Sic. Syn. i.145. A.curta, patulipes & plesiantha, Jord. ex Bor. Fl, Centr. Fr. Ed, Ill. ii. 701. A. divaricata, Pourr. in Mem. Acad. Toul. iii. (1788) 307. A. multiculmis, (multicanlis, Kunth), Dumort. Agrost. Tent. 121, t. 7, £.28. A. purpureo-argentea, Gilib. Hxercit. ii, 526. A. rigida, Dulac Fl. Haute-Pyren. $2. A. Todari, Tenore ex Tod. Ind. Sem. Hort. Panorm. 1859 ; Linnea, xxx. (1859) 783. A. triaris- tata, Clarke Trav, ii. 452, Avena caryophyllea, Weber in Wigg. Prim. Fl. Hols.10, Fussia caryophylla, Schur Hnum. Pl. Transs. 754. N.W. Hiwataya; Kashmir, Vicary, Stewart, Kohat, and Lahul, Hay, &e. Western Tiszr, alt. 12,000 ft., Stolizka.—DistR1B. N. Africa, temp. Asia (introd. elsewhere). Stems 2-10 in., tufted, filiform, scabrid above. Leaves obtuse and sheaths Aira,] OLXxtit, GRAMINEa. (J, D, Hooker.) 273 scabrid, ligule long. Panicle 1-2 in. long and broad. Spikelets 2,-,4; in., ovoid, shining, gl. I and II ovate, exceeding II and III, keels scabrid; tips of fig. gls. 2-setose ; awn twice as long as the gls., bent. 81. DESCHAMPSIA, Beau. Perennial grasses. Leaves flat or convolute. Spikelets 2- (rarely 3-) fld. (both fl. perfect) panicled, not jointed on their pedicels; rachilla jointed at the base, produced beyond gl. IV asa naked or penicillate stipes rarely bearing a male fl. Glumes 4; I and II empty, subequal, or II largest, persistent, keeled, acute, membranous, shining; IIL and IV subhyaline, tip toothed or lobed; awn dorsal, slender, straight or twisted; palea narrow, 2-nerved. Lodicules ovate, fleshy. Stamens 3, Styles distinct. Grain oblong, free within the gl.—Species about 20, of temp. regions. 1. D. cespitosa, Beauv. Agrost. 91, t. 18, £.3; stem short or tall, panicle effuse or contracted, spikelets variable in size, gl. I and II ovate- lanceolate acute subequal or II rather longer, IV hardly exceeding II, awn about equalling the gl., straight not twisted. Kunth Hnum. Pl.i. 286, Suppl. 241; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iv. 421; T. Nees Gen. Fl. Germ. Monocot. 1. n. 43; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 531: Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 587 ; Hook. f. Fl. Nov. Zel. i.301; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 31. Aira cespitosa, Linn. Sp. Pl. 64; Fl. Dan. ii. t. 240; Engl. Bot. t. 1453; Knapp Gram. Britt. t. 83; Trin. Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 253, 256; Reichd. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 96. A. Kingii, Hook. f. Fl. Antarct. 376, t. 1385. A. major, Syme Engl. Bot. Ed. IIL. xi. 68. A. micans, Jacqguem. mss. Triodia splendida, Steud. Syn. Gram. 249.—Deschampsia, Wall. Cat. n. 3802; Gramin. Wall. Le. n. 8911. TemPrRaTe and ALPINE Himatays and WEsTERN T1BeET, in swamps from Kashmir to Bhotan, alt. 10-16,500 ft.—Duisrris, N. and S, temp. and cold regions, Stem 6 in. to nearly 3 feet high, stout or slender, smooth, shining, leafy upwards or in small states at the base chiefly. eaves short or long, flat, rather softly coriaceous, quite smooth ; sheaths smooth, upper very long; ligule obtuse. Panicle 4-8 in., short dense-fid. and erect, or lax-fid. effuse and inclined, sparingly branched ; branches and pedicels capillary, smooth or minutely sparsely scaberulous. Spikelets 344 in., white and silvery or fulvous purplish ; rachilla slender, hairy; gl. I and IT concave, subacute, nerveless, or II which is broadest sub-3-nerved ; III and IV truncate, erose, crenate or irregularly toothed, callus silkily hairy; awn dorsal, sub- basal_—I have not attempted to give all the synouymy of this almost cosmopolitan (in temperate regions) and very variable plant which, 1 think, includes fully a dozen supposed species of the N. temperate and Arctic zones. Wallich’s n. 8911 “ Aira coerulea, Hb. Madr.” was long a puzzle to me. It is accompanied with the ticket “ Aira coerulea, Bla ta tel,’’? which latter word Dr. Stapf recognized as the Swedish for Molinia coerulea. No doubt the specimen, which is of Deschampsia cespitosa, is a Swedish one, and was introduced by accident into the Madras Herbarium. Var. colorata, Griseb. Spicil. Fl. Rumel. ii. 457; stem short strict 4-6 in., leaves short basal, panicle small broadly ovate dense-fld., pedicels and branchlets very short, spikelets dark bronzy-yellow, sometimes 3-fid., Boiss. 1. c. D. Bieber- steinianus, Sch. f. Mant. ii. 380. D. brevifolia, Br. in Parry Voy. App. 191. Aira brevifolia, Bieb. Fl. Taur. Cauc. iii. 63. , in.; palea obscurely 3-lobed, lobes very obtuse, keels scabrid. Anthers =5 in. Grain subglobose, about gi in.—Panicle quite unlike that of any other Indian species. 5. BE. ciliaris, Link Enum. Hort. Berol. i. 192; annual, panicle spiciform rarely open, branches and pedicels very short glabrous, spike- lets about 75 in. long and broad 6-12-fid strongly compressed, empty gls. subequal acute, fly. gls. widely spreading mucrouulate, lateral nerves submarginal, keels of palea very long-ciliate, stamens 3. Puains of N. and §. Inpra (not in Ceylon).—Distris. Reg. trop. Stem 1-2 ft., procumbent below and geniculately ascending, slender. Leaves very narrow, flat; mouths of sheath with very long hairs, Panicle 3-6 in., inter- rupted or lobed below, appearing hairy from the long cilia of the palea, branches very short (except var. Clarket) divided from the base, glabrous; nodes of glabrous rachis nuked. Spikelets very pale, as broad as long, uch compressed; fig. gls. subhyaline, scaherulous, often slightly recurved and elegantly distichous; rachilla of spikelet persistent. Anthers 7i,in. Grain elongate ovoid, about 4, in. Var. ciliaris proper, Stapf; panicle spiciform more or less lobed or interrupted. B. ciliaris, Boiss. Fl, Orient. v. 582; Baker Fl. Maurit, 456; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind, 87, Fodd. Grass. N. Ind, 62; Aitchis. Cat, Panjab. Pl. 169 ; Lisboa in Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. vii. (1893) 386; Griseb. Fl. Brit, W. ind. 582. E. lobata, Trin. in Mem. Acad. Petersb. Ser. V1. i. (1881) 396. E. lepida, Hochst. ew A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 424. E. plumosa, Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 582 (ewcl. Syn.) ; Benth. kl. Hongk. 431. E. pulchella, Parl. in Hook. Niger Flor. 186. Mega- Eragrostis, O. Stapf.] cixxim. craminez. (J. D. Hooker.) 315 stachya ciliaris, Beauv. Agrost. 74.—Eragrostis, Wall. Cat. n. 5009, 5003 (in part).—N. India from the Panjab to Burma.—Westwd. to trop. Africa and America. Var, brachystachya, Boiss. Fl, Orient. v. 582; panicle short compact cylindric, E. arabica, Jaub. & Spach Ill. Pl. Orient, iv. 31, t. 822, E. riparia, Nees in Herb. Royle.—Upper Gangetic Plain, Scind & the Concan.—arabia, Afr. trop. Var. Clarkei, Stapf; panicle open as in E. tenella.—Delhi, Clarke. 6. HB. tenella, Roem. § Sch. Syst, ii. 576 (excl. 8) (non aliorum) ; panicle variable, spikelets 3-4 in. by g, in. broad or less, not strongly compressed 3-9-fld., empty gls. subequal or unequal, fig. gis. oblique not mucronate lateral nerves remote from the margins, keels of palea usually obscurely ciliate, stamens 3, grain ovoid. Throughout Inpra, in the plains and lower hills, from the PawsaB to MALAccA and Ceyton, The Nicopar [stps.—Distris. Trop. Asia, Africa. : Very variable, from 6-18 in. high, stems usually slender, many from the root snd densely tufted. Leaves narrow. Panicle 2-8 iu. long, contracted or spreading, pale green or purplish, excessively branched, oblong ovate or cylindric, never with the long interrupted rachis and pseudo-verticillate branches of KH. interrupta. Var. plumosa, Stapf; punicle open often flexuous branches capillary nodes bearded, spikelets #:-2 in. long- or short-pedicelled 3-9-fld., empty gls. unequal 4-3 shorter than II, rachilla subarticulate, tig. gls. }, in., grain ovoid gg—3'5 in.—Sub- var, a, aperta, Stapf; panicle oblong or pyramidal open, branches distinctly lengthened. K. viscosa, U'rin. in Mem. Acad. Petersb. Ser. VI. i. (1831) 397; Wight Cat. 1.1785; Lisboa im Journ. Bomb, Nat. Hist. Soc. vii. (1893) 386. Poa ciliaris, Roxb. Ic. pict. ined. t. 832, 856. Herb. Madr. Wall. Cat. n. 5U08 A. P, glutinosa, Herd. Roxb. P. plumosa & malabarica, Herb. Heyne ev Wall. Cat. n. 5008 C.D. BE. P. Telpbulia, Herb. Hum. ew Wall. Cat. n. 5008 B. P. viscosa, Retz. Obs. iv. 20; Rowb. Fl. Ind. 1.836; Grah, Cat. Bomb. Pl. 236; Kunth Enum. Pl. i. 336.—Eragrost. Wail. Cat, n. 5008, 5010.—From the Gangetic Plains & Bombay 316 CLXXUI. Gramineae. (J.D. Hooker.) [Hragrostis, O. Stapf. southwd.—Trop. &S, Africa.—Subvar. 8. lasiantha, Stapf; stem 24 ft. erect branched, nerves of fi. gls. ciliate. H. terebinthacea, Kurz mss.—Pegu, Kurz. Burma, Collett. —Subvar. y. contracta, Stapf; panicle compact spiciform lobed or interrupted, branches very short.. EH. mangalorica, Hochst. ew, Steud. Syn. Gram, 265, E. viscosa, 8, minor, Nees in Wight. Cat. n. 2359, ? H. viscosa, Dalz. 4 Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 298. Poa incurva, Herb. Rottl. (in part)—Deccan Peninsula. Var. breviculmis, Stapf; stems 1-3 in. usually ascending from a prostrate base, panicle 1-1} in. by 3—4 lines broad oblong to ovate-oblong rather dense but not com- pact, rachis bearded or not, empty gls. subequal, fig. gls. jy in., anthers ~4,-;4, in. or less, grain 3; in.—From the Panjab to Behar and Central India. 7, B. interrupta, Beauv. Agrost. 71 (non Roem. §& Sch. nec Trin.) ; panicle very variable usually stiff interrupted, spikelets ,4—% in. ovate to linear few or many-fid., fig. gls. obtuse nerves slender, keels of palea scaberulous, stamens 2, grain obovoid. Throughout Inpia, Bursa, CeyLon.—Disrais, Mesopot., Afr. trop. Very variable, from 2-6 in. high with slender stems and ovate panicle to 3 ft. high and branched with the stem as thick as a small goose-quill, and a panicle 1-2 ft. long either contracted with appressed branches or interrupted with many tiers of rather short spreading subwhorled branches. Spikelets usually very minute, from gy in. an 2-3 fig. gls. to about Zin. with many fig. gls., green or pale brown, rarely coloured. : Var. Koenigti, Stapf; panicle long narrow with short dense pseudowhorls, spike- lets shortly pedicelled usually 6-14-fld., fig. gls. 3; in. orless. E. Koenigii, Link Enum. Hort. Berol. ii. 294; Steud. Syn. Gram. 266. E. hapalantha, Trin. in Mem. Acad. Petersb. Ser. V1. i. (1839) 409 (in part). E. minutifiora, Pres? Rel. Henk. i, 274 (excl. Syn.) ; Lisboa in Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. vii. (1893) 386. E. mossulensis, Steud. l. c. 264. EH. nutans, Wees. in Wight Cat. n. 1776; Steud. Nom. Ed. Il. i. 563; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 38, Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. 68, t. 76; Aitchis. Cat. Panjab Pl.. 169; Lisboa l.c. 381; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 583. EF. Rothii, Stewd. Syn. Gram. 267. EE. stricta, Steud. lc. 264, LE. verticillata, Nees in Wight. Cat. n. 1784. Poa Corana, & P. diandra, Herb. Ham. ew Wall. Cat. u. 3850 F. D. P. interrupta, Lamk. Ill. i. 185; Poir. Hncycl. v. 87; Heyne ex Roth. Nov. Sp. 67; Koen. ex Roxb. Fl. Ind.i. 336. P. Koenigii, Kunth Enum. Pl. i, 846. P. latifolia, Wall. Cat. n.5001 E. P. nutans, Koen. ex Roth. Nov. Sp. 64; Roxb, Fl. Ind. 335 (non Retz.).—Eroagrostis, Wall. Cat. n, 3850 A.D.B.—1. 5005, 5006.—All India. Ceylon, Trimen. Kastwd. to Egypt. As. and Afr. trop. Var. diarrhena, Stapf; panicle long linear-oblong, branches 1-2 in. hardly whorled simple at the base, spikelets 10-14-fld., fly. glx. gin. E. diandra, Aitehis. Cat. Panjab Pl. 169 (non Steud.); Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 37; Griseb. in Goett. Nachr. (1868) 76. _E. diarrhena, Steud. Syn. Gram. 266. Poa diundra, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 836 (non Br.), P. diarrhena, Schult. Mant. 616.—Eragrostis, Wall. Cat. n. 3850 K. L., 5002, 5004.—Sirmore, Bengal, Mysore, Carnatic. Var. diplachnoides, Stapf; stem tall stout branched, panicle long effuse or con- tracted flaccid, branches solitary or 2-3 in a whorl elongate simple or if branched the whorl rarely overtopped by 1 or 2 branches 2-5 in. long, ultimate branches not divaricate, spikelets 6—-12-fid., fig. gls. very obtuse rarely 2; in. E. diplach- noides & Hochstetteri, Steud. Syn. Gram, 268. E. nutans, Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 373; Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 109. Diplachne elongata & powformis, Hochst. ex Steud. 1. e.—Central India, eastwd. to Afr. trop., Clarke, Duthie. Ceylon, Walker, Thwaites (CP. 933 (in part) 8259. Var. tenuissima, Stapf; panicle long loose narrow usually stiff, branches 3-2 in. pseudo-whorled spreading ramified from the base, branchlets and pedicels divaricate filiform to capillary, spikelets few-fid., fl. gls. very obtuse @, in. E, aurea, Steud. Syn. Gram, 267. , caudata, Nees ex Steud. l. c. 264; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 37. E. japonica, Trin. in Mem. Acad. Petersb. Ser. VI. i. (1881) 405. E. tenella 8, Roem. & Sch. Syst. ii. 856. E. tenella, Benth. Fl. Hongk. 481;. Fl. Eragrostis, O. Stapf.} cixxt. cRaminew. (J. D. Hooker.) 317 Austral. viii. 643 (non Beauv.) ; Duthie Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. 65, t. 78. E. tenellula, Steud, Syn. Gram, 279. E. tenuissima, Schrad. ew Nees Fl, Afr. Austr. 409, 410. Poa japonica, Thunb, Fl. Jap, 31.. P. hyemalis, Laka, & speciosa, Herd. Ham. ex Wall. Cat. n. 3850 C0. B. P. tenella, Br. Prodr, 181 (non Beauv.) ; Roxb, Fl. Ind, i, 837, Ic. Pict. ined. t. 837. P. tenellula, Kunth Enum, Pl. i. 388.—Evagrostis, Wall. Cat. n. 8850 B. C. H. 5001 A—D.—Temp. & trop. Himal. from the Panjab eastwd. and southwd. to Ceylon; ascends the Himalaya to 7000 ft.—Trop. As. Sect. IT. Prerozssa. Rachilla of spikelet tough, persistent; fig. glumes falling away from its base upwards.— Species 8-24, * Spikelets always flat, usually elliptic-ovate to oblong; lateral nerves of fig. gls. very prominent, straight, almost percurrent; pales deciduous with their glumes. _ ; 8. B. amabilis, Wight § Arn. ex Nees in Hook. § Arn. Bot. Beech. Voy. 251 (excel. Syn. Linn.) annual, panicle oblong or ovoid- oblong open or contracted, branches solitary ramifying from near the base, spikelets 2-3 in. ovate rarely oblong or linear-oblong up to 50- fld., empty gls. subequal acute l-nerved, fig. gls. very close set dis- tichously spreading broadly elliptic shortly acuminate, palea elliptic keels winged scabrid. Wight Cat.n.1777 ; Wall. Cat. n. 3838; Nees in Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. xix. Suppl. i. (1843) 205. E. polymorpha, Trin. ea Steud. Nom. Ed. IL. i. 864, 562. EH. rubens, Hochst. ex Mig. Analect. Bot. ii. 26; Steud. Syn. Gram. 265. E. unioloides, Nees ex Steud. lc. 264 ; Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 373; Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 109; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 38, Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. 65; Aitchis. Cat. Panjab Pl. 170; Lisboa in Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. vii. (1898) 383; Griseb. in Goett. Nachr, (1868) 76. Poa amabilis, Herd. Rottl. (non Linn.). P: multiflora, Row). Fl, Ind. i. 338. P. polymorpha, Br. Prodr. 180. P. pseudamabilis, Roxb. Ic. Pict. ined. t. 843. P. rabens, Lamk, Illustr. i. 184, t. 45, 2. 23 Kunth Enum. Pl. i. 835. P. unioloides, Retz. Obs. v.19; Roxb, Fl. Ind. i. 330; Kunth L.c.; Grah. Cat. Bomb. Pl. 236. Briza rubra, Lamk. Il.i. 187; Kunth lc. 871. Uniola indica, Spreng. Syst. 1. 349; Dalz. § ibs. Bomb. Fl. 298. Megastachya polymorpha, Beawv. Agrost. 74. Prains oF INDIA and LoweEg Himataya, from Kashmir (ascending to 6000 ft.), eastwd. to Burma and southwd. to Ceyzon (CP. n. 930).—DistRis. As. trop. Stem 6-18 in., rather slender. eaves usually short, flat; mouth of sheaths naked. Panicle 2-4 in., branches filiform, not very numerous or long, rachis and nodes glabrous. Spikelets broad or narrow, pale or purplish ; rachilla tough, inter- nodes very short, 3g in.; empty gls. gy—z5 iv. 1-nerved ; fig. gis. nearly +’; in. long, mucronulate ; pater 4-3 shorter than its gl. Stamens 3; anthers z35-s5 in. Grain cbovoid or ellipsoid, laterally compressed, ubout 3 by % in. ** Spikelets usually linear or linear-oblong, less compressed and with less prominent nerves than in *, or if strongly compressed and nerved then with persistent paleas. + Spikelets more or less fascicled on the primary or secondary branches or shortly pedicelled in narrower racemes. 9. E. malayana, Stapf; annual, panicle ovoid, branches solitary at length spreading flowering. to the base, pedicels as long as the spike-' lets or shorter, spikelets ;4,-} in. linear-oblong 10-30-fld., rachilla almost straight internodes very short, gis. all broad closely imbricate; sides 318 CLXATIL, GRaMINEE, (J. D. Hooker.) [Eragrostis, O. Stapf. convex, empty gls. unequal broadly ovate acute, fig. gls. ovate shortly acuminate keel curved, keels of palea scaberulous. Perak, Wray. Matacca, Hervey.—DistTr1B. Borneo, B inca. Stems densely tufted, 10-18 in., erect or geniculately ascending, very slender. Leaves 2-3 in., very narrow, strict, finely acuminate, convolute; mouth of sheath with long hairs. Panicle 2-8 in., open or contracted, branches ramified from near the base, branchlets short contracted filiform, rachis glabrous. Spikelets slightly compressed, rachilla tough; gl. I j; in.; JI g, in.; fig. gls. J; in., mucronulate, lateral nerves inconspicuous ; palea obovate-oblong, rather shorter than its gl., keels narrow. Grain 3 in., ovoid or ellipsoid, slightly laterally compressed. 10. EB. stenophylla, Hochst. ex Miquel Analect. Bot. Ind. ii. 27; branches of panicle much ramified from above the base, pedicels short filiform, spikelets 4-4 in. linear 30-40-fld., rachilla zigzag, empty gis. sub- equal subacute l-nerved, fig. gls. ovate acute sides convex, keel curved, palea caducous with the gl. keels scabrid. Lisboa in Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. vii. (1893) 385. E. Brownei, Mees in Wight Cat. n. 1780 partim (non Steud.). EH. elegantula, Nees lc. 1781, a, 8 (non Steud.); Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 37, odd. Grass. N. Ind. 63, t. 74. E. gangetica, Steud. Syn. Gram. 266. E. ovina, Nees ex Steud. lc. 268. PB. Willdenovii, Steud. Nom. Ed. II.i. 565. P. amabilis & nutans, Herb. Heyne ex Wall, Cat. n. 3847 A. Poa amabilis, Herb. Rotil. (non Linn.). P. atroviridis, Herb. Ham. ex Wall. Cat. n. 3844 partim (non Desf.). P. gangetica, Roxb. #1. Ind. i. 340. P. nutans, Retz. Obs. iv. 19 (non Roxb.) ; Thwaites Enum, Pl. Zeyl. 373. P. procera, Hb. Wight ex Wall. Cat. n. 3831 C. P. ovina, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss, ii. 428. P. viscosa, var. Wall. le. n. 3831.—Eragrostis, Wall. Cat. n. 3030 A, 3831 B.C.D., 3832 A. (ix part) 3043 E., 3844, 3847, Throughout Invia and Burma. Cxryion, Thwaites (CP. 925, 932).—Disrais. Trop. Asia and Africa, Annual or subp-renuial, Stems many, densely tufted, 12-18 in. high, geniculately ascending. Leaves rather short, smouth, usually strict and convolute ; sheaths smooth. Panicle ovate or oblong or sublinear, subflexuose, inclined; branches rather distant, alternate, obliquely spreading when ripe, ramifications slort, con- tracted. Spikelets crowded, blue grey, rachilla tough; gl. I 4, in.; IL J; in. or shorter ; fig. gls. 3; to 45 in. or more, lateral nerves slender; palea rather shorter than its gl., gently curved, Stamens 3, anthers minute about z3,-;35 in. Grain about ziy in., globosely oblong to subglobose, ll. B. elegantula, Steud. Syn. Gram. 266 (non Nees); perennial, panicle oblong, branches solitary short, pedicels very short, spikelets 4-4in. linear to linear-oblong 8-30-fld., rachilla tough, empty gls. subequal acute l-nerved, fig. gle. ovate acute sides convex, palea caducous with the gis. keels scabrid. Griseb. in Goett. Nachr. (1868) 75; Lisboa in Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. vii. (1893) 384. E. Brownei, Nees ew Wight Cat. n. 1780; Aitchis. Cat. Panjab. Pl. 169; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 36, Fodd Grass. N. Ind. 62. E. luzoniensis, Stewd. lc. 266. Poa; atro- viridis, Ham. ex Wall. Cat. n. 3843 A. P. convoluta, Heyne in Herb. Rotil.; Wall. Cat. n. +831 E. P. Chariis, Schult. Mant. i.314. P. diandra & cernna, Herb. Wight ex Wall. Cat. n. 3843 B. C. P. distans & laevis, Hb, Heyne ex Wall. lc. n. 3840. P. elegantula, Kunth Revis. Gram. i. 340, Enum. Pl.i. 346. P. elegans, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i 338. P. viscosa, var. Herb, Heyne in Wall. Cat. 3831 A.—Eragrost. Wall. Cat. n. 3830 B. C., 3831 A, 3832 B, 3833, 3840, 3848, 3845 A (in part), Eragrostis, O. Stapf.) cLxxiu. Grawivem, (J. D. Hooker.) 319 Throughout Inp14, Burita and Cernon (Wallich, Gardner), Stem tall, 1-3 ft., suberect from a spreading base, usually stout and branching, but sometimes slender and short, smooth. Leaves few, short, smooth, flat or subcon- volute; mouth of sheath bearded. Panicle nodding, branches rather distant, spread- ing, ramifying from above the base, sometimes abbrevinted and the spikelets clustered on the rachis, rachis glabrous. Spikelets purplish or green; empty-gls. dy in.s fig. gls. ¢;-7; in., lateral nerves slender; internodes of rachilla j=; in. ; palea rather shorter than its gls, Stamens 3, anthers about yin. Grain “oblong, ge by Fo-a’o In. _ 12. EB. elongata, Jacg. Eclog. Gram. 3, t. 3; perennial, panicle very variable, branches usually simple, spikelets very shortly pedicelled rather crowded subparallel linear j—75 in. 10-25-fld., rachilla rather stout, empty gls. ovate-lanceolate acute, I l-nerved, II 1-3-nerved, fig. gls. ovate- lanceolate very acute nearly flat, keel almost straight, palea strongly curved, keels very stout scabrid. EH. bahiensis, Hance in Journ. Lann. Soc. xiii. (1878) 186; Griseb. in Goett. Nachr. (1868) 76 (non Schrad.). E. Browneana, Nees in Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. xix. Suppl. i. (1843) 205. E. Brownii, Nees Fl. Afr. Austr. 396; Steud. Syn. Gram. 279; Thwaires Enum, Pl. Zeyl. 373; Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 109; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 432, F7. Austral. vii. 646 (in part). E. Cumingii, Steud. 1. c. 266. E. interrupta, Steud. l.c. 279 (non Beauv.). HE. orientalis, Nees in Nov. Act. 1. c. 206; Thw. Lc. 873; Trim. l.c. 109. E. pubescens, Steud. Z.c. E. Willdenoviana, Nees in Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. Voy. 252. HB. zeylanica, Nees & Mey. in Nov, Act. l.c. 204; Thwaites t.c.; Trim. l.c. Poa Brownei, Kunth Revis. Gram. i, 112, Enum, Pl. i. 333. P P. dependens, Hornem. Enum. Hort. Hafn. Suppl. 2. P. elongata, Willd. Hnum. Hort. Berol. i.108; Kunth Enum, i. 384. P. interrupta & polymorpha, Br. Prodr. 180. P. pulchella, Wall. mss. Megastachya elongata & polymorpha, Beawv. Agrost. 74, 167. —Eragrost. Wall. Cat. n. 3836, 8845 (in part). Lower Breneat, CoitTacone, Burma, the Nicobar Istps,, and Cryton (C.P. 931, 3047, 3251) —DistRiB. Asia trop., Malaya, Australia, N. Caledon, Stems tufted, stiff, tall or short, stout or slender, simple or branched. Leaves narrow, strict, flat or convolute; mouth of sheath bearded. Panicle oblong or ovate, with solitary distant spreading filiform branches, or from the shortening of these subspiciform, rachis glabrous, Spikelets acute, dark brown or reddish; gl. I - vy in.; 11 3 in.; fig. gls. usually Jy in., firm, lateral nerves rather promient; rachilla rather stout, internodes 3, in.; palea 4-3 shorter than its gl. Anthers siu-ay in. in the Indian specimens. Grain ovoid to subglobose, =; in. tt Spikelets not fascicled, usually more or less divaricate when ripe. § Spikelets py-4 in. broad; fig. gls. broad, more or less obtuse, 715-7} in. long, lateral nerves strong —Annuals. 13. BE. barbulata, Stapf.; Jeaf-margins eglandular, panicle oblong very loose, branches solitary, pedicels very slender, spikelets few j-% in. ovate-oblong or linear narrowed upwards 10—25-fid., empty gls. subequal ovate obtuse, rachilla stout nodes bearded, fl. gls. close-set very broadly ovate obtuse, palea broadly ovate persistent keels scabrid, grain subglobose. —Eragrostis, Wall. Cat. n. 3839. Lowre Brrma; road to the Petroleum Wells, Wallich, ; Annual, erect, 3-4 ft. high, branched. Leaves 12-18 in., up to 4 in. broad, usually very narrow, subconvolute, and sheaths pubescent or villous below the middle. Panicle 6-12 in.; nodes of rachis woolly at the axils; branches very 320 CLXXIIL GRAMINEZ. (J.D. Hooker.) [Hragrostis, O. Stapf. distant, scaberulous, spreading, flexuous, simple at the base; pedicels as long or longer than the pale olive-green spikelets. Gl. I l-nerved; II 1-3-nerved; rachilla tough, internodes about 75-34 in.; fig. gls. 3; in., nerves strong. Stamens 3; anthers linear, about 75 in. Grain 2, in. long.—A stately species. 14. EB. tremula, Hochst. ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 269; leaf-margins eglandular, panicle large ovate very loose branches solitary, pedicels very slender, spikelets versatile 1 in. or more linear narrowed upwards 10~70-fid., empty gls. subequal subobtuse, rachilla tough glabrous, fig. gls. close-set very broadly ovate suhobtuse, palea obovate-oblong persistent keels scabrid, grain globose. Duthie Fodd Grass. N. Ind. 65, ¢.79; Lishoa in Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. vii. (1893) 382; Botss. Fl. Orient. v. 581. E. multi- flora, Trin. in Mem. Acad. Petersb. Ser. VI. i. (1841) 401; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 298; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 38; Aittchis. Cat. Panjab. Pl. 169. E. rhachitricha, Hochst. ex Miquel Analect. Bot. Ind. ii.25. Poa curvata, Hb. Heyne ex Wall. Cat. u. 3849. P. multiflora, Rowb. Fl. Ind. i. 338 (non Forsk.). P. tremula, Lamk. Illust. i. 185; Kunth 1. ¢. 332.— Eragrost. Wall. Cat. 1. o. Northern India; from the Pangas to BenGat and Buna, and southward to the Carnatic.—Distris. Affghan., Africa trop. Annual. Stems densely tufted, suberect, 6-24 iv., leafy chiefly at the some- times hardened base. Leaves few, short, very narrow; mouth of sheath slightly hairy. Panicle often as long as the rest of the plant and 8 in. broad, nodding ; rachis glabrous, axils bearded, branchlets and pedicels roughish ; pedicels longer or shorter than the spikelets which are pale green or purplish. Empty gls. 23-3) in., l-nerved ; internodes of rachilla 2, in., thickened upwards; fig. gls. 3,—7, in., nerves strong; palea a little shorterthanitsgl. Séamens 3,anthers zi, in. Grain hardly sf in. diam, : 15. BH. major, Host. Gram. Austr. iv. 14, t. 24; leaf-margins (in Indian specimens) glandular, panicle vblong to ovate-oblong stiff, branches. subsolitary spreading, pedicels very short, spikelets 3~3 in. ovate-oblong or linear few to 50-fld., empty gls. ovate acute, rachilla tough, fig. gls. broadly ovate subacute, palea broadly obovate much curved, keels scabrid or ciliolate, grain globose. E. flexuosa, Steud. Syn. Gram. 266; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 37. H. megastachya, Link Enum. Hort. Berol. i. 187 ; Kunth Enum. Pl. i. 833; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 91; Wight Cat. n. 1778 ; Lhwaites Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 373; Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 109; Aitchis. Cat. Panjab Pl. 169; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 38, Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. 63, t. 75; Lisboa in Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. vii. (1893) 382; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iv. 382; Boiss. Fl. Ortent. v.580. E. multitlora, Aschers. ex Boiss. ic. HE. poaeoides, Trin, in Mem. Acad. Petersb. Ser. VI. i. (1881) 404. E. vulgaris var, megastachya, Coss. et Dur. Fl. Alger.148. Poa cilianensis, All. Fl, Pedem. ii. 246, t. 91, 1.2. P. elegans, Herb. Wight §& Herb. Ham. ex Wall. Cat. n. 3828 C.D. P. Eragrostis, Cav. Ic. i. 63, t. 92; Sibth. Fl. Gree. t. 73. P. flexuosa, Rowb. Fl. Ind, i. 339. P. multiflora, Forsk. FI. dig. Arab. 21. P. polymorpha, Koen. ex Wall, I. c. n. 3828 A. P. Rox- barzhiana, Schult, Mant.i1.515. P. subsecunda, Herb. Ham. ex Wall. lL. c. n, 3828 D. P. tortuosa, Spreng. Syst. Veg. i. 345. Megastachya Era- grostis, Beauv. Agrost. 74, Briza Eragrostis, Linn. Sp. Pl. 70; Schreb. Besch, Gres. ii. 74. B, oblonga, Moench. Meth. 185.—Eragrostis, Wall. Cut. n. 3828, 3837. Thronghout the Pratns and lower Hitts of Inpra anl Burma, ascending to 5200 ft, inthe Himalaya. Cuyzon, (C.P. 3163).—Distris. Westward to 5, Europe, Asia trop. and subtrop. Eragrostis, O. Stapf.] | ouxxmt. craminna. (J. D. Hooker.) 321 Annual. Stem 1-2 ft., usually stout and branched, but very variable. Leaves flat, smooth, flaccid, narrow, rarely } in, broad; sheath sparingly bearded. Panicle 2-8 in., sometimes contracted, rachis glabrous, branches stiff or flexuous, ramifying from or near the base. Spikelets slightly narrowed upwards, dark olive-grey ; Gl. I, 1- or sub-1-3-nerved ; II 3-nerved ; fig. gis. =, in., uppermost usually empty and smaller, nerves strong; palea 4-1 shorter than its gl. Anthers about go in Grain 35-35 in., loose within the turgid gl. §§ Spikelets 3-3 in.; fl. gls. less than ; in. or if longer then narrower and more or less acute. ft Panicle rather stig’, branches and lateral pedicels usually short Interal nerves of fig. gls. strong.-Leaf-margins often glandular. 16. E. minor, Host Gram. Austr. iv.15, Fl. Austr.i.135; leaf-margins glandalar, panicle ovate or oblong rather stiff, branches solitary capillary ramifying from near the base, pedicels short, spikelets 2-3 in. linear to ovate up to 12-fid., empty gls. subequal acute l-nerved, tg. gls. broadly ovate obtuse, grain globose or ellipsoid-globose dorsally convex. E. poaeformis, Tank Hort. Berol. i.188; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 91; T. Nees Gen. Fl. Germ. Monocot. n.i. 55. HE. poaeoides, Beauv. Agrost. 76; Griseb. in Goett. Nachr. (1868) 74; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 88, Fodd. Grass, N. Ind. 65; Attchis. Cat. Panjab Pl.170; Lisboa in Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. vii. (1893) 387; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iv. 380; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 580. E. poaecides B, Trin. in Mem. Acad. Petersb. Ser. VI.i. (1831) 404. Poa Eragrostis, Linn. Sp. Pl. 68 (in part); Kunth Enum. Pl.i. 332; Schreb. Beschr. Gres. ii. t.388; Host Gram. Austr. ii. 50, t.69. Briza Hragrostis, Vil. Fl. Delph. ii. 50 (non Tinn.). Puains of NortHern InpiA, ascending the Himalaya to 8000 ft., from the Panjab eastwards to Bengal. ‘lhe Concan, Jacquemont, &c. WESTERN TIBET; Ladak, alt. 12-13,000 ft., Thomson.—Distris. Westward to 8. Europe, N. Asia. Annual. Stems 6-18 in., densely tufted, slender. Leares rather short, flat; mouth of sheath slightly bearded, Panicle 2-6 in., rachis glabrous, branches spreading when ripe. Spikelets pale green to dark purplish or olive-grey, glistening ; rachilla tough; gls. I and II 5-7, in., keel seabrid; fig. gls. J; rarely 3-75 in., lateral nerves strong ; palea 2 shorter than its gl., obovate-oblong, keels scabrid or subciliate., Stamens 3, anthers ;1, in. Grain jg in. or more, dorsally rounded or slightly flattened.—The glands are a very constant character. A single Bombay specimen is eglandular, but placed here from its strong resemblance to glanduli- ag specimens also from Bombay. The Tibetan specimens are very small, 1-6 in. igh. 17. B. Rottleri, Stapf; leaf-margins eglandular, mouth of sheath naked, panicle obloug open rather stiff, branches solitary or lower geminate vamifying from near the base, pedicels of lateral spikelets very short, spikelets 4-1 in. linear 6-12-fid., empty gls. subequal, rachilla tough, fig. gis. oblong subacute, palea persistent, grain terete. E. viscosa, Wight Herb. propr. n. 1785, in part. Poa paucitlora, Herb. Rottl. The Cagnaric; at Tranquebar, Heyne, Rottler, Wight. : : Leaves 1-7 in., flat or more or less convolute. Panicle 2-6 in., racbis naked, branches filiform to capillary. Spdkelets pale brown or white; empty gls. about 7s in. : fig. gls. 3. in., lateral nerves strong; palea rather shorter than its gl., keels scaberuloux. Stamens 3, anthers about 74, in. Grain 35 in.—Roitler’s P. pauciflora is a tall form with few spikelets. Wight’s specimen has the stem viscid VOL. VII. r 322 CLEXIN. GRAMINEZ. (J.D. Hooker.) [Hragrostis, O. Stapf. below the panicle as in Z. tenella var. viscosa, with certain forms of which P. Rottlert has much in common. The persistent rachilla with deciduous glumes of EH, Rottleri are as in HE. minor, as are the scabrid not ciliate keels of the palea. 18. E. Willdenoviana, Nees in Wight Cat. n. 1779 (non in Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. xix. Suppl. i. (1843) 205); leaf-margins rarely glandular, panicle short ovate stiff open, branches solitary capillary, pedicels short, spikelets $4 in. by gk in. linear pale up to 25-fld., empty gls. very unequal, I minute hyaline nerveless, fl. gls. broadly elliptic acute, palea oblong persistent, grain truncate at both ends dorsally grooved. EH. poaeoides, Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 109; Herb. Ind. Or. H. f. & T. (the Carnatic plant). Poa glabra & levis, Rottl. mss. PP. polymorpha, Koen. ew Rottl. in Schrift. Naturf. Fr. Berl. iv. (1803) 194.—Hragrostis, Wall. Cat. n. 3848. Mysore, Rottler, Heyne; Dindygul, Wight. Crxyton; Trincomalee, Glenie (C.P. 3944). Anuual. Stems 4-18 in., very slender, smooth, rigid, erect or geniculately ascending. Leaves short, flat, narrow, erect, rather rigid; mouth of sheath naked. Panicle 1-3 in., branches spreading when ripe, ramifying from near the base; pedicels (except sometimes the terminal) shorter than the spikelets. Spikelets olive- grey or greenish; gl. I .—J, in; II ovate, acute, ;3; in., 1-nerved; fig. gls. 2, in, lateral nerves strong ; palea 1-4 shorter than its gl., keels scaberulous. Stamens 3, anthers about 73, in. Grain oblong, 2,2, in., dorsally flattened and grooved.— This may prove to be E. polymorpha, Roem, ¢ Sch. Syst. ii. 575. Rottler’s specimen was named P. polymorpha, but that name was crossed out and replaced by P. glabra, Nob. E. Willdenoviana, Nees in Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. Voy. (of China) is E, elongata. tt. Panicle very loose, ramifications very slender often flexuous or flaccid ; lateral nerves of fig. gls. usually faint.—Leaves eglandular. 19. E. tenuifolia, Hochst. in Flora, xxiv. (1841) i. Intell. 20, name only; ew Steud. Syn. Gram, 268; perennial, panicle oblong to ovate very open, rachis glabrous, branches solitary or 2-nate distant, spikelets 2-~, in. by 3 in. linear 5-15-fid., empty gls. very unequal, I minute hyaline, rachilla tough, fl. gls. ovate acute, subacute or apiculate, palea 1 shorter than its gl. strongly curved persistent, grain obovate-oblong. EK. collocarpa, K. Schum. in Engl. Pflanzenw. Deutsch-Ost. Afr. C. 114. ?E. mucronata, Roem. & Sch. Syst. ii. 577. E. parviglumis, Hochst. ex Steud. 1.c. 267. Poa tenuifolia, A. Rich. Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 425. Niveuiri Hiris, Hohenacker. BreL@aum, Ritchie; Satpura Hills, Thompson. —Disrris. Africa trop. Stem 2-8 ft., erect, slender, branched. Leaves long, very narrow; mouth of sheath naked. Panicle 3-6 in.; branches ramifying from near the base aud branch- lets rather distant, spreading, filiform, stiff, shorter than in E. nigra. Spikelets olive-grey ; gl. 1&3 line nerveless; II remote from I, about 2; in., ovate, sub- acute, nerveless or faintly 1-nerved; fig. gls. 7; in., keels of palea scabrid. Stamens 3, anthers J; in. Graz +, in., slightly compressed, dorsally grooved. 20. E. papposa, Steud. Nom. Hd. II. i. 564; perennial, panicle ovoid very delicate lax open sparingly branched, rachis glabrous, branches solitary rarely 2-nate branchlets stiff divaricate, pedicels long capillary, spikelets {—3 In. linear 7-23-Ad., empty gls. subequal or I shorter hyaline, rachilla tough, fig. gls. broadiy ovate margins above hyaline, palea obtuse denticulate persistent, grain obovoid. Willk. & Lange Prodr. Fl. Hispan. i, 83; Griseb. in Goett. Nachr, (1868) 75. EB. atro-virens, Lange in Koebj. “i 4 Eragrostis, O. Stapf.) CLXXIIL. GRaMI.. Vedinsk. Meddel. (1860) 47 (non Desf.). E. rigids. , Div. Forsk. (nomen.). EH. speirostachya, Coss. et wv. verticillata, Coss. ex Lange 1. c. (non Cav.). H. vulgaris,“. Coss. et Dur. Fl. Alger. 148. Poa nigra, Olem. ew Willk.g «+ be € Fl, Hisp. i. 83. P. papposa, Desf. in Roem. & Sch. Syst. ti. eo. * stachya? papposa, Roem. & Sch. J. c. ie N.-Easterw PaysaB; common in the Trans-Indus districts; Rawul Pindi, &.; ~ Stewart, Aitchison.—DIsTR1B. Westward to Arabia, N. Africa, and Spain. ° Stem 12-18 in., very slender, simple. _ Leaves short, strict, very narrow, con- volute; mouth of sheath bearded with long silky hairs. Panicle 4-8 in.; rachis filiform ; branches spreading, alternate, almost capillary, naked below, loosely branched beyond the middle with capillary spreading branchlets. Spikele‘s very pale yellow or dark or pale olive-grey; gl. I ;;—3,; in. or less, nerveless; IL j.—,), in., faintly l-nerved; flg. gls, about j, in.; palea rather shorter, keels scabrid. Stamens 3, anthers =}, in. Grain J>—d; in., dorsally grooved—A very elegant species, with usually quite pale very narrow spikelets. 21. &. pilosa, Beauv. Agrost. 71; annual, panicle oblong to pyra- midal flaccid open or contracted, rachis glabrous or hairy, branches usually more or less whorled and branchlets very slender, pedicels longer or shorter than the spikelets which are 4 in. linear 5~12-fld., empty cls. unequal hyaline, rachilla tough, fig. els. ovate acute, palea subpersistent keels scaberulous, grain ellipsoid. Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 91; T. Nees Gen. Fl. Germ. Monocot. i. 0. 55; Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 373; Trim. Ca*. Ceyl. Pl. 209; Wight Cat. 0.1784, 1784b.; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 38, Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. 64; Attchis. Cat. Panjab Pl. 170; Lisboa in Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. vii. (1898) 381, Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iv. 382; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 881; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 482, Fl. Austral. vii. 645; Baker Fl. Maurit. 455; Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 532. H.elegantula, a, Nees in Wight Cat. n. 1782. E. indica, Steud. Syn. Gram. 264, E. parviflora, Trin, in Mem. Acad. Petersb. Ser. VI. i. (1881) 411. EH. pellucida, Steud. 1. c. 279. E. punctata, Link. ex Steud. Nom. Ed. II. i. 561, Syn. Gram. 264. E. verticillata, Roem. & Sch. Syst. ii. 575; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 9; Attchis. Cat. Panjab Pl.170. Poa amabilis, Herb. Heyne ex Wall. Cat. n. 3829 B. P. indica, Koen. ew Rottl. in Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berl. Neue Schrift. iv. (1803) 194. P. nutans, Herb. Wight ex Wall. Cat. n. 8829 D. P. parviflora & pellucida, Br. Prodr. 180. P. Phullica, Herb. Ham. ex Wall. 1. c. 3829 C. & 5012 (Phulcia). P. pilosa, Linn. Sp. Pl. 68; Host Grum, Austr. ii. 168, t. 68; Kunth I.c. 329. P. punctata, Linn. f. Suppl. 109; Kunth Enum. Pl. i. 330; Roxb. #1. Ind. i. 338. P. tenella, Herd. Heyne ex Wall. 1.c. 8829 B. P. verticillata, Cav. Ic. i. 63, t. 938; Kunth Enum. 329. Milium tenerum, Herb. Heyne ex Wall. 1. c. 3829 B.—Era- grostis, Wail. Cat. n. 3829. Throughout Inpia and Burma; ascending the Himalaya to 5000 ft. or more, CrYton ; common (C.P. 929),—DistTRiz. §. Europe and most warm countries. Stem 3 in.-8 ft., tufted, erect, usually very slender and simple, rarely stout and branched. Leaves short, narrow, flaccid or strict and convolute, rarely elongate ; mouth of sheath bearded. Panicle very variable in size and form, erect inclined or nodding ; rachis hairy or not at the nodes ; branches filiform or capillary, fascicled or sub-whorled, simple below, lower sometimes 6 in. long. Spikelets usually grey tipped with purple; empty gls. nerveless or II faintly l-nerved ; fig. gis. po-} in. Stamens 8, anthers 2, in., violet. Grain j;—?, in., base laterally apiculate.— Dwarf specimens 2-4 “in. high look very different from the ordinary state of the plant. ‘ x¥ 2 { we 3 D. Hooker.) (Eragrostis, O. Stapf. _ ee Steud. Nom. Ed. II. i. 563, Syn. Gram. 267 ; . _.. _ sths narrow terete or obscurely compressed, panicle ” .4rge open lax-fid., branches usually many in whorls or * ® y solitary or geminate, spikelets up to } in. linear to oblong Avapty gls. subequal acuminate strongly l-nerved, fig. gls. ovate «, palea obtuse denticulate persistent, grain short truncate at both ‘jnds. Griseb. in Goett. Nachr. (1868) 75; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 38. |E. atropurpurea, Hochst. ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 267. E. amabilis, Willd. \non Linn. ec Ham. in Wall. Cat. n. 3842. E. paniculata, Thwaites Enum. PL Zeyl. 373 (non Steud.).—Eragrostis, Wall. Cat. n. 3834, 3835, 3842, 3846. Temp. and trop. Hrmazaya, ascending to $000 ft. from Simla to Sikkim and the Kuasta Hints, and southward throughout the Deccan PENinsuxa. CrYLon, Thwaites (O.P. n. 2626). Stem 6 in.-8 ft., erect, stout or slender, usually stout and leafy at the base, simple or branched. Leaves in small forms chiefly basal and flat, in taller elongate; mouth of sheath bearded. Panicle up to 2 ft. long and broad, very copiously but loosely branched except in small specimens, rachis glabrous at the nodes, branches simple below, pedicels usually longer than the spikelets. Spikelets olive-grey ; empty gls. membranous, keels scabrid; fig. gls. J;—7, in. Stamens 3, anthers 2, in. Grain J in. or smaller, dorsally slightly grooved.—Habit as variable as of H. pilosa. 93. E. ferruginea, Beauv. Agrost. 71; perennial?, basal sheaths broad compressed keeled, panicle oblong, branches solitary or 2-nate filiform rather stiff, pedicels longer than the spikelets, spikelets } in. linear to ovate 8-ll-fid, empty gls. unequal acute 1-nerved, rachilla tough, fig. gls. ovate acute or acuminate, palea obtuse much shorter than its gl. persistent keels scabrid, grain obovoid truncate at both ends. Franch. & Sav. Enum. Pl. Jap. it. 177; Mig. Prolus. Fl. Jap. 188. E. orientalis, Trin. in Bunge Enum. Pl. Chin. Bor. 71, in Mem. Acad. Petersb. Ser. VI. iv. II. (1838) Suppl. 73. Poa ferruginea, Thunb. Fl. Jap. 50. Sixxim Himataya; Lachoong Valley, alt. 9000 ft., in meadows with E. nigra, J. D. H.—Dierrrs. N. China, Japan. Stem with the panicle in the Sikkim specimen 18 in., erect. Leaves 3-5 in., narrow, or the lower broad at the base; sheath naked at the mouth. Panicle 4-6 in., shorter than in E. nigra, with stouter branches and fewer spikelets; branches rather wiry, bearing few dark spikelets. Spikelets dull green to violet. 1. I about Lin, shorter than II; fig. gls, 3-2 in. Stamens 3, anthers 3, in. or less. Grain zs in., slightly grooved or flattened dorsally —I have seen only a poor Indian specimen, but it seems to be identical with the Chinese and Japanese plant. Bunge says that the same plant is cultivated in Hort. Petrop. from Nepal seeds. B. Sect. III. Dusmostacuya, Stapf. Spikelets much compressed, im- bricate, secuad, sessile and jointed on the very short densely crowded branchlets of a tall narrow racemiform panicle, deciduous, acute; rachilla subarticulate. ‘ 24. HE. cynosuroides, Beauv. Agrost. 71, 162; perennial, tall, branched from the base, leafy, panicle linear-elongate, branches very short crowded, densely covered from the base with sessile imbricating much compressed deflexed spikelets % in. long up to 30-fAd., empty gls. very unequal, rachilla tough, fig. gls. broadly ovate acute, palea shorter than its gl. Steud. Syn. Gram. 264; Wight Cat. n. 1774, 1774b.; Trin. in Mem. Acad. Petersb. Ser, VI. i. (1831) 415; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. Fl. 298; Attchis Eragrostis, O. Stapf.] oLxxu. craminez. (J. D. Hooker.) 325 Cat. Panjab. Pl. 169; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 37, Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. 62, t..40; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v..583; Lisboa in Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soe. vii. (1893) 3887. Poa cynosuroides, Retz. Obs. iv. 20; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 333 ; Del. Fl. Aigypt. 159, t.10; Grah. Cat. Bomb. Pl. 236; Kunth Enum. Pl. i, 227, Leptochloa bipinnata, Hochst. in Flora, xxxviii. (1855) 422. Briza bipinnata, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 875. Cynosurus duros, Forsk, Fl. Aigypt. Arab. 71. Dactylis interrupta, Herb. Rottl. Uniola bipinnata, Pane Fe Ed. VW. 104.—Eragrost. affine & Eragrostoides, Wall. Cat. n, 3821, 6. Puains of Inp1a, from Peshawur and Sind to Burma and southward, in moist places. (Not in Ceylon)—DistRiB. Westward to Syria and N. Africa. Rootstock stout, creeping; stolons very stout clothed with shining sheaths ; stems 1-3 ft., tufted, smooth, erect, stout. Leaves many, basal fascicled, very long, rigid, long acuminate tips filiform, margins hispid ; mouth of sheath with long hairs ; ligule 0. Pantcle 6-18 in. by 1 rarely 2 in. broad, strict, erect, narrowly pyramidal or columnar, often interrupted ; rachis puberulous, branches 4-1 in., very many crowded ; branchlets rigid, glabrous or higpidulous, spreading. Spikelets unilateral, 2-seriate and crowded, defiexed, pale brown, rather shining; internodes of rachilla very short; gl. I 2, in.; II about 7; in., obtuse ; flg. gls. ,—-75 in., coriaceous ; palea 11+ shorter than its gl., rather coriaceous, keels minutely scabrid. Stamens 3, anthers ¢; in. Grain less than {5 in., obliquely ovoid, laterally compressed, obscurely trigonous. C. Sect. IV. Pracrosracuya, Benth. Spikelets secund distichously spreading in a long simple slender terminal spike. * Keels of palea distinctly winged. 25. E. leioptera, Stapf.; perennial, leaves convolute wiry, spikelets 1-1 in. oblong compressed 10-20-Ad., glumes tumid, I 7; in. acute, wings of keels of palea ~3,5 in. broad eciliate. Kaasia HILts, alt, 4-5000 ft., Gwiffith, &e. Stems 1-2 ft., densely tufted, erect, very slender, strict. Leaves 8-12 in., glabrous, stout, terete, pungent; sheaths short. Spike 6~10 in., erect, strict ; rachis angular, smooth, Spikelets not crowded, suberect; empty glumes 7, in. subequal, or I shorter; I acutely keeled; II dorsally rounded; fig. gls. broadly ovate, obtuse or subacute, 5 in.; wings of palea hyaline. Anthers about 7g in. long.—The more tumid glumes at once distinguish this from E. bifaria. 26. B. bifaria, Wight ex Steud. Nom. Ed. IT. i. 562, Syn. Gram. 264, Suppl. 282; perennial, leaves flat or complicate and keeled, spikelets 3-3 iu, ovate-oblong rarely linear much compressed 6-40-fid., wings of keels of palea abont +3; in. broad ciliate. Wall. Cat. n. 3827 B.C.; Wight Cat. n. 1773; P Lisboa in Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. vii. (1893) 387. E. thraulostachys, K. Schum. ined. Poa bifaria, Vahl Symb. ii. 19; Row. FI. Ind. i. 331; Kunth Revis. Gram. i. 384, t. 80, Hnwm, Pl, i. 327, Suppl. 282, The Deccan Peninsuta, Heyne, &c.—Distris. Africa trop. Stem 1-8 ft., densely tufied, erect, simple, subcompressed, glabrous, base clothed with the soft fibres of old sheaths. Leaves 2-24 in., linear, wiry, sometimes ‘7 in. broad, flexuous, acute, rigid, smooth ; sheaths scaberulous, keeled ; ligule a ciliate line. Spike 10-12 in., ovate to oblong and 15-20-Ad., rarely linear flexuous and up to 40-fld., erect, rachis smooth, subcompressed. Spikelets spreading, lewee fewer- fid., olive-grey or -green; gl. I very acute or acuminate ; Il almost jy in., keel very stout, rounded; fig. gls. $ in., broadly ovate, subacuminate, keel scaberulous above, nerves faint. Stamens 3, anthers 53; 10. 326 CLXXI. GRAMINE. (J.D. Hooker.) [Hragrostis, O. Stapf. 27. B. Collettii, Stapf; perennial, leaves filiform convolute, spikelets 4-4 in. linear or oblong-linear slightly compressed 6-12-fid., glumes tumid, wings of keels of palea about 45 in. broad minutely ciliate. Burma; Pinmona, Abul Huk; Meiktalla, Collett. Stems 18-20 in., densely tufted, very slender, bases densely clothed with a brush of soft filiform fibres 2 in. long. eaves 2—4 in., glabrous or sparsely hairy. Spike 5~7 in., erect, strict or slightly curved; rachis slender, terete, smooth. Spikelets purplish, erect, close-set, almost imbricating ; empty gls. subequal, 7;—7; in., I acutely keeled ; II dorsally rounded ; fig. gls. 3, in. or less, turgid, broadly ovate, obtuse or acute with incurved tips ; palea almost as long as the gl., dorsally pubescent. Anthers almost 3; in. ** Keels of palea not or obscurely winged. 28. BH. nardoides, Trin. in Mem. Acad. Petersb. VI. i. (1831) 415 ; perennial leaves 3-9 in. almost capillary convolute with tufts of hairs on the surface below the middle, spike very long slender, spikelets 3-3 in. and upwards oblong to linear 20-32-fid., glumes turgid. H. bifaria, Wal. Cat. n. 3827 D. F.; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind. 36; Fodd. Grass. N. Ind. 61, t. 73; Griseb. in Goett. Nachr. (1863) 76; Steud. Syn. Gram. 266. Outer Himazaya, from the Panjab to Nepal, up to 5500 ft. Berar, on Parasnath, and CHota Na@rorr, Clarke, J. D. H. Stems 12-18 in., densely tufted, filiform. Leaves as long as the stem or shorter. Spike 6-10 in., very slender, straight or subtlexuous; rachis terete, smooth. Spikelets erecto-patent, close-set, laterally compressed, olive-green; empty gls. subequal or I slightly shorter, acutely keeled; II J, in. or less, obtusely keeled; fig. gis. nearly J, in., ovate, acute or subobtuse, nerves faint, keel smooth or nearly so. Anthers 3; in. Grain 35 in. or more, narrowly ellipsoid or subovoid, subterete or obscurely triquetrous, epicarp finely reticulate. 29. E. coromandelina, Trin. in Mem. Acad. Petersb. V1. i. (1831) 415; perennial, leaves 1-3 in. filiform convolute puberulous above, spike- lets 2-4 by #, in. oblong to linear 10-32-fid. Steud. Syn. Gram. 264. E. cretacea, Nees in Ann. Nat. Hist. i. (1838) 284. Poa coromandelina, Koen, ex Rottl. in Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berl. Neue Schrift. iv. (1803) 191; oy gue Pl. Sp.71; Kunth Enum. Pl. i, 327. P.secunda, Roxb. Ic. pict. ined. t. 827. Puains oF InvrA; from Rajputana to Behar, and southwards. CHoTa Nagpore, Wood. Urrer Burma, dbdul Huk. Stem 12-18 in., rather stout. Leaves short, rarely flat, spreading and recurved. Spike 4~8 in., interrupted; rachis slender, terete, smooth. Spikelets close-set, erecto-patent, laterally compressed, olive-grey or -green; empty gls. equal or I slightly shorter, acutely keeled ; II 3, in. or less, usually obtusely keeled; fig. gls. up to 7, in., ovate, acute or subobtuse, nerves faint, keel smooth or nearly so; palea almost as long as its gl., keels sometimes obscurely winged scabrid. Stamens 3, anthers 3, in. Grain 35-5 in., shortly ellipsoid or subovoid, obtusely 3-quetrous, epicarp loosely reticulate. 30. BE. secunda, Nees ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 264; perennial, leaves 6-18 in. convolute or flat minutely puberulous above, spike very slender flaccid, spikelets 4 in. linear-oblong up to 10-fld., empty gle. unequal. E. bifaria, Thwaites Enum. Pl, Zeyl. 373 (excl. Syn.); Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 109. CEYLON, ascending to 5000 ft., Walker, Thwaites (C.P. 60). Spikelets secund or distichous, laterally compressed, olive-grey or straw-colrd. ; empty gis. unequal, I about 3; in. acutely keeled ; II } in., dorsally rounded: fig. gls. Eragrostis, O. Stapf.] cuxxtm. Graminza. (J, D, Hooker.) 327 4 in., ovate, acute; palea with rather narrow scabrid keels. Anthers ds in. long. Grain almost 5}; in., elongate ovoid or ellipsoid, almost terete——The materials for this species consist of only two specimens, one from Thwaites (C.P. 60), with leaves 6-7 in. convolate, erecto-patent; the other, from Walker, with much longer flat or subconvolute leaves 8-10 in. long. 31. E. brachyphylla, Stapf’; perennial leaves 24~4 in. linear plicate glabrous above, spikelets 1-3 in. oblong to linear about 20-fld., empty gls. subequal. H. bifaria, Wall. Cat. n. 3827 A. E. E. bifaria, 6. minor, Wight & Arn. in Wight Cat. n, 1773 C. & Herb. n. 3528, 3356. Poa secunda, Rorb. ew Wall. Cat.l.c. A. P. bifaria, Vahl, & P. coroman- delina, Roth. ew Wight Cat. n. 1773b. From Bexar and the CeNTRAL Provinces, southward to the Nilghiris, Wight, Perrottet. Stem densely tufted, 10-18 in., slender. eaves coriaceous, acute, rarely flat and 5 in. broad. Spikes 3-6 in., slender. Spikelets close-set, usually secund, slightly compressed, olive-green; empty gls. up to ~, in., I acute, acutely keeled ; II obtuse, dorsally rounded; fig. gls. up to =}, in., broadly ovate, obtuse, keel scaberulous below the tip; keels of palea narrow, scabrid. Anthers >; in. Grain 25-35 in., shortly ellipsoid, obscurely triquetrous, almost terete, epicarp coarsely reticulate. INDETERMINABLE SPECIES RECORDED AS INDIAN, E. cernna, Steud. Syn. Gram. 266. Poa cernua, Willd. in Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berl. Neue Schrift. iv. (1803) 182. E. confinis, Nees ex Steud. 1. c. 265. 105. MYRIOSTACHYA, Hook. f. A tall stout perennial glabrous grass. Leaves very long, flat. Spime- lets 4-20-fid., racemed on the short branchlets of a narrow elongate panicle, pedicels jointed at the base; rachilla stout, flexuous, naked, at length jointed at the base and between the fl. gls. Gluwmes coriaceous, dorsally rounded, I and II very small, ovate, 1-nerved, keeled, long-awned; fig. gls. ovate, cuspidately acuminate, keeled, 3-nerved ; palea coriaceous, us long as its gl., tip 2-toothed, keels close together stout scabrid-ciliate. Lodicules very minute, obliquely cuneate, retuse. Stamens 3, anthers very small. Ovary globose, styles united at the very base, stigmas long penicillate. Grain obliquely ovoid, obtuse, subterete, scutellum large.—Hragrostis, Sect. Myriostachya, Benth. in Journ. Linn. Soc. xix. (1881) 117. M. Wightiana, Hook.f. Eragrostis Wightiana, Benth. in Hook. Ic. Pl. xiy. 62, t. 1381. Leptochloa Wightiana, Nees ew Steud. Syn. Gram. 209; Wight Cat. n. 1757. Dinebra verticillata, Wight ex Steud. 1. c. Festuca natans, Ham. in Wall. Cat. n. 3823,—Eragrost. affine, Wall. le. Marshes in the SuNDERBUNDS, Hamilton, Grifith, &c, 8. Inpia? Herb. Wight. TaNassExImM, Helfer. : ; Stem 6-10 ft., densely tufted, erect from a stout sheathed sometimes floating rootstock with long branching roots, a3 thick as the thumb at the base, smooth, simple or sparingly branched. Leaves several feet long, up to } in. broad, linear, finely acuminate, quite smooth ; sheath very long, narrower than the blade, of lower leaves broad and compressed ; ligule 0. Panicle 1-2 ft. by 2-3 in. broad; rachis quite smooth ; branches 1-1} in., very many, crowded fascicled and whorled erecto- 328 OLXXIN. GRaMInEE. (J. D..Hooker.) [Myriostachya. patent, flowering to the base. Spikelets 4-3 in., 4-8-fld., compressed, quite smooth ; pedicels short ; gls. I and IL unequal, keels scaberulous, awn 3 in. or more stiff stout.—In many respects Myriostachya is allied to Eragrostis cynosuroides, having a. very similar inflorescence, and spikelets jointed on the branchlets of the panicle; but differs in the spikelets being pedicelled, in the long awned gls. I and II, and in its great size. Var. longispicula; spikelets longer, up to 4 in. and 8-20-fld.—Penang, Curtis. Ceylon; at Kottiyar, U’rimen. 106. HALOPYRUM, Sian/. A tall stout perennial glabrous grass, with a branching creeping sheathed rootstock. Leaves narrow, rigid, convolute. Spikelets large, many-fld., sessile or shortly pedicelled on the short alternate branches of an elongate panicle, ovate, strongly laterally compressed, not jointed on their pedicels, nor are the pedicels on the branches ; rachilla jointed at the base and between the fig. glumes, silkily hairy. Glumes many, closely distichously imbricate, dorsally rounded, coriaceous,. keeled, I and II subequal, empty, ovate- lanceolate, acuminate or apiculate; I 3-nerved, IT 5-nerved; fig. gls. 6-lvu, rather shorter than the empty, mucronulate, 3-nerved; palea as long as the gl. subacute, 2-keeled. Lodicules 2, obcordate. Stamens 3. Styles short, free, stigmaselongate. Grain ellipsoid, compressed, deeply hollowed anticously, free. H. mucronatum, Stapf in Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 2448. Brizopyrum mucronatum, Nees in Wall. Cat. n. 8898; Wight Cat. n. 2386. Desmazeria unioloides, Defl. Voy. Yemen, 220. Eragrostis mucronata, Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 109 (non Roem. & Sch.). ? Uniola mucronata, Linn. Sp. Pl. 104; Kunth Enum. Pl. i. 425; Steud. Syn. Gram. 281. Triticum repens, Thwaites Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 376.—Aluropus, Aitchis. Cat. Panjab Pl. 169. —Eragrostis sp. Sect. Sclerostachya, Benth. in Gen. Plant. iii. 1187. Coasts of Inp1a from Sind to Cape Comorin and Tinnevelly. Cryzton, Gardner, &c.—Distris. Westward to Arabia and H. trop. Africa. Stem below creeping, as thick as a crow-quill, hard, smooth, woody, with strict vermiform roots, sending up rigid slender flowering stems 12-18 in. high, and shorter leafing ones. Leaves 8-12 in., flat or convolute, very narrow, wiry, glaucous, finely acuminate, glabrous, sheath terete, appressed, striate, hard, mouth villous; ligule a tew hairs. Panicle 12-16 in., erect or inclined; branches short with few spikelets and rachis quite smooth. Spikelets 4 in. long, sessile or shortly pedicelled, smooth, white or pale yellowish; rachilla very short, hairs half as long as the gls. ; gl. I hardly longer than the lowest fig. gl., ovate-lanceolate, apiculate, 5-nerved towards the centre; IT 4 longer, strongly 5-nerved.—There being no specimen of Uniola mucronata in Linnzeus’s Herbarium its citation here is doubtful. 107. COELACHYRUM, Nees.’ (Seep. 8.) 108. DIPLACHNE, Beau. Tall perennial grasses. Leaves flat or convolute, narrow. Spikelets many-fid., spicate on the slender simple branches of a tall simple panicle, 1 This genus was erroneously supposed to be Indian when the Key was drawn up. Diplachne.| CLXXII. GRaMINEZ, (J. I), Hooker.) 329 not jointed at the base; rachilla jointed at the base and beneath each fig. gl., not produced beyond the uppermost gl. Glumes many, I and II unequal, obtuse, membranous, 1-nerved, persistent; fig. gls. rather longer, oblong, 1-3-nerved, tip 2-4-toothed, mucronate or awned; palea linear. Lodicules 2, broad. Stamens 3, anthers short. Styles distinct, stigmas plumose. Grain ovoid-oblong, subtrigonous, free within the gls. and palea. —Species about 14, of warm regions. A second Indian species has lately been brought from Chitral, and will shortly be published by Dr. Stapf in the Kew Bulletin as D. Gataerei. D. fusca, Beauv. Agrost. 163; tall, leaves convolute, panicle long, spikelets 4-3 in. linear 4-10-fid. Benth. Fl. Austral. vii. 619; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 561; Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 109. D. indica, Spreng. Syst. i. 351. Uralepis fusca, Steud. Syn. Gram. 247; Thwaites Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 372. U. Drummondii, Steud. l.c. Triodia ambigua, Br. Prodr. 183. ridens indicus, Nees in Wight Cat. u. 1794. LeptochloaP fusca, Kunth Revis. Gram. 1. 91, Enum. Pl. 1.271. Festuca fusca, Linn. Sp. Pl. 109; Del. Fi. Aigypt. 24, t. xi. f. 1. F. indica, Retz. Obs. iv. 21; Kunth Enum, 412. F, reptatrix, Linn. Sp. Pl. Ed. II. 108; Kunth lc. 410. Eragrostis procera, Steud. /.c. 266. Poa procera, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 382; Kunth 1. c. 345. Bromus polystachios, Forsk. Fl. 4g. Arab. 23. Eragrostis, Wall. Cat. n. 5013.—Rheede Hort. Malad. xii. t. 45. Upper Gancetic Piain to Brn@at and southward to CeyLon.—DIstRis. Egypt, Trop. Asia, Africa, and Australia. Stem tufted, 3-5 ft., stout, erect, or geniculately ascending, often branched, clothed with leaf-sheaths. Leaves long, narrow, flat or convolute, smooth; sheaths smooth ; ligule large, membranous, lacerate. Panicle 10-18 in., oblong, nodding; rachis smooth ; branches 2-8 in., erect, filiform, smooth or scaberulous. Spikelets distant, very shortiy pedicelled, pale or dark green ; rachilla smooth or scaberulous ; callus hairy; gls. I and II l-nerved, tips erose, keels nearly smooth ; I lanceolate ; IL 4 longer, oblong; fig. gls. thinly coriaceous, 3-nerved, lateral nerves submarginal, tip 4-toothed, mucronate by the percurrent median nerve. 109. MEELICA, Linn. Perennial erect grasses. Leavesnarrow. Spikelets in open or spiciform or racemiform panicles, laterally compressed, jointed or not on their pedicels, 1-3-fld. and with small convolute neuter gls. forming a clavate 0 narrow body terminating and jointed on the elongate rachilla. Glumes 4 er more, membranous, hyaline or with hyaline tips and margins ; Iand II equal or unequal, empty, I 1-3-nerved ; II 5-nerved, persistent or separately deciduous; fig. gls. solitary, or 2-3 then distant on the rachilla, 5-9-nerved, lowest stipitate; palea 2-keeled. Lodicules 2, connate, often most minute or0. Stamens 3. Styles free, stigmas plumose. Grain oblong fusiform or subcylindric.—Species probably 20 or 30, of temp. regions. * Panicle spiciform or racemiform; spikelets more or less jointed on their pedicels; lodicules most minute or 0. 1. M. Cupani, Guss. Fl. Sicul. Prodr. Suppl. 17; panicle subspici- form, fig. gl. solitary clothed all over with long silky hairs. Boiss, Fi. Orient. v.590; Parlat. Fl. Ital. i. 801. M. ciliata, Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind, 39 (non Linn.). M. Jacquemontii, Decne in Jacquem. Voy. Bot. 174, 1.175; Duthie l.c. M. Hohenackeri, Boiss. Diagn. Ser. I. xiii. 54. M. 330 OLXXII. GRAMINEZ, (J. D. Hooker.) [ Melica. micrantha, Boiss. & Heldr. var. inzequalis, Griseb. in Goett. Nachr. (1868) 76. M. persica, Kunth Revis. Gram. i. 351, t. 89, Enum. Pl. i. 375, Suppl. 311; Ledeb. Fl. Ross, iv. 398; Duthie l.c.; Griseb. l.c. 76, 77. M. trachy- antha, Boiss. Diagn. Ser. I. vii. 124, Wrstrrn Hrimanaya; in the drier regions from Kumaon westwards, alt. 7-11,000 ft. WersTexn T1B57, alt. 8-11,000 ft.—DrisTr1B. Westwards to Spain and N, Africa. Stems 8-18 in., densely tufted, creeping below, very slender. Leaves 2-8 in., very narrow, flat ‘or convolute, aud as well as the sheaths glabrous puberulous or tomentose with spreading or reflexed hairs; ligule oblong, short, or 0, Panicle 2-4 in.; rachis filiform, smooth; branches very short and pedicels scaberulous. Spikelets more or less secund, 2-! in. long, suberect or spreading, pale straw-colrd, or dark purple; rachilla glabrous, very short slender and geniculate below the fig. gl., stouter and strict beyond it, articulate beneath the neuter gls. Glwmes all scaberulous, I 4-3 shorter than II, ovate, subacute, 1-8- rarely 5-nerved ; II lanceo- late, acute, 5-nerved ; fig. gl. about as long as II, clothed with straight hairs nearly as long as itself that spread when dry, 7-nerved ; palea oblong, 2-toothed, scaberulous, keels ciliolate ; lower neuter gls, coriaceous, glabrous scabrid hispidulous or rarely sparsely hairy, usually obliquely clavate and truncate, rarely oblong, strongly nerved. Lodicules 0 or most minute. Grain fusiform.—A most variable plant, presenting, according to Boissier, eight varieties, and under which are ranged fourteen species of his own and otber authors. The Indian specimens may be roughly classed under two very distinct-looking forms, which, but for Boissier’s wider experience and authority, I should have been disposed to regard as species; though I find speciinens which seem to be intermediate between them. These are, M. Cupani, Guss. (which includes trachyantha, Boiss.) with stems 12-18 in. high, pale straw-colrd. spikelets 4~3 in. long, with gl. II usually only about 3 longer than I; and I. persica, Kunth (including Jacquemontii, Decne.), with stems 6-12 in. hij,h, purple (rarely pale yellowish) spikelets 3-4 in. long, and gl. II almost twice as long as I. In both the leaves or their sheaths or both, are glabrous or tomentose, and the club-shaped neuter gls. from nearly smooth to scabrid. 2. M. nutans, Linn. Sp. Pl. 66; panicle racemiform very lax, spike- lets 2-fld., gls. 1and II cymbiform very obtuse, III quite glabrous. Fl. Dan. t. 962; Host Gram. Austr. 11.9, t. 10; Gertn. Fruct. 11. 5, t. 80, f. 4; Schreb. Gram. ii. 62, t. 6, £.2; Engl. Bot. t. 1059; Knapp Gram. Britt. t. 42; Kunth Enum. Pl.i.376; Cav. Ic. t.175; Reichb, Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 72; Steud. Syn. Gram. 291; T. Nees Gen. Fl. Germ. Monocot. i. n. 60; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iv. 399; Boiss. Fl. Orient. v. 568. Kasumir, Falconer ; at Hirpoor, alt. 8000 ft., Clarke—DistRis. Europe, N. Asia. Stem 10-18 in., very slender, inclined, from a long stoloniferous rootstock. Leaves 6-10 in., very narrow, acuminate, sparsely hairy; ligule very short or 0. Panicle long, nodding or drooping, rachis and few branches secund, capillary, Sprkelets 3 in. long, few, distant, very shortly pedicelled, pendulous, broadly oblong ; gls. I and II subequal, scaricus, green or purplish; III oblong, strongly mauy-nerved, scaberulous. Lodicules minute, connate. Grain fusiform, ** Panicle with spreading branches; spikelets not jointed on their pedicels; gl. I and II persistent; neuter gls. forming a small oblong body; lodicules 2, connate. 3. M. scaberrima, Hook.f; branches of panicle elongate opposite alternate or 3-nate, spikelets 3-5-fld., gls. I and II ovate-lanceolate, fig. gls. narrowly lanceolate. Festuca scaberrima, Nees ex Steud. Syn. Gram. 316. Glyceria scaberrima, Steud. le.; Duthie Grass. N.W. Ind, 41. Poa Zizania, Jacquem. mss. Melica.] CLXXIH. GRAMINER, (J. D. Hooker.) 331 WestERn Temperate Himataya; from Kashmir to Kumaon, alt. 6-10,000 ft. Stem 3-5 ft., very slender, flaccid, smooth. Leaves 8-10 by 3-3 in., more or less scabrid; sheaths scabrid, hirsute on the upper margins; ligule short, truncate, 2-auricled. Panicle very variable, rarely reduced to a subsimple raceme; rachis filiform ; branches 2-5 in., at length horizontal, often 2 in. apart, smooth or scabrid. Spikelets often irregularly disposed, shortly pedicelled, crowded on short branchlets, or distantly scattered, 3-4 in. long, pale green; rachilla slender, scaberulous; gl. I and II ovate-lanceolate, I 1-nerved ; II 3-nerved; fig. gis. distant, lowest about twice as long as II, narrowly lanceolate, strongly 7-9-nerved, tip quite entire; palea shorter than its gl., keels scaberulous. Lodicules very minute. Anthers variable in length. Grain subcylindric or fusiform.—Closely allied to the Affghan M. secunda, Regel (M. gracilis, Atteh. & Hemst.) a native of Affghan. and Turkestan. Var. micrantha; spikelets 2 in., leaf-sheaths nearly smooth, ligule hardly auricled.—Kishtwar, alt. 6000 ft., Clarke. 110. LOPHATHERUM, Brongn. Tall slender leafy perennial grasses. Leaves petioled, lanceolate, acu- minate, nerves tessellate. Spikelets 1-fid., narrowly lanceolate, terete, solitary, secund and jointed on the long strict alternate branches of a lax panicle; rachilla not jointed at the base, produced beyond the fig. gl. and bearing several closely sheathing awned empty gis. Gluwmes dorsally rounded, I and II empty, oblong, obtuse, margins membranous, 5-nerved, deciduous with the fig. gl. ; III much longer, coriaceous, ovate-oblong, 7-9- nerved, mucronate or shortly awned; keels of palea narrowly winged, smooth. Lodicules 0. Stamens 3. Styles connate at the base, stigmas long. Grain oblong, free.—Species 1 or 2, trop. Asia. L. gracile, Brongn. in Duperr. Voy. Bot. 50, +.8; Kunth Knum. Pl, 1.391; Steud. Syn. Gram. 300; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 433; Thwaites Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 874; Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 109; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. in. 400. L. elatum, Zoll. & Mor. Syst. Verz. Zoll. 102. L. japonicum, multifloram and dubium, Steud. Syn. Gram. 300, IL. Lehmanni, Nees ex Steud. 1. c. Acroelytram japonicum, Sfeud. im Flora, xxix. (1846) 21. Allelotheca Urvillei, Steud. Syn. Gram. 117.—Centothece affine, Wall. Cat. n. 8900. —Griff. Ic. Pl. Asiat. t. 152, f. 2. Tropicar. Himanaya, from Sikkim eastwards; the KHastA and Naea HItts, Burma, CzYton (up to 4000 ft.), and the Mazaya Psxinsuta.—Distris. China, Japan, Malaya, N. Guinea. Stem 2-5 ft., ascending from a branched woody rootstock. Leaves 4-10 by 4-11 in., narrowed into a slender petiole 4-4 in. long; sheaths sinooth; ligule minute. Panicle of few distant strict stiff smooth branches, 6-18 in. long. Spike- lets 4-1 in., including the short awns of the closely imbricate upper empty glumes, which form a pencil of short erect or spreading bristles projecting from the apex of the tightly rolled fig. gls.—It is remarkable that this plant has not been observed in the Deccan Peninsula. DOUBTFUL SPECIES. L. pusrum, Steud. Syn. Gram. 300.—Herb. Wight. u. 1090, The description is of leaves only, and quite unrecognizable. 1ll. CENTOTHECA, Desv. . Tall perennial grasses. Leaves broadly lanceolate, tessellately nerved. Spikelets 1-2-fld., secund on the long branches of a lax subsimple panicle, 332 OLXXIII, GRAMINEE. (J.D. Hooker.) [ Centotheca. not jointed on the very short pedicels; rachilla jointed at the base and between the fig. gls. Glumes 5, I and II oblong-ovate, keeled, 3—-5-nerved, empty, persistent; fig. gls. oblong, acute, dorsally rounded, 7-nerved, naked or the upper bearing soft erect at length deflexed tubercle-based spines above the middle; palea shorter than the gl., keels ciliolate. Lodicules 0. Stamens 2-3, anthers short. Styles free. Grain ovoid, acute, terete, free.—Species 1 or 3P, Trop. Asia, Africa, Australia. Cc. lappacea, Desv. in Nouv. Bull. Soc. Philom. ii. (1810) 189, & in Journ. Bot. i. (1818) 70; Beauv. Agrost. 69,t.14,f.7; Kunth Revis. Gram. i. 317, t. 70, Hnum. Pl. i. 366, Suppl. 302; Steud. Syn. Gram. 116; Thw. Enum. Pl, Zeyl. 374; Trim. Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 109; Wall. Cat. n. 3826; Griff. Notul. iii. 62, Ic. Pl. Asiat, t. 152, £.1; Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii. 398; Benth. Fil. Austral. vii. 640; Hochst. in Bot. Zeit. (1857) 38; Lisboa in Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soe. vii. (1893) 3888. C. latifolia, Trin. Fund. Agrost. 141. C. parviflora, Anderss. in Peters. Reise Mosamb. Bot.559. Hierochloa? latifolia, Kunth Revis. Gram.i. 21. Holceus latifolius, Osbeck. Iter. 247; Linn, Syst. Hd.x.1305. Oplismenus? magellanicus, Roem. & Sch. Syst. ii. 485. Melica lappacea, Rasp. in Ann. Se. Nat. Ser. I. v. (1825) 443. M. diaudra & refracta, Rorb. #1. Ind. i. 327. Poa latifolia, Worst. f. Prodr. 8; Vahl Symb. ii. 18. P. malabarica, Linn. Sp. Pl. 69; Burm. Fl. Ind. 27, t. 11, £ 2. P. nemoralis, Heyne ex Wall. Cat. n. 3826 A. Torresia P latifolia, Beauv. l.c. 165, T. biflora, Roem. & Sch. Syst. ii. 515. Uniola lappacea, Trin. in Act. Petrop. VI. i. (1831) 358, Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 298. Cenchrus lappaceus, Linn. Sp. Pl. Hd. Il. 1488, Festuca latifolia, Roth. Nov. Pl. Sp. 75. ¥F. blepharophora, Roem. & Sch. Syst. ii. 728. . F. ciliaris, Heyne ex Roem. & Sch. tic. ¥. ciliata, Hb. Heyneex Wall. Cat. n. 3826 A. F. virgata, Heyne ex Steud. Nom, Ed. IT. i. 683. Panicum festuciforme, Hochst. Pl. Ind. Or. Hohenack. n. 363.—Panicum, Wall. Cat. n. 8708. TROPICAL SIKKIM Himataya, the Kuasta Hints, MUNNIPORE, BuRMA, CENTRAL Inp1a, and southward to Mabacca, the ANDAMAN IsLDs., and CEYLON.-—DIstxRir. Malaya, China, Polynesia, Africa trop. . Stem 1-3 it., stout, erect from a branched woody rootstock, with stout root- fibres. Leaves 4-10 by 1-14 in., many-nerved, glabrous or sparsely hairy, base narrow obtuse or subcordate, midrib oblique; sheath glabrous or hairy; ligule short, lacerate. Panicle 8-10 in. long and broad, branches smooth. Spikelets 3-2 in., green; rachilla scaberulous; palea often decurrent on the rachilla below the gl.—The number of fig. gls. varies, but 5 is, I think, a normal; I and LI are rather distant at the base. In one spikelet I find 6 gls., of which III was empty naked and epaleate, IV naked and pzuleate, V and VI with stout reversed tubercle-based spines; not unfrequently the fem. spikelet has only a single strongly-armed gl. and a produced rachilla. Kunth (1. c. Suppl. 8302) describes gl. III and IV as complete and bisexual, V minute and imperfect. I suspect that this grass is polygamous. 112. STREPTOGYNA, Beauv. A tall erect pereanial grass. Leaves petioled, flat; nerves tessellate. Spikelets 1-4-fld., narrow, terete, subsessile, not jointed on the long, rigid, strict, unilateral spike; rachilla elongate and jointed between the fi. gls. Glumes 3-6, very narrow, I and II empty, persistent; I small, 3-nerved ; II longer, convolute, acute, awnless, many-nerved; III longer, rigid, tightly convolute, many-nerved, acuminate and awned; IV-VI empty; palea embraced by the gl., narrow, 2-fid. Lodicules 3, subulate. Stamens Streptogyna. | OLXXIII, GRAMINEZ. (J.D. Hooker.) 333 2-8. Styles filiform; stigmas 2-3, very long, at length spirally twisted. Grain linear, terete, tree but closely embraced by the gl. and palea. S. crinita, Beauv. Agrostogr. 80, t. 16, £.8; Poir. Encycl. Suppl. t.912; Kunth Bnum. Pl. i. 427, Suppl. 349 ; Doellin Mart. Fl. Bras. ii. U1. 171, t. 46; Steud. Syn. Gram. 339; Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 528; Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 374; Prim. Cat. Pl. Ceyl. 110; Wight Cat. n. 2362. S. guianensis, ich. ex Ruem. & Sch. Syst. it. 614. Streptia crinita & secunda, Herb. Rich. TRAVANCORE; Courtallam, Wight, Beddome. CrYLon; Matele district, Gardner. DistRis. Africa and America trop. Stem 4-6 ft., smooth. Leaves often as longas the stem, lanceolate, gradually narrowed to the base and apex, membranous; sheath long, open; ligule short. Spikes terminal, 8-16 in. long, with a spathiform basal sheath; rachis compressed, smooth, produced beyond the spikelets, with often an imperfect glume. Spikelets 1in., quite smooth and glabrous; gls. subcoriaceous; I lanceolate, finely acuminate ; III narrowed into the very slender awn, 3-} in. long. Anthers very long and narrow. 113. HLUROPUS, Trin. (ex parte). Low much branched rigid leafy perennial grasses. Leaves distichous, usually spreading and convolute, rigid and pungent, rarely flat. Spikelets 6- many-fid., sessile or subsessile in oblong spiciform panicles or capitate, densely crowded, laterally compressed, villous, not jointed on their pedicels ; rachilla jointed at the base and between the fig. gls. internodes very short. Glumes many, oblong, membranous, dorsally rounded, apiculate cuspidate or mucronate, I and II shorter than the fig. gls., I 1-3-nerved; IL 5-7- nerved; fl. gls. closely imbricate, 7-9-nerved, longer than the empty gls.; palea as long and broad as its gl., broader upwards, truncate, keels ciliate. Lodicules 2, obliquely truncate. Stamens 3, anthers small. Styles free, stigmas plumose. (raiz ovoid to oblong, free.—Species few, Reg. Mediter., Oriental and Indian. Parlatore (FI. Ital. i. 462) has, under 41. littoralis, pointed out that two plants have been referred to #. levis, ‘Trin., namely, Dactylis brevifolia, Koen., and D. littoralis, Willd. The former of these is an Indian species, on which alone Trinius founded the genus, the latter being subsequeutly referred to it by Steudel (Nom. Ed. II. i. 30); but Parlatore was not aware of D. brevifolia being a species of Eleusine, and that therefore Hluropus, Trin., has no foundation. That this is so is evidenced both by Trinius’s citation of Koenig’s plant by name as his levis, and by his figure of the fruit (Agrost. Fund. t. 12), which is conclusive. It would, however, appear from C. A. Meyer (Verz. Pfl. Canc. 18 (1831) that Trinius may have included both D. brevifrlia and Jittoralis under his 4. levis; for that author, quoting no doubt from the St. Petersburgh Herbarium, cites levis and villosus as species of Trinius, giving (by error) D. li¢éoralis as the authority for levis, and Poo repens, Bieb., for villosus. Under these circumstances it‘appears to me that: the best course to adopt, is to retain Mluropus as ‘Trio. ex parte,” for D. létoralis and other plants described by later authors under that generic name. The alternatives are either to coin a new name for the latter, or to adopt for these Calotheca, Spreng. (Syst. i. 842 (1825), which is a mixture of several genera, including Avluropt, and which name is better avoided, inasmuch as there is an earlier Calotheca (Desv. 1810), likewise made up of several genera of grasses. It remains to say that the synonyms of Bleusine brevifolia (see p. 295), and of Mluropus littoralis and villosus are almost inextricably involved ; and I am far from being satisfied with my attempt to disentangle the first and last of then. ‘334 CLXXI. GRAMINEZ. (J. D. Hooker.) [ dluropus. #E. villosus, Trin. ex C. A. Mey. Verz. PA. Cauc. 18; spikelets in short heads.