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AMERICAN
HORTICULT
PART II.
YSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
ONTAINING DESCRIPTIONS OF THE LEADING VARIETIES
/ OF THE ORCHARD FRUITS, GRAPES, SMALL FRUITS,
SUBTROPICAL FRUITS, AND THE NUTS OF
THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA.
BY
i. i. BUDD:
Professor Emeritus in Horticulture in the Iowa State College of
Agriculture aud the Mechanic Arts,
ASSISTED BY
N. E. IANSEN,
Professor of Horticulture in the South Dakota Agricultural College.
Fustrated bo Mundreds of Outtines of the Leading
Commercial Fruits and juts.
FIRST EDITION.
FIRST THOUSAND.
NEW YORK:
JOHN WILEY & SONS.
Lonpon: CHAPMAN & HALL, LIimitTEp,
19083.
Copyright, 1903,
BY
J. L. BUDD anp N. E. HANSEN,
ROBERT DRUMMOND, PRINTER, NEW YORK,
PREFACE.
THe word Pomology is practically synonymous with fruit-erow-
ing in its broad sense as given in Part I. But Systematic Pomology,
as now used, is confined to the classification and description of fruits,
and by usage it also includes the nuts.
In the past hundreds of varieties have been described which are
not at this time known to our nursery lists or to those recommended
by the widely distributed State and District Horticultural Societics.
Charles Downing said in 1869: “If it were only necessary for me to
present for the acceptance of my readers a choice garland of fruits
comprising the few sorts that T esteem of the most priceless value,
the space and time occupied would be very brief.”
In our day the District, State, and National Horticultural Socie-
ties, together with growers and propagators, have been sifting the
old lists and now present for about every section and horticultural
district “the few sorts of most priceless value.” Hence the plan
of this work is to include only the varieties recommended at this
time by societies and growers, including those of special value locally
—so far as known—and those on the trial lists of the horticulturists
of the Northwest and of the northern limits of successful fruit-growing.
For the benefit of amateurs and beginners the relative hardiness
of varieties will be given with their adaptation—so far as known—
to given soils, exposures, and altitudes. The names of fruits will
be made to conform mainly to the code of the American Horticultural
Society, but the popular name and the synonyms will follow.
Fruit lists and the classification and description of varieties are
used principally for reference in time of need in selecting varieties for
planting, and for determining the correctness of their names when
iit
iv PREFACE.
they come into bearing. The identification of unknown varieties
is not so easy, as varieties differing widely in value are often similar
in form, shape, and color.
Prof. N. E. Hansen is the author of the pages devoted to the
apple, for which he was specially fitted, as for a number of years he
has made a study of this orchard fruit in the United States, Europe,
and Asia. He has also assisted in proof-reading and in other ways.
The descriptions of the pear and other fruits and nuts by the writer,
where not original, have been made as accurate as possible by com-
paring those from all available sources with the descriptions of such
careful pomologists as Downing, Thomas, Warder, Hogg, Lyon,
Woolverton, Card, Wickson, and the Pomologist of the U. 8. De-
partment of Agriculture.
All the plates or fruit outlines not redrawn for the engraver by Miss
Charlotte M. King, Artist of the Iowa Experiment Station, have
been copied by permission from various sources, but mainly from
Downing, Prof. 8. A. Beach of the Experiment Station at Geneva,
New York, Mr. L. Woolverton’s Fruits of Ontario, Canada, Prof. R.
H. Price of Virginia, Mr. T. V. Munson of Texas, Prof. F. W. Card of
Rhode Island, and the Pomologist of the U. 8. Department of Agri-
culture.
It will be noted that the arrangement is not alphabetical as in
Downing and Thomas. The more natural method of grouping the
orchard fruits, the small fruits, subtropical fruits, ete., has been
adopted.
For reasons given in the Preface of Part I the usual principles and
practices of horticulture have been included in a separate volume
of convenient size with copious table of contents and index for easy
reference to the numbered sections, which are often referred to in this
volume.
J. L. Bunn.
Ames, Iowa, May 27, 1903.
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SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.,
THE APPLE.
PRELIMINARY NOTES.
A warm friendship existed for many years between Charles Down-
ing and J. L. Budd. By the terms of Mr. Downing's will in 1885 his
extensive library of pomological books and original manuscripts was
bequeathed to the Horticultural Department of the Iowa Agricultural
College, of which Professor Budd was the active head for nearly a
quarter of a century. Since the days of the talented brothers, An-
drew and Charles Downing, American pomology has far outgrown the
capacity of any one man, and the contemplated revision of “Fruits
and Fruit Trees of America,’ that monumental and encyclopedic
work of the Downings, will probably never be undertaken, at least as a
private enterprise. It is an age of specialties and of manuals devoted
to one or two fruits only. However, there appears to be a legitimate
field for a manual of moderate dimensions, adapted to the needs of the
amateur, fruit-grower, and those desiring to make a beginning in the
systematic study of fruits. The publishers of Downing’s works wish
to supply this demand. Hence this book.
Professor Budd, my teacher and friend, has asked me to prepare
the chapter on apples. An effort has been made to include all the
varieties in the recommended list of the American Pomological Soci-
ety, together with some of the newer sorts, especially those of special
value in the colder regions of the prairie Northwest. Northwestern
pomology is as yet in a transition stage, due to the necessity of secur-
ing varieties hardier than those commonly grown in the Eastern and
Southern States. The historical and introductory notes are largely
2 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
from Downing. New descriptions have been made whenever possi-
ble; where fresh material was not obtainable, all the available liter-
ature of the subject has been consulted. About forty of the eastern
and southern sorts are entirely from Downing, slightly rearranged
for the sake of uniformity. All the plates showing no core are from
Downing; those with core outlines, stamens, and calyx-tube were
redrawn for the engraver by Miss C. M. King, Artist of the Iowa Ex-
periment Station, from indelible-pencil impressions taken direct from
the apples by the writer.
The courtesy of G. B. Brackett, Pomologist of the United States
Department of Agriculture, in furnishing descriptions of new and
rare varieties is gratefully acknowledged.
N. E. Hansen,
Brooxines, 8. D., Jan. 16, 1903.
THE CLASSIFICATION OF APPLES.
BOTANICAL VERSUS POMOLOGICAL SYSTEMS.
Tus characteristics of the tree, especially the habit of growth and
color of young shoots, are often of great service in distinguishing be-
tween varieties that are much alike in fruit. Usually, however, in
identifying varieties such characteristics are not obtainable, and all
systems of classification dependent upon characteristics of the blos-
soms, leaves, young shoots, or habit of tree have proven impracticable
in case of the apple and pear. Whenever known such points should
be recorded. In case of cherries, peaches, plums, and grapes such
systems are of service, because the fruit ripens while the plant is in
full leaf. Advocates of these so-called botanical systems regard the
fruit only as part of the tree, the same as the egg asa product of a
bird; hence any variety should be described by the tree as well as by
the fruit, all other methods appearing to them as superficial and
unscientific.
The advocates of the pure pomological systems consider the fruit
itself as something independent, and confine themselves to exact and
minute descriptions of the fruit only, much as an oologist would at-
tempt a description of, or key to, all sorts of bird eggs, without know-
ing beforehand the name of the mother bird. And in most cases the
pomologist must determine the name of a variety of apple without
any information as to character of tree.
In the following pages a brief sketch of the leading pomological
systems of classifying apples is presented, without attempting to
include every system known to pomological history.
THE TWO EARLIEST SYSTEMS.
1668. The earliest attempt at classifying apples is probably
that of Johann Jonston, in Wurtemberg, Germany, in 1668. The sys-
tem is of value only in showing that a large number of varieties was
then in cultivation.
3
4 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
1780. Manger, in Potsdam, Germany, divides apples into eight
classes according to form: round, elliptical, ovate, cylindrical, flat,
hyperbolic, parabolic, irregular. These were condensed into three
classes :
a. Regular.
I. A. Flat. b. Plaited at eye.
c. Plaited and ribbed.
a. Regular.
II. B. Hyperbolic. b. Plaited at eye.
c. Plaited and ribbed.
a. Regular.
III. C. Parabolic b. Angular, etc., at eye.
c. Ribbed.
There are good points in this classification which should not have
been overlooked.
THE FIRST NATURAL SYSTEM.
In 1792 Dr. Diel, of Germany, published a classification of apples
based on natural affinities and resemblances, and the merits of this
system were soon generally recognized and the system adopted. It
was subsequently modified and extended by various writers, but may
still be considered the basis of all the natural systems now in use.
Diel’s classification is as follows:
Class I.—Ribbed Apples (Kantaepfel).
1. Around the eye, as well as the fruit as a whole, the apples are
very conspicuously ribbed; the ribs are regular and do not make the
form irregular.
2. Compared with size of fruit the core is large, open, and often
very irregular.
Order 1. TRuE CaLviLLes.
1. The taper toward the eye does not begin until at least past the
middle of the apple.
. They are covered with bloom when on the tree.
The skin is unctuous, or becomes unctuous in storage.
The entire coloring never consists of pure, distinct stripes only.
. The flesh is light, loose, delicate.
. The flavor resembles that of strawberry or raspberry.
Oop wr
hows
WN re
often
6.
re
8.
with
THE APPLE. 5
Order 2. Scuitorrer APPLEs.
. The skin is never unctuous when handled.
. They are never covered with bloom.
. The form is either flat, conical, cylindrical, or tapering.
. The flavor is not balsamic, but mostly sweetish or sourish.
. The flesh is granular, loose, and mostly coarse-grained.
Order 3. GuLDERLINGE.
Flavor is not balsamic, like Order 1, but spicy.
Flesh is delicate, almost like that of the Reinettes.
Form is conical or flat.
. The ribs are most prominent only around the eye.
Class II.—Rose Apples (Rosenacpfel).
. They are covered with blue bloom when on the tree.
. The core is not unproportionately large, but often only regular.
. They emit a pleasant odor, at least when briskly rubbed.
. The skin is not unctuous when handled.
. They are handsomely and regularly ribbed around the eye and
also out over the fruit.
Flesh is tender, loose, spongy, fine-grained.
They have a delicate rose, fennel, or anise flavor.
They are mostly not late keepers, their good flavor terminating
the same year they ripen; often only summer or fall apples.
Exceptions from this are the Wintercousinotten and Winterrose
apple
9.
1.
oD
families.
They are mostly striped like a tulip.
Order 1. FRUIT POINTED OR LONGISH.
Order 2. FRUIT GLOBULAR OR FLAT.
Class III.—Rambours (Rambouraepfel).
They are all large, and include the largest. sorts.
They have mostly, or almost always, two unequal halves, i.e.,
one side is lower than the other.
3.
They are always ribbed around the eye; the ribs are broad and
prominent, and rise, irregularly and obliquely or broadly depressed,
the one above the other, out over the fruit,
6 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
4, They are always broader than high, and often only apparently
high (elongated) in form.
5. The flesh is loose, coarse-grained, and often very pleasant.
Order 1. CorE WITH WIDE CELLS.
Order 2. CoRE WITH NARROW CELLS.
Class IV.—Reinettes (Reinetten).
1. The flesh is fine-grained, delicate, crisp, firm, or so delicate as
to be tender.
2. They are mostly the ideal of a handsomely shaped apple, be-
cause the convexity or bulge from the middle of the apple toward the
calyx is similar to that of the stem, or does not strongly differ.
3. The surface is always covered with gray dots, has russety
patches, or is completely covered with russet.
4. Only rarely are they unctuous when handled, the chief excep-
tion, e.g., is the Edelreinette.
5. Only these have the rich, high, spicy, sugary, subacid flavor,
which is called the Reinette flavor.
6. More than all other apples these shrivel very readily, and
hence, must, of all apples, hang longest on the tree.
7. The really sweet, but yet spicy apples, are classified among the
Reinettes by their form, russety markings, and their delicate or firm
flesh.
8. Delicate, firm, crisp flesh brings also into this class apples
which cannot of themselves form a distinct class, e.g., the Pippins.
Order 1. ONE-coLoRED Reinetres (Einfarbige Reinetten).
1. The ground-color is uniform, and ranges from green to the most
beautiful golden yellow.
2. The sunny side has no conspicuous coloring or rusty markings,
and only the exposed specimens have slight tinges of red.
3. The russet covering is entirely wanting, and often only slight
traces of russet streaks or stripes.
Order 2. Rep Reinerres (Rothe Reinetten).
1. The same as the one-colored or self-colored Reinettes, but with
red on sunny side; the red color, which is pure and not mixed with
russet, is its characteristic.
THE APPLE. 7
Order 3. Gray Retnerres ((fraue Reinetten).
1. The ground-color ranges from green to dingy or dull yellow.
2. The russet covering the entire surface is, or the russet. patches
covering the larger part of the fruit are, very conspicuous.
3. The sunny side is often a dull, brownish, or ochreous red.
Order 4. Gotp REInettes (Gold Reinetten).
1. On the sunny side they are handsomely washed or striped with
carmine.
2. In keeping, the ground-color changes to a beautiful bright yellow.
3. The ground-color and the carmine cheek of the sunny side have
light, thin patches of russet, or are covered entirely with russet.
Class V.—Stripelings (Séreiflingc).
1. All are generally, and nearly always, distinctly striped with red.
2. These stripes are over the entire fruit, or appear only very in-
distinctly on the sunny side.
3. These stripes may be alone, that is, purely striped; or, in addi-
tion, between these stripes on the sunny side the surface may be either
dotted or shaded with red, or covered with uniformly washed red.
Jn these cases the stripes are distinctly defined on the shaded side.
4, The core is regular.
5. The flavor ranges from pure sweet to vinous or acid.
6. The flavor is never like that of the Rose apples.
7. They do not shrivel, only when picked prematurely, or after
their season is past.
8. They constitute a large and somewhat difficult class in com-
mercial varieties.
Order 1. Fuar STRIPELINGS.
1. Widely varying in the curve or bulge toward stem and eye,
and broadly depressed.
2. They are always at least one-half inch broader than high.
Order 2. PoInTED OR TAPERING STRIPELINGS.
1. They are also broader than high, taper from the middle of the
apple toward the eye, so that the upper half appears conical or pyram-
idal, and quite unlike the lower half.
8 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
Order 3. OBLONG OR CYLINDRICAL STRIPELINGS.
1. The height and breadth are almost equal.
2. They taper gradually from base toward the eye.
3. Or taper from the middle of the fruit toward the stem as well
as toward the eye.
Order 4. GLOBULAR STRIPELINGS.
1. The curvatures of the fruit toward the stem and toward the eye
are similar.
2. The breadth is equal to the height, or there is only a quarter of
an inch difference.
3. Laid in the hand with calyx and stem sidewise they are globu-
lar in form.
Class VI.—Pointlings or Tapering Apples (Spitzaepfel).
1. Core is regular.
2. The bloom is always absent.
3. They are never striped, and are either one-colored or washed
with red on sunny side.
4. They taper constantly toward the eye.
5. The flavor is sweet or vinous, approaching a pure acid.
6. They do not shrivel readily.
Order 1. OBLONG, CYLINDRICAL, OR CONICAL POINTLINGS.
Characters the same as Order 3 of the Stripelings.
Order 2. SHARP PorntLines (tapering to a point).
Characters the same as Order 2 of the Stripelings.
Class VII.—Flat Apples.
1. They are always broader than high.
2. They are never striped.
3. They are either one-colored, or more or less washed with red
on sunny side, or somewhat shaded.
4. The core is regular.
5. They are never unctuous when handled.
6. They do not readily shrivel.
7. The flavor ranges from pure sweet to pure acid.
THE APPLE. 9
Order 1. PureLY FLAT APPLES.
1. The difference between height and breadth is obvious to the eye.
2. Breadth always one-half inch more than height.
Order 2. GLOBULAR FLAT APPLES.
1. The difference between breadth and height is not casily de-
tected by the eye.
2. The breadth seldom exceeds the height by more than a quarter
of an inch.
3. The fruit cut transversely through the middle presents halves
which are almost or quite equal.
THE DIEL-DOCHNAHL SYSTEM.
1855. Fr. Jac. Dochnahl, of Germany, presented a modification
of Diel’s System which is herewith given, as translated for Robert
Hogg’s British Pomology:
Section I.—PLEuvROIDEA (Angular or Ribbed).
Having sharp or flat ribs, which extend over the length of the
fruit and are most prominent around the eye, where they are most
generally situated.
Class I—Mala Cydonaria (Quince-shaped).
Order 1. CaLviLuEs.
1. They have large, heart-shaped cells, open towards the axis, or
often entirely torn; the cells extend very often from the stalk even
to the tube of the calyx.
2. They diminish from about the middle of the fruit, or a little
above it, toward the eye.
3. They are regular, and provided generally with fine ribs, which
do not disfigure the fruit.
4 On the tree the fruit is covered with bloom.
5. They are never distinctly striped.
6. Their flesh is soft, loose, fine, and light, of a balsamic flavor,
similar to that of strawberries or raspberries.
7. The eye is frequently closed.
8, Many of them acquire, by keeping, an oily or unctuous skin.
10 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
Group I. Fruit red, almost entirely covered with red.
Group II. Fruit parti-colored; yellow; very much striped or
washed with red.
Group III. Fruit yellow; of a whitish, greenish, or golden
yellow.
Order 2. PseupDO-CALVILLES.
1. The cells are almost the same as the true Calvilles—very large
and open.
2. The calycinal tube is wide and generally very short.
3. They are slightly narrowed toward the eye and flattened
toward the stalk.
4. Their ribs are very prominent, especially around the eye.
5. They are aromatic, and have not the balsamic flavor of the
true Calvilles.
6. Their flesh is fine, opaque, a little succulent, and almost equal
to the Reinettes. Groups I II, II, as above.
Class II.—Mala Pyraria (Pear-shaped).
Their flavor is neither balsamic nor aromatic; they are purely
sweet or acid; their flesh is granulous and loose.
Order 1. TREMARIA. Seeds loose.
1. They are almost always large apples, the skin of which is
neither unctuous nor covered with bloom.
2. They are also furnished with ribs, but they are not so regular
as in the Calvilles.
3. The cells are very large, irregular, widened, and generally open.
4, The ealycinal tube is most generally widely conical, and does
not extend to the cells.
5. They are of a flattened, conical, cylindrical, or pointed shape.
6. Their flesh is loose, more often a little coarse, and of a slightly
balsamic flavor. :
7. The leaves of these trees are very large, rather deeply dentated,
and less downy than those of the Calvilles.
Group I. Unicolores, Green, greenish, yellow, or golden yellow,
and slightly tinged with red.
Group II. Bicolores, Yellow or green, and distinetly striped or
washed with red.
THE APPLE. 11
Order 2. RAMBURES.
1. They are all very large.
2. They have almost always the two halves unequal.
3. They are constantly broader than high, and appear sometimes
higher than they are.
4. They are not furnished with ribs, except around the eye; these
are often irregular in numbers and frequently form broad projections
on the fruit.
5. They do not decay, but shrivel when they have passed maturity.
6. The flesh is coarsely granulous, rarely aromatic, nevertheless
often very agreeable.
Group I. Capsulis amplis. Wide cells.
Group II. Capsulis angustis. Narrow cells.
Section I].—SpH#ROIDA# (Spherical).
They have sometimes prominences on the fruit and around the
eye, but never true ribs.
Class II].—Mala Mespilaria (Medlar-shaped).
Their flavor is sweet, aromatic, similar to that of the Rose, fennel,
or anise.
Order 1. Aprana, or Rose Apples.
1. Their flesh is soft, loose, marrowy, very fine grain, and of a
snow-white color.
2. The cells are almost always regular and closed.
3. They are regularly ribbed around the eye, and often also over
the fruit, but sometimes not at all ribbed.
4, They have a balsamic flavor, accompanied with a very agreeable
odor.
5. They emit a pleasant odor when briskly rubbed.
6. When on the tree they are frequently covered with a blue
bloom and striped like a tulip.
7. The fruit is mostly small or middle-sized.
8. They are mostly of short duration, and lose their good flavor
the same year.
Group I. Oblongi. Oblong fruit.
Group II. Spehrict. Round or flattened,
12 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
Order 2. Rernetra (Reinettes).
1. These are apples which generally have the most regular and
handsome shape, having the bulge in the middle, at the same distance
from the eye as from the stalk.
2. All are dotted, clouded, or entirely covered with russet.
3. They are rarely inclined to be unctuous, but generally rough
when handled.
4. They all decay very readily; they must, therefore, be left as
long as possible on the tree.
5. Their flesh is fine-grained, crisp, firm, or fine and delicate.
6. They are all charged with only a balsamic, sugary acid, which
is called Reinette-flavored.
Group I. Unicolores. 1. Having uniform green ground-color,
which changes to the most beautiful golden yellow.
2. Having no lively colors or marks of russet on the side next the
sun, except those that are very much exposed, and are slightly tinged
with red.
3. Having no covering of russet, but only slight traces of russety
stripes.
Group II. Rubri. Fruit red; having all the properties of the
self-colored Reinettes, but on the side next the sun they are of a red
color, with a mixture of russet.
Group III. Ravi. Russeted.
1, Their ground-color is green, changing to dingy, dull yellow.
2. The coatings of russet are very conspicuous.
3. The side next the sun is often dingy, brownish, or ochreous red.
4. They all decay very readily.
Group IV. Aurei. Yellow or golden fruit—Golden Reinettes.
1. On the side next the sun they are washed or striped with beauti-
ful crimson.
2. The ground-color changes, by keeping, to beautiful deep yellow.
3. Over the crimson there is a light thin trace or a complete
covering of russet.
THE APPLE. 13
Class IV. Mala Malaria. Perfect or pure apple-shaped.
They are of a perfectly sweet or vinous flavor, approaching to pure
acid.
Order 1. Srriona, or striped.
1. They are almost always marked with broken stripes of red.
2. These are either over the whole fruit or only indistinctly on the
side exposed to the sun.
3. The stripes may all be distinct—that is, clearly and finely
striped; or between these stripes, on the side next the sun, the fruit
is dotted, shaded, or washed with red; but on the shaded side the
stripes are well defined.
4. The cells are regular.
5. The fruit does not decay, except when gathered before maturity,
or after the period when it has been properly ripened.
Group I. Depressa. Flat.
1. They have the bulge at the same distance from the eye as
from the stalk and are broadly flattened.
2. They are always half an inch broader than high.
Group II. Acuminati. Pointed.
1. They are broader than high.
2. They diminish from the middle of the apple toward the eye,
so that the superior half is conical, and is not at all similar to the
inferior half.
Group III. Oblong:. Oblong or cylindrical.
1. The height and breadth are almost equal.
2. They diminish gradually from the base to the apex.
3. Or from the middle of the fruit they gradually diminish toward
the base and apex equally.
Group IV. Spherici. Round.
1. The convexity of the fruit next the base and the apex is the
same,
°. The breadth does not differ from the height, except only about
a quarter of an inch.
3. When laid on their sides they present a spherical shape.
Order 2. CoNTUBERNALIA (Storing apples).
1. Having the cells regular.
2. They are not striped, and are either of a uniform color or
washed with red on the side next the sun.
14 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
3. They do not readily decay.
4, They are not unctuous when handled.
5. They are never covered with bloom.
Group I. Acuminati. Tapering, diminishing toward the eye.
Group II. Depressi. Flat. These are constantly broader than
high.
THE DIEL-LUCAS NATURAL CLASSIFICATION.
1856. Dr. Ed. Lucas, the leading pomologist of Germany, pre-
sented the following:
Class I.—Calvilles. Strawberry or Raspberry Apples.
(Calvillen, Erdburaepfel, Himbeeraepfel).
Form: For the most part fruits of medium size, of longish form
(“hochgebauter,” high-built), nearly always tapering regularly toward
the eye, with several rib-like prominences running out over the con-
vexity of the fruit.
Skin: Delicate, tender, never rough, and only in exceptional cases
somewhat russeted, almost always becoming unctuous at maturity,
covered with bloom on the tree.
Flesh: Soft, loose, aromatic, mostly of strawberry or raspberry-like
flavor, here and there stained with red next the skin,
Core: Almost always open, cells torn (slit).
Orders: 1. Ground, colored. 2. Colored. 3. Striped.
Suborders: a. calyx open. 0. calyx closed.
Class II.—Schlotter Apples (Schlotteraepfel, Alapperaepfel).
Form: Size medium, large and very large. Form either flat
round (Backepfel), long conical (Sheepnoses), cylindrical (the true
Schlotters), often very irregular because of isolated broad promi-
nences; the convexity of the fruit almost never fully regular.
Skin: Smooth, mostly shining, not, or only seldom, becoming
unctuous, firm.
Flesh: Granular, tender, somewhat coarse, seldom spicy, mostly
of predominating sourish or sweetish flavor.
Core: Large, irregular, open.
Orders and Suborders as in Class I.
Class III. —Gulderlings (Gudderlinge).
Form: Size small to medium, more or less ribbed around the eye;
partly of flat round form, somewhat pointed toward the eye (Pseudo-
THE APPLE. 15
or Hybrid Calvilles); partly longish conical or cylindrical (true
Gulderlings).
Skin: Smooth, often somewhat russeted, mostly yellowish green
and greenish yellow, seldom colored.
Flesh: Delicate, almost Reinette-like, quite firm, sweet, vinous,
or predominantly sweet and spicy.
Core: Open, with slit cells or axis much open.
Orders and Suborders as in Class I.
Class IV.—Rose Apples (Rosenacpjel).
Form: Size small, medium and large, with gentle prominences
around the eye and partly out over the fruit; form mostly regular,
often longish and globular.
Skin: Smooth and delicate with bloom, shining when rubbed and
by handling, of spicy fragrance, seldom with traces of russet.
Flesh: Soft, loose, sometimes spongy, yielding easily to pressure,
often stained red beneath skin, of delicate spicy, fennel, or rose-like
flavor.
Core: Usually closed; axis often hollow.
Orders and Suborders as in Class I.
Class V.—Pigeons (Taubenacpfel).
Form; Small and medium, not ribbed or not regularly ribbed,
longish conical.
Skin: Smooth, shining, delicate, with delicate bloom, rarely with
traces of russet.
Flesh; Fine-grained, quite firm, and yet marrowy, Juicy, and spicy.
Core: Often four-celled, sometimes open, sometimes closed.
Orders and Suborders as in Class I.
Class VI—Pound Apples (Pfundaepfel, Rambouraepfel).
Form: Large, and very large, of quite irregular form, sometimes
flat round, sometimes longish, one half smaller than the other; mostly
with isolated, broad, flat prominences extending out over the fruit.
Skin: Smooth and shining; firm, often tough; rarely traces of
Tusset.
Flesh; Coarse-grained, loose, mostly with predominating acid and
but slightly spicy.
Core Cells: Mostly very large and open, but sometimes closed and
with hollow axis.
Orders and Suborders as in Class I.
16 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
Class VII.—Rambour Reinettes (Rambour-Reinetten).
Form: Medium size, large, and quite large fruits of more or less
Calville-like or irregular form, with broad, sometimes marked, promi-
nences around the curvature of the eye or also over the entire surface.
Skin: Quite firm, seldom quite smooth, mostly with russet traces,
ground-colored or only inconstantly reddened on sunny side, never
striped.
Flesh: Crisp (breaking), sometimes fine and sometimes coarse-
grained, of high, sweet, vinous flavor.
Core: Mostly wide-celled, open and closed.
Order 1. Skinsmooth; 2. Skin rough.
Suborders as in Class I.
Class VIII.—One-colored or Wax Reinettes.
Form: Small, medium, and large, of regular round or flat round
form, seldom longish, without marked prominences.
Skin: Sometimes smooth and shining, sometimes with russet traces,
especially on curvature of calyx, in a few sorts becoming unctuous,
without red blush or with only a little red on sunny side which is not
constantly present.
Flesh: Firm or marrowy, fine-grained, of high, sweet vinous,
sometimes very excellent flavor.
Core: Usually regular and closed.
Orders and Suborders as in Class VIT.
Class IX.—Borsdorf Reinettes.
Form: Small, at the most of medium size, very regular, round or
flat round.
Skin: Smooth, shining, with isolated warts and russet patches,
ground-colored, colored and also indistinctly or even quite purely
striped.
Flesh: Firm, very fine-grained, of high, peculiar sweet, and sweet
vinous flavor.
Core: Nearly always regular and closed, only seldom with hollow
axis.
Orders and Suborders as in Class I.
THE APPLE. 17
Class X.—Red Reinettes.
Form: Small, medium, and large fruits of various forms; some-
times globular and flat round, sometimes longish, with mostly smooth
basin, which is only rarely made uneven by flat prominences.
Skin: Shining, mostly smooth, only seldom with russet traces,
colored or striped on greenish yellow, light yellow, but never fully
golden yellow ground-color; the red blush usually pure and without
russet traces.
Flesh: Delicate, crisp, sometimes marrowy and very spicy, of
sweet, vinous, high flavor, here and there reddened under the skin.
Core: Sometimes open, sometimes closed.
Order 1, ground-colored. Order 2, striped.
Suborders as in Class I.
Class XI.—Gray Reinettes, Leather Apples, Russets (Grauc
Reinetten, Lederaepjel).
Form: Small, medium, and large, of globular and flat round, seldom
longish form, and mostly very regular.
Shin: Roughened by patches, markings, and entire coverings of
russet, seldom colored; the ground-color gray greenish yellow to dull
yellow; the red color, when present, is not pure because of russet traces.
Flesh: Delicate, marrowy, sweet, sweet vinous, and quite spicy
(the true leather apples); or a spicy sweet (fennel apples).
Core: Regular and closed.
Orders and Suborders as in Class I.
Class XII.—Gold Reinettes.
Form: Medium and large, flat round, globular, and longish fruits,
with basin regular or ribbed; not rarely with broad, flat prominences
extending over the surface.
Skin: Quite smooth, rarely entirely smooth, with more or less of
russet traces, especially on sunny side, by which the red blush is
often made dingy; the ground-color high yellow and golden yellow,
the over-color sometimes shaded, sometimes striped. The fruit of
young trees smoother and softer to the touch than those from older,
which are always rougher.
Flesh: Very delicate, juicy,
and mostly of high, vinous, sugary flavor.
Core: Sometimes open, sometime: closed.
Orders and Suborders as in Cla: ~~
marrowy, often yellowish, very spicy,
18 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
Class XIII.—Stripelings (Streiflinge).
Form: Small, medium, large but not very large fruits of very
variable form, largely roundish, with the bulge or curvature high on
the fruit, conical and ribbed.
Skin: Smooth, shining, sometimes delicate, sometimes tough,
often with bloom, striped and shaded (marbled), striped, rarely with
russet traces.
Flesh; Sometimes firm and granular, sometimes also spongy, more
often reddish under the skin, usually pure vinous, more rarely sweet-
sour and sweet; aroma mostly wanting.
Core: Mostly regular and closed.
ORDERS.
1. Mataepfel, with wide basin, uneven apex, of flat, round or longish
globular form.
2. Bean Apples (Bohnaepfel), with very shallow basin and oblique
apex; longish round, often of oblique form.
3. Round Stripelings, fruits with even apex; longish round or
flat round form.
4. Pointed Stripelings, fruits with small very narrow apex and of
longish-pointed or roundish-pointed form.
5. Ribbed Stripelings, fruits with apex, made irregular by ribs or
rib-like prominences; the bulge is also uneven,
Suborders as in Class I,
Class XIV.—Pointlings (Spitzaepfel).
Form: Of mostly medium and only rarely very large size; of
longish, longish conical, or blunt conical, often irregular form.
Skin: Smooth, shining, delicate, seldom with bloom, ground-col-
ored or colored, never striped.
Flesh: Loose and tender, sweetish and vinous to pure acid.
Core: Regular, mostly closed, sometimes with hollow axis.
Order 1. Ground colored; 2. Colored.
Suborders as in Class I.
Class XV.—Flat Apples (Platactpjcl).
Form: Small, medium and large, flat round or flat globular,
usually broader than high.
Skin: Smooth, shining, firm, ground-colored or colored, never
striped, often with bloom,
THE APPLE. 19
Flesh: White or greenish white, mostly firm and crisp, rarely tender
and marrowy, pure sweet to pure acid, never really spicy.
Core: Mostly regular and closed.
Orders and Suborders as in Class XIV.
A DOUBLE SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION,
1862. Dr. Ed. Lucas presented the view that every fruit must be
classified according to two systems:
1. Artificial; based on external characters and period of ripening.
2. Natural; based on internal characters and the fruit as a whole.
Tn his artificial classification Lucas divides first by the season into
summer, fall, and winter; each of these groups into flat, round, taper-
ing, oblong, thus giving 12 classes. Each of these are divided into
three orders according to color:
1. Ground-colored; 2. Colored; 3. Striped.
Each of these is further subdivided into—1. Calyx open; 2. Calyx
half-open; 3. Calyx closed.
This makes a total of 228 subdivisions.
Lucas’ natural system follows Diel’s closely, but some of the sub-
groups have been raised to the rank of families, making the total 15.
The first 12 are natural groups, the last 3 artificial, containing vari-
eties difficult to classify otherwise.
Lucas’ combined artificial and natural classifications give a total
of 1620 separate groups. This system has had long and thorough
trial in Germany, and is probably the best and most elaborate of the
modern natural systems of classification. The account here given is
translated from “ Einleitung in das Studium der Pomologie,” by Dr,
Ed. Lucas, Reutlingen, Germany, 1877.
TWO AMERICAN SYSTEMS.
1867. John A. Warder in his “ American Pomology”’ presented
the following classification:
Class I. Oblate or flat, having the axis shorter than the trans-
verse diameter.
Order I. Regular.
Order II. Irregular.
Section 1. Sweet.
Section 2. Sour.
20 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY
Subsection 1. Pale or blushed, more or less, but. self-colored
and not striped.
Subsection 2. Striped or splashed.
Subsection 3. Russeted.
Class II. Conical, tapering decidedly toward the eye, and be-
coming ovate when larger in the middle and tapering to each end, the
axial diameter being the shorter.
Subdivisions as above.
Class III. Round, globular, or nearly so, having the axial and
transverse diameters about equal, the former often shorter by less than
one quarter of the latter. The ends are often so flattened as to look
truncated, when the fruit appears to be cylindrical or globular-oblate.
Subdivisions as above.
Class IV. Oblong, in which the axis is longer than the transverse
diameter, or appears so. These may also be truncated or cylindrical.
Subdivisions as above.
1849. John J. Thomas in his “American Fruit Culturist”’
arranged apples as follows:
Division I. Summer Apples.
Class I. Sweet apples.
Section 1. Color striped with red.
Section 2. Color not striped.
Class II. With more or less acidity.
Sections 1 and 2 as above,
Division IT. Autumn Apples.
Classes and Sections as above.
Division III. Winter Apples.
Classes and Sections as aboye.
AN ENGLISH ARTIFICIAL SYSTEM.
1876. Robert Hogg, the leading pomologist of England, pub-
lished an artificial system in which new points are considered. The
structural characters on which Hogg bases his classification are: 1,
The Stamens; 2. The Tube; 3. The Carpels; and 4. The Sepals.
These are all seen when an apple is cut in halves lengthwise from
the stem to the calyx. Beginning at the calyx and going inward we
find first the calyx segments, which by Hoge and other authors are
called the eye, and immediately inside of these segments is a cavity,
called the flower-tube or calyx-tube. (By some the word eye is used
THE APPLE, 21
to denote both the calyx-tube and the segments.) Inserted in this
tube is a ring of small, bristle-like organs, which are the dried-up re-
mains of the stamens, and these occupy three different positions in
the tube.
Pa *) th
Stamens median. u. Stamens marginal.
Tube funnel-shaped. Tube conical.
Core meeting. Core clasping.
b. Cells round.
The tube itself is either conical or funnel-shaped. Further inside
just beyond the tube, is the core, the cells of which assume four differ-
ent forms. Each of these varies in its relation to the axis of the fruit,
some extending close to it and forming symmetrical cells, while others
are distant from it and are unsymmetrical.
u. Stamens marginal. a. Stamens basal.
Tube funnel-shaped. Tube funnel-shaped.
Core clasping. Core clasping.
b. Cells elliptical.
1. The Stamens.—Hogg adopts the varying positions of the sta-
mens in the tube as the primary divisions of his system, having found
by experience that they are on the whole the most reliable characters
where all are more or less changeable. The stamens are (1) marginal,
when near the inner end of the tube; (2) median, when near the
22 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY
middle; (3) marginal, when near the outer end. Asharp knife and
careful cutting is necessary to determine this accurately. Some va-
rieties have too short a calyx-tube to make three divisions safe, but
in general it is a very useful point. Lucas * objects to making the
.
oS .
.
4 ba
u. Stamens marginal. u. Stamens median.
Tube conical. Tube conical.
Core meeting. Core clasping.
b. Cells ovate.
position of the stamens the main character in the classification because
it would necessitate cutting the specimens at once which is not always
desirable nor practicable. However he admits that the characteristic
is in fact a good and constant one, in spite of occasional exceptions
and variable varictics.
Yas ’ oe
\
Stamens marginal. au. Stamens median.
Tube funnel-shaped. Tube funnel-shaped.
Core clasping. Core meeting.
2. The Tube.—When conical the outlines proceed from the base
of the sepals or segments in a curved line inwards towards the core,
forming acone. These curves are generally inwards, but occasionally
they are outwards, as in Fig. 1, which suggested to Hogg the formation
of another division, under the name of urn-shaped; ‘but he found it
appeared so seldom that no importance need be attached to it. When
funnel-shaped the outlines are as when conical, but instead of ending
in a point end ina hollow cavity like the stem of a funnel. 5
_ *Dr, Ed. Lucas, Einleitung in das Studium der Pomologie. 1877, p. 142.
THE APPLE, 23
3. The Carpels.—These make up what is popularly called the core.
They are generally five, occasionally they are four, or even three, but
this is very rare. If split down the middle its walls, or tough mem-
branous lining, will be cither round, ovate, obovate, or elliptical. To
u. Stamens basal. Core closed.
Tube conical. Cells axile.
Core clasping.
b. Cells obovate.
prevent error in distinguishing between ovate and obovate the ob-
server should hold the apple with the calyx towards him, and the
stem pointing outwards.
Core open. Core open.
Cells axile. Cells abaxile.
In relation to the axis of the apple, they are either axle or abazile.
When the walls extend to the axis, and these characters will be best
seen by making a transverse section of the fruit, the cells are sym-
metrical, and are then said to be axile, whether the core is open or
closed. When they are distant from the axis, and the cells are unsym-
metrical, they are called abaxile. Further, the walls may be entire,
or slit by transverse fissures.
4, The Sepals or Eye.—The sepals or segments of the original calyx
of the flowers were uniformly expanded and spreading. After the
petals of the flower drop, and fruit develops, the segments persist *
*In the various varieties of the pure Siberian crab, Pyrus baccala: the segments. are
deciduous, i.e,, fall off as the fruit develops. a
24 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY
and gradually assume various directions, and when it is perfectly
matured we find them in four distinct forms: (1) Divergent, when
the segments are quite recurved or reflexed, frequently so much
as to fall back flat on the fruit in the form of a star; (2) erect
convergent, when the segments are never reflexed, but are erect
with their margins merely touching and their points divergent;
Segments divergent. Segments erect convergent.
(3) flat convergent, when the segments are flat, closing the eye,
but with their margins merely touching and not overlapping each
other; (4) connivent, when the segments are all close together, over-
lapping each other and forming a compact cone. I find the segments
are too variable, however, to be depended upon for final judgment
in all cases, although they are very useful in many varieties.
Segments flat convergent. Segments flat convergent.
5. Core.—To the foregoing four divisions by Hogg should be added
two points given by Warder. If the outline of the core meets on the
inner point or end of the calyx-tube, it is meeting; if some distance
below, it is clasping. This is a useful point with many varieties.
ai “Ne os
Segments connivent. Segments connivent.
Dr. Hogg’s key may now be outlined briefly:
Stamens: 1, marginal; 2, median; 3, basal. Tube: 1, conical;
2, funnel-shaped. Cells: 1, axile; 2, abaxile. Cells: 1, round; 2,
ovate; 3, obovate; 4, elliptical. Segments: 1, divergent: 2, erect
convergent; 3, flat convergent; 4, connivent.
The above provides for 192 classes, each of which if necessary
may be further subdivided by form and color into 8 divisions as fol-
THE APPLE. 25
lows: Form: 1, round or oblate; 2, conical or ovate. Color: 1, pale;
2, colored; 3, striped and russet.
The four color divisions are defined as follows: 1, Pale: a uniform
color of yellow or green, notwithstanding it may be faintly tinged on
the sun side with orange or pale red. 2, Striped: when the only addi-
tional color to that of the ground-color consists of distinct red stripes
without any ground-color of red. 3, Colored: when the skin is wholly
or partially a decided red, and this may be accompanied with stripes
or with some russet. 4, Russeé: that in which a russet coat prevails.
When a russet coat has a brown or red check the fruit is not on that
account to be classed in the colored class.
This makes possible a total of 1536 subdivisions. In the smallest
groups the season of ripening is given as a further help to direct refer-
ence to the appropriate description.
THE ALPHABETICAL ARRANGEMENT.
1872. Charles Downing, in his Second Revision of “ Fruits and
Fruit-trees of America,’ abandoned the arrangement of fruits by
classes and periods of ripening, stating his reasons as follows:
“The distinctive characters of fruits have, during the past quarter
of a century, become so much intermingled and hybridized that,
after carefully studying them, and comparing them with the orders
of classification adopted by authors, we have come to the conclusion
that no definite order can safely be made to embrace them. Forms,
colors, growths, and periods of ripening are so much interwoven
and distributed as to defy all arbitrary rules of classification, and
hence we have without hesitation abandoned it entirely, substituting
in our work the simple order of the alphabet as confined to names,
believing such course will prove the most availible and useful.”
OTHER SYSTEMS.
The available space will not permit of a fuller discussion of the
very numerous and elaborate systems of classification proposed by
European pomologists. Those already given will indicate the leading
ones. It will be noted that even in the mort complete natural sys-
tems several classes, based mainly on artificial external characters,
are necessary to provide a ploce for many varieties not readily classified
otherwise. : é
26 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
AN ARTIFICIAL KEY.
After reviewing the many systems of classifying apples, many
of them very elaborate and the product of much painstaking labor
and research, the writer offers the following conclusions:
I. The arranging of apples into families based on natural affinities
is a great aid to the memory. This is true of all systems of natural
classifications.
Il. If all varieties of apples were sharply defined in their charac-
teristics the natural systems, as those of Diel and Lucas, would be
of easy application, if properly combined with an artificial classifica-
tion based on form, season, ete., as outlined by Lucas. But many
varieties present characteristics which are a mingling of two or more
classes, and these defy all attempts at close classification.
III. It would be of considerable help to arrange apples as far as
possible by groups named after the most typical representative of
that group. American pomologists now often speak of the Ben
Davis type or group, being that well-known variety and what are
probably its numerous seedlings; the Fameuse type, comprising a
number of sorts with close affinitics to the mother varicty; the Olden-
burg type, which is a very large one in the Northwest owing to the
wide popularity of that variety; the Hibernal type, including a
numberof extra hardy Russians. In Minnesota the numerous seedlings
of Wealthy now appearing show close affinities to its parent. This
modern development of the natural classification idea merits further
study.
IV. The marvellous development of commercial orcharding in
recent years has not been favorable to increase in number of varieties.
Commercial fruit-growers prefer the few of best sorts rather than
a large assortment with few trees of a kind. Hence the need for
classification of varieties is not yet as apparent as in Europe where a
greater variety is demanded in the small specimen orchards.
V. The belief of Downing that the classification of the apples
of the United States is impracticable, if not impossible, is probably
nearer to the truth than any belief to the contrary. It could be
done with the apples for any particular region with not too large an
area. On the other hand, the alphabetical or dictionary style of arrang-
ing descriptions is not serviceable when the name of the fruit in hand
is not known.
THE APPLE. 27
VI. A purely artificial key is, in the opinion of the writer, a
feasible solution of the problem. Every variety has its distinguish-
ing characteristics or “ear-marks’”” by which it is known to those
familiar with it. In addition to the characters usually given in Ameri-
can descriptions should be added the internal points noted by Hogg,
Lucas, and other European writers. It does not appear an impossible
task to arrange all these various points, so that the reader, with an
unknown variety in hand will need to read through a few varieties
only instead of all. The magnitude of this proposed work places it
beyond the boundaries of private or State enterprise and makes it an
undertaking of national scope.
REPRODUCTION OF VARIETIES.
The beginner should understand that although as many different
varieties may be raised from seed of one apple as there are seeds in
that apple, it may also happen, especially if inbred by no other
varieties being near, that some of these seedlings will be so nearly
the same in all respeets as the variety from which the seed was taken
as to be considered identical even by experienced pomologists ac-
customed to close observation of fruits. Such seedlings may be
ealled reproductions of the mother varicty. It frequently happens
in vegetables and flowers that several varicties, very nearly alike,
originate in widely separated localities; in such cases only the first
one introduced holds its own, the others are dropped. Apples and
other orchard fruits do not come true to seed because it has not been
found necessary to fix the type by a long course of selection, it being
easier to reproduce the variety by grafts, buds, or sprouts. Apples
generally are raised in mixed orchards containing many varictics,
hence there is every facility for crossing with other varieties, the pollen
being carried by insects or the wind. However, some varieties show
a prepotent tendeney and impress their characteristics strongly upon
their offspring. This is especially true in isolated localities where
but few varieties are grown, since inbreeding takes place to a con-
siderable extent. The fact that Fameuse reproduces itself so closely
from seed may be due to the fact that it was the main variety grown
in Eastern Canada by the French Canadians after the unknown parent.
variety was brought from France; for long periods the trees were
raised by the early settlers from seed, hence the seed was inbred.
This probably explains the well-marked families, types, or races
28 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
of the Russian apples. Over large areas grafting was but little
practised by peasants, and but few varieties grown; hence seed was
saved mainly from the strongest, best trees. There is now a large
group of seedlings of Duchess of Oldenburg in America, especially in
the Northwestern States, which shows resemblance to their parent.
In the Southwest many seedlings of Ben Davis have appeared, many
of them so near like the parent as not to be worthy of introduction,
while others, such as Gano and Black Ben Davis, are an improvement
on the parent in some respects. In the Northwest a large number
of seedlings of Wealthy have recently appeared, which resemble that
variety quite closely. The Wolf River, which is considered to be a
seedling of Alexander, has largely superseded its parent at the West
because of demonstrated points of superiority. The Concord grape
and certain plums and peaches show a strong tendency to reproduce
themselves from seed. The late Geo. P. Peffer, originator of the
Pewaukee, Peffer, and other apples, claimed that any apple will
reproduce itself from seed if inbred by covering the blossoms to
prevent access of pollen from other varieties.
BUD VARIATION,
From the foregoing discussion the reader will conclude that
propagation by grafts or other mode of division will always reproduce
the variety. This is so nearly true that the whole art of nursery
propagation may be said to be based upon it. However, it is also
true that under certain unknown conditions any one bud may change
its character so as to give rise to a new variety sufficiently distinct
to be worthy of a separate name. This is termed “bud variation,”
and is a prolific source of new varieties in certain plants, such as chrys-
a ithemums and roses. Sometimes the change is only slight, and this
may be termed a sub-varicty. In Northwestern nurseries, for in-
ctance, two Wolf plums are now recognized, the frecstone and the
cling; it is not known, however, whether this is a bud variation or a
seedling mixture. The Wealthy apple has apparently varied some-
what under propagation, and recently gave rise to remarks at the
Minnesota State Horticultural Society meeting by the son of the
originator, who distributed sprouts from the original tree to help
settle the matter. Experienced fruit-growers have long noticed
that in a large number of apple-trees of one variety in the same orchard
some trees are more productive than others. The most advanced
C
to
THE APPLE.
thinkers in this line now recognize this fact as due to bud variation,
and take advantage of it by cutting scions for grafting from the
best and most productive trees only. Florists long ago learned the
necessity of care in taking cuttings from the best and most pro-
ductive individuals, or even parts of the plant.
TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING APPLES.
Tree.—In closely related varieties it is sometimes essential to know
the characteristics of growth in the orchard and the color of the young
wood. The color and general appearance of an apple may be changed
to a considerable extent by soil and climate, but the general habit of
growth and color of young wood does not change materially. For
reasons already set forth, however, the pomologist should strive to
seek distinguishing characters in the fruit itself, and not be dependent
upon the tree in orchard or nursery save as confirmatory evidence,
The growth of the healthy bearing tree may be strong and vigor-
ous; vigorous and slender; stout and short-jointed; medium and
vigorous. The form of top may be upright, upright spreading, spread-
ing, round-headed, or upright.
Form.—Some European writers have made elaborate systems based
on the form of the fruit. Downing gives only four classes as follows:
“Tn describing fruits, the word base means that part of the fruit
in which the stem is planted; and aper, the blossom end, or crown,
as it is sometimes termed. Forms are so much interwoven, as it were,
one with another, that we have selected but four as the primary bases
on which all others are built, and are subsidiary.
“These primary forms are roundish, oblate, conical, and oblong. The
terms round, roundish, or globular, are sometimes used in connection,
rather as qualifying expressions than as distinctive; for while the word
roundish, which indicates the height and diameter as nearly equal,
applies to many fruits, there is no perfeetly round or globular apple
known.
“ Oblate indicates the height as much less than diameter. Conical,
is when the fruit is roundish, having the apex end contracted. Oblong,
is when the fruit is longer than broad, and having the apex and base of
nearly the same breadth. Connected and subsidiary terms, such as
rowidich, conical, or conic, are when the apple unites the two primary
forms of roundish and conical; or clongated conical, or conic, when the
length is considerably beyond the breadth. Truncate conic, is when
30 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
the fruit is flattened at the apex. Ribbed, or obscurely ribbed, when the
surface has rising lines and channels from apex to base. Oblique, is
when the fruit presents the appearance as of being one-sided, or
when the axis is inclined to one side. Oblate, not symmetric, or sides
unequal, when one side is less than the other. Corrugated, having de-
pressed lines, furrows, or wrinkles. Acute, when narrowing to a sharp
oat
Conical. Oblong.
point. Obtuse, round or blunt. Abrupt, when the depression breaks
off suddenly.”
Axis.—This is an imaginary straight line between the stem and
the centre of the calyx. The axis is ‘nclined when the fruit is oblique
or lop-sided; short when oblate or the cavity and basin are deep; long
when the fruit is oblong. The core-cells are axile when they meet the
axis; abaxile when distant from it. When a section made through
the apple at right angles to the axis is circular it is regular; if so true
that it could be turned in a lathe, it is very regular; it may be
irregular, compressed, or flattened sidewise, angular, furrowed, or ribbed,
rarely triangular, quadrangular, or pentangular.
Size.—The size is variable, depending upon soil, climate, overbear-
ing, age, and health of tree, ete. The one given is that attained as an
average and under normal conditions. The size may be very large,
large, medium, small, very small.
THE APPLE. 31
Surface.—The skin may be thick or thin, smooth or uneven, lumpy
or pimpled, rough, polished, covered with bloom, unctuous or oily,
sometimes russeted in whole or in part. The amount of russet varies,
especially about the stem. The color usually consists of two, the
ground-color of green or yellow, with over-color of red. When the
ground-color is not striped, the fruit is self-colored, although it may
be blushed or shaded. German writers term it one-colored. The color
is & conspicuous feature, but is modified by climate, season, soil, and
whether grown in shade or sunshine. Older trees usually yield better-
colored fruit. Only well-colored exposed specimens should be selected
for determination.
Stripes are broad alternating lines of color. Streaks are long,
distinct, narrow stripes. Splashes are short, abruptly broken stripes
of all sizes. When marbled the stripes are wide, faint, waving, or
irregular. When washed or shaded the coloring is even, or changes
gradually, as in a water-color painting. When mottled the dots nearly
run together. When in part dotted, as in Utter, the red appears as
distinct dots. Blotched red is of various abrupt shades irregularly
placed. When clouded the blotches are broader and more softly shaded.
A bright color is sometimes dulled by being overlaid with a whitish
or grayish color which is sometimes suffused, or by open russet net-
veining. In the latter case it gives a bronzed appearance. In a very
few varieties, especially Westfield, the russet about the basin resem-
bles a piece of bent dry leather, and hence is termed leather-craching.
Pin seratches are minute dark lines running from stem to eye, espe-
cially on Tolman and rarely on Keswick; according to Van Deman
they never exceed five and in the Northern climates are much more
distinct than in the South or West.
It is impossible to give the exact shade of red in an apple. It may
vary from light or pale red to black red. Crimson is a clear, beautiful,
dark red, with a slight admixture of blue. Carmine is a beautiful
darker crimson bordering on purple. Pink is aclear, bright, light red;
rose is a delicate pink; orange red is when the red is mixed with yellow.
Dots.—These are more numerous towards the eye. As a whole
they may be obscure or distinct, many or few, large or minute, white,
whitish gray, green, yellow or russet, round, elongated, stellate (star-
shaped). When surrounded with light or green bases, they are called
areolar by some writers. The dots may be depressed, prominent,
even so much raised as to roughen the surface.
32 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
Stem.—This is sometimes a constant mark, but is often variable.
When reaching to the general curvature of the fruit it is medium;
when below this outline, short; when extending out beyond, long.
It may be stout or slender; straight or curved, rarely fleshy or knobbed.
The color is usually green or brown, alone or in combination, some-
times yellow and somewhat red; as means of identification the color
of the stem is not reliable.
Cavity.—This is the depression in which the stem is inserted, and
may be wide, deep, shallow, regular, irregular, wavy, uneven, or folded.
In a few varieties the cavity is nearly or quite filled up, and is then
termed flat. It is obtuse when blunt or rounded at bottom; acute when
ending in asharp point; acuminate or funnel-shaped, when terminat-
ing in a long-drawn-out taper, which usually crowds closely the
lower part of the stem; the stem is then sometimes termed deeply
inserted.
When lipped, part of the flesh crowds up against the stem as in
Roman Stem, Swaar, and Pryor Red. The color may be green or
russeted. When the russet extends out in ray-like lines it is termed
stellate or radiating russet.
Basin.—This is the depression at the apex, crown, or “ blossom-
end.” It should be carefully distinguished from the base, which
means the stem-end, carrying out the thought that the foundation or
source of the fruit is at the stem. Descriptions generally should read
from the stem outward from base to apex. The basin may be flat,
very shallow, shallow, medium or deeper, narrow or wide; abrupt when
the slope is steep; smooth, regular, or even when not furrowed, and so
regular and symmetrical that the form could be turned in a lathe;
cup-shaped when the slope is nearly perpendicular; angular, with
several corners; wavy, with gentle and irregular undulations; fur-
rowed, with more regular undulations; wrinkled, with small irregular
undulations; corrugated, with larger irregular ridges; plaited, with small,
straight, regular ridges; ribbed, with larger obtuse or rounded ridges:
the bottom may have small isolated prominences. The rim of the
basin may be sharp or rounded broadly, or may be smooth or ribbed.
Core.—When an apple is cut in halves crosswise the core is seen
in the centre, consisting normally of five cells of tough parchment-like
texture containing the seeds and surrounded by flesh. Outside of this
is the core-outline or boundary, consisting of ten fibro-vaseular bun-
dles, which, carrying the nutriment, emerge from the stem and branch
THE APPLE. 33
out over the fruit, meeting again at the calyx-tube. If these unite
on the inner end of the tube the core is meeting; if lower, nearer the
eye, it is clasping. Outside of the core-outline is the larger part of the
flesh, different somewhat in texture and color from that inside next
the cells. The fibro-vascular bundles are either opposite the points
of the cells, or alternate with them, usually the larger being opposite
the points. The outline of the core is clearly seen only when cut; the
fruit is cut in halves lengthwise, and through or near one of the fibro-
vascular bundles. Counting from the stem the core-outline may
assume various forms, such as cordate, turbinate, oval, roundish,
wide, or compressed, or spindle-shaped, long or short, regular or irreg-
ular; large when the breadth is considerably over half the diameter
of the fruit; small when much less. The core is usually central, or
in the middle of the fruit, but may be sessile or close to the stem, or
distant when nearer the calyx. The core may be very small and com-
pact, with seeds crowded in the cells; in others the cells are large and
roomy, so that the seeds loosen and rattle when the apple is shaken,
The other characteristics of the core are given in Hogg’s classifica-
tion.
Seeds.—These may be numerous or few, large or small, from light
or gray brown to dark brown or black, short or long, plump or flattened,
blunt or pointed, often some are imperfect. The latter is often a con-
stant characteristic. Sometimes the exact number of seeds is given,
but this must be understood as being approximate only, the number
varying. In a few varieties, such as Saxton and Ortley, the seeds
loosen very readily when ripe, and rattle when the apple is shaken.
Flesh.—The color ranges from white to yellow, sometimes with
greenish tinge, or stained with red. The flesh may be juicy or dry,
firm and compact, or loose, spongy, or marrowy; tender, delicate,
crisp, fine- or coarse-grained. The flavor may be sweet, mild, subacid,
sprightly or brisk, subacid or sour, acid, very acid, astringent, msipid
or rich, highly flavored and spicy. As to odor, the fruits may be some-
times perfumed or aromatic. The quality is expressed by the terms
poor, inferior, good, very good, excellent, best. This judgment de-
pends somewhat upon the individual—‘there is no accounting for
tastes.”
Use.—Many varieties of only moderate quality for dessert use are
cultivated because of greater productiveness; their bright color may
take well in the market, or the fruit be excellent for culinary use,
34 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
Some of those ranked as best in quality are not much grown because
of shy bearing or weakness of tree.
Season.—The season during which the fruit is best varies with the
locality, the season being earlier southwards, and later at the North.
The season may be early summer, summer, early or late fall, early
winter, midwinter, late winter, or spring.
HOW TO STUDY APPLES.
First study the technical terms employed and the leading systems
of classification. This knowledge is then illustrated in practice by
comparing good, typical, well-matured specimens of a number of stand-
ard varieties with their printed descriptions. The reader is now pre-
pared to make descriptions for himself, and practice will soon give
accuracy and facility. The systematic study of fruits should become
an important feature of laboratory work in pomology in American
agricultural colleges, as it long has been in the horticultural schools
of Europe.
The advocates of Nature Study will find rich material for interest-
ing exercises in comparing well-known varieties of apples as well as
in other exercises in systematic pomology. Fruit-growers generally
will find it advantageous to study characteristics of varieties, and will
make rapid progress in such study if it be made“systematic. For this
purpose outlines or blanks something like the following will save time
and serve as anaid to the memory. If the blanks are printed some
of the most common terms may be added under each heading, and the
appropriate ones indicated by a check mark or a circle around them,
or the others crossed out. An impression of the fruit should also be
taken. No free-hand drawing is necessary nor advisable. The apple
is cut in halves lengthwise, using a sharp knife, so that the calyx-tube
is exposed. This will require a little practice; it is best to approach
it gradually by cutting several thin slices until the exact axis is reached,
the axis always passing through the calyx-tube. The surplus mois-
ture is now removed with blotting-paper or cloth. The edge, core-
outline, and calyx-tube, and end of stem, are now touched with a
moistened soft indelible or aniline pencil. The apple is now pressed
firmly against the paper. The only drawing necessary will be to
complete the stem and indicate the position of the stamens: this is
done with a hard pencil. The paper should not be too heavy in tex-
ture. Thin writing-paper is good for this purpose. A convenient size
THE APPLE. 35
for the sheets is about nine and one-half inches long, seven and three-
quarters wide, with two holes punched along left-hand side for con-
venience in binding. Such blank sheets with suitable covers are now
used for note-taking in many schools; the advantage being that the
sheets can easily be arranged in alphabetical order, and new pages
added at any time.
Printep BLANK FoR APPLE DESCRIPTIONS.
(Ben Davis).............. apple.
[Space for outline printed
direct from apple.]
Size: Very large, large, medium, small....................00 00
Form: Oblate, round, conical, oblong...............0 000 eee eee
Shove Thin, thick, COWe hi ci2. cane. dears ose. oe okies Saat ee aa ates
Surface: Smooth, rough, polished, unctuous; (1) pale; (2) col-
ored; (3) striped; (4) russet; ground-color...................... :
OVEFCOlOR 2 ¢ tcess cach ae eae Sa OE aS ain te oni ; bloom........
Dots: Obscure, distinct, few, many; color.................... :
SIZG kore kv eee ee ee AN SRA COLATS Viet tee cet en Mee nee RRM
Cavity: Width...... ; depth....... STORM as, ce § COLO. cs ;
Stellate TUSSE Ue cae ays Sey se ac hacrauedds saa han Oe a anes ePsilamenl bee eek Sarees
Stem: Short, medium, long, slender, stout......................
Basin: Width........... de pthig acon ee ea PROM 6 eat oe tes
Calyx: Open, halt open, Closed).s 24. g4-12 ochaees bag dace teeta,
Segments: Divergent, erect convergent, flat convergent, connivent.
Core: Open, half open, closed; form...... ; meeting, clasping;
Sessler distant: vies suawewieurg sete 2G acne arsed 2 tale DSR eer Mata
Cells: Axile, abaxile, round, ovate, obovate, elliptical; entire, slit.
Tube® Conical funnel-shaped 9... c.sschetieeekiauons wecisasa nee
Stamens: Marginal, median, basal................ 0.0002 e eee
Seeds: Color....... SOUSIZO hae Mate ; shape....... ; number per-
TeCts..ccac4 © TUM DER POLIO Ctia.50%4 nme ented ages alg ara hig taal elas
Hlesh:> Goloretex ture. 0 oe acs ok Sask ee eae Bene
Elavors Acid) supaeid, Sweebecu-sianiee souls bas eo mega s elena waade
Quality: Poor, fair, good, very good, excellent, best.............
Season: Summer, fall, winter, spring............ 0.0 eee eee eee
Remarks: ‘Tree; history, et@ic:. dec. sa wea eden aia ed Cae aae
36 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
WHAT VARIETIES SHALL I PLANT?
To give a list of varieties best adapted to every part of the United
States would exceed the limits of this book. The question is best
answered by consulting the most experienced local fruit-growers, by
inquiry of the agricultural experiment stations, by study of the re-
ports and attendance upon the meetings of the local and State horti-
cultural societies, and by a study of the general experience of each
region as summed up in the biennial reports of the American Pomo-
logical Society. At the present writing this latter report is published
in Bul. No. 8 of the Division of Pomology of the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture, and may be obtained free upon application to
the United States Pomologist at Washington, D. C.
DESCRIPTION OF VARIETIES.
Alexander.
Alexander.—Of Russian origin; tree vigorous, spreading, produc-
In the West it is now largely supplanted by its Wisconsin seed-
tive.
37
THE APPLE, 5)
ling, the Wolf River. Fruit very large, regular, conical; surface
ereenish yellow, faintly streaked with red on shaded side, but orange
on the sunny side, almost wholly covered with bright crimson stripes
and splashes, a showy fruit; dots obscure, few, minute, gray; cavity
regular, deep, with trace of russet; stem short knobbed at base;
basin narrow, abrupt, shghtly corrugated; calyx open. Core open;
cells ovate, sht; tube conical; stamens basal; seeds short, plump;
flesh yellowish white, crisp, tender and juicy, with a rather pleasant
flavor, good. October to December.
Anis.— Origin, Russia. Tree very hardy, but fruit too small for mild
climates. Several varieties‘received from Russia prove to be so nearly
identical that only one is regarded as necessary in fruit lists to represent
Anisim.
the group. The Russian Apple Nomenclature Commission* adopted
the following description. (See also Blue Anis.)
“ Anis.—Size 4 to 5; form roundish oblate, angular; color light
ereen, striped with red in sun; cavity broad, deep; stem short;
basin broad, irregular, angular; calyx medium, closed. Core open;
flesh tender, juicy, greenish white, with dark green water line around
core; flavor agreeable, mild acid; season September and October;
origin, Russia; tree medium upright; fruit drops easily.”
*Appointed by the State Horticultural Societies of Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, and
South Dakota. Meeting held at La Crosse, Wis , Aug. 30, 31, 1898.
38 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY,
Anisim.—Origin, Russia; tree a strong grower in nursery and
orchard; the beautiful color of the fruit attracts favorable attention.
Fruit below medium, roundish conical, slightly angular; surface
greenish yellow, covered almost wholly with a beautiful dark crimson,
with heavy blue bloom; dots white, minute; cavity regular, acute,
usually slightly russeted; stem medium; basin narrow, very shallow,
corrugated, sometimes flat; calyx closed. Core closed, clasping;
tube short, broad; stamens median; flesh greenish white, with green
veins, good. Early winter.
Antonovka.—Origin, Russia; the leading commercial apple of
southern Russia. Fruit desirable but tree blights in some localities.
= atte ae
Antonovka.
Fruit large, roundish, irregular, obscurely angular; surface
yellow; dots minute, raised, white, suffused; cavity deep, regular,
with radiating often large patch of russet; stem medium; basin abrupt,
corrugated, or wavy; calyx closed. Core closed; cells ovate, slit: tube
funnel-shaped; stamens median; seeds numerous, small, pointed,
plump; flesh yellow, juicy, sprightly, spicy, subacid, good. October.
THE APPLE. 39
Aport Orient.—Origin, Russia. One of the best of the Alexan-
der type.
Fruit large, oblong, regular, slightly tapering; surface greenish
yellow, mostly covered with rather dull mixed red, with dark crimson
stripes and splashes; cavity acute, narrow, wavy, russeted; stem short;
basin abrupt, wavy; calyx open, large. Core half open, meeting;
tube conical, very small and short; stamens basal; flesh yellow,
coarse-grained, mild subacid, fair. August.
Arctic.—Origin, Cape Vincent, New York; tree a strong, upright
grower and early bearer.
Fruit large, regular, roundish oblate, often distinctly angular, or
five-sided in large specimens; surface dark solid red, obscurely mar-
bled and mixed, a little yellow ground-color on shady side, with deli-
cate bloom; dots distinct, few, gray; cavity regular, wide, obtuse, with
some radiating green or russet; stem short, stout; basin rather shal-
low, abrupt, somewhat irregular; calyx closed; segments flat con-
vergent. Core small, closed; cells ovate, slit; tube funnel-shaped;
stamens basal; seeds plump; flesh yellow, firm, moderately juicy,
crisp, mild subacid, good. Midwinter.
Arkansas.
Arkansas (Arkansaw, Mammoth Black Twig).—Origin, the Wm.
Crawford farm, Rhea’s Mill, Arkansas, from seeds planted in 1833 or
40 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
1834. The true Paragon originated in Tennessee, and for a time the
two varieties were thought to be identical.
Fruit large, very regular, roundish, conical; surface greenish yel-
low, mostly covered with solid dark to black red on sunny side; dots
distinct, numerous, mostly minute, whitish; cavity regular, obtuse,
large stellate russet patch; stem very short; basin shallow, nearly
smooth; calyx closed; segments connivent. Coreclasping, half open;
cells obovate, slit; tube funnel-shaped; stamens marginal; seeds rather
few, short, plump; flesh yellow with yellow veinings, firm, juicy,
subacid, very good. Winter. The cut isof an undersized specimen,
but typical as to shape.
Arkansas Beauty.—Origin, Arkansas. A showy fruit; specimens
from Jowa somewhat higher colored than Southern specimens.
Fruit large, regular, roundish oblate; surface yellow mostly, or
entirely covered with rather dull red stripes and splashes; dots
obscure, numerous, very minute, brown; cavity obtuse, regular,
with some stellate russet; stem long, slender; basin smooth, abrupt,
medium deep; calyx closed; segments erect convergent. Core wide
open, abaxile; cells ovate, slit, with much cellular exudate; tube
conical; stamens median; seeds many, rounded, plump, short, rather
small; flesh, yellow, fine-grained, very juicy, tender, pleasant, spicy
subacid; quality very good to excellent. Winter.
Arkansas Belle.—Origin, Rhea, Arkansas. Resembles Gano closely
in tree and fruit and may prove identical with it.
Arkansas Black.—Origin, Benton County, Arkansas. Considered
promising by some, but recently has proven too shy a bearer for profit.
Tree of upright growth, wood dark.
Fruit medium, round; surface smooth, solid dark red to black;
cavity regular, small to medium; basin shallow; flesh yellow, fine-
grained, juicy; quality very good. Season, winter.
Arnold (Arnold's Beauty).—Originated by the late Charles Arnold,
of Paris, Ontario, Canada, from seed of Northern Spy crossed with
Wagener and Spitzenburg. Tree an upright grower, symmctrical,
productive.
Fruit medium, oblate, slightly angular, ribbed; surface bright
yellow, often with blush of brownish to bright red, usually with
patches and network of russet; dots few, brown; cavity large, deep,
usually russeted; stem medium, slender; basin deep, rough, slightly
plaited; calyx small, closed. Core small; tube funnel-shaped ; flesh
THE APPLE. 41
yellowish, fine, firm, juicy, rich, mild, pleasant subacid, slightly aro-
matic. January, May.
Arthur.—Origin, Floyd Co., northern Iowa.
Fruit below medium, oblong, truncated, somewhat irregular;
surface yellow, mixed and splashed dull red on sunny side; dots
minute, dark russet, numerous, distinct; cavity narrow, regular,
acute, russet; stem long; basin abrupt, medium deep, wrinkled;
calyx closed. Core closed; tube long, narrow, open to core; stamens
median; seeds packed tightly in cells; flesh yellow, firm, fine-grained,
sprightly subacid, good. Winter.
Autumn Bough (Autumn Sweet Bough).—Origin, America; tree
vigorous, upright, round-headed, productive.
Fruit medium, conical, angular; surface smooth, pale yellow;
dots few, brown; cavity deep, acute, narrow; stem medium, rather
slender; basin deep, corrugated; calyx closed; segments long; flesh
white, very tender, with a sweet, refreshing, vinous flavor, very good.
Last of August to first of October.
Autumn) Swaar (Mall Swaar of West)—Origin unknown; tree
hardy, vigorous, spreading.
Fruit large, roundish conical, regular; surface greenish yellow,
becoming orange yellow, with bronze blush, and russet net-veining;
dots many, large, gray, stellate; cavity broad, acute, regular, green
and russet; stem medium, knobbed; basin deep, abrupt, smooth or
slightly corrugated; calyx small, closed. Core small, closed, clasp-
ing; seeds many, large, plump; flesh yellow, juicy, tender, mild,
pleasant, rich, subacid, very good. September.
Avista.—Origin, Wisconsin. The original tree is now growing
on the farm of A. J. Philips, West Salem, Wisconsin.
Fruit medium, oblong conical, angular; surface unctuous, vellow-
ish green with greenish streaks; dots white, minute, obscure; cavity
wide, green, regular, often russeted, rather shallow; stem long; basin
shallow, wavy; calyx small, closed. Core closed; seeds plump;
flesh white, very firm, fine-grained, mild, pleasant subacid with sweet
aftertaste, very good. Winter.
Babbitt (Western Baldwin).—Originated from seed of Baldwin
by C. W. Babbitt, of Woodford County, Illinois, about 1845; hardy
and productive in Central States. Tree large, a strong grower, with
large leaves and tough wood.
Fruit large, oblate conical, angular; skin thick but tender; sur-
42 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.,
face smooth, greenish white, shaded, washed and striped with red;
dots few, light; cavity large, regular, deep, with gradual slope, and
russet markings; stem short, slender at fruit, thick at base; basin
of medium size, regular, abrupt, furrowed; calyx very small and
closed; segments very short, converging, slightly reflexed. Core
large, wide, conical, open, clasping; seeds few, of medium size,
plump, brown; flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, juicy, brisk
subacid, very good, particularly for cooking. Winter. (U.S. Agr.
Rep., 1893, p. 286.)
Bailey Sweet.—Origin, New York; tree vigorous, productive.
Bailey Sweet.
Fruit large, roundish tapering, obscurely ribbed, irregular? surface
roughened by scattered russet dots, yellow, mostly covered with
dark rich red, obscurely striped, solid on sunny side; dots many,
minute, russet, distinct; cavity regular, acuminate, slightly russeted,
deep, narrow; stem short; basin shallow, narrow, abrupt, slightly
corrugated, wrinkled; calyx half open; segments’ entire, divergent.
Core closed; tube funnel-shaped; stamens median; seeds large,
long-pointed, plump; flesh yellow, moderately juicy, firm, fine-grained,
very sweet, very good. Early winter,
THE APPLE, 43
Baker.— Origin, Ridgefield, Connecticut; tree vigorous, spreading,
productive.
Fruit large, roundish oblate, inclining to conic; surface yellowish,
mostly shaded and splashed with shades of crimson; cavity regular,
medium; stalk short, moderately stout; basin shallow, slightly
corrugated; calyx closed; segments slightly recurved. Core small;
flesh yellowish, rather coarse, often tinged with crimson near the skin,
pleasant subacid, very good. October to February.
Baldwin.—Origin, Wilmington near Lowell, Massachusetts. A
chance seedling which bore its first fruit about the middle of the
eighteenth century; now a leading Eastern market variety. Tree
vigorous, upright, spreading, very productive.
Baldwin.
Fruit large, roundish, narrowing a little to the calyx; surface
rich yellow on shaded side, nearly covered with deep red on sunny side
with stripes of crimson and bright red, sometimes overlaid with
veined russet; dots minute, russet, or gray; cavity wide, regular,
moderately deep, with some radiating russet; stem medium; basin
44 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
deep, narrow, generally wavy or plaited; calyx large, half open,
or open; segments short. Core closed, meeting or sometimes clasping;
cells obovate, slit; tube conical; stamens median; seeds rather few,
long, somewhat flattened, many of them imperfect, angular; flesh
yellowish, juicy, crisp, rich subacid, very good. Southern-grown
specimens are not as good in quality. November to March, at its
best in January.
Batullen.—Origin, Transylvania; tree very vigorous, hardy, of
spreading habit. Imported from Russia.
Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, very regular, tapering
uniformly toward both ends; surface polished, clear yellow with
large carmine blush, with open net-veining and small patches of
russet; dots numerous, oblong, brown; cavity regular, deep; stem
short to medium, stout; basin deep, slightly irregular, woolly at
bottom; calyx half open; segments long, divergent, woolly; tube
funnel-shaped, long; flesh white, very juicy, sprightly pleasant acid,
good. Late winter.
Beach (Richardson's Red, Apple of Commerce).—Origin, Arkansas:
tree a good grower and sure bearer; becoming popular in Arkansas for
its late keeping and productiveness.
Fruit medium to large, roundish, slightly conical, irregular;
surface greenish yellow, almost wholly covered with mixed and marbled
rather ght red, with broad splashes of darker crimson; dots few,
obscure, minute, whitish; cavity regular, rather narrow, medium
deep, with considerable radiating russet; stem medium: basin
shallow to very shallow, distinctly ribbed, with small prominences
around calyx, sometimes deeply corrugated; calyx closed: segments
connivent. Core closed, clasping; cells ovate, slit, much exudate:
tube funnel-shaped; stamens median; seeds few, plump; flesh
yellowish, firm, rather coarse-grained, subacid, good. Late winter.
Beautiful Arcade (No. 453).—Origin, Russia.
Fruit medium or above, oblong, truncated, angular; surface hight
yellow, splashed and mixed crimson on sunny side, roughened by the
dots; dots numerous, green, obscure, raised above the surface:
cavity slightly wavy, abrupt, a little brown around the stem: stem
very short; basin regular, corrugated in bottom; calyx small, closed.
Core small, half open; tube long, funnel-shaped; stamens marginal;
seeds rather large, long, pointed, flattened; flesh vellow, firm, fine-
grained, very rich and sweet, very good, August, September,
THE APPLE. 45
Belle Bonde.—Origin, France.
Fruit medium or above, roundish conical, pale yellow, striped
dots large, light; flesh whitish, a little
and splashed with red;
January and Feb-
coarse, tender, brisk subacid, good for cooking.
ruary.
Belmont (IVaren).—Origin,
vigorous, very productive.
Fruit medium to large, globular, a little flattened, somewhat
Laneaster Co., Pennsylvania; tree
conical, sometimes oblong; surface very smooth, light waxen yellow,
often with blushed orange and bright red cheek; dots minute, few;
cavity generally large, wide, wavy, brown; stem medium to long;
Belmont.
basin wavy or corrugated, medium; calyx small, usually closed.
Core wide, regular, somewhat open, clasping, axis short; seeds many,
large, flat; flesh yellow, crisp, tender, fine-grained, juicy, mild sub-
acid, nearly best. November to February.
Ben Davis.—Origin in doubt, more probably Virginia or Ten-
nessee; widely disseminated at the South before 1850. In the
Southwest and West, especially Missouri, this is the leading winter
46 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
apple and is planted very extensively; tree vigorous, an early and
very abundant bearer. Although not of first-rate quality the hand-
some appearance and long-keeping capacity of the fruit make it
profitable for market. Southern-grown specimens are better matured
than those grown at its northern limits, and hence of better quality.
In recent years many seedlings have been raised from Ben Davis,
such as Gano, Etris, and Black Ben Davis, which bear a strong re-
semblance to the parent and indicate that the parent sometimes
reproduces itself quite closely from seed.
Ben Davis.
Fruit large, regular, roundish conical, truncated, often unequal;
surface smooth, often polished, unctuous at full maturity, yellow,
almost wholly covered with brilliant mixed dark red with dark crimson
splashes and stripes, a handsome, showy fruit; dots distinct, few,
minute, gray; cavity deep, regular, acute, usually with much stel-
late russet which sometimes extends out over base; stem medium to
long, rather slender; basin medium, in large specimens deep, wide,
abrupt, regular or slightly corrugated; calyx partially open; seg-
THE APPLE. 47
ments large, divergent. Core closed, medium, regular, clasping;
cells obovate, entire; tube funnel-shaped; stamens marginal; seeds
large, long, pointed, plump; flesh white, tender, moderately juicy,
pleasant subacid, not rich, good only. All winter and spring.
Benoni.—Origin, Dedham, Massachusetts; tree vigorous, upright,
spreading, productive.
Benoni.
Fruit medium, roundish oblate, somewhat conical, obscurely
angular; surface rich yellow with a crimson cheek, with distinct
broken dark crimson stripes and splashes, marbled and shaded on
sunny side; dots distinct, bright, numerous, minute, white; cavity
regular, acute, deep, slightly russeted; stem short, slender; basin
quite deep, abrupt, nearly smooth; calyx closed; segments divergent.
Core closed, small, meeting; cells obovate, axile, slit; tube funnel-
shaped; stamens median; seeds plump, some abortive; flesh very
yellow with orange veinings, tender, delicate, juicy, pleasant, spicy
subacid, perfumed, very good. August.
Bentley.— Origin supposed to be Virginia; tree of moderate vigor,
productive.
Fruit medium, roundish, truncated, slightly flattened, sometimes
a little oblique or unequal; surface pale, yellowish green, shaded,
mixed, striped and splashed with pale red; dots few, minute, light
brown; cavity regular, deep, acute; stem long, slender, curved;
basin large, abrupt, deep, corrugated; calyx large, closed, or partially
48 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
open; segments medium length, erect, sometimes a little reflexed.
Core small, regular, closed; seeds many, plump, long; flesh fine,
yellowish white, compact, sweet, somewhat honeyed flavor, very
good. Late winter and will keep sound during the following summer.
Bethel.—Origin, Bethel, Vermont; tree a strong grower.
Fruit large, roundish oblate, slightly irregular and angular, sur-
face greenish yellow, heavily splashed and shaded with carmine with
considerable bloom; dots many, greenish yellow and russet, distinct;
cavity usually deep, medium width, slightly russeted; stem medium,
slender; basin shallow, narrow, nearly smooth; calyx half open.
--
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Lietigheimer.
Core medium; flesh greenish white, with traces of pink, firm, juicy,
mild subacid, good. November to late winter.
Bietigheimer (Red Bietigheimer).—Origin, Germany; a large and
showy autumn apple, attaining enormous size. A specimen at the
THE APPLE. 49
Pan-American Exposition from the State of Washington weighed 28+
ounces. Tree a strong grower and of spreading habit; leaves large
and shining; an abundant biennial bearer.
Fruit very large to enormous, roundish to roundish oblate,
somewhat angular; surface smooth, whitish yellow, almost wholly
covered with pale red, with a few obscure stripes and splashes; dots
obscure, numerous, whitish; cavity wide, regular, rather shallow,
obtuse, green, trace of russet; stem very short; basin narrow,
slightly corrugated; calyx closed; segments flat, convergent. Core
open, abaxile; cells ovate, widely slit; tube conical; stamens basal;
flesh white, quite firm, Juicy, brisk subacid, good. Use market and
culinary. September.
Bismarck.—Origin, New Zealand. As seen in 1894 by the writer
in the nursery of the introducer at Erfurt, Germany, this variety
fruits freely on one-year old shoots from the bud; this habit of fruit-
ing on one-year wood, together with its large size has caused it to be
boomed extensively. In Dakota and Iowa it has proved tender and
subject to blight.
Fruit large, roundish oblate, slightly tapering, somewhat. ribbed
toward calyx; surface greenish yellow, polished, partially covered
with dull red obscure splashes, some russet-net veining; dots obscure,
few, whitish, minute; cavity acute, regular, with radiate russet; stem
medium; basin abrupt, nearly smooth, with fine wrinkles, calyx open;
sezments erect convergent. Core half open; cells round, slit; tube
conical; stamens basal; seeds short, plump, few; flesh whitish with
green veinings, rather coarse-grained, lively, brisk subacid good only.
Early winter.
Black, Jerscy.—An old variety; tree of moderate growth, spread-
ing round head with drooping limbs, productive.
Fruit medium, round, angular, irregular, somewhat ribbed; surface
smooth, wholly covered with deep red, with darker stripes, giving
a purple, almost black, color, often with thin bloom; dots many.
minute, indented, purple; cavity deep, acute, russet, often wavy
or folded; stem variable; basin shallow, corrugated; calyx closed.
Core medium, usually closed, clasping; seeds many, short, plump;
pointed, dark; flesh yellow, crisp, juicy, often stained pink or reddish,
mild, aromatic, agreeable subacid, good. Early winter.
Black Annette.—An old variety brought from Marietta, Ohio, in
1866, by Aaron Plumley, and largely grown for many years in Cedar and
50 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
Muscatine counties, Iowa. It does not seem to be the Black Annette
of Downing as the fruit keeps till June or later. Has been raised in
northern Iowa and merits attention.
Fruit medium, roundish oblate, regular; surface green, almost
wholly covered with dark brownish red, with darker splashes, well-
colored specimens black red, with splashes mostly lost in the depth of
coloring; dots very conspicuous, large, numerous, whitish and russet;
cavity regular, obtuse, green and russet; stem medium to long;
basin shallow, wide, smooth, sometimes leather-cracked; calyx open;
segments erect convergent. Core closed, distant; cells round, nearly
entire; tube funnel-shaped; stamens median; seeds short, plump;
flesh white, mild, pleasant, subacid, very good. Season, all winter
and spring.
Black Ben Davis.—Originated about thirty years ago on the farm
of the Rev. M. Black, near Lincoln, Washington County, Arkansas.
Reagan was at first given preference, but the above name has priority,
and the name Reagan resembles too closely Ragan, an old Indiana vari-
ety. It now appears that Mr. Reagan bought the farm from Mr. Black
after the tree came into bearing. Recently introduced; promising.
Fruit large, form much like Ben Davis, the skin also becoming
unctuous like that variety; surface very handsomely colored, a dark
solid crimson, almost black crimson on sunny side, on shaded side the
yellow ground-color shows through, no true stripes nor splashes, but
shading varies in depth of coloring; dots distinct, few, minute, yel-
low; cavity obtuse, medium deep, with stellate russet; stem short;
basin deep, abrupt, sharp-rimmed, somewhat ribbed; calyx open.
Core closed, small, pointed; cells obovate, axile, entire; tube funnel-
shaped; stamens marginal; seeds few, long, pointed, large, some im-
perfect; flesh yellowish white, moderately juicy, mild, pleasant sub-
acid; quality good, better than Ben Davis. Winter.
Black Oxford.—Origin, Maine; there esteemed for its long keeping
and productiveness; at Cedar Falls, Iowa, it has done well top-grafted.
Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conical; surface yellow,
nearly covered with dark solid brownish red, overlaid with gray net-
veining, a peculiar color; dots numerous, conspicuous, light, ‘a few
large russet dots; cavity deep, russeted, the russet sometimes extend-
ing out over base in large irregular patches; stem long, curved; basin
shallow, wrinkled, somewhat leather-cracked; calyx open; segments
erect convergent. Core closed, outline irregular; cells ovate; tube
THE APPLE. 51
funnel-shaped; stamens median; flesh whitish, firm, moderately
Juicy, mild subacid, good. March to May.
Bledsoe.—Origin, Kentucky.
Fruit very large, round, somewhat conical, flattened at base,
regular; surface greenish yellow, obscurely striped; cavity deep,
slightly russeted; stem short; basin somewhat corrugated; calyx
half open; flesh white, crisp, fine-grained, juicy, mild, agreeable
subacid, good. December to April.
Blenheim (Blenheim Pippin, Blenheim Orange).—An old variety
from Woodstock, Oxfordshire, England; tree of strong, vigorous
growth, a regular and abundant bearer.
Fruit large, roundish oblate, slightly conicai, very regular; sur-
face very smooth, yellow, becoming deep orange, shaded with solid dull
brown red, obscurely streaked darker red on sunny side, sometimes
mixed with russet; dots obscure, few, russet, small; cavity regular
obtuse, with large patch of radiating russet; stem short, stout; basin
medium, regular, smooth; calyx open, large; segments short, small.
Core open; cells large, roomy, obovate, axile; tube funnel-shaped;
stamens median; flesh yellow, juicy, peculiar mild spicy subacid,
good. October to December.
Bloomless and Coreless.—Origin doubtful; varieties of this de-
scription have long been known and described. The tree produces
flowers with well-developed essential organs, especially the pistils,
but the petals are wanting.
Fruit small, dull red, mixed with yellowish green; quality fair.
As grown by G. W. Robinette, of Flag Pond, Virginia, the core is
usually well developed, with a secondary and even a tertiary core with
a few seeds in each, extending towards the calyx, causing an opening
there nearly one-half inch in width and depth. Not valuable for the
fruit, a curiosity only. (H. E. Van Deman, U. 5. Agr. Rep., 1889.)
Blue Anis.—Origin, Russia. (See Anis, p. 37.)
Fruit small, roundish, tapering, angular; skin thin, semi-trans-
parent, and pale yellow to yellowish white, splashed with bright erim-
son on sunny side; dots very minute, white, obscure; cavity regular,
acute, deep, narrow, with russet patch; stem short, touching along
lower part of cavity; basin narrow, abrupt, rather shallow, corru-
gated and wrinkled; calyx closed. Core half open, meeting; tube
conical; stamens median; flesh white, juicy, fine-grained, pleasant
subacid, good. Fall.
52 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY,
Blue Pearmain.—Fruit very large, nearly regular, roundish to
roundish oblong, very slightly conical; surface pale yellow, almost
wholly covered with large dark purplish splashes and stripes, mixed
nearly solid red on sunny side, the heavy white bloom over dark red
ground gives the fruit a bluish color; dots distinct, white, russet,
Blue Pearmain.
minute, some large, gray, with russet centres; cavity wide, deep, obtuse,
some stellate russet; stem short; basin shallow, smooth, some with
trace of russet; calyx open; segments flat convergent. Core partly
open; tube funnel-shaped; stamens median. Flesh firm, moderately
juicy, yellowish, spicy, pleasant, rich subacid, very good. October
to February.
Blushed Calville (22 M.).—Origin, Russia. Hardy and desirable
at the North as a very early apple.
Fruit medium, conical, angular, ribbed; surface yellowish white,
with slight blush; dots white, minute, suffused, obscure; basin broad,
corrugated; calyx closed; cavity often wavy, often green, sometimes
slightly russeted; stem long. Core wide open, clasping; cells large,
THE APPLE. 53
slit; tube broad, conical; stamens median; flesh white, fine-grained,
juicy, good. Early summer.
Bode (No. 385).—Origin, Russia; desirable for early summer at
the north.
Fruit medium, oblate, somewhat angular, sometimes unequal; sur-
face smooth, polished, yellowish white to white, rarely with faine blush;
dots large, white, suffused; cavity wide and very shallow, green
and russet; stem thick, very short; basin wide, wavy, fine corruga-
tions about the eye; calyx closed; segments erect. Core closed,
meeting; tube broad, but very short; stamens median; flesh snow-
white, juicy, subacid, tender, good to very good. Early August.
Bogdanoff.—Origin, Russia.
Fruit medium, roundish to roundish oblong, obscurely angular;
surface green, occasionally with a faint bronze blush; dots obscure,
numerous, minute, white; cavity wide, regular, obtuse, with slight
Bogdanoff.
stellate russet; stem short; basin wide, shallow, slightly corrugated ;
calyx open; segments divergent, large, leafy. Core rather small, mect-
ing; cells obovate, entire; tube conical; stamens basal; seeds many ;
flesh white, juicy, tender, pleasant subacid, good. Winter.
Boiken.—Named after Dike-warden Boike, of Germany; tree
received from Russia. Fruit medium, oblate conical; surface smooth,
clear yellow, sometimes with blush; dots very obscure, many, minute,
54 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
white; cavity wide, regular, deep, obtuse, with radiating russet;
stem long; basin wide, medium deep, wrinkled; calyx open or closed.
Core open; cells round; tube conical; stamens median; seeds short,
round, few; flesh white, firm, juicy, fine-grained, sprightly, refreshing
subacid, very good. Winter.
Bonum.—Origin, Norsh Carolina; tree upright, spreading, an
early and abundant bearer.
Bonum.
Fruit medium; form very regular, roundish; surface roughened by
Tusset dots, yellow, mostly covered with solid deep crimson and
obscure stripes and splashes of dark red; dots distinct, numerous,
russet, mostly large, a part with dark centre; cavity regular, wide,
obtuse, often with a little green russet; stem long; basin wide, very
shallow, slightly corrugated; calyx closed; segments flat convergent.
Core small, closed; cells ovate, much slit; tube funnel-shaped; stamens
marginal; seeds numerous; flesh white, often stained next to the
skin, firm, tender, juicy, rich aromatic mild subacid, very good.
November to December.
Borovinka.—Origin, Russia; as grown in the Northwest this
variety very closely resembles Oldenburg, but the question of their
identity has not been settled. Some growers prefer the Borovinka
as an improved Oldenburg.
THE APPLE. 55
Fruit medium, roundish, truncated, regular, surface greenish
yellow, mostly covered with stripes and splashes of dark crimson
mixed and marbled on sunny side and overlaid with whitish net-
veining; dots white, obseure, few; cavity acuminate, white, regular,
with trace of stellate russet; stem medium; basin rather abrupt,
regular, corrugated in bottom; calyx closed; segments divergent,
long, pointed. Core closed, axile, sessile; cells round, entire; tube
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Borovinka,.
conical; stamens marginal; seeds plump, sharp-pointed; flesh white,
juicy, sprightly acid, good. August.
Bough, Sweet (Large; Yellow Bough).—Origin, America; an
excellent early sweet apple, especially for dessert use in harvest-time.
Fruit above medinn, regular, oblong ovate, slightly conical;
surface smooth, clear, pale greenish ycllow; dots distinct, numerous,
minute, russet, with green bases; cavity regular, deep, sometimes
russeted; stem long to very long; basin smooth, recular, narrow,
shallow; calyx closed; segments erect convergent. Core nearly
closed, clasping; tube conical; stamens median; flesh white, very
tender, juicy, very sweet, too sweet for cooking, good. July and
August.
Bradford (Kentucky Redstrcak).—Origin obscure; supposed to be
Tennessee; tree upright, vigorous, and productive annvally.
Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conic; surface greenish yellow,
56 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY,
shaded with dull purplish red, and indistinctly splashed and striped;
dots numerous, large, light, having gray centres, sometimes the
number of dots give appearance almost as if mottled; stem medium,
calyx closed. Core small; flesh whitish, tender, juicy mild subacid,
good to very good. December to March.
Breskovka (152 M.).—Origin, Russia; a hardy variety of the
Yellow Transparent type; tree productive, with round somewhat
spreading top.
Fruit medium, roundish, regular, often somewhat ribbed toward
the calyx; surface smooth, waxen, transparent, clear greenish yellow,
becoming a clear white when ripe, no blush nor stripe; dots greenish,
minute, numerous, suffused in the transparent skin; cavity regular,
acute, with a little russet; stem quite long; basin shallow, regular,
usually fine wrinkles around the eye; calyx closed. Core closed;
flesh snow-white, crisp, fine-grained, very Juicy, subacid, very good.
July, early August.
Breskovka much resembles Bielgorod (No. 86 M.), which is identical
with Resonant (No. 352), but the stem of Breskovka averages much
longer, the fruit is somewhat ribbed, the basin averages wider and
shallower, and the cavity is wider.
Brett.—Originated 1872 near Dover, Minnesota, by Mrs. Mary
Brett.
Fruit large, roundish, regular, truncated; surface yellow, with dark
crimson stripes on sunny side; dots white, minute, obscure; cavity
deep, regular; stem short; basin wide, regular, abrupt, often finely
wrinkled; calyx closed. Core closed, clasping; tube conical; stamens
median; flesh white, juicy, sprightly subacid, good. Early winter.
Broadwell.—Originated with Jacob Broadwell near Cincinnati,
Ohio; tree vigorous, very spreading, irregular, productive.
Fruit medium, oblate, somewhat conic, regular; surface clear
bright yellow, brownish blush on the sunny side, with carmine
spots; dots few, greenish, suffused beneath; cavity broad, reguler,
russeted; stem rather short: basin abrupt, regular, rarely plaited;
calyx closed; segments short. Core small, closed, round, clasping;
flesh yellowish white, firm, juicy, rich, very sweet, very good. Novem-
ber to February.
Bryan, J/rs.—Origin, Walker Co., Georgia. A medium to large
late fall variety, of very good quality, recommended in Bul.8, Divi-
sion of Pomology.
THE APPLE. 57
Buckingham (Fall Queen).—An old favorite variety from Virginia;
tree upright, slightly spreading, moderately vigorous and productive.
Buckingham.
Fruit farge, variable, generally conical or oblate conical, truncated,
angular; surface greenish yellow, mostly covered, shaded, striped
and splashed with two shades of crimson or purplish red; dots nu-
merous, light brown; cavity broad, deep, slightly russeted; stem
short; basin rather large, deep, slightly irregular and corrugated;
calyx closed; segments connivent. Core small; axis very short:
seeds many, long, pointed; tube conical; flesh ycllowish, rather
coarse, breaking, tender, juicy, mild, sprightly subacid, very good to
best. November to February.
Bullock (American Golden Russet).—A delicious apple, with flesh
more like a buttery pear than that of an ordinary apple. An old New
Jersey variety mentioned by Coxe in 1817. Tree thrifty, shoots up-
right, dull reddish, grayish brown.
Fruit medium or below, roundish, somewhat conical; surface
greenish yellow to orange or golden, with more or less of very thin
russet, often with distinct bronzed blush; dots obscure, few, minute;
cavity rather shallow, acute, regular; stem long, slender; basin
58 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
shallow, regular, rather narrow; calyx closed. Core closed, clasping;
seeds many, pointed; flesh yellowish, very tender, Juicy, mild, rich,
spicy, aromatic subacid, best. October to January.
Bullock
Buncombe (Red Winter Pearmain).—Origin, North Carolina;
tree a moderate upright grower, and an annual bearer.
Fruit medium, roundish oblong, conic, regular, often unequal;
surface smooth, waxen, yellowish white, almost wholly covered with
deep purplish red, obscurely striped and splashed; dots obscure,
many, minute, white; cavity regular, acuminate, deep, narrow, green
or slightly russeted; stem short; basin narrow, smooth, very shallow;
calyx closed; segments erect convergent. Core closed, clasping, irreg-
ular; cells elliptical; tube funnel-shaped, open to core; stamens
marginal; seeds large, flattened, many; flesh whitish yellow, juicy,
tender, mild subacid, or nearly sweet, rich, slightly aromatic, good to
very good. January to March.
Camack.—Origin, North Carolina; tree of slow growth, an carly
and abundant bearer.
Fruit medium, roundish, sometimes conical, light yellow green, red
on sunny side; cavity narrow; stem short; basin deep; calyx open.
THE APPLE, 59
Core small; flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, brisk, pleasant, sweet, good,
February.
Buncombe.
Canada Baldwin.—Originated in the province of Quebec, Canada,
on the farm of Alexis Déry, St. Hilaire, introduced about 1855;
tree of strong upright growth, gradually spreading with age; an early
bearer, does best on clay or clay loam; on Light warm soils it 1s in-
jured by sunseald and bark-splitting.
Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly angular; surface smooth
yellowish white, mostly covered with stripes and splashes of rich red
and crimson, a purplish crimson on sunny side with slight bloom;
cavity large, wide, deep, regular; stem short, stout; basin medium,
deep, slightly corrugated; calyx closed. Core small; flesh very white,
fine, sometimes stained with pink, tender, juicy, refreshing, mild sub-
acid, with slight quince-like flavor, good to very good. January to
April.
Canada Reinette——Origin doubtful, by some supposed to have
originated in France; highly esteemed in Europe. Tree a strong
60 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
vigorous grower, spreading, open, productive, young shoots clear
reddish brown, slightly downy.
Canada Reinette.
Fruit very large, oblate conical, flattened, with prominent ribs
originating at calyx and diminishing toward the stem; surface green-
ish yellow, with brown blush on sunny side, with numerous russet
patches; dots numerous, brown russety; cavity wide, deep, gener-
ally smooth; stem short, slender; basin rather deep, irregular; calyx
open or closed; segments short. Cells obovate, axile, slit; tube conical;
stamen basal; flesh yellowish white, firm, Juicy, rich, brisk subacid,
very good to best. December to April.
Cannon Pearmain.—Origin, North Carolina; tree vigorous, spread-
ing, productive.
Fruit medium, form regular, roundish conic; surface yellow, striped,
shaded, and marbled with red and dark crimson; dots large, yellow,
gray; cavity small, russeted; stem long, slender; basin large, regular,
deep, abrupt, regular, rarely wavy or corrugated; flesh ycliow, firm,
with a rich, brisk, subacid flavor, very good. January to April.
Carlough.—Origin, New York; tree vigorous, with roundish spread-
ing head and reddish brown shoots. -
Fruit roundish, conical; color greenish yellow, with a faint brown-
THE APPLE. 61
ish red cheek; cavity medium, slightly russeted; stem three-fourths
of an inch long, slender; basin small, shallow; calyx small, closed;
tube short, conical; flesh white, tender, juicy, with a mild subacid
pleasant flavor. Ripe in November and apparently a long keeper.
(S. H. Fulton, Mich. Exp. Sta. Bul. 177.)
Carolina Beauty.—Origin, North Carolina.
Fruit large, oblate, slightly conical; skin thick, tough; surface
smooth, excepting numerous russet knobs; color yellow, washed with
crimson and indistinctly striped with darker crimson; dots conspic-
uous, yellow or russet, many with erupted centres; cavity wide, deep,
gradual, russeted; stem three-fourths of an inch long, moderately
stout; basin medium, regular, gradual; calyx large, partially open;
segments long, narrow, converging to centre and reflexed. Core very
large, wide, clasping, nearly closed; seeds numerous, of medium size,
angular, dark brown; flesh yellowish, moderately fine, crisp, juicy,
subacid, very good. Early winter. (U.S. Agr. Report, 1895, p. 21.)
Carter Blue.—Origin, Alabama; tree of fine upright growth, and
an early bearer.
Fruit large, roundish oblate; surface greenish, washed and striped
with dull red and covered with a blue bloom; stalk slender; calyx
closed. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, sugary, rich, aromatic, very
good. September to November.
Catherine.—Origin, Minnesota.
Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, regular; surface a rich
golden yellow with faint blush; dots white, minute, suffused; cavity
wide, regular; stem long; basin wide, shallow, minutely wrinkled;
calyx open. Core open, clasping; tube funnel-shaped; stamens
marginal; flesh white, juicy, subacid, fair. Early fall.
Champlain (Nyack ; Sourbough, Summer Pippin).—Origin, West-
chester Co., New York: tree vigorous; round-topped, productive, a
regular bearer.
Fruit medium to large, roundish conical to oblong oval, angular,
irregular; surface smooth, pale waxen yellow with slight crimson
blush; dots minute, green and grayish; cavity acute, deep, green,
wavy; stem variable, generally long, slender; basin abrupt, corru-
gated, deep; calyx small, closed. Core round, slightly open, clasp-
ing; seed many, angular; flesh white, tender, fine-grained, juicy,
aromatic, pleasant subacid, very good to best. August, September.
Charlamoff (Pointed Pipha, Peterson's Charlamojf).— Origin,
62 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
Russia. One of the four varieties recommended by the Minnesota
State Horticultural Society as of the first degree of hardiness. Tree
spreading, vigorous, productive.
‘
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‘
Charlamoff.
Fruit above medium to large, oblong, somewhat truncated, occa-
sionally roundish truncated, angular, ribbed, especially about the
stem; surface light yellow covered with dark crimson stripes and
splashes, mixed red on sunny side, with a heavy blue bloom; dots
white, minute, obscure; cavity, deep, acute, ribbed, with small radi-
ating patch of russet; stem medium to long; basin wide, shallow,
corrugated; calyx closed; segments large. Core closed; tube funnel-
shaped; stamens median; flesh white, fine-grained, pleasant acid,
often slightly stained with red next to skin, good. August.
Chenango (Chenango Strawberry, Sherwood'’s Favorite).—Origin,
Lebanon, New York. Tree vigorous, spreading; fruit a great favorite
for dessert wherever grown.
Fruit medium to large, oblong conic, regular, truncated, obscurely
ribbed; surface yellowish white, mostly covered with rosy cannon
THE APPLE, 63
stripes, mixed on sunny side and in part thinly overlaid with whitish
net-veining; dots distinct, white, few, minute; cavity regular, acute,
narrow, somewhat uneven; stem very short, small; basin narrow,
shallow, nearly or quite smooth; calyx closed or half open; segments
erect convergent. Core rather large, half open; cells elliptical, entire;
Chenango.
tube funnel-shaped; stamens basal; seeds flat, pointed; flesh white,
tender, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid, very good. September, October.
Chisman.—A seedling of Yellow Bellflower from Dallas county,
Towa.
Fruit medium to large, oblong, angular, ribbed; surface yellow;
dots distinct, numerous, russet; cavity regular, with trace of russet;
stem medium; basin narrow, ribbed, rather shallow; calyx closed;
segments connivent. Core closed; cells ovate, widely slit; tube
conical; stamens median; seeds few, plump, short; flesh juicy,
pleasant spicy subacid, very good. Winter.
Christmas (No. 310).—Origin, Russia. It is doing well in Minne-
sota.
Fruit medium, roundish conical to oblong oval, sometimes obscurely
three-sided, often oblique; surface yellow, with bright crimson stripes
64 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
and splashes on sunny side, often nearly covering the whole surface,
then a beautiful fruit; cavity narrow, acute, with a little russet;
stem long; basin flat or nearly so, when flat the basin has protu-
Christmas.
berances around the eye; calyx closed; flesh white, juicy, tender,
subacid, very good. Late fall.
Clark Pearmain.—An old variety of North Carolina origin; tree
of slow growth, very productive.
Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conical, truncated, regular;
surface greenish yellow, nearly covered with rich dark red splashes
and stripes, coloring solid on sunny side; dots very distinct, numerous,
large, yellow, with large russet centres; cavity deep, regular, obtuse,
with radiating russet; stem very short to medium; basin regular,
smooth, small; calyx small; closed; segments divergent. Core closed,
seareely clasping, small; cells obovate, entire or nearly so; tube
funnel-shaped; stamens median; seeds short, very plump; flesh
yellow, fine-grained, rather firm, crisp, rich, spicy subacid, very
good. December.
Clayton.—Origin, central Indiana.
Fruit large, regular, oblate, conical; surface smooth, greenish
yellow, covered with dull red, with darker stripes and splashes;
THE APPLE. 65
dots minute, obscure, few, gray, with large scattered russet dots; cavity
wide, wavy, deep, acute, green or russet; stem stout, medium; basin
narrow, shallow, abrupt, smooth; calyx closed. Core wide open,
clasping, sessile; cells round to obovate, abaxile, slit; tube funnel-
shaped, long, narrow; stamens marginal; seeds numerous, plump,
ae
Clark Pearmain.
angular, short, dark; flesh yellow, firm; not fine-grained, subacid,
good. All winter.
Clyde Beauty—Origin, Clyde, New York} tree vigorous, upright,
very productive.
Fruit large, roundish, conic, angular; surface greenish, oily,
sprinkled and mottled with dull red and bright red in the sun; cavity
acute; stem short, slender; basin small, corrugated; calyx closed;
flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk subacid, good. October to January.
Cogswell.— Origin, Griswold, Connecticut.
Fruit above medium, roundish, oblate, regular; surface rich
yellow, nearly covered with red, marked and streaked with bright
red; dots many, areole; cavity large, thinly russeted; stem short,
rather slender; basin small, shallow. Core small; flesh yellowish,
fine-grained, tender, juicy, scarcely subacid, rich aromatic, very good
to best. December to March.
Collins (Champion).—Originated thirty-eight years ago on the
old Merriam farm near Iayetteville, Arkansas; named in honor of
66 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
the introducer, Geo. Collins; tree a vigorous grower in nursery and
orchard, very productive.
Fruit large, roundish oblate, slightly unequal; skin of medium thick-
ness, tough; surface moderately smooth, with some fine leather-crack-
ing, yellow, washed with dull and bright red, splashed and striped
with crimson; dots light russet, many with dark centres; cavity
large, regular, deep, flaring, russeted and slightly lipped; stem about
Cogswell.
one inch long, of medium caliper, curved, largest at twig} basin
large, regular, deep, abrupt, slightly furrowed and downy; calyx
medium, closed, or partially open; segments short, wide, converging.
Core medium size, conical, clasping, partially open; seeds few, of
medium size, plump, brown; flesh yellow, satiny, moderately coarse,
crisp, moderately juicy, subacid, good. Winter. (U.S. Agr. Report,
1895.)
Colman.— A cross of Jonathan with Northern Spy pollen, origi-
nated by A. F. Colman, Corning, Iowa. 1902 was the third year of
bearing; tree productive.
Fruit large, round, somewhat truncated; surface waxen yellow,
thinly striped and splashed bright red, mixed on sunny side; dots
minute, white, obscure, few; cavity deep, narrow, regular, acuminate,
THE APPLE. 67
with small stellate russet patch; stem very short; basin smooth, cup-
shaped, narrow; calyx closed; segments flat convergent. Core closed;
cells ovate, slit; tube conical; stamens median; seeds numerous,
plump; flesh white, juicy, spicy subacid, quality excellent, worthy
of its parents. Early winter. Promising for dessert and market.
Colton, Harly.—Origin unknown; tree vigorous, upright, spreading.
Fruit medium, roundish toward either end, slightly ribbed; sur-
face pale greenish yellow, often with brownish red blush; dots large,
many, obscure, greenish; cavity narrow, regular, shallow; stem
medium stout; basin shallow, corrugated, narrow; calyx nearly
closed; segments divergent, rather long; tube funnel-shaped;
flesh whitish, crisp, juicy, sprightly subacid, good. August.
Cooper.—Origin unknown; supposed to be some old Eastern
variety; by some thought to be from France; tree vigorous, produc-
tive.
Fruit large, roundish oblate, regular, sometimes unequal; surface
pale waxen yellow, with a few stripes and splashes of bright mixed
searlet and very distinctly marked carmine; dots few, minute, brown;
cavity wide, regular, green; stem medium, green; basin regular,
abrupt, deep; calyx small, closed. Core small, closed, meeting;
seeds numerous, plump, short, dark; flesh pale yellow, tender,
juicy, vinous, mild aromatic subacid, good to very good. September
and October.
Cooper Market.—Tree vigorous, upright, with long slender branches;
very productive.
Fruit small to medium, round oblate conic; surface greenish
yellow, heavily shaded with purplish red and striped with crimson;
dots few; cavity deep, narrow; stem short to medium; basin small,
shallow, slightly irregular; calyx closed. Core medium, somewhat
open; flesh white, tender, brisk subacid, good. December to
May.
Cornell Fancy.—Origin, Pennsylvania; tree vigorous and_pro-
ductive. A valuable Scptember variety in Central Pennsylvania.
Fruit medium, oblong, conical; surface waxen, yellow, shaded
and splashed with crimson; cavity rather large; stem medium;
basin abrupt, corrugated; calyx closed. Core medium to large; flesh
white, tender, crisp, juicy with a pleasant subacid flavor, very good.
Cracking.—Origin, Ohio; tree a strong spreading grower and pro-
ductive.
68 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
Fruit large, roundish oblate, slightly conical, obscurely ribbed,
somewhat uneven and irregular; surface smooth, greenish yellow,
with a slight tinge of red when fully ripe; dots many, minute, in-
dented, green; cavity acute, wavy, slightly russeted; stem short;
basin wide, corrugated; calyx closed. Core open, large, clasping;
seeds large, pointed, dark; flesh yellow, tender, juicy, crisp, subacid,
very good. September, October.
Cresco.— Originated in 1869 or 1870 by J. B. Mitchell, Cresco,
northern Iowa.
Fruit medium, roundish oval, regular; surface light yellow with
blush or warm cheek; dots minute, white, ‘suffused, obscure; cavity
deep, acute, narrow, with radiating patch of russet; stem long, slen-
der; basin wavy, corrugated, abrupt; calyx closed; segments large.
Core closed, outline indistinct; cells ovate, slit; tube long, funnel-
shaped; stamens marginal; seeds short, plump; flesh white, pleasant
subacid, good. October or later.
Crimson Beauty.—Originated by F. P. Sharp, Woodstock, New
Brunswick, by crossing New Brunswick with Fameuse pollen. A
good early variety of remarkable beauty.
Fruit large, roundish, flattened at ends, slightly oblique and angu-
lar; surface yellowish white, overspread with crimson red, with irreg-
ular and often indistinct stripes; cavity deep, abrupt; stem long,
quite stout; basin abrupt, quite deep, ridged and often corrugated.
Core open, not meeting; flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, juicy,
subacid, very good. Very early, about one week earlier than Yellow
Transparent.
Cross (No. 413 Dept.).—Origin, Russia.—The Russian Nomencla-
ture Commission called this the Cross Apple to distinguish it from
Cross (15 M.). Prof. Budd suggests the name Large Anis for Cross 413.
As the name Cross has long been given to another apple in Maryland it
appears that Nos. 15 and 413 Dept. must be retained for the
present.
Fruit medium to large, regular, oblate; surface yellow, mostly cov-
ered with mixed dark red and crimson splashes and stripes; dots minute,
white, obscure; cavity regular, with a radiating patch of russet;
stem short; basin wavy, abrupt, with fine wrinkles; calyx half open.
Core closed, meeting; tube conical; stamens median; seeds numerous,
short, plump; flesh white, pleasant subacid, good. Late fall.
THE APPLE. 69
Cross (No. 15 M.).—Origin, Russia.
Fruit medium, oblate, regular or nearly so; surface a rich yellow,
more or less striped and splashed with crimson; dots white, obscure;
cavity deep, regular, somewhat russeted; stem medium; basin shal-
low, abrupt, wavy; calyx large, open. Core open, clasping; tube
a ve? ween e
- ese
Cross (413 of Department).
conical; stamens marginal; seeds large, dark brown; flesh white,
brisk subacid, not spicy, good. Early winter.
Cullasaga.—Originated by Miss Ann Bryson, Macon Co.,; North
Carolina. Tree a good grower and very productive.
Fruit medium to large; roundish, inclining to conic, sides some-
times unequal; surface yellowish, mostly shaded and striped with
dark crimson; dots few, whitish; cavity deep; stem small, short;
basin shallow, corrugated; calyx open. Flesh yellowish, rather com-
pact, moderately juicy, mild subacid, good. November to April.
Danvers Sweet.—Origin, Danvers, Massachusetts; tree productive
and of very rapid growth.
Fruit large, roundish oblong, sometimes roundish oblate, regular;
surface smooth, uneven, dull greenish yellow, with orange blush;
dots numerous, medium, prominent, with white and green bases; cav-
ity wide, deep, brown; stem long, slender, knobby; basin smooth,
deep, narrow, abrupt; calyx small, closed; segments long. Core
70 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
round, regular, closed; seeds numerovs, long, brown, pointed; flesh
yellow, fine-grained, juicy, firm, very sweet and rich, very good; good
for baking. All winter.
Delicious.—Originated by Jesse Hiatt about twenty years ago near
Des Moines, Iowa; tree a regular and heavy bearer.
Fruit large, roundish conic, ribbed; skin medium thick, tenacious;
surface smooth except the ribbing; color yellow, washed with mixed
red, splashes and broken stripes of bright crimson; bloom whitish;
dots numerous, small, yellow, some indented; cavity regular, large,
deep, gradual, russet; stem medium, stout; basin regular, large,
deep, gradual, furrows and knobs; eye medium, closed; calyx seg-
ments medium, erect or reflexed at tips. Core conical, clasping, me-
dium; seeds plump, medium, brown; color yellow; texture fine,
tender, juicy; flavor subacid, very pleasant; quality good to very
good. Early winter. (U. 8. Div. of Pomology.)
Derby.—Originated on the Capt. Wright farm, Derby, Vermont;
tree of hardy, strong, thrifty growth, and an early and abundant
bearer.
Fruit above medium; form oblate; surface yellowish, shaded with
red and striped with dark red on sun side. Flesh crisp, pleasant sub-
acid, good. Fall and early winter.
Domine. — Origin, New York; closely resembles Rambo exter-
nally, but the latter is a choice early winter or autumn variety while
Domine is a sprightly, juicy, long-keeping, winter fruit. Tree up-
right, vigorous, very productive and an early bearer.
Fruit rather large, regular, oblate, surface greenish yellow in shade,
mostly covered with splashed and striped bright red in sun, overlaid
with whitish; dots distinct, many, very large, some scattered irreg-
ular russet specks with ght bases; cavity regular, very wide and
deep, with large stellate russet patch; stem medium, rather slender,
curved; basin wide, medium deep, slightly ribbed; calyx closed; seg-
ments connivent. Core open, barely clasping; axis short; cells ovate,
entire; tube conical; stamens marginal; seeds many, long-pointed,
plump; flesh whitish, very tender, juicy, pleasant, rich sprightly
subacid, very good. December to April.
Donneghan.—A medium early Vermont variety of very good
quality, mentioned in Bul. No. 8, Div. of Pomology.
Doyle.—Origin, Texas.
Fruit above medium, roundish; skin tough; surface moderately
THE APPLE. 71
smooth, with numerous russet patches, yellow, washed red, splashed
and striped crimson; dots brown, erupted; cavity regular, large, deep,
wide russet margins; stem medium, slender; basin regular, medium,
Domine.
gradual with shallow furrows; calyx small, partially closed; segments
small, converging, slightly reflexed. Core large, conical, clasping;
seeds medium, plump, brown; flesh yellowish, fine, breaking, juicy,
rich, aromatic, subacid, very good. August. (U.S. Dept. Agr., 1902.)
Dudley Winter (North Star).—A bright-colored seedling of Olden-
burg, originated by J. W. Dudley, Aroostook Co., Maine, and sent
out under the name of North Star by a Rochester nursery; but this
name is already occupied.
Fruit large, regular, roundish oblate; surface smooth, yellow,
mostly covered with bright rosy crimson stripes and splashes, coloring
nearly solid on sunny side, with thin bluish bloom; cavity regular,
wide, obtuse, with trace of stellate russet; stem long; basin deep,
abrupt, corrugated and ribbed; calyx closed; segments erect conver-
gent. Core closed; cells round, widely slit; tube conical, rather
urn-shaped; stamens median; seeds plump, pointed; flesh yellow,
white inside the core outline, fine-grained, pleasant subacid, very
good. Late fall and early winter.
72 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
Dutch Mignonne. — Origin, Holland; tree vigorous, upright, spread-
ing, productive.
Fruit large, roundish oblate, slightly conical; surface rough,
yellow, shaded with light and dark rich red, with bright red stripes
and splashes; dots many, prominent, light russet; cavity deep, acute,
regular, large, often russeted; stem medium to long, slender; basin
large, abrupt, wide, slightly corrugated; calyx small, closed; segments
short, erect convergent. Core small, clasping; cells obovate, axile;
tube conical; stamens marginal; seeds few, angular, imperfect;
flesh yellowish, coarse-grained, tender, firm, juicy, rich mild subacid,
very good. December to March.
Dyer.—An old French variety, originally described as Pomme
Royal (Pomme Royal), but the name having been lost in this country
it was given its present name. The tree is a fair grower and an
annual and early bearer, but the thin skin of the fruit prevents distant
shipping without bruising.
Dyer.
Fruit medium to large, roundish, somewhat flattened, obscurely
ribbed; surface smooth, clear, greenish yellow, with rarely a faint
blush, and with more or less thin russet net-veining; cavity regular,
THE APPLE. 73
deep; stem medium; basin medium, abrupt, ribbed: calyx closed;
segments long, divergent. Core open, round; tube funnel-shaped ;
stamens median; seeds many, small; flesh yellowish white, spicy, very
tender and juicy, rich aromatic, sprightly subacid; quality excellent
to best, having but few equals. October to December.
Early Cooper. — Grown in Illinois, Kansas, and other western
States mainly for home use; tree productive.
Fruit medium, roundish, a little flattened; surface yellow with
faint blush, tinge of green at stem. Flesh white, crisp, sprightly.
September and October. (Elliott.)
Early Harvest.— Of American origin; tree moderately vigorous,
upright, spreading, productive, needs rich cultivation.
Early Harvest.
Fruit medium or below, roundish, often roundish oblate, usually
oblate at the West; surface very smooth, clear, pale waxen yellow,
very rarely blushed; dots obscure, few, minute, white and green;
cavity wide, regular, obtuse, with russet patch; stem medium; basin
wide, shallow, smooth. Core small, closed; cells obovate; tube
conical or funnel-shaped; stamens marginal or median; seeds few,
large, pointed; flesh very white, tender, Juicy, crisp, sprightly, pleas-
ant rich subacid, very good to best, The first three weeks of July.
74 SYSTEMATIC. POMOLOGY.
Early Joe.—Origin, Ontario Co., New York; tree of slow growth,
productive, requires high cultivation. The poor growth of this
variety in nursery makes it undesirable for the nurseryman.
Early Joe.
Fruit below medium, regular, oblate; surface smooth, greenish
yellow, thinly shaded, stripes and splashes of dark and light red; dots
obscure, minute, gray, and some conspicuous greenish white specks;
cavity large, wide, regular obtuse, with stellate russet, occasionally
lipped; stem medium to long, stout; basin narrow, abrupt, smcoth;
calyx closed; segments connivent, leaf-like. Core closed; cells round,
slit; tube conical; stamens marginal; seeds numerous, short, plump,
pyriform; flesh yellowish, very tender, juicy, fine-grained, spicy
subacid, vinous, best. Early August to middle of September.
Early Pennock.—Of American origin; tree hardy, an early and
abundant bearer; a favorite, showy market apple in parts of the West.
Fruit large, roundish conical, tapering sharply, ribbed, sometimes
inclined; surface golden yellow mostly covered with bright red,
striped, splashed, and mottled with rosy crimson, a handsome fruit;
dots obscure, many, minute, white; cavity deep, regular, narrow,
acuminate, with a little stellate russet; stem short or medium; basin
very shallow, narrow, slightly wrinkled; calyx closed; segments erect
convergent. Core open, long, tapering to both ends; cells elliptical;
tube conical; stamens median; seeds large, many, plump; flesh
yellow, coarse grained, subacid, scarecly good. July and August.
Early Ripe.—Supposed origin, Pennsylvania; tree a free grower
and productive,
THE APPLE. 75
Fruit medium, roundish oblate; surface pale yellow; dots few;
gray; cavity slightly russeted; stem long; calyx small, closed; flesh
white, tender, juicy, subacid, good. August.
Early Strawberry.—Origin, New York; tree thrifty, very upright
while young, spreading and large with age, quite distinct from the
Early Red Margaret, which has no fragrance, and a short stem.
Early Strawberry.
Fruit small, roundish, conical, rarely angular; surface smooth
and fair, often polished, yellow, mostly covered with mixed red with
bright and dark crimson stripes; dots very few, minute, obscure;
cavity deep, regular; stem long, rather slender, sometimes knobbed
and uneven; basin narrow, shallow, folded or plaited; calyx rather
small; segments divergent. Core regular, closed, not meeting; seeds
many, plump; flesh whitish yellow, slightly tinged with red next to
the skin, tender, sprightly, brisk, agreeable aromatic subacid, very
good. July, September.
English Russet.—Origin unknown; a profitable market variety;
tree upright, very productive.
Fruit medium or below, roundish, obscurely conical, very regular;
76 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
surface pale greenish yellow, more or less covered with bronze russet,
sometimes wholly russeted; cavity narrow, medium, regular; stem
medium; basin smooth, medium, regular; calyx small, closed. Flesh
yellowish white, firm, crisp, mild subacid, aromatic, fair to good.
February to July and may be kept through the summer.
English Russet.
Esopus Spitzenburg—Origin Esopus, on the Hudson River, New
York. Fruit considered equal to the Newtown Pippin in quality and
unsurpassed as a dessert fruit by any other variety.
Fruit large, regular, oblong, slightly tapering, truncated: surface
smooth, almost wholly covered with clear bright nearly solid red,
on shaded side yellow, tinged and streaked with red: dots distinct,
numerous, small, gray; cavity wavy, deep, wide, hght brown; stem
medium, slender; basin shallow, smooth or slightly furrowed: calyx
small, closed; segments divergent. Core open; cells ovate, slit;
tube conical; stamens median; seeds large, light colored, flat: flesh
yellow, crisp, firm, juicy, rich, delicious, brisk, spicy subacid, best.
November to February.
Estaline.—Originated from seed of Oldenburg about 1878 by
O. F. Brand, Faribault, Minn.; tree an early and abundant bearer.
Fruit medium or below, irregular, somewhat angular, roundish,
THE APPLE. 77
flattened at ends; surface often with irregular swellings, greenish
yellow, handsomely striped with bright red, the red extending over
most of the fruit; dots obscure, few, minute, white; cavity narrow,
regular, acute; stem medium; basin very abrupt, wavy, moderately
Esopus Spitzenburg.
deep; calyx closed; segments very large, leafy, erect convergent.
Flesh juicy, crabby texture, acid, good. Season immediately after
Oldenburg.
Etris.—A new variety from Benton Co., Arkansas. Prof. J. T. Stin-
son writes (Ark. Exp. Sta. Bul. 49): “ This variety resembles Gano
very closely. As far as I am able to judge, there is practically no
difference. It also resembles Ragan’s Red and Arkansas Belle,
both of this county.”
Eureka.—Originated in Wisconsin, from seed of Tolman Sweet.
This is distinct from the Eureka described by Downing, which is a
fall variety of supposed Connecticut origin.
Fruit large, roundish oblate, regular; surface roughened by russet
dots and leather-cracking, light yellow, handsomely striped with bright
crimson, especially on sunny side; cavity acuminate, regular, slightly
78 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
Tusseted; stem short; basin abrupt, deep, nearly smooth. Core
closed; seeds few, flattened; flesh white, fine grained, moderately
juicy, sweet, very good. A long winter keeper.
Evening Party.—Origin, Berks Co., Pennsylvania; tree vigorous
and productive.
Evening Party.
Fruit small to medium, oblate, often unequal, slightly oval; sur-
face smooth, waxen yellow, with dark crimson splashes and stripes,
mixed dark red on sunny side; dots many, distinct, gray; cavity deep,
acute, wide, regular, often russeted; stem short, slender, green; basin
abrupt, smooth, deep, large; calyx small, closed; segments long.
Core small, closed, meeting; axis short; flesh yellowish white, fine-
grained, tender, juicy, vinous, aromatic subacid, excellent to best.
December and January.
Ewalt.—Origin, Bedford Co., Pennsylvania; tree very vigorous,
upright, spreading, an early and regular bearer.
Fruit large, roundish, rather angular, with obscure ribs; surface
smooth, bright clear yellow, shaded with crimson on sunny side, no
stripes; dots greenish, numerous about the base; cavity acute, me-
dium, irregular; stem short, stout; basin abrupt, narrow, deep, plaited;
calyx closed. Flesh tender, white, fine-grained, aromatic, brisk
subacid, very good. February to April.
Fa‘lawater (Tulpehocken).—Origin, Pennsylvania; tree of strong
growth and very productive. Very popular in Pennsylvania and
Ohio.
THE APPLE. 79
Fruit large to very large, round, slightly conical, very regular;
surface smooth, yellowish green, shaded with cull red blush on sunny
side, often overlaid with whitish net-veinings; dots many, distinct,
large, gray with russet centres; cavity regular, narrow, acuminate,
slightly russeted; stem short; basin slightly wrinkled, narrow, nearly
flat; calyx large, open; segments divergent. Core open, meeting;
cells elliptical, slit; tube conical, short; stamens marginal; seeds
Fallawater.
short, plump; flesh greenish white, light, crisp, tender, juicy, pleasant,
mild subacid, good only. Early winter.
Fall Harvey.—Origin, Essex Co., Massachusetts.
Fruit large, roundish, a little flattened; obseurely ribbed or
irregular about the stem; surface pale straw yellow; dots few,
scattered, gray, distinct; cavity wide, deep, wavy, green; stem
rather slender, medium to long; basin rather shallow, wide
corrugated, leather-cracked; calyx small, closed. Core regular,
closed, not meeting, seeds medium, pointed, defective; flesh whitish,
juicy, crisp with a rich good flavor, good to very good. October and
November.
80 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
Fall Jenneting. — Origin, Connecticut; tree vigorous, very pro-
ductive.
Fruit large, oblate, slightly conical, angular, obscurely ribbed;
surface smooth, pale greenish yellow, with a blush; dots rare, minute;
cavity regular, deep, wide, russeted; stem short; basin shallow,
plaited; calyx small, closed; segments divergent. Core small, regular,
closed, clasping; seeds many, plump or imperfect; flesh yellowish
white, fine-grained, tender, juicy, brisk subacid, good. September,
October.
Fall Orange.— Origin, Holden, Massachusetts; tree a strong
grower and early bearer.
Fruit medium, roundish, regular; surface a rich yellow with some
thin russet net-veinings and patches, sometimes a faint bronze blush;
Fall Orange.
dots distinct, numerous, russet; cavity regular, very narrow, acute,
with radiating russet; stem short; basin narrow, abrupt, smooth,
small; calyx half open; segments divergent. Core closed; cells round,
sht; tube funnel-shaped; stamens median; seeds plump; flesh white,
tender, juicy, subacid, good. September, October.
Fall Pippin.—Of American origin; the fruit much resembles Hol-
land Pippin, but the latter has a very short stem and obtuse cavity.
Fruit large, round, nearly regular, usually a little flattened, some-
THE APPLE. 81
times obscurely ribbed at calyx; surface greenish yellow covered with
whitish veinings; dots obscure, numerous, suffused, white; cavity acumi-
nate, wide, deep, slight trace of russet; stem slender, rather long, pro-
jecting beyond the fruit; basin shallow, narrow, smooth, regular;
calyx closed. Core half open; cells round, slit; tube funnel-shaped,
Fall Pippin.
very long, wide, open to core; stamens marginal; seeds short, very
plump; flesh juicy, yellow with yellow veinings, pleasant subacid,
spicy, very good. October to December.
Fall Wine.-—Of American origin; tree of rather slender spreading
growth, a moderate annual bearer. Fruit too tender for distant
market.
Fruit above medium, oblate; surface very smooth, clear, waxen
yellow, almost wholly covered with bright, and often deep red, obscurely
striped sometimes with spots or specks, of brownish red, very fair in
new rich, Western soils; dots minute, many, russet; cavity deep,
wide, regular, uniformly green; stem long, slender; basin wide, deep,
abrupt, regular, slightly corrugated; calyx small, half open; seg-
ments divergent. Core closed, meeting; seeds many, angular or
82 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
plump; flesh yellow, tender, juicy, aromatic, rich very mild subacid,
almost sweet, very good to best. September, November.
Fall Wine.
Fall Winesap.— A Western variety; origin unknown; tree an
early and abundant bearer, tree of strong growth, moderately spread-
ing, somewhat drooping with age.
Fruit medium; form conical; surface yellow with pale blush; dots
distinct, numerous, yellowish, large; cavity deep, narrow, regular,
acuminate, trace of russet in bottom; stem medium; basin wavy,
abrupt; calyx closed; segments ereet convergent. Core closed; cells
ovate, entire; tube funnel-shaped; stamens marginal; seeds short,
plump; flesh yellowish white, juicy, firm, fine-grained, pleasant rich
subacid, good. October, December.
Fameuse (Snow).—Origin probably in the French settlements on
the St. Lawrence River from seed brought from France between 1600
and 1650. It was first propagated largely from seeds, and although it
reproduces itself in this manner quite closely, many have proven suffi-
ciently distinct to be propagated under separate names. The apples
of the Fameuse type are discussed by Prof. F. A. Waugh in Vermont
Expcriment Station Bul. No. 83. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading,
round-topped, an early bearer, very productive in alternate years.
THE APPLE, 83
Fruit medium, roundish, slightly flattened; surface pale, waxen
yellow, almost or wholly covered with fine deep solid red, on shaded
side and on specimens protected from the sun the coloring consists of
stripes and splashes; dots minute, obscure; cavity narrow, wavy,
acute, green; stem short, medium, slender; basin shallow, rather
narrow, smooth; calyx small, closed; segments short divergent. Core
small, closed, barely clasping; cells ovate, entire; tube funnel-shaped ;
Fameuse.
stamens marginal; seeds long, pointed; flesh snow-white, often
stained with red, very tender, juicy, fine-grained, perfumed, mild
subacid. Very good. October, December.
Family.—Origin, Georgia; tree of fine regular growth and pro-
ductive.
Fruit medium, oblate conical; surface shaded, striped, and splashed
with dull red over half or more of its surface; dots numerous, large,
light; cavity rather large, slightly russeted; stem short, small;
basin medium, slightly wrinkled; calyx closed; segments medium,
partially reflexed; flesh, white, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant, subacid,
very good. August, September.
Fanny.— Origin, Pennsylvania; tree vigorous, spreading, very
productive.
Fruit above medium to large, roundish oblate, slightly conical;
surface yellow, almost or wholly covered with deep rich crimson;
84 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
Family.
Fanny.
o
THE APPLE. Pa)
dots few, yellow, obscure; cavity large, deep, rather wide; stem
short, slender; basin medium, narrow, nearly smooth; calyx half
open; segments short. Core small; flesh white, crisp, tender, slightly
stained next skin, juicy, pleasant subacid; very good. August,
September.
Farrar (fobinson Superb).—Origin, Virginia; tree upright, pro-
ductive.
Fruit large, flesh crisp, juicy, mild subacid, good. September,
October.
Fink.—Origin, on farm of Joseph Fink, Somerset, Ohio; tree of
strong, upright growth, a heavy annual bearer.
Fruit small, roundish oblate, regular; surface very smooth, pol-
ished, pale greenish yellow with crimson or brownish red blush; dots
few, light; cavity medium, very regular, russeted; stem one inch long,
moderately stout; basin shallow, broad, corrugated; calyx medium,
open; tube long, funnel-shaped; flesh whitish, fine-grained, firm,
juicy, mild, aromatic, subacid, good to very good. A remarkably
late keeper, remaining sound until the second season or even later.
Flushing Spitzenburg.—Of American origin. The young shoots are
strong reddish brown, unlike the slender yellowish shoots of the Eso-
pus Spitzenburg.
Fruit medium, regular, roundish conical; surface yellow, mostly
covered with mixed dark red, overlaid with whitish; dots distinct,
numerous, minute, russet; cavity deep, wide, regular, obtuse, some
radiating russet; stem medium; basin very shallow, wide, with many
small corrugations and ribs; calyx open; segments flat convergent.
Core closed; cells round, entire; tube conical; stamens median; secds
plump; flesh white, juicy, pleasant. nearly sweet, good. October to
February.
Foundling.— Origin, Groton, Massachusetts; tree moderately vig-
orous, spreading, productive.
Fruit above medium to large, roundish. slightly flattened at the
ends, obscurely conical, somewhat ribbed, anguiar and uneven; sur-
face yellowish green, shaded, mixed and splashed with rich deep red;
dots minute, indented; cavity large, deep, acute, somewhat furrowed
and wavy, green; stem short, slender; basin small, abrupt, furrowed;
calyx small, closed. Core large, wide, open, clasping; seeds many,
small, pointed; flesh yellow, tender, fine-grained, juicy, pleasant, rich
aromatic subacid, very good. August, September.
86 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
Fulton.—Origin, Fulton Co., Illinois; tree large, vigorous, an
annual bearer, productive.
Fruit medium to rather large, regular, oblate truncated, often
oblique, surface rich light yellow with handsome deep crimson blush
on sunny side, blush overlaid with whitish; dots distinct, numerous,
large, gray; cavity deep, wide, obtuse, with radiate russet; stem
medium, stout; basin wide, very shallow, smooth or slightly wrink-
led; calyx half open; segments small, flat convergent. Core closed,
‘Fulton.
round, small, clasping, sessile; cells obovate, slit; tube funnel-
shaped; stamens median; seeds many, small, plump, short; flesh
yellowish, tender, juicy, fine-grained, mild aromatic subacid, almost
sweet, very good. November to February.
Gano.—Origin, Missouri; a seedling of Ben Davis, much grown in
its native state. It may be described in brief as a solid-colored Ben
Davis, the broad dark crimson splashes being lost in the depth of col-
oring, and is a fruit of very attractive appearance. The Black Ben
Davis resembles Gano closely and for a time the two were considered
identical. The basin of Gano is nearly smooth and more abrupt; the
seeds are larger; the calyx tube is funnel-shaped with usually a long
slender stem to the funnel; stamens marginal; cells obovate, mene
entire; flesh like that of Ben Davis, season the same. Many meaatal
Gano somewhat superior to Ben Davis in quality. a
THE APPLE. 87
Gano.
Garden Royal.
88 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
Garden Royal.—Origin, Sudbury, Massachusetts; tree of mod-
erate, very upright growth, forming a beautiful, roundish, even head,
very productive.
Fruit medium, or below, roundish oblate, very slightly conical; sur-
face greenish yellow, shaded, striped and splashed with rich red, a
little dull or grayish toward the stalk; dots few, light and gray;
cavity deep, acute; stem medium, slender; basin shallow, slightly
uneven; calyx open or partially closed; segments sometimes a little
reflexed. Core small; flesh yellow, very tender, juicy, rich, mild
subacid, aromatic, best. Last of August, September.
Garfield.—Origin unknown, probably central or northern Illinois.
Size medium to large; shape nearly round, slightly flattened, regu-
lar; surface smooth, brilliantly colored, with scarlet and crimson
streaks and splashes over a yellow ground; dots numerous, small and
gray; basin rather deep, abrupt, regular; eye closed; cavity deep,
narrow, slightly waved, russet; stem medium. Core wide, usually
open, meeting the eye; seeds plump and numerous; flesh yellowish
white, rather coarse-grained, firm; flavor subacid; quality good.
Season November to January in Northern Illinois. (H. E. Van Deman.)
Garrettson.—Origin, New Jersey; tree vigorous, upright, spread-
ing, an early and abundant bearer.
Fruit medium, roundish oblate, somewhat conical and angular;
surface smooth, pale greenish yellow; dots whitish, distinct, very
numerous; cavity rather shallow, acute; stem short, inclined; basin
small, abrupt, furrowed; calyx small, closed. Flesh white, crisp,
tender, juicy, brisk, pleasant subacid, good, valuable for cooking.
July and August.
Gideon.—Originated by the late Peter M,. Gideon, Excelsior,
Minnesota.
Fruit large, roundish oblong conical, regular, slightly ribbed; surface
a clear yellowish white with faint bronze blush, an attractive color:
dots white, suffused, numerous, minute, distinct; cavity wide, medium
deep; stem medium to long; basin wide, shallow, somewhat corrugated ;
calyx closed. Core large, half open, clasping; cells obovate, slit: tube
funnel-shaped; stamens marginal; seeds few, large, flattened, long,
pointed; flesh white, juicy, brisk subacid, good. Late fall.
Gilbert (of Minnesota)— The new Minnesota variety under this
name is described as Minnesota Gilbert; the apple of Tennessee
origin has priority in the name.
THE APPLE. 89
Gilbert.—Origin, Tennessee; resembles its “twin-brother ’ Paragon
closely, and by some regarded superior to that variety in size, color,
and productiveness; both are considered seedlings of Winesap. The
Gilbert of Minnesota is very different (see Minnesota Gilbert).
Fruit large, roundish oblate, unequal; skin thick, tough; surface
smooth, yellow, washed with dark red over most of the base and in-
Gideon.
distinctly striped; dots variable, light russet and brown; cavity
large, regular, deep, gradual, slightly lipped and lined with gilded
russet; stem short, moderately stout; basin large, regular, deep,
abrupt, slightly furrowed; calyx large, open; segments short, wide,
converging. Core large, conical, clasping, nearly closed; seeds few,
large, angular, brown; flesh greenish yellow, moderately coarse,
crisp, juicy, subacid, very good. Late winter. (U.S. Agr. Report,
1895.)
Gilpin (Carthouse, Little Red Romanite)—An old variety from
Virginia, valuable for cider, and good for the table in late spring; tree
very productive and vigorous, with a spreading, open, round top,
90 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
Fruit rather small to medium, roundish oblong, regular, somewhat
cylindrical; surface very smooth, often polished, greenish yellow, al-
most or wholly covered with deep rich red, obscurely striped and
splashed; dots minute, indented; cavity deep, acute, regular, rus-
seted; stem very short; basin wide, rather deep, regular or slightly
furrowed; calyx small, closed. Core round, closed; cells round, slit;
tube funnel-shaped; stamens median; seeds few, large, pointed,
plump; flesh yellow, firm, juicy, crisp, agreeable rich subacid nearly
sweet, becomes tender and sprightly late in spring, good. February
to May.
Gipsy Girl—Origin, Russia; one of the hardiest, most vigorous
and productive of the Russian apples at Ottawa, Canada, where the
fruit keeps till February. A fall apple at Des Moines, Iowa.
Fruit above medium to large, irregular, oblate, angular; surface
very highly colored, a clear light waxen yellow, almost wholly covered
with bright solid dark crimson on sunny side, on shady side the
crimson is thinly marbled and mottled like a water-color painting; dots
distinct, few, minute, white; cavity regular, acute, with stellate rus-
set; stem short; basin wide, rather shallow, angular, occasionally
abrupt; calyx closed; segments connivent. Core open; cells elliptical,
slit, roomy; tube conical; stamens marginal; seedslarge; flesh snow-
white, slightly stained next to the skin, very tender, breaking, juicy,
sprightly acid, good. August.
Glass Green. — A Russian variety much resembling Oldenburg
and by some thought identical. The Russian Apple Nomenclature
Commission placed it in the group of which Oldenburg is the best
representative.
Golden Russet (Mnglish Golden Russct)—An old English variety;
tree of strong, spreading, rather irregular growth, forming a bushy
head, an early bearer.
Fruit medium, very regular, roundish, slightly conical; surface pale
greenish yellow mostly covered with russet; dots distinct, few, gray;
cavity regular, obtuse; stem short; basin smooth, medium, leather-
cracked; calyx open; segments erect convergent. Core open; cells
ovate, entire; tube conical; stamens median; seeds plump, short; flesh
firm, rich, spicy, pleasant, mild, slightly subacid, very good. Jan-
ary to May. ;
Golden Sweet.—Origin, Connecticut; tree very vigorous, spread-
ing, round headed, an carly and heavy bearer,
THE APPLE. 91
Fruit large, round, very regular; surface very smooth, becoming
unctuous, clear, rich, golden yellow; dots green, minute, few, distinct,
afew minute russet dots; cavity rather deep, wide, regular, acuminate,
with faint trace of russet; stem long, slender at insertion, yellow;
basin smooth, shallow, regular; calyx closed; segments divergent.
Core open, regular, meeting; cells obovate, entire, abaxile; tube con-
ical; stamens median; seeds numerous, small, pointed, plump, light
5
Golden Sweet.
brown; flesh yellow, fine-grained, juicy, rich, aromatic, very good
August and September.
Golden White (Nos. 978, 979, 981).—Origin, Russia. This name is
not descriptive but was retained for the present by the Russian No-
menclature Commission.
Fruit large, roundish, somewhat tapering, sometimes angular;
surface yellow, with dark crimson splashes, mixed and marbled; dots
large, grayish white, distinct; cavity shallow, wide, with radiating
patch of russet; stem medium; basin shallow, narrow, corrugated ;
calyx half open. Calyx tube funnel-shaped; stamens median; flesh
yellowish white, pleasant subacid, good. Late fall, between Olden-
burg and Longfield.
92 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
Golding (4 merican Golden Pippin).—An old American variety;
tree of strong growth with round spreading top, not an early bearer,
but very productive with age.
Aenea
Golding.
Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, ob-
scurely ribbed; surface yellow, sometimes a brownish blush in sun,
often slightly netted with thin russet; dots few, gray; cavity large,
deep; stem short, moderately stout; basin broad, open, slightly
corrugated; calyx closed; segments pointed, slightly recurved. Core
rather large; flesh yellowish, breaking juicy, rather coarse, rich, aro-
matic, subacid; very good. November to February.
Grandmother (No. 469).—Origin, Russia; the Russian name
Babuscheno means grandmother.
Fruit medium or above, regular, roundish oblate, somewhat conical:
surface green, with dull red cheek, obscurely striped; dots large,
numerous, white, some are areolar with whitish bases; cavity very
wide and shallow, regular, russet, the russet often extending out in a
large irregular patch; stem very short and stout; basin rather narrow
and shallow, regular; calyx closed; segments broad, large, erect con-
vergent. Core closed; cells axile, ovate, slit; tube conical: stamens
THE APPLE, 93
basal; seeds not many, plump, short; flesh firm, whitish, juicy, sub-
acid, good. Early winter.
Gravenstein.—This is considered one of the finest apples of north-
ern Europe, both in appearance and quality. Origin, Gravenstein,
in Holstein, Germany.
The original tree is said to have been in existence about the mid-
dle of the eighteenth century. Tree very vigorous, spreading, produc-
tive bears early.
Gravenstein.
Fruit large, varying from roundish oblong to slightly oblate,
angular on the sides, the ribs extending from base to calyx, broadest
at the base; surface bright yellow, beautifully striped, splashed, mar-
bled, and dotted with ght and deep bright red and orange on sunny
side, polished, becoming unctuous at maturity; dots very obscure,
few, gray, minute; cavity acute, deep, angular, with trace of stellate
russet; stem medium; basin angular, rather irregular, ribbed; calyx
closed; segments long, leafy, large, irregular, slightly reflexed. Core
open, large; cells roomy, elliptical or round, abaxile; tube conical or
funnel-shaped; stamens basal; flesh yellow, with yellow veinings,
94 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY
tender, juicy, crisp, sprightly subacid, high-flavored, aromatic, excel-
lent. September, October.
Green Cheese.—Origin, Tennessee; an old variety which has been
extensively propagated from suckers.
Fruit medium, oblate, occasionally oblique; surface pale greenish
yellow, with red on sunny side; dots few, brown; cavity large, deep,
russeted; stem short, slender; basin broad, deep, uneven; calyx
closed; segments slightly recurved. Core small, compact; flesh yel-
lowish white, tender, delicate, crisp, juicy, rich, sprightly subacid,
very good. November to March.
Green Newtown.—Origin, Newtown, Long Island. Downing wrote:
“Newtown Pippin stands at the head of all apples, and is, when in
Green Newtown.
perfection, acknowledged to be unrivalled in all the qualities which
constitute a high-flavored dessert apple, to which it combines the
quality of long keeping without the least shrivelling, retaining its high
flavor to the last.” One of the highest-priced varieties for the English
market. The tree is of rather slow, slender growth, and remarkable
even while young for its rough bark. Fruit liable to black spots or
scabs unless the trees are given constant cultivation and plenty of
manure.
very minute, few, brown, with green bases; cay ity wide, deep, wavy,
lined with green and russet; stem short; basin deep, abrupt, fur-
rowed; calyx small, nearly closed. Core small, closed, clasping;
White Pippin.
seeds many, angular, light brown, pointed; flesh yellowish white,
tender, crisp, Juicy, rich subavid to acid, very good. December to
March.
Williams Mavorite.—Origin, Roxbury, Massachu etts; tree pro-
ductive, requires a strong rich soil; an excellent market variety.
Fruit above medium, roundish oblong conic, slightly unequal;
surface very smooth, vellow, almost or wholly covered with light and
very dark purplish red, with numerous brilliant dark crimson stripes
and splashes, a beautiful fruit; dots few, very minute; cavity wide,
shallow, slightly russeted; stem medium to long, slender; basin
shallow, wide, abrupt, corrugated; calyx closed; segments large,
connivent. Core closed, barely clasping; cells round, shit; tube
funnel-shaped; stamens marginal; seeds, not many, pointed, rather
long; flesh yellowish white, often stained with red, tender, moderately
juicy, mild, agreeable, aromatic subacid, good. July, August,
204 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY,
S
Williams Favorite.
Ww
Willow Twig.
THE APPLE. 205
Willow Twig.—Supposed origin, Virginia; tree a poor grower in
nursery, in orchard vigorous, spreading
with slender drooping shoots,
productive; blights in some localities; profitable for market in parts
of the West.
Fruit large, roundish, regular, flattened at ends, somewhat. evlin-
drieal; surface smooth, somewhat polished, dull hght greenish yellow,
obscurely marbled, striped and mottled with dull red; dots many,
minute, gray and russet; cavity narrow, acute, sometimes lipped;
stem medium to rather long, slender; basin wide, deep, abrupt, with
obtuse rim, somewhat corrugated; calyx closed or half open. Core
medium, closed, meeting; seeds many, pluinp; flesh yellowish green,
firm, juicy, pleasant subacid, good only. Late winter and spring.
Windsor (Windsor Chiej).— Origin, Wisconsin; tree very pro-
ductive and an early bearer. One of the hardiest of the Wisconsin
winter seedlings. Fruit hangs well to the tree in high winds.
Windsor.
Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conical and angular; surface some-
what unctuous, smooth, light greenish yellow, mostly covered with
mixed and marbled dull red, indistinctly splashed, rarely striped,
with crimson; dots many, large, gray, coalescent, some surrounded
with russet; cavity wide, obtuse, reeular, russeted, sometimes rather
shallow; stem medium to long, slender; basin abrupt, rather narrow,
206 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY
smooth; calyx closed; segments small, connivent. Core small,
closed, clasping; tube funnel-shaped; stamens median; seeds small,
elongated, light brown; flesh whitish yellow, firm, fine-grained,
somewhat spicy, pleasant subacid, very good. December to spring.
Wine (Hays; Pennsylvania Red Streak).—Origin, Delaware; tree
very large, spreading, very open, with small, curled, mealy leaves,
displaying the heavy crops of fruit to good advantage.
Fruit rather large, roundish, truncated, regular, rarely unequal,
and inclined; surface smooth, yellow, mostly covered with bright
mixed deep red, with crimson stripes; dots large, gray, few; cavity
deep, regular, acute, with stellate russet; stem short, thick; basin
rather shallow, wide, nearly smooth, abrupt; calyx open; segments
divergent. Core closed, small, turbinate, meeting; cells obovate,
entire; tube funnel-shaped; stamens median; seeds large, plump,
not many; flesh yellowish white, firm, Juicy, crisp, rich, pleasant
subacid, good to very good. Midwinter.
Winesap.—Supposed origin, New Jersey; described by Coxe in
1817 as one of the best cider and eating apples of his region (western
New Jersey), very popular in parts of the South and West. One of
the leading apples for export. Some of its known or supposed seed-
lings, such as Stayman, Gilbert, Paragon, and Arkansas, are larger in
fruit and are considered superior in vigor of tree. For export their
superiority to the parent has not yet been established. Tree moder-
ately vigorous, with rather open, straggling head; very productive
and an early bearer.
Fruit medium, roundish conical, often obscurely angular and
slightly ribbed; skin moderately thick, very tough; surface smooth,
rich dark yellow, mostly covered with fine lively dark red, sometimes
obscurely striped, often with russet net-veining, especially toward the
base; dots few, minute, indented toward the apex, distinctly elongated
toward base; cavity wide, regular, acute, lined with reddish stellate
russet, sometimes extending out a little over base; stem medium;
basin narrow, shallow, plaited; calyx closed; segments flat convergent,
Core slightly open, clasping, turbinate; cells ovate, slit; tube funnel-
shaped; stamens marginal; seeds few, medium, short, plump, rather
short, brown; flesh yellow, firm, crisp, fine-grained, rich, sprightly
subacid, very good. December to May.
Winter St. Lawrence.—Imported in 1833 from Manchester, Eng.,
under the name of Mank’s Codling, by the late Wm. Lunn, of Montreal;
THE APPLE. 207
given its present name by the Montreal Horticultural Society about
1873; tree a vigorous, round-topped grower; fruit of the Fameuse
type of flesh, but not as high in quality as that variety.
Fruit medium to large, roundish, somewhat conieal: surface
greenish yellow, mostly covered with deep shaded red, with dark pur-
plish red splashes and stripes; dots many, whitish, large, distinct,
sometimes small russet patches; cavity wide, rather deep, obtuse,
Winesap.
sometimes russeted; stem short, slender; basin narrow, nearly
smooth; calyx closed or half open. Core small; flesh white, juicy,
sprightly subacid, good. Early winter.
Wistal.— Origin, Texas; size medium to large; quality very good;
season medium early. Mentioned in Bul. 8, Div. of Pomology.
Wolf River. — Originated with W. A. Springer, near Wolf River,
Fremont, Wis., and disposed of before fruiting to the late Henry
Riflen; supposed to be a seedling of the Alexander, which it some-
what resembles, but 1s more round and less conical and averages
larger, as grown in the West. The Wolf River has largely superseded
Alexander in the western States; tree a strong spreading grower,
not an early bearer, but productive in alternate years.
208 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
Wolf River.
Wythe.
THE APPLE. 209
Fruit very large, often enormous, roundish to roundish oblate,
somewhat irregular and angular, especially when overgrown; surface
whitish yellow, almost wholly covered with bright red and rosy
crimson, with carmine splashes and thin whitish bloom, 2 very hand-
some fruit; dots white, obscure; cavity regular, deep, somewhat
acuminate, medium width, russeted: stem short: basin narrow,
abrupt, wavy; calyx half open. Core open, clasping, medium S1Z€ ;
cells rounded, ovate, slit; tube conical; stamens median; seeds not
many, short, plump; flesh whitish, coarse-grained, moderately juicy,
pleasant subacid, good only. October to midwinter.
Wythe.—Origin, on the farm of Rodolplus Chandler, Wythe,
Illinois; tree vigorous, with round top; a good annual bearer, blooms
late. First introduced about 1873. A seedling of Ralls Genet, and
much resembles that variety in tree and fruit.
Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, nearly regular; surface
white, shaded, striped and splashed over two-thirds its surface with
bright red; dots few, light and gray; cavity rather large, deep; stem
short, small; basin medium, slightly plaited; calyx small, closed.
Core medium; flesh whitish, fine, tender, crisp, juicy, sprightly sub-
acid, slightly aromatic, very good. January, March.
Yahnke.—Originated as a root sprout, from a tree killed in 1873,
with Frank Yahnke, Winona, Minnesota; tree vigorous, spreading,
productive. One of the candidates for the seedling apple prize offered
by the Minnesota State Horticultural Society. Fruit “has kept in an
ordinary cellar through March.”
Fruit above medium to large, roundish, slightly conical, obscurely
angular; surface smooth, clear rich yellow, mostly covered with fine
dark crimson, with broad splashes and streaks of carmine, mixed and
marbled, nearly solid on sunny side, a handsome fruit, the broad
irreeular dark crimson or carmine streaks are characteristic; dots
many, very distinct, minute, yellow; cavity regular, acute, with a
little stellate russet; stem medium; basin smooth, sometimes ob-
seurely ribbed, very shallow, wide; calyx open; segments divergent.
Core open, barely clasping; cells ovate, slit; tube conical; stamens
median; seeds few, long, plump, pointed; flesh white, shghtly stained
pink next to skin, juicy, rich, mild, saccharine, pleasant subaeid,
very good. Winter.
Yates.—Origin, Fayette Co., Georgian; tree very upright; very
productive; fruit a good keeper.
210 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY .
Fruit small, oblate or oblate conic, whitish vellow, overspread,
shaded, splashed and striped with shades of red; dots many, small,
light; cavity large, slightly russeted; stem slender; calyx small,
closed. Flesh white, sometimes stained next the skin, tender, juicy,
pleasant subacid, good. March to May.
Yellow Bellflower. —- Origin, Burlington, New Jersey; first described
by Coxe. A large choice winter apple, a favorite for dessert wherever
Yellow Bellflower.
known; tree moderately vigorous, with spreading, roundish, rather
drooping head.
Fruit large to very large; form oblong, somewhat angular and
ribbed, tapering to the calyx; surface smooth, pale, lemon yellow,
often with bronze red blush; dots obscure, numerous, minute, whitish
and russet; cavity regular, deep, obtuse, with a faint trace of russet;
stem medium to long, very stout; basin narrow, shallow, much
TILE AP PEE. 211
corrugated and ribbed; calyx closed; segments crect convergent.
Core large, wide open, clasping; cells large, roomy, elliptical, much
and widely slit; tube funnel-shaped, long; stamens marginal; seeds
large, angular, imperfect; flesh yellow, with yellow veinings, tender,
Juicy, erisp, spicy, sprightly subacid, very good or best. December,
February.
Yellow June. — Of unknown Southern origin; tree vigorous, upright ;
an abundant bearer.
Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow; dots many,
green and brown; cavity slightly russeted; stem long, slender. Core
small; flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk, sprightly subacid, good.
June, July in the South; August at the North.
Yellow Newtown (Albemarle Pippin).—Supposed origin, Newtown,
L. I., in the early part of the eighteenth century. It is not definitely
known whether the original tree was of the “Green” or the “ Yellow”
type, nor is a record known of the distinct origin of the two. Coxe,
in 1817, first described them as distinct. The Yellow Newtown has
now almost superseded the Green Newtown for commercial orchards
and exportation, owing to its superiority in size, color, and keeping
capacity; both are successfully grown in but few portions of the
United States. Choice consignments of Yellow Newtown or Albe-
marle Pippins often sell in England for two or three times the price
of other American apples.
The following description of Yellow Newtown was made from
choice specimens from Virginia at the Pan American Exposition:
Fruit laree, heavy, roundish evlindrical to roundish oblate, some-
what anguar, sometimes inclined; surface yellowish green, over-
laid with suffused whitish veinings and roughened by dots and net-
veinings of russet, rarely a bronze blush; dots distinet, numerous,
minute, russet, a few large russet specks, often some red blotches;
cavity regular, wide, deep, obtuse, with large stellate russct extending
out over base: stem short: basin wide, ribbed, medium deep to
rather shallow; calyx open; segments flat convergent. Core barely
clasping, closed; cells ovate, widely slit, with large cellular exudate;
tube funnel-shaped; stamens basal; seeds long, sharp-pointed; flesh
firm, very juicy, yellow, sprightly subacid.
Downine wrote: “The Yellow Newtown Pippin is handsomer in
appearance and has a higher perfume than the Creen or Newtown
Pippin, and its flesh is rather firmer, and equally high-flavored; while
212 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
the Green is more juicy, crisp, and tender. The Yellow Newtown
Pippin is rather flatter, measuring only about two inches deep, and
it is always quite oblique—projecting more on one side of the stalk
than the other. When fully ripe it is yellow, sometimes with a
rather lively red cheek, and a smooth skin, few or none of the spots
on the Green variety, but with the same russet marks at the stalk.
Yellow Newtown.
It is also more highly fragrant before and after it 1s cut than the
Green. The flesh is firm, crisp, juicy, and with a very rich and high
flavor. Both the Newtown Pippins grow alike, and they are both
excellent bearers. This variety is rather hardier and succeeds best.
February to May.”
Yellow Sweet (No. 167),—Origin, Russia; tree very hardy at the
North.
Fruit medium, roundish, regular; surface yellow; somewhat
transparent; dots white, suffused; cavity regular, acute; stem
short to medium; basin narrow, abrupt, rather shallow, wrinkled;
calyx closed. Core closed; cells ovate, entire; tube conical; stamens
median; seeds few, some imperfect, short, plump, flattened; flesh
white, juicy, sweet, good. August.
THE APPLE, 213
Yellow Transparent. — Origin, Russia; imported from St. Peters-
burg in 1870 by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. It is now a
commercial variety for first early. Tree vigorous, upright, round-
topped, a good and early bearer,
| oe
tener”
Yellow Transparent.
Fruit medium or above, roundish conical, sometimes oblate conical,
obscurely angular; surface smooth, light yellow; dots large, white,
suffused, many; cavity regular, acute, usually russeted; stem long;
basin narrow, shallow, corrugated; calyx closed. Core half open,
clasping; tube conical; stamens marginal; flesh white, fine-grained,
Juicy, pleasant, sprightly subacid, good to very good. Late July and
early August.
Yopp.—Origin, Georgia; tree moderately vigorous, up zht spread-
ing.
Fruit large, roundish, slightly conic, greenish yellow, with a little
russet in the sun; dots few, russet; cavity deep; stem short; basin
deep; calyx open. Core small; flesh white, fine-grained, tender,
juicy, subacid, good. November.
York Imperial (Johnson's Fine Winter).-—Originated carly in the
nineteenth century near York, Penn. A leading commercial variety
and growing in favor for export. Tree a moderate grower, productive.
214 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY
Fruit medium to large, roundish to roundish oblate, truncated,
somewhat obliquely cylindrical; surface light yellow, almost wholly
covered with washed, marbled, and mixed bright red, indistinctly
striped, overlaid with grayish; dots few, yellow and gray, distinct;
cavity regular, narrow, acute, with some stellate russet; stem short,
moderately stout; basin smooth, deep, abrupt, slightly leather-
cracked; calyx closed or open; segments small, flat convergent.
Core small, mostly open, barely clasping, cells ovate, widely slit;
York Imperial.
tube funnel-shaped; stamens median; seeds many, plump, often cov-
ered with much cellular exudate; flesh yellow, with yellow veinings,
firm, crisp, juicy, pleasant, sprightly subacid, good to very good.
November to February.
A distinct strain or sub-variety of York Imperial is locally propa-
gated in York Co., Penn. It is of smaller size, less oblique form,
brighter color, finer texture of flesh, and longer-keeping quality than
the common type. Origin as yet undertermined.
CRAB-APPLES., 215
Zolotareff (No. 275).— Origin, Russia. A large handsomely
colored apple of the Vasilis Largest type and much resembling that
variety.
Zusoff (No. 585).—Origin, Russia. For a time Anisim was
mixed with this variety, but the two are very distinct.
Fruit large, heavy, roundish oblate, regular or faintly angular;
surface smooth, glossy, greenish yellow, almost or wholly covered
with a peculiar dark brownish red, no stripes nor splashes, a showy
fruit; dots minute, numerous, whitish, distinet; cavity abrupt,
very deep, regular, green and russct, the russet sometimes extending
out In irregular rays; stem very short; basin small, regular; calyx
closed; segments small, erect convergent. Core regular, clasping;
tube conical; starnens median; seeds few, plump; flesh white, with
greenish tinge and veinings, juicy, firm, fine-grained, subacid, good.
Winter.
CRAB-APPLES.
In the prairie Northwest considerable attention has been paid to
Siberian crab-apples because of their superior hardiness and value for
culinary use. Botanically considered, Siberian crabs are of two
types: Pyrus baccata and P. prunifolia. The true Siberian crab
(Pyrus baccata), according to Russian writers, has deciduous calyx
segments (i.c., the segments fall off as the fruit ripens); in P pru-
nifolia the segments persist in the ripe fruit. Prof. L. H. Bailey has
recently considered the crabs of the latter type to be hybrids of
P. baccata with the common apple, P JA/alus. Thomas Andrew
Knight, a century ago, in England, produced several hybrids between
the common apple and the pure Siberian crab, which proved specially
valuable for cider. Since the introduction of the Siberian crabs into
America they have been grown in apple orchards containing many
varieties and have hybridized very freely with the common apple.
There are now hterally thousands of these crab hybrids, especially
in the Northwestern States. Owing to the limited demand the
distribution of many, even of the better ones, appears to be largely
local. The Minnesota State Horticultural Society’s recommended
list of erabs and hybrids at present includes: Best for general culti-
vation: Virginia, Martha, Whitney, Early Strawberry, Minnesota,
216 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
Sweet Russet, Gideon’s No. 6, Brier Sweet. Promising for trial:
Dartt, Pride of Minneapolis, Crampton’s No. 3, Lyman’s Prolific,
Faribault.
The Northwestern market demands mainly bright red-colored
varieties; for preserves the size must not be too large. For profit
the trees must not be too subject to blight.
In recent years, in Iowa, attention has been drawn to large-fruited
forms of the native crab as found at the West. So far the list of
cultivated varieties includes Soulard, Kentucky Mammoth, Mercer,
and Howard, with some local sorts not yet generally introduced.
True long-winter-keeping quality has not been secured as a result
of hybridization of the common apple with the Siberian crabs, and it
is to be hoped that it will be obtained from these native American
crabs. These native crabs all easily keep “till apples come again,”
and were formerly cached or buried in the earth for winter preserya-
tion by the Indians. At the present stage of development they will
serve only for culinary purposes as a substitute for the quince. It is
possible that the future winter apples of the Northwest will contain
an infusion of the native crab of the Mississippi valley.
From the ornamental standpoint both the Siberian and native
crabs have considerable value. The Siberian crabs as a class are
much hardier, and will live and bear fruit much farther Northwest
than the native crabs.
Ball Winter (Ball’s Winter). —Origin, town of Sutton, province of
Quebec, Canada. Tree a thrifty grower, with spreading head; an
annual bearer. A very good market crab.
Fruit shghtly below medium, ovate; surface greenish white,
with yellow blush on sunny side; flesh crisp, spicy, rich, acid, good
to very good. November to January.
Beach (Beach’s Sweet) —Of American origin.
Fruit large, roundish, somewhat conical, regular, yellow, mostly
covered with bright red, thinly overlaid with gray; cavity regular,
obtuse, much russeted; stem medium to long; basin regular, slightly
wrinkled; calyx closed; segments erect convergent. Core closed;
cells obovate, sht; tube conical; stamens median; flesh white,
moderately juicy, Very pleasant, sweet, good. September, October.
Brier (Brier Sweet). — Originated with B. B. Brier, Baraboo,
Wisconsin; is the result. of a fertilization of the Siberian crab with
the Bailey Sweet apple. Tree hardy, vigorous, and productive.
CRAB-APPLES, 217
Fruit as large as Transcendent, roundish, regular, flattened at ends,
yellow, mostly covered thinly with dotted and mixed red, obscurely
splashed and striped and overlaid with whitish; dots obscure, few,
minute, whitish; cavity wide. regular, obtuse, with some stellate
russet; stem medium to long; basin flat, corrugated; calyx open;
segments long, divergent. Core closed; tube wide, long, funnel-
t
Brier Crab.
shaped; stamens marginal; flesh whitish, crisp, juicy, very sweet,
very good to best for dessert or preserves. September, October.
Cherry.—Of the pure Pyrus baccata type, having deciduous calyx
segments. One of the oldest varieties.
Fruit small, oblate, nearly regular or slightly angular; surface
smooth, yellow, nearly covered with bright red, with blue bloom;
dots distinct, many, large, whitish; cavity regular, obtuse, wide, with
a little broken russet; stem very long, slender; basin wide, shallow;
calyx closed; segments as they fall off leave a round russet scar;
flesh crisp, juicy, pleasant acid; the fruit hangs long, almost even
to drying, on the tree. September, October.
Dartt (Dartt's Hybrid).—Originated from sced of Tetofsky by
E. H.S. Dartt, Owatonna, Minnesota. One of the best of the hybrids.
Fruit large, conical, very regular; surface yellow, mostly covered
with bright red stripes and splashes, mixed on sunny side, a handsome
fruit; dots white, obscure; cavity regular, deep, acute, with trace of
russet; stem long; basin flat, corrugated; calyx closed; segments
large, long. Core closed or half open, clasping; tube funnel-shaped ;
stamens median; flesh white, juicy, subacid, good. September.
218 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
Early Strawberry.—A popular variety at the West. Chas. Gibb,
the noted Canadian pomologist, wrote in 1885: “This ripens with the
Red Astrachan apple. It is of small size, but nothing that I grow
equals it in quality. It has no astringency.”’
Fruit small, roundish oblate; surface yellow, handsomely striped
with red, mixed and marbled on sunny side; cavity regular; stem
long; basin flat; calyx closed. Core closed; cells round; tube
funnel-shaped; stamens marginal; seeds large, flattened; flesh white,
stained with red, juicy, subacid, very good. August.
Elgin (Lady Elgin, Gencva).—Originated on the farm of James
Forbes, of Ridott Township, Illinois. Tree hardy, vigorous, upright,
slender branches, very productive.
Fruit large, roundish oblate, regular, surface smooth, whitish
yellow, nearly covered with bright rich red; dots few, light and gray;
cavity small; stem medium, slender; basin shallow, corrugated;
calyx closed; flesh white, fine, tender, juicy, mild subacid, slightly
vinous; very good for canning or dessert. September, December.
(Downing.)
Excelsior—“ A seedling of Wealthy, originated by Peter M.
Gideon, Excelsior, Minnesota, from whom it was received in 1888.
“ Fruit very large for a crab, nearly as large as a medium-sized apple,
roundish oblate; stem rather long and slender, sometimes bracted, and
inserted in a narrow rather shallow cavity; calyx rather large, closed;
set in a shallow, broad-plaited basin; skin smooth, yellow, sprinkled
with numerous russet dots, and shaded or splashed with red over much
of its surface; handsome in appearance; flesh white, not fine-grained,
firm, Juicy, subacid, with crab-apple flavor; good to very good in
quality. Begins to ripen about the first of September. Tree vigor-
ous, upright, spreading.” (Beach and Paddock, N. Y. Exp. Sta. An,
Rep., 1894.)
Faribault.—Originated at Faribault, Minnesota, from seed of
Gilpin. Placed on Minnesota State Horticultural Society’s Fruit List
December, 1902.
Fruit large, roundish, somewhat five-sided, flattened at ends;
surface smooth, yellow, mostly covered with fine nearly solid dark
red, with obscure carmine streaks; dots distinct, minute, yellow;
cavity regular, obtuse, deep; stem long; basin nearly flat, corru-
gated; calyx closed; segments erect convergent. Core closed; cells
ovate; tube funnel-shaped; stamens median; seeds short, plump;
CRAB-APPLES, 219
flesh yellow, with yellow veinings, moderately juicy, mild subacid,
good. Winter.
Florence.—Originated by Peter M. Gideon, Excelsior, Minnesota.
One of the best crabs for market.
Fruit medium, oblate, nearly regular, obscurely ribbed and un-
even; surface polished and waxen, yellowish white, mostly covered
with brilliant solid crimson, somewhat mottled on shady side, a
beautiful fruit; dots few, minute, white, very obscure; cavity deep,
regular, slightly russeted; stem long; basin flat, minutely wrinkled;
calyx closed; segments divergent, long. Core closed; cells obovate,
entire; tube funnel-shaped; stamens marginal; flesh yellowish white,
tender, very crisp and juicy, brisk subacid, good. September.
Gibb.— Originated by the late Geo. P. Peffer, Pewaukee, Wisconsin,
by crossing an oblate yellow Siberian crab with pollen of the Fall
Green apple.
Gibb Crab.
Fruit large, roundish oblate, very regular; surface rich orange
yellow, blushed on sunny side, with a ttle thin net-veining of russet,
a beautiful fruit; dots white, minute; cavity regular; stem medium
long; basin shallow, wide, often wrinkled around the eye; calyx open;
flesh a rich orange yellow, juicy, pleasant acid. September.
Howard (Hamilton).—Probably a hybrid of the native crab
(Pyrus Iowensts) with the cultivated apple (P. Malus). Originated
near Oakville, Iowa; first brought to notice by a Mr. Howard, and
220 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
later it attracted notice in the orchard of Jesse Hamilton, of Morning
Sun, Iowa, about fifteen years ago.
Fruit large; size two and one-quarter by two and one-half inches or
larger, roundish cylindrical, flattened at ends; surface green; dots
obscure, many, whitish; cavity regular, acute, with stellate russet;
stem long; basin wide, medium deep, with a few minute wrinkles;
calyx open; segments erect convergent. Core closed, small, rounded,
nearly sessile; cells obovate, entire; tube cylindrical, wide, extending
to center of fruit; stamens extremely marginal, touching the segments;
seeds few, small, plump; flesh greenish white, with the acid astringency
of the wild crab; use culinary. A very late keeper.
Hesper Blush.—Fruit medium, roundish, regular; surface a clear
rich yellow, blushed on sunny side; dots white, minute, sometimes a
Hesper Blush Crab.
few russet dots; cavity regular, russeted; stem long; basin shallow,
wrinkled; calyx closed. Core closed or half open; flesh yellowish
white, pleasant subacid, good for table or culinary use. November.
Hyslop.—An old and widely known variety. Tree of strong
growth, rather spreading. Wood light-colored, a little downy. Its
late season and showy appearance makes it valuable for market.
Fruit large, produced in clusters, roundish, tapering regular,
sometimes obscurely angular; surface smooth, neaily or entirely
covered with very dark solid red, with heavy blue bloom, a beautiful
CRAB-APPLES, 221
fruit; dots minute, yellow, obscure, many; cavity obtuse, regular;
stem long, slender; basin flat, corrugated: calyx small, closed;
segments divergent. Core closed: tube conical; stamens median;
Hyslop Crab.
flesh yellow, acid; good for culinary use and for cider. September to
November.
Island Gem.—Origin, town of Grand Isle, Grand Isle County,
Vermont.
Fruit medium, round, slightly oblate, red, with yellow ground;
flesh yellow, mild, subacid, hardly good; use cider and jelly. Season,
October (in Champlain Valley).
Jumbo.—Origin, Newport, Vermont. “Probably « hybrid.
Fruit very large, oblong; surface bright red over yellow ground;
flavor a mild acid; quality best to very best for dessert and kitchen.
November and December.
Kentucky Mammoth.—Supposed origin Kentucky, as it was
received about thirty years ago under the above name from Charies
Downing by B. A. Mathews, Knoxville, Iowa. Evidently a nstive
crab hybrid (Pyrus Iowensis x P. Malus).
Fruit much like the Mercer, but lighter green and more o, late.
Desirable for culinary use as a substitute for quinces.
Lyman Prolific.—Originated by H. M. Lyman, Excelsior, Minnesota,
about thirty-five years ago.
”
222 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
Fruit large, roundish, conical; surface yellow, mostly covered with
bright mixed red, with indistinet dark crimson stripe; and splashes;
dots white, minute; cavity nearly or quite flat, often with protuber-
ances around and against stem; stem long; basin narrow, wrinkled;
calyx closed. Core closed; tube conical; stamens median; flesh
yellowish white, acid. Good for culinary use. September, October.
Marengo.—Said to be a seedling found in the rows of an old seedling
nursery of apple-stocks. Discovery attributed to James F. Lester,
Marengo, Illinois. Young shoots vigorous, reddish brown, with the
gray specks, bloom, and scaly cuticle peculiar to the Siberian.
Fruit large, roundish, flattened at blossom end; surface smooth,
bright warm red on yellow ground; dots few, gray or light russet;
cavity narrow; stem long, slender; basin broad, open, corrugated;
calyx closed; flesh yellowish white, crisp, Juicy, a little harsh until
fully ripe, when it is a mild and pleasant subacid. Early winter to
late in spring. (Downing.)
Martha.—Originated by the late Peter M. Gideon, Excelsior,
Minnesota.
Fruit large, oblate, very regular; surface smooth, yellow, almost
entirely covered with a beautiful bright red, with a bluish bloom,
no stripes or splashes; dots white, conspicuous; cavity wide, regular;
stem long; basin very wide, nearly flat; segments often nearly
obsolete. Core closed; flesh yellowish white, acid, good for culinary
use. September to December,
Mary (Gideon's No, 6).—Originated by Peter M. Gideon, Excelsior,
Minnesota.
Fruit very large for a crab, oblate, very regular; surface a beautiful
solid dark crimson, with heavy blue bloom; dots minute, white, few,
obscure; cavity obtuse, regular; stem about one inch long; basin
wide, smooth; shallow; calyx closed; segments erect convergent.
Core half open; tube funnel-shaped; stamens marginal; cells ovate,
entire; flesh white, sharp subacid, good. August, September.
Mercer.—A native crab originated in Mercer County, Illinois;
introduced by N. Kk. Fluke, Davenport, Iowa. Apparently a hybrid
(Pyrus Lowensis % P. Malus).
Fruit two to two and one-half inches in diameter, oblate, nearly
regular, often unequal; surface green, turning to yellow, very oily;
dots distinet, many, minute, whitish, a few large dots; cavity wavy,
wide at mouth, sloping gradually; stem medium; basin wide, abrupt,
CRAB-APPLES. 223
ribbed; calyx closed; segments erect converging. Core closed;
tube nearly cylindrical, wide, long; stamens extremely marginal,
touching the segments; flesh yellowish, with yellow yveinings, very
firm, astringent, acid; use culinary. Late winter.
Minnesota —Origin, Minnesota.
Fruit very large for a crab, roundish, irregular, obscurely angular,
clear light waxen yellow, with faint bronze blush; dots white, minute,
many, obscure; cavity obtuse, regular; stem long; basin nearly or
quite flat, wrinkled, often corrugated; calyx closed; segments large,
divergent. Core closed, mecting; tube conical; stamens marginal;
flesh white, firm, juicy, fine-grained, subacid, good. September,
October.
Montreal (Montreal Beauty) —Of American origin; tree a strong
grower and very ornamental.
Fruit large, roundish obovate to roundish oblate, bright yellow,
mostly covered with rich dark red, a beautiful fruit; dots white,
minute; cavity acute, slightly russeted; stem very long; basin flat,
corrugated; calyx closed; segments large, divergent; flesh yellowish,
rich, firm, acid. September, October.
~
7
October Crab.
October.—Originated by Peter M. Gideon, Excelsior, Minnesota.
Fruit very large for a crab, roundish, truncated, regular; surface
greenish yellow, mostly covered with dark marbled red, with darker
224 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
.
crimson splashes, a handsome fruit; dots very minute, white, obscure;
cavity acute, with large patch of russet; stem long; basin wide,
shallow, wrinkled; calyx closed. Core closed; tube conical; stamens
median. Late fall.
Orange.—Origin, America.
Fruit medium, roundish; surface a rich orange yellow, often with
much open net-veining of russet; dots minute, white, obscure; cavity
acute, with trace of russet; stem very long; basin very shallow to flat,
corrugated. Core open; cells ovate, slit; seeds plump, rounded;
flesh light salmon yellow, with yellow veinings, rich mild subacid,
with sweet aftertaste, good. September.
Pride of Minneapolis.—Originated in 1855 by James Wyman
Elliott, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Tree immensely productive.
Fruit medium, oblong conic; surface greenish yellow; dots white,
obscure, minute, suffused; cavity obtuse, furrowed, often slightly
russeted; stem very long; basin flat, corrugated ; calyx closed; segments
long, divergent. Core closed; tube funnel-shaped; stamens marginal;
flesh white, juicy, acid, good for culinary. Late fall, early winter.
Pringle Sweet,—Originated in the Chaplain valley in Vermont}
town uncertain.
Fruit slightly below medium, round; surface bright red; flesh
mild, sweet, very good to best; use dessert, cooking, and market.
Late September.
Quaker Beauty.—Fruit medium, roundish conic, obscurely angular;
surface smooth, a clear pale waxen yellow, with bright red blush;
dots white, very minute; cavity acute, regular, trace of russet; stem
long, slender; basin shallow, slightly corrugated; calyx closed;
flesh white, juicy, sweet, good. Late fall.
Queen Choice. —Origin unknown.
Fruit above medium, round conical; surface crimson; flesh mild
acid, very good to best. Season, October in Northern Vermont. and
Canada.
Red Siberian.—Origin, France.
Fruit about three-fourths of an inch in diameter, very regularly
formed and rather flat. Skin smooth, of a lively scarlet over a clear
yellow ground, and, when the bloom is rubbed off, is highly polished.
Stalk nearly two inches long, and very slender; calyx small, slightly
sunk. Fit for preserving in September and October. (Downing.)
CRAB-APPLES. 225
Shields.—Fruit small, angular, flattened, somewhat ribbed, un-
equal; surface a bright solid crimson, the coloring thinner on shady
side showing a little yellow ground; dots few, minute, obscure;
cavity regular, obtuse; stem three-quarters inch long; basin flat,
slightly corrugated; calyx closed; segments divergent. Core closed;
cells round, entire; tube conical; stamens marginal; flesh white,
juicy, acid, good for culinary use. September, October.
Soulard.—Considered to be a hybrid of the wild crab and the
common apple (Pyrus Iowensis < P. Malus); the first of its type to be
brought under cultivation. Originated near St. Louis, Missouri,
about 1844; introduced by Hon. James Soulard, of Galena, Ilinois.
The fruit is used for preserves as a substitute for quinces.
Soulard Crab.
Fruit one and one-half to two inches in diameter, oblate, regular;
surface green, very oily; dots obscure, many, gray, minute; cavity
wide, obtuse, regular; stem long; basin wide, shallow, ribbed; calyx
closed, pistil and stamen vestiges often protruding; segments erect
convergent. Core closed; cells obovate; tube broad, cylindrical;
seeds few, large,
,
stamens extremely marginal, touching segments;
plump, some imperfect; flesh greenish white, astringent, sharp acid.
Late winter and spring.
226 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
Spitzenburg.—Fruit of the pure Pyrus baccata type, with deciduous
calyx segments; size round, truncated, one and one-half inches in
diameter; surface covered with solid dark crimson, with blue bloom,
a handsome fruit; dots obscure, few, russet; cavity wide, obtuse;
stem long to very long; basin wide, shallow, smooth; flesh yellow,
juicy, firm, pleasant subacid, good for table or culinary. Late fall,
early winter.
Stanstead, Rose of —Origin, Stanstead, province of Quebec, Can-
ada. Tree a vigorous grower, attaining very large size when old.
“Probably a hybrid.”
Fruit large, oblong; surface dark red, very handsome;” flesh
streaked with red, juicy, brisk subacid; quality the very best for
dessert and kitchen; ‘it makes the finest of jelly on account of its
being so red.’’ October.
Sweet Russet.—Not of attractive color but worthy of cultivation
owing to its good quality for table use. Tree very productive.
Fruit large, roundish oblong conic; surface greenish yellow, mostly
covered with a thin russet in irregular patches and open net-work;
dots large, gray, scattered; cavity acute, russet; stem long; basin
narrow, flat, corrugated; calyx closed; flesh rich, sweet, very good.
August, September.
Tonka.—Origin, near Lake Minnetonka, Minnesota. Of the pure
Pyrus baccata type, with deciduous calyx segments.
Fruit medium, oblate, regular; surface orange yellow, nearly
covered with bright red, with light bloom; dots large, gray, many;
cavity wide, regular, obtuse; stem long; basin shallow, smooth;
calyx entirely closed, with no opening into core; segments deciduous,
leaving a round yellow russet patch in bottom. Core closed; cells
ovate, entire; seeds few, many imperfect; flesh yellowish, acid,
good for culinary use. October.
Transcendent.—Origin, America. One of the best market varie-
ties, but in many sections is much subject to blight.
Fruit medium to large, roundish to roundish oblong, flattened at
ends, somewhat angular; surface a clear bright golden yellow, striped
and thinly shaded with crimson, with delicate white bloom, a beautiful
fruit; dots obscure, few, minute, white; cavity regular, obtuse; stem
long, stout; basin nearly flat, somewhat corrugated; calyx closed;
segments large, leafy. Core closed; tube conical; stamens marginal;
CRAB-APPLES. 227
flesh creamy yellow, crisp, acid, somewhat astringent, changing when
fully ripe to a pleasant agreeable subacid. August, September.
i
.
\
.
‘
|
$|
a
§
f
Transcendent Crab.
Van Wyck.—A chance seedling on the farm of Miss Caroline Van
Wyck, Fishkill, Dutchess County, New York. Tree vigorous, up-
right, productive.
Fruit large, roundish, slightly conic; surface smooth, whitish,
shaded and mottled with light bright red, and covered with a thin
bloom; stem rather long, slender; cavity rather narrow, deep; calyx
closed; basin medium, smooth. Core small and closed; flesh whitish,
fine, rather firm, moderately juicy, rather rich, honeyed sweet, good.
September. (Downing.)
Virginia.—Found about forty years ago mixed among trees of the
old Hewes Virginia by N. K. Fluke, Davenport, Iowa. In Iowa and
Wisconsin the Virginia has been found very hardy and desirable as a
stock for top-grafting owing to its wide-spreading top and vigorous
growth.
Fruit medium, roundish, flattened, regular; surface yellow,
thinly covered with red, sometimes nearly solid red; cavity obtuse,
regular, slightly russeted; stem long; basin nearly or quite flat,
228 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
corrugated and wrinkled; calyx closed; flesh juicy, acid, good for
culinary use. September, November.
Whitney. (Whitney No. 20).—Origin, Illinois. Popular and widely
planted at the West. Good for table and excellent for culinary use
and cider.
Fruit large, roundish to roundish oblong, nearly regular, some-
times obscurely angular; clear waxen yellow, almost wholly covered
with lively dark red, delicately shaded, with dark crimson splashes, a
Whitney Crab.
handsome fruit; dots few, minute, white, obscure; cavity wide, obtuse,
regular, trace of light russet; stem one inch long; basin nearly or quite
flat, wrinkled; calyx closed; segments erect convergent. Core
closed; tube funnel-shaped; cells ovate, sht; flesh yellow, tender,
juicy, subacid, very good. August, early September.
Yellow Siberian—The Red Siberian and Yellow Siberian are good
representatives of the pure Siberian Crab (Pyrus baccata), The
deciduous calyx segments are marked characteristics. Trees forty
years old in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and other parts of the Northwest
demonstrate their hardine
Fruit small, roundish, flattened at ends, angular, irregular; sur-
CRAB-APPLES, 229
face smooth, a rich yellow; cavity regular, obtuse; stem very long;
basin flat, wrinkled; calyx closed; flesh yellow, juicy, acid.
Downing wrote concerning the Yellow Siberian: ‘This scarcely
differs from the common Siberian Crab except in its fruit, which is
rather larger, and of a fine amber or golden yellow. Both this and
the red are beautiful ornaments to the fruit garden in summer and
autumn, and are equally esteemed for preserves and jellies. Septem-
ber.”
THE PEAR.
AN outline of the races and history of the standard and dwarf
pears, with their propagation and management, is given in Chapter
XIII of Part I, and distance apart of planting in Section 107.
As far as possible by inspection of catalogues, fruit-lists for the
different States, and State and National Horticultural Reports, an
attempt has been made to inelude only the varieties in actual culti-
vation in a commercial way, or to an extent attracting the attention
of nurserymen or horticultural societies, yet it is probable that some
are omitted which should have heen included.
As a guide in understanding the terms used in describing the
forms of pears, the outlines used by Downing and the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society are copied.
TERMS USED IN PEAR DESCRIPTIONS AFTER DOWNING.
SIMPLE Forms.
Globular.
Compounp Forms
Sa, ae
Globular, obtuse pyriform. Globular, acute pyriform,
~———
Ovate, pyriform. Ovate, acute pyriform.
~~--—
Obovate, obtuse pyriform, Oblong pyriform,
iw)
os
to
SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY,
Oblong, ovate pyriform. Oblong, obovate pyriform.
VARIETIES OF THE PEAR.
Alamo.—A variety originating in Texas. “Not as large as the
Bartlett by one-half; pale yellow in color; not as rich in flavor as
the latter yet good in quality. It has proven quite valuable with us.’’
(Munson.)
Ananas d’Hté.-— Medium to large, obtuse pyriform; color yellow,
usually blushed; dots small, numerous; stem stout, one and one-
quarter inches long, and inserted in shallow cavity beside a lip; basin
shallow. Flesh fine-grained, buttery, melting, with subacid per-
fumed flavor, very good. Season, early autumn. Holland.
Andrews. — Quite large, pyriform, sides unequal; skin quite
thick, smooth, yellowish green, with dull red cheek, and scattering
dots; stalk one and one-quarter inches long, curved, and inserted
in shallow depression and often on the blunt surface. Flesh greenish
white, juicy, melting, with rich vinous flavor, good to very good.
Season, early September. Massachusetts.
Angouléme, Duchesse d’ Angouléme.—Very large, oblong obovate,
with uneven knobby surface; color greenish vellow, with many
streaks and spots of russet; stalk one to two inches long, stout,
curved, inserted in deep irregular cavity. Flesh white, buttery,
melting, juicy, with very rich flavor, very good; quality varied
much by climate and soil. Season, July. Trance.
Anjou (Beurre d’Anjou\.— Large, oblong, turbinate pyriform,
regular; color greenish yellow with dull red cheek and clouding of
THE PEAR 233
Tusset; stalk one-half inch long, stout, in shallow uneven cavity;
basin shallow, even. Flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, melting;
Anjou.
flavor rich and vinous; quality best. Season, late. Popular and
doubled-starred in many States across the continent. France.
Ansault.—Medium to large, roundish oblate, pyriform; stalk
half to one inch long in shallow cavity; color yellow, mostly covered
with russet. Flesh white, juicy, tender, buttery, melting, and aro-
matic; quality fair to good. Season, early autumn. France.
Archangel.—Very large, obovate, pyriform; color yellow, largely
covered with russeting. Flesh sweet, vinous, juicy, perfumed; quality
good. Becoming popular as a market pear for culinary use. Trance.
234 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
Autumn Bergamot.— Quite large, globular, obtuse pyriform;
color yellow with blushed cheek; dots numerous, small, russeted;
stem medium in quite deep cavity; basin broad and quite deep,
Flesh buttery, melting, very good. Tree hardy in central Iowa.
Russia.
Ayer.—Medium, obovate obtuse pyriform; color lemon yellow
with russet patches and numerous small russet dots; stalk short,
quite stout, slightly curved, inserted in large, deep, abrupt irregular
cavity marked with russet wrinkles; basin medium, regular, flaring,
with shallow corrugations and russeting. Flesh whitish, fine-grained,
tender, juicy, very good. Season, early. Kansas.
Bartlett. —- Large, oblong, obtuse pyriform; color clear yellow
with blush usually on sunny side; surface of skin usually uneven;
stalk one to one and one-half inches long, inserted in shallow cavity.
Flesh white, fine-grained, buttery, juicy, sweet, with rich perfumed
flavor, very good. Popular in nearly every fruit district of the Union.
England.
Barry (P. Barry).—Medium, elongated, pyriform; color greenish
yellow; stalk one inch long, inclined, inserted in abrupt and quite
deep cavity; basin narrow, shallow, regular. Flesh whitish, juicy,
melting, firm, vinous, and rich; quality better than good. Does well
in Michigan but as yet not much propagated. California.
Baudry (Fred Baudry).—- Large, oblong pyriform; color yellow
with blotches of russet. Flesh yellow, tender, buttery, somewhat
gritty at core; quality very good. Season, quite late winter. Quite
a popular new variety east of the lakes.
Belle Lucrative-—Medium to large, conic obovate, often pyri-
form; color yellowish green, with some russeting; stalk about one
inch long, stout, curved, and obliquely inserted in a small irregular
cavity. Flesh juicy, melting, sugary, rich, delicious, very good to
best. Double-starred in many States. Flemish.
Bessemianka.—Medium to large, obovate, pyriform; color yellow,
with red cheek as grown in the dry air west of the lakes. Flesh juicy,
sweet, tender, buttery; quality good. A very hardy variety doubled -
starred in several States. Russia.
Besi de la Motte. — Medium, roundish turbinate; color yellowish
green, thickly covered with brown russety dots; stalk one inch long,
inserted in a small, round, shallow cavity; basin shallow, with eye
smal] and open. Flesh white, fine-grained, melting, buttery, very
THE PEAR. 235
good. This variety has proven much hardier than Flemish Beauty
on prairie soils of the West. Europe.
»
Bartlett.
Bloodgood.— Medium, obovate, nearly turbinate; color yellow,
with russet dots, and net-work russeting; stalk oblique, inserted at top
of neck without cavity. Flesh vellowish white, buttery, melting,
with rich flavor, very good, and in some climates best. Widely
disseminated and popular as a home summer variety. Long Island.
Bordeaux (Duchesse de Bordeaux).— Medium, roundish, nearly
obtuse pyriform; color yellow, with netting and tracing of russet and
236 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
russet dots; stalks long, stout, with fleshy enlargement at base;
often lipped at point of insertion. Flesh white, quite juicy, sweet,
pleasant; quality only good. Season, early winter. France.
Bloodgood.
Bose.—Large, pyriform, with quite long neck narrowed to a point
at stem insertion; color yellow, with patches of russeting; stalk one
and one-half inches long, slender, curved. Flesh juicy, buttery,
rich, perfumed, very good to best. Widely grown in eastern States.
Belgium.
Boussock.—Medium to large, oval, often obovate and_ slightly
pyriform; skin not smooth, yellow, shaded with dull crimson, and
netted with russet and russet dots; stalk one inch long, stout, and
often oblique. Flesh buttery, melting, juicy, very good. Belgium.
Brandywine. — Medium in size; shape quite variable, ranging
from oblate pyriform to long pyriform; skin greenish yellow, dotted
and netted with russet, usually blushed on sunny side; stalk three-
THE PEAR. 237
quarters to one and one-half inches long, stout, often curved, and
inserted at top of neck without cavity. Flesh white, juicy, melting,
rather rich, very good. Extensively grown on the quince. Penn-
sylvania.
Boussock.
Brockworth Park. — Large to very large, oblong obovate; color
pale yellow, slightly flushed and streaked with crimson on sunny side;
stem about one inch long, stout and obliquely inserted. Flesh white,
delicate, buttery, melting, juicy, rich, vinous, very good. Does well
on dry upland soils in the lake regions. England.
Buffum.—Size medium, oblong, obovate, with one side enlarged;
skin yellow when mature, with bright red on sunny side; dots quite
238 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
numerous; stalk one inch long inserted in narrow, shallow cavity.
Flesh white, buttery, quite juicy, sweet, very good. Season, Septem-
ber. Popular in many States for culinary use and market. Rhode
Island.
Chambers.— Medium, obtuse, obovate, pyriform; color light
green, but yellow when ripe, with numerous brown and green dots,
sunny side reddish brown; stalk one inch long, stout, set at an angle
in a shallow cavity with one side raised. Flesh white, tender, quite
juicy, sweet, pleasant, good. Season, early. Vuluable for a near
market. Does well on the quince. Canada.
Clairgeau.—Large, pyriform, nearly long obovate, with unequal
sides; color yellowish brown, usually with crimson shading next the
sun; dots brown; stalk short, stout, fleshy at base, oblique, and
inserted at top of neck with slight trace of cavity. Flesh white,
buttery, melting, and usually rich in flavor. Season late. autumn.
Widely grown. France.
Clapp Favorite. —- Large, obovate, or ovate pyriform; stem one
inch long, stout, inclined, and inserted in slight cavity; color pale
yellow, marbled, and splashed with crimson, with russet patches.
THE PEAR. 239
Flesh white, fine-grained, juicy, buttery, melting, rich, perfumed,
very good. Grown across the continent. Massachusetts.
Clapp Favorite.
Cole.—Medium to large; color bright yellow; quality good to very
good. It is sold as “seedless” by some growers. It rarely shows
seeds and the leathery carpels which surround the seeds of apples
and pears are absent. Considerably planted in Kansas and Ohio.
Kansas.
Comice, Doyenne du Comice.—Large, roundish pyriform, nearly
pyramidal; color greenish yellow, and bright yellow when fully
mature; in interior climates it has a fine blush in the sun; stalk
short, stout, and inserted in a small cavity. Flesh white, fine-grained,
240 SYSTEMATIC POMOLOGY.
melting, sweet, very good to best. A good shipper even after it gets
mellow. France.
Columbia.—Large to very large; long obovate in form, regular;
color pale yellow when mature, and very smooth and fair; stalk one
to one and one-quarter inches long, slender, inserted in narrow deep
cavity. Flesh white, melting, buttery, and quite rich in flavor, very
good. Popular market variety in Colorado and Utah. New York.
Danas Hovey.—Small to medium, pyriform, tapering towards
the stem; color green, blotched and specked with russet, with pale
red cheek on exposed side; stalk three-quarter to one inch long,
Danas Hovey.
stout, inclined, and inserted in uneven cavity. Flesh creamy white,
melting, buttery, subacid, and rich in flavor. Season midsummer,
As it is near to the Seckel in quality it is much grown in Kentucky
and Tennessee for home use and market. Massachusetts.
Dearborn (Dearborn Seedling).—Small to medium; roundish
pyriform, regular; color light yellow with small dots; stem one to
one-quarter inches long, curved, and inserted in slight cavity; basin
very shallow. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, sprightly, very
good. Season early, A choice amateur variety. Massachusetts.
THE PEAR. 241
Dempsey.— Large, oblong, obovate, pyriform; color yellowish
green with brownish-red cheek; stem one inch long in a fleshy base
without much show of cavity. Flesh white, fine-grained, tender,
quite melting, sweet, very good. Season late autumn.