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THE

NATURAL HISTORY

OF

PLANTS.

VOL. VI.

THE

NATURAL HISTORY

OF

PLANTS.

BY

H. BAILLON,

PRESIDENT OF THE LINNZEAN SOCIETY OF PARIS,
PROFESSOR OF MEDICAL NATURAL HISTORY AND DIRECTOR OF THE BOTANICAL GARDEN
OF THE FACULTY OF MEDICINE OF PARIS.

VOL. VI.

CELASTRACEM, RHAMNACEA, PENMHACEH, THYMELMACE,
ULMACEA, CASTANEACEH, COMBRETACEA,
RHIZOPHORACEM, MYRTACEM, HYPERICACEA, CLUSIACEA,
LYTHRARIACEA, ONAGRARIACEM, BALANOPHORACEA.

LONDON:
L. REEVE & CO., 5, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN.
1880.

CORMBEL
WHIVERGLIVY
Lae KARY

Age
/CORMELL
UNIVERSITY

LIBRARY

LONDON:
GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, PRINTERS,
8ST. JOHN’S SQUARE.

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

XLVI. CELASTRACEZ.

I. EUONYMUS 8ERIES.

Euonymus' (fig.1—7) has regular, hermaphrodite flowers in four or
five parts. In many species the receptacle is somewhat. convex or
depressed, surmounted by a large and flattened glandular disk. The

Euonymus verrucosus.

Fig. 1. Floriferous branch. Fig. 3, Flower.

calyx is short, in four or five imbricated divisions. The petals, alter-
nate and longer, are imbricated in the bud. Alternately are inserted,
near the corners of the disk, an equal number of stamens. The fila-
ments are free, generally short, subulate, at first incurved; the anthers
are bilocular, and the cells, often didymous, open longitudinally,

1 Euonymus T. Inst. 617, t. 388.—Apans. n. 5676.—A. Gray. Gen. Ill. t. 171.—B. H. Gen
Fam. des. Pl. ii. 304. —L. Gen. n. 271. — Gen. 360, 997, n. 1.—H. By. in Payer Fam. Nat.
377.—Garrn. Fruct. ii. 149, t, 118.—Lamx. 323.—Hoox. FV. Ind. i. 607.—Vyenomus Prust,
Dict. ii. 571; Suppl. ii, 685; IW. +.181—DC. Bot. Bem. 32 (incl. Glyptopetalum Taw, Lopho-
Prodr, ii, 3.—Ture. in Dict. Se. Nat, Atl. t. 272. petalum Wicut, Melanocarya Turcz.

—Sracu, Suit. 2 Buffon, ii. 404.—Enpu. Gen, ;

VOL, VI. ]
Zr

2 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

inwards, oftener on the margin, or even a little outwards."
Between them rise, more or less, the alternate lobes of the disk, in
the centre of which, more or less depressed, the gynecium 18
insorted. This is composed of an ovary of 3-5 cells, superposed to
the petals when equal in number, and surmounted by a longer or
shorter style, with 3-5 lobed stigmatiferous extremity. In the com-
mon Euonymus (Euonymus europeus) and in many other species,” the

Euonymus verrucosus,

Fig. 4. Diagram. Fig. 5. Longitudinal section of flower.

placenta, which is in the internal angle of each cell, supports, at its base,
two ascending anatropal ovules, with micropyle directed downwards
and outwards.? The fruit is a four-angled capsule, depressed at the
summit, one or more of the cells of which, dehiscing along their
dorsal suture, contain one or more, rarely two, seeds enveloped in a
‘fleshy and coloured aril,* and enclosing under their coats a fleshy
albumen, the axis of which is occupied by an embryo (often green),
with an inferior .cylindro-conical radical, and large foliaceous
cotyledons.
The form of the floral receptacle, the height of the disk, and,
consequently, the point of insertion of the stamens, vary in different
species of Huonymus. There are species in which the two ovules of
each cell, instead of ascending, descend, and then the direction of
the micropyle is upwards and inwards*; in others, again, the ovules
are horizontal, or nearly so.6 £. nitidus and nanus have four ascend-
ing ovules in each cell, disposed in two vertical series. E. americanus

1 They are extrorse in the young flowers of
E. Ewropeus. In E, lucidus, it may be said that
the younger the anther, the more introrse it is.
This can be seen clearly in £. fimbriatus, Lopho-
petalum, etc. The pollen is generally “ ovoid ;
three-fold; in water, spherical with three

® E. verrucosus, atropurpureus, ete.

3 A double coat.

* Springing primarily from the micropyle,
and may extend more or less round the umbi-
licus, even to its entire circumference, :

5 E. japonicus, lucidus, echinatus, latifoltus,

bands and papille,” H. Mout. Ann. Se. Nat.
ser, 2, iii, 838), the same in Céelastrus, where
it may have “an external finely cellulose mem-
brane.” :

5 See H. Bn. Rech. sur les Ovules des Euony-

mus cultivés & Paris (in Bull Soc. Bot, de Fr. v
266, 314).

CHLASTRAOEZ.

3

and angustifolius have from two to five in each series, and they then

become horizontal or nearly so, their raphes facing.

In one species

from Ceylon, which has constituted the genus Glyptopetalum,! because

the base of the four petals presents two more or less

decided inden-

tures, there is only one ascending ovule. In an Eastern Asiatic species,

E. alatus, the ovary becomes more lobed with
age; it has formed a genus Melanocarya®. In
another Indian species, with many-ovuled cells,
E. grandiflorus Watt., the petals are fimbriate
and more or less prominently crested ; hence,
the generic name Lophopetalum.? But these
differences of detail seem to us too unimportant
to justify the making of distinct genera, and
we shall consider them only as sections of the
genus Huonymus. Taken thus, it includes
about forty-five species,* arborescent or fru-
tescent, sometimes scandescent. They inhabit
chiefly the temperate regions of Europe, Asia,

Huonymus europaeus.

Fig. 6. Fruit.

and North America, and are more rare.in the tropical parts and in
Oceania. The branches are rounded or oftener tetragonal, leaves

opposite, petiolate, entire or serrate, persistent, with
two small caducous stipules. The flowers are axillary,
in cymes, often compound, generally biparous, often
few-flowered and sometimes reduced to a single
flower.

Pachystima, a small shrub of the western mountains
of North America, has almost all the characteristics of
Euonymus : leaves opposite, entire or oftener serrate ;
flowers 4-merous and 4-androus. But its ovary has
only two incomplete and biovulate cells. The ovules

a
Euonymus §
europaeus,

Fig. 7. Seed
enveloped in
aril (2),

are ascending, and the fruit an oblong capsule, dehiscing late. Catha

1Tuw. Hook, Kew Journ. viii. 267, t.7B; Ann. Prodr. i. 160.—Watt. Pl, As. Rar. t. 264.
Enum, Pl. Zyl. 73.—B. H. Gen. 361.—Hoox. —Wucut, Icon, t. 214, 978, 1053,—Mie. Fl.
Fil, Ind. i. 612. Ind.-Bat. Suppl. i, 512.—Bznn. Pl. Jav. Rar,

2 Turoz. Bull. Mose. (1858), i. 453. t. 28.—Bznru. Fi. Hongk. 62.—F. Moveut.

3 Wient, Ann. Nat. Hist. iii, 151; Icon. Fragm.iv.118.—A. Gray, Man. ed. 5, 116.—
t. 162.—Envu. Gen. u. 5675.—B. H, Gen. 362, Botss Fi. Or. ii. 8.—Gren. and Govr. Fi. de

n. 6. Fr. i, 881.—Watp. Rep. i.

4 Reicus, Je. Fl, Germ. t. 309, 310.—Hoox, (Lophopetalum), 189; vii.

and Arn. Beech, Voy. Bot. t. 54.—Wiaur and etalum).

680; fi. 827; 1.188
874, 575 (Glypto-

1—2

4 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

edulis, a shrub of Eastern Africa and Arabia, also has its leaves oppo-
site, the inflorescence, the flower of Huonymus; but its ovary, more
elongate, and of three biovulate cells, becomes a capsulary fruit,
elongate, trigonous, obtuse, its seeds inferiorly dilated into a very
thin wing. Microtropis is analogous to Catha by the elongate form
of its capsular fruit. The seed is enclosed in a fleshy and colored
envelope which resembles an aril. But the flower is easily distin-
guished by its concave receptacle, the absence of the disk, the
coriaceous sepals and petals; these last united at their base into a
hollow gamopetalous corolla. The ovary, inferior at the base, has
two or three incomplete cells, in which are two nearly basilar ovules.
Microtropis is Indian; the leaves opposite and coriaceous very much
resembling those of Clusiacez, and the corolla, that of the Holly.
Kokoona, which grows in Borneo and Ceylon, has very nearly the
same organs; the hermaphrodite flowers have five thick petals, im-
bricate or twisted, and a large pentagonal disk having five depressions
in which are inserted the same number of stamens. The three cells
of their ovary contain each two series of oblique ovules, an indefinite
number in each row, and the fruit is a large polyspermous capsule,
with imbricate winged seeds destitute of albumen.!

Eleodendron forms the chief of a sub-series (Elwodendree) in
which the fruit is indehiscent, instead of capsular. The flowers,
moreover, 4—5-merous, are constructed like those of Euonymus, and
the ovarian cells enclose two ascending ovules. The pericarp is
drupaceous, with a uni- or pluri-locular stone, and the seed is
exarillate. The Hlwodendrons are trees and shrubs which grow
in all the warm countries of the globe, particularly in the old world.
The leaves are often opposite, like those of the Euonymus 3 but
they may also be alternate (which proves the little value of this
character). In Cassine, a Cape bush, the leaves are Opposite, and
the fruit is a berry. The exarillate seeds are, like the two ovules
in each cell, descending instead of ascending. Hartogia, a Cape
bush, has also opposite leaves, and in each cell two ovules; but they

1 The genus Alzatea R. et Pav. placed near _ obcordate ovary, followed by a loculicidal cap-
the preceding, but without any certainty, be- sule of the same form, with numerous superposed
cause no one since Pavon has been able to sludy winged seeds. It is a Peruvian shrub, with
it, is distinguished by its campanulate calyx, opposite entire leaves and flowers in terminal
its apetalous 5-androus flowers, and abilocular — corymbiform cymes, .

OELASTRACEA. 5

‘are ascending. The cells are incomplete, and the fruit indehiscent
and dry, with exalbuminous seeds. Rhacoma, a bush of tropical
America, has leaves placed like those of Elodendron, and also the
fruit indehiscent, drupaceous, or dry ; but the ovarian cells have only
one ascending ovule. Ptelidium, a Malagash bush, with opposite
leaves, has the 4-merous flowers and 2-ovulate cells of Zlwoden-
dron ; but its fruit is an oval or subcordate samara, with a thick and
woody marginal wing. In Zinowiewia,a Mexican shrub, we also observe
the opposite leaves, the inflorescence, the pentamerous flower and the
biovulate cells of Llceodendron ; but the fruit is a compressed linear,
oblong samara, surmounted by a membranous, dolabriform, vertical
wing a little lateral, and iu particular terminal.

In a small separate group (Pleurostyliew) are placed Pleurostylia,
bushes of India and Madagascar, which have the opposite leaves
aud the floral characters of the preceding genera, but in which the
ovary contains only one eccentric cell, with two ascending ovules,
and an equally eccentric style. We place near it Cathastrum, a
bush of the Cape, which has also opposite leaves and an eccentric
and unilocular ovary, but whose parietal placenta supports two
vertical and parallel series of ascending ovules.

Celastrus has also given its name to a sub-series (Céelastrew) in
which the leaves are always alternate (a convenient character to
consult in practice, but whose slight value will be marked). They
have a convex plane or concave receptacle, two or more ascending
ovules in each cell, like Hwonymus, and like it, capsular fruit and

arillate seeds. They are bushes of the hot and temperate regions of
the whole world, often climbing or thorny. Gymnosporia cannot be
generically separated from it, as was thought, because of the union
to the cavity of the receptacle of the base of their ovary ; neither
can Putterlickia, African plants, whose habit is exactly that of certain
Gymnosporia, but whose ovarian cells are pluriovulate! The
capsuie is voluminous, with a coriaceous partition. These plants
are to the other species of Celastrus, by the number of their ovules,
what Huonymus angustifolius, americanus, etc., are to the species with

1 Denhamia, Australian plants, with capsular are species such as D. pittosporoides, F. Muztt.,
osseous fruit, are also distinguished from Celas- | which certainly have only two ovules in certain
trus by pluriovulate ovarian cells. But there cells.

6 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

biovulate cells. Maytenus, which inhabits the tropical and sub-tropical
regions of South America, has been hitherto generically separated
from Céelastrus, and it was formerly distinguished from it especially,
for sometimes having uniovulate ovarian cells. But ovules often
occurring to the number of two, ascendent, and with micropyle
exterior, it is impossible to retain this as a distinct genus ; it can only
form a section of the genus Celastrus.

Schefferia may be considered as Maytenus diminished, inasmuch as
the tetramerous flowers are unisexual, dicecious, and the two cells of
the ovary enclose only one ascending ovule in each. The short style is
dilated in two stigmatiferous lobes, themselves bilobed, and the fruit
is drupaceous, slightly fleshy, with two monospermous stones. They
are bushes of the Antilles and of the southern parts of North
America; the inflorescence is axillary. Wimmeria, Mexican shrubs,
resembling by their organs of vegetation certain species of Celastrus
of the section Putterlickia, have also pluriovulate ovarian cells. But
the-fruit is indehiscent and provided with large membranous wings.
In Polycardia, very curious shrubs of Madagascar, the flowers are
also those of Celastrus, with an ovary basally imbedded in the
receptacle, and with biovulate cells; the fruit is a loculicidal cap-
sule, with three, four, or five valves; but the flowers, united in
small glomerules, are raised to the middle or even to the summit of
the upper surface of the principal nervure of the axillate leaf. In
Pterocelastrus, bushes of Southern Africa and New Caledonia, the
inflorescence, independent of the leaves, is formed of compound
cymes, terminal or axillate, and the flowers are nearly those of
Polycardia. But the fruit is a loculicidal capsule, with three or six
vertical wings, the seed of which is, either surrounded by an aril, or
bordered by a marginal wing. Kurrimia, trees of tropical Asia, have
a dry fruit, with one or two cells dehiscent or indehiscent. Their
ovary is surmounted by a style of two long and slender branches,
each terminated by a small capitate stigma. Perrottetia, bushes of
Mexico, Columbia, and tropical Oceania, with slender inflorescence,
and generally much ramified, have nearly valvate or slightly imbri-
cated triangular petals, and an ovary with two cells more or less
incomplete, biovulate, often incompletely divided into two half cells
by a false partition interposed between the ascending ovules. Thefruit
is dry or little fleshy, nearly globular, indehiscent. Fraunhofera, a

CELASTRAOCEA, 7

Brazilian shrub, is distinguished from Perrottetia, whose slender
inflorescence it has, only by the configuration of its dry, long, and
siliquiform fruit; for its two cells, if frequently uniovulate, may
also here and there contain two ascending ovules.! Plenekia, Bra-
zilian trees, with leaves of the elder or poplar, have also an elongated,
dry fruit; it is a samara, whose vertical and membranous wing
recalls that of Ventilago. It encloses one or two cylindrical, elon-
gated, exarillate seeds. The flower is that of a Celastrus, with two
ovarian biovulate cells. In Tripterygium, a bush of the island of
Formosa, all is also like a Celastrus, with three biovulate ovarian
cells; but the indehiscent and trigonal fruit is said to be furnished
with three large membranous wings, and encloses only one seed with
a small albuminous embryo.

Texas and New Mexico possess three generic types with alternate
leaves, but exceptional on various grounds. One of them is Mor-
tonia, a genus formed of two or three bushes, with numerous
small coriaceous persistent leaves, and with small flowers, whose
receptacle is very concave, like that of many Rhamnacee. The
pentamerous perianth and andrcecium are there very strongly peri-
gynous, and the inferior ovary has five oppositipetalous, incomplete,
and biovulate cells. The fruit, imbedded in the concave receptacle, is
dry and indehiscent. Glossopetalon, a prickly bush, with small
leaves, the upper ones reduced to scales, has a small cupuliform
receptacle, five sepals, five elongated tongue-shaped petals, and ten
stamens disposed in two verticils round a disk, the centre of which
is occupied by a unilocular and biovulate ovary. Its fruit is
elongated, striate, dry, with one or two arillate and ascending seeds.
Canotia, a thorny, almost. leafless shrub, has also pentamerous,
but isostemonous flowers, and a gynecium with five-celled ovary and
pluriovulate cells. Its fruit is an elongated apiculate loculicidal
capsule, with five bifid valves at the summit. ach encloses one
ascending, albuminous seed, prolonged inferiorly to a narrow and
elongated membranous wing.

1 Siphonodon Grirr, Javan and Austra-
lian plants, abnormal in this group, cannot
however, as it appears, be far removed from the
preceding genera, from which they are imme-
diately distinguished by their deep receptacular
cup enclosing an ovary formed of numerous

uniovulate cells (which have been regarded as
five multiovulate cells, divided into uniovulate
compartments by numerous false partitions),
and by the axis of their gynecium presenting a
a deep depression from the centre of which
rises a styliform column almost gynobasic.

8 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Il? STACKHOUSIA SERIES.

Stackhousia) (fig. 8-11), which has been made a distinct family,
has regular and hermaphrodite flowers. The receptacle has the
form of a hemispheric cup, the cavity of which is covered with a
glandular disk. Outside the more-or less salient or often but
slightly developed edges of this disk, the lips of the receptacle give
insertion to the perianth and to a perigynous andrecium, viz., to
five imbricated sepals and five petals alternating with them, much
longer exserted, free and remaining so in their lower and upper
parts, whilst for a variable extent of the intermediate part they
approach and unite by their margins in an elongated tube resembling
that of a gamopetalous corolla. The limb is imbricated in pre-
floration. The stamens are the same in number as the petals,
- alternating with them, each formed of a

filament free or connate with the corolla

and an anther bilocular, introrse, de-
hiscing by two longitudinal clefts.’

Generally two of these stamens, the

lateral, are much shorter than the three

others. The gynecium is free to the
bottom of the receptacular cup; it is
formed of an ovary, often with three,
more rarely with two, four or five cells,
surmounted by a style-divided more or
less deeply into stigmatiferous slips
equal in number to the ovarian cells.

The latter present, near the base of their

internal angle, an ascending, anatropous
ovule with mycropyle primarily directed downwards and outwards,
later turned a little laterally. The fruit is dry, often formed of two
or three achenes? which finally separate from the central column,
itself divided into as many fine threads as there are carpels. They

Stackhousia monogyna.

Fig. 8. Long. sect. of flower (4).

1 Sm: Trans. Linn. Soc, iv. 218.—Ennu. Gen.
n. 6763.—Linpu. Vég. Kingd, 589, fig. 400.—
Scnucn. Linnea, xxvi. 1.—B. H. Gen. 371, 998.
—H. By. Payer Fam. Nat. 219; Adansonia, xi.
289.—Scunizu. Iconogr. t. 250.—Bzntu. DC,
Prodr, xv. sect. i. 500,—Tripterococeus Ewnu,

Enum. Pl. Huegel. 17; Gen. n. 5764.—Plokio-
stigma Scuvucn., loe.cit. 39,
2“Pollen sub-4-lobum
(Benru).
3 The mesocarp is often at first somewhat
fleshy and separable from the putamen.

echinulatum.”—

CELASTRACEZ. 9

contain each a seed, the membranous integuments of which enclose a
fleshy albumen. Its axis is occupied by an embryo of equal length
with cylindrical and inferior radicle and cotyledons plane or plano-
convex and more or less thick.

There are some Stackhousias of which a special genus has been
made under the name of Tripterococcus (fig. 9-11). The three
achenes! of its fruit are prolonged each in three vertical wings
-of which one is dorsal and two are marginal, the latter much more
developed than the former (fig. 11). The corolla is generally longer

Stackhousia (Tripterococeus) Brunonis,

Fig. 9. Flower. (4). Fig. 11. Fruit (2). Fig. 10. Long. sect. of flower (+).

and narrower than that of the other species of the genus, and its
pieces are terminated by a long point. Thus composed, the genus
Stackhousia contains a dozen species® of herbs, sometimes frutescent
at the base, with a woody subterranean rhizome, aerial herbaceous
branches, clothed with alternate leaves, and stipules none or very
little developed. Its flowers? are terminal, sometimes solitary, oftener
collected in simple or compound clusters; they are inserted in the
axils of alternate bracts and accompanied with lateral bracteoles.

1 At first the mesocarp is u little fleshy, and Voy. Astrol. Bot. 89, t. 38.—Hoox, ¥. Fl. Tasm.
the wings separate from the hard and striated i. 79; FU. N.-Zel. i. 47; Man. N.-Zeal. Fi. 42,
putamen, externally very rugose. —F. Muetu. Trans. Phil. Soc. Viet. i. 101; Pl.

2 Lapin. Pl. Now.- Holl. i.77, t. 104.—Sten. Viet. ii. t. 14; Fragm. ii. 859; iii, 86,—Benru.
-in Spreng. Syst. Cur. Post. 124; Hook. Journ. of Ft. Austral. i, 405.—Wate. Ann. v. 768, 770
Bot. ii. 421.—Hoox. Icon. t. 269.~-Linpz, Bot. Tripterococeus) ; vii. 585.

Reg. t. 1917.—Sm, Rees Cycl. xxxiiii—A. Ricu. 3 White or yellow.

10 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

All are of Australian origin except two, one from New Zealand, the
other from the Philippine Isles.

Ill. GOUPIA SERIES.

In Goupia (fig. 12), the flowers are regular and hermaphrodite,
with a small receptacle which supports a gamosepalous calyx with
five divisions imbricated in prefloration, and five alternate petals,
much longer, valvate-induplicate in the bud, and reflexed in such a
manner that their attenuated summits hang in the interior of the
bud like the key of a vault. Within the
corolla, the receptacle bears an annular
disk in the form of a short collarette with
five salient festoons in front of the petals.
In the crenatures of the festoons, and
consequently in the intervals between the
petals, are inserted five stamens, the short
filaments of which are attached by their
base exactly opposite the internal face
of the disk, whence they are free and
support each a bilocular introrse anther.
The connective terminates in a point
covered with straight apical hairs, and
its short cells each open by a longitudinal
cleft. The gynzcium is composed of a
free ovary, but surrounded by the disk, with five oppositipetalous
cells, each surmounted by a small eccentric stylary branch. In
the internal angle of each cell is a placenta bearing two vertical
series of numerous anatropous nearly horizontal or ascending
ovules. The fruit is a small berry, nearly globular, the cells of which,
variable in number, enclose each some ascending seeds. The latter
contain under their integuments a fleshy albumen which envelopes
an axilate curved embryo, with cylindrical radicle and elongated
cotyledons. Only one Goupia? is known; it isa small tree from

Goupia glabra.

Fig. 12, Long. sect. of Flower (8).

1 Avni. Guian, i, 295, t. 116.—J. Gen. 378.
—Lamx, Dict. iii, 15; I. t. 217.—DC. Prodr.
ii. 29.—Bentu. Hook. Kew Journ, iv. 11.—Enp1..
Gen, n. 5696.—Mirrs, in Ann, Nat. Hist. ser.
8, ix, 289, 293 ; Contrib. to Bot.ii. t. 74.—B. H.
Gen. 369, n, 35.—H. Bun. Payer Fam. Nat. 325,
—Reutss. Mart. Fl. Bras. Oclastr. 34.—Gupia

J. 8. H. Eup. Fam. ii, 267.— Glossopotalum
Scures. Gen. n, 526,

* G glabra Avey.—Watp. Rep. i. 539; Ann.
iv. 427; vii. 583.—? @ tomentosa Ausu.—
Glossopetalum glabrum Scurzn. loc. cit,—W.
Speen. 588.

CELASTRACEA. 11

Guyana, with leaves alternate, petiolate, entire, coriaceous, glabrous,
penninerved, reticulate, subtriplinerved at the base, accompanied by
two very small caducous stipules. Its flowers are inserted in the
axil of the leaves in (spurious) umbels supported by a small common
peduncle.

IV. AZIMA SERIES.

In this group, long considered as forming a special family under
the name of Salvadoracee, we may study first Azéma! scandens (fig.
13-15), formerly described as type of the genus Actegeton.? Its flowers
are ordinarily tetramerous and polygamo-dicecious. The calyx, gamo-
sepalous and valvate, is divided above into four lobes. The petals,
alternate, sessile, narrow and elongated, soon cease to touch at the
margins. Jn the intervals are inserted, on a narrow receptacle, four
stamens whose thick free filaments, in the male flower, are inserted
round a rudimentary gyneecium, and are each surmounted by a bilocu-
lar introrse anther dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts. It is sterile
in the female flowers in which the corolla and andreecium are united
belowin a very short tube, with a free superior gynecium, consisting

Azima (Actegeton) scandens.

Fig. 13. Male flower, perianth Fig. 14. Female flower. Fig. 15. Long. sect. of female
removed (8). flower.

of an ovary with two cells, surmounted by a short style, soon divided
into two large branches, stigmatiferous within and on the margins.

* Lamx. Dict. i, 843 (1783); I. t.807.—J. — (Actegiton).—H. By. Adansonia, ix. 282, t. 10,
Gen, 425.—A. DO. Prodr, xvii. 29.—Monetia fig. 1-8.—A. DC. loc. cit, 20.
Luer, Stirp. 1, t.1.—Enpt. Gen. u. 5711, 6891, * Equal or unequal, as if caused by the tear-
—H. Bn. Adansonia, ix. 285, 289. ing of a monophyllous envelope.

2 Bu. Bijdr, 1143.—Enpu. Gen. n. 5693

12 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Each cell is divided by a false partition, sometimes incomplete, into
two cellules containing each one seed nearly basilar, ascending, with
micropyle at first directed downwards and outwards, ultimately
becoming more or less lateral in consequence of a slight twist. The
fruit is a berry enclosing from one to four seeds. Under the integu-
ments is found a thick fleshy embryo, ellipsoid, or nearly orbicular,
with conical inferior radicle, partly concealed by the auriculate base
of the plano-convex cotyledons. In another species of the genus,
A. tetracantha, type of a section Monetia,® the flowers and fruit are
the same, except that the lobes of the style are much less developed,
and that each ovary cell contains but one instead of two ovules. Thus
constituted, the genus Azima comprises two or three shrubs,* sometimes
sarmentous, natives of the warm regions of Eastern Africa, Southern
Asia, and the Indian Archipelago. The glabrous and tetragonal
branches bear opposite, articulate, coriaceous leaves, furnished with
two small lateral stipules; in the axils are from two to six spines
representing the principal hardened nervures of the first leaves of the
axillary branch.* The flowers® are in the axils of the leaves (or of
the bracts which take their place), in simple or ramified clusters with
decussate divisions, the florets Springing inferiorly from a receptacular
cavity at the bottom of which is articulated the aitenuaved summit
of the pedicel.

Beside the Azimas are ranged the Doberas, which grow in the
same regions and possess the same organs of vegetation and fructifi-
cation, but the flower, polygamous and ordinarily tetramerous, pos-
sesses within each petal a flattened glandular scale, while their stamens
are monadelphous to near the middle of their filaments, and their
superior ovary is reduced to a single uniovulate cell and one or more
sterile cellules.

Salvadora (fig.17—-20) constitutes a type reduced from the preceding,
with hermaphrodite or unisexual, tetramerous, tetrandrous flowers,
and only one uniovulate ovarian cell, surmounted by a short stigma-

* Lame. loc, cit.— A. DC. loc, cit. 29,n.1.—? Cap.i. 474 (Monetia).—Tur. Ann. Sc. Nat. sér.
A. nova Buanco, Fl. Filip. ed. 2, 49.—Fagonia 4, viii, 118 (Monetia). —Watp. Rep. i. 641
Montana Houen. herb.—Monetia barleroides (Monetia); Ann. i. 16.

Luzr. loc. cit.—H. By. Adansonia, ix. 285. 4H. By. Adansonia, ix. 286.
2 Sect. Azima H. Bn. Joe. cit. 5 Small, white or pink, odorous,
® Wieur. Iii, t. 152.—Harv, and Sonn. Fl, i

CELASTRACEA. 13

tiferous prominence. But the petals, large and very distinctly imbri-
cated or twisted in the bud, are so closely united below by means of
the alternate staminal filaments that the latter seem inserted on the

Salwadora persica.

Fig. 16. Bud (49). Fig. 18. Long: sect. of flower.

Fig. 21. Embryo.

Fig. 19. Fruit (4).

Fig. 20. Long, sect. of fruit.
corolla which appears in adult age like a perfectly gamopetalous
envelop (fig. 17, 18). The Salvadoras, of which one or two species
are found in tropical Asia and Africa, have opposite leaves accom-
panied by small stipules, and numerous small flowers, arranged
in simple or more or less ramified spikes.

V. HIPPOCRATE SERIES.

The flowers of Hippocratea’ are closely analogous to those of
-Euonymus, regular and hermaphrodite. The receptacle, more or less
flattened, bears a short calyx of five sepals, free, or united only at the
base, imbricated or nearly valvate, with five alternate petals, longer,
erect or expanded, imbricate or valvate in the bud. The andrcecium
is ordinarily formed of three fertile stamens, each with a free filament,
generally enlarged near the base and recurved at anthesis, inserted

1 Hippoeratea L. Gen. nu. 54.—J. Gen. 251.—
Lamx. Dict. 395; Suppl. i. 606; I72. t. 28.—
DC. Prodr. i. 567.—Turp. Dict. Se, Nat. Atl.
t. 162.—Spracn. Suit. a Buffon, ii. 399.—Enp1.
Gen, n. 5700.—P aver, Organog. 163, t. 35,—H.
Bu. Payer Fam, Nat. 326.—B. H. Gen. 369,

998, n. 36.—Hoox, Fi, Ind, i. 623.—Coa Pium.
Gen. 8, t. 35.—Pereskia Veuxoz. Fl. Flum .34, i.
t. 81 (not Miun. nor Pium.).—Bejuco Lat. It.
404.—Daphnikon Poun, Flora (1825), 183
(from Enpu.).— ? Romualda Tr. Ann. Se. Nat.
sér, 5, xvi. 370.—Cuervea Tr. (ex B, H.).

14 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

under the ovary, within a thick glandular disk, very variable in
form, with which the receptacle is covered. The anther is bilocular,”
extrorse, often didymous, dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts which
often become confluent in their upper part. The ovary is more or

Hippocratea obtusifolia.

Fig. 22. Flower ($). Fig. 23. Diagram, Fig. 24. Long. sect. of flower.

less deeply buried in the central cavity of the disk, and its three
cells, alternate with the stamens, contain in their inner angle a
placenta bearing two ascending ovules with micropyle exterior and
inferior, or two or three pairs of ovules in two parallel series,
ascending or horizontal. The ovary extends upwards in a style,
the stigmatiferous summit of which is either not enlarged, or
dilated in three lobes. The fruit generally consists of three dry
carpels, united only near the base, then
Hippocratea obtusifolia. dilated in their free part to a compressed
hollow, elliptic or orbicular, indehiscent or
opening in two lateral valves by a double
longitudinal cleft, ventral or dorsal. Each
encloses one or many ascending seeds, often
prolonged to membranous wings, imbricate
in their lower part, whose superior tegu-
mentary cavity contains a thick and fleshy
embryo, with cotyledons often united in a
single mass, and short inferior radicle, The
Hippocratece consist of small climbing trees
from all the tropical regions of both worlds.
Fig. 25. Fruit. Their leaves are opposite, articulate, simple,
accompanied by two small caducous stipules.

1 Hach cell often divides into two cellules fora tree in general—(H. Moun, Ann. Se. Nat,
longer or shorter time distinct. sér. 2, iii, 838,)
2 The pollen is similar to that of the Celas-

CELASTRACEZ. 15

Their flowers! are united in axillary, simple, or more or less
ramified, and sometimes umbelliform cymes, with pedicels accom-
panied by two lateral bracteoles. More than fifty species are
known ; they have sometimes two or even four or five stamens,
two or three of which are sterile and antherless.

The Salacec (fig. 26, 27), plants from the same tropical regions as
the Hippocratew, often have the same habit and foliage; and their
flowers present the same organisation. But their fruit, one or many-
seeded, is destitute of wings, globular, or pear-shaped, often coriaceous
or ligneous on the surface, pulpy within, with one or several seeds,
ordinarily ascending, nude, or partially enveloped in an aril springing

Salacia viridifiora,

Fig. 26. Floriferous branch.

from the umbilicum, and containing an embryo similar to that of the
Hippocratee, or thinner, with cotyledons nearly foliaceous, and, in
this case, surrounded by a fleshy albumen of very variable thickness.
The plants of this series are therefore very analogous in organisation
to those of the Huonymus Series. So far they are scarcely distinct
except in the fertile stamens being fewer in number than the petals.

1 White, yellow, or greenish. Perr. Fl, Seneg. Tent, i. 111, +. 25, 26.—Otrv.
2 BR. et Pav. Fl. Per. t. 47.—Roxs. Pl, Coro- Fl. Trop. Afr. i, 366.—Tut. Ann. Se. Nat. sér.
mand. t. 130, 205,—Ruve. Guian. t. 8,9.—Bu. 4, viii. 91—Griszn. Fl. Brit. W.-Ind. 148.—
Bijdr. 218.—A. 8. H. Fl. Bras. Mer. ii. 102.— ‘War. Rep. i. 400; ii. 812; v. 146; Ann, ii.
Wicut and Arn. Prodr.i..103.—Wieut, Iii, 193; vii. 583.
t. 46, 47; Icon. t. 380, 963.—GuInLEM et

16 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

But the transition is now still more gradual since the discovery in
Angola of the Campylostemon, a climbing shrub with opposite leaves,
and possessing, it is said, pentamerous flowers, five alternipetalous
stamens, with introrse and transverse dehiscence.

VI. BOX SERIES.

The Boxes! (fig. 28-34), long referred to the family of the
Euphorbiacee, have regular and unisexual apetalous flowers. The
calyx of the male flower is formed of four sepals, alternately imbri-
cated in prefloration. Superposed to them are four stamens, each
formed of a thick filament, long and free, inserted under the four
faces of a central cuboid body (rudimentary gynecium?) whose
angles project more or less into the intervals, and a bilocular introrse
anther dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts.? In the female flowers,
the perianth is more ordinarily formed of six imbricate folioles,
alternating on two trimerous verticils and surrounding a gynecium,
the ovary of which has three cells, each enclosing two ovules,
inserted near the top of the internal angle, descending, anatropous,
with raphe primarily dorsal and micropyle directed upwards and
inwards. The summit of the ovary is generally surmounted by six
projections. Three of these, slightly developed, correspond to the
partitions, and the three others, more considerable, corresponding to
the cells, are stylary branches, of eccentric insertion,’ which diverge
and separate at the summit into two short lobes. The internal
margin of these styles is traversed by a longitudinal furrow, the
reflexed lips of which are covered with stigmatiferous papille. The
fruit is a tricoccous and loculicidal capsule which at maturity separates

1 Buxus T. Inst. 578, t. 345.—L. Gen. n.
1053,—Apans. Fam. des Pl. ii. 355.—J. Gen.
388.—Gartn. Fruct. ii. 125, t. 108.—Lamx.
Dict. i. 510; Suppl. i. 742; Ii. t. 761—A.
Juss. Tent. Euphorbiac, 12, t. 1, fig. 3.—Nuzzs,
Gen, t. 66.—Spacu, Suit. d Buffon, ii, 491.—
Enpu. Gen. n. 5869.—H. Bn. Bull, Soc. Bot. de
Fr. iii, 285; Monogr. des Buxac. et des Stylocér.
(1859), 2, 58, t. 1, 2; Adansonia, xi. 283.—M.

Arg, Prodr. xvi. p. 1, 18.—Tricera Sw. Prodr. i.
3338, t. 7.—Enpu. Gen. n. 5868.—Crantzia Sw.
Prodr. 38 (not Lac. nor Nur. nor Scurzp. nor
Scopr.).

? The pollen grains are spherical with very
fine pores.

3 They approach the centre in a species from
the Antilles, B, subcolumnaris M. ara.

CELASTRACEZ, 17

into three pannels. Each of these is surmounted laterally by two
distant halves of two different stylary branches and bears on the

Bucus sempervirens.

Fig. 28. Fructiferous branch. Fig, 32. Female flower, diagram.

middle of its internal surface a partition, on each side of which is
generally a descending seed. Its thick smooth integuments enclose
an abundant fleshy albumen, surrounding an embryo more or less

“.. curved, with superior elongated radicle, and thick elliptical or oblong

eotyledons. The large anfractuose cavity of the seminal hilum is

1 The dried endocarp separates entirely from the more external layers of the pericarp.
VOL. VI.

18 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

covered by a fleshy aril, but slightly developed and solely of
umbilical origin.? .

The Bomes are shrubs or small trees, which inhabit Europe, Asia,
Eastern Africa, Central. America, and especially the Antilles: some
twenty species® are known.

Boxus sempervirens,

Fig. 31. Female flower (4). Fig. 34. Dehiscent fruit, Fig. 33. Long. sect. of
female flower..

Their leaves are opposite, entire, without stipules, the organs de-
scribed as such being only the first pairs of leaves of the branches
often reduced to small scalelike or bractiform tongues. Sometimes
the axillary buds are multiple and superposed, being more voluminous
the higher they are situated. The flowers, most frequently monecious,

Pachysandra procumbens.

Fig. 35. Inflorescence. - Fig. 36. Male flower in bloom,

are collected in false umbels or in false capitules. The female flowers
are sometimes solitary ; or one of them more generally occupies the
centre of the inflorescence, enveloped by several imbricate bracts, in
many series, similar to the sepals, and surrounded by the male

' On its mode of development, see H. By. Gopnr. Fl. de Fr. iii, 101.—W. Spee, iv, 337.—
Monogr. Buxac, et Styloc, 35, A. Ricy, Fl. Cub. t. 71 (Tricera).—Grisen, Fl.

2 Tuuns. Fl. Jap. 77.—Dunam. Arbr. i. 82. Brit. W.-Ind. 31.—Bo1ss. Diagn. Pl. Or, xxii.
Rercus. Jc, Fi, Geem, v. t, 153.—Gren, et 107.—H. Bn. Busxac, 58; Adansonia, xi, 268,

CELASTRACEA. 19

flowers which are sometimes sessile as in the Boves proper,! and some-
times pedicellate, as is more frequently the case in certain species
from the Antilles of which the genus Tricera? has been made.

Beside the Bozes, this sub-series (Hubuaee) includes two genera
with alternate leaves and elongated inflorescence, in which the
female flowers occupy the base and the male the summit. These
are Pachysandra (fig. 35, 36), and Sarcococca. The former are
perennial herbaceous plants, of which one species inhabits North
America, and the other Japan. Their fruit is finally dry, thin, and
dehiscent, and their seeds, analogous to those of the Bowes, are
furnished with an umbilical aril, which is prolonged somewhat over
the summit of the raphe. The latter, all natives of Southern Asia
or Java, are shrubs or small trees, with fleshy fruit, and inde-
hiscent.

Simmondsia, a Californian shrub with opposite leaves, of which
one or two species are known, constitute by themselves a small sub-
series (Simmondsiec), in which the unisexual flowers have, either
a dozen or more stamens arranged in two or three series, or an ovary
with three uniovulate cells. The fruit is capsular and loculicidal,
furnished with a filiform tripartite columella.

In the small group of Styloceree, consisting of a single genus
Styloceras, the organisation of the gynecium and the eccentric
insertion of the long styles are fundamentally the same as in the
preceding types. But in the female flowers, often furnished with a
perianth, the ovarian cells are reduplicated into uniovulate half-cells
by false centripetal partitions which advance between the two ovules
of the same cell. The male flowers are without a calyx, and consist
solely of a variable number (5-30) of nude and central stamens.
They are trees of South America, with alternate coriaceous leaves
without stipules, and axillary amentiform inflorescence, unisexual or
bisexual.

VII. GEISSOLOMA SERIES.

The Geissolomas ? (fig. 37, 38) have regular hermaphrodite flowers,
monoperianthus and tetramerous. The calyx is formed of four sepals,

1 Kubucus H. By, Bucac, 68.—M. Arc, Prodr. 3 Linvu. ex K. Linnea, v. 678.—A. Juss.

17, sect. 2. Ann. Sc, Nat, sér. 8, vi. 19, 27, t.4.—Sonp.
? Sw. Fl, Ind. Occ, i. 338, t. 7.—Enpu. Gen, Linnea, xxiii. 105,—Enpu. Gen. n. 2118,—H.
n. 6868.—H. Bn, Buwae. 66, Bn. Payer Fam, Nat. 334; Bull. Soe. Linn, Par.

2—2

20 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

of which two are lateral, one posterior and one anterior, united only in
quite their lower part, and imbricated in prefloration.! The andreecium
is composed of eight stamens, inserted a little below the base of
the perianth, arranged in two verticils, four, a little longer, are
superposed to the folicles of the perianth. All have a free

Geissoloma marginatum.

Fig. 37. Diagram of flower. Fig. 38. Long. sect. of flower (4).

subulate filament and an oval introrse bilocular anther dehiscing by
two longitudinal clefts. The gynecium, free, superior, is formed of
an ovary with four cells, alternate with the sepals, each surmounted
by a subulate stylary branch, traversed within by a longitudinal
furrow and terminated by a stigmatiferous extremity not enlarged.
The four branches of the style intertwine in early age. In the
internal angle of each cell is observed a placenta bearing two collateral
descending ovules with micropyle directed upwards and inwards,
and the raphe in the neighbourhood of the umbilicum exhibits an
incipient arillary thickening. The fruit is a four-celled capsule,
accompanied by a persistent calyx and surmounted by the remains
of the style. The cells open at the back by a longitudinal cleft.
The seed contained in them is elongate, a little flattened, with a
smooth and glossy testa of a deep colour. The umbilical region
is thickened to a small white aril, which descends as it stretches
towards the head of the raphe, and is there lodged in a furrow
of little depth and bordered by two vertical lips. The fleshy
albumen envelopes an axillary embryo of nearly the same length,

81; Adansonia, xi. 281.—A. DC. Prodr. xiv. A.Dz Canpozre has seen the lateral sepals
492. interior.

The two lateral envelop the two others, * Similar to that of the Bowes,
which are primarily contorted or imbricate,

CELASTRACEZL. : 21

with cylindrical superior radicle and linear fleshy cotyledons. The
only Geissoloma known! is a Cape shrub, with the habit of a Bor. Its
tetragonal ‘branches are clothed with opposite leaves,” oval or nearly
so, sharp, entire, coriaceous, penninerved, aprennianed by two
very small lateral stipules.? Its axillary solitary and nearly sessile
flowers are accompanied by from six to cight unequal, decussate,
imbricate bracts, the shorter the more exterior they are.

The family Céelastracee was proposed by R. Brown‘ in 1814.
It did not exist with Apanson and with A. L. Jussrzv, who left the
genera of this group which were known to them, the former in his
Jujube® family, the latter, following his example, in the order of
Nerprun.’ With both of them, it is true, these genera were com-
prised in a separate section on account of their alternipetalous
stamens and the configuration of their receptacle. A. P. DE
CanDoLLz,’ in 1825, retaining the Celastrinee as a distinct order of
Rhamnece, placed the Staphylec with the former as forming a first
tribe, and the Aguifolie (Holly) as constituting a third. The second,
Euonyme, alone corresponding to the Cclomtrine of R. Brown and
more recent standard authors, comprised eight genera—Huonymus,
Celastrus, Maytenus, Alzatea, Polycardia, LElcodendron, Ptelidium,
and Tralliana.2 EnpLicHER® enumerated seventeen genera in his
Celastrinee, besides some doubtful types, among which are found
Carpodetus (Rosacee) and Phyllonoma (Saaifragacee). In 1862
BentHam and Hooker! reunited in this family forty genera, one of
which, Liavea,” of very doubtful affinity, comprised three genera,

1 @. marginatum A. Juss.—Penea marginata
L. Mantiss. 199.—Tuuns. Berl. Mag. 1, t. 3;
Fi, Cap. (ed. Scx.) 150.—VEnt. Malmais. t. 87,
fig. 1.

“2 Covered with simple hairs when young,
thickened at the edges.

3 Glanduliform, blackish.

4 Flind, Voy. Bot. 22; Misc. Works (ed. Benn.)
i, 27 (Celastrinee).—Celastracae Linpu. Veg.
Kingd, (1846), 586, Ord. 325. )

- 5 Fam. des Pi, ii. 308, sect. 1.

6 Gen, 376, Ord. 13 (1789).

7 Prodr, ii. 2, Ord. 55.

8 Lour, Fi. Cochinch. (ed. 1790), 157.—DC.
Prodr..ii, 11.—Enpu. Gen. n. 5694, “Whether
Caryospermum Bu. ?” ( B, H.). ‘

® Gen, 1085, Ord. 236.

10 Gen, 357, Ord. 47.

Ul Linpm. Kjoben. Ved. Meddel. (1858), 95.—
B. H. Gen. 370, n. 89.—Watp. Ann, iv. 424,—
Very ramose small shrubs from Mexico (two
species), with alternate leaves, unisexual, pen-
tamerous, apetalous flowers, and trilocular ovary.
The cells are pluriovulate, and the fruit is dry
and furnished with three large wings, The
male flower is unknown. The genus Piptocelus
Presw (ex Turgz. Bull. Mose. (1858). i. 449), has
also been doubtfully referred to this family, but
Benruam and Hooxer (Gen, 360) say of
it: “Verisimil. ab Ord. expellend. ob calyc.
longit. ruptum, petala basi calyc. adnata, anther.
acum. incurv. arillumque hirsutum.” The
genus Cienkowskia (Rec. et Racu, Ind, Sem.
Hort. Petvop. (1858), 48, has been shown by us
(Bull, Soc. Linn. Par..143) to be synonymous
with Patagonula (Cordiex).

22 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

of Hippocratee, a small family the close affinity of which with the
Celastracew had already been perceived by R. Brown. Since then
we have shown! that the genus Cunotia, previously referred to the
Rosacew, and the Salvadorew, till then considered as forming a
distinct family of plants with gamopetalous corolla, ought to be
included in the family of Celastracee.2 We have elsewhere con-_
tended® that the Boxes, so long classed with the Huphorbiacee,
should be separated from them and forni, perhaps, diminished types
of Celastracece, with apetalous and diclinous flowers. In a new and
recent examination of this family we have been confirmed in our
opinion by the study ‘ of a small order lately considered autonomous,
and formed of a single monotypic genus Geissoloma. This plant,
hitherto allied with the Penwacew, though possessing none of the
essential characters, is, in our opinioi, much nearer the Bozes,
intermediate between the latter on one side, and the diplostemonous
Celastracee, such as Glossopetalon, on the other. We have also
pointed out® why Stackhousia, whose floral organisation is exactly
that of the Celastracee, could not be separated from them on account
of its habit and foliage, seeing that the peculiarities it presents in this
respect are found in certain genera of the next family, and yet no
one has dreamed of separating them from the rest of the family
of Rhamnacee. Canotia, which, as we have just said, can be placed
only among the Celastracee, has also much of the habit of Crumenaria
(Rhamnaceew) and of Stackhousia. So we have comprised in this
family seven series, the general characters of which we thus re-
capitulate :

1. Evoyyme#.’—Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, isoste-
monous, rarely diplostemonous. Petals free, imbricate or valvate,
inserted with the stamens outside the margins of a disk variable in
form, convex, plane, or concave. Seeds ordinarily albuminous.—
Trees or shrubs.—28 genera.

2. STAcKHOUSIEH.’—Flowers hermaphrodite isostemonous. Petals

1 Adansonia, x, 18 (1871). trib. 1—Celastree B. H. Gen. 360, trib. 1.—

2 Adansonia, ix. 277 (1870), Eleodendree ENDL. op. cit. 1087, trib. 2.

3 Monogr, Buxae. et Styloc. 39 (1859). 7 Stackhousee R. Br. Flind. Voy. ii, 555.—

* Bull, Soc. Linn. Par, 31; Adansonia, xi. Stackhousiacee Linpu. Introd. ed. 2, 118; Veg.
281 (1874). Kingd. 589, Ord. 226—Endl. Gen. 1106, Ord,242.

5 Adansonia, loc, cit, 290. —Stackhousice, Ac. Theor. Syst. Plant. 359, t. 26,

6 DC. Prodr, ii. 8, trib. 2—-ENDL, Gen. 1085, fig. 12.—B, H. Gen. 371, Ord. 48,

OELASTRACEA, 23

elongate, united in a tube (and having the appearance of a gamope-
talous corolla) for a variable portion of their extent, inserted with
the unequal stamens outside the margin of a concave disk. Ovules
solitary, ascending. The indehiscent cocci of the fruit separating
from the columella. Seeds albuminous.—Herbs with perennial
rhizomes.—1 genus.

8. Gouprrzz.!— Flowers. hermaphrodite, isostemonous. Petals
free, valvate-induplicate. Ovarian cells equal in number to the
petals, pluriovulate. Styles not terminal.—Shrubs with alternate
leaves, sub-3-plinervate.—1 genus.

4,—Aziurm.’—Flowers polygamo-diccious, generally 4-merous,
isostemonous.. Petals hypogynous, free or united (in a false gamo-
petalous corolla). Ovary with 1-4 uniovulate cavities. Ovule
ascending. Fruit fleshy. Seeds without albumen.—Trees and
shrubs, with leaves opposite.—3: genera.

5. Hippocratee#.?—Flowers hermaphxodite, with stamens ordi-
narily less numerous than the petals (generally three), inserted
within a highly developed disk. Ovules 2-0. Fruit often winged,
dry, or fleshy. Sceds without albumen.—Woody plants, often
climbing, generally with opposite leaves.—3 genera.

6. Buxem.4—Flowers unisexual, apetalous, with hypogynous

stamens, equal in number to or more numerous than the sepals. Disk 0.
Ovarian cells with 1, 2 ovules, descending, and micropyle interior
and superior. Fruit dry or fleshy.—Woody or herbaceous plants,
with leaves opposite or alternate.—5 genera.
7. Guissotomez.5—Flowers hermaphrodite, apetalous, tetramerous,
diplostemonous. Disk 0. Ovarian cells with 2 ovules, descending,
and mycropyle interior and superior. Fruit capsular. Seeds albu-
minous.—A shrub, with opposite leaves.—1 genus.

1 Goupiacee Miers. Ann. Nat. Hist. sér, 3, ix. Ord, 224.

289,

2 Azimacee Wicut et Garon. Cale. Journ.
(1845).—Salvadoracee Linpu. Introd. (1886)
269; Veg. Kingd, 652, Ord. 250,—Px. Ann, Se,
Nat. sér. 8, x. 189.—A. DC. Prodr. xvii. 27,
Ord. 127 bis. —Salvadoree H. Bn. Adansonia x.
276.—Monetiee H. Bn. loc. cit. 289.

3B. H. Gen. 369, trib. 2.—Hippocraticea J.
Ann. Mus. xviii. 483.—R. Br. Congo, 187.—
Hippocrateacee H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Spee. v.
136.—DC. Prodr. i, 667, Ord. 37.—Enpu. Gen.
1090, Ord. 237.— Linnt. Vey. Kingd. 584,

4 Buxee Ku, Tricoce. 12 (part.).—Buxinee
Dumorr. Anal. Fam, Nat. 45 (part.).—Pxts,
Typ. de Oh, Fam. i. t. 74.—Buxacea Kirscw.Ec.
Fi. @ Alsace, ii. 48,—Ac. Theor. Syst, 292 (part.).”
—H. By. Monogr. Busac. et Styloe. (1859).—
M. Ane. Prodr. xvi. sect. i. 7, Ord. 180.—
Euphorbiaceae, sect. i. (Gen. 2, 3) A. Juss. Tent.
Enphord. 13.

5 Ewpu. Enchirid. 214.—Geissolomaceea Sonn.
Linnea, xxiii, 105.—a4. DC. Prodr. xiv. 191, |
Ord. 166. ,

24 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

The family thus understood “by concatenation” has many
affinities. By the isostemonous Huonymew with ascending ovules,
it approaches the Penwacec, from which we shall find it differs
chiefly in the organisation of its gynecium; and the Rhamnacew,
from which we shall distinguish it by one absolute character—the
isostemony of the latter, with oppositipetalous stamens. By the
Buxece, and also by the Hippocratee and Euonymee, it presents
great resemblances to certain Huphorbiacee. But in the latter,
which never have more than one or two descending ovules in cach
cell, the micropyle is directed upwards and outwards, whilst, in the
corresponding cases, it is interior and superior in the Celastracew.
The latter also approach the Staphylewe (which are Sapindacec) and
the Ilicinew ; but these last have been rightly referred to the families
with gamopetalous corolla; and the former, closely allied as they are
to the Celastracee, especially the Hippocratee, are distinguished
from them either by the, independence of their carpels, by their
composite leaves, by the organisation of their fruit, by the form
of their floral receptacle, and consequent mode of staminal insertion,
by the isostemony of their andrecium, or especially by several
of these characters combined. The impossibility of establishing, by
one or more technical characters, an absolute difference between the
Celastracece and the various groups with which we have just-compared
them, arises from the fact that they themselves have not a single
character which is not sometimes wanting. When their ovules are
definite in number, they are ascending with the micropyle primarily
exterior, or descending with the micropyle interior, but they may be
neither descending, nor ascending, nor definite in number. Their
floral receptacle is often convex or plane, and the insertion is then hy-
pogynous; but the receptacle may, here and there, become extremely
concave; which entails the perigyny of the perianth and andre-
cium. Their aerial branches are ordinarily woody ; ? but this character
may sometimes be wanting in the exceptional type of Stackhousia.

1 As in Mortonia, and, to a less degree, Per-

rottetia, including Caryospermum, of which it has
been rightly said that they are Rhamnacee,
except that their stamens are alternipetalous.
2The structure of the Celastracee is espe-
cially interesting in the climbing species, as
Celastrus, where we have seen the woody axis
divided into three lobes, the separation being
indicated externally by furrows spirally crossed
(A. Juss. Malpigh. 117). On the stem of C.
scandens, see H. Mout, Ueb. d. Bau der Ranken-

und Schling. Pf. Tubing. (1827), § 75. On that
of Euonymus: Linpu. Introd, i. 2138. Oxrver
(Stem Dicot. 25) says that the organisation of
the woods of Salvadora deserves the attention
of botanists. We have pointed out in our
Monogr. des Buzxacee, the structure of the
branches of Sarcococca (7), of the stems of the
Bowes (8), of the rhizomes Pachysandra (10), of
the roots, leaves, etc. (t. 2, fig. 1-12). On the
Bow, see also Scuacut, Der Baum, 196.

CELASTRACEZ. 25

Of the forty-one Genera which we unite in this family and which
comprise about four hundred and fifty species, eighteen grow only
in the old world and eleven only in the new. One third of the
species belong to the latter. Like the Huonymew, the Buwew and the
Hippocrateee are common to both worlds; but Goupiew are found
only in South America, Geissolomece only at the Cape, and Stack-
houstew only in Oceania, principally in Australia. There are some
fifteen genera of Huonymee with an area extremely limited, as
Pielidium and Polycardia confined to Madagascar, Wiremeria to
Mexico, Tripterygium to Formosa, Glossopetalon, Canotia, Pachystima,
Zinowiewia and Mortonia to Texas and its neighbourhood, Plenckia
and Frauenhofera to Brazil, and Hartogia, Cathastrum and Cassine to
South Africa. Those whose geographical distribution is most sur-
prising, because they belong to regions widely separate from one
another, are: the Bowes which grow in temperate Europe and Asia
on the one hand, and the Antilles on the other, and have just
been observed in Madagascar and to the south of the Red Sea;
Pachysandra, one of which is American, and another Japanese;
Perrottetia which exists in Mexico and Columbia, as well as in Java
and the Sandwich Isles; Péerocelastrus met with at the Cape
and in New Caledonia; Hippocratea and Salacia, species of which
are known in the four quarters of the world. The two genera
Celastrus and Euonymus, as we limit them, present the widest
geographical distribution. Represented in great number by their
section Maytenus in South America, Celastrus is met with in
North America, in China and Japan, in Asia and Oceania, in
Madagascar and at the Cape, thence ascending in Africa to the Canary
Isles and even to Spain in Europe. Huonymus comprises generally
plants of less warm countries ; they abound in the North of Europe,
of Asia and of America; but they exist also in Malaya, and one
Australian species is known. From the tropic of Capricorn they
ascend in Europe to Norway and the Aland Isles.

Uses..—The uonymee are often rich in bittter and astrin-
gent properties, frequently united with acrid substances, purgative
or emetic, sometimes slightly stimulant. Celastrus in particular

1 Env. Enchirid. 575, 577, 593.—Linpt. Fi. Rogen. Synops. Plant. Diaphor. 791, 1163.
Med, (1838), 197; Veg. Kingd. 584, 587,—

26 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

often contains plants active or suspected. The bark of C. scandens*
has long been known in North America as emetic, evacuant, narcotic.
The root of C. senegalensis,2 used as a gentle purgative, is, at the
same time, bitter and, we are assured, astringent (?), and is
employed against chronic diarrhoea. At the Cape there is a species
of the same genus bearing the name C. venenatus.> It is likewise
dangerous for the severe or poisoned wounds caused by its spines.
In India an oil extracted from the seeds of C. paniculatus* is used in
the treatment of beriberi. C. Oriza® of Japan is enumerated among
the medicinal plants of that country; and in Peru, Ruiz and Pavon
have notified C. macrocarpus® as producing savoury alimentary buds
and an edible oil extracted from the seeds. C. verticillatus" of the
same authors also’ bears oleaginous seeds in Peru. Maytenus or
C. Boaria® is an energetic evacuant. From its leaves.and branches
is prepared a decoction applied to burns caused by contact with
Rhus caustica.® Its seeds, like those of C. macrocarpus, furnish an
edible oil. Many species of Huonymus have analogous properties.
EB. europeus- (fig. 6, 7), latifolius, verrucosus™ (fig. 1-8),
European species, and Z. americanus,'? obovatus,* and atropurpureus,®

1L. Spec. 285.—Scuxuvur, Handb. i. t. 47.—
DC. Prodr. ii. 6, n. 15.—Evonymus scandens
Manca (Bourreau des Arbres).

2TLamx. Dict. i, 661.— Guitiem. et Perr,
Fi. Sen. Tent. i, 148.—C. phyllacanthus Lufr.
Sert. 6, n. 28.—C. decolor Dru, Cent. pl. Afr. 100,
t. 8, fig. 6 (Dek. Suatt, Ghenondek).

3 Var. (Harv. and Sonn, Fi. cap. i. 459) du
C. buaifolius T.—Catha venenata Presw.

4°W. Spec. i. 1125.—Roxs. Fl. Ind. i. 621.—
Rovug, Jl. Himal. 167.—Linpu. Fl. Med. 198.

—C. nutans Ross. loc. cit. 623.—C. Rothianus

DC. Prodr. n. 44.

5 Orica Tuuns, Fl. Jap. 3.

6 Fl. Per, iii. 8, t. 230, fig. 16.—DC. Prodr.
ii. 6, u. 12.—Henkea multifiora R. et Pav.
Syst. 65.

7R. et Pav. Fl. Per. iii. 6, t. 229, fiz. B.—
Maytenus verticitiatus DC. Prodr. ii. 10, n. 4.

8 C, Maytenus W. Spee.i. 1127.—Senacia May-
tenus Lamx. Jil. n. 2712.-— Maytenus Bouaria
Mou. Chil. 152.—Dzsr. Dict. Suppl. iv. 2.—
MM. Chilensis DC. Prodr, n. 3.—Linpu. Bot. Reg.
t. 1702; Fl. Med. 198,—Maiten Feviuy. Obs. iii.
39, t. 27. In Brazil the leaves are equally used
asa febrifuge (Ress. Mart. Fl. Bras. Celastr. 10).

® According to Frvrtntz, even the shadow
causes swellings which disfigure a man. In
these accidents the branches of Maytenus are
put in infusion, boiled, and the body washed
with the decoction is speedily restored to its
natural condition.

WL; Spec. 286, a.—-DC Fil. Fr. iv. 620;
Prodr. ti, 4, n.-1.—GreEn. et Gopr. Fl, de Fr. i.
331.—Menr. et Deu. Dict. Mat. Méd. iii. 294.—
Rosentu. op. cit. 791.—Cazin, Pl, Méd. Indig.
éd. 3, 460 (Bonnet-de-prétre, Garais, Bois Carré
B. & Lardoires).

| Scor. Fv. Carniol. i. 165.—Jaca. Fl. Austr.
t, 289.—Dunam. dArbr, éd. nouv, 3, t. 7.—DC.
Prodr. n. 3.—GREN. et Gonr. loc. cit. 332.—
E. Europeus BL.

2 Scop. Fl. carniol. ed. 2, n. 268.—Jaca. loc.
cit. t. 49.—Donam. loc. cit. t. 8 (Fusain lépreux).

13. Spec, 286.—Dunam. loc. cit. t. 9.—A.
Gray, Man, ed. 5, 116.-—E, sempervirens Marsu,
Arbr. Amer. a. 8.

M Nort. Gen. i. 155.

5 Jaca. Hort. Vindod, ii. t. 120.—Turr. Diet.
Se, Nat. Atl. t. 272.—Z. carolinensis Mansu, op.
cit, u. 1.

CELASTRACEZ. a7

species from the United States, are mentioned as evacuants. They
are considered dangerous for small cattle. Their seeds produce
nausea and vomiting; formerly an ointment was prepared from
them to destroy lice. The bark of &. atropurpureus is highly
drastic ; itis prescribed in America as antisyphilitic. From the fruit
of E. europeus an insecticide powder is made, employed locally
against moth, to cure scab in horses, to cicatrise obstinate gangrenous
ulcers, to expel tapeworm, etc. In India, the bark of Z. tingens
Watt. is used for treating affections of the eyes. The Hlwodendra
are sometimes astringent; at the Cape, LZ. croceum is employed
against the bites of serpents; and in India E. Roxburghii® against
wounds and burns. The drupaceous fruits of many species are
alimentary; especially that of E. spherophyllum,? a Cape species.
The berries of Sa/acia are also sometimes edible; in Brazil are eaten
those of S. elliptica, grandifoha, sylvestris, glomerata,* which are
sweet and succulent in the interior; in India, those of S. wiridiflora
Wicut and Roxburghit Wat.; in tropical Western Africa, those
of S. senegalensis ® and of 8. piriformis,® as large as a pear, aromatic
dnd sweet. In Hippocratea, designated by our colonists under the
name of Béjugues or Bejucos, it is oftener the seed that is nutritious,
as in H. comosa’7 in the Antilles, and A. Grahami Wreut in India.
H. obcordata® is employed as an expectorant in Columbia, and
H. velutina® is administered for fever and headache at Sierra Leone.
The Rhacomas are diuretic, to which property they owe the name
Myginda ; the best known are the R. Uragoga and Crossopetalum,!
of Central America. Goupia glabra Aust. (fig. 12) is astringent, and
is sometimes prescribed in cases of inflammation and ophthalmia.
Catha edulis ” is a vegetable which, with Cocoa and Maté, has been

. DC. Prod. ii. n. 6.—Hanv. and Sonn. Fi.
Cap. i. 468.—Ilex crocea ,THUNB.—Rhamnus Ca-
pensis Sprenc.—Crocoxylum excelsum Ecxu. et
Zeya. (Saffranhout).

2 Wicut et Arn, Prodr. i. 157, — Linpt.
Fl. Med. 107.——Nereeja dichotoma Roxs.

3 Mystroxylon spherophyllum Ecxu. et Zevu.
—Harviand Sonp. Fl, Cap. i.470.—M, Kubu
Ecst. et Zeyu,

4 Marv, ex Rosents. p. cit..796. In Brazil
these fruits have the vernacular name of Sapata,

5 DC. Prodr. i, 570.—Guitiem et Perr, Fi.
Sen. Tent, i. 118, t. 27.—S8. <Afinis Hoox. r.
Niger, 281 (Kebett des Négres).

§ Waup. Rep.i. 402.—Ourv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i.
374.—Calypso pyriformis Don, Gard. Dict. i. 629.

7 Sw. Fl. Ind. Oce.i. 77,.—DC. Prodr. i. 568,
n. 12 (Amandier des Bois).

& Lam. Ji. i. 100, t. 28, fig. 1.—H. scandens,
Jaca. Amer. 9, t. 9, ,

9 Arzen. ex Sprenc. VN. Entd. iii, 234.—Onrv.
Fl. Top. Afr. i. 370.

10 Myginda Uragoga Jaca, Amer. t. 16.—
Lamx. Jl. t. 76.--DU. Prodr. ii, 12, n. 3.—
Ciossopetalum P, Br. Jam. t. 17, fig. 1.

ZL, Spee. 169 (part.).—Maginda Rhacom
Sw. Fl. Ind. Oce. 348.—DC. Prodr. n. 8,

12 See p. 10; note 2.

28 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

compared to tea as a domestic medicine. It appears to be a stimu-
lant which, according to Forsrnat, the Arabs use to dispel sleep.
They chew the green leaves, and can then, without fatigue, pass the
whole night without sleep. Some travellers, however, say that these
fresh leaves are poisonous. Others make it an antidote against the
plague. Where this plant is cultivated, they think the plague can-
not make victims. Hence, doubtless, the veneration inspired in
Yeman by the name of the Sheik Asou-Zersin, who there introduced
Catha.1 They go so far as to think that by carrying a packet of these
leaves about the person, they can frequent pestiferous places with
impunity. The study of the pretended virtues of Khdt*® would pro-
bably be full of interest. There is indeed another plant of this
family which was, not long since, in Europe itself, an object of much
greater infatuation. It is the common Bor® (fig. 28-34). Who
would believe at the present day that the emperor JoserH II. gave a
quack 1500 florins to make public a recipe which performed a miracle
in the treatment of intermittent fevers, and which was nothing but
an alcoholic tincture of Bor? This appears very analogous to Gaiac
as a sudorific, and, consequently, an anti-rheumatic and anti-syphi-
litic. In too large a dose it is purgative and emetic, exactly like
Euonymus. It is in fine a very suspicious, dangerous plant, and it is
very wrong to substitute it for Grenadier (Punica granatum) as a
vermicide, for Senna as a purgative, and especially for Hop in
making beer. ‘The active principle of Boz, said to be volatile, dis-
appears in the dry wood and in the leaves when subjected to the
action of fire.“ By distillation over an open fire, it passes as an
empyreumatic and fetid oil formerly extolled as an antidote for rheu-
matism and epilepsy. The Bor is one of those plants to which a
thousand properties have been attributed: of curing toothache, red-
dening the hair, ete. The Box of Mahon® has the same properties.
In the Balearic Isles it is considered poisonous, and cases are cited of
poisoning by honey collected from its flowers. As an industrial and
economic plant, the Bow has always been celebrated. It is thought
that the Romans introduced it among the Gauls. They have used
it continually to decorate their gardens. Cut in a thousand forms,

1 See Rosunru. op. cit. 792—H. By. Diet. .1,2; Dict. Eneycl. Sc. Méd. xi. 296 (Bouts,
Encyel. Se. Méd. xiii. 302, Bois bénit, Ozanne.
-2 Kat. Tehai at Choa. 4 Buwine (C38H2 AzOS) has been extracted
3 Buaus sempervirens L. Spec, 983.—Gren. et from the Bow,
Gonr, Fl. de Fr, iii. 101.—Gurn. Drog. simpl. 5 B. Balearica W. Spec. viii. 337.—H. Bu.
ed, 6, ii, 369.—H. Bn. Monogr. Buwac. 41, 59, Munogr. Buxac. 45, 62,

CELASTRACEZ. 29

in edging, in walls, in the shapes of animals, in figures, and in
arabesques, it has served and serves still for the ornamentation of the
most celebrated parks; it will suffice to mention Pliny’s villa at
Tusculum, the Vatican, the Escurial, and the grounds at Versailles.
‘The branches also figure in our religious festivals. The agriculturist
formerly gathered them for manure, chiefly for the vine, and as litter
for small cattle. But itis for its yellow wood, heavier than water,
and but slightly combustible, with fine and close grain, that the Bow
is now most useful ; it is frequently employed by cabinet and toy
makers, coopers, carvers, turners, musical instrument makers, and
chiefly by engravers on wood. Many other Celastracee produce
wood employed in industry. Of that of the indigenous Huonymus a
charcoal is made, used for sketching and making gunpowder; like-
wise that of many species of Céelastrus, as C. serrulatus in Abyssinia.
The yellow wood of the common Lwuonymus is used by turners ;
organ pipes, spindles, knitting needles, skewers, pegs for the shoe-
maker, and many other objects are also made of it.1 The seminal
coats of this plant are used for dyeing yellow. In many Célastracece
the wood itself furnishes the dye. Huonymus tingens of the East
Indies owes its name to this fact; itis used to tattoo the skin, and .
especially the face of the Hindoos. lcodendron croceum furnishes
the Golden Wood of the Cape, also employed in dyeing. The
‘Salvadoree have the the same general properties as the Celastracee.
The root has an acrid blistering bark. The trunk of S. persica? (fig.
16-21) hasa tonic bark; its leaves are purgative. With the branches
conveniently cut, the Arabs clean their teeth. The fruit is edible,
having an aromatic and piquant flavour, like that of garden cress
(Lepidium sativum). This plant appears to be the “mustard”
(Sinapis) of Scripture, celebrated for its rapid growth. Many
Celastracee are cultivated in our gardens as ornamental plants: such
as Celastrus scandens, one of our rare open-air climbers and many
species of Huonymus, notably E. japonicus, so closely resembling the
Bor in its foliage, and comprising so many and such beautiful
horticultural varieties.

1 Among the Celastracee with wood useful
for cabinet-work or making musical instruments
are also mentioned, at the Cape of Good Hope,
Celastrus acuminatus Vi. (Zybast), 0 Hartogia
capensis Taunz. (Lepethout, Smalblad), Mauro-
cenia capensis (Hottentot Cherry-tree of the
English), Pterocelastrus rostratus Mutssn.
(Witpeer), and P. typieus (Spekboom), used for

making charcoal. At Ceylon, the wood of
Kokonna Zeylanica Tuw. is used for making
snuff.

2 Garcin. Act. Angi, (1749).—L. Amen. iti.
21.—Lamx. Jil, t. 81.—A. DC. Prodr. xvii. 28.
—S. Indica Roviz.—Rivina paniculata L.—
Cissas arborea Forsx.—Embella Grossularia Rerz
(Arak, Mesuak).

30 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

GENERA.

I. EUONYME.

1. Euonymus T.—-Flowers hermaphrodite regular, 4—5-merous ;
receptacle depressed conical or more or less concave, clothed within
with a variable disk, oftener wide, broadly explanate, shortly or some-
times far produced between the petals. Sepals short, imbricate or
subvalvate, open or recurved. Petals same in number longer, imbri-
cate, rarely foveolate above, entire, dentate or more rarely fimbriate
or facially cristate. Stamens alternate with petals, and equal in
number; filaments subulate, generally short, often recurved at apex ;
anthers more or less elongated or oftener short, sub-2-dymous, in-
trorsely or more cr less extrorsely rimose. Germen more or less
immersed in disk and confluent with it, 3-5-locular or finally sub-
3—-5-lobed ; style short, stigmatose apex not incrassate or more or
less capitate or lobate. Ovules in cells 1, or oftener 2, ascending,
with micropyle extrorsely inferior; or descending, with micropyle
introrsely superior ; more rarely 4- oo, inserted in two series, oblique
or transverse. Fruit capsular, angular or alate, coriaceous, some-
times echinate, loculicidally 2—5-valvate ; valves septiferous in the
middle. Seeds in cells 1, 2, or more rarely o, surrounded by a
fleshy (coloured) aril; albumen fleshy; cotyledons of axile embryo
broad foliaceous; radicle inferior or more rarely superior.—Erect
trees or shrubs, sometimes climbing, oftener glabrous; leaves oppo-
site petiolate (persistent), entire or crenate or dentate; stipules’
small, caducous; flowers in axillary pedunculate cymes, more rarely
solitary. (Lurope, temperate and warm Asia, Malaya, Australia,
temperate North America). Seep. 1.

2, Pachystima Rarin.'\—Flowers nearly of Euonymus, 4-merous ;
receptacle somewhate concave. Sepals 4 and petals same in number
alternate imbricate. Stamens 4, inserted outside and between the

1 Amer. Monthl, Mag. (1818), from A. Gray, phila Nutr. Torr, et Gr. Fl. N. Amer, i, 258.
Pl, Fendler, 29.—B. H. Gen. 361, n. 5.—Oreo-

CELASTRACEZ. 31

lobes of a thick disk; filaments free; anthers introrse; connective
rather thick. Germen immersed in base of disk, attenuated to a
capitate style with stigmatic apex; cells 2, incomplete alterni-

petalous. Ovules in each cell 2, ascending; micropyle extrorsely
inferior. Fruit capsular oblong, loculicidally 2-valvate, tardily
dehiscent. Seeds oblong, enclosed in membranous multifid aril ;1

albumen fleshy ; cotyledons of straight embryo” oblong.—A glabrous
under-shrub ; leaves opposite, very shortly petiolate, minutely stipu-
late, entire or serrate; flowers in axillary cymes.? (Morth-western
mountainous America.*)

3. Catha Forsx.’—Flowers nearly of uonymus, 5-merous ;
receptacle shortly concave. Calyx short 5-lobed, imbricate. Petals
5, longer erect, imbricate, finally opening at apex. Stamens 5, alter-
nipetalous, exterior to cupular disk; filaments subulate erect;
anthers short sub-2-dymis, introrsely 2-rimose. Germen free, 3-
locular ; style short, apex shortly 3-lobed stigmatic ; ovules in cells
2, ascending; micropyle extrorsely inferior. Fruit capsular, linear-
oblong or subclavate, obtusely 3-gonal, loculicidally 3-valved; septa
thickened in the middle. Seeds® 1-3, elongate, produced below to a
thin (arillate ?) membranous unequally 3-angular wing ; testa crusta-
ceous slightly punctulate-rugose; albumen fleshy; cotyledons of
(green) axile embryo foliaceous elliptic ; radicle rather long inferior.
—A glabrous shrub; leaves oftener opposite oblong-lanceolate coria-
ceous, serrate or subentire; stipules minute ciliolate; flowers in
axillary short dichotomous ramose cymes. (Arabia, warm Eastern
and Southern Africa.")

4. Microtropis Watu.2—Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous ;
receptacle cupular. Sepals 5, unequal, much imbricate, persistent.
Petals 5, the alternate longer, imbricate, slightly fleshy or subcoria-

1 White,

2 Green.

3 A genus distinguished from Euonymous only
by the forms of its floral parts and fruit, and
by its incompletely 2-celled germen.

4 Spec, 1. P. myrsinites Rarixn.— Warts. Expl.

, Fort. Parall, Bot. 50,— Myginda myrtifolia
Norr.—Hoox. Fl. Bor,-Amer. i, 120, t. 41.—
Oreophila myrtifolia Nutr. Gen. Pi, i. 100.—
Wate. Rep. i. 688. P. Canbyi A. Gray (Am.
Journ, Se, (1874), 442, is another species recently
unknown to us.

5 Fl, Aig. Arab. 68 (not of others). —Enpu. Gen,

n. 5678 (part.).—B. H. Gen, 361, n. 4.—H. Bn,
Payer Fam, Nat. 324.—Methyscophyllum Ecxu.
et Zuyu. Enum. 152.—Trigonotheca Hocust.
Flora (1841), 662.

6 Nearly of Hippocratea (or Canotia).

7 Spec. 1. C. edulis Fors. loc, cit.—-A, Ricu.
Fl, Abyss. Tent. i. t. 80.—Celastrus edulis VAHL,
Symb. i. 21.—DC. Prodr. ii. 6, 0. 25 (species of
Catha of other authors belong to Celastrus).

8 Ex Arn, Ann. Nat. Hist. iii. 152.—Enou.
Gen, no. 5681,—B. H. Gen, 361.—Hoox. Fi.
Ind. i, 613.

82 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

ceous, coherent at base. Sometimes more rarely 0 (Paracelastrus *).
Stamens 5, filaments at base adnate to margin of receptacle, or to
base of nately. otherwise free ; anthers introrse ovate rather large,
2-rimose, Germen at base adnate to concavity of receptacle, incom-
pletely 2-3-locular, style thick, apex stigmatic, minutely 2-3-
lobed. Ovules in cells 2, collaterally ascending suberect ; micropyle
extrorsely inferior. Fruit capsular oblong, surrounded at base by
the perianth, tardily dehiscent, 2-3-valvate. Seed 1, stipitate oblong,
exterior soft or fleshy ;? albumen dense fleshy ; cotyledous of straight
embryo foliaceous.—Glabrous trees or shrubs; leaves* opposite
petiolate entire coriaceous thick, persistent; flowers* in axillary
cymes or glomerules. (Hast Indies.)

5. Kokoona Taw.'—Flowers hermaphrodite; calyx cupular
shortly lobate crenate or subentire. Petals 5, longer, thick coria-
ceous glandular-punctate, imbricate or contorted. Stamens 5,
alternipetalous ; filaments free short, at base thickly subulate and
inserted in as many hollows of a thick obtusely 5-angled hypogynous
disk; anthers thick ovate-acute or oblong introrse, 2-rimose.
Germen immersed in base of disk, 3-locular; style short thick, apex
shortly 3-lobed stigmatic. Ovules in cells «©, imbricate in 2-series,
obliquely ascending. Capsule (large) subligneous thick oblong,
3-gonal, loculicidally 3-valvate; valves inwardly septiferous. Seeds
co, imbricate, produced either above or on both sides to a wide
wing ; testa of basilar or medial nucleus coriaceous; cotyledons of
exalbuminous embryo flat obovately cuneate or depressed 3-angular ;”
radicle inferior,® or (with 2-alate seeds and 3-angular cotyledons),
ventral and horizontal very short. Glabrous wide-spreading branched
trees; leaves opposite petiolate, entire or obscurely crenate,
coriaceous, sometimes punctate beneath; stipules small, caducous;
flowers ® in axillary pedunculate compound cymes; pedicels 2-brac-
teate. (Borneo, Ceylon.) °

6? Alzatea R. et Pav. U—

“lowers hermaphrodite apetalous,

1 Mie. Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. p. ii. 590.

2 Testa red or dusky.

* Nearly of Clusiacea or Rhizophorea.

+ Small white, sometimes recalling those of
some Ilicinee, the petals for instance being
oftener free.

5 Spec. 7, 8. Wicut, Icon. t. 761,976, 977,
1052.—Tuw. Enum. Pl. Zyl. 71.—Watp. Rep. i.
584; Ann. i, 191; vii. 575.

6 Hook. Kew Journ. v. 379; Enum, Pl. Zeyl,
52.—B. H. Gen. 362, n. 8.—Hoox. Fl. Ind. i.

616.—Trigonocarpus Wat. Cat. n. 6520 (not
VxLLoz. whose is a species of Cupania.

7 In a Bornean species (herb. Beccari).

8 In a Ceylon species. ;

® For the, Order rather large (recalling those
of Hippocratea) ; petals bright yellow.

10 Spec. 2. Wane. Ann. iv. 368.

N Prodr, 40, t. 7; Fl. Per et Chil. iii. 20,
t. 241, fig. a.—DC. Prodr, ii. 10 (“ apparently
allied to Maytenus”).—EnpL. Gen. n. 5698.—
B. H, Gen, 362, n. 9.

CELASTRACEZ. 33

5-merous; calyx campanulate, 5-fid. Stamens 5, alternate with
sepals ; filaments short free; anthers subcordate. Germen free sub-
cordate; .style short, apex stigmatic obtuse; cells 2, oo-ovulate.
Capsule obcordate, loculicidally 2-valvate ; valves septiferous in the
middle; the intermediate septa forming the dissepiment. Seeds 0,
winged, attached on both sides perpendicular to dissepiment, super-
posed in duplex order from the base to the apex.—A_ glabrous tree ;
branches! verticillate ; leaves opposite and verticillate petiolate wide
obovate entire coriaceous; flowers? in terminal many - flowered
corymbs. °” (Peru.*)

7. Eleeodendron Jace. r°.— Flowers of Huonymus; germen
2-5-locular. Ovules in cells 2, ascending. Fruit drupaceous; flesh
sometimes scanty ; cells of hard putamen 1-3, 1- or more rarely 2-
spermous. Seeds exarillate; testa thinly membranous or slightly
fleshy ; cotyledons of thickly or scantily albuminous embryo flat.—
Small trees or shrubs; leaves (oftener persistent) opposite or more
rarely alternate, entire or crenate; stipules minute, caducous ;

cymose inflorescence ® and other characters of Huonymus.

(Asia,

Malaya, Oceania, and tropical South America.’)

8. Maurocenia Mriu.'—Flowers nearly of lwodendron (or
Euonymus) 5—6-merous ; stamens exserted. Anthers widely oblong

laterally extrorse.

Germen oftener 3-locular, free from short disk ;

ovules in cells 2, collaterally descending; micropyle introrsely

superior.

Fruit baccate;® mesocarp finally spongy. Seeds 1- or

* Purplish.

° Yellowish.

3A very uncertain genus. Query if of this
Order? (Perhaps of Saxifragacee ?)

4 Spec. 1. A. verticillata R. et Pav. loc. cit.

5 In Act. Helvet. i.36.—J. Gen. 452 (Eleoden-
drwn)—Gartn, Fruct. i. 274, t. 57,—Lamx,
Dict. iv. 587; Til, t. 182.—DC. Prodr. ii. 10
(part.).—Enpu. Gen. 0. 5688,—B. H. Gen. 367,
n. 28.—H. By. Payer Fam. Nat. 325,—Hoox. Fi.
Ind. i. 623.—Baxur, Fl. Maurit. 49.—Schrebera
Rerz. Obs. vi. 25, fig. 3.—Rubentia Commens.
ex, Gen, 378.—Portenschlagia Trarrin. Arch.
'250.—Neerija Roxz. Fi. Ind. i. 646.—Mystroxy-
lon Ecxn. et Zeyn. Enum. 125.—Crocorylon
Ecxu, et Zeyu. doc, cit. 128,—Lamarckia Hortul.
(ex Eno1.).

; if Flowers white or greenish,
* Spec. about 35 Venr. Jard. Malm. t; 117.

VOL, VI,

—Wieur and Arn. Prodr. i. 157.—Wieut, Jil.
t. 71.—Gutses. Fl. Brit. W.-Ind. 145 —Harv.
and Sonp. Fi. Cap. i. 465 (Cassine), 467, 469
(Mystroxylon).—Tur. Ann. Se, Nat, sér. 4, viii.
106 (Mystroxylon), 107.—Bentu. Fl, Austral. i.
402.—O trv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 365.—Retss. Mart.
Fi. Bras. Celastr. 32,t. 5—H. By, Adansonia, xi.
267.—Watp. Rep. i. 586, 5389 (Cassine) ; v. 402
403 (Cassine); Ann, i. 191; ii, 264; vit. 577
(Cassine), 581.

8 Dict.x L. Gen, (ed. 1787), n. 244,.—Cassine
Mutt. ex. 1. Gen. (ed. ead ), u. 845 (nec. alior.).
—J. Gen, 378.—Gamrtn. Fruct. ii. 72, t. 92.—
Lamk, Dict. i. 651; Suppl. ii. 130; 772. t. 130,
—DC. Prod. ii. 11.—B. H. Gen, 363, a. 12.—
H. Bn. Payer Fam. Nat, 325.

9 Ovoid or globular; epicarp reddish, finally
dark violet ; mesocarp white. Said to be gene+
rally drupaceous.

3

34 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

few descending exarillate; albumen fleshy; cotyledons of thick
(green) embryo ovate or subelliptic—A glabrous shrub ; leaves
opposite or rarely alternate, petiolate entire coriaceous, flowers! in
axillary 2-chotomous ramosecymes.? (South Ajrica.*)

9. Hartogia Txuns.t—Flowers (nearly of Fuonymus) 4-5 me-
rous; receptacle slightly concave. Sepals short and petals same in
number longer, imbricate. Stamens 4, 5, alternipetalous, alternate
with an cqual number of squamiform lobes of disk ; filaments subu-
late; anthers sbort, 2-rimose, finally extrorse. Germen basally
imbedded in disk, afterwards free, pyramidal, attenuated to a
short style stigmatic obtuse at apex; cells incomplete 2, or more
rarely 3; ovules in each 2, ascending ; micropyle extrorsely inferior.
Fruit subelliptic, dry, indehiscent; seeds 1, 2, exarillate; testa
nitid; cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo subfoliaceous.—A glabrous
shrub; leaves opposite petiolate serrate or crenulate coriaceous ;
flowers ° in axillary cymes.® (South Africa.’)

10. Rhacoma 1.’ — Flowers nearly of iaodendron, smaller
(sometimes ]-sexual) 4-5-merous; sepals and petals longer im-
bricate. Stamens 4, 5, alternate with lobes of disk bordering
cupuliform receptacle; anthers short introrse. Base of germen im-
bedded in receptacle; cells 2-4, oftener incomplete ; lobes of style
same in number short stigmatic. Ovules in cells solitary subbasilar
ascending ; micropyle extrorsely inferior. Fruit oftener unequally
obovoid, dry or drupaceous; flesh scanty; putamen 1, 2-locular;
seeds arillate or exarillate alouminous. Other characters of Ela@oden-
dron.—Glabrous or pilose shrubs or under-shrubs ® oftener slender ;

1 Small, white. 124;—Hany, and Sonn. Fl. Cap.i. 462 ;—B. H.

2 A genus generally referred to Ilicinee, dis-
tinguished from Elaodendron by the direction of
its ovules (a character of very small moment in
Euonymus) and by the nature of its pericarp.

3 Spec. 1. M. capensis Hany. and Sonp. Fi.
Cap. i, 465.—Watr. Ann. vii. 577.—Frangula
sempervirens... Ditu. Blrh. 146, t. 121, fig. 147,—
Cassine Maurccenia U, Spec. 385.—Tuuxs. Fi.
Cap. 268.—Hook. Icon, t. 552.

4 Diss. Nov. Gen. v. 35,0. ie.—L. vr. Snppi.
128'—DC. Prodr. ii, 12,.—Enpu. Gen, n. 5687.
—B. H. Gen. n. 363, n. 10.—Schrebera Toons.
Nov. Act, Upsal, i. 91, t. 5, fig. 1; Prodr. . 2
(not Retz. nor Roxs. nor Tu.).

5 Small white.

® Perhaps Lauridia (Ecxy. et Zeyu. Enum.

Gen, 363, n. 13), whose 4-merous flowers appear
to us quite the same in form, belongs to this
genus.

7 Spec. 1. H. Capensis Tuuns. loc. ci'.—
Hany. and Sonn. Fi. Cap. i. 464.—H. capensis
Ecxu. et Zevu.—ZH. multiflora Ecxu, et Zevu.
H. riparia Ec. et Zevu,—Schrebera schinoidea
Tuuns. '

8 Gen. n. 144.—Crossopetalum P, Br. Jam.
145, t. 17, fig, 1 (not Rorn),—Myginda 1. Gen.
n. 178.—Jaca. Stirp. Amer. 24, t. 16; Ic. Rar.
t. 811.—J. Gen. 378.—Lamx, Ill. t. 76.—Porr,
Dict. iv. 395 ; Suppl. iv. 41.—DO. Prodr. ii. 12
a ieee Gen. n, 5689.—B, H. Gen, 366,
n, 24,

® Sometimes of a reddish appearance.

CELASTRACEZL. 385

leaves opposite or sometimes verticillate or alternate, stipules minute ;
flowers (minute) in slender stipitate (sometimes few-flowered) cymes.
(Central America, Mexico, Chili,! Madagascar ?)

11. Ptelidium Dup.-Tx.2— Flowers of Huonymus, 4-merous ;
receptacle depressed. Calyx 4-partite ; folioles decussate, imbricate.
Petals 4, oblong sessile, imbricate. Stamens 4, alternipetalous,
interior to a short disk and alternate with its lobes; filaments short
subulate, recurved at apex; anthers small subglobose, extrorsely 2-
rimose. Germen compressed ovate, 2-locular and with short style
not thickened at apex. Ovules in.cells 2, inserted a little above
the base asccnding; micropyle extrorsely inferior. Fruit dry,
thickly samaroid oval-subcordate, much compressed, produced at
margin to a thick venose coriaceous wing,’ indehiscent, 1—2-locular.
Seed ascending linear-oblong ; “albumen fleshy thin; cotyledons of
embryo (green) flat foliaceous ; radicle inferior.”—A glabrous shrub ;
leaves opposite petiolate coriaceous entire; flowers in axillary ter-
minal and ramose cymes. (Madagascar.*)

12. Zinowiewia Turcz.'—Flowers 5-merous (of Elcodendron or
Euonymus); receptacle cupular, Sepals and petals 5, longer imbri-
cate. Stamens 5, exterior to 5-angular disk; anthers short introrse.
Base of germen imbedded in cavity of receptacle, 2-locular ; ovules
in cells 2, collaterally suberect ; micropyle extrorsely superior. Fruit
samaroidal,® stipate at base with unenlarged calyx, dry, 1-locular,
dilated above to an unequal dolabriform, sometimes rather lateral
membranous wing, otherwise dry indehiscent; seed suberect
cylindrical glabrous exarillate; embryo ?—A glabrous bush ;
leaves opposite entire (of Hiwodendron); flowers’ in axillary deeply
9-chotomous ramose cymes.® (Mountainous Mexico.°)

1 Spec. 7, 8. Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. i, 8340 (Myginda).
—H.B. K. Nov. Gen. et Spec. vii. 66 (part.), t.
620.—C. Gay, Fl. Chil. ii, 9 (Myginda)—
Guiszz. Fl. Brit. W.-Ind. 146 (Myginda). —
Cuarm. Fl. 8. Unit. St. 75 (Myginda).—Waur.
Rep. v, 402 (Myginda); Ann. i. 191; vii. 585
(Myginda).

2 Gen. Nov. Madag. 24; Hist. Vég. Iles Afr.
Austr, 26, t. 4.—Lamx. Ii, t. 916.—Porr, Diet.
Suppl. iv. 697.—DC. Prodr, ii. 11.—Ep1. Gen.
n. 6683.—B, H. Gen. 363, n. 11.—Petalocarpum
Dur.-Tx, Herb. Juss. (ex Tuu.).— Seringia
Sprena. Syst. i. 441 (nec J. Gay).

3 Wing sometimes obsolete.

4 Spec. 1. P. ovatum Porr. loc. eit.—Toun.
Ann. Se. Nat. sér..4, viii. 108.—Seringia ovata
SPRENG.

5 Bull. Mose, (1869), i. 275.—B. H. Gen. 364,
n. 15.

6 Nearly of Securidace the smaller sometimes
recalling the legumen of Nissolia.

7 Small crowded green.

8 A genus distinguished from the oppositi-
folious Eleodendra only by its alate fruit.

9 Spec. 1. Z integerrima Turcz.—Watr.
Ann, vii, 577.— Wimmeria ? integerrima Turcz
Bull. Mose, (1858).

a)

36 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

13. Pleurostylia WicHr ann Ary.’—Flowers 4, 5-merous ;
sepals® imbricate. Petals longer imbricate. Stamens 5 alternipe-
talous; filaments interior to lobe of disk and alternate with them ;
anthers subbasifixed, introrse ; connective incrassately dilated at back
(dark). Germen fre, haneeen at base in cavity of receptacle ;
style short, apex stigmatic 3-gonal or unequally dilated ; cell in germen
1, eccentric ; ovules in cell 2, ascending ; raphe dorsal. Fruit slightly
fleshy, finally dry, marked with eccentric scar of style, Seeds 1 or
more rarely 2; testa coriaceous, externally clothed with pulp (aril ?);
albumen copious; cotyledons of rather large embryo wide suborbicu-
late—A glabrous shrub ; leaves opposite entire coriaceous ; flowers *
in axillary cymes. (Last Indies, New Caledonia, Malacca.*)

14. Cathastrum 'urcz.>—Flowers nearly of Pleurostylia ; sepals
and petals 5, imbricate. Stamens 5, exterior to thin 5-gonal disk ;
anthers short introrse. Germen free shia: style short, apex stig-
matic subpeltate ; ovules in eccentric cell (6-8), inserted in 2 series
in parietal placenta, ascending. Fruit... ?—A glabrous shrub; leaves
upposite oblong, entire or nsdulate; ; stipules minute, flowers in
axillary or subterminal compound ramose corymbiform cymes ; pedi-
cels articulate at base, 2-bracteolate. (South Africa.®)

15. Celastrus L.’—Flowers (nearly of Zuonymus) hermaphrodite
or 1-sexual ; receptacle very various in form, shortly convex, subplane
or more or less concave cupular or suburceolate. Disk very various
in form, lining the receptacle, or flattened, 4—5-lobed (Gymnosporia,®)
or thick cupular sinuate-lobed (Denhamia,®) or more or less concave,
obconical or urceolate. Sepals 4, 5 and petals same in number
alternate, longer, inserted at margin of receptacle, more or less peri-

l Prodr. i. 157.—Envu. Gen. n. 5686.—B. H.

Gen. 363, n. 14.—H. By. Payer Fam. Nat. 325.—
Hoox. 2, Ind.i. 617.—Baxzr, Fl. Maurit. 49.

? Minutely glandular.

3 Small and few, white.

4 Spec. about 2. Wieur, Zcon. t. 155.—Tun.
Ann. Se, Nat. sér, 4, viii. 104 (Plewrostytia).—
Warp. Rep. i, 5386; Ann, vii. 577.

5 Bull. Mose, (1858), ii. 448.—B. H. Gen.
362, n. 7.

- 6 Spec. 1. OC. capense Turcz.—Hanv. and
Sonv. Fl. Cap. i.527.—Watp. Ann. vii. 576.

7 Gen, a, 270.—J. Gen. 378.—Gaerrn. Fruct.i,
t.95.—Lamx. Dict. i, 660; Suppl. ii. 143; 177
t. 180.—DO. Prodr. ii. 5. —Sracu. Suit. a Buffon,
ii, 410,—ENpL. Gen, n,6679.—Payznr, Or ganog.

167, t. 86.—A. Gray, Gen. Ill. t. 170.—B. H.
Gen. 364, 977, n. 16.—Hoox. Fv. Ind, i. 617.—
Baxer Fl. Maurit.50.—H. Bn. Payer Fam. Nat.
824 (incl.: Denhamia Mutssn. Gymnosporia
Wicut and Arn. Maytenus Frortu. Putter-
lickia ENvu.).

~ Wicur and Arn, Prodr.i, 159.—B. H. Gen.
365, n, 18; Hoox. Fl. Ind. i. 618.—Catha
Enpt. Gen, n. 5678. (not Forsx,)—Encentrus

Presi, Bot. Bem. 33. —Polyanthus Prest,
loc. cit,
® Messy. Gen. 18; Comm. 16.—Enpu, Gen

n. 5065.—B. H. Gen, 366, 997, n. 23.—Leucos
carpon A. Ricu. Voy. Astrol. Bot. 46, +. 46.—?
Hedraianthera F, Mus... Fragm. y, 58.

CELASTRACEZ. 87

gynous, imbricate. Stamens 4, 5, alternipetalous, inserted in hollows
of disk; filaments free or connate at base, subulate, sometimes very
short (Hedraianthera) ; anthers subglobular, ovate cordate or oblong,
introrsely rimose. Germen situate at bottom of disk (Hucelastrus 1)
or more or less deeply confluent with it (Gymnosporia); cells 2-4 5
style more or less elongate, apex stigmatic more or less deeply 2-4-
lobed. Ovules in cells 1” (Maytenus*), 2, ascending with micropyle
extrorsely inferior, or sometimes 3-co, 2-seriate, oblique or trans-
verse (Putterlickia,* Denhamia®). Capsule various in form, sometimes
rather fleshy (Scytophyllum*), thick osseous (Denhamia Hedraianthera)
or broad submembranous (Puiterlickia), loculicidally 2-4 valved ;
seeds 1-00, protected bya more or, less developed fleshy aril,’ albumi-
nous or more rarely (Maytenus) exalbuminous.—Small trees or shrubs ;
oftener glabrous ; sometimes spinose (Putterlickia, Gymnosporia) and
glaucesent, sometimes climbing (Ewucelustrus); leaves alternate or
fasciculate, entire or serrate ; stipules 0 or consisting of a few hairs ;
flowers * in cymes (Putterlickia, Gymnosporia) or more rarely in com-
pound or cymiferous (Hucelastrus, Denhamia) terminal or axillary
racemes. (All warm and temperate regions.9)

16. Scheefferia Jacg."°—Flowers dicecious, 4-merous ; sepals and
petals longer obtuse, imbricate. Stamens 4, exterior to generally
small disk. Germen (in male flower effete) free ovoid; style short,
presently divided into 2-partite stigmatic lobes; cells 2, 1-ovulate ;

1 Celastrus B. H. loc, cit—Oriza Tuuns. Fl.
Jap. 3 (ex Mia.).

2 In some species of Maytenus certainly 2.

3 Fgviun. ex J. Gen. 449.—Mon. Chil, 177.—
Lamx. Dict, iv. 2.—DC, Prodr. ii. 9.—Enp1,
Gen, n. 5860.—PayveER, Organog. 169, t. 36.—
B. H. Gen. 364, 998, n. 17.—Hekea R. et Pav.
Prodr. 36, t. 6 (nec Saxisn.). — Monteverdia
Riou. Cub. i. 246.—? Moya Grisex. Pl. Lorenz.
63, fig. 8.—Maiten Fruity. Obs. iii. 39, t. 27.—

Boaria (Mou. DC. Prodr. iii. 299) syn, of May- .

tenus.
4 Envi. Gen. n. 5674.—Paver, Organog. 169.
—B. H. Gen. 366, n. 22,
5 In D. pittosporoide F. Murtt. we have
oftener seen 2 ovules in each cell.
§ Ecxu. et Zevu. Enum, 124.—Enpz. Gen. n.
5688,
Red or yellow, very rarely 0.
White, golden or greenish.
Spec. 180, R. et Pav. Fl. Per. et Chil. t.
229.—H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Spec, vii. 64, not.—
Wiaur, Il, t. 72; Ie, t. 158, 382 (Gymnosporia).

x

—Bu, Biydr, 1144.—Hoox. Icon. t. 587 (May-
tenus)—GuiLLem. et Perr. Fl. Sen. Tent. i. t.
36.—Wess, Phyt. Canar. t. 69 B (Catha).—
Hany, and Sonn. Fl, Cap, i. 452, 465 (Cassine),

‘471 (Seytophyllum).—Outv. Fl. Trop, Afr. i.

360.—A. Gray, Amer. Expl. Fup. Bot.i. t. 23.
—Ganaises. Fl, Brit. W.-Ind. 145 (Maytenus).—
Cuarm. Fl. 8. Unit. Sé. 76.—Borss. Pl, Esp. t.
38; Fi. Or. ii. 10.—Bentu. Fl. Austral. i. 398,
400 (Gymnosporia), 401 (Denhamia).—Tut. Ann.
Se. Nat. sér. 4, viii. 97 (Catha).—F. Muein.
Fragm, v. 203 (Leucocarpon).—Retss. Mart. Fl.
Bras. Celastr, 3, t. 1-4, 6-9 (Maytenus).—Tr.
Ann, Se. Nat. sér. 5, xvi. 336 (Maytenus).—Bot.
Reg. t. 1702 (Maytenus).—Bot. Mag. t. 2070,
2114.—Watp. Rep. i. 532; ii. 827 (Maytenus) ;
v. 401; Ann. i, 189; ii, 263; iv. 427; v. 402;
vii. 575 (Catha), 578, 579 (Maytenus), 580.

10 Stirp. Amer. 259.—Lamx. Jil. t. 809.—

Porn. Dict. vi. 727; Suppl. v. 88.—DC. Prodr.

ii, 40.—Ewou. Gen. n. 5750.—B. H. Gen. 367,
a, 26.

38 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

micropyle of subbasilar ovule inferior, extrose or finaily lateral. Fruit
dry, 1-2-pyrenous. Seeds in pyrene solitary exarillate ; cotyledons
of slightly albuminous embryo foliaccous.—Glabrous rigid shrubs ;
leaves alternate entire coriaceous (oblong ovate or spathulate) exstipu-
late ; flowers’ axillary, solitary or oftener cymose or glomerulate.
(Antilles, New Mexico, Texas.?)

17? Wimmeria. Scutri.2—Flowers nearly of Celastrus, 5-
merous; anthers oblong introrse, 2-rimose. Germen pyramidally
3-gonal, confluent at base with thick disk, attenuated to 3-lobed
style dilate stigmatic at apex. Ovules in cells 0, inserted in
Q-series in the internal angle. Fruit broadly oblong 3-alatc, cordate
at base, indehiscent ; wings broad membranous; cell 1, 1-2-spermous.
Seeds terete narrow linear; albumen fleshy; cotyledons of axile
embryo flat oblong-lanceolate.—Small glabrous trees ; leaves alternate
petiolate exstipulate serrate coriacious; flowers in axillary cymes.
(Mexico.®)

18. Polycardia J°—Flowers nearly of Celastrus, 5-merous;
receptacle shortly cupular. Sepals 5, imbricate, and petals same in
number longer, contorted, open. Stamens 5, exterior to thick disk
adnate to receptacle; filaments subulate; anthers short introrse,
2-rimose. Germen half immersed in receptacle, 3—5-locular; style
short, apex shortly lobed stigmatic; ovules in cells 0, 2-seriate
ascending ; micropyle extrorsely inferior. Capsule ovoid, loculicid-
ally 3-5-valved; septa seminiferous within. Seeds o, ascending
elongate and girt at base with a deeply laciniate aril; embryo. . .?—
Shrubs; leaves alternate articulate, entire or spinose dentate coria-
ceous ; flowers few glomerulate, inserted either in the middle of the
upper surface of the costa, or in the emarginate apex of the obcordate
limb.’ (Madagascar.®)

19. Pterocelastrus Metssn.°—Sepals 5, imbricate, petals 5,

1 Small, white or greenish. v. 481.—DO. Prodr. ii, 10—Enpi. Gen. n.

2 Spec. 2. SLoaws, Jum. ii, t. 209, fig. 1.—
Sw. Fl. Ind. Oce. i, 327, t. 7.—Gnriszs. Fl. Brit.
W,-Ind. 146.—Karst. Fl. Columb. i. 1838, t. 91.
—Cuarm. Fl. S. Unit. St. 76—Watr. Ann. iv.
428; vii. 581. ‘

3 Linnea, vi. 427.—Enpu, Gen. n. 5684.—B.
H. Gen. 369, n. 34.

4 A genus with germen like Celastrus (sect.
Putterlickia) distinguished only by its fruit and
seeds. Is it not a sect. of Celastrus ?

5 Spec. 2, 8. Hoox. Icon. t. 356.—WaALP.
Rep. i. 536.

6 Gen. 377,—Lamx. Ji, t. 133,—Porr, Dict,

5677.—B. H. Gen, 365, n. 19.—H. Bn. Payer
Fam, Nat. 325.—Commersonia Commens. (not
Forst.).—Florinda Noronu. (ex ENDt.).

7 A genus as regards flower similar to Euo-
nymus (or Celastrus), differing only in the
nature of its capsule and seeds and in its in-
florescence.

8 Spec. 2, the flowers of 1 of which are un-
known. Tun. Ann, Se, Nat. sér. 8, vii. 101.—
Watp, Aun. vii. 580.

® Gen. 68; Comm, 49.—Enpu. Gen. n. 5682.
—B. H. Gen. 365 n. 21.—Asterocarpus Ecx.. et
Zev. Enum. 122.,

CELASTRACEZ. 89

jonger much imbricated, often finally recurved at apex. Stamens 5,
alternipetalous ; filaments inserted between the lobes of 5-gonal disk
and exterior to them subulate; anthers short introrse. Germen
immersed in base of disk, 3-gonal-pyramidal, 3-locular; style
short, apex stigmatic variously 3-lobed or 3-gonal. Ovules in cells
2, ascending; micropyle extrorsely inferior. Fruit capsular sub-
membranous or subfleshy, 3—6-alate, loculicidally 3-valved; valves
inwardly septiferous in the middle; wings simple or 2-fid to apex
Seeds ascending, either included in a membranous aril (Aséerocarpus),
or exarillate compressed and marginately alate (Peripterygia) ;
albumen fleshy ; cotyledons of (green) embryo linear or elliptic;
radicle rather long inferior.—Glabrous trees or shrubs; branches
angular ; leaves alternate coriaceous obovate; stipules very small
glanduliform or 0; flowers in axillary or terminal ramose-compound
often corymbiform cymes. (South Africa New Caledonia.’

20. Kurrimia Wau.2—Flowers hermaphrodite; receptacle sub-
plane or cupular. Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals 5, longer, imbricate,
open-recurved. Stamens 5, inserted with alternate petals under the
margin of disk lining the receptacle; filaments subulate ; anthers
introrse or laterally or extrorsely dehiscent. Germen immersed
within disk; cells 2, incomplete, or complete; styles 2, filiform,
springing from woolly apex of germen, more or less twisted or corru-
gate in the bud, capitellate at stigmatic apex ; ovules in cells 2,
collaterally ascending subbasilar. Fruit capsular coriaceous, indehis-
cent or 2-valved; seeds elongate, enclosed in fleshy aril; testa
smooth glossy ; albumen fleshy ; cotyledons of axile embryo linear-
elongate. — Glabrous trees; leaves alternate petiolate entire
coriaceous penninerved; veins transverse; stipules deciduous;
flowers‘ in axillary and terminal racemes, simple or ramose. (South
Tropical Asia, Malaya.*)

21. Perrottetia H. B. K..—Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamo-
dicecious (nearly of Euonymus or Celastrus), 5-merous ; petals valvate

1H. By. Adansonia, xi. 266.

2 Spec. 7, 8. Harv. and Sonn. Fi. Cap. i.
461,

3 Cat. n. 4834,—Arnn. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur.
xviii. 328.—B. H. Gen. 365, n. 20.—H. Bn.
Payer Fam. Nat. 325.—Hoox. Fl. Ind. i. 621.—
Bhesa Ham. Edinb. New Phil. Journ, xvi. 315
(part.).—Enpi. Gen. n. 5692.—Pyrospermum
Mia, Fi. Ind,-Bat. Suppl. 402,

4 White, “yellowish. Capsules brown. Aril
white or reddish.” ;

5 Spec. about 3. Taw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 72.—
Warp. Rep. i. 588 (Bhesa). 5

6 Nov. Gen. et Spee. vii. 73, t. 622.—Enpv.
Gen. n. 6697.—B. H. Gen. 367, u. 29.—? Thea-
phyllum Nutr. (ex Turcz.).—Caryospermum Bu.
Mus, Lugd.-Bat, i, 176,—B. H. Gen. 367, n. 27.

40 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

or slightly imbricate, 3-angular. Germen half immersed in rather
thick, oftener 5-gonal disk and not confluent with it; cells 2,
2-ovulate; ovules ascending; a spurious septum more or less deve-
loped between the ovules in each cell (hence cells 4, 1-ovulate).
Berry subglobose (small) slightly fleshy ; seeds exarillate, externally
more or less triate or costate ; embryo small albuminous.—Unarmed
shrubs, generally glabrous; leaves alternate petiolate subovate
serrulate, sometimes glandular; stipules minute, deciduous ; flowers’
in slender axillary. more or less compound cymiferous racemes.
(Both tropical Americas, tropical Oceania.”)

22? Frauenhofera Manr.?—Flowers nearly of Perrottetia, 5-
merous; sepals and petals imbricate, germen 2-locular; ovules in
cells 2, ascending. Fruit * cylindrical subsiliquiform, conical at apex ;
pericarp fibrous coriaceous, l-locular. Seed 1, suberect, embryo...?
—A small softly pubescent tree ; leaves alternate ovate entire or ser-
rulate; stipules very small deciduous; flowers’ in axillary and
terminal filiform glomeruliferous spikes, bracteolate. (Brazil.°)

23? Siphonodon Grirr.’—Flowers hermaphrodite; receptacle
rather thick cupular. Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals same in number,
alternate longer, erect open, imbricate. Stamens 5, alternipetalous,
slightly perigynous with perianth; filaments 1-adelphous at base,
complanate, incurved at free apex ; anthers basifixed shortly subsa-
gittate ; cells marginal oblique linear, subextrorsely rimose. Germen
immersed at base in hollow of receptacle and adnate to it; cells « ,°
unequally pluriseriate ; ovules in each solitary, ascending; style (?)
central (subgynobasically) inserted vertically intruding between the
germens, at apex obtuse or subemarginate and surrounded at base
with co * of unequal papillose squamules. Fruit drupaceous, sparsely

’ Minute, white or greenish. ‘From description and figure nearly of

2 Spec. 6 (2 of which are Old World), A.
Gray, Amer. Expl. Exp. Bot.i.290, t.24.—Kanst,
Fl. Columb. ii. 47, t. 124, — Turcz. Bull. Mose.
(1863), i. 605 (Theaphyllum).—Mie. Fl. Ind.-
Bat, i. p. ti. 591 (Caryospermum).—F. Murut.
Fragm, v. 202 (Caryospermum).—Watr. Rep. i.
539; Ann. iv. 427 ; vii. 581 (Caryospermum), 582.
There is no valid distinction between Perrot-
tetia and Caryosperma, whose cells are 2-ovu-
late; the spurious septum often observed in the
Perrottetia being produced between the seeds of
the same cell, The flower, except its alterni-
petalous stamens, is quite rhamnaceous.

3 Nov. Gen. et Spec, iti. 85, t. 285.—Ennr.
Gen. n, 6685,—B. H, Gen, 866, n. 25,

Catha (“1 in. long, } in. thick”), by which
alone the genus is distinguished from the other-
wise closely allied Perrottetia.

5 Very small, according to figures, pale pink.

6 Spec. 1. F. multiflora Mant.—Retss. Mart.
Fi. Bras. Celastr, 32, t. 4, fig. 16.—Watp. Rep.
ii. 536,

7 Cale. Journ, of Nat. Hist. iv, 247, t, 14.—
B. H. Gen. 370, 998, n. 38.—Hoox, Fi. Ind, i.
629.—A sterogyne Watt. Hort. Cule.

8 Very likely 5, “ divided by spurious septa
between the ovules” (Hoox. ¥.). (?)

® Stigmas cristate according to Hoor. F. in
Tcon.

CELASTRACEZL. 41

fleshy, umbonate at apex; pyrenes ©, thickly woody compressed,
obliquely superposed, 1-spermous. Seeds glabrous, ascending and
descending ; albumen subcorneous; cotyledons of axillary embryo
foliaceous suborbiculate; radicle very small. Small glabrous trees ;
leaves alternate petiolate crenate or serrate; stipules minute
caducous ;, flowers! axillary few (2—5) spuriously umbellate ; pedicels
minutely bracteolate. (Australia, Java.*)

24. Plenckia Retss.>—Flowers nearly of Celastrus (or Elwoden-
dron), 5-merous; germen immersed in disk 2-locular; ovules in cells
2, collaterally ascending. Fruit dry, indehiscent samaroid; pericarp
subglobose, at apex marginally produced equally on both sides to
straight linear-oblong membranous venose wing slightly dilated and
obtuse at apex. Seed in very elongate cell 1, suberect cylindrical
acute glabrous; testa coriaceous ; albumen fleshy ; cotyledons of thin
axile (greenish) embryo linear elongate; radicle short inferior.—
Glabrous trees; leaves alternate long and slenderly petiolate, generally
ovate,“ serrate veined (poplar like); stipules minute, flowers® in
compound axillary pedunculate cymes. (Brazii.®) ,

25. Tripterygium Hoox.. F.’—Flowers of Celastrus, 5-merous ;
anthers broadly oblong. Germen free, 3-gonal; style short, apex
stigmatose obtusely 3-lobed. Ovules in 3 incomplete cells in pairs
ascending. Fruit® dry, apiculate to style, 3-gonal. 3-alate; wings
widely membranous. Seed in cell 1, solitary suberect; embryo
small, at base of copious fleshy albumen ; cotyledons oblong; radicle
inferior —A glabrous (climbing ?) shrub; leaves alternate petiolate
ovately elongate serrate venosely striolate ; stipules0; flowers
(small) in short terminal axillary racemes. (Formosa.°)

26. Mortonia A. Gray.!°—Flowers hermaphrodite; receptacle
very concave obconical or subcampanulate and lined with glandulous
disk. Sepals, 5 inserted at mouth of receptacle, imbricate at scarious
margin. Petals 5, alternate with sepals, sessile concave eroded,

1 Yellow, purple striped. 4 One variety, very narrow.
2.Spec. 2, Mie. FI. Ind.-Bat.i. p. ii, 592. 5 Small, white or yellow.
—Hassk. in Retzia, i. 150.—Hoox. ¥F. Trans. 6 Spec. 1, 2. Fruit, nearly of Fravinus.
Linn. Soc. xxii, 133, t. 26.—Brntu. F1. Austral. 7 Gen. 368, n. 32.
i, 403.—Watp. Rep. v. 404; Ann. iv. 431; 8 Semi-uncial.
vii. 585. 9 Spec. 1. 2. Wilfordii Hoox. r.
Mart. Fl. Bras, Celastr. 30, t. 5, 10.—B. H. 0 Pl. Wright. i. 35, t. 4; ii, 28.—B. H.

Gen, 368, un. 33. Gen. 368. n, 30.

42 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

caducous. Stamens 5, alternipetalous, inserted between as many
oppositipetalous lobes of the disk, very perigynous; filaments free ;
anthers introrse cordately 2-dymous, 2-rimose. Germen inserted
at bottom of receptacle, inferior at base only, otherwise free;
cells 5, alternipetalous, more or less incomplete; ovules in each
2, basilar ; style cylindrical, apex divided into 5 short stigmatose
branches. Fruit inferior, crowned with calyx, dry or crustaceous,
indehiscent, 1-spermous; testa of exarillate seed membranous ;
albumen scarce ; cotyledons of straight embryo oblong.—Very ramose
(ericoid) shrubs; leaves (evergreen) alternate closely packed small
coriaceous enervate subsessile; stipules minute glanduliform, cadu-
cous; flowers’ in compound terminal racemes; pedicels articulate,
bracteolate under the apex.? (Zexas, North Mezico.*)

27. Glossopetalon A. Gray.t—Flowers hermaphrodite; receptacle

lined with thin glandulous cupular 10-crenate disk. Sepals 5, short
persistent, Petals 5, alternate, much longer, linear ligulate, marcescent.
Stamens 10, 2-seriate ; filaments inserted in hollows of disk peri-
-gynous, short free; anthers short introrse. Germen free, im-
mersed at base in central disk, 1-locular; style very short, apex
capitellate > stigmatose; ovules 2, subbasilar suberect; micropyle
extrorsely inferior. Fruit dry coriaceous (finally 2-valvate ?)
obliquely ovoid apiculate, much striated longitudinally ; seeds 1, 2,
ascending; funicle short dilated to a small 2-lobed aril ; testa short;
embryo...?—An extremely ramose and spinose glabrous shrub;
branches punctulate; leaves alternate small entire subspathulate,
exstipulate ; floral leaves squamiform ; petiole much dilated at base;
flowers® axillary pedunculate, bracteate at base. (Texas, New
Mexico.")

28. Canotia Torr.*—Flowers regular hermaphrodite. Calyx
small, glandulously decurrent at base, 5-fid, valvate, persistent.
Petals 5, sessile, imbricated. Stamens 5, alternipetalous, hypo-
gynous ; filaments free subulate, persistent ; anthers cordate- shortly

1 Small, white.

2 A genus resembling some Rhamnacee in
the form of its receptacle and its ovules, differ-
ing chiefly in its alternipetalous stamens. The
structure of its flowers strongly recalls certain
Myrtacee, from which it is distinguished gene-
rally by the leaves and the germen not being

free.
3 Spec. 3, 4. Turcz, Bull, Mose, (1858), i.

453.—Watp. Aun. iv. 425; vii. 583.

* Proc. Amer. Acad. xi. 73 (Sapindacess P) Pl.
Wright. ii, 29, t. 12, B—B. H. Gen. 368, n. 31.

5 Stigma hence emarginate subreniform.

6 Small, white.

7Spec. i, G. spineseens A. Gray.—Watp.
Aun. iv. 426,

8 Wippl. Exp. Bot. 12—H, By. Adansonia,
x. 18,

eboeb ea D

CELASTRACEZ. 48

acuminate, introrsely 2-rimose versatile (?), deciduous, Germen
superior free, thickened at base toa glandular disk; style cylin-
drical tubular, apex divided into 5 short recurved alferatpetalous
2-dentate laviniee extending inwards to linear stigmatiferous costa ;
cells 5 oppositipetalous, subincomplete at apex ; ovules 5, 6, inserted
in 2 series in internal angle, anatropous. Capsule terete narrow-
oblong, style subulate persistent apiculate, septicidally 5-valvate ;
valves 2-fid at apex; epicarp thin fleshy ; endocarp ligneous. Seeds
1, 2, ascending, produced below to a vertical membranous wing;
albumen slightly fleshy; cotyledons of large axial embryo lateral
plane elliptical ; radicle terete inferior—A glabrous ramose leafless
shrub; branches remotely alternate terete striate produced to long
spines marked with squamiform bracts or their dark scars when
removed ; flowers in short lateral alternate pedunculate few-flowered
cymes; pedicels articulate below the middle; the fructiferous ones
open curved. (New Mexico.")

II? STACKHOUSIEA.

29. Stackhousia Su.—Flowers hermaphrodite regular ; receptacle
concave cupular or hemispherical, lined with a thin disk. Sepals 5,
inserted at margin of receptacle, unequal, imbricate. Petals 5,
alternate, inserted perigynously with the sepals, much longer, free at
base, above united in a more or less elongate tube and at the apex
again free and reflexed; imbricate in prefloration. Stamens 5
alternipetalous, inserted with the perianth; filaments free erect,
9 alternate shorter ; anthers oblong, introrsely 2-rimose. Germen
free inserted at bottom of receptacle sessile, 2—5-locular; style
erect, more or less deeply 2-5-fid; branches stigmatose within.
Ovules in cells solitary subbasilar ascending; micropyle extrorsely
inferior. Fruit 2-5-coccous ; cocci indehiscent finally dry. Smooth
or rugose or reticulate, sometimes with broad vertical wings;
mesocarp thin; putamen smooth or rugose; columella central.
Seeds ascending ; ; testa thin; albumen fleshy ; embryo axile straight
nearly equal in length to the albumen; cotyledons short; radicle
inferior terete.—Perennial herbs; oftener with a woody fiiennia & ;
branches herbaceous erect simple or slightly branched ; leaves alter-

1 Concerning a genus formerly, but not rightly, referred to Rosacea-Quillijee ; see Nat, History
J. Plants, i. 391, n. 6.

44 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

nate, entire, linear or spathulate; stipules very small or 0; flowers
at the top of the twigs in simple or more rarely compound spikes,
3-bracteate. (Australia, New Zealand, Philippine Isles.) See
page 8.

30. Macgregoria F. Mvuertz.'—Flowers hermaphrodite; recep-
tacle very shortly cupular. Sepals 5, imbricate, persistent. Petals
5, alternate, much longer, hardly perigynous, imbricate or tortuous,
deciduous. Stamens 5, alternipetalous ; filaments very short erect ;
anthers basifixed erect oblong, introrsely 2-rimose; connective
produced beyond the cells to a small glandule. Germen free 5-
lobed; carpels distinct subfree; styles connate in short columella,
afterwards free linear-subulate ; column above the germen dilated to
a thin calyptriform membrane. Ovules in carpels solitary suberect ;
micropyle inferior, finally lateral. Carpels in fruit 3-5, free, in-
dehiscent ; albumen of suberect seed fleshy; embryo axile subequal
to albumen, cotyledons plano-convex; radicle short inferior.—An
annual glabrous herb; leaves alternate linear; flowers in terminal
racemes ; pedicels bracteate at base.” (Central Australia.)

III. GOUPIEA.

31. Goupia Avsi.—Flowers hermaphrodite; receptacle short.
Calyx short, 5-lobed ; imbricate in prefloration. Petals 5, alternate,
much longer than the calyx, induplicate valvate, far attenuated to
inflexed apex and subspathulate at summit. Disk cupular, interior
to petals, shortly 5-lobed; lobes oppositipetalous. Stamens 5,
alternipetalous, inserted in hollows of disk; filaments very short
erect; anthers subovate introrse, 2-locular, 2-rimose; connective
produced beyond the cells and there very setose. Germen free
sessile depressed, 5-locular; cells oppositipetalous; styles 5, eccen-
tric, stellately divaricate arcuately subulate. Ovules in cells oo,
inserted in 2 series on subbasilar placenta in internal angle, ascend-.
ing or subhorizontal. Fruit a small subglobose berry. Seeds few
ascending ; testa thick ; cotyledons of axile curved embryo oblong ;
radicle cylindrical ; albumen fleshy.—A small glabrous tree ; leaves

Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Jial, (1873), 128; the Floerkeas of the order Geraniacee. It
Fragm, Phyt. Austral. viii, 160. differs from Floerkeq chiefly in its exalbuminous
One species (M. racemigere F. Mvuett.) seeds,
connects the Stackhousias as defined by us with

CHLASTRACEZ. 45

alternate petiolate, entire coriaceous venose, sub-3-plinerved ; stipules
minute, caducous; flowers in axillary pedunculate ‘(spurious ?)
umbels ; pedicels slender ; buds conical. (Guiana.) See p. 10.

IV. AZIMEA,

32. Azima Lamx.—Flowers polygamo-diccious regular ; calyx
sacciform membranous, valvate, 4- or unequally-fid. Petals 4, often
narrow, not continuous at base. Stamens 4, alternipetalous; fila-
ments subulate longer than the corolla (sometimes in female flowers
connate with it in a short ring); anthers short, introrsely 2-rimose (in
female flower effete). Germen (in male flower rudimentary) free,
2-locular ; cells sometimes 2-locellate ; style short, apex stigmatose
capitate subentire or divided into 2 acute reflexed lobes, Cells
l-ovulate (Ewazima) or 2-ovulate (Actegeton) and protected by a
spurious septum between each ovule. Ovules subbasilar ascending ;
micropyle extrorsely inferior (often finally lateral). Fruit baccate
globose, 1-4-spermous ; testa of erect seed cartilaginous ; cotyledons
of exalbuminous fleshy embryo suborbiculate plano-convex, auricu-
late at base; radicle short inferior concealed in auricules.—Shrubs
more or less sarmentous; leaves opposite entire coriaceous; stipules
lateral articulate, spines (the coste of the leaves) in axils of leaves 2
or 4—6 (of which 2 are smaller); flowers in axils of leaves solitary
glomerate, cymose or racemoso-cymose. (Tropical Asia, Indian
Archipelago, southern and tropical Eastern Africa, continental and
insular). See p. 11.

33. Dobera J.i—Flowers (nearly of Azima) polygamous (or
hermaphrodite ?); receptacle shortly cupuliform. Calyx gamo-
phyllous, valvate, unequally divided or 4-lobed. Petals 4, free.
Glandules 4, oppositipetalous, flat thick. Stamens 4, alternipetalous ;
filaments l-adelphous? to middle; anthers elongate subsagittate
introrse. Germen (in female flower effete) 2-5-locular ; i cell fertile ;
ovule of Azima. Berry ellipsoid, seed? and other characters of
Azima.—Trees ; leaves opposite entire articulate ; stipules very small ;

1 Gen, 425.—Porr. Dict. Suppl. ii. 493.—Pu. FY. Abyss. Tent. i. 108.—Enpu, Gen. Suppl. iv.
Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 3, x.191.—H. By. Adansonia, 75.
x. 31.—A. DC. Prodr. xvii. 80.—Zomex Forsx. 2 Like Melia.
4ig.-Arab. 32 (not L. nor Tucne.).—Schizocalyx 3 Indumentum purple sub-ficshy ; embryo
Hocusr. Flora (1844), Beibl. 1—A. Rica. green (ex Ennenn. Icon. Lithogr. ined.)

46 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

flowers! in axillary terminal and more or less ramose spikes,
articulate at concave base. (Huastern Africa, south-western Asia.”)

34, Salvadora Garcry.3—Flowers (nearly of Azéma) hermaphro-
dite or. polygamous; calyx 4-fid, alternately imbricate, persistent.
Petals * 4, longer and broad, contorted or imbricate, closely coadunate
with each other to middle and by means of the filaments into
a spurious gamopetalous corolla. Stamens 4; filaments alterni-
petalous adherent to corolla at base, above free ; anthers introrse.
Germen superior, 1-locular,® apex truncate-sessile stigmatic; ovule
in cell 1 (of Azima). Berry, seed, and other characters of Azdna—
Small trees or shrubs; leaves opposite simple, sometimes very
coriaceous ; stipules very small, caducous ; flowers ° in simple or more
or less compound ramose spikes, bracteate. (Southern Asia, tropical
and subtropical western and eastern continental and insular Africa.")

V. HIPPOCRATEEZ.

35. Hippocratea L.—Flowers hermaphrodite; sepals 5,, small
and petals same in number, longer, imbricate, or valvate. Stamens
3 (or rarely 5; 2, 3 anantherous); filaments free or adnate to
germen at dilated base, apex attenuated, recurved or reflexed.
Anthers 2-locular or 4-locellate, didymous or oblong; cells finally
confluent and extrorsely dehiscent. Disk covering receptacle,
broadly explanate, conical or cupular. Germen either frec, or
confluent with disk, 3-locular; style short subulate, apex stigmatic
subentire, 3-lobed or 3-tid; ovules in cells 2-00, inserted in two
series in the internal angle of the colls. Carpcels of fruit 3, gencrally
dry, connate at base, afterwards compressed or broadly aliform,
coriaceous indehiscent or laterally 2-valvate. Seeds compressed,

1 White. ° “Vestigia interdum loculi abortientis dis-

2 Spec. 1, 2, imperfectly known.

3 Act. Angl. 1749 (L. Gen. ed. 6, 163).—J. Gen.
84.—Lamx. Jd/. t.8.—Porr. Dict. vi. 483 ; Suppl.
yv. 28.—Spacu, Suit. & Buffon xiii. 335.—Enp1.
Gen. n. 2177,—Pu. Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 3. x. 189.—
Linpu. Veg. Kingd. 652, fig. 436.—Paver, Fam.
Nat. 14.—Len. et Donn. Tr. Gén. 453.—H. By.
Adansonia, ix. 287.—A. DC. Prodr. xvii. 27.

4 The annular internode disjoined from the

calyx.

cernere suspicatus sum,”’ (A. DO. loc cit. 28.)
® Very small, white or greenish.

7 Spec. 1, 2. L. Spee. i. 178; Syst. 889
(Rivinia).—Forsx. y.-Arab. 32 (Cissus).—
Rerz. Obs. iv. 23, 24 (Enbelia).—Vaun, Symb.
1, 12.—Roxs. Pl. Coromand. i. 26, t. 26; Fi.
Ind. (ed. Watt.), i. 404 —Wiceur, Jil. ii, 229,
t. 181; cov. t. 1621—Denz. JTacquem. Voy.
Bot. iv. 140, t. 144.— Wate. Ann. iii, 282,

CELASTRACEZ. 47

ascending, dorsally inserted, oftener produced below toa membranous
wing and imbricate ; raphe produced to a wing from base to apex ;
testa of nucleus coriaceous or crustaceous, sometimes rugose;
cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo fleshy conferruminate; radicle
short inferior.—Small trees or climbing shrubs; leaves opposite
entire or serrate; petiole articulate; stipules small, caducous;
flowers in axillary or terminal simple or oftener compound racemose
cymes. (Alltropical regions). See p. 13.

36. Salacia L.1—Flowers of Hippocratea ; petals 5, open imbricate.
Anthers 2-dymous, 2-locular ; cells transversely rimose (Tontelea*) or
longitudinally dehiscent (Zusalacia), Diplesthes,®) sometimes confluent
in 1 transversely elongate and finally l-rimose cell (Anthodon.‘)
Gynecium and other characters of Hippocratea. Fruit baccate,
spherical, ovoid or obovoid, thickly corticate; pulp mucilaginous.
Seeds l-oo, oftener angular, sometimes arillate; cotyledons of
exalbuminous or more rarely (Calypso *) albuminous embryo ® thick,
free or conferruminate; radicle short inferior.— Erect sarmentous or
climbing glabrous shrubs; leaves opposite or more rarely (Diplesthes)
alternate, entire, or crenate or serrate; stipules very small or 0;
flowers’ axillary, solitary, 2-nate or oftener cymose-co , sometimes
in terminal compound cymiferous racemes.® (Adl tropical regions.)

37. Campylostemon Wetw"’.— “ Flowers (nearly of Hippocratea)
5-merous ; petals open. Stamens 5, inserted in scarcely visible disk ;
filaments incurved; anthers 4-locellate, introrsely transversely rimose.
Germen 38-locular ; stigma sessile 3-fid ; ovules in cells 6-8, 2-seriate.

1 Mantiss, 293.—J. Gen. 424.—Porr. Dict. vi.
450.—DC. Prodr.i. 570.—Spacu, Suit, & Buffon,
ii, 400.—Enpu, Gen. n. 7502.—B. H. Gen. 370,
n. 37.—H. Bn. Payer, Fam. Nat. 326.—Hoox.
Fil, Ind. i. 625.

2 Aus... Guiau. i, 31, t—Lamx. Ill, t. 26.—
Ennu. Gen. n. 5701.— Tonsella Scures. Gen. n.
14.—Sicelium P. Br. ex Porr. op. cit. v. 146.—
Johnia Roxz. Fl. Ind. i. 168. — Anthodiseus
Marr, Schult. Mantiss. i. 258, (not Mzy.).

3 Harv, Hook. Lond. Journ. i. 19.

4B. et Pav. Fi. Per. et Chil. i. 45, t. 74.—
Clercia Vetuoz. Fl. Flum, 29, t. 78, 74.—Rad-
disia Leanpr. Miinch. Denkschr. vii. 244, t. 15
(Eno1.).

5 Dur,-Tu. Hist. Vég. Iles Afr. Austr. i. 29,
t. 6.

5 Sometimes green.

7 Small, yellowish or white.

8 A genus distinguished from Hippocratea
only by the nature of its fruit.

9 Species about 60, Wicur, Hk, Bot. Mise,
iii. Suppl. t. 36 ; Zi. t. 46; Icon. t. 962.—Wicur
and Arn. Prodr. i. 104.—H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et
Spee. v. 140, t. 448 (Tonteiea)—A. S. H. Fi.
Bras. Mer. ii. 104, t. 104 (Calypso).—Bu. Bijdr.
218.—Tun. Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 4, viii. 93.—
Guituem. et Prrr. Fl. Ser. Tent. i, 113, t. 27.
Harv. and Sonp. Fl. Cap. i. 230.—Oniv. Fi.
Trop. Ajr. i. 372.—A, Gray, Amer, Hupl, Exp.
Bot. i. 286.—Gnrises. Fi. Brit. W.-Ind, 148.—
Kortu. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Bot. 38.—Mta. Fi.
Ind.-Bat. i. p. ii. 597.—F. Muruy. Fragm. v.
202.—Tr. Ann. Se. Nat. loc. cit, 373.—H. Bn.
Adansonia, x. 184; xi. 272.—Watp. Rep. i. 400,
401; v. 146; Ann, i. 180; ii. 193; iv. 368;
vii. 684.

10 Ex B. H. Gen. 998, n. 35 a,

48 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Fruit . . . ?—A scandent glabrous shrub; leaves opposite oblong
acuminate serrate ; flowers! in axillary cymes much shorter than the
leaf? (Angola).

V. bis, OLINIE A.

38. Olinia Tauns.—Flowers hermaphrodite; receptacle very
concave surrounding the adnate germen below, and far produced in
a tube above; the mouth round the insertions of the perianth pro-
duced externally to a short subentire or obscurely sinuate ring.
Sepals 4-5, inserted in the throat of the receptacle subspathulate
(coloured), pilose within at base, valvate. Petals 4-5, inserted and
alternating with the sepals, short squamiform incurved subcucullate,
valvate. Stamens same in number oppositipetalous; filaments
short incurved; anthers small 2-dymous; connective produced
beyond the (introrsely rimose) cells to a cupuliform glandule. Ger-
men inferior, adnate to bottom of receptacle, 3—5-locular ; style erect,
apex subclavate stigmatose. Ovules in cells 2—3, ascending; micropyle
extrorsely inferior. Fruit drupaceous, areolate at truncate apex ;
putamens 3-5, oftener 1-spermous. Seed ascending ‘‘ exalbuminous ;
testa thinly coriaceous ; cotyledons of axile embryo irregularly con-
volute ; radicle short inferior.”—-A glabrous shrub ; leaves opposite
petiolate entire penninerved coriaceous. Flowers in short axillary
oftener 3-chotomous cymes. (South Africa.)

VI. BUXEZ.

39, Buxus T.— Flowers monecious or more rarely dicecious
apetalous; male calyx 4-partite; laciniee decussately imbricate.
Stamens 4, opposite the petals; filaments free, inserted under the
oftener 4-gonal rudiment of the gynecium ; anthers introrse 2-rimose.
Female sepals often 6, 2-seriately 3-nate, imbricate. Staminodes 0.
Germen free 3-locular; cells opposite exterior sepals; styles free,
very rarely connate at base, oftener separate from each other and
peripheric, sulcate within and stigmatose at subbilobed apex ; top of
the germen slightly prominent between the styles and turgidly tuber-

1 “Small, sulphur coloured.” the “‘ Hippocratee with the rest of the Celastrt-
9 One species, unknown to us, closely connects xnee”’ (B. E.).

CELASTRACEZE. 49

culate. Ovules in cells 2, inserted under the apex in the internal
angle, collaterally descending; micropyle introrsely superior. Cap-
sule coriaceous, loculicidal ; columella short or 0; valves at apex 2-
cornute septiferous within; seeds in each 1, 2; testa crustaceous
nitid ; hilum concave thickened to an aril within; albumen copious
fleshy ; embryo axile longitudinally subequal to albumen, straight or
slightly curved; cotyledons oblong elliptical ; radicle equal or longer
superior.—Shrubs or under-shrubs (evergreen); branches often 4-
gonal; leaves opposite petiolate exstipulate entire penninerved ;
flowers axillary. The female terminal pluribracteate; the male
inferior spicate (Hubuxus) or oftener racemose pedicellate (Tricera),
1-bracteate; bracts decussate imbricate. (Hurope and temperate
Asia, tropical eastern Africa, Madagascar, central America, Antilles.)
See page 16.

40. Pachysandra Micux.'—Flowers nearly of Buaus; male
sepals 4. Stamens 4,? inserted under the rudiment of the gynecium.
Female sepals 4-6. Germen small oftener 3-locular; styles much
longer patulous, stigmatose within and to the subbilobed apex.
Ovules (of Buxus) in cells 2; micropyle introrsely superior * obtu-
rate. Capsules 2, 3-coccous, with 2 persistent styles, 3-cornute ;
seeds ovoid or subglobose ; testa crustaceous nitid, thickened to hilum
produced to an aril* to summit of raphe; albumen and other cha-
racters of Buaus.—Perennial herbs ;* rhizome and branches her-
baceous terete ; leaves alternate petiolate exstipulate subovate coarsely
serrate; flowers terminal or cauline in axils of leaves or bracts
spikelike; flowers® alternate; the female few inferior; the male
superior more numerous, sessile or very shortly pedicellate, often
bracteolate. (North America, Japan.’)

41, Sarcococca Linpi.’—Flowers nearly of Buaus ; the male 4-
androus.? Female sepals 4—6, imbricate in 2 series. Germen 2-3-

' Fl. Bor.-Amer, ii. 177, t. 45.—A. Juss.
Tent, Euphorbiac. 18, t. 1, fig. 2—Turr. Dict.
‘Se, Nat. Atl. t. 277.—Enpu. Gen. n. 5870.—
H. By. Monogr. Buxac, 10, 19, 55, t. 8, fig. 1-14;
Adansonia, xi. 283.—M. Are. Prodr. 21.

2 Pollen stellately reticulate.

5 Integument 2-plicate.

4 Thickly annular, concave within, white.

5 Generally reddish.

6 Sepals red spotted; stamens very conspicu-
ous, white,

t VOL, VI,

7 Spec. 2. Pursu. Fl. N.-Amer.i, 117,—A.
Gray, Man. ed, 5, 489.—Srmn. et Zuce. Adh.
Math.-Phys. Kl. Baier. Akad. iv. p. ii, 142; Fl.
Jap. Fam, 34,—Lovp. Bot. Cab. t. 910.—Bot.
Reg. t. 83.—Bot. Mag. t. 1964.

8 Bot. Reg. t. 1012.—Ewpu. Gen. n. 5875.—
H. Bn. Monogr. Buaac. 48, t, 3, fig. 15-380.—
M. Are. Prodr. 11.—Lepidopelma Ku. Waldem.
Reis. Bot. 118.t, 22.

9 Pollen stellately subreticulate (M. ArG.).

4

50 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

locular; styles 2, 3, entire or 2-lobed at apex; ovules 2 (of Buus)
closed tomicropyle. Fruit baccate or finally subdry, indehiscent ;
seeds and other characters of Buaus (or Pachysandra).—Shrubs
(evergreen); branches terete; leaves alternate exstipulate entire,
penninerved or oftener 3-plinerved to base; flowers' in racemes or
axillary spikes; the female inferior. (Southern Asia, Sumatra,

Java.”)

42. Simmondsia Norr.?—-Flowers apetalous,* 1-sexual; male
calyx 4, 5-partite, imbricate. Stamens 10-12, 2-seriate,> inserted
in depressed receptacle; filaments free short; anthers ovately oblong
extrorse ; cells adnate, longitudinally rimose. Female calyx 4, 5-
partite ; folioles connivent to base dilated concave, attenuated at
apex, imbricate, persistent. Germen free shorter than calyx conoid,
3-sulcate, 3-locular, crowned with 3 thick subulate papilliferous re-
curved branches of style. Ovules in cells solitary descending ;
micropyle introrsely superior. Capsules loculicidal, often 1-sper-
mous, columelliferous in the centre; columella filiform, 3-partite,
persistent. Seed descending; ‘cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo
thick; radicle short superior.” — Evergreen shrubs more or less
villose; leaves opposite entire coriaceous penninerved exstipulate ;
flowers axillary ; the male in short ramosely glomeruliferous spikes,®
bracteate; the female solitary. (California.’)

43. Styloceras A. Juss.°—Flowers monecious; the male nude.
Stamens oo (5-30); filaments free very short, centrally inserted on
suboblique receptacle; anthers erect basifixed, introrsely 2-rimose;
apiculate at obtuse apex.? Female sepals 4-10, unequal, 2- or 3-
cussate, imbricate. Germen free sessile, 2-3-locular; style 2, 8,
peripheric or subconnate at base, stout, canaliculate stigmatose

1 Small, greenish or yellowish. the male flower is described as having 5 petals,

2 Spec. 4, 5. Don, Prodr. Fl, Nepal. 68
(Buaus).—Hoox. Exot. Fl. t. 148 (Pachys-
andria ?).—Watn. Cat. n. 7979 (Tricera).—
Wiext, Jeon. t. 1877.—Tuw. Enum. Pl, Zeyl.
290.—Bu. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. ii. 191,

3 Hook, Lond, Journ. (1844), 400, t. 16.—
M. Arc. Prodr, xvi. p, i, 22.—Lem. et Denz.
Tr, Gén, 255.—Brocehia Maur. Cat, Hort,
Napol, (1845), 80.

4 In a doubtful species (? of this genus), S.
pabulosa Kew. Proceed. Calif, Acad, Se, ji, 21),

5 Of which the 5 exterior are alternisepalous.

5 In §, pabulosa the male flowers are said
to be 2-chotomous cymose.

7 Spec. 1, 2, Linx, Enum. Hort. Berol. ii. 386
(Buaus).—Torr. Mexic.) Bound. Surv, 202, t. 49.

8 Tent. Euphord. 117, t, 17, fig. 56.—Enp1.
Gen. n. 5778.—H. By. Et. Gén. du Groupe des
Euphorbiacées (1858), 665, t. 20, fig. 25-37;
Monogr, Buxac, et Styloc. 72, 77—M. ARs.
Prodr. 9,

® Pollen not reticulate (M. Arc.).

CELASTRACE. 51

within. Ovules (nearly of Buaus) in cells 2, descending; micro-
pyle introrsely superior; each cell finally divided, by a spurious
dissepiment, into 2 l-ovulate cellules. Fruit suberose, indehiscent,
finally dry subligneous, 2-6-locellate; cells 1-spermous. Seeds
smooth; testa rather thick; hilum broad; albumen fleshy ; radicle
of subequal embryo superior terete. — Glabrous trees; leaves
alternate petiolate exstipulate, entire coriaceous penninerved,
sub-3-plinerved at base; flowers! in axillary spikes; spikes 1-
or 2-sexual; male flowers inferior, 1-bracteolate; female 1- or
pluribracteate. (South Western America.)

VIII. GEISSOLOMEZ.

44, Geissoloma Linpi.—Flowers hermaphrodite regular apeta-
lous; sepals 4, connate at base, ovate mucronate, alternately
imbricate, persistent. Stamens 8, 2-seriate; filaments inserted at
base of calyx, otherwise free, subulate; oppositipetalous longer ;
anthers short ovate versatile, introrsely 2-rimose. Germen free,
4-lobed ; cells 4 (2 anterior), alternate with sepals, attenuate at
apex i as many free styles, approximating to one pyramidally
acuminate, longitudinally sulcate within and stigmatose under acute
apex, at first spirally twisted together ; ovules in cells 2, collaterally
descending; micropyle introrsely superior. Fruit capsular, 4-
locular, loculicidal; seeds in cells solitary or 0, oblong ancipitally
compressed ; testa very smooth nitid (dark), dilated at hilum to a
small (white) aril continuous with the top of the somewhat thickened
raphe and there attenuated and received in a short dorsal furrow of
the testa ; albumen fleshy ; radicle of straight axile embryo (in length
nearly that of the albumen) superior cylindrical ; cotyledons linear
fleshy. A shrub; branches 4-gonal; leaves opposite, very shortly
petiolate ; stipules very minute glanduliform; limb entire coriaceous
penninerved, somewhat thickened at margin; flowers axillary
solitary, very shortly pedunculate, surrounded at base by 6-3
bracteoles, larger from the exterior to the interior and decussately
imbricate. (Cape of Good Hope.) See p. 19.

1 Yellowish, 638.—K. Sym. Pl. Ziquin. iv. 206.—SPRENc,
2 Spec. 8, 4. W. Spec. iv. 738 (Irophis)— Syst, iii. 906.
H. B. K. Nov. Gen, et Spec. vii, 172, t. 637,

mee

XLVIT. RHAMNACE.

I. THE BUCKTHORN SERIES.

The flowers of the Buckthorns’ (fig. 39-43) are regular and
hermaphrodite or polygamo-dicecious. The concave receptacle has the

Rhamnus cathartica.

Fig. 40. Longitudinal section
of male flower (3).

Fig. 39. Fructiferous branch, Fig. 41. Diagram.

form of a deep cup or horn, lined with a thin layer of glandulous
tissue, representing the disk, the bottom of which is occupied by
the gynecium, while its margin bears the perianth and andrecium.
The sepals, four (fig. 42) or five (fig. 40, 41) in number, are

1 Rhamnus T. Inst. 593, t. 366,—L. Gen. des Rhamn. (1826), 58, t. 2.—Turr, Diet. Se.
n. 265 (part.).—Apans. Fam, des Pl. ii. 305— Nat. Atl. t. 270.—Spacu, Suit. & Buffon. ii, 447.
J. Gen. 380.—Gertn. Fruect. ii, 110—Lamx. —ENovL. Gen. n. 5722.—Paver, Organog. 490,
Ill. t, 128.—Porr. Dict. iv. 461; Suppl. iv. 88. #. 97.—A, Gray, Gen. Ill. t. 168.—B. H. Gen.
DC, Progr. ii, 23,—Ap. Br. Mém, sur la Fam. 377, 998, n. 10.—H, Bn, Payer Fam. Nat, 327.

RHAMNACEL. 53

triangular, thick, valvate, and the petals, alternate, small, flat, or
spoon-shaped, are induplicated in the bud, or do not even touch, or
replaced by three very narrow tongues, they may, in certain species,
entirely disappear, The stamens, equal in number to the petals,
are superposed (fig. 41) to and enveloped by them, each being
formed of a short filament and a bilocular, introrse anther dehiscing
by two longitudinal clefts." The gynecium, inferior but free, con-
sists of an ovary with two, three, or four cells (sterile in the male
flower), surmounted by a style more or less deeply divided into
obtuse lobes and stigmatiferous at the summit. In each cell, at
the base of the internal angle, are inserted one or, very rarely, two?
ascending, anatropous® ovules. The micropyle is at first directed
downwards and inwards; but, in consequence of a twist more or
less decided, it often becomes lateral, as also the raphe, which is at
first dorsal. The fruit is a drupe, at the base of which is seen a
circular scar corresponding to the margin of the persistent and non-
accrescent receptacle, enclosing, in a sarcocarp sometimes partitioned,
one or four monospermous stones, often thin, membranous or parch-
ment-like, often inferiorly incomplete, indehiscent or irregularly
dehiscent. The seeds enclose under their integuments* a fleshy
albumen which surrounds an embryo with a short inferior radicle.
The cotyledons are flat and fleshy (Frangula), or foliaceous and
recurved at the margin, in such a manner that one more or less
envelops in its hollow the other which bounds internally a large
vertical furrow. The albumen is sometimes wanting, and the thick
cotyledons then become plano-convex. More than fifty species of

—Hoox. Fl, Ind. i. 638.—Alaternus T. Inst. 4 The external seminal coat is membranous or

595, t. 366.—Frangula T. Inst, 612, t. 383.—
Mancu, Meth, Suppl. 271—Gzrtn. loc, cit.
t. 106,—A. GRay, Gen, Ill. t. 167.—Marcorella
Neck. Elem, u. 799.—Cardiolepis Ravin, Neog.
(1825), n. 2.—?Sciadophila Putt. Linnea,

xxviii, 618.— ? Rhamyella Mia. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-
Bat. iii. 30 (Microrhamnus Maxim. not A. Gray).

1In all the Rhamnacew observed, the
pollen grains were ovoid, with three folds and
in water spherical with three papillary bands.
(H. Mou. Ann, Se, Nat. sér. 2, iii. 338).

2 Payer has seen, in the same ovary, one
placenta bearing two ovules; another, only
one; anda third,none. Finally each cell con-
tained one ovule.

3 The coat is double.

more or less thick and coriaceous, sometimes the
same throughout, sometimes traversed by a deep
vertical furrow: In like manner the transverse
section of the seed has nearly the form of a
crescent, sometimes much curved, sometimes
circular or oval. There are, however, all possible
transitions between these diverse configurations.
The raphe also may be dorsal, lateral, or even
ventral. Below, the external coat of the seed
often thickens into a sort of aril which may
even extend across the void which the putamen
presents below. On the organisation of the
seedsof Rhamnus and of many other genera of
this family, see: Benn. Pl. Jav, Rar, 131.—J.
G. Ac. Theor. Syst. 178, t. 15.—Musrs, Contrib.
i, 280. t, 33,

54 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Rhamnus' are known. They are trees or shrubs, with alternate
leaves, sometimes more
or less opposite, cadu-
cous or persistent, peti-
olate, penninerved and
entire or dentate, ac-
companied by two small
lateral caducous stipules.
The flowers? are axillary, Fig. 43. Fruit (2).
arranged in cymes rarely

solitary, more generally compound or fasciculate, or united in a

cluster on a small common axis.

Beside Rhamnus are ranged, in this very strictly natural group,
genera differing from it only in characters of very small value which _
would otherwise be considered of no importance. Such are Rhamni-
dium, trees or shrubs of tropical America, which have the leaves
opposite or nearly so, and the flowers of the Buckthorns with a re-
ceptacle and a disk less deep, an ovary of two uniovulate cells and a
fruit described as a berry with membranous endocarp, but which
almost always finally becomes dry and thin, indehiscent, nearly ovoid,
crowned with an apicule representing the remains of the style, and
basally inserted in a persistent receptacular capsule ;*° Karwinskia,
native of Mexico and the neighbouring regions of North America,
having nearly the leaves of Rhamnidium, but finely punctate; the
same flowers and fruits; but the two or three incomplete cells of the
ovary contain each two ascending ovules instead of only one.

The Emmenosperma of Oceania, with alternate or opposite leaves,

Rhamnus Fi'angula.

Rhamnus pumilus.

Fig. 42. Flower (4). Fig. 44. Trans.

sect, of fruit (3).

1 Laker. Sert. t. 5, 8, 9—Dunam, Arbr.ed. 379.—Maxim. Rhamn. Or.-Asiat. 6 (ex Mém.

nov, iii. t. 8, 10, 18, 15.—H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et
Spec. vii. t. 616, 617.—Watpst. et Kir. Pi.
Rar, Hung. t. 255.—Paur, Fl, Ross, ii. t. 61, 62.
—Jace. Fl. Austr, t. 58.—VeEnt. Pl, Malmais, t.
34.—Wess. Phyt. Canar. t. 67,—GREN. et
Gonor. Fi.de Fr. i. 385.—Cav. Jeon, t, 181, 182.—
Bu. Bydr. 1139,—Hoox. Fl. Bor.-Amer. t.42-44.
—Wieurt, Icon, t. 159.—A. Gray, Man. ed. 5,
114, 115.—C. Gay, Fl. Chil. ii. 17W—Harvy, and
Sonn. Fl. Cap. i. 476.—Oxtv. Fl. trop. Afr. i.
381.—Tuw. Enwn, pl. Zeyl. 74,—Mia. Fl. Ind.-
Bat. i. p. i. 645.—Griszs, Fl. Brit. W.-Ind,
99 (Frangula).—Botss. Fl. Or. ii. 14,—Suem.
Fil. Vit. 41.—Retss. Mart. Fl. Bras. Rhamn. 90,
t. 29 (Frangula).—Tr. Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 5, xvi.

Acad. Pétersb. sér. 7, x).—Watr. Ann. i. 192;
ii. 267 ; iii. 842; vii. 588.

2 Greenish, yellow, or whitish.

3 Macrorhamnus, a tree of Madagascar, with
sub-opposite leaves, large 5—7-nerved at the
base, with seeds flattened, otherwise analogous
to those of Rhamnus, cannot be definitely
classed because its flowers are unknown. But
its drupaceous superior free fruit indicates an
alliance with the genera here collected, at the
same time it is distinguished from them by its
cocci with elastic dehiscence similar to those of
the Huphorbiacee, and separating at maturity
from a fleshy mesocarp, itself divided into
three bifid pannels.

RHAMNACEZ. 55

have polygamous flowers, similar to those of the Buckthorns in the
-obconical form of their receptacle, of the disk which clothes it and of
the perianth. Their free ovary, generally bilocular, is succeeded by a
capsular fruit the dehiscent cocci of which separate at their base from
the receptacle on which remain the seeds, generally of a red colour,
smooth and glossy. The receptacle and disk are the same also in
Sarcomphalus, unarmed or prickly trees or shrubs from the Antilles,
with thick triangular sepals and long-clawed petals. But the stamens
have an extrorse anther with very distinct didymous cells, which,
notwithstanding the marked incurvation of their filaments in the bud,
occupies (like that of the Melastomacec) the interval which separates
the free gyneecium from the coat of the receptacle covered by the
disk. The fruit is an ovoid drupe, inserted ina deep receptacular
cupule. The alternate leaves of these plants are often triplinerved
and not unlike those of the Lauracee.

Hovenia, trees of temperate Asia, differ from the preceding genera
in their floral receptacle being more open, furnished likewise, however,
with a thin disk which lines the entire cavity, and in their ovary not
being completely free but slightly
adherent at the base. They are Hovenia dulcis.
beautiful trees, with alternate un-
symmetrical leaves resembling
those of our Limes. The flowers
are arranged in cymes the axes of
which thicken and become quite
fleshy and succulent as the fruit
attains maturity (Fig. 45). Nolita,
a South African shrub, with den-
tate leaves, has also an ovary ad-
_ hering at its base and surrounded, where it begins to be free, by a
disk which, covering the interior of the receptacle with a thin layer,
ascends as far as the insertion of the perianth and the andrecium.
But its fruit, decidedly dry, is inserted, nearly to the middle, in a
deep cupule formed by the accrescent receptacle, and it separates at
maturity into three cocci dehiscing longitudinally within. Colubrina
has a fruit similar to that of Noléia ; but in the flower the ovary 1s
still more deeply sunk in the concavity of the receptacle from which
it is inseparable, and is surrounded by a thick disk to which it equally

Fig. 45. Portion of fructiferous inflorescence.

56 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

adheres. The Colubrinas are common to all tropical countries ; they
are erect or climbing shrubs, unarmed, with leaves almost constantly
alternate. Cormonema, prickly trees or shrubs of Brazil, with alternate
leaves and axillary cymes, have the flower and fruit of Colubrina,
from which perhaps they ought not to be generically separated.
They can always be easily distinguished at the first glance by the
presence of two sessile glands at the base of the foliar limb. Alphi-
tonia has nearly the flowers of Colubrina, with the ovary in great
part inferior and the fruit sunk to nearly the middle in the recepta-
cular cup. The mesocarp sometimes remains thin and dry to the end ;
but it often thickens and becomes fleshy or suberose. In any case
it finally separates into cocci dehiscing internally which, like those of
the Lmmenosperma and of some Colubrina, are basally detached from
the receptacle on which the seeds remain. The latter are red and
large; but, in the species producing a drupaceous fruit, they are
partly enveloped in a well developed aril. The Alphitonias’ are
Oceanian, arborescent, nearly always covered with a ferruginous or
whitish down, rarely glabrous; they have alternate leaves and multi-
floral cymes, axillary or terminal.

Berchemia, erect or climbing shrubs from the warm regions of Asia,
Africa, and America, with the general organisation of the preceding
genera and the ovary inferiorly adherent, presents however these
differences. The receptacle
is in form a shallow cup, or
nearly plane, the margin
of which bears the perianth
and andrecium. The latter
are therefore sometimes
} nearly hypogynous. The
Fig. 47. Long. sect. of flower. Fig. 46. Flower (3). | disk which surrounds the

Ventilago maderaspatana.

base of the ovary, instead

of being a thin layer covering the coats of the receptacle, rises in the
form of a well or sack the upper opening of which is transversed by
the style. The flowers are disposed in clusters of cymes, axillary or
terminal and ramified, and the drupaceous fruit with bilocular stone,
is accompanied at its base by the receptacular cupule. Sageretia,
found in the same regions (except Africa), has also a disk freely
raised between the ovary and the receptacle, the free margin of which

RHAMNACEZ. 57

is festooned ; butthe fruit is drupaceous, with two or three indehiscent
‘stones, and the small flowers are disposed (often in glomerules) on
the opposite and divaricate branches of a large compound terminal
cluster. . Seutia, glabrous shrubs, often armed

with hooked spines, growing in Asia, Africa, and = "”#/A9? lelocanpa.
South America, has nearly the same flowers,
slightly fleshy, as Sarcomphalus, a disk free above
but thicker and shorter, often undulated at the
margin, and the fruit encloses two or three crus-
taceous nuts; but the flowers occupy the axils
of the thick and coriaceous leaves, and are in um-
belliform cymes.

Ceanothus also has nearly the flower of Scutia ;
but the floral receptacle, in form a shallow cupule,
is filled with the short and thick disk, and the
long-clawed petals rise in. the intervals of the
connivent sepals. To the semi-inferior ovary suc-
ceeds a drupaceous fruit, but the exocarp of which
separates from the inwardly dehiscent cocci.
Ceanothus abounds especially in the southern and
western regions of North America and in Chili.
They are shrubs with alternate and penninerved
or triplinerved leaves. The inflorescence is ter-
minal in dense and ramified cymiferous clusters.

In Ventilago (fig. 46-48), of which a distinct tribe has some-
times been made, the receptacle is also a
hollow shallow cup, filled with the thick flattened 9 Pas australis.
and depressed disk; but the semi-inferior and
bilocular ovary is succeeded by a dry indehiscent
fruit, accompanied at the base by a receptacular
cupule, and. the persistent style is dilated to a
flattened, rigid, membranous and veined wing.

_ They are climbing shrubs from all tropical regions of the old world.
The leaves are alternate, and the flowers collected in simple or com-
pound cymes. Smythea, having the same foliage and flowers, and
inhabiting Polynesia and the Indian Archipelago, is distinguished by
its oval, flattened, ligneous fruit, dehiscing in two valves following
the middle of the two faces. In these two genera the seeds are
destitute of albumen.

Fig. 48. Fruit.

Fig. 49. Fruit.

58 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Paliurus (fig. 49) was formerly ranged among the Jujubes
(Zizyphus), and gave its name to a separate tribe because its semi-
inferior ovary was succeeded by an indehiscent fruit. with a one- or

many-celled putamen. The hard and dry
Zieyphus oulgaris. — nevicarp is dilated above into a wide orbicu-
lar and horizontal wing. They are prickly
shrubs of temperate Asia and the Mediterranean
region. The true Jujubes (fig. 50-53) have,
like them, spinous branches, and alternate
3-5-nerved leaves; but the fruit is a drupe
with osseous or ligneous putamen, with one or
many monospermous cells. The seeds enclose
Fig. 08: Congianhof an embryo without, or with a very thin,
albumen. They are trees or shrubs from all

warm regions of the globe...

Zizyphus vulgaris.

Fig. 51. Long. sect. of flower. Fig. 52. Dried fruit. Fig. 50. Flower ($).

Microrhamnus, a prickly shrub of Texas, with small ericoid leaves
solitary flowers and an ovoid drupaceous finally dry fruit, with ait
osseous Monospermous putamen and basilar cupule, has been asso-
ciated with these; but in our opinion it is only a species of Con-
dalia with the flower destitute of petals, an abnormal type (which
might strictly constitute a separate series) whose axillary flowers
solitary or collected in small cymes, have a receptacle in the form of
a hollow cup, lined with a thick flattened and pentagonal disk. The
corolla is almost always wanting, and the ovary is reduced to a single
cell into which a parietal placenta advances, forming an incomplete
partition on each side of which is an ascending ovule, with the
ae turned to the side of the placenta. The fruit is

rupaceous. The Condalias inhabit the i
7 ne mea emien warm and temperate regions

RHAMNAOBR, 59

Il. GOUANIA SERIES.

Gouanta (fig. 54) consists of Rhamnacece with an inferior ovary
not free. The floral receptacle has the form of a sac in the concavity
of which the adherent gynecium is lodged, whilst the perianth and
andrecium are inserted near its opening above an epigynous disk
with five alternipetalous lobes, often very prominent.? The triangu-
lar sepals, five in number, are valvate in the
bud. With these alternate five small bowl-
like petals sheltering in their concavity the
superposed stamens. The latter are epigy-
nous, formed of a free filament, inflexed in
the bud, and a bilocular anther, with lateral or
extrorse dehiscence, sometimes furnished with
a salient glandular interior. The ovary has
three cells, each containing one ovule of
Rhamnus, and is surmounted by a style more
or less deeply divided into three stigmatife-
rous branches. The fruit is completely inferior and crowned with
the remains or scars of the perianth; it is a capsule with
three cells and furnished with three wide vertical rounded wings.
At the time of the separation of the fruit, these divide into three
cocci, in such a manner that the latter are bordered with a thin
half-wing. They are otherwise indehiscent and leave on the
receptacle a slender columella which divides into six filaments.
Fach encloses an obovate seed compressed inwards, plano-convex,
with a smooth, testaceous external envelope containing a scanty
fleshy albumen and an axile embryo, with a short inferior radicle
and broad rounded cotyledons, slightly flattened. The Couania
to the number of some thirty species,’ inhabit the hottest regions of.
both worlds. They are generally climbing shrubs which attach
themselves to neighbouring objects by tendrils representing sterile

Gouania domingensis.

Fig. 54. Fruit (2).

1 Jaca. Amer. 261.—L. Gen. n. 1157.—J.
Gen. 381.—Gaurrn. ¥. Fruet. iii. 19.—Lamx.
Dict. iii, 4; Suppl. ii, 819; J. t. 845.—DC.
Prod, ii, 38,—Ap. Br. Rhamn. 71. t. 5. —Envu.
Gen, n. 5746,—B. H, Gen. 885, n, 35.—H. Bn.
Payer Fam, Nat, 329.—Hoox. Fl, Ind. i, 643.

—Baxer Fl, Maurit, 52.—Retinaria Gaertn.
Fruct. ii, 187, t. 120, fig. 4.—Megelia Zour. et
Morirz, Verz. 20.—Hassx. Flora (1852), 114,

2 They may even rise along the internal face
of the sepals, to which they adhere.

3 Wicur and Arn. Prodr.i, 166,—Wicur,

60 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

branches or axes of inflorescence, spirally twisted. They are
glabrous or oftener clothed with down. The leaves are alternate,
petiolate, accompanied by two caducous stipules, entire or dentate,
penninerved or triplinerved. The flowers‘ are axillary or terminal,
and disposed in ears or simple or ramified clusters arranged in
small cymes or glomerules.

Reissekia, climbing and cirriferous shrubs inhabiting Brazil, has
the flowers of Gouania; but the fruit is furnished with three or
four membranous wings, and the pedicellate flowers are disposed in
numerous umbelliform cymes, in the axils of the leaves. Crume-
naria has the flower and fruit of Gouania, with membranous and
veined wings; but the organs of vegetation are quite different; for
they are nearly all perennial herbs, with a thick, woody stock, from
which proceed aerial reedy branches, leafless or bearing small
alternate scanty leaves, accompanied by small ciliate stipules (which
makes these plants the analogues of Canotia and Stackhousia among
the Celustracew). The flowers are few in number on slender pedicels,
and disposed in clusters of cymes. The Crumenarias are Brazilian
plants. One of them is an annual, with membranous, oval, and
trinerved leaves. Helinus, on the contrary, consists of sarmentous
and hairy shrubs (Asiatic and African), like Gouania and Reissekia,
but they differ from them as also from Cruwmenaria, in the absence
of wings from the surface of the fruit, which is capsular, inferior,
and the three cocci of which open along their internal angle, after
they are detached from the columella.

Phylica (fig. 55, 56), which constitutes a sub-series by itself
(Phylicee), differs in habit as much from Gouania and Crumentaria
as these do from each other. Like many other plants from South
Africa, to which this genus is limited, they are ericoid shrubs with
alternate coriaceous and often linear leaves, covered with a down
generally whitish. The woolly flowers are axillary, rarely disposed
in cymes, oftener grouped in ears or terminal capitules. At the
bottom of the very concave receptacle, as in the preceding genera,
is a quite inferior adherent ovary, surmounted by an epigynous disk ;

Leon, t. 974,—Tun. Ann, Se. Nat, sér. 4, viii, Rutss. Mart. Fl. Bras. Rihamn, 102, t. 36-39
129 (Guanta).—Seum. Fl Vit, 43.—A. Guay, —Waxr, Ann. i. 196; ii, 2725 ae dag
Amer, Expl. Exp. Bot.i, 283.—Grisen. Fl. Brit, 607. “eee 8
W.-Ind.,101.—TR. loc. cit. 381.—Tuw. Enum. 1 Small, white or yellowish,

Pl, Zeyl. 75,—Ourv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i, 383.—

RHAMNACEZL. 61

and the fruit, equally inferior, conformed to that of Helinus, finally
divides into three cocci dehiscing internally, but destitute of a
columella. Vestota, a shrub from

the island of St. Helena, covered. i i aa

with a whitish down, has opposite
broad and oval-oblong leaves, and
flowers disposed in loose cymes.
The fruit is that of Phylca; but
from the superior opening of the
‘deep sac formed by the receptacle ’
emerges the summit of the pericarp w

proper, which represents a sort of 1)
small conical cover. In Lasiodiscus, ad
of which two African species are 8° Flower(t). Me. "hte
known, one from the Western

tropical region, the other from Madagascar, the leaves are also
opposite, large, glabrous, and accompanied by wide and long
pointed interpetiolate stipules, sometimes free, sometimes more or
less connate in pairs, straight and imbricate with them, for some time
persistent. The flowers in axillary cymes, the inferior ovary of
which is surmounted by a style articulate at the base, are succeeded
by a fruit equally inferior, depressed, slightly convex at the
summit and areolate.

Trymalium, Australian shrubs belonging to a distinct sub-
series, exclusively oceanic, has alternate leaves, generally to-
mentose, with a simple or stellate, whitish or rusty down. The
inferior ovary is surmounted by an annular or 5-lobed disk, sur-
rounded by coloured epigynous sepals, and petals in a hood capping
an equal number of stamens. The fruit, inferior, capsular and
dehiscent, like that of Vesiota, is generally surmounted by a conical
projection which represents the summit of the ovarian cells; it is
the same with that of Pomaderris, Australian and New Zealand
shrubs, with numerous flowers generally disposed, like those of
Trymalium, in great ramified groups of cymes; they are distin-
guished from Zrymalium by the absence of petals or their being
nearly flat, too little developed to cover the stamens which are
superposed to them. Spyridium has the same flowers as Poma-
derris and Trymalium, with a capsular fruit altogether inferior,

62 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

stamens covered by the petals and flowers united in capitules
accompanied by imbricate and persistent bracts. They are from
extra-tropical Australia, as are also Cryptandra and Stenanthemum.
But in these last two genera, the receptacle is prolonged in a neck
above the ovary, before bearing the perianth and andreecium. Stenan-
themum is distinguished by its inflorescence which is that of
Spyridium, whilst Cryptandra has sessile or shortly pedicellate
flowers, surrounded at the base by brown persistent bracts. They
are solitary along the small divisions of inflorescence or grouped in
short ears, intermixed with leaves, but they are never seen dis-
posed in capituliform cymes, as in Spyridiwm. Like many other
genera of the same family, they are in other respects by no means
clearly separated from each other.

III. COLLETIA SERIES.

In Colletia’ (fig. 57), the flowers are regular and hermaphrodite.
The perianth, often simple, petaloid,? has the form of a tube or
small elongated bell, the cupuliform base cf which, covered with
a disk, supports the gynecium, and its summit is divided into four
or five valvate® lobes. In the hollows are sometimes inserted an
equal number of small petals, superposed to which are as many
stamens similarly inserted and formed of a free filament* and an
introrse anther.? The two cells open by longitudinal clefts which
often become confluent above. The cupule of the disk, about which
there was recently some question, is occasionally thin and scarcely
visible.® Oftener, its upper margin is incurved or involute on the
side of the gynecium. ‘The latter consists of an ovary in great part
free, but adnate to the concavity of the receptacle in its lower portion,
trilocular, and surmounted by a style the stigmatiferous summit of

which is dilated to a three-lobed head.’

In each ovarian cell there

1 Commers, ex J. Gen. 380.--Lamx. JIl.
t. 129.—Porr. Dict. Suppl. ii. 311 (part.).—
DC. Prodr, ii. 28 (part.).—Ap. Br. Rhamn, 58
(part.), t. 3.—Enpb. Gen. n, 5730.—Murrs,
Ann. Nat. Hist. sér. 3, v. 203; Contrib. i. 251,
t. 34-36.—B. H. Gen. 383, n, 28.—H. By.
Payer Fam. Nat. 330.

2 White, generally scented.

3 These alone perhaps are the representatives
of the calyx, the remainder belonging to the
receptacle, and perhaps it is the same in the

Pengacee and other neighbouring groups.

4 Below the point where they become free,
these filaments are traceable on the tube,

5 Included or sometimes a little exserted.

" In the Scypharia (Mizrs. Ann. Nat. Hist.
ser. 3, vi. 8; Contrib, i. 299, t, 42), placed here
with some doubt,

7 Sometimes at the swollen summit of the
hollow style, six lobes may be observed, three

of which, very small, alternate with the three
larger.

RHAMNACEA. 63

is one ovule inserted at the base of the internal angle, with micro-
pyle ascending and at first directed downwards and inwards but,
as in Rhamnus, ultimately becoming more or less decidedly lateral.}
The fruit, accompanied at the base by a receptacular cupule,? is a
drupe, with thin mesocarp, finally dry, and formed of three cocci
which separate and open in two valves to

liberate each an albuminous seed, analogous liaibie ciate

to that of the Buckthorns, plano-convex, with
a crustaceous testa. Colletia consists of shrubs
from the temperate and cool regions (espe-
cially the western) of South America, often
leafless or with very small leaves decussate, as
also the axillary branches, often thickened,
spinescent, vertically flattened and generally
nearly triangular. The flowers, axillary and
solitary, or collected in few-flowered cymes,
are situated under these axillary branches.
A dozen species* are known. Formerly the ‘8 ase
genus included a much larger number; but it

has recently been dismembered of a number of secondary genera
which in other respects scarcely possessed the value of a section.
Sometimes it happens that, the fruit separating into cocci as in
Colletia, the disk is attached in the form of a cupule to the bottom of
the perianth, and that the opposite and spinous branches are articu-
late, as in Discaria, natives of South America, New Zealand, and
Australia; or the floral receptacle, less deep and obconical, its
concavity lined with the disk, supports an open perianth with
independent folioles, as in Adolphia infesta, a subaphyllous
American shrub, with opposite and articulate spinous branches.
In Retaniila, Chilian and Peruvian shrubs, spinous and leafless, the
diminishing disk ascends the internal surface of the perianth, and
the fruit is a drupe with a 1~3-celled putamen. The same fruit is
observed in Talguenea and Trevoa, also from South America, but

1 A double envelope. Syst, i. 825 (Condalia).—Hoox, and Gru, Bot.
4 After floration, the perianth often detaches Misc. i. 151, t. 43, 44; iii, 172—Vunr. Jard.
itself circularly above the interior projection of Cels. t, 92—Linpu. Journ. Hort. Soe, v. 29, Ic.—
the disk and falls with the androecium, C. Gay, Fl, Chil. ii, 28 (part.),—A. Gray, Amer.
5 At least looked at in profile, Expl. Exp. Bot. i. 276 —Wevp, Chl. Andin. ii.
4 HB. K, Nov. Gen. et Spec. vii. 59.—Sprenc. 183.—Bot. Mag. t, 5083.—Wate. Ann, vii. 603.

64 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

they bear tolerably developed membranous leaves.. They are
5-nerved in Zulguenea, the fruit of which is enclosed in the recep-
tacular cupule, and trinerved in Zrevoa, the drupe of which is
superiorly exserted. In the two latter genera, the calicinal petaloid
sac is not accompanied by any glandular thickening constituting
a distinct layer belonging to a disk.

The family Rhamnacece was proposed in 1814 by R. Brown.! An
order of Buckthorns (Rhamnt) is doubtless found in the Genera of
A..L. pe Jussrev ;* but it is scarcely other than the family of Jujubes
(Zizyphi) of Apanson,® with the name changed, and some genera of
unicarpellar Rosacee which it contained removed. There remain
then the Staphylec, the Ilicinece, the Celastracee, the Bruniec, certain
Rosacee as Carpodetus, some Cornee as <Aucuba, some Myrsinece
as Samara, ete. R. Brown clearly established that his Rhamnece
should comprise only those of the Rhamni of Jusstzev “ which
have the ovary more or less adherent to the tube of the calyx,
sepals of valvate preefloration, and stamens equal in number and
alternating with the sepals; an ovary of which each of the two
‘or three cells contains one erect ovule; an erect embryo, generally
situated in the axis of a fleshy albumen or entirely destitute of
albumen ; the petals to which the stamens are opposite, enveloping
the anthers with their concave limb and sometimes wanting.” Ap.
BRonGN14RT, in a special monograph * in 1826, adopted this family
of Rhamnee as conceived by R. Brown, and, after him, A. P.
DE CANDOLLE,® and it then comprised nineteen genera still preserved,
viz.: Paliurus, Zizyphus, Condalia, Berchemia, Ventilago, Sageretia,
Ehamnus, Scutia, Retanilla, Colletia, Hovenia, Colubrina, Ceanothus,
Noltia (Willemetia), Pomaderris, Cryptandra, Phylica, Gouania and
Crumenaria. Ten years later, Enpiicuer,® imbibing the ideas of
Rerssek, to whom we are indebted for great labours on this family,
divided it, after him, into six tribes, and adopted the two new genera
Cormonema and Alphitonia of this author (to whom he dedicated a genus

! Flind. Voy. ii. 554; Mise. Works (ed, 4 Mémoire sur la Famille des peeens
Benn.), i. 26 (Rhamnee), Se, Nat. sér. 1, x. 320). s Me

2 376, Ord. 13 (1789). 5 Prodr. ii. (1825), 19, Ord. 66.

3 Fam. des Pl, ii. 297, Fam, 42 (1763). ® Gen. 1094, Ord, 239 (Rhamnew),

RAAMNACE. 65

Reissekia), as well as those his colleague Frnzu? had just established,
viz. Trymalium and Spyridium, also Helinus E. Muy., till then re-
maining in manuscript in herbaria, Ochetophila of Pourria, Discaria of
W. Hooker,’ Karwinskia of Zuccarint,? Adolphia of Mzrssnur,* and
Talguenea observed in Chili by Miers. The latter, revising in
a detailed monograph the entire group of Colletiew,6 which then
comprised five genera, retainsa sixth, Zrevoa, established at the same
time as Talguenea. The number of genera is thus raised to thirty-
one. RetssEx, studying this family for the Flora Brasiliensis,7 found
there another new type, Rhamnidium ; he afterwards established the
Australian genus Stenanthemum’ All are adopted in his Genera by
J. Hooxzr,’ who, in the same work, creates the two African types
Nesiota and Lasiodiscus, and revives the old generic name Sarcom-
phalus P. Br. With him, then, the Rhamnacece number thirty-seven
genera, including Smythea of Szrmann,° and Microrhamnus of A.
Gray," with us only a Condalia with a corolla. The genera
Emmenosperma of F. Mvrtter” and Macrorhamnus, which we have
just proposed,’* complete the total of thirty-eight. This number is
probably too great, regard being had to the species known. It
consists of a group very closely natural in most of its parts, the
generic differences of which are frequently of small value; and it is
probable that a certain number of genera actually retained may dis-
appear as intermediate species are observed which may serve as
natural links between many of them.’

Whatever may be the limits of the genera, those of the tribes
hitherto adopted have been singularly effaced by the most recent
discoveries. The Colletiew represent the series best characterised by
habit and organisation of perianth, but among them, Adolphia has

\ Enum, Pl, Hueg. (1837). 13 Adansonia, xi, (1874).

2 Bot. Misc, i. (1830). 14 For example the various genera of the
3 Plant. Nov, Fase. i. (1882). group Colletiee, Among the Rhamnea, the
4 Gen. 70 (1836-1848). Alphitonias seemed at first to constitute a per-
* Trav, in Chil. and la Plata, ii, (1826). fectly distinct genus. Now that we know

5 On the tribe Oolletiee, with some Obs. onthe better certain Colubrinas with a ferruginous
Seed in .... Rham. (Ann. Nat, Hist. ser. 3, v.76; down, smooth seeds persisting on the placenta

Contrib. i, 230, t. 33-24), after the fall of the cocci, and an ovary present-
7 Mart. Fl. Bras. Rhamn. (1861). ing the same adherence, the distinction be-
8 Linnea, xxix, (1857-58). ' tween the two genera becomes scarcely appre-
® Gen. 371, Ord, 49 (1862). ciable. The fruit of Nesiota once known, this
0 Bonplandia (1861). type becomes very difficult to separate a
N Pl. Wright. p. i. (1852). than as a section of Phylica with broad whitis
® Fragm: Phyt, Austral. iii, (1862-68). leaves, etc.

VOL. VI. 9

66 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

been signalised! as having sensibly the flower and fruit of Colubrina.
This latter genus presents an ovary inferior and, as authors under-
stand, really “adherent” in the greatest portion of its extent. By
that, it approaches many of the types with a totally inferior ovary as
Reissekia. This is distinguished only by its fruit, equally inferior in
its entirety, whilst the receptacular cupule of Colubrina and analogous
genera finally envelops only a more or less considerable portion of the
pericarp. Jn other respects Reissekia, in habit, foliage and cirri, is
very closely allied to other types of the Gouaniee series ; but it has
not the winged fruit; which also deprives the last character of much
of its importance. For these reasons, we have been compelled to
withdraw from these external characters, borrowed from habit, leaves
and pericarp, a great part of the value which has generally been
attributed to them, and to reduce the series distinguishing this
family to the three following.

1. RuamyezZ.—Flowers with concave receptacle, cupuliform or
much deeper, lined with a thin disk covering its internal surface, or
with a thick annular disk which fills it, either around the ovary, or
above it. Perianth and andrecium, perigynous or epigynous, inserted
on the margin of the receptacular cup. Ovary free or more generally
united, inferiorly or to a very variable, sometimes even to almost
its entire extent, with the receptacle and disk which covers it, but
free in an upper portion however small, which always grows and
becomes independent of the receptacle in the fruit.2 Fruit dry or
drupaceous, indehiscent or dehiscent, sometimes surmounted by a
vertical wing. Seed sometimes ( Ventilaginee) destitute of albumen.
—20 genera.

2. Govanes.—Flowers with very concave receptacle, in form of a
sac like a gourd or narrow-necked bottle, covered above the inferior
(and adherent) ovary with an epigynous disk, occasionally very
restricted or nought. Fruit inferior, crowned with the remains or
scars of the calyx, enveloped® with the receptacular sac, finally dry
and divided, with cocci dehiscing within the fruit.—12 genera.

3, CoLtEriez.—Flowers with cupuliform receptacle, prolonged
above to a thin and coloured tube the summit of which is divided into

1 A. Gray, Pl. Wright, p, i. 34. margins cut straight and representing even the
2 So that the base of the latter is accom- contour of the receptacle.
panied, to a very variable height by a small 3 Except the extreme summit which often
tablet or frame of a oapule with cicatrised protudes in Pomaderris Trymali

RHAMNACEZ. 67

calycinal lobes. Petals none or inserted at the bottom of the hollows
which separate these lobes. Disk lining the receptacular cupule and
not extending beyond it or rising more or less high along the tube
(sometimes none or nearly so). Ovary free, except at base adnate
to receptacular cupule. Fruit with dehiscent or plurilocular puta-
men.—Shrubs with decussate branches, often thickened and spinous,
leaves opposite, often very reduced or none.—6 genera.

The thirty-eight genera are very unequally distributed over a vast
extent of the globe. Eight of them are met with in both worlds,
thirteen are limited to America, and consequently seventeen belong
exclusively to the old world. The Buckthorn extends over the
widest area and alone has been observed in all parts of the world.
In Oceania, it is true, it is represented by a very small number
of species, often doubtful; but it extends over nearly the whole
of America, and, in the old world, from the Cape to the North
of Europe, a belt of about 70°. On the other hand, there are genera
of very limited area, as Crumenaria and Reissekia, which are exclu-
sively Brazilian, Helinus and Noltia, special to South Africa, and
Nesiota, confined to the island of St. Helena, where, like many other
shrubby species, it will doubtless soon cease to exist. The
Trymaliee are all Oceanic, and the Phylicee are observed only in
South Africa and Madagascar ; Macrorhamnus belongs to this island.
On the contrary there are two distinct centres of vegetation, one in
the old world and the other in America, for Berchemia, Sageretia,
Scutia, Colubrina, Gouania, and Discaria. The greater part of these
latter, however, are American, as also the five other genera of
Collette. In Europe, the family is Eu antar only by the two
genera Buckthorn and Jujube.

The affinities of the Rhamnacee are in great part established by a
knowledge of the mode of composition of Jussrzv’s family of Buck-
thorns from which they have been detached. The Celastracee
formed the greater portion of this group, and they might appear
very far removed from the genera of Rhamnacee then known, because
the latter have a concave receptacle, lined with a disk more or less
thick, and in the bottom of this receptacular the gynecium is

inserted, while a perianth and a perigynous andreecium are in-

serted on its margin. In this the Rhamnee, as perceived by
5—2

68 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Apanson and admitted by many authors after him, closely approach the
Rosacece with concave receptacle and single ovary. The Celastracee,
on the contrary, at least those which had then been studied, pre-
sented a receptacle, either convex or much less concave, and their
insertion was nearly that of a great number of hypogynous types.
Again, it was thought that the micropyle, exterior in the ascending
ovule of the Celastraceew, became constantly interior in that of the
Rhamnacee when it had the same direction. But the study of a
large number of more recently discovered types conclusively proves
that these two great differential characters between the two groups
are not at all constant. In Perrottetia (notably in Caryospermum),
Frauenhofera and in many other genera of the Celastracec, especially
in certain Mortonias, the- concavity of the receptacle and the mode
of insertion of the perianth and andreecium become evidently what
they are in a great number of the Rhamuacec, and it has been truly
said that apart from the situation of the stamens, the flowers of these
Celastracece were altogether those of Rhamnacee. It might be
added that the habit, the foliage, the inflorescence, the fruit, the
direction of the seed, might be in one point or another identical.
Under these circumstances, to separate the two families, there remains
only the oppositipetalous character of the stamens in the Rhamnacee,
invariably alternipetalous in the Celastraceee, a character which we
admit to be sufficient, although it would not be so in other natural
groups, since we retain the two families as distinct; but we main-
tain! this consequence of what has just been established: ‘that the
Rhamnacee, oftener perigynous or epigynous than the Célastracee,
but not constantly, might strictly and justly be considered a series
with oppositipetalous stamens.” This character suffices to dis-
tinguish them from a great number of other families, especially from
those which constituted the Buckthorn Order of Jussrev. AD.
Broneniakt? has completely differentiated them. The Idicinece, whose
corolla is most often gamopetalous and which, in their descending
seed with micropyle interior and superior, have an abundant
albumen, with a small apical embryo, are neighbours of the
Ebenacee and Sapotacee. The Staphylee, studied in the family
of Sapindacee,* have neither the andreecium nor the ovarian cells

1 Adansonia, xi, 278. * DO. Théor, Elém (éd. 1), 217.
2 Rhamn. 11, 4 Nat, Hist. of Plants, v, 342, 392,

RHAMNACEZ. 69

always uniovulate or biovulate, nor the invariable simple’ leaves
of the Rhamnacee. The Bruniee, by us referred to the family of the
Saxifragacece, have certainly the concave receptacle of most of the
Lhamnacee ; but besides their stamens being alternate with the
petals, the latter are developed, and the ovarian cells, often incom-
plete, enclose one or many descending ovules. Other Savifragacee,
as the Hamamelidew and the Codiew, very closely allied to the
Bruniec, resemble also certain Rhamnacece, but they have likewise
alternipetalous stamens and at least two descending ovules in each
cell. The Santalacee, with oppositipetalous stamens, like the
Rhamnacee, have the ovules inserted on a placenta centrally free,
or déscendiug in ovarian cells more or less incomplete.

Usrs.2— What we have said of the close affinities of the Celas-
traceee and Rhamnacee agrees with what is known of the properties
of both. The latter are bitter, acrid and astringent. According
to the species or parts used, the Rhamnacee furnish evacuant or
tonic and febrifuge medicines. They are also frequently rich in
colouring matters, many of which are employed in the arts. Their
wood is analogous in structure and qualities to that of most of the
Celastracee. The Buckthorns are, in our country, the most active
of the Rhamnacee employed in medicine. The drupaceous fruit
of Rhamnus cartharticus® (fig. 39-41), wrongly designated as
Buckthorn berries, is especially used in country districts as an
energetic purgative. They have been employed as hydragogues;
they have the inconvenience of greatly irritating the intestinal
mucous membrane, producing violent colic and sometimes vomiting.
They are generally prescribed in the form of a syrup prepared with
the green, bitter and nauseous pulp. They are frequently given to
animals, Several other species of Rhamnus might be substituted for

1 Tn their organs of vegetation, the Rham- 635.—RosentH. Syn, Pl. Diaphor, 798, 1151.

nacee are sometimes very similar to certain 3 L, Spee. 279,—DC, Prodr, ii. 24, n. 9.—
Euphorbiacea, such as Bridelia. On thestruc- Men, et Dew. Dict. Mat. Méd. vi. 54.—Guis.
ture of the wood of the Rhamnacee, see:— op. cit. 587, fig. 722.—Bere et Scum. Darst.
Crugscer, Bot. Zeit. (1850), 126 (Gouania).— Off. Gew. t. 16, e. — Cervispina cathartica
Carrent, Microsc, 433, c. fig —Oxrv. Stem. Mcancu. Meth, 686.—Spina alba Lontc,—S.
Dicot. 11. infectoria Marru. (Noirprun, Bourg-épine, Que-

2 Eywu. Enchirid. 582.—Linvu. Fl. Med.165; mot, Epine de Cerf).
Veg. Kingd, 682.—Guts. Drog. Simpl. éd. 6, iii. A

70 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

this one, particularly the Alder, the fruit of which is employed in
veterinary medicine; Alaternus,’ R. sazatilis,> infectorius,* alpinus,’
pumilus ® (fig. 42). The internal bark of these plants has the same
properties, but is less used. Its extreme acridity in certain species,
as R. Frangula and sanguineus, causes it to be sought after for the
treatment of scab in man and animals. Nearly all are tinctorial.
According to the degree of maturity, their fruits furnish various
substances yellow or green. ‘Those of R. infectorius may be sub-
stituted for the Weld or Yellow-weed of dyers. From them, as
likewise from those of R. sazatalis, Alaternus, oleoides,’ buxifolius®
and amygdalinus,® the still de grain, a yellow colour used by
painters, is prepared. The Chinese green or lo-kao, so highly
esteemed, is extracted from two species of Rhamnus, which Drcaisnz
considered should be described as new, under the names of R,
chlorophorus and R. utilis.° Some parts of the Buckthorns have been
described as astringent, particularly the leaves of Alaternus. From
the branches is prepared a charcoal sometimes used in the manu-
facture of powder and resembling that of Huonymus. Those of
Paliurus australis (fig. 49) furnish firewood in the south of
Europe, where this shrub is planted to form impenetrable hedges.
Very solid canes are made from them, on the thorns of which figs
are exposed to dry. The seeds, formerly extolled for cough,

1 R. Frangula L. Spec, 280.—DC. Prodr, u. species, has, however, the same properties.

30.—Dvnam. Arbr. (éd. 2), iii, t. 15.—Gnren.
ct Govr. Fl. de Fr. i. 338.—Bera. et Scum.
Darst. Of. Gew. t. 19, f£—Caz. Pl. Méd. Ind.
(éd. 3), 208.—Rev. Fl. Méd. du XIXe Siéele, i.
1938.—Frangula vulgaris Retcus. Fl. Exsc. 488
(Bourdaine, Aune Noir, Rhubarbe des Paysans,
Pouverne .

2 R. Alaternus L. Spee, 281.—DC. Prodr. n. 1.
Duuan, op. cit..42, t. 14.—Mér. et Den, Dict.
Mat. Meéd. vi. 54.—H. By. Dict. Eneyel. Se.
Méd. ii. 384.—Alaternus Phylica Mutu. Dict.
n. 1. Dampourney has employed the branches
and leaves to dye wool and cotton. The fruit
gives sap-green.

3 L,’ Spec. 1671.—Jace. Fl, Austr. t. 538.—
DC. Prodr. n. 12; Fl. Fr. iv. 623,.—Gren. et
Gon. Fl. de Fr. i. 336.

4 ZL, Mantiss. 49.—DC. Prodr. u, 12.—GreEn,
et Gopr. Fl. de Fr. i. 336.—Linv1, Fl. Med.
167.—Gurp. op. cit. 588.—R. tinctorious Mur.
(Petit-Nerprun, Epine puante).—R. tinetorius
Watost. et Kir. (Pi. Rar. Hung, iii, t. 256 ;—
DC. Prodr. n. 11), considered as avery distinct

5 L, Spec. 280,—Gnen. et Gopr. Fi. de Fr. i.
336.—Alaternus alpinus, Mancu.

6 L, Mantiss. 49.—Gren. et Gopr. Fi. de Fr.
i, 337.

7 L, Spec. 279.—Desr, Fl, Atl, i. 197. —Gren.
et Gonr. loc. cit. 387.

5 Porr. Dict. iv. 468.—DC. Prodr. n. 15,

9 Dzsr, Fl. Ati. i. 198,

10 Compt. Rend, Acad. Sc. xliv. 1141, The
former (Pa-bi-lo-za of the Chinese) is the R.
hirsutus of India. The latter (Hom-bi-lo-ca)
seems applied to as many forms as are obtained
from R, catharticus,

n Ram. et Scu. Syst. v. 8342.—Garrn, Fruct.
i. 208, t. 43.—P. aculeatus Lamx. II. t, 210.—
Duuam. op. cit. iii, t. 17.—DC. Prodr. ii. 22.—
P. vulgaris Don.—Rhamnus Paliurus L, Spec.
281.—Zizyphus Paliurus W. Spec. 1, 1103
(Argalou, Arnavaou, Capelet, Porte-chapeau,
Chapeau @ évéque, Epine notre, E. de Christ), Tt
is supposed that its branches formed the crown
of thorns of Christ.

RHAMNACE. 71

have been used for dressing burns.) A decoction from the crushed
fruit is prescribed for chronic diarrhea, laxity, and as a diuretic.
It is, in fact, an astringent plant; its root serves for the same
purposes. There are many other Rhamnacee which likewise contain
tannin and are astringent. Sageretia theezans,? which supplies the
place of tea as a beverage for the Chinese poor, owes its qualities in
a great measure to its slight astringency. Colubrina asiatica® is
employed in Polynesia as a local remedy for wounds, hastening
their cicatrisation. In Chili Trevoa trinervis* has the reputation of
curing wounds and abscesses. Discaria febrifuga® owes its specific
name to the fact that the Brazilians consider it salutary in the
treatment of tertiary fevers. In Rio Janeiro, especially, a bitter
extract of the bark is employed as a tonic and digestive. In Brazil
again, Condalia infectoria,® a tan-bearing plant, is used to dye black
and brown. In Chili Retanilla Ephedra’ and obcordata® are also
considered astringent and tonic. Gouania domingensis® (fig. 54), of
the Antilles, has analogous properties. A stomachic and tonic juice
is extracted from its fruit. From its bitter wood, reputed as anti-
septic, a dental cure is prepared, the use of which, it is said, hardens
the gums. The North American Ceanothus is also frequently sought
after, as an astringent. C. americanus! from the leaves of which
a digestive infusion, under the name of New Jersey tea, is prepared,
has a reddish, bitter, tinctorial root, extolled by the Indians as
a sovereign remedy against fevers, aphtae, angina, syphilitic acci-
dents, dysentery and the ulcerations of scarlatina. C. discolor™ has
an astringent bark, and is equally an antidote to intestinal flux.
Beside these properties others are noted which oft appear contra-

1 Miercusgs, Bull, Soc. Bot. i, 216.—RosENTH.
op, cit. 798 (IaAfovpoo Diosc.). i

* Av, Br. Rhamn, 53.—Rhamnus theezans L,
Mantiss. 207.—H. B, K. Nov. Gen. et Spee. vii.
64, not.—DC, Prodr, ii. 26, n. 38,—R. Thea
Oss. Zé. 282.

3 Ap, Br. Rhamn. 62,—Ceanothus asiaticus
L. Spee, 284.—Lamr, Ill. t. 129.—DC. Prodr.
ii, 30, n. 7.~TZubanthera ComMErs. (Toutou of
the Polynesians).

4 Miers, Trav, Chil. ii, 529; Contrid. i, 291,
t. 40.4,

5 Marr, Syst. Mat. Med. Bras. 37.—Rxuiss.
Mart, Fl. Bras. Rhamn, 101, t. 35 (Kina of
Brazil). :

§ Ruras. loc. cit. 90, 24.

7 Ap. Br, Rhamn. 58.—Muiers, Contrib. i,
287.—Colletia Ephedra Vent. Choix de Pl. t. 16,

8 Ap. Br. loc. cit. t. 3.—Colletia obcordata
Vent. Choiz de Pi. t. 16.

9 L. Spec. ed. 2, 1663.—DC. Prodr ii. 39,
n. 2.—RosEnTH. op. cit. 806.—C. glabra Jaca.
Amer. t. 179, fig. 40.—Banisteria lupuloides L.
Spec, ed, 1, 427.

10 T, Spec, 284.—Miux, Icon. t. 57.—Sims.
Bot. Mag. t. 1479.—DC. Prodr. ii. 31, n. 23.—
Linpu. Fl. Med. 166,—EnpDu. Enchirid. 583.—
Rosen ru. op. cit, 804.

11 Vent. ex RosEnTu. op. cit. 845.

12 ¢. ceruleus Lacasc. Gen, et Sp. 11.—C.
azureus Desy. Cat. Hort. Par. (1815), 232.—
DO. Prodr. n. 21.

72 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

dictory. Colletia spinosa passes in Chili and Brazil as a purgative
wood from which is prepared a tincture, prescribed against fever
fits, under the name of estratto alcoholico de Quina. C. cruciata”
(fig. 57), feroz® and Cruzerillo* are employed by Chilian physicians
as purgatives; it is the wood that is used. Berchemia lineata® 1s
reputed in China as a hydragogue ; its roots chiefly are useful in the
treatment of dropsy. Hovenia dulcis® is, in the same country and in
Japan, considered salutary in asthma. The over-developed axes of
the inflorescence, which become succulent at the period of the
maturity of the fruit (fig. 45), are especially used. They are eaten
with pleasure, their flavour being nearly that of dried grapes.
They are believed to dissipate drunkenness produced by the abuse
of saki, a kind of beer prepared from fermented rice. In Abyssinia,
Rhamnus inebrians” forms part of a kind of beer (mead) in which its
bitter bark supplies the place of hops. In Guyana Colubrina fer-
mentum® owes its name to the part in fermentation played by its
bitter bark in sweet liquids to which it is added. In Hindostan, an
ointment is prepared from the leaves of Scutia cireumeissa,® the
application of which is supposed to hasten accouchement.

The drupaceous fruits of the Jujubes appear very different in their
properties from the preceding genera. The pulp is sweet, muci-
laginous, scented, slightly acid or astringent. It is considered
pectoral, and should form part of Jujube paste, but gum and some
aromatic substances are too often substituted. The true Jujubes of
commerce are the fruit of Zizyphus vulgaris (fig. 50-53), a Syrian
species, now cultivated in the Mediterranean region of Europe.

Z. Jujuba, a species considerably

different, belonging to India and

1 Lam. Jil. ii. 90, t. 129.—C. horrida W.
Spec. 1118.—Vent. Jard. Cels. 92.

2 Gru. and Hoox. Bot. Mise. i. 52, t. 43.—
Migrs, Contrib. i. 256, t. 84, E—Condalia para-
doxa Sprena. Syst. i. 825.

3 Gur. and Hoox. Bot. Mise. i.
44 B.

4 Brrr. ex Rosentu. op, cit. 805.

5 DC. Prodr ii. 23, n. 2.—Rhamnus lineatus L.
Amen. iv. 308.—Oss. It. 249, t. 7.

§ See p. 78, note 3.

7R. Br. List of Abyss. Pl. (1814); Mise.
Works (ed. Benn.), i. 94.—R. Staddo A, Ricu.
(Sadoo on the Tigris). R. paucifolius Hocusr.
(Guecho of the Abyss.) has the same pro-
perties.

8 Ricu, ex Enou. Lnchirid, 583,—RosEntu.

164, t.

op. cit. 805.

9 S. indica Ap. Br. Rhamn. 56.—Rhamnus cir-
cumeissus L. ¥, Suppl. 162.—Ceanothus circum-
cissus GmRin. Fruet. ii. 111, t. 106.

0 Lamx. Dict. iii, 316; Id. t. 186, fig. 1.—
DC. Prodr. ii, 19, n.1.—Linp. Fl. Med. 165.—
Mér. et Dex. Dict, Mat. Méd. vii. 1010.—Rev.
Fl, Méd du X1Xo Siécle, ii, 185.—Gren. et Gove.
Hil. de Fr. i. 384,—Caz. Pl. Médic Indig. (6d. 3),
542.—Gutn. op. cit. iii, 536, fig. 721.—Z. sativa
Desr, Arbr. ii. 873.—Duuam. op. cit. iii, t. 16
(not Garrn.).— Rhamnus Zizyphus L. Spec, 382
(Chicourlier, Guindourlier, Epine a cerises, Croc
de chien). j

"Lame. Dict. iii, 318.—DC. Prodr. n. 21.
—Rhamnus Jujuba Li. Spec. 282 (Kool, Bier,
Bengha).

RHAMNAOCEZ. 73

China,! bears alimentary fruit, but it does not reach this country ;
and, besides, though edible, it is much less sweet and agreeable to
the taste than our true jujubes. They are to the Indians what the
drupes of Z. Lotus,® the Sada of the Africans, and, according to
DEsFonTAINEs, the tree Lotus of the ancients, are to the lotus-eating
tribes of Lybia. In Egypt and Arabia the fruit of Z Spina Christi?
is eaten ; in Senegambia those of Z. mucronata,‘ and Z. orthacantha® ; in
India those of Z. napeca,® Nitida,’ and Gnoplia;® in Cochin China
that of Z. agrestis®, and that of Z mauritiana” in Mauritius. The
fruit of the Indian Z. Xylopyrus" is insipid and not agreeable. That
of Z. Joazeiro™ is but little appreciated in Brazil, although the
shepherds refresh themselves with it in very hot weather ; its leaves
are prized by small cattle ; its bitter and astringent bark is a cure for
ague. In the Philippine islands Z. exserta™ is used for the treat-
ment of skin diseases and syphilis. Z. Sororia\* is also recommended
for the same affections in India. Z. soporifera,” of northern
China, owes its name to the fact that the decoction of its kernels
calms grief and procures refreshing sleep to invalids. Some species
of Zizyphus have, besides, oleaginous, acrid, and purgative seeds, as
Z. Ginoplia, Napeca, and perhaps some others. The indigenous
Rhamnacee rarely have a wood of good quality. That of the
Privet is sometimes employed by toy and cabinet-makers;. it is
especially used to heat ovens, as also that of R. catharticus, of the
branches of which canes imitating those of the Hawthorn are made.
The Mongols cut idols of small size from the wood of R. lycioides.

1 Z, chinensis Lamx. (Dict. iii. 318) is doubt-
less, like many of the following species, a var.
of Z. vulgaris.

2 Lawn. Dict. iii. 816.—DC. Prod. n. 3.—
Av. Br. Rhamn. 40.—Rhamnus Lotus L. Spee.
281.—Desr. Act. Acud. Par. (1788), t. 21 (Juju-
bier of the Lotophagi).

3 W. Spec. 1105.—DC. Prod. n. 6.—DzEsrF,
Fl, Atl, i. 201—Hemst. Oliv. Fl, Trop. Afr. i.
380,

4° W. Enum. 251.—Harv. and Sonp. Fi, Cap.
i, 475.—Z. Baclei DC. Prodr. n. 8.—Gurxt. et
Perr. Fl, Sen. Tent. i, 144, t. 87.—Z. mitis
A. Ricu. Fi. Abyss, Tent. i, 137.

5 DC. Prodr. u. 20, Guri1. et Perr. Fi. Sen.
Tent, i, 145.— Perhaps a var. of Z. Jujuba
Lamx.

8 W. Spee. Plant. 1104.—DC. Prodr. n. 7.—

* Rhamnus Napeca I. Spec. 282, (not Forsx.).

7 Roxs. ex Rosenru. op. cit. 801.

&§ Minn. Dict. n. 8, —DC. Prodr. n, 18.—
Rhamnus Ginoplia L. Spec. 282. (See Burm.
Thes. Zeyl. t. 61).

9 Scuuut. Syst. v. 341.—Rhamnus agrestis
Lovr. Fl, Cochinch, (ed. 1790), 158 (Cay-na).

10 Lamx. Dict. iii. 319.—DC. Prodr, n. 27.

11 W. Spec. ii, 11 (not Hocusr).—Rhamnus
Xylopyrus Retz. Obs. ii. 11.

12 Marr. Reis, ii. 581.— Retss, Mart. Fl.
Bras. Rhamn. 86, t. 24, 27.

13 DC. Prodr. n. 29.—Z. trinervis Por. Dict.
Suppl. iii, 192—Rhamnus trivernis Cav. Icon.
t, 505, fig. 1 (not Roru).

M4 Scuutr. Syst. v. 337.—DC. Prodr. n. 22.—
Z. trinervius « Rotu (perhaps a var. of Z
Jujuba).

15 Souunr. loc. cit. 340.—Rhamnus soporifer
Lovur. Fl. Cochinch. 158 (Soan-tsdo).

74 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

In many parts heels of shoes and matches are made of the wood of
R. frangula, otherwise very indifferent and more generally employed
for heating and for the manufacture of charcoal, a constituent of
gunpowder. The wood of the common Jujube is sometimes employed
in turnery. At the Cape, Scutia capensis’ furnishes a hard and
durable wood, and that of Rhamnus celtifolia? serves to make axle-
trees, yokes, and barrels. In India the textile bark of Ventilago
maderaspatana® (fig. 46, 47) is used to make mats and string,
remarkable for their tenacity and durability. Colubrina reclinata*
and ferruginosa® of the Antilles have exceptionally a wood so hard
that they constitute one of the ron woods of this country. The sharp
spines of Discaria Towmatou® served as tattooing needles to the
savages of New Zealand. Several Rhamnacee are ornamental. There
are seen in our gardens many Buckthorns with beautiful persistent
leaves; Jujubes; Palurus australis, a very elegant plant; charming
Ceanothus with white, pink, or blue flowers ; and in our greenhouses
and orangeries Pomaderris, Trymaliums, Phylicas, Cryptandras,
having sometimes the foliage and habit of the Heaths, and requiring
nearly the same kind of culture; Hovenia dulcis, in its foliage and
odorous flowers much resembling certain TZilas, and bearing our
mild winters as well as Colletia cruciata, remarkable for the
enormous development of its spinescent branches.

1 Rhamnus capensis Tauns. Prodr. i, 44; 4 Ap Br. Rhamn. 62.—Ceanothus reclinatus
Fl Cap, ii. 73.—Ceanothus capensis DC.(syn? Lute.
of S. Commersoni Ap. Br.),—Harv. and Sonp. 5 Ap. Br. loc. ctt.—Rhamnus colubrinus L.—
Fl, Cap. i. 477 (Katdoon). Ceanothus colubrinus Lamx.

2 Tuuns. ex Rosenrtu. op. cit. 1154. 6 Raoun, Choiz de Pl. 29.—Hoox. r. Man.

3 Garry. Fruct, i, 223, t.49.—DC. Prodr.i. N.-Zeal. Fl. 30..—Notophena Toumatou Mrmrs
88.—RoseEntHu. op. cit. 798. Contrib. i, 272, t. 37, F.

GENERA.

I. RHAMNEA.

1, Rhamnus T.—Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamo-diwcious ;
receptacle very concave, obconical or urceolate, lined with a thin or
more rarely somewhat thickened disk entire at apex. Sepals 4, 5,
3-angular, valvate, inserted at margin of receptacle. Petals 4, 5, (or
sometimes 0), small, cucullate, or flat. Stamens same in number
oppositipetalous, inserted with perianth; filaments short; anthers
introrse, 2-rimose. Germen inserted at base of receptacle (in male
flower effete rudimentary), free, 3-4-locular ; style erect, at apex
more or less deeply 3—4-lobate or ramose stigmatose. Ovule in cells
1, suberect; micropyle introrsely inferior, finally more or less
lateral. Fruit drupaceous, spherical or oblong, girt at base with
very short annular scar of receptacle; pyrene 2-4, osseous or
cartilaginous, finally obscurely dehiscent within or opening at
base, oftener indehiscent. Seeds obovate compressed or sulcate,
sometimes dilated at base to a short aril, albumen fleshy (some-
times 0); cotyledons of straight embryo flat or recurved at margin,
foliaceous or fleshy ; radicle interior short.—Trees or shrubs; leaves
alternate subopposite (deciduous or persistent) petiolate, entire or
dentate ; stipules lateral small, deciduous ; flowers axillary in simple
fasciculate or ramosely compound cymes. (All warm and temp.
regions.) See p. 52.

2. Rhamnidium Retss.\—Flowers nearly of Rhamnus ; recep-
tacle subturbinate or shortly obconical, lined with a disk. Perianth

1 Mart. Fl. Bras. Rhamn, 94, t. 31.—B. H. Gen. 378, n, 11.

76 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

and stamens of Rhamnus. Germen free, immersed in disk ; cells 2,
l-ovulate. Fruit ovoid baccate (or sometimes drupaceous ?), apicu-
late to base of style and girt at base with cupular receptacle, finally
corticate subdry, indehiscent; endocarp membranous, 1-2-locular.
Albuminous seeds and other characters of Rhamnus.—Shrubs ; leaves
opposite or subopposite entire, with very closely lineate nerves;
stipules small,. deciduous ; flowers’ crowded in axillary subsimple
or fasciculate cymes.” (Trop. and South America.*)

3? Macrorhamnus H. By.‘—Flowers hermaphrodite ; petals 5,
subfree (?). Petals and stamens...? Germen free, 3-locular.
Fruit shortly ovoid drupaceous ; exocarp* separable; lobes 3, at apex
2-fid ; endocarp woody 3-coccous; cocci separable, parting elastic-
ally inwards. Seeds in cocci solitary suberect exarillate obovate
much compressed; testa crustaceous nitid; exalouminous embryo
and other characters of Rhamnus.—A glabrous shrub; branches
nodose at leaves ; leaves subopposite or alternate ovate penninerved,
at base, sub-5—7 -nerved reticulate-veined; flowers axillary solitary (?};
fructiferous peduncles curved. (Madagascar.’)

4, Karwinskia Zucc.’—Flowers of Rhamnidium; germen free,
immersed in disk; cells 2, 3, incomplete ; ovules in each 2, ascending.
Fruit of Rhamnidium (glandulous); putamen 1, 2-locular. Seeds
in cells solitary obovoid ; testa verrucose (dark coloured); albumen
thin; cotyledons of erect embryo ovate fleshy.—Shrubs; leaves
opposite or subopposite oblong penninerved punctulate; stipules
membranous, deciduous ; flowers in axillary cymes, oftener pedun-
culate in pairs.? (North and West. South America.)

5. Emmenosperma F. Mveri."—Flowers (nearly of Rhamnus)
polygamous; receptacle obconical or campanulate, lined with thin

1 White or slightly green.

2 A genus very close to Rhamnus, distin-
guished only by its less deep receptacle, incom-
plete cells and indehiscent fruit, its basilar
cupule and apiculate style.

3 Species about 7. Grises. Cat. Pl. Cub, 32.

4 Adansonia, xi. 273,

5 Red.”

6 A genus imperfectly known, but apparently
very close to Rhamnus, and distinguished chiefly
by its elastic dissilient fruit (nearly Zuphor-
biaceous).

7 Spec. 1. M. decipiens H. By.

8 Nov. Stirp. Fase, i. 349, t. 16.—ENpDL. Gen.
n. 5723.—B. H. Gen. 377, n. 9.

%A genus very near Rhamnidium, distin-
guished chiefly by its 2-ovulate cells, a character
of very small value, since the cells of Rhamnus
are sometimes 2-ovulate (Payer, Organog. 491).

10 Spec. about 3. Cav. Ic. t. 504 (Rhamnus).—
H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Spec, vii. 52, t. 618
(Rhamnus),— An. Br. Rhamn, 55 (Rhamnus).
—A. Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 38.

Fragm. iii, 62.—B. H. Gen. 999, n. 21 @

RHAMNACEZ. 7

disk. Germen at base of receptacle, 2- or more rarely 3-locular;
style short columnar or truncate-conical, apex stigmatose shortly
lobed or 2-3-fid ; ovules in’ complete or incomplete cells 1, other
characters of Rhamnus. Fruit free capsular; exocarp thin, finally
separable from endocarp ; cocci of endocarp cartilaginous-crustaceous
or membranous-woody, septicidally solute and opening inwards,
and also at base solute from short receptacle and exposing the shortly
stipitate and erect persistent seeds init. Seed exarillate; testa very
hard nitid;* albumen fleshy or subcartilaginous; cotyledons of axile
embryo flat rather thick.—Trees or shrubs ; leaves opposite or alter-
nate penninerved; stipules small or 0; flowers in subumbellate
subsimple or compound cymes axillary or inserted in the wood of
the branches. (Australia, New Caledonia.’)

6. Sarcomphalus P. Br.’—Flowers (nearly of Rhamnus) herma-
phrodite somewhat fleshy ; receptacle obconical or sub-hemispherical,
Petals long-unguiculate cucullate. Stamens 5, equal in length to
opposite petals; filaments much incurved in the bud; anthers hence
before anthesis included between the germen and the disk, finally
exserted ; cells didymous, extrorsely rimose. Germen 2-3-locular,
ovules and other characters of Rhamnus ; branches of style 2, 3,
apex obtuse stigmatose. Drupe ovoid, girt at base below the
middle with cupule of receptacle; putamen osseous, 2—3-locular ;
septa thick very hard. Seed suberect obovate compressed, some-
times subcarinate within exarillate; embryo... ?—Glabrous trees
or shrubs, unarmed‘ or spinous; leaves alternate petiolate quite
entire glabrous coriaceous, penninerved or oftener 3-plinerved ;
stipules small; flowers in axillary and terminal ramose peduncu-
late cymes. (Antilles.°)

7. Hovenia Tuuns.°—Flowers hermaphrodite; receptacle de-
pressed and broadly obconical, lined with a thin pilose disk. Sepals

1 Red,

2 Spec. 3,4. Bunru. Fl. Austral. i. 414 (Em-
menospermum).—H. Bn. Adansonia, xi. 269.

3 Jam. 179.—Grises. Fl, Brit. W.-Ind. 100.
—B. H. Gen. 376, n. 7.

4 And then with the habit and leaves of some
Cinnamoma.

5 Spec. 4, 5. L. Aman. v. 395 (Rhamnus).—
H. B. K. Nov, Gen. et Spee. vii. 57, not. (Rham-
nus).—DC. Prod. ii. 30, n. i. (Ceanothus).—

Griszs, Cat, Pl. Cub. 31. (Zizyphus havanensis
K. is [Griszs. loc. cit.) a species of Sarcomphali,
notwithstanding its inflorescence, which is
rather that of Zizyphus).

6 Fl. Jap. 101.—J. Gen. 381.—Lamx. Dict.
iii. 188; ZU. t. 181.—DC. Prodr. i. 40.—Ap.
Br. Rhamn. 60, t. 4.Spacu, Suit. a Buffon, ii.
456.—Enpu. Gen. n. 5721.—B. H. Gen. 378,

‘n. 12.—Hoox. Fi. Ind. i, 640.

78 . NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

5, 3-angular, 3-nerved, in the middle carinate within, valvate.
Petals 5, unguiculate cucullate, surrounding the stamens the same
in number a little longer. Germen conical, adnate at base to re-
ceptacle, otherwise frec; style thick 3-fid; cells and ovules 3 of
Rhamnus. Fruit shortly ovoid, at base girt with cupule of recep-
tacle, indehiscent ; seeds (of Rhamnus) compressed sparsely albumi-
nous.—A moderate-sized tree!; leaves alternate petiolate minutely
stipulate ovate, unequal at base, 3-nerved, serrate; flowers* in
axillary and terminal cymes, 2-chotomously ramose; branches of
inflorescence under mature fruit much thickened fleshy curved ;
the pedicels not perceptibly thickened. (Worth. India, China,
Japan.*)

8. Noltia Rutcus.t—Flowers polygamo-diecious ; receptacle ob-
conico-turbinate, lined with a thin disk, thicker around germen
becoming thinner to margin. Perianth and stamens (of Rhamnus)
inserted beyond the disk. Germen adnate at base to receptacle,
otherwise free and tapering to a style 3-lobed at stigmatose dilated
apex ; cells and ovules 3 (of Hovenia or Rhamnus). Fruit ellipsoid
or shortly obovoid, finally dry, surrounded below the middle with
cupule of receptacle; cocci 3, cartilaginous solute, dehiscing longi-
tudinally within. Seeds erect compressed thinly albuminous,
furnished at base with a small cupular aril.—A glabrous shrub;
branches erect; leaves alternate petiolate oblong obtuse obtusely
serrate penninerved; stipules persistent tuberculiform; flowers®
ramose axillary and terminal cymes. (South Africa.’)

9. Colubrina L. C. Ricu.’—Flowers nearly of Noltia; receptacle
shortly obconical or hemispherical. The thick disk lining the
receptacle annular or 5—10-lobed. Germen within adnate to re-
ceptacle (and disk), at free apex attenuated to a 3-fid style; style-
branches obtuse at stigmatose apex. Cells and ovules of germen 3

1 Habit of Tilia.

2 White, odorous

3 Spec. 1. H. dulcis Tuuns — Bot. Mag. t.
2360.—Sixz. et Zucc. Fi. Jap. t. 73, 74.—H.
acerba Linvu. Bot. Reg. t.501.—H. inegualis CB,
loc. cit. n. 2.—Sicku Kmurr. Amen. 808, 809.

“4 Consp. 145.—Enpu. Gen. n. 5725 (Noltea).—
B. H. Gen, 381, u. 21.—Vittmannia Wicut and
Arn. Prodr. i. 166 (not Ture. nor Vant).—
Willemetia Av. Bu. Rhamn. 63, t. 5.—Spacu,
Suit. & Buffon, ii. 462.

5 White, crowded.

5 Spec. 1. W. africana Rercus.—Wieur, Icon.
t. 490.—Harv. and Sonn. Fl. Cap. i. 478.—
Ceanothus africanus L. Spec. 284.—Supa, Thes.
i. t, 22.—DO. Prodr. ii. 32, n. 31.—Vittmannia
africana Wicur and Ann, — Willemetia afri-
cana AD. Br, loc. cit. 64.

7 Ap. Br. Rhamn. 61, t. 4.--Enpu. Gen. n.
5728.—B. H. Gen. 379, n. 17. —Baxen, Fi,
Maurit. 51.—Hoox, Fl. Ind. i. 642.— Tubanthera
Commers. MSS.

RHAMNACE,. 79

(of Rhamnus). Fruit subglobular (of Noltia); cocci finally solute
and dehiscing within; seeds! compressed sparsely albuminous.—
Erect or sarmentose shrubs ; leaves alternate (or very rarely opposite)
petiolate, penninerved or 3-nerved at base; stipules deciduous ;
flowers * in more or less ramose axillary cymes. (AU trop. regions.*)

10? Cormonema Retss.*—Flowers nearly of Colubrina, 5-merous; -
germen immersed in and free from disk, 3-locular. Fruit and other
characters of Colubrina; cocci of endocarp finally dehiscing within.
—Prickly trees or shrubs; leaves alternate petiolate entire mem-
branous penninerved ; limb 2-glandulous at base; stipules small
deciduous ; flowers® axillary cymose.? (Bragil.’)

11? Alphitonia Retss.8—Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamo-
dicecious (nearly of Colubrina); receptacle obconical and lined with a
thick, 5-gonal, often pilose disk. Stamens 5, involved with elongate
petals. Germen adnate at base to receptacle (hence also to disk)
attenuated in a 2-3-fid style to free apex. Cells and ovules of
germen 2, 3 (of Rhamnus). Fruit globular, ovoid or ovoid-conical,
clothed below the middle with cupule of receptacle; exocarp either
thin, dry, or oftener finally suberose-subcarnose and at maturity
pulverulent; cocci woody 2, 3, separable, dehiscing longitudinally
within and at base free from seminiferous receptacle. Seeds 2, 3,
persistent after the fall of the cocci erect, exarillate or clothed from
base to middle with a loose obconical aril, pervious at apex; testa
hard nitid ;* embryo albuminous.— Trees or shrubs, either glabrous,
or often ferruginous-tomentose; leaves alternate petiolate entire
penninerved, oftener. hoary beneath; stipules small, deciduous;

1 Sometimes persistent on the summit of the
receptacle after the fall of ‘the cocci; testa
crustaceous nitid.

2 Yellow or greenish.

3 Spec. about 12. Wient and Arn, Prodr. i.
165.—Wieut, Ill. t. 74.—A. Gray, Pl. Wright,
i, 38; Amer. Expl. Exp, Bot.i. 277.—Griszs,
Fl. Brit. W.-Ind. 100.—Miq. Fl. Ind.-Bat. i.
p. 1. 648,—Tuw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 75.—REtss.
Mart. Fl. Bras. Rhamn. 98, t. 33.—Bzntu, Fi.
Austral. i, 418.—Suem. Fi. Vit. 42.—Ottv. Fi.
Trop, Afr. i, 383.—Wa.r. Ann. ii. 268; iv.
435.

4 Ex Enon. Gen. n. 5727.—B. H. Gen, 379,
n. 16,—Cesia Vetoz. Fl. Flum. 107; iii. t. 23 ;
(nec R. Br.).

5 Whitish.

6 A genus closely allied to Colubrina (of
which perhaps a section ?), distinguished by
the glandules of the limb.

7 Spec. 1, 2. Reiss. Mart. Fl. Bras. Rhamn,
96, t. 82.

8 Bx Ennw. Gen n. 5729.—B. H. Gen. 381,
999, n. 22.

9 Concerning the structure of the seed,
see Mrers, Contrib. i. 245, t. 38.

80 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

flowers! in axillary and terminal very compound ramose many-
flowered cymes.? (Trop. and subtrop. Oceunia.*)

12. Berchemia Necx.*—Flowers 4, 5-merous, hermaphrodite or
polygamous; receptacle concave hemispherical or turbinate, sometimes
cupular or subplane, lined with a disk. Germen free (immersed in
concavity of disk), 2-locular, attenuated to 2-fid style; branches at
stigmatose apex obtuse. Drupe® elongate-oblong obtuse, girt at base
with short cupule of receptacle ; putamen woody or crustaceous, 2-
locular.—Unarmed shrubs, erect or climbing ; leaves alternate pe-
tiolate, minutely stipulate, coriaceous penninerved; nerves parallel
close; transverse veins slender ; flowers® disposed in the divaricate
twigs of a wide terminal ramosely-compound spike or of a much
branched raceme; solitary or cymulose, sessile or pedicellate.’

(Warm regions of Africa and North America®)

13. Sageretia Ap. Br.°—Flowers hermaphrodite (nearly of
Berchemia) ; receptacle hemispherical or urceolate. Disk lining tube
of receptacle, afterwards free and erect; margin sub-entire or 5-
lobed. Germen immersed in concavity of disk free; cells 3;
l-ovulate. Fruit drupaceous; pyrene 3, coriaceous, indehiscent ;
seeds thinly albuminous and other characters of Scutia—Unarmed or
spinescent shrubs; leaves sub-opposite penninerved and reticulate
veined, entire or serrate; stipules minute, deciduous; flowers ’ on
the opposite divaricate branches of a terminal or axillary oftener

’ Ferruginous or sometimes white, pendent. 5 Purple or black.

2 A genus from its germen mostly inferior
(within adnate to receptacle) and fruit cupulate
to middle, very closely allied to Colubrina, from
which it can scarcely be generically separated,
while there are some species of Colubrina (e. g.
C. ferruginosa) with seeds persistent on torus
after the fall of the cocci.

3 Spec. about 5, of which 1 is tomentose,
very various in form: A. Gray, Amer. Expl.
Exp, Bot. i. 277, t. 22.—Buenru. Fl, Austral. i.
414.Szum. Fi. Vit. 42—H. Bn. Adansonia,
xi, 270.

4 Elem. n. 800.—DC. Prodr. ii. 22.—Ap. Br,
Rhamn. 49, t. 2—Spacu, Suit. a Buffon, ii. 446.
—Enop.. Gen. 5719.—B. H. Gen. 377, n. 8.—
Hoox. Fi. Ind. i. 637,—Gnoplea Hzpw. ¥. Gen.
i. 151 (ex DC.).

6 Greenish or whitish.

7 A genus hence allied to Colubrina, thence
to Zizyphus (n. 19),

8 Spec. 8-10. Jaca. Ic. Rar. t. 836 (Rhamnus).
Hoox. and Arn. Beech. Voy. Bot. t. 37,—
Torr. and Gray, Fl. N.-Amer, i. 260.—Mrta.
Fi, Ind,- Bat. |. p.i. 644; Suppl. i. 331.—Taw.
Enum, Pl. Zeyl. 74.—Bentu. Fl. Hongk. 67.—
A. Gray, Van. ed. 5, 114.—Cuarm. Fl. 8. Unit.
St. 73.—Ourv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 381.—Maxm.
Rhamn. Or.-Asiat, 5—Watr. Ann. i. 966 ;
vii. 588, .

° Rhamn, 52, t. 2.—Spacu, Suit. a Buffon, ii.
446.—Enpu, Gen, n. 5720.—A. Gray, Gen. Ill.
t. 166.—B, H. Gen. 379, n. 14.—Hoox. Fl. Ind.
i, 641,

10 Very small.

RHAMNACELZE. 81

large raceme, glomerate or solitary crowded! (Warm Asia, Indian
Archipelago, warm North America, and North-west South America®)

14, Scutia Commers.? — Flowers nearly of Berchemia; petals
erect unguiculate, flat or cucullate, often 2-lobed. Disk un-
dulate at margin. Stamens nearly equal in length to petals.
Germen globular or ovoid free; cells 2-4; style short, 2—4-fid,
branches obtuse stigmatose at apex. Fruit dry or slightly fleshy,
globular or ovoid, surrounded at base with cupular receptacle ;
pyrene 2-4, angular. Seed compressed; testa various; albumen
slight or 0; cotyledons of slightly fleshy embryo plano-convex.
Other characters of Ceanothus.—Glabrous shrubs, unarmed or ofterer
spinous ; spines straight or curved ; branches often angular; leaves
opposite, sub-opposite or 2-nate oblong, ovate or obovate, entire or
serrulate, coriaceous penninerved, petiolate; stipules small; flowers
in axillary scarcely stipitate umbelliform cymes. (Africa, Asia,
and trop. South America.*)

15. Ceanothus L.'—Flowers hermaphrodite (nearly of Seutia) ;
receptacle concave, or hemispherical, or shortly and depressedly tur-
binate; sepals 5, 8-angular, valvate, membranous (often coloured),
connivent. Disk thick filling the cavity of the receptacle. Petals
and stamens same in number long-stipitate, extending between the
sepals. Germen immersed in centre of disk, free or adnate at base,
of glandular with 3 slightly prominent angles; style short, 3-fid ;
branches stigmatose within or to apex. Fruit drupaceous free, sub-
globosely 3-lobed or depressed at apex; exocarp finally dry ; cocci
3, cartilaginous or crustaceous, solute within and dehiscing longitu-

1 A genus distinguishable from the preced- Fv. Cap. i. 477.—Ku. Pet. Reis. Mossamb. Bot,

ing only by the nature of its inflorescence.

2 Spec, about 10. H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Spec.
vii. 50, +. 619 (Rhamnus).—Torr. and Gray,
Fl, N.-Amer. i, 263,—Cuarm. Fl. 8. Unit. St.
73.—Wicur, Icon. t. 19 (Berchemia).—Botss.
Fi. Or. ii. 22,—T rR. loc, cit, 881.—Maxtm. Rham.
Or.-Asiat. 20.

3 Ap, Br. Rhamn. 55, t. 4.—ENDL. Gen.
n. 6724.—B. H. Gen. 379, n. 14.—Hoox. FV.
Ind. i. 640.—Baxer Fl. Maurit. 51.

4 Spec, 7,8. Vaun, Symbd. iii. t. 58 (Rhamnus).
—Wieut. Icon. t. 1071; IU. t. 78.—DC. Prodr.
ii, 29 (Ceanothus, sect. 1),—Harv. and Sond,

VOL, VI.

110, t. 21.—Tu. Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 4, viii. 116.
—Cuapm, Fl. 8. Unit. St. 72.—Rextss. Mart. Fl,
Bras. Rhamn, 92, t. 24, 30—Watp. Ann, i.
198; vii. 592.

5 Gen. n. 267.—J. Gen. 380 (part.).—Gzrin.
Fruct. t. 106, fig. sup. —Lamx. Dict. i. 659
(part.) ; Suppl. ii. 140; Iv. t. 129.—DC. Prodr.
ii. 29 (part.)—Ap. Br, Rhamn, 62, t. 4.—
Spacu, Suit. & Buffon, ii. 457.—Enpu. Gen. n.
5726.—A. Gray, Gen. Ill. t. 169.—B. H. Gen.
378, n. 18.—H. By. Payer Fam. Nat, 328.—
Forrestia Ravin. N.-York Med, Repos. ii, hex. v.
350 (ox Env1.).

6

.

82 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

dinally. Seeds smooth ; testa crustaceous, arillate to hilum; coty-
ledons of albuminous embryo elliptical or obovate.—Small trees or
shrubs, sometimes spinescent; leaves opposite or generally alter-
nate, entire or dentate, penninerved or 3-plinerved at base, glabrous
or somewhat scaly or canescent tomentose beneath, petiolate ;
stipules small, caducous ; flowers’ in corymbs or racemes terminal and
axillary to uppermost leaves of twigs, densely ramose, cymiferous or
glomeruliferous, umbelliform or elongate thyrsoid. (Temp. and trop.
west. regions of both Americas.*)

16. Ventilago Gartv.2—Flowers hermaphrodite or more rarely
polygamous; receptacle shortly obconical or broadly cupular, lined
with a thick annular or obtusely 5-gonal disk flat or depressed above.
Sepals 5, valvate, carinate within. Petals same in number deflexed
cucullate, entire or 2-lobed at apex. Stamens equal in number;
filaments free or adnate to petals at base ; anthers introrse or laterally
rimose; connective sometimes excurrent. Germen immersed in
centre of disk, 2-locular; style very short compressed, stigmatose at
apex, shortly or very shortly 2-lobed, afterwards accrescent. Fruit
dry, indehiscent, subglobular, girt at the base or to a greater or less
height with the cupular receptacle apiculate to style accrescent and
dilated on both sides to an erect linear membranous or coriaceous
veined wing. Seed 1, exalbuminous ; cotyledons of fleshy embryo
thick ; radicle inferior short.—Scandent or sometimes subprostrate
shrubs, glabrous or pubescent; leaves alternate ovate or oblong,
oftener oblique at base, petiolate; stipules minute, caducous; flowers
in terminal or axillary more or less compound ramose cymiferous
racemes, bracteolate. (Warm Asia, Africa and Oceania.*)

17. Smythea Srem.'—Flowers of Ventilago. Fruit ® ovate much

1 White, yellow or azure ; pedicels and calyx

* Rumpu. Herb. Amboin, v. t. 12. —(Funis
often coloured.

viminalis).~ Rox. Pl. Corom., i. 85, t. 76; Fl.

2 Spec. 20-25. H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Spee. vii.
t. 615.—Hoox. Fi, Bor.-Amer, t. 45.—Torr and
Gray, Fl. N.-Amer. i. 264.—A. Gray, Man. ed.
5, 115.—Cuarm. Fl. S. Unit. St. 74.—Bot.
Mag. t. 4660, 4664, 4806, 4810, 4815, 5127,
5165, 5177.—Watr. Ann, ii, 267; iv, 484;
vii. 591.

3 Fruct. i. 233, t. 49.—Porr. Dict. viii. 451.
—DC. Prodr, ii. 38,—Ap. Br. Rhamn. 50, t. 1.
—Envi. Gen. n. 5715.—B. H, Gen. 375, n. 1.—
Hoox. Fil. Ind. i. 680,

Ind, ii, 413,—Bu. Bijdr,1144.—Wicut and ARN.
Prodr, i, 164,—Wicut, Icon. t, 163,—BEnTH.
Fl. Austral, i, 411; Journ. Linn. Soc. ¥. T7.—
Suem, Fi. Vit, 41.—A, Gray, Amer, Expl. Exp.
Bot, i. 274.—Toun, Ann, Se. Nat. sér. 4, viii.
120,— Outv, Fi, Trop. Afr. i, 378,—H. By.
Adansonia, xi, 268.—Wap, Ann, vii, 586.

5 Bonplandia (1861), 255; Fi. Vit. 41, t. 11.
—B. H. Gen, 375, 998, n. 2.—Hoox, Fi. Ind, i.
632,

5 Rather large, downy,

RHAMNACEZ. 83

compressed, thickly crustaceous or woody, the capsule dehiscing ver-
tically along the middle of both faces, 2-valvate. Seeds 1, com-
presssed; albumen exalbuminous. —Subscandent shrubs; habit,
leaves and other characters of Ventilago; flowers in axillary or
terminal ramose cymes. (Viti Island, New Caledonia, Borneo.)

18. Paliurus T.’—Flowers nearly of Ventilago ; receptacle broadly
cupular or depressed obconical, lined with a thick depressed, 5-lobed
disk, flat above. Sepals 5, 3-angular acute, carinate within. Petals
5, cucullate, oftener deliened, and stamens of Ventilago. Germen
semi-immersed in disk and almost entirely free, 3-locular; branches
of short style 3 oblong. ‘Fruit girt at base with short cupular recep-
tacle, obconical and dilated above to a large orbicular transverse
membranaceo-coriaceous venose entire or lobate wing, indehiscent ;
endocarp thin dry; putamen woody, 1-8-locular. Seed in cells 1,
obovate compressed smooth ; testa crustaceous ; cotyledons of scantily
albuminous embryo orbicular or elliptical ; radicle short inferior.
Decumbent or erect shrubs, glabrous or slightly tomentose, armed
with strong straight or curved stipular spines; leaves alternate
petiolate; limb ovate or cordate crenulate, 3-nerved; flowers® in
short axillary fasciculate cymes. (South. Europe, the Hast, north.
China.*)

19, Zizyphus T.>—Flowers nearly of Paliwrus, rarely apetalous ;
disk plane depressed, obtusely 5-gonal. Anthers introrse or laterally
subextrorse. Germen 2-4-locular; style-branches from base or
higher 2-4-fid divergent, stigmatose at attenuate apex. Drupe
globular or ovoid, furnished at base with short cupule of receptacle
(rarely deciduous, sometimes concave); cells of osseous or woody

Bot. Mag. t. 2535.—Bentu. Fl. Hong Kong, 66.

1 Spec, 2, 3.

2 Inst, 616, t, 887.—Apans. Fam. des Pl, ii.
304.—J.: Gen, 380.—G-mntn. Fruct. i. 208, t, 43.
—Lamx. Jil, t. 210.—Sav, Lamk. Dict, iv. 697 ;
Suppl, iv. 262.—DC. Prodr. ii. 22.—Ap. Br.
Rhamn, 46, t. 1.—Spacu, Suit, & Buffon, ii, 439.
—Eno1, Gen. n. 5716.—B. H. Gen. 375, n. 3,
—Aspidocarpus Neck, Elem. n, 802, — Aubletia
Lovur, Fl. Cochinch, (ed. 1790), 283 (not Grr.
nor Jaca. nor Ricu. nor ScuREs.),

3 Small, yellow.

* Spec. 2, of which 1 is Chinese, L, Spec, 281
(Bhamnus). —W, Spee.i, 1103 (Zizyphus).—Don,

—Borss. Fi, or. ii. 11.—Gren. et. Gopr. Fi.
de Fr. i. 335.— Wat. Ann, vii. 586.

5 Inst. 627, t. 403.—J. Gen. 380.—GzRtN.
Fruct i. 202, t. 48.—Lamx. Diet. iii. 316;
Suppl. iii. 191; ZW, t. 185.—DC. Prodr. ii, 19.
—Ap. Br. Rhamn. 47, t. 1—Spacu, Suit. a
Buffon, ii. 441,—Enpu. Gen. n, 5717.—Paver,
Organog. 490, t. 97.—A, Gray, Gen, Ill. t. 163,
B. H. Gen. 375, 998, n. 4.—H. By. Payer Fam.
Nat. 328.—Hoox, Fi, Ind. i. 682.—Baxzr, Fi’.

Maurit. 51,

§6—2

84 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

putamen 1-3, 1-2-spermous. Seeds plano-convex smooth ; albumen
thin (or 0), more rarely rather thick ; cotyledons of erect somewhat
thick embryo rather fleshy.—Trees or shrubs, erect, sarmentose or
decumbent, often uncinate-aculeate; leaves alternate, entire or
crenate, coriaceous or membranous, glabrous or tomentose, at base
oftener 8-5-nerved ; stipules 2; both spinescent straight or hooked ;
or one caducous ; flowers! in axillary short or subumbellate cymes.’
(All warm regions.®)

20. Condalia Cav.*—Flowers oftener hermaphrodite; receptacle
breadly obconical, lined with thick fleshy flat 5-gonal disk; calyx 5-
phyllous, valvate, and other characters of Zizyphus. Petals 5, small
(Microrhamnus) or oftener 0. Germen immersed in concavity of disk
free; style short thick, at apex stigmatose 2—3-lobed ; cell of germen
1; ovules in cell 2 subbasilar ascending; micropyle introrsely
inferior ; spurious septum more or less incomplete ventral somewhat
projecting between the two ovules. Fruit drupaceous or finally
siccate, girt at base with cupule of receptacle ; putamen thick osseous
or woody, 1- or spuriously 2-locular ; testa of seeds thin ; cotyledons
of sparsely albuminous, sometimes subruminate, embryo flat.—Rigid
ramose glabrous shrubs; branches spinescent; leaves® alternate or
fasciculate subsessile entire coriaceous penninerved, deciduous;
stipules minute, deciduous; flowers® in axillary cymes, few or
solitary. (Zrop. and temp. regions of both Americas.’)

1 Small, greenish. 4 Ann, Scienc, Nat. i. 39, +. 4; Icon. vi. 16, t.

2'A genus distinguished from Paliurus only
by its fruit.

3 Spec. 40-56. L. Spee. 282 (Rhamnus).—
Patt. Fl. Ross, ii. t. 59 (Rhamnus),—Desr.
Act, Acad, Par. (1788), t. 21; Fi. Atl. i.
200.— Cav. Jeon. t. 105.— Vann, Eel. iii.
t. 23 (Paliurus)—Wicut, Icon. t. 99, 282, 339.
—Bu. Bydr. 1141.—Guittem. et Perr. Fi. Sen.
Tent. i. 144, t. 87.—Oxtv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 879.
—Harv. and Sonp. Fl. Cap. i. 475.—Mrte. Fi.
Ind, Bat.i. p. 1, 641 ; Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. iii.
30.—Maxim. Rhamn, As. Or. 3.—Tuw. Enum.
Pl. Zeyt. 73.—Bentu. Fl. Austral. i. 411.—
Boiss. Fv. Or. ii. 12.—Srpru. and Su. Fl. Gree.
t. 241.—Retss. Mart. Fi, Bras. Rhamn. 86, t.
27.—Tr. Ann. Se. Nat. ser. 5, xvi. 380.—Gren.
et Gopr. Fi. de Fr. i. 334.—Watp. Ann. i. 192;
ii, 266; vii. 587.

525.—DC. Prodr, ii. 28—Ap. Br. Rhamn. 48,
t. 1.—Enpu. Gen. n, 5717.—H. Bn. Adansonia,
ii. 257; Payer Fam. Nat. 331.—A. Gray, Gen.
Jil, t. 164.—B. H. Gen. 876, n. 5.—Reynosia
Griszs. Cat. Pl. Cub. 38.—Microrhamnus A.
Gray, Pl, Wright. i. 33 (not Maxim.).—B. H.
Gen. 376, n, 6.

> Often small, sometimes parallel lineate be-
neath.

® Small, greenish, or whitish.

* Spec, 8-10. Hoox. Icon. t. 287.—Torr and
Gray, Fl. N.-Amer. i. 685.—C. Gay, Fl. Chil.
ii. 20.—Grisex. Fl. Brit. W.-Ind. 100.—A.
Gray, Amer. Expl. Exp. Bot. i.-275.—ReE188.
Mart. Fl. Bras. Rhamn. 89, t. 24, 28.—Watp,
Ann, iv. 432 (Microrhamnus), 483; vii. 587
(Seiadophila Putt. ia a species of Condalia,
Miers, Contrib. i. 304).

RHAMNACEZ. 85

II. GOUANTA.

21. Gouania L.—Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous ; recep-
tacle concave obconical or urceolate. Sepals 5, inserted at mouth
of receptacle, valvate. Petals same in number alternate cucullate.
‘Stamens 5, oppositipetalous, inserted with perianth and superior.
Disk epigynous interior to perianth and stamens, 5-gonal or 5-lobed ;
lobes sometimes very prominent produced to horns or layers more or
less connate internally at the base with the sepals. Germen inferior
and adnate to concavity of receptacle, 3-locular; style central
divided more or less deeply into 3° branches stigmatose at apex.
Ovule in cells 1, suberect (of Rhamnus). Fruit inferior voriaceous,
crowned with sepals and disk, vertically 3-alate ; wings wide rotund ;
cocci of endocarp 8, woody or. submembranous, finally separate from
6-partite columella and indehiscent, externally alate at margin.
Seeds obovate compressed or plano-convex; testa hard nitid; coty-
ledons of sparsely alouminous embryo somewhat flat ; cidicle short
inferior.—Shrubs oftener scandent cirrhiferous, glabrews or tomen-
tose; leaves alternate, entire or dentate, penninerved or 3-plinerved
at base, petiolate; stipules. oblong, sometimes large, deciduous;
. flowers in spikes or terminal and axillary glomeruliferous racemes ;
rachis often changed into a cirrhus. (All trop. regions.) See p. 59.

22. Reissekia Enpi.—-Flowers of Gouania ; germen inferior,
-3-4-locular. Fruit inferior, 3-4-gonal coriaceous; lobes compressed
membranously alate; 3-4-coccous within; wings finally 2-partite
and spongily reticulate ; cocci crustaceous, separate from 6—8-partible
columella. Seeds and all other characters of Gouania.—A scandent
much-branched cirrhiferous shrub ; branches slender angular ; leaves
alternate cordate serrulate, sub-3-nerved at base, petiolate ; stipules
minute; flowers* in axillary compound umbelliform cymes; pedi-
cels long.? (Brazil.*)

1 Gen. n, 5747.—B. H. Gen. 386, n. 37. —Reiss, Mart. Fl. Bras, Rhamn. 112, t, 26, 40.
? Small, golden. —Gouania smilacina Sm. Rees Cyclop. xvi. 0. 8.
4 A genus very near to Goucnia, differing in its - —G@. cordifolia Rapp. Mem, Soc. della Scienz.

fruit and also its inflorescence, which is quite Moden. xviii. 39 (1820),—Celastrus: umbellatus
that of Helinus (differing in its apterous fruit), Vunioz. Fl. Flu. 98; ii. t. 187,
4 Spec. 1. R. smilacina.-—R. cordifolia Srnvp.

86 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

23. Crumenaria Marr!—Flowers polygamous (nearly of
Gouania); receptacle campanulate beyond adnate germen. Sepals
valvate. Petals cucullate, inserted at the base of the hollows
of calyx. Stamens enclosed by petals. Germen quite inferior,
2-8-locular; branches slender cylindrical erect (2-3-fid); style
dilated at stigmatose apex. Fruit inferior and crowned with
remains or prominent cicatrice of perianth, produced in 2, 3 vertical
winged lobes; wings membranous veined (marginal as regards
cocci), 2-lamellate; cocci chartaceous obcordate, finally separate
from 3-partite columella and dehiscing within. Seed obovate ;
testa rather hard; cotyledons of thinly albuminous embryo suborbi-
cular plano-convex fleshy; radicle inferior very short.—Herbs or
annuals ;* root fibrous; leaves alternate petiolate cordato-ovate
membranous, 3-nerved at base; or oftener perennial; rhizome
woody ; annua] branches thin reedy, terete or compressed ; leaves 0
or very small scaly; stipules very small linear ciliate; flowers® in
axillary slightly ramose, more rarely racemose cymes, sometimes
few or solitary. (Trop. Brazil.s)

24. Helinus E. Mry.'—Flowers of Gouania; disk epigynous
rather flat. Fruit inferior, shortly obovoid exalate, areolate at
depressed apex, finally dry coriaceous; cocci 3, crustaceous, finally
separate from central 3-partite columella and dehiscing within ;
seeds and other characters of Gouania (or Reissekia).—Svandent
shrubs, glabrous cirrhiferous or pubescent; leaves alternate cordato-
ovate entire, slenderly petiolate; stipules small, deciduous; in-
florescence of Reissekia. (Hast Indies, South Africa, Abyssinia.®)

25. Phylica L.’—Flowers hermaphrodite or more rarely polyga-
mous; receptacle very concave, tubular or obconical or urceolate,

1

1 Nov. Gen. et Spee. ii, 68, t. 160.— Ab. Br.

Rhamn. 73.—Envi. Gen. n. 6748.—B, H. Gen,
385, n. 34.—H. Bn. Adansonia, xi. 290.

2 In 1 spec. viz. ©. decumbens Mant,—G.
Don, Gen, Syst. ii, 44.

3 Small, white,

4 Spec. 3, 4 (1 of which is membranous-leaved ;
root annual, in habit very different from the
rest, but in no generic sense distinct), Rztss.
Mart. Fl. Bras. Rhamn, 112, t. 41.

5 In Herb, Drége (ex ENDL. Gen. n, 5745).—
B. H. Gen. 386, n. 36.—Hoox. Fi. Ind. i. 644.

° Spec. 3. Arr. Hort, Kew. i, 266 (Rhamnus).
—A. Riex. Tent. Fl. Abyss, i. 189, t. 31.—
Hany. and Sonn. Fl. Cap. i. 479.—Javs. and
Spacu, Il. Pl. Or. v. t.. 472.—Wazp. Ann, vii.
608.

7 Gen. n, 266.—J. Gen. 381.—Gartn. Fruet.
i, 114, t. 24._Lamx. ZU. t. 127.—Porr. Dict. v.
286; Suppl. iii, 400.~DC. Prodr. ii. 84.—An.
Br, Rhamn. 68, t, 6, iii—Spacu, Suit. & Buffon,
ii. 467,—Enpx. Gen, n, 5788.—B. H. Gen. 380, '
n. 18.—H. Bn. Payer Fam. Nat. 329,—Baker
Fl. Maurit. 53.

RHAMNACEZ. 87

sometimes cylindrical or hypocrateriform (Calophytica). Sepals 5,
superior, inserted at mouth of receptacle, villose without or on both
sides or densely barbate. Petals 0, or setaceous (Trichocephalus *),
oftener concave or cucullate, either glabrous (Soulangia,? Tylanthus i
or ciliato-barbate (Petalopogon®) Stamens 5, opposite to and
enclosed by petals; filaments generally short incurved; anthers
short, sometimes 8-dymous; clefts of cells 2, finally introrse, either
distinct or oftener confluent at apex into one hippocrepiform. Disk
epigynous, produced to greater or less height within the tube of the
calyx, sometimes small or inconspicuous. Germen inferior; style
short or elongate, at stigmatose apex 3-fid or 3-lobed, persistent or
caducous ; ovules in cells 3 solitary (of Rhamnus). Fruit ° inferior,
subplane at apex or slightly depressed, generally prominent and
areclate, glabrous or tomentose ; exocarp more or less thick ; cocci
of endocarp 38, finally separate and dehiscing within. Seeds com-
pressed-obovoid ; testa coriaceous nitid ; embryo scantily albuminous,
—Small shrubs, rarely arborescent; indumentum various, often
tomentose-incanescent ; leaves alternate or rarely opposite, generally
ericoid crowded, rarely expanded coriaceous-membranous veined ;
margin oftener recurved ; stipules generally 07; flowers axillary to
leaves or oftener sessile or shortly pedicellate in axils of bracts or
uppermost leaves of twigs, hence spicate or capitate terminal, more
rarely cymose. (South extra-trop., insular and east trop. Africa.)

26. Nesiota Hoox. r.°—Flowers (nearly of Phylica) 4—5-merous ;
receptacle obconical. Germen quite inferior, 3-4-locular, crowned
with pubescent disk. Fruit ovoid, exserted at apex beyond
urceolate receptacle and there free, otherwise adnate with it ; eXocarp
subfleshy ; cocci finally separate and other characters of Phylica.—
Small branched trees;" leaves opposite petiolate, elliptico-oblong

1 Prust, Bot. Bem. 39. 203.—Bero. Pi. Cap. 52.—W. Spee. 1112.-—

? Av. Br. Rhamn. 67, t. 6, 1.—Walpersia
Rerss. ex Enpu. Gen. n. 5736.

3 Ap. Br. Riamn. 70, t. 6, iii—Enpu. Gen.
n. 5740.

4 Russ, ex. ENDL. Gen. n. 5739.

5 Retss. Nov. Stirp. Vindob. Dec. 82,-—Enpu.
Gen, n. 6787.

© Oftener dark.

7 In 1 spec. (P. stipularis L.) developed.

5 Spec, about 60. L, Spec. 283; Mantiss, 208.
—L. ¥. Suppl. 163.—Tuons. Prodr, 45 ; Fl. Cap.

WENDL. Collect. i, 7.—Vunt. Malmais, t. 67.-~
Ram. et Scu, Syst, v. 490.—Bunnu. Krauss
Beyt. 44:—Harv, and Sonp. Fil. Cap. i, 479.—
Tun. in Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 4, viii. 128 (Tylan-
thus).—Lopp, Bot. Cab. t. 36, 695.—Bot. Reg.
t. 711, 1498.— Bot. Mag. t. 224, 2704.—Waxp.
Ann. i. 194; vii. 592.

9 Gen. 880, n. 19.

10 With habit of some Avicennie, or Rubiacee
and some Garrya,

88 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

(wide) entire coriaceous penninerved reticulate-veined canescent-
tomentose ; stipules interpetiolate large, deciduous ; flowers axillary
in loose pedunculate cymes, bracteate or bracteolate. (S¢. Helena.”)

. 27. Lasiodiscus Hoox. F.2—Flowers hermaphrodite ; receptacle
cupuliform or broad cbconical. Sepals 5, wide, 3-angular, valvate,
finally reflexed. Petals small concave, rather shorter, deciduous.
Stamens inserted with perianth around thick epigynous glabrous or
densely velutinous disk crowning the germen; filaments subcom-
‘planate longer than the petals; anthers small introrsely 2-rimose.
Germen inferior, filling the cavity of the receptacle; cells 3, 1-
ovulate; ovules of Rhamnus; style erect rather thick, sometimes
articulated a little above the base, at apex 3-fid; branches recurved,
stigmatose within and at obtuse apex. Fruit finally dry obconico-
turbinate, entirely adnate to receptacle except at depressed convex
apex, 3-coccous (?); seed unequally obovoid depressed ; cotyledons of
albuminous embryo suborbiculate (virescent).—Shrubs, sometimes
subscandent, glabrous ; innovations strigillose ; leaves opposite large,
shortly petiolate entire or serrulate membranaceous ; stipules inter-
petiolar erect lanceolate, free or connate at base, deciduous; flowers
(rather large) in terminal axillary compound subumbellate peduncu-
late cymes; branches and twigs of inflorescence compressed or

ferrugineo-tomentose ; fructiferous curved. (Trop. Western Africa,
Malacca.*)

28? Trymalium Fenzu.>-—Flowers polygamous; receptacle ob-
conical. Sepals 5,° 3-angular, deciduous or patent. Petals 5, cucul-
late, enclosing smallanthers. Stamens 5; filaments incurved, inserted
with perianth around epigynous annular or 5-lobed or partite disk ;
anthers ovoid. Germen inferior, internally adnate to receptacle,
free only at apex and attenuate to 2, 3-lobed style; cells 1, 2, 1-
ovulate. Fruit capsular, quite adnate within to thin receptacle,

1 A genus scarcely to be retained, though in
some cases in the form of its apical fruit, in
other cases, in its ample leaves and loose cymes,
distinct from most Phylicas, it would perhaps
be better regarded as a section of the latter in
which the above characters are occasionally
observed.

2 Spec. 1. N. ediptiea Hoox. r.—Phylica ellip-
tiea Rox. Beats. App. 316.—DC. Prodr. ii.

34.n. 1.

3 Gen. 381, n. 20.

1 Spec. 2. Ourv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 885.—H.
Bn. Adansonia, viii. 209. Epigynous disk in
‘Western species densely velutino-lanate, in
that of Madagascar rather glabrous.

5 Heng. Enum. 20.—Enpu. Gen. n, 6744.—
B. H. Gen. 382, n. 34.

5 Often coloured.

RHAMNACEZ. 89

or slightly prominent at vertex, 2-3-valvate at apex; cocci finally
dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds ovoid or compressed, attached
to a dilated or cupular-arillate funicle; embryo albuminous.—
Shrubs oftener stellate-canescent or ferruginous; leaves alternate
membranous, revolute at margin ; flowers! in very compound ramose
cymiferous racemes.2 (South west. Australia.)

29. Pomaderris Laxprtu.t—Flowers nearly of Trymalium ; petals
5, concave, flat (or 0). Stamens 5; filaments inflexed or plicate at
apex ; anthers oblong, not enclosed by petals. Disk epigynous thin
covering the top of the germen exserted from the receptacle to the
base of the calyx, sometimes pilose. Capsule at apex projecting
from adnate conical tube of receptacle and free, there dehiscing longi-
tudinally or transversely by an operculum; endocarp 3-coccous ;
-seeds and other characters of Trymalium.—Shrubs, for the most part
adpressedly stellato-canescent or rufescent, sometimes hirsute ; leaves
alternate flat, revolute at margin; stipules small, often fuscate,
caducous ; flowers® in very ramose compound-cymiferous umbelliform
or corymbiform racemes ; cymes sometimes axillary solitary. (South-
west. Australia, New Zealand.*)

30. Spyridium Fewnzu.’—Flowers nearly of Pomaderris; petals
enclosing small anthers. Germen free at apex or wholly adnate
within to receptacle. Disk covering either the top of the ovary and
base of receptacular tube or the apex of the latter when higher than
the germen (Stenodiscus®) ; cells 3, 1-ovulate ; capsule inferior crowned
with persistent sepals and 3-valved at apex; seeds and other
characters of Pomaderris—Shrubs; leaves oftener small, flat or
revolute at margin; stipules (fuscous) persistent ; indumentum of
Pomaderris; flowers capitate; capitules in cymes or capituliform

1 Generally white.
2 A genus scarcely distinguished from the

6 Spec. 18. Fenzt, Hueg. Enum. 21 (part.)—
Hook. Journ. Bot. i, 256.—A. Ounn. Field NS.-

following.

3 Spec. 5. Lasity. Pl. Now.-Holl, i. 60, t. 84
(Ceanothus).—Fenzi, Hueg. Enum. 21, n. 5, 6.
—Benta, Fl, Austral, i, 428.—Watr. Ann, ii.
270, n. 2, 8, 6-12; vii. 595.

4 Pl, Now.-Hoil. 1, 61 (part.), t. 86, 87.—DC.
Prodr. ii, 33.—ApD. Br. Rhamn. 64, t. 5.—
Sracu, Suit..2 Buffon, ii. 467.—ENDL. Gen. u.
5743.—B. H. Gen. 381, 999, u. 23.—H. By.
Payer Fam, Nat. 229.

5 Golden or greenish.

Wales, 351.—F, Mugu. Fragm. ii. 181; iii. 68,
166, 168.—Retss. Linnea, xxix. 266.—A. Gray,
Amer, Expl. Exp. Bot. i. 282.—Hoox. ¥. Fl.
N.-Zel. i. 46 ; Man. N.-Zeal. 43 ; Fl. Tasm, i. 76.
—Bentu. Fi. Austral. i. 416.—Lopp. Bot. Cab.
t. 120,— Bot. Mag. t. 1823, 3219, 8212.— Water.
Ann. vii, 594,

7 Hueg. Enum, 24,—Enpvu. Gen. n. 5741.—
B. B. Gen. 382, 999, u. 25.

~ Reres. Linnea, xxix. 295.

90 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

compound glomerules scarcely exceeding the leaves; floral leaves
(generally different from the cauline) 1, 2, or o, surrounding and
sub-enveloping the exterior capitules of the inflorescence. (Extra
trop. Australia.’)

31. Cryptandra Su.'—Flowers nearly of Spyridium ; receptacle,
covering the germen below, hypocrateriform or campanulate, and
beyond produced to a tube, sometimes tubular (Wichurea*); disk
annular thin or 0, sometimes clothing the tube and more conspi-
cuous (Wichurea); genital organs, fruit, seeds and other characters
of Spyridium (or Pomaderris).—Small ramose shrubs, oftener spinescent
or ericoid; leaves small, ovate or revolute at margin and hence
narrow, generally canescent beneath ; stipules (fuscate) persistent ;
flowers capitate, intermixed with leaves or collected at the ends
of twigs or separated, sometimes pedicellate, surrounded figure-
like with imbricate bracts.’ (Hztra trop. Australia.)

32 ? Stenanthemum Retss.’—Flowers of Cryptandra ; receptacle
clothing adnate germen within and beyond produced to a thin often
constricted tube. Disk epigynous, lining the top of the receptacle,
thin or sometimes 0. Perianth and other parts of flower, inferior
fruit and seeds of Pomaderris (or Cryptandra).—Shrubs; habit,
leaves small flat or revolute at margin, and stipules of Spyridium ;
capitules dense crowded in capituliform glomerules; inflorescence
and floral leaves of Spyridium® (Extra trop. Australia ? %)

1 A genus scarcely to be retained.

2 Spec. about 25. Lasiuu. Pl. Nowy.-Holl, 1.
t. 85 (Ceanothus)—Hoox. ¥. Fl. Tasm. i. 72
(Cryptandra).—Rxiss. Linnea, xxix, 270 (Try-
malium), 288.—F. Morn. Fragm. iii, 78.—
Bentu. Fl. Austral. i. 425.—Watp. Ann, vii.

598.
3 Trans, Linn. Soc. iv. 217.—DC. Prodr. ii.

38.—Ap. Br. Rhamn. 65, t. 3.—Spacu, Suit. d
Buffon, ii. 465.—Envu. Gen. n, 5742.—B, H.
Gen, 383, 999, n. 27.

4 Nezs, Pl. Preiss. ii. 290.

5 Oftener dark.

6 Spec. about 20. Rcpe. Trans, Linn. Soc. x.
t. 18.—Fenzi, Hueg. Enum. 23 (part.).—Retss,
Pl. Preiss. ii. 283; Linnea, xxix. 291.—Hoox.
rv. Fl, Tasm. i. 74, t. 12.—Scourtn, Linnea, xx.

639.—LinpL. Mitch. Exp, ii. 178, —Trrez.
Bull. Mose. (1858), i. 459.—F, Mugu... Fragm
ili, 64.—Benru. Fi, Austral, i, 437.—WALr.
Ann. ii, 268 (sect. 1, 3) ; vii. 601.

7 Linnea, xxix, 295.—B. H. Gen, 382, 999,
n, 26.

8 A genus scarcely to be retained, flowers
nearly of Cryptandra, between which and Spy-
ridium they form a mean, but generally more
slender.

° Spec. 6, Reiss, Pl. Preiss. ii, 288) Cryp-
tandra).—Hoox. ¥, Fl. Tasm. i. 75, t. 12 B.
(Cryptandra sect. Stenocodon).—Scutt, Linnea,
xx. 640 (Cryptandra). —Turoz, Bull. Mose.
(1858), i. 458.—F. Moznt. Fragm, iii. 83
(Spyridium).—Brntu. Fl. Austral. i, 435.—
Watr. Ann. vii. 600.

RHAMNACEZ, gl

III. COLLETIEA.

33. Colletia Commers.—Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous ;
calyx membranous (coloured) cylindrical or urceolate-tubular, en-
larged at base and there circumscissus > laciniee of limb 4, 5, valvate,
finally refiexed. Petals 5 (or 0), small cucullate. Stamens same in
number opposite petals and with them inserted in the hollows, sub-
equal in length; filaments free; anthers short, 2-locular ; clefts 2,
often finally confluent above into one of horseshoe shape. Disk
glandular lining cupule at bottom of flower, sometimes thin or
invisible, oftener thick and involute at free margin. Germen for
most part free, adnate to base of cupule, 3-locular; style erect
elongate, capitate at hollow apex ; lobes stigmatose 3 or 6 (3 alter-
nate scarcely perceptible). Ovule in cells! (of Rhamnus) ; micropyle
introrsely inferior, finally lateral. Fruit drupaceous, girt at base
with cupule of receptacle ; exocarp finally dry coriaceous; endocarp
2, 8-coccous; cocci crustaceous, 2-valvate. Seeds plano-convex ;
‘testa coriaceous ; albumen fleshy ; cotyledons of erect embryo com-
pressed ; radicle short inferior—Shrubs generally leafless ; branches
decussate spinescent, sometimes thick compressed very rigid; leaves
opposite very small, squamiform (or 0); flowers below spines
solitary or cymose few; pedicels short and slender wavering.
(Warm and temp. South America.) See p. 62.

34? Discaria Hoor..—Flowers (nearly of Colletia) 4—5-merous,
sometimes apetalous (Notophena); tube of calyx terete or cam-
panulate, more or less produced beyond disk. Petals equal in
number to lobes of calyx (or sometimes 0) inserted in hollows of
orifice of calyx-tube cucullate small. Stamens of Colletia, inserted
with and opposite to petals; anthers 2-rimose ( Ochetophila*) or from
apical confluence of cells horseshoe-like rimose (Ludiscaria). Disk
lining bottom of tube, annular, entire or lobed at margin free.
Germen generally subglobular, sub-3-lobed, at base adnate to or
immersed in concavity of receptacle; cells 3; ovule* and other

1 Bot. Mise. i, 156, t. 44, 45.—Enpu. Gen. n, 3 Papp, ENDL. Gen. n, 5733.—Mzrs, Ann.
5731.—Miers, Ann, Nat. Hist. ser. 3, v. 370; Nat. Hist, loc. cit. 376; Contrib. i, 279, t.
Contrib, i, 278, t. 88,—B. H. Gen. 383, n. 29. 39,

Tetrapasma Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 40, 4 Double integument.

® Miers, Contrib, i, 266, t. 37.

92 ‘NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

characters of Colletia. Fruit drupaceous, finally coriaceous, dry
capsular, surrounded at base to greater or less height with the
persistent receptacular cupule and disk ; cocci 8, crustaceous, finally
2-valvate. Testa of suberect plano-convex seed coriaceous ; micro-
pyle in general finally lateral; albumen fleshy; cotyledons of
slightly fleshy embryo orbicular or shortly ovate ; radicle very short
inferior—Ramose shrubs, foliate or more rarely leafless; twigs
decussate, often spinescent, articulate or subarticulate at nodes ;
leaves (small or minute) coriaceous rather thick, imperceptibly
pehninerved, oftener obovate, sometimes serrate; flowers axillary
solitary or oftener few cymose; pedicels waving ; other characters
of Colletia.! (Trop. alpine and extra-trop. America, Australia, New
Zealand.)

35 ? Adolphia Mutssy.2—Flowers nearly of Colletia; receptacle
much shorter subcampanulate, lined with a disk as far as the
insertion of petals and stamens. Petals 5, inserted between the
3-angular-ovate and recurved lobes of the calyx, small, cucullate, at
base rather longer attenuated subspathulate. Stamens 5, oppositi-
petalous and inserted at margin of disk, nearly equal in length
to corolla; anthers small; cells 2, finally confluent in one above
and hence hippocrepiform-rimose. Germen subglobular or at
base adnate to receptacular cavity and disk, glabrous; cells 3,
l-ovulate; style slender, 3-lobed at stigmatose apex. Fruit drupa-
ceous finally coriaceous subdry subglobular, surrounded at base
with the somewhat enlarged and adnate cupule of receptacle,
3-coccous ; cocci chartaceous, perforated at the base, finally sepa-
rate and dehiscent within. ‘Testa of suberect broadly oblong plano-
convex seed coriaceous; albumen fleshy; cotyledons of somewhat
fleshy embryo orbicular; radicle short inferior. Other characters

1 A genus very often referred to Codletia, of
which, with others following, it would be better
regarded as a section, notwithstanding the form
of the perianth and receptacle and the structure
of the disk, the nature of the pericarp, the
twigs imperceptibly or not at all articulate,
characters apparently here of no moment,

2 Spec. 10-12, Sprena, Syst. Cur. Post.
iv. 108 (Condalia).— Vent. Jard. Cels, 92, t.
15 (Colletia) —Hoox. and Arn. But. Mise, iii,

173. —Ap. Br. Rhamn. 59, n. 1, 4 (Colletia).
—A. Ricu.. Voy. Astrol. Bot. t. 14 (Colletia) —
Hook. Jeon. t. 538 (Colletia).—Raoun, Ch. de Pl.
29.—C. Gay, Fl. Chil. ii. 19 (Rhamnus), 35-87
(Colletia), 88 (Ochetophila).—Hoox. v. Fl. Tasm.
1.69; Fl. Ant. ii, 255 (Colletia); Man. N.-Zeal.
Fi. 43.—Rurss, Mart. Fl. Bras, Rhamn. t. 35.—
Watpr. Ann. vii. 605.

3 Gen. 70; Comm. 50.—EnvL. Gen. n. 5732,.—
Mrzng, Contrib, i. 284.—B. H. Gen, 384, n, 30.

RHAMNAOCE. 93

of Colletia (or Discaria). A very ramose shrub; leaves very small
opposite linear-lanceolate entire; stipules minute subpersistent
(finally fuscate); branches and twigs rigidly spinescent, articulate
at nodes; flowers axillary cymose. (Mexico, Columbia, Bolivia.1)

36? Retanilla Ap. Br.2—Flowers of Colletia, 4-5-merous; tube
of campanulate or urceolate calyx generally far produced beyond
disk ; lokes ovate-acute, valvate. Petals 4, 5, inserted in hollows of
neck of calyx, small, cucullate. Disk covering base of calyx-tube
and produced upwards, tapering from bottom to top, unlimited.
Stamens 4, 5; anthers subpeltately affixed and opening in 2 valves
by subtransverse cleft. Germen sessile, or free, or slightly adnate
at base to receptacle and disk, pilose, 3-locular; style conical or
cylindrical columnar, 3-lobed at stigmatose apex. Fruit drupaceous
globular, girt at base with short cupule of receptacle ; exocarp fleshy’
or spongy; putamen hard, 3-locular. Seeds suberect; testa crus-
taceous, raphe lateral percurrent; micropyle finally lateral ;
albumen fleshy; cotyledons of straight embryo fat subelliptical ;
radicle short inferior and other characters of Colletia.—Shrubs or
undershrubs? subaphyllous ramose; branches virgate, 2—3-choto-
mously ramose terete spinescent ; leaves obsolete or opposite minute
very entire the smallest most caducous; stipules minute scarious,

persistent ; flowers in short compound cymose ramules, shortly pedi-
cellate. (Peru, Chili.*)

87. Talguenea Mrzrs’.—Flowers nearly of Colletia; tube of
calyx membranous, lined with hairs (not a glandular disk), cylindri-
cally attenuated above, at base generally obconical and far produced
beyond disk, somewhat contracted at neck. Petals 5, inserted
between lobes of calyx neck, small cucullate. Stamens same in
number inserted with and opposite to petals; filaments complanate

1 Spec. 1. 4. infesta Murssn.—A. Gray, Pl.
Wright. 34.—Colletia infesta Av. Br. Rhamn.
59, n. 5.— Ceanothus infestus H. B. K. Nov. Gen.
et Spec, vii. 61, t. 614.—Colubrina infesta ScuLTL,
Linnea, xv. 468. ;

2 Rhamn. 57, t. 8.—ENDL. Gen. n. 5734.—
‘B. A. Gen, 384, n. 31.-—Retamilia Mrzrs, Ann.
Nat. Hist. ser. 3, v. 483; Contrib. i. 285, t. 89
DE.— Molinga Commens. MSS. not of others.

3 Habit of Ephedre.

4 Spec. 2, 3. Vent. Jard. Cels, t. 92; Choix de
Pl. t. 16 (Colletia).—Porr. Dict. Suppl. ii. 311,
n. 1 (Colletia).—DC. Prod. ii. 28 (Colletie sect.
Retanilla).—Lopp. Bot. Cab. t. 1820 (Colletia).
—Hoox. Bot, Mise. i. 157; iii. 173.—C. Gay,
Fl. Chil. ii. 25.—Puim. Linnea, xxviii. 679.—
Watp. Ann. vii. 606.

5 Trav. Chili, ii, 529; Ann, Nat. Hist. ser. 3,
v. 6; Contrib. i. 296, t. 41.—Enpu. Gen. n. 5735,
—D. H. Gen. 385, n. 33.

94 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

pilose ; anthers subpeltate, 2-locular, finally confluently rimose and
opening very widely transversely. Germen immersed in bottom of
tube, sometimes hirsute, sub-3-lobed, 3-locular; style slender hir-
sute, 3-lobed at stigmatose apex. Fruit ‘“carcerular chartaceous very
hirsute oblong, enclosed by unchanged calyx, a little longer than it,
apiculate to style, indehiscent; cells 1-3, 1-spermous; seeds of
of Cviletia.’” A highly branched shrub; branches opposite; the
younger ones spinous; leaves opposite membranous oblong, entire
or serrate, 5-nerved at base, sericious beneath, stipules small
searious ; inflorescence and other characters of Retanilla or Colletia.
( Chili.)

38? Trevoa Mrers.2—Flowers nearly of Colletia; calyx mem-
branous, subcampanulate or long urceolate ampullaceous, lined with
hairs not a glandular disk; tube far produced beyond receptacle ;
limb 4—5-lobed, valvate. Petals 4, 5, inserted between lobes of
calyx-neck, very cucullate. Stamens same in number opposite to
and enclosed by petals; filaments short pilose; anthers subpeltate,
confluently rimose and finally opening very wide transversely in 2
valves. Germen semi-immersed at bottom of tube, sub-2-3-lobed,
2-8-locular very hirsute; style straight pilose, 2—3-lobed at stig-
matose apex. Fruit drupaceous ovoid, girt at base with persistent
cupule of receptacle; putamen rather hard nutlike, 1-3-locular ;
seeds and other characters of Retanilla (or Talguenea); testa nitid,
taphe lateral percurrent; micropyle finally lateral; albumen fleshy ;
cotyledons of straight embryo suborbicular or shortly elliptical ;
radicle short inferior——-Very ramose leafy shrubs; branches not
sulcate ; leaves opposite, ovate or obovate, serrulate, 3-nerved at
base; stipules deciduous; inflorescence and other characters of
Colletia. (Bolivia, Chili.*)

1 Char. from Mrsrs, loc. cit. 488 ; Contrib. i. 291, t. 40.—B. H. Gen, 384, n.
2 Spec. 2. Giz. and Hoox, Bot. Mise. i. 158, 32.
t. 45 B. (Zrevoa).—Berr. from Coxta, Mem. * Spec. 5 (Miers), Hoox. Bot. Mise. i. 157;
Torin. xxxvii. 53, t. 7 (Colletia).—C. Gay, Fl. iii, 174 (Retanilla).—C. Gay, Fl. Chil, ii. 27
Chil, ii, 28 (Trevoa).— Warp, Ann vii. 607. (Retanilla), 31 (Colletia),—Watr. Ann, viii. 607,
3 Trav. Chili, 529; Ann, Nat. Hist. ser, 3, v.

XLVI. PENHACEA.

In this small family, the flowers are regular, tetramerous, mono-

perianthous and hermaphrodite.

Those of Penca? (fig. 58-66) have

Penea myrtifolia,

Fig. 59. Flower (4).

Fig. 58. Habit.

x»

Fig. 61. Long. sect. of flower.

their floral envelope tubular or conical, coloured,? surmounted by
four lobes, two lateral, an anterior and a posterior, in prefloration
valvate in the bud (fig 60). In the intervals, on the same level, are
inserted an equal number of alternate stamens, each formed of a very

short filament and a bilocular and introrse anther.®

The two cells

VL, Hort. Clif. 87; Gen. u. 138 (not Priv.
not Lour.).—Apans. Fam. des Pl. ii, 225.—J.
Gen, 419.—Gzrtn. ¥, Fruct. iii. 243, t. 225.—
Por. Dict. vi, 538 (part.).—K. Linnea, v. 676
(part.).—A. Juss. Ann, Se. Nat, sér. 3, vi. 22, t.
1.—Enpt. Gen. n. 2116.—H. Bn. Payer Fam.
Nat, 323 ; Adansonia, xi, 287.—A. DO. Prodr.
xiv. 484,

? White or pink. The nature ofthe tube (which
we here only provisionally attribute to the peri-
anth, and which we shall call acalyx only in imi-

tation of most authors), could not be definitely
determined independently of the study of the
development. But it is probable from what we
observe in the neighbouring groups, that it
represents a receptacular organ, bearing at its
upper orifice the true perianth, represented by
the lobes and the androecium, whilst the bot-
tom supports the gynecium, hence doubtless a
striking analogy between Pena and Colletia.

3 The pollen is (H. Mout, Ann. Se. Nat.

96 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

occupy @ small inferior portion of the internal face of a thick and
- elongated connective, and open by a short oblique cleft. At the
bottom of the flower, the receptacle rises in a short cone which

Penea myrtifolia,

iM

Fig. 60. Diagram. Fig. 62. Gynecium (8). Fig. 65. Open seed. Fig. 66. Embryo.

supports four free carpellary leaves alternate with those of the
perianth.: Each presents to our noticé an inferior ovarian portion
enlarged, concave within and furnished with an internal median
ridge; an attenuated stylary portion, and a stigmatiferous extremity
more or less dilated. At its edges, it is in contact with the neigh-
bouring carpellary leaves without effecting any adherence with them
at any age; these four pistillar leaves are valvate with each other
in prefloration; and, by their dilated ovarian portions, they thus
circumscribe four cells superposed to the leaves of the perianth and
consequently alternate with the divisions of the style. Near the
hase of each carpellary leaf are inserted two ovules, separated from
each other by the base of the prominence formed by the internal
longitudinal ridge; and thus two ovules are found enclosed in each
of the cavities of the ovary. They are collateral, ascending, ana-

sér. 2, iii. 314) ovoid, with six or eight longi- mode of placentation, see H. Bn. “Adansonia, xi.
tudinal furrows. In water it becomes spheri- 228. The branches of the style correspond,
cal, with bands, three of which alternately not to the cells, but to the incomplete ovarian,
bear papille. partitions,

1 On the structure of the gynecium and the

PENHACE. 97

tropal and primarily the micropyle is directed downwards and
inwards so that the raphe is dorsal ; but later a slight twist occurs
which causes the raphes to approach, whilst the micropyles become
more or less lateral. The fruit, to which the perianth remains for a
longer or shorter time persistent and accrescent, is capsular, loculi-
cidal, separating into four equal valves extending from the base to
the summit of the persistent style. Each cell contains one or two
ascending seeds, the coats of which enclose a fleshy large-footed
embryo, nearly conical, with inferior obtuse or depressed radicle, and
two very short superior cotyledons, separated from each other by a
vertical cleft scarcely visible (fig. 65, 66). The Pencas are small
suffrutescent and ericoid plants from South Africa. Their persistent
leaves are opposite, entire, coriaceous, sessile or nearly so, accom-
panied by two very small blackish glanduliform stipules. The
flowers are solitary in the axils of the upper leaves of branches,
which are often transformed to coloured bracts, so that the whole
constitutes a small terminal spike. Each is accompanied by two
lateral bracteoles.1

In some species, as P. ericoides and fruticulosa, the gynecium
differs from that of the Pencas proper, in that the back of each
carpellary leaf presents only a more or less salient angle, instead of
being prolonged to a vertical membranous irregularly slashed wing,
extending from the stigmatic lobe nearly to the top of the ovary (fig.
61-63). For this reason they have been separated generically under
the name of Stylapterus;? but we can make of them only a section
of the genus Penea. Thus understood, the latter comprises seven or
eight species.°

The Sarcocols, plants of the same country, with the same foliage
and the same habit as Penea, with which they were formerly
classed, have generally larger flowers, the petaloid perianth of
which has a cylindrical tube, surmounted by a limb with four re-
duplicate-valved lobes. In the Sarcocols proper, such as S. formosa,
fucata, the tube is elongated and the stamens have a long filament ;

1 If there are four instead of two, the lateral 3 L Spec. ed. 2, 162.—L. ¥. Suppl. 121.—
are the more exterior, and the interior are,one Tuons. Fl. Cap, 149,—Vent. Malmais, t. 87.—
anterior and the other posterior (P. fruticu- Mutsen. Hook. Journ, (1843), 456 bis.— Murre.
losa). Icon. t. 51.—Lopp. Bot. Cab. t. 1770.—Kravss,

2A. Juss. loc. cit. 23, t. 1, fig. 2—A.DC. Flora (1845), 76. :
Prodr, xiv. 486.

VOL. VI. 4

98 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

which causes them soon to become exserted. In others, as 8.
speciosa, the tube is also very long, but the staminal filaments are so
short that the anthers remain enclosed. Thus the former species
are united gradually to S. acuta, rupestris, etc., of which a genus
Brachysiphon has been made and of which, the stamens being also
enclosed, the tube of the perianth remains relatively shorter.

Endonema, formerly classed with Sarcocolla, is distinguished by
each of the ovarian cells enclosing two pairs of, instead of two,
ovules. Those of the upper pair are ascending with inferior mi-
cropyle; those of the lower pair, descending, with superior micro-
pyle. All have a dorsal raphe. Sometimes.the lobes of the
perianth are valvate, as in the true Endonema, and sometimes they
are reduplicate, as in the section Glyschrocola. The stamens are
shorter or longer than the perianth. Endonema is from the same
country as Sarcocolla whose organs of vegetation it has.

This small family, according to LinpLEy! was verbally established
by him in 1820. Jussteu had left Pencea among the Genera of un-
certain place. In 1830, Kunrn® divided the old genus Penea of
Linnzvus and THunsere into three genera; Penea, Sarcocolla and
Geissolomee. But Enpricuer,* in 1841, placed the Gedssolomee in
a small distinct group, following the Penceacew, which consequently,
according to him, contained only Pena and Sarcocolla. In 1846,
A. DE JusstEu, in a note on the family of Pencacew,' added to the
preceding genera Stylapterus and Brachysiphon, which we cannot
retain, and the genus Hndonema, to which should be added one of the
three species of Sarcocolla admitted by him, and of which A. pz
CanDoLLE, in 1867,° made a genus Glyschrocolla, proposed by Enp-
LICHER’ as a section of Sarcocolla. Summing up, the Peneacee with
us number only three genera, comprising some twenty species, all
natives of the Cape, all frutescent or suffrutescent,? with opposite
persistent leaves, regular apetalous isostemonous flowers, gynecium,

1 Introd. 71; Veg. Kingd. (1846), 577, Ord. rally has a square or lozenge shape, in accord-

209.—Sweer, Hort. Brit, (1827), 488. ance with the arrangement of the leaves. In
2 Gen, (1789), 419. the medullary cellules and in those of the ver-
3 Linnea, v. (1830), 676. tical parenchyma is found a yellowish or
1 Enchirid, 218, Ord. 112; Gen. 335. brownish resinous substance,in appearance much
5 Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 3, vi. 16. resembling the gum-resins of the Bursere, and
6 Prodr. xiv. 483, Ord. 165. also certain Sarcocols, probably spurious, found
7 Gen. Suppl. iv. 73. here and there in commerce.

8 The transverse section of the wood gene-

PENHACEA. 99

like the other verticils of the flower, tetramerous, seed exalbu-
minous with fleshy large-footed embryo, and differing generically
one from another only in the prefloration of the perianth and the
number of ovules contained in each cell; either two ascending, or
four, of which two are ascending and two descending, but whatever
the direction, always having the micropyle interior and the raphe -
dorsal.

. We have shown! that the Penwacee approach the Colletiee on the
one hand, and the Aguilariee on the other; but that, from the one
as well as from the other, they are immediately distinguished by the
very singular organization of the gynecium, unexampled apparently
in the Vegetable Kingdom, consisting of four carpellary leaves, inde-
pendent from each other at every age, valvate, with styles super-
posed to the partition separating the cells. The latter have their
dorsal wall formed of the adjoining halves of two different carpellary
leaves.

To several Pencacee is attributed the production of a viscid,
sweetish and somewhat nauseous substance, used by the ancient
physician under the name of Sarcocol.? The genus which has thence
derived its name is, in particular, rich in a resinous waxy glue; but
the real source of this kind of balm, formerly so extolled for healing

wounds, is not yet determined.

1 Adansonia, xi. 289.

2 It is said to be the Saproxéaaa of Diosco-
Rives. The Arabs call it Unzeroot. It con-
tains a sweetish principle (sarcocollin), and is
said to be brought from Ethiopia. There is
no proof, says EnpuicuEr (Enchirid. 214), that
it comes from the Penacee, a8 DioscormEs
makes it come from Persia, and Msv reports

that it exudes from a spinous tree. It is not
known whether the Persians obtained it from
their own country or from Africa, The Sar-
cocol of commerce resembles a pale, yellowish,
odorous, somewhat bitter incense, often mixed
with the "fruits of the Umbellifere, as Saga-
penum Galbanum.

7—2

100 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

GENERA.

1. Penseea L.— Flowers hermaphrodite regular apetalous, 4-
merous; perianth (coloured) shortly tubular or conical ; lobes a little
shorter, valvate. Stamens 4, alternate with lobes, inserted in neck ;
filaments very short ; anthers introrse enclosed ; connective basifixed
thick somewhat compressed; cells much shorter, inferior oblique
rimose; fimbrilli-ciliate. Gyneecium superior; carpels 4, oppositi-
petalous, dilated at base (by germen), concave within, contiguous at
margin, valvate (not coadunate), dorsally angular apterous (Stylap-
terus), or oftener produced to a vertical vitteform wing to the
top of the style (Zupenea), at the base internally produced to a thick
free septum (contiguous within and hence dividing the germen into
four cells, not connate); styles 4, free, approximating to a 4-
sulcate column, cruciately dilated at stigmatose apex. Ovules in
cells 2, collaterally ascending suberect ; micropyle introrsely inferior.
Capsule clothed with augmented perianth, loculicidally 4-valvate ;
valves septiferous within, 1-2-spermous. Seeds suberect; testa
crustaceous; radicle of thick exalbuminous fleshy ovoid-conical
embryo inferior thick truncate or concave; cotyledons 2, superior
very small, visible from a very short cleft or almost entirely confer-
ruminate.—Evergreen undershrubs ; leaves opposite imbricate, entire
ericoid or oftener flat coriaceous ; stipules very small lateral glandu-
liform (blackish); axils often setiferous ; flowers in axils of upper-
most leaves (sometimes changed into coloured bracts) solitary sub-
sessile, decussately bracteolate. (Cape of Good Hope.) See p. 95.

2. Sarcocolla K.1—Flowers nearly of Penga (larger); perianth-
tube’ oblong ; lobes shorter than tube (Zusarcocolla*) or subequal

1 Linnea (1830), 677 —ENvDL. Gen. u. 2117, 287.—A. DO. Prodr. xiv. 488.

—A. Juss. Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 3, vi. 25 (part.), 2 Persistent, accrescent, coloured.
—H. Bn. Payer Fam. Nat, 334; Adansonia, xi. * Enpu. Gen. Suppl. iv. p. ii. n, 2117 a.

PENHAOEZ,. 101

(Brachysiphon*), or valvate (Huclissa*), or oftener reduplicate-valved
( Zusarcocolla, Anaclissa.?) Stamens inserted in neck; filaments free,
either long exserted (HusarcocoWla), or short enclosed (Brachysiphon) ;
anthers shorter more or less than connective or subequal, introrse.
Gynecium of Penea (exalate); style slender elongate; ovules in
cells 2 and other characters of Pencea.—Undershrubs ;* leaves oppo-
site generally flat, imbricate ; stipules very small; flowers axillary
solitary, more or less approaching the apex of the branches
(spuriously spicate or capitate); bracts oftener expanded or
attenuated, coloured. (Cape of Good Hope.)

3. Endonema A. Juss.5—Flowers of Sarcocolla ; perianth valvate
(Zuendonema’) or reduplicate (Glyschrocolla.) Stamens 4; filaments
rather long. Germen-cells 4, 4-ovulate; 2 ovules ascending;
micropyle introrsely inferior; the other 2 descending; micropyle
introrsely superior. Capsule wingless, Joculicidally 4-valvate ;
seeds in cells 1-3, or sometimes 4 (2 ascending; but 2 descending) ;
funicle swollen arilliform; testa produced to a cupule at apex ; 9
embryo and other characters of Sarcocolla (or Penea).—Shrubs or
undershrubs ; habit and leaves of Sarcocolla ; flowers axillary often

to upper leaves solitary; bracts imbricate, sometimes coloured.
(Cape of Good Hope.')

1A. Juss. loc. cit. 24, t. 2, fig. 3. — Envi.
Gen. n, 21161 (Suppl. iv. 73).

2 Ewn. loc. cit. (Brachysiphon, sect. a).

3 Ewpu. Joe. cit. sect. d.

+ Often unctuous-resinous.

5 Spec. about 10. L. Mantiss, 199, 331 (Pe-
nea).—Tuuns. Fl. Cap. 149 (Penea).— Bure.
Cap. 36 (Penea),—Lamx. Ill. i. 317, t. 78
(Penea). — Porn. Dict. vi. 540 (Penea).—
Grau. Bot. Mag. t. 2809 (Penea).— Bot. Reg. t.
106 (Penea),

§ Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 8, vi. 19, 26, t. 3.—
Envi. Gen, n. 21177.—H. By. Payer Fam,

Nat. 334.

7 Endonema A. DC. Prodr. xiv. 490.

SA. DC. loc. cit.—Sareocolle sect. Glys-
chrocolla Envi, Suppl. iv. 76.

9 ‘The swollen part of the funicle interior to
the dorsal margin of this cupule, afterwards
attenuated seems to penetrate within the sub-
stance of the integument itself, and is there
produced in a white raphe to the chalaza.

0 Spec. 3,4. Tuunn. Naturf. Mag. Berl. i.
t. 8, fig. 2 (Penea).—A. Juss. loc. cit. 26 (Sar-
cocolla).

XLIX. THYMELAACE.

1. AQUILARIA SERIES.

Aquilaria, (fig. 67-69), the name of which has been given to a
family long admitted as distinct, consists of plants with herma-
phrodite, regular and monoperianthous flowers. The floral receptacle *

Aquilaria malaccensis.

Fig. 67. Flower ($). Fig. 69. Long. sect. of fruit (3), Fig. 68. Long. sect. of flower.

has the form of an obconical or nearly hemispherical sac, on the
margin of which are inserted five or six obtuse sepals, imbricate in
prefloration. More internally, from the throat of the receptacle
spring® ten or twelve stamens, perigynous like the sepals to which
five of them, somewhat longer, are superposed, whilst the five or six
‘others, belonging to another verticil, are alternate. Each is formed
of a filament, very short or almost nil, often long* enough for the

1 Lamn. Dict. i. 49; Suppl. ii. 709; Id. t.
356. — DC. Prodr. ii. 59.—Spacu, Suit. &@
Buffon, xiii. 289.—Turr. Dict. Sc. Nat. Atl. t.
248.—Linpu. Veg. Kingd. 579, fig. 392.—Enpi.
Gen. n. 2111,—H. Bn. Payer Fam. Nat. 332;
Adansonia, xi. fasc. 10.—Mertssn. DC. Prodr.
xiv. 601.—Ophispermum Lour. Fil. Cochinch.
(ed. 1790), 280.— Agallochum Rumpu. Herb. Am-
boin. ii. 34, t. 10.

2 This corresponds to what, in all descrip-
tions, is considered as the tube of the perianth.
It is lined with a very thin glandular layer,
covered with hairs; and it is this disk which,
thickening at the throat, there separates into

alternipetalous tongues described a little far-
ther on,

3 Their course can be traced lower down on
the internal face of the receptacle in the form
of a slightly prominent thread. Their pre-
sence here is owing to the late development of
the receptacular cup which, at first, is scarcely
concave and afterwards enlarges from top to
bottom as it becomes more pronounced.

4 In some species it separates clearly a little
after fecundation, following a transverse line, a
little above the point where it becomes free.
Its upper portion generally begins to change
before this disarticulation.

THYMELZACES. 108

anther with which it is surmounted to be partly or wholly
exserted. The latter is formed of a connective continuous with the
summit of the filament and to the internal face of which are applied
throughout their entire length the parallel and independent cells
of the anther, dehiscing introrsely by a longitudinal cleft. With the
stamens alternate ten or twelve obtuse or flattened tongues which
occupy the intervals! and are covered with whitish hairs. At the
bottom of the floral receptacle is inserted a sessile gynecium, the
ovary of which, generally dicarpellar*, is surmounted by a short
style, dilated above to a stigmatiferous head with more or less salient
lobes. The ovary is divided into two cells, complete or incomplete,?
each of which encloses, in its internal angle, a descending anatropous
ovule, with micropyle directed upwards and outwards.* The fruit is
a drupe, but slightly fleshy, finally dry or nearly so, obovate or
obcordate, attenuated at base to a sort of foot around which per-
sist the perianth, and a portion of the andreecium ; compressed per-
pendicularly to the partition which divides it into two cells. It opens
marginally into two valves, septiferous in the middle of their internal
face, and encloses one or two seeds the coats® of which are prolonged
inferiorly to a sort of chalazine horn® and cover a fleshy embryo,
with short superior radicle and thick plano-convex cotyledons. Of
one species of Aguilarta from the Philippines a genus Cyrinopsis?
has been’ made, because it has a receptacular sac longer in tube
and very short staminal filaments. Aquilaria comprises trees and
shrubs from tropical Asia and the warmest regions of Malaya. They
have alternate leaves, entire or nearly so, penninerved, with
numerous secondary nervures, linear and parallel, and terminal
lateral or axillary flowers,* arranged in simple or more or less com-

pound umbels.

Four or five species are described.°

1 ‘While the sepals are reflexed.

2 Here and there with three carpels.

3 They have always appeared to me com-
plete, though the separating partition is formed
of two halves meeting along the middle line
with margins tolerably thick, but not uniting
and easily separable with the slightest traction.
Always in Lachnolepis’ (Mia. Ann. Mus, Lugd.
Bat, i, 132), to us unknown, but apparently
ought not, for this single character, to be sepa-
rated from the other Gyrinops, the two parietal
placente remaining, it is said, but slightly
salient.

4 With double envelope.

5 The exterior is crustaceous, blackish, often
covered with small salient scales.

6 The prolonged external coat envelopes this
conical projection. When it decays (which
happens sooner or later), it lays bare a bundle
of long hairs, originally planted on the chala-
zaic region, afterwards disengaged, but pre-
viously united in a brush in this kind of sheath
which keeps them together

7 Done. Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 2, xix, 41, t, 1 B—
Meissn. Prodr. 602. s

8 Greenish or reddish.

9 Sprung. Syst. ii. 366.—Roxs. et CoLEBR.
Trans. Linn. Soc. xxi. iii, 119, 6. 21.--Roxs.

104 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Gyrinops Walla (fig. 70, 71), a shrub from Ceylon, similar to
Aquilaria in its organs of vegetation, differs in that the throat of its
narrowly tubular receptacle gives insertion to only five oppositi-
petalous stamens and to an equal
number of alternate scales, forming
by their contiguity a short col-
larette covered with hairs, and in
that their bilocular ovary is sup-
ported by a long foot.’

Phaleria,? shrubs from all the
tropical regions of Asia and
Oceania, differs directly from the
preceding genera by its opposite
leaves. | The flowers have also a
long tubular receptacle, but
coloured and petaloid, as well as
imbricate sepals,* to the number
of four or five, which are inserted

sect. of ower. in the throat. It is lined with a
very thin disk which thickens only at the throat and there termi-
nates in a straight or festooned edge, or is dilated into lobes which
project into the intervals between the superior stamens. The latter
are the same in number as the parts of the perianth to which they
are superposed, whilst the alternate stamens are situated lower down
on the receptacular tube. AIl are composed of one filament of
variable length and one bilocular and introrse anther, dehiscing by
two longitudinal clefts. The ovary, with two or often a single cell,
is surrounded at the base by a cupuliform and membranous disk,
entire or lobed, and surmounted by a style, like the staminal fila.

Gyrincps Walla.

Fig. 70. Flower (4). Fig. 71. Long.

Fil. Ind. ii, 422.—Cav. Diss. vii. 377, t. 224,.—
Rovu. Id. Himal. 173, t. 36.—Hoox. Icon. t. 6.
—Bentu. Hook, Kew Journ. v.195; Fl. Hongk.

3 Jack, Mal. Nise. (1820-22).—Hoox. Comp.
to Bot. Mag, i. 156.—Enpu. Gen. n, 2109.—
H. By. Adansonia, xi. fase. 10.— Drymi-

297.—Mia. Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. p. i. 882; Suppl. i.
141 (part.).—H. Bn. Adansonia, xi. fasc. 10,

1 Gaertn, Fruct, ii, 276, t. 140.— DC.
Prodr. ii. 60. — Ann. Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed. 2,
442.—Hoox. Icon. t. 5—Enpu. Gen. n. 2110.—
Taw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 251.—Metssn. Gen. 73:
Prodr. 602, 700.—H. Bn. Payer Fam. Nat. 333.

2 At its base exists a small glandular swell-
ing, scarcely perceptible.

spermum Ruww. Syll. Nov. Pl. Ratisb. (1818),
16, t. 2.—Metssn. Prodr. 603.—Pseudais Dong.
Ann. Se. Nat, sér.'2, xix. 40.— Leucosmia
Benru. Hook, Lond. Journ. ii, 281; Voy. Sulph.
Bot. 179, t. 57 (in some copies.).—Plutonia
Nononu. (ex Hassx.).

4 Which are the lobes of the calycinal limb

according to most authors ; generally white,
like the tube,

THYMELHACE®. 105

ments, of very variable length, dilated at the summit to a stigmati-
fara head more or less lobed. The fruit is a slightly fleshy drupe,
with one or two seeds the fleshy embryo of which is destitute
of albumen. Some dozen® species of Phaleria are described; the
flowers are arranged in short, often umbelliform, spikes, terminal or
axillary, surrounded by imiricate bracts forming an involucre® =

Instead of being elongated, as’ in the flower of Phaleria and
of Gyrinops, the receptacle of Aguilaria may become short, cupuli-
form ; so that the perigyny there becomes much less distinct. This
occurs in Gonistylus, a tree from the Indian Archipelago, which has
alternate leaves, five sepals, ten stamens, some thirty scales in their
intervals, four or five cells in the ovary and a large bacciform fruit.
By the form of its receptacle, it is intermediate between the pre-
ceding genera and Océolepis, a genus from tropical and western
Africa, whose leaves are alternate, and its tetramerous and diplo-
stemonous flowers have a receptacle almost flat, with an insertion,
consequently, scarcely perigynous, and an ovary aot entirely
superior, with four uniovulate cells.

Il. THYMELAA SERIES.

We commence the study of this series, not by Thymelea, from
which it has derived its name, nor by Daphne, the best known
representative in our country, but by the most complete types, such
as those presented in their flowers by Linostoma * (fig. 72, 73). It
may be said of these that, but for their unicarpellar gynecium,
they would be altogether inseparable from <Aguilaria.’ They have

1 “ Genitalibus, more quarumd. Rudiac. etc.
dimorphis.” (A. Gray, Seem. Journ. of Bot.
iii. 305.)

vii. 1 (Drymispermum).—Hook. ¥. Bot. Mag. t.
5787.—Bentu. Fl. Austral. vi. 37.
3 The genus Shkaphium (Mie. Fl. Ind.-

2 Forst. Prodr. 38, 192 (Dais).— Wixsrtr.
Thymel. 349 (Dais).—Gaupicu. Voy. Uran.
Bot. 448, t. 44 (Dais).— Bi. Bydr. 651
(Dais). — Downe. Ann. Mus. iii, 41 (Deis);
Ann, Se. Nat, sér. 2, xix. 38, t. 1 A (Dry-
mispermum); Voy. Venus, Bot. 13, t. 10-
12 (Drymispermum) ; 17 (Leucosmia). — Zour.
Verz. ii, 117 (Drymispermum).—A. Gray, loc.
cit. 305 (Leucosmia)—Tuw. Enum, Pl. Zeyl. 251
(Drymispermum).—Mia. Fl. Ind-Bat, i. p. i
883 (Pseudais), 884 (Drymispermum) ; Suppl. i.
142 (Drymispermum).—Suum. Fl. Vit. 207
(Drymispermum).—F. Muzun. Fragm. v. 26;

Bat. Suppl. i. 142), very imperfectly known,
appears tolerably analogous to Phaleria by
its fruit, but it differs, apparently, in its mode
of inflorescence. Its flower must be analysed.

4 Watt.-Cat. u. 4203.—Enpi. Gen. n. 2102;
Suppl. iv. p. ii. 67, n. 2106 4.—Matssx. Denk-
schr. Bot. Ges. Regensb. iii. 298, t. 7; Prodr.
599, 700.—Nectandra Roxs. Fl. Ind, (ed. 1882),
ii, 425 (not Bere. nor Rorrs.).—Eulinostoma
Metssn. Mart. Fl. Bras. Thymel. 71.

5 and Phaleria may have, as we have seen,
a unilocular ovary.

106 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

regular, hermaphrodite pentamerous flowers. The concave receptacle,!
in the form of areversed cone, bears on its margin the five divisions
of the calyx, quincuntially imbricate, then open or even reflexed
in anthesis. In the throat are inserted with and superposed to

Linostoma decandrum.

Fig. 72. Flower (4). Fig. 73. Long. sect. of flower.
them five stamens each formed of a free filament and an exserted
and introrse anther, bilocular and dehiscing by two longitudinal
clefts. Five other stamens, alternate with and shorter than the
preceding, of the same organisation, constitute a second verticil ;
and with the ten parts of the andreecium alternate an equal number
of glands, also inserted in the throat, elongate, nearly petaloid,
glabrous, obtuse at the summit, long contracted towards the base.
The gynecium is quite at the bottom of the receptacle, accompanied
at the base by ten very small hypogynous glands each of which
corresponds to a prolongation of one of the stamens. The ovary is
free, nearly sessile, covered with hairs, surmounted by a terminal
slender style, the exserted summit of which is dilated to a stigmati-
ferous head. In the single cell of the ovary is seen a parietal
placenta bearing, a little below the summit, a single descending
anatropous ovule, with micropyle superior and exterior. The fruit
is a naked drupe (?), finally dry, enclosing one descending seed,
with thick fleshy embryo and short superior radicle, and accom-
panied by an unabundant fleshy albumen. Linostoma, of which
only one or two Indian® species are known, consists of glabrous

1 Such is probably the signification of the clearly the linear descending threads of the
tube which, in generic descriptions, we shall staminal filaments, partly concealed by hairs.
often refer to the perianth, following most 2 Or more or less crenate.
authors, the question being still undecided. 3 Grirr, Cale. Journ. of Nat. Hist. iv. 234,
On these coats are delineated more or less not.—Watr. Ann. i. 587.

THYMELHAOEA. 107

shrubs, with opposite leaves, without stipules, entire, penninerved,
and terminal flowers arranged in umbelliform cymes and accom-
panied by leaves modified as to form and consistence.

Close to. Linostoma ranges Lophostoma, a beautiful tree from the
region of the Amazon, which, with the same leaves and the same
floral organisation, presents short and hairy alternipetalous glands,
an ovary destitute of hypogynous disk, anda fruit with thin and dry
pericarp, around which persists the accrescent perianth, almost
vesiculate and thickened at the base to a sort of crenelated ring.
Synaptolepis, a sarmentous shrub of Zanzibar, has likewise opposite
leaves and pentamerous and decandrous flowers; but the perianth
has the form of a horn still more narrow and elongate; and, above
the oppositipetalous stamens, is seen, instead of free scales, a short
collarette with entire or finely crenelate margin. The fruit is ovoid,
closely surrounded by an induvium formed by the base of the
perianth become fleshy and perforated at the summit; the flowers
are axillary and solitary. In Stephanadenia, native shrubs of Mada-
gascar, the habit is altogether different, and the leaves are alternate,
elongate and pointed, with numerous fine pinnate nervures. The
flowers, either arranged along a long and slender spike to which they
are articulate, or gathered in a sort of umbel at its summit, are
constructed nearly as those of the preceding genera. But the perianth
has the form of a tube nearly cylindrical, and the throat bears, above
two distant verticils of sessile anthers, a thick glandular collarette,
spread out, and fringed with prominent papille. The gynecium, sup-
ported by a very short foot, is composed of an ovoid ovary extending
upwards in a terminal style with stigmatiferous extremity somewhat
enlarged. In Dicranolepis, on the contrary, the scales of the throat of
the limb attain so great a development, that they nearly equal the
five divisions of the calyx and resemble a corolla. A pair of these
large petaloid and coloured scales correspond to each interval
between two neighbouring sepals. The andrecium is equally
diplostemonous, and the ovary is supported by a short foot sur-
rounded by a disk in the form of a membranous sheath and sur-
~mounted by a style with a stigmatiferous claviform and elongated
extremity. Dicranolepis consists of shrubs from tropical western
Africa with distichous unsymmetrical leaves and axillary sessile
flowers. Gnidia has also petaloid scales at the throat of the perianth,
but they are much less developed. They are simple or double in

108 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

each interval between two calycinal lobes. The latter are five in.
number in the species of which the genus Lastosiphon has been made,
and four in Gnidia proper, whose perianth often separates circularly

Lachnea rosea.

Fig. 74, Floriferous branch. Fig. 76. Long. sect. of flower (4).

above the ovary. The latter is generally surrounded at the base by
a hypogynous disk of very variable dimensions. Gnidia has alter-
nate or opposite leaves and flowers generally

Lachneea rosea, collected in terminal capitules surrounded

by an involucre of imbricated floral leaves ;
more rarely they are axillary, solitary or
‘grouped in spikes. They inhabit India,
Madagascar and especially tropical eastern
and southern Africa. Lachnea (fig. 74-77),
all natives of southern Africa, has always
tetramerous flowers and eight stamens, four
of which may be sterile; but, what is
\ remarkable, these flowers are sometimes
Fig. 75. Flower (2). regular and sometimes irregular, with
such transitions between the one form

and the other, that it is quite impossible to divide the genus.
The gynecium is destitute of bhypogynous scales, and those

THYMELZACEA., 109

which alternate with the stamens are inserted lower down on the
tube of the corolla (fig. 77); a character which has given a name
( Cryptadenia) to one section of the genus. Lachneea consists of ericoid
ramose shrubs, with alternate or opposite

leaves, and flowers terminal or solitary or Lachnaa (Cryptadenia)
collected in a variable number at the sum- icles

mit of the branches, in heads bare or sur- \
rounded by an involucre.

In the following types, while all
the characters remain the same as
the preceding, the scales of the
throat of the perianth disappear. This oan ici
is observed not only in Daphne, but in
the numerous genera which, with it, here constitute a second
subseries (Eudaphnew). The most complete are those which, as
Dais (fig. 78), have regular hermaphrodite pentamerous flowers,
with two series of five stamens, of which
five, longer and higher placed, are op- Dais cotinifoia.
positipetalous, and a gynecium sur-
rounded by a hypogynous disk. Dais,
shrubs of Madagascar and the Cape, has,
besides, the foliage and inflorescence
of Gnidia, to which it is often united,
being distinguished only by the absence
of scales from the throat. Lasiadenia, a
shrub from Guyana and Venezuela, has
nearly the same flowers; but the terminal
and few-flowered capitules are destitute
of an involucre, and the five glands which
accompany the base of the ovary are
short and covered with long hairs. Itis Fig. 78. Inflorescence.
scarcely possible to separate Hargasseria,
shrubs of Cuba, except that the stamens are exserted instead of being
enclosed, and the flowers are polygamous and collected in a capitule
(without involucre) the receptacle of which is covered with abun-
dant hairs (like that of Lasiosiphon). In Goodallia, a shrub of
Guyana, which also has alternate leaves and flowers in terminal
and capituliform spikes, the flowers are dicecious, pentamerous ; and
the hairy glands of the disk, ten in number, are not hypogynous,
but inserted on the tube of the perianth, near the base; the form

110 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

is linear. Daphnopsis, shrubs of tropical America, has also dicecious
flowers, with a bell- or funnel-shaped perianth; but they are tetra-
merous. The gynecium is accompanied by a hypogynous disk,
formed of four small glands independent or united in a short tube or
cupule. The flowers are alternate, and the inflorescence is in umbels
or pedunculate capitules, solitary or collected in cymes.

Lagetta, the Lac tree of the Antilles, has also tetramerous flowers ;
but they are hermaphrodite, and the coloured perianth is oval-
oblong, narrowed at the throat, then divided into four imbricate
lobes. The andreecium is formed of two verticils of four enclosed
stamens, nearly sessile, and the ovary, whose base is destitute of
disk and its surface covered with long hairs, is surmounted by a
short style, swollen at its stigmatiferous extremity. The fruit is
dry, covered with hairs and surrounded by the
persistent base of the calyx. It is a tree with
large alternate and oval leaves, and flowers in
simple and terminal spikes. Funifera, sometimes
united with Zagetta, are Brazilian, and have
alternate or opposite leaves, with flowers col-
lected in racemiform or spiciform cymes, termi-
nal or occupying the axils of the upper leaves.
They are tetramerous, with eight enclosed sta-
mens, but dicecious, and the base of the ovary is
accompanied by eight long linear setaceous
glands intermixed with long silky hairs. The
fruit is also dry and surrounded by the ac-
crescent and persistent perianth. Peddiea, shrubs
of southern and tropical Africa, have alternate or
neatly opposite leaves and hermaphrodite, um-
bellate, terminal flowers, with articulate pedicels.
The perianth is cylindro-conical, with 4 or 5
imbricate lobes. The andreecium consists of 8
or 10 enclosed stamens, inserted within the tube
We, in two verticils, and the ovary is accompanied

Fig. 80, Flower, peri- by a hypogynous disk in form of a denticulate
anth laid open (7). cupule. The fruit is drupaceous and bare.

Dirca palustris (fig. 79, 80), a shrub of North America, has also
hermaphrodite and tetramerous flowers. The petaloid perianth has
the form of a horn with an aperture cut obliquely, and the eight

Direa palustris.

branch,

THYMELZACER, 111

stamens, arranged in two verticils alternating with the teeth of the
perianth, are inserted towards the lower part of the perianth and
exserted. The ovary is accompanied by a small annular disk
and surmounted by a style attenuated towards the summit. The
fruit is a naked berry. The leaves are alternate, caducous, and the
flowers, which blossom in sa spring, are axillary and solitary or in
few-flowered cymes.

Daphne (fig. 81-85) has wigs hermaphrodite and tetramerous
flowers. The perianth, green or petaloid, has the form of a tube or

Daphne Mezereum,

Fig. 82, Flower (4). Fig. 83. Long.

sect. of flower.

Fig. 84. Fruit (2). Fig. 81. Floriferous branch, Fig. 85. Long. sect. of fruit.

funnel, and its limb consists of four folioles, disposed in the bud in
imbricate-alternate prefloration. As in the preceding genera, the
throat is destitute of scales, and the andreecium is formed of eight
stamens, sessile or nearly so, of which four superposed to the sepals
are taller. The gyneecium is surrounded by a disk generally very
short, and the ovary is surmounted by a style nearly apical, with
dilated summit, spherical or ovoid, covered with stigmatic papille.
In Edgeworthia, which has been generically distinguished, it is
longer and claviform in its stigmatiferous portion. The fruit is a
naked berry, with a pericarp sometimes thin; it contains one seed
with albumen thin or nil. Daphne consists of shrubs from the

112 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

temperate regions of Europe, Asia, or Africa, with alternate or
rarely opposite leaves most frequently persistent. The flowers
are sometimes axillary and sessile, generally in the axils of the
upper leaves or bracts which take their place, so that collectively they
form a sort of capitule. In the Daphne of ‘South-western America,
the habit and the foliage are the same; but the tetramerous flowers
are declinous, and the perianth is infundibuliform, constricted at the
throat. Of the eight stamens, reduced in the female flower to
narrow sterile tongues, the four superior are oppositipetalous and
exserted. The gynecium is surrounded by a small disk of four
scales, and the elongated style is dilated to a stigmatiferous
head. They formed the genus Ovidia, abundant especially in
the Andes. Wikstramia was also formerly comprised in the genus
Daphne, and is scarcely distinct; the perianth and andreecium are
the same; the disk is nil or formed of four hypogynous, linear
scales, free or united at the base. The fruit, generally but slightly
fleshy, finally ‘separates from the perianth, which opens length-
wise, and the seed has a scanty albumen. ‘They are Oceanic and
Asiatic trees and shrubs, with opposite, more rarely alternate leaves,
not persistent, and terminal inflorescence.

Beside Daphne and Wikstremia are ranged some other closely allied
genera, all of which have regular, diplostemonous flowers, without
scales in the throat. Such are Stellera, shrubby or herbaceous
plants of temperate Asia. The perianth is hypocrateriform, 4—6-
merous, and its tube presents above the ovary a transverse articula-
tion. The upper becomes detached, whilst the indurated base
surrounds the dry fruit. The ovary, surrounded by an oblique
membranous disk, is surmounted by a bundle of hairs from which
emerges the style dilated at the summit. The leaves are alternate
and the flowers disposed in spikes or in terminal capitules. Thymelea.
has tetramerous, unisexual or hermaphrodite flowers, without hypo-
gynous disk. They are shrubby or subshrubby plants of the Levant,
Asia and North Africa. The leaves are alternate, and the flowers
axillary, solitary or collected in glomerules. Arthrosolen, shrubs or
undershrubs of southern and eastern Africa, having flowers axillary
or terminal and surrounded by an involucre, has an infundi-
buliform coloured perianth; the flower differs from that of
Gnidia only in the absence of scales in the throat of the perianth.
Diarthron is also very analogous. The tetramerous perianth has the

THYMELEACEE, 118

form of an elongate tube and presents a transverse articulation
constricted above the ovary. The latter is surrounded by a thin
annular disk, and becomes a dry fruit surrounded by the inferior
portion of the perianth. Diarthron comprises slender herbs from central
Asia; the leaves are alternate, linear, and the flowers form elongated
and slender spikes, destitute of bracts. Passerma (fig. 86) has also
tetramerous flowers, with hypo-

crateriform calyx; the ovary is Passarina hirsuta.

without a disk, and the two e
staminal verticils are sufficiently
near to appear a single verticil.
The fruit is dry or more rarely
fleshy, as in P. empetroides, of
which has been made a genus
Chymococca, but which, like its Fig. 86. Floriferous branch.
congeners, is a Cape plant, eri-

coid, tomentose, with linear opposite leaves, and flowers solitary
or collected in short spikes or terminal capitules.

The andrecium is rarely isostemonous in this series, and there
are only four genera therefore constituting the subseries Struthiole.
Struthiola and Kelleria have in fact only four stamens, alternate with
the divisions of the perianth; but the throat of the latter bears
four simple or unsheathed scales, superposed to the divisions
(Eustruthiolee). In Drapetes,
on the contrary, the scales
disappear (Drapetec), all the
other characters remaining
those of Kelleria. Struthiola
consists of Cape shrubs or
undershrubs, ericoid and with
leaves almost always alternate.
Kelleria and Drapetes are
humble subshrubby and ces-
pitose, musciform plants,
with sessile and imbricate
leaves. The former are
Oceanic; the latter inhabit
the mainland and principal Fig. 87. Flower (4). Fig. 88. Tong. sect. of
islands of the Magellanic ‘

VoL. VI. 8

Pimelea ligustrina.

114 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANYS.

region. Schanobiblus, of which only one woody species from Brazil
is known, has membranous alternate leaves, and male flowers disposed
in terminal umbels. The perianth presents a short, infundibuliform
tube, covered with hairs at the bottom, with four linear open lobes,
to which are superposed an equal number of exserted stamens, with
oblong and introrse anthers. The female flower is unknown. Still
more rarely there are less stamens than parts in the perianth, and
the small subseries (Pimelee) in which this is observed, comprises
the single genus Pimelea (fig. 87, 88), which has only two stamens
superposed to the most exterior of the four divisions of the perianth,
and which includes shrubby, subshrubby or herbaceous plants, natives
of Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand and, very rarely, of Java. In
nearly all cases the leaves are opposite and the inflorescence capitate
and terminal.

This very natural family is of very ancient origin. AbAnson!
had very clearly indicated it in 1793, in section IT of his Family of
Garou (Thymelee?). A. L. pE Jusstev? gave to the same group the
name of the order Thymelee, but he introduced into it wrongly
Quisqualis (Combretacee). Linprzy* and EnpiicHEr® fairly limited
this fumily for which C. A. MryeEr proposed the name Daphnacee) ;
but the former included Ezocarpus (Santalacee °), and Hernandiee,
which we have referred to Lauracee;® and the latter retained
Canyera (of the Santalacee) and Hernandiacee; but he added,
as a doubtful genus, however, Phaleria which Jack” had published
some fifteen years previously. In fact Enpiicuzr, in 1836, admitted
fourteen of the genera now preserved, Dirca, Daphne, Dais, Lachneea,
Passerina, Diarthron, Drapetes, Pimelea, Struthiola, Gnidia, Lino-
stoma, Wikstremia, Lagetta and Phaleria, MEISSNER, who at various
times® occupied himself with this family, in 1857 added to it the
genera Ovidia and Lophostoma, at the same time ascribing to it in
their respective order the ancient genus Thymelea of TOURNEFORT,

1 Fam. des Pl. ii. 278, Fam. 40. 6 See Nat. Hist. of Plants, ii. 449.

2 Veprecule L. Phil. Bot. (1751), 33. 7 Mal. Mise. (1820-22).

3 Gen. (1789), 76, Ord. 2. 8 Linnea, xiv. 385; Denkschr. Bot. Ges.

4 Introd. (ed. 2), 194; Veg. Kingd, (1846). Regensb. iii. 274; Gen, 328, 330 (242) 4 Mart.
630, Ord. 203 (Thymelacee). Fil. Bras. Thymel. (fasc. 14); DC, Prodr. xiv.

5 Gen, 829, Ord. 109 (Daphnoidea). 493 (1857).

THYMELAACEA. 115

Stellera of Guutin, Arthrosolen and Funifera of CO. A. MryER,
Kelleria of Expuicuer, Peddiea of Harvey, Daphnopsis and Scheeno-
biblus of Martius and Zuccartint, Dicranolepis of Piancuon, Coleo-
phora of Mrzrs and Goodallia and Lasiadenia of Buntuam. In fact, he
admitted among the Thymelew thirty-three genera which we have
reduced to twenty-seven and to which Ox1vER! has just added Synap-
tolepis. We havealso proposed, in this series, a new genus Stepha-
nodaphne ;* bringing the total up to twenty-nine. The Aquilariee,
which formerly comprised only the genera Aquilaria of Lamancx ? and
Gyrinops of G@RTNER,* have been long separated from the Thymelacee,
chiefly on account of their pluricarpellar gynecium; but R. Brown,
who ranged them beside the Dichapetalee ( Chailletiec), declares, how-
ever,’ “ that their affinity with the 7hymelew would be less difficult
to establish than with any other group.” This opinion, the ‘ para-
doxical appearance’ of which he did not dissimulate, is indeed now
adopted by everyone. We have seen Enpiicuer placing Pha-
laria in the series of the Thymelacee ; which entails the annexation
to this family of Aguilaria and Gyrinops, inseparable from Phaleria.
Unfortunately, DecaIsnz, engaged with these plants in 1843 ° and
1864,’ placed before the latter generic name that of Drymispermum,$
which is posterior to it, and, inconsiderately multiplying generic
and specific divisions, introduced the utmost confusion, making
with the true Phaleria at the same time Drymispermum, Pseudais
and ZLeucosmia, persisting in and even aggravating his errors
in his work of 1864, in which he appears to take no notice
of the progress of science or the labours of his predecessors.°
Metssner,!° also, having passively admitted the valueless genera
established by Dxcatsnz, was led to divide the Agutlariew, under
the same title as the Thymelew, into two tribes, Gyrinopee and
Drymispermee, distinguished from each other by the presence or
absence of scales in the throat of the perianth, and to place the
same genus, under different names, in both tribes. Happily in

1 Hook, Icon, t. 1074 (1870). 7 Voy. Vénus, Bot. 13, tab.
2 Adansonia, xi. fasc. 10 (1875). ® Rumnw. Syllog. Pl. Ratisb. 15 (1828).
3 Diet. ii (1806). 9 For the most complete demonstration of
4 Fruet.ii (1791). these facts. now scarcely credible, see Adan-
5 Congo (1818), 443; Misc. Works (edit. sonia, xi. fasc. 10.

Benn,), i, 126. 10 Prodr, xiv. 601 (1857).

6 Ann, Sc. Nat. sér, 2, xix. 35, t. 1.

a4

116 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

1866, Seemann! had the credit of restoring in one and the- same
genus Phaleria (Drymispermum) and Leucosmia: of BENTHAM 3? 2
union fully adopted by this conscientious observer MzquEL long
since, in 1861 and in 1863, enriched this series with the genera
Skaphium,* Lachnolepis ® and Gonistylus,° the two former of doubt-.
ful position, and the last intermediate, in the form and dimensions.
of the floral receptacle, between the Aquilariece formerly known
and the genus Octolepis proposed some years since by OLIVER.’

The thirty-three genera whose autonomy we admit comprise
about two hundred and sixty species. Not two are common to
both worlds, and a dozen of them are American. The greater part
are monotypes and their total represent only some thirty odd
species, whilst about two hundred and fifty are peculiar to the old
world, and are distributed in twenty-one genera. None.of the
Aquilariece (some score of species grouped in half-a-dozen genera)
belong to America, and all, except Octolepis which is African, are
natives of the warmest parts of south-eastern Asia and tropical
Oceania. The American Thymelee are nearly all from South
America. Only a couple of Daphnopsis and Dirca are from North
America. The three genera Daphnopsis, Lagetta and Hargasseria,
are found in the Antilles, and the two latter are met with nowhere
else. Coleophora, Funtfera, Lophostoma and Schenobiblus have been
observed only in Brazil; Lasiadenia in the north of Brazil and in
Venezuela; Goodallia in Guyane ; Ovidia in the Columbian Andes
and Chili; Drapetes in the Magellanic region. Among those that
belong to the old world there are genera, not. rich in species, the
geographical distribution of which is quite as limited. Thus Ped-
diea is exclusively from Southern or Western Africa; Dicranolepis,
from tropical Western Africa ; Synaptolepis, from Zanzibar ; Stephano-
daphne, from the eastern isles of Africa; Passerina and Arthrosolen,
from southern Africa; Darthron, from central Asia; Dads, from
Madagascar and the Cape; elleria, from Oceania; Linostoma, from

1 Fl, Vit. 207. 5 Ann, Mus, Lugd.-Bat.i. 184. -
2 Hook, Lond, Journ, ii, 231. 5 Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. loo. cit. t. 4.
3 Fl, Austral. vi. 37. 7 Journ, Linn, Soc. viii (1865).- -- -- - -

4 Fl, Ind,-Bat, Suppl. i. 357.

THYMELAACER. 117

India. The greater part of the Oceanic Thymelew are Pimeleas, to
the number. of nearly a hundred. To the Cape belong exclusively
two genera of numerous species, Struthiola and Lachnea. The
genera most widely spread in the old world are: Gnida, which
grows in Africa, in Asia and as far as tropical Oceania; Wik-
streemia, which is Asiatic and Oceanic; Thymelwa, extending like
‘Daphne; through Asia, Africa and Europe. In America, from
Tierra del Fuego, where Drapetes. muscosa grows, to Canada, where
Dirca palustris is found, there are a hundred degrees. In. our
hemisphere, from Tasmania and New Zealand, where the Kellerias
are the analogues of Drapetes, to Sweden and Norway, where also
Daphne grows, there is the same distance. The latter genus has
representatives in Java, in China and Japan, in India, in Siberia
and in all the countries of Europe.

‘All these plants have pretty numerous constant characters, The
principal are: the simplicity of the perianth’ and its imbricate
prefloration; the definite number of parts of the andrecium and
their insertion on the floral envelope; the independence of the
gynecium and its insertion inferior to that of the stamens.? The
characters which vary most and which generally serve to mark
the generic divisions are: the number of the parts of the flower,
the point of insertion of the stamens aud the dimensions of their
‘filaments which render them exserted or enclosed, the presence. or
absence of scales in the throat of the perianth and of glands forming
a disk at the foot of the gynecium, the consistence of the pericarp,
the mode in which the base of the perianth falls after floration or
persists growing round the ripe fruit, the relative proportions of
the embryo and albumen which may be wanting, and the arrange-
ment of the inflorescence. A single character distinguishes the
series of the AquinaRiEz# from that of the THyMELEm; it is the

1 The comparative study of types such as
Octolepis, Aquilaria and Daphne, for example,
-without speaking of the intermediaries, seems
to prove that the part considered as the tube of
the calyx here represents a receptacle, bearing
perigynous stamens, the true calyx consisting
‘only of the parts of the limb. Payer (Organog.
481) arrived at the same conclusion, Adansonia,
xi, fase. 10.

2 There are other characters nearly constant
in the organs of vegetation. In this respect

must be mentioned the simplicity of the leaves,
the absence of stipules, and, in the organisation
of the stems, the peculiarities traceable in the
liber, tenaceous, sometimes textile, with the
remarkable fascicular structure which renders
the leaflets reticulate, in form of cloth, lace,
thread, and which prevents the branches of the
Thymelee from being easily and cleanly broken.
(See Linx, Anat. Pl. (1843), t. viii, 6.—
A. Juss, Hlém. Bot. 65, fig. 96.—Ottv. Stem.
Dicot, 31.)

118 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

number of the carpels of which the gynecium is formed ; one in the
latter and two in the former. And even this character is not absolute.
It is indeed exceptional that one cell and.one ovule is observed in
the Thymelee ;1 but in certain species of Phaleria, a genus of
Aquilariew, there is nearly as often one ovarian cell and one ovule
as two.”

This last character shows us plainly enough that, if the affinities
of this family with the Lauracew, Hernandiew, Protacee were alone
perceived by early botanists, it is because they had to compare with
them scarcely any but the Thymelee—that is, types with uni-
carpellar gynecium and parietal placentation;*? but we must
now inquire to what families the Zhymelacee ally themselves
by their highest types, those whose gynecium is formed of
more than one leaf and contains two cells, complete or incom-
plete. These are the Penwacew, the Rhamnacee (especially the
Colletiee) and the Celastracee. The ‘tube’ of the flower, we have
repeatedly said, appears to have the same morphological significa-
tion in the Thymelacee and in the plants of these families which
have a perigynous andrecium. But in the Rhamnacee and in
those of the Penwacee which have in each cell only two ovules, the
latter are always ascending. Moreover, the Rhamnacece are dis-
tinguished by their oppositipetalous stamens, and the Pencacew, by
the quite special organization* of their ovarian partition. The
Celastracee are generally hypogynous; and, in this case, they
nearly approach, by their entire floral organization, one of the
Thymelacee scarcely perigynous, such as Octolepis. But in those of

1 Peddiea has been cited as sometimes having
two ovules in one andthe same cell, and Dr
Martius has seen two or three ovules and as
many stones in Funifera utilis,

2H. Bn. Adansonia, xi. fasc. 10. The gy-
necium of Aguilaria is sometimes tricarpellar.

3 The Lauracee are everywhere distinguished
from the Thymelee: 1. by the perianth formed
of two or more verticils; 2. by the character,
quite peculiar, of their valvicide anthers; 3. by
the position of the micropyle, which, in the
descending ovule, is interposed between the
hilum and the placenta. The Hernandiee are
Lauracee, and have besides, as we have seen
(vol. ti, 449), a double perianth, free stamens
and an inferior (adherent) ovary, surmounted
by an epigynous disk, It is difficult in the

present day to understand the opinion of
authors who placed them among or after the
Thymelee, perhaps on account of their induviate
fruit. The Proteacee frequently have one
ovule like the Thymeke ; it is then either
orthotropous and descending, or anatropous and
ascending; which is never seen in the latter.
The stamens, always the same in number as
the divisions of the perianth in the Proteacer,
are superposed to those divisions, whilst in the
isostemonous Thymelacee (except in Scheno-
diblus, a genus still imperfectly known) the
stamens alternate with the sepals, and, when
they are opposite, as in Pimelea, they are
fewer.
4 See p. 96, fig. 60~63.

THYMELZACEZ, 119

the Céelastracee whose ovules are descending, as is invariably the
case in the Zhymelacecw, the mycropyle, exterior in the latter, is
turned upwards and inwards. It would always be difficult, as we
have elsewhere pointed out,’ not to find a striking vosemnblanos be-
tween Ociolepis® and Geissoloma.

Uszs.2—The Thymelew are acrid plants, often very dangerous,
most parts, when introduced into the intestinal canal, producing
a violent, sometimes mortal, irritation; in the mouth and
throat, a burning sensation, followed by a change in the mucous
membrane analogous to that produced on the skin, and which is
true blistering if the contact is sufficiently prolonged. This pro-
perty has been attributed to daphnine,* a principle often found in
Daphne united with a green oil, which can be analysed into glucose
and daphnetine. Many European Daphnes are employed as vesicants,
chiefly Garou, D. laureola and Bois-gentil (D. Mezereum). The
bark and more rarely the seeds are used in medicine. Garou (or
Sain-Bois*) is a small shrub from the south of Europe. Its bark,flexible
and difficult to break, has a tenacious liber which might be textile
if freed from the fine white silk which covers the exterior, and
which, entering the skin, produces a painful itching. It is acrid,
nauseous, corrosive, and is used especially in preparing blistering
powders and ointments. The fresh bark itself has also been em-
ployed, in southern districts, to establish revulsion and issue. It is
an active but dangerous emmenagogue, and also a powerful mode-
rator of cutaneous affections. Bois-gentil® (fig. 81-85) has quite

1 Adansonia, xi. 290, etc.

? OLIvEeR compares these with Penea.

3 Envi. Enchirid. 209.—Linpu. Fl. Med. 324 ;
Veg. Kingd. 531.—Gutx. Drog. Simpl. éd. 6, ii.
384.—Rosentu. Syn. Pl. Diaphor. 240, 1183.

4 CH#H2046, Swena. Ann. Chem. und Pharm.
exy, 1.—Guertuiot, Etude sur les Daphne.
—(Thas, Ecole, . . Pharm, Par. 1867.

5 Daphne Gnidium L. Spec. 357.—Duuam.
Arbr. ii. t+. 23.—Sipru. et Su. F?. Gree, t. 356.
—Mér. et Dex. Dict. Mat. Méd. ii. 580.—
Hayne, Arzn. Gew, iii. t. 45.—Rztcus. Je, Fi.
Germ. +t. 653,—GuIB, op. cit. li, 384, fig. 471.—
Gren. et Gopr. Fl. de Fr. iii. 60.—Caz.
Med. Indig. 6d. 3, 365.—Ruv. Fl. Méd. du XIXe
Siécle, ii. 75.—RosentH. op. eit. 240,—D. Cni-
dium Boiss, Voy. Esp, ii. 657.—D. Paniculata

Laux. Fl. Fr. iti, 222.—Thymelea Gnidium
Aut. Fl. Pedem. i. 153 (Lin sauvage ou bdtard,
Trintanelle, Thymélée de Montpellier, Camélée
noire, Bots d@’oreilles).

& D. Mezereum L. Spec. 356.—Biackw. Herd.
t. 682.—Nerxs, Ic. Fl. Germ, iii. t. 46.—
Retcus. Jc. Fl. Germ. t, 556.—Haynz, Arzn.
Gew. iii. t. 48.— Men. et Dex. Dict, Mat.

' Méd. ii, 584.—Gu1n. loc. cit. 8385.—Gren. et

Gonr. Fl. de Fr. iii. 57.—RosEnTH. op. cit. 240.
—Bere. et Scum. Darst. Of. Gew. t. 12b.—D.
Liotardi Vitu. Dauph, iii, 516.— Mezereum off-
cinarum C. A. Mey. Beitr. v.n. 112.—Thymelea
Mezereum Scor. Fl. Carniol. 279.—Atu. Fl.
Pedem. 131 (Joli-bois, Fauc-Garou, Lauréole

Femelle ou gentille.).

120 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

the same properties, but is less used among us, except in rural
districts. In Germany, the bark of the stems and of the roots is
used as a vesicant. The taste, at first sweetish, speedily becomes
extremely acrid. It produces vomiting, active purgation and
inflammation of the urinary passages. Bois-gentil has been em-
ployed in the treatment of chronic cutaneous affections, paralysis
of the organs of deglutition, and locally against dental decay. The
workmen who pulverise this bark and that of Garou find much
difficulty in protecting their eyes and respiratory passages from
the penetration of this irritant powder. Persons who have taken this
bark internally are often affected by a perspiration in the head and
neck, after which remains a burning sensation in the throat. Laureola,!
and Daphne collina,? alpina,> pontica,* altaica,® Cneorum,® oleoides,’
Bholua,® have, in various degrees, similar properties. The same is
said of Dirca palustris® (fig. 79-80), employed as a purgative by
the North Americans, of Lagetia lintearia, of Wikstraemia indica,’
of Daphnopsis Swarteti% and tinifolia,” of Thymelea Tartonraira,

and of many species of Gnidia.“ The action of the fruits and seeds

1D. Laureola L. Spec. 356.—Biacxw. Herd.
t. 62.—Jace. Fl, Austr. ii, 49, t, 183.—Mén. et
Deu. Dict. Mat. Méd. ii. 584.—Hayne, Arz.
Gew. iii. t. 44.—Guin, op. cit, ii, 886.—Gren.
et Gopr. Fl. de Fr. iii, 57.—Caz, Pl. Méd. Ind.
éd. 3, 366.—Rev. in Fl, Méd. du KI Xe Siecle, i.
449,.—Rosentu. op. cit, 240.—D. major Lax.
Fi. Fr, iii, 221.—Thymelea Laureola Scor. Fl.
Carniol. i, 276 (Laurier-Epurge, L. des Bois,
Auriole, Lauréole Méle).

2 Sm. Spicil. ii, t. 18.—Mertssn. Prodr, xiv.
636, n. 15,—Bot. Mag. t. 428.

3 L. Spec. 356.—D. candida Wirmm.— Thy-
melea candida Scor. Fl. Carn, ed. 2, i. 277.

4 L. Spec. 357.—Anpr. Bot. Repos. t. 73.—
Bot, Mag. t. 1282. We are assured that the
poisonous honey ‘of Asia Minor is collected
partly from this plant,

5 Pau. Fl. Ross. i, 58, t, 835.—Lovp. Bot.
Cab. t. 399.— Bot. Mag. t. 1876.

5 L, Spee. 357.—Jace. Fl. Austr. v. 12, t.
426.—Courr. in Bot. Mag. t. 318.—Buu. Herd.
t. 121.—Mér. et Dex. Joc. cit. 580.—D. odo-
rata Lams. Fi. Fr. iii, 222.—D. Verloti Gren.
et Gopr. Fi. de Fr. iii. 59 (D. Fe Chamélée).

internally as febrifuge, hydragogue and ver-
micide,

9 See p. 130, note 9. BrcEn, Med. Bot. ii. t.
37.—Linpu. Fl. Med. 325.—RosEntu. op. cit.
240 (Bots de cuir, B, de plomb).

oC. A. Mery. Bull. Pétersd. iv. nw 4.—
Mautssn. Prodr. 648, n.1.—W. Forsteri Dene.
in Jacquem. Voy. Bot. 146.—W. nutans Benta.
Hook. Journ, (1858), 195.—Daphne indica L.
Spee. 511.—D. fatida L. ¥. Suppl, 223.—Forst.
Prodr. n. 168.—Capura Purpurata L. Mantiss.
225 (O00, Oao, Avan-o-ao in the Sandwich Isles).
_ 1 Metssn. Prodr. 6522, a. 9.—Daphne occi-
dentalis Sw. Prodr. 63,

12 Muissn, Prodr. n. 14.—Daphne tinifolia
Sw. Prodr. 63.—Nordmannia tinifolia Fiscu.
et Mey. (Mahot).

13 Att. Fl. Pedem. i, 133.—Mutssn. Prodr.
556, n. 16,—Daphne Tartonraira L. Spec. 356.
—DC. Fl. Fr. iii. 357,~—Mér. et Deu. Dict.
Mat. Méd, ii, 587.—D. Candicans Lamx.—
Passerina Tartonraira Scunav. N. Journ. iv. p.
i, 89.—Gren et Gopr. Fl. de Fr. i. 63.—
Chlamydanthus Tartonraira C. A. Mzy.—Sana-

7 ScuxeEs. Dee, i. 13, t. 7.—D, caucasica Biss ?
—D. Jasminea Srutu. et Su. Fl. Gree, t. 358.

5 Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 68 (Bholu Swa),
D. Genkuwa (Stes, et Zucc. Fl. Jap, i. 187, t.
75) is also used for blistering in Japan; the
bark is used. The flowers are administered

da argentea latifolia angustifolia BARREL
(Trintanelle, T. Malherbe, Gros-Retombet).

M4 Notably G. pinifolia L. simplez L. and
imberbis Dryanp. species from the Cape. G.
odorifera Lour. from Cochin China, yields a.
kind of tar which serves to calk ships.

THYMELZA CE. 121

is similar, though generally less marked. The pericarp of Bois-
gentil is said to be poisonous for all animals except birds, which
among us feed upon it. The seeds of Garou were formerly need in
the South as a purgative, under the name of Grana gnidia or Cocca
gnida, whence is supposed to be derived the vulgar name Coquenau-
dier. Its leaves, as also those of Laureola and Mezereum, are also
employed in decoction and in powder in rural districts; they purge
in a less violent manner. Daphne contains likewise a colouring
matter. Garou is used in the south to dye wool yellow. A beau-
tiful yellow lac is also extracted from D, alpina and Laureola.
Passerina tinctoria also furnishes a dye of the same colour.! As
plants with a textile liber, the Thymelee still play a certain part in
practice. In Madagascar, cord and paper are made from the bark
of Gnidia daphneefolia,? and paper from that of G. madagascariensis.®
Daphne Bholua and papyracea* in India,. and D. cannabina and
chrysantha® in China and Japan serve the same purpose. Har-
gasseria Lagetta® and Lagetta calenzuana’ in Cuba have a reticu-
lated tenaceous whitish liber resembling certain loose tissues; but
the most beautiful and best known of these lace-woods is the liber of
Lagetta lintearia,® which, prepared by maceration and compression,
imitates net somewhat irregularly. Of it are made cuffs, collars
and cockades resembling lace, fine mats, and whips used to
* chastise the negro slaves. In many of the Polynesian Isles, notably
in the Sandwich, the clothes of the natives have for a long time
consisted of the liber of Thymelee, chiefly of Wikstraemia indica,
separated into leaves beaten and compressed with special imple-
ments, then smoothed and painted, fairly imitating coarse lace. In
Brazil Funifera utilis ® is used to make mats and cordage.

1 P, Filiformis L. hirsuta L. ciliata L. and
villosa L. are cited as evacuants, as also Stellera
‘Chamajasme L.

2, vr. Suppl. 225,— Lasiosiphon pubescens
Doenz.—Meissn. Prodr. 597, n. 16.

3 Dais Madagascariensis Lamx. Dict. ii. 264,
Til. t. 368, fig. 2.

4 Watt. ex Sreup. Nomencel. 483.

5 D, Papyrifera Stes. Act, Bat. xii, 24.—Edge-
worthia Chrysantha Linpu. Journ. Hort, Soe. i.
148; Bot. Reg. (1847), t. 48.—2. Papyrifera
Zuce.in Abh. Baier. Akad. iv. 199 (Mitsmata
of the Japanese).

6 Linodendron Lagetta GRISsEB.

7 A. Ricu, Cub, xi. 193.

8 Lam, Dict. iii. 376, 440; Suppl. iii. 236;
Til. t. 289.—Mir. et Dew. Dict. Mat. Méd. iv.
19.—Linpu, Fl. Méd, 325.—Hoox. Kew Gard,
Mise. ii.t. 4; Bot. May. t. 4602.—Linpu. Past.
Fl. Gard. i. n, 60, c. ic— Lem. Jard. Fleur. t.
19.— Meztssn. Prodr. 526. —Enpu. Enchirid,
209.—Rosentu. op, cit. 242.—Lagetto Lunay,
Jam. i. 473.—Daphne Lagetto Sw. Prodr. 63;
Fi. Ind. Oce. i. 680 (Lace-bark, Gauze-tree).

9 Leanpro, MSS, 0. A. Mey. Bull. Acad.
Pétersb. iv. u. 56.—Muissn. Mart. Fl. Bras.
Thymel. 67; Prodr. 525, n. 1.—Daphne Brasi-
liensis Rappit.—D. Thereminii Luorzx.—Lagetta
Sunifera Mart. et Zece. Nov. Gen. et Spec. i. 66,
t. 84 (Embira branea).

122 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

The Aquilariee present few useful species. The name comes, as is
known, from that of Eaglewood or Aloes of which the genus
Aquilaria furnished many commercial sorts. Among the odorous
and resinous woods, formerly burnt in temples and palaces, and
which in ancient therapeutics entered into a number of pre-
parations, the best known, which GuIBouRT calls the ordinary
Aloes wood of commerce, is probably the Garo of Rumruius, the
product of Aguilaria malacensis! (fig. 67-69) or secundaria ;? and
the same author thinks that it is 4. Agallocha® of India which
produces the Eaglewood or false Calambac.* The Orientals highly
esteem these Aloes woods which their sacred books extol as
aromatic and of which many articles of cabinet work, chaplets and
trinkets are made. The Agallochum spurium of Rumpuivs® is
Gonistylus bancanus.®

The flowers of the Thymelacee are often very odorous. Those of
D. odora, japonica and Mezereum have a sweet and strong perfume
perhaps not sufficiently utilised. The industrial uses of the stems
are not numerous in Europe. In Switzerland, satin-like hats are
twisted from the wood of Garou and Bois-gentil, split into thin
layers. In Greece, brooms are made of the branches of Zurtonraira.
Direa palustris has a supple and flexible wood; its bark is used to
make baskets and cordage. The precocious flowers of certain
species, notably those of Daphne Mezereum, show themselves in the
middle of winter. Many Chinese and Japanese Daphnes flourish at
the same season in our cool conservatories, where are cultivated
a great number of Passerina, Gnidia, Dais and.the very beautiful
Australian Pimelea.

1 Lam. Diet, 1.49; IU. t. 356.—DC, Prodr.
ii. 59.—Turp. Dict. Se. Nat. Atl. t. 248.—
Meissn. Prodr. 602, n, 3 (not Brntu.).—
A. Ovata Cav. Diss. vii. 377, t. 224.—Mie. Fl
Ind.-Bat.i. p i, 882; Suppl. i. 141.

2 DC. Prodr. ii. 59.—Mutssn. Prodr, 601, n.
_ 2.— Agallochum s:cundarium Rumpu. Herd.
Amboin. ii. 34, t. 10 (var. ? of the preceding
species).

3 Roxs. Cat. Hort. Cale. 33 ; Fl. Ind. ii, 422.—
Royz, Jd, 178, t. 36, fig. 1.—Boxs. et CoLEnr.
Trans. Linn, Soc. xxi. 199, t. 21.—Mutssn.
Prodr. 601, n. 1.—H. Bn. Dict. Encyel. Se. Méd.
v. 754 (Lignum verum Agallochum, s. Agalugin,
8. Calambae, 8. Aggur, 8. Aloes),

4 Gur. op. cit. éd. 6, ili, 337.

5 Herb, Amboin. ii. 402.

§ See p. 125, note 1.

THYMELAACER. 123

GENERA.

I. AQUILARIEA,

1. Aquilaria Lamx.—Flowers hermaphrodite regular; more or
less long obconical. Sepals 5, or, more rarely 6, inserted in the
throat, imbricate. Stamens 10 (or rarely 12), inserted in two series
with the sepals, perigynous ; filaments short or very short, sometimes
longer subexserted or exserted; anthers basifixed, ovate or oblong,
introrse, 2-rimose. Squamules equal in number to, and inserted
alternately with the stamens, erect exserted pilose. Germen sessile
to bottom of tube, free, enclosed, 2- or more rarely 3-merous; style
short or subnil, sometimes longer than and rising above the stamens,
at apex dilated stigmatose more or less lobate ; cells in germen 2, 3,
more or less complete, sometimes very incomplete, 1-locular; ovule
in cells 1, descending ; micropyle extrorsely superior. Fruit drupa-
ceous, finally capsular, girt at attenuate base with persistent calyx,
obovate or oblong or obcordate, loculicidally 2, 3-valved; valves
medially septiferous. Seeds 1-3, oftener 2; chalaza produced to a
more or less spongy pilose cone; cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo
fleshy plano-convex ; radicle short inferior.—Trees ; leaves alternate
shortly petiolate exstipulate entire penninerved; nerves close
parallel ; flowers terminal, lateral or axillary subumbellate. (Zrop.
south-east. Asia, Malaya, Borneo.) See p. 102.

2. Gyrinops Gzrtn.—Flowers nearly of <Aguilaria; calyx
slender and long tubular, externally puberulous; limb imbricate.
Stamens 5, oppositipetalous, inserted, with as many plane setulose
squamules, in the throat ; anthers subseieile enclosed linear, introrsely
2-rimose. Germen ineettod at bottom of perianth somewhat
thickened and there furnished with unequal scarcely perceptible
glands, long stipitate, attenuate at base and apex; style slender

124 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

erect, at apex stigmatose capitellate. Ovules in cells (2) solitary (of
Aquilaria). Fruit, seeds and other characters of Aguilaria; pericarp
ovato-oblong or subovate.—A shrub; leaves alternate (of Aquilaria) ;
flowers axillary and subterminal subumbellate, very shortly pedicel-
late. (Ceylon.) See p. 104.

3. Phaleria Jacx.—Flowers hermaphrodite, 4—5-mervus ; recep-
tacle long tubular (petaloid); sepals inserted in throat, imbricate.
Disk very thin lining the tube, thickened above at the throat and
there annular, subentire or 5-crenate, sometimes produced to 4, 5
scales alternating with the sepals and more or less prominent and
thick. Stamens 8-10, inserted in two series under the throat; the
oppositipetalous longer ; filaments. either very short enclosed, or more
or les; elongate and exserted ; anthers basifixed introrse, 2-rimose ;
all exserted or enclosed, or the oppositisepalous semi-exserted. Germen
subsessile, sometimes shortly attenuate at base and there girt with
hypogynous membranous disk, equal or unequal, subentire or lobate ;
cells 1, 2, 1-ovulate; style terminal or lateral, or short enclosed, or
elongate exserted, at apex stigmatose capitate subentire or more or
less 2-lobed. Ovules in cells 1, descending; micropyle extrorsely,
superior. Fruit bare drupaceous, indehiscent; sarcocarp oftener
thin; putamen woody, 1—-2-locular, 1-2-spermous ; embryo of exal-
buminous descending seed fleshy; cotyledons thick plano-convex ;
radicle short superior.—Glabrous trees or shrubs; leaves oftener
opposite and shortly petiolate exstipulate entire coriaceous penni-
nerved ; flowers in short or umbelliform spikes terminal or lateral ;
bracts imbricate forming involucre around flowers, caducous. (South-
east. Asia and north. trop. Oceania.). See p. 104.

4,? Gonistylus sysm. and Bryy.1—‘“ Flowers hermaphrodite ;
calyx short subsemiglobular * coriaceous, deeply 5-lobed ; lobes sub-
valvate, persistent. Scales numerous (35), inserted in one series in
the throat, filiform. Stamens 10; filaments short, incurved in
wstivation ; anthers oblong obtuse; cells 2, confluent above, longi-
tudinally rimose. Germen subglobular, 4—5-celled ; ovules in cells
solitary pendulous anatropous ; style filiform very slender geniculately
bent, apex small clavate 2-lobed stigmatose. Berry * subglobular ;

1 Bot. Zeit. (1862), xx, 265.—Mia. Ann. Mus. 2 Very like a cupular receptacle; sepals
Lugd.-Bat, i, 184, t. 4.—H. Bn. Adansonia, xi. somewhat perigynous free (?)
fase. 10. © : 3“ Pomi majoris mole, aurantiaca.”’

_ TAYMELEACEA. 125

mesocarp fibrous; cells 4,5; seeds affixed to vertex of central.
columella, oblong curved; embryo exalbuminous, —A lofty tree;
leaves alternate petiolate sublanceolate entire coriaceous penninerved
reticulate-veined, persistent; racemes terminating axillary few-
flowered. twigs; flowers fasciculate in dense hirsute tubercle,
(Banca, Java, Sumatra.)”

5. Octolepis ‘Ox1v.2—Flowers hermaphrodite; receptacle flat.
subcupular. Sepals 4, subperigynous, imbricate. Stamens 8,.
inserted in two series with the perianth; filaments free subulate;
anthers ovate or ovately-cordate introrse; cells 2, longitudinally
rimose. Squamules 8, inserted and alternating with the stamens,
entire obtuse, pilose, valvate in the bud. Germen sessile ovoid
hirsute, 4-celled; style terminal short, at apex stigmatose dilated
openly 4-lobed; ovule in cells 1, descending from top of internal
angle. Fruit...?—‘¢A small tree; leaves alternate ‘petiolate
obovate-lanceolate apiculate, entire or widely denticulate mem-
branous; flowers axillary fasciculate few pedieellate.” (Di rop.
yal. Africa. 4).

Il. THYMELEA.

6. Linostoma Watt.—Flowers hermaphrodite apetalous regular ;
perianth tube (receptacle ?) obconical (coloured), deciduous; lobes 5,
equal, imbricate, finally patulous.. Stamens 10, inserted in throat,
in '2-series, 5 oppositipetalous, a little longer ; filaments free exerted
subulate; anthers oblong introrse obtuse, 2-rimose.. Squamules 10,
inserted in throat alternately with- stamens, oblong-linear, attenuate
at base, at apex subentire, obtuse or more or less incised, finally
erect and exserted. Germen sessile in bottom of tube, girt at base
by 10 minute hypogynous glandules opposite. the stamens, ovoid
hirsute 1-locular ; style terminal slender exserted, at apex stigmatose
capitate; ovule 1, parietally inserted, descending, anatropous ;
micropyle extrorsely superior. Fruit dry (‘‘drupaceous”) ' bare,
indehiscent; albumen of descending seed but slightly fleshy ; radicle
of somewhat thickened embryo superior.—Shrubs sometimes sub-
scandent; leaves opposite entire penninerved exstipulate; floral

1 Spec, 1. @, bancanus. — G. ‘Miquelianus Rumpu, Herb. Amboin, ii. 402.
Tryem. et Bryn. loc. cit.—Agquilaria? bancana 2 Journ. Linn. Soe, viii. 161, t, 12.
Mia. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. i, 355.—A. mucro- 3 « White,” small, ©
phylla Mia, loc, cit.— Agallochum spurium ~* Spec. 1. 0. Casearia Onrv. loc, cit,

126 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

leaves submembranous diversiform; flowers in terminal umbels (?).
(India). See p. 105.

7. Lophostoma Metssy.'—Flowers nearly of Linostoma; calyx
tubular, marcescent, persistent round fruit large membranous.
Squamules 10, sadacked in throat with as many longer stamens.
Hypogynous disk 0. Fruit dry enclosed by calyx and basally
seated in receptacle thickened to a ring, acuminate; pericarp smooth
crustaceous, indehiscent. Seed...? Other characters of. Linostoma.
—Small trees or shrubs; leaves’ opposite or subopposite (of Lino-
stoma); flowers in terminal corymbiform pedunculate racemose ra-
cemes; flowers ebracteate; pedicels very short persistent.? (JVor-
thern Brazil.’)

8. et Aas eres Otrv.t — Flowers hermaphrodite (nearly of
Lophostoma), 5-merous ; perianth long tubular-obconical, articulate
at base; lobes 5, imbricate; the interior thicker. Squamules connate
in slender erect subentire. or shortly crenulate coronule of throat.
Stamens 10, inserted at top of the tube under the coronule ; the 5
oppositisepalous higher than the others; filaments of all short;
anthers enclosed introrse, 2-rimose ; apicule somewhat obtuse from
short connective. Germen inserted at bottom of tube, free, at apex
attenuated to a subulate style, dilated at stigmatose apex. Fruit
enclosed by somewhat thickened base of perianth, finally subdry ;
seed...?--A glabrous shrub, sometimes subscandent; branches
opposite divaricate more or less open terete (blackish); leaves
opposite, shortly petiolate, ovately acute penninerved; stipules 0;
axillary buds conspicuous ; flowers axillary, oftener solitary, shortly
petiolate. (Zanzibar.°)

9. Stephanodaphne H. By.*—Flowers hermaphrodite regular
(nearly of Lophostoma), 5-merous; calyx hypocrateriform; tube
elongate cylindrical ; lobes of limb 5, short, imbricate, open. Disk
thick inserted in throat, annular continuous, finally at reflexed
margin unequally fimbriate-lobed. Stamens 10, inserted in 2 series
under the throat; anthers subsessile obtuse introras, Germen sessile,
without disk, perosptibly attenuated to a conical style stigmatose

1 DC. Prodr. xiv. 600. Thymel, (fase. 14), 72 (Linostoma),

2 In habit, leaves, structure of flowers very * Hook. Icon, ser. 3, 59, t. 1074. Oxrver
near to Linostona Metssn. of which itformerly describes another species (S. alternifolia) re-
formed a section. It differs in inflorescence, markable for its alternate leaves (Hook. Ic. t.
absence of hypogynous disk, sometimes in 1194).'
nature of fruit clothed with calyx. 5 Spec. 1, 2?

3 Spec. 1. 2, Merssxn. Mart. Fl. Bras. 5 Adansonia, xi. fasc. 10.

THYMELZACEL. 127

at obtuse apex, densely villoso-setose; ovule 1, descending. Fruit
... Shrubs; leaves alternate, subsessile or very shortly petiolate,
unequal or subequal at base, entire or widely crenulate, penni-
nerved ; nerves transverse or oblique; veins netlike or lineate;
flowers in long-pedunculate spikes, erect or cernuous, lateral or
supra-alate, clavate at apex, elongate or shortly subcapitate, articu-
late, deciduous. (Zrop. east. Africa and islands.')

10. Dicranolepis Pu.2—Flowers hermaphrodite, 5-merous ; tube
of hypocrateriform calyx elongate, sometimes very slender; limb
very imbricate, open. Squamules 10,° inserted in throat, alternating
in pairs with, and equal to or longer than, the lobes of the calyx,
widely petaloid. Stamens 10 inserted in throat, 2-seriate or
spuriously l-seriate; filaments free short; anthers introrse; the
longer exserted. Germen sessile or shortly stipitate, stipate at base
to hypogynous thinly membranous, unequally crenate or dentate,
either regular, or sometimes more evolved disk ; ovule 1, descending ;
style subterminal or lateral long, enclosed, at apex stigmatose
clavate, capitate or orbicular. Fruit subdrupaceous (?) juiceless sub-
globular, cnclosed by persistent base of calyx, seed subglobular,
cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo thick hemispherical; radicle
short superior. — Glabrous or oftener pilose shrubs; leaves
alternate, 2-stichous, unequally oval or trapezoid; flowers sub-
terminal or generally axillary, solitary or few glomerulate. (TZrop.
west. Africa.*)

11. Gnidia L.’—Flowers hermaphrodite ; tube of infundibuliform
or subhypocrateriform (coloured) calyx cylindrical, oftener circum-
scissus above the germen, deciduous; lobes 5 (Lasiosiphon®) or
oftener 4, imbricate, equally patent. Squamules 4, 5, petaloid,
inserted in throat, alternating with and shorter than the lobes,
either simple or 2-fid or partite (more rarely very small and
scarcely perceptible). Stamens 8-12, inserted in 2-plicate series at

1 Spec. 2. H. Bw. loc. cit.

2 Hook. Icon. viii. t. 798; Niger, 496, t. 49.—
Metssn. Prodr. 599.

3 Or 5, 2-fid, or 2-partite.

4 Spec. about 4. H. By. Adansonia, xi. 302.
—Watp. Ann, i, 588.

5 Syst. ed. 2,22; Gen. n. 487.—J. Gen. 77.—
Lame, Dict. ii. 764; Iil.t. 291.—Enpu. Gen. n-
2100, 2102 (Suppl. iv. p. ii. 63).—Mztssn.
Linnea, xiv. 423; Prodr. 680.—Dessenia ADANS,
Fam, des Pl, ii, 285.—Struthia Roy. L. Gen,

ed. 2, 154.—Nectandra Bere. Pl. Cap. 131.—
Thymelina Horrmse. Verz. i, 198 (part.),—
Env. Gen. n. 2101.—Canalia Scum. N. Pflanz.
Prag. (1798), n. 5. — Epichrovantha Hcxt. et
Zuva.—Calysericos (part.) Ecxu. et Zeyu. (ex
Mztssn.).

6 FrusEn. Flora (1838), 602.—Donz. Jacguem.

‘Voy. Bot. 147.—Enpu. Gen. n, 2106 3, Enkleia

Gaur. Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. iv. n. 13,—Jacx,
Cat. Pl. Hort. Cale, (1843), 188.—? Psilea
Mia, Fl, Ind,-Bat, Suppl. i. 355.

128 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

top of the tube, subssessile, the 4, 5 upper, oppositisepalous generally
semi-exserted, sometimes abortive; the inferior same in number
enclosed ; anthers of all linear or oblong obtuse, introrse. Hypo-
gynous disk short membranous or very short annular, often obsolete.
Germen sessile; style lateral, equalling tube, at apex stigmatose
capitate. Fruit nucular, enclosed by base of persistent calyx; seed
sparsely albuminous.—Shrubs or undershrubs, either ericoid, or
furnished with herbaceous or sub-coriaceous leaves alternate or oppo-
site ;! flowers? terminal, shortly spiked-or oftener capitate ; receptacle
often pedunculate sometimes hemispherical, often (Lasiosiphon)
villose, involucrate with floral leaves (few or o )imbricate (some-
times larger). (India, south. and trop. east. and west. Africa and
adjacent islands.) ;

12. Lachnea Roy.*—Flowers hermaphrodite, 4- merous, regular
or sometimes irregular ; tube of perianth straight or curved, slender
or infundibuliform, sometimes suburceolate (Cryptadenia),> narrowed
above the germen and finally circumscissile deciduous ; lobes of limb
equal or irregular in 2-labiate limb; the posterior lip smaller
(1-lobed) ; the anterior larger open-recurved (3-lobed) ; imbricate in
prefloration. Stamens 8, inserted at top of tube, 2-seriate ; the upper
4, oppositisepalous and exserted ; filaments slender short, sometimes
barbate ; anthers ovate or oblong obtuse. Squamules 8,6 alternating
with stamens, sometimes very small, either partially concealed in the
hairs of the throat, or inserted at or below the middle of the tube
(Cryptadenia) and much lower than the anthers. Hypogynous disk 0.
Germen sessile; style lateral capillary, apex stigmatose capitate
oftener exserted. Fruit nucular, enclosed by persistent base of
calyx ; seed oftener sparsely albuminous—Shrubs or small shrubs
often ericoid branched ; branches slender ; leaves alternate or opposite,
linear or acerose, glabrous or variously pilose ; flowers’ sometimes
terminal solitary or oftener capitate involucrate or naked.—(South.
Africa.®)

1 The leafy branches are said to resemble

408; Prodr. 574.—Lachara L, Syst. ed. 2, 22.—

the compound leaves of Psilea (of the Legumi-
nose).

* White, yellow, lilac or reddish.

* Spec. about 65 L. r. Suppl. 225.—Wixsrr.
Thymel. 315.—Linnu. Bot. Reg, t. 757.—Dene.
Voy. Jacquem. Bot. (Lasiosiphon).—Mta. Anal,
Bot, Ind. ii, 3, t. 1.—Wate. Ann. i. 587 (La-
stosiphon), 587 (Enkleia), 588 (Psilosolena),

41. Gen. ed. 2, n. 382.—J. Gen. 77.—
Gaztn. Fruet. iii, 195, t. 215.—Lamx. Diet.
iii, 373; Ill. t. 292.—Enpi. Gen. n. 2094;
Suppl. iv. p. ii, n.2198.—Murssn. Linnea, xiv.

Gonophylia Ecxu. et Zeya. MSS. (Metssn.)—
Radojitskya Turcz. Bull. Mose. (1852), 176.

5 Metssn. Linnea, xiv. 404; Prodr, 573.—
Envu. Gen. Suppl. iv. p. ii, n, 2101. -~Calysericos
Ecxu, et. Zeya, (Mzrssn.).

§ Staminodes ?

7 Oftener rosy or lilac,

8 Spec. about 22 L. Spec. ed. 1, 660.—Bura,
Afr. t. 46, 48 (Thymelea).—Tauns, Fi. Cap.
875 (Pasesrina), 878 (Gnidia), —AnDR, . Bot,
Repos, t. 104.—Turoz. Flora (1858), 743 (Ra-
dojitskya).— Bot, Mag, t. 1295, 4143 (Passerina.).

THYMELZACER. 129

13. Dais L.'—Flowers hermaphrodite, 3-merous (nearly of
Gnidia); limb of infundibuliform (coloured) calyx patent ; throat esqua-
mate. Stamens 10, exserted 2-seriately in throat; filaments setaceous
rather longer, all or only the upper exserted ; anthers oblong obtuse.
Germen girt at base with cup-shaped membranous disk ; style lateral,
apex stigmatose capitate or subclavate truncate. Fruit baccate
(sometimes dry ?), enclosed by persistent base of calyx.—Shrubs :
leaves alternate or opposite flat membranous rather large veined ;
flowers? capitate terminal; capitules solitary pedunculate, involu-
crate with 4, 2-cussately imbricate bracts. (Madagascar, South.
Africa.®)

14? Coleophora Mixrs.*—“ Flowers hermaphrodite, 4—5-merous ;
calyx coloured infundibuliform; tube contracted from base to
middle and there hirsute within, above and externally glabrous;
throat esquamate ; limb 4- or more rarely 5-fid; lobes acute reflexed
fimbriately ciliate. Stamens 8-10, inserted 2-seriately in throat
exserted ; filaments short inflexed; anthers ovately rotundate sub-
versatile; connective dorsal thick, Hypogynous ecyathulus sur-
rounding filiform stem of germen, springing from small glandular
bed adnate to base of calyx, infundibuliform petdloid glabrous,
equalling half of calyx, 4-fid; lobes linear erect. Germen stipitate
oblong gibbous pilose; ovule pendulous from apex of cell; style
terminal (?) filiform, equal in length to germen, enclosed glabrous ;
stigma capitate. Fruit. ..?—A lofty tree; trunk gemmuliferous ;
gemmules aggregate, imbricately multibracteate; leaves. ..?;
flowers racemose.” (South. Brazil.*)

15. Lasiadenia Bernru.6—Flowers hermaphrodite, 5-merous ;
tube of persistent green calyx cylindrical; throat bare; lobes of
limb 5, very imbricate, patent. Stamens 10, enclosed; 5 superior,
oppositipetalous inserted much higher than the rest and below the
throat. Germen very hispid, girt at base with 5 squamules, minute

1 Gen. n. 640.—J. Gen, 77.—Gazxutn. Fruct.
i. 187, t. 39, fig. 3.—Lamx. Dict. ii. 254; Til.
t. 368.—Enpu. Gen.'n. 2093; Suppl. iv. p. ii.
n. 2106.—Metssn. Linnea, xiv. 388 (part.) ;
Prodr, 528.

2 Rosy or white ?

3 Spec. 2, 3. Wixstr. Act. Holm. (1818), 270,
348 (part.).—C. A. Mry. Bull. 8.-Pétersb. iv.
n. 4,—Donz. Ann. Se. Nat, sér, 2, xx. 61.—

VOL. VI.

Curt, Bot. Mag. t. 147.—Herb. Amat. t. 214.

4 Ann, Nat. Hist. ser, 2, vii. 196.—MeEIssn.
Prodr. 548.

5 Spec. 1, to us quite unknown, viz. C. gem-
miflora Mrmrs, loc. vit.—Matssn. Mart, Fl, Bras.
Thymel. 70.

6 Hook. Lond. Journ. iv. 632.—EnpDuL. Gen. 0.
2106 9,—Mueissn. Prodr. 527.

130 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

long barbate; style eccentric thin, apex stigmatose thick ovoid-
capitate obtuse, 10-costate. Fruit drupaceous, finally dry, enclosed
by perianth; putamen osseous thin; seed exalbuminous.—A low
divaricate ramose sericeo-pilose shrub; leaves alternate, ovate or
ovato-lanceolate; flowers! terminal few (2-6) subcapitate at top of
slender twig, ebracteate. (Guiana, Venezuela, North. Brazil):

16. Hargasseria A. Ricu.*—Flowers polygamous, 5-merous
(nearly of Gnidia); calyx hypocrateriform, straight or incurved,
throat esquamate. Stamens 10, exserted. Hypogynous squamules 5,
long sericeo-pilose. Fruit . . .?—Trees or shrubs ; liber textile (of
Lagetta); branches virgate ; leaves alternate ; flowers capitate, some-
times few; capitules pedunculate arranged in terminal corymbose
racemes, exinvolucrate ; receptacle discoid with long and dense white
hairs.* (Cuba.*)

17? Goodallia Benra.o— Flowers dicecious, 5-merous; calyx
wide tubular; tube villose within, 5-fid; throat esquamate. Stamens
(in female flower 0) inserted in throat ; the oppositipetalous a little
longer than the calyx; the 5 alternate shorter. Squamules 10,
perigynous near the base of the tube. linear glabrous. Germen (in
male flower very small or 0), highly hirsute, girt at base with very
small hypogynous long-haired scales; style short slender, apex
stigmatose thick capitate ; ovule 1, descending. Fruit ovoid hispid or
fleshy, enclosed by somewhat enlarged calyx ; testa of exalbuminous
seed crustaceous.—A divaricate much-branched shrub; leaves alter-
nate, elliptical, herbaceous, at base cuneate or rotundate, glabrous,
thinly and densely veined, very shortly petiolate; flowers in few-
flowered sessile terminal capituliform spikes. ( Guiana.7)

18? Daphnopsis Marr. and Zucc.2—Flowers dicecious; male calyx
infundibuliform or campanulate ; limb not separable, 4-fid ; lobes im-

1 Greenish white, half inch.
2 Spec. 1. L. rupestris Buntru.—Mztssn.
Mart. Fl. Bras. Thymel. 69, t. 29.

§ Hook. Lond. Journ. iv. 633 (not Bowo.).—
Envu, Gen.n. 2106°,—Metssn. Prodr. 527.
7 Spec. 1. G. gutanensis Benru.— MEtssy.

3 Cub. xi. 193 (not Scurzn. et Dzrrz).—
Linodendron A. Guay, Pl. Wright. i, 187.

4 A genus distinguished from Lasiosiphon, a
section of Gnidia, only by the esquamate throat
of its perianth.

5 Spec. 4 (flowers in 1 species said to be
white. Mutssn. Prodr, 522, n. 10 (Daphnopsis ?).
—Gnrises. Cat. Pl. Cub. 109.

in Mart. Fl. Bras. Thymel . 68.

8 Nov. Gen. et Spec. i. 65.—Envu. Gen. Suppl.
iv. p. ii, u. 2106 15.—Mutssn. Prodr. 520, 700.—
Hargasseria Scutep. et Derrz, ex C. A, Mey.
Bull. 8.-Pétersb. iv. n. 4 (not A. Ricu,).—Enp.
loc. cit. n. 2106 §.—Nordmannia Fiscu. et Mry.
—love, cit,

THYMELZACER. 181

-bricate, generally puberulent within ; ‘throat esquamate. Stamens 8, 2-
seriately subsessile to throat; anthers ovate or ellipsoid (in female
flower effete or rudimentary, sometimes 0). Female calyx deciduous
from base or persistent. Germen sessile (in male flower rudimentary or
0), girt at base with hypogynous membranous subentire or 4-fid or
partite disk; style very short terminal, apex stigmatose capitate
or subclavate. Fruit drupaceous (or sometimes baccate), slightly
fleshy or finally dry, naked or girt with calyx, 1-spermous; seed
exalbuminous.—Trees or shrubs ;? leaves alternate flat ; inflorescence’
capitate or umbellate pedunculate, sometimes solitary, sometimes in
ramose, 2-chotomous corymbs or cymes. (Both trop. Americas.*)

19. Lagetta J.'—Flowers (nearly of Lasiadenia) hermaphrodite,
4-merous; tube (coloured) ovoid-oblong, often finally above the
germen, circumscissously deciduous, above at the throat narrow
esquamate, but there often furnished with a somewhat thickened disk
lining the tube, otherwise densely hirsute ; lobes of limb 4, valvate.
Stamens 8, 2-seriate; four inferior, alternating with the lobes;
anthers subsessile ovate, introrsely rimose. Germen sessile hirsute ;
ovule ], descending ; style terminal, apex stigmatose subclavate or
capitate. Fruit clothed with the entire calyx, finally unequally
divided, or by its persistent base, dry, externally very pilose ; embryo
of externally somewhat fleshy seed thick fleshy ; albumen oftener
scanty, sometimes wanting above.—A tree; branches alternate
glabrous ; liber (textile) reticulate ; leaves alternate, cordato-ovate,
nitid reticulate ; flowers’ in terminal simple ebracteate few-flowered
spikes. (Antilles.°)

20. Funifera Leanpr.°—Flowers (nearly of Lasiadenia) polygamo-
dicecious, 4-merous; calyx tubular or campanulate, pubescent or

1 In the male often not the same.

2 Habit of Daphne or Funifera,

3 Flowers white or greenish.

4 Spec. about 15. Sw. Prodr. 63; Fl. Ind.
Oce. ii, 683 (Daphne). —K. Synops. i. 446
(Daphne).—H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Spee. ti. 151
(Daphne).—Buntu. Pl. Hartweg.147 (Daphne,
Thymelea).—Grisen, Cat. Pl. Cub. 110.

5 Gen. 77.—Lamx. Dict. iii. 376, 440; Suppl.
iii, 236; JU. t. 289.—Wiestr. det. Holm.
(1818), 293.—Gmrtn. Fruet. iii. t. 216.—Sracu,

Suit. & Buffon, x. 437.—ENpu. Gen, n. 2106; '

Suppl. iv. p, iin. 2106'—Matssn. Prodr. 526.
6 With adherent glandular disk.

7 White or slightly green.

8 Spec. 1. LZ. lintearia Lamx.—Hoox. Kew
Gard. Mise, ti. t.4.—Linpu. Part. Fl. Gard. i.
ao. 60, Icon.—Lem, Fl. Jard. t.19.—A. Ricu.
Cub. xi. 192.—Gnises. Cat. Pl. Cub. 111.—Bot.
Mag. t. 19.—Lagetto Lunan, Hort. Jam. i, 473.
— Daphne Lagetto Sw. Prodr. 63; Fl. Ind, Occ.
i. 680. R

9 Ex. C. A. Mey. Bull. Acad, 8.-Pétersb. iv.
n. 4,—Einpu. Gen. u. 2106%,—Metssn. Mart, Fl.
Bras, xiv. 67; Prodr. 525.—Neesia Marr. MSS.
(Marssn. not Bu.).— Boscia Vuuroz. Fi. Flum.
iv. 150, t, 11?

9—2

182 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

hirsute, persistent, 4-fid ; lobes equal, imbricate ; throat esquamate.
Stamens 8, 2-seriate; filaments short or very short; anthers erect
oval enclosed (in female flower 0). Germen (in male flower rudi-
mentary) hirsute; ovule 1,! descending (of Lagetta) ; style terminal
slender, in fruit persistent and finally lateral, apex stigmatose
capitate. Hypogynous disk consisting of squamules generally 8,
linear-setaceous and sericeous pilose intermixed. Drupe finally
siccate, closely enclosed by increased coriaceous hirsute perianth ;
putamen fragile; seed exalbuminous.—Shrubs ; liber tenacious ;?
leaves herbaceous alternate, opposite or subverticillate elongate ;
flowers terminal or axillary to uppermost leaves cymose; cymes
-pedunculate or sessile, sometimes few- or 1-flowered ; pedicels very
short bracteate. .(Brazii.°)

21. Peddiea Harv.*—Flowers hermaphrodite; perianth (coloured)
subcampanulate or cylindrical; lobes of limb 4, 5, imbricate, re-
volute, esquamate at throat. Stamens 8-10; anthers enclosed,
subsessile, inserted above the middle of the tube. Germen girt at
base with cup-shaped membranous crenate disk; cell 1-ovulate; ®
style slender, shorter than tube of perianth, deciduous, at apex
stigmatose depressed capitate. Drupe naked, with 1 pyrena; seed
exalbuminous.—Glabrous shrubs; branches oftener 2-chotomous ;
bark thin ; leaves alternate or approximate subopposite subsessile ;
flowers in terminal pedunculate umbels (?); pedicels articulate at
base. (South. and trop. West. Africa.”)

22. Dirca L.’—Flowers hermaphrodite; calyx obconico-campanu-
late glabrous, deciduous ; limb obliquely cut above (hence slightly
irregular) and there unequally crenulate or sometimes subentere.

' Sometimes abnormally 2, 3 (Marr.), whence
2, 8, pyrene occasionally occur in fruit.

2 Textile ductile.

3 Spec. 2. Rapp1, Piant, Bras. add. 12
(Daphne).—Mant. et Zuce. Nov. Gen. et Spee.
i. 66, .34.

4 Hook. Journ. (1840), ii. 266, t. 10.—Ewp1.
Gen. n. 2106!; Suppl. iv. p. ii. u. 210614—
Metssn. Gen. 331 (248); Prodr. 528, 700.—
Cyathodiseus Hocust. Flora (1842), 240.—
Psilosolena Prust, in Abh. d. Boehm. Ges. ser. 3,
v. 582; Bot. Bem. 102. — Harveya Puant
(Matssn.).

5 Sometimes thinly glandulose-annular (on

account of very thin disk being there a little
thickened).

® Sometimes, as said, 2-ovulate; drupe hence
2-pyrenate (?)

7 Spec. about 3. Warp. Ann. i. 588 (Psilo-
solena).

8 Diss. Chenon (1751); Gen. (ed. 5), u. 487;
(ed. 6), n. 486; Amen. Acad, iii. 12, t. 1, fig. 7.
—J. Gen. 79.—Lamx. Dict. iii. 287; Jil. t. 293.
—Scuxnvuur, Handb. i. 337, t.107.—Spacu, Swit.
& Buffon, x. 486.—Enp1u, Gen. n. 2091 ; Suppl.iv.
p. ii n, 2106 6 —Muissn. Prodr. 527.—Dofia
Apans. Fam. des Pl. ii, 285.

THYMELZAOCEZ. 188

Stamens 8, of which 4 are longer, further exserted: filaments subu-
late, alternating at insertion with 8 minute (sometimes withered)
teeth ; anthers basifixed introrse oblong obtuse. Germen sessile (of
Daphne) : ; style scarcely lateral slender exserted, at apex stigmatose
scarcely capitellate. Fruit naked ‘baccate;” seed thinly albumi-
nous.—A glabrous shrub ; branches virgate; bark thickened at nodes ;
leaves alternate veined, deciduous; flowers: axillary cymose few
(2-4) or more rarely solitary. (North America’)

23.—Daphne L.3—Flowers hermaphrodite, 4-merous; tube of
tubular or subinfundibuliform, deciduous or sometimes persistent
calyx not solute; lobes of 4-partite limb equal, alternately imbricate
or more rarely tortuous; throat esquamate. Stamens 8, inserted in
2 series under the throat, 4 of which are inferior, alternisepalous ;
anthers subsessile, enclosed or subenclosed, oblong or subsagittate,
introrse, 2-rimose.* Germen sessile or substipitate, girt at base
with small or very small, often annular, disk; ovule 1, descending ;
micropyle extrorsely superior;> style terminal enclosed, short or
subnil, sometimes rather longer (Ldgeworthia*), at apex stigmatose
subclavate or oftener capitate. Fruit oftener naked or coriaceous,
sometimes enclosed by calyx; testa of descending seed crustaceous ;
albumen little fleshy or 0; cotyledons of inverted embryo fleshy
plano-convex ; radicle short superior.—Small trees or oftener shrubs 5?
leaves alternate or more rarely opposite, persistent or more rarely
deciduous, oftener entire coriaceous penninerved; flowers ® terminal
or lateral capitate, sometimes more rarely lateral, sessile or pedun-

culate, sometimes involucrate; inflorescence rarely compound-

Watt. MSS. (not Porr.). — Mezereum C. A.

1 Pale yellow, early.

2 Spec. 1. D. palustris L.—Pursu, Fl. Bor.-
Amer. i. 268.—Hoox. Ft, Bor.-Amer. 1. 268.—
A. Gray, Man. ed. 6, 424.—Bot. Reg. t. 292.

3 Gen. n. 311.—J. Gen. 77. Lawn. Dict. iii.
434; Suppl. iii. 314; 172. t. 290.—Wixstr. Diss.
de Daphne (1817); Act. Holm. (1818), 294
(part.)—Nezs, Fl. Germ. f. vii. t. 1.—Spacu,
Suit. & Buffon, x. 438.—ENpL. Gen. on. 2092;
Suppl. iv. p. ii. n. 21067 (part.).—Mutssw. Re-
gensb. Denkschr, iii. 282; Prodr. 530, 700.—
Thymelee T. Inst, 594 (part.), t. 366,—Garrn.
Fruct. i. 188, +. 39.—Scopolia L. ¥. Suppl. 60,
409 (not Apans. nor Forsr. nor Jaca, nor
Su.).— Erissolena Bu. Bijdr. 651, — Roumea

Mey. Bull. 8.-Pétersb. iv. n. 4.

4 Pollen globose punctulate; pores minute
very close, H. Mout (Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 2, iii.
3:4), in Daphne; sometimes in other genera
(Giadia, Passerina, Dais, Pimelea).

5 Integument double.

6 Mrtssn. Regensb. Denkschr. iii. 280, t. 8;
Prodr. 642 (not Faucon.).—Enpu. Gen. Suppl.
iv. p. ii. n. 2106}.

7 Liber of caustic bark textile very tena-
cious.

8 White, golden or pink, more rarely green-
ish, often early and odorous.

134 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

ramose or axillary racemose.! (Zemp. Europe and Asia, North.
Africa, Java.)

24. Ovidia Metssn.2—Flowers nearly of Daphne, 4-merous, by
abortion 1-sexual dicecious (?); throat of funnel-shaped, 4-lobed,
calyx, esquamate. Stamens 8, 2-seriate, inserted in throat; filaments
slender; anthers (in female flower rudimentary) ovate introrse.
Germen (in male flower sterile rudimentary), girt with 4 hypogynous
glandules; style lateral or subterminal exserted, apex stigmatose
capitate. Fruit ‘‘baccate piriform.”*—Shrubs; leaves alternate
subcoriaceous, inflorescence and other characters of Daphne ; flowers*®

subumbellate at top of terminal or lateral peduncle, ebracteate.
(Western South America.®)

25. Wikstroemia Enpu.’—Flowers (nearly of Daphne) herma-
phrodite, 4-merous ; calyx tubular or funnel-shaped; throat naked ;
limb 4-fid, oftener separable from tube and deciduous. Anthers 8,
2-seriate, enclosed. Scales of hypogynous disk 4, free or connate ;
germen l-ovulate ; style terminal short or very short stigmatose-
capitate. Fruit baccate. or finally dry and other characters of
Daphne.—Trees or shrubs; leaves opposite or alternate, foliaceous
or subcoriaceous venose, deciduous; inflorescence capitate or um-

1 Sect. (Mztssy.) 5: 1° Mezereum (Spacu),
leaves herbaceous deciduous; calyx deciduous ;
berry oftener fleshy.—2° Daphnanthes (C. A.
Mey.; Cneoroides Spacu, Ill. Pl. Or. t. 305),
leaves persistent ; flowers terminal; calyx sub-
persistent.—3° Gnidium (Spacu), leaves annual ;
racemes terminal ramose, ebracteate; calyx
finally deciduous—4° Laureola (Spacu; Lau-
reoloides Spacu), leaves coriaceous perennial
coetaneous; racemes axillary.—5° Eriosolena
(Bu. ; Scopolia I, r.), leaves coriaceous; capi-
tules lateral pedunculate involucrate; sepals
often tortuous ; to which add.—6° Edgeworthia
(Mztssn.), leaves highly coetaneous, head pe-
dunculate in uppermost axils, style rather long
subclavate ; anthers subsagittate.

2 Spec. about 35. Pau. Fl. Ross. i. 58, t.
35.—Lour. Fl. Cochinch. (ed. 1790), 236,—
Scures. Dec. i. 13, t. 7.-- Van, Symd, i. 28.—
Tratr. Arch. i. 120, t. 133.—Tuuns. Fl. Jap.
159.— Br. Bijdr. 651.—Sm. Spicil. ii. t. 18;
Te, ined. ii. 34, t. 34.—Srep. et Zucc. Abh.
Math.-Phys. Kl. Baer. Ak. iv. p. iti. 199; Fi,
Jap. i. 137, t. 75.—Linpy. Journ. Hort. Soe.

i. 147; ii. 34, t. 1— Watt. As. Res, xiii, 388, t.
9.—Stes. Hook, Lond. Journ, vi. 46 (Edge-
worthia),—Brntu, Fl. Hongk. 296.—Javs. et
Spacu, Ii. Pl. Or. t. 3083-306.—Mia. Fi. Ind.-
Bat. i. 877; Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. iii. 133,
185 (Edgeworthia).—Gren. et Goon. Fl. de Fr.
iii. 57.— Bot. Reg. t. 1177; (1847), t. 48.—
Bot. Mag. t. 206, 313, 1282, 1875.— Waxr.
Ann, i. 582.

3 Prodr. 524 (not RaFtn.).

4 C. Gay, Fi Chil. v. 314.

5 Greenish or yellow.

6 Spec. 4. H. B. Syn. Pi. quin. i. 447,
(Daphne).— H. B. K. Nov, Gen. et Spec. ii. 151
(Daphne).—Pary. et Enpu. Nov. Gen. et Spec.
ii. 60, t. 191 (Daphne).

7 Prodr. Fl. Norfolk. 47; Gen. n. 2105; Suppl.
iv. p. ii, nm. 2106..—Merssw, Denkschr. Re-
gensb. Bot. Ges. iii, 286; Prodr, 543.—Drcner.
in Jacquem. Voy. Bot. 144, +. 149.—C. A. Mey.
Bull. §.-Pétersb. iv. n. 4 (not Scurap. nor
Sprenc.).—Capura L. Mantiss. 224 (not Bu.).

—Diplomorpha Muissn. Denkschr. Regensb. iii,
289.

THYMELZACEZ. 185

bellate, axillary or terminal, solitary or more rarely corymboso-
ramose. (Trop. and subtrop. Asia, Oceania.)

26. Stellera Guut.?— Flowers (nearly of Daphne) hermaphrodite,
4—6-merous ; calyx hypocrateriform, articulate above the germen,
deciduous; throat esquamate. Stamens 8-12, inserted in 2-series
under the throat; anthers ‘enclosed or superior semiexserted.
Germen subsessile, barbate at apex, girt at base with annular or
cup-shaped membranous, sometimes oblique disk; style terminal or
lateral, shorter than germen, and at apex stigmatose hispidulo-
papillose subovoid. Fruit nucular, loosely clothed with persistent
tumescent base of calyx; pericarp thin crustaceous; seed scantily
albuminous.—Small shrubs or perennial herbs; leaves alternate

lanceolate; flowers‘ terminal racemose, spicate or subcapitate.
(West. Middle and North, Asia.5)

27. Thymeleea T.°—-Flowers (nearly of Stellera or Daphne) herma-
phrodite or sometimes 1-sexual; calyx (coloured or herbaceous)
infundibuliform or urceolate-tubular, persistent or tardily deciduous ;
throat.esquamate. Stamens 8, inserted in 2 series in the tube; the
higher enclosed or exserted. Germen destitute of hypogynous disk ;
style terminal or oftener lateral very short, apex stigmatose capitate.
Fruit nucular, naked or oftener enclosed by calyx ; seed but little or
not at all albuminous.—Herbaceous subshrubby or oftener shrubby
plants; leaves alternate; flowers’ axillary solitary or glomerate
few, bracteolate. (Central and South. Europe, North Africa, North.
and West. Asia.’)

1 Sometimes excrescent from axis, subspicate.

2 Spec. about 22. L. Spec. i. 511 (Daphne).—
Forstr. Prodr. n. 168 (Daphne).--Lour. Fl.
Coch. (ed. 1790), 286 (Daphne).—Buanco, Fi.
de Filip. ed. i, 309 (Laphne).—Bentu. Hook.
Journ, (1853), 195.—Bunex, Enum. Pi. Chin.
Bor. 58 (Passerina),— Mor. et Zou. Arch.
Nat. Ges. Ned. Ind, (1844), 615 (Eriosolena).—
Seem. Fi. Vit. 206.—Mu1a. Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. 878;
Suppl. 141, 354; Aun. Mus. Lugd. Bat. iii. 134.
—Muissn. Prodr. 550, n. 9, 10 (Stellera).—
Watr. Ann. i. 589.

3L: Diss. Dasson (1747), Aman, i, 399;
Gen. (ed. 5), n. 4389; (ed. 6), u. 488 (not
Garty.).—C. A. Mzy. Bull. 8.-Pétersb. iv.
n. 4.—Enpu, Gen. Suppl. iv. p. ii. n. 2098.—
Metssn. Prodr. 548 (part.).—Chamajasme Amu.
Ruth. 16, t. 2.

+ White, yellow or reddish,

5 Spec. about 8. WixsrR. det. Holm. (1818),
321 (Passerina).—Lepes. Fl. Ross. iii, 546 (Pas-
serina).—Jaus, et Spacu, Iii. Pl. Or iv. t. 301,
302.— Mertssn. Denkschr, Regensb. iii. 287
( Wikstreemia).

6 Inst. 594 (part.)—Enpi. Gen. Suppl. iv.
p. ii, 65.—Mutssy. Prodr. 551,—Steliera G.wxtn.
Fruct. i. 186, t. 39. fig. 2 (not GmEw.).—Lygia
Fasan. Att. Acc, Napol. (1787), 235, t..19.—
Piptochlamys OC. A. Muy. Bull. 8.-Pétersb. iv. n.
4.—Chlamydanthus C. A. Mry. loc. cit.

7 Greenish or yellow, more rarely white or
reddish, often small.

8 Spec, about 20. Crus. Hisp. Icon. 176.—
(Sanamunda),—Baxrev. Icon, t. 221 (Sana-
munda).—L, Spec. (ed. 1), 356, 509 (Daphne),
512, 619 (Stellera).—Forsx, Fl. Algypt.-drab.
81 (Passrina).—Vau1, Symb. i. 28; ii, 58,

136 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

28. Arthrosolen ©. A. Mzy.'—Flowers (nearly of Thymelea)
hermaphrodite, 4—5-merous; limb of funnel-shaped (coloured) calyx
regular, 4—5-partite, finally open; inferior part of tube articulate
below middle persistent around fruit; throat esquamate. Stamens
8-10, 2-seriate, inserted in throat ; the upper semiexserted ; anthers
subsessile, oblong or linear. Germen destitute of hypogynous
disk ; style lateral slender, longer than germen, enclosed, at apex
stigmatose capitate, extending to the throat. Fruit nucular ovoid.
—Shrubs or undershrubs; leaves alternate or opposite sessile ;
flowers either axillary solitary or very few, or terminal, capitate and
involucrate. (South. or West. Africa.”)

29. Diarthron Tvurcz.2—Flowers hermaphrodite; tube of gla-
brous calyx elongate, narrow (herbaceous), above the germen con-
stricted articulate, below persistent around fruit, above deciduous ;
throat esquamate; limb (coloured) erect, 4-fid. Stamens 4-8,
enclosed, inserted 1—2-seriately in throat; anthers subsessile oblong,
introrsely rimose. Germen girt with thin annular disk, glabrous,
l-ovulate; style subterminal or lateral, apex stigmatose slightly or
not at all thickened obtuse. Nucule enclosed by calyx; seed slightly
albuminous.—Slender herbs; leaves alternate linear; flowers‘ in
very slender terminal and lateral spikes, ebracteate. (Central Asia.)

30. Passerina L.°— Flowers hermaphrodite (nearly of Thymelea);
tube of cup-shaped (coloured) calyx thin, narrowed above germen
and there solute; limb 4-partite patent deciduous; throat esqua-

(Daphne).— Auton. Fl. Pedem. i. 189; Auct. 9. 20 (Passerina).—Anpr. Bot. Cab. t. 311-(Pas-

—Pourr. Chior. Narbon. 27 (Passerina),—Lamx.
Dict. iii. 436, 437; Ill. t. 290 (Daphne).—DC.
Fl. Fr, iii. 72 (Passerina), 356 (Daphne) ; vi.
466 (Passerina).—Dxsr. Fl. Atl. i. 831, t. 95
(Passerina).— Wixstr. Act. Holm. (1818), 320
(Pusserina).—Guss. Fl. Sieul. Prodr. i. 466;
Suppl. i. 114 (Stellera).—Camuuss. Enum. Pl.
Balear, 183 (Passerina).—D’Urny. Enum. Pi.
Archip. 42,—Sipru. et Sm. Fl. Gree. i. t. 355
(Daphne).—Nuxs, Fl. Germ. iti. t. 47 (Passerina).
—Borss. Voy. Esp. ii, t. 157 (Passerina)—
Gren. et Govr. Fl. de Fr. iii, 60 (Passerina).

1 Bull. S.-Pétersb. iv, n. 4.— Expt. Gen.
Suppl. iv, p. ii. n. 2100.—Muissn. Prod. 559.

2 Spec. about 8. Tuuns. Fl. Cap. 75, 376
(Passerina). — Wenpu. Obs. 19, t. 2, fig. 19,

serina).—Prest, Bot. Bem. 107.—Mutssn. Lin-
nea, xiv. 390, 396, 398 (Passerina).

3 Bull. Mose. (1832), v. 204; (1852), ii. 464,
t. 11.—Enp1. Gen. n. 2096; Suppl. iv. p. ii, n.
2099.—Muissn. Prodr. 558.

* Very small, purple or sometimes 2-coloured.

5 Spec. 2. Lepep. Fl. Ross. iii. t. 544.—
Fiscu. et Muy. Bull. Mose. (1839), 170.—Kar.
et Kir. Enum. Pl. Alt, n. 801.—C, A, Mey.
Bull. S.-Pétersb. iv. n, 4.—Javs. et Spacu, Ill.
Pl. Or, ii. t. 105.— Wate. Ann. i. 105.

° Hort. Clif, 146, t. 11; Gen. (ed. 1), n. 856.
—C. A. Mey. Budi 8.-Pétersb. iv. n. 4.—Spacu,
Suit. a Buffon, x. 446.—Enpt, Gen, Suppl. iv. p.
ii. n, 2097.—Murssn. Prodr. 561.

THYMELZACE., 137

mate. Stamens 8, inserted 2-seriately in throat; filaments subulate,
often coherent at base, exserted at apex; anthers ovate. Germen
destitute of disk ; style lateral, apex stigmatose semiexserted capi-
tate. Fruit nucular, enclosed by persistent base of tube or sometimes
finally naked ; pericarp crustaceous or sometimes slightly fleshy, very
rarely (Chymococca') baccate; seed albuminous.—Ericoid shrubs ;
twigs tomentose or lanate ; leaves opposite, linear acerose, convex at
back ; flowers® sessile in uppermost axils solitary or in terminal
sometimes comose or short subcapitate spikes. (South Africa.*)

31. Struthiola L.~—Flowers hermaphrodite, 4-merous (nearly of
Gnidia; glandules of throat 4, or oftener 8-12, exserted, fleshy or
horny ; each densely setose at base and there oftener confluent in
somewhat prominent ring. Stamens 4, alternating with lobes of
calyx; anthers subsessile; cells linear, adnate within to connective
produced beyond the cells. Germen sessile, destitute of hypogynous
disk; style lateral, subequal to tube of calyx, at apex capitate
stigmatose. Fruit nucular, enclosed by persistent base at calyx;
seed albuminous.—Ericoid shrubs or undershrubs ; branches gene-
rally straight slender; leaves opposite or sometimes alternate sessile,
oftener linear ; flowers® sessile in uppermost axils, solitary or binate ;
calyx 2-bracteolate. (South Africa.®)

32? Kelleria Enpu.’—Flowers hermaphrodite, 4-merous; calyx
(coloured) funnel shaped, 4-fid; squamules 4 ; inserted in throat, or
8, oppositisepalous in pairs ; tube continuous. Stamens 4, alternating
with lobes; filaments inserted in throat subulate, exserted ; anthers
ovate obtuse, 2-rimose. Germen sessile, l-ovulate, destitute of hy-
pogynous disk ; style lateral or subterminal filiform exserted, at apex
stigmatose capitate, deciduous. Fruit nucular ovoid, finally naked ;

1 Mutssn. Prodr. 665.

2 Oftener rather reddish, small.

3 Spec. 4, 5. L, Spec. (ed. 1), 560 (Lachnea) ;
Mantiss. i, 236.—Tuuns. Prodr. 75; Fl. Cap.
874.—Porr. Dict. v. 40.—Wixstr. dct, Holm.
(1818), 232.—Lopp, Cat, (1816), 18.—W. Spee,

ii, 434.—Maissn. Linnea, xiv. 299.—Wenpu.

Obs. 18, t. 2, fig. 15.

* Mantiss. n, 1244.—J. Gen. 77.—Lam«, Til. t.
78.—Porr. Dict. vii. 475.—GzRtn. ¥. Fruct, iii.

194, t. 125.—Enpx. Gen. n. 2099; Suppl. iv. p.
ii. n. 2096,—Metssn. Linnea, xiv. 463; Prodr.
566.—Belvala Apans. Fam. des Pl. ii. 286.

§ White, golden or reddish.

6 Spec. about 20. Tuuns. Fl. Cap. 382.—
Hourr. Pf. Syst. v. 358, t. 40, fig. 2.—BurM.
Afr, 127, t. 47 (Thymelea).—Retz. Obs. iii. 25,
26.—Hornem. Hort. Hafn. ii. 955,—Wisstr.
Thymel. 286.—Arr. Hort. Kew. (ed, 2), i. 272.
—Ream. et Scu. Syst. iii. 20, 330.—Wewnot.
Obs. 9, t. 2,ANDR, Bot. Repos. t. 113, 119, 149.
—Lopp. Bot. Cab. t. 11, 74, 75, 141.—Bot. Mag.
t. 1212, 2138.

7 Gen. Suppl. iv. p. ii. n, 2095,—Mutssn.
Prodr, 665.—Daphnobryon Mutssn. Prodr. 566.

133 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

seed copiously albuminous.—Dwarf cespitose musciform shrubs or
undershrubs; stems sometimes prostrate ramose; leaves opposite
sessile small densely imbricate ; flowers! terminal subcapitate few,
pedunculate or subsessile, imbricate in upper leaves, involucrate.?
(New Zealand, Australia, Tasmania, Borneo.)

33. Drapetes Lamx.‘—Flowers of Kelleria; calyx fuanel-shaped,
4-fid; throat esquamate; limb articulate above germen, deciduous ;
persistent base surrounding fruit. Seed and other characters of
Kelleria.—A. small dwarf undershrub ; leaves small sessile decussate
densely imbricate and inflorescence® of Kelleria. (South America,
Magellanic continent and islands.®)

34? Schoenobiblus Marr. and Zucc.7—“ Flowers diccious,® 4-
merous ; male calyx (corolline) 4-partite; tube very short funnel-
shaped, pilose at bottom ; throat esquamate; lobes patent linear,
glabrous within. Hypogynous scales 0. Stamens 4, exserted,
opposite lobes of calyx and subequal and adnate to them below ;
filaments filiform; anthers oblong, dorsally affixed above base;

rudiment of germen 0.

leaves few; umbels terminal pedunculate.

Female flower...?—A tree or shrub;

(North. Brazil’)

35. Pimelea Banxs and Sonanp.!°—Flowers hermaphrodite or
rarely polygamo-dicecious (nearly of Struthiola or Gnidia), 4-merous ;
tubular throat of (coloured) calyx esquamate; tube continuous or

1 Rather small.

2 A genus by Benruam (Fi, Austral. vi. 35)
conjoined with Drapetes, to which indeed it
is very close, but from which it is decidedly
distinct by the scales of the throat (absent in
Drapetes).

3 Spec. about 3. Hoox. Lond. Journ. ii. 497,
t. 17 (Drapetes).--Hoox. ». Fl. N.-Zel. i. 228;
ii, 222; Handb, N.-Zeal. Fl, 245; Hook. Icon.
t, 895; Hook. Journ. (1853), 299, t. 7 (Drapetes).

4 Journ. @ Hist. Nat. i, 186, t. 10, fig. 1; Zi.
t. 915.—Porr. Dict. Suppl. ii. 523.—Banxs,

Gertn. Fruct. iii. 199, t. 215,—J. Ann. Mus.

vii. 479.—Wixstr. Thymel, 284,—Enpu. Gen.
n. 2097; Suppl. iv. p. ii. n. 2094.—Maztssn.
Prodr. 618 (not BENTH.).
8 Calyx petaloid coloured.

6 Spec. 1. D. muscoides Lamx.—Gavpicu.
‘Voy. Uran, Bot. 133.—D'Urv. Mém. Soc. Hist.
Nat. Par. iv. 605.—.D. muscosus Ram. et Scu.

Syst. iii. 8388.—Hoox. ». Antaret. Voy. Bot,
348 (not Fi. N.-Zel.).—C. Gay, Fl. Chil. v, 317.

7 Nov. Gen. et Spee, i. 65.—ENDL. Gen. Suppl.
iv. p. ii, n, 2106 }2.—Mutssn. Prodr. 519.

8 “ White, puberulous.”

§ Spec. 1. S. daphnoides Marr. et Zucc,—
Messy. Mart. Fl. Bras. Thymel. 64, +. 28, fig. 1

10 Garry. Fruct. i. 186, t. 39. — Dryanp.
Ann, Bot. ii. 205.—Wixstr, Act. Holm. ( 1820),
118, 270, 273.—Spacu, Suit, a Buffon, x. 448.—
Envi. Gen, n. 2098; Suppl. iv. p. ii. 60.—
Paver, Organog. 482, t. 96.—Mutssn. Prodr,
496, 700.— Banksia Foust. Char. Gen. n, 4 (not
L. nor Doms.).—Cookia Gurn. Syst. i. 24 (not
Sonner. nor Sprenc.).—Thecanthes Wuxstr.
loc. cit, 269, 271.—Enpy- Icon. t. 11.—Hetero-
lena Fiscu, et Mry. Ind. Sem. Hort, Petrop.
(1845), 46.—G@ymnococca Fiscu. et Muy. Joe. cit.
—HMacrostegia Turcz. Bull. Mose. (1852), iii.
177.

THYMELZACEL. 139

finally divided above germen; limb patent or finally reflexed, im-
bricate. Stamens 2, inserted im throat and opposite exterior lobes
of calyx; filaments generally evolute exserted; anthers introrse ;
Germen sessile; hypogynous disk minute or 0); style lateral, en-
closed or exserted, apex stigmatose capitate. Fruit nucular, enclosed
by persistent base of calyx; seed slightly albuminous.—Shrubs
undershrubs or more rarely herbs; leaves opposite or sometimes
alternate ; flowers! capitate terminal, very rarely spicate or axillary
few or solitary ; globular or hemispherical pubescent receptacle of
capitules persistent, involucrate with larger imbricate floral leaves,

4 or ©, sometimes coloured. (Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand,
Java.”)

\ ‘White, yellow or pink. —Buntu. Fl. Autral, vi.1.—Lopp. Bot. Cab.
3 Spec, about 90. R. Br. Prodr. Fl.N.-Holl. +. 540.—Swezxr, Fl. Austral. t. 53.—Raovt,
359.—Sm. W.-Holl. i. 31—Mutssn. Pl. Preiss.i. Choix de Pl. 42.—Bot, Reg. t. 1268, 1439, 1478,
602; ii. 268.—Lanit, Pl. N.-Holl.i. 10,t.5, 1582, 1827; (1838), t. 24; (1839), Mise. 66;
7,—Vaut, Enum. i. 305.—Hoox, r. Fi. Tasm. (1841), t. 33. — Bot. Reg. t. 891, 3270, 3276,
1, 332 ; FU.N.-Zel. i. 220 ; Hand. N.-Zeal, Fl. 242 3281, 3288, 3330, 3459, 3721, 3833, 3950.—
—F. Muett, Fragm. v.73, 109; vi. 159; vii. 2. War, Ann. i. 584. ;

L. ULMACE/.

I. ELM SERIES.

In this extensive family, each series of which, with many authors,
constitutes a distinct family, we shall study first the Elms! (fig. 89—

Ulnus campestris.

Fig. 89. Foliaceous branch (2). Fig. 92. Long. sect. of flower.

94) the flowers of which are hermaphrodite or polygamous. On its
depressed or slightly concave receptacle is observed a gamosepalous
calyx, often subcampanulate, and with five divisions more or less

1 Ulmus. T., Inst. 601, t. 372.—L, Gen. n. 239. Buffon, xi. 99,.— Env. Gen. n. 1850; Suppl. ii.
—Avans. Fam. des Pl. ii. 377.—J. Gen. 408.— 29; iv. p. ii, 883 —Paver, Fam. Nat. 167.—P.
Gertn. Fruct. i. 224, t. 49.—Porr. Dict. iv. in Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 3, x. 259; DC. Prodr.
609; Suppl. iv. 187.—Lam«. J7/.t.185.—Turp, xvii. 154.—Microptelea Spacu, Ann. Sc. Nat. loc.
Diet. Se. Nat. Atl. t. 282.—Neus, Gen, ii. 34.— cit. 358; Suit. &@ Buffon, xi, 113.—Enpu. Gen.
Spacu, Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 2, xv. 859; Suit d a. 18497.

ULMACEZL. 141

deep, imbricate in the bud, marcescent. The andrecium is com-
posed of an equal number of superposed stamens. They are inserted
at a greater or less height

on the margin of the CRS:
receptacular cup,! and é
are formed each of a fila-
ment, erect in the bud,
and a bilocular anther,
exserted, extrorse, dor-
sifixed and dehiscing by
two longitudinal clefts.”
The gynecium, in-
serted in the centre of
the receptacle, is com-
posed of a sessile or sti-
pitate ovary, sterile in
the male flower, formed
of two carpels, in such
a manner that here and
there it may have two
uniovulate cells (fig. 92);
it is surmounted by a
style which divides above
into two equal branches,
furnished within with
stigmatic papille. But,
most frequently, only

: i i 2 ig. 94. Long. sect. of
one of the cells is fer- Fig: 90. Floriferous branch Fig "Fruit GD. Sect. 0

Fig. 98. Fruit.

tile, and the ovule which

it encloses, inserted near the top of the internal angle, is descending,
anatropous, with the micropyle directed upwards and outwards.’
The fruit is a flattened samara, the entire margin of which is pro-
duced to a peripheric membranous wing, ciliate or not at the edge,
and its cavity, somewhat unsymmetrical, with reticulate partition,
encloses a descending seed whose fleshy embryo is destitute of
albumen. Its flat cotyledons correspond to the faces of the fruit,

1 That is to say a little perigynously. surrounded by a narrow halo, situated along
2 The pollen is(H. Mout, Ann, See. Nat.sér. the equator (U. campestris).”
iii. 2, 312) “ellipsoid flat; five oval pores, 3 It has a double coat.

142 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

and its superior radicle is rectilinear. There are Elms with flowers
having six, seven or eight divisions.—They are trees or shrubs,' of
which some fifteen species are knowan,? inhabiting the temperate
regions of the northern hemisphere of both worlds. The branches
are often suberose and sometimes alate. The leaves (fig. 89) are
alternate, distichous, simple, often serrate, penninerved, unsym-
metrical at the base,’ accompanied with lateral stipules. The leaves
almost always fall in winter, and it is before their development that
the numerous, inconspicuous flowers‘ show themselves emerging
from axillary scaly buds, and arranged in cymes or glomerules more
or less compound.

In India there is an Elm, Udmus integrifolia, the sepals of which
are free and its androecium diplostemonous. Its embryo instead of
being flat has two conduplicate cotyledons. It has been made a
genus under the name of Holoptelea. Another tree, growing in the
marshes of North America, which the older botanists placed in the
Elm genus, has the flowers of this genus with the foliage of certain
Hornbeams (Carpinus); but its dry indehiscent fruit has a thin
mesocarp, dilated on every side into soft and papillose lamelle or
points ; characters which distinguish the genus Planera. Abelicea,
formerly classed among the Elms, afterwards with Planera, has its
habit, foliage and flowers; but the fruit, at first drupaceous, then
with mesocarp withered and thin, is of smooth surface. It terminates
in a small recurved beak ; which gives it some resemblance to a
retort with a full body and very short neck. It is traversed on
one side by a marginal crest, not very prominent in most species
which are natives of Crete, the Caucasus, and Eastern Asia, but
developed more to a wing in Z. Davidii, a tree of northern China,
of which a genus has also been made under the name Hemiptelea.

The Lotus trees ( Celéis) constitute a distinct subseries, charac-
terised chiefly by a drupaccous fruit (fig. 97). That is the general
character of a group which has been raised to the rank of even a sub-
order ( Celtidew). Their flowers (fig. 95, 96) are polygamo-moneecious

1 Piancuon divides the genus into 3 sections
(or sub-genera) : 1 Oreoptelea (Spacu) ; 2 Dryo-
ptelea (Spacu) ; 3 Microptelea (Spacu) founded
on the form of the perianth, the time of ap-
pearance of the flowers, the form and position
of the pedicel, the ciliation or otherwise of the
margins of the samara,

2 Foucer. Mém. Acad, Se. Par. (1787), t. 2.
—Jace. Hort. Sehenbr. t. 261.—W. Enum.

Hort. Berol, 295.—Micux, Fl. Bor. Amer. i. 172
—Wirn. Arrang, ii. 275.—Roxs. Fl. Ind. ii.
67.—Nourtt. Trans. Amer, Phil. Soc. a. ser. v.
169.—Sonp, Regensb, Flora (1851), 48.—A
Gray, Man. ed. 5, 442,—Cuar. Fl. 8. Unit. St.
416. Gren. et Gopr. Fl. de Fr. iii. 105.—
Watp. Ann, iii. 424. :

3 The internal half is the larger.

* Green, yellowish or reddish.

ULMACEHZE. 143

and in structure nearly like those of the Elm. The pentamerous
perianth is imbricated, and they have five stamens superposed to the
sepals, with filaments ‘inflexed in the bud but which straighten
themselves, often elastically, at the time of anthesis. The stamens
are primarily introrse. The unilocular ovary encloses one descending
campylotropous ovule and is surmounted by a style with two stigma-
tiferous. branches (fig. 95). The putamen encloses one seed the
embryo of which is accompanied by a little mucous albumen and
has two conduplicate cotyledons.—Lotus (Celtis) consists of trees or
shrubs of all warm and temperate regions of the globe. Their leaves
are alternate and triplinerved at the base.

Celtis australis.

Fig. 95, Flower (+4). Fig. 97. Long. sect. of fruit (3). Fig. 96. Long. sect. of flower.

From the Lotus plants the following genera are distinguished only
by characters of very small value. Gironniera, Asiatic and Austra-
lian trees, ally themselves with Celis by their flowers with imbri-
cate sepals and leaves with independent stipules. But the fruit,
surmounted by a persistent style, with two branches not plumose, is
accompanied at the base by the persistent calyx; and the flowers
are dicecious instead of being polygamo-moneecious. TZyrema, natives
of nearly all warm regions of the globe, have the free stipules and
polygamo-dicecious flowers of Celtis, with the persistent calyx at the
base of the fruit like Guronniera; but the prefloration of the sepals
is such that they are valvate-induplicate below and imbricate at
the summit. Parasponia, inhabiting the same countries as (fron-
niera, has the polygamo-monecious flowers and imbricate calyx of
Celtis and the drupaceous fruit with persistent calyx at its base of
Trema. But the style-branches are plumose, and the two stipules of
the same leaf are united in a single concave axillary’ blade, like those
of the Artocurpee. Aphananthe, trees of the same. countries as
-Gironniera and Parasponia, have the calyx imbricate and persistent,

144 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

and stigmata not plumose as in Gironniera, stipules united in pairs
like those of Parasponia; but the flowers are moncecious and not
dicecio-polygamous. The same is the case with those of Aphananthe,
spinous trees of the Cape, with fruit accompanied at the base with
the persistent calyx and filiform style-branches, but possessing a
valvate-induplicate calyx and stipules united to each other in one
large membranous axillary blade, which is early detached in one
piece, nearly like those of Parasponia.

Ampelocera cannot, apparently to us, be removed from Celtis, to
which, by its stamens 10 to 15 in number, it bears nearly the
same relation as Holoptelea to Ulmus. The gynecium is also quite
that of a Lotus, and the fleshy fruit is monospermous. It comprises
trees of tropical America, with alternate leaves and membranous
caducous stipules.

II. MULBERRY SERIES.
In the Mulberry’ (fig. 98-101), the unisexual, monecious or

Morus alba.

Fig. 98. Male floriferous branch. Fig. 100. Female inflorescence.

dicecious flowers are tetramerous, and the straight almost flat or, in
the male flower, slightly depressed receptacle, bears four decussate

1 Morus T. Inst. 589, t. 362.—L. Gen. n. 33.—Lamx. Jil. t. 762.—Spacu, Suit. 2 Buffon,
1055.—Apans. Fam. des Pl. ii. 877.—J. Gen. xi. 39. En. Gen. n. 1856.—Paver, Fam. Nat.
402.—Scuxuur. Handb. t.290.—Gartn, Fruct, 171.—H. Bn. Adansonia, i, 214, t. 8, fig. 1-12.
ii. 199, t. 126.—Porr. Dict. iv. 373; Suppl. iv. —Bur. DC. Prod. xvii. 237,

-ULMACEZ. 145

sepals, in prefloration alternately imbricate in the bud, and four
superposed stamens, inserted under a slightly developed rudiment
of the gyneecium. Lach of these is formed of a filament inflexed
and incurved in prefloration, afterwards elastically straightened
at the time of anthesis, and of a bilocular introrse anther dehiscing
by two longitudinal clefts. The calyx of the female is similar to
that of the male flower and surrounds’ a free gynecium, formed of a
unilocular ovary? surmounted by a style, soon divided into two
divergent, subulate branches, covered internally with stigmatic
papille. Under the summit of the cell is inserted a descending
ovule, with micropyle directed upwards and outwards.’ The fruit
becomes a drupe with sarcocarp of little
thickness, especially along the faces of the
depressed putamen. It is surrounded by per-
sistent sepals, become fleshy and succulent,
packed closely together. The descending
seed encloses under its integuments a fleshy
albumen which surrounds a recurved embryo,
with oblong and fleshy cotyledons and incum-
bent radicle, at the summit directed upwards.
The Mulberries are trees and shrubs, with
milky or opal juice, inhabiting all the warm
regions of the globe. They have alternate,
distichous, entire, dentate or lobed leaves, with the petiole accom-
panied by two lateral caducous stipules. The flowers are axillary.
The male inflorescence resembles a cylindrical or slightly com-
pressed catkin. But following their development, as we have
done,* the axis of these apparent spikes is found to be a blade
more or less elongate and flattened, bearing upon one part of
its surface only, a very large number of small cymes or glomerules,
whilst the remainder is bare. It is, therefore, a mixed inflores-
cence, and it is the same as what has been described as the female
spike or catkin. Of Mulberries a score of species> have been
described ; the number ought to be reduced to about half-a-dozen.

Mirus nigra,

Fig. 101. Compound fruit.

1 Between it and the pistil are seen, in early § Its coat is double.
age, the stamens the development of which is + Compt. Rend. Acad. Se. Par. Wii. 19; Adan-
generally soon arrested. sonia, loc. cit. 221, t. 8, fig, 9-11.

2 Dicarpellous and bilocular at first; but one 5 L, Spee. (ed. 8), ii. 1898, —W. Spec. iv. p. i.
of the two cells soon ceases to grow. 368.—SEr. Deser. et Cult. des, Mur. 191.—Lowp.

VOL. VI. 10

146 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Morus Ampalis, a species from Madagascar and the Mascarene
islands, has been distinguished with a generic title under the name
of Ampalis, because its male calyx is less clearly imbricate than
that of the Mulberries and because its fruit, arranged in a false
spike much more elongate, encloses one seed with embryo destitute
of albumen, fleshy plano-convex cotyledons and accumbent radicle.
It is a genus of little value. The same may be said of Paratrophis,
trees of New Zealand and the Pacific Ocean which have all the
external characters and the diccious inflorescence. of Ampalis, but
the sepals are not accrescent and do not become fleshy around the
fruit, at the same time the embryo, almost totally destitute of
albumen, has the radicle accumbent to the cotyledons, which are
much larger and nearly foliaceous, unequal, conduplicate and
longitudinally plicate, in such a manner that the largest envelopes
the smallest in its concavity. Pseudomorus is equally oceanic and
almost constantly diccious. The leaves are accompanied by
caducous amplexicaul stipules, and the flowers are nearly those of
the preceding genera. The female calyx, like that of Paratrophis,
persists without growing to the base of the drupaceous fruit. But
the seed encloses an embryo destitute of albumen or nearly so, and
the radicle is accumbent to the flat, thick and fleshy cotyledons.

In tropical America, the analogue of the preceding types is
Trophis, which, with the same general characters, presents these
two peculiarities: the female floral receptacle becomes more or
less concave; which renders the unilocular and uniovulate ovary
‘partly inferior, and the female (perigynous) calyx gamosepalous,
in the form of a conical sac with superior dentate opening, closely
surrounding the gynecium and the fruit (Zrophidec).

The Broussonetiee are easily distinguished from the preceding
genera by their female glomerules being collected on a spherical
receptacle} instead of grouped on a common axis more or less
elongate and flattened (in general form ofa spike). This can be easily

Arbor. et Frut. Brit. iii, 1348.—H. B. K. Nov.
Gen. et Spec. ii. 33.—Mie. Pl. Jungh. 42; Fi.
Ind.-Bat. Suppl. i. 415.—A. Gray, Man. ed. 5,
444.—COnapm. Fi. S. Unit. St. 415.—Bzntu,
Fl. Hongk. 323,—Sxem. Fl. Vit. 245.—Gren. et
Gonr. Fi. de Fr. iii, 102.

1 This enables us to consider provisionally
as an intermediate type between the two groups
Mailiiardia borbonica (Frappr. et Ducutre, Note

s, PIle dela Réun. Aun, P. 3;—Bur. Prodr. 220),
a tree unknown to us, which, with spikelike male
inflorescence, has solitary female flowers, but ac-
companied by an involucre formed of numerous
imbricate and pluriseriate bracts. The unio-
vulate ovary is described as “‘ semi-adherent ;”’
a character which atthe same time brings this
plant near Trophis (vulg. Bois de sagaie, de
requin, de Gaillard, de Maillet).

ULMACEZ. 147

verified in Broussonetia, or the Paper-Mulberry (fig. 102-107),
beautiful trees of temperate and tropical Asia, with leaves very
variable in form, and dicecious tetramerous flowers. The male
inflorescence is amentiform and analogous to that of the Mulberry.
The female flowers have a gamophyllous urceolate perianth and a
gynecium analogous to that of Morus. but with a simple style,

Broussonetia papyrifera,

Fig. 102. Foliaceous branch (3).

filiform at its stipymatiferous extremity. The fruit is formed of a
great number of st:pitate drupes, collected on a spherical receptacle,
and the fleshy mesocarp thickens only at the edges in a sort of
forceps with elastic branches which drive and project the putamen
as the seeds, analogous to those of the Mulberries, mature.
Maclura differs very little from Broussonetia, of which it has
the flower and male inflorescence. But the female flowers are
destitute of a calyx with independent folioles, like that of the
10—2

148 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Mulberries and are buried in the cavities hollowed in the com-
mon receptacle; so much so that the fruit which succeeds is

Broussonetia papyrifera.

Fig. 105. Female inflorescence. Fig. 104. Male flower (4). Fig. 106. Female flowers (4).

completely encased in this receptacle accrescent after fecundation.
The style is single or formed of two very unequal branches. They
are American trees, Beside Maclura is placed Caturus, having the
same inflorescence, with

aa ale the female flowers of

Broussonetia, but the
fruit, sessile on the com-
mon receptacle, is sur-
rounded by the persist-
ent urceolate calyx. The
male flowers are gene-
rally trimerous; but in
one species, of which a
genus, Alleanthus, has
been made, they are
tetramerous and tetran-
drous. They are un-
armed trees and shrubs
of tropical Asia and

Fig. 108. Male in- Fig. 107. Fructi : :
i parece a Ee Stee Caress eel Oceania. With the fun-

damental organisation of
flowers, andreecium and gynecium of the preceding genera, Pleco-
spermum and Cardiogyne are distinguished in that the inflorescence of
both sexes has a spherical receptacle on which the glomerules are

ULMACEH. 149

arranged (Plecospermece). In Cardiogyne, the female calyces are
independent of each other, and the seeds have a large embryo with
foliaceous conduplicate and strongly plicate cotyledons, enveloping
each other and covering the incumbent radicle. In Plecospermum,
the female calyces are united externally and the style emerges by a
small aperture at the summit. The embryo also has cotyledons
incumbent to the radicle and enveloping each other; but they are
thick, fleshy and not plicate. Cardiogyne, plants of Zanzibar, has
globular and sessile female inflorescence. Plecospermum, like the
preceding spinous, but natives of India, has the same pedunculate
inflorescence.

Streblus, a small Asiatic and Australian tree, has given its name
to a secondary group (Streblece), which differs from the preceding in
the female flowers never being collected in spikes or capitules (of
glomerules), but almost always solitary.' The male inflorescence
of Streblus is similar to that of Cardiogyne and Plecospermum. It is
this which distinguishes it from Psewdostreblus, an Indian tree (?)
with male flowers united in a compound cyme, on the multiple
ramifications of which they are unilateral, and from Zawxotrophis, a
spinous shrub of Java, the male inflorescence of which is peduncu-
late catkins, covered with glomerules, analogous to those of
Maclura. In Phyllochlamys, spinous arn, natives of the same
countries as Streblus, the male flowers” are collected in a sort of
capitule with a thick and very short peduncle, and this capitule
is surrounded by large accrescent bracts which form around it a
foliaceous involucre. Finally Diplocos, a spinous shrub of Ceylon,
the flowers of which are constructed like those of the preceding
genera, has the amentiform and stipitate male inflorescence of
Taxotrophis, and female inflorescence. compound and ramified
(covered with glomerules), nearly like the male inflorescence of
Pseudostreblus.

Dorstenia (fig. 108-113) has given its name to a small group
(Dorsteniece) distinguished from all the preceding genera by the inflo-
rescence including flowers of both sexes. This inflorescence, as in
many preceding types, consists of glomerules either of male flowers

1 More rarely 2-4-nate. inseparable from the preceding, would ap-

2 The stamens as far as we have seen are proach quite as near to Artocarpus. But (ac-
short, with a straight erect filament and an cording to the figure of it given by Wien) they
erect introrse anther. By that, this genus, appear finally rather far exserted,

150 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

only, or of one female flower surrounded by male flowers. But these
glomerules are united on a common receptacle or principal axis the
form of which is extremely: variable in Dorstenia. It may bea circular
platform, flat or slightly convex or concave (fig. 112), or a cupof round

Dorstenia multiformis.

Fig. 110. Male bud (§).

Fig. 108, Inflorescence, Fig. 109, Portion ofinflorescence (8). Fig. 111. Male flower in bloom.

or quadrilateral contour, or unequally divided into two (fig. 108), or
intoa greater number (fig. 113) of similar or dissimilar branches,
the upper surface of which is surrounded by bracts forming a

Divabenia Beosttivnsts, slightly developed involucre. Most
frequently the receptacle is de-
pressed at the point of insertion of
the female flower into a small hol-
low in which the latter is encased
(fig. 109), whilst the surrounding
male flowers are inserted near the
margin. Dorstenias are found in
all the tropical regions of Africa, of
Asia and especially of America; they are shrubs and, more gene-
rally, perennial herbs, often with very short stem. The leaves are
alternate, entire or more or less deeply cut, and accompanied with
lateral stipules, most frequently persistent and hardening on the
stem. Fatoua, which closely resembles them in the organisation of
its flowers, is an herb of eastern Asia and the warm parts of Oceania,
having altogether the habit and foliage of a nettle, and the in-
florescence formed of androgynous cymes. Instead of being sessile,

Fig. 112. Long. sect. of inflorescence (2).

ULMACELL. 151

they are collected on the little developed but much branched axes of
one or two axillary pedunculate cymes resembling at a distance a
small capitule. In Bleekrodia, shrubs of
Borneo and Madagascar, the flowers are
also grouped in capituliform cymes, a
female being central and terminal, sur-
rounded by younger male flowers in con-
siderable number. Both have a valvate
calyx in the form of a gamophyllous sac
in the female; and the embryo, destitute
of albumen, has very unequal cotyledons.
Sloetia, a Javan shrub, has an inflo-
rescence, the elongate and flattened axis
of which, covered with floral glomerules,
has the general form of male inflorescence
of the Mulberry and Maclura. But a
single one or a very small number of the
glomerules (which are collected on one of the faces of this receptacle
and on a portion of the other) bears in the centre a tetramerous female
flower with sessile and prominent gynecium. All the rest are formed
of only male flowers, trimerous and triandrous, with valvate calyx.’

Dorstenia cuspidata,

Fig. 113. Long. sect. of
inflorescence, .

III. BREADFRUIT SERIES.

The Breadfruit trees? (Ardocarpus) (fig. 114-118) have given their
name to this group, often raised to the rank of a family, but they
are not the most complete type. They have monecious flowers
collected in great number on unisexual inflorescences. In the male
flowers is observed a perianth formed of two or four calycinal

1 In this group has been placed, not without
some doubt, Trymatococeus Papr.a Brazilian
tree the juice of which, it is said, is not milky ;
for if its stamens have, according to Parric,
filaments inflexed in the bud, they do not
always appear so in the adult flowers under
our eyes; and in most of its characters, the
plant seems very near Pseudolmedia. There
is also an African T.—Calius lactescens
(Bianco, Fl. d. Filip. ed. 1, 698.—Bur. Prodr.
xvii. 278), remainsalso a most doubtful genus.
The flowers of the two sexes are said to be
mixed in axillary pedunculate fascicles or
glomerules. The males. have four stamens
elastically straightened at anthesis, and the

females have a superior ovary, surmounted by a
style with two long revolute branches. (See p.
167, note 12).

2 Artocarpus L Syst. Veg. n, 1426.—J. Gen.
402.—Lamn. Dict. iii. 207; Suppl. iii. 130;
Ili. t. 180.—Turp. Diet. Se, Nat. Atl. t. 286.—
Spacu, Suit. @ Buffon, xi. 69.—ENpL. Gen. n.
1868,—Tric, Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 3, viii. 109, t.
4, fig. 100-120.—Payer, Fam. Nat. 172.—H.
Bn. Adansonia, iv. 79, t. 5.—Rima, Sonner.
Voyag. 99.t. 57-60.—Sitodium Banxs, Gaertn.
Fruet, i, 345.—Rademachia Tauns. Act. Holm,
xxxvi, 252.—Polyphema Lour. Fl, Coch. (ed,
1790.), 546,

152 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

folioles, free from each other or united below to an extent generally
inconsiderable and imbricate in prefloration. They surround an
andreecium represented by a single stamen. This is formed of a
filament primarily straight, instead of curved in prefloration (and

Artcoarpus incisa.

Fig. 114. Floriferous and fructiferous branch (1).

this is the character to which the greatest importance has been
attached in distinguishing this series from the preceding), and. an
anther with two cells, each dehiscing by a longitudinal cleft. In the
female flowers there is a concave receptacle, ordinarily very
deep, hollowed in the form of pits in the substance of the floral
receptacle itself, the margin of which supports a gamosepalous
calyx,! perforated only atthe summit. At the bottom ofthe hollows
is a free gynecium, formed of a sessile or shortly stipitate ovary,
surmounted by an eccentric style the stigmatiferous summit of which
is entire, variable in form, or divided sometimes into two or three
branches. At first, the dicarpellar gynecium,? like that of the

1 This is consequently perigynous, Atother the summit, with those of the neighbouring
times the sepals were supposed hypogynous, flowers.
but united in a tube and also welded, except at Sometimes the number of carpels is three,

ULMACEZL. 153

Mulberries, has two cells; but one of them is early arrested in its
development,! whilst the other, alone fertile, presents, in its internal
angle, a thick placenta,” which supports a single descending anatro-
pous ovule, with micropyle directed
upwards and outwards,’ and ordi-
narily capped with an obturator pro-
ceeding from tke placenta. The
ovaries become achenes* whose de-
scending seeds enclose a curved
embryo, destitute of albumen, with
a short superior radicle and two
fleshy cotyledons generally very
unequal. All these fruits are im- Fig. 115. Male Fig. 116, Long, sect,
bedded in the slightly fleshy and Senin sc aug
fecular substance of the common floral receptacle, on the surface of
which are seen only the slightly prominent remains of the perianth.
The whole therefore constitutes a compound
fruit, often spherical or ovoid. Artocarpus
consists of beautiful trees with soft wood,
milky juice, alternate leaves, simple, entire
or more or less deeply cut. They are
accompanied by a very large supra-axillary
blade, formed by the union of two lateral
stipules, inserted a little higher than the
leaf and for some time enveloping the sum-
mit of the branch with a cap in the form of
an elongate cone; after this, they detach
themselves at the base leaving on the branch,
a little above the petiole, a nearly circular
scar. The monecious flowers are separated
on distinct inflorescences the receptacle of Fig. 117. Portion of female
which is spherical or more or less elongate. care ar

They are in fact arranged in a great number of glomerules, with or
without bracts and bracteoles with peltate summit. The males are

Artocarpus integrifolia.

Artocarpus integrifolia,

and it may even persist to the end; the ovary sonia), iv. t. 5, fig. 3, 4).

is then trilocular and triovulate. 3 There is a double coat.
1 Exceptionally it continues to develop, and 4 When fresh, they are in reality drupes, but
the ovary has two fertile cells. with a mesocarp ordinarily very thin,

2 Jt may be free in its upper portion (Adan-

164 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

free on the surface of the receptacle, whilst the females are more or
less deeply sunk in pitlike depressions (fig. 117) of which the
gynecium. occupies the bottom without contracting any adherence
with their integuments. Some twenty spe-
Artocarpus integrifolia. gies 1 of Artocarpus have been distinguished,

all natives of tropical Asia and Oceania.
Acanthinophyllum strepitans, a small Brazi-
lian tree, with prickly leaves, like those of
certain Sorocea, has nearly all the characters
of Artocarpus; but its monandrous male
flowers are said to be destitute of perianth
and the female flowers are collected, though
not mutually adherent, on the surface of the
spherical receptacle. The fruit is sur-
rounded by the perianth become pulpy and
ve ae encloses a seed with straight embryo and
plano-convex cotyledons. There appears to
to be no perianth properly so called in the male flowers of Pararto-
carpus, a tree of Borneo, the spherical and pedunculate receptacle of
which bears erect stamens separated from each other by bracts
variable in number, free, obtuse or swollen at the summit and
marginally contiguous. Below the receptacle, the summit of the
peduncle is enlarged and bears a small involucre of unequal folioles,
The female flowers of this genus are not known. ‘The male inflo-
rescence of Zreculia has also a spherical receptacle ; the stamens are
two to four in number in each flower. The style is divided above
into two thick stigmatiferous branches, and the fruit, imbedded in a
large common spherical receptacle, encloses a seed the embryo of
which has two very unequal cotyledons, the larger reflexed upon
itself to envelop the smaller. Zreculia comprises trees of tropical
western Africa. The flowers are moncecious or dicecious, and the
receptacle which bears them is accompanied at the base by a small

1 Forst. Prodr. 64; De Plant. Esc. Oc.,23.— Mare. Pl. Jungh, 44, Mart, Fl. Bras, Ortic. 121;
W. Spee. iv. 188.—Sprene. Syst. iii, 804.— Fl, Ind.-Bat, i, p. ii. 284; Suppl. i. 171, 417.—
Toss. Fl. des Ant. t.2-4.—Wieut, Icon, t. 678~ Trysm. et Brnn.in Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind, xxv.
682.—Ku. Linnea, xx. 635.—Hassx. Flora,ii. 401.—Knruvz, op. cit. xxvii. 182,—Tuw. Enwn.
18.—Zou. Verz. ii. 89.—Bos. Hort. Maur.290. Pl. Zeyl. 262.—Benru. Fl, Hongk, 325.—Srem.
—Hoox. Bot. Mag, t. 2833, 2834, 2869-2871.— Id, Vit, 255.—Watp. Ann. i, 668.

CULMACEZL. 155

involucre formed of imbricate bracts, as in Parartocarpus. In the
female inflorescence, the cavities in which the pistils are lodged are
surrounded superiorly by a great number of male flowers the anthers
of which appear sterile.

Bagassa in this group may be considered the analogue of Maclura
in the Morus series. The male flowers are unknown, but
the female flowers have a superior perianth, formed of four
thick and fleshy sepals, contiguous without a true union in
nearly the entire length of their margins and free only at their
obtuse summit. They surround a free ovary, similar to that of
Artocarpus and surmounted by an eccentric style with two unequal or
nearly equal branches. The fruit encloses a seed the embryo of
which, surrounded by an inconsiderable albumen, has oblong folia-
ceous cotyledons and a curved accumbent radicle, the summit of
which is directed downwards. Bagassa consists of trees from Guyana
with opposite leaves and very numerous female flowers sessile upon
the entire surface of a common spherical receptacle. Cudrania is
doubtless, on its side, the analogue of Plecospermum and Cardiogyne.
It has their alternate leaves, spinous branches, globose inflorescence,
and replicate embryo, with conduplicate cotyledons; but the stamens,
generally four in number, instead of incurved, have rectilinear or
even somewhat outwardly recurved filaments. The Cudranias are
all Asiatic and Oceanic. Helianthostylis, a tree of northern Brazil,
also much resembles Maclura in its external characters. The male
flowers are in spherical capitules on the surface of which they are
inserted by a short pedicel. The gamosepalous calyx, in four
divisions, surrounds four superposed stamens, with extrorse anthers,
definitively exserted. The filaments are borne on the base of a long
rudimentary gynecium the ovary of which is stipitate, uniovulate,
and the style long exserted. The fruit, globose and scabrous, en-
closes under a thin spherical pericarp one seed the embryo of which
has two or three large thick and fleshy cotyledons.

Olmedia has given its name to a sub-series (Olmediec) in which
the receptacle of inflorescence has the form of a cup generally of
little depth or even nearly plane the margin of which bears, as in a
capitule of a composite, an involucre formed of several ranks of
unequal, alternate imbricate bracts. In the male capitules, the
flowers are indefinite in number. In the female inflorescence, there
are often also a great number, more rarely a single one. In Olmedia

156 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

the flowers are dicecious; the males have a tetramerous calyx and

Antiaris toxicaria,

Fig. 121. Long, sect, of female Fig, 119. Floriferous branch, Fig. 120. Portion of male
flower (4). inflorescence ($).

four stamens superposed to its divisions; the females have a free

ULMACE. 157

gynecium, the ovary of which, surmounted by a style with two
long stigmatiferous subulate branches, encloses a descending ovule
and is surrounded by a gamosepalous calyx. Around and below
this are the imbricate bracts of the involucre. Olmedia consists of
trees of tropical South America. Beside it is ranged Antiaris (fig.
119-121) inhabiting the warmest regions of Asia and Oceania, which
differs only in its ovary being inferior instead of superior, and in the
_ parts of its female calyx being independent instead of being
united to a variable extent below. The flowers are moncecious.
Pseudolmedia, growing in the same countries as Olmedia, has the
inferior ovary of Antiaris, with a descending or laterally attached
ovule, and a lateral style emerging from an apical orifice in the
floral envelope. The male flowers are destitute of perianth aud re-
presented by a variable number of stamens inserted within the
imbricate bracts of the involucre.

In most genera of Olmediew, the female flowers are numerous
‘upon each capitule on which they are arranged in glomerules. In
that only is Cuastilloa (fig. 122), a caoutchouc tree of central
America, distinguished from Pseudolmedia. It. has otherwise the
aperianthous male flowers, the inferior ovary and the style with two
stigmatiferous divisions of Pseudolmedia. Helicostylis, a genus from
northern Brazil and Guyana, has the inflorescence and female
flowers of Castilloa, but tetrandrous male flowers and a calyx of
four sepals like Antaris. This genus derives its name from the
stylary branches being much spirally twisted; a tendency existing
but in a much less degree in Cuastilloa. Not only is the ovary
inferior relatively to the perianth in the two preceding genera, but
it is also adherent on one side to the cavities from which the
receptacle of the inflorescence grows, like that of Artocarpus. The
same is the case in MVoyera, a tree of Guyana, the male flower of
which is unknown, and the style proceeds from a simple apical
opening in the epigynous perianth, as in Pseudolmedia. In Naucle-
opsis, on the contrary, the inferior ovary is entirely buried in the
receptacular tissue itself, to which it adheres in every part. It is a
tree of northern Brazil. Magquwira and Perebea, which belong to
Guyana and Columbia, and have tetramerous and perianthous male
flowers, differ from all the preceding genera in that their female
flowers are simply placed upon the surface of the common receptacle,

158 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

without laterally adhering to it. They have a female calyx with
four divisions more or less deep, relative to which the ovary is
inferior in Maquira and superior in Perebea. The former are there-
fore here the analogues of Olmedia, whilst the latter nearly corre-
spond to Pseudolmedia and Antiaris.

Castilloa elastica,

Fig. 122. Floriferous branch (3).

Now let there be, in a concave receptacle like that of the Antaris,
a female flower the ovary of which occupies the central cavity, and
on the thickened margin of the receptacle let there be grouped
glomerules of male flowers, inserted perigynously in relation to the
gynecium, and we shall have an inflorescence much resembling the
flower of the Rose, with this difference that the stamens are replaced
by male inflorescences. This happens in a small group to which
the name of Brosimee -has been given. Take, for example Lanes-
sania (fig. 123), a tree of northern Brazil. The receptacle of its

OLMACEZ. ‘159

inflorescence has the form of a reversed pyramid, growing from a
long central cavity in the form of a deep pit. The ovary, imbedded
in it, is otherwise organized like that of Olmedia, and the two long
branches of the style which

surmounts it emerge from sealed vin

the opening corresponding to
the centre of the base of the
pyramid. The entire sur-
face of this base bears glo-
merules of male flowers,
formed of a gamosepalous
calyx and two or three
stamens. Around the male
flowers is found a crown of
small bracts forming an in-
volucre ; they are inserted op
the circumference of the py-
ramidal base. Others are
scattered in small number
over its convex surface;
others again are collected in
a second involucre towards
the summit of the pyramid—
that is, above the axillary
peduncle which supports it.
In Scyphosyce, a shrub of
western tropical Africa, the
relative disposition of the
various elements of the an-

drogynous inflorescence is fundamentally the same, but the form of
the parts is very different. The common receptacular cup is wider
and less deep. The central female flower is consequently free,
removed from the coats of the receptacle. Near the margin of the
latter are also inserted perigynously the male flowers, furnished
equally with a gamosepalous calyx. They have only one stamen,
‘and the bracts of the involucre which are outside of them are
highly developed and completely cover them by imbrication in the
bud. The female flower is also surrounded by its own calyx.

Fig. 123. Long. sect. of inflorescence ($).

160 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Bosqueia, a shrub of Madagascar and the eastern coast of Africa, has
the gynecium of Lanessania, with the involucre and monandrous
flowers of Scyphosyce; but the monandrous flowers are not sur-
rounded by a calyx, and the common receptacle of the inflorescence
has an upper surface more or less oblique, according to the age of
the flowers. In Piratinera (of which Brosimum forms part) belong-
ing to tropical America, the receptacle takes the form of a small
sphere the entire surface of which is covered with monandrous male
flowers, destitute of calyx and separated by bracts with peltate
summit, and the female flower, most frequently single in the
inflorescence, is found imbedded in the interior of the sphere.

Ficus Carica.

Fig. 124. Foliaceousand Fig. 125, Long. sect. of Fig. 126. Long. sect. of
floriferous branch (4). female flower (8). compound fruit.

With a receptacle in form of a sac, like that of Lanessania and
the neighbouring genera, the Figs (Ficus) have given their name
to a distinct group (cee), because this receptacular pouch, with
orifice generally very narrow, and surrounded by a small involucre,
encloses female flowers in great number instead of a single one,
with or without male flowersabove them. All are likewise disposed
in glomerules on the interior surface of the common receptacle

‘ULMACEZ. , 161

(fig. 124-126). There are Figs in all parts of the world, but.
especially in the tropical regions. Sparattosyce, trees of New
Caledonia, derive their name from their common floral receptacle
being finally divided and open, which is not the case in the Figs;
and from their female flowers, situated upon separate inflorescences,
having a style emerging from the apical opening of the receptacle,
that of the Figs remaining enclosed. .

In the Soroceew, the flowers are in clusters or catkins composed of
cymes or glomerules (as in the inflorescence of most Jorew). The
Sorocecee proper, shrubs of South America, have pedicellate flowers of
both sexes. In Pseudosorocea, plants of the same regions, they are
sessile and disposed along the two margins of an elongate and
flattened axis, resembling a spike, but which, like that of many
More, has one or two faces without flowers and often reduced, at
adult age, to simple longitudinal ridges. Finally, in Sahagunia,
likewise American, and one species inhabit-.
ing Mexico, not only does the male catkin
present this peculiarity, but the male flowers,
instead of being, as in the preceding genera,
furnished with sepals and an equal number of
superposed stamens, are represented only by
bare stamens, disposed in great number and
without apparent. order. on the common re-
ceptacle and intermixed with a variable number
of bracts.

In one and the same genus, Pseudolmedia, —
according to the species, we have seen the
ovule inserted more or less high on the wall of
the ovarian cell, and also by an umbilicum
more or less elongate; so that this ovule was _ wt ee ee o.
in one case descending, and in another attached
laterally to the ovary. It is this last arrangement which is presented
in Pourowma (fig. 127), trees of tropical America, which, by this
character, serve as intermediaries between the genera which precede
and those which follow, and of which the group Conocephalew has been
formed. Powrouma has a free ovary, enclosed in a sac, through an
opening in the summit of which passes the style afterwards dilated
toa stigmatiferous head. The flowers are grouped in compound
cymes with axes sometimes very short. In Conocephalus (fig. 128),

VoL. VI. 11

Pourauma mollis.

162 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

‘which belong to tropical Asia and Oceania, besides the ovule being
erect and orthotropous, the flowers of both sexes are borne on spherical
receptacles or nearly so, and the female calyx is widely cleft above
into four lobes. Coussapoa, inhabiting tropical America, has the
capituliform inflorescence of Conocephalus, with its basilar and erect
ovule, and the female perianth of Pouwrowma, provided at the summit
with an opening which gives passage to the
Conocephalus suaveolens. stvle, In Ceeropia, beautiful American trees,
with peltate-digitate leaves, the glomerules of
flowers of both sexes are borne on long cylin-
‘drical and spikelike receptacles. Musanga has
also digitate leaves ; but the male inflorescences
are little spheres, like those of Conocephalus,
and the female havea large obovate or piriform
receptacle. The gamosepalous calyx, in both
sexes, has a circular orifice at the summit, and
the male flowers are monandrous. Musanga
inhabits tropical western Africa. This is also
the native country of Myrianthus and Dicra-
nostachys, which have simple pinnate or digitate
leaves. -The former has the same female in-
florescence as Musanga, whilst the latter has
ee had i offemale female flowers disposed in stars on a small few-
: flowered capitule. Both have simple styles,
and numerous small male flowers, arranged in close glomerules on
the much-branched and nearly cylindrical axes of an inflorescence
resembling a compound spike.

IV. HEMP SERIES.

In the Hemp (fig. 129-136), the flowers are dicecious, regular and
apetalous. The male flower is composed of five sepals, quincuncially
imbricate in the bud and inserted on a small convex receptacle
which also bears five stamens superposed to the sepals, each formed

1 Cannabis T. Inst. 686, t. 809,—L. Gen. 804. Suit, @ Buffon, xi.31,t, 188.—Enpu. Gen. a
—Apans. Fam. des Pl. ii. 376.—J3. Gen. 404.— 1890.—Payer, Organog. 281, t. 61; Fam. Nat.
Gaartn. Fruct. t. 75.— Lam. Dict. i. 694; 169.—Scunizt. Icon. t, 96. —Gaseinn, S.
Suppl. ii. 191; ZZ, t. 814—Scuxuur, Handb. Canape, in Mem. Bot. t. 1-3-—A. DC. Prodr.
t. 326.—Nexzs, Ic. Fi. Germ. ii. 80.—Scutem. xvi. p. i. 30. :

Wiegm. Arch. v, Beitr. 40, t. 2, fig. 19.—Spacu,

ULMACEZ. 1638

of a free erect filament and a bilocular anther, primarily introrse,!
dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts. The female flower is composed
of a small gamosepalous calyx,* in the form of a truncated mem-
branous cup, and of a superior gynecium. Its sessile ovary has

, Cannabis sativa,

Fig. 132. Female flower Fig. 131. Female floriferous
enclosed in bract. branch. :

of female flower.

primarily two cells of which only one remains at maturity, and it is
surmounted by two stylary branches, articulate at their base, and
clothed with stigmatic papille. On the side of the ovarian cell is
a placenta bearing a single descending, anatropous ovule, with

1 The lines of dehiscence may become lateral, Mont, Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 2, iii, 318).
then slightly extrorse. The pollen is “ spherical ; 2 Tt is often little developed, and it has been
three small umbilica surrounded by « large admitted that it may even be abortive.
halo; external membrane transparent” (H. 12

164: NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

micropyle directed upwards and outwards. ‘The fruit is an achene,
the descending seed of which encloses a fleshy embryo, without
albumen; the incumbent radicle is folded upon the cotyledons and
its summit turned. upwards. The Hemps are annual herbs, of

Humulus Lupulus.

eae ; we,

aaa 4
AON Wire a ee

an ACP a

ge

@ =

Si petreF a
eer
vant

Fig. 137. Volubile foliaceous branch.

Fig. 141. Fructiferous branch,

which there is in reality only one species ;* it is supposed to be a
native of central Asia. Its stem is erect, clothed with opposite
leaves, often alternate in the upper part, palminerved, 7—9-sect,
scabrous, with petiole accompanied by two free and persistent
stipules. The whole plant has a strong odour and contains an
aqueous juice. The male flowers are in axillary and terminal
clusters of compound cymes which become in part uniparous and
are partially destitute of bracts. The female flowers are also in

' With double envelope.

20, sativa L. Spec. 1457.—Reicuz, Ic. Fi.
Germ. t. 655.—Biackw. Herb. t, 322.—Gren.
et Gonr. Fl. de Fr, iii. 112.—C. indica Lamx.

Dict i, 695, n. 2.—C. chinensis Dux. Cat. Hort.
Monsp, (1849).—Polygonum viridiflorum Porr.
Dict. vi. 140 (ex Murssn.).—Halengi Rugep.
Hort. Malad. x. t. 60. “

ULMACE. 165

cymes or glomerules, and are situated in the axils of the foliaceous
bracts. ach is accompanied by a bracteole, a small gamosepalous
calyx and a unilocular and uniovulate ovary, surmounted by two
equal branches of a long developed, oval-lanceolate style, veluto-

‘Humulus Lupulus.

\
i

Fig. 138. Female inflo- Fig. 139. Female Fig. 140. Long. Fig. 142. Compound
rescence (4). flower (8). sect. of fruit (cone).
female flower.

Fig. 144, Achene and Fig. 143. Winged Fig. 145. Long. sect. of
induvium (4). induvium, induviate achene.

glandular without and considered as formed of two connate stipules.
It persists around the fruit which it totally envelopes and extends
even a little beyond.

The Hops' (fig. 137-145) are also dicecious, and their male and
female flowers are constructed like those of the Hemp. But their
staminal filaments, instead of remaining erect, become very slender
and pendent, and the female floral bracts, as also the bracteoles,

1 Humulus L, Gen, 304.—J. Gen. 404,—Lamx. 1891.—Lainpu. Veg. Kingd. 265, fig. 179.—
Dict. iii, 188; Tv, t, 815.—Scuxunr.—Handb. | Paynr, Fam. Nat. 169.—A. DC. Prodr. xvi.
t, 826.—Nezs, Jc. Fl. Germ. ii, 31—Scuter, p. i, 29.—Lupulus.T. Inst. 535, t. 309.—G Rtn.

_ Wiegm. Arch, v. 229, te 7; Beitr. t. 2, fig. 20.- — Fruct, t. 75.
Spacu, Suit. & Buffon, xi. 338.—ENDL. Gen. n.

166 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

considered as connate stipules, enveloping the flower, are more or less
elongate around the fruit (fig. 143). The latter (fig. 144, 145) is
an achene! of which the descending seed contains under its coats
an embryo destitute of albumen, with radicle ascending and incum-
bent upon the cotyledons highly developed and spirally rolled one
upon the other (fig. 145). The two or three species of this genus
known® are herbaceous evergreen plants, with annual and volubile
branches, opposite 3-7-fid leaves, accompanied by interpetiolate and
connate stipules. All the parts are rough, scabrous, odorous. The
male flowers are in rough clusters of cymes, and the female flowers
as well as the fruit (cones) collected in pedunculate capitules, with
numerous bracts closely imbricate, in the axil of which the flowers

are germinated (fig. 138, 142). The Hop, now cultivated in both
worlds,® is a native of Europe and temperate Asia.

The family of Ulmacew is of modern creation: B.-MrrpeL‘ dis-
tinguished it in 1815. Those genera comprised in it which were
known to Apanson,’ such as Cannabis, Morus, Ficus, Dorstenia,
Cecropia (Ambaiba), Trophis (Bucephalon), Celtis and Ulmus, were
placed by him in section III. of his family of Castaneae, with
Urtica, that is, in the group of Scabridee of Linn.xus,* plants to which
Jussieu’ afterwards gave the name Urticw. R. Brown,$ in 1818,
separated from the Urticee a group of Artocarpec, and was therein
followed by Barrtine and by Dumorrier® who detached from the
Urticee the families Licinew, Cannabinece, Humulinece, etc. Enp-
LICHER,’° in 1838, and, after him, Mxtssnzr!! distinguished from
them an Order Moree. All these groups were differentiated from
the Urticacee, either by the organisation of the gynecium, in which
some character, generally easily verified, varied, as the mode of
‘placentation, the direction of the ovules, their anatropy, or the
number of styles, or by the mode of insertion of the stipules or the
presence of a milky juice. Later a reaction set in against this

’ Exterior to the putamen they have a small

fleshy bed (fig. 145) which soon decays.

2 L. Spee. 1457.—Sm. Engl. Bot. t. 427.—
Buu. Herb. t. 284.—Retcus. Jc. Fl, Germ. t.
656.—Scor. Fl. Carniol. ii. 263 (Cannabis). —
Sigs. et Zucc. Fl. Ap. Fam. Nat. ii. 89.—Srem,
Voy. Herald Bot. 512, t. 98.—Mie. Ann, Mus,
Lugd.-Bat. ii. 133.—Ascurrs. Fl. Brandeb, 611,
—Gren. et Gonr. Fl. de Fr. iii, 112.

3 The species described as American have
doubtless been introduted, and ZH. Americanus

is identical with H. Lupulus of Europe.—Nvrr.
Journ. Acad. Se. Philad. ser. 2, i. 181.—Torr.
Emor. Rep. 203.
‘* Elém. de Phys. Vég. et de Bot. 905.
> Fam, des Plant. ii. 376 (1763).
8 Meth. Nat. Phil, Bot. (1770), 29.
| Gen. (1789), 400, Ord. 8.
8 Congo 454; Mise, Works (ed. Benn.) i. 138,
9 Anal, des Fam. (1829).
1° Prodr. Fl. Norfolk. 40; Gen. 277, Ord. 92,
1 Plant. Vase, Gen. 261 (part.).

ULMACEZ. 167

extreme division which the Prodromus of Dz Canpotzz! still com-
pletely maintains. ‘The principal leaders of. this movement were
Paver ® and Srzmann* who reunited, under the name of Artocarpee:
nearly all the genera we have just passed in review, but who have
recently been surpassed in this respect. by Bentuam* with whom the
limits of the Urticee have returned very nearly to what they were
in the time of Jussrmv. In 1847 Trecun® published an important
memoir on the family of Artocarpee, in which he enumerates (with
the description of a hundred species) all the genera, to the number of
forty, recognised in it;* he adds the six genera Cudrania, Dicrano-
stachys, Helicostylis, Noyera, Pseudolmedia, Treculia and the new
genus of Moree, Plecospermum. J. E. Puancuon, in 18487 and in
1873,® made a monographic study of the Ulmacew, among which, to
the genera known before his labours, Ulmus, Celtis, Trema (Sponia),
Gironniera, Planera, Abelicea (Zelkova) and Parasponia, he added the
three types Holoptelea, Aphananthe, and Chetacme.® The genus
Ampelocera, proposed by Ktorzscx in 1843, ought, in our opinion,
to be placed beside the preceding. In 1873 E. Burzav wrote for
the Prodromus a complete description of the group of the Moree
and a sketch of that of the Artocarpee. In the former he
describes twenty-four genera,’ comprising about ninety species,
and in the latter, he enumerates twenty-nine genera, with ap-
proximately seven hundred and fifty species. The new genera
of Moree established by him in this work, and which we have
‘retained, are six in number, viz.: Diplocos, Phyllochlamys, Pseudo-

l-xvi. sect. i, 28 (Cannabinea) ; xvii, 151 18 Of which one doubtful, Calius (Bianco.

(Uimacee), 211 (Moracee), 280 (Artocarpacee).

2 Fam, Nat. 169, Fam. 76. He retained the
Uimacce as a distinct family.

3 FI, Vit. 145, He ‘separated from this
group the Cunvabinee which Payer made only
a section of the family Artocarpee.

4 Fl, Austral. vi. 154.

5 Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 3, yiii. 38, t. 1-6.

6 Inaddition Trophis, rightly classed with the
Morea, Ficus, now referred to the same group,
and Gynocephalum, syn. of Phytocrene, and in-
separable from the Mappice,

7 Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 3, x. 257.

8 DO, Prodr. xvii. 151, Ord, 183.

9 Not to speak of the genus Hemiptelea, by us
younited as a sub-genus to Abelicea. ’

10 xvii, 211, Ord. 183 bis, "8

11 Zoe, cit. 280, Ord, 184.

‘or pedunculate fascicles or glomerules.

“ed. nov. 47; Bot.

Fl. d. Filip, 698), has monoecious flowers, the
two sexes being united, itis said, in axillary
The
male flowers have four sepals and four stamens
with inflexed filament inserted round a rudi-
mentary gynecium. The female flowers are
those of the Moree in general, and the fruit is
drupaceous. C. lactescens Bianco is a tree
common to the Philippines, which we have
been unable, from the characters ascribed to it,
to refer to any of the known genera of this
group. (See p. 151, n.1), Another doubtful
genus is Aspidanda (Hassx. Cat. Hort. Bogor.
Zeit. (1856), 803; Flora
(1857), 582, syn. of Ryparia cesia Bu., and
which, according to Muztuer p’Arcovis (DC.
Prodr, xv. p. ii. 12658), is perhaps an Artocarpia,

168: NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

streblus, Cardiogyne, Uromorus and Pseudomorus. Among the
Artocarpee, he established the new genera Ogcodeia and Sparatio-
syce, and admitted the genera posterior to the work of TrEcuL de-
scribed by Miquen under the name of Naucleopsis, by LinpMaNnn
under that of Sahagunia, and by F. AuEmAo under those of Soaresia
and Acanthinophyllum. He likewise reincludes in this group the
older genera Bayassa, Maquira of Avusirt, and Myrianthus of
PatisoT DE Bravvors, with Bosqueia which remained long un-
published in the herbarium of Durrtit-THovars, and which, in our
opinion,! could not be separated from this family in which we have
just? established the five genera Parartocarpus, Helianthostylis,
Scyphosyce, Lanessania, and Pseudosorocea. Finally, the Cannabinee
comprising the two genera Cannabis and Humulus, with three or four
species only, and the number of genera we preserve in the other
series, being eleven for Ulmew, twenty for Moree, and thirty-two for
Artocarpee, we arrive at a total for the entire family of Ulmacee, of
sixty-five genera comprising about a thousand species.

They are distributed over a considerable extent of the globe.
Celtis and Ficus, for example, belong to all parts of the world;
Trema and Morus to most warm regions; Ulmus to all parts of the
northern hemisphere. Three other genera, Dorstenia, Trymatococcus,
and Humulus,? are common to both worlds. To America belong the
twenty-three genera Planera, Ampelocera, Maclura (?), Trophis,
Cecropia, Coussapoa, Pourouma, Bagassa, Olmedia, Pseudolmedia,
Acanthinophyllum, Noyera, Perebea, Maquira, Castilloa, Naucleopsis,
Helicostylis, Helianthostylis, Lanessania, Piratinera, Sahagunia,
Sorocea, and Pseudosorocea. The remaining thirty-five belong to the
old world. Some of them are found only in Africa; Chetacme
grows at the Cape of Good Hope; Maillardia, Cardiogyne, Ampalis,
Bosqueia, belong to the continent or eastern isles; Scyphosyce,
Treculia, Musanga, Myrianthus, and Dicranostachys, are observed only
on the tropical western coast. The other types are most numerous
in Tropical Asia and Australia on the one hand, and on the other in
tropical South America. To the former belong exclusively Gironniera,
Parasponia, Aphananthe, Holoptelea, Diplocos, Phyllochlamys, Streblus,

1 Adansonia, iii. 335, t, 10; viii. 72. Prodr, 231, n, 4), a species of tropical western
2 Adansonia, xi (1875), 293-299. Asia, belonging probably to another genus, a
. 3 And Maclura, doubtfully M.? excelsa Bur. neighbour (?) of Ampalis,

OLMACEZ. 169

Pseudostreblus, Caturus, Plecospermum, Uromorus, Pseudomorus,
Fatoua, Sloetia, Conocephalus, Cudrania, Artocarpus, Parartocargus,
Antiaris and Sparattosyce, that is, twenty genera. Brazil possesses
an equal number of which two-thirds are peculiar to it.. Ficus,
the only genus observed spontaneous in all parts of the world, is
rare in Europe and exists only in the south where it is reprosented
by asingle species, F. Carica. In Africa it extends to the Cape,
and in Asia ascends to Japan. In the two Americas its geographical
range is over 60 degrees, and in the Old World nearly 80. The
other Artocarpee are confined to the more tropical regions. Cud-
rania and Conocephalus extend to the Asiatic temperate. zone, and
in the warmest parts of Mexico are found, besides Figs, a Sahagunia
and a Cecropia. The Morew extend further both north and south,
for Broussonetia reaches the north of China; Maclura inhabits the
United States, and both endure the open climate of our country,
as also many Mulberries. Paratrophis heterophylla is a native of
New Zealand. Morus alba grows wild in Mongolia, and M. rubra
as far as Canada. The genera of this family which include the
wildest species belong to the Ulmew series. There are species of
Celtis ‘as far as the north of China and Japan.? The Elms have
the: most northern range whether in America? or in Asia and
Europe.* In this last part of the world, besides Figs, we meet
with the genera Ulmus, Celtis, Abelicea, and Humulus in the wild
state, and introduced, the genera Morus, Broussonetia, Maclura,
Cudrania, Planera, and Cannabis thought to be of Asiatic origin,’

The series which we admit in this family are distinguished from
one. another by the following characters :

1 Spontaneously in Italy, according to Gas-
PABRINI (Ric. 8. Caprif. e Fico, Napoli (1845),
65), who divides it into several species, adopted
by Miaven (Hook. Lond. Journ. (1848), 222).
But M, A. De Canporre (Géogr. Bot. Ruis.
919) believes these Figs to be natives of western
Asia. Caprificus, or the wild Fig, the inflor-
escences of which are fixed on the branches of
the cultivated Fig, either to fecundate the latter
or to give the Cynips, which, by pricking the
fig, would hasten, it is supposed, its divelop-
ment, would be also of western origin.

2 Celtis japonica is said to have borne in

Europe 20 degrees of cold, C. canina grows in
the State of New York, as well as C. crassifolia,
This genus is also represented in La Plata by
Momisia.

3 Where Ulmus americana grows spon-
taneously in Canada to 48° 20’ lat. N.

4 U. pedunculata is found in Sweden and
Russia higher than U. campestris. The latter
grows in Scotland. U. pumila inhabits the
transbaical region of Siberia. U. Montana is
found in Sweden, in Scotland, and as far as the
river Amour; U. Fulva, in Canada.

5 A. DC. Géogr. Bot. Rais. 833, 986.

170 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

I. Utmex.1 — Flowers polygamo-diccious; more rarely herma-

phrodite, isostemonous, or more rarely 2~3-plostemonous. Sta-
minal filaments straight or incurved in prefloration. Ovule
descending. Fruit dry and often winged (true Ulmec), or dru-
paceous, without wings (Céltidew).—Trees or shrubs, with juice
not milky, distichous leaves, accompanied by lateral stipules either
intra-axillary and independent or united, flowers in loose or con-
tracted cymes.—11 genera.

II. Morzez.2—Flowers monecious or dicecious, ordinarily tetra-
merous. Stamens in number less than or equal to the sepals,
filaments ‘inflexed in prefloration and elastically straightened at the
period of anthesis, anthers introrse after anthesis. Ovule descend-
ing, anatropous or campylotropous. Fruit generally drupaceous,
indehiscent.—Trees or shrubs, rarely evergreen herbs,’ juice gene-
rally * milky or opaline, leaves alternate, often distichous, stipules
lateral persistent or caducous, leaving on the branches transverse
but rarely annular scars. Inflorescence mixed, formed of cymes
or oftener glomerules grouped on a spike-like capituliform rarely
racemiform receptacle. —20 genera.

TIT. ArtocarPez.°—Flowers monecious or dicecious, similar to
those of the Moree, except that the staminal filaments are straight
in prefloration and at every age. Ovule descending or more rarely
(Conocephalece) ascending (and in this case completely or incom-
pletely orthotropous), with micropyle always superior—Trees or
shrubs, with juice generally milky or opaline, leaves alternate rarely
opposite convolute in estivation, stipules ordinarily amplexicaul,
leaving annular scars on the axes.—32 genera.

IV. CannaBinez.°—Flowers diccious, isostemonous. Staminal

1 Ulmacee Mires. Elém, (1815), 905.—Lrnpt.
Veg. Kinga. (1846), 580, Ord. 221.—Enpu. Gen.
275, Ord. 90.—Px..Prodr. xvii, 151, Ord. 183.—
Celtidee L. C. Ricu. ex Gaupion. Voy. Freycin.
Bot. (1826), 507 (this name, proposed by L. C.
Ricwarp, would doubtless have priority, but
appears not to have been published by him).—
Ewot. loc. cit. 276, Ord. 91.—Lanp1, loc. cit,
580, Ord. 221.

2 Moree Mutssn. Gen. 261 (part.).— Enp1.
Gen. 277, Ord. 92 (part.).—Moracee Linvt,
‘Veg. Kingd. 266, Ord. 87 (part.).—Bur. Prodr,
xvii. 211, Ord. 183 bis—Broussonetiee, Chloro-
phoree, Ficee, Dorsteniee Gavpicu. Voy. Freycin,

Bot. 509.

3 Fatoua only such,

4 But not constantly.

5 R. Br. Congo (1818).—Liypu. Veg. Kingd,
269, Ord. 88.—Enpu. Gen. 277, Ord. 92,—
Trice. Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 8, viii, 838.—Artocar-
pacee Bur. Prodr. xvii, 280, Ord, 184. -

5 Bu. Bijdr, 515 (1825).—Dumorz. Anal. 17.
—Enpt. Gen. 286, Ord. 95.—A. DC. Prodr. xvi.
sect. i. 28.—Hwmulinee Dumort. loc. cit,—
Lupulacee Rase. Phys. ii. 495.—Cannabinacee
Lino.. Veg. Kingd. 265, Ord, 86. —Cannabisacee
Sgr. Deser. Mir. 188.—Cannabacee At, Br.
Aschers Fl, Brandeb, 611; Enl, 58,

ULMACE. 171

filaments short and straight. Female calyx gamophyllous,
cupuliform. Ovule campylotropous. Fruit dry induviate and in-
dehiscent. Seeds without albumen, embryo recurved.—Odorous
herbs, annual and erect or evergreen and climbing, with aqueous
juice, leaves opposite (at least in the lower part of the stem),
scabrous, palminerved, often lobate, stipules persistent, inflorescence
in cymes.—2 genera.

‘. A family thus constituted, ‘“‘by concatenation,” has manifold
affinities. Lryptey has placed the Ulmee in his Alliance of
Rhamnales, between the Aquilariec, which belong to the Thymelacee,
and the Chailletie, which we include in the Huphorbiacee. We are
not unmindful of their affinity to the Urticee. Now, although
the Artocarpee and the Moree have been more or less widely
separated from the Urticee on account of the constitution of their
dicarpellar gynecium with ovules oftener descending and ana-
tropous, and although we ourselves have formerly admitted this
separation, the study of a large number of genera of the small
group of Conocephalee, in which the ovule is more or less distinctly
ascending and orthotropous, we are convinced that this disjunction
cannot be maintained and that the opinion of Mr. Brnruam, restor-
ing to the older Family of Urticee its unity and integrity, ought
now to be fully adopted. ‘We perhaps go still further than he does
in leaving the Ulmew and Artocarpece in one and the same natural
group; but the Celtidee, on the one hand, could not be disjoined
from the Hbns, the fruit of Planeree being intermediate between
the drupes of Celtis and the samare of Ulmus; and, on the other
hand, they could not be separated from Moree and Artocarpew by
any éruly absolute character, neither by the nature of their juice,
nor by the characters of their stipules, stamens, gynecium and
fruit; and if the differences which have been put forward for this
purpose really exist, there is not one which, in every case, can be
considered constant. On the other hand, the family we are now
studying approaches, as we shall presently see, very near to the
Castaneacee and, consequently, to the Hamamelidew and Platanee.

Usres.—The milky or opaline juice found in a great number .of
Artocarpee give them very characteristic properties,! analogous to

1 Enot. Enchirid. 168.—Linvu. Veg. Kingd. ii. 320. — Rosentu, Syn. Pl. Diaphor. 196,
270; Fi. 4. 301.—Gure, Drog. Simpl. éd.6. 1108,

172 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

those of the Euphorbiacee with similar properties. Their latex! is
rich, either in caoutchouc, which is extracted for industrial purposes,
or in a deleterious principle which renders these plants extremely
dangerous. The most celebrated of the latter class is unquestionably
Antiaris toxicaria? (fig. 119-121), a terrible poison with which the
natives of Java formerly rubbed their weapons of war and chase,
and the inoculation of which was said to be mortal. Moreover, contact
with or even the neighbourhood of this tree was, according to report,
fatal to man. Fugitive slaves perished under its branches in the
forests where they took refuge, and the ground was strewed with
corpses in the valleys of death where this terrible tree grew, under
which the birds could not fly without perishing. Rumputus, then
LEscHENAULT, have made us better acquainted with what is true in
all these traditions. The latter received the milky juice which flows
from incisions in this tree upon different parts of the body without
inconvenience ; but he also has seen accidents produced by contact
of the latex with the skin or the eyes. Many of the Javans who
cut the tree experience pains, nausea, vomiting, and vertigo.2 The
action of this juice is more energetic when inoculated than when
taken internally, and, in the latter case, it does not act with the
same intensity on man as on other animals. We are assured that
animals killed by this poison may be eaten without inconvenience.

1 The reservoirs of this juice have been
studied occasionally by authors who have
examined this family anatomically, the principal
of whom are:—Mie. Observ. sur le Canal.
Méduil. et les Diaphr. du Trone de Cecropia Bull.
Se. Phys. Néerland. (1838), 29-81, 168-172, Mart.
Fil. Bras. Urtic. 140).—C. H. Scuvurtz, D. Cyklose

‘(Nov. Act. Nat, Cur. (1841), xviii, Suppl. ii. t.
13.—Karst. Nov. Act. (1854), xxiv. 79.—Morus ;
Gavnicu. Voy. Bon, Bot. Atl. t. 132, f. 14,
15. M. Davin attributes to the reservoirs of the
latex of the Moree the same origin and the same
constitution as to those of the Zuphorbiacee (see
vol. v. 159, note 5).—The same applies to
Ficus Carica: Muynn, Phytot, (1830), t. 10.
£. 5, 6 ;—EF. elastica, Linx. Ie. Anat, Bot. (1837),
fase. ii. xiv. 1-;—Ducurre, Hlém. fig 25, 26.
Trécvn has marked as an exception (Compt.
Rend, \xvi. 575) Conocephalus naucleiflorus,
which does “not enclose vessels with a milky
juice, but cellules of gum in the youngest part
of the branches and lJacunes or canals full. of
agum in the older parts.”

? Lescuen. Ann. Mus. xvi. 476, t. 22.—Br.
Rumphia, ii, 56, t. 22, 28, —Linvu. Fl. Med. 301.
—H. Bn. Diet. Eneycl. Sc. Méd. v. 306.—
Arbor toxicaria Rumpu. Herb. Aiboin, ii, 263,
t. 87 (Antiar, Antsjar, Upas-Antiar, Pohon-
Upas, Ipo, Hypo).

3 On the effect of Antiar, see Ra, Hist. Pl.
App. iii. 87.—C. Alun (presid. Tuuns.),
Arbor toxicaria Macassariensis, Upsal (1788).
—Forscu. Mél. Litt. étr, i. 68.—R.-Dew. Sur.
les Eff. @un Poison de Java. Paris (1809),—
Macznp, Exam. del Action. de qq. Vegét. Paris
(1809).—Orrita, Toxicolog. ii, 1.—Marr. Ueb.
den Macassar Giftbaum. Erlang. (1792).—Miér.
et Det. Dict. Mat. Méd. i. 833,—Gurs. Drog.
Simpl. ێd. 6, ii. 827. Antiar has been
analysed by Pziierier and Cavenrou (Ann.
Chim, et Phys. xxvi. 44). They found, among
others, a bitter substance including the veno-
mous principle which contains perhaps, accord-
ing to them, an alcaloid. M. Mutper hasnamed
it antiarine (C8H201) ,

ULMACEZ. 1173

The jnice of Antiaris toxicaria has been proposed as a curative; it is
an energetic evacuant, but probably very dangerous. Beside this
species some are mentioned as not injurious, as A. cnnowia) and A.
Bennetti,? which have various uses in the Viti isles, principally to
prepare and dye the barks of which the natives make their coarse
garments. In Ceylon, A. saccidora® is employed to make tissues and
especially sacks, the foundation of which is a thin round of wood the
only portion preserved of an entire log chosen of the height desired
for the sack; the coats of this are formed of the cylinder of bark
separated by beating and finally turned. Other Artocarpee have an
acrid and caustic juice, notably Piratinera spuria,* of the Antilles
and many species of Artocarpus. In singular contrast to these
qualities of their latex, diametrically opposite qualities apparently
are ascribed to that of the famous Cow tree of South America,
Piratinera utilis,> which constitutes a true vegetable milk analogous,
it is said, in its physical properties and alimentary value, to the milk
of the cow;® although it has been more recently remarked that
great abatement must be made from the value attributed to this
aliment’ which is obtained in abundance from incisions made in the
bark. A thick and viscous gummy milk is also extracted from the

bark of Piratinera Alicastrum,® a

Jamaican species and its young

1 Bu. Rumphia i. 172, t. 54.—A. tovicaria
Hoox. Comp. to Bot. May. t.17 (not Lxscu.).
—A. Dubia Span. Linnea, xv. 348.—Arbor
toxicaria femina Rumen. Herb. Amboin. ii. 264.

2 Szem. Bonplandia, ix. (1861), 259; x. 3.
4.7; Fl. Vit. 253, t.72 (Mavu ni Toga, Mami).
. 3 Daz. Hoo . Journ, iii, 2832.—Wieut, Icon.
t, 1958.—A. Zeylanica Summ. Bonplandia, x. 4.
+Lepurandra saccidora Nimmo, Pl. Bomb. 193.
M. Tuwarres (Enum, Pl. Zeyl. 427) believes
this species identical]. with 4. innoxia Bu.

4 Brossimum spurium Sw. Fl. Ind. Oce. 20.—
Milk-wood, P. Br Jam. 369, n. 8.

5 Galactodendron utile H.B. K. Nov. Gen, et
Spee, vii. 163.—Enpu, Enchirid. 168—Meér. et
Dev. Dict. Mat, Med, iti, 321.—Rosentu. Syn,
Pl. Diaph. 196.—Hoox. Bot. Mag. t. 2723,
2724. — Brosimum utile Expu.—Linpu. Veg.
Kingd. 270 (Palo de Vaca, Sandi).

6 It contains 3°73 per cent. of fibrin and
vegetable albumen (Aun. de Chim. et Phys. vii.
182). M, Bovssincautr has collected this
vegetable milk and stated its alimentary
qualities, Sonny found that it contained
30°57 per cent. of galactine. It is said also

to contain a fatty matter soluble at 40°,
which, united with an albuminoid substance,
salts, etc., would constitute a complete aliment.
But there is great difference as to the propor-
tions of these useful ingredients between ob-
servers who have treated of this juice. The
fruit is said to be edible but viscous.

7 Mancoy (Tour du Monde, xii. 167, 216) says
that this milk, at first very sweet to the palate
soon leaves in the mouth a bitter and disagree-
able taste, that its daily use as an alimentary
substance, would soon produce serious disorders
in the animal economy, and that the natives
taste it partly from want of occupation, partly
to assuage their thirst, partly to show the
curious that a small dose of this liquid may
be taken without danger; but that they do not
make their nourishment of it; that they use it
mixed with soot to calk their vessels, also as an
astringent in cases of tenesmus and dysentery,

8 Brosimum Altcastrum Sw. Fl. Ind, Oée. i. 17,
t.1, fig. 1—Twuss. Journ, Bot. i. 202, t. 7.—
Roser. op. cit..196,—Alicastrum arboreum fol.
Ovat. Alt. Fruct. Solitariis P. Br. Jam, 372
(Bread Nut).

174 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

leaves are employed in this country for feeding small cattle, but
they are said to be injurious and aging. The seeds are edible, as
are likewise those of the Cow tree, but they are roasted before
being used. Those of Musanga Smithii,! a fine African tree, and of
many species of Artocarpus, are equally edible. A. integrifolia?
(fig. 115-118), in the wild state, has no other part useful. But
culture has modified this species and still more A. incisa® (fig. 114),
which is the Bread tree proper of Asia and tropical Oceania, in
greatly reducing the volume of the fruit (with the seed they enclose),
or even in making them entirely disappear, while the receptacle
has assumed as much greater a development and is filled with a
larger quantity of fecula. They are cut in slices and eaten fresh,
boiled, roasted or grilled, but may be preserved after having been
dried in the oven. In Otaheite scarcely any other species is now
met with than the variety called ‘“ seedless,” which grows abun-
dantly also in the Friendly archipelago, the Sandwich Isles, New
Hebrides, the Marianne and especially the Society islands. The
fruit of three trees is said to be sufficient to nourish a man for a
year. ‘The flowers are used to prepare a sourish conserve. Dried,
they form a sort of tinder. The thickened latex becomes birdlime
for the use of the fowler. If to this we add that the wood, though
but slightly resistent, may be employed in the construction of huts
and that the bark and leaves serve for making mats, roofs, tissues,
the statement that the Bread tree alone supplies all the material
wants of this little-civilized people will be justified, and we shall
understand the superstitious legends which claim a celestial origin
for this precious vegetable. There are other species of Artocarpus
useful to man, though less appreciated than the preceding. A.
heterophylla,* an Indian species cultivated also in the Mascarene isles,

UR, Br. Congo, 453. 3 L. ¥. loc. viti—Hoox. Bot. Mag. t. 2869,

2. ¥. Suppl. 61.—Wieur. Icon. t. 6, 8.—
Hoox. Bot. Mag. t. 2833, 6834.—Tréc. Ann.
Se. Nat. sér, 3, vili. 115.—Mé£r. et Der. Dict.
Mat. Méd. i. 454.—Rostntu. op. cit. 198.—H.
Bn. Dict. Eneyel. Se. Méd, vi. 410, — Soceus
major Rumex. Herb, Amboin, i, 104, t. 30.—S.
minor Rumpu. op. cit. t. 31.—Tsaja marum
Rueep. Hort. Malad. iii. 17, t. 26-28.—Rade-
machia Integra Tuuns.—Polyphema Jaca Lovur.
—Sitodium cauliflorum Gartn. Fruct. i, 346, t.
71, 72 (Jaquier Jak, Jaca).

2871.—Trec. Joc. cit. 110.—Méx. et Den. doc.
cit, 455. —H. Bn. Dict. Encyel. Se. Méd. vi. 410.
—A. Communis Forst.—Soceus granosus RumMpx.
Herb. Amboin. i. 112, t. 838.—Rademachia incisa
Tuuns. Act. Holm, xxxvi. 262.—Rima Sonner.
Voyag. 99, t. 57-60,—Iridaps Rima CommErs.
(Arbre & Pain, Rima).

4 Lamx, Dict. iti, 209.—Tnie. loc, cit, 117.—
Iridaps Commers. herb.!— A. philippinensis
Lamx. loc, cit, 210.—(Jaquier eterophylle).

OLMACEZ. 175

has edible seeds ; its root is astringent, as is also that of A: indegri-
Jolia, and is employed against diarrhoea and scabby affections. The
juice of the fruit has been extolled for maladies of the eyes, and
the wood and bark have served to prepare astringent gargles. The
bark of A. Lakoocha’ in India supplies an astringent medicine, as
also that of 4. pubescens,*? an Indian species the bark of which is
used as an antidiarrhetic and administered in cases of pain, stiffness
of limbs, contusions and tumours. In Java and Malabar A. Blumed’
has the same reputation. From its buds and leaves is prepared an
ointment which is applied to sores and hemorrhoidal tumours. Its fruit,
prescribed against diarrhea, contains an oil employed for culinary
purposes. It is edible, as is also that of another Javan species,
A. Kertau.* In Cochin China is eaten that of A. Polyphema,® and in
the Kast Indies those of 4. imperialis Roxs., parvifolia Wicut, elastica
Retnw., longifolia H. Cuts, levis Hassx. and rigida Bu.6 The fol-
lowing are also reported as Artocarpece with edible fruit: in central
America Zrophis Americana L. ; in Guyana, Bagassa guianensis AUBL. }
in Brazil, Pouwrouma acuminata,’ bicolor® and cecropicefolia,s and

many Cecropie. These are almost always astringent plants.!° C.
peltata4 is much employed in the Antilles and central America for

various purposes.
and scabs.
rheetic and antigonorrhetic.

Its caustic latex is used to destroy warts, corns
Its leaves and inner bark are very astringent, antidiar-
Of its hollow stems and branches the

1 Roxs. Fl, Ind, iii. 524.—Wicur, Icon. t.
681 (Dhea-phul-Burhul Bengal).

2 W. Spee. iv. 189.—Tréc. loc, cit. 122.—A.
hirsuta Roxs.—Ansjeli Ruzep. Hort. Malad, iii.
25, t. 32. ;
3 Tric. loc. cit.111—A. pubescens Bu. Bijdr.
481 (nec W.).—Zoiu. Verz. 76 (Bendaah).

4 Zou. ex RosEntTH. op. cit. 1108. The same
author also cites as very dangerous the juice of
A, venenosa ZOU.

5 Pers. Syn, ii. 531.—Txuke. loc. ert. 115.—
Polyphema Champeden Lovur. Fi. Cochineh. (ed.
1790), 547 (Zjampeda, Cay Mitnai of the Anna-
mites).

6 The fruit of A. brasiliensis Gomez, which
is probably only a species introduced from India,
is cited as edible. ;

7 Marr. Syst. Mat. Med. Bras, 34.—Mia. in
Mart. Fl. Bras. Urtic. 180, t. 40 (Ambauba do
Vinho, Mansa), Its fruit and that of the fol-
lowing species are mucilaginous, sweetish aci-

dulate, of an agreeable taste ; and these species
are said to deserve cultivation as fruit trees.
(Marr. Rets. iii, 1180).

8 Marr. Syst. Mat. Med. Bras. 34.—Mia. loc.
cit. 130, t. 39.

© Marr. Reis. iii. 1130; Mat. Med. 34.—Mia,.
doc. cit, 123, t. 36.—P. multifida Trice.

10 Notably C. concolor W. Humboldtiana Ku.
(C. peltata W. not L.). See Rosznra. op. cit.
197,

NL, Pug. Pl. Jam. Amen. Acad. v. 410.—
Jaca. Obs. ii. t. 46, fig. 4; Amer.t. 262.—Marr,
Reis, iii, 1180; Fl. Bras, Urtic. 210.—M1a. loc,
eit. 149. — Linpt. Veg. Kingd, 275,—Enpu.
Enchirid. 169.—Mér. et Dew. Dict. Mat. Méd.
ii, 166, —Bosentu. op. cit. 197.—Yaruma Oviep.
Sumar,. (ed. 1547), fol. 82, d.—Suoan. Hist. i.
187, t. 88, fig. 2, t. 89 (Bots-trompette, Bois-
canon, Figuier de Surinam, Shake-wood of the
English. :

176 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Caribs formerly made trumpets with which they called the people
to war and to religious ceremonies. Now water conduits. and
gutters are made of it. The wood is light and soft. By brisk
rubbing, with the aid of a pointed piece of hard wood sunk in its
tissues and caused to rotate rapidly by means ofa cord or strap, fire is
‘produced, and other species of the same genus, ambaiba,' are used
by the natives of Brazil for the same purpose. The wood of the
root is generally preferred to that of the stem. The young branches
of many species furnish a fibre of which very stout fabrics are
woven and made into hammocks and vestments. But the most
useful industrial product of the Artocarpee is probably the caout-
chouc extracted from their latex. All the caoutchouc gathered in
southern Mexico, Panama, Honduras, Nicaragua, San-Salvador,
Costa-Rica, Guatemala, the Antilles, Columbia, Equador and Peru,
that is to say, in the west of America between 25° N. lat. and about
25° 8. lat. is the product almost exclusively of Castilloa elastica®
(fig. 122). In Nicaragua the juice is collected at all seasons, but
not so much in the rainy, when it is much less abundant.’ Incisions
are made in the trunk in two different modes. Sometimes a long
vertical cut is made intersected by oblique ones; sometimes, as in
Nicaragua, the incision is in the form of a continuous spiral, with
an inclination to the horizon of 459 ; and if the tree is large, another
spiral incision is made in a contrary direction to the former; but
this double incision is very injurious to the plant. An iron gutter
placed at the foot of the tree conducts the juice to buckets of the
same metal, and in the evening it is strained ; after this, it is treated

1 Prison (Bras. ed. 1748, 72) and Marco-
GRAFF (ébid., 91) have designated under the

leaves, which M. Lévy has reported from Ni-
caragua, and of which M. Coxiins speaks, can-

name of Ambaiba and Ambawva several species
of Cecropia. The ashes are used to clarify mo-
lasses in the manufacture of sugar. The fruit
is edible. The savages of {Brazil hold with
the foot the piece of Ambaiba root in which
they make the pointed stick of hard wood rotate
rapidly, and provide themselves with dried leaves
or bits of cotton as tinder.

2 Cervantss, Suppl. & la Gazet. de Literat.
Mexico, 2 jul. 1794 (Castilla).—Tric. Ann. Se.
Nat. sér. 3, viii. 186, t. 5, fig. 142~148.—Co1-
tins, Rep. on Caouteh, (1872), 11, t. 2° (Wig,
Hulé, Ulé-ulé, Uli, Jebe, Tassa). Castilloa, a
little different from the type in the form of its

not be distinguished specifically from (7. elastica
(loc. cit. 12, t. 8). Does the new species es-
tablished by the same author under the name
of C. Markhamiana, and which should also give
caoutchouc, belong really to the same genus ?

3 In April the yield is 60 per cent. better
than in October, the rainy season. <A tree 18
inches in diameter may give in April, a maxi-
mum of 20 gallons of milk, from which is
extracted 60 lbs. of caoutchouc. The single
district of S.-Juan, in Nicaragua, has produced
in one year 10,000 cwts. of caoutchouc (Conins,
loc. cit, 15, 16), collected by 600 Awleros.

ULMACEZL. 177

with juice prepared from certain plants! which coagulate the
caoutchouc. The latter becomes a floating mass in a brown liquor
of a cheesy odour; the mass is subjected to an iron press and then
dried.? In tropical Asia, in Australia and perhaps also in Angola
and Benguela, on the coast of Africa, there are other Artocarpee
which produce the greater part of the caoutchouc exported. They
belong to the genus Ficus and, among a great number of species
imperfectly defined,’ are especially mentioned F. elastica,* laccifera®
and religiosa® in Asia, macrophylla’ and rubiginosa® in Australia.
In the province of Assam the former of these is chiefly employed ;
incisions are made in the trunk and aerial portions of the roots
with a peculiar knife (daos). The juice flows into troughs dug in
the ground, or into channels formed by the leaves; it is richer in
caoutchouc during the cold season. It is treated with warm water
till it coagulates ; after which it is pressed and dried in the sun.
In Java the juice is allowed to dry upon the tree itself. Generally
the caoutchouc of Ficus is impure. Even when it contains no bark
or earth, it is of less value than the American produce. Besides
this substance, now so serviceable in industry domestic economy
and medicine, the products of the Fig trees are so numerous and
so various that it is almost impossible to enumerate all. The
common Fig ® (fig. 124-126) is especially known for the quality of

1 Tt is the Coasso and Achete (Ipomea bona-
nox\ that are previously macerated in the water.
Treated with water only, the juice also coagu-
lates, but much more slowly.

2 It bears the name of tortilla, torta, meros, and
weighs dry about a kilogr, When it has been
dried by contact with the iron, it is rolled into
balls called cabezza. The bola or burucha, is the
caoutchouc dried on the tree itself at the sur-
face of the incisions: it is the most esteemed in
the United States, but is little abundant. The
loss due to dessiccation, estimated at about 15
per cent., is called merma (CoLt.).

3 Orless worked than the others, as F. Teda
Remnw. (Urostigma Karet Mta.), nymphaifolia
L. (U0. nympheifolium Mie.), populnea W.
indica L, elliptica H. B. K. prinoides H. B, K.
(which give the caoutchouc de Guaduas in Colom-
bia), gummifera Mie. Radula W. (Pharmascosyce
Radula Mia.), anthelminthica Manz. ete.

4 Roxs, Fi. Ind. iii. 641.—Guts. Drog. Simpl.
éd. 6, ii, 319.—Linpt. Fil. Med, 298.—Ewnopx,

‘ Enchirid, 166,—Bosentu. op. cit, 195.—Coxt.
Rep. on Caoutch, 18.— Urostigma elastieum Maia.
(Kusnir, Kasmeer in India, Pohan Karet,

VOL, VI.

Kohlehiet in Java).

5 Roxs. Fi. Ind. iii, 545, Wieur, Icon. t. 656,
—Urostigma lacciferum Mia. Fil. Ind,-Bat. i. p.
ii. 575.—Tuw. Enum. Pl, Zeyl. 265 (But).

6 W. Spec. iv. 11384.—Roxs. Fl, Ind. iii, 547.
— Urostigma religiosum Gasr.—Arcalu RurEp.
Hort. Malab. i. t. 27 (Aswat, Bogala, Pippa,
Rai, Figuier des Pagodes).

7 Desr. ex Pers. Synops. ii. 609.—BEnTH.
Fi, Austral, vi. 570.—F. Huegelii K.(ex Mie.).—
Urostigma macrophyllum Mia. Hook. Lond.
Journ. vi. 560.

8 Dusr. ex VENT. Malmais. t. 114.—BzEntu,
Fl. Austral, vi. 168.—Bot. Mag. t. 2939.—F.
Australis W. Spee. iv. 1188.—Urostigma rubigi-
osum Gasparr, N. gen. Fice.7; Ric. Caprif. 82,

‘t. 7, fig. 6-18.

9 Ficus Carica L. Spee. 1518.—W. Spee. iv.
1181.—Roxs. Fi. Ind. tii, 528.—Gurn. op.
cit. ii, 317.—Enpn. Enchirid. 166 —Mir. et
Det, Dict. Mat. Méd. iii. 254.—Linvw. Fl. Uéd.
298.—Gren. et Gonr. Fi. de Fr. iii, 103.—Brre
et Scum. Darst. Of. Gew. t. 19 a.—Fuvxcr. et
Hans. Pharmacogr, 487. (Bou, Arbre a cariques).

12

178 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

its fruit. Figs are eaten dry, and, in that case, not only the fruit
proper (which are drupes with a sarcocarp of little thickness, ex-
cept at the edges), but also the receptacle which envelopes it and
into which has passed a certain quantity of saccharine matter, is
eaten; or fresh, and then generally the receptacle, insipid or of a
disagreeable flavour, is rejected,! and only the drupes are taken of
which the flesh and foot only are succulent and of an agreeable
taste, constituting a wholesome aliment for man and also for certain
animals which are fattened on figs where they are very abundant.
They are sometimes used, especially in the south-west of Europe,
to make alcohol. They are a pectoral fruit.? From them are pre-
pared sweet beverages and soft poultices. The latex contains
caoutchouc; but it is not certain that it is extracted. This acrid
purgative juice serves to destroy warts. It has been employed as
a sympathetic ink and also, in the time of the Romans, for making
a kind of stucco. The wood is porous and of little solidity; that
of old trunks has always been used in the south of Europe for
making screws of presses. Younger it is seamed with hard con-
cretions similar to the cystoliths of the leaves, and may replace
emery for polishing. The leaves have also beer used to produce a
reddish yellow dye. The other useful Fig trees are very numerous
and have very various properties.2 F. heterophylla L. ¥. serves as
an astringent in India. F. Sycomorus L. (Sycomorus antiquorum
Gasp.), a noted species on the banks of the Nile, has edible fruit.
Its wood was formerly used to make coffins and mummy cases, and
also for the carved figures, sometimes so remarkable, which extend
back to the remotest period of ancient Egyptian civilization. F.
hispida L. (F. Deemonum Roxs.), the juice of which is very poisonous,
is used against aphte, and angina. J. amboinensis Kostt., of the
Moluccas, passes as an astringent and febrifuge. Its root serves to
intoxicate fish. F. toxicaria L. (F. Padana Burm.) has a juice rich
in caoutchouc and very poisonous. Likewise F. septica RumPu.,
which, in the Moluccas, is employed as a vermifuge and also, we
are assured, as a blister. F. alba Bu., fulva Retnw., and nivea Bu.
are fodder for hcrses in Java. . Altimeraalo Roxs. is considered an
aperient in the Philippines; it is employed as a sauce for fish. The

1 See H. Bn. Adansonia ix. 318. 3 Rosenru. op. cit. 192, 1107,—Linpu. Fi.
Fructus Carica Off.—Zunqj Turorur, Med. 297.

ULMACEZ. 179

leaves of F. polycarpa Roxs. (F. copiosa Srevup.) are taken mixed
with opium. F. panifica Dut., or Choddo of Abyssinia, has an
internal bark which is used for bread by the natives. They also eat
the fruit of F. Schimperiana (F. vallis Det.). F. courtallensis
(Covellia courtallensis Mra.) has been described by RuEepz, under
the name of Valli Teregam, as a very useful tree in India, its fruit
being used in the treatment of stomatitis, its bark as a cure for
leprosy, and its leaves for polishing wood and metal. In the
Moluccas, F. Wassa Roxs. (Caprificus aspera Rupa.) is used in
dressing viands; its bark is antidysenteric, and from its fruit is
prepared a mixture supposed to facilitate parturition. In Malabar
F’. parasitica Korn. is sought as an antidysenteric, and its acrid
latex is supposed to cure chronic affections of the liver. FF. undulata
Hamiut., of the same country, serves for the treatment of aphte,
tumours, ringworm; Ff. seaberrima Bu., of Java, for pains. JF.
septica is a drastic, a vermifuge, and an energetic blister; the
Javans consider it a violent poison. Ff. benjamina L. (Urostigma
benjaminum Mia.) serves for the local treatment of sores produced
by poisoned arrows; the chewed leaves and branches are applied
to the point wounded. fF. benghalensis L. (Urostigma benghalense
Gasp.) has a tonic root, and edible fruit and leaves. F Karet (F.
indica Lamx.), one of the caoutchouc species, is employed as a tonic
and for toothache. As astringents and resolutives are sought in
tropical Asia and prescribed for a multitude of maladies of the liver,
of the skin, of the mouth, etc., F. indica L. (Urostigma Tyiela Mie.),
nitida Tuuns., infectoria Roxs. (F. venosa Arr.), Rumphii Bu.,
racemosa L. ete. F&F. Demonum Vani is considered a_ terrible
poison, On the contrary, the fruit of F. glomerata’ Roxs., F.
amboinensis Kost. (Covellia racemifera Mia.), mollis (C. mollis Mra.),
aspera Forst., Granatum Forst., Chanas Forsr. of Polynesia, and
that of F. pumila Tuuns., of China, and of 7. Johannis Botss., of the
East, are edible. Several species are used to dye yellow, notably
F. tinctoria Forst., a tree of Tahiti. F. Ampelos Burm. and politoria
Lamx. are used in Java to polish wooden vases. The properties of
the American Figs are analogous to those of the Old-world species.
In Brazil F. anthelminthica’ is extolled as very efficacious in the

1 Marr. Syst. Mat. Med, Bras. 88; Pl. Med., thica Mia. Mart. Fi, Bras, Urtic. 85, t. 25
Gicon. Bras. t. 77.—Pharmacosycea.anthelmin- fig, 2 (Coajingivia). ;
12—2

iso NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

treatment of verminal affections. F. atrox'! is one of the plants
from which the Indians of Rio-Negro prepare the curara, and the
juice of F. doliaria,? which derives its name from the employment of
its light wood for the fabrication of large vases for domestic use, is
also considered very acrid. The juice of F. radula’ is also a vermi-
fuge and rich in caoutchouc, as likewise that of F. vermifuga* F.
gummifera, prinoides and elliptica K. are also reported as caoutchouc
species in Columbia. Gum lac is a product of several Figs. Its
formation is attributed to the Coecus Lacca, a hemipterous insect,
the females of which, living in great numbers on the branches of
the Ficus indica and religiosa,® produce thereon a sort of continuous
crust from the resinous matter which exudes from their bodies.
Imbedded in this reddish matter are found, not only the dead bodies
of the females, but also eggs which, later on, are hatched and give
birth to insects before the issue of which it is preferable to collect
the lac.6 This latter, formed into sticks, grains, or plates, is used
in India for dyeing stuffs. When burnt it emits an agreeable odour,
and colours the saliva when it has been masticated for some time.
It is used to make varnish for fine cabinet work, and is especially
prized among us for bead-work, for making sealing-wax and for
the construction of some physical instruments. In medicine, it is
employed as a tonic, as an astringent, and forms a constituent of
several medicinal dentrifices.

Contrayerva,’ belonging also to this family, consists of evergreen
herbs and derives its name from the property attributed to it in
central America as an antidote to the bite of venomous snakes.
Drake root, brought from Peru by the celebrated navigator of that
name at the end of the 16th century, and described by Cuustvs in
1605,° was a blackish rhizome, clothed with adventitious roots and

leaf-scars, attributed to Dorstenia Houstoni.9

Linnzvus thought that

1} Marr. Herb.—Urostigma (?) atroz Mie.
doe, cit. 105.

7 Marr. Mat. Med. Bras. 88.—F., Gamelleira
K. Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. (1846), 18.— Urostigma
doliariwm Mia, loc. cit. 82; Hook, Lond. Journ,
vi, 527 (Gamelleira, Figueira Branca).

3 F. anthelminthica Ricu. (not Marr.).—
Pharmacosycea Radula Mia. loc. cit. 84, t. 26,
fig. 1; Hook, Journ, vii. 64, t. 2, fig B.

4 Marr. Herb. — Pharmacosycea vermifuga
Mia. Joe. cit. 87, n. 6.

3 L, Spee. 1514.—W, Spec. iv. 11384.—Roxs.

1, Ind. iii, 547.—Linpu. Fl. Med. 298.—Uro-
tigma religiosum Gasp, Ric. 82, t. 7, fig. 15.—

Arcalu Ruzup. Hort, Malad, i.t. 27 (Figuier-
pagode, F, des Pagodes, Bangan, Pippat, Aswat,
Bogaha, Rai).

6 Mer, et Dut. Dict. Mat. Méd, ii. 333.—
Linon, Fl. Med. 297.—Gu1n. Drog. Simpl. éd,
6, ii, 319,

7 Gomrz, De Contrayerva (Mém, Ac. Lisb.
1803),—Mén, et De. Dict. Mat. Med. ii, 672.
—Guts. op. cit. ii. 315, fig. 434, 485,

8 Exot. lib. iv. cap. 10.

9 L, Spee. ed, 4,176; Mat. Med. 538.—Mn1.
Dict. iii. 86, u. 3.—Prencn, Ie. Pl, Med. ii,
8, t. 103. Var. (?) of D. Contrajerva,

UOLMACE. 181

the true Contrayerva would prove to be the species of Dorstenia to
which he had applied this specific name ;! but this is Mexican, and
the true C. of commerce, or Caa-apia of Marcgraff and of Pison,? is
a Brazilian species, either D. Cayapia,’ or D. multiformis * (fig. 108-
111), which has exactly the same properties. D. tubicina® and D.
Faria® are also employed as alexipharmics in the same region.
They are reputed as anti-dysenterics. ‘Their rhizomes are aromatic,
tonic, and astringent. The same is true of certain African species,
such as D. radiata,’ used in Abyssinia in the treatment of cutaneous
affections. The most active of the American Contrayervas is pro-
bably D. brasiliensis ® (fig. 112), the mixed inflorescence of which is
in the form of a circular disk, and its reddish stock has a feeble
aromatic odour and a taste finally very acrid. Itis stimulant and
provokes perspiration; which doubtless explains the alexipharmic
properties attributed to it, now quite forgotten. Like Dorstenia,
Streblus, belonging to the Moree series, has been used in medicine
in its native country, tropical Asia.2 Many parts of the Mulberries

are algo useful.

The black Mulberry,’ a tree probably of Asiatic

1 D. Contrajerva L. Spec, ed. 3, i. 176.—Jaca,
Ie. Rar, iii. 18, t. 614; Coll. iii, 200.—Bur.
Prodr, xvii, 259.—D. Contrayerva Muu. Dict.
doc. cit, u. 1.—Descourr. Fl. Med, Ant. iii, 256,
t. 207.—Linvi. Fl. Med. 300.—D. Houstoni
Lopp. Bot, Cab, t. 1005 (not L.).—D. Sphondylit
folio, Dentarie@ radice Puum. Nov. Gen. Amer.
29,t. 8; Pl. Amer. (ed, Burm.), t. 119. The
D. Drakena Li. (Spee. ed. 4,176;—D. mexicana
Benru. Pl. Hartweg. n. 386) is also employed
like Contrayerva.

2 Bras, ed. 1, 52, 90, c.ic.; ed. 2, 282, 311,
¢. ic.

3 Veioz. Fl. Flum.i. t. 187.—Bur. Prodr.
a, 5.—D. Bryoniefolia Mart. Mat, Med. Bras.
106.—Mie. Mart. Fl. Bras. Urtie. 167.—D.
palmata Pout.—D. vitifolia Frey. et Garpn.
—D., morifolia Fiscx. (Carapia).

4 Mie. Mart. Fl. Bras. Urtie. 165, t. 57-59.
—D. arifotia Laux. Dict. ii. 317; Il. t. 83,
fig. 2.—D. Cyperus Vetioz. Fl. Flum. t. 140,—
D. Mandioccana Fiscu.—D, pinnatifida Mia.—
D. fluminensis Wate.—D, Ceratosanthes Lovp.
Bot. Cab, t. 1216.—Hoox. Bot, Mag. t. 2760.—
Sychinium ramosum Desvx. Ann. Soe. Linn, Par.

‘iv. 217, t. 12.

5 R.et Pav. Fl, Per. i. 65, t. 102, fig. b.—

Hoox. Bot. Mag. t. 2804.—D, infundibuliformis

Lopp. (Tusilla in Venezuela).

6 Parv. ex Sprene. Syst, iii. 777. — Mia.
Mart. Fl. Bras. Urtie. 168,

7 Lamx. Dict. ii, 318.—Bur. Prodr.n. 58.—
Kosaria Forskhalit Guu, (Kosar of the Abys-
sinians).—D. chinensis Lour., a stimulant aro-
matic plant is not, it is thought, of this family
(Bur.). ‘ ,

8 Lamx, Dict. ii. 317.—Bur. Prodr. n. 6.—
Joe. cit. 315.—Linvu. Fl, Med. 300.—Manr. Fi.
Bras. Urtie, 215,—D. placentoides ComMERs.—
D. tomentosa Fiscu.—D. montevidensis Garpn.
These plants contain a bitter principle and a
warm diuretic and diaphoretic essence (Mart.).

» S. asper Lown. (p. 195, note 5) is recom-
mended in Java for epilepsy, rheumatic affec-
tions, gout, and after childbirth (Amplas,
Sakhotuka, Barinka). &. macrophyllus Bu.
(Diplocos? macrophylla Bur. Prodr. xvii. 216)
it used to make pestles for pounding rice (Tam-
boin of the Javans). :

10 Morus Nigra L. Spee, 1898.—Duuam. Arbor,
fruit, ii, 42, t, 8; Arbr. (6d. 2), iv. 90, t. 22.—
Srx. Mur, 220, t. 6, fig. 1, t. 19.—Bur. Prodr. .
xvii. 238, o. 1.—Linpu. Fl. Med. 300.—Gure.
loc. cit. 322, fig. 488.—Gren. et Gonr. Fi. de
Fr. iii. 103.—Caz. Pl. Méd. Ind, 6d. 3, 671.—
Fiveck. et Hans, Pharmacogr, 489.

182 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

origin,! is especially cultivated for its fruit (fig. 101). It is a
tolerably agreeable aliment, and at the same time a refreshing medi-
cine, slightly astringent and acidulous. Its leaves, also employed in
medicine, are used to feed silkworms. But for this purpose, pre-
ference is justly given to the white Mulberry ? (fig. 98-100) which,
introduced from China into India, thence into Persia, was brought
to Constantinople at the time of the Lower Empire, and passed thence
to Sicily and Italy, whence the French brought it after the conquest
of Naples in 1494. Its compound fruit is edible, like that of the
black Mulberry. Both have a bitter purgative bark formerly extolled
as a vermifuge. The wood, as also that of the red Mulberry,? an
American species, is solid, proof against the attacks of insects, sus-
ceptible of a fine polish and is used for making furniture and various
utensils. The cortical fibres might, in case of need, be employed for
textile purposes, but in this respect il is far surpassed by the paper
Mulberry, (fig. 102-107), a Chinese tree, now introduced in Europe,
Oceania and America, and used to make paper and stuffs. Its wood
is pale, porous, light and does not polish well. Maclura has a wood
comparable to that of the preceding trees. That of I. aurantiaca,5
or the Osage Orange, was used to make bows. The Indians of North
America used to dye their faces with the yellow and fetid juice of
its large round fruit, to frighten their enemies. The entire plant
contains a colouring matter, much more developed in M. tinctoria.®

1 A. DC. Geogr. Bot. 856, 981, 986.

2M. Alba L. Spec. 1808.—Lamx. Dict. iv.
373; Il. t. 762, fig. 2.—Locp. Arboret. iii.
1398.—Ser. Deser. Mir. 191.—Enpu. Enchirid.
165.—RosenTE. op. cit. 191—Bur. Prodr. xvii.
238, n. 2.—M. macrophylla Morrt.—M. Meret-
tiana Jaca.— MV. tatarica L.—M. constantino-
politana Porr. Dict. iv. 381. — M. byzantina
Srezn.—M. Indica L.—WM. cuspivata Wart.—
M. rubra Lovr. (not L.).—H. latifolia Porrn.—
multicaulis Prrr.—lf. cucullata Bonar.—it.
bullata Batz.—. chinensis Lopp.

3 L. Spec. 1899. — Porn. Dict. iv. 377.—
Micux. Fl. Bor-Amer. ii. 179; Arbr, for. iii.
232, c. ic—Duuam. Ardr, éd. 2, iv. t. 23.—Ser.
Mir, 223, t. 20.—Bur. Prodr. n. 3,—H. cana-
densis Lamx.—M. pensylvanica Nois,—M. mis-
souriensis AUDIB.

4 Broussonetia papyrifera Vent. Tabl. iti. 547.
—Bor. Prodr. xvii. 224, n. 2.—Morus papyri-
fera Li Spec. 1899.—Papyrius japonica Porn.
Dict. v. 3.—Papyrus legitima Kzupr. Amen.
Exot. 471, ic. (Hoa, Tehou of the Chinese, Ri,

Kaadsi Kansi, Sjo, Kami noki of the J. apanese).

5 Nurr. Gen, ii, 284; N.-Amer. Sylv. i. 126, t.
387, 88.—Lanpi, Loud. Encyel. 784, fig. 18256.—
Loup. Arboret. iii, fig. 1826-1828. — Serr.
Mér, 232, t. 27.—Gurp. op. cit. ii, 324 (Bow
wood, Bois dare). Good prickly hedges may
be made of this tree, and it is also said to be a
good substitute for the mulberry in feeding silk
worms.

§ D. Don, ex Bur. Prodr. xvii. 228.— i.
Plumiera Don.— M, Xanthorylon Expu. Gen.
Suppl. iv. p. ii, 84.— M. velutina Bu. Yus.
Lugd.-Bat. ii, 82.—M. chlorocarpa Lresm.—
Morus tinetoria La. Spee. ed. 2, 1899.—VELLoz.
Fl. Flum, x. t. 22.—M. Xanthoxylon L.—Brous-
sonetia tinctoria Sprene. Syst. ii. 901.—H. B. K,
Nov. Gen. et Spec. ii. 32.—B. Plumierii Sprene,
—B. Xanthoxylon Mart, Herb. Fl. Bras. 250,—
Chlorophora tinctoria Gaupicu, (Fustic, Pustete,
Gelbholz, yellow wood of the Antilles, Leehero,
Dinde in Colombia, Moreira, Amoreira, Amora
de arvore in Brazil.

ULMACEZE. 188

The latter has astringent fruit used in medicine, like the Mulberries,
a fine wood which might be employed with advantage in cabinet
work, a resinoid juice, called the marrow of Cuba,' proposed for the
treatment of scurf, and a colouring matter highly prized for dyeing
in the New World. ‘There are also yellow dye woods in Brazil from
trees of the genus Maclura;*? and the Bagassa wood of Guyana
which is that of Bagassa guianensis,® has analogous properties and
might equally be employed in cabinet work.

The most useful woods of this family are the Elms. The common
Elm‘ (fig. 81-94), excellent as fuel, is good for making a great
variety of articles; it is used by turners, joiners, cabinet makers
and builders. Of its knobs are made trunks and articles of furniture.
The bark is used for tanning skins, to make mats, cords, string,
paper, and to dye yellow; it has been much used in medicine as a
tonic, astringent; for ringworm and intermittent fever. Its young
leaves are given to beasts, and its fruit has served as an aliment to
man, being eaten green as a salad in some countries. Ulmus alata,
americana® and fulva’ have analogous uses in the United States. The
wood is much used in building. The bark is emollient, used as
poultice, and is said to be edible. From that of U. alata decoctions
are prepared and applied as lotions to chaps, chilblains and gunshot
wounds, and are taken internally for cough and dysentery. U. parvi-
folia® was celebrated at a certain epoch under the name of Thé de
Pabbé Galois. Its leaves sometimes bear a gall which the Chinese
use to dye and tan skins.? Planera aquatica furnishes a wood
employed in the south of the United States. Abelicea cretica™ or

1 Guts, op. cit. ii. 324.

2 Marr. Fl. Bras. Urtic. 210,

3 Aosu. Guian. ii, Suppl. 15, t. 376 (Bagas-
sier). It is especially useful for making light
canoes.

7 Micux, op. cit. i. 172.—U. rubra Micwx. r.
(shippery Elm),

8 Jaca. Hort, Schenbr.. iii. t. 261.—Pu.
Prodr. xvii. 161, n. 18.—U. chinensis Pers.
Enchtrid. i. 67.—Turp. Dict. Se. Nat. Atl. t.

+ Ulmus campestris L. (part.).—Sm. Engl. Fi.
ii, 20.—Pu. Prodr, xvii, 156.—Gnren. et Gopr.
Fi. de Fr. iti, 105.—Gure. Drog. Simpl. éd. 6,
ii, 314.—Linpu. Fl. Med. 303.—Men. et Det.
Dict. Mat. Méd. vi. 799.—Envu, Enchirid, 163.
—Caz. Pl. Méd. Ind. éd. iii. 716.—Rosentu.
op. cit. 189.—Fiueck. et Hans. Pharmac. 500
(Ormeau, Ormille, Umea. Arbre & pauvre
homme).

5 Micux. Fl. Bor.-Amer, i. 173.—Micux, F.
N.-Amer. Sylv. iii. t. 127 (Wahoo).

6 W. Enum. Hort, Berol. 295.—U. Floridana
Cuarm, Fl. 8. United St. 416 (white Ein).

281, 282.—Loup. Arboret. iii. 1877.—Microp-
telea parvifolia Spacu, Ann. Se. Nat. sér 2, xv.
358,

9 U. major Sm. Glabra Sm. tiliefolia Host.
have nearly the same uses as U. campestris. U.
pumilla is used in Siberia to make a tea-like
infusion. In Japan, U. Kejaki Sren. has a useful
wood.

10 See p. 188, note 6.

N Zelkova Cretica Spacu, Suit. & Buffon, xi.
121.—PxL. Prodr. xvii. 166.—Pseudo-Santalun
Creticum Bauu. Pinax, 3938.—Quereus Abelicea
Lamx,— 4 BCdaria L. Herb.!

184 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

False-Sandal of Crete, has a reddish odorous wood, said to be
astringent and detersive. 4. crenata} has a solid wood for carpentry
and cabinet work. The Dates are also useful trees. That of Pro-
vence? (fig. 95-97) serves to make a great number of domestic.
articles ?-and musical instruments; productive hedges of it are
planted in the South. Its leaves feed cattle, and its seed pressed
furnishes an oil for burning. The Date of the West,‘ a species from
the United States, has also a useful wood employed by carvers and
musical instrument makers. Its astringent bark is used for tanning,
and also as a febrifuge. Its leaves are said to strengthen and fatten
horses. Celtis Tourneforti® and crassifolia,§ oriental species, are also
astringent plants, prescribed for various kinds of flux. Trema
orientalis,’ a beautiful tree of tropical Asia, introduced into the
Mascarene isles, is reputed a remedy for epilepsy ; and 7. micrantha,®
a Central American species, has a textile liber of which cord and
stuffs are made in the Antilles.

The textile qualities of the bark are common, therefore, in this
family, to a number of Ulmew and Moree. But they find their
greatest development in the Cannabinee, and principally in the
cultivated Hemp? (fig. 129-136), an herb of Asiatic origin and
sought everywhere for the textile fibres of its liber. Their arrange-
ment in parallel longitudinal bundles, separated from each other by
similarly longitudinal zones of cellular tissue, renders them easily
separable by soaking and heating, as is usual in plants eminently
textile.!° It is unnecessary to speak of the stuffs, cordage and
various articles prepared from the hemp, its tow and its fibre. These
substances are also used to make paper." Much has been said of the

1 Zelkova crenata Spacu, lac. cit. 118.—Px.
loc. cit, 165.—Rhamnus carpinifolius Patu.—
Ulmus polygama L. OC, Ricu.—Planera crenata
Desr.

2 Celtis Australis L. Spec. 1478.—Pxu. Prodr.
xvii. 169, n. 1.—Lotus Arbor Losey. Adv. 439.
—L. fruetu Cerasi Bauw. Pinax, 447 (Fabre-
coulier, Fabreguier, Fenabrégne, Bois de Per-
pignan).

3 Shafts, forks, whips, hoops, etc.

4 L. Spec. 1478.—Pu. Prodr. 174, n. 10.—
Lotus arbor virginiana fructu rubro Rat, Hist.
1917 (Mf. des Antilles, M. Ramon).

5 Lamn. Diet. iv. 138.

6 Tiamx. Joc. cit, 182,—Micux, r. Ardy, iii,

228, t. 9.—Px. Prod. n. 13.

7 Celtis orientalis L. Fl. Zeyl. 176.—Sponia
orientalis Pu, Prodr. xvii, 200, u. 14.

8 Celtis micrantha Sw. Fl. Ind.-Oce, i, 157.—
Sponia micrantha Donz. ex Pu. loc. cit. 203,
n, 25.—S. peruviana Ku. Linnea, xx. 536,

5° See p. 164, note 2.

© On the structure of hemp and its liber, see
Retssex, Die Faserg. d. Leines, etc. Denkschr.
Ak. Wiss, Wien, vi—Ourv. Stem Dieot. 34.—
Duraitiy, Rech. Anat.-Phys. sur le Chanvre,
Adansonia, ix. 263.

11 The wood, stripped of its bark or chénevotte,
is used to make matches, light canes, charcoal
for powder, etc.

ULMACEZE. 185

particular intoxication produced by emanations from the hemp fields.
The leaves of the cultivated hemp have quite a peculiar action on
the system which they appear to owe to two volatile essential oils ;?
these are most abundant in the Indian Hemp,’ from which the
haschisch of the Orientals is prepared, a substance considered by
them exhilarating and aphbrodisiacal, which produces a delirious
intoxication, much studied by physiologists and physicians? As a
medicine, the Hemps, after producing a passing excitement of the
nervous centres, finally become sedative and stupefying.* The fruit
of the Hemp or hempseed is especially valued for the oil it contains
which renders it edible, especially for birds and small cattle. This
oil is used for burning, to make soap and paint, and the cake is
employed to feed and fatten animals.’ The ancients ate torrefied
hempseed to stimulate the stomach. Thé Hop® (fig. 137-145) is
quite as widely celebrated. Its young shoots (hop sprouts) are eaten
in the north like asparagus. They, as well as the roots and mul-
tiple fruit (cones), are used in medicine as tonics, bitters, purifiers
and diaphoretics. The cones are employed principally to aromatise
beer, and the intensity of its action depends upon its richness in
lupulin.’ This is also a narcotic and sedative. The leaves of the Hop
have been used for dyeing, and its annual branches* have a textile
bark used to make bands, coarse threads, and cordage. The climbing
branches of the Hop are very ornamental. Under this head, this
family does not present many choice plants, beyond the fine trees

1 Cannabine (C*5H”) and a hydrate of canna-
bine (CH), distributed through the whole
plant (Personne). It contains besides a re-
sinous matter cannabine or haschischine (SmitH).

2 ©. Indica Lamx. Dict. i. 695.—C. chinensis
Det, (var. of C. sativa).

3 Mér et Dew. Dict. Mat. Med. ii. 68.—Gutn.
Drog. Simpl. éd. 6, ii. 331.—Rosznru. op. cit.
201.—PzRsonne, Journ. Pharm, (1857).—Vit-
tarp, Thés, Fae. Méd, Par. (1872).—Mvet.
Journ. Pharm. et Chim, sér. 3, xxvii. 296 (Bang.
Banghie, Guaza). .

4 See Diet. Encycl. Se. Méd. xv. 398.—Brno
et Scum. Darst. Off. Gew, t. 19 d.

5 Pulverised, it is used to counterfeit pepper.

6 Humulus Lupulus L. Spec. 1457,—Sm. Engl.
Bot. t. 427.—Rutcus. Ic. Fl. Germ. xii, t. 656,
A. DC. Prodr. xvi. 29.—GutB, op. eit. ii. 332,
fig. 441-443,—Linpi. F/, Méd, 296—Bune et
Scum. Of. Gew. t. 27 b.—H, americanus

Nurr.— Lupulus communis Garin. Fruet. t.
75.—Cannabis Lupulus Scor. Fil. carniol, ii.
263 (Vigne du Nord, Salsepareille nationale),

7 Lupuline, lupulite. This substance is formed
of yellow, resinous glands, abundant especially
in the bracts. These organs are epidermic cells
which, increasing in size, close in and become a
sort of cupule, formed of several radiating cells,
supported by a small foot. The cuticle which
lines the lower surface of this cupule is raised
‘by a yellowish secretion which fills it from
bottom ,to top like the finger of a glove, so that
it forms a conical projection above the cupule
(Trecur). Then the dupulin is completely de-
veloped (Guts. loc. cit, 335, fig. 443.—Bzre et
Scum, ¢. cit. fig. x).

5 On their structure, see H. Mout, Ued. d.
Bau d. Rank. und Schlingpfl. Tubing. (1827), §
75; Bot, Zeit. (1855), 889.

186 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

which, in our plantations, are derived from the genera of the Elm,
Date, Mulberry, Broussonetia, and the beautiful species of Ficus
which are grown in our gardens and houses as foliage plants.’ There
are but few American and Asiatic Figs the wood of which is of any
utility, as it is generally soft and brittle; mention is made, however,
in India, of Ficus religiosa, from which idols are sculptured ; in Tahiti,
of F. tinctoria Forst., of which some domestic utensils are made; in
Abyssinia, of F. panifica, M1a., employed for the same purpose, the
specific name of which is derived from the natives eating the
inner bark as bread; in Java, of F. alba Bu. and fulea ReEiww.,
Maclura javonica Bu. and Cudranus amboinensis of Rumputvs, the
woods of which are coloured yellow. The Zetéer or Snake wood of
Guyana is attributed to plants of this family. Piratinera guianensis
is the best known. The negroes make rice-pestles and canes of it ;
and the Galibis their bows and traps (doutous). The spotted kind of
commerce comes, it is said, from Brosimum guianense, a species of the
same genus, as well as, very probably, from Ferolia guianensis of
AvsiEt, which produces the Bois satiné, or Ferole, an excellent red
essence, streaked with yellow, heavy, compact and susceptible of a
fine polish.

1 Maclura and Abelicea are more rarely cul-
tivated in the open ground and in our conserva-
tories, Dorstenia, curious for the varied form
of the receptacle of its inflorescence, Cono-
cephalus and Artocarpus for the beauty of their
foliage, and Treculia africana and an Antiaris.
Many useful products have necessarily been
omitted in the enumeration we have just made.
Calius lactescens Buanco (p. 164, note 12) has
an edible fruit and a milky juice, but itis not
poisonous, for small cattle feed on its leaves
when other forage fails. Friction with the
macerated bark is said to cure the bite of veno-
mous snakes. Getah-lahoe, a kind of vegetable

wax of Sumatra, attributed to Ficus cerifera Bu.
to Bleckrodea, and to certain Sapotacee, appears
to render great service in surgery as a local ag-
glutinative medicine (VaNHENGEL), and also in-
ternally as an antidiarrhcetic. This substance
might also be employed for making tapers
(BizxKnopg, Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 4, iii. 330, t. 11),
Many fossil plants belonging to this family
enter into the constitution of certain lands.
Unezr (Chlor, Protog. t. 24-26) has described
Tlnites and Ulminium. There are Elms and
Figs in the tertiary strata (Sar. Ann, Sc. Nat.
sér. 4, xix. 112; sér. 5, xviii. 39, ete.).

ULMACEZ. 187

GENERA.

I. ULMEZ.

1. Ulmus T.—Flowers hermaphrodite or more rarely polygamous;
receptacle short generally rather concave. Calyx marcescent, 5—8-
lobed, imbricate. Stamens equal in number and opposite to lobes ;
filaments inserted more or less deeply in the cupule of the recep-
tacle (hence slightly perigynous) free exserted; anthers in estiva-
tion erect extrorse; cells 2, longitudinally rimose. Germen (some-
times in male flower effete) 2-carpellar, 2-locular; the second cell
abortive effete (or more rarely fertile); style short, 2-fid at apex ;
lobes densely papillose-stigmatose within. Ovules descending
anatropous ; micropyle extrorsely superior. Fruit samaroid, clothed
at base with cupule of receptacle and often stipitate, surrounded by a
marginal wing entire or more or less ciliate; cell eccentric com-
pressed reticulately veined, sometimes longitudinally nerved, 1-sper-
mous. Seed descending ; coat membranous, 2-plicate ; cotyledons of
exalbuminous embryo plane or plano-vonvex rather fleshy; radicle
superior straight.—Trees or shrubs, not milky ; branches sometimes
suberose; leaves alternate, 2-stichous, serrate penninerved, unequal
at base; stipules lateral free ; flowers early or rarely late, breaking
from perulate buds, collected in loose shortly stipitate compound
cymes; pedicels articulate, bracteolate. (emp. and sub-frigid
regions of the north. hemisphere of both worlds.) See p. 140.

2? Holoptelea Pxii—Flowers (nearly of Ulmus} polygamo-
monecious, 4—8-merous; stamens rarely free from sepals equal in

1 Ann, Se. Nat., sér. 8, x. (1848). 259; DC. Prodr, xvii. 163.

‘

188 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

number, oftener 8-16. Fruit samaroid peripterous ; wing subentire
or marginately excised, glabrous or softly pubescent. Seed exalbu-
minous; cotyledons of somewhat fleshy embryo deeply 2-lobed, con-
duplicate to medial nerve; radicle subclavate incurved. Other
characters of Ulmus.—A tree; leaves 2-stichous entire; flowers
early compound cymose; cymes springing from the naked twigs of
the past year, ebracteate. (Hast Indies.‘

3. Planera Guet.2—Flowers (nearly of Udmus) polygamo-mone-
cious, 4—5-merous; stamens 4, 5, alternate with lobes of perianth ex-
serted. Germen (in male flower effete) and other characters of Ulmus ;
ovule descending amphitropous. Fruit dry (utricular) crustaceous
fragile, shortly stipitate and there girt with emarcid perianth, the
whole exterior cristate with complanate unequal lamelle or prickles,
apiculate with indurated base of style, indehiscent. Seed descend-
ing, obliquely ovoid; hilum linear; cotyledons of exalbuminous
embryo unequal; the one larger enfolding the other.—A tree ;%
branches distichous;* leaves alternate 2-stichous, ovately oblong,
unequal at base, unequally crenate or serrate; stipules lateral free,
caducous ; flowers® early, breaking from perulate buds, shortly
compound cymose or glomerulate. (North America.®)

4, Abelicea Bzti1.’7—Flowers (nearly of Ulmus) hermaphrodite
or oftener polygamo-monecious, 4—5-merous ; perianth subcampanu-
late. Stamens equal in number and opposite to lobes of perianth
and other characters of Ulmus (or Planera). Fruit (utricular) ovoideo-
gibbous, hence produced to a short keel (Zedkova) or sometimes
to a narrow wing (Hemiptelea,®) laterally beaked at apex with
base of style; exocarp thin, finally dry; putamen rugose. Seed
suspended from apex of cell subamphitropous; cotyledons of
exalbuminous embryo plano-convex corrugate, at apex and base
2-fid or 2-lobed; radicle superior rather long.—Trees; branches

1 Spec. 1. H. integrifolia Pu. — Ulmus in-
tegrifolia Rox. W. Spec. i. 1326; Pl. Corom. i.
66, t. 18,—Epexzw. Journ. As. Soc. Bengal. ex
Bot, Zeit. (1852), 840.—Tuw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl.
267.

2 Syst. 305. Spracu, Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 2,
xv. 355; Suit. & Buffon, xi. 115.—Enp1. Gen.
n, 18491—Pxu. Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 3, x. 261;
Prodr, xvii, 167.

3 Appearance of Carpinus.

4 Bare at time of flowering.

5 Small, dark yellow.

6 Spec. 1. P aquatica Gmeu.—W. Spec. iv,

567.—A. Gray, Man. ed. 5, 448.—Cuarm. Fi,
S. Unit, St.417,—P. ulmifolia Micux. vr. Arb,
iii, 283.—P. Gmelini L. C. Ricu, Michx. Fl.
Bor.-Amer, ii. 248. —Dusr. Arbr. ii, 446,—
Roem. et Scu. Syst. vi. 305.—Axonymos aquatica
Watt. Fl. Carol. 230.

7 Ex Crus. Hist. p. ii. 302.—Zelhkova Spacu,
Ann. Se, Nat. sér, 2, xv. 356; Suit. & Buffon,
xi. 117.—Enpu. Gen. Suppl. ii. n. 1849,—Pr,
Prodr. xvii. 165.

8 Pu. Compt. Rend. Ac. Se. (Jan. 1872);
Prodr. xvii. 164.

ULMACEZ. 189

2-stichous, sometimes spinescent; leaves: alternate, 2-stichous,
crenato-serrate and other characters of Planera; buds perulate;
flowers? coetaneous; the male in crowded cymes; the female few
or solitary axillary.2 (Crete, Caucasian region, temp. east. Asia,
north. China.*)

5. Celtis T.2—Flowers polygamo-monecious, 2-morphous. Se-
pals 5, or rarely 4, much imbricated, in female or hermaphrodite
flower deciduous. Stamens same in number opposite; filaments
free (longer in male flower), incurved in estivation and more or less
clearly elastically dissilient and at anthesis rigidly divergent;
anthers introrse, before anthesis connivent in centre of flower ;
cells sometimes swollen at base, longitudinally rimose. Germen
(in male flower rudimentary or 0) girt at base with pilose annular
disk, l-locular; style branches 2, thickly subulate wide recurved,
entire or at apex emarginate or dilately 2-lobed (Solenostigma®) ; lobes
linear (Momisia’) or sometimes (Momisiopsis®) 2-fid, densely stig-
matose within; ovule inserted under apex of cell descending
amphitropous; micropyle extrorsely superior. Fruit drupaceous
naked, oftener globose; flesh generally scanty; putamen more or
less rugose, l-spermous. Seed descending amphitropous ; coat thin ;
cotyledons of much incurved embryo foliaceous wide unequally
conduplicate cucullately replicate and corrugate; one enfolding
the other, enclosing the incumbent and ascending radicle; albu-
men slight between the folds of the cotyledons mucous or 0.—
Trees or shrubs, unarmed or spinous; leaves alternate, 2-stichous,
persistent or caducous in winter, oftener unequal-sided at base,

entire or dentate, 3-plinerved ;

stipules free; flowers® axillary

1 Nearly of Carpinus, caducous or deciduous.

2 Sniall, inconspicuous.

3 A genus hence between Ulmus and Planera,
thence between. Celtis.

4 Spec. 4. Baux. Pinax. 378 (Pseudo-San-
talum.—Lamx. Dict. i. 725, (Quercus).—Smitu,
Trans, Linn, Soc. (1808), 126.—Ram. et Scu.
Syst. vi. 804 (Planera).—Sistu. et Sm. Prodr.
Fl. Grae. i, 172 ( Tlmus).—Micux. r. Mém. sur
le Zelkova (1831).— Linpr. Gardn. Chron.
(1861), 428 (Planera).—Mua. Ann. Mus. Lugd.-
Bat, iii. 66 (Planera).—Hancz, Seem, Journ.
vi. 333 (Planera).

5 Inst. 612, t. 388.—L. Gen. n, 1148 (part.)—
J. Gen. 408 (part.)—Garin. Fruet, i. 874, t. 77.

—Scuxvur. Handb. t. 354.—Lamx. Dict. iv. 135
(part.) ; Suppl. iii. 688 ; U7. t.844.—Nzxs, Gen.
li. 35.—Spacu, Suit. d Buffon, xi. 122.—Enp1,
Gen. n. 1851.—Payer, Fam. Nat. 168.—P1.
Ann, Se. Nat. sér. 3, x. 262; Prodr. xvii, 168
(incl.: Mertensia K. Momisia Dumont. Soleno-
stigma ENDL.)

§ Enpu. Prodr. Fl, Norfolk. 41.—Bxu. Mus.’
Lugd.-Bat. ii. 67.—Pu. Prodr. 182.

7 Dumorr. Anal. Fam. 17.—HMertensia H. B.
K. Nov. Gen. et Spee. ii. 3, t. 103.— ENDL. Gen.
n. 1853.—Pu. Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 3, x. 264;
Prodr, 186,

8 Bu. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. ii, 69.

9 Greenish or yellowish.

190 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

in new branches or to leaves or bracts of the past year, solitary,
cymose or racemose-cymose.' (4/1 warm and temp. regions.”)

6. Gironniera Gavpicu.3— Flowers diccious (nearly of Celtis),
4—5-merous; sepals imbricate, persistent under the fruit, scarcely
accrescent. Stamens 4, 5 (in female flower 0); filaments incurved
inserted under pilose rudiment of gynecium. Germen 1-ovulate
(of Celtis); style branches sometimes free to base filiform elongately
subulate, densely papillose, not plumose. Fruit drupaceous com-
pressed-lenticular ; exocarp scarcely fleshy; putamen crustaceous
brittle, sometimes rugose without.—Trees or shrubs unarmed
strigose; leaves 2-stichous, entire or serrulate penninerved ; stipules
subintra-axillary free rather wide convolute, closely enfolding the
twig, afterwards caducous and after their fall leaving annular scars ;
flowers in loose or close sometimes spike-like cymes; the male often
glomerulately spicate or densely crowded. (Trop. Asia, Malaya,
Pacific Islands.*).

7. Trema Lovr.’—Flowers (nearly of Celtis) polygamo-mone-
cious; sepals 5, in estivation induplicate-valvate below, more or
less imbricate above, in female flower generally unequal and oftener
quincuncially imbricate at base. Stamens 5, inserted under pilose

hypogynous disk; filaments subulate; anthers introrse.

Germen

(in male flower rudimentary), ovule and other characters of Celtis;

1 Subgenera in genus 4, ex. Pu. Prodr. scil.
1, Euceltis (incl.: Lotopsis Spacu, Letopyrena
Spracu, -Proteophyllum Spacu), stigmas entire
linear, male flowers at base of leafless branches,
cymoso-racemose ; female flowers in axils of

new leaves, solitary ;—2, Sponioceltis (PL.) -

stigmas as in preced. flowers cymose; cymes
infer. male super. hermaphrod.—3. Solenostigma
(Enpt.): stigmas at apex 2-lobed or emar-
ginate ; flowers cymose.—4. Momisia (Dumort.)
stigmas 2-fid or twice 2-fid; flowers cymose.

2 Spec. 78-75. L. Spec. iv. 1478.—Cav. Icon.
. 294 (Rhamnus).—Lamx. Dict. iii, 388 (Zizy-
phus).— W. Spec.—994. —Pzrs. LEnehirid.
229.—Tun. Ind. Sem. Hort. Neap. (1883),
16.—Pursu, Fi, dm. Sept. i. 200.—Rarin. Fi.
Ludov. 25.—Roxs. £1. Ind. ii, 63.—Torr. Ann.
Lye. N. Hist. (1827), 24.—Denz. Jacquem. Voy.
Bot. 150, t. 152,—Buanco. Jv. d. Filip. ed. 1,
197; ed. 2, 189.—Sw. Prodr. 53; Fl. Ind.-Oce.
545.—H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Spec. ii. 32.—Ku.
Linnea, xx. 637.—Wepp. Ann. Se. Nat. sér, 3,

Xviii, 193 (Momisia).— Burne. Furnr. Fl.
(1845), 871.—Carr Rev, Hort. (1868), 300.—A.,
Gray, Man. ed. 5, 443.—Cuavm. Fl, S. Unit, St.
417.—Bentu. Fl. Hongkong. 323; Fl. Austral.
vi, 155.—Tuw. Enum. Pl, Zeyl. 267.—Gren. et
Gopr. Fl. de Fr. iii. 104.

3 Voy. Bonite, Bot. t. 85.—Pu. Ann. Sc. Nat.
sér. 3, x. 838; Prods, xvii. 205.—Nematostigma
Pu. loc. cit. 265 (Nemostigma).—Helminthosper-
mum Tuw. Hook. Journ. (1854), 302, t. 9, C.

* Spec. 5, 6. WaLx. Cat. n. 7289 (Antidesma).
—Bu. Mus, Lugd.-Bat. ii. 72.—Mia. Pl. Ind.-
Bat. i. p. ii, 222.—Tuw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 267.—
Trysm. et Bryn. Nat. Tijdschr. N. Ind. xi. 363
(Sponia)—Bentu, Fl. Hongkong, 324.—SzeM.
Fil. Vit. 236.

5° Fl. Cochinch, (ed. 1790), 562.—Bu. Mus.
luga,-bat. ii. 58.—Bentu. Fl. Austral. vi. 157,
—Sponia Commers. ex Lamx, Diet. iv. 138.—
Dens. Herb, timor. 170.—Envu. Gen. n. 1862
(part.) —Pu. Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 8, x, 264;
Prodr, xvii. 195,

ULMACEG. 191

style branches free to base elongate stigmatose-plumose. Fruit
drupaceous minute, clothed at base with persistent calyx, generally
crowned with plumose emarcid style; putamen rugose or pitted.
Seed nearly of Celtis; albumen slightly fleshy ; cotyledons of curved
embryo scarcely or not at all corrugate——Unarmed trees; leaves
alternate (evergreen), 3-plinerved, often tomentose; stipules free;
flowers’ in axillary cymes, 1- or 2-sexual. (Adl warm regions.)

8? Parasponia M1q.°—Flowers polygamo-diccious (nearly of
Trema or Celtis); sepals 5, imbricate, persistent around fruit.
Stamens gynecium and other characters of Trema. Fruit, dru-
paceous, crowned with plumose stigmata; cotyledons of curved
embryo linear accumbent.t—Trees or shrubs;* leaves 2-stichous,
3-plinerved; stipules intra-axillary, united in one 2-carinate, 2-fid ;
flowers axillary cymose.6 (Indian Archipelago, Pacific Islands.’)

9. Aphananthe Pu.°—Flowers (nearly of Celtis) monecious ;
sepals 4-6, imbricate, more or less persistent under fruit indurate,
not accrescent. Stamens 4—6, inserted under rudiment of gynecium
(in female flower rudimentary or 0); filaments straight or scarcely
incurved in the bud ; anthers introrse oscillating, 2-rimose. Germen
and ovulum of Zrema (or Celtis); style afterwards 2-fid; branches
subulate, longer than the germen,’ velutinous within. Fruit dru-
paceous, sparsely fleshy; putamen crustaceous, somewhat rugose
without ; seed amphitropous; cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo
spirally convolute; radicle superior somewhat incurved.—Unarmed
(evergreen) trees; leaves 2-stichous, unequal at base, entire or

1 Minute, greenish cr yellowish.

2 Spec. about 25. Burm. Amer. Icon. 206,
fig. 2 (Muntingia).—Stoanz, Jam. ii. 80 (Loti
arbor...)—Pium. Gen. 41 (Muntingia).—L.
Spec. 280; Amen. v. 395 (Rhamnus); Fi.
zeul. 176 (Celtis).—Sw. Prodr. 33; Fl. Ind.-Oce.
157 (Celtis).—Porr, Diet Suppl. iti, 689 (Celtis).
—W. Spec. iv. 996 (Celtis)—H. B. K. Nov.
Gen. et Spec. ii. (Celtis)—Roxs. Fl, Ind. ii.
66 (Celtis). Av. Bu. Duperr. Voy. Bot. 212, t.
47, 215 (Celtis) —Bu. Biydr. 486 (Celtis).—
Scuum. et Tuonn. Beskr. 160 (Sponia),—
Buanco, Fl. de Filip. ed. 2, 189 (Cedtis).—
Hocust. Flora (1845), 87 (Sponia)—Wieuxt,
Teon. t. 1971. (Sponia)—Bentu. Fl, Hongk.
324 (Sponia.)——Mia. Fi. Ind.-Bat, i, p. ii.
215 (Sponia)—Tuw. Enum, Pi. Zeyl. 267.
(Sponia).—Suem, Voy. Herald, Bot, i, 413; Fl.

Vit. 235 (Sponia.)—Soums, Schweinf. Aithiop
192 (Sponia).

3 In Plant. Junghun. 68; Anal. Bot. Ind. 31.
—Pu, Prodr. xvii. 194.

4 “ Not conduplicate,””

5 Inconspicuous minute.

6 A genus very near to Zrema, but sufficiently
distinct by the plane imbricate estivation of
the male flower and intra-axillary concrescent
stipules Px.

7 Spec. 2. Pu, Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 3, x. 336
(Sponia anom.)—Bu, Mus. Lugd.-Bat. ii. 65, t.
36,--SzEm. Bonplandia (1861), 259 (Sponia).—
Mie. Fi. Ind.-Bat. i. p. ii, 218, t. 16,

8 Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 3, x. 265; Prodr, xvii.
265.— Homoiceltis Bu, Mus. Lugd,-Bat, ii. 64.—
Galumpita Bu. loc, cit. 78.

® Shorter than in Gironniera.

192 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

widely serrate, penninerved or 3-plinerved at base; stipules rarely
subfree, oftener growing into one, intra-axillary not enfolding,
caducous; male flowers cymose in lower part of the branches; 1 or
a few female sometimes intermixed; females solitary in axils of
upper leaves. (Zrop. Asia, Indian Archipelago, Australia.’)

10, Chetacme P1.2—Flowers monecious (nearly of Celts) ;
sepals 5, induplicate-valvate, marcescent under fruit. Stamens 5,
inserted under thin pilose disk; filaments erect subulate in bud;
anthers at estivation 2-rimose introrse, not inverted; cells at base
shortly 2-saccate, longitudinally dehiscent. Germen (in male flower
rudimentary) girt at base with pilose disk, l-ovulate; style branches
2, filiform elongate densely papillose-stigmatose. Fruit drupaceous
(juiceless ?); seed... ?—An evergreen tree,’ unarmed or armed with
axillary spines (abortive branches); leaves distichous elongate, at
apex often setiform mucronulate, entire or spinously dentate, coria-
ceous penninerved, finally glabrous; petiole short; stipules connate
in one wide intra-axillary enfolding the convolute leaf-bud, cadu-
cous; male flowers cymose springing either from naked base of new
branches, or from perulate leaf-buds; female flowers solitary in
axils of upper leaves ; pedicels 1—2-bracteolate.* (South Africa.*)

11. Ampelocera Ku.6— Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamo-
monecious; calyx gamophyllous cup-shaped, unequally 5-fid,
imbricate. Stamens 10-15; filaments connate at base with perianth
filiform, long exserted (sometimes short in female flower); anthers
ovately oblong apiculate, introrse, 2-rimose. Germen (in male
flower rudimentary or 0) free, unequally ovate, 1-locular; style
erect, afterwards 2-partite; laciniz elongately subulate divaricate,
papillose within. Ovule 1, inserted under apex of cell peritropous
descending; micropyle superior, protected by small obturator.
Fruit baccate compressed-ovate; embryo of descending seed... 9—

1 Spec. 4. Kampr. Aen. Exot. 799 (Muk-

no-ti)—Tauns. Fl, Jap. 201 (Prunus),—Sten.
et Zuec, in Abhandl. Miinch. Akad, iii. 223
(Sponia).—Sten. Synops. 28 (Celtis) —Bu. Bijdr.
599 (Cyclostemon).—Miaq. Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. p. ii.
224 (Galumpita).

2 Ann, Se. Nat. sér. 38, x. 840; Prodr. xvii.
209.

3 “With habit of Bumelia or Maclura”
closely connecting the Ulmee with this and
other Moree.)

‘ “A genus very near Aphananthe, differing
chiefly in its induplicate valvate calyx at msti-
vation” (Px.), otherwise in habit, leavés and
spines resembling the Celastrince, and also some
Bixacee and Crataegus.

° Spec. 1. @. aristata Pu. loc. cit——Hanv.
Thes. Cap. 16, t. 25.—Celtis aristata E. Mzy.—
C. appendiculata E. Mex.—C. subdentata BE. Mey.
Herb.

5 Linnea, xx, 541,

ULMACEZ, 193

Trees ; leaves alternate, widely serrate; stipules lanceolate mem-

branous, deciduous; flowers in ramose glomeruliferous spikes.
(Peru, Cuba.)

II. MOREA.

12. Morus T.— Flowers monecious or diccious, 4-merous.
Sepals 4, decussately imbricate, persistent and accrescent around
fruit, closely connivent and finally succulent. Stamens 4, opposite
sepals (in female flower rudimentary or generally 0); filaments
inserted under short thick rudiment of gynecium, free, inflexed in
bud, finally straight or recurved ; anthers introrse ; cells 2, reniform,
rimose. Germen (in male flower rudimentary) sessile, 1-locular ;
style terminal short, afterwards divided into 2 subulate papilliferous
branches ; ovule in cell 1, inserted under apex, descending, campy-
lotropous; micropyle extrorsely superior. Fruit drupaceous, en-
closed by succulent sepals ; exocarp thin, thicker at margin ; putamen
testaceous. Seed descending; testa brittle; albumen fleshy ; coty-
ledons of incurved embryo oblong ; radicle ascending long cylindrico-
conical.—Trees or shrubs; juice milky or opal; leaves alternate,
2-stichous, entire or dentate or lobed, unequal at base; stipules
lateral free, caducous ; flowers axillary or subaxillary; inflorescence
solitary stipitate; receptacle in males elongate subcylindrical, on
one or both sides somewhat compressed longitudinally ; glomerules
crowded, more numerous at margin and wanting on one or both
surfaces (hence naked sulciform); female receptacle shorter ovate or
oblong, also glomeruliferous ; drupes with succulent calyces finally
united in syncarpia. (All trop. and subtrop. regions.) See p. 144.

13. Ampalis Bos.2—Flowers nearly of Morus, 4-merous ; perianth
in male flower subvalvate, but in female decussately imbricate,
persistent and growing succulent in syncarpia around fruit and
stamens involute (of Morus). Germen compressed ovate; placenta
thin or sometimes (Pachytrophe*) thicker and more or less promi-
nent, l-ovulate. Fruit drupaceous; flesh scanty; albumen of

1A genus hitherto generally excluded from 2 Spec. 2. Grises. Cat. Pl. Cub, 57.—Watp.
Ulmee on account of the number of stamens <Azn.i. (40.
(Px. Prodr. xvii. 152). But 10 stamens are 3 Hort. Maur, 291.—Enpu. Gen. 1375.—Bur.
oftener observed in Holoptelea. Ampelocera, in Prodr, xvii. 250.
our opinion, is certainly Celtidea, 4 Bur.loc. cit. 234.

VOL. VI. 13

194 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

descending seed very scanty or 0; cotyledons of curved embryo
fleshy plano-corivex, or sometimes (Pachytrophe) thinner subrotund
and more or less plicate ; radicle accumbent or more or less incum-
bent ascending.—Trees or shrubs; juice opaline; leaves alternate
petiolate entire coriaceous, oftener rough beneath ; stipules more or
less coalescent in one semiamplexicaul, deciduous; inflorescence
axillary pedunculate; receptacle very elongate spikelike marginally
glomeruliferous on both sides, each surface longitudinally sulciform
and destitute of flowers; bracts crowded oftener peltate.’ (Mada-
gascar, Mascarene islands.)

14? Paratrophis Bu.®—Flowers (nearly of Morus or Ampalis)
dicecious ; male sepals valvate or slightly induplicate or imbricate.
Female sepals 4, herbaceous, scarcely or not at all growing around
fruit, not fleshy. Germen and other characters of Morus (or
Ampelis), Fruit drupaceous slightly fleshy ; albumen of descending
seed thin, generally thicker between the folds of the embryo.
Embryo incurved; radicle ascending incumbent; cotyledons equal
plicate and conduplicate, parallel or sometimes (Uromorus*) not
parallel and unequally lobed.—Milky trees; alternate leaves and
inflorescence of Ampalis; receptacles amentiform solitary or 2-nate,
subcylindrical or sometimes (Uromorus) very long, densely glome-
rulate. (New Zealand, Pacific Islands.®)

15? Pseudomorus Bur.’—Flowers (nearly of Paratrophis or
Ampatlis) ; sepals 4, imbricate, not accrescent, persistent around base
of fruit. Gynecium and other characters of Morus (or Ampalis).
Fruit drupaceous ; pericarp thin slightly fleshy ; embryo of descend-
ing subglobose seed thick compressed subglobose ; radicle ascend-
ing accumbent; cotyledons fleshy hemispherical; albumen scanty
and well conspicuous only around radicle-—A lactifluous tree;

1 Sect. 2, viz.: 1. Pachytrophe, placenta

thicker ; cotyledons broader plicate ; radiele in-
cumbent or more or less accumbent ;—2. Huam-
palis, placenta thinner; cotyledons thicker
straight; radicle accumbent, A genus appa-
rently very near to Morus.

2 Spec. 3. Porn. Dict. iv. 380 (Morus).—
Jaca. Je, Rar. iii. 617 (Morus).--WiLuEM. Herb.
Maur. 56 (Morus),—Hassx. Pl. Jav. Rar. 198
(Morus). —Bu. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. ii. 80 (Streblus).
—Mhia. Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. p. ii. 278.

3 Mus, Lugd.-Bat. ii. 81,—Bour. Prodr, xvii,

235.—Taxotrophis F, Muewn. Fragm. Phytogr.
Austral. vi, 198.

4 Bor. loc, cit. 236.

5 A genus much better reduced. to a section
of Ampalis, notwithstanding the nature of ita
female calyx and embryo.

§ Spec. 4. Forsr. ex. Hoox, r. et Raovz,
Choix de Pl. 15 (Trophis); Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 8,
ii. 117; Choix de Pl. 14, t. 9 (Epicarpurus).—
Sem. Fl, Vit. 258, t. 63 (Trophis).—Nan, Enum.
Pl. Tahit, 43 (Pseudomorus), i

7 Prodr, xvii. 249.

OLMACEZ, 195

leaves alternate, entire or rarely lobate, stipules, dicecious and
amentous, hence glomerulate flowers and other characters of Morus
or Ampalis. (Australia, Polynesia.)

16. Trophis P. Br.2A—Flowers diccious; male calyx 4-partite
or 4-fid, valvate. Stamens 4 (of Morus), inserted under obpyra-
midal rudiment of gynecium. Female calyx perigynous, inserted
in margin of concave cupular-saclike receptacle subovoid and
gamophyllous, at contracted apex 4-lobed or 4-dentate. Germen
semi-inferior ; style, cell and descending ovule of Morus (or Ampalis),
Fruit semi-inferior or inferior, crowned with persistent calyx,
drupaceous; putamen thin parchment-like. Seed sub-globular ;
cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo hemispherical fleshy; radicle
conical very small superior.—Lactescent unarmed trees or shrubs;
leaves alternate, 2-stichous, petiolate; stipules lateral small, cadu-
cous; flowers glomerulate; inflorescence spikelike or racemiform
glomerulate ; racemes (spurious) simple or compound. (Both trop.
Americas.*) :

17. Broussonetia Vent.’ —Flowers dicecious (nearly of Morus) ;
male sepals 4, free or connate at base, valvate. Stamens 4; fila-
ments elastically exsilient ; anthers short introrse.6 Female calyx
membranous obconico-urceolate, denticulate at apex. Germen stipi-
tate, l-locular; style lateral to apex subulate-filiform exserted
stigmatose; micropyle of descending ovule extrorsely superior.
Fruit stipitate to elongate -gynophore girt at base with persistent
calyx, drupaceous ; mesocarp very thin at both faces, at base and
margins on both sides thick fleshy ; putamen crustaceous or osseous,
finally free from exocarp ;’ testa of descending seed thin ; cotyledons

Wright. Mem. Amer, Acad. sér. 8 (1860), 173;
Fl. Brit. W.-Ind. 158; Cat. Pl. Cub. 58.—
Scuitt, Linnea, vi. 357. — Lienm. Vidensk,

1 A genus of doubtful autonomy and very
probably hereafter to be reduced to a section of
Ampalis.

2 Spec, 1. very various in form, as P, Bruno-
niana Bur. Ann. Sc. Nat, sér. 5, xi, 872.—
Bentu. Fl. Austral. vi. 181.—Morus Brunoniana
Envt, Atakta, t. 32.—M, pendulina ¥, Bauer,
Ie. ined, Pl, Norfolk. t. 186, Enpu, Prod. Fi,
Norfolk. 40,—Streblus Brunoniana ¥, MuEuu.
Frag. vi. 192.—S. pendulina F. Mugu. loe, eit.

3 Hist. Jam. 357.—L, Syst. n. 1103 (part.).—
J. Gen. 442 (part.).—Porr. Dict. viii. 122 (part.).
—Enpu, Gen. no. 1871 (part.).—Tric, Ann.
Se. Nat. sér. 3, viii, 146.—Bur. Prodr. xvii. 252.
Bucephalon Prom. Pl. Amer. (ed. Burm.), 55.—
—L. Spee, ed. 3, 1661.

4 Spec. 2, 3. Sw. Obs, 372.—W. Spee. ii. 733.
—Mie, Mart. Fl. Bras. Urtie. 159.—Griszs. Pi,

Selfskr, Kjoben, (1851), ii. 815, 385 (Sorocea).—
Szem. Bonplandia, v. 74.

5 Tabl, iii. 547. —Spracu, Suit. a Buffon, xi. 49,
—Enpu. Gen. n. 1858.——PayeEr, Fam, Nat.
172.—Bur. Prodr. xvii. 223.—Papyrius Potr.
Dict, v. 3.—Lamx. Ill, t, 762.—Stromadendrum
Pav. Herb. ex Bur. Adansonia, x. 734.

® Pollen granular in B. papyrifera spherical
with 2 thick polar papilla. (H. Moun. Ann. Se.
Nat. sér. 2, iii, 318.

7 And by the elasticity of the fork formed
from the thick margins of the sarcocarp after
the rupture of its surfaces projected to a less or
greater distance. (Cfr. H. Bx. Compt, Rend lii,
19; Adansonia, i. 226, t. 8.

138—2

196 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

incurved embryo subequal oblong; radicle accumbent ascending ;
albumen fleshy thicker between folds of embryo. Other characters
of Morus.—Trees ; with milky or opaline juice; leaves alternate,’
2-stichous, caducous, often polymorphous; stipules lateral mem-
branous, caducous ; inflorescence axillary pedunculate solitary; the
male amentiform (glomerulate); the female densely glomerulate on
spherical receptacle; bracts interposed, truncate at clavate apex.
(South east. trop. and subtrop. Asia.*)

18. Maclura Nurr.2—Flowers dicecious (nearly of Morus or
Broussonetia); male sepals 4, free or connate below. Stamens 4;
filaments elastically exsilient, finally long exserted. Female sepals
4, free, thick, imbricate and angular by mutual compression, thicker
at obtuse apex. Germen compressed sessile ;4 style simply filiform
or 2-partite; the second branch very short subulate enclosed. Fruit
drupaceous (mesocarp slightly fleshy), collected and enclosed in glo-
bular fleshy syncarp formed of the accrescent mutually compressed
and closely approximate or coadunate calyces; putamen coriaceous or
subcrustaneous ; albuminous seed and embryo nearly of Broussonetia.
—Spinous trees and shrubs; wood yellow; juice milky; leaves
alternate petiolate, entire, serrate or rarely lobed; stipules lateral,
caducous; male flowers on amentiform receptacle (partly naked)
glomerulate or sometimes cymose ; female capitate ; other characters
of Broussonetia.® (Both Americas warm and temp.°)

19. Caturus Lovr.’—Flowers diccious (nearly of Broussonetia
or Maclura) ; male calyx 3-fid or more rarely (Allceanthus®) 4-fid, im-

1 Sumetimes more rarely in B. papyrifera op-
posite.

2 Spec. 3,4. Kampr. dmen. Exot. 421, tab.
(Papyrus legitima).—Srva, Thes. i. 44, t. 28
(Morus).—L. Spec. 1899 (Morus)—Tuuns. Fi.
Jap. 71 (Morus),—Duuam. Arr. ed nov. ii. 25,
—Bu. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. ii, 85.—Séix. Deser. et
Cult. des Mir, 228, t. 23 (Morus).—Sies. Verh.
Bat. Gen. xii. 28.—Srzn. et Zucc. in Abhand. d.
Ken. Akad. d, Wiss. iv. p. iii. 221.—Mie. Fi,
Ind.-Bat. Suppl. 417; Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. ii.
198, —Srem. Fl. Vit. 246.

3 Gen. Amer, ii. 233; N.-Amer. Sylv, i, 126,
t. 37, 88.—Spacn, Suit. a Buffon, xi. 52.—Enpu.
Gen, un. 1857.—Payzr, Fam. Nat. 122.—Bour,
Prodr, xvii, 226.—Torxylon Rarmy. Lond. Gard.
Mag. viii. 247.—Chlorophora Gaupicu. Freycin,
‘Voy. Bot. 509.

4 Ovule often oblique descending peritropous,

5 Sect. 2. 1° Chlorophora, male flowers glome-
rulate sessile; 2° Eumaclura, male flowers cy-

mose pedicellate,

® Spec. 4 [of which 1 is African, viz.: M. ?
excelsa Bur, (Morus excelsa WELW.) apparently
of another genus]. H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Spee.
ii. 32 (Broussonetia).—Mant. Herb. Fl, Bras,
249 (Broussonetia).—Suoanz, Jam. i. p. ii. 2
(Morus).—Jaca. Stinp, Select, 247 (Morus).—
Ser. Deser. et Cult. des Mir. 231, t. 27.—R.-
Dew. Bull. Soc, Agr. Hérault, jun. 1835, c. tab.
—Bu. Mus. Lugd,-Bat. ii. 81,—Mie. Mart. Fl.
Bras. Urtic. 153, t. 51-54,

1 Fl. Cochinch, (ed. 1790), 612 (not L.).—
Seu. Fl. Vit. 254.—Malasia Buanco, Fl. d.
Filip, (ed. 1837), 789; (ed. 1845), 548.—Px, in
Ann. Se. Nat, sér. 4, iii, 298.—Bur. Prodr.
xvii. 221.— Dumartroya Gavpicu. Voy. Bonite,
Bot. t. 97.—Cephalotrophis Bu. Mus. Lugd.-Bat.
ii. 75, t. 27.

8 Tuw. Hook. Joyrn, Bot, vi. 302; Enum. Pl.
Zeyl, 263.

ULMACEZ. 197

bricate or sub-valvate. Stamens 3,4; anthers short introrse; cells
subglobular rimose. Female calyx urceolate, at apex shortly or very
shortly 4-dentate, sometimes hence fissous. Gynacium sessile;
germen l-ovulate; style erect, presently divided into 2 branches,
equal or unequal (Allceanthus), filiform papillose. Fruit sessile,
enclosed by calyx, coriaceous fleshy; albumen 0 or scanty mucous;
cotyledons of fleshy embryo equal or unequal; radicle various.—
Trees or shrubs, often climbing, lactescent; leaves petiolate, 2-
stichous, entire or serrate ; stipules lateral, deciduous; inflorescence
axillary pedunculate, solitary or 2-nate, sometimes more; the male
spikelike glomerulate; female flowers capitate; bracteate.' (Zrop.
Asia and Oceania.*)

20? Cardiogyne Bur.*—Flowers diccious (nearly of Brousso-
netia or Maclura); calyx 4-fid, in female flower oftener thicker,
imbricate.* Stamens 4, germen and other characters of Caturus ;
style simple very long, long-filiform and stigmatose above. Fruit
collected on globular syncarp; drupes o, nidulant; exocarp thin;
putamen crustaceous fragile. Seed exalbuminous; coat thin mem-
branous; cotyledons of incurved embryo foliaceous wide much
corrugate-conduplicate, one enveloping the other; radicle incumbent
on cotyledons thick conical, slightly curved, ascending.—A spinous
shrub; leaves alternate petiolate entire penninerved; inflorescence
of both sexes axillary 2-nate, shortly pedunculate or sessile ; recep-
tacle globose glomerulate ; flowers alternately free and bracteate cla-
vate rather thick, at apex truncately peltate, intermixed.® (Zanzibar.®)

21? Plecospermum Trec.’—Flowers dicecious (of Cardiogyne or
Broussonetia), 4-merous ; male calyx 4-fid, imbricate ; female pierced
at apex with very small aperture 4-denticulate. Syncarp globosc
fleshy enclosing free fertile and sterile achenes; embryo of ex-
albuminous seed fleshy ; cotyledons conduplicate covering ascending
radicle. Other characters of Broussonetia (or Maclura).—<A spinous

1 A genus very near to Broussonetia, Allean-
thus intervening, and also to Maelura, notwith-
standing the calyx of the latter is formed of free
folioles. Alleanthus is (not without right) a
section of Maclura, according to Mia. Fi. Ind.-
Bat. i, p. ii, 280.

2 Spec. 2,3. Hoox. and Arn. Beech. Voy,
Bot. 214 (Trophis).—Bu. Bijdr. 488 (Morus) ;
Mus, Lugd.-Bat. ii. 75 (Malasia).—Ma1a. loc. cit.
281 (Cephalotrophis)—M. Ana. DC. Prodr. xv.
sect, ii. 906 (Alchornia).—Burnru. Fl. Austral,
vi, 180 (Malaisia).

3 Prodr. xvii. 232.

4 The female sepals very often enclose in the
very thick substance of the parenchyma 2 cells
(of a sterile anther ?)filled with a yellow powder.
The same is more rarely the case in the male
calyx of some very near genera of Plecospermum.
The sepals thus call to mind those of the Oxa-
ide, though thicker.

5 A genus to be reduced perhaps to a section
of Cudrania,

6 Spec. 1. C. africana Bur, loc, cit.

7 Ann, Se. Nat. sér. 3, viii. 124, t. 4, fig. 121-
126.—Bur. Prodr. xvii. 233,

198 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

shrub ; branches diffuse ; leaves alternate petiolate entire ; inflores-
cence of both sexes globose glomerulate, axillary, 2-nate or more
rarely solitary, pedunculate; female flowers connate with each other
at base.) (India.2)

22. Streblus Lour.’—Flowers diccious+4 (nearly of Plecospermum
or Cardiogyne); the males axillary glomerulate, 4-merous; stamens
finally long open; the females solitary or very rarely 2—4-nate ;
branches of terminal style 2, long filiform. Fruit globose; calyx
accrescent involucrate; pericarp parchment-like; embryo of exal-
buminous seed globose ; cotyledons very unequal ; one enfolding the
other with superior radicle.—-An unarmed tree or shrub; twigs and
leaves 2-stichous; leaves petiolate curiaceous; stipules lateral
small, caducous; male flowers collected in axillary pedunculate
glomerules, 2-bracteate; the female axillary, long pedunculate.
(Last Indies, Java.)

23 ? Pseudostreblus Bur.°—Flowers monecious (of Streblus) ;
males in axillary ramose 1-laterally cymiferous (spurious) racemes, 2-
bracteate at base, 5-merous, sepals 5, ovate concave, imbricate ;
females solitary. Fruit... ? Other characters of Streblus.—A tree or
shrub (?); leaves petiolate, 2-stichous, entire coriaceous; stipules
lateral small, caducous; inflorescence axillary; the males longer
with petiole.” (Hast Indies.*)

24? Taxotrophis Bu.°— Flowers diccious (of Streblus),4-merous;
the males in pedunculate shortly spikelike or capituliform glomeru-
liferous catkins; the females solitary. Fruit longer than slightly
increased and persistent calyx; mesocarp here rather thick, thence
laterally thin ; embryo of exalbuminous seed subglobose ; cotyledons

subhemispherical fleshy ; radicle

very short superior—aA spinous

1 A genus perhaps with Maclura tobe united
with the preceding, of which it is a section
according to Bu. (Leptosura) and Mia. Fl. Ind.-
Bat. i. p. ii. 280.

2 Spec.1. P. spinosum Tric.—Wicnr, Icon.
$. 1963,—Tuw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl, 263.—Batis
spinosa Roxs. Fl, Ind. iii. 768. ;

3 Fl. Cochinch, (ed. 1790), 614.—Bur. Prodr,
xvii. 218,—Trophis Revz. Obs. v. 30 (not L.).—
Epicarpurus Bu. Bidr. 488.—Enpu. Gen. n,
1855.

4 Sometimes polygamous (Bt.).

5 Spec. 1. §. asper Lour.—Bu. Mus.Lugd.-Bat.
ii, 79, t. 30.—Tuw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 264.—S,

aspera Miq. Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. p. ii. 278.—Trophas
aspera Retz. Obs. v. 80 (part.).—Roxs. Fl. Ind.
iii, 761.—T. cochinchinensis Porn, Dict, viii.
123,.—T. aculeata, Rou. Nov, Pl. Spec. 868, —
Epicarpurus orientalis Bu.—Wiceut, Jeon. t.
1961.—£, asper Stzvp,—Achymus pallens Sou.
—Tindaparua Ruzxp, Hort. Malad. i, 87, t. 48.

§ Prodr, xvii, 219.

7 A genus scarcely distinguishable from
Streblus by its compound spuriously racemiform
inflorescence.

8 Spec. 1. P, indica Bur. loc, cit, 220.

° Mus. Luga-Bat, ii, 77, t. 26.—Bur. Prodr.
xvi. 216,

ULMACEZ. 199

milky shrub; spines axillary (ramules); leaves 2-stichous, shortly
petiolate ; stipules lateral small, not caducous; male inflorescence
shortly stipitate ; ; female flowers solitary, long pedunculate.1 (Java.’)

-25? Phyllochlamys Bur.’—Flowers diccious (nearly of Tazo-
trophis or Streblus), 4-merous; males* in subsessile capituliform
involucrate inflorescences ; anthers 4, introrsesubglobose. Scales of
involucre ovate concave, dry, dark-coloured. Female flower,
gynecium and other characters of Streblus. Fruit drupaceous, in-
volucrate by accrescent perianth ; albumen of descending laterally
affixed seed pulpy, sometimes very thin; cotyledons of somewhat
fleshy embryo very unequal; one paudaplionte lobate enfolding the
other much smaller.—A spinous shrub ;° leaves alternate, very shortly
petiolate ; stipules small, 2-nate; male-capitules axillary sessile
glomerate 2-5; female flowers axillary solitary long-pedunculate.®
(East Indies, Java.’) |

26. Diplocos Bur.*—Flowers diccious (nearly of Streblus),

4-merous; male calyx valvate ; anthers subglobose introrse ; female
calyx imbricate, not fivolaemte: Fruit in part drupaceous; putamen
parchment-like ; seed sometimes pulpy albuminous ; embryo placed at
top of albumen, cotyledons equal broad complanate, cordate at base,
conduplicate ; radicle long curved turned to hilum and enfolded in
base of cotyledons. Other characters of Streblus.— A branched
shrub somewhat spinous; leaves alternate subelliptic membranous,
. shortly petiolate ; stipules small, serrate above, caducous; male
flowers’ in broken cymiferous satisina, bracteate ; female in axillary
(spurious) racemes, shorter than the leaf, cyinosely subcorymbiform
ebracteate. ( Ceylon.)

27. Dorstenia Pium."—Flowers moncecious; male oftener 2-

1 Better a section of Streblus ?

2 Spec. 1. 2. javanica Bu.—Mie. Fl. Ind.-
Bat. i. p. ii. 278.—Urtica? spinosa Bu. Bijdr.
507.—Epicarpurus javanica Bu.

3 Prodr. xvii. 217.

4 The adult stamens are said to be furnished
with elongate incurved filaments (and are so
represented in Wight’s figure), in the younger
state they appear to us shorter and erect (after
the manner of the Artocarpee), a genus hence
apparently very near to Cudrania.

5 With the habit and branches of Cardiogyne.

6 Better a section of Stredlus, notwithstanding
the involucre of the wale flower.

7 Spec. 1. P. spinosa Bur. — Epicarpurus

spinosus Wiaut, Ic. t. 1962 (part.).—Z. timo-

rensis Done, Herb, Timor. t. 21.—Trophis spinosa
Roxs. Fl. Ind. 762.—T. taxiformis Sprune.
Syst. iii, 902.—Hoox. and Arn. ap. Beech.
218.—T. tacoides Hern. Roth. Nov. Pl, Ind.
868,—7. ? Heyneana Watu. Cat, a. 4642.—
Tanotrophis Roxburghii Bu. Mus. Lugd.-Bat.
ii, 78.—Tuw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl, 264.—Mia. Fi.
Ind.-Bat, i. p. ti. 279,

8 Prodr. xvii. 216.

9 Green.

W Spec. 1. D. zeylanica Bur.—Lpicarpurus
zeylanica Tuw, Hook. Lond, Journ. (1852), 1,
3, t. 2.—H. zeylanicus Wieut, Icon. t, 196
(part.).— Zaxotrophis zeylanica Taw. Enum, Pl.

Zeyl. 264 (if D. macrophylla is of this genus ? ?).

N Nov, Pl. Amer. Gen. 29, t, 8.—L. Gen. 2

200 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

merous; sepals free or connate to a greater or less height, at apex
often unequally denticulate. Stamens 2, or more rarely 1, 3; fila-
ments inflectedly incurved, finally exsilient exserted; anthers introrse
subglobose, 2-rimose. Calyx of female flower small, very small
(or 0), inserted (perigynously) at mouth of receptacular cavity and
closing it, with small aperture at apex. Germen (relatively to
perianth quite inferior) inserted at bottom of cavity, sessile or shortly
stipitate, compressed ; style under apex lateral, apex exserted beyond
aperture of perianth and there 2-fid; lacinie subulate stigmatose.
Ovule inserted under apex of cell and under base of style, descend-
ing, more or less campylotropal; micropyle extrorsely superior.
Fruit drupaceous finally exserted from folds of receptacle; exocarp
fleshy, thicker at margin, and at maturity projecting elastically
beyond the crustaceous free putamen.’ Seed exalbuminous; coty-
ledons of somewhat fleshy embryo subequal, unequally plicate or
conduplicate enfolding the imcumbent radicle—Small shrubs or
oftener perennial herbs; juice milky or opaline; rhizome often
tuberous, marked with scars of leaves and thickened stipules, or more
rarely with erect stem; leaves alternate various; stipules lateral,
generally persistent or indurated; receptacle of axillary solitary
pedunculate inflorescence dilated very various in form, either entire
shortly clavato-ovoid or orbicularly peltate, sometimes unequally
quadrate, obconical or shortly infundibuliform, or linear and furcate ;
branches oftener 2, more rarely 3-5, equal or very unequal (2 being
louger); bracts oo, unequal, imbricate, inserted at margin of
receptacle, 1- or co-seriate; upper surface of receptacle floriferous ;
female flowers scattered and inserted in lowest folds of receptacle ;
the male more numerous perigynous as regards a central female and
glomerulate around mouth of foveole; many glomerules (especially
the peripherical) entirely male. (Trop. America, Asia and Africa.?)

28. Fatoua Gaupicu.’—Flowers monecious, 4-merous ; calyx

209.—Lamx. Diet. ii. 516; Suppl. ii, 517; ZU.
t. 88.—Spacu, Suit, d Buffon, xi. 61.—Turp.
Dict. Se. Nat. Atl. t. 284.—Enpu. Gen. n. 1860.
—Bur. Prodr, xvii. 258.—Sychiniwm Dzsvx.
Mém. Soc. Linn, Par. iv. 216.—Kosaria L. Syst.
ii. p. i. 71.—Forsx. Fl, ig.-Arab. 164; Ic.
t. 20.

1 Cfr. H. By. Compt. Rend. Ac. Sc. Par. \xx.
799; Adansonia, ix. 318.

2 Spec. about 45. L. Spec. ed. 8, i. 176.—W.
Spec.i, p. ii. 682.—Jacg. Ic. Rar. iii. 18. t. 614.—
Wenvt. Rem, Arch. i, 61,—Ram. et. Sou,

Syst. iti. 472; Mantiss. iii. 316.—Sprene. Syst.
iii, 777.—Grises, Fl. Brit. W.-Ind. 153.—
Moric. Pl. Now. Amér. 90. t. 58,—Tuw.
Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 264.—Miq. Mart. Fl. Bras.
Urtic. 159. t. 55-61.—Hocusr. Flora (1844),
108.—Wieut, Jcon. vi. n. 1964.—Hoox. F.
Bot. Mag. t. 5908.—Wetw. Trans. Linn. Soe.
xxvii. 70.—Scuwemr, Bot. Zeit, xxix. 332,—
Watp. Ann. i. 732. Bot. Mag. t. 5795, 5908.

3 Freyein, Voy. Bot. 509; Voy. Bonite. Bot.
t. 84.—Env1, Gen, 278.—Bur, Prodr. xvii. 255.

ULMACEZE. 201

4-fid, valvate. Stamens 4; filaments inflexed in bud finally erect ;
anthers introrse rotundate, 2-rimose. Germen very shortly stipi-
tate ; style lateral very short, afterwards 2-fid; lobes pilose very
unequal ; one very long filiform; the other (superposed to cell) very
short subulate; ovule in cell 1, descending and inserted under
the apex; micropyle extrorsely superior. Fruit clothed at base
with persistent calyx, drupaceous; putamen chartaceous; exocarp
laterally and below much thicker and finally free from putamen.
Seed descending ; testa membranous; albumen fleshy; cotyledons of
central embryo flat, curved at base; radicle accumbent ascending
and subequal to cotyledons.—An herb,! sometimes shrubby at base ;?
stem simple or branched from base; branches diffuse or ascending ;
leaves alternate petiolate ; stipules lateral ; flowers axillary ; inflores-
cence androgynous pedunculate cymose-capitate solitary or 2-nate ;

female flowers terminal and dichotomous. (Japan, trop. and subtrop.
Oceania,*)

29. Bleekrodea BL.‘—Flowers moncecious (nearly of Fatoua),
4—5-merous; male calyx valvate, 4~-5-fid. Stamens 4-5; filaments
incurved at estivation, inserted under rudiment of gynecium;
anthers introrse, 2-dymous. Female calyx urceolate or tubular,
4-dentate. Germen 1-ovulate; style lateral ; branches 2, very long
setaceous stigmatose, equal or somewhat unequal. Fruit drupaceous,
enclosed by urceolate calyx’; exocarp unequal, thick below and
laterally hence to style; putamen chartaceous. Seed subglobose,
sometimes flattened above; cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo
very unequal ; one very small squamiform ; radigle small incumbent.
—Unarmed lactescent shrubs ; leaves alternate, very shortly petio-
late, entire or dentate, sometimes lobed, penninerved veined ; stipules
lateral ; flowers in axillary 1-2-sexual cymes ; the female solitary in
dichotomy of ramules ; the male numerous. (Borneo, Madagascar.>)

30. Sloetia Trysm. and Binn.°—Flowers monecious (nearly of
Bleekrodea) ; male 3-merous; calyx valvate. Sepals of female calyx

1 Habit quite of Urtice.

folia Mia. Zoll. Verz. 103, 106.—F. globulifera
2 Pubescence 2-morphous; hairs at base

Mia, Joe, cit.

coarse,

3 Spec. 1. F. japonica Bu. Mus. Lugd-Bat,
ii, +. 388.—F. pilosa Gaupicu.—F. aspera Gav-
vicu.—F. subcordata Gavupicu.—F. lanceolata
Denz. Herb. Timor. 492.—Urtica japonica
Tuuns. Fl. Jap. 70.—U. manillensis Wair.—
Parietaria aspera, LescHen.—Fleurya glechome-

4 Mus. Lugd.-Bat. ii. 87. t. 28,—Bur. Prodr.
xvii. 254,

® Spec, 2. Bu. loc. cit.

§ Tydschr. Nat. Ver. (1863).—Kunrz. in Journ,
Linn. Soc. viii. (1864), 168, t. 18.—Bur. Prodr
xvii. 257.

202 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

4, decussately imbricate. Gynecium of Bleekrodea; style branches
very long filiform. Fruit of Bleekrodea, enclosed by calyx ; embryo
of exalbuminous (?) seed fleshy; cotyledons unequal submem-
branous thin; radicle rather long thick ascending.—A lactescent
tree ; leaves alternate entire; stipules amplexicaul ;! inflorescence
2-sexual ; receptacle long amentiform flat linear; one surface naked ;
the other bearing very crowded (minute-flowered) male glomerules ;
one female here and there in very few glomerules (or 1) central and
exserted. (Java.’)

31? Trymatococcus Perr. and Enpu.2—Flowers monecious ;
male calyx 3-4-fid. Stamens 3, 4, enclosed; filaments membranous
dilated connate at base, at estivation inflexed or sometimes sub-
erect; anthers short; cells small subglobose, laterally or introrsely
rimose. Gynecium nearly of Sloetia (or Dorstenia); calyx 0;
germen imbedded within central cavity of obcampanulate or urceo-
late receptacle, relative to glomerules of male flowers inferior.
Fructiferous receptacle crowned at apex with the persistent remains
of the male flowers and covering the fruit below adnate to itself
within, externally slightly hirsute. Seed descending globose ; coty-
ledons of exalbuminous embryo very unequal; one very small
nearly flat ; the other very large and thick subglobose ; radicle short
superior.—Trees or shrubs ;* leaves distichous rugulose, unequal at
base, shortly petiolate; stipules lateral small free connivent, cadu-
cous; scar linear transverse; capitules axillary pedunculate, solitary
or 2—6, ovoid-globose or turbinate-subcampanulate, perforated at
apex, scabrid without, enclosing single central female flower within ;
male flowers inserted in crowded bracteate glomerules around the
mouth of the receptacle and finally persistent to top of fructiferous
receptacle. (North. Brazil, trop. west. Africa.®)

III. ARTOCARPEZ.

32. Artocarpus L.—Flowers monecious; male calyx 2—4-fid or
sometimes partite, imbricate. Stamen 1; filament central erect;

1 After the manner of nearly all Artocarpee. 5 A genus hence very near to Dorstenia,
2 Spec. 1. Mia. Fl. Ind.-Bat. Suppl. i. 172, differing only in the single central female
419 (Artocarpus). flower, whence from stamens sometimes (at

3 Nov. Gen. et Spec. ii. 30, t. 142.—Enpy. least in American species) scarcely inflexed,
Gen. 0. 1863!.—Tréc, Ann. Se. Nat, sér. 3, viii. allied to some Artocarpee.
142,.—Bur. Prodr. xvii. 278. § Spec. 2, of which one is African, H. Bn,
4 “Not milky.” Adansonia, xi. 300. |

ULMAOE. 208

anther erect, 2-locular, 2-rimose. Female flowers imbedded in long
tubular foveoles of receptacle; calyx short, inserted (perigynously)
at top of margin of tube, gamophyllous, perforated at apex. Ger-
men inserted at bottom of tube, sessile or shortly stipitate, free,
1-locular (or more rarely 2-3-locular); style lateral ventral erect,
at apex enclosed or exserted, apex simple or 2-3-lobed stigmatose.
Ovule in cells 1, inserted under the (sometimes free) apex of
erect placenta, descending, anatropous; micropyle extrorsely
superior, sometimes closed by short process of placenta. Syncarp
spherical or oblong, and consisting of the.more or less increased
fleshy farinose receptacle enclosing true (sometimes abortive) fruit.
Fruit drupaceous very slightly fleshy, finally dry, oftener 1-sper-
mous; coat of descending seed thin; cotyledons of incurved exal-
' buminous embryo unequal; radicle short superior. —- Lactifluous
trees; wood soft; leaves alternate, entire or variously incised;
stipules 2, lateral connate in one supra-axillary enfolding the top
of the branch deciduous; scar linear annular; flowers on distinct
glomerulate receptacles ; receptacle of males spikelike cylindrical or
clavate, bearing externally sessile flowers intermixed with crowded
bracts and bracteoles, peltate at apex (or 0); receptacle of females
and fruit enfolding carpels in tubular radiating foveoles, externally
rugulose with projecting calyces perforated at apex. (Zrop. Asia
and Oceania.) See p. 151.

33? Acanthinophyllum Atziem.! — Flowers dicecious, male
naked, l-androus; stamens intermixed with peltate bracts. Female
calyx urceolate, perforated at apex. Germen in early age superior,
1-locular ; style thick enclosed, at apex stigmatose divaricately 2-
lobed; ovule 1, descending anatropous, micropyle extrorsely superior.
Syncarp composed of enclosed fleshy semi-inferior fruits and persistent
perianths. Seeds exalbuminous; cotyledons of straight fleshy embryo
thick equal ; radicle short superior.’—A lactifiuous tree ; leaves alter-
nate spinosely dentate; stipules and other characters of Artocarpus ;
receptacles of male flowers amentiform. cylindrical; of the female
(glomeruliferous ?) and fruit spherical? (Brazil.)

1 Revista Brasil. i, 368, c. ic. (1858).—Bur. carpus, also, notwithstanding the form of the
Prod, xvii. 281. female receptacle, to Psewdosorocea and Sahagunia.
' 2 “ Berries of a bright reddish golden colour, The place in the order of this race, unknown to
slightly puberulous, united in a syncarp em- us hitherto, doubtful.
-bryo milky greenish azure.” (ALLEM). 4 Spec. 1. A. strepitans ALLEM, loc. cit. (vulg,
3 A genus, hence, it appears, allied to Arto- Bainha de Espada),

204 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

34, Parartocarpus H. By.'—Flowers dicecious (nearly of Arto-
carpus); male inflorescence axillary globose pedunculate; bracts
few, inserted at top of peduncle, unequal short and forming a small
involucre under the base of the receptacle. Flowers crowded naked,
l-androus, intermixed with bracts thickened at apex ; filament short
erect ; anther sub-basifixed, 2-locular. Female flower... ?—A tree ;
leaves alternate petiolate; stipules 2, lateral, very caducous ;° other
characters of Artocarpus.’ (Borneo.*)

35. Treculia Donz.'—Flowers polygamo-diccious,® capitate in
globose 1- or sometimes 2-sexual receptacles. Male calyx gamo-
phyllous, tubular or obconico-campanulate. Stamens 2 (Pseudo-
treculia’) or 8,4; filaments erect, sometimes dilate (Pseudotreculia),
inserted around small (or 0) rudiment of gynecium; anthers in-
trorse or extrorse.8 Female calyx 2—4-phyllous, sometimes small (or
0); germen imbedded in foveoles of receptacle, 1-ovulate ; branches
of erect 2-fid style stigmatose thick subulate recurved. Syncarp glo-
bose (sometimes wide) enclosing numerous carpels; embryo of exalbu-
minous seed fleshy thick; cotyledons unequal; one much larger
incurved enfolding the other smaller straight ; radicle superior short
ascending.®—Trees ; alternate leaves and other characters of Arto-
carpus; capitules axillary, solitary or 2-nate; flowers as in Atro-
carpus inserted and intermixed with bracts apically peltate or
glandular-fimbriate. (Zrop. west. Africa.')

36? Bagassa Avusi..—Flowers diccious; male...? Female
calyx subcylindrical ; sepals 4, thickly fleshy, valvate and connivent
in tube, obtuse at apex. Germen substipitate (of Artocarpus) ; style
lateral, afterwards 2-fid; lacinize subequal or unequal linear-subulate
erect enclosed. Ovule descending anatropous; micropyle extrorsely
superior. Fruit” shortly stipitate obovately oblong drupaceous; pulp

1 Adansonia, xi, 294.

2 Scars certainly not annular.

3 A genus of uncertain place, from its female
flower being unknown, certainly very near Ar-
tocarpus, but quite distinct by its defect of male
perianth and involucre. ‘

4 Spec. 1. P. Beccarianus H, Bn. loe. cit.

5 Treo. Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 3, viii. 108, +. 3,
fig. 86-99,—Bur, Prodr. xvii, 285.—Meyropeltis
Wetw. Herb. (Hoox.}.

6 Improperly said to be moncecious by Dr-
CAISNE (loc. cit. not.) because some sterile male
flowers were intermixed with the germens in
the female syncarp and imperfectly dissected by

7H. By. Adansonia, xi. 292.

8 In T. acuminata H. By. (Joe. cit.), laterally
or oftener extrorsely, and above subintrorsely
rimose; in the male capitules of 7. africana
introrse, in the (sterile) anthers of the female
syncarp extrorse and much shorter.

® “Cotyledons incumbent.” (Dens).
have seen the radicle not at all incumbent,

10 Spec. 2 (imperfectly known). Hoox. F.
Bot. Mag. t. 5986,—H, Bn. Adansonia, loc. cit.
n. 136.

1 Guian, ii, Suppl. 15, t. 376.—Bur. Prodr,
xvii. 285, ©

12“ Aurantii forma.” (AUBL.).

We

OLMACEZL. 205

scanty; putamen thin fragile. Seed descending ; albumen scanty ;
cotyledons of curved embryo oblong-elliptical subfoliaceous; radicle
accumbent descending.—Lofty trees; leaves opposite wide, 3-lobed ;
stipules 2 on each side, interpetiolate, deciduous ; syncarps globose
axillary.! (Guiana.*)

37. Cudrania Tric.2—Flowers diccious; sepals 4, free, imbri-
cate. Stamens 4, opposite, sometimes at base coherent with sepals,
inserted around acute rudiment of gynecium. Germen and other
characters of Artocarpus ; style branches 2, very unequal ; one very
short denticuliform; the other slender elongate, at apex filiform
stigmatose. Syncarp globose, composed of crustaceous, ovately
lenticular, 2-valvate capsules, with persistent stipate sepals; testa of
amphitropous seeds thin; albumen fleshy; cotyledons of plicate
embryo rather thick contortuplicate subequal ; radicle superior long.
Spinous shrubs, oftener climbing ; leaves alternate entire petiolate,
oblong or obevate, acuminate or mucronate; stipules 2 axillary,
connate at base, deciduous; flowers capitate; capitules globose
(glomeruliferous) pedunculate axillary, 2-nate. (South east. Asia,
Malaya, Australia, New Caledonia.*)

38. Helianthostylis H. By.2—Flowers dicecious (or monecious ?)
male calyx obconical membranous, imbricate, 4-fid. Stamens 4,
opposite lobes of calyx; filaments short erect, finally elongately
exserted, at base connate with each other and with stipes of
gynecium; anthers short, extrorsely rimose; connective sub-
orbicular.6 Germen sterile effete, produced upwards to a style very
long exserted accrescent and very slender somewhat hispid. Female
flower...? Fruit globose; pericarp thin fragile, externally scabrid ?
testa of subglobose seed thin; cotyledons of straight exalbuminous
embryo 2, plano-convex or sometimes 3, equi-angular fleshy ; radicle
superior very short.—A tree (?); leaves alternate (2-stichous ?)
petiolate; stipules small connivent;’ flowers axillary capitate ;
capitules globose, shortly pedunculate, involucrate with few bracts °
at base. (Worth. Brazil.*)

1 A genus of somewhat uncertain place from
the male flowers and stamens being unknown,
but much resembling Maclura.

2 Spec. 1. v. 2 (Bur.).

3 Ann, Se. Nat. sér, 8, viii, 122, t. 3, fig. 76-
85.—Bur. Prodr. xvii, 285.—Cudranus Rumpn.
Herb. Amboin. v. 22, t, 15, 16,

4 Spec. 5, 6. W. Spec. iv. 736 (Trophis),—-
Roxs. Cat. Wall. (Batis).—Mia. Pl. Jungh, 44;

1. Vers. ii. 90; Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. p. ii. 280

(Maelura), 290 (Cudranus).— Tuw. Enum.
Plant. Zeyl, 262 (Cudranus).—Bu. Mus, Lugd.-
Bat. ii. 83 (Maelura).—Bur. Ann. Se. Nat. sér.
5, xi, 377 (Cudranus).—Bentu. Fi, Austral. vi.
178.

5 Adansonia, xi. 299.

® Dark coloured.

7 Scars transverse, not confluent.

8 Spec. 1. H. Sprucei H. Bn. loc. cit.

9 Prodr, 129, t. 28 ; Fl. Pep. 257.— ENDL. Gen.

206 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

39, Olmedia R. and Pav.'°—Flowers dicwcious ; male calyx more
or less deeply 4-fid ; lobes valvate or slightly imbricate. Stamens
same in number opposite; filaments central or inserted around
minute rudiment of gynecium, free, straight or incurved at apex ;
anthers incumbent, finally introrse, 2-locular, 2-rimose. Female:
flower in polyphyllous involucre solitary free; bracts of involucre
unequal, imbricate in many series. Calyx conical gamophyllous,.
prolonged upwards to a tubular neck, 4-dentate at apex. Germen
free sessile unequal, prolonged at apex to a narrow slender style,
afterwards 2-fid; lacinice lincar elongate recurved, papillose at subu-
late apex. Fruit dry, indehiscent, covered with fleshy perianth ;
seed... ?—Lactescent trees; leaves alternate petiolate, entire or
remotely dentate or sinuate, sometimes somewhat rough or pubescent ;
stipules 2, amplexicaul oblong imbricate sericeous ; flowers axillary ;
the males oo on a small flat or slightly convex receptacle; bracts of
involucre oo, pluriseriate at margin, imbricate; the females solitary
in their own involucre. (Trop. America.)

40. Antiaris Lxzscu.? — Flowers monecious; male calyx 4-
phyllous ;° folioles subspathulate, dilate at apex, decussately imbri-
cate. Stamens equal in number and opposite to sepals; filaments
short erect free; anthers erect oblong, extrorsely 2-rimose. Female
flower destitute of proper calyx; germen 1-locular ; ovule inserted
under apex descending; style branches 2, equal subulate recurved,
stigmatose at attenuate apex. Fruit drupaceous, adnate within to
accrete receptacle; embryo of descending seed exalbuminous ; coty-
ledons thick plano-convex ; radicle short superior.—Lactescent trees
or shrubs; leaves alternate, 2-stichous, penninerved, oftener serrate
petiolate; stipules lateral subaxillary, free, not amplexicaul ;
flowers axillary; receptacle of males 2-nate or more orbicular-
disciform stipitate, glomeruliferous above and involucrate with
crowded short marginally imbricate bracts; of females oftener

n, 1863.—Tric. Ann. Se, Nat, sér. 3, viii. 127 (ed. Benn.), i. 78.—Bunn. Horsf. Pl. Jav. Rar.
(part.), t. 2, fig. 69, 72-75.—Paver, Fam. Nat. 2, t. 18.—Spacu, Swit. & Buffon, xi. 64.—Bu.
172.—Bur. Prodr. xvii. 285. Rumphia, i. 56, 172, t. 22, 23, 64,—Enpu. Gen.

1 Pers. Enchirid, ii, 612.—Sprena. Syst. iii. n. 1862.—T Ric. Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 8, viii. 142,
903.—Pamppr. et Enpu. Nov. Gen. et Seq. ii. 30, t. 6, fig. 158-168.—Paver, Fam. Nat. 173.—
t, 143, 144, 146.—Ku, Linnea, xx. 523.—Mia. Bur. Prodr, xvii. 286.—Lepurandra Nim.
Mart. Fl. Bras. Urtie, 113 (part.). Grah. Cat. Bomb. Pl. 193,

Ann, Mus, xvi. 470, t. 22.—R. Br. Gen. 3 Male flower sometimes rarely 3-merous.

Rem. 70; Flind. Voy. ii. 602, t.5; Mise. Works

CLMACEZE. 207

solitary subsessile piriform, adnate to middle of germen in central
cavity, and finally covering fruit, externally above the middle sur-
rounded by alternate imbricate bracts, (Zropical Asia and Oceania.")

4}. Pseudolmedia Triic.—Flowers monecious or diccious;
males composed of o stamens inserted in an orbicular discoid or
rather concave involucrate receptacle; filaments free; anthers
oblong, sometimes penicillate at apex, subsagittate at base. Female
flowers solitary central in polyphyllous involucre; calyx tubular or
ovoid, perforated only at apex and there entire or shortly denticu-
late. Germen in part inferior and adnate to a greater or less height
to the calyx, free at conical apex ; style lateral erect enclosed or
passing through the mouth of the calyx, entire or bifid; legs
stigmatose. Ovule 1, inserted under apex of cell, descending, ana-
tropous; micropyle extrorsely superior; or more rarely inserted
laterally to linear hilum ; micropyle superior.? Fruit enclosed by
calyx, indehiscent; seed descending or long adnate laterally to
pericarp; cotyledons of feshy embryo very unequal; one very
small; radicle short superior.—Trees or shrubs, often pubescent or
hirsute; leaves petiolate or subsessile distichous; stipules lateral
connivently imbricate amplexicaul; scar linear transverse; in-
floresceuce axillary, solitary or fasciculate; bracts of male involucre
oc, imbricate, subspathulate unequal; the interior longer and
narrower; stamens intermixed with bracts sometimes setaceous
hirsute; bracts of female involucre same in form or shorter. (Trop.
central and south America.*)

42. Castilloa Cervant.>—Flowers monecious (nearly of Pseudol-
media), collected in distinct subplane or induplicate reniform recep-
tacles, involucrate with crowded imbricate bracts ; the males consist-
ing of o stamens, destitute of perianth. The female flowers closely
glomerulate on common receptacle; calyx 4-phyllous. Germen
semi-inferior, l-ovulate ; style thin cylindrical, 2-fid at apex; legs

1 Spec. 5, 6. Rumpu. Herb. Amboin. ii, 87 3 In P. hirsuta H. Bn. the umbilicus of the

(Ipo).—Hoox. Comp. to Bot. Mag. i. 310, t. 17.
—Wient, Icon. t. 1958.—M1e, Zoll. Verz. p, ii.
90, n.3; Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. ps ii. 291; Suppl. i.
173, 423.—Tuw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 263, 427.—
Seem, Bonplandia, ix. 259; x.3; Fl. Vit. 252,
t. 72.—Bentu. Fl. Austral. vi. 179.

2 Ann, Se. Nat. sér. 8, viii. 128, t. 5, fig, 149-
157. — Payer, Fam. Nat. 173.— Bur. Prodr,
xvii. 286.

ovule and seed is observed to be vertically very
linear-elongate after the manner of Pourouma.

4 Spec. 5, 6. Papp. et Enpu. Nov. Gen. et
Spec. ii, 81 (Olmedia).—Mia. Mart. Fl. Bras.
Urtic. 116,—Griszs, Fl. Brit. W.-Ind, 152.—
H. Bn. Adansonia, xi. 295.

5 Supplem. ala Gaz. de Literat. Mexico, 2 jul.
1794.—Trrce. Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 8, viii. 136, t.
5, fig. 189-148.— Bur. Prodr, xvii. 286.

208 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

linear subulate compressed, somewhat spirally twisted, stigmatose.
Fruit drupaceous, finally sub-dry, sometimes adnate with calyx;
seed exalbuminous; cotyledons of subglobose embryo thick sub-
equal ; radicle short superior.—Lactescent trees generally pubescent ;
leaves distichous, unequal at base; stipules connate in one supra-
axillary oblong-acute; inflorescences axillary stipitate, fasciculate or
rarely few or solitary, 1-sexual. (Central America, Cuba.)

43? Helicostylis Tréc.2—Flowers diccious (nearly of Castillo) ;
the males crowded in polyphyllous involucre sessile; the females ox
on common receptacle. Male calyx 4-phyllous. Stamens 4,
oppositipetalous; anthers extrorse. Female calyx 4-phyllous.
Germen relative to calyx inferior and hence adnate to foveoles of
receptacle ; ovule, ete., of Castilloa; style branches 2, linear subulate,
compressed, much twisted spirally. —A lofty tree; leaves distichous ;
stipules 2, axillary acuminate subamplexicaul ; inflorescences, etc., of
Castilloa ;* folioles of involucre close deltoid, in many places imbri-
cate. (Guiana, north. Brazil.*)

44? Noyera Triéc.’—Flowers diccious (nearly of Castilloa);
males...? Female flowers oo (15-30), collected on a common
subplane receptacle involucrate with imbricate pluriseriate bracts,
imbedded in its foveoles; calyx urceolate, with small perforation at
apex. Germen semi-inferior, 1-locular; ovule inserted a little below
upex of cell, descending; micropyle extrorsely superior; style
branches 2, filiform subulate. Fruit, etc., of Castilloa; coat of de-
scending seed membranous (fuscate) ; cotyledons of subglobose exal-
buminous embryo thick hemispherical subequal ; radicle very short
superior.—A. ferruginous tomentose tree ; leaves distichous ; stipules
axillary opposite amplexicaul; scars annular; female inflorescences
axillary solitary subsessile.° (French Guiana.’)

45. Naucleopsis Mra.°—Flowers diccious (nearly of Castilloa) ;

1 Spec. 1 (v. 2’). Conn. Rep. on Caouteh. 11,
12, t. 2, 3 (vid. p. 176, note 2).

2 Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 3, viii, 134, t. 5, fig. 132
-135.—Bor, Prodr. xvii. 287.

3 A genus certainly very near Castilloe; the
spiral twisting of the style being much more
decided.

+ Spec. 1. H. Pappigiana Trit, loc. cit.—
Mie. in Mart, Fl. Bras. Urtie. 118, t. 35, iii. iv.
—Olmedia Peppigiana Marv. Herb, Fl. Bras. n.
629,—0O. tomentosa Parr. et Enpi. Nov, Gen, et

Spec. ii. 32, t. 145,—O. affinis Streup. Nomencl.

5 Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 3, viii. 135.—Bur.
Prodr. xvii. 286.

§ A genus somewhat uncertain from the male
flower not being known, but certainly very near
Castilloa,

7 Spec. 1. NW. Guianensis Tric. loc. cit,—Mia.
Mart. Fl. Bras, Urtie. 119,

8 Mart. Fl. Bras. Urtie. 120, t. 35, fig, 1.—
Bur. Prodr, xvii. 282,

ULMACEZ. 209

males...? Female flowers! crowded on convex receptacle pluri-
seriately imbricate at base, the outermost impoverished. Calyx
tubularly urceolate thickly coriaceous, at mouth 4—5- or more rarely
6-dentate ; teeth reflexed. Germen quite inferior completely im-
bedded in and in every part adnate to foveoles of receptacle; stig-
matose branches of enclosed style 2, filiform elongate exserted ;
ovule inserted near apex of cell descending anatropous; micropyle
extrorsely superior. Fruit ...?—A tree; leaves distichous costate ;
stipules axillary, 2-nate,.caducous; female receptacles axillary
solitary subsessile.? (orth. Brazil.*)

46. Maquira Avsu.t*—Flowers dicecious (nearly of Castilloa) ;
male calyx 4-pbyllous ; folioles decussately imbricate. Stamens 4,
opposite; filaments free, erect before anthesis; anthers introrse,
2-rimose. Female flowers crowded, placed (not imbedded) on
common receptacle; germen inferior relatively to gamophyllous
4-lobed calyx; lobes of thick style short stigmatose. Other cha-
racters of Castilloa. Fruit composed of free capitate drupes attenuate
at base; seed...?—A moderate-sized tree; leaves distichous
coriaceous, unequal at base, shortly petiolate; stipules minute,
3-angular ; receptacles axillary ; males disciform, slightly depressed
above, involucrate with crowded pluriseriate imbricate bracts; the
fructiferous capitate. (Guiana.*)

47. Perebea Avat.’—Flowers dicecious (nearly of Maguira);
receptacle suborbicular, at first slightly concave, afterwards plane
and reflexed, convex above; bracts of involucre oo, inserted at
margin of receptacle and imbricate in many places. Calyx tubular,
at base sometimes compressed and 4-dentate at apex. Gynecium
free; germen (as regards gamophyllous calyx superior) 1-ovulate;
lobes of style 2, short and other characters of Maquira.—Trees ;
leaves distichous; flowers of both sexes on broad patulous receptacle
not imbedded. (Central America, Guiana.’)

1 «Dense, subcoherent at base, very rigidly
subligneously bracteate.” (Mz1a.).

2Js Ocgodeia Bor. (Prodr, 282), Naucleopsis
glabra Spruce (Herb.), n. 2793, a north Bra-

3 Spec. 1. WV. macrophylla Mia. loc. cit.

4 Guian. Suppl. 36. t. 889.—Bur. Prodr. xvii.
286.

5 Spec. 1. IL guianensis Aus. loc. cit.—

zilian race described as: female flowers naked,
germen inferior, style thick ; stigmata 2, linear
rather thick, the terminal half rough with un-
equal tubercles (whence the generic name),
and numerous abortive flowers reduced to
ovoid-pyramidal perianth, fertile flowers being
interposed and covering the receptatle; w sec-
tion of this genus.

VOL. VI.

Perebea laurifolia Trice. Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 3.
viii. 183, t. 5, fig. 186-138.—Mie. Mart. Fi.
Bras. Urtie, 117, n. 2.— ? Olmedia? grandifolia
Tréc., loc. cit, 128 (Bur.).

§ Guian. ii. 952, t. 361.—J. Gen, 402.— Env.
Gen. n, 1874,—Triéc. Ann. Sc. Nat. sér 3, viii
132 (part.).—Bur. Prodr. vii. 286.

7 Spec. 2, of which 1 is Panaman (Bur.).

14

210 NATURAL HISTORY OF PI.ANTS.

48. Lanessania H. By.'—Flowers moneecious collected on un-
equally obpyramidal angular receptacle ; males crowded in glome-
rules on the nearly flat upper base of the receptacle. Female
flower 1 central; germen inferior, adnate within to centre of
receptacle ; stylé apical within central vertical canal erect and free,
afterwards 2-fid in subulate laciniee exserted beyond male flowers ;
ovule 1, subapical in cell descending ; micropyle extrorsely superior.
Fruit...P—A tree (?); leaves alternate petiolate; stipules lateral
free unequally 3-angular; inflorescence axillary pedunculate.
Bracts o, unequal, imbricate around upper orbicular base of recep-
tacle in many cases as an involucre; fewer inserted around apex of
receptacle below; a few interposed remotely alternate very unequal
and inserted here and there on the slightly prominent longitudinal
walls of the receptacle. (Worth. Brazil.”)

49. Scyphosyce H. Bn.? — Flowers moneecious, crowded in
androgynous inflorescences; female 1, central; males o, perigy-
nously inserted in throat of regularly obcampanulate poculiform
receptacle, sub-1-seriate; lobes of involucre few (4-5) broad obtuse
membranous, imbricate, finally (calyx-like) expanded. Male calyx
long obconically tubular, at base long attenuated and shortly
stipitate, above finally subentire truncate. Stamen 1; filament
central, inserted at bottom of calyx, erect and exserted; anthers
basifixed oblong, 2-rimose.* Female calyx (?) 2-phyllous ;° folioles
sessile, imbricate. Germen inserted at bottom of receptacle sessile,
oblong-conical, 1-locular; ovule 1, inserted under apex of cell
descending; micropyle extrorsely superior; style terminal erect,
2-fid at apex ; lobes subulate recurved stigmatose. Fruit...?—A
glabrous shrub (?); leaves alternate (2-stichous?), at base long-
narrow, shortly peticlate, oblong-subspathulate acuminate crenate
penninerved, unequal at base; stipules (equal to or longer than
petiole) acute, imbricate; inflorescence axillary pedunculate. (Zrop.
west. Africa.®)

50. Bosqueia Duvp.-Tu.’—Flowers monccious; receptacles ob-
liquely obconical; males crowded, inserted on oblique upper base ;
stamens intermixed with unequal imbricate bracts; the exterior

1 Adansonia, xi. 298; Bull. Soe. Linn. Pur. + Nigrescent.
49. 5 Gynecium bracteate at base ?

2 Spec. 1. LZ. turbinata H. Bn. loc, cit.—Bro- 6 Spec. 1. S. Manniana H. Bn. loc. cit.
simum turbinatum Seruce, Herb. 7 Ex. H. By. Adansonia, iii. 335, t. 10; viii.

3 Adansonia, xi, 2938. 72, t. 4. Bur. Prod. xvii, 288,

“a

ULMACEZS. 211

wider involucrate;! filaments free; anthers introrse, 2-rimose.
Germen inferior subcentral, entirely adnate to receptacle; style
erect, somewhat dilated at base, 2-fid above; branches linear,
stigmatose within ; ovule 1, inserted under apex of cell, descending ;
micropyle extrorsely superior. Fruit inferior, externally sur-
rounded by adnate urceolate receptacle, at apex crowned with
remains of bracteoles and stamens; albumen of descending seed
copiously fleshy; embryo subapical very small (?).—Trees or
shrubs ; leaves alternate petiolate, oftener entire coriaceous penni-
nerved glabrous; stipules intra-axillary amplexicaul, caducous;
inflorescences axillary solitary pedunculate, in early age budlike
and perulate, more or less lateral, finally subterminal. (Trop. east.
hitoral and insular Africa.’)

51. Piratinera Avsu.2— Flowers monecious; males crowded
entirely covering common globose receptacle; female 1 (or very
rarely 2) adnate within to top of receptacle. Stamens o, destitute
of calyx, intermixed with peltate bracts; filaments filiform erect ;
anthers dorsifixed to thick connective; cells 2, lateral, rimose, or
peltate and dehiscent all round an annular cleft. Germen partly
inferior, more or less adnate to foveole of receptacle ; ovule descend-
ing campylotropous; style terminal, 2-lobed at stigmatose apex.
Fruit ‘‘ baccate,” finally sub-siccate, clothed with receptacle covered
with peltate scales; testa of descending seed thin; cotyledons of
exalbiminous embryo thick unequal; radicle superior incumbent.—
Lactifluent trees or shrubs; leaves distichous petiolate, generally
entire ; stipules axillary, 2-nate, semiamplexicaul, deciduous; inflo-
rescences axillary, oftener 2-nate or in racemes sometimes very
compound. (Trop. central and south. America.*)

52. Ficus T.'—Flowers 1-sexual, enclosed in utriculose oftener

1 Bracts interior to stamens, sometimes re-
present epigynous female calyx.

2 Spec. known 3, of which 2 are Madagas-
carene.

3 Guian. ti, 888, t. 340 (1775).—? Feroha
Anu. Guian. Suppl. 8, t. 372.—Lamx. Dict. ii.
452.—DC. Prodr. xvii. 293.— Alicastrum P. Br.
Jam. (1756), 372, (Aublet’s names have priority;
but generically are not to be adhered to).—
Brosimum Sw. Fl. Ind. Oce. i. (1799), 17, t. 1,
fig. 1 (on no ground to be preferred to Aublet’s
name).—Spacu, Swit. @ Buffon, xi. 62.—EnpL,

Gen, n. 1861,—Trec. Ann, Se. Nat. sér. 3, viii.
188, t. 6, fig. 163-181.—Bur. Prodr. xvii. 288,
—Galactodendron H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Spec,
vii. 163

4 Spec. 7, 8, Tuss. Journ. de Bot. i. 202, t. 8;
Fl. Méd. Ant. t. 9 (Brosimum).—Sprene, Syst.
i. 22; iv. 408 (Brosimwm)—Ku. Linnea, xx.
522 (Brosimum).—Hoox. Bot. Mag. t, 3728,
8724 (Galactodendron).—Mia. Mart. Fl. Bras.
Utrie. 108, t. 32, 33,—Griszs. Fl. Brit. W.-
Ind. 152 (Brosimum).

5 Inst. 662, t. 420.—J.. Ficus. Upsal (1786) ;

14—2

“212 NATORAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

globose or pear-shaped receptacle, more or less open at apex and
there bracteate, androgynous or female; males and females glo-
merate, intermixed on the same receptacle or oftener separate.
Calyx 2-6-phyllous, often incrassate or fleshy. Stamens 1 (Uro-
stigma'), 2 (Pharmacosycea*), or 4-6, oppositisepalous ; filaments
free or connate at base; anthers introrse, 2-rimose. Germen sessile
or stipitate, oftener 1-locular ;? style lateral, at apex simple, subu-
late, obtuse, capitate, infundibuliform or 2-fid stigmatose, enclosed
within receptacle ; ovule descending, anatropous or campylotropous ;
micropyle extrorsely superior. Fruit drupaceous enclosed in recep-
tacle not fissus nor expanded; stipes with thicker fleshy angles ;
mesocarp at both surfaces thin membranous, generally at last evan-
escent; putamen crustaceous or fragile, 1-spermous. Seed descend-
ing; testa membranous; albumen fleshy; cotyledons of incurved
embryo rather flat, sometimes unequal; radicle superior incumbent.
—Trees, sometimes lofty, or shrubs, sometimes climbing, lactescent ;
leaves generally alternate, sometimes more rarely opposite, entire or
lobate, persistent or deciduous; stipules large convolute enclosing
terminal bud of branchlet, deciduous or more rarely persistent ;
inflorescences axillary, solitary or fasciculate, sometimes more rarely
in a spike or terminal raceme; receptacle oftener bracteate at base ;
male glomerules superior in androgynous receptacle; flowers sessile
or pedicillate, bracteate or ebracteate. (All trop. and temp. regions.*)

Gen. n. 1168.—Avans. Fam. des Pl. ii. 377,.—
—J. Gen. 400.—Gamrin. Fruct. ii. 66, +. 91.—
Lamx. Dict. ii. 489; Suppl. ii. 648; 7. t. 861.
—Turp. Dict, Se. Nat. Atl. t. 285.—Spacu,
Suit. & Buffon, xi. 54.—Enpu. Gen. n. 1859.—
Gaspakr. Nov. Gen. que sup. nonnull, Fici spec.
... (1844) ; Rie. s. nat. d. Fico ed. Caprifieo (1845) ;
Nov. ric. s, ale, punt...doctr, d. Fico e de Capri-
Jfico.—Tric, Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 3, viii. 187.—
Payer, Organog. 285, t. 61; Fam. Nat. 170.—
Bur. Prodr. xvii. 287 (incl.: Bosscheria px
Vaizse et Teysit. (Bur.).—Carica Mra. (a part
of which is Caprificus Gasp. Nov. Gen.6; Ric.
79, t. 1-3. Didymophora Mia. Eriosycea Mia.
Kissosycca Mia. Leiosycea Mia. Nematosycea
Mia. Podosycea Mia. Trematosycea M1a.).—
Covellia Gasp. Nov. Gen. 10; Rie, 85, t. 8, fig.
36-42 (Sycomorphe Mia. Ann, Se. Nat. sér. 3, 1,
35).—Erosma Boru. Cat. 113.— Erythrogyne
Vis. Gasp. Ric- 86.—Plagiostigma Zucc. Abh.
Ak. Minch. iv. 64 (Tenorea Gasprr.).—Prgono-
trophe Mia. Hook. Journ, vii. 72.—Sycomorus
Gasv. Ric. 78.—M1o. Hook. Lond. Journ, vii.
109.—Synecia Mia. Hook. Lond. Journ. vii. 469.

1 Gasp. Nov. Gen, 7; Ric. 81, t. 7.—Mie.
Hook, Journ, vi. 225; Mart, Fl. Bras. Urtie.
90, t. 27-31.—Cystogyne Gasp. Nov. Gen, 9;
Rie. 84, t. &.—Visiania Gasp. Nov. Gen. 9 (not
DC.).—Macrophthalma Gasp. Rie. 83. 8.—Mia.
Hook, Journ, vi. 225.— Galoglychia Gasv. Nov.
Gen. 10; Rie. 84 (Sycocarpa Mia.).

2 Mia. Hook. Lond. Journ. vii. 64; Mart. Fl.
Bras. Utric, 88, t. 25, 26.

3 Sometimes very rarely 2, 3-locular.

4 Spec. about 600 (Bur.). Tuuns. Ficus Gen.
Upsal (1786).—K. Enum. Fie. Hort. Berol.
(1846), Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 8, vii. 231.—Mia.
Prodr, Mon. Fie. Hook, London Journ, (1847,
1848) ; Journ. Bot. Neerl. i. 230; Zoll. Vers. ii.
90; Plant. Jungh. 46; Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. p. ii.
293; Suppl. i. 173, 424; Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat.
iii, 261, 285, 297.—Tuw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 266.—
A. Riou. R. S. Cuba, xi, 220.—Guises. Fl. Brit.
W.-Ind. 150.—Srem. Fl. Vit. 247.—Bentu. Fi.
Honghk, 326; Fl. Austral, vi. 160.—Gren. et
Gopr. Fl, de Fr. iii, 108.—Watr. Ann. i, 706 :
iii, 417.

ULMACEZ, ? 218

53: Sparattosyce Bur.!—Flowers diccious (of Ficus) sepals of
male calyx 3-6, auriculate at base, imbricate. Fruit stipate with
persistent calyx drupaceous; flesh scanty; putamen osseous. Seed
descending ; cotyledons of exalouminous embryo broad conduplicate-
involute and corrugate. Stamens in male flower 3-6, opposite sepals;
anthers short extrorse ; cells subglobose extrorsely rimose. Sepals
of female flower 6-10, imbricate. Germen sessile; ovule, etc., of
Ficus ; styles exserted in mouth at top of female receptacle.—Trees ;
leaves alternate entire; stipules amplexicaul closely covering the
terminal bud, deciduous ; inflorescences of Ficus; receptacles of both
sexes finally laterally divided and expanded. (New Caledonia.)

54. Sorocea A. 8. H.2—Flowers dicecious; male calyx 4-fid or
4-partite, imbricate. Stamens 4, opposite; filaments sometimes
linear; anthers ovate, extrorsely 2-rimose. Calyx of female flower
superior perigynous, tubular or conical; mouth narrow subentire.
Germen inferior l-ovulate; style short thick, 2-lobed at apex ; lobes
stigmatose short divaricate exserted. Fruit baccate with receptacle
sometimes muricate, 1-spermous ; cotyledons of exalbuminous em-
bryo 2; one large conduplicate enfolding the other very small and
superior short radicle——Trees or shrubs ; leaves distichous, sub-
entire, serrate or spinoso-dentate ; stipules axillary, 2-nate; flowers
in axillary (spurious*) racemes, intermixed with peltate remotely
scattered bracts; females inserted in hollowed apices of branches ;
mature fruit sustained by swollen ramule (lobe) of ramiform recep-
tacle. (Brazil.®)

55? Pseudosorocea H. By.° — Flowers diwcious (nearly of
Sorocea); male calyx 4-partite ; lobes concave, decussately imbri-
cate. Stamens equal in number and opposite to sepals; filaments
very short inserted around vacant centre of receptacle, connate at
base and there oftener dilated sometimes broadly subpetaloid ;
anthers short, oftener subovate, adnate extrorse, longitudinally
2-rimose. Female calyx semisuperior urceolate ; style branches 2,

1 Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 5, xi, 379, t.6; Prodr. subfasciate not regularly racemose.
xvii. 282. . 5 Spec. 3, 4, Gaupicu. Voy. Bonite, Bot, t.
2 Spec, 2 of which oneis unpublished (Bur.) 71-74.—H. Bw. Adansonia, i. 212, 4. 6.—
3 A. S. H. Mém. Mus. vii. 473 (1821).—Enpr. Wawra. Pr. Maxim. Ergebn. Bot. 180.—Mre,
Gen. nu. 1864.—Tric. Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 3. viii. Mart. Fl. Bras. Urtie. 112. t. 84.—Watr. Ann.
144, t. 6, fig. 183-188.—Bur. Prodr. xvii. 288. -i.667.
—Sareodiscus Maxt. Herb. (Mza.) H. By, Adansonia, xi, 206.
4 Receptacle unequally ramose or rathe

Q14 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

ete., of Sorocea.—Shrubs or trees (?); habit and leaves of Sorocea ;*

limb entire, widely or coarsely spinoso-dentate, penninerved venose ;
costa and primary nerves anastomose at margin and somewhat -pro-
minent beneath; but flowers of both sexes inserted singly at amenti-
form margins of elongated receptacle and there glomerate sessile ;
both faces naked sulciform. (Trop. and subtrop. South America.)

56? Sahagunia Liesu.2—Flowers dicwcious; males densely
congregated on spikelike branched receptacle (naked along longi-
tudinal furrow), destitute of perianth and consisting of very crowded
stamens, intermixed with cuneate cucullate-capitate bracts ; filaments
subulate; anthers subbasifixed ; cells sub-2-dymous subopposite,
rimose. Female flower and fruit...?—A moderate-sized tree;
leaves alternate, shortly petiolate, oblong penninerved ; stipules 2,
convolute, deciduous ; male inflorescences racemose or fasciculate on
naked or more rarely foliate branchlet.* (Mevico,> Brazil ?)

57. Pourouma Avsu.’—Flowers dicecious ; male calyx 4-merous ;
folioles free or more or less highly connate, sometimes almost to
apex. Stamens 4, oppositisepalous; filaments free or connate at
base, straight or slightly incurved; anthers short, introrsely rimose.
Calyx of female flower gamophyllous, ovoidly or conically tubular,
thickened at base to a more or less prominent cupule, entire at apex
and perforated at very small mouth. Germen sessile free, 1-locular,
conical and attenuate above to style with more or less stigmatose
apex, sometimes very discoidly peltate, entire or unequally lobed,
very papillose. Ovule in cell 1, sessile, inserted laterally to linear
parietal hilum hemitropous; chalaza inferior, sub-contiguous to base
of cell; micropyle free extrorsely superior. Fruit enclosed by fleshy
calyx, ligneo-crustaceous, finally 2-valved. Seed sometimes laterally
adnate to pericarp by linear hilum, ovoid; testa membranous; coty-

1 Of which perhaps better a section? A
genus hitherto admitted as a mean between
Sorocea and Soaresia (whose male amenta bear
naked stamens and the female pedicellate
flowers.) :

2 Spec. 4, 5, H. Bn, doc. cit. n. 141-144.

3 Vidensk. Selskskr. Kjob. sér. 6. ii, (1851),
316.—Bur. Prodr. xvii. 288.

4 Of this genus seems to be Soaresia nitida
(Attem. Hook. Journ. (1853), 270; Revista
brazileira, i. 210(Oct. 1857), c.ic.), a Brazilian tree
with flowers and fruit nearly of Sorocea; male
flowers pedicillate as in Sorocca ; male amenta ; 2

opposite surfaces floriferous, 7.e. bearing numer-
ous stamens without perianth. In other respects
all these genera allied to Sorocea should be
carefully revised from better specimens than
hitherto supplied (as demanded by Burzav in
his monograph of the Order). Here perhaps
(?) is also to be referred Clarisia R. et Pav. (see
p. 218, note 2),

5 Spec. 1 (8. mexicana Lreem.), v. 2. (?)

8 Guian. ii, 891, t. 341.—J. Gen. 406,—Poir.
Dict. v. 606.—Enpy. Gen. n. 1864!.—TRic.
Ann, Se. Nat, sér. 3, viii, 100 t. 2, fig. 52-60.
—Bor. Prodr, xvii. 284,

ULMACEE. 215

ledons of straight exalbuminous embryo thick ; radicle short superior.
—Lactifluous trees; branches marked with linear scars of fallen
stipules; leaves alternate, entire, lobed or digitately divided, glabrous
or clothed with various indumentum, costulately venose and venulate ;
stipules connate in one clothing the top of the ramule; scars linearly
annular ; flowers collected in compound or decompound cymes on
peduncle oftener 2-nate; males small. (Zrop. South America.)

58. Conocephalus Bu.2—Flowers diccious; male calyx tubular
or turbinate, 4-dentate or 4-fid or more rarely unequally or subequally
2-partite, valvate or at apex slightly imbricate. Stamens 4, or very
rarely 2, oppositisepalous; filaments erect in bud, subequal to calyx,
complanate, centrally inserted around rudiment of gynecium ;
anthers short exserted ; cells oftener free at base, introrsely, laterally
or extrorsely promiscuously rimose. Female calyx tubular, 4-fid.
Germen free; style terminal, apex capitate, or laterally oblong
stigmatose; ovule basilar erect orthotropous or suborthotropous ;
micropyle superior. Fruit enclosed by persistent calyx, dry char-
taceous, longitudinally 2-valved. Seed ovoid; hilum basilar or
sublateral ; testa membranous; cotyledons of straight exalbuminous
embryo fleshy plano-convex; radicle superior.—Climbing shrubs;
leaves alternate, entire, long-petiolate ; stipules axillary connate in one
semiamplexicaul, deciduous ; scars annular; flowers axillary capitate ;
capitule (glomeruliferous) compound cymose ; females oftener solitary.
(Trop. south. Asia and Oceania.)

59. Coussapoa Avsi.*— Flowers dicecious (nearly of Concce-
phalus); male calyx gamophyllous, subcylindrical or turbinate, im-
bricate; mouth 2-3-fid or dentate, sometimes partite. Stamens
2, central; filaments free or connate in erect filiform or complanate
column ; anthers free, extrorse, 2-rimose or connate in one 4-locular
and terminal; cells longitudinally rimose. Female flower, ete., of

1 Spec. about 20. Parr. et Enpu. Nov. Gen. et 1203.—Gaupicu. Voy. Bonite Bot. t. 96.—Ma1a.

Spee. ii, 29, t. 141.—Ku. Linnea, xx. 526.—
Mie, Mart. Fl. Bras. Urtic. 121, t, 36-41.—
Warp. Ann. i. 656.

2 Bijdr. 483.—Enpu. Gen. n, 1869.—Tréc.
Ann. Sec. Nat. séx. 3, viii. 87, t. 2, fig. 41-51.
—Bour. Prodr, xvii. 284.

3 Spec. 7, 8 (about 10, Bur.). Benn, Horsf.
Pi. Jav. Rar. 47, t. 12.—Linpu. Bot. Reg. t.

Pl. Jungh, 43; Fl, Ind,-Bat, i. p. ii. 283 ; Suppl.
i. 171, 416, 417.—Txysm. et Binn, in Nat.
Tijdschr. xxvii. 26.—Watp. Ann. i. 654.

4+ Guian. ii. 955, t. 362, 363.—J. Gen. 406.—
Lamx. Dict. ii. 160.—Brnn. Horsf, Pl, Juv. Rar.
49.—Ennu. Gen, u. 1866.—Tric, Ann, Se. Nat.
sér, 8, viii. 92, t. 1, fig. 28-40.—Rur. Prod.
xvii. 284,

216 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Conocephalus; perianth tubular, cylindrical, ovoid or urceolate, some-
times obovoid, membranous or rather thick fleshy, apex either entire
and sometimes perforated with a very small aperture, or more rarely
1-3-dentate. Germen free ; ovule either quite basilar or orthotropous,
or somewhat laterally inserted; micropyle always apical. Fruit
drupaceous, enclosed by persistent and enlarged calyx, closely
packed or adnate at base. Seed erect or ascending; hilum basilar
or somewhat lateral; cotyledons of straight exalbuminous embryo
plano-convex subequal; radicle superior short.—Trees or shrubs,
sometimes climbing, lactescent; leaves alternate simple (of Pourouma),
ovate or cordate or obovate, glabrous or pubescent, petiolate ;
stipules axillary connate in one obliquely amplexicaul, caducous ;
inflorescences axillary capitate ; capitules glomeruliferous ; peduncles
oftener 2-nate, simple or 2-chotomous; branches capituliferous.
(Trop. South America.1)

60. Cecropia Lart.’—Flowers diccious (nearly of Coussapoa
or Conocephalus); males 2-androus; calyx tubular or narrow
conical, at apex subentire or shortly 2-dentate, sometimes more
deeply 2-fid. Stamens short; filaments erect; anthers introrse,
2-rimose. Female calyx tubular entire or subentire, subincrassate
at apex and there perforated. Germen free, enclosed by calyx;
ovule inserted under apex of cell descending, micropyle extrorsely
superior; style terminal or slightly lateral short, apex stigmatose
simple variously capitate-penicillate. Fruit dry, enclosed by calyx,
hence subdrupaceous; seeds, etc., of Coussapoa.—Trees or shrubs;
juice milky ; branches terete, fistulous between the nodes; medulla
hollow, here and there septate; leaves alternate, more or less peltate,
palmatilobed or digitate; petiole often callose at base; stipules
connate in one wide spathelike amplexicaul, deciduous; scars
annular; flowers axillary crowded; peduncles 1, 2-nate, at apex
subumbellately 2-co -rimose ; umbels (spurious) single, the younger
enclosed by spathiform caducous bract; branches (receptacles)
amentiform subcylindrical glomeruliferous; males generally more
slender than the females. (Both trop. Americas.*)

“' Spec, about 20, Parr. et Enpz. Nov. Gen. t. 800.—Spacu, Suit. & Buffon, xi, 108.--Enpu.

et Sper., ii. 33, t. 147.—Ku. Linnea, xx. 527.— Gen, n, 1865.—Tréc, Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 3, viii.
Mia. Mart. Fl. Bras. Urtic. 131, t. 42-45.— 78, t. 1, fig. 9-22.—Bur. Prodr. xvii. 283.—
Watp. Ann. i. 656. F. Darwin, on the glandular bodies of Cecropia

2 Tt. 272.—L. Syst.n. 1099.—J. Gen. 402. peltata (J. Lin. Soc. xv. 398).
—Lamx. Dict. ii. 143; Suppl. ii, 374; I. 3 Spec. 30-40. Sioanz, Hist. i. 138, t. 88

ULMACEZ. , O17

61. Musanga R. Br.i—Flowers diccious ; calyx tubular longer
or shorter obconical, entire at apex and there truncate in males ;
mouth orbicular, in females perforated by very small aperture.
Stamen 1, inserted at bottom of calyx; filament erect; anther
terminal, facing outward; cells 2, longitudinally rimose. Germen
erect enclosed free, l-locular; ovule 1, basilar erect orthotropons ;
micropyle superior, at apex stigmatose scarcely incrassate.
Fruit covered with persistent calyx rather ovoidly compressed
subligneous; seed erect; embryo...?—A tree;? leaves digitate ;
stipules wide foliaceous coriaceous, covering top of younger ramule,
deciduous; male flowers in very compound capituliferous racemes ;
capitules globular small, intermixed with bracts peltate at apex ;
females glomerulate on thick oblong receptacle. (Zrop. west. Affica.*)

62. Myrianthus P.-Brauv.‘— Flowers diccious; males 4-
merous, 4-androus (of Conocephalus) ; filaments sometimes variously
connate; anthers 2-locular, 2-rimose. Female flowers of Mu-
sanga or Conocephalus; germen free 1-locular; ovule basilar erect
orthotropous ;° style clavate to stigmatose apex. Syncarp ovoid
or ellipsoid wide and covering o (dry?) fruits; seed exalbumi-
nous. Other characters of Conocephalus.—A moderate-sized tree ;
leaves alternate petiolate digitate; leaflets (to 6) lanceolate unequal,
white beneath; stipules wide (of Cecropia); scar obliquely linear;
glomerules of flowers 0; males congregated along axes of ramose
inflorescence ; females on subglobose capitule.® (Trop. west. Africa.’)

63. Dicranostachys Tréc.'—Flowers dicecious (nearly of Myri-

(Yaruma).—Pivuxn, Abnag. 146, t. 242, fig. 5
(Fieus),—P. Br. Jam. 111 (Coilotapalus),.—
Jaca. Vbs. ii. 12, t. 46; Stirp. Am. Pict. 126, t.
262, fig. 66.—AuBL. Guian. ii. 894.—W. Spec.
iv. 651.—Sprenc. Syst. iii. 809.—Kx. Linnea,
xx. 530.—Ganrcxe, Linnea, xxii. 70.—A. Ricu.
R. §. Cuba, xi. 222.—Grises. Fl. Brit. W.-
Ind. 152. —Lresm. Vidensk. Selsk. Skrift.
Kjoben. (1851), 317. — Atrium, Revist. Brazil,
(Jan. 1860), 8, ec. ic.— Mie. Mart, Fl, Bras,
Ortie.. 189, t. 46-50.—Watp. Ann. i. 650.

1 dpp. to Tuck Nar. (1818), 453 (Congo, 34) ;
Mise, Works (ed. Bzwn.), i. 138, 158.—Benn.
Horsf. Pl, Jav. Rar. 48.—Tréc. Ann, Se, Nat,
sér. 8, viii, 146.

2 Habit and leaves of Cecropia.

3 Spec. 1. M. Smithii R. Br. Herb.—Watp.
Ann. i. 667.

4 Fl. Owar. et Ben, i, 16, t. 11, 12.—R. Br.
Congo, 449.—EnpL. Gen. n. 1867,.—Tréc. Aun,

Se. Nat. sér. 3, viii. 86.—Bunr. Prods. xvii. 284
(not Nurr.).

5 Coat 2-plicate.

6 In the axil of single leaves flowers are ob-
served with superior conical foliaceous bud and
2 female inferior stipitate inflorescences, girt on
both sides with scars of stipules. All the
female flowers are not always on the surface
of the receptacle, but some glomerules pene-
trate within the cavity of the receptacle.
Hence later the receptacle deeply covers some
of the fruit; whence it seems, Pav.-Bzav-
vais, in his incorrect figure, took pains to de-
pict a single seed-bearing berry within; the
flesh of the receptacle being very similarly con-
sidered as the pericarp of the simple fruit.

7 Spec. 1. UM. arboreus P.-Bxavv. loc, cit.—
Benn. Horsf. Pl. Jav. Rar, 50.

8 Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 3, viii. 85, t. 1, fig. 1-8.
—Bur. Prodr. xvii. 283.

p NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

mthus); male calyx 3-4-fid, imbricate. Stamens 3,4; filaments
short, erect, connate at base; anthers extrorse, 2-rimose. Female
calyx thickly urceolate, small aperture at apex. Germen, etc., of
Myrianthus (or Conocephalus); style terminal exserted, clavate to
apex, here laterally sulcate and stigmatose. Fruit (small ?) capitate ;
seed...?—Trees; leaves alternate, simple or digitate (of Myrian-
thus); leaflets oftener serrate, whitish beneath, at base generally
more or less unequilateral; male inflorescences ramuse (of Myrian-
thus); female flowers congregated in spurious capitules; capitules
few-flowered, contiguous only at base and stellately divaricate above.!

(Zrop. west. Africa.)

. IV. CANNABINEZ.

64. Cannabis T.—Flowers diccious; male sepals 5, imbricate.
Stamens 5, opposite sepals, pendent; filaments thin inserted round
centre; anthers oblong subintrorse, finally marginate or extrorsely

rimose.

Female calyx gamophyllous membranous cupular enfolding

the germen and persistent. Germen free, 1-locular; ovule 1, descend-
ing campylotropous; branches of terminal style 2, linear-elongate,

sometimes equal, everywhere

papilloso-stigmatose.

Fruit dry,

1 A genus differing from Myrianthus only in
the nature of its female inflorescence, in other
respects closely allied.

2 Spec. 1, 2 (3, ex Bur.), Wane. Ann. i. 653.
Of the types imperfectly known, and, doubt-
fully, to be referred to this series (or to the
preceding ?), a few words may be permitted
respecting the 2 following :—

1, Stenochasma (Mie. Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. p. ii
292), enumerated among the Artocarpea, has
dicecious flowers. Males. ...? Females said
to be dense on axillary 2-nate pedunculate
globose receptacle, subpedicillate. Perigonium
utriculose, perforated at incrassate fleshy axile
apex, membranous at base. Germen 1l-ovu-
late; ovule inserted above the middle (whence
agreeing neither with the Urticee nor with
the Conocephaiee). Style enclosed very short ;
stigma semiglobose depressed puberulous, sub-
exserted. Achene (dark coloured) somewhat
ovoidly compressed, enclosed in subbaccate 4, 5-
angled obpyramidal perigonium; seed inserted
near apex; cotyledons of (immature) embryo
equal elliptical plano-convex; radicle very
short. (Mie.).

2. Clarisia (R. et Pav. Prodr. 128, t. 28), a
very doubtful genus, sometimes made a sub-
genus of Myrica (ENDL. Gen. n. 1839 a), some-
times enumerated as an independent genus
among the Myricacee (Linpu. Veg. Kingd. 256;
—C. DC. Prodr, xvi. sect. ii. 155), from a some-
what rude figure of the male inflorescence, it
seems rather to belong to this order and perhaps
to the series Artocarpee; staminal filaments
very similar not incurved in bud. From de-
scription, male amentum filiform, marked with
a spiral furrow, covered with oblong imbricate
scales, 1-florous. Perianth 0, unless the scales
may be called such. Corolla 0. Staminal fila-
ments 2, each inserted within a scale short erect
filiform, Anthers small sub-4-angular. Female
flowers in racemes 2-nate. Perianth proper (?)
inferior very small squamose; scales 4-6, orbi-
cular-subpeltate, affixed to pedicel by a disk,
crenate at margin. Corolla 0. Germen ovate.
Styles 2, subulate and patent; stigmas acute
simple, Drupe ovate; seed subrotund. Spe-
cies 2 arborescent (char. ex R. and Pav.—Affi-
nity perhaps (?) with Pseudosorocea, Sahagunia.
and Soaresia.),

ULMACEZR. 219

clothed with calyx, indehiscent, 1-spermous ; seed descending ; coty- -
; ledons of exalbuminous curved embryo rather thick, dorsally convex ;
radicle subequal incumbent ascending.—An erect (strong smelling)
scabrous pilose annual herb; juice aqueous; leaves opposite and
alternate palmatinerved, 5-9-sect.; stipules free, persistent ; flowers
terminal and axillary to upper-leaves; male inflorescence compound
racemose loosely cymiferous ; bracts linear; the uppermost often 0;
female flowers condensed in compound cymes; bracts in cymule
foliaceous, stipuliferous, 2-flowered; bracteoles of single flowers
ovately lanceolate, with velvety glands externally (consisting of
connate stipules, persistent around and finally longer than enclosed
fruit). (Zemp. Asia.) See p. 162.

65. Humulus L.—Flowers diccious (nearly of Cannabis); sta-
mens 5; filaments short; anthers erect. Female calyx gamophyl-
lous persistent. Germen, etc., of Cannabis; style branches elongately
subulate papilliferous equal. Fruit dry induviate; embryo of
descending exalbuminous seed circinately involute.—Perennial (odo-
rous) herbs; branches herbaceous volubile scabrous; leaves opposite
petiolate, entire or oftener lobate; stipules interpetiolate wide, free
or connate in pairs; male inflorescences loose with lanceolate bracts ;
female condensed with cone-like bracts and large distinct stipules,
2-flowered ; bracteoles closely surrounding single flowers, more or
less produced above, ovate or lanceolate; nearly all parts of the in-
florescence and flowers more or less sprinkled with yellow resinous
glandules. (Temp. Europe and Asia.) See p. 165,

LI. CASTANEHACHA.

I. BIRCH SERIES.

It is not with the Chestnuts, from which it received its name
more than a century since, that we shall commence the study of this

Betula pumila.

Fig. 146. Foliaceous and
floriferous branch.

family, inasmuch as they represent a type with
inferior ovary and complicated by the presence
of an involucre quite peculiar, but with the
Birches! (fig. 146-157), of which the gyne-
cium is superior and the flowers regular ape-
talous and monecious. The males are often
tetramerous, and the calyx may then, as in
B. pumila® (fig. 146-150), be formed of four
sepals. ‘They are rarely equal in that case;
much more frequently the anterior is more
developed than the three others, which are
themselves unequal. These latter may even
disappear in great part or completely, as in
neighbouring species. The andreecium is re-
presented by four elongate extrorse cells de-
hiscing by a longitudinal cleft.2 According to
certain authors, there are as many unilocular
anthers ; according to others (and this opinion
ought probably to be adopted) there are only
two anthers primarily superposed to two of
the sepals, the anterior and posterior, the
cells of which are quite separate, because
each of these cells is supported by one of

1 Betula T. Inst. 588, t. 360.—L. Gen. n. Prod, xvi. sect. ii. 161.—H. Bn. Recherches
1070.—J. Gen. 409.—Gzrtn. Fruet, ii. 54, t. Organogéniques sur les Amentacées (Compt. Rend.

90, fig. 2—Lamx. Dict. i, 452; Suppl. i.
686; Tid. t. 760.—Turr. Dict. Se. Nut, Atl. t.
301.—Spacu, Revis. Betulac. Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 2,
xv. 182; Suit. d Buffon, xi. 145.—Nexs, Gen.
tase. 4, t. 18.—Enpu. Gen. n. 1840; Suppl. iv.
p. ii. 19.—Payer, Bull, Soe. Bot. de Fr. v. 151;
Fam. Nat. 161,—Rece1, Monogr. Betul. 9; DC.

Assoc. Frang. (1875), 756, t. 11, 124 -Adans, xii.
1).

2 L. Mantiss. 124.—Rec. Prodr. 173,

3 The pollen is flat, ellipsoid, somewhat tri-
angular, with three small pores and large halos,
(H.. Mout, Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 2, iii. 312).

CASTANEACEZG. 221

the two branches of a filament which, simple at its base, bifurcates
at a variable height like the letter Y'. ‘The female flowers are
destitute of perianth and composed only of a free gynecium with a
bilocular ovary,? and surmounted by a style almost immediately
divided into two long subulate branches, covered with stigmatic

Betula pumila. ,

Fig. 147, Triflorous male

Fig. 148. Long. sect. of Fig. 149. Male
scale (8).

triflorous male scale, flower.

papille. In each of the ovarian cells (which are, like the styles,
anterior and posterior), there is, in the internal angle, a placenta
supporting a single® descending anatropous ovule, with the micropyle

Fig. 150. Fruit (2).

directed upwards and outwards.*

fruit, flat and edged with two mem-
branous wings perceptible on the ovary
and rendering it samaroid, is dry® and
indehiscent, interlocular and monosper-
mous by abortion of one of its seeds,°
whilst the other is fertile and encloses
under its coats a fleshy embryo, straight
and destitute of albumen, with superior
radicle and cotyledons fleshy and nearly

The

Betula alba.

J
Fig. 155. Female
catkin.

Fig. 152. Male
catkins.

flat.—The Birches are trees and shrubs
growing in the cold and temperate regions of both worlds? They

1 Admitting four stamens they have, in con-
sequence, been described as diadelphous.

2 In reality unilocular and possessing pri-
marily two parietal placente which unite near
the centre of the cavity, one of them generally
becoming more or less completely abortive.

3 Very rarely two ovules correspond to one
cell, only one of which is perfectly developed.

4 It has a simple coat.

5 At the centre, the ovary is traversed by a

vertical fascicle, itself surrounded by a disunited
cellular tissue, forming part of the partition,

-yery thick below, of the pericarp.

6 Frequently there are two, but in that case
one or the other is often sterile.

7 As are the Betule in general, except one
species of d/nus which inhabits southern
Africa. (REG.) Those which, in much smaller
number, are observed in tropical Asia and
America, grow on high mountains.

222

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

have alternate simple leaves, dentate or entire, not persistent, with
petioles accompanied at the base by two lateral caducous stipules.
Young, they are plicate and equitant in the interior of a scaly bud.

Betula alba,

Fig. 154. Male floriferous
scale without flowers,

Fig. 156. Triflorous fe-
male cyme.

Fig. 151. Young foli- Fig. 157. Long. sect. of
aceous branch. female flower +.

The flowers are generally monc-
cious and collected in unisexual
catkins, which are solitary, or
more rarely in clusters,! to the
number of two or four as in the
Asiatic species constituting the
genus Betulaster.” In the axil
of each scale of the male catkin,
there is a cyme, formed generally
of three flowers, a median and
two lateral, rising from the axil-
lant scale and accompanied by
two secondary scales, similarly
supported and interior, one on
each side.® In the female cat-
kins, there is in the axil of each
scale, accompanied also by four
secondary scales, a biparous cyme
three- or more-flowered, often re-
duced to two flowers. In the
fructiferous catkin, the principal
accrescent scales accompanied by
the secondary scales embodied
with them,> are detached early
or persist for a longer or shorter
period on the axis of the catkin,

with the samare, which they completely conceal in all the Birches

1 Often, as in B. fruticosa, the axis of a fe-
male catkin thickens and its lower portion
persists and ultimately developes into a branch
which, the following year, bears leaves and
flowers, the female catkins of which will like-
wise have a persistent base.

2 Spacu, Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 2, xv. 182, 198.—
Enpu. Gen. Suppl. iv. p. ii. 20.

3 They have often been considered as sti-

pules of the principal bract or scale. Previous
to their late displacement they appear, from the
situation, to represent two lateral bracteoles, the
axil of which would be occupied by the lateral
flowers of the inflorescence.

4 From abortion of the terminal flower, not
unfrequent in this genus.

5 So that the whole then appears a rigid
bract, trilobed above.

CASTANEACEZ.

223

proper,! whilst they are shorter than the fruit in Betulaster Some
thirty species are admitted in the genus? thus limited.
The Alders+ (Fig. 158-167) differ but little from the Birches with

which they were formerly united.

The flowers are also moncecious

Alnus cordifolia,

catkin.

Fig. 162. Biflorous female
floriferous scale.

and disposed in catkins.

Fig. 158. Foliaceous branch

Fig. 163, Fruit (4).

Fig. 164. Long. sect.
of fruit.

In the axil of the scales of the male

catkin, there are generally three flowers forming a cyme, or, more
rarely, a single flower; and the secondary scales, rising with the
flowers from the principal scale, are generally four in number, two
on each side. The perianth, sometimes but little developed, is formed
of four folioles, free or united at the base, and the stamens, equal in

1 Sect. Zubetula Ruc. Prodr. 162, sect. 1.

2 Ree. Prodr. 179 (sect. 2).

3 L. Spec. ed. 2, ii, 1193; Mantiss, 124.—
W. Spec. iv. 462. — Patt. Fl. Ross. i, 60, t.
39, 40.—Lezpes. Fl. Ross. iii. 649.—Micux. Fi.
Bor.-Amer. ti. 180.—Kocun, Syn. Fl. Germ, ed.
2, 760.—Travutv. et Mey. Middend. Reis. Fi.
Och, 81.—Scuranx, Fl. Baical. i, 421.—Fr.
Summ. Veg. Scand. i. 212.—Bex. Fi. Alt. Suppl.
Mén. Acad. Pétersb. (1835), 506.—Cuam. Linnea,
v. 537, t. 6.— Watt. Pl, As. Rar. ii. 7, t. 109.

—Don, Prodr. Fl. Nep. 58.—Spracu, Jacquem.
Voy. Bot. t. 158.—Sren. et Zuce. Abh. d. Ken.
Baier, Ak. iv. Abth. 3, 228.—Mrq. Ann. Mus.
Lugd.-Bat. ii. 186.—Gren. et Gopr. Fl. de Fr.
iii. 146,

4 Alnus T. Inst. 687, t.359.—Uamn. Dict. i.
330.—Nezs, Gen. iv. t. 19— Envi. Gen. n.
1841; Suppl. iv. p. ii, 20.—Sracu, Ann. Se.
Nat. sér. 2, xv. 124, 208; Suit. & Buffon, xi. 246.
—Rze. Monogr. Betul. 73; DC. Prodr. xvi.
sect. ii. 180.

924

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

number, are superposed to them. Rarely the flower is 10-12-

Alnus cordifolia.

Fig. 160. Triflorous male
floriferous scale,

the fruit, dry and

Fig. 161, Male floriferous
scale, flowers removed.

merous and 10-12-androus.’
In the female catkin, ordi-
narily shorter, more rigid
than in the Birches, and —
erect, there are only two
flowers in the axil of each
of the thick scales, the
middle one being abortive.
The gynecium is similar
to that of the Burches, and

monospermous, is wingless or surrounded by a

membranous wing. The axillant scales there become woody. The

Alnus glutinosa.

Fig. 165. Side view of
male floriferous scale.

f)

Fig. 166. Male flower. Fig. 167. Compound
fruit.

Alnaster,? emerge from buds bearing one or more leaves.

Alders are trees and shrubs of the
temperate and cold regions of both
worlds in the northern hemisphere,
rare in South America and south-
ern Africa. Their organs of vege-
tation are analogous to those of the
Birches. The leaves are accom-
panied by lateral stipules. The
flowers are sometimes developed at
the same time as the leaves, but
more frequently earlier, and in this
case the females may, as in the
species constituting the genus
Often the

catkins are solitary, more rarely they are collected: in clusters.

About fifteen species of Alder are

enumerated.+

1In A. nitida Envy. and nepalensis Don,
of which has been made the genus Clethi opsis
(Spracu, Ann, Se. Nat. sér. 2, xv. 183, 201).

2 Spacn, dnn. Se. Nat. sér. 2, xv. 200; Suit.
& Buffon, xi. 244.

3 On these grounds Recet divides the
genus into 4 sections: 1. Clethropsis (Spacn).
Flowers developed at same time as leaves.
Male scales uniflorous. Female flower 10-12—
merous.—2. -Alnaster (ENDL.). Flowers pre-
cocious. Male catkins coming from 1-3-phyl-
lous buds. Scales 3-florous. Fruit with
membranous wing.—38. Phyllothyrsus (Spacu).
Flowers developed at same time as leaves.
Scales 3-florous. Floral buds aphyllous. Fruit

with membranous wing.—4. Gymnothyrsus
(Spacu). Flowers precocious. Scales 3-florous.
Floral buds leafless. Fruit wingless or with
coriaceous wing.

4 L. Spee. 1814 (Betuda).—Garrn. Fract. ii.
54, t. 90 (Betula).— Lam. Dict. i, 454 (Betula).
—Air. Hort. Kew. iii. 189 (Betula)—Huru.
Beitr, 72 (Betula) —Minz. Mém. Mus. xiv. 464,
t. 22.—W. Spee. iv. 334.—H. B. K. Nov. Gen.
et Spee. ti. 16—DC. Fl. Frane. iii. 304.—
Don, Prodr, Fl. Nepail.: 58.—Bone, Mém. Pé-
tersb. sér 6, ii. 162.—Nurtr. Sylv. Amer. Suppl.
i. 34, t. 10.—Ten. Fl. Nap. Prodr. 54; Icon. ii.
340, t. 99.—Denz. Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 2, iv. 348.
—Stes. et Zuce. Abh, Akad. Minch. iv. Abth.

CASTANEACEZL.

Il. HAZEL SERIES.
In most of the Hazels or Nut-trees! (fig. 168-174), the flowers,

amentaceous and monoecious, are apetalous and regular.

The

Corylus Avellana.

.

Fig. 171. Female
flower,

Fig. 168. Male and fe-
male inflorescences.

Fig. 169. Two-flowered Fig. 170. Female flower

surrounded by young
involucre.

female scale.

male catkins, similar to those of the Birches, bear numerous alter-
nate scales, and within these are nearly always found two lateral
scales supported with them? Near the point of union of these
various appendages stamens are inserted, most frequently to the
number of eight,’ formed each of a filament and a unilocular,* extrorse®

3, 230.—Tavscu, Flora (1834), 520.— Parr.
et Enpi. Nov. Gen. et Spec. t. 198, fig. C.—
Mia, Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. ii. 187.—A. Gray,
Man, ed. 5, 460.—Berrot. Fi. Ital. x, 163.—
‘Lepes. Fl. Ross. iii, 657.—Rurr, Bull. Acad.
Pétersb. (1857), 558.—Gren. et Govr. Fl. de Fr.
iii. 148.

1 Corylus T, Inst. 581, t. 347.—L. Gen. n.
730.—Apans. Fam. des. Pl. ii. 375.—J. Gen.
410.—Lamx. Dict. iv. 495; Suppl. iv. 101; Iz.
t. 780.—Gzrtn. Fruct. ii. 52, t. 89.—Seuxunr,;
Handb. t. 305.—Tourpe. Dict. Sc. Nat. Atl, t. 302,
303.—Nezs, Gen. ii. 22.—Spracu, Suit. d Buffon,
xi, 205.—Enpt, Gen, n. 1844.—Scuacut, Lehrb.
441,t.9; Der Baum, t, 4.—Pavyer, Fam. Nat.
163.—A. DC. Prodr. xvi. sect. ii. 129.—H. Bn.
Compt. Rend. Acad, Se. xxvii. 61; Compt. Rend.
Ass, Frang. i. (1872), 496, t. 9; Adansonia, xi. t.6.

VOL. VI.

2 They are notably wanting in Ostryopsis
They have been considered as lateral stipules
of the principal bracts; with others they take
the place of leaves (Dex, Rhein. Fl. 273; Zur
Erkl. Laublen. Ament. 19, fig. 6).

3 There are rarely more, often less, especially
in the flowers near the top of the catkin.
These may even be only 2-androus, Dz-
CAISNE inadvertently describes Ostryopsis as
4-androus; they often have as many stamens as
other species of Corylus.

4 “Rather (theoretically) 4 stamens, the an-
thers and filaments being sometimes divided.”

5 They are extrorse, not with respect to the
axis of the inflorescence (for relatively to that
the lower and interior are introrse), but with
respect to the centre of the flower.

15

226

anther, dehiscing by a longitudinal cleft.’

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

The female flowers are

disposed in a very short bud-like catkin (fig. 172), with alternate

and imbricate bracts, few in number.

In the axil of each of these

are found the flowers, arranged in pairs and surrounded each by an

Corylus Avellana,

Fig. 172. Female in-
florescence (8).

Fig. 173. Young fruit,
long. sect. ().

involucre covered with hairs,
formed by the lateral second-
ary bract, here more or less
deeply cut and finally sur-
rounding the floral receptacle.
The latter has the form of a
sac with narrow opening, en-
closing in its cavity the ad-
nate ovary surmounted by a
small annular calyx, very
short, epigynous and sur-
rounding the base of a style
soon divided intotwo large sub-
ulate stigmatiferous branches,
coloured red.? In the inferior
ovary,® there were originally

two parietal placente uniting along the axis of the cavity to form
two cells, each of which might bear two ovules; but ordinarily in
the adult flower, each cell contains only one descending anatropous
ovule,* with micropyle directed upwards and outwards.> The fruit,
around which the secondary bract, forming the involucre, has taken
the form of a long green sac, is an achene the pericarp of which,
dry and indehiscent, unilocular and monospermous,® is formed partly
of the hardened walls of the receptacular pouch ; it is crowned with
the scars of the style and calyx. The descending seed, surrounded
by a soft disconnected’ tissue, encloses under its coats a large fleshy

1 According to H. Mout. the pollen is similar
to that of the Betulee. Its spherical granules
open by three pores (Hass. Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist. ix. 558).

2 It is the only portion of the female ses
which exists at tho period of floration.

3 Not formed till much later, near the middle
of spring.

4 Strictly there may be four ovules, two on
each placenta, two of which are sooner or later
arrested in their development. The two ovules
which remain may belong to the same placenta ;
but more frequently they are inserted on sepa-
rate placentz, and correspond each to a different

cell. Very rarely the two persistent ovules are
found inserted on different placente and yet
correspond to one and the same cell.

> They have only one envelope.

* It is often dispermous ; but one of the seeds
is sometimes reduced to small.dimensions.

7 This tissue, originally white and firm, but
which becomes thin and brown in the ripe -
fruit, traversed by a central vertical fascicle,
is not developed in the cavity of the cell of
which it occupies the upper part, it is a hyper-
trophiate layer of the pericarp itself, i.e. of the
floral receptacle,

CASTANEACEL. 227
rectilineal embryo, with thick and oily plano-convex cotyledons and
a short superior radicle. There are some Hazels in which the
foliaceous involucre is much elongated in a tube beyond the fruit;
they have been named Twubo-Avellana;! and others in which the
edges of the large involucre is divided into ramified spinous teeth
resembling the prickles of the Chestnuts; these form <Acantho-
chlamys.? Others again, as C. Davidiana (fig. 174), a species from the
north-east of Asia, have a small fruit, surrounded, besides the sacci-
form membranous involucre, by a rather large exterior bract,
accrescent and cleft within; of these the genus Oséryopsis* has been
formed. Thus constituted, the genus Corylus* comprises eight
species,° natives of the temperate northern regions of both worlds.
They are small trees or shrubs having alternate, penninerved,®
dentate leaves, with a petiole accompanied at its base with two
lateral caducous stipules. The male catkins are
solitary, pendent, or disposed in clusters on the
wood of the branches where they are developed
in winter before the leaves. The female cat-
kins, much shorter, appear somewhat later on
the branches of the preceding year, but likewise Fig. 174. Tetrandrous male
before the leaves, and are at first nearly sessile. Sense
Their very short support is a branch which, during the maturation
of the fruit, is lengthened and finally presents, under the achenes
which terminate it, generally few in number often in pairs, several
alternate leaves similar to those of the other branches.

Beside Corylus are placed the Hornbeams,’ the flowers of which

Corylus Davidiana.

\

1 Sracu, dun, Se. Nat. sér. 2, xvi. 106, sect.
2.—A. DC. Prodr. 133, § 2.

2 Spacu, loc, cit. 108.—A. DC. Prodr. 129.

* Done. Bull. Soc. Bot. de Fr, xx. 155.

ss 1 Avellana (Bavu.—Spacu).

Corytus } ? Tubo-Avellana (Spacu),
sect, 4. 3 Ostryopsis (DcNneE.).
; + Acanthochlamys (Spacu).

5 J. Bau. Hist. i. 270 (Avellana).—Cuvs.
Hist. 11 (Avellana),—L. Hort. Cliff. 448; Spec.
1417,—Arr. Hort. Kew. iii. 364.—Dunam, Arbr.
éd Nouv. iv. 20.—Watr. Fl. Carol. 236.—
Micux. Fl. Bor.-Amer. ii, 201.—Travrv. Ie,
Ross. i. 10, t. 4.—Fiscu. Flora (1884), Beibl. 24.
—Reicus, Ic, 636-638.—Wat.. Pl. Ass. Rar. i.
77, t. 87.—Ree. Veg. Amur. 489.—Bunru, Pi,
Hartweg. n. 1960.—A. Gray, Man, ed. 5, 456,
—Cnarm. Fi, S. Unit. St, 425.—Hanrr. Forst,

Cult. Pf, Deutschl. 217, t. 15-17.—Documaut,
D. Obstkunde, iv. 29.—Gren. et Gopr. Fl. de
Fr. iii. 119.

6 In the bud they are folded longitudinally,
following the principal nervure, and conse-
quently look sidewise to the branch bearing
them.

7 Carpinus T. Inst. 582, t. 348.—L. Gen. n,
1073.—J. Gen, 409.—Guertn, Fruct. ii. 52, t,
89.—Lamx. Dict. i. 707; Suppl. ii. 202; Z72. t.
780.—Scuxvnr, Handb. t. 304.—Spacu, Suit. &
Buffon, xi, 219; Ann. Sc, Nat. sér. 2, xvi. 248,
—Nezs, Gen. ii. 20.—Enpu. Gen, n. 1843.—
Da, Zur Erkiaer. Laubkn. Ament. 15, fig. 13,
14.—Scuacut, Lehrb, ii, 440; Der Baum, t. 4,
fig, 1-9. Paver, Fam. Nat. 164. — A. DC,
Prodr, xyi. sect. ii, 125.

15—2

228 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

are nearly the same, equally moncecious, precocious, and amen-
taccous. The stamens number from three to twenty in the axil of
the bracts of the male catkin (fig. 175) and are formed of a free
slender filament, bifurcate as Y, and an extrorse anther and cell,
surmounting each of the branches, longitudinally dehiscent." In

Carpinus Betulus.

Fig. 176. Female flowering branch. Fig. 179. Fructiferous branch.

the female catkin long and slender (fig. 176), the alternate caducous
bracts correspond to two flowers (fig. 177, 178) which occupy each
the axil of a lateral bract. his, unlike that of the Hazels, persisting
and growing beside the fruit, does not completely envelope it and
remains foliaceous, rigid, trilobed* (fig. 179, 180). The ovary,
surmounted by a small dentate calyx and a style similar to that of
the Nuts, has the same organization and is finally divided into two
cells by two placente at first parietal, each also bearing one or two

1 The summit is ordinarily surmounted bya (Sres. et Zucc. Fl. Jap. Fam. Nat. ii. 102. t. 3;
tuft of hairs. The pollen is similar to that of . —A. DC. Prodr. 127), and which appears to us
Corylus, (H. Mout). ought to form only a section (with sublobate

? The same is the case in C. japonica Bu. cor- fruit) of the genus Carpinus. A kind of small
data Bu. laxiflora Bu. (Mus. Lugd. Bat.i, 308), roundish ligule is seen within the secondary
of which has been made the genus Distegocarpus bracts.

CASTANEACE A. 229

ovules similar to those of Corylus. The fruit is the same, though
in general smaller and less hard, traversed by vertical salient
nervures. In Carpinus Ostrya) and virginiana, of which the genus
Ostrya*® has been formed, the lateral bract, foliaceous like that of
the Hornbeams proper, surrounds the ovary, then the fruit, with a
sort of membranous conical sac, closed, finally covered with very
fine rigid hairs which easily penetrate the skin. In this respect,
these species, all the other characters of which are those of the Horn-
beams, and which, with us, will constitute only a
section of this genus, serve as intermediaries between
Corylus and other species of Carpinus. There are

Cai pinus Betulus,

Fig. 175. Male floriferous
scale (2).

Fig. 177. Female flori-
ferous scale,

Fig. 180, Fruit.

Fig. 178, Female

flower (42).
about ten species‘ of Hornbeams inhabiting the temperate regions of
both worlds. They are trees or shrubs, with alternate, penninerved,
doubly serrate leaves, folded in the bud according to the secondary
nervures,> accompanied at the base with two lateral caducous
stipules.© The male catkins are lateral; and the female terminal.
At the period of fructification, these latter are elongate, pendent
and racemiform (fig. 176).

1 L, Spec. 1417 (as regards European plants),

? Lamx. Dict. i, 700, n. 4.

3 Micueul, Gen, 223, t. 104.—Nexs Gen. i. t.
13.—_Spacu, Suit. & Buffon, xi, 215; Ann. Se.
Nat. sér. 2, xvi. 248.—Enpu. Gen. n, 1842;
Suppl. iv. p. ii. 22.—A. DC. Predr. xvi. p. 2,
124,

4 L. Spec, 1416.—LepeEs. Fl. Ross, iii. 586.
—Watr. Fi. Carol. 286.—Linpu. Wall. Pl. As.
Rar. ii. 4, t. 106,—Reztcus. Ie. t. 633-635.—
Scop. Fl. Carniol. (ed. 1772), n. 1190, t. 60.—
Wars. Dendr, t. 143 (Ostrya), 157.—Mia, Ann.

Mus, Lugd.-Bat. i. 121.—A. Gray, Man. ed. 5,
457,—CuapM. Fi. S. Unit. St. 425.—Gren, et
Gonr. Fi. de Fr. iii. 120.—Watp. Ann. iii. 379.

5 With some authors (A. DC, Prodr, 124) a
character of a tribe of Carpinee of the family of
Corylacee; on the prefoliation see Zucc. Char.
Holzgew, t. 2.—Henry, Act. Nat. Cur. xxii. p.
i. t. 29.

6 On the supernumerary germination of Car-
pinus Betulus, see Viaup-GranpMarals, Bull
Soc. Bot. de Fr, vii. 839,

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

w
qe
o

III. OAK SERIES.

The flowers of the Oaks! (fig. 181-188) are monecious and
arranged in spikes. ‘Those bearing male flowers (fig. 181, 183) have
a slender axis, often pendent, and alternate bracts, in the axil of

Quercus Robur.

Fig, 185. Female
flower (3).

gt D
Pe)

@

Fig. 188. Seed. Fig. 181. Floriferous branch. Fig. 186. Long. sect. of
, female flower.
which are the flowers, solitary or collected in glomerules. They
are often pentamerous; but the calyx may have a smaller number of
divisions, generally united below, or a greater number,” and they
are imbricate or valvate in prefloration. The andrecium is often
formed of stamens equal in number and superposed to the sepals;
but an equal number, or less, of alternate stamens. Finally, the
number of pieces of the andreecium may descend to three or four or

2 Quercus T. Inst. 582, t. 349.—L. Gen, (ed. Nat. 164.—A, DC. Seem. Journ. Bot. (1863), 182
1), 726.—J. Gen. 410, 452.—Gzrtn. Fruct.i.t. Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 4, xviii, 49; Prodr. xvi. sect.
37.—Lamx. Dict. i. 715; Suppl. ii. 209; Wt. ii. 2—Tlex T. Inst. 683, t. 350.—Suber T. Inst.
779.—Scuxuur, Handb. t. 301,302.—Nezs, Gen. 584.—Synedris Linpu. Introd. (ed. 2), 441.—
ii, 28,.—Spacu, Suit. 4 Buffon, xi. 145.—Enpu. —_Lithocarpus Bu. Bijdr. 626; Fl. Jav, fasc. 13, 34,
Gen, n. 1845; Suppl. iv. p. ii. 24—Scuacut, +, 20.—Enpr. Gen: n. 1846.

Beitr. i. 36, t. 3; Der Baum, t. 8.—Payer, Fam. 2 To a dozen.

CASTANE ACE, 231

rise to fifteen. All are formed of a free slender filament, inserted in
the centre of a floral receptacle, rarely under a rudimentary gyne-
cium, and of an exserted, bilocular, extrorse anther, dehiscing by
two longitudinal clefts.| The female catkin (fig. 184) is ordinarily
thicker, more rigid and bearing a smaller number of flowers.2 They
have a gourd-like receptacle, with a neck more or less elongate, and
the cavity of which entirely shelters the inferior ovary (fig. 185, 186),

Quercus Robur.

Fig. 184. Female inflorescence. Fig. 183. Male inflorescence. Fig. 187. Fruit.

whilst its superior opening bears a calyx often having six® divisions
imbricate in two series, more rarely a lower or higher number.*
The ovary is surmounted by a style with three branches of variable
form,® often thickened, dilated and obtuse at their stigmatiferous
extremity, entire or slightly lobed. It encloses three® cells, more or
less incomplete, either above or below, containing each two colla-
teral, descending ovules, more or less completely anatropous, with
micropyle exterior and superior.’ The ovary is, at its base, sur-
rounded to a variable height by a cupule entirely covered externally
with bractlike prominences of very variable dimensions (fig. 185,
186), not unfrequently nearly smooth or traversed by folds or wrinkles
nearly horizontal or oblique.® This cupule persists thickening and
hardening around the fruit (fig. 187) which it may even completely

1 The pollen is “round; threefold; in water one or more sterile or fertile stamens, either
three linear bands” (H. Mout, Ann. Se. Nat. within or without the perianth

sér, 2, iii. 312). 5 Rarely linear, erect (see p. 233).
2 Not unfrequently two or even a single one. § Sometimes two or four.
3 From four to nine. 7 With double coat.

4 Here and there are abnormal flowers with 8 The’ morphological signification of this

233 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

envelope,! and which is an achene, the acorn, inserted by a large, scar-
like surface at the bottom of its cupule,? from which finally it gene-
rally separates,’ and surmounted by the remains of the superior calyx
and styles. Ordinarily it encloses only a single fertile descending
seed (fig. 188), accompanied, at a very variable point of its height,*
by five other seeds, small and sterile, and containing under its coats
a large fleshy embryo, destitute of albumen, with thick plano-convex
cotyledons, sometimes smooth and sometimes more or less wrinkled
or ruminated externally, and a short superior radicle, partly or en-
tirely concealed by the prolonged base of the cotyledons.

There are Oaks in all parts of the northern hemisphere, both old and
new world, and some inhabit tropical regions. They are trees, rarely
of low elevation, with alternate leaves persistent or falling in winter,
accompanied by two lateral caducous stipules. The limb? is penni-
nerved, entire or more or less deeply cut, longitudinally plicate in
prefloration, and at first enveloped in buds with imbricate scales,
formed by the stipules® (fig. 182). The inflorescences, ordinarily
unisexual, sometimes have female flowers at the base and males in
their upper portion, which are early detached. ‘The male catkins,
pendent or erect, rise from the axil of the inferior leaves of the
young branches or of the bracts which replace them at this level,
oftener from lateral aphyllous or few-leaved buds. The female cat-

cupule, formerly considered as formed of bracts a character noted by Micuaux, in his Histoire

united together to a variable height, has been

much discussed. It is now pretty well agreed

as to the axile nature of the body of the cupule
itself, which Scwacur calls a disk and Payer a
fold of the peduncle. We may, however, hesi-
tate as to the nature of the prominences it bears
and which often, by their form and anatomic
structure, closely approximate to foliaceous
organs, but which, by the same characters (the
value of which is insignificant), and also by
their tardy appearance on the body itself of
the cupule, may appear equally comparable to
prickles.

1 There are species in which it divides supe-
riorly at maturity.

2 To which it sometimes adheres in its lower
part.

3 The fruit is matured sometimes in the year
and sometimes, after a long repose, in the fol-
lowing year.
(1857), 445, 501; dmv. Sc. Nat. sér. 4, vi. 228) ;

(J. Gay, Bull, Soc. Bot. de Fr..

des Chénes, in 1801, and which has served to
distinguish certain species, The biennial ma-
turing is, perhaps, owing to defect of fecunda-
tion in the first year.

+ Sometimes near the base, as in Q. Robur,
sometimes between the buse and the middle, as
in Q. Suber, more frequently near the summit.
(A. DC. Biblioth. Univ. Gen. (Oct. 1862) ; Ann.
Sc. Nat. sér. 4, xviii. 49.),

® When young, like many other parts, it is
covered with stellate or fasciculate hairs, with
some solitary, or ordinarily caducous, or cou-
tracted in adult age (A. DG.).

6 Dat, Zur LErklaer. d. Laubkn. Ament.
(1848) ; #’. Bad. ii. (on the morphological cha-
racter of the cupule).—Henry, Nov. Act, Nat. Cur,
EXxii. p. i. 337, t. 22—H. Maun (Morphol. Unter-
such, ueb. d. Liche (1862), Cassel, in-4) has es-
tablished the disposition of the bracts of the
bud and the leaves in our indigenous species, the
nervation of the leaves, etc.

CASTANEACEZ.

233

kins terminated by a flower or by a small number of abortive
flowers, spring from the axils of the superior leaves or terminal buds,
In this genus, for more than an age, a number of species have been
described, doubtless too large, viz.,1 more than four hundred ;? it may

be reduced by about one-third.

The Oaks can scarcely be distinguished generically from the Ches¢-
nuts® (fig. 189-198), trees of the sume countries, the moncecious

flowers of which are collected in slender and elongate catkins.

The

catkins which spring from the axils of the lower leaves are composed

1M. A. Canpouzs divides it into six sections:
1. Lepidobalanus (EnDu. Gen. Suppl. iv. p. ii.
24 ;—Robur, Cerroides, Erythrobalanos, Gallifera,
Suber, Coceifera Spacu, Suit. & Buffon, xi. 148;
Esculus, Ilex J. Gay). Cupule open, superior,
covered with imbricate scales. Male flowers
without rudimentary gynewcium, with hairs in-
terually. Catkins slender. Male calyx often ir-
regular.—2. Androgyne (A. D@. Not. Nouv. Car.
93 Prodr, 81;—Lepidobalanus Enpu, .(part.).
Cupule and male fl. as in preced. sect. Gyna-
cium rud. 0, Divisions of style (3-6) linear,
divergent.—Female flower spikes axillary basi-
lar, with caducous male flowers at top. Matu-
ration biennial (Q. densiflora Hoox. and ARN.).—
3. Pasania (Mig. Fu. Ind.- Bat. i. 480; Ann. Mus,
Lugd.-Bat. i. 108; A. DC. Not, Nouv. Car. 4;
—Lepidobalanus Envu. (part.); — Benru. Fi.
Hongk. 320), Cupule as in preced. sect. Gyna-
cium rud. globular in male flower. Male calyx
regular. Androecium diplostemonous. Catkins
erect; three bracts under flower or glomerules.
—4. Cyclobatanus (ENDL. loc. eit, ;—Gyrolecana
Bu. Mus. Lugd.-Bat.i. 299. Cupule open super.,
covered externally with circular wrinkles, con-
centric or subspiral, or with folds entire or den-
tilate. Gynecium rud. in male fl.—5. Chlamy-
dobalanus' (Envi. Gen. Suppl. iv. p. ii, 28;—
Castaneopsis Bu Mus. Lugd.-Bat. i. 228 (not
Don) ; — Eneleisocarpon Mia.). Cupule enve-
loping all the glands, often unequally divided,
covered with salient verticillate and concentric
folds. Gynecium rud. in diplostemonous male
fi. Spikes unisexual or androgynous with female
flower inferior.—6. Lithocary-us (Bu. Bijdr, 526 ;
Fl. Jav. Cupul. 34, t. 20;—Mie. Ann. Mus.
Lugd.-Bat, i. 106, 108;—A. DC. Prodr. 104,
sect..6. Cupule thick coriaceous with external
oblique not numerous wrinkles or folds, infe-
riorly united within to the gland, which, to a
smaller extent, is free above. Fruit osseous.
Male flower and inflorescence, as in sects. 4
and 6.

2%, Spec, 1412.—Tuvns, Fl. Jup. 178.—

Watt. Fl. Carol. 234.—W. in Act. Berol, iii.
396.—Art. Hurt. Kew. iii. 356.—Sxconpat,
Mém. Hist. Nat. Chén, (1785).—Micux. Hist.
Nat, Chén, Amer, (1801). — Micux. F. Arbr.
Amer. iii—Bosc. Journ. Hist. Nat, ii. 319.—
Tren. Cat, Hort. Nap. 1819), 65.—H. B. Plant.
Aiquin, 24, t. 75-96.—Bu. Bijdr. 618; Fi, Jav.
fase. 18, 14 (Cupulif.), t. 1.—19,20 (Lithocarpus) ;
Mus, Lugd.-Bat i, 296.—Don. Prodr. Fl. Nepal.
57.—Roxz. Hort. Beng. 113; Fl. Ind. iii. 634.—
Lour, Fl. Cochinch. (ed. 1790), 571.—Sa. Rees
Cyclop. n. 20, 23,—Hoox. Fl. Bor.- Amer. ii, 159 ;
Icon. t.380, 403.—Guss. Fi, Sic. ii, 604.—Brennp.
Trees of Tllin, 20,—Liznm. Eyes. 12.—Bonplan-
dia, iti. 38, 52.—Manrr. et Gan. Bull. Brus. x.
n, 3.—Cuam. et Scunrt, Linnea (1830), 78.—
Bentu. P!. Hartweg. 65, 90, 348; Fl. Hongk.
321.—Hoox, and Arn. Beech. Vog. Bot. 394.—
Wancenn. Amer, 78.—Torr. Sitgrave. Exp.
Zuni, 178, t. 19.—A. Gray, Bot, Mém. 406;
Man. ed. 5, 450.—Cuarm. Fi. §. Unit. St, 420,—
A. Ricu. #/. Cub. t. 73.—Nexs, Ken. et Sims
Ann. Bot. ii. 100.—Ketxoe, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii.
36.—C. Gay, FU. Chil, v. 396.—Suum. Voy. He-
raid. Bot. 251, 333.—Korru. Verh, Nat. Gesch.
Bot. 208.--Mia. Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. p. i. 844.—
Hance, Hook, Journ. (1849), 176; Ann. Se. Nat.
sér. 4, xviii. 229.—Bexr, Lum. 61.—Jaup. et
Spacu, Il. Pl. Or. i. 108, t. 54-58.—Fiscu. et
Muy. Hohen. Enum. Talyseh. 29.—C. A. Mey.
Verz, Pf. Cauc. 44.—Kortscuy, Hich. Europ,
und Or, (1858-62).—Srev. Vers. Tour. Halb.
307.—C. Kocu, Linnea, xxii. 319, 328.—Linpu.
Past. Fl. Gard, i. 69, t. 37.—Pacu, Enum. Pi.
Cypr. 12.—Wesr, It, Hisp, 10.—Sant1, Viag.
Tose. 1. 156, t 3.—Carnuru. Journ. Linn. Soc.
vi. 32.—Gren, et Gopr. 7. de Fr. iii. 115.

3 Castanea T. Inst. 584, t. 352.—Garrn,
Fruct.i, 181, t. 87.—Lamx, Diet. i. 708; Suppl.
ii. 208; ZU. t. 782, fig. 1.—Turp. Dict. Se. Nat.
Atl. t. 304, 305.—Nexs, Gen. ii. 25,—Spacu,
Suit. d Buffon, xi, 186.—ENpL. Gen. n. 1848;
Suppl. iv. p. ii 29.—A.DC. Prdr. xvi. sect. ii.
113.

234 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

only of male flowers; those from the upper axils are androgynous,
with female flowers in the axil of their inferior bracts,’ and higher

Castanea vulgaris,

Fig. 190. Male
flower (+).

Fig. 196. Median
achene, front
view.

Fig. 189, Floriferous branch, Fig. 19%. Lateral Fig. 198. Long. sect.
achene. of achene.

than the males, often arrested in their development. The flowers of
the two sexes are united in glomerules, sometimes reduced to one
flower. In the male flower, very analogous to that of the Oaks, the
sepals, generally six in number, imbricate in two series, surround a
diplostemonous or triplostemonous andreecium. The stamens have a

1 These bracts are ordinarily larger and thicker than those of the male flowers.

CASTANEACEZ. 235

free exserted filament and a small bilocular extrorse anther dehiscing
by two longitudinal clefts. In the female glomerules, surrounded
by a common involucre, covered with bracts and prickles,! there are
at adult age one, or oftener three fertile flowers,? the receptacle of

Castanea vulgaris,

Fig. 193. Female flower (4).

Fig. 191. Androgynous
inflorescence.

Fig. 194, Long. sect. of
* female flower.

which has the form of an elongated gourd. Its cavity is filled by
the ovary, whilst its margins support six biseriate and imbricate
sepals and a variable number® of sterile epigynous stamens.* The
ovary is surmounted by six simple stylary branches, stigmatiferous
above and within, corresponding to an equal number of incomplete
and biovulate cells. The collateral ovules® are descending, more
or less completely anatropous, with micropyle superior and exterior.’
The fruit (fig. 195-198) is an achene crowned with a scar, some-

1 The bracts are those of the inflorescence in
a biparous cyme and are displaced at adult age.
The prickles are of the same nature as the
scales on the upper portion of the cupule of the
Oaks; and it is absolutely necessary to distin-
guish these two kinds of organs one from the
other.

2In ©. vulgaris (vesca), there are at first
seven flowers belonging to three successive
generations; but those of the third generation
early become ‘abortive. They are sometimes
developed just at the end and may then be males.

3 They may equal the sepals in number and
in that case belong to two series; there are, for

-example, three large and three small more

interior.

4 Here and there they become fertile. When
even they are destitute of pollen, the filament
and anther are ordinarily distinct at adult age.

5 The elements of the gynzcium appear also
to belong to two different verticils, and there
are often three interior carpels, rather smaller
than the exterior with which they alternate.

6 Their appearance is late, as in the Betulee,
the Corylee and the Oaks.

7 Their coat is double (J.G. Aa. Theor.
Syst. Plant. t. 13, fig. 10, 11).

236 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

times with the remains of the perianth and styles, and inserted, to
the number of one to three, by a large basilar surface, in the interior
of a closed globular accrescent involucre, covered externally with
bracts, which are seen in the female inflorescence, and, besides, with
rigid prickles, simple or ramified at the summit,’ primarily disposed
over four equidistant
areas, having at first
nearly the form of an
isosceles triangle with
superior apex: and sepa-
rated from each other, at
their bases, by groups of
bracts which finally con-
ceal them at maturity.
At maturity, the involu-
cre opens above in four
pannels and allows the
achenes to escape. Each of these contains one fertile seed,? the
embryo (fig. 198) of which, destitute of albumen, has thick farina-
ceous cotyledons, externally waved or ruminant, sometimes deeply,
and a superior radicle concealing the base of the cotyledons. The
Chestnuts proper are trees of the northern hemisphere. There are
probably only two species,*? one American, the other, with numerous
forms and variations, spread over the temperate regions of North
America, Asia, Africa, and Europe. The leaves, caducous, are
alternate,* penninerved, dentate, plicate in vernation according to the
principal and lateral nervures,°® accompanied at the base of the petiole
by two lateral stipules which fall early. But it appears impossible

Castanea vulgaris,

Fig. 192. Female
glomerule (4).

Fig. 195. Compound fruit.

1 The lower division, longer than the others,
has been considered as representing a modified
leaf (A. DC. Prodr. 114) in the axil of which
should be placed the others shorter and variable
in number.

2 Accompanied near the summit by from
two to twelve other seeds sterile and rudimen-
tary, of which one or two here and there may
become fertile.

3 L. Spee. 1416 (Fagus).—Tuunn. Fi. Jap.
195 (Fagus).—Dunam. Arbr, éd. 2, iii, 66, t.
19.—Lovup. Arbr. 912, f. 1707, 1708.—Rarin.
N, Sylv. 82.—Micux. Arbr. Amer. i. 166, t. 7.—

Wancennu. Nordam. Holz. t.47.—Catess. Carol.
1, t. 9.— Eu. A Sketch, ii. 614.—Nurr. Gen, ii.
217.—A. Gray, Man. éd. 5, 454.—Cuapm. Fi,
S. Unit. St. 424, —Ber. Enum. n. 347, 349.—
Bu. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. i. 285.—Sten. et Zucc.
Fl, Jap. Fam. n. 189, 710.—Benru. Fl. Hongk.
319.—Mie. Ann. Mus. Lvgd.-Bat. i, 121.—
Gren. et Goor. Fi. de Fr. iii. 115,

4 Disposed according to the fraction 2, or
sometimes distichous (Dati, 77. Bad. ii. 542).

> Henry, N, Act. Nat. Cur, xxii. p. i. t. 28.
Deir, Zur Erklaer, d. Laubkn. Ament. 26,
fig. 21,

,

CASTANEACEA. 237

to separate from this genus, otherwise than as a section, C. chry-
sophylla,' a Californian species, and a certain number of species of
tropical and subtropical Asia, such as C. indica, javanica, and about
ten others,? of which the genus Castanopsis’ has been made, and
which, intimately connecting the Oaks and the true Chestnuts, differ
only from the latter in the number of cells in their ovary, reduced
to three. Sometimes the involucre of the fruit, dehiscent or indehis-
cent, is covered with numerous crowded prickles, inserted apparently, |
in the adult stage, over the entire extent of its surface; and some-
times, as in C. sumatrana, type of a genus Calleocarpus,* the prickles
are conical and spread regularly over three prominent surfaces or
form horizontal or oblique series. In these species the leaves are
sometimes entire and sometimes dentate. Thus constituted,’ the
genus Castanea comprises seventeen or eighteen speciés.®

The Beeches’ (fig. 199-206) were formerly included in the same
genus as the Chestnuts. They have their monecious flowers. The
males are formed of a gamosepalous subcampanulate calyx, divided
above into a number of lobes varying from four to nine, and of an
equally variable number (six to eight) of stamens, with a free slender
exserted filament in the centre of the flower, and a bilocular extrorse
anther dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts.? The female flowers, in
number from one to three, are enclosed in a common four-lobed
involucre covered externally with projections of very variable form,
sometimes foliaceous, sometimes representing superposed layers more
or less deeply cut, or again, as in our common beech, having the
appearance of long and slightly rigid prickles, at least in the upper

‘Hoox. Journ. of Bot. (1843), 496; Bot.
Mag. t. 4953,

2Forming the sect. Zucastanopsis A. DC.
(Prodr, xvi. sect. ii. 109).

3 Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 56 (Quercus sect. not
Bu.).—Spracu, Suit. & Buffon, xi. 185.—A. DC.
Seem. Journ, of Bot. (1863), 128 ; Prodr. loc. cit.

4 Mie. Pl. Jungh.i. 13; Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. 868.
(part.); Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. i. 118.—A. DC.
Prodr. 112.

5 1 Eucastanea.

CAsTANEA | 2 Castanopsis (Don).
sect, 3. 5 Call@ocarpus (Mra.).

6 See p. 233, note 3. Rox. Fi. Ind. iti. 643.
—Bu. Bijdr. 525; Fl. Jav. 42, t. 22.

« Fagus T. Inst. 584, t. 351.—L. Gen. (ed. 1),
n. 728 (part.).— Lam. Diet, iti, 125 ; Suppl. iii.

49 Ill. t. 782.—Gartn. Fruct. i. 182, t. 37.—
Ness, Gen. ii. 24, Mins. Mém. Mus. xiv. t.
23-26.—Sracu, Suit. d Buffon, xi. 194-—Envt.
Gen. n. 1847; Suppl. iv. p. ii, 29.—Parzr,
Fam. Nat. 165.—A. DO. Prodr. xvi. sect. ii.
117.—Calusparassus Hompr, et. Jacavin. Voy.
au Péle Sud. Bot. Phanér. t. 6 3,7 T, 8 ¥.—
Calucechinus Homsn. et Jacautn. loc. cit. t. 6 ©,
7 Z, 8 11.—Nothofagus Bu. Mus. Lugd.-Bat, i. 306.
—Lophozonia Turcz. Bull. Mose, (1858), i.

8 Here and there they are hermaphrodite,
with some epigynous stamens, sterile or fertile
(Scuinzu. Bot. Zeit, (1850), t. 745, t. 8, fig. 1).

9 According to H. Moun (Ann. Se. Nat. sér.
2, iii., 312), the pollen is “spherical; three
narrow bands, with large umbilica surrounded
by a narrow halo. Fagus sylvatica.”

238 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

dorsal portion and the margins of the lobes of the involucre, for
towards the base we find more or less foliaceous bracts.' Hach
flower is composed of an inferior, triangular ovary, with three cells

Fagus sylvatica.

Fig. 199. Male floriferous branch. Fig. 201. Long. sect.

of male flower.

Fig. 202. Female flower. Fig. 204. Young fruit in Fig. 203. Long. sect. of
: involucre. female flower.

separated by thick partitions,? from the internal angle of which? de-
scend .two collateral anatropous ovules, with micropyle directed
upwards and outwards.* The style is divided, nearly from its base,
into three simple elongate slender (fig. 202, 203), or oftener
short and thick® (fig. 205, 206) branches,® covered within and above

1 Transformed even into small leaves on cer-
tain abnormal involucres of the common Beech.

2 Their transverse section has the form of an
isosceles triangle with apex interior.

3 When this thickened angle separates, at a
certain age, from the rest of the partitions, the
placenta appears almost centrally free.

4 With double envelope.

5 In those of the species of the sect. Eufagus
(A. DC. Frodr. 118 ;—Fagus Bu. Mus. Lugd.-Bat.
i. 306) which inhabit the northern hemisphere
notably in our common Beech.

6 In the species of the same section which
belong to the southern hemisphere.

CASTANEACEE.. 239

with stigmatic papilla. It is surrounded by a superior calyx of six
biseriate, imbricate folioles, ordinarily persistent to the summit of
the fruit. The latter is dry, tri-
angular, with the angles often pro-
duced to narrow rigid vertical wings.
It is enclosed either alone or with
two or three others, in an accrescent,
woody involucre, covered externally
with projections variable in size,
form and consistence, and finally
opening in its upper part by four
vertical clefts. In each achene is
found one seed? the embryo of which,
destitute of albumen, has a superior
radicle, partly covered by the base of
the cotyledons,? mostly fleshy, often
folded back upon themselves.s The Beeches are trees or shrubs
growing in the temperate or nearly cold regions of both hemispheres.‘
Some attain great dimensions and resemble, in this respect, our
common Beech; whilst those which in great number inhabit the
cold regions of the western coast of the most southern parts of South
America are often, in all their parts, reduced to the humblest dimen-
sions. The leaves are alternate, caducous’ or persistent, penninerved,
generally dentate, convex in the bud and often plicate along the
lateral nervures,’ and accompanied by two lateral caducous stipules.
The flowers are precocious, generally axillary, sometimes solitary
and sometimes grouped at the summit of a common peduncle, in a
sort of capitule or short spike. Some fifteen species have been
described.®

Fagus betulatdes.

Fig. 206. Long.
sect. of female
flower.

Fig. 205. Female
flower (4).

1 Accompanied by abortive seeds. Duuam. Arbr. ed. 2, if, 80, t. 24, —Micux.

? Epigeous, foliaceous, in germination.

3 They are probably flat in many small-leaved
species ef the northern hemisphere. (J. Hoox.
Fi, Antarct. ti, 128).

4 Except in Africa.

> In sect. Lufagus (page 238, note 5).

6 In sect. Nothafagus (A. DC. Prodr. 121).

7 Henay, Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. xxii. p. i. t. 29.
The lateral nervures terminate in the hollows
between the teeth of the limb or even at the
teeth themselves. (A. DC. Mém. Genéve (1864),
doe, cit.).

8 Forsr. Comm. Getting. ix. 45 (Betula).—

Arbo. Amér. ti. 74, t. 9.—Scuxuur, Handd. t.
303.—Loup. Encyel. 907.—Hoox. Journ. Bot.
ii. 147; Icon. t. 630, 631.—Wancenu. Norda-
mer. Holz. 80, fig, 65.—Retcus. Ic. Fl, Germ. t.
639.—Stus. Bat. Verh. xii. 25.—Pappr. et Enpu,
Nov. Gen, et Spec, ii, 68, t. 195-198.—Hoox. r.
Fil. Antarct. ii. 346, t. 128, 124; Fl. Tasm. i.
348; Fl. N.-Zel. i, 229; Man. N.-Zeal. Fl. 249.
~+-Bentu. Fi. Austral. v. 209.—C, Gay, Fi. Chil.
v. 887.— Puiu. Linnea, xxix. t. 45—A. Gray,
Man, ed. 5, 455.—Cuarm. Fl. 8. Unit, St. 424.
—Gren, et Gopr. Fl. de Fr. iii, 114.—Watr.
Ann, i. 686; vii. 639 Lophozonia).

240 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

IV.? BALANOPS SERIES.
In this genus, the place of which is somewhat doubtful, the flowers

Balanops Vieillardi.

Fig. 208. Male catkin. Fig. 207. Fructiferous branch. Fig. 213. Long. sect. of fruit.

are regular and diccious. The males are naked and disposed in

OASTANEACEZ. 241

slender catkins (fig. 298), on which they are alternate, nearly sessile,
or on a short pedicel, frequently bearing their small axillant bract
(fig. 209). Each represents a small bundle of stamens, the number

Balanops Vieillardi.

Fig. 211. Long. sect. of female flower (4). Fig. 212. Gynecium.

of which varies from two to a dozen, each having a very short erect
filament, and a bilocular introrse anther dehiscing by two longitu-
dinal clefts. In the female flower (fig. 210), sessile on the trunk
and branches, there are a great many unequal, imbricate, rigid
folioles, covered with hair's, which are the parts, either of a calyx,
or of an involucre, and, internally, a free gynecium (fig. 212), the
hard conical ovary of which contracts abruptly at the base to a
portion with soft coat, and at the summit is produced into two
stylary branches, themselves soon bifurcated in two long linear
lobes, subulate, exserted, sinuous and covered internally with

VOy.. VI. : 16

242 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

stigmatic papille. The cavity of the ovary is divided by narrow
parietal partitions into two very incomplete cells, to each of which
‘correspond two ascending anatropous ovules, inserted near the .base
and supported by a funicle of very variable length,’ the dilated
summit of which forms an obturator to the exterior and inferior
micropyle (fig. 211). The fruit (fig. 207, 213), above which
persist the withered baselar folioles,? forming a sort of cupule similar
to that of the Oak (whence the name Balanops’*), is an ovoid berry,
with thin coat, membranous endocarp, often not very distinct, the
two cells of which, more or less complete, enclose each one or two
nearly erect seeds. The latter, under their integuments, contain an
erect embryo, with short inferior radicle, thick cotyledons, nearly
elliptical, greenish, and surrounded by a thin, often membranous,
layer of fleshy albumen. Balanops consists of trees or shrubs, the
simple or oftener little ramified stems of which bear above leaves
almost sessile, simple, penninerved, coriaceous, entire or slightly
dentilate, alternate and sometimes collected at the end, presenting
the appearance of pairs or verticils. The male inflorescences and
the female flowers proceed from a scaly bud borne by the axes in the
interval of the leaves. Six or seven species of this genus are known,
all natives of New Caledonia.

V.? LEITNERIA SERIES.

Leitneria * (fig. 214—216) has amentaceous and dicecious flowers.
The catkins bear a large number of alternate bracts, at first imbricate.
In the axil of each bract of the male catkins are found stamens,
varying in number from two or three to ten,® the free and erect fila-
ments of which support each a bilocular introrse anther, dehiscing by
two longitudinal clefts. The stamens are quite naked or surrounded
at the base by some unequal bracts, sometimes united so as to form
a sort of small perianth. The same may be the case in the female
catkins, where these bracts (?) ordinarily attain even a greater

1 In the same cell there are ordinarily one
shorter, straight, and another much longer,
often a little sinuous. :

2 Which gives it an external resemblance to
an acorn, though here the fruit is superior, It
is crowned with the remains of the style; its
colour is ordinarily that of a dried jujube.

3-H. By, Adansonia, x. 117, 387.

4 Cuapm, Fl. 8. Unit. St. 426.—C. DC. Prodr.
xvi. sect. ii, 164.—Hoox. F. Icon, n. sér. 1.33,
t. 1044.

5 Very often there are half a dozen. It is
ordinarily in the flowers at the summit that the
number may be reduced to two or three.

CASTANEACEZ:. 248

development. The gynecium is formed of a single carpel, the
ventral suture of which is opposite the axis of the catkin, and its
unilocular ovary is surmounted by a long style, papillous and stig-

Leitneria floridanea,

Fig. 215. Long. sect. of female

Fig. 214, Male flower (4). inflorescence (f).

matic on its entire internal surface, whilst its summit turns out-
wards.? In the internal angle of the ovary, a parietal placenta
supports a single descending ovule, incompletely anatropous,?
with micropyle directed upwards and outwards. The fruit
is an oblong drupe, the exocarp of which is of little thickness,
coriaceous, and its hard putamen encloses a descending seed, with
thin albumen, covering a straight embryo with short superior radicle
and greenish fleshy plano-convex cotyledons. LL. floridana Cuarm.,
the only known species of this genus, inhabits the marshes of the

1 Here and there are female flowers with one thick margins of which are reflexed and papil-

or more fertile stamens within this false calyx. lous.
2 Tt is traversed by ~ vertical furrow, the 3 « Amphitropous.” (CHarM.)

16—2

244 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

southern United States. It is a shrub the leaves of which remind
us of those of the Willows and Chestnuts; they are alternate,
petiolate, accompanied by lateral stipules; oblong, pointed, penni-
nerved, entire, tomentose beneath. The flowers dévelop before
them, on the wood of the branches where the catkins occupy the
axil of the fallen leaves. The stamens are somewhat raised with
the contracted base of the axillant bracts.’

VI. MYRICA SERIES.

The flowers are equally amentaceous in the Myrece? (fig. 217—
225), and are likewise destitute of a true perianth; most generally,

Myrica Gale.

Fig 223. Long. sect. of fruit.

Fig. 217. Young male floriferous Fig. 221. Long. sect. Fig. 220. Female
branch. of female flower. flower (§).

as in the indigenous species, Myrica Gale L. (fig. 217—223), they
are dicecious and borne on simple catkins. In this species, in the

Fig. 219. Female
catkin (9).

1 Here perhaps will be placed the genus
Didymeles Dur.-Tu, doubtfully referred by us
to the Zanthoxylee (Hist. des Plant..iv. 392,
note 1), and which with C. De Canporie
(Prodr, xvii. 292), as with Metssner (Gen.
Comm. 256) is perhaps a Myrica. Its carpels,

grouped in pairs face to face, are organized like
those of Leitneria, but its stamens are also in
pairs on the common axis of the catkin facing
each other,

2 Myrica L. Gen. ed. 1, n. 746 (part.).—J.
Gen, 409, 453,—Gartn. Fruct. i. 190, t. 39.—

CASTANEACE LE. 245

‘axil of each scale of the male catkin, are found stamens, varying
from two to five in number (fig. 218) ; but most frequently there are
four, one anterior, one posterior, and two lateral. The filaments

are free except quite at the base, where they are monadelphous, and
the anthers are bilocular, introrse, and dehiscent by two longitudinal
clefts."

Myrica Gale.

In the female catkia (fig. 219), the axil of each scale is
occupied by a sessile flower, accompanied by
two lateral bracts.* Otherwise the gynecium
is naked, aud composed of a unilocular ovary,
surmounted by a style almost immediately
divided into two long subulate branches, pri-
marily anterior and posterior,> and covered
with red stigmatic papilla. In the interior
of the ovarian cell is inserted at the base an
ovule, which appears erect, and is ortho-
tropous, that is to say its micropyle is superior.* When this ovary
becomes a drupaceous fruit, with mesocarp slightly fleshy, and
epicarp covered with glandular and resinous projections, the two
lateral bracteoles, in this species persistent, form, as it were, two
thick marginal wings (fig. 222, 223). The seed, erect, contains
under its coat, a fleshy embryo, destitute of albumen, with superior
radicle and thick plano-convex cotyledons. M. Gale, of which a
distinct genus has been made,® is a small odorous shrub,. living
socially in the marshes of temperate Europe and North America.
Its leaves are alternate, simple, serrulate, penninerved, without
stipules. The catkins occupy the axils of the leaves of the preceding
year (fig. 217), and the flowers bloom in the spring before the leaves.
of the year have attained their full development.

In M. asplenifolia (fig. 224, 225), of which the genus Comptonia®
has been made, the leaves are pinnatifid, accompanied by stipules
(wanting in other species of the genus), and in the axil of the lateral

Fig. 218. 5-androus male
flower.

Lamx. Diet. ii. 592; Suppl. ii. 696 ; Iv. t. 809. with large haloes.” (H. Mout, Aun. Se. Nat.

—Scuxuur, Handb. t. 322.—Torp. Diet. Sc. Nat.
Atl. t, 298.—Nuzxs, Gen. fasc. 3, tab.—Spacu,
Suit. & Buffon, xi. 260.—Enpu, Gen. n. 1839
(part.).—C. DC. Prodr. xvi. sect. ii. 147 (incl. :
Comptonia Banus, Faya Wess, Gale J. Bavu.
Nageia Gmrtn.).

1 The pollen is “ flattened, ellipsoid, some-
what triangular; three small pores at the angles,

sér. 2, iti, 312.). ;

? They may be transformed to stamens or
bear a stamen in their axil.

3 Later they become lateral.

+ There is only one ovular envelope.

5 GaleJ.Baun. Hist. ii, 223.—Spacu, loc, cit.258,

* Banxs, Gertn, Fruct, li. 68, t. 90.—Spacu,
loc, ext. 264.

246 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

bracts there is a rudimentary flower very imperfectly developed, and
sometimes described as a gland or bud. In many American and
Cape species, the female flower is surrounded by three or four
bracteoles, sometimes resembling a small calyx. These appendages
may also be observed around the

base of the stamens, as in M. ‘
nagi,’ a Japanese plant, and in )
many Mexican and Columbian

species. In some others from

the same countries, and in M.
Chthiopica, the flowers are
monescious, and those of the ()
two sexes are found united in

the same catkin. In such case, Fig. 225. Long. sect. Fig. 224. Female flower
the males, in goodly number, of female flower. with bracts (4).
occupy the lower portion of the axis of the inflorescence and
its ramifications, and the females the summit. The latter,
however, is simple; whilst in the Asiatic species, and in M. Faya,
a plant of the Canaries, Madeira, the Azores, and the Spanish
peninsula, for which it has also been proposed to establish a
distinct genus,” the male catkins are compound, and represent each
one of the divisions, sometimes pretty numerous, of a ramified
cluster. The male flowers are not, as in many other sections of the
genus, accompanied by bracteoles. The genus Myrica includes
about thirty-five species,* and inhabits all parts of the world, chiefly
the temperate regions.

This family, still perhaps heterogeneous with the limits here
assigned to it, was still more so till recently. It was established by
ApANsoN, in 1763, under the family name of Castanee.t With him
it comprised only three sections, of which the first only corresponds

Myrica (Camptonia) asplenifolia,

1 Type of the g. Nageia (Gmrrn. Fruct. i. ii, 166, t. 166 (Comptonia).—A. Ricu. Tent. Fi,

191, t. 89, fig. 8).

2 Faya Wess, Phyt. Canar. iii. 372,

3 L, Spec. 1418 (Liguidambar), 1453 ; Mantiss.
298.—Tuuns. Fl. Jap. 76; Fl. Cap. (ed. Scu.),
158, 158.—W. Spec. 746.—Jace. Ic. Rar. t. 625;
Fragm. ii. t.1, fig. 4.—Dunam. Arbr. ed. 2, t.
55, 56.—H. B. K. Nov. Gen, et Spee. ii. 17, t. 98.
—Mirs. Mém. Mus. xiv. t. 27, 28.—Mtcux.
Fl, Bor.-Amer. ii. 620.—Bu. Biydr. 517; Fl. Jav.
Myrie.—Att. Hort. Kew, iii. 396.—Roxs. Fl.
Ind. (ed. 1832), iii. 765.—Wau. Tent. Fl. Nepal.
59, t. 45.— Wieut, Icon. t. 764.— Wats. Dendrol.

Abyss. ti. 277.—Cuam. et Scutru. Linnea, vi.
336.—Retcus. Ic. Fl. Germ. xi. t. 620.—Tavuscu,
in Flora (1831), 671.—Sins. et Zucce. Abd. d.
Baier. Akad. d. Wissensch. iv. 3, 230.—Bucu. in
Flora (1845), 89.—Bunru. Pl. Hartweg, 251,
266 ; Fl. Hongk. 322.—Grises. Pl. Wright. 177 ;
Fl. Brit. W.-Ind. 177,—Mia. Fl. Ind.-Bat. i.
872 ; Mus. Ludg.-Bat. iii. 129.—A. Gray, Man.
ed. 5, 457, 458 (Comptonia)—Cuarm. Fi. 8.
Unit. St. 426, 427 (Comptonia).—Gren. et
Goor. Fl. de Fr. iii, 151.—Watr. Ann. i. 738.
4 Fam. des Pl. ii. 366 (Castanea).

CASTANEACEZ. 247

to the group under consideration, A. L. pz Jusstev 1 did not sensibly
modify its extent ; and it is not known why he changed the name
to Amentacew. In 1808, L. C. RicHarp? subdivided it into Myricee,3
then into Betwline* and Cupuliferw.> B. Mrrzen, in 1815,° dis-
tinguished the Family Corylacee. To the older genera, eight in
number, constituting the three secondary groups, viz. Betula,
Alnus, Corylus, Carpinus, Quercus, Castanea, Fagus, and Myrica,
were added, in 1806, Didymeles, of Duprtrr-THovars ;7 and, in
1860, Leitneria, discovered by Cuarman.’ In 1871 we published?
Balanops, bringing the total number of genera in this family up
to eleven, distributed in six series characterized as follows :—

I. Berutex.—Flowers with male perianth, incomplete or little
developed. Gynecium superior, naked. Ovary bilocular. Ovule
in each cell solitary,’? descending. Fruit dry. Trees or shrubs,
with alternate leaves, lateral stipules. Flowers in unisexual catkins.
—2 genera.

II. Coryrez."'—Flowers without male perianth, Gynecium
inferior, surmounted by a short superior calyx. Ovary bilocular.
Ovule in each cell solitary, descending. Fruit dry, with mem-
branous sacciform or expanded induvium.—Leaves alternate, with
lateral stipules. Flowers in unisexual catkins; the females bud-
like.—2 genera.

Ill. Quercinean.’’—Flowers with male perianth complete or

nearly so. Gynecium inferior, surmounted by a superior calyx.
Ovary 2-10-locular.42 Ovules geminate, descending in each cell.
Fruit dry. Involucre hard, covered with excrescences very variable

in form, and surrounding one or more fruits.—Leaves generally
alternate, with lateral stipules. Flowers in simple or mixed catkins,
or in cymes.—3 genera.

1 Gen, (1789), 407, Ord. 4. 5 Elém. de Phys, Vég. et de Bot. ii. 906..

2 Anal. du Fruit, 193.

3 Myricea. A. Ricu.—Barru. Ord. Nat. 98.
—Enpt. Gen, 271, Ord. 37.—Myricacee Linpi.
Veg. Kingd. (1846), 256, Ord. 71.—C. DC.
Prodr, xvi. sect. ii., 147.

4 Betulinee L. C. Ricw. ex A. Ricwu. Elém.
(ed. 4), 562.—Betulacee Baxri. Ord. Nat. 99.—
Livpt. Introd. ed. 2, 171.—Enpu. Gen. 272,
Ord. 88.—Rzc. DC. Prodr. xvi. sect. ii, 161,
Ord. 195,

5 Ricw. Anal. du Fruit, 32, 92 (1808),—Barrt.
Ord. Nat. 99. —Lanvu. Introd. ed. 2, 170.—
Envi. Gen. 273, Ord. 89.

7 Gen, Nov, Madag. 89.

8 Fl. S. Unit. St. 427.

3 Adansonia, x. 117.

10 Rarely two are observed in each cell, one
generally imperfect..

Ml Paver, Fam, Nat. 163, Fam, 73.

2 J, Dict. Sc. Nat, Suppl. ii. 12 (1816),—
Payer, loc. cit. 164, Fam. 74.—Cupulifere Ricu.
(part.).—A. DC. Prodr. xvi. sect. ii. 1, Ord.
194.

13 The most ordinary numbers being 3 in
Quercus and 6 in Castanea.

248 NAYURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

IV ? BaLanopsrm.—Male flowers naked. Gynacium superior,
surrounded by numerous imbricate folioles (calyx?). Ovary with
two incomplete cells. Ovules geminate, ascending. Fruit fleshy.
Seed with albumen of little thickness.—Leaves alternate or sub-
verticillate, without stipules. Male flowers in catkins; female
flowers sessile on the branches.—1 genus.

V? Lerrnertem—Male flowers naked. Gynecium superior,
surrounded or not by a rudimentary calyx (?). Ovaries solitary or
geminate, unilocular. Ovule solitary, inserted in the internal angle,
descending. Fruit drupaceous. Seed with albumen of little thick-
ness or nil.—Leaves alternate, with or without stipules. Flowers
in simple or compound catkins.—2 genera.

VI? Myriczm.—Male flowers naked or furnished with a rudimen-
tary calyx (?). Gyneecium superior, generally naked. Ovary uni-
locular. Ovule solitary, erect, orthotropous, with superior micropyle.
Fruit drupaceous. Seed with little or no aloumen.—Leaves alternate
with lateral stipules. Flowers in 1- or 2-sexual catkins.—1 genus.

Such are the characters the value of which suffices to distinguish
the series one from another. Those which, in the same series, dis-
tinguish the genera, are more considerable. They are: the degree of
development of the perianth, the number of stamens or of anther-
cells, and of the ovarian cells; the form, style, consistence, and
mode of dehiscence of the involucre, the number of female flowers it
contains, the mode in which it envelops the fruit or remains flat or
open below it or at its side; the configuration of the cotyledons,
their situation epigeeous or hypogeeous in germination. The cha-
racters constant in the entire group are, consequently: diclinous,
apetalous flowers, inflorescence in catkins or spikes very analogous;
the woody consistence of the stems; the definite number of ovules,
solitary or geminate, the outward direction of the micropyle; the
great development of the cotyledons, which are always thick and
fleshy.

The affinities! of this group

are easily derived from this col-

1 As it is still, with series so different one
from another in their organization, this family
remains, in our view, a collection of degenerate,
diminished types which are to the Malwoidee
and Urticoidee, by the Ulmacee, Artocarpee,
and Betulinee, and to the Combretacee, Hamame-
lidea, Platanee, by the Quercinee and Corylea,
what the Antidesmee are to the Euphorbiaceae,

the Juglandea (perhaps) to the Terebinthacea, the
Garryacee to the Cornee and Hamamelidee, the
Lacistemee to the Bixacee, the Myosurandree,
and the Datiscee to the Cunonice, the Silicinee
(perhaps) to the Twmariscinea, &e. J. G.
Acarpu (Theor, Syst. 159, 162, 174) considers
the Corylée as representing perhaps a reduced
form of the Dipterocarpee, the Myrobalanee as

CASTANEACEL. 249

lection of characters. It is scarcely separable from the Ulmacee to
which, as we have seen, ApANSon had united it. Only normally
among the Oastaneacew, there are not the polygamous flowers of the
Elms, nor the stipules characteristic of the Artocarpew, nor the
peculiar disposition of the staminal filaments of the Moree, nor the
opaline or milky latex of the two latter groups. Moreover, at adult
age, the greater part of the Castaneacew preserve in the ovary more
than one ovuliferous cell, which is the case with no one of the
Ulmacew. On the other hand, by the Betulew, the family before us
borders on the amentaceous groups of the Huphorbiacew, such as the
Scepee and Antidesmee ; and by the Corylee, to the series of Saxifra-
gacee which comprise the Platanee and Hamamelidee. In fact, as
we have elsewhere said,’ it is not simply a resemblance of foliage and
of habit that is found between the Alders and certain Fothergilla or
Parrotia, or between Corylopsis and Corylus ; for these latter, with
their inferior ovary and descending ovules, perfectly definite in number,
in cells at first incomplete, seem to be only amentaceous and ape-
talous representatives of Corylopsis and neighbouring Hamamelidee.
Hence an analogy between the Quercinew and Corylee and the
Cornacec, which themselves have so many points of agreement with
the Hamamelidew. Take away the involucre and all those accessory
organs of tardy growth, which form the cupules and spinous sacs of
the Corylee and Quercinee, and the flower with inferior ovary of
the Oaks, Chestnuts, &c., is altogether, in construction, that of the
apetalous Combretacew, notably of Terminalia, which often also
have apetalous, diclinous flowers in spikes, or amentiform capitules
(Anogeissus, Ramatuella, Conocarpus), and the placente of which,
parietal at first, like those of Quercus or Castanea, but remaining
so to the end, bear in like manner ovules definite in number, de-
scending, with micropyle exterior and superior. Finally, by the
Myricee, this family approaches the Juglandew, the unilocular ovary
of which likewise encloses a single orthotropous and erect ovule ;*
but the independence of the gynecium in Myrica suffices to dis-
tinguish it immediately from them.’

collateral to the superior Cupulifere and to the considers Myrica as intermediate between Amen-
Aquilarinee, pointing out also, in the same tacew and Urticce.
work, their affinity with the Betulee. 3 Teitneria seems to unite the Amentacee to
1 See Adansonia, x. 137. the Willows. Balanops has a fruit and habit
2M. CuarKs (Ann. Nat. Hist, (1858), 100) resembling the Sapotacee ; it represents perhaps
an apetalous and amentaceous form of it.

250 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

The total number of species in this family is estimated at about
four hundred and twenty-five. The series Quercinee itself comprises
three hundred and fifteen. The Corylew are twenty in number ; the
Betulewe, twenty-eight; the Myricew, thirty-five. All the genera
composing these groups are common to both worlds. On the other
hand, Leitneria is confined to a very limited portion of America, and
Didymeles to Madagascar. Balanops has been observed only in
New Caledonia. In the south of South America, as also in Australia
and New Zealand, the family is represented by those curious species
of Beech which belong to the section Nothofagus, or by Fagus
antarctica, which grows as far as Cape Horn. In North America
F, ferruginea inhabits nearly the same regions as F’. sylvatica in
Europe, the latter ascending in Norway as far as the 60th degree.
The common Chestnut extends over a vast area of the Mediterranean
region and central Asia, from Portugal to Japan; in America it is”
replaced by Castanea pumila. The Oaks grow in all the northern
hemisphere, and between the tropics. The Hornbeams ascend in
Europe to Sweden, and in America to Newfoundland and Canada ;
Corylus Avellana, in Norway as far as 65°; and C. Americana, to
Canada, and in Asia to the river Amour. In Europe the Birches
are found as far as Ireland, and Cape North, in Lat. 71°; whilst in
Norway the Beech scarcely exceeds 60°,3, the Oak 60°,5, and the
Blackthorn 65°,3.'_ In the submarine forests on many European
shores, Oaks, Blackthorns, and Birches* are observed in great
number. The most cosmopolitan genus of this family is, doubtless,
Myrica, since it is seen in Europe from Lapland to Portugal; in
Africa from the Azores and Canaries to the Cape of Good Hope;
and, in the East, in Abyssinia and Madagascar ; whilst it is equally
represented in America, from Labrador to Mexico, in Columbia and
Peru ; in Japan, in India, in Java and New Caledonia.

Uses.—It is for their wood? chiefly that the Castaneacew are
prized ; and it is unnecessary to insist upon the qualities of that of

1A. DC; Géogr. Bot. Rais. 279, 305, 811, 328, Carpinites, Fagites, Fegonium, Quercinium, Quer-
473, 530, 616, 807, 1064. cites. (See Enpx, Gen. Suppl. iv. p. ii. 30).

2 Among the fossil genera, abundant in recent > Generally it is that which has been most
strata, are especially cited those established by studied histologically, and it is that which has
Unczr (Chior, Protog.), under the names of often served as type for the general descriptions

251

the Oak, Chestnut, Beech, Hazel, Blackthorn, Elm, and Birch, The
bark of the Oak is,.besides, employed for its astringent properties.
Dried and reduced to powder, it forms tan, used principally in
dressing skins. From it is extracted tannin, much used in medicine
as a tonic, febrifuge, &c. With us the bark used for these purposes
is that of Q. robur} (fig. 181—188), particularly the variety with
female flowers and sessile fruit;* and that which is pedunculate,°
often designated by the name of White Oak. The acorns are rich
in fecula, but are so unpalatable that they cannot be used as food
for man without a preparation too costly to admit of this sweet
fecula being brought into common use. They serve only to feed
animals, especially pigs. There are many other species of Quercus,
the fruit of which is sweet and edible. In Europe, Q. Ilew,® Ballota,®
and even the Cork-oaks are mentioned. The latter are two in
number, Q. Suber? and Q. occidentalis,’ distinguished one from the
other chiefly by the time required for maturing the fruit; but both
presenting this peculiarity, that their suberose layer, at a certain

CASTANEACE ZL.

age, takes an enormous development.” ~At-first it consists only of a

of the anatomy of the stems of the Dicotyledons
(see Krzs. Mém. sur U’ Organis, des Pl. (1814), t.
14 (Quercws).—Mirs. Mém. Mus. xiv. (1818),
31 (Fagus).—G. pr Busarztc. Ann. Sc. Nat.
sér. 1, xxx. t. 7-9 (Quereus).—Linx, Elem, (1837)
t.4; Icon. An. Bot. fasc. i. vi. 4-15 (Betula).
—Trevin. Phys. Gew. (1835), i. t. iii, 84-36
(Fagus).—Durrocu, L’ Institut. n. 192 (Quereus).
—Biscuorr, Lerhb. t. 2 (Quereus).—C. H.
Scuuxz, Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. (1841), xviii, Suppl.
ii. t. 33 (Betula).—H. Mout, Bot. Zeit. (1855),
880 (Fagus, Betula).—Hartie, Bot. Zeit. (1859)
94, 97 (Fagus).—Horrmann, Z. Kenntn. d. Eich-
enholtz. Flora (1849), 869.—Hoox. ¥. Fl. Antaret.
3. 800, t. 107 (Fagus).—Scuacur, Der Baum
(trans. E. Morren ), 425, 426 (char. of the wood
and bark).

1 Quercus Robur L. Spec, 1414.—A. DO.
Prodr, xvi. sect. i. 4,n. 1.~Guts. Drog. Simpl.
ed. 6, ii. 286,—Mér. et Dux. Dict. Mat. Méd.
vy. 585,—RosENTH, op. cit. 185.

2 Q. sessilifiora Marryn.—Sm. Brit, Fl, iii.
1026.—Gren. et Gopr. Fi. de Fr. iii. 116.—
Rosenta. op. cit. 184,—Brre et Scum. Darst.
Of. Gew. t. vii. £. (Chéne & grappes, C. rouge,
C. méle, Roure, Rouve, Roble).

3 Q. pedunculata Eun. Arbr. 77.—Bere. et

Scum. op. cit. t. viii. a (Q. Robur).—Q. racemosa
Lamx. Dict. i. 715.

4 0. femelle, Gravelin.

5 L. Spec. 1412.—A. DC. Prodr. n. 73.—Q.
Gramuntia L.—Q. calicina Porr. Diet. Suppl. ii.
217.—Suber angustifolium non serratum Dunam.
Arbr, ii, 291, t. 2 (Yeuse, Quesne).

§ Desr. det. Acad, Par, (1790), ¢. ic. ; Fl. Ati.
ii, 850.—Q. Castellana Porn, Dict. Suppl. ii.
226 (?)—Q. rotundifolia Lamx. (var. by M. A.
Det Canpouzs (Prodi. 39) of the Q. Ilex). It has
been thought (Roszntru. Syn. Pl. Diaphor. 186)
that the acorn of this species was used to make
the racahout of the Arabs. wee ;

7 L. Spec. ed. 2, 1413.—Dunam. Ardr. ed.
2, 7, t. 456.—Nexzs, Pl. Of. Suppl.—Haynz,
Are. Gew. 12, t. 48.—A, DC. Prodr. n. 75
(Alecornogue, Surier, Rusque, Leuge).

8 J. Gay, Bull. Soc. Bot. de Fr. iv. 445; in
Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 4, vi. 445.—A. DC. Prodr. pv.
81.—Q. Suber Korscu. Eich. t. 33,

8 It is biennial in the latter, and maturation
takes place the same year in the true Q. Suder.

10 On the production of Cork, see H. Mout,
Ueb. d. Entwichel. des Korkes (1836); Ueb. a.
Wieder-ersatz des Korkes bei Q. Suber [Bot, Zeit.
(1848), 361].—Hansr. Unters. iiber d. Bau und

252 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

few layers of uncoloured cells in radiating series under the epidermis
of the stems. More internally, the parenchyma, filled with
chlorophy]l, is mingled with a mass of larger and uncoloured cellules.
In the course of the second or third year, these latter become more
compact, and their coat increases in thickness, whilst the interposed
cells become dry and dark coloured. The suberose layer thickening
still more during the fourth and fifth year, the epidermis bursts, and
the mass of cork thenceforth increases in thickness, anew layer being
formed each year. The annual zones are separated by interposed
layers of periderm, of a deeper colour. At the age of from ten to
fifteen years, vertical rectangular plates of this cork, called male, are
cut, under which are found the liber and deep portions of the cortical
parenchyma. Outside of this, layers of cork are produced and cut
every seven or eight years ; the quality of this cork, called female,
is very superior. This work is carried on principally in the south-
west of Europe (particularly France), and in the north-west of Africa.
Another Mediterranean species, Q. coccifera,! nourishes the Kermes,
formerly celebrated in industry as a dye, and in medicine forming
the base of the famed Alkermes confection. The gall-nuts of the
Levant, the best employed in therapeutics and the arts, are developed
after the puncture of a hymenopterous insect, Diplolepis galle
tinctorice; the female of which pierces the steredly formed buds of
Q. lusitanica,? a Mediterranean species, to deposit her eggs in the
interior. The bud becomes hypertrophic by the accumulation of a
large quantity of tannin and fecula, on which the young insect,
emerging from the egg, feeds, until it pierces the gall and comes
forth in a perfect state. Many other Oaks, especially the Green
Oak, Q. robur, and, in the south-west of France, the Tauzin Oak,

d, Entw. d. Baumrinde. Berlin (1853).—C. DC. _Meéd. v. 681.—Bune. et Scum. Darst. Off. Gew.

De la Production Nat. et Art. du Liége (Mén.
Soc. Gen, xvi.).—Ducurre, Llém, 157.

1 L. Spec. 1413.—Wess, It. Hispan, 15.—
A. DC. Prodr. n. 104.—Gvuts. Drog. Simpl. ed.
6, ii. 289.—Hayne, Arz. Gew. t.44.—Q. pseudo-
coccifera Dusr. Fl, Atl. ii. 349.—Boiss, Voy. Esp.
578, t. 165.—Q. Mesto Borss. op. cit. t. 166.—
Q. Ausandri Gren. et Gonr. Fi. de Fr. iii. 119.

2 Lamx. Dict. i. 719 (1783).--Wesp, Ot. Hisp.
t1.—A. DC. Prodr. n. 19.—Q. Infectoria Oxtv.
Voy. i. 252, t. 14, 15.—Guts. Drog. Simpl. ed.
6, ii, 282, fig, 418.--Méx. et Den. Dict. Mat.

t. xxix. 6,—Q. CanariensisW. Enum. Hort. Berol.
975.—Q. rigida OC. Kocu, Linnea, xix. 15.—Q.
Mirbeckii Dur. Rev, Bot. ii. 426.—Q. brachy-
carpa Korscu.—Q. Cypri Korscu.—Q. Pfaffin-
gert Korscn.—Q. Galle turcice off.

3 Q. Toza Bosc, Journ. d’ Hist. Nat. ii. 156,
t. 32, fig. 3—A. DC. Prodr. n. 4.—Gren. et
Goor. Fl. de Fr. iii. 117.—Q. Pyrenaica W.
Spec. iv. 451.—Lamx. Ill. t. 779.—Q. Nigra
Tuors, Land. 381 (not L.).—Q. Tauzin Pups.
Enchirid, ii. 571.—Q. stolonifera Lav. Abr. 582,
—Q. brossa Bosc. Mém, 15.

CASTANEACE ZL. 253

bear on their different organs—buds, leaves, and fruit—galis pro-
duced in a similar manner, but very different in form, colour, and
consistence ; and generally very. inferior in quality to those first
mentioned.! All serve equally for the production of tannin, and the
preparation of numerous medicaments, ink, dyes, &c. The species
used for dyeing and dressing skins, all rich in tannin, are also very
numerous in both worlds. The most celebrated are the Yellow Oak °
of North America, the Red,? White,* Cinder,® and Bi-coloured * Oaks
of the same country ; in France, the Burgundy Oak ;7 in the Levant,
the Velane Oak ;* not to mention all the species of secondary interest
possessing the same properties, and of which industry employs
either the wood, or the bark, or the acorns.2 The Chestnuts, so
little distinct generically from the Oaks, have also their astringent
properties. In our common Chestnut! (fig. 189-198), as well as in
that of America, which has always been considered a different species,
and named Castanea pumila," the liber has been employed as an
anti-dysenteric ; the involucre of the fruit as a dye: the bark is

1 specially mentioned are the galls produced
by Q. Cerris L. humilis Lama. Aigilops L. tauri-
cola.Kotscu. Vallonia Kotscu. Q. Zigilops and
coccifera furnish also a sweet substance called
Oak manna,

2 Q. coccinea WancEnu. Anpfl. Nordam, Holz,
(1777), 44, fig. 9.—Micux. Chén, t. 31, 32.—
Micux. F. Arbr. Amér. ii. 116, t. 23.—A. DC.
Prodr, n. 119.—Q. rubra L, Spec. 1413.—Q.
tinetoria Micux. Chén. t. 24, 25.—Micux. F. doe.
cit. t. 22.—Hayne, Aren. Gew. 12, t, 46.—Q.
velutina Lax. Dict, ii, 721.—Q. discolor W.
Spec. iv. 444?

3 Q. rubra L. Spec. 1413 (part.).—WancENH.
Loe. cit. t. 7.—Mrcnx., op. cit. t. 35, 86.—A. DC.
Prodr. un. 116.

4 Q. alba L. Spec. 1414.—Micux. op. cit. ii.
13. t. 1.—Emers. Tr. Massach. 127, t. 1.—A.
DC. Prodr. n, 26.

5 Q. cinerea Micux. Chén. t. 14.—A. DC.
Prodr. un. 145.

6 Q. bicolor W. Nov. Act. Berol. iii. 396, Spec.
iv. 440,—Emens, op, cit. 135, t. 4.—A. DC, Prodr.
n, 23.—Q. Michauxii Nurr. Gen, Amer. ii. 216,

7 Q. Cerris L. Spec. 1415—Hayne, Arzn.
Gew. xii, t. 48.—Gren, et Gopr. Fl. de Fr. iii,
118.—A. DC. Prodr. n, 79 (Doucier, Gland
chdtin).

8 Q. Agilops Ts. Spec. 1414 (not Scor.).—
TonrmatcH, As, Min, t. 41.—Q. Valani Ourv,
(Velanéde, Velanida, Avelanéde.)

9 For example Q. montana W. (Prinos monti-
cola Micux.), oliviformis Micux. lyrata Waut.
Prinus L, Eseulus L. Castanea W. faleata Micux.
virens Art. macrocarpa Micux. lobata Nex, fal-
cata Micux. Catesbei Mrcux. palustris Du Rot,
aquatica Wat. and other interesting species
from North America, the greater part intro-
duced to European culture, where they excite
to a high degree the interest of botanists; in
the old world, Q. Farnetto Ten. humilis Lamx.
alnifolia Porcu, macrolepis Korscu. Q. pseudo-
suber Sanr, (Q, castaneefolia Coss.), which is also
said to yield cork, Q. Libani Ourv. castaneefolia
C. A. Muy. incana Roxz. &c. (See Korscu.
Eich, Eur. und Or, 1858-62.—RosENTH. op. cit.
184~188,)

10 @. vulgaris LamK. Dict. i. 708 (1788).—A.
DC. Prodr. 114.—C. sativa Miz. Dict.—C,
vesea. Gertn. Fruct. t. 3.—Reicus. Ie. Fl. Germ,
t. 640.—Turp. Dict. Se. Nat. Atl. t. 304, 305.—
Méz. et Dun. Dict. Mat. Méd, ii, 183.—Guts.
op. cit. ii. 284, — Rosenra. op. cit. 188 — C.
japonica Bu.—C. Bungeana Bu.—C. vesea ameri-
cana Micux. Arbr, ii. 56, t. 6.—C. americana
Rarin. WV. Sylv. 82.—Fagus Castanea L. Spee.
416.—Tuvurs, Fl. Jap. 195.

1 Min. Dict. n. 2.—Wancene. Nordam.
Holz. t. 47.—Micux. Arbr. ti. 166, t. 7.—C.
alnifolia Nurr.—C. nana Mourns. Cat, 86.—
Enz. Sketch, ii 614.— Fagus pumila L. Spec,
1416 (Chincapin).

254 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

used to tan skins and make ink. The wood of the Chestnuts is one
of the most useful known; they are valuable trees which grow in
the poorest silicious soils. The fruit! is well known to be edible,
and is used for making many alimentary preparations.2 The Beech
is not less useful, particularly the common Beech 3 (fig. 199—204) ;
the wood of which is used for a multitude of purposes, and its bark
and fruit are valued for tanning and dyeing. The charcoal and soot
extracted from it are used for making powder, and an esteemed bistre
colour. The fruit serves to make a sort of bread, and the embryo is
rich in oil, useful both for the table and for lighting. In America,
Fagus ferruginea* is applied to the same uses, industrial and eco-
nomic. In Chili, fF’. obliqua,> according to travellers, furnishes a
wood almost as valuable as that of the Oak. The Alders and
Birches are also valuable trees, especially in Europe and North
America. The common Alder® (fig. 165—-167) has an astringent
bark, employed in the treatment of fevers and angina. The leaves
are considered poisonous; they were applied to tumours, and the
property of arresting the secretion of milk has been attributed to
them. In America, Alnus serrulata 7 is used in the treatment of
cutaneous, scrofulous, and syphilitic affections. Many other Alders§
have analogous properties. The most useful of the Birches is the
White Birch? (fig. 151—157), a tree of the cold and temperate

1 Cortves, Gagnaudes, Marrons de Lyon.

2 In Java, India, and other countries, many
species (referred to the genus Castanopsis) have
edible seeds, notably C. javanica Bu. Tungurrut
Bu. argentea Bu. indica Roxs. In California
the small fruit of C. chrysophylla Hoox. (Bot.
Mag. t. 4953) is said to be eaten.

3 Fagus sylvatica L. Spec. 1416 (part). —
Scuxvunr, Handd. t. 303.—Dunam. Arbr. ed. 2,
80, t. 24.—Retcus. Jc. Fl. Germ. t. 639.—Hart.
Forsti. t. 20, 25, fig. 56, 103.—Mér. et Det.
Dict. Mat, Méd. iti. 210.—Gure. Drog. Simpl.
ed. 6, ii, 283.—A. DC. Prodr. xvi. sect. ii. 118.
Gren. et Gopr. Fl. de Fr. iii. 115.—Rosente,
op. cit. 188 (Fayard, Fayau, Fau, Fan, Faou,
Fouteau, Favinier).

4 Arr. Hort. Kew. iii, 362.—A. DC. Prodr.
118, n. 1.—F. sylWestris Micax. Arbr. Am.
ii. 170, t. 8. —F. sylvatica americana Loup.
Eneyel. fig. 1695.—F. Alba Rarin.—F. nigra
Rarin.

5 Mirs. Mém. Mus, xiv. 466, t. 23.—C. Gay,
Fl. Chil. v. 388 (Roble, Pellin, Coyan, Huailé),
In the same country the wood of F. Dombeyi

Mins. (Coyhue, Coigne), is said to be used, of the
bark of which boats are made, and in Australia
the wood of F. Cunninghami Hoox. (Myrtle
Tree).

6 Alnus glutinosa W. Spec. iv. 334.—G-=RTN.
Fruct. ti. t. 90.—Gren. et Gopr. Fl. de Fr. iii.
149.—Rec. Prodr. xvi. sect. ii. 186.—GurB. op.
cit. ii, 282.—Rosznru, op. cit. 182, 1105.—H.
By. Dict. Encycl. Sc. Méd. vii. 254.—A. barbata
C, A. Muy. Enum. Pl. Caucas. 43.—A. oblongata
W.—A. elliptica Rec.—A. nitens C. Kocu.—A.
Morisiana Brrr. — A. suaveolens Burt. — A.
denticulata C. A. Mzy.—Betula Alnus glutinosa
L. Spec. 1394 (Bergue, Vergne, Verne).

7 W. Spee. iv. 336.—Micux. Arbr. iii. 321,
t. 4, ig. 1—A. DC. Prodr. n. 13.

8 A. incava W. is astringent, tinctorial—s.
cordifolia Tun. (fig. 158-164), rubra Bona, in-
cana W. jorullensis K. have the same properties
as our common Elder,

9 Betula alba Ts. Spec. ii. 1393.—Gren. et
Gove. Fl. de Fr. iii. 147,—Ree. Prodr, 162, u.
1.—H. Bn, Dict. Encyel. Sc, Méd. x. 314.

CASTANEACEE. 255

regions of our hemisphere. Its sap, extracted in spring, is sweet
and acidulous. Jt has been prescribed for many maladies '—gout,
rheumatism, skin diseases. Sugar and vinegar are extracted from
it; a sort of sparkling wine may also be prepared from it, considered,
as also the sap itself, as a diuretic and purifier, an antiscorbutic and
antipsoric, a vermifuge and lithontriptic. The bark and leaves have
been prescribed for scrofulous swellings, tumours, pains, dropsies.
The bark has been extolled as antipsoric, antiscorbutic, and febri-
fuge. It furnishes by distillation a pyrogenous oil, having the
odour of fine Russia leather, and is said to be used in preparing
it. The same is said of the bark and leaves of Myrica, notably
of those of M. Gale. The Black Birch? and Dwarf Birch® have the
same properties ;4 from the sap a kind of fermented beer is prepared.
Nearly all the species of the genus have a flexible bark, easily
detached, and used for making certain useful objects.’ The Hazels
are prized for their wood, their febrifuge and tonic bark, tinctorial
leaves, and especially for their alimentary seed, from which an
edible oil is extracted. In Europe it is chiefly the common nut®
(fig..168—173), or filbert, with its numerous varieties and cultivated
forms,’ and Corylus tubulosa® and Colurna ;? in the United States,
C. americana and C. rostrata ;"' found also in the north of eastern
Asia.” They have the same properties and the same alimentary
embryo. The Hornbeams, or Yoke Elms, have a very useful wood,
and a bark used for dyeing in some parts of Europe. The common
Hornbeam }° (fig. 175—180) forms the hedges of our parks. Carpinus

1 “Birch water is the hope, the happiness, and
the panacea of rich and poor, great and small,
lords and serfs.’’—(PzRcy).

2 B. nigra W. Spec. iv. 464.—RecG. Monogr.
Betul. 60, t. 12; Prodr. n. 16.—B. rubra Micux.
Arbr. ii, 148, t. 3.

3 B. nana L. Spee. 1894; Fl, Lapp. 266, t. 6,
fig. 4.—Rza. Prodr.n. 7.

4 Likewise B. carpinifolia, populifolia, papy-
racea Ait. Bhojpaltra WALL.

5 On the bark of Betula, see Bexttorr, Bull.
Mose. xiii. 75.

8 Corylus Avellana L. Spec. 1417.—Scuxvuur,
Handb. t. 305.—Dierr. Fl. Bor. t. 842.— Rzicus.
Je. Fl. Germ. t. 636.— Guts. Drog, Simpl. ed.
6, ii, 283.—RosEnrH. op. cit. 184, 1105.—C.
DC. Prodr. 180, n. 3.

7 Notably the Hazel with large fruit (C.
Avellana Macrocarpa Retcus. Ic. t. 638), or N.
of Piedmont, of Barcelona; the red and white

filberts, the striated Corford nut, &c.

8 W. Spee. iv. 470.—Docum. Odstk. iv. 38.—
A. DC. Prodr. 182, n. 5.

9 L. Spec. 1417 (part).—Docum. op, cit. iv.
52 —A. DO. Prodr, n. 4.—C. bizantina Crus.
Hist, 11.—Avellana byzantina J. Bauw. (N. of
Constantinople).

10 Watt. Fl. Carol. 286.—C. humilis W.
Baumz. 108.—C. americana humilis WANGENH.
Arb, 88, t. 29, fig. 63.

W Arr. Hort. Kew. iii. 364,—A. DC. Prodr.
133, a. 7.

2 OC, mandschurica Maxin. exs.

13 Carpinus Betulus L. Spec. 1416,—DuHam.
Arbr, (ed. 2), ii. t, 58.—Rutons, Ie. Fl. Germ.
t. 632.—Harr, Forst. t. 21.—Gren. et Gopr.
Fl. de Fr. iii. 120.—A. DO. Prodr, 126, n. 1
(Charme blane, Charpre, Charpenne). C. caroli-
niana Watt, bas the same uses in America.

256 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Ostrya1 is more rarely cultivated for the same purpose, and its bark
and wood are also useful; likewise CO. virginiana,’ utilized by
American industry. The Wax trees derive their name from the
peculiarity presented by their pericarp, of developing within its
fleshy substance, and on its surface, a substance resembling the wax
of the bee. Myrica cerifera® is the best known in this respect ;
but the same property exists also in M. pensylvanica* and caro-
linensis,’ in M. cordifolia,® quercifolia,’ species from the Cape, and
M. ethiopica,’ of Abyssinia. The fruit of these plants is generally
subjected to boiling water, when the wax, liquefied by the heat, rises
to the surface. The Myricas all have an astringent bark, especially
M. sapida® in India, and our M. Gale’? (fig. 217—223), a marshy
species, with odorous leaves," substituted for the hop in Sweden, and
for tobacco in Norway. It yields a yellow dye. The fruit of UM.
sapida and of M. esculenta’? is eaten in India and in the western
isles of Africa. Many Wax trees are cultivated among us, as are
also a great many species belonging to other genera of the family—
Oaks, Beeches, Birches, Alders, Hornbeams, and Hazels—particularly
those forms and varieties with fastigiate or recumbent stems, pendent
branches, laciniate or coloured leaves, brown or purple.

1 See p. 229, note 1.

2 See p. 229, note 2.

3 L. Spec. 1453.—Micux. Fl. Bor.-Amer. ii.
227.—Biext. Med. Bot. t. 43.—Mén. et Det.
Dict. Mat. Méd. iv. 531.—C. DC. Prodr. xvi.
sect. ii, 148, n. 5.

4 Lamx.—Dvuuam. Arér, ed. 2, ii. 190, t. 55
(var. (?) of preceding species).

5 W. Spec. iv. 746 (var. scarcely distinct from
preceding species).

6 L, Spec, 1453.—Dunam. drédr. ii. 193.—
C. DC. Prodr. n. 2 Buisson de cire). The Hot-
tentots are said to eat this wax as a sort of
bread.

7 Var. (P)of M. cordifolia.
candle wax.

It gives a green

8 L. Mantiss. 298.—Tuuns. Fl. Cap. 153.—
C. DO. Prodr. n. 31.—M. serrata Lamx. M.
arguta H. B. K. of Columbia is used for dyeing.

9 Watt. Tent. Fl. Nepal. 59, t. 45.

10 L, Spec. 1453. —Dunam. Arbr. ed. 2, t.
57.—Retcus, Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 620.—MeEr. et
Deut. Dict. Mat. Méd. iv. 531.—Guin. op. cit. ii.
281.—Gren. et Gopr. Fl. de Fr, iii, 151.—C.
DC. Prodr. 147.

1 They are said to be used, with the bark of
several Alders and Birches, in the preparation
of Russia leather (p. 255). 3

2 M. Faya Arr. (Faya fragifera Wess) has
large fleshy fruit, eaten in the Canary and
Madeira isles,

GENERA.

I. BETULEZ.

1. Betula T.—Flowers amentaceous monecious apetalous;
calyx 4-phyllous; folioles connate at base, very unequal; one more
largely developed; the others smaller squamiform, very small or
abortive. Stamens 2 (or 4%, central; filaments (anterior and
posterior) 2-fid above; cells of each anther hence widely separate,
extrorsely longitudinally rimose. Female flower naked ; gynecium
free. Germen compressed, 2-locular ; style nearly 2-partite at base ;
branches elongate filiform, stigmatose above. Ovules in cells 1 (very
rarely 2), descending anatropous; micropyle extrorsely superior.
Fruit dry, indehiscent, angular or samaroidly alate at margin,
crowned with style, generally by abortion 1-spermous. Seed de-
scending ; coat thin; cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo, flat, rather
fleshy, at germination foliaceous ; radicle superior.—Trees or shrubs ;
leaves alternate, penninerved ; stipules lateral, oftener caducous ;
male catkins solitary or 2-nate, from aphyllous lateral and terminal
buds, generally precocious ; scales of catkin peltate, with internal
squamule on each side, 3-florous; female catkins from lateral
3—5-phyllous buds, solitary or more rarely racemose on common
peduncle; scales of catkin subentire or oftener (from adnate lateral
scales) 3-lobed, imbricate, 2-8-florous, finally oftener deciduous
with fruit; cone oblong or ovoid. (Temp. and cold regions of both
worlds in North. hemisphere.)—See p. 220. ,

2. Alnus T.—Flowers monecious (nearly of Betula); male calyx
oftener subequally or unequally 4-partite, more rarely 10-12-phyllous.
Stamens equal in number and opposite sepals; anthers 2-locular.

VOL. VI. 17

258 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Gynecium, ovules, &ec., of Betula. Fruit dry, compressed, wingless,
or surrounded by a membranous wing, indehiscent; seed generally
1 (of Betula).—Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate; vernal floration
preceding or simultaneous (Phyllothyrsus, Clethropsis) with leaves ;
scales of male catkins peltate, 5-bracteolate, 1- or oftener 3-florous ;
scales of female catkins cuneiform, shortly (from adnate bracteoles)
4—5-lobed, incrassate above, at maturity separating from each other,
not deciduous, lignescent ; cones short. (Temp. and frigid regions
of both worlds, temp. South America, South Africa.)—See p. 223.

II. CORYLEA.

3. Corylus T.—Flowers amentaceous moneecious; males. naked ;
stamens 4-8 (very rarely 2, 3), inserted within scales of catkin ;
filaments short free ; anthers 1-locular (or 2-locular; cells separate),
extrorsely rimose. Female flowers 2-nate budlike in axils of bracts
of catkins ; receptacle saclike, enclosing inferior adnate germen, with
very short annular epigynous calyx; style branches 2, linear
elongate, densely stigmatose papillose. Ovules in cells 2 solitary
(or more rarely 2-nate) descending ; micropyle extrorsely superior.
Nuts more or less ligneous, 1-locular; walls very thick medullose
below. Seed generally by abortion 1; cotyledons of thick exalbu-
minous embryo fleshy plano-convex, epigeous at germination;
radicle short superior and united to base of cotyledons.—Small trees
or shrubs; leaves alternate dentate or peuninerved, in vernation
longitudinally plicate as to the central nerve, and hence on one side
facing axis; stipules caducous; catkins precocious; bracts of males
cuneiform, generally covering 2 bracteoles, connate within (some-
times 0) ; female catkins short subsessile, finally stipitate to elongate
foliate ramule; each fruit surrounded by a sacciform accrescent
bracteole at sometimes open tubular apex dentate, laciniate or
spinescent, very rarely (Ostryopsis) with external accrescent scale,

divided within. (Northern temperate regions of both hemispheres).
—See p. 225.

A, Carpinus T.—Flowers nearly of Corylus ; the males consisting
of stamens o (3-20) inserted in axil of bracts of eatkin ; filaments
slender 2-fid; anther cells separate, pilose at apex and extrorsely

CASTANEACEZ. 259

rimose. Female flowers 2-nate in axils of caducous bracts of catkin ;
gynecium, &., of Corylus. Nucules crowned with remains of calyx
subligneous plurinerved, 1-locular ; seed of Corylus.—Small trees or
shrubs; leaves alternate penninerved dentate, in vernation concave
towards axis, not longitudinally plicate along costa; stipules lateral,
oftener caducous ; catkins precocious lateral; males slender ; females
elongate, ramiform terminal; bracteoles lateral accrescent around
axillary fruit, or leaflike lobate patulous or internally increased at
base by very small ligule (Distegocarpus), or more rarely conical-
tubular (Ostrya), after anthesis developed to a nearly closed cone
covered with stinging hairs and surrounding fruit. (North. hemi-
sphere of both worlds).—See p. 2277.

III. QUERCINEZ.

5. Quercus T.—Flowers monecious or rarely diccious apetalous;
male calyx 3-8-partite or lobate. Stamens same in number or
-2-3-times as many; filaments slender exserted, or central, or more
rarely inserted around rudiment of gynecium; anthers extrorse,
2-locular, 2-rimose. Receptacle of female flower very concave,
enclosing adnate germen and bearing superior 3~8-lobed epigynous
calyx inserted at margin; germen cells 2—4, oftener 3, complete or
_generally incomplete above ; style branches equal to number of cells,
linear erect or oftener thick open, stigmatose above. Ovules in
cells 2-nate, descending ; more or less completely anatropous ; micro-
pyle extrorsely superior. Achene (acorn) surrounded at base with
cupule, marked at apex with scar of thin perianth. Fertile seed 1,
surrounded at base or ata greater or less height by 5 abortive seeds ;
cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo plano-convex fleshy, externally
smooth or undulate, more rarely sinuate lobate ; radicle superior.—
Trees large or small; leaves alternate, sometimes persistent, penni-
nerved, longitudinally plicate in vernation ; stipules lateral fugacious ;
buds squamose stipulate; catkins erect or pendulous, 1-sexual, or
more rarely androgynous ; female flowers inferior; bracts alternate
short, 1—-3-florous; female catkins 1- or oftener few-florous; each
flower and fruit surrounded by cupule externally squamose, spirally
or annularly zonate, rarely sub-nude, sometimes finally fissous, free
from acorn or adnate to base, exserted or more rarely enclosed.

(North. temp. regions of both worlds).—See p. 230.
17—2

260 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

6? Castanea T.—Flowers monecious (nearly of Quercus) ; male
calyx oftener @-partite; folioles 2-seriate. Stamens 6-20, often
2-seriate ; filaments erect exserted ; anthers extrorse ; cells short sub-
globose rimose. Female flowers within involucre 1-3; receptacle
lageniform, enclosing adnate germen; cells 3 (Castanopsis) or 4-6,
more or less complete; style branches same in number simple, sur-
rounded at base by lobes of superior calyx generally same in- number.
Ovules in each cell 2 descending and other characters of Quercus.
Fruit dry, 1-3 enclosed in subglobose involucre, externally cristate
or echinate with sharp scales various in form or sub-conical tubercles,
finally closed or 2-4-partite. Seed in each 1, descending ; cotyledons
of exalbuminous embryo fleshy farinaceous, plano-convex or exter-
nally undulately ruminate ; radicle superior.—Trees ; leaves alternate,
entire or dentate penninerved ; stipules lateral fugacious ; male cat-
kins springing from axils oftener inferior, slender caducous; andro-
gynous or female from upper or terminal axils; other characters of
Quercus. (Temp. and cold regions of both worlds).—See p. 233.

7. Fagus T.—Flowers monecious; males solitary or sub-capitate.
Calyx gamophyllous sub-campanulate, 4—8-lobed. Stamens equal in
number to lobes of calyx, or twice as many; filaments inserted at
bottom of calyx, slender exserted ; anthers oblong extrorse, 2-rimose ;
connective obtuse or mucronate at apex. Female flowers within
involucre 1-3; receptacle very concave lageniform 3-gonal ; cells 3,
2-ovulate ; style branches 3, short or elongate, glabrous or pilose at
‘back, surrounded at base with 6 lobes of epigynous calyx. Ovules
in cells 2, collaterally descending; micropyle extrorsely superior.
Fruit enclosed in common accrescent woody involucre, 4-partite and
bracteate at base, clothed externally with scales or fimbriate prickles,
dry indehiscent, alately 3-gonal. Fertile seed 1, descending, accom-
panied above by 3-5 very small sterile seeds; cotyledons of ex-
albuminous embryo fleshy rather thick, entire or adpressed plicate,
in germination epigeous, expanded, foliacoone: radicle short superior.
—Trees or shrubs ; leaves alternate pennineryed, in vernation convex
plicate along nerves or non-plicate (Nothofagus), persistent or deci-
duous ; stipules lateral fugacious; male flowers springing from axils
of inferior leaves; females from those of superior sessile stipitate.
(Temp. regions of both worlds). —See p. 237.

CASTANEACEL. 261

IV? BALANOPSEZ.

8. Balanops. H. By.—Flowers dicecious; males naked, consisting
of stamens oo (generally 3-10), subumbellate on very small convex
receptacle ; filaments short erect, sometimes connate at base; anthers
introrse, 2-rimose. Female flowers solitary ; receptacle short, some-
times subcupular ; folioles of perianth (?) 0, thick unequal, greater
from exterior to interior, imbricate. German: free, suddenly attenuate
from base, narrowing at apex to 2-partite style ; ; branches linear-
subulate papillose, 2-fid; cells of germen 2, very incomplete. Ovules
in each 2-nate, inssrtod on Hlacontifonn dissepiment, ascending ;
micropyle extrorsely superior ; funicles slender unequal erect, dilated
at apex to obturator covering micropyle. Fruit surrounded at base
by persistent and cupuliform calyx (?), ovoid accuminate subbacate ; :
mesocarp more or less pulpy ; endocarp finally subcompletely septate.
Seeds in cells solitary suberect ; coat glabrous ; cotyledons of slightly
albuminous straight embryo ovate, foliaceous or rather thick ; radicle
short inferior.—Trees or shrubs ; leaves alternate or gpuriously ver-
ticillate, coriaceous, penninerved exstipulate 3 ; male catkins solitary
or few fasciculate springing from wood of branches, breaking from
perulate bud, slender and loaded with remotely alternate 1 bracteolate
flowers; female flowers often crowded sessile on wood. (N. Cale-
donia).—See p. 240.

V? LEITNERIA.

9. Leitneria Cuarm.—Flowers dicecious amentaceous; males
consisting of stamens 5-10, inserted in axil of scales of catkin and
more or less connate with its base; filaments free ; anthers introrse,
2-rimose. Female flowers in axil of bracts solitary, either naked,
or surrounded by a minute unequally 3-4-lobed calyx, laterally
bracteolate (and sometimes increased by a few stamens); germen
free, 1-locular, attenuate to elongate recurved style stigmatose and
and sulcate within. Ovule 1, inserted in internal angle descending,
incompletely anatropous; micropyle extrorsely superior. Fruit
oblong drupaceous; flesh scanty; putamen l-spermous. Seed
descending ; cotyledons of slightly albuminous embryo rather flat
and fleshy; radicle superior.— A small tree; leaves alternate

262 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

petiolate penninerved ; stipules lateral ; catkins axillary; floration
developed before leaves. (Florida.)—See p. 242.

10(?). Didymeles Dur.-Ta. — Flowers dicecious amentaceous ;
surrounded by bracteoles or sepals (?); males 2-androus ; filaments
short erect; anthers ovate extrorse, 2-rimose. Carpels 2, opposite
free; germen of each 1-locular, attenuate above to long recurved
and revolute style, longitudinally sulcate and densely plumose-
papillosé within. Ovule 1, descending ; micropyle extrorsely
superior; exostome far produced in tube dilated at apex. Fruit
consisting of drupes (?) 2, sulcate within ; seed descending ; coty-
ledons of exalbuminous embryo thick fleshy plano-convex ; radicle
superior.—A tree (?); leaves alternate petiolate entire penninerved
coriaceous ; catkins axillary and (?) terminal. (Madagascar.)—See
p. 244.

V1(?) MYRICEA.

11. Myrica L.—Flowers diccious or more rarely moncecious
amentaceous; males consisting of stamens 2-20, sessile in axil of
each bract or spicate, naked or surrounded by 2-0 bracteoles ;
filaments free or connate at base; anthers extrorse, 2-rimose.
Female flowers sessile in axils of scales of catkin, naked at base or
surrounded by 2 or a few sterile or rarely fertile bracteoles (bearing
abortive budlike flower in axil). Germen free, 1-locular; style
branches 2 (anterior and posterior), papillose-plumose within; ovule
1 basilar or subbasilar orthotropous; micropyle superior. Fruit
drupaceous ; exocarp rugose papillose and secreting a waxy matter ;
putamen more or less hard, 1-spermous. Seed erect; cotyledons of
straight exalbuminous or very scantily albuminous embryo thick;
radicle superior.—Small trees, shrubs or undershrubs, often odorous ;
leaves alternate, very rarely (Comptonia) stipulate, penninerved,
entire or dentate or serrate; catkins axillary generally springing
from innovation, simple or compound, either 1-sexual, or androgy-

nous; female flowers superior; males inferior. (All temp. and warm
regions. )—See p. 244.

LII. COMBRETACEA.

I. COMBRETUM SERIES.

The flowers of Combreta' (fig. 226-228) are hermaphrodite or
polygamo-dicecious. In certain species they are pentamerous, notably

Combretum (Poivrea) coccineum,

Fig. 226. Flower (8).

[B=
£@4

uum SF

Fig: 227. Diagram.

SS

Fig. 228. Long. sect. of flower.

in those of which the genera Poivrea® and Cacowia*® have been

made.

The receptacle has the form of a very deep sac, narrow and

elongate,* insensibly attenuated towards the upper part and there

1 Combretum Laru. Ic. 308.—L. Gen. n. 475.
—Gerty. Fruct. i. 176, t. 36.—Lamx. Dict. i.
734; Suppl, ii. 229; ZW. t. 282,—DC. Prodr. iii.
18; Mém. Combret. t. 5.—Turr. Dict. Se. Nat.
Atl. t. 221.—Spacu, Suit. & Buffon, iv. 308.—
Enpu. Gen. n. 6087.—Payer, Fam. Nat. 96.—
Hook. Fl. Ind. ii, 452.—Aetia Apans. Fam. des
Pi. ii. 84.— Forsgardia Vewuoz. Fl. Flum. 152;
iv. t. 18.—Chrysostachys Pout, Pl. Bras, ii. 65,
t. 148.—Embryogonia Bu. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. ii.
122.—Sheadendron Bzntou. Ill. Plant. Mozamb.
Mém, Acad. Bologn. (1850) 12, t. 4.—Ku. Pet.
Moss. Bot. 74, t. 14.—Car. Journ. Linn. Soc. iv.
167.—Calopyxis Tun. Ann. Se, Nat. sér. 4, vi.
86.—Bureava H. Bn. Adansonia, i. 71 (ex M.
Axe. DC. Prod. xv. p. ii. 1258.—Argyrodendron

Ku, (Pet. Moss. Bot. 101) is, according to MuEt-
zr p’ArGoviE (DC. Prodr. xv. p. ii. 700), by
one of its species (A. Petersii, Ku.) syn. with
Combretum,

2 Commers. ex Dur.-Tu. Obs. Plant. Afr.
Austr, 28,—DC. Mém. t. 4; Prodr. iii. 17.—
Pevrea Commers. ex J. Gen. 230.—Gonocarpus
Ham. Prodr. Fl. Ind. Oce. 39.

3 Ausu. Guian. i. 450.—J. Gen. 300.—Lamx.
Ill. t. 359.—DC. Prodr. iii. 22 (part).—Spacu,
Joe. cit. 815.— ENDL. Gen. n. 6088.—B. H. Gen.
688.— Hambergera Scov. Introd. n. 276.—Ham-
bergia Nucx. Elem. n. 830.—Schousbea W. Spee.
678 (not Scuum, et THOnN.).

+ Often with 4-6 salient angles.

264 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS...

abruptly dilated to a kind of hemispherical cup, lined to a variable
extent by a glandular bed or numerous hairs, the margin of which
bears the sepals, valvate at adult age.1_ In the intervals are inserted
an equal number of petals very variable in size, sometimes large
and contorted or more rarely imbricate, in other cases very narrow ;
sometimes they are entirely wanting.” The stamens are in number
double that of the petals and are arranged in two verticils. Five
are superposed to the petals and inserted on the internal surface of
the receptacle higher than the alternate ones. AJl have a free
subulate elongate exserted filament, at first folded back upon itself
so that its summit is directed downwards to attach itself to the back
of the anther which is introrse, bilocular, dehiscing by two longitu-
dinal clefts. It becomes erect at the time of anthesis.? In the
female or hermaphrodite flowers, the receptacular cavity, below the
point where it is dilated to a cup, is entirely filled by the adnate
ovary which is surmounted by a subulate style, at summit stigma-
tiferous, not swollen, undivided. In the single cavity of the ovary
are found two-or three parietal placente, often but slightly distinct
at adult age, from the upper of each of which depend one or two
ovules, at first lateral,* attached by a funicle more or less long and
slender, anatropous and with micropyle directed upwards and out-
wards. The fruit, surmounted by a scar produced by the early
separation of the dilated portion of the receptacle, is elongate,
coriaceous, membranous or almost spongy, generally indehiscent,°
with four to six vertical prominences in form of dihedral angles,
soft or pointed, sometimes dilated to vertical wings, coriaceous or
membranous. The narrow central cavity of the pericarp contains a
single descending seed, narrow and elongate, often traversed by
longitudinal furrows, enclosing under its coats a fleshy embryo,
destitute of albumen, with superior radicle, and cotyledons plano-
convex, angular or plicate, contortuplicate, more rarely convolute.
In Cacoucia,’ the receptacular tube is often a little curved or gibbous

1 Often at first slightly imbricate.

2 Especially in Calopyxis and Thiloa.

3 In the Combretee the pollen is generally
ovoid with three or six folds, and in water
spherical with three or six bands, each bearing
one or several papilla (H. Moux, Ann. Se. Nat.
sér. 2, ili, 332).

4 Their point of attachment to the partition

appears, in adult age, to be quite apicular, but
this is only an illusion.

5 Their coat is double.

5 It opens tardily in four pannels in Sheaden-
dron Brrtou., in five in some other African
species.

7 They have been distinguished as a genus
chiefly on account of their fruit, which is

COMBRETACEZ. 265

on one side, and the stamens are more decidedly incurved in the bud. °
The andreecium is diplostemonous or sometimes formed of a number
of stamens a little above ten; a fact occasionally observed in the
Combreta proper. On the other hand there is impoverishment of

Quisqualis indica, .

/

Fig. 230. Flower (}). Fig. 229. Floriferous branch. Fig. 231, Long.
sect. of flower.

the andreecium in Thiloa,! the apetalous and tetramerous flower of
which sometimes has eight stamens; four of them may be wanting
or remain sterile. All these plants, however, appear to us inseparable
from the genus Combretwm, which, thus constituted, comprises about
a hundred and thirty species,? generally shrubby, not unfrequently
sarmentose and climbing, with opposite leaves, rarely verticillate or

described as fleshy. However, it is finally 1 Ercu, Regensb. Flora (1866), n. 10; Mart,
quite dry and 5-angular, like that of so many 7. Bras. Combret, 103, t. 27.

other Combretew, and it also presents incomplete 2H. B. Pl. Bouin, t. 182; Adans, xi. 379.—
lines of dehiscence. : H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Spec. vii. 138.—A. 8, H.

266 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

alternate, petiolate, entire ; and flowers disposed in simple or more or
less ramified spikes, very variable in form and length,’ and furnished
with bracts more or less developed. They belong to the warm
regions of Asia, Africa, and South America.

Quisqualis (fig. 229-234), climbing shrubs of tropical Asia and

Africa, have all the charac-

i il ters of the Combreta, except

that the receptacular pouch,
after enveloping the ovary,
is prolonged upwards in a
long tube traversed by the
style adhering to one side
of it; after which it is di-
lated to a cup which bears
ten stamens with short fila-
ments erect at adult age,

— and higher up five valvate

Fig. 232. Fruit. Fig. 234. Seed. Ne ee sepals ae aa els aate

or contorted petals. The
fruit is dry and encloses a single seed, the embryo of which has two
fleshy cotyledons, round or channelled externally. The pretty
flowers of Quinqualis are collected in short capituliform spikes more
rarely in axillary and terminal clusters.

In Lummnitzera, trees and shrubs with alternate and coriaceous
leaves, growing on the shores of all the tropical seas of the old
world, the flowers are hermaphrodite and very analogous to those of
Combretum. The long receptacle, enveloping the ovary, is dilated
above the latter in a campanulate cup, the margin of which bears
five slightly imbricate persistent sepals and five contorted or imbri-
cate petals. Its interior surface is covered with a glandular disk
with ten indentations in the upper part, at the bottom of which are
inserted the stamens with filaments slightly incurved at the summit,
and cordate introrse anthers. The ovules, of which the number
varies from two to five, are suspended by a long funicle; and the

Fl. Bras, Mer. ii, 246, t. 129, 180.—Hoox. Icon. (Combretum).—Laws. Fl. Trop. Afr. ii. 419, 433
t. 592; Bot. Mag. t. 2944.—Guitiem. et Purr. (Cacoucia).—E1cut. Mart. Fl. Bras. Combret.
Fl, Sen, Tent. i. t. 66, fig. 1 (Poivrea), 67,68.— 106,120 (Cacoucia), t. 27-32, 34.—Bot. Reg. t.
Buntu. Niger, 337 (Poivrea).—Hanv. Thes. Cap, 429, 1165, 1631.—Watp. Rep. ii. 65, 68 (Cacou-
t. 74, 75.—Sonp. Fl. Cap. ii. 508, 512 (Poivrea), cia); v. 662; Aun. i. 290; ii. 525; iv. 673.
—Tur. Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 4, vi. 76 (Pevrea), 83 1 Those of Cucoucea are very long.

COMBRETACEZ. 267

woody elongate fruit bearing at its margin the traces of the two
lateral bracteoles of the flower, borne on the sides of the receptacle,
contains one linear seed the embryo of which has convolute cotyle-
dons. Laguncularia racemosa, a shrub inhabiting, like Lwmnitzera,
the brackish waters of the shore alike in western Africa and tropical
America, has opposite leaves and spikes of polygamous flowers, the
inferior and obconical ovary of which also bears upon its margin the
lateral bracteoles raised nearly to the height of the persistent calyx,
and five imbricate petals. The stamens are also to the number of ten
with short filaments and cordate anthers, and are inserted at the level
of an epigynous disk which crowns the ovary and surrounds the
base of a short style stigmatiferous and bilobed at summit. In the
ovarian cavity is found a placenta nearly apical from which depend
two sessile ovules. The fruit, dry and coriaceous, obpyramidal and
inwardly, compressed, encloses a single seed the embryo of which has
also convolute cotyledons. Macropteranthes, Australian shrubs,
owe their name to the presence, on the sides of their ovary and fruit,
of two large lateral bracteoles, raised and flattened inwardly, in the
form of wings. The flower is in other respects that of Laguncularia,
except that the receptacle contracts much less above the ovary, and
that the latter contains from ten to sixteen ovules suspended by
slender funicles of very unequal length. ‘The leaves are opposite or
fasciculate, and the flowers geminate on axillary peduncles.

Guiera and Calycopteris, shrubs with opposite and downy leaves,
the one from tropical Africa, the other from India, have pentamerous
flowers, in construction very near those of Combrétum. In the former
they are collected in a sort of capitule surrounded by four large
foliaceous decussate bracts forming an involucre. In the latter they
are disposed in large ramified clusters. But Guiera has long ex-
panded petals inserted in the hollows of five sepals persistent but
not accrescent to the summit of a long siliquiform curved very villose
fruit; whilst Calycopteris has no petals, and its fruit, short and
pentagonal, is surmounted by accrescent. sepals in five membranous
and veined plates. In both these genera the embryo has convolute
cotyledons.

Terminalia has given its name to a distinct tribe of this family
(Terminaliec), the principal characters of which were thought to be,
alternate leaves, apetalous flowers, and an embryo with convolute
cotyledons. Besides Terminalia (fig. 235-240), it comprised many

268 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

other genera, in particular Anogeissus, Buchenavia, Bucida, Chuncoa,
Conocarpus, Pentaptera, Ramatuella, which we can separate from it
only as sub-genera. ‘Terminalia proper has hermaphrodite, poly-
gamous or diccious flowers, the narrow receptacle of which, after

Terminalia mauritiana.

Fig. 236. Flower (4). Fig. 235. Floriferous branch. eee foe
sect. ,

enveloping the ovary, immediately expands into a cup similar to that
of Combretum, and bears four or five valvate sepals, two series of
stamens inserted around the base of the style, ordinarily surrounded
by a hairy epigynous disk annular or
lobed. In the unilocular ovary are
found two or three descending ovules
similar to those of Laguncularia.
The fruit, not, as usual, crowned with
the caducous calyx, is very variable
in appearance, consistence, and form.
‘In Badamia, Myrobalanus, and Pa-
Fig. 238. Capitule Fig. 239. Single baat it is ovoid, with a roundish or
of fruit. fruit (4). angular putamen. In Catappa and
Anogeissus, it is compressed or dilated

into two marginal wings (fig. 238, 239). In Chuwncoa, species whose
leaves are frequently opposite and furnished with two glands at the
base of the inferior surface, it is small, coriaceous, and prolonged to
2-5 expanded membranous wings. In Pentaptera, the leaves of
which have ordinarily the same characters, the putamen is osseous
or woody, avd the wings are 5-7 in number. Ramatuella, from

Terminalia (Anogeissus) leiccarpa,

COMBRETACEZ. 269

Venezuela, has a slightly fleshy fruit with three to six thick vertical
wings, entire, sinuous, or lobed at the margin. Besides, their flowers
are collected in capitules, that is, the principal axis remains the
shortest as often happens in

the true Terminalt a, althou gh Terminalia (Conocarpus) erecta.

the latter frequently have also
flowers in elongate simple or
compound spikes (fig. 235).
The flowers of Anogeissus are
also in capitules. This is why
we have not retained, as dis-
tinct from Terminalia, Cono-
carpus (fig. 240), which has
the same apetalous, pentame-
rous flowers as Terminalia,
but the inflorescences of which
become small globular capi-
tules collected in clusters. In
Conocarpus, the fruit is finally
surrounded externally by per-
sistent recurved bracts re-
maining close to each other
so that the whole forms a sort
of cone. Thus limited, this genus comprises nearly a hundred
species, all tropical, common to the four quarters of thé globe,
principally in the old world.

Fig. 240. Floriferous branch.’

II. TUPELOS SERIES.

Tupelos! (fig. 241-244) has polygamo-dicecious flowers. In
the male flower, the summit of the pedicel is dilated to a small
calyx with five or more short teeth, surmounted by a thick

1 Nyssa Gronov. Virg. 162.—L. Gen, 0.1163. A. DO. Prod. xiv. 622.—H. Bn. Adansonia, v.
—J. Gen. 75.—Lamx. Ill. t. 851.—Porr. Dict. 196.—R. H. Gen. 952, n. 11.—Tupelo Caruss.
iv. 508; Suppl. iv. 115.—Garrn, v. Fruet. iii, (ex Apans. Fam. des Pl. ii. 80),—Cynoxylon
201, t. 216.—Spacu, Suit, & Buffon, x. 463.— Puux. (ex ADANS, loc. cit.)

Enpu. Gen. n, 2086.—Linpu. Veg. Kingd. 720.—

270 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

orbicular glandular disk, with entire or crenulate margin, sometimes
smooth and bare on the upper surface, and sometimes supporting a
central and conical rudiment of a gynecium. Outside of this are
inserted caducous petals, equal
in number and alternating
with the teeth of the calyx,
and an equal, double, triple
or quadruple number of sta-
mens, arranged in verticils
and formed each of a free
slender exserted filament, and
a short, bilocular, introrse
anther dehiscing by two longi-
tudinal clefts. In the herma-
phrodite flowers, the perianth
and andreecium are the same ;
but the receptacle is deeply
-depressed to an obconical or
Fig. 241. Male floriferous branch. tubular cavity which encloses

an inferior and unilocular

ovary,! surmounted by a simple or rarely bifurcate, curved or revo-
lute style, the internal margin of which is traversed by a longitudinal
furrow with edges covered with stigmatic papille. In the female
flowers the stamens disappear, or are carried, in small number and
sterile, above the ovary, by the margin of the receptacle. In the
internal angle of the ovarian cell near the summit is inserted a
descending anatropous ovule, with micropyle exterior and superior.?
The fruit is an oblong drupe, crowned by a scar, with thick and hard
putamen, compressed or cylindrical, enclosing a seed the membranous
coats of which cover a fleshy albumen, which envelopes an embryo
with foliaceous cotyledons, nearly equal in size to the albumen and
surmounted by a short cylindrical radicle. Tupelos consists of trees
or shrubs, not unfrequently covered with a silky down, growing, to
the number of half a dozen species,’ in the southern part of North
America, in the temperate mountainous regions of Asia, and in the

Nyssa biflora,

1 Now and then flowers occur with two car- 3 Micux. Arbr. For. t. 18-22.—A. Gray,
pels and an ovary with two cells complete or Man, ed. 5, 201.—Cuapm. Fi. S. Unit. St. 168.
incomplete and uniovulate. For the real number of species to be retained

2 With double envelope. see p. 279, n. 6.

COMBRETACE.

271

Malayan archipelago. The leaves are entire, widely dentate or

sublobate, alternate, petiolate, without stipules.

The flowers, at the

summit of a common peduncle, form a sort of capitule or short spike

Nyssa biflora.

Fig. 243. Hermaphrodite
flower (3).

Fig, 242. Male flower (4).

Fig. 244. Long. sect. of
hermaphrodite flower.

on which they are disposed in small groups (probably glomerules),
accompanied by lateral bracteoles sometimes forming small involucres.
The females, less numerous at the summit of the common peduncle,

may even be solitary.”

Til? ALANGIUM SERIES.
The flowers of Alangiwm® (fig. 245-252) are regular and herma-

phrodite.

The concave receptacle, like that of Combretum or Nyssa,

1 According to Bzunruam and Hooxer, N.
sessilifiora Hoox. r. and Tuoms., a Himalayan
species, is very analogous to Coratostachys (Bu.
Bijdr, 644 ;—Mua. Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. p. i. 839), a
Javanese plant, itself probably identical with
Agathisanthes (Bu, loc. cit, ;—M1a. loc. cit, 838).
Camptotheca, of Tibet, appears very near the
preceding types, differing chiefly in its valvate
corolla (imbricate in Ceratostachys) and in its
anthers with four cellules pendent from a dila-
tation of the connective, and opening irregularly
on the side of the filament.

2 Here also we provisionally place Davidia, a
beautiful tree of Tibet, the authentic specimens
of which, unfortunately, some time since disap-
peared from the herbarium of the Museum,
which has prevented us from giving a figure of
it. The flowers are collected in 1- or 2-sexual
capitules ; the males represented simply by

stamens, free on the surface of a globular recep-
tacle. The female flower, occupying, when
present, not the summit, but the side of the
upper portion of the receptacle, is composed of
an inferior ovary, with numerous uniovulate
cells, surmounted by an epigynous calyx, within
which may be found some short stamens with
fertile or sterile anthers. The ovules in each cell
are solitary and descending, with exterior mi-
cropyle. D. involuerata has alternate leaves and
two large white foliaceous bracts under the
inflorescence.

3 Lax, Dict. i. 174; Suppl. i. 366.—Corrza,
Ann. Mus. x. 161.—DC. Prodr. iii, 203. —
Spacu, Suit, @ Buffon, xiii, 260.—Enpu, Gen. n.
6096.—H. Bn. Adansonia, v. 193.—B. H. Gen.
949, n. 1.—Angolam Apans. Fam. des Pi. ii, 88.
—Angolamia Scor, Introd. n, 280.

272 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

encloses an inferior ovary and is crowned with an epigynous disk,
around which are inserted the calyx, the corolla, and the andreecium.
The calyx, short and-superior, has from four to ten teeth with which
alternate an equal number of narrow elongate valvate petals, finally
reflexed or revolute. The epigynous stamens are the same in

Alangium dicapetalum.

Fig. 245, Flower. Hig. er tas sa gone
number as the petals, with which they alternate, or double, triple, or
quadruple (fig. 245, 246); they are formed each of a free filament,
glabrous or hairy, and a bilocular, introrse anther dehiscing by two
longitudinal clefts... The ovary, set in the cavity of the receptacle
and consequently inferior, is unilocular in the true Alangiums, and
encloses, inserted a little below the summit, a descending anatropous
ovule with micropyle primarily superior and exterior, later lateral,
afterwards slightly contorted.” The style, rising from the centre of
the epigynous disk, is swollen at its stigmatiferous summit, almost
entire or divided into a variable number of small lobes. The fruit
is a drupe, crowned with the persistent calyx and the putamen, often
of little thickness, encloses a seed whose coats cover a fleshy albumen,
externally smooth or ruminated, enveloping an axile embryo, with
superior cylindrical radicle, and wide foliaceous cotyledons, flat or
more or less contortuplicate. There are some species of Alangium

1 They are sometimes nearly marginal. 2 Tt has a double envelope.

COMBRETACEZ. 273

which, with a unilocular ovary, have a number of stamens double
that of the petals; we have named them Diplalangium ;+ and others
where, with an isostemonous andrecium, there is likewise a single
cell; these are our Marleopsis,? that is species which closely
approach Marlea® (fig. 249-252), of which a distinct genus has

Alangium (Marlea) begoniefolium,

ii
i

Fig. 251. Fruit.

Fig. 249. Flower (4). Fig. 252. Transverse Fig. 250. Long.
sect. of fruit. sect. of flower.

hitherto been made, but of which we shall make only a section of the
genus Alangium. The andrecium is there constantly isostemonous,
but the ovary cells are two in number. The consequence is that, in
the drupaceous fruit, the putamen is hollowed with two cells. One
of them is ordinarily narrow and sterile. The seed contained in the
other has constantly albumen externally smooth and flat cotyledons.
Thus conceived,‘ this genus comprises some fifteen species® inhabiting
the tropical regions of Africa, Asia, and Oceania. They are trees

1 Adansonia, v. 195. is

2 It is often the same in Rhytidandra (A, 1, -Angolam (ADANS.).
Gray, Unit. St. Expl. Exp, Bot. i.(308, t. 28 ;— devine 2. Diplalangium (H. By.),
Pseudalangiwm F. Mueuu. Fragm. ii. 84). ee 3. Marleopsis (H. Bn.).

3 Roxs. Pl. Coromand. iii. 79, t. 288.—DC. ene 4. Rhytidandra (A, Gray).
Prodr. iv. 267 (note).—Enpu. Gen. u. 6097.— 5. Marlea (Roxs.).

H. By. Payer Fam. Nat. 341.—B. H. Gen. 949, * Wicut and Arn. Prodr.i. 325.—Linpu. Bot.
n. 2.—Stylidiwm Lour. Pl, Cochinch. (ed.1790), Reg. (1838), t. 61 (Marlea).— Went, Icon. t. 194;
220 (not Sw.).—Stydis Pork. Dict, Suppl. v. 260. Til. t, 96.—Denz. Jacquem. Voy. Bot. t, 83
—Puutsauvia J. Diet. Se. Nat, li, 158, (Marlea) —Mia. Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. pp. i. 173, 774

VOL. VI. 18

274 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

or shrubs sometimes spinous. Their leaves are alternate, petiolate,
without stipules, regular or more or less unsymmetrical at the base,
entire, dentate or lobed, penninerved or digitinerved at the base.
The flowers! are disposed in cymes or glomerules more or less
compound in the axil of the leaves, and each is ordinarily articu-
lated at the summit of its pedicel.

This family was established by R. Brown? in 1810. Of the
genera referred to it at the present time, some, such as Nyssa, Cono-
carpus, Bucida, Terminalia, Chuncoa, and Pamea, were attributed
by A. L. pz Jusstev to his Order Elewagnacee,’ and others, such as
Cacoucia, Combretum, and Guiera, to that of Onagracew.* Alangium
figures at the head of the same author’s following Order Myrtacee.
Of the latter, Dz Canpotiz, in 1828, made a separate Order,
Alangiew,® which Linptzy ° retained, adding to it Tupelos, for which
Jussieu’ had, in 1825, founded a family, Nyssacew. Recently,
Nyssa on the one hand and Alangium and Marlea on the other, have
been ranged, by Buwruam and Hooxer,® in the family Cornacee,
with which their affinities are incontestable.? At the same time,
since in this family the ovules have the micropyle turned inwards,
Nyssa, in which we have determined!’ it to be exterior, would not
belong to it; and if, as we believe, its direction ig at first the same
in Alangium, and becomes lateral only by subsequent torsion,
Alangium and Nyssa are not so near to Cornus as to the Araliacee
and Combretaceew. To the latter rather than to the former we pro-
visionally refer them, on account of the characters of their androecium,
of their inflorescence, of their style, and of their fruit. At one
period, among the Combretacew , were known only plants with ovules
inserted near the summit of the ovary. Later it was seen that their
placenta was parietal and centripetal, and that the ovules were, in
reality, inserted right and left of the upper portion of the placenta.

(Marlea) ; Suppl. i. 341.—Benru. Fi. Hongh. + Op. cit. 820.

138; Fl. Austral. iii, 386 (Marlea).—Tun. Ann. 5 Prodr. iii, 208, Ord. 77.

Sc. Nat. sér. 4, vi. 105.—H. Bn. Adansonia, x. & Veg. Kingd. (1846) 719, Ord. 275 (Alangi-
183 (Marlea).—Watr. Ann. i. 974 (Marlea); acee).

iv. 819 (Rhytidandra). ; 7 Diet. Se. Nat—xxxv. 267.—Enpi. Gen. 328

1 Generally whitish. (Gen. Santalaceis Afin.).
2 Prodr. Fl. N.-Hol. i. 851; Flind. Voy. ii. 8 Gen, 949, 952.

548; Misc. Works (ed. Brnn.), i. 19. 9 H. By. Adansonia, v. 196.
3 Gen, (1789) 74, Ord. 1. 10 Adansonia, loc, cit, 198.

COMBRETACEZ. 275

Let the latter advance farther and we shall have an ovary with two
cells, incomplete or complete, sometimes observed in Nyssa, and, in
the Alangiew, with dicarpellar gynecium, an ovary with two
complete cavities, each enclosing one ovule. Under this view the
true Combretacee would not be the most perfect representatives of
this family, to which they alone have hitherto been admitted. Hence
the division into three series which, as a new order, we propose :—

I. Comsretex.i—Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, with or
without corolla, with unilocular pauciovulate ovary. Ovules equal
or double in number that of the very imperfect parietal placentee, and
inserted near the summit, ordinarily attached by a long funicle,?
with exterior micropyle. Seeds without albumen.—8 genera.

Il. Nysszz.— Flowers polygamo-diecious, with polypetalous
corolla, rarely absent. Ovary with one or more cells, generally
complete, uniovulate. Ovule descending, attached by a short funicle,
with exterior micropyle. Seeds albuminous.—3 genera.

III. Atanetzrz.—Flowers hermaphrodite or rarely polygamous,
with 4-10 petals. Ovary with one or two uniovulate cells. Ovule
descending, inserted at top of internal angle by a short funicle, with
micropyle finally lateral. Seeds albuminous.—1 genus.

The affinities of these three groups are manifold. We have spoken
of those of the Alangiew with the Cornacew, which, besides the
characters derived from the ovule, are distinguished by their isoste-
monous andrecium. The Araliacee, like the Combretacee, have the
ovular micropyle turned outwards. It is admitted, as we shall also
see, that they are distinct from the latter, in which, as in them, the
ovarian partitions are complete, by their habit, their mode of inflo-
rescence, their distinct stylary divisions and their embryo reduced to
small dimensions; all characters of very small value. The Onagrariea,
which present many analogies to the NMyssew, have an indefinite
number of ovules; or, if the number is definite, the descending
ovules have an interior micropyle, as in the Cornacew, and the
ascending ovules an exterior. In the Rhizophoracec, on the contrary,
the descending ovules have the micropyle outward, as in the Com-
bretacee; but the former are distinguished by their habit, their

' Combretacee R. Br.—Terminaliacee J.S.H. order, the Gyrocarpee and the Iiligerece, described
Exp. Fam, Nat. i, 178.—Myrobulanee J. Dict. Se. by us with the Lauracee (Hist. of Pl. ii. 484,
Nat. xxxi. (1824) 458.—Terminaliee DC. Prodr. 485.

iii. 9. Lunpiey, and later Benruam and Hooxer 2 Except always in the g. Laguncularia, where
(Gen, 689) have joined to the family, as a sub- the funicle is very short.
18—2

276 NATORAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

stipules, the organisation of their corolla and stamens, their style,
analogous to that of the Cornacee, except in Anisophyllea, which
has nearly all the characters of the Combretew, but whose singular
leaves and embryo with macropod radicle are very distinct. The
closest affinities of the Combretee appear, as we have seen,’ to be
those which ally them to the Quercinew. The female flower of a
Chestnut, with its inferior ovary and the receptacular dilatation
which surmounts it, with its epigynous stamens and descending ovules
with exterior micropyle, appears to us altogether that of a Terminalia
whose placentary partitions, always incomplete, are somewhat more
advanced towards the axis of an ovary primarily unilocular in both
cases. The exceptional cupule of the Quercinew, so characteristic,
is not found in the whole family of the Castaneacew, depending only
upon a modification in the form of certain organs of vegetation, and
not upon the organisation of the flower itself. The true place of the
Combretacew appears to us then to be between the Quercinew, the
Araliacee, the Onagrariacee, and the Cornacee.

The Combretee and Alangiee are plants of tropical countries. The
latter are confined to Asia, Africa, and Oceania; the former are
common to both worlds. Quisqualis, Macropteranthes, Guiera, and
Calycopteris, belong only to the old world; but the two principal
genera, Combretum and Terminalia, are distributed, unequally
indeed, between Asia, Africa, and America. Lumnitzera, Laguncu-
laria, and Conocarpus,? are among those curious littoral plants
which, like the Mangroves, develope themselves in the brackish
waters of-widely distant tropical shores. The first has been observed ~
only in Asia, Africa, and Oceania, but the two latter are met with,
likewise, in South America and tropical Africa. The Mysseq, on the
other hand, are trees of temperate regions. In North America Nyssa
inhabits the most southern parts, Mexico and the United States. In
India and Java it grows in small. numbers on the mountains.
Camptotheca and Davidia belong to eastern Tibet.

Usus.—Like the Quercinew, to which we have several times com-
pared them, these plants have generally an astringent bark and fruit.

1 See page 249. 2 Vulg. Mangliers flibustiers,

COMBRETACEZ. 277

Those of Terminalia, formerly very celebrated in therapeutics as
tonics and astringents and still used as such in their native countries,
where they are also employed especially for tanning skins and dyeing
stuffs, were known under the name of Myrobalans,' applied also to
other fruits borne by plants of very different families.? Especially
distinguished among them were Myrobalan citrine? attributed to
Terminalia citrina ;* M. Chebulic to T. Chebula ;°> M. Belleric to T.
Bellerica.® The bark of these trees, prescribed for inflammations
and fevers, like that of some species of Combretum, yields a gum,
sometimes sweet, as that of Acacia arabica, sometimes astringent,
burning with a flame. Terminalia preseuts still another point of
analogy to the Oaks in that their various organs, under the influence
of insect puncture, develope galls’ rich in tannin, good for dyeing and
tanning. Such especially is 7. Chebula, the galls of which, horn-
shaped, large, flat, and hollow, give with alum a solid yellow colour,
and with ferruginous clay, an excellent black dye. The root of 7.
latifolia® affords an anti-diarrhetic in the Antilles. That of 7.
Catappa,° a beautiful Indian species, introduced and cultivated in
tropical America, is also prescribed for flux, diarrhea, dysentery,
and its bark for gastric and bilious fever. They are useful for dyeing
black. Its fruit is valued as an article of food and as a medicine.
The same is the case with many other species of Terminalia, notably
T. alata,” in India, is substituted for catechu in the treatment of
angina, ulcers, and scorbutic eruptions; 7’. macroptera,\' of Senegal,

1 Or Myrobolans, Myrabslans, by corruption. — trine, chebulic, as well as indian and black M.

Mér. and Det. Dict. Mat. Méd. iv. 539.—Guis.
Drog. Simpl, ed. 6, iii, 282.—Rosentu. Synops.
Plant. Diaphor. 901.

2 See vol. v. p. 164, note 5.

2 Divided into yellow ovoid and angular,
greenish and piriform, and brownish and round-
ovoid (GuiB.).

4 Roxs. Cat. Hort. Oale. 33.—DC. Prodr. iii.
12 n. 15.—M. citrina Gartn. Fruct. ii. 90,
t, 97.

5 Rerz. Os. v. 31.—Roxs. Pl. Coromand. ii.
52, t. 197.—Linpu. Fl, Med. 67.—DC. Prodr. n.
14.—M. Chebula Gartn. loc, cit. (Olivier dis
Negres, at Martinique).

6 Roxs. loc, cit. 54, t. 198.—DC. Prodr. n. 13,
—M. Bellvrica Bruyn. Icon. 18, t. 4.—Gar1n.
loc. cit.— Tani Ruegp. Hort. Malad. iv. t. 10.
The sources of the principal Myrobalans are
indicated in this manner in standard works;
but on this point there is much uncertainty.
According to Mizar and Det. (loc. cit.) ci-

are the fruits of the same species, brought
to different degrees of maturity. “ CoLEBRooK
has traced the changes of I. chebula, and
has seen that its fruit undergoes six, each of
which has received a distinct name among the
Indians.” (Journ. de Bot. vi. 212.) Kanie
has given to T. chebula the name of T, Myroba-
lanus citrina. GurBourt, according to the au-
thors cited, considers Indian M. as a green state
of chebulic M.

7 Gut. loc. cit. 287, fig. 652.

8 Sw. Fl. Ind. Oce. ii, 747.—DC. Prodr. n. 11.

9 L. Mantiss. 619.—Lamx. ‘Iii. t. 848, fig. 1.
—Jaca, Ic. Rar, i. t. 197.—DC. Prodr, n. 5.—
Rosentu. op. cit. 900.—Juglans Catappa Lovun.
Fi, coeiinch. (ed. 1790), 578 (Bois eanot, B. a
huile).

10 Rota Nov. Spec. 379.—Pentaptera alata
Banxs.— RosEntu. op. cit. 902.

11 Guitu. and Perx. Fl. Sen. Tent. i. 276, t.
63.—Laws, Fi. Trop. Afr. ii. 416 (Rebred).

278 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

which, though astringent, has a root said to be purgative; 7.
mauritiana’ (fig. 235-237), the seeds of which are edible; T.
angustifolia,? which, in India, yields a kind of benzoin; T. Buceras,
of the Antilles, the astringent bark of which is employed in medi-
cine; T. erecta (fig. 240), the bark of which is useful in the
treatment of ophthalmia, syphilitic, diabetic, and many other
affections. Lagwncularia racemosa,’ of the tropical African and
North American shores, is also an astringent plant. Quisqualis
indica’ (fig. 229-234) has anthelmintic seeds of a sharp and bitter
taste ; its leaves also, either alone or with mustard, are prescribed
for worms and affections of the lower intestines. Many species of
Combretum are also useful. OC. coccineum® (fig. 226-228) and
C. argenteum, grandiflorum,? and alternifolium, have astringent
barks. Several are tinctorial. The ashes of C. glutinosum™ are
used in Senegambia to fix the colours of indigo. In Guyana, the
Galibees rubbed the muzzle of their dogs with the fruit of T.
Cacoucia to increase their power of scent.!!' Dr Martius made known
in Europe Terminalia argentea,” of Brazil, as yielding a drastic and
resolutive juice used in his country for the same purposes as gum
gutta. Several species of Terminalia of the same countries are
tinctorial. In Mozambique an aromatic fatty matter is extracted
from the seeds of C. butyrosum,” used for preparing food. Alangiwm
has aromatic roots. The wood is good and the fruit edible, but often
viscous and nearly tasteless. A. decapetalum™ (fig. 245-248) and

1 Lamx. Dict. i. 349; Jil. t. 848, fig. 2.—
Catappa mauritiana GERTN. F.

2 Jace. Hort. Vindob. iii. t. 100.—T. Benzoin
L. ¥. Suppl.—C. Benzoin Gmrtn. v. (Faur-
Benjoin, Bien-joint).

3 Bucida Buceras L, Spec. 556.—DC. Prodr.
iii. 10.—Ercut. Mart. Fl. Bras. Combret, 94, t.
35, fig. 1. This species, pierced by insects, also
produces galls rich in tannin (Chéne frangais of

8 Lamx. Dict. i. 734; Ill. t. 282, fig. 2.—C.
purpureum Vauu—Bot. Reg. t. 429.—Poivrea
coccinea DC. Prodr. iii, 18, n. 5.

8 Don. Edinb. New Phil. Journ. (1824) 346.—
DC. Prodr. n, 24.—Laws. Fl. Trop, Afr. ii, 423.
—C. Afzelit Don.—Poivrea grandiflora Buntu.
Niger, 337.

10 Perr. Fi. Sen. Tent. i, 288, t. 68.

U1 Cacoucia coccinea AuBL. Guian. t. 179.—

the Antilles).

4 Conocarpus erecta L. Syst. 217.—DeEscourt.
Fl. Méd. Ant. vi. t. 399.—Etcuu. loc, cit. 101, t.
35, fig. 2 (Manglier flibustier, M. droit, M. noir).

5 T. glabrata Forst. trovancorensis Wicxt,
Pamea DC. crenulata Rotu, (RosEntH. loc, cit.
900-902), etc.

6 Sce p. 282, note 2.

7 L. Spec. 556.—Lamx. Ii. t.357.—D0C. Prodr.
ili. 23.—Bot. Mag. t. 2033.—Bot. Reg. t. 492.—
RosEntu, op. cit. 903.

Ercuu. Mart. Fl. Bras. Combret. 122, t. 32.—
Schousbea coccinea W.

12 Marr. and Zucc. Nov, Gen. et Spee. i. 48.—
Excuu. Mart. Fl. Bras. Combret. 86, 126, t. 23.

13 Car. Journ.Linn, Soc, iv. 167.—Sheadendron
butyrosum Brrtou. Mém. Acad. Bologn. (1850)
12, t. 4.

M Lax. Dict. i. 174.—.A. acuminatum Wien
and Arn.— Rosznru. op. cit. 903.— Grewia
salvifolia L. ¥, Suppl. 409 (ex Vann, Symb.i.61).-
—Angolam Rueep. Hort. Malab. iv. t. 17.

COMBRETACEZ. 279

hexapetalum' are said to be purgative and diuretic. Tupelos has
slightly acid drupes, especially Nyssa capitata® and biflora® (fig.
241-244), the fruit of which is sometimes substituted for citrons.
That of N. aquatica,* villosa,> scandens,® is also eaten. The wood
of these trees splits with difficulty, on account of the intricacy of
their fibres; it is often used in the United States, but is little
valued.” These trees are cultivated among us with some difficulty.
Plants of the other series are met with only in conservatories, where
certain species of Combretum and Quisqualis produce red flowers of a

very fine effect.

1 Lamx. loc, cit.—DC. Prodr. iii, 208 (Nami-
dou, Kara-Angolam).

2 Watt. Fl, Carol. 258, n. 4.

® Micux. Fl. Bor.-Amer. ii. 259.—N. aquatica
L.? (ex Micux.).

4 L. Syst. (ed. 1780), iv. 358.

» Micaux. op. eit. 258.

® Micux, ex Rosenru. op. cit. 239. Accord-
ing to A. Gray, there are in the northern
United States only two species of Nyssa; N.
uniflora, comprising NV. tomentosa, angulisans and
grandidentata Micux. N. multiflora Wane. and

comprising 1. villosa W. and sylvatica Manrsu.
Cuapman adds in the south N. aquatica L. and
N. capitata Waur.; in all, consequently only
four American species, which, probably, present
many variations.

7 On the stem of a Nyssa angulisans, see
Trecun, Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 8, xvii. 270. On the
wood of the Alangiee : Linpu. Veg. Kingd, 720.
That of the Combretacee in general, and notably
those growing in brackish waters, presents
numerous peculiarities for study.

240 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

sy}

GENERA.

I. COMBRETEA.

1. Combretum L.—Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamo-dicecious;
receptacle tubular-lageniform, constricted to apex, then dilated
cupuliform ; sepals 4, 5, valvate, glabrous or pilose within, some-
times glandularly incrassate at base, deciduous. Petals 4, 5, some-
times small (or very rarely 0). Stamens 8-10, 2-seriate; the
oppositipetalous inserted higher; filaments elongate free, incurved
above; anthers small introrse, 2-dymous, 2-rimose. Germen adnate
within to concavity of receptacle, 1-locular; style subulate, at apex
simple or slightly incrassate stigmatose. Ovules 2-6, suspended from
apex of cell by a rather long funicle, anatropous; micropyle extrorsely
superior. Fruit coriaceous or sub-spongy, sometimes sub-fleshy, 4-6-
gonal or 4—6-pterous; wings short thick or often membranous; pericarp
indehiscent or finally 4—6-partible. Seed 1, descending, elongate, sul-
cate or angular; coat membranous or coriaceous; cotyledons of exal-
buminous embryo fleshy, oftener narrow, plicate contortuplicate or
deeply sulcate, sometimes very rarely convolute.—Shrubs or more
rarely trees, often climbing, sometimes spinous; leaves opposite or
more rarely verticillate, very rarely alternate, petiolate, oftener mem-
branous entire exstipulate ; flowers in spikes or racemes, sometimes

ramose, rarely secund ; bracts small or rather large. (Trop. Asia,
Africa, America.) See p. 263.

2. Quisqualis L.'\—Flowers nearly of Combretum; tube of re-

1 L. Gen, n. 5389.—J. Gen. 78.—Lamx. Ili. t. 105; Fam. Nut. 96.—B. H. Gen. 689, n. 12.—
357.—Pom. Dict. vi. 43; Suppl. iv. 640.—DC. Hoox. Fi. Ind. ii. 459.— Sphalanthus Jacx,

Prodr. iii. 22.—Spacu, Suit. d Buffon, iv. 316.— Mal. Mise. ex Hook. Comp. to Bot, Mag. i, 156.
Enpu. Gen. n. 6089.—PayzEr, Organog. 447, t.

COMBRETACEZ. 281

ceptacle far produced beyond germen attenuate; sepals patent or
recurved. Stamens 10, germen ovules 4, 5, etc. of Combretum.
Fruit oblong coriaceous, acutely 5-gonal, 5-alate; seed 5-gonal.
Embryo exalbuminous ; cotyledons 2 (or rarely 3), thick fleshy, flat
or concave within, convex or sulcate without.—Climbing shrubs ;
branches sarmentose ; leaves opposite or subopposite entire ; flowers '
in spikes, sometimes compound, axillary and terminal. (Trop. Asia
and Africa.)

3. Lumnitzera W.°—Flowers (nearly of Combretwm) herma-
phrodite; receptacle oblong, attenuate on both sides, externally
increased to middle by 2 lateral adnate bracteoles, produced some-
what beyond germen and finally dilated. Sepals 5, equal or unequal,
imbricate, persistent. Petals 5, oblong patent. Stamens* 10 and
germen of Combretum; ovules 2-6;5 funicle elongate. Fruit oblong,
ovoidly attenuate, or subfusiform compressed woody, laterally obtuse
angled to remains of bracteoles, crowned with persistent calyx.
Seed linear ;° cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo convolute.—Trees
and shrubs ; leaves alternate, inserted at summit of twigs, subsessile,
obovate-cuneate, thick coriaceous enervate, entire or crenate; flowers?
in short axillary and terminal racemes. (All tropical shores of old
world.®)

4. Laguncularia Gaertn. r..—Flowers polygamous (nearly of
LIumnitzera); receptacle (in male flower short) turbinate rather
terete not produced beyond germen, laterally increased by 2 small
adnate bracteoles. Calyx urceolate, 5-fid, persistent. Petals 5,
small, caducous. Stamens 10; filaments short incurved; anthers
cordate enclosed or slightly exserted. Germen internally adnate to

1 White or red, changeable.

2 Spec. 3, 4, Rumen. Herb. Amboin. v. 71, t.
38.—Burm. Fi. Ind. t. 28, fig. 2 —P.-Bzavv.
Fi, Ow. et Ben. i. 55, t. 84,—Bu. Bidr. 641.—
Roxz. Fi. Ind. ii. 426.—Presu. Epim. 216.—
Wicut and Arn. Prodr. i. 318.—Wieurt, Iii. t.
92,—Harv. and Sonn. Fl. Cap. ii. 512.—Laws.
Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr. ii. 435.—Hoox. Bot. Mag,
t. 2033.—Bot. Reg. t. 492.—Watp. Rep. ii. 68 ;
v. 663; Ann. ili, 860. %

3 N. Schz. Ges, Nat. Fr. Berl. iv. 186.—DC.
Prodr. iii. 22, Envi. Gen. n. 6084.—B. H. Gen.
687, n. 7.—Hoox. Fi. Ind, ii. 451.—Pyrranthus
Jack, Mal. Misc. ex Hook. Comp. i. 156.—Peta-
loma Roxs. Fl. Ind. ii. 372 (not Sw.).—Funkia
Dennst. Hort. Malad. vi. 37 (ex Envt.).

4 Anthers in younger bud and at anthesis in-
trorse. Filaments in bud incurvo-conduplicate.

5 Dissepiments in earliest stage distinct more
or less prominent.

6 Often sterile; fruit hence vacant,

7 White coccineus or (?) yellow.

8 Spec, 4,5, Wicut and Arn. Prodr.‘i. 316,—
Presi. Rel. Henk. ii. 25.—Gavupicu. Freycin.
Voy. Bot. t. 104, 105 (Laguncularia).—BentHu.
Fl. Austral. ii, 508.—Laws. Fl. Trop. Afr. ii.
418.—Watp. Rep. 63; Ann. i. 289; iv, 672.

9 Fruct. iii, 209, t. 217.—DC. Prodr. iii. 17.--
Sracu, Suit. & Buffon, iv. 304.—Enp1. Gen. n.
6083.—B. H. Gen. 688, n. 9.—Sphenocarpus L.
C. Ricu. Anal, Fruit. 92.—Horau Apans. Fam,
des Pl, ii. 80.

282 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

receptacle and crowned with thick epigynous disk; style short, at
apex stigmatose 2-lobed. Ovules 2; funicle subapical very short
(or’0). Fruit dry coriaceous, indehiscent, elongate-obovoid, some-
times longitudinally cortulate, sericeous, crowned with persistent
calyx. Seed 1, descending, conformed to cell; cotyledons of exal-
buminous embryo highly convolute.—Small trees; leaves opposite
petiolate, elliptical or oblong, obtuse, entire thick coriaceous,
2-glandular at base ; flowers! in axillary and terminal ramose spikes,
often 3-spiked. (Trop. America and west. coast of trop. Africa.’)

5. Macropteranthes F. Murtu.*—Flowers hermaphrodite (of
Laguncularia), 5-merous. Stamens 10, or fewer; anthers sometimes
ciliate. Germen adnate within to cavity of receptacle not constricted
at apex and laterally winged with 2 adnate bracteoles. Ovules in
cell 10-16, inserted under apex by linear-elongate funicles, Fruit
(indehiscent ?) crowned with calyx and augmented to middle by 2
wide foliaceous horizontal wings ; seeds . . . ?—Small sericeous trees;
leaves opposite or fasciculate small entire; flowers axillary 2-nate
on peduncle. (Trop. Australia.*)

6. Guiera Apans.> — Flowers hermaphrodite (of Combretum),
d-merous; receptacle attenuate on both sides, produced beyond
germen. Petals 5, narrow, perceptibly dilated at apex. Stamens
10, exserted; anthers small didymous. Germen, disk, etc., of
Lummitzera; ovules 4, 5; funicles elongate. Fruit coriaceous,
indehiscent, elongate-cylindrical and curved,® sericeo-villose, crowned
with persistent calyx. Seed 1, narrow ; cotyledons of exalbuminous
elongate embryo convolute.—A somewhat tomentose shrub; leaves
opposite, petiolate, entire apiculate black-spotted ; flowers’ crowded
in axillary globose solitary pedunculate capitules; bracts 4, foliaceous
inserted under capitule, valvately connivent in common involucre
around enclosed flowers, finally reflexed at anthesis. (Trop. west.
Africa.®)

1 Small.

3 Spec. 1, LZ. racemosa Gzrtn. r.—DC. Prodr.
ii. 17.—E1cun, Mart, Fl. Bras. Combret. 102, t.
35, fig. 3.—Laws. Fl, Trop. Afr. ii, 419.—
Watp. Rep. ii. 68.—H, B. Avans. xi. 378.—Z.
glabrifolia Presy. Rel. Henk. ii. 22,—Conocarpus
racemosa Li, Spec. 251.—Jacg. Amer. 80, t. 53,.—
Sw. Obs. 79.—Schousbea commutata SPrenc.
Syst. ii, 382.— Bucida Buceras Vetuoz. Fl. Flu.
172; iv. t. 87 (not L.).

3 Fragm. iii, 91, 151.—B. H. Gen, 687, n. 8.

4 Spec. 3, F. Murun. Fragm. ii, 149 (Lumnit-
zera),—Bentu. Fl. Austral. ii, 504,

5 Ex J. Gen, 320,—Lamx, Ill. t. 360.—Porr.
Dict. Suppl. ii. 861.—DC. Prodr. iii, 17.—
Spacu, Suit. @ Buffon, iv. 305.—Enp1. Gen. n.
6085.—B. H. Gen. 687, n, 6.

® Long siliquiform,

7 Minute, black-spotted.

8 Spec. 1, G. senegalensis Lamx.—GuILuEM.
et Perr. #2, Sen. Tent. i. 282, t. 66, fig. 2.—
Laws. Fl, Trop. Afr. ii. 418 (nat, Quierr).

COMBRETACEZ.. 283

7. Calycopteris Lamx.1 — Flowers hermaphrodite (nearly of
Guiera or Combretum) apetalous, 5-merous; receptacle enclosing
inferior germen and not produced beyond. Sepals 5, persistent,
accrescent. Stamens 10, enclosed, anthers 2-dymous. Germen
3-ovulate (of Combretum). Fruit (small) ovoid, 5-gonal, 5-sulcate,
somewhat villose, crowned with 5 accrescent membranous venose
obtuse and patent sepals, indehiscent, 1-spermous; cotyledons of
exalbuminous embryo convolute.—A climbing shrub,? glabrous or
oftener sericeo-villose ; leaves generally opposite petiolate entire
acuminate ; flowers crowded in axillary simple or terminal and very
ramose racemes. (Hast. India.®)

8. Terminalia L.t—Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamo-dicecious
(nearly of Combretum) apetalous; tube of receptacle ovoid or sub-
cylindrical, sometimes elongate-lageniform, not at all or scarcely,
sometimes a little (Ramatuella®) or farther (Anogeissus®) produced
beyond germen, dilated above to a campanulate or suburceolate
cupule, glabrous or pilose within, sometimes glandular and calyci-
ferous at margin. Sepals rarely 4, oftenest 5, free or connate at base,
valvate, generally deciduous or rarely (Bucida’) persistent. Stamens
4, 5, or most often 8-10, 2-seriate; filaments subulate incurved,
finally exserted ; the alternisepalous inserted higher; anthers versa-
tile or rarely (Buchenavia*) not mobile. Germen inferior; style
generally incrassate at base, at apex stigmatose simple and oftener
not dilated. Ovules in cell 2, 3 (of Combretum). Fruit ovoid

(Myrobalanus*) or ellipsoid or

elongate,’® or angular, ancipiti-

1 Til. t.357.—Porr. Dict. Suppl. ii. 41.—B. H.
Gen, 686, n. 2.—Getonia Roxs. Pl. Coromand. i.
61, t. 87; Fl. Ind. ii. 428.—Gmrrn. F. Fruct.
iii, 210, t. 217.—DC. Prodr. iii. 15.— Env. Gen.
n. 6078.

2 On account of its opposite leaves, inflo-
rence and accrescent calyx very like some Ver-
benacee and Malpighiacee; but the flower is
quite that of Gucera and allied genera.

3 Spec. 1, 2. Wieutr and Arn, Prodr. i. 315
(G@etonia).

4 Mantiss. n, 1283.—J. Gen. 76.—Lamx. Dict.
i. 348; Suppl. i. 557; Ill. t. 848.—DC. Prodr,
iii. 10.--Spacu, Suit. & Buffon, iv. 298.—EnvL.
Gen, n. 6076,—Payer, Fam. Nat. 97.—Hoox.
Fl, Ind. ii, 443.—BaxeEr, Fl. Maurit. 111.—B.H,
Gen. 685, 1006, n. 1 (incl.: Anogeissus Watt.
Badamia Gmrrn. Buchenavia Eicnu. Bucida L,
Catappa Gm2tn, Chicarronia A. Ricu. (?) Chun-
coa Pav. Conscarpus Gzxtn.Myrobalanus GRIN.

Pentaptera Roxs. Ramatuella H. B, K. Vicentia
ALLEM.).

5 H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Spec. vii, 254, t. 656.—
DC. Prodr. iii. 16.— Envi, Gen. n. 6080.—B. H.
Gen. 686, n. 4.

§ Watt. Cat. n. 4014,—Enp, Gen. n. 6082.—
B. H. Gen. 687, n. 5.—Hoox. Fl. Ind. ii. 450.

iL. Gen. n. 641.—Lamx. Jil, t. 8356,—DC.
Prodr. iti. 9.—Enpu. Gen. u. 6075 (part).—
Buceras P. Br. Jam. ii. 310.

8 Ercuu, Flora (1866), 164; Mart. Fl. Bras.
Combret. 95, t. 25.

® Garr. Fruct. ii. 90, t. 97. — Badamia
Garr. loc. cit.—Pamea AuBL.Guia . 946, t. 359
—Fatrea J, Dict. Se. Nat, xvi. 206.

10 In Bucida it often happens, from the attack
of insects, that the leaves of the fruit (as in
some plants of the Order) grow out in long
siliquiform horns (whence the generic name),

284 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

compressed (Catappa'), 2-7-alate; wings thick, sometimes sinuate
or incised (Ramatwella) thick coriaceous or widely membranous ;
exocarp thin or more rarely thick, fleshy or coriaceous; putamen
coriaceous or osseous, 1-spermous, straight, curved or much recurved?
(Conocarpus*). Seed ovoid or elongate, terete or angular ; coat thin ;
cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo convolute.—Trees or shrubs ;
leaves alternate or more rarely opposite and 2-glandular at base
(Chuncoa,* Pentaptera*), often collected at summit of twigs, sessile
or oftener petiolate, generally entire, sometimes pellucid or dark-
spotted ; flowers ® spicate or more rarely racemose; spikes simple or
more or less ramose, elongate, loose or in short capitules; or some-
times (Anogeissus, Conocarpus, Ramatuella) densely capitate. (All
trop. regions.”) See p. 267.

Il? NYSSEA.

9. Nyssa L.—F lowers polygamo-dicecious; receptacle of males
shortly cupular or subplane. Calyx small, very small or subnil ;
teeth 5-00. Petals 5-0 ,imbricate. Stamens 5-18, or oo, inserted
with perianth around thick pulvinulate disk entire or crenate or
lobed, glabrous smooth above or produced to a central cone (rudiment
of gynecium ?); filaments free; anthers sub-2-dymous; cells
laterally or introrsely rimose. Receptacle of female or hermaphrodite
flower tubular, urceolate or subcampanulate, enclosing adnate
germen; calyx as in males. Petals small or 0. Rudimentary
stamens 0 or few anantherous or with effete anthers. Germen
inferior, 1-locular (or very rarely 2-locular ; dissepiments perfect or

1 Gmrrn. Fruct. ii. 206, t. 127; iii. 207, te
217.—Adamaram Rurepe, ex Apans. Fam. des
Pi. ii, 445.— Tanibouca Ausy. Guian. 448, t. 178,

2 Fruit in Conocarpus and others imbricate in
a dense cone.

3 Gartn. Fruet. ii. 470, t. 177; iii. 205, t.
216.—Lamr. Dict, ii. 96; Jil. t. 126.—DC.
Prodr. iii. 16 (part).—Spracu, Suit, & Buffon, iv.
303.— Ent. Gen. n, 6081.—B. H. Gen. 686, u. 3.
—Rudbeckia Avans. Fam. des Pi. ii. 80 (not L.).

4 Pav. ex J. Gen. 76.—Porr, Dict. Suppl. ii.
258.—Enpu. Gen. n. 6079.—Gimbernatia BR. et
Pav. Prodr. 138, t. 36.— ? Chicarronia A, Ricu.
Fil. Cub. 529, t. 43.—Vicentia AtEm. Diss. de
Vicentia acuminata Rio Janeiro (1844).—Watp.
Ann. iti. 934.—Ercut. Mart. Fl. Bras. Combret-
92, t. 88, fig. 15 (fl. 4-merous).

5 Roxs, Fl. Ind. ii. 437.—Ennt. Gen. n. 6077.

6 Small or moderate-sized, greenish, whitish

or more rarely red, pale violet or purplish,
sometimes scented,

7 Spec. 100. Jace. St. Am. t. 52 (Conocarpus).
—Wieur and Arn. Prodr, i. 312.—Wieur, Il.
t. 91; Icon. t. 172.—A. 8. H. Fl. Bras. Mer. ii.
239, t. 128.—Guitiem. et Perr. Fi. Sen. Tent. i.
276, t. 68, 64; 278 (Conocarpus), 279, t. 65
(Anogeissus)—Tur. Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 4, vi. 90.
—Grises. 7. Brit. W.-Ind. 276.—Harv. and
Sonp. F. Cap. ii. 508.—Benru. Fi, Austral. ti.
496.—Tuw, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 108.—E1cut. Mart.
Fil. Bras, Combret. 81, t. 28, 24,33, 34; 94, t. 35,
i. (Bucida) ; 95, t. 25 (Buehenavia) ; 99, t. 35
ii. (Ramatuella) ; 100, t. 35, ii. (Conocarpus).—
Laws. Fl. Trop, Afr, ii. 415, 417 (Conocarpus,
Anogeissus).— Bot. Mag. t. 3004.—Waxr. Rep.
ii. 60, 683 (Anogeissus) ; Ann.i. 289; it. 524; iv.
672.—Croton Benzoe L. Mantiss, 297 (DC. Prodr.
iii. 11).

COMBRETACEZ. 285

imperfect); style straight or recurved or revolute, convexity suleate,
simple or at stigmatose apex 2-fid, girt at base with thick epigynous
disk. Ovule 1 (or very rarely 2), descending ; micropyle extrorsely
superior. Fruit drupaceous oblong, areolate at apex; putamen
terete or sulcate. Albumen of descending seed fleshy ; cotyledons
of inverted embryo foliaceous and equilateral to aloumen.—Trees or
shrubs, sometimes sericeous; leaves alternate petiolate, exstipulate,
entire or coarsely dentate or lobate; flowers axillary, inserted at
summit of pedunculum, capitate or shortly racemose (glomerulate ?),
bracteate and bracteolate; bracts sometimes involucrate; female
flowers fewer, sometimes solitary. (South. North America, mount.
Asia and temp. Malaya.) See p. 269.

10? Camptotheka Dcnu.' — Flowers polygamous (nearly of
Nyssa); calyxcupular. Petals 5,imbricate. Stamens 10, 2-seriate,
inserted under epigynous disk; cellules of anthers 4, appended to
conical connective; each introrsely unequally valvicide.? Germen
(in male flower effete) inferior; ovule...?; style 2-fid (in male
flower very short, buried in disk). Fruit capitate compressed sub-
samaroid, truncate at apex and crowned with remains of disk ;
mesocarp suberose ; endocarp thin. Seed descending elongate ; testa
thin; albumen fleshy ; embryo (greenish) equal to albumen, cotyledons
thin ; radicle superior.—A tree; leaves alternate, deciduous ; flowers
capitate ; capitules (glomeruliferous) in terminal raceme and pedi-
cellate ; bracts and bracteoles lateral involucrating cymules. (ast.
Tibet.3)

11? Davidia H. By.t — Flowers polygamo-diccious; males
l1-androus ; stamens oo, collected in minute enclosed globular capi-
tule, around slightly onojeoting base of filaments; filaments free
sabulate, inserted in foveoles of receptacle ; anther cells ovate, free
on both sides, sublaterally rimose. Female flower in capitules 0, or
1, laterally inserted above middle of receptacle, oblique ; receptacle
proper of flower subovoid sacciform, enclosing adnate germen and
bearing subepigynous perianth consisting of oo small unequal
subulate folioles. Germen inferior, 6-10-locular, attenuate beyond
perianth; style conical, externally rugose, at apex divided into
radiating lobes, suleate and stigmatose within, equal in number to
cells, Ovules in complete cells solitary, inserted a little below apex,

1 Bull. Soc. Bot. de Fr. xx. 157. 3 Spec. 1. C. acuminata Donn. loc. cit.
2 “ Pollen 3-gonal like that of Onagrariea,”’ 4 Adansonia, x. 114.

286 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

descending ; micropyle extrorsely superior. Hermaphrodite flower
in other respects similar to female and augmented by short straight
hypogynous (fertile or sterile) stamens within the perianth. Fruit...?
—A tree; leaves alternate, petiolate, cordato-acuminate serrate
penninerved, sub-3—7-nerved at base ;! flowers precocious ; capitules
terminal pedunculate; bracts 2, subopposite, wide foliaceous, con-
formed and equal to leaves, petaloid coloured (white), involucrate and
finally expanded. (Hast. Tibet.?)

III? ALANGIEZ.

12. Alangium Lamr.—Flowers hermaphrodite or rarely poly-
gamous; receptacle concave, turbinate, campanulate, or subcylin-
drical, enclosing adnate germen. Calyx inserted at margin, subentire
truncate or 4-10-dentate. Petals 4-10, lorate or linear, valvate,
finally reflexed or revolute. Stamens inserted with perianth (epi-
gynous), equal in number and alternating with petals or 2-4 times
as many ; filaments free or connate at base, inserted under epigynous
disk ; anthers linear-elongate, introrse or laterally rimose. Germen
inferior, 1-2-locular or more rarely 3-locular, septa perfect or im-
perfect above ; style girt at base with epigynous cupular or pulvinate
disk, at stigmatose apex clavate or capitate, oftener minutely 4-00 -
lobate. Ovule in each cell 1, inserted under apex, descending;
micropyle extrorsely (?) superior, finally oftener lateral. Fruit
drupaceous, crowned with calyx or its scar; exocarp thin or thick
fleshy ; putamen more or less hard, sometimes crustaceous, 1-2-
spermous. Seed oblong; integument thin; albumen fleshy, externally
smooth or sometimes sinuate or ruminate ; cotyledons of axile embryo
foliaceous, digitinerved at base, or flat, or slightly corrugate or
sometimes contortuplicate ; radicle terete superior.—T'rees or shrubs,
unarmed or sometimes spinescent, glabrous or tomentose; leaves
alternate petiolate exstipulate, entire or angular-lobate, at base equal
or sometimes unequal, penninerved or sometimes digitinerved at base ;
flowers in axillary more or less compound ramose cymes; branches
of inflorescence elongate or sometimes more or less contracted;
pedicels generally articulate. (Asia, Oceania and trop. Africa,
Malacca.) See p. 271.

1 The younger sericeous beneath or on both 2 Spec. 1. D. involucrata H. Bn, loc, cit.
sides,

LIT. RHIZOPHORACEA,

I. MANGROVE SERIES.

The Mangroves are especially known by their long adventitious

Rhizophora Mangle.

Fig. 254. Flower (3). Fig. 255. Diagram. Fig. 256. Long. sect. of flower.

Fig. 258. Fruit. Fig. 257, Dehiscent Fig. 260. Fruit, Fig. 259. Long.
‘ stamen. with germinating seed. sect, of fruit.

roots which descend into the mud, whence the name Rhizophora’ (fig.
253-260). They have regular and hermaphrodite flowers, the concave

1 L. Gen. n. 592 (part).—J. Gen. 218, 453.— Ewpw. Gen. u. 6098.—H. Bn. Payer Fam. Nat.
Lamx. Dict. vi. 160; JU. t..396.—Dvur.-Tx. 860.—B. H. Gen. 678, n. 1.—Hoox. Fl. Ind.
Desvz. Journ, Bot, ii. 81, t. 4.—DC. Prodr, iti, ii. 485.—Mangle Puvxn. ex Apans. Fam. des .
32 (part)—Spracu, Suit. @ Buffon, iv, 332— Pl, ii, 445,

288 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

receptacle of which encloses the inferior portion of the ovary and
Rhizophora Mangle.

7 7e,

aA

Fig. 253, Floriferous and fructiferous branch,

bears on its margin the stamens and perianth. The latter is double,

RHIZOPHORACE, 289°

formed of a coriaceous calyx of four thick and valvate persistent
sepals, one anterior, another posterior and two lateral (fig. 255), and
four alternate petals, longer, equally valvate, with a margin often cut
into fine induplicate lacinie. The stamens, eight in number, are
superposed, four to the sepals and four, longer, to the petals.! Each
is formed of a filament very short or nil and a basifixed elongate
anther with two cells dehiscing longitudinally in quite a peculiar
manner? (fig. 257), The gynzcium is composed of an ovary partly
inferior and hollowed into two cells, one anterior, the other posterior ;
it is surmounted by a very short style, almost immediately divided
into two very small stigmatiferous lobes. In the internal angle is
seen a placenta supporting two collateral descending anatropous ovules
with micropyle directed upwards and outwards® The fruit, accom-
panied at its base by the persistent and generally reflexed calyx, is
coriaceous, indehiscent, monospermous. ‘The seed is remarkable for
the comportment of its fleshy embryo, destitute of albumen, but often
surrounded by a soft matter which appears to play its part. The
cotyledons are conferruminous, and the superior radicle is considerably
elongated while the fruit still remains attached to the tree. It thus
takes the form of a long pointed club and perforates the summit of
the pericarp (fig. 253, 258-260) to descend vertically to the soil into
which the radicle sinks before the upper portion of the embryo is
disengaged. Rhizophora consists of trees met with in all the tropical
regions of the globe. Their long adventitious roots support them
firmly at the bottom of the water, above which rises the thick stem
with opposite branches and decussate petiolate, elliptic, entire,

1 It not unfrequently happens that at adult
age no stamen is seen in front of the sepals, but
that within each petal are two, one of which is
smaller than the other and may remain sterile.
This arises, as we have shown (Budl, Soc. Linn.
Par, 58), from the stamen primarily superposed
to the sepal having, by a later displacement,
located itself with the oppositipetalous stamen,
which it has slightly displaced, within the petal
to which this latter corresponded. There are
sometimes, it is said, 12-androus flowers in this
genus,

? Grirrrrs, who madea study of these planta
(On the Fam. of Rhizophoree, ex Trans. of Med.
and Phys. Soc. Caic.; Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 2, x.
117; Zeon. iv. t. 640), has confirmed and ex-

VOL, VI.

tended the rescarches of Jacavin (St. Amer, 142)
and of R. Brown, who, in his mem. on the
Raffesia (Trans, Linn, Soc, xiii. p.i. 214; Mise.
Works [ed, Brnn.], i. 369), has established that
the membrane of the anther cells is detached at
a certain moment to set the pollen at liberty.
The lines of dehiscence are but faintly murked
on the sides of the anthers and may extend to
only a portion of their height. Below the par-
tition extend numerous large cavities, nearly
spherical, containing the grains of pollen which
are exposed when the superficial membrane is
detached, which is sometimes effected in a
tolerably regular manner. These anthers have
often been described as “ multilocellate.”
3 Their thick coat is double.

19

290 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

glabrous, thick and coriaceous leaves, accompanied by large inter-
petiolate and caducous stipules. The flowers’ are axillary, collected
in bi- or triparous, rarely simple, more generally ramified cymes at
the summit of a common peduncle; they are sessile or pedicellate,
articulate, with two connate bracteoles forming a sort of involucel.
Half a dozen species? are admitted in this genus ; but perhaps this
number may be reduced by one half.

From the genus Rhizophora have been separated certain species
which, with the same organs of vegetation, present notable differences
in their flowers. Such is Ceriops, found on most tropical shores of
Asia, Africa, and Oceania, which has 4—6-merous flowers, with a

Bruguiera gymnorhiza,

Fig. 261. Flower. Fig. 263. Petal with the two Fig. 262. Long.
stamens it envelops. sect. of flower (3).

valvate calyx and petals sloping to the summit and bordered,
especially in their upper portion, with long stipitate glands. The
stamens, in appearance, are superposed in pairs to each petal which
receives them in its cavity, and the inferior ovary contains three
incomplete and biovulate cells. The flowers, not numerous, are
grouped in contracted cymes as a whole resembling a capitule, and
are geminate in a small involucre at the summit of a short and thick
pedicel. Bruguiera (fig. 261-263) was also formerly included in

1 White, coriaceous. Bentu. Fl. Austral, ii, 493.—Mio. FU, Ind.-Bat.
2 Wieur and Arn. Prodr.i,310.—ARN. Ann, i. p. i. 585; Suppl. 125, 323, —Snem. Fi. Vit.
Nat. Hist. i. 361.—Weut, Icon. t. 238.—Hary. 91.—Grises, Fl. Brit. W.-Ind. 274.—Watr.
and Sonn, Fl. Cup, i. 513.—Otiv. Fl, Trop. Afr. Rep. ii, 70; Ann. iv. 675.
ii. 407.—TuL, Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 4, vi. 108.—

RHIZOPHORACEL. 291

Ehizophora. It has flowers constructed like those of Ceriops, but
much larger, with from eight to fifteen narrow and pointed sepals, the
same number of oblong petals, much sloped at the summit and near
the base internally replicate upon themselves in such a manner as
closely to envelope a pair of stamens: with elongate anthers, appa-
rently superposed to each of them! (fig. 263). The inferior ovary,
adnate to the bottom of the receptacle, has two, three, or four cells,
more or less complete, with two descending ovules in each. The
fruit is like that of Rhizophora, as which Bruguiera also has the
same organs of vegetation, and the flowers are axillary, solitary or in
cymes. They inhabit the same maritime shores as Ceriops.

In Kandelia, which grows on the coasts of eastern India, the organs
of vegetation, the fruit, the mode of germination, &c., are all those
of Rhizophora; but the flowers, grouped in small numbers (in cyme)
at the summit of a common peduncle, are of 5 or 6 parts, with
petals finely and deeply laciniate at the margin, and an inferior ovary
of which the three biovulate cells communicate to a greater or less
extent; the andreecium is formed of an indefinite number of stamens
with long and slender filaments and small introrse anthers.

Il. BARRALDEIA SERIES.

In the hermaphrodite and regular flowers of Barraldeia® (fig.
264-269), the cavity of the receptacle contains the inferior ovary,
whilst its margins, lined with an epigynous disk, forming a double
or triple annular cushion, bear the perianth and andrecium. ‘The
former is represented by a valvate calyx of four or five triangular
sepals and a corolla of the same number of petals, entire, bilobed,
crenelate or laciniate at the margins and finally induplicate. The

1 But this is only in appearance, these two
stamens belonging to two different verticils and
being rarely nearly equal. Oftener one is
smaller than the other which primarily corre-
sponded to a sepal but has become displaced as
in certain Rhizophora (see p. 289, note 1) and
especially in Bruguiera.

2 Dup.-Tu. Gen. Nov. Madag. (1806) 24.—DC.
Prodr. i. 732,.—Diatoma Lour. Fi, Cochineh. (ed.
1790) 295 (nec alion.).—Demidosia Dennst. Hort.

Malab.iv. 13 (not of others).—Carallia Roxs. Pi.
Coromand. iii, (1819) 8, t. 211; FU. Ind. Or, ii.
481.—Hoox. Fi. Ind. ii. 489.—R. Br. Congo,
437.—DC. Prodr. iti. 38.—Enpu. Gen. n. 6102.
—Benru. Journ. Linn, Soe. iii. 67, 74.—H. By.
Adansonia, iii. 24, 36; Payer Fam. Nat. 361.—
B. H. Gen. 680, n. 5.—Symmetria Bu. Bijdr.
1130.—Baraultia Srzup. Nom. 101.—Petaloma
DC. Prodr. iii, 294.—Catalivm Ham. mss. (ex

EnpDt.).
19—2

292 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

andrecium is formed of a number of stamens double that of the
petals, disposed in two verticils and alternating with an equal number
of lobes of the disk. There is one stamen within each petal which
envelopes it more or less in its cavity, and one in each interval

Barraldeia integerrima.

Fig. 268. Seed. Fig. 265. Diagram. Fig. 267, Fruit (4). Fig. 269. Long.
sect. of seed.

between the petals.' Each is formed of a free filament, at first
incurved at the summit, and of a short bilocular introrse anther
dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts. The inferior ovary, the summit
of which only is free in some species, is surmounted by a slender
style the capitate extremity of which is divided into a number of
stigmatiferous lobes equal to that of the cells. The latter vary from
two to five, superposed to the petals when equal in number, and
cnlose each two lateral descending ovules, completely or incompletely
anatropous, with micropyle directed upwards and outwards? The
fruit, small, coriaceous, surmounted by the remains of the calyx,?
contains generally only one fertile reniform seed, the thick coats of

1 The latter is gencrally a little smaller than

é 2 They have a double coat.
the oppositipetalous stamen,

3 As also of the stamens and style.

RHIZOPHORACEZE, 293

which cover a fleshy albumen, surrounding a more or less curved
embryo, of which the radicle is superior and the cotyledons are flat.
Seven or eight species! of Barraldeia are known, natives of the tro-
pical regions of Africa, Asia, and Oceania. They are trees or shrubs
with rounded branches, somewhat swollen at the level of the leaves,
which are opposite, petiolate, thick, entire, glabrous, penninerved,
entire or finely dentelate and accompanied by interpetiolate caducous
stipules ordinarily but slightly developed. The flowers? are disposed
in the axil of the leaves in bi- or triparous cymes, generally much
ramified.

Close beside Barraldeia is placed Crossostylis, which is extremely
like, presenting quite the same variations as to the absolute number
of stamens, with 4- or 5-merous flowers. They differ chiefly in the
ovary, only partly inferior, in the very variable number of more or
less incomplete, biovulate cells, in their fleshy fruit, tardily locu-
licidal, with seeds furnished with a voluminous axil and a straight
embryo. It comprises Oceanic shrubs. As in Barraldeia the petals
are sometimes entire, sometimes more or less laciniate. The flower
of Gynotroches, a shrub of the Indian archipelago, has the same
characters as that of the preceding genera, with four or five sepais and
a diplostemonous andreecium, and a fleshy fruit; but in each of the
cells of the inferior ovary there are four descending ovules, disposed
in pairs; and in the cymes there are no connate bracteoles to forma
sort of calicule. In Pedlacalyz, native of the same regions, the ovary,
entirely inferior, is surmounted by a receptacular tube at the summit
of which are inserted from four to six sepals, an equal number of
alternate petals (little developed or nil) and a double number of
stamens arranged in two verticils. The ovarian cells enclose
numerous descending ovules.

Ill. MACARISIA SERIES.

For a long time referred to other families, Macarisia® (fig. 270,
271) is the best type of this group to which the names of Legnotidew

1 Wient, 71, i. t. 90; Icon. t. 604, 605 (Ca- —Watr. Rep. ii, 71; Ann. vii, 951 (Carallia).
rallia).— Arn. Ann, Nat. Hist. i. 370 (Carallia). 2 Small, greenish or whitish, accompanied by
—Taw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 120 (Carailia) —Tus. two lateral bractecles.

Ann, Se, Nat. sér. 4, vi. 116 (Carallia).+BEnta, 3 Hist. Vég. Isl. Afr. 49, t. 14.—Einpn. Gen,

Fl. Hongk. 110; Fl. Austral. ii. 495 (Carallia). n. 6890 (Macharisia).-—H. By, Adansonia, iii.
—Mnie, Fi. Ind.-Bat.i. p. i. 593; Suppl. 126, 15, 19, t. 2—B. H. Gew. 246, 682, n. 12.
326 (Carallia).—Ruxzeve, Hort. Malad. v. t. 13.

294 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

and Cassipowrece have been given. The flowers are regular, with a
receptacle in the form of a shallow cup, bearing on its margin five
valvate and slightly reduplicate sepals, and five alternate pctals,
spoon-shaped at the base, with a limb divided into unequal lobes.!
The perigynous stamens are inserted on the receptacle within the
petals; they areformed
Mucarisia lanceolata. each of a free filament
and an introrse bilo-
cular anther, dehiscing
by two longitudinal
clefts, inflexed in the
bud. Five are super-
posed to the petals, and
five, somewhat shorter,
alternate ; they are
separated from each
Pee ; ee other by an equal
gy ee al sect, of fruit. number of tongues be-
longing to the disk.
The gynecium, somewhat restricted at the base, is inserted at the
bottom of the receptacular cup, but entirely free.’ It is composed of
an ovary with five cells,? superposed to the petals, surmounted by a
style slightly capitate and stigmatiferous at the summit. In the
internal angle of each cell is found a placenta supporting two
collateral, descending, incompletely anatropous ovules, with micro-
pyle exterior and superior. The fruit is a loculicidal capsule finally
dividing above into ten pannels and setting free ten (or less) com-
pressed seeds, surmounted by a long vertical membranous wing, and
enclosing, in the centre of a fleshy albumen, an elongate embryo,
with oblong cotyledons and superior radicle. Macarisia consists of
shrubs from Madagascar. The leaves are opposite, petiolate, accom-
panied by interpetiolate stipules, with entire or dentelate, penni-
nerved limb. The flowers, in the axil of the leaves, are in compound
cymes, with articulate pedicels accompanied by two lateral bracteoles.
Two species ® are known.
Cassipourea (fig. 272-274) comprises plants from tropical America,
the flower of which is nearly the sametin construction as that of

1 Imbricate between them. 3H. By. loc. cit, 20.— Warr. Ann, vii.
2 Somewhat incomplete above the ovules. 952,

RHIZOPHORACEZ,

295

Macarisia, but a little more complicated. The petals, four or five
in number, are spathulate and deeply laciniate, and the stamens are
from fifteen to thirty in number. In the ovary, constricted at the

Cassipourea elliptica.

Fig. 272. Flower. Fig. 273. Long. sect. of flower.

base, are found three or four biovulate cells; and the fruit, spherical
or ovoid, thick and more or less fleshy, finally opens along the par-

titions. The albuminous seeds are more or
less angular but not winged. In the old world
Cassipourea has its analogues in three genera
searcely distinct. They are: Dactylopetalum,
native of tropical western Africa and Mada-
gascar, having pentamerous flowers with ten
or fifteen stamens, and an ovary with two or
three incomplete cells; Blepharistemma, an
Indian shrub, having the tetramerous and
diplostemonous flower of Cassipourea, with an
ovary of three biovulate cells; and Wevhea,
inhabiting Ceylon and the same regions as
Dactylopetalum, having the andreecium of

Cassipourea elliptica.

Ey

Fig. 274, Flower with
perianth removed.

Cassipourea, but an ovary inserted at the bottom of the receptacle
by a wide base, more or less adnate, and flowers, solitary or grouped
in cymes more or less compound, accompanied by two connate

bracteoles forming a sort of calicule.

IV. ANISOPHYLLEA SERIES.

In this genus, which has been referred to very different families,’
and which owes its name? to the singular peculiarity presented by

1 The Hamamelidee, Cunoniee, etc.

—H. Bn. Payer Fam. Nat. 361.—Outv. Trans.

2 Anisophyllea R. Br. Trans, Hort. Soc. v. 446. — Linn. Soc. xxiii, 460,—B, H. Gen. 683, n. 16.—

296 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

its leaves, the flowers are polygamous (fig. 275, 276) and have a
receptacle varying much in shape according as they include
the two sexes or are only males. ‘That is, when they are her-
maphrodite or female, the ovary is lodged in a tubular, obconical
or ovoid pouch, forming its receptacular cavity, which disappears

WW
V

Anisophyllea disticha.

is
i;

\
\

\

N YY

y

\

=
—
—S

Vig. 275. Floriterous branch. Fig. 276. Long. sect. of male flower (35).

when there is no gynecium to envelop. The epigynous calyx is
formed of four tolerably thick triangular, valvate sepals, and the
corolla, of the same number of alternate petals. The latter are
often thick and fleshy, sometimes small and entire, or very slightly
sloped at the summit, bilobed or divided into a variable number of
unequal lobes. The andreecium is diplostemonous, and its eight
pieces, superposed, four to the sepals, and four to the petals, are
alternate with an equal number of lobes of the epigynous disk.
They are formed each of a free subulate filament, thickened and
often compressed towards the base, and of an introrse, bilocular
anther, dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts, which may be reduced
to a small sterile mass, of glandular appearance, in the oppositipetalous

Anisophyllum Don, ex Hook. Niger Fl. 342,575 Garnpn. et Cuamp. Hook. Kew Journ, i. 314.—
(not Haw.).—Bentu. Journ. Linn. Soc. iti. 72. Hoox. Fl. Ind. ii. 441.
—H. By. Adansonia, iii. 22, 36.—Tetracrypta

RAIZOPHORACEL. 297

stamens, or even disappear altogether. In the internal angle of each
ovarian cell, there is a descending anatropous ovule with micropyle
superior and exterior. The fruit, surmounted by the calyx or its
scar, is oblong, slightly fleshy or coriaceous, with smooth surface, or
traversed by longitudinal ribs,! and encloses a descending seed. the
coats of which cover a fleshy macropodal embryo, with a superior
radicle, in the form of a thick club and with a gemmule formed of a
goodly number of small leaves in two vertical series. Anisophyllea,
of which seven or eight species? are known, consists of trees or
shrubs mostly from the tropical regions of the old world; they have
been observed in India, Malaya, Madagascar, and tropical western
Africa. The leaves are alternate, distichous, without stipules,
alternately small and reduced to stipuliform tongues, and large, oval
or lanceolate, sometimes oblique at the base (giving them the form
of a parallelogram or trapezium), entire, coriaceous, in dried speci-
mens often presenting a yellow tinge, penninerved and regularly or
irregularly 3-7-nerved at the base. The flowers are axillary (fig.
275), small and disposed in simple spikes, with or without bracteoles.

The different groups united in this small family should have been
placed far from each other, and they have been, in fact, when the
principles of A. L. pE Jusstzu have been strictly applied. The
Cassipowree known were, clearly, plants evidently epigynous,
while the true Rhizophoree and Carallia had an ovary in great
part inferior, with perigynous or epigynous stamens. It was R.
Browy,? who, in 1814, gave the name of Rhizophora to a distinct
family,’ before him referred to the Caprifoliew. In 1846 LinpiEy®
placed the Cassipoureew after the Loganiacece, although he was
not ignorant of their affinities with the Mangroves pointed out
by R. Brown. Anisophyllea, on the other hand, has been considered
a neighbour of the Sawifragacew. EnpiicHer,’ nevertheless, in 1840,

1 In Combretocarpus Motleyi Hoox. v. (Gen.
683, u. 17),a small tree of Borneo, these ribs are
more prominent and developed into three or four
vertical wings, at the same time the staminal
filaments are narrower than in Anisophyllea
from which Combretocarpus is not perhaps gene-
rically distinct.

2 Jack, Mal. Mise. ; Cale, Journ. iv. 336
(Haloragis).—Mia. Fl. Ind,-Bat. i. p. i. 696
(Anisophyllum).—Tuw. Hook, Journ. v. 378, t.5

(Tetracrypta) ; Enum. Fl. Zeyl. 119.—Otrtv. Fl.
Trop. Afr. ii. 412.—H. Bn. Adansonia, xi, 310.
—Watp. Ann. ii. 530 (Anisophyllum).

3 Flind. Voy. ii. 549; Congo, 437.

4 Already in 1796, Savieny (Lamk. Dict. iv.
696) had formed a distinct family under the’
name of Palétuviers.

5 Veg. Kingd. 604.

§ Gen, 1186 (Legnotidee).

298 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

restored the Cassipouree to the Rhizophoree ;' according to him as
also to LinpLey, it was only the genus Crossostylis of Forster that
ought to be transferred to another family, that of Myrtacee. After
many labours, particularly by Buumz, Arnott, Koxtuats, and A.
Gray, the Cassipouree, considered as a tribe of the Rhizophoracee
were, in 1858, the subject of a special memoir by Mr. Benruaw,?
who reunited in this group thenine genera Carallia, Pellacalyx, Ha-
plopetalum, Gynotroches, Crossostylis, Anstrutheria, Blepharistemma,
Dactylopetalum, aud Cassipourea. The Rhizophoree, on the other
hand, after the labours of Wicut and Arwnort,® comprised the four
genera Rhizophora, Bruguiera, Ceriops, and Kandelia. In 1862 wet
recognized that the genus Macarisia of Duprtit-THovars, referred
to various families, in particular to the Rhamnacee, to the Meliacee,
to the Linacee,® was allied to Cassipourea; that Anisophyllea
presented closer floral analogies to Carallia; that Anstrutheria
belonged to the old genus Weihea of Sprenexn, and that certain
species of Crossostylis ° did not differ generically from Haplopetalum.
of A. Gray. At present we do not think it possible to refer Plesi-
antha of J. D. Hooxsr to the genus Pellacalyx as an apetalous type,
and we restore to Carallia its primitive name of Barraldeia, which
dates from 1896. Consequently, we provisionally retain in this
family only fourteen genera, distributed in four series in the
following manner:

I. RaizopHorem.—Receptacle concave and ovary partly or entirely
inferior. Style simple. Seed exalbuminous, with macropod embryo,
germinating in the fruit and on the tree.—Trees of the sea coast;
leaves opposite, entire, with interpetiolate stipules.—4 genera.

II. Barratprem.—Receptacle concave and ovary partly or entirely
inferior. Style simple. Seed furnished with albumen surrounding
the embryo which does not germinate in the fruit.—Trees and
shrubs ; leaves opposite, generally entire, with interpetiolate stipules.
—A4 genera.

III. Macaristrm.’— Receptacle concave or convex and ovary free
sessile or shortly stipitate. Seed albuminous arillate or winged.—

1 Op. cit, 1184, Ord. 263.—DC, Prodr, iii. 31. 6 Notably C. multifiora, Av. Br. et Gr. a new
—Rhizophoracce Linp1, op. cit. 726, Ord. 279. Caledonian species.

2 Synopsis of Legnotidee, a tribe of Rhizopho- * Legnotidee Barri. Ord. Nat.—Enpu. Gen.
racee (Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 65). 1186.—Cassipouree Metssn. Gen. 119.— Linu.

3 Aun. Nat. Hist. i, 859. Veg. Kingd. (1846) 604.—J. G. Ac. Theor, Syst.

4 Adansonia, iii. 15. Plant. 246.

5 Px. ex B. H. Gen. 246.

RHIZOPHORACEL. 299

Trees and shrubs; leaves opposite, entire or dentelate, with inter-
petiolate stipules—5 genera.

IV. Anisopnytiex.!— Receptacle concave and ovary inferior.
Styles distinct. Flowers polygamous. Seed exalbuminous, with
macropod embryo. Shrubs with alternate leaves or alternately large
and very small. Flowers in spikes or axillary clusters.—1 genus.

These fourteen genera comprise some fifty species, all of which,
except one Rhizophora and two or three Casstpowreas, belong to the
old world. All the species of Crossostylis are Oceanic. Macarisia
is found only in Madagascar, and Dactylopetalum belongs exclusively
to that island and western tropical Africa. Weihea belongs to the
same regions except one species which inhabits Ceylon. Blephari-
stemma is Indian, as likewise Kandelia. Pellacalyx and Gynotroches
belong to Malaya. Anisophyllea has been observed in Asia and
tropical Oceania, in Madagascar and the west of tropical Africa ;
Barraldeia in Madagascar, Asia, and tropical Oceania. The genera
of the Mangrove series are formed of species all of which, except
Rhizophora Mangle, grow abundantly on all the tropical maritime
shores of the old world. They are the most common and best known
among many plants of very different families growing with them and
in the same manner on flooded coasts, such as Avicennia, Aigiceras,
Conocarpus, Luwmnitzera, ete., which, sending down into the mud
their numerous long adventitious roots that support their stems,
constitute aquatic forests,’ often very dense, affording shelter to
crowds of marine animals, and considered in most tropical countries
as dangerous sources of miasmatic affections.

These plants have manifold affinities ; on the one hand with certain
families with free gynecium, as the Macarisie, and on the other
hand with groups, as Rhizophora, in which the ovary is inferior and
adnate to the cavity of the receptacle. This is precisely the case
with the Loranthee, Onagrarie, and Cornacee, to which they were
formerly referred or compared, but are distinguished: the first by
their simple perianth and the organization of their gynecium ; the
last by a great number of traits, but chiefly that their ovules, when
they are descending and definite in number, have the micropyle

1 Anisophyllea B, H. Gen. 678. 2 “ Regionem peculiarem formant.” (ENDL.)

300 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

interior, and not exterior like that of the Rhizophoracee. By their
opposite leaves and inferior ovary, these last are near neighbours of
the Myrtacee, from which they are separated by their stipules and
by the generally definite number of their stamens and ovules. The
latter, moreover, are always descending, with the micropyle exterior.
This character recurs in the Araliacee, the flower of which, analogous
to that of the Rhizophoree in the form of the receptacle, and the
thick corolla, often valvate, has an andrcecium nearly always isoste-
monous, inserted below an epigynous disk, whilst the seeds have a
small embryo situate near the summit of an abundant albumen, and
the leaves are generally alternate and often compound. The genera
of Rhizophoracee with free ovary,' whilst the receptacle is more or
less concave, approach the Lythrariacee, of which they often present
the habit, the inflorescence, the simple style, but have generally
neither interpetiolate stipules, nor punctate leaves, nor independent
disk prominent in its upper part, nor thick and valvate petals, nor
albumen in the seeds. The Rhizophoracee have also been considered
as allied to the Sawifragacee, especially to the Hamamelidee, among
which the genus Anisophyllea has been placed, and to the Cunoniee
with opposite leaves. But this affinity appears to us distant ; it can
hardly be claimed for genera with parietal placente, independant
styles, numerous and not voluminous ovules, inserted on a salient
or descending and more or less bilobed placenta. To sum up, the
Rhizophoracee appear to us neighbours of the Myrtacew, of the
Lythrariacee, and of the Cornacee, but it is always easy to distin-
guish them.

Uses.*—These are not numerous. The plants are generally
astringent, tolerably rich in tannin, and consequently sometimes
employed by dyers and tanners. This is the case with Rhizophora
mangle*® (fig. 253-260). Its bark is used in tropical America to dye
black and brown. It is employed medicinally in the treatment of
flux, hemorrhage, and angina. The fruit is said to be edible, and a
sort of fermented wine is prepared from it. In Brazil and Columbia,

1 Linpuety places, I know not why, the Cassi- 3 L. Spec. 684.—Jaca. Amer, 141, t. 89.—
pouree beside the Loganiacec, Caress. Carol. ii. t. 58.—DC. Prodr. iii. 32, n.1
2 Enon. Enchirid. 6384.—Linpy. Peg. Kingd. (Manglicr noir, Palétuvier noir). Its fruit is
(1846) 727.—RosenrTu. Syn. Pl. Diaphor, 904, vulgarly called Mange or Manglc.
1167,

RHIZOPHORACEL. 301

a reddish juice is obtained from incisions made in the trunk which,
dried in the sun, constitutes a kind of false dragon’s blood, not
unfrequently brought to Europe as American kino and having the
same astringent qualities as that of India.’ The wood? of this
species is tolerably hard and durable. Several Mangroves of the
old world (many of which are scarcely specifically distinct) have
quite analogous properties, particularly R. apiculata and mucronata.
The Bruguieras of India, chiefly B. gymnorhiza* (fig. 261-263) and
B. ERheedii, Rumphu, cylindrica, parviflora, have the same uses.
Kandelia Rheedii® is also employed as an astringent medicine. The
leaves of several Indian Barraldeias, among others B. corymbosa and
integerrima’ (fig. 264-269), are used in the treatment of ulcers in
the mouth and throat. At Sierra Leone, the fruit of Anisophyllea
laurina’7 is sold in the markets in spring; it is about the size of a
pigeon’s egg and edible. Except Barraldeia, the plants of this group
are rarely seen in our conservatories. Rhizophora grows with
difficulty and ordinarily attains but little development.

1 Guts, Drog. Simpl. éd. 6, iii, 484. 5 See p. 803, note 8. Its bark is febrifuge.

2 Vulg. Horse-flesh.

3 Lamx. Dict. vi. 169; Il. t. 396, fig. 2.—R.
candelaria Wicut and Arn. Prodr, i, 310 (not
DC.).— Mangiwm candelarium Rumpu. Herb.
Amboin, iii. 108. t. 71, 72 (ex Bu.). The seeds
of this species and of some others are not un-

frequently used as a masticatory instead of

catechu powder, and for this purpose are mixed
with betel. In India and the Moluccas cords
are rubbed with Mangrove leaves to render them
more durable.

4 Lax. Jil, t. 397.—R. gymnorhiza L. Spee.
634.—DC, Prodr. n. 10 (Palétwoier des Indes).

Fishermen apply it as a remedy for the bite of
certain fishes and other venomous animals. Its
fruit is edible, and its wood is used for boat-
making.

§ Carallia integerrima DO, Prodr, iii. 33.—C,
zeylanica ARN. Ann, Nat. Hist. i, 8371.—C. co-
rymbosa ARN. loc. cit.—C. sinensis Ann. loc. cit.
—C. timorensis BL.—C. octopetala F, Murii.—
Pootsia coreopsifolia Mra.

7 BR. Br. Trans. Hort. Soc. y. 446.—Ottv. Fi.
Trop. Afr. ii. 418.— Anisophyllum laurinun
Don.—Bzntu. Niger, 342 (Monkey Apple).

GENERA.

I. RHIZOPHOREZ.

1. Rhizophora L.—Flowers regular; receptacle concave obconical.
Sepals 4, inserted in margin of receptacle, coriaceous, valvate.
Petals 4, alternate, valvate. Stamens 8, 4 oppositipetalous, longer
(or more rarely 12); filaments perigynous with perianth, short or
subnil ; anthers elongate pointed finally 2-valvate ; furrows of anthers
lateral or subintrorse, sometimes incomplete ; cells areolate-multilo-
cellate. Germen semi-inferior, 2-locular, at vertex produced to a
cone; style subulate, often short, at apex stigmatose 2-dentate.
Ovules in cells 2-nate, collaterally descending ; micropyle extrorsely
superior. Fruit girt below the middle with reflexed persistent calyx,
coriaceous, indehiscent. Seed 1, descending; cotyledons of exal-
buminous embryo conferruminate; radicle perforating the apex of
the seed germinating within the fruit while remaining on the tree
and of the pericarp, elongately clavate and seeking the mud. Trees
and shrubs oftener glabrous; branches thick cicatrized ; leaves oppo-
site, petiolate, coriaceous entire glabrous; stipules interpetiolate,
caducous ; flowers in axillary pedunculate, ramosely 2~3-chotomous
cymes; pedicel girt at base with lateral bracteoles connate in a
cupule. (All trop. shores.)—See p. 287.

2. Ceriops Arn.'—Flowers nearly of Rhizophora,? 5—6-merous;
petals? inserted at base of fleshy 10—12-lobed disk. Stamens 10-12;
those opposite petals longer ;* filaments slender, alternating with

1 Ann. Nat. Hist. i. 363.—Enpv. Gen. n. 6099. * Emarginate; lobes setulose clavate appen-
—H. Bn. Adansonia iii, 33.—B. H. Gen. 679, — diculate.
n. 2.—Hoox. Fi. Ind, ii. 436. ‘ Petals finally 2-nately opposite (for the

2 Generally much smaller. reason of which see Bull. Soc. Linn, Par. 58).

RHIZOPHORACELZL. 303

lobes of disk; anthers oblong. Germen semi-inferior, 2—3-locular ;
cells 2-ovulate; style at apex simple subulate. Fruit, etc. of
Rhizophora; seed germinating as in Rhizophora.—tTrees ; opposite
leaves and stipules of Rhizophora; flowers subcapitate, 2-3-choto-
mously cymoso-glomerulate. (Trop. Asia, Africa, and Oceania.)

3. Bruguiera Lamx.?—Flowers nearly of Rhizophora, 8-14-
merous; petals setiferous, 2-lobed and each enfolding a pair of stamens.*
Stamens 16-28; filaments finally elastically resilient from petals;
anthers introrse linear-oblong. Germen inferior, 2—4-locular ; style at
apex minutely 2—4-fid; ovules, etc., of Rhizophora. Fruit turbinate,
crowned with accrescent calyx ; seed germinating as in Rhizophora.—
Trees ; leaves and stipules of Rhizophora; flowers* axillary solitary
or cymose few, nutant. (Trop. shores of Asia, Africa, and Oceania.>)

4, Kandelia Wieur and Arn.5—Flowers nearly of Rhizophora,
5—6-merous ; stamens 0 ; filaments capillary ; anthers oblong.
Germen sub-1-locular ; ovules 6, inserted 2-nately on columnar pla-
centa (in l-locular ovary), descending ; style at apex 3-fid. Other
characters of Rhizophora.—Small trees; opposite leaves and inter-
petiolate stipules of Ihizophora; flowers’ cymose pedunculate
axillary few. (Hast Indian shores.*)

II. BARRALDEIEZ.

5, Barraldeia Dur.-Tu.—Flowers hermaphrodite; receptacle very

concave.

Sepals 4-8, inserted in margin, valvate.

Petals same in

1 Spec. 1, 2. Wieut, Icon. t. 240.—Mra. Fi.
Ind.- Bat. i. p. i.590; Suppl. 126, 324.—Bznru.
Fl, Hongk. 120; Fi. Austral. ii. 493.—Tuw.
Enum. Pl, Zeyl. 120,—Tux. Ann. Se. Nat. sér.
4, vi. 111.Oxv. Fi.-Trop. Afr. ii. 408.— Wap.
Rep. ti. 70: Ann, ii. 527 ; vii. 950.

2 Dict. iv. 696; Il. t. 397.—ENpL. Gen. n.
6101.—H. By. Payer Fam. Nat. 3C0.—B. H.
Gen. 679, n, 4, Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 487,—Kanilia
Bu. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. i, 140.—Palétuveria Dur.-
Tu. (ex Enpt.).

3 The alternipetalous stamen generally shorter
and in adult flowers only interior to petal.

4 Rather large or small, articulate.

> Spec. 5, 6. Garry. Fruet. i. 213, t. 45, fig. 2
(Bhizophora). — DC. Prodr, iii. 32, n. 9, 10
(Rhizophora).—Grirr. Ic. iv, t. 641.—Hoox. Je.
t. 897, 398.—Wient, Jc. t. 2839.—ARN. Anz.

Nat. Hist. i. 365.—Mre. Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. p. i.
585; Suppl. 126, 324.—Tun. Ann, Se. Nat. sér,
4, vi. 118.—Brntu. Fl. Austral. ii. 494.—Hary.
and Sonn. Fl. Cap. ii. 514.—Tuw. Enum, Pl.
Zeyl, 120,—Ourv, Fl. Trop. Afr. ii. 409.—Watr.
Rep. ii. 70; Ann. ii. 528; vii. 951.

6 Prodr,i. 810.—ARn. Ann. Nat. Hist.i. 365.
—Enp.t. Gen, n. 6100.—H. Bn. Payer Fam. Nat,
361.—B, H. Gen. 679, nu, 3.—Hoox. Fi. Ind. ii.
237.

7 Petals multifid-lacerate, white, rather large.

8 Spec. 1. HX. Rheedit Wicut and Ary, op. cit.
311.—Wicat, Jl. i. t. 89.—BrEntu. Fl. Hongh.
110.—Mie. Fv. Ind.-Bat, i, p. i. 585,—Hoox.
Icon. t. 8362.—Rhizophora Kandel L. Spee. 634.—
DO. Prodr. iii, 32.— Tsjerow Kandel Ruzen.
Hort, Malad, vi. t. 35.

304 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

number, subentire or 2-fid, serrate or lacerate. Stamens double in
number, inserted in 2 series under epigynous simple or 2-plicate,
8-16-lobed disk projecting between the filaments and free ; anthers
introrsely 2-rimose. Germen partly or quite inferior ; cells 3-6 ;
style at stigmatose apex variously 3-6-lobed. Ovules in cells 2,
descending; micropyle extrorse. Fruit generally crowned with
calyx, globular coriaceous. Seed globular or reniform; albumen
fleshy ; radicle of axile more or less incurved embryo superior.—
Glabrous trees or shrubs; leaves opposite petiolate glabrous, entire
or serrulate; stipules interpetiolate, caducous; flowers small in
compound cymes; pedicels articulate, minutely 2-bracteolate. (Asia,
trop. Oceania, Malacca.)—See p. 291.

6. Crossostylis Forsr.!— Flowers nearly of Barraldeia; receptacle
shortly obconical or obpyramidal. Sepals 4, 5, 3-angular, valvate.
Petals same in number lacerate or more rarely subentire (Haplopeta-
lum*). Stamens 8-10, or oftener 12-00 ,? alternating with as many
lobes of disk ;* anthers introrse. Germen adnate to receptacle at
base, thence free ; style at stigmatose apex funnel-shaped and there
reflexed oo -lobed. Ovules in cells 4-co (very incomplete) 2-nate,
inserted in pairs on central column® descending; micropyle ex-
trorsely superior. Fruit scarcely or to a less or greater extent adnate
to receptacle and crowned with calyx, scarcely or tardily septicidal.
Seeds o , furnished with a fleshy aril; albumen fleshy ; cotyledons
of oftener straight embryo ® narrowly ovate-—Small trees or shrubs;
leaves opposite; stipules, etce., of Barraldeia; flowers’ axillary
pedunculate, 2-nate or cymose ©. (Oceania.®)

7. Gynotroches Bu.?—Flowers nearly of Barraldeia, 4—5-merous.
Stamens 8-10, inserted at margin of disk; anthers small sub-2-
dymous. Germen partly inferior; cells 4-6; style depressed-

1 Char. Gen. 87, t. 44.—J. Gen, 482.—Lamx.

prominent or inconspicuous.

Dict. ii. 193.—DC. Prodr. iii. 296.—Envu. Gen.

n. 6336.—Bernru. Journ, Linn. Soe. iii. 77.—H.
‘By. Adansonia, iii. 31, 40 ; Payer Fam, Nat. 361,
—B. H. Gen. 681, n. 10.—Tomostyles Mont-
nous. Mém. Acad. Lyon. x. 201.

2 A. Gray, Unit. St. Expl. Exp. Bot. i. 608, t.
76; Scem. Bonpl. (1862) 86.—Bentu. Journ,
Linn. Soe. iii. 76.—H. By. Adansonia, iii. 29.

3 Of which 4, 5, larger, oppositipetalous ; the
rest from the middle of the petal to the margin
smaller; the smallest often oppositipetalous,

1 Often regarded as staminodes.

5 Bearing rudiments of septa generally little

® Sometimes green.

7 Large or minute, white,

8 Spec. about 5. Gurtiem. dun. Sc, Nat. sér.
2, vii. 354.—A. Guay, loc. cit. 610, t. 77.—
Seem. Fl. Vit. 428.—Br. et Gr. Bull. Soc. Bot.
Fr, viii. 376; Ann. Se. Nat, sér. 5, xiii. 393.

9 Bijdr. 218; Mus. Lugd.-Bat, i. 126, t. 31.—
Benrx. Journ. Linn. Soc, iii. 76.—H. By.
Adansonia, iii, 30, 49; Payer Fam. Nat. 362.—
B. H. Gen. 681, n. 9.—Hoox. Fl. Ind. ii, 440.—
Dryptopetalum Ary. Ann, Nat, Hist. i. 372.—
Envi. Gen, 0.6103,

RHIZOPHORACE. 305

capitate. Ovules in cells 4, 2-seriate, descending.’ Fruit baccate,

oo -Spermous ; seeds, etc., of Barraldeia.—Trees or shrubs; leaves
opposite ; stipules interpetiolate, caducous; flowers? axillary cymose,
articulate, ebracteolate. (Indian Archipelago.®)

8. Pellacalyx Korru.4—Flowers ebracteolate ; receptacle tubular
or subcampanulate, produced beyond adnate germen and lined with
tubular disk. Sepals 4-6, inserted at top of tube, small, 3-angular,
valvate, recurved. Botals small, inserted between aspali, at apex
slightly lacerate,> or sometimes 0 (Plesiantha*). Stamens twice as
many as petals, inserted in 2 series under apex of tube. Germen
inferior ; cells 6-10, complete or incomplete; style erect, at apex
capitate-disciform. Ovules in cells «©. Fruit fleshy; seeds o,
albuminous.’—Small trees ; leaves opposite petiolate, oblong entire
or serrulate ; stipules caducous; flowers axillary solitary or glome-
rulate. (Indian Archipelago.®)

III. MACARISIEA,

9. Macarisia Dup.-Tu.—Flowers hermaphrodite; receptacle cu-
pular, lined with disk. Sepals 5, marginally inserted, 3-angular,
valyate, reflexed. Petals 5, inserted under 10-dentate disk ; lobes
unequal involute. Stamens 10, 2-seriate, alternating with teeth of
disk ; anthers introrse, 2-rimose. Germen inserted at bottom of
receptacle, shortly stipitate, free, 5-locular; cells oppositipetalous,
incomplete above; style capitellate at apex. Ovules in cells 2,
collaterally descending; micropyle extrorsely superior. Fruit cap-
sular, girt at base with scarcely increased receptacle, oblong-5-angular,
loculicidally 5-valvate or incompletely 10-valvate. Seeds in cells 2,
descending ; testa produced above to a wing; albumen fleshy; coty-
ledons of elongate embryo oblong; radicle superior—Small trees ;
leaves opposite petiolate, oblong-lanceolate entire or denticulate ;

75.—H. Bn. Adansonia, iii. 31.—B. H. Gen. 680,

1 The upper younger. J
u, 6.—Hoox. Fl. Ind, ii. 440.

2 Small, “ greenish yellow,” articulate.

3 Spec. 2. Wart. Cat. n. 4338 (Microtropis).
—Mia. Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. p. i. 592; Suppl. 1-6,
326; Ann, Mus. Lugd.-Bat. ii. 67.—Watp. Ann.
vii. 951.

4 Ned. Tijdschr. iii. 20, t. 2.—Grirr. Notul,
iv. 429, t. 486.—Buntu. Journ. Linn, Soc. iii.

VOL. VI.

5 Sect. Hupellacalyx.

§ Hoon. F. Gen, 681, n. 8.

7 Embryo elongate, greenish.

8 Spec. 2, Mie. F?. Ind.-Bat. Suppl. 126, 325;
Ann, Mus. Lugd.-Bat. ii, 67.—Wate. Ann. vii.

251.
20

306 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

stipules interpetiolate ; flowers axillary compound-cymose ; pedicels
articulate, 2-bracteolate. (Madagascar.)—See p. 293.

10. Cassipourea Avzt.1—Flowers nearly of Macarisia, 4-5-
merous. Stamens? 15-30, inserted at margin of disk ; disk, etc., of
Macarisia. Germen very shortly stipitate or subsessile; cells 3, 4,
2-ovulate.’ Fruit fleshy or suberose, tardily septicidal. Seed aril-
late ;* embryo albuminous.°—Glabrous trees or shrubs; leaves
opposite, entire or crenulate, penninerved ; stipules interpetiolate,
caducous ; flowers® axillary cymose or solitary. (Trop. centr. America.")

11. Dactylopetalum Benrs.'—Flowers nearly of Cassipourea,
5—6-merous ; calyx dentate. Petals at base long narrow, lacerate at
apex. Stamens 10, 2-seriate; the oppositipetalous longer; or 15,
inserted under the crenatures of the disk® lining the receptacle ;
filaments inflexed in bud or 2-plicate; anthers introrse versatile.
Germen more or less completely 2-3-locular ;1° ovules in cells 2;
obturator thick. Fruit ...?—Small trees or shrubs; leaves oppo-
site entire coriaceous; stipules small, caducous; flowers! axillary
cymose or glomerulate, sometimes very crowded, articulate. Other
characters of Cassipourea. (Trop. west. Africa, Madagascar.'?)

12? Blepharistemma Wat. %?—“ Flowers polygamo-diccious
(nearly of Cassipourea), 4-merous ; calyx valvate. Petals 4, lacerate,
and stamens 8 (of Cassipourea). Germen free, contracted at base,
3-locular ; ovules in cells 2 and other characters of Cassipowrea.—A
shrub (?); leaves opposite petiolate sinuately crenate penninerved ;
stipules interpetiolate, caducous ; cymes axillary shortly pedunculate,
o -florous.” (Hast India.'*)

1 Quian. i. 529, t. 211.—J. Gen. 432.,—Lamx.
Dict.i. 653.—DC. Prodr. iii. 33.—Enpu. Gen- n.
6104.—Benru. Journ. Linn. Soc. iii. 79.—H. Bn.
Adansonia, iii, 25, 88; Payer Fam, Nat. 362.—
B. H. Gen. 682, n. 15.—Zita Scor. Introd. n.
967.—Legnotis Sw. Prodr, 84; Fl. Ind. Oce. 968,
t. 17.

2 Exterior to cupular disk.

3 Obturator rather thick above micropyle.

4 Lobes laterally produced to aril.

5 Sometimes coloured.

6 Small or rather large, white.

7 Spec. 2, 8 Porn. Dict. Suppl. i. 131.—
Hoox. Icon. t. 280.—Gnrisen. Fl. Brit. W.-Ind.
274,

8 Journ. Linn, Soc. iii. 79.—H. By. Adansonia,
iii. 21, 35.—B. H. Gen. 682, n. 14.

° Lobes of disk oftener in pairs interior to
smaller stamens ; or filaments sometimes at base
continuous with margins of disk.

10 Style sometimes tubular, thicker at apex.

1 Whitish.

12 Spec. about 3. Tun, Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 4, vi.
128, n. 6 (Cassipowrea).—Ourv. Fl. Trop. Afr. ii.
411.—H. Bn. Adans. xi. 374,

18 Cat, 0. 6320.—Bentu. Journ. Linn. Soe. iii,
78.—B. H. Gen, 684, n. 13.—Hoox. Fl. Ind. ii.
441,

14 Spec. 1. B. corymbosum, WatL.—Dryptope-
talum membranaceum, Mag. exs. Hohen, n, 713.

RHIZOPHORACEZ. 307

13? Weihea Sprena.’— Flowers nearly of Cassipourea, 4-6-
merous ; stamens 15-30. Germen at broad base internally adnate
to receptacle ; cells 3, 4, 2-ovulate.? Fruit tardily septicidal.2 Seeds +
albuminous, embryo, etc., of Cassipourea.—Trees or shrubs; leaves
opposite, entire or serrulate; flowers axillary, solitary or cymose
3-00 .5 Other characters of Cassipourea.® (Ceylon, trop. west.
Africa, Madagascar.")

IV. ANISOPHYLLEA.

14. Anisophyllea R. Br.—Flowers polygamous; receptacle con-
cave tubular. Calyx epigynous; folioles 4, valvate, finally erect.
Petals 4, alternate, inserted with sepals, entire or emarginate, oftener
2-lobed or lacerate. Stamens 8, 2-seriate and alternating with glands
of epigynous disk ; filaments subulate compressed; anthers often 2-
dymous, 2-rimose within, sometimes in oppositipetalous stamens
glanduliform (or 0). Germen 4-locular; cells oppositipetalous, 1-
ovulate; styles 4, distinct, recurved at apex. Ovule descending;
micropyle extrorsely superior. Fruit oblong, terete, often costate,
drupaceous or coriaceous, naked or (?) widely 3—4-alate, indehiscent ;
seed descending; radicle of exalbuminous fleshy embryo macropod
clavate; folioles of inferior gemmule o , decussate.—Trees or shrubs
glabrous or sericeous; leaves distichously alternate, all equal or
oftener the alternate ones minute stipuliform; the others larger, at
base equal or unequal, 3—7-plinerved at base, coriaceous (often
lutescent), exstipitate; flowers axillary spicate or subracemose,
articulate; bracteoles minute or 0. (Trop. Asia, Malaya, Malacca,
trop. west. Africa.)—See p. 295.

1 Syst. ii, [1825] 559.—H. Bn. Adansonia, iii.
27, 38.—B. H. Gen. 681, n. 11.—Hoox. Fi. Ind.
ii, 440.—_Richieia Dup.-Tu. Gen. Nov. Mad. 25,
—Anstrutheria Garp. Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist.
vi. 344, t.4,—Benru. Jowrn. Linn. Soe. iii, 70,
78.

2 Micropyle densely closed.

Fleshy ; valves thick 3, 4.

4 Arillate; radicle of often coloured (green-

ish)’ embryo-superior, subcapitate at apex.

5 Flowers (where known) white.

6 A genus very likely, together with Dacty-
lostemon, better referred to a section of Cassi-
poured (P).

7 Spec. about 9. DC. Prodr. iii. 34 (Cassivou-
rea).—Brntu. Niger, 341 (Cassipourea).—Tuu.
Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 4, vi. 119, n. 1-5, 7 (Cassipu-
rea).—Taw. Enum. Pl, Zeyl. 121 (Anstrutheria).
—Outv. Fi. Trop. Afr. ii. 410.—Waxe. Ann. ii.
173 (Anstrutheria) ; vii. 952 (Cassipourea).

20—2

LIV. MYRTACEA.

I. MYRTLE SERIES.

Tue best known plant of the Myrtle genus! is doubtless the common
Myrtle (fig. 277-283), so frequently cultivated in our gardens. Its

Hyrtus communis.

Fig. 279. Diagram.

Fig. 277. Floriferous branch (3). Fig. 280. Long. sect. of flower (9).

flowers are hermaphrodite and regular, with a receptacle in the form
of a deep cut in the cavity of which is lodged the adnate ovary, |
whilst the perianth and andreecium are inserted in its margin. The

1 Myrtus T. Inst, 640, t. 409.—L. Gen.n.617 Spacu, Suit, & Buffon, iv. 157.—Enp1, Gen. 0.
(part).—Apans. Fam. des Pl. ii. 88.—J. Gen. 6316 (part)—Payzr, Organog. 459, t. 98.—H.
324.—Lamx. Ji/, t. 419.—Porr. Dict. iv. 404; Bn. Payer Fam. Nat. 363.—Bere, Linnea xxvii.
Suppl. iv. 49—DC. Prodr. iii, 238 (part),— 397; xxix, 253; xxx. 710,—B. H. Gen, 714, n.

MYRTACEZ, 309

calyx is formed of five imbricate sepals, the margins of which are
contiguous for only a short distance. Five sessile petals alternate
with the sepals and are imbricate in prefloration. The stamens
-are very numerous, epigynous, and at adult age disposed without
any apparent order.’ Each is formed of a free filament, inflexed in

Myrius communis,

Ne

Fig. 283. Long.
sect. of seed,

Fig. 282. Seed (£). Fig. 281, Fruit (?).

Fig. 278. Flower.

the bud, and of a short bilocular introrse anther? dehiscing by two
longitudinal clefts.2 The inferior ovary contains two or three cells
in the internal angle of which is found a placenta bearing an indefi-
nite number of small anatropous ovules. The fruit surmounted by
the remains of the now fleshy calyx, is a berry enclosing one. or
several reniform seeds,‘ with a large fleshy hilum, hard coats, covering
a curved fleshy embryo, destitute of albumen. The summit of the
cotyledons and that of the radicle are turned towards: the umbilicum.
The common Myrtle is a shrub with simple opposite leaves, without
stipules, permeated with reservoirs of an odorous essence. The
flowers are ordinarily solitary, and the axillary peduncle bears two
lateral bracteoles in the upper part.

49.—Anamomis GrisEs. Fl. Brit. W.-Ind. 240.—
Blepharocalyz Bune, Linnea, xxvii. 412; xxix,
256.—Macropsidium Bu. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. i. 85.
—? Temus Mou, Chil, 153.—DC. Prodr. i. 77.—-
C. Gay, Fl. Chil. i. 60.—Pum. Bot. Zeit. (1857),
392, 393.—Temu Bere, Linnea, xxx. 710.—
Myrteola Bure, Linnea, xxvii. 393 ; xxix. 252;
xxx. 709.—Ugni Turcz. Bull. Mose. (1848), i.
579.— Myrcianthes Bure, Linnea, xxvii. 315
(incl. ; Calycolpus Bere, Luma A. Gray, Pseu-
docaryophyllus BERG).

1 The stamens originate in Myrtus, as in
Callistemon, Eucalyptus, by groups superposed to
the petals (ParER, Organog. 461), but they re-
main distinct to the end in Cadlistemon, whilst
in the Myrtles “they are soon confused with
each other so that they cannot be recognized.”

2 Basifixed, or versatile.

3 The pollen, in all the Myrtacee of our first
three series, where it has been studied, has
appeared “ depressed, triangular, the sides often
a little reentrant ; three very slight folds, which
unite at the poles on a triangular piece; in
water approaching more or less a spherical
form, producing small papille at the angles.
Grains small, transparent, not viscous.” (H.
Mout. Ann. Se, Nat, sér. 2, iii. 333). The bands
may be more or less wanting (in certain species
of Psidium), and the angles bear but slightly
prominent papille (Myrcia).

4 They are sometimes separated by the rudi-
ments of false partitions, as happens in Myrteola
(Leandria A. GRAY).

310 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

There are Myrtles which frequently have as many ovarian cells as
petals and which, consequently, would represent the most complete
types of the genus. But at the same time their sepals are often
large and foliaceous. These have been distinguished under the
name of Calycolpus;: they are all American. In those which have
been named Lwma,? the seminal coats are membranous. Many have
tetramerous flowers? and some also a caducous calyx. Instead of
being solitary, the flowers may be in cymes 3-7-florous or formed of
an indefinite number of flowers, biparous, or triparous.* Thus con-
stituted,® this genus includes some sixty® species,’ arborescent or
oftener frutescent, glabrous or tomentose, natives of nearly all the
warm regions of the globe. Beside this genus are placed a great
number of others scarcely differing from it and most frequently
separated from it only by characters quite artificial and mostly of
very little value. Among those which have been proposed, we shall
distinguish only the following, the number of which might perhaps
be still further reduced without inconvenience.

Rhodomyrtus, inhabiting Oceania, chiefly the Indian Archipelago,
consists of Myrtles in which the ovules, numerous in each cell, are
isolated in a great number of cellules bounded by false partitions
formed between them by the hypertrophiate placente. Decaspermum,
native of the same countries, has also nearly all the characters of
Myrtles and ovarian cells divided into uniovulate cellules by false
partitions ; but the latter are vertical, and the ovules, few in number
(two to four) which they separate from each other, are descending.
Pimenta is also very near the Myrtles, and the cells, two in number,
likewise enclose a limited number (one to three or four) of descending
ovules, inserted very near the summit, and with micropyle finally
lateral; but there are no false partitions. Pimenta is from tropical

1 Bere, Linnea, xxvii. 878.—B, H. Gen. 713,
n, 47.
2 A, Gray, Unit. St. Expl. Exped. Bot. i. 635,

t. 66.—Myrceugenia Brn, Linnea, xxvii. 131;
xxx. 669.
3 ‘White or pink.

4 As happens in Pseudocaryophyllus (Bera,
Linnea, xxvii. 415 ; xxix. 256).

5 Sect, 4 (B. H.): 1. Ugni (Turcz.), flowers
solitary oftener 4-merous ;—2. Eumyrtus (Myr-
tus Bra), flowers 1—-3-nis, oftener 5-merous ;—
8. Leandria (A. Gray) ;—4. Luma (A. Gray),
flowers 1-7-nis, oftener 4-merous; cotyledons
flat or sometimes contortuplicate.

§ Double have been admitted.

7H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Spec. vi. 129, t. 359.
—Sisra. Fi. Gree. t, 475.—A. 8, H. Fl, Bras.
Mer. ii, 292, t. 140, 141.—M1e. Fl. Ind.-Bat. i.
p.i. 476.—Bere, Mart. Fl. Bras. Myrt. 210, t.
25 (Myrceugenia) ; 351, t. 82 (Myrcianthes) ;
411, t. 18 (Cadycolpus) ; 418, t. 44, 45; 420, t. 46
(Blepharocalyx) ; 429, t. 47 A (Pseudocaryophyl-
lus) —Tuw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 114.—Bentu. Fl.
Austral. iii. 273.—Hoox. ¥. Handb. N.-Zeal. Fi.
73.—Br. et Gr. Ann, Se. Nat. sér. 5, iii. 212.—
Griszs. Fl, Brit. W.-Ind, 237.—Gren. et Gopr.
Fil. de Fr. i, 602.—Watp. Ann. iv, 832.

MYRTACEZ, 311

America and has numerous flowers in ramified groups of cymes.
Myrcia, American like Pimenta, has all its essential characters ; but
the ovules, equally restricted in number (two in each cell), are
ascending instead of descending, and their seeds have large contor-
tuplicate cotyledons. In Rhodamnia, comprising shrubs of Asia and
tropical Oceania, the flowers, ordinarily tetramerous, are also those
of the Myrtles, and the ovules are numerous; but the ovary has
only one cell; so that these plants may be defined as Myrtles with
two parietal placentse. Fenzlia, Australian shrubs, have also parietal
placentation, but ordinarily only in one cell, as the other generally
becomes more or less abortive, and on the placenta there are only
two, three, or four superposed ovules which, having become seeds,
are isolated each in a cellule formed by the false partitions of the
putamen (the fruit being drupaceous). Feijoa, a Brazilian shrub,
has also the flowers of a Myrtle, with complete or incomplete and
multiovulate ovarian cells. But the staminal filaments, instead of
being at first incurved, are straight in the bud and lengthen rapidly
during anthesis; the embryo is said to be surrounded by albumen.

The genus Marlieria is also American, and its flowers are orga-
nized like those of the Myrtles, with the ovary of Myrcia, i.e. with
cells containing each two ascending ovules; but it is distinguished
by the mode of insertion of the stamens and by the conformation of
the calyx. The floral receptacle, after lodging the ovary at the
bottom of its cavity, is prolonged in a hollow tube on which are
inserted by steps the pieces of the andrecium. The perianth,
inserted on the margin of this tube, is formed of petals which may
be wanting and of a gamosepalous calyx quite closed and opening |
only by tearing in the true Marlieria, or very shortly lobed and not
completely closed in those named Hugeniopsis. Calyptranthes, trees
or shrubs from tropical America, have all the characters of the true
Marlieria, and are distinguished only by the mode in which the
calyx detaches itself circularly by its base and in a single piece,
like a hood.

Campomanesia has the calyx of Calyptranthes or rather of Mar-
lieria, for it tears deeply from top to bottom, and thus forms from four
to six unequal lobes. The ovary has from four to ten cells and is
surmounted by a style at summit stigmatiferous peltate or capitate.
In each cell the ovules are disposed in two or four vertical series.
The fruit encloses several seeds the embryo of which is spirally

312 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

rolled. It comprises American trees and shrubs. One has been dis-
tinguished under the name of Paivea, because its receptacular cup,
before bearing the calyx, is dilated outwards into a sort of large
horizontal circular disk.
RO These plants differ little
from the Guyavas (Psi-
dium), long known by .
the form of their calyx
(fig. 284, 285), which is
valvate, gamophyllous,
membranous, and which
tears at the time of
anthesis to release the
internal organs. The
ovary has from two to
eight cells in which the
ovules, very numerous,
are disposed in many
series. The fruit is a
berry, the pulp of which
Fig. 284. Bud. Fig. 285. Long. sect. of fruit. encloses a variable num-
ber of seeds, with curved
or spiral embryo and short cotyledons. The Guyavas are probably
all of American origin, but:several have long since been introduced
into the tropical regions of the old world. Psidiopsis has been
generically distinguished from them, because the summit of its calyx
is dilated into five foliaceous layers. Myrrhiniwm, a South American
shrub, has the leaves, the flowers, and the fruit of a Myrtle, and is
immediately distinguished by the almost definite number of its long
stamens. There are often only four, that is one facing each sepal ;
but from five to eight are not unfrequently observed, because, in
this case, there are one or more pairs where in the isostemonous
flowers only one stamen is seen.

Eugenia (fig. 286-289), formerly confounded with the Myrtles,
has quite the flower, and differs from them only by one character,
viz., that their seeds, ordinarily solitary or few in number, have a
large straight embryo, with a short radicle and thick hemispherical
cotyledons, placed against each other or even united by their plane
surface. Two things differ chiefly in their organization; the

MYRTACEZ. 313

inflorescence and the form of the receptacle. The former is a
simple or compound cluster, reduced even to one flower, or it is in
cymes, as in Jambosa and Syzygium. This latter name is derived
from the fact that the petals may be united in a single piece and
detached by the base as a hood ; but this character is far from being

Eugenia Jambos.

Fig. 286. Long. sect. of flower. Fig. 287. Long. sect. of fruit,

constant. The floral receptacle may be more or less globular or
turbinate and prolonged above the inferior ovary as in Jambosa, or
lengthened to a tube, as in Hugenia (Caryophyllus) aromatica (fig.
288, 289), or to an obconical horn, as in Clavimyrtus, and this horn
may even be very long (Cupheanthus), smooth without or covered
with thick vertical wings (Pteromyrtus), without the other essential
characters being modified. Hence a very large number of divisions
in this genus, which, comprising some five hundred species, very
abundant in America, but existing also in all the tropical regions of
the old world, is represented by trees and shrubs with leaves almost
always opposite, without stipules, sometimes however opposite or
verticilate by threes, analogous to those of the Myrtles.1_ The
three genera Aulacocarpus, Calycorectes, and Schizocalyx, still

1 Here probably ought to be placed two Acicalyptus, has been hitherto doubtfully
Oceanic species which would be to Eugenia placed among the xerocarpous Myrtacex ; but
what Calyptranthes is to Myrtus, that is its its fruit is unknown, and it is apparently very
calyx is detached in one piece at its base like a near the other genus Piliocalyx, which has a
hood. One which has réceived the name of fruit and seed of Eugenia. As to the flower

314 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

imperfectly known, range themselves doubtfully near Hugenia, from
which perhaps they will not all be definitively separated. The first
of these genera is American, likewise the second, remarkable for its

stamens being inserted in
numerous series on the re-
ceptacular tube. In the
third (which has been
doubtfully referred to the
preceding), has been placed
a Brazilian species and also
a species from New Cale-

Fig. 289. Long. sect. of fruit,

Eugenia (Caryophyllus) aromatica.

Fig. 288. Floriferous branch.

t

donia, the calyx of which is somewhat different as regards alter-

native prefloration.

II. LEPTOSPERM SERIES.

In the genus Leptospermum ' (fig. 290-293), which has given its
name to quite a group of Myrtacew with dry fruit,’ the flowers are

Acicalyptus has ovarian cells (complete or in-
complete) containing numerous anatropous
ovules, arranged on vertical placente; and
Piliocalyx, orthotropous and descending ovules,
inserted in each cell ona placenta nearly apical.

1 Foret. Char. Gen. 71, t. 86.—J. Gen, 323.—
Gaertn, Fruct.i. 174, t. 35 (part).—-Lamx. Diet.
iii. 465 ; Suppl. iii. 336; vt. 423.—DC. Prodr.
iii. 226 (part).—Spacu, Suit. @ Buffon, iv. 141.

—Enot. Gen.n, 6309.—H. By. Payer Fam. Nat.
367.—B. H. Gen. 703, n. 18.—Pabricia GERTN.
Fruct. i. 175, t, 835.—Enpu. Gen. n. 6810.—
Hooks. Fl. Ind. ii. 464.—Pericalymna EnDu. Gen.
n, 6307.—Scuaver, Pl. Preiss. i. 120.—Homa-
lospermum Scuav. Linnea, xvii, 242.—Glaphy-
ria Jack, Trans. Linn, Soc, xiv. 128.—Macklotiia
Korru. Wed. Kruidk. Arch. i. 196,
? Myrtaces-xerocarpese (SCHAUER).

MYRTACEL. 315

generally hermaphrodite’ and pentamerous.
concave, obconical or nearly and widely open.
sepals, primarily imbricate,? membranous,
and as many alternate petals, imbricate in
the bud. The latter are inserted outside the
margin of a glandular disk which lines the
cavity of the receptacle. The same is the
case with the stamens formed each of a short ®
free filament, inflexed in the bud, and a
short bilocular introrse anther, dehiscing by
two longitudinal clefts, afterwards versatile.
They are indefinite in number, sometimes
few, and appear, at adult age, disposed in a
single series, though unequal.t The gyne-
cium is composed of an inferior ovary, im-
bedded at the bottom of a receptacular cavity ,
united with it to a variable extent, above
almost flat or slightly convex. It may have
five oppositipetalous cells, or less,° or many
‘more,’ and it is surmounted by a style, the
stigmatiferous extremity of which is trun-
cate, or capitate, or peltate. In the internal
angle of each cell are found ovules ordinarily
very numerous, more rarely indefinite in
number. The mode of insertion is very variable. Sometimes they
are arranged in two series, on a slight placentary projection, and
sometimes in a circle on the margin of a peltate placenta, itself
attached to the internal angle by a short horizontal or oblique foot.®
They are anatropous, rectilinear, or curved.® The fruit (fig. 293),
the base of which is imbedded in the receptacular capsule, is a de-
pressed, loculicidal capsule, the seeds of which, linear, cuneiform or
angular, not unfrequently winged or ciliate, enclose a straight fleshy
embryo, with elongate cotyledons. Leptospermum consists of small

Their receptacle is
Its margin bears five

Leptospermum flavescens.

Fig. 290. Floriferous branch (3).

1 The gynecium is not unfrequently aborted.

2 A character which soon disappears.

3 Its base is often swollen and articulate as it
were to the margin of the disk.

4+ With 30 or 35 stamens, for example, there
are often 4, 5, before each sepal and 1-3 before
each petal. With 15, there will be frequently
2 facing each petal. The connective often

bears near its summit a dorsal gland found in
many of the neighbouring genera.

5 It may bear glandular processes,

§ Ordinarily 3 in the sect. Pericalymna.

7 To 10 in Fabricia,

8 On the small value of these variations, see
Bull. Soc, Linn. Par, 56.

9 The ovular coat is double.

316 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

trees or shrubs inhabiting, to the number of about twenty-five species,’
Oceania, and chiefly Australia. The leaves, simple and alternate,

Leptospermum flavescens,

Fig. 291, Flower (8). Fig. 293. Fruit (2). Fig. 292. Long. sect. of flower.

often rigid and linear, punctuate and odorous, are destitute of ner-
vures or 1-3-nerved, glabrous or pubescent. The flowers’ are
terminal or nearly so, or axillary, solitary or
grouped in small bi- or triflorous cymes, sessile
or pedicellate and accompanied by imbricate
bracts.

Agonis, of which some ten Australian species
are known, was formerly confounded with Lep-
tospermum ; it is distinguished by the stamens,
often less numerous, and the ascending ovules,
two to four in number, inserted on a placenta
itself ascending; differential characters which,
in this group, are of very little value, and
which, doubtless, we should consider too insig-
nificant to establish a distinct genus, if the
flowers of Agonis were not grouped in small
globular capitules, axillary and terminal.

Beckea (fig. 294) is also very near Lepto-
spermum. It has the flower, with an andrecium
isostemonous, diplostemonous or formed of from
eleven to twenty-five stamens. The ovules are
one or two in each cell, oftener indefinite in
number, with all the varieties of placentation
observed in Leptospermum; but they are im-
mediately distinguished from the latter by their leaves being opposite

1 Gav. Zeon. t. 330.—Vent. Malmais. t. 88,89. 3419.
—Sm. Zrans. Linn. Soe. iii. 260.—Hoox. Icon. t. 2 Small white or slightly pink.
308, 893.—Hoox, F. FU. Tasm. t. 80.—Bzntx. 3 Themselves formed of glomerules, so that
Fl. Austral. iii, 100.—Bot. Mag. 1810, 2695, _ the inflorescence is mixed.

Backea virgata,

Fig. 294. Floriferous
branch.

MYRTACEZ.. 317

(fig. 294) instead of alternate. They are also Oceanic shrubs, often
ericoid. The embryo has small cotyledons relatively to the radicle
which is thick and swollen. Hypocalymna, the ovarian cells of which
enclose from one or two to an indefinite number of ovules, has been
generically. separated more especially because the stamens were
thought to be monadelphous. But if the greater part of them are,
in fact, slightly united by the base of the filaments, there are also
some which are entirely independent. Scholtzia has also been dis-
tinguished as a genus because the placenta bears from two to four
ovules and the receptacle scarcely rises above the ovary; we can
only consider both as sections of the genus Beckea.

In Astartea, which perhaps ought no longer to be separated from
Beeckea, all the characters of vegetation and of floration are similar ;
but the stamens are pentadelphous, each group corresponding to the
intervals of the petals. In Balaustion, native, like Astartea, of
Australia, the leaves and flowers (rather large) are equally those of
Beckea ; but the receptacle has the form of a large urceolate sac at
the bottom of which is the ovary, and at the throat are inserted the
perianth and pentamerous andreecium.

Melaleuca (fig.295, 296) gives its name to a small group of genera,

Melaleuca fulgens.

Fig. 295. Flower (}). Fig. 296. Long. sect. of flower.

numerous in species, in which the flowers often have the stamens
united in as many exserted groups as the flower has parts, and these
groups are oppositipetalous. Melaleuca has the same number of
multiovulate, rarely uniovulate, cells, with the ovules inserted in the
internal angle, in two or more series, arranged on a vertical or
peltate placenta, with short, horizontal or more or less oblique sup-
port. There are some whose stamens are scarcely united in bundles

318 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

at the base, and others where they are quite free, and yet we cannot
separate generically one from the other. Hence the impossibility we
find of retaining as a distinct genus M. paludosa and some neigh-
bouring species separated under the name of Callistemon. On the
other hand, the staminal bundles are often united together at the base
in a very short tube. ‘This tube is exceptionally prolonged in
Lamarchea, which we make only a section of Melaleuca. This belongs
to tropical Asia and Oceania. Beaufortia, all Australian, has the
flower of Melaleuca, with the stamens united in oppositipetalous
bundles; but the anthers are basifixed instead of being versatile as
in the preceding genera. They open by clefts longitudinal or short
and near the summit, sometimes reduced to pores. The ovarian cells
enclose one or from two to four ovules, of which several may remain
sterile or disappear altogether. In Calothamnus, the foliage, the
habit, the mode of inflorescence are all those of Beaufortia, and the
anthers are basifixed, oblong or linear, with parallel cells, dehiscing
internally by longitudinal clefts. The ovules are numerous in each
cell, with all the varieties of placentation observed in Melaleuca.
They are all from western Australia, as are those of Hremea, only
artificially separated, which have flowers solitary or two or three in
number towards the summit of the branches, instead of lateral and
sessile, like those of Calothamnus, and short basifixed stamens, with
exterior longitudinal clefts. Kuwnzea may have the inflorescence of
Eremea, or capitules with flowers more or less numerous. The flower
is nearly the same; but the receptacular tube, more elongate and
lined by a disk of circular border, bears, exterior to the latter,
numerous free stamens, like those of Callistemon, with versatile
anthers, not basifixed as those of Hremcea. They form a transition
therefore between this group and the following (Metrosiderew), of
which they often have the flower.

Tristania alone among them has pentadelphous stamens, the
bundles being oppositipetalous, sometimes short, sometimes longer
- than the corolla. The ovary, totally or only partly inferior, has three
cells the ovules in which are indefinite in number; and, as in the
greater part of the preceding genera, the placentz which bear them
are very variable in form, sometimes consisting of thick vertical cords,
sometimes peltate and supported by a transverse or slightly oblique
foot, with a head the periphery of which bears reflexed ovules. The
fruit is a capsule, exserted or enclosed, loculicidal, with seeds

MYRTACEZ. 319

elongate-cuneiform or dilated on one side to a wing. Natives of
Oceania, from Australia to the north of the Indian archipelago,
abundant in southern Asia and, New Caledonia, Tristania has alter-
nate or, more rarely, opposite leaves, and flowers in axillary more or
less ramified and compound cymes.

Metrosideros (fig. 297, 298) has, like the following genera, free
exserted stamens in-
serted in the p eriphery Metrosideros tomentosa.
of the receptacular
orifice. It has been
observed in the warm
regions of south-east-
ern Asia and Oceania,
from Malaya to New
Zealand and as far as
the Cape of Good Hope
and in south-western
America. The placen-
ta consists of two ver- Fig. 297. Flower (?). Fig. 298. Long. sect. of flower
tical lobes, thick and
elongate, covered with ovules. It becomes salient, in the form of a
short horizontal or ascending club, in M. stipulacea, of which has
been made the Chilian genus Tepualia, where it bears a small number
of ascending ovules, and in some Oceanic species, as M. ciliata,
paradoxa, chrysantha, etc., where the ovules are more numerous and,
more frequently still, inserted over the entire surface of a shield-like
dilatation of its free extremity. They have served as type of the
genus Xanthostemon and have, nearly always, alternate leaves, whilst
the Metrosideros proper have generally opposite leaves. The calyx
valvate or slightly imbricate, is ordinarily regular in the true Metro-
sideros, often a little irregular in Xanthostemon. Inaspecies of which
the genus Pleurocalyptus has been made, the summit separates irregu-
larly on one side at the time of blooming and rises like a small unequal
lid. These plants cannot, in our opinion, form distinct genera, and
we shall consider them only as sections of Metrosideros. The same
will be the case, notwithstanding its cymes contracted to a peduncu-
late head, with M. glomulifera, distinguished under the generic name
of Syncarpia, whilst among Eucalyptus, we shall also find a few
species presenting this same capitular arrangement of flowers and

320 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

fruit, What is more remarkable in this genus is that the situation
of the ovary is extremely variable, with all the gradations possible
from a total adherence to an entire independence of the gynecium
completely superior, as is the case in certain Australian and New
Caledonian species of Xanthostemon. Mooria is scarcely distinct
from Metrosideros ; it has five pointed sepals, slightly imbricate, five
petals and somewhat numerous stamens, shorter than the calyx, with
an ovary semi-superior, the three cells of which enclose inferiorly an
ascending placenta on which rise ovules indefinite in number, it is
true, but often inconsiderable. The fruit is loculicidal, and the
leaves are opposite, penninerved. It consists of small trees or shrubs
from New Caledonia and the neighbouring isles. Arillastrum, like-
wise New Caledonian, has nearly the flower of Metrosideros, tetra-
merous, with a very large number of stamens and two multiovulate
ovarian cells. But the capsular fruit, forming with the thickened
and hardened receptacle, a deep obconical cup, is wide at the summit
and sets free a single pea-shaped seed, with thick fleshy embryo, and
thick folded cotyledons. The seminal coat is covered with a circle of
scales, resembling an aril and corresponding to as many aborted seeds.
The leaves are opposite, and the flowers axillary solitary or ternate
at the summit of a common peduncle.

Eucalyptus (fig. 299-303) has given its name to a small sub-series
(Eucalyptew) constituted by it and the genus Angophora. The
flowers have a concave receptacle the margin of which bears a gamo-
sepalous calyx. In the genus Eucalyptus it is superiorly truncate
entire or very rarely divided into four short and distant teeth. The
name of the genus is derived from the corolla which here forms a
hood analogous to that represented by the calyx of Calyptranthes,
Acicalyptus, ete., and which, detaching itself circularly by the base,
falls off in a single piece at the time of anthesis (it is extremely rare
that it then divides into several segments). The stamens are very
numerous and have versatile anthers, with cells dehiscing longitudi-
nally. ‘The capsular fruit, imbedded in the receptacle, opens from
the summit along the middle line of cells. The Eucalypts are
odorous trees, nearly all Australian; there are very few in the Indian
Archipelago. The leaves are frequently variable in form, according
to the age of the tree; the lower opposite and the upper often
alternate. ‘The flowers are axillary, solitary or in cymes. In H.
Lehmanni, type of a genus Symphyomyrtus, the contracted inflo-

MYRTACES. 321

rescence resembles a capitule, and the multiple fruit is here analogous
to that of Syncarpia in Metrosideros. Angophora a near neighbour
of Eucalyptus, and, like most of them, Australian, has nearly the
same flower ; but the petals, membranous and much imbricated, are

Eucalyptus Globulus.

Fig. 300. Dehiscing bud.

Fig. 299. Habit (of a young tree). Fig. 303. Fruit.

nevertheless very distinct ; the summit is sometimes prolonged into
a. sort of dorsal point. The calyx presents four or five distinct
teeth. The other characters are those of Hucalyptus, of which
_Angophora has the gynecium; where the seed is known, it is
solitary and apparently peltate.

This series further includes two Australian’ genera somewhat
abnormal. One, Backhousia, has flowers the sepals of which become
large and more or less petaloid, with shorter petals, and, in each of

VOL. VI. 21

322 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

the two ovarian cells, an indefinite number of pendent or campylo-
tropous and recurved ovules. The other, Osbornia, has a perianth
still more exceptional, since, the corolla being entirely absent, the
sepals, eight in number, are imbricate in two series. The cells of

Eucalyptus Globulus.

Fig. 301. Flower (8).

Fig. 302. Long. sect. of flower.

the inferior ovary are also two in number, and often incomplete.
In the lower part of their internal angle is seen a placentary mass
covered with anatropous ovules. In both genera the leaves are
opposite and penninerved.

III. CHAMZLAUCIUM SERIES.

Chamelaucium ' (fig. 304, 305) has flowers ordinarily hermaphro-
dite? and pentamerous, with a hollow receptacle, very variable in
form, obconical, tubular or urceolate, at the bottom of which is im-
bedded the ovary, whilst its upper opening bears a calyx of five
small sepals, entire or ciliate, often petaloid. The five petals, longer
and inserted in the intervals, are rounded, concave, imbricate in the
bud and ordinarily very caducous. The andreecium is formed of
two verticils of stamens,’ superposed, five to the sepals and five to
the petals and formed each of a short filament, inflexed in the bud

1 Desr. Mém, Mus. v. 39, t. 3, fig. B—DC. the margin of the disk, in a single series ; but

Prodr. iii. 209,—Spacu, Suit. & Buffon, iv. 110.
Envi. Ann. Wien. Mus. ii. 192; Gen. n. 6280.
—Scuaver, Myrt. Xeroc. t.4 AH. By. Payer
Fam. Nat. 368.—B. H. Gen. 698, n. 6.—Decalo~
phium Turcz. Bull. Mose. (1847), i. 153.

2 The gynecium may be sterile.

3 They have been described in this genus,
as in most of those in this group, as inserted on

in reality they belong to two verticils, and the
oppositipetalous are primarily the more ele-
vated. With the stamens alternate an equal
number of tongues, often equal to the staminal
filaments, and ordinarily, for this reason, de-
scribed as staminodes; they are only perhaps
the lobes of the disk.

MYRTACEL. 323

and enlarged at the summit, which supports the two adnate cells of
an introrse anther dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts, The ovary
is unilocular, surmounted
by a subulate styl e some- Chamelaucium uncinatum,
what enlarged at its stig- /
matiferous summit, which
is often surrounded by long
unequal and rigid hairs.
From the lower part of the
ovarian cell rises, some-
times along one of the par-
titions,’ an eccentric pla-
centa, of variable length,
bearing from two to ten
‘ascending ovules in two
parallel series with micro-
pyle directed downwards and outwards. The fruit, surmounted by
a persistent calyx, is dry, indehiscent and contains one or a few
seeds. Chamelaucium comprises shrubs of south-western Australia,
having ordinarily the aspect of a Heath, with opposite, rarely alter-
nate, leaves, small and entire, without stipules, oftener odorous.
The flowers are solitary in the axils of the leaves or of the bracts,
which replace them at the summit of the branches in such a manner
that the entire inflorescence resembles a spike or terminal capitule.
Each flower, sessile or supported by a short pedicel, is accompanied
by two large and sinuous lateral bracteoles, at first enveloping the
bud. About ten species have been described.? ;
Some species of Darwinia (fig. 306-308) differ from Chameelaucium
only in the form of their anthers; the latter being nearly globular,
and opening near their organic summit, that is above and ee
by two very short longitudinal clefts, or two pores more or less
confluent within. The flowers are in terminal capitules and situated
in the axil of narrow or often wide and coloured bracts, forming a
petaloid involucre (fig. 306). The sepals are mutichous, sometimes
glandular at the summit. These plants, like all of the series, are

Fig. 305. Long. sect. of
bud.

2 : inn, Soc. i, 44.—
1 It would, in this case, be the anterior. tyllis). — Mareen. Journ. ee Soe
2 Scuav. Pl. Preiss.i.97.—F. Mvext, Fragm. Benta. Fl. Austral. iii. 36.

iv, 62.—Turcz, Bull. Mose. (1849) ii. 17 (Gene- 154; v. 729. ae

324 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Australian. Actinodiwm is a Darwinia with tetramerous diploste-
monous flowers and stamens not accompanied by sterile tongues.
Homoranthus, on the contrary, has these tongues 1n the intervals of

Darwinia (Genetyllis) macrostegia.

Fig. 307, Flower (3). Fig. 306. Inflorescence. Fig. 308. Long. sect.
of flower.

its ten fertile stamens, for its flower is pentamerous, and in other
respects it is quite that of a Darwinia; but the sepals are attenuated
at the summit to a long subulate point, as we shall find those of

Verticordia Brownit.

Fig. 309. Flower (4).

Fig. 310, Long. sect, of flower.

Calythriz are; and this character, which otherwise would be of the
smallest importance, has been thought sufficient here to distinguish
this quite artificial genus. In Verticordia (fig. 309, 310), everything

MYRTACEH, 395

in the flower is equally that presented by Chamelaucium (or Dar-
winia); but the sepals, from five to ten in number, are cut into long
plumose or ciliate strips. The ovary encloses one ovule nearly basi-
lar, or two ovules and upwards, and the two lateral bracteoles which
accompany the flower are wide, rounded,
concave and imbricate, in such a manner
as to form around the bud a complete
accessory envelope; they are early de-
tached. Pileanthus has the flower of
Verticordia, with ten sepals not divided
and twenty or more fertile stamens,
without tongues interposed. ‘There is
often one opposite each sepal and a
bundle opposite each petal. The anthers
are those of Chamelaucium, and the
flowers, like those of Verticordia, are at
first enveloped by two large concave
and imbricate bracteoles. Lhotzkya has
a receptacle in the form of a long gourd surmounted by a narrow
neck, dilated above to a cupule on which are inserted five obtuse .

Calythria scabra.

Fig. 311. Floriferous branch.

Calythriz scabra,

Fig. 313. Flower. Fig. 312. Bud (4). Fig. 314. Long. sect. of flower.

sepals, five petals and numerous stamens, unequal and disposed
in several series, but without glands interposed. Calythri« (fig.
311-314) differs only in the form of its sepals, prolonged at the

326 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

summit into long acuminate points; it is, consequently, to Lhotakya
(from which it can be separated only very artificially) what Homo-
ranthus isto Darwinia. Thryptomene has flowers and organs of vege-
tation strongly recalling certain species of Beckea and Leptospermum,
and thereby approach genera of the preceding series. The sepals, five
in number, are persistent, as likewise are the five alternate petals,
most frequently connivent. It has five alternipetalous stamens, or
ten stamens disposed in two verticils, without sterile tongues inter-
posed. The unilocular ovary contains a placenta nearly basilar, but
eccentric, or rising more or less on the partition and supporting from
two to ten ascending ovules. The leaves are opposite, like those of
Beckea. From it have been distinguished Homalocalyz, having a
caducous perianth, stamens indefinite in number, and alternate leaves,
like those of Leptospermum, and Micromyrtus, having persistent
sepals, open petals, ten stamens, or only five facing petals, with an
ovary the single cell of which is traversed from the base to the
summit by a filiform and pauciovulate placenta.

IV. BARRINGTONIA SERIES.

Barringtonia’ has regular flowers rarely pentamerous, nearly
always tetramerous (fig. 315, 316). In the latter case, the concave
receptacle, in the form of an obconical horn, rarely urceolate, is nearly
filled by the imbedded ovary and bears on its margin a valvate or
imbricate-decussate calyx and four petals, imbricate in the bud. The
stamens are indefinite in number, inserted perigynously like the
perianth. The filaments are united below in a short ring which may
also adhere with the base of the petals, free throughout their re-
maining extent, twisted or corrugate in the bud, straightened and
exserted at the time of anthesis, and surmounted? by a small bilo-
cular introrse anther, dehiscing by two longitudinal and often
versatile clefts. The inferior ovary has two or four cells superposed

1 Forst. Char. Gen, 75, t. 28.—Gmrtn. Fruct.
ii. 96, t.101.—DC. Prodr. iii, 288.—Spacu, Suit.
@ Buffon, iv. 185.—Envu. Gen. u. 6325.—H. By.
Payer Fam. Nat. 368.—B, H. Gen. 720, 1006, u.
61.—Baxer, Fl. Maurit. 119.—Hoox,. Fl. Ind.
ii. 506.—Butonica J. Gen. 326.—Lamx. Dict. i.
521; Ill. t. 590.—Commersona Sonner. Voy. t.
8, 9.—Mitraria Gueu, Syst. 799 (ex Enpu.).—

Huttam Apans, Fam. des Pl. ii. 88.—Stravadium
J. Gen. 326.—DC. Prodr. iii. 289.—Bu. V.
Houtte Fl. Serr. vii. 24.—Meteorus Lovr. Fl.
Cochinch. (ed, 1790) 410.— Stravadia Pzrs.
Synops. ii, 30.— Menichea Sonnzr. Voy. 138, -t.
92, 93 (ex Enpu.).—Botryoropis Prest, Epimel,
220.
? Sometimes, however, they are sterile.

MYRTACE. 327

to the petals. Its summit, nearly flat, is surmounted by a long style
with an obtuse or slightly enlargéd stigmatiferous extremity, and its
base is surrounded by a circular collar, springing from the epigynous

Barringtonia (Stravadium) racemosa.

Fig 315. Long. sect. of flower.

and more or less prominent disk. The placenta, which occupies the
internal angle of each cell, supports two parallel series of transverse
or obliquely descending ovules with their raphes facing’ each other.
There are from one to four in each series, and besides a descending
ovule is often found below, on the middle line; with micropyle
superior and interior.! The fruit, fleshy and more or less fibrous,
indehiscent, oblong or pyramidal, surmounted by a persistent calyx,
usually contains only one seed, without albumen, with a fleshy
embryo, thick and undivided.? Barringtonia comprises fine trees of
the tropical regions of the old world. They have alternate leaves,
collected near the summit of the branches, simple, entire or dentelate,
penninerved, without stipules and without glandular punctuations.
The flowers? are in spikes or clusters, often elongate and pendent,
terminal or lateral. A score of species have been distinguished.*

—Bu. doc. cit, 23, t. 654.—Wicur and Arn,
Prodr. i. 3833.—Wteut, Icon. t, 152, 547.—A.
Gray, Unit. St. Expl. Exp. Bot. i. 508.—Benru.
Fl. Austral. iii. 287.—Ouv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i.
Journ, Linn, Soc. ii. 47, The embryo, fleshy at 438.—Tuw. Enum. Pi. Zeyl. 119.—Harv. and
the centre, is at the periphery cortical ligneous. Sonp. Fl. Cap. ii. 523.—Mia, Fil. Ind,-Bat.i. p.
3 White, pink or red. i, 485.—Waur. Rep. ii, 192; v. 1565 Ann. il
4 Bu. Bydr, 1096.—Wient and Arn, Prodr. 641; iv. 850.—Hoox. Fl, Ind. ii. 580.
i. 383.—Gavunicu. Voy. Freycin. Bot. 483, t. 107.

1 They have a double envelope, and their
exostome gives passage to a long cylindrical
process.

? On the structure of the seeds, see THoms.

328 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Close beside Barringtonia are ranged Careya and Planchonia
which ought not, perhaps, to be generically separated, and all which
belong to the warmest regions of Asia and the Indian Archipelago.
The former have the exterior stamens longer, and with the interior,
destitute of anthers, with the undivided embryo .of Barringtonia.
The latter has the interior staminodes fertile and shorter than the
stamens. The embryo has foliaceous and folded cotyledons, and a
very long spirally-rolled radicle. Petersia africana, a large tree of
Angola, is also said to have nearly all the characters of a Barring-
tonia, and especially its flower ; but the alternate leaves are punctuate,
and its floral receptacle bears, in the interval of the sepals, four
large wings which only grow round the fruit in the form of vertical
membranes, semi-orbicular and veined.’

The flowers of Gustavia present a great resemblance to those of
Barringtonia. The inferior ovary is also lodged in the cavity of a
turbinate receptacle the margin of which bears a calyx entire, or
lobed, or 4—-6-fid, and from five to eight imbricate petals. The stamens,
very numerous, inserted round the margin of a circular epigynous
disk, are free and all fertile, with a basifixed, elongate anther having
two linear cells opening near the summit by a pore or short cleft.
The inferior ovary is divided into four, five or six pluriovulate cells,
and the indehiscent, fibrous fruit, encloses a small number of seeds,
similar to those of Hugenia. It comprises fine trees or shrubs of
tropical America; the leaves are alternate.

In Gustavia, the stamens form, above and around the ovary, a
crown quite regular. Let these same stamens unite at the base and
form a sort of tube, but unequal, because those on one side are
longer than those on the other, and we have Cariniana, consisting of
fine trees of tropical America, the inferior ovary of which, often

trilocular, becomes, besides, quite a peculiar fruit.

It is a sort of

1 With doubt we place here the two genera
Fetidia and Sonneratia, recently referred by
Bentuam and Hooxex (Gen, 724, 784), the one
to anomalous Myrtaceae, the other to Lithrariea.
Fatidia, native of the eastern isles of tropical
Africa, has 3-5-merous apetalous flowers, with
numerous stamens inserted above an inferior
ovary, with alternisepalous cells. In the inter-
nal angle of the latter is found a pluriovulate
placenta, The fruit is dry and woody, and the
leaves are alternate without stipules. Sonneratia,
with opposite entire coriaceous and exstipulate

leaves, has the habit of the Rhizophoree. The
flowers, 3-8-merous, have a convex receptacle,
with an ovary adnate only in its lower part.
The cells are numerous and multiovulate.
There is also a very large number of stamens,
and the sepals are valvate coriaceous persistent.
The corolla is wanting or reduced to long
narrow tongues. The fruit isin great part free,
finally coriaceous, indehiscent and polysper-
mous. These maritime plants are found on
nearly all the tropical shores of the old world.

MYRTACEZ. 329

pyxis nearly cylindrical and traversed in the direction of its axis by
a thick triangular columella surmounted by a woody operculum,
The latter separates circularly from the rest of the fruit to liberate
winged seeds, with contortuplicate embryo, formed of a large radicle

Couroupita guianensis,

Fig. 320. Gynecium. Fig. 319. Long. sect. of Fig. 321. Long. sect. of ,
flower. gynecium,

and wide foliaceous cotyledons replicate upon themselves. All the
stamens, more developed on one side of the flower than on the other,
are fertile, and it is on this account chiefly that they have been
separated from Couratari. The latter have, at the summit of a large
unilateral ligule, sterile stamens, the anthers of which disappear
or are reduced to small dimensions. Cowroupita (fig. 317-321),
from the same countries, has the same organs of vegetation as
Gustavia and Cariniana; but the andreecium is still more irregular.

330 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

The stamens, all fertile, form at first a complete crown within the
perianth ; then the common support straightens itself, in the form of
a thick fleshy tongue, on one side of the flower, having the appcar-

Lecythis lanceolata.

Fig. 322. Flower. Fig. 823 Long. sect. of flower.

ance of a sort of hood with its cavity over the summit of the
gynecium, aud bears, after a tolerably long smooth surface, nume-.
rous fertile stamens, similar to those at the base. ‘The fruit of
Couroupita is globular or nearly so, coria-
ceous and crowned with a sort of operculi-
form cap, but which does not separate at
maturity, as in Cowratari. The seeds have
the same embryo as the last. In Lecythis
(fig. 322-326),
the pyxide fruit
is often large and
with very thick
and woody coats;
it opens by a lid

Lecythis Ollaria.

Lecythis Zabucayo.

like that of Cou- ; >
‘ . Fig. 325. Seed. Fig. 326. Long.
Fig. 324. Dehiscing fruit (3). ratart, but it ap- sect: of seed.

proaches in form
(fig. 824) that of Cowroupita. The flower also bears a strong
resemblance to that of the latter; but those of the stamens which
are inserted on the upper part of the great cuculliform ligule, are
reduced to papilliform staminodes, instead of being fertile, like
those of Couroupita. The seeds enclose a fleshy and undivided
embryo.

MYRTACEZ. 331

In the preceding genera, the sepals, often six in number, are
distinct and more or less imbricate in young age. On the contrary,
in Bertholletia, a fine tree of

tropical America, the calyx is
primarily a globular valvate
gamophyllous sac, enveloping
the rest of the flower and, at
the time of anthesis, dividing
from top to bottom ordinarily
into two segments. The an-
drecium is that of Lecythis,
and the fruit opens at the
summit by a small opercu-
lum. The triangular seeds
(fig. 327, 328), which it con-
tains in small number, enclose,
under their resisting, rugose coats, a thick fleshy and undivided
embryo.

Bortholletia excelsa,

Fig. 327. Seed.

Fig. 328. Long. sect.
of seed,

V. NAPOLEONA SERIES.

Napoleona' (fig. 329-333) has regular and hermaphrodite flowers,
with concave receptacle. Its margin bears a calyx of five sepals,”
valvate in the bud, and a gamopetalous corolla with five lobes
alternating with the sepals, folded in a peculiar manner in the bud.
It is lined with two concentric petaloid collarettes, which have been
compared to the disks of Passiflora, adherent at the base to the
corolla and falling with it. The exterior is formed of more slender
coloured filaments; the interior, of flattened and petaloid tongues, at
first incurved. The andreecium is also united at the base with the
corolla; it is formed of five bundles of stamens, superposed to the
sepals. Each bundle generally contains four stamens, the two exterior
alone being fertile, formed of a filament surmounted by a unilocular

1 Paz.-Beauy. FU. Owar. ii. 29, t. 78.—Turr. Benn.) i. 388,

Dict. Se. Nat. Atl. t.66.—Spacu, Suit. & Buffon,
ix, 427._A. Juss. Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 3, ii. 227,
t. 4.Enpu. Gen. n. 4263.—B. H. Gen, 723, nu.
71.—H. By. Payer Fam, Nat. 370; Bull. Soc.
Linn. Par. 58.—M. Masr. Journ, Linn. Soc, x.
492.—Mrexs, Trans. Linn, Soc. ser. 2, 1, t.1, 2,
3 A.—Belvisia Dusvx. Journ. Bot, iv. 130.—R.
Br, Trans. Linn. Soe, xiii. 222 ; Misc. Works (ed.

2 They bear, on each margin, a sessile gland
resembling that of certain Euphorbiacee,

3 They are traversed by longitudinal ridges .
which touch in the bud but afterwards separate
without ceasing to be parallel, in consequence
of the development of membranous furrows
interposed between them.

332 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

introrse anther dehiscing by a single longitudinal cleft. The fila-
ments are petaloid and incurved in the bud in such a manner as to
carry the anthers under the projection of the style, where they

Napoleona imperialis.

Tew, rm

Fig. 330. Bud. Fig. 383. Long. sect. of androecium = Fig. 331. Bud with
and gynecium (2). calyx removed.

Fig. 332. Long. sect. of flower.

remain fixed for some time.! Within the andrecium is a circular
glandular disk which surrounds the ovary. The latter is imbedded
in the cavity of the receptacle, and hollowed into five oppositipeta-
lous cells, surmounted by a short and thick style, soon dilated to a

1 There is here a sort of hollow in the style disengaged by cutting the head of the style
to receive the anther in tbe bud. Thisiseasily transversely.

MYRTACEL. 333

flat pentagonal stigmatiferous head, with salient oppositipetalous
lobes. In the internal angle of each cell is a placenta supporting
two vertical series of ovules finally descending,! with micropyle in
this case directed upwards and inwards. The fruit is fleshy,? nearly
globular, and surmounted by the remains or the scar of the calyx;
it encloses, imbedded in its pulp, a variable number of seeds, the
coats of which cover a thick reniform embryo, with fleshy plano-
convex cotyledons and short radicle lodged in the hilum. Napoleona
comprises trees from tropical western Africa, with alternate glabrous
penninerved leaves, without punctuations and without stipules, and
axillary flowers,* solitary or in few-flowered glomerules, nearly sessile,
surrounded by short alternate imbricate bracts, glanduliferous like
the sepals, the shorter the lower they are. Six or seven species have
been distinguished ; there is perhaps only one.*

Asteranthos brasiliensis,’ a tree of Para and Guyana, with alternate
leaves, has nearly all the characters of Napoleona; it differs in its
expanded gamosepalous calyx, dentelate at the margin; a much
longer style, with stigmatiferous head much less dilated; elongate
ovules, much more numerous, in a semi-inferior ovary. Within the
corolla and united inferiorly with it, are a great: number of stamens,
with slender filaments and introrse bilocular anthers.

VI? POMEGRANATE SERIES.

In this genus,’ which has served as a type for a distinct family,
the flowers (fig. 334-338) are regular, hermaphrodite, with concave
receptacle, obconical or nearly so, the bottom of which is filled with
the adnate ovary, whilst the margin bears the perianth. The latter

4262.—Benru. Journ. Linn, Soe. iii. 80.—B. H.
Gen, 724, n. 72.—Mrxrs, Trans. Linn, Soc. ser. 2,
i.17, t. 3 B.—Wanp. Rep. ii. 722 <Asteranthus).

1 Or at first slightly ascending, with the
raphe superior and interior.
2 Corticate and coriaceous on the surface.

* With margins sometimes glanduliferous.

4 Yellow and purplish or (?) bluish.

> N.imperialis P.-Bgavv. loc. cit.—DC. Prodr.
vii. 550.—Bot. Mag. t. 4887.—Oxt1v. Fl. Trop.
Afr, ii, 439.—N. Vogelii Hoox. Niger, 360, t.
49, 50.—N. Heudoletii A. Juss. loc. cit. It is
this species which M. Dzcaisnz (fev. Hort,
[1853] 301, t. 16) distinguishes under the name
of NV. Whitfeldii, Miers also multiplies the
species of this genus. .

© Desr, Ann, Mus. vi. 9, t. 8.—ENDL, Gen, n.

7 Punica T. Inst. 636, t. 401.— L. Gen. n.
618.—Apans. Fam. des Pl, ii. 88.—J. Gen. 325.
—Ganrtn. Fruct. i, 183, t. 38.—Lamx, Dict. iii.
80; Zu. t. 415.—Scuxuur, Handbd. t. 31.—
Nets, Nov. Act. Nat, Cur. xi. 410, t. 11.—DC.
Prodr, iii. 3.—Spacu, Suit. a Buffon, iv. 288.
—Enpu. Gen. n. 6340.—Linpu. Veg. Kingd.
735.— Payer, Organcg. 465, t. 99.— H. By,
Payer Fam, Nat. 871.—Bure. Mart. Fl. Bras.
Myrt. 614, t. 8, 9.—B. H. Gen, 784, n. 27.—
Hoox. Fi. Ind. ii. 580,

334 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

is formed of from four to eight sepals, coloured like the receptacle,’
and like it coriaceous, thick, valvate, persistent, and of the same
number of alternate petals, inserted in the intervals of the sepals,
membranous, corrugate, imbricate in the bud. The stamens are very

Punica Granatum.

Fig. 388. Long. sect.
of seed.

Fig. 334. Floriferous branch (2).

Fig. 335. Long. sect. of flower. Fig. 336. Fruit (4).

numerous and inserted at various levels on the internal surface of
the tube formed by the receptacle above the ovary. Each is formed
of a slender filament, at first incurved, and of a small bilocular
introrse versatile anther dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts.2 The
inferior ovary is surmounted by a style which, at first flexuose,
enlarged to a cone at the base, terminates in a head covered with
stigmatic papille. In the ovary are two series of superposed cells ; *

' Red or pale yellow. two verticils have at first the same direction,

2 The pollen is “ovoid, approaching the
sphere; threefold with papille’” (H. Mout,
Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 2, iii. 832).

3 Organic investigation has revealed (Paver,
loc, cit. 467) that the carpels belonging to the

corresponding to that of the placentz originally
in their internal angle. If they become exte-
rior in the carpels of the upper verticil, it is
because the ovary has been reversed on the style
(the stigmatiferous portion of which is aborted)

MYRTACEZ. 335

those of the upper series, five in number,’ have their placenta parietal ;
in those of the lower series, three or more rarely five in number, it
is in the internal angle. The ovules on each placenta are numerous,
multiseriate, anatropous.? The fruit is a coriaceous corticate berry,
surmounted by the persistent calyx and divided by membranous par-
titions into a variable number of irregular and polyspermous cells.
The seeds, sessile or supported by a soft funicle, is distributed among
them; this deforms* the outer coat which is thick, fleshy, pulpy,
and the only portion edible. Interior to this is a very hard coat.
The embryo, destitute of albumen, has a short radicle and two folia-
ceous cotyledons, auriculate at the base, rolled spirally round each
other, like that of a great many Combretacee. The Pomegranates,
of which several species have been described, but of which there is
probably only one,* are shrubs of northern Africa and, as said, of
western Asia, introduced into the warm and temperate regions of
nearly the whole world. Their branches, sometimes spinous, are
clothed with alternate or nearly opposite leaves or fasciculate at the
nodal levels, obovate-oblong, entire, penninerved, without stipules.
The flowers are axillary, solitary, or grouped in few-flowered cymes,
with short pedicels. .

This family is one of those which the older botanists suspected, so
to speak, before even it was welldefined. B. pz Jusstzv® designated
it in 1759, under the name of Myrtus. Apanson,° in 1763, distin-
guished a family of Myrtles, very natural and admitted by A. L. DE
Jussteu? under the same name. R. Brown,® in 1814, gave it the
name Myrtacew, soon followed by Dz Canpouze,° who included in
this family forty-seven genera, among which Crossostylis, Petalotoma
(Barraldeia), Cowpout (?), belong to other families. In 1841,
ScuavER™ published a monograph, which has become a standard,

by a swing movement; so that the organic
summit of this ovary is finally placed lower
than its base.

1 They are superposed to the sepals.

2 They have a double coat.

3 Whence the facets of their surface (fig. 337).

4 P. Granatum L. Spee. 676.— Port, and
Turp. Arbr. Fr. 22.—Don. Edinb. New Phil.
Journ, i, 184.—Wicut and Arn. Prodr, i. 327.
—Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 634, 1832,—Anpr. Bot,
Repos. t. 9C.—Wicut, Jil. t. 97.—GREN. et
Gopr. Fl. de Fr. i, 575.—P. sylvestris T.—P.

nana L.—Malum punieum Los. Ic, ii. 130.—
Malus punica Rava.

5 Ex A. L. de Juss. Gen. xx.

6 Fam. des Pl. ii, 86, Fam. 14.

7 Op. cit. 322, Ord. viii. Myrti (1789) ; Dict.
Se. Nat. xxxiv. 94 (Myrtee).

8 Flind. Voy. 14; Misc. Works (ed. Brnn.),
i. 18, 311.

9 Théor. Elém, (Myrtinee); Prodr. iii, 207,
Ord. 79 (Myrtacee).

W Linnea, xvii. 235: Nov. Act. Nat. Cur.
xix. Suppl. ii.

336 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

and some supplementary memoirs,! in which he divided the Myrtacee,
according to the consistence of their fruit, into Xerocarpice and
Chymocarpice. Linpiey? similarly divided them into Leptospermee
and Myrtew, and relegated to distinct orders the Chamelauciee’® and
the Lecythidew* (Barringtoniee). In 1840, Enpuicuer * reunited in
one family the five sub-orders of Chamcelauciew, Leptospermee,
Myriee, Barringtoniew, and Lecythidew, adding to it Granatee as
allied to Myrtacee, that is to say, besides the types which have been
excluded from the family, a total of sixty-seven genera (of which
about a dozen are duplicates), In 1865, Benraam and Hooxzr®
described or indicated seventy-eight genera of Myrtacew, some of
which had just been established in France,’ in America,® and in
Australia,® but especially in Germany, by O. Brre," the author who,
in our day, has most studied this family. Brnraam and Hooxer
have, besides, considered as doubtful genera of Myrtacew, Fetidia,
Catostemma and Fropiera, and reunited to the Lythrariacee the
genera Punica and Sonneratia. By attaching to other generic types,
previously established, Astartea, Kunzea, Lamarchea, Regelia, Phy-
matocarpus, Syncarpia, Tepualia, Xanthostemon, Calycolpus, and
Cuphcanthus, which they retained as distinct, and by restoring to
this family (not without some doubt) the two genera Sonneratia and
Fetidia, we reduce the number of genera" it includes to sixty-four
distributed in the six following series :

I. Myrrea.’*—Fruit fleshy (or very rarely drupaceous). Ovarian
cells 2—o0 ,8 disposed regularly around the axis. Leaves opposite,
punctuate.—19 genera.

II. Lerrospermes.—Fruit dry, generally capsular.
cells 2-co disposed regularly around the axis.—18 genera.

III. Cuamatavcresx.” — Fruit indehiscent, generally monosper-

Ovarian

Nov. Act. Nat, Cur. xxi. p. i.
Veg. Kingd. (1846) 784, Ord. 282.

1 10 Linnea, xxvii. xxix. xxx. xxxi.; Mart. Fi.
3 Op. cit. 721, Ord. 276.

4

5

Bras. fase. 18 (1857, 1858).

N Tncluding about 1800 species. Aphano-
myrtus (Mie. Fl. Ind.-Bat. i, p. i, 180) is a
doubtful genus (B. H. Gen. 696).

12 DC. Prodr. iii. 230.—Chimocarpice Scuav.
loc, cit.

8 Sometimes only ove in Fenzlia.

Op. cit. 739, Ord. 283.
Gen, 1223, Ord. 269.
6 Gen. 690, 1006, Ord. 67.
7 Especially by A. Broneniart and A. Gris,
for the little studied New Caledonian types

(Ann. Se, Nat. sér, 5, ii. 124; iii. 210), and pre-
viously by P. Monrrovzier (Mém. Acad. Lyon,
x.), for plants of the same country.

8 By A. Gray (Acicalyptus).

$ By F. Muguizr (Lysicarpus, Osbornia, Phy-
matocarpus, Homalocalyz, etc.).

14 DC. doe. cit. 209.—Xerocarpice, trib. 2,
Leptospermee ScHav.

16 DO. loc. cit. 208; Dict. Class. d@ Hist. Nat.
xi. (1826),—_Xerocarpice, trib. 1, Chamelauciee
Scxav.—Chamelauciacee Linpu. Veg. Kingd.
(1846) 721.

MYRTACEZ. 337

mous.’ Ovarian cell single, more or less excentric. Leaves
ordinarily ericoid, punctuate.—11 genera.

IV. Barainetonizs."—Fruit indehiscent or pyxid, often woody,
coriaceous or fibrous. Androecium regular or irregular (Lecythew®).
Leaves alternate, generally non-punctuate.t—18 genera.

V. Naporzones.’—Fruit fleshy, cortical, inferior. Calyx valvate.
Corolla gamopetalous, valvate-folded. Andreecium regular. Anthers
1, 2-locular. Leaves alternate, non-punctuate.—2 genera.

VI. Punicen.°—Fruit cortical, coriaceous, inferior. Seeds exter-
nally fleshy. Cotyledons spirally rolled. Calyx valvate. Corolla
polypetalous folded. Andreecium regular, pluriseriate. Ovarian
cells 2-seriate, multiovulate. Leaves alternate, non-punctuate.—1

genus.

The Myrtacee are plants from warm countries. There are some
in New Zealand, in Chili, and in the Mediterranean region, but the
greater part belong to tropical regions, In the south of Europe we
find only one Myrtle and the Pomegranate, and the latter has
doubtless been introduced, as have also several species from temperate
America and Australia, which are cultivated in the open air in the
Mediterranean region. All the Chamelauciew are Australian, and
also the greater part of the genera belonging to the Leptospermen.
Among the latter are several genera belonging to other parts of
Oceania, and especially to the Indian Archipelago: such are Mela-
leuca, Tristania, Leptospermum, Beckea, Metrosideros ; the last is
found in India, at the Cape, and in Chili. The Eucalipts are almost
all Australian ; but the genus is also represented in a very restricted
manner in the Indian Archipelago. Acicalyptus, Philiocalys, and
Spermolepis have as yet been observed only in the Viti isles and in
New Caledonia. There is only one American Leptosperm, Tepuaha
(Metrosideros). The distribution of Myrtee is much more varied
aud extended ; thus there are Myrtles in all parts of the world, and

1 More rarely dispermous.

2 DC. Dict. Class. xi.; Prodr. iii. 288.—Envu,

Gen. 12338.—Lecythidacee Linpu. Veg. Kingd.
739, Ord. 283.—Lecythidew B. H. Gen. 698, trib.
4 (part Enpu.).—Barringtoniacee Lrxvu. op. cit.
754.

3 Leeythidee Ricu. ex Porr. Mém. Mus. xiii.
141.—Enpv. Gen. 1234, Subord. 5.— Mizrs,
Trans, Linn. Soc. xxx. 1. 4

4 They are so, it is said, in Petersia.

VOL. VI.

5 Enpu. Gen, 745 (1839).—H. Bn, Payer Fam.
Nat. 371, sect. 7.—Belvisew R. Br, Trans, Linn.
Soc, xiii. 222; Misc.“ Works (ed. Benn.) i, 388,
not.—Belvisiacee Linpu. Veg. Kingd. 728, Ord.
280.—J. G. Ac. Theor, Syst. Pl. 182.—Asteran-
thee DEsr.

° Granatewe Don, Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. (1826)
134.—Enpu. Gen, 1236,—H. Bn. Payer Fam.
Nat. 371, Fam. 161. — Lythrariasarum gen,
anom. B. H..Gen, 7175, 784.

22

338 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Eugeniain four. The genera Decaspermum, Rhodomyrtus, Rhodamnia
and Fenzlia alone are limited to the tropical regions of Asia and
Oceania. Al the other genera of this series are exclusively Ameri-
can; but many of them, as Psidiwm and Pimenta, are cultivated in
the old world. To the latter belong the Barringtoniee with regular
andrecium, except Gustavia and Grias which, like the Lecythee
with irregular andreecium, are from tropical America. Of the two
Napoleonee known, belonging each to a monotypal (?) genus, one is
American and the other African. Finally, of sixty-four genera,
nineteen are exclusively American; three only are common to the
old and new world, viz.: Myrtus, Eugenia, and Metrosideros.'

Arrinities.—The Myrtacee have very numerous affinities, very
close especially with the Rhizophoracee, chiefly with those of which
the ovary is inferior. The number, ordinarily reduced, of the stamens
and ovules, is chiefly what distinguishes the flowers of the latter,
whilst the fruit is characterized by its structure and the mode of
germination of its seed. The organs of vegetation are often the
same in both families ; but the Myrtacee have not the interpetiolate
stipules of the Rhizophoree. The Combretacee with opposite leaves
have sometimes the flower of the Myrtacee; but the unilocular ovary
and the placentze scarcely salient in its cavity easily distinguish them.
The embryo is often constructed like that of the Pomegranates, the.
flower of which is quite different and has petals not without reason
compared: with those of the Lythrariaceew. These latter have ordi-
narily a receptacular tube of special organization, and the calyx is
most frequently valvate, like that of the Pomegranates; but we shall
find that the ovary is generally free at the bottom of the receptacular
tube, whilst in the Pomegranates, which have nearly the same
perianth, the ovary is completely “ adherent.” The fruit, the seed
and the embryo are equally different, and the opposite-leaved Myr-
tacee have ordinarily punctuate leaves. The Melastomacee are
distinguished from the Myrtacew, either by the nervation of their
leaves, or by the organization of their anthers, or by the relative
position of the ovary in the receptacular cavity, or by all these
characters united. The Melastomacee have besides almost always an

1 Not to speak of Punica, which hasdoubt- American Schizocalyz of Bere, a genus not
less been introduced into America, nor of the adopted by all (B. H. Gen. 720, n. 59).

MYRTACEZ. 339

indefinite number of stamens. Ordinarily, the Myrtacee are compared
only with families with an inferior ovary; this is because it is not
generally known that certain of them have an ovary almost com-
pletely superior, as is the case in several species of Tristania and
Metrosideros of the section Xanthostemon. Then let the cells of this
ovary be more or less incomplete, and the stamens united in fascicles ;
let the leaves also be opposite and punctuate, and it will be difficult
to decide if the plants in which these characters are united belong to
the Myrtaceae or to the Hypericacee. The latter then may be defined,
as we shall see, as Myrtacew with a superior ovary, and the same,
consequently, may almost be said of the Olusiacew, which, as is
. known, itis very difficult to separate absolutely from the Hypericacee.
We therefore place the Myrtacew at nearly an equal distance from
the Rhizophoracee, the Combretacee, the Lythrariacee, the Melasto-
macee, and the Hypericacee.

Usss.'—These are very numerous, the Myrtacee being generally
odorous plants, rich in stimulating, sometimes irritant essences, col-
lected in numerous punctiform reservoirs scattered throughout the
bark, the leaves and even certain parts of the flower and fruit. They
are moreover tonic and astringent from the tannic matter contained
in their bark, fruit, ete. Compared with this the wood is often inert
and without medicinal properties; not that it is always inodorous.
That of the American Gustavia is reported to have a cadaverous
odour, and in Fetidia? the smell is said to be intolerable. The
wood of Melaleuca of the Indian Archipelago is often very hard and
much employed in building. The first place is given to that of M.
Leucadendron? and of M. Cajeputi.4 In New Caledonia, the former,
very abundant in fertile lands, furnishes the wood for all buildings
and for a certain number of domestic purposes. The Australian
Tristania, chiefly T. neriifolia,’ has also excellent wood. In the
island of Banca, that of 7. obovata is employed for making char-

1 Ewpu. Enchirid. 652.—Linpu. Veg. Kingd.
736; Fl. Med. 73.—Gutz. Drog. Simpl. ed. 6,
ili. 268.—Rosuntu. Syn. Pl, Diaphor. 919, 1131.

2 Especially in F. mauritiana Commers.—
Lame. Dict. ii. 457; Ill, t. 419.—DC. Prodr.
iii. 295 (Bois puant). This wood, according to
report, has, besides, all the economic qualities
of Walnut.

3 See p. 346, note 8.

* Probably formed of one and the same poly-
morphous species (see p. 346, note 1).

5 R. Br. Att. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, iv. 417.—
Benru. Fl. Austral. iii, 262.—T. salicifolia A.
Cunn. Bot. Reg. sub n. 1839.—Melaleuca nerit-
folha Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1068.—M, salicifoia
Anpr, Bot. Repos. t. 485.

22—2

340 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

coal.! Callistemon salignus also furnishes the Australians with an
excellent wood for building. That of Metrosideros vera is one of the
Iron woods of the Moluccas; it is highly resistant and said to be
imperishable. In the South Sea islands the natives employ that of
M. polymorpha Gavpicu. for making charcoal; and that of a New
Zealand species, M. buwifolia,? has received the name of Ingnum vite.
M. stipularis,? a Chilian species, has also a very useful wood. In
New Caledonia, several species of Metrosideros of the section Xan-
thostemon are renowned for the hardness of their flexible wood,

suitable for cartwright work, particularly M.rubra* and pubescens.®
That of M. pleurocalyptus ® is dense, red veined with black ; that of
M. pancheri, of a dark red colour, has a fine and hard grain. Two
of the most beautiful Myrtacee of this country, remarkable for the
qualities of their juice, have also an excellent wood. The first is
Arillastrum gummiferum,'’ the fibrous bark of which is easily re-
moved in large pieces, excellent for making huts and roofs, The
wood is reddish, hard, fibrous, imperishable in water, esteemed for
carpentry. In its fissures is sometimes deposited the dark and brittle
gum which this tree produces naturally. The other is Schizocalyz
rubiginosa,® the milky and sticky juice of which hardens in the air
into a sort of gum, and the wood, which is of a beautiful violet-red
colour, works very well. The trees of the Leptospermee, most
remarkable in this respect, are, without doubt, the Eucalypts.
Nearly all are Australian, and nearly all useful for their wood, which
is often excellent for building, sometimes very hard, imperishable,
and valuable for its rapid growth. Some species may be particularly
mentioned as uniting most of these conditions. The best known, to

1 From New Caledonia we derive a great part
of the red woods, hard and close, of T. capitellata
(Tristaniopsis capitellata Br. et Gr. ;—Pancn.
et Ses. Notice Bois Nouv.-Caldd. 249; Nouepou
of the natives) and of 7. Guillaini (Tristaniopsis
Guillaint View. ;—Pancu. op. cit, 250).

2 A, Cunn.—Hoox. ¥. Man, N.-Zeal. Fl. 70.
—LJ. scandens Banxs (ex Hoox. r.).

3 Hoox. r. Fl, Antaret. ii. 75.— Myrtus stipu-
laris Hoox. and Arn. Bot. Mise. iii. 316.—Te-
pualia stipularis Grises. Pf. Phil. und Lechl.
Abh, K. Ges. Wiss. Gett. vi.

4 Fremya rubra Br, et Gr. Ann, Sc. Nat. sér,
5, ii. 181. —Panou. op. cit, 252.

5 F. pubescens Br, et Gr. loc. cit. 133,

6 Phurocalyptus Deplanchet Br. et Gr. Now.
Arch. Mus. iv. t.8; Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 5, xiii.

‘op. cit. 257 (vulg. Gommier).

387.—Pancu. op, cit. 253.

7 Pancu. ex Br. et Gr. Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 5,
li. 186; xiii. 376; Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. x. 574.—
Shenae gonneie Br. et Gr. loc. cit.—
Pancu. op. cit. 251 (Chénegomme).

8 Br, et Gr. dun, Se. Nat. sér. 5, xiii, 380.—
Spermolepis rubiginosa Br. et Gr. Bull. Soc. Bot.
Fr. x. 574; Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 3, ii. 186. Per-
haps (see p. 359, note 10) this plant does not
belong to the American Schizocalya.—Pancu.
Eugenia ovigera
Br. et Gr. (Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 5, iii. 216, n. 5)
appears to belong to the same genus as the
preceding. Its hard wood, with red sap and
black heart, is excellent also for cartwright
work (Pancu, op. cit, 258).

MYRTACEE. 341

which we shall return when we speak of the properties of its leaves,
is certainly H. Globulus (fig. 299-303) or Blue Gum of Australia,
but beside or above it we may mention, among others, #. stellulata,
cortacea, amygdalina, obliqua, leucorylon, odorata, albens, sidero-
phloia, robusta, viminalis, rostrata, resinifera, diversicolor, calophylla,
citriodora, eximia, marginata, ete., all most remarkable species, and
many of which will be hereafter referred to as suitable for other uses.!
There are many Myrtew with useful wood, and first the common
Myrtle, Myrtus communis (fig. 277-283), the aged stems of which
are used for making small household objects; it is also employed in
turnery. In tropical Asia that of Hugenia malaccensis is esteemed
fur making domestic articles, as also that of H. lineata and linearis,
used in cabinet-work ; that of H. aromatica, designated in Java under
the name of Copper wood, and especially of the Clove (fig. 288, 289),
which unfortunately does not attain large dimensions, but is useful
for making small articles and boxes to preserve delicate objects. In
South America a great many species of Hugenia are employed for
their wood: H. Iwma and EH. Temu, Chilian species; E. Pitra, a
species from the southern parts of the same eountry, etc. In New
Caledonia, are noted as plants with useful wood, several species -of
Hugenia, lately described under the name of Syzygiwm,? chiefly S.
lateriflorum, multipetalum, nitidwm, Pancheri, wagapense, and a
Eugenia (Pteromyrtus) designated by the name of Caryophyllus
ptlerocarpus. HH. ovigera,® of the same country, has a very hard wood
with dark heart. ZH. littoralis has a remarkable wood for turnery and
toy making. That of H. Heckelii is reddish, with a close grain;
that of H. Brackenridget A, Gray has also good qualities for joinery
and cabinet-work. In this respect the colouy * offers many useful
products, not to speak of the xerocarpous Myrtacee mentioned above.

Barringtonia often has a soft and yielding wood. That of B. alba,
however, is used in the Moluccas for cabinet-work; but that of
Lecythis and the neighbouring genera is often of good and fine
quality and renders great service to industry and domestic economy
in the tropical regions of South America. Thus that of DL. Ollaria
(fig. 824), the trunk of which is said to be colossal, is used for
building in Venezuela and Brazil; likewise, in Guyana, that of L.

1 See p. 346, note 5. 3 Congener (?) of Schizocalyx.
2 Br. et Gr. Ann. Se, Nut. sér..6, iii, 221; 4 See Pancu. et Sts, Notice Bois Nouv,-Caléd.
xiii. 385. 254-259 (see p. 340, note 8).

342 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

amara, grandiflora. Zabucayo (fig. 825, 326), Idatimon, and, in
Brazil, that of L. Pisonis, grandifolia, and parvifolia. The Brazilian
Couratourt is useful for civil and naval construction ; the wood
is hard and resisting, particularly that of C. estrellensis, Tanari,
domestica, and legalis. At Cayenne use is made for the same pur-
poses of C. guianensis, of Couroupita guianensis (fig. 317-821), and
of some neighbouring species. The wood of Bertholletia excelsa is
also esteemed for building. That of the Pomegranates is not much
used ; it is however beautiful, easily polished, and pretty articles
for the toilet and of fine cabinet-work are made of it.

The greater part of the Myrtacew mentioned above have many
other uses. A large number owe it to an essence with which most
of their organs are charged, especially the leaves and bark, and which
renders them odorous, aromatic, stimulant. By distilling the leaves
and flowers of the common Myrtle! (fig. 277-283), a cosmetic called
Eau d@ange was formerly prepared. The fruit and leaves were then
employed as tonics and stimulants. In Tuscany the seeds were used
as pepper. All these parts were at the same time considered as
slightly astringent, and in the south of Italy the leaves were even used
for tanning. Many Myrtles, from the abundance of their pungent
essence, are employed as spices and condiments. One of the most
noted in this respect is the Allspice (Pimenta communis *) of the
Antilles, the very odorous fruit of which is exciting, aromatic, with
a peppery flavour. From the leaves, an essence is also extracted,
which is used for the same purposes as the pericarp, and has been
substituted for the Clove; it is also employed in perfumery and
medicine.t P. acris® has analogous properties and uses. Its bark

1 Myrtus communis L, Spec. 673.—Garrn.
Fruct. i, 184, t. 38.—Lamx. Ji. t. 410.—Duuam.
Arbr. ed. 2, i. t. 48.—DC. Fl. Fr. iv. 426;
Prodr. iii. 239, n. 5.—Gren. et Gopr. Fl. de Fr.
i. 602.—Gu1s. Drog. Simpl. éd, 6, iii. 271.—
Linvt. Fi. Med. 75.—Rosentu. Syn. Pl. Dia-
phor, 984 (Meurthe, Herbe du lagut).

2 This species with its numerous varieties
(DC. Zoe. cit.), is noted as an ornamental and
emblematic plant. The triumphers at Rome
and the victors in the Isthmian games, were
crowned with Myrtle. The fruit is tinctorial,
In the south, hedges, arbours, baskets, etc., are
made of Myrtle.

3 Linpt. Coll. Bot. sub n. 19.—Bsre, Linnea,
ExvVii. 422.—RosEnTu. op. cit. 936.—P, vulgaris
Wicut and Arn.—P. aromatica Kost.—? Myr-

tus Pimenta L. Sp. 676.—Sw. Obs. 202.—Sms,
Bot. Mag. t. 1236,—GutB. op. cit. iii. 275, fig.
642.—Eugenia Pimenta DC. Prodr. iii, 285, n.
187.—Linpi. Fl. Med. 76 (Grand Piment, Bois
@ Inde, Piment couronné, P, des Anglais, de la
Jamaique, Jamaica pepper, Téte de clou, Pimento,
Bayberry tree of the English).

4 It has been named Carpobalsamum,

5 Amomis acris Bera, Linnea, xxvii. 416.—
Rosen ta, op. cit. 985.—Myreia acris DC. Prodr.
iii, 243.—Bot, Mag. t, 3153.—Myrtus acris Sw.
Fl. Ind. Oce. ii. 909.—Gutn. op. cit. iii. 277, fig.
643.—M. caryophyllata Jaca. — Eugenia acris
Wieut and Arn, Prodr. i. 881.—Linn1. Fi. Med.
16.—Caryophylius racemosus Mutu. (Poivre de
Thevet, Nux caryophyllata off.)

MYRTACEZ. 343

is tonic, stomachic, digestive, and slightly astringent ; it is employed
as a condiment and often substituted for Cinnamon and Clove. The
latter is the product of Hugenia aromatica' (fig. 288, 289), a native
of the Moluccas, but now introduced and cultivated in the tropical
regions of both worlds. The Clove, the part most used as spice
and as medicine, it is the bud gathered before the expansion of the
corolla. Its agreeable stimulating odour is very remarkable. It is
used as a digestive, masticatory, odontalgic; an oil of cloves is ob-
tained by distillation. The floral peduncles are also employed in.
perfumery. The fleshy and odorous fruit is used for the same
purposes, and a preserve is made of it with sugar and with wine.’
The buds of Myrtus pseudocaryophyllus * are employed for the same
purposes in Mexico, but their properties are less energetic. A large
number of other Myrtles have an odorous pungent bark, more or less
astringent. We may mention Calyptranthes aromatica,‘ of Brazil, a
substitute for cloves; C. paniculata,’ serving the same purposes in
Peru; (. obscura,® the fruit of which is sold in Rio Janeiro as aro-
matic and astringent; C. Schlechtendaliana and Schiedeana,’ which
plays the same part in domestic economy in Mexico; Myrcia coriacea,®
of the Antilles, the leaves of which, with the odour of citron, are
astringent, and employed as a hemostatic, antidiarrheetic, while the
bark is used for dyeing brown and black; Myrtus camphorata,® of
Chili, which yields by distillation an etherial essence, employed for
the same purposes as Cajeput ; Hugenia Cheken,'° used in Chili in
the treatment of diarrhcetic, rheumatic, and ophthalmic affections ;
E. angustifolia," of the Antilles and Venezuela, the root and aromatic
seeds of which are prescribed in the treatment of stomatites, and

da terra).

1 EB. caryophyllata Tuuns.— Myrtus caryo-
5 R.et Pav. ex Rosenru. op. cit. 924.

phyllus Sprenc. Syst. ii. 485.—Caryophyllus

aromaticus L. Spec. 735.—Buackw. Herd. t. 338.
—Hoox. Bot. Mag. t.2749.—DC. Prodr. iii. 262,
n. 1.—Gour1p, op. cit, iii. 272, fig. 641.—Rosenra.
op. cit. 926,—Bure. et Scum. Of. Gew, t. iii. d
(Bois de clous, Bois de Girofle),

2 Qlous-matrices, Méres de Girofie.

3 Gomzz, Mem, Acad. Lisb. iti, 92.—M. cary-
ophyllata Vuii02z.—M. Oleaster Marr.— Eugenia
Pseudocaryophyllus DC.—Pseudocaryophyllus se-
riceus Beng. Mart, Fl. Bras. Myrtac. 429, t. 6,
fig. 135, t. 47 a.—Rosenru. op. cit. 935 (Crave-
iro, Cravo da terra).

4A,.8,-H. Pl. Us. Bras.t.14; Fl. Bras. Mer.
ii, 268.—DC. Prodr. iii. 258.—RosENTH. op. cit.
923,—Benro, Mart. Fl. Bras. Myrtac. 38 (Cravo

6 DC. Prodr. iii. 257 (not Manrr.).—Bure.
Mart. Fl, Bras. Myrtac. 52, n. 35 (Pitanga de
Cachorro).

7 Bere, ex Rosentu. op. cit. 924.—Myreia
aromatica ScHLECHTL (part).

8 DC. Predr. iii. 248, n. 2.—Myrtus coriacea
Vaur, Symb. ii. 59.—M. acris B Sw. (not of
others).

9 Myrceugenia camphorata Berc.—RosEntTu.
op. cit. 929.

10 Hoox. and Arn, Beech. Voy. Bot. iii. 56.—
C. Gay, Fi. Chil, ii. 390.—Cheken Fruit. 06s.
iii, 45, t. 32.

11 Lax. Dict. iti, 203.—DC. Prodr. iii. 265,
n. 18.—Myrtus angustifolia SPRENG.

344 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

the bark of which is employed in the treatment of pains produced by
the rough evening winds; Z. fragrans,' of Jamaica, the aromatic
leaves of which are recommended for pains and contusions; H. dis-
ticha,? the fruit and perfumed leaves of which bear the name of wild
coffee in the Antilles; H. glabrata,? which, in the same islands, has
a certain reputation as aromatic and acidulous; LH. variabilis,* re-
puted in Brazil as salutary in cases of diarrhea, flux, and vesical
eatarrh ; EH. Vellozii® and Arrabide,® which have a bark esteemed in
the same country as aromatic and astringent ; H. dwmetorwm,” having
the same uses among the Cochinchinese; H. caryophyllea,’ reported
to produce the bark introduced into Europe under the name of
Cassia caryophyllata; H. zeylanica,® renowned as a stimulant, anti-
rheumatic, and antisyphilitic; EH. guineensis and terebinthacea,
having a similar reputation in Senegal and at the Cape; H. Jambos”
(fig. 286, 287), the bark of which is reputed in the Indian Archipe-
lago as a good astringent; H. lineata and linearis, employed in Java
for making gargles for the throat; H. malaccensis," having all the
properties of H. Jambos, as likewise H. densiflora” and aquea;8
most of the Guyavas, which, in tropical America, have commonly
the same uses ; Decaspermum rubrum, in Molucca applied to gum
affections; Myrtus ugni,'* an aromatic and stimulant species which
the Chilians esteem in the form of tea, and M. nummularia and
microphylla, also employed by them for the same purpose; M. picro-

1° W. Spec. ii. 964.—DC. Prodr. n. 151.—Ro-
SENTH, op. cit, 927.—Myrtus fragrans Sw. Fi.
Ind, Oce. 914.

2 DO. Prodr. n. 96.—U. disticha Sw. Fl. Ind.
Oce. 894.—Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 867.—Linpu. Coll.
t. 19.—. horizontalis Vent. Malm. t. 60.

3 DC. Prodr. a. 97.—Myrtus glabrata Sw. Fi.
Ind. Occ. 908 (not Bu.). '

4 Marr. ex Rosentu. op. cit. 928 (Guabiroda).

5 Bere, Mart. Fl. Bras. Myrtac. 255, n. 110.
— ? BE. campestris VELuoz.

6 Bera, ex RosEntH. op. cit. 928.—E. crenata
VELLOZ. :

7 DC. Prodr. n. 184. — Myrtus dumetorum
Porr.—J. trinervia Lour. (not Sm.).—Nelitris
trinervia Sprune. Syst. ii. 488.

8 Syzygium (?) caryophylleum Gurtn.—DO,
Prodr, 0. 14.—Rosentu, op. cit. 930.

9 Syzygium zeylanicum DO. Prodr. iii. 260, n.
15.—S. Belluta DC. Prodr. n. 26?—Myrtus zey-
lanica L. Spee. 675.

10 L, Spec. 672.—F. Jamboo Roxs. Cat. Hort.
Calc. 38.—Myrtus Jambosa H. B. K.—Jambosa
vulgaris DC. Prodr. iti, 286, n. 1.—Malacea-

Schambu Ruzep. Hort. Malad, i. t. 17 (Jamero-
sier, Jambosier domestique, Jamberosade, Pommier-
rose).

lL, Spec. 672.—Lamx. Diet. iii. 196.—Corr.
Ann, Mus. ix, 292, t.25, fig. 2.— Jambosa
Malaccensis DC. Prodr, n. 6.—Hoox. Bot. Mag.
t. 4408.—J. nigra Rumru. Herb. Amb. i. t. 37,
38, fig. 1—Nati-Schambu Ruxep. Hort. Malab.
i, t. 18.

2 Br. Bijdr, 1087,—Jambosa densiflora DC.
Prodr, iii. 287, n. 13,—RosentH. op. cit. 932
(Jambon).

13 Roxs. Cat. Hort. Cale. 37.—Rumpu. Herb.
Amb. i. 126, t. 38, fig, 2—DC. Prodr. n. 17.—
Cerocarpus aqueus Hassx.

M Nelitris rubra Bu.—Caryophyllaster ruber
Rumpx. NV. alba Bu. and polygama Sprene.
have analogous properties.

18 Mon. Chil. (éd. fr.) 183.—DC. Prodr. iii.
239, n. 9.—C. Gay, Fv. Chil, ii, 379.—Eugenia
Ugni Hoox. and Arn, Bot. Mise, iii. 318.—Bot.
Mag. t. 4626 (Uni, Murtello), The fruit is
called Muvta.

‘MYRTACER. 345
carpa and amara, of southern Brazil and La Plata, having aromatic-
bitter properties ; M. depauperata, a Brazilian species, the bark of
which is used in the treatment of flux; M. Pimenta, oblongata, and
pimentoides, of the Antilles, substitutes for Pimenta acris and
officinalis; Campomanesia cyanea, aurea, aprica, obversa, and
numerous other species,! which, in South America, are used for pre-
paring stimulant, digestive, astringent, anticatarrhal, and other
infusions ; C. triflora,? in Para, often prescribed in the treatment
of head affections, etc. etc.

Several xerocarpous Myrtacee have also medicinal properties, and
nearly all are aromatic. Leptospermum is rich in odorous essence.
One species, L. flavescens® (fig. 290-293), on that account and for
its uses in Australia, has received the name of L. Thea.t In New
Zealand, from L. scoparium,® Cook, in his celebrated voyage, pre-
pared a theiform infusion for his crew, which preserved them from
scurvy. Backea frutescens,® a native of south-eastern Asia, has
numerous uses. Its branches and leaves placed upon clothes preserve
them from the attacks of insects; it is also reputed a diuretic and
abortive. Melaleuca is also very odorous; the oldest known is M.
minor,’ the principal of those which, in Java and the Moluccas, pro-
duce the oil of Cajeput. The latter is an essence, generally green,
with a somewhat agreeable and very penetrating odour and acrid
taste, employed from time immemorial, in Chinese India, internally
and externally, for pains, rheumatism, nervous affections, malignant
fevers, and cholera; it isan energetic stimulant, and also, it is said,
a powerful analgesic. Numerous species sometimes distinguished
from M. Leucadendron,’ sometimes united with it as forms or varieties,

1 See Rosentu, op. cit. 937.

® Britoa triflora Bunc.—RosEntu. op, cit. 937
(Ibobivaba).

3 Su. Trans. Linn, Soc. iti. 262.—Bzntu. Fl.
Austral, iii, 104.—L. polygalifolium Sariss.
_Prodr. 350.

4 °W. Spec. ii, 949.

5 Forst. Gen. 36.—Hook. r. Man. N.-Zeal.
Fi, 69.—L. squarrosum GRIN.

6 L. Spec. 514.—Oxs. Jt. 261, t, 1.—Sm. Joe,
cit, ili, 260.—DC, Prod. iii, 229, n. 1.—RosEnTH.
op. cit. 923.—B, chinensis Gann. Fruct. i. 157,
t. 31,

7 Smiru, Rees Cye p. v. 23,n. 2.—DC, Prodr.
iii, 212, n. 2,Brre et Scum. Darst. Of. Gew.
t. iii. o— MM. Cajuputi Rox. Cat. Hort. Cale. 59.

—RoseEntu. op. cit. 920 (Cajuputi, Caju-Kile
Rumru. Herb, Amboin. ii, 74, t. 17, fig. 1;—
Ballong of the natives). Probably a variety of
the following species.

8 L. Mantiss, 105.—Lamx. I7/. t. 641, fig. 4.—
DC. Prodr. n. 1.—Hayne, Aren. Gew, 10, t. 9.—
Men. et Det. Dict. Mut. Méd. iv. 283.—Linpt.
Fl. Med. 73; Veg. Kingd. 737.—Enpu. Enchirid.
654.— Gurr, Drog. Simpl. 6d. 6, iii. 278, fig. 644.
—F. Mover, Fragm, iv. 55.—Bzntu. Fl. Aus-
tral, iii, 142,—Hanz. et Frvecx. Pharmacogr.
247.—MM. saligna Bu. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. i. 66.
Myrtus Leucadendron L. rin. Suppl. 342.—M.
saligna Gurt.—Metrosideros albida S1ez.—M.
coriacea SpruNG.— Arbor alba Rumpu.

346 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

such as M. viridiflora! or Niaouli of New Caledonia, abound in this
country and the neighbouring isles, as far north as the Indian Archi-
pelago. An essence is extracted from it having all the properties of
Cajeput. Melaleuca, besides oil, bark, and leaves, furnishes the
population of these isles with building timber and textile cortical
fibre, and, in utility, is to this country what Hucalyptus is to Aus-
tralia and Tasmania. At first the properties of only H. Globulus?
(fig. 299-303), or Blue Gum of Tasmania, were known in Europe ;°
it grows also in the province of Victoria in Australia, and is one of
the largest trees known, attaining a height of more than 230 feet.
Although its growth is rapid, from 12 to 20 feet in a year, its wood
is hard and imperishable. Its leaves are rich in essence and also in
tannin. The essence, which is a sort of camphor, called eucalyptol,
as also the powder, the alcoholic extract, and the distilled juice of
the leaves, have a multitude of therapeutic uses, in the treatment of
chronic affections of the bladder, of the bronchial tubes, of the
digestive organs, of the joints, etc., and especially in fevers. From
it are prepared pectoral and digestive infusions, lotions, sirrups, and
pectoral sweetmeats; the leaves are smoked like tobacco. The uses
of this* and of some other species,* already numerous, will probably
be multiplied, when these trees, so useful for improving the salubrity
of low and marshy countries, are introduced and planted in con-
siderable numbers in the south of Europe and north of Africa, where

1 Garry. Fruct. i. 1738, t. 38.—DC. Prodr. n.
8. [No distinct specific character separates this
plant from the preceding ; but Broneniart and
Gris have retained it (Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 5, ii.
139).

2 And these plants would doubtless still have
yeen unknown in our country but for the ener-
getic and patient initiative of P. Ramzt, from
whom it has been vainly sought to take away
the merit of having propagated and brought
under cultivation EZ. Globulus and many other
species.

3 Lani. Voy. i. 158, t. 138; Pl. Now.-Holl.
ii, 121—DC. Prodr, iii. 220.— Hoox. r. Fi.
Tasm.i, 133.—F. Mur. Fragm. ii. 68 ; Pl. Viet.
Suppl. t. 16,—Bzntu. Fl, Austual. iii. 225
(Blue Gum).

4 On eucalyptol, see CLoEz (Compt. Rend. Acad.
Sc. 28 mars 1870), Among other works on this
plant, its uses and its products, see Ramet, Rev.
Marit, et Col. (1870).—GusiER. Bull. Thérap.
(aot 1871).—Bovition, Zhes. Fac. Méd. Far,
(1872) n. 324.—Campion, Thés. Fac, Méd. Par,

n. 395.—Dezzray, Thes. Ec. Pharm. Par. (1872).
—Pott, Sull’Euvcalypto. Intra (1874). — F.
Mugu. WN. Giorn, Ital. y.171.—Dz Harrzen,
Compt. Rend. Acad. Sc. \xxi, 1248. —Pu. Rev, des
Deux Mondes, vii. (1875) 149.— Hans. et
Fivecn. Pharmacogr. 249.

5 The most remarkable is doubtless E. colos-
sea, the wood of which is excellent, and which
attains a height of 400 or 500 feet. M. Ramen
cultivates it already with great success in Alge-
ria. E. amygdalina, calophylla, cornuta, coriacea,
Leucorylon, siderophloia, Sideroxylon, etc. etc.,
are also most useful plants. E. resinifera S.
one of the red gum trees of Australia, yields a
sort of kino and a saccharine product named
Manna of New Holland. E. dwmosa A. Cunn.
and mannifera Mun. give a similar substance.
E. obliqua Lair. Gunnii Hoox. robusta Sm. gi-
gantia Hoox. ¥. piperita Sm. are mentioned as
having either an active essence, or a gummy or
saccharine secretion, or a good wood. The wood
of some species owes its solidity chiefly to de-
posits of calcareous and other salts in its tissue.

MYRTACEZ. 347

they may attain the same development as in their native country.
The Australian Angophora has nearly the same properties as Huca-
lyptus. Metrosideros vera is reputed in the Moluccas to have
analogous virtues. Besides a kind of iron-wood, a-gum-resin little
used, and an esteemed vegetable charcoal, it furnishes a bitter
astringent bark, prescribed for catarrh and diarrhwa. The Pome-—
granate® (fig. 334-338), is also a very astringent plant. This
property is especially marked in the pericarp,? which is used to tan
skins and morocco leather, and which, with the salts of iron, produces
an ink of good quality. It is also used for dyeing yellow. The
bark of the stem is astringent, as likewise the buds and the flowers,
formerly much employed in human and veterinary medicine. Its
root especially is in repute as a cure for tapeworm, and has for half
a century recovered the ancient renown it had for a time lost. Its
bark is the most active part andis employed almost exclusively as an
anthelminthic. The red sweet and acidulous part of the pomegranate
which is eaten, and from which refreshing drinks are prepared,
represents the exterior hypertrophiate and pulpy coat of the seed.
In Napoleona imperialis * (fig. 329-333), there is likewise, under the
bark of the fruit, a soft pulp enveloping the seeds,® which is eaten
as refreshing in tropical western Africa. There are many sarcocar-
_pous Myrtacee with edible fruit, and the cultivation among us of
some Chilian species as fruit trees has been proposed. In Brazil are
eaten the berries of Eugenia inocarpa, Uvalha, Vauthieriana, Nhanica,
dulcis, Guabiju, itacolumensis, pisiformis, Myrobalana, supra-axil-
laris, obovata, piriformis, variabilis, Vellosiana, Arrabide,,® edulis,
formosa, stricta, Lustchnatiana,’ dasyblasta, sulcata, Pitanga, ligus-
trina, Michelit, brasiliensis, pseudo-Psidium, dysenterica ; in Guyana,
the fruit of HE. stuposa, pumilo, Catinga,® ete.; in Chili that of H.
Darwinii, apiculata, Luma, Temu; in the Antilles, that of H.
Plumieri, cuneata, disticha, fragrans, lineata, etc. Many species in
Australia, India, Cochinchina, tropical Africa, and in the Polynesian

1 Rumpu. Herb, Amboin. iii. 16, t. 7.—Linpu. Scum. Darst. Of. Gew. t. iti. a,6.—Hans. et
Collect. t. 18.—DC. Prodr. iii, 224, n. 1.—Nani Fuvtcx. Pharmacogr. 267.
Vai. 2st. Ind. 229, t. 85 (ex Rumpu.).— P Opa 3 Malicorium off.
Metrosideros Lour. Fl. Cochinch. (ed. 1790) 809. 4 See p. 333, note 4, Rosentu. op, cit, 1137.

—Nania vera Mie. Fl. Ind.-Bat. i, p. i. 399.— 5 It appears to depend upon the pericarp.
Rosentu. op. cit, 922 (Cdy Boung Vang des 6 See Rosentn, op. cit. 926, 927.
Cochinch.), 7 Rosentu. 928 (Phyllocalyz).

2 See p. 335,,note 4.—Gurp. op. cit. iti. 280, 8 Catinga moschata AvBL, Guian. t. 208.
fig, 645.—Hayrne, Arzn. Gew. x. 85.—Bere et

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

isles, have likewise edible berries. The same is true of certain
species of the Brazilian Myrcia, particularly of M. trunciflora, edulis,
Jaboticaba,! etc. It is to the genus Eugenia that we have referred
Jambosa, the fruit of which is so esteemed for its aroma, such
as J. vulgaris® (fig. 286, 287), domestica, aromatica, lineata, purpu-
rascens, etc. ;° Syzygium, the berries of several of which are esteemed,
for example, S. zeylanicum,s Jambolana,> guineense,® and many
others;’ Jossinia, which, chiefly J. lucida*® and mesptloides,® are eaten
in the Mascarene isles. Marlieria tomentosa and glomerata, Bra-
zilian species, have also edible berries. But the most known of the
Myrtacee, in this respect, are the Guyava trees, chiefly Psidiwm
pomiferum"® (fig. 284, 285) and piriferum," pumilum, coriaceum,
albidum, and a host of others,” often cultivated as fruit trees in
most tropical regions. The Guyavas are sweet and refreshing ; they
are eaten raw or candied, and some of their varieties are highly
esteemed in warm countries.. Several species of Myrtus, Campoma-
nesia,'® etc., also produce alimentary fruits. Among the Barring-
tonic, the edible portion is more generally the embryo. It is for
that that the seeds of Careya arborea* and of some species of Lecy-
this are sought. In other respects, the properties of the Barringtoniee,
especially of the Lecythew, are extremely diverse, and cannot be

348

1 Myrtus Jaboticaba Vetioz. Fl. Flum. v. t.
62.—RosEnTH. op. cit. 924 (Myrcia).—BEne,
Mart. Fl. Bras. Myrtac. 361.

2 See p. 344, note 10.

3 RosENTH. op. cit. 931.

4 DC. Prodr, iii. 260, n, 15.—Rosenvu. op, cit.
930.—?S. Belluta DC.—Myrtus zeylanica L.
Spec. 675.—Belluta Kannelli Ruzep. Hort. Ma-
lab. v. t. 20 (p. 344, note 9).

5 DC. Prodr. n. 7.—Rosentu. op. cit. 930.—
S. caryophyllifolium DC. Prodr. n, 9 (ex Bure).
Eugenia Jambolana Lamn.—Jambolifera peduncu-
lata Hovurr. (ex DC.)—Calyptranthes Jambolana
W.—Jambolana Rump. Herb. Amboin, i. t. 42.

6 DC. Prodr. n, 1.—Calyptranthes guineensis
W. Spee. ii. 974.

7 Particularly S. terebinthaceum Coop. of Ma-
dagascar and psewdo-Jambolana Mia. of Java.

8 DC. Prodr, iii. 237, n. 2.—EHugenia lucida
Lamx. Diet. iii. 208 (Bois de clous).

9 DO. Prodr. n. 1.—Eugenia mespiloides Lamx.
—NMyrtus mespiloides Spr. (Bois de Péche marron,
B. de Néfle & grandes feuilles).

WL, Spec, 672.—Tuss. Fl. Ant. ii, t. 22.—
DC. Prodr. iti. 234.—P. vulgare Ricn.—Guayava

piriformis Gmrtn. Fruct. i, t. 88 (G. dlane,
Poirier des Indes),

lL, Spec. 672.—Dxscourt. Fl. Ant. ii. t. 72.
—DC. Prodr. iii. 233, n. 10.— Bot. Reg. t. 1079.
This species and the preceding have been united
by Rappr [Mem. (1821) 2], under the name of
P, Guaywa (Bere, Mart. Fl, Bras. Myrt. 396, n.
34, t. 5, fig. 114). P. Araga Rappi (ex Bere,
loc. cit. u. 35, fig. 113) is very near to it and has
the same uses.

12 P, Guajabita A. Ricu. from Cuba (Guajabita
del Pinar) and P. densicomum Marr. cinereun
Marr. euneatwm Campzss. (Araga), incanescens
Mart. grandifolium Mart. Laruotteanum Cam-
BESS. microcarpum CamBess. rufum Marr, radi-
cans Bere (Uvaca do campo), and montanum Sw.
from Jamaica (Citronnelle, Almandron). P. Catt-
leyanum (SaBine, Trans. Hort. Soe. iv. 315, t. 11;
—Linvt. Collect. t. 16), valued for its edible
fruit, is P. variabile Bere and P. littorale Rapp
(Araga de Praya),

18 Rosentn. op. cit. 937.

14 Roxs. Pl. Corom. iii. 14, .218; Fl. Ind. ii.
638.—RosENTH, op. cit. 939,

MYRTACEE. 349

stated ira general manner. Gustavia speciosa,' of Columbia, has a
fruit reputed to be icteric. G. superba,” from the same country, and
G. fastudsa,> from Guyana, are employed topically for liver com-
plaints. G. brasiliana* has a bitter and aromatic root, prescribed.
for liver complaints and as a curative of abscesses. Lecythis has,
not unfrequently, alimentary seeds: those of L. Ollaria® (fig. 324)
furnish a useful oil. The liber is used for making a sort of paper
and bands for tying up various objects, especially cigars. The seeds
of L. lanceolata,’ a native of Brazil, and transported thence to
Madagascar and the Mascarene isles, has seeds rich in a fatty matter,
used for preparing emulsions and in the treatment of affections of
the urinary glands; they are narcotic. The seeds of L. grandiflora
Avs.’ and Pisonis Camp.® have similar qualities. ZL. Zabucayo°®
(fig. 325, 326), a species from Guyana, has a textile bark serviceable.
for making many articles of domestic use. JL. amara, Idatimon, and
parviflora AvBL., from the same country, have bitter seeds; only
apes eat them. L. parvifolia” and grandifolia," of Brazil, have the
same uses as L. Ollaria. Cowrowpita guianensis® (fig. 317-321)
attains great dimensions; but the wood is of little value, being
wanting in solidity. The fruit is well known under the name of
Cannon ball fruit; the negroes eat the refreshing pulp and the
seeds, vulgarly called Andos almonds. In Jamaica the fruit of

’ DC. Prodr, iii, 289.—Linvu. Fl. Med. 79.—
Pirigara speciosa H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Spee. vii.
200 (Chaupo, Chupa). Children who eat its fruit
are said to acquire a yellow tinge, lasting only
one or two days.

2 Bere, ex RosEnru. op. cit. 989.—G. augusta
DC. Prodr. n. 1.— Pirigara superba H.B, K.
(Membrico, Baco of the Columbians).

3 -W. Spec. iii. 847.—DC. Prodr. n. 6.—Bzre,
Mart, Fl. Bras. Myrt. 473.—@. hexapetala Sm.
Rees Cyclop. n, 2.—G. pterocarpa Porr. Mém.
Mus. xiii. t. 6, 7—Hoox. Bot. Mag. t, 5239 (ex
Bzra).—Pirigara hexapetala AuBL. Guian. i. 490,
t. 193.

4 DC. Prodr. n. 6.—Marr. Mat, Med. Bras. 72.
—Bere, loc. cit. 472, t. 7, fig. 160.—Janiparan-
diba Pis. Bras. i. 121; ii. 172 (Japoarandiba,
Jandiparana).

5 L. Spec. 784.—D0C. Prodr. iii. 291, n. 1 (excl.
ayn.).—Rosents. op. cit. 940.—? Lary. It. 159
(Marmite de singe, Quatelé).

6 Porr. Dict. vi. 37.—Marr. Mat, Med. Bras.
18.—DC. Prodr. n. 3.—Bere, Mart, Fl. Bras.
** Myrt. 482, n. 2, t. 7, fig. 156: 58.—L, minor

Vutioz. Fi. Flum. 222; v. +. 85 (not Jace.).

7 Guian, 712, t, 283-285.—DO. Prodr. n. 7
(Canari-Macaque, Marmite de singe).

8 4. 8-H. Fl. Bras. Mer. ii. 272.—Manr.
Mat. Med. 17.—Bene, Mart. Fl. Bras. Myrt.
480, t. 62.— LZ. Ollaria Vewioz. Fl. Flum. 222;
y. t. 88 (not L.)—Zapucaya Maxcer, Bras. 128.
—Zabucayo Piso, Bras. (ed. 1) 65.

9 Ausu. Guian. 719, t. 284, 285 (part), 288.—
DC. Prodr. n. 15.—Rosentx, op. cit. 940 (Qua-
telé, Zabucayo). ;

10 Beno, Mart. Fl. Bras. Myrt. 496, n. 27.—
Eschweilera parvifolia Martr.—DC. Prodr. iii.
293, n. 1 (excl. syn.).

11 Bure, loc. cit. 494, n. 21, t. 78, fig. 1L—
Eschweilera grandifolia Mart.—DC Joe. cit. n. 2.

2 AusL, Guian. 708, t. 282.—DC. Prodr, iii.
294, n. 1.—Tss. FU. Ant.ii. 45, t.10, 11.—Ture,
Diet. Sc. Nat. Atl. t. 227-229.—Descovnrr. Fi.
Ant. v. 340.—Port. Mém. Mus, xiii. 162, t. 7.—
RosEntH, op. cit, 941,—Lecythis bracteata W.—
Pekea Couroupita J.

13 Aye’s apricot, Calebasse-colin.

350 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.
Grias cauliflora,' or Anchovy pear, is gathered before it is ripe and
preserved with oil and with salt. Bertholletia excelsa? produces the
Brazil nut® of commerce. These seeds (fig. 8327, 328) are.in shape
that of a quarter of an apple, with hard rugose striated envelope,
covering a large undivided edible embryo, rich in a sweet oil
which soon turns rancid. The fibrous bark is useful, sometimes
supplying the place of tow. Several Barringtonias yield useful
products. B. speciosa* of tropical Asia, has oleaginous seeds
and fruits® which are eaten green as vegetables. The Indians
throw them into the rivers to intoxicate the fish. B. racemosa ® (fig.
315, 316), an Asiatic and tropical oceanic species, has bitter aromatic
astringent seeds, used in the treatment of affections of the skin, of
the digestive organs, and of the liver. The bitter root is also pre-
scribed for intermittent fevers. B. rubra’ is a large Indian tree,
the fruit of which has astringent qualities; the seeds and leaves,
macerated in warm water, are likewise used in a similar manner.
B. coccinea,’ of India, Cochinchina, and the Moluccas, is edible ; the
young leaves are eaten cooked and in salad. Those of B. alba® are
likewise eaten raw. The bark of this species is used for dyeing black.
The number of ornamental Myrtacew is considerable. The
common Myrtle and the Pomegranate were long the only species of
this family cultivated for decorative purposes. Later were introduced
into our warm conservatories, specimens of Hugenia (chiefly of the
section Jambosa), Pimenta, then Barringtonia Gustavia,” and
Napoleona, with rich foliage and brilliant flowers ; and in our cool

1 L. Spec, 732.—DC, Prodr. iii. 296.—Hoox,
Bot. Mag. %. 5622.— Anchovy Pear Suoan. Hist.
Jam. ii. 122, t. 217.—P. Br. Jam, 245.—Lun.
Hort. Jam. i. 19.

2 A.B. Pl. Aquin.i, 122, t. 36.—Porr. Mém.
Mus. xiii. 148, t. 4, 8.—DC. Prodr, iti. 293.—
Scuoms. Proc. Hort, Soc. i, 71, t. 8, 4. Marr,
Reise, iti. 1130, u. 11.—Gurp. Drog. Simpl. éd. 6,
iii. 271.—Mér. et Deu. Dict. Mat. Méd. i. 579.
—H. By. Dict. Encycl. Sc. Méd, ix. 182.—Bzre,
Linnea, xxvii. 460; Mart. Fl. Bras, Myrt. 478,
t. 60, 61 (Yuvia, Nha, Nia, Tuca, Towka).

3 Amandes d' Amérique, du Para, du Rio-Negro,
du Rio-Grande, Castatos de Maranhéo.

4L. ru. Suppl. 312.—DC. Prodr. iii. 288, n,
1.--RosENTH. op. cit. 938,—Butonica speciosa
Lamx. Dict.i. 621.—Mitraria Commersoni Guz.
—Commersona Bonner. Voy. Guin. i, 14, t. 8, 9.
—Butoniea Rumrx. Herb. Amboin. iii. t. 114.

5 Vulg. Bonnets carrés,

§ Bu. ex DC. Prodr.n. 2; V. Houtt. Fl. des
Serr, vii. 23, tab.— Eugenia racemosa I. Spec.
673.—Samstravadi Rurep. Hort. Malab, iv. t. 6.

7 B. acutangula Gmrtn. Fruct. ii. 97, t. 111.
—Rosentu. op. cit, 1158.—Hugenia acutangula
L. Spec. 673.—Stravadia rubra Pers.—Strava-
dium rubrum DO. Prodr. iii, 289, n. 2 (Rosairo
brava),

8 B. excelsa Bu. Bijdr. 1097 (ex DC.).—Stra-
vadium excelsum DC. Prodr. n. 5.

9 Stravadium album DC. Prodr. n. 1.—Stra-
vadiaalba Pers.—SEEMANN (Fi. Vit. 82) describes
B. edulis as a species employed under the name
of Vutu Kana. :

10 See But. Mag. t. 478, 4408, 4526, 4558,
4626, 5040, etc.

VY. Hourr. Fi. des Serres, vii, 21.

12 Bot. Mag. t. 5069, 5239, 6161.

MYRTACEZ., 351

and temperate houses, several Myrtles' and Metrosideros,? the
Guyavas, Tristawia and Eucalyptus ;* then a series of charming
Australian plants, with foliage generally persistent, often ericoid,.
such as Darwinia,* Verticordia,® Calythrix, Thryptomene, Backea,
Leptospermum, Kunzea, Callistemon, Melaleuca, Beaufortia, Back-
housia, Calothamnus,. Regelia. They were highly prized at the
beginning of the century and cultivated in considerable number, as
they are still in England, Germany, and Holland: the greater part
are very suitable for the decoration of winter gardens; but many are
difficult to preserve. Hucalyptus, which, in our conservatories,

attains but little development, ornaments gardens and promenades in
the south.

1 Bot. Mag. t. 250, 4558, 4809, etc. Serres, xxi. 69. ;
2 hid. t. 260, 4471, 4488, 4515. 4 Bot, Mag. t. 4858, 4860, 5468,
3 Ibid. t. 4338, 4637. — V. Hourr. Fl. des 5 Ibid. t. 5286.

352 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

GENERA.

I. MYRTE.

1. Myrtus T.—Flowers hermaphrodite regular ; receptacle con-
cave, turbinate or subcampanulate, scarcely or slightly produced
beyond germen adnate within. Sepals 4, 5, marginally inserted,
sometimes broadly foliaceous, somewhat imbricate or not contiguous
and open. Petals 4, 5, alternate, imbricate, patent. Stamens o,
inserted with perianth, o -seriate; filaments linear-filifiorm, some-
times complanate at base; anthers short, introrse, 2-rimose, either
basifixed or versatile. Germen inferior; style filiform simple, at
stigmatose apex not incrassate or more rarely capitellate; cells in
germen 2-5, complete or incomplete at apex. Ovules in cells 0,
oo -seriately inserted in internal angle of simple or 2-lamellate pla-
centa, small, anatropous. Fruit baccate, crowned with persistent
calyx or its scar, |-co -spermous. Seeds subreniform; testa membra-
nous or osseous; radicle of hippocrepiform or somewhat involute
embryo terete very long; cotyledons shorter or very small.—Trees
or oftener shrubs, odorous, glabrous or pubescent; leaves opposite
exstipulate penninerved, pellucid-punctulate, small or rather large,
submembranous or coriaceous ; flowers axillary pedunculate, solitary
or cymose 3—7, more rarely oo ; the lateral oftener longer-pedicellate;
bracteoles under the flower small or very small, more rarely broad
foliaceous. (South of Europe, western Asia, Oceania, south-west. and
eatra trop. America.)—See p. 308.

2. Rhodomyrtus DC.’—Flowers of Myrtus; cells of germen 2~4,
generally divided into 2 cellules by spurious vertical septa; each
cellule divided between ovules by transverse septules? springing

1 Mém, Myrtac. 38; Prodr, iti. 240 (a sect.of Ind. ii, 469.
Myrtus).—Sauiss. ex DO. loc, cit.—Enpu. Gen. ? Hardened in fruit.
n. 6316, .—B. H. Gen. 713, n. 48.—Hoox, 77.

MYRTACEZ, 353

from the placenta. Fruit baccate or subdrupaceous, divided into oo
1-spermous (sometimes pyreniform) cellules ; seeds in cells solitary,
subhorizontal suborbicular or reniform ; embryo, etc., of Myrtus.—
Trees or shrubs, villose or tomentose; leaves opposite, penninerved
or 3-plinerved ; flowers! axillary, solitary or 2, 3-nate, sometimes 0 ,
in rather long cymiferous raceme.? (Trop. south. and east. Asia,
Indian Archip.*)

3. Decaspermum Forst.t— Flowers nearly of Myrtus, hermaphro-
dite or polygamous, 4—5-merous; cells 4, 5, divided into 2 1- or
pauciovulate cellules by spurious vertical centripetal septa. Fruit
baccate, crowned with calyx, radiately septate; cellules 1-spermous;
seeds, ete., of Myrtus.—Small trees or shrubs; leaves opposite penni-
nerved ; flowers axillary spuriously ramose; cymes sometimes in
ramose foliate raceme.® (Trop. Asia and Oceania.*)

4. Pimenta Linpu.’—Flowers nearly of Myrtus, 4—5-merous;
germen 2, 3-celled. Ovules in cells few (2-4) or solitary, inserted
under apex descending; micropyle superior lateral. Berry, etc., of
Myrius; embryo spirally involute, 1-2-cyclical—Highly fragrant
trees ; leaves opposite coriaceous ; flowers* in very compound ramose
and many-flowered cymes axillary to uppermost leaves.: (Trop.
America.°)

5. Myrcia DC.!°—Flowers of Pimenta (or Myrtus), 5-merous or
more rarely 3, 4-merous; cells of germen 2, 3 (or more rarely 4, 5),

' 2-ovulate. Ovules collaterally ascending. Fruit baccate, oftener
crowned with persistent calyx and other characters of Myrtus; coty-

1 Rather large, showy, oftener pink.

2 A genus scarcely distinct from Myrtus, with
cells of germen transvérsely and vertically
locellate.

3 Spec. 4, 5. Wicut, Icon. t. 522.—Mra. Fi.
Ind.-Bat. i. p, i. 477.—F, Mutu. Fi agm. ii. 86,
t. 13 (Myrtus).—Don, Gen. Syst, ii, 829 (Neli-
tris). —Buntu. Fl. Hongk. 120; Fl. Austral. iii.
272.—Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 250 (Myrtus).

4 Char. Gen. 78, t. 87 (1772).—J. Gen, 324,
453.—Potr, Suppl. ii. 459.—Nelitris Gautn.
Fruct. i. 184, t, 27 (1788).—DC. Prodr. iii. 231.
—Enpi. Gen. n. 6313.—B. H. Gen. 716, n, 52.
—Hoox. F7. Ind, ii, 469.

5 The name Forsterianum is certainly incor-
rect (since thenumber of seeds is very different),
but having priority and in the absence of proof
it must be retained.

® Spec. 4, 5. Wicut, Icon. t. 521 (Nelitris).
—A. Gray, Unit. St, Expl. Exp. Bot. i. 547, t.60

VOL. VI.

(Nelitris)—Suem. Fl. Vit. 80 (Nelitris)—Mnia.
Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. p.i. 470 (Nelitris).—Bunru. Fi.
Austral. iii. 279 (Nelitris)—War. Ann, ii.
623; iv. 830 (Nelitris).

7 Collect. sub n. 19.—Bzre, Linnea, xxvii.
422.—B. H. Gen. 717, n. 46.—Amomis Bera,
doc. cit. 416.

8 Small; often in 3-parous cymes,

9 Spec. 2. L. Spee. 676 (Myrs). —Sw. Obs.
202 (Myrtus) ; Fl, Ind, Oce. ii. 909 (Myrtus).—
DO. Prodr. iii, 243, n. 3 (Myrcia), 285, n. 181
(Eugenia). —Bot, Mag, t. 1286, 3153.

10 Diet. Cl. d’ Hist. Nat. xi,; Prodr, iii, 242.—
Envi. Gen. n. 6317,—Spacu, Suit, @ Buffon, iv.
163.—B. H. Gen. 716, n. 53.—Cerquicria Bere,
Linnea, xxvii. 5.—Gomidezia Brera, op. cit. 6;
xxix, 207.—Colyptromyrcia Bera, Linnea, xxvii.
34.— Aulomyrcia Bere, op. cit. 35; xxix. 216;
xxx. 644.—Calycampe Bune, op. cit, xxvil, 129.

23

354 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

ledons of rather large embryo contortuplicate——Trees or shrubs;
leaves opposite ; flowers' cymose, few or oftener densely compound-
cymose ; bracteoles few, caducous or more rarely rather large folia-
ceous, persistent. (Trop. and subtrop. America.*)

6. Rhodamnia Jacx.3—Flowers of Myrtus, 4-merous; germen 1-
locular. Ovules oo, inserted on 2 parietal placente. Fruit baccate,
crowned with calyx. Seeds 0, often few; cotyledons of hippocre-
piform embryo short. Other characters of Myrtus.—Small trees or
shrubs; leaves opposite ovato-lanceolate, 3-nerved or 3-plinerved,
sometimes white beneath ; flowers * axillary fasciculate or more rarely
solitary ; bracteoles 2, small, caducous, inserted at top of pedicel.
(Trop. south-east. Asia, trop. east. Oceania.®)

7. Fenzlia Enpu.°—Flowers nearly of Myrtus; receptacle ovoid,
not produced beyond germen. Petals and stamens of Myrtus;
anthers versatile. Germen 1-2-locular; ovules in cells 2, 3, sub-
horizontally superposed; style slender, apex small stigmatose. Fruit
subglobular or ovoid, drupaceous, sparsely fleshy, crowned with open-
reflexed calyx. Seeds 1, 2, enclosed singly in osseous endocarp ;
testa thin; embryo very long spirally rolled.—Shrubs cano-tomen-
tellose; leaves opposite obtuse penninerved; flowers’ axillary soli-
tary pedunculate; bracteoles 2, linear-subulate inserted at top of
peduncle. (Australia.*)

8. Feijoa Brra.°—Flowers nearly of Myrtus; sepals 5, imbricate.
Stamens «, oo-seriate; filaments free short unequal, straight or
some slightly incurved or inflexed in the bud, finally by anthesis
elongate and far exserted, thickly subulate; anthers ovate introrse.
Germen completely or incompletely 4-locular; placentz 2-lamellate,
sometimes free within. Ovules 0, 2-seriate. Other characters of

1 Generally small. 5 Spec. 5, 6. DC. Prodr. iii. 279, n. 136 (Eu-

2 Spec. about 350. DC. Mém, Myrtac. t. 15.—
H. B. K. Nov. Gen, et Spec, t. 544, 545 (Myrtus).
—Fretp et Garpn. Sert. Pl. t. 75.—Mre. St.
Surin, t. 9.—A.8. H. Fi. Bras. Mer. ii. t. 140 (?),
142-148. — Grisrs. Fl. Brit. W.-Ind, 234.—
Bere, Mart. Fl. Bras. Myrt, 9,t.10 (Cerquieria) ;
ll, t. 11, 12 (Gomidezia) ; 55, t. 18 (Calyptro-
myreia), 59; t. 19, 20 (Automyreia) ; 150, t. 23,
24.—Bot. Mag, t. 5790.—Watp. Rep. ii, 178,
932; v. 751; Ann. i. 314; ii, 628; iv. 833.

3 Mal. Mise. i, (ex Hook. Comp. to Bot. Mag.
i, 153),—ENpL. Gen. n. 6338.—B. H. Gen. 714,
n. 50.—Hoox. Fl. Ind. ii, 468. — Monowora
Wiceut, I/2. ii. 12, t. 97%, fig. 5.

4 Generally small.

genia).—Sm. Trans. Linn. Soc. iii. 280 (Myrtus).
—Bu. Bydr, 1983 (Myrtus) —F. Muzu., Fragm.
i. 76 (Myrtus).—Wicuxt, Icon, t. 524.—Mie. Fi.
Ind.-Bat. i. p.i. 478.—Benvu, Fl. Austral. iii.
277; Hook, Lond. Journ. ii, 219 (Monoxora).—
Bot, Mag. t. 3223 (Eugenia) Warr. Rep. v.
757; Ann. ii, 627; iv. 833.

§ Atakta, 19, t. 17,18; Gen, n. 6274 (Oliniee).
—B. H. Gen. 715, n. 51,

7 Moderate, pink.

8 Spec. 2. Bentu. Fi. Austral. iii, 278.

® Linnea, xxix. 258.—B. H. Gen. 712, n. 42.
Orthostemon Bure, Linnea, xxvii. 440; Mart.
Fil, Bras. Myrt. 467, t. 7, fig. 158, t. 54 (not R.
Br.),

MYRTACEZ:. 355

Myrtus or Psidium. Fruit baccate oblong, crowned with persistent
calyx; “seeds angular albuminous ; cotyledons of straight embryo
foliaceous flat ; radicle elongate.”! A shrub ; leaves opposite cori-
aceous penninerved, nitid above, cano-tomentose below ; flowers?
pedunculate, few at summit of ramules, but “ finally growing late-
rally from branch.” (Brazil.5)

9? Marlieria Cams.t—Flowers nearly of Myrtus (or Myrcia) ;
receptacular tube produced beyond germen adnate within. Calyx
closed in bud or slightly open at apex and 4~5-lobed (Rubachia®),
oftener at anthesis disruptly 4—5-lobed. ‘Petals 4, 5, or more rarely
0. Stamens 0, oo -seriate; anthers versatile. Germen 2—4-locular ;
ovules in cells 2, ascending. Fruit, sometimes crowned with base of
calyx, etc., of Myrtus ; cotyledons of incurved embryo contortuplicate.
—Trees or shrubs; leaves and inflorescence of Myrcia.® (Trop. and
subtrop. America.’) :

10. Calyptranthes Sw.'—Flowers nearly of Myrtus (or Marlie-
ria); calyx turbinate, closed in bud, finally at anthesis, circumscissus
at base and calyptrately deciduous. Petals 1-5, small, very small
(or 9). Ovules in 2, 8 cells of germen 2 or more rarely «© (Mitran-
thes*). Fruit baccate, seed, etc., of Myrtus ; cotyledons of incurved
embryo contortuplicate.—Trees and shrubs; leaves and inflorescence
of Myrcia. (Trop. America.)

11. Campomanesia R. & Pav."—-Flowers nearly of Calyptran-
thes; calyx 5-lobed or more rarely 4—6-lobed, sometimes patelliformly
dilated at base (Paivaea™); lobes either conspicuous rather obtuse, or

' Character of seed from Bzre, Joc. cit.

* Rather large showy ; stamens coloured.

3 Spec. 1. F. Sellowiana Buro.—Orthostemon
Sellowianus Brera.—0O. obovatus Brre, loc. cit.

4A. S.-H. Fl. Bras, Mer, ii, 378, t. 156.—
Spacu, Suit, & Buffon, iv. 183.—Enpu. Gen. n.
6318.—H. Bn. Payer Fam. Nat. 364,—B. H.
Gen. 716, n. 54,

5 Bere, Linnea xxvii. 11; xxix. 209.—Euge-
niopsis Bere, Linnea xxvii. 80; xxix. 219;
Xxx. 665; xxxi. 249.

§ A genus between Myreia and Calyptranthes,
differing only in the calyx.

7 Spec. about 35. Griszs. Fl. Brit, W.-Ind.
233.—Brre, Mart. Fl, Bras. Myrt. 28, t. 18
(Rubachia) ; 81, t. 14, 15; 148, t. 21, 22 (Euge-
niopsis)—Watp. Rep. ii. 177.

8 Prodr. 80; Fl. Ind. Oce. 917, t. 15.—DC.
Prodr. iii. 265.—Spacu, Suit. & Buffon, iv. 168.
—Envt, Gen. n. 6319.—B. H. Gen. 717, n. 55,.—
H. By, Payer Fam, Nat. 367.—Chytraculia P.

Br. Jam. 239.—Zuaygium P. Br. loc. cit. 240 (ex
EnDvL,).—Chytralia Apans. Fam, des Pl. ii, 80.—
Calyptranthus J, Dict. Sc. Nat. vi, 274 (not Bt.).

9 Bere, Linnea, xxvii. 816; xxix. 248; xxx.
700.

10 Spec. about 70. A. S.-H. Pl. Us. Bras. t.
14; Fl. Bras, Mer. ii. t. 155.—Suem. Fl. Vit, 81.
—Grises. Fl. Brit. W.-Ind. 232.—Brre, Mart.
Fl. Bras. Myrt. 38, t. 16, 17; 354, t. 33 (Mi-
tranthes).—Watp. Rep. ii. 178; v. 752; Ann
ii. 629.

Prodr. Fl. Per. 72, t. 18; Syst. 128.—DC.
Prodr, iii, 232.—Spacu, Suit. & Buffon, iv. 151.
—Enpu. Gen. n. 6314.—B. H. Gen. 712, u, 43.—
Britoa Bere, Linnea, xxvii. 485; xxix. 257.—
Lacerdea Bere, Linnea, xxx. 718.—<Abhevillea
Bere, Linnea, xxvii. 425; xxix, 256; xxxi.
260 (calyx generally larger and move expanded).

12 Berc, Mart. Fl. Bras, Myrt. 614.—B. H.
Gen. 712, n. 44 (spec. 1, according to authors
cited generically distinct).

23—2

356 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

very small or subnil in bud; limb at anthesis often longitudinally
fissus between lobes. Petals 4—6, patent. Stamens 00, 00 -seriate ;
anthers ovate or oblong, sometimes apiculate (Acrandra'). Germen
4—10-locular ; ovules , inserted on 2-lamellate or little prominent
subpeltate placenta; style simple, capitate or oftener peltate at stig-
matose apex. Berries, etc., of Myrtus ; embryo elongate and spirally
involute ; radicle very elongate ; cotyledons rather short.—Trees or
shrubs ; leaves opposite penninerved ; flowers axillary, solitary, few
or © cymose. (Trop. and subtrop. America.’)

12. Psidium L.3—Flowers nearly of Campomanesia; receptacle
campanulate or piriform. Calyx closed in bud, sometimes crowned
with foliaceous lobes (Psidiopsis*); lobes oftener 4, 5, before anthesis
short, wide (or 0); at anthesis often fissus or disrupted to the base.
Petals 4, 5. Stamens oo ; anthers oblong or narrow linear. Germen
2-8-locular ; style at apex peltate or capitate; ovules oo , inserted on
entire, subpeltate or 2-lamellate placenta. Berry various in form,
crowned with persistent calyx or its scar. Seeds oo, reniform ; testa
thick hard; embryo curved or hippocrepiform, sometimes cyclical ;
radicle elongate ; cotyledons small.—Trees or shrubs rarely under-
shrubs, glabrous or oftener tomentose ; leaves opposite penninerved ;
flowers® axillary or lateral, solitary or 3-co cymose, 2-bracteolate.
(Trop. and subtrop. America.’)

18. Myrrhinium Scuorr.’—Flowers nearly of Myrtus, 4-merous;
stamens 4, alternipetalous, or 5-8, in pairs; filaments* very long, 2-
plicate in bud; anthers introrse. Germen 2-locular, style elongate,

1 Bere, Linnea, xxvii. 435.

2 Spec. about 60. H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. vi.
150, t. 147.—A. S.-H. Fl. Bras. Mer. ii. t. 139
(Psidium).— Linpu. Collect. 16.—Grises. Fi.
Brit. W.-Ind, 242.—Brra, Mart. Fl. Bras. Myrt.
430, t, 48 (Abbevillea) ; 438, t. 49, 50; 459, t.
51, 52 (Acrandra); 461, t. 53 (Britoa); 464
(Lacerdea).—W aur. Rep. ii, 170, 982; v. 750.

3 Gen. n. 615.—J. Gen. 324, 453.—Lamx,
Dict. iti. 16; Suppl. ii. 824; Ti. t. 416.—DC.
Prodr. iii. 232.—Spacu, Suit. & Buffon, iv. 152.—
Enp. Gen. n, 6315.—H. Bn, Payer Fam. Nat.
364.—B. H. Gen. 713, n. 45.—Hoox. Fl. Ind. ii.
467.—Guaiava T. Inst. 660, t. 448.—Garrn.
Fruct. i, 185, t. 38.—Burchardia Neox. Elem. u.
728,—Acca Bere, Linnea, xxvii. 138.—Calyp-
tropsidium BgEre, loc. cit. 349.

* Bere, Linnea, xxvii. 8350,—B. H. Gen. 718,
n. 46.

5 Rather large showy, or small.

6 Lams. Trans. Linn, Soc. xi. t. 17,—Benru.
Fl, Hongk, 120.—Griszs. Fl. Brit, W.-Ind. 241.
—Mie. Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. p. i. 468.—A. S.-H. Fi,
Bras, Mer. ii. t.186-138.—Brre, Mart. Fl. Bras.
Myrt. 381, t. 41, 42.—Bot. Reg. t. 622, 658, 1079.
—Bot. Mag. t. 1779, 2501. — Watr. Rep. ii.
170; v. 750; Ann. ii. 624; iv. 831.

7 Spreng. Syst. Cur. Post. 404.—EnDu. Gen,
n. 6273.—B. H. Gen. 717, n. 57.—Feliciana
Camuzss. A. S.-H. Fl. Bras. Mer. ii. 375, t. 157.
—Spacu, Suit. a Buffon, iv, 184.—Tetrastemon,
Hook. et Arn. Bot. Misc. iii. 317.

§ Dense red, very conspicuous.

MYRTACEA, 357

plicate in bud, scarcely capitellate at stigmatose apex. Ovules in
cells «0, peltately inserted in rays on orbicular 2-lamellate placénta.
Berry ovoid, crowned with calyx; seeds 1, 2, curved or cochleate ;
embryo conformably curved; radicle longer than indistinct cotyledons.
—A small tree or shrub; leaves opposite, penninerved nitid; sti-
pules (?) setaceous very small, caducous; flowers in 2-parous cymes
springing from the wood; lateral pedicellate. (Subtrop. 8. America.')

14. Eugenia Micueti.*—Flowers of Myrtus; receptacle globose,
ovoid, obconical, turbinate or tubular (Caryophyllus®), long attenuate
at base (Clavimyrtus,* Cupheanthus*), externally either glabrous, or
angular or thickly alate (Pteromyrtus®). Sepals 5, or oftener 4,
imbricate or more or less widely foliaceous (Phyllocalyx’), rarely
very short dentiform. Petals 4, 5, or very rarely 6—co (or 0), some-
times more or less connate in a hood (Syzygiwm*), sometimes thick
coriaceous, deciduous. Stamens oo (of Myrtus), or free, or obscurely
-4-5-adelphous in bud (Caryophyllus) ; anthers often versatile; cells
parallel or rarely divaricate. Germen inferior, 2- or very rarely 3-
locular; style slender, scarcely or not at all incrassate at stigmatose
apex. Ovules in cells «0, rarely 2-4 (Myrciaria®). Fruit baccate
(sometimes (?) drupaceous), rarely coriaceous or corticate. Seeds
generally 1, or few, variously inserted, globose, ovoid or variously
compressed and angular; cotyledons of fleshy exalbuminous (some-

1 Spec. 1. WL. atropurpureum Scnorr.—Marr.
Nov. Gen. et Spec. iti. 178, t. 291; Flora, xx
Beibl. ii. 90.—Brnre, Linnea, xxvii. 437; Mart.
Fl. Bras. Myrt. 465.—W. rubriflorum Bzre,
Mart, Fl. Bras. Myrt. 466, t. 7, fig. 164.—TZe-
trastemon loranthoides Hoox. et ARn. loc. cit.

2 Nov, Gen. 226, t. 108.—L. Gen. n. 616.—J.
Gen, 324,—Lamx. ‘Dict. iii. 196 ; Suppl. iii. 121;
Ill. t. 418.—DC. Prodr, tii. 262.—Spacu, Suit. &
Buffon, iv. 174.— Eno. Gen. n. 6323.—A. Gray,
Unit. St. Expl. Exp. Bot, i. 514, t. 60.—B. H.
Gen, 718, 1006, n. 58.—H. Bn. Payer Fam. Nat.
364.—Baxer, Fl. Maurit. 112.—Hoox. Fv. Ind.
ii, 470.—Catinga AvuBL. Guian. 611, t, 208.—
Guapurium J: Gen, 324.—Gregqia Garin. Fruct.
i. 168, t. 38,—Jossinia Commens. ex DC. Prodr.
iii, 337.—Syllysium Mur. et Scuav. Nov. Act.
Nat. Cur. xix. Suppl. 334 (incl.; Aemena DC.
Caryophyllus Lu. Clavimyrtus Bu. Cuphceanthus
Szem. Jambosa DC. Myrciaria Buna, Opa Lovr.
Syzygium GBRIN.).

3 °T, Inst. 432.—L. Gen, n. 669.—J. Gen. 324.
—Lamg. Dict. ii, 718; Ii. t. 417.—Gartn.

Fruct. i. t. 88.—DC. Prodr. iii. 261.—Spacu,
Suit. d Buffon, iv. 171.—Enpu. Gen. n. 6321.

4 Bu. Mus. Lugd.-Bat, i. 113, t. 49,—Maero-
myrtus Miq. Fl, Ind.-Bat.i. p. i. 439.

5 Summ. Fl. Vit. 76.—B. H. Gen. 724, n. 74.
—Gaslondia Virii. Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. x, 96.
—B. H. Gen. 1006, n. 77.

6 Cuj. typ. Caryophyllus pterocarpus VIBILL.
Herb. ex Br. et Gr.—Syzygium pterocalyx Br.
et Gr. Ann. Se. Nat. sér, 5, xiii, 386.

7 Bere, Linnea, xxvii. 306; xxix. 245.—
? Plinia L. Gen. n. 671. — Stenocalyz Bure,
Linnea, xxvii. 309.—Hexachlamys Bure, loc. cit,
345.

8 Gartn. Fruct. i, 166, t. 833.—DC. Prodr.
iii, 259.—Spacu, loc. cit. 170.—Enpu. Gen. n.
6320.—Acemena DO. Prodr. iii. 262,—Spacu, doe.
cit, 170,—ENpL. Gen. n. 6322.—Microjambosa
Bu. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. i, 117.

9 Bere, Linnea, xxvii. 820; xxix. 249; xxx.
702; xxxi, 259; Mart. Fi. Bras. Myrt. 388, t.
36, 37.—Siphoneugenia Bure, Linnea, xxvii.
344; Mart. Fl. Bras. Myrt. 378, t. 38.

358 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

times multiple’) embryo thick plano-convex, hemispherical or'ellip-
soid,’ sometimes unequal ; radicle short straight or incurved more or
less incumbent.—Trees or shrubs; leaves opposite® penninerved,
sometimes membranous, often coriaceous and other characters of
Myrtus ; flowers‘ axillary solitary or in cymes or short raceme ;° in-
florescence either centrifugal (Jambosa®), or centripetal (Hugenias-
trum"); bracts and bracteoles oftener small and caducous. (All
trop. and subtrop. regions.*) ;

15, Acicalyptus A. Gray.’—Flowers nearly of Hugenia ; recep-
tacle tubular clavate. Calyx gamophyllous entire conical, circum-
scissus at base deciduous. Petals 4, free or coherent, deciduous.
Stamens germen, etc., of Hugenia; ovules oo, incurved anatropous.
Fruit fleshy (?)—Glabrous trees or shrubs; leaves of Hugenia;
flowers in subcorymbose cymes at apex of ramules. (Mew Caledonia,

Viti Isles."°)

16? Piliocalyx Br. & Gr."—Flowers nearly of Acicalyptus ; re-
ceptacle shorter. Calyx calyptrately deciduous. Petals small unequal,

more or legs adherent.

Germen 2-locular ; ovules in cells « (4-10),

' In Z. Jambosa we have often seen embryos.

2 Sometimes conferruminate or unequal hete-
romorphous.

3 Or sometimes (?) it is said, alternate.

4 Often rather large; showy, ‘white, pink, or
more rarely pale yellow.

5 By defect of bractiferous leaves,

6 Rumpu. Herb. Amb. i, 121.—DC. Prodr. iii.
286.—Spacu, Suit. & Buffon, iv. 179.—Enp..
Gen.u. 6324.—Cerocarpus Hass. Cat. Hort. Bog.
262.—Gelpkea Bu. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. i, 88, t. 35.
—Strongylocalyx Bu, doe. cit. 89, t. 54.—Cletsto-
calyx Bu. loc. cit, 84, t. 56.

7 Grises. Fl, Brit. W.-Ind. 236.

8 Spec. about 500. H. B. K, Nov. Gen. et Spee.
t, 546 (Myrtus).—Linpu, Collect. t. 19 (Olinthia),
—Wieurt, Iti. 13, 14 (Jambosa), 15 (Syzygium) ;
Ieon. t. 100, 553, 645, 551; 73, 216, 525-530,
546, 548-550, 608-813 (Jambosa) ; 531-536,
538-544 (Syzygium),—Watt. Pl. As. Rar. t. 161
(Jambosa).—DC. Diet. Hist. Nat. xi. (Acmena) ;
Mém. Myrtac. t. 16-19 (Syzygium), 20-23.—
Guittem. et Perr. Fl. Sen. Tent. i. t. 72 (Syzy-
gium).—Ku. Pet, Moss. Bot. t. 11 (Syzygiam).—
Harv. and Sonp. Fl. Cap. ii. 522.—A. Gray,
Unit. St. Expl. Exp. Bot. i. 610, t. 58, 59 (Jam-
bosa) ; 514, t. 60; 518, t. 61-65 (Syzygium).—
Sze, Fl, Vit. 76, 81 (Calyptranthes), t.15 (Jam-

bosa), t. 16 (Syzygiwm).—Miea. Fl. Ind, Bat. i. p.
i. 440, 446 (Syzygium),—Tuw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl.
114, 115 (Jambosa), 116 (Syzygium), 118 (Aeme-
na).—GriseB. Fl. Brit, W.-Ind. 235 (Caryo-
phyllus, Syzygium, Jambosa), 286 (Eugenia).—
Hoox. Fr. Handb. N.-Zeal. Fl. 74.—BEntu. Fl,
Hongk. 118 (Syzygium), 119 (Acmena), 120 (Jam-
bosa); Fl. Austral. iii, 280.—Br. et Gr. Ann.
Se. Nat. sér. 5, iii. 215, 219 (Jambosa), 221 (Sy-
zydium), 224 (Caryophyllus) ; xiii. 385 (Syzyg?-
um).—F, Muri. Fl. Vict. t. suppl. 18 (Syzygi-
um).—Bot. Reg. t. 627, 1033 ,(Jambosa).—Bot.
Mag. t. 473 (Plinia), 867, 1696, 2230 (Jambosa),
4558 (Jossinia), 4526, 4626, 5040, 5480(Acmena).
—Watp, Rep. ii. 172 (Jossinia), 178 (Calyptran-
thes, Syzygium), 181 (Aemena), 191 (Jambosa) ;
v. 751 (Syllysium), 752 (Calyptranthes, Syzygi-
um); Ann. ii. 626 (Jossinia), 629 (Calyptranthes,
Syzygium), 680 (Gelpkaa), 6381, 632 (Jambosa),
639 (Clavimyrtus), 640 (Micrajambosa) ; iv. 882
(Jossinia), 833 (Syzygium), 839 (Caryophyllus),
840 (Acmena), 841 (Jambosa), 849 (Macromyrtus).

9 Unit. St. Expl. Exp. Bot.i. 551, t, 67; Bon-
plandia (1862), 35.—B. H. Gen. 708, 0. 31.

10 Spec. about 3. Br. et Gr. Ann. Se, Nat.
sér. 5, iii. 227.—Watp. Amn. iv. 853.

11 Ann. Sc. Nat. sér, 5, ii. 225; Now. Arch.
Mus. iv. 26, t. 10.—B. H. Gen. 1006, n. 78.

MYRTACEZ. 359

descending from apex of internal angle, orthotropous; micropyle in-
ferior. Fruit fleshy; seeds . . .?—Trees or shrubs; leaves opposite
or subopposite ; flowers in terminal compound cymes. (New Cale-
donia.')

17? Aulacocarpus Brrc.?—Flowers...? ‘“‘ Fruit drupaceous
depressed globose, crowned with 5-fid calyx, 1-5-pyrenous. Seeds
in subligneous pyrenes solitary obovoid; testa thick; embryo of
Eugenia.” —Trees or shrubs; leaves opposite wide penninerved ;
fruit axillary glomerate, shortly pedicellate.3 (Trop. America.*)

18? Calycorectes Brere.2—Flowers nearly of Eugenia; calyx
subconical, valvate, hiant at apex, 4-6-fid. Stamens oo, inserted
higher than germen in receptacle dilated to cupule, and there oo -
seriate. Germen adnate within to bottom of turbinate receptacle ;
_ cells 2, co -ovulate. Fruit baccate, crowned with persistent calyx ;
seeds, embryo,° etc., of Hugenia.—Trees or shrubs; leaves opposite
penninerved ; flowers axillary solitary or cymose, variously pedicel-
late.” (Trop. America.)

19? Shizocalyx Brre.’—Flowers nearly of Calycorectes; recep-
tacle very concave, produced higher above germen in cupule and
bearing higher oo stamens oo -seriately inserted. Sepals 4, 5, tomen-
tose without, imbricate at free apex and there as also in bud some-
what open. Germen 2-locular and other characters of Calycorectes.
Fruit... ?—Trees; leaves opposite, oftener tomentose, penninerved ;
flowers axillary pedunculate solitary; peduncles 2-bracteolate.

(Brazil, New Caledonia ?”)

1 Spec. 3, 4.

2 Linnea, xxvii. 345.—B. H. Gen. 720, n. 60,

3 A doubtful genus, perhaps only a section of
Eugenia, with fruit sometimes (?) drupaceous.

4 Spec. about 2. Bewru. Sulph. t. 37 (Campo-
manesia).—Grise. Fl. Brit. W.-Ind. 239 ; Cat.
Pl. Cub. 90.—Bzre, Mart. Fl. Bras. Myrt. 380,
t. 40.

5 Linnea, xxvii. 817; xxix. 249; xxx. 701;
Mart. Fl. Bras. Myrt. 356, t. 34.—B. H. Gen,
720, n. 59.

6 Known in one species (BERG).

? Perhaps a section of Eugenia (B. H.).

> Spec, enumerated, 6, 7.

9 Linnea xxvii. 819; Mart, Fl. Bras. Myrt.
357, t. 35.

10 The Brazilian species S. Pohlianus Bure,
by more recent authors referred to Calycorcetes
(B. H. Gen. 720), but differs particularly in the
estivation of the calyx. Is the south Caledo-
nian species S. rubiginosa Br, et Gr. (Ann. Se.
Nat. sér. 5, xiii. 378), the Spermolepis rubiginosa
of the same authors (Amn. Se. Nat. sér. 5, ii.
137), whose solitary flowers well agree, and
whose fleshy fruit is crowned with the calyx,
its seed albuminous, the cotyledons of fleshy
embryo plano-convex, and short radicle slightly
prominent, really of this genus? Eugenia ovi-
gera Br. et Gr. (Ann. Se. Nat, sér. 5, iti. 216),
appears from its fruit to be congeneric with
this. Which is assigned to its proper genus
(Schizomyrtus) P

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

TJ. LEPTOSPERMEZ.

20. Leptospermum Forst.—Flowers hermaphrodite or more
rarely polygamous; receptacle depressed obconical or turbinate, at base
covering germen adnate within. Sepals 5, marginally inserted, im-
bricate, often at last not contiguous. Petals 5, alternate, imbricate,
finally patent. . Stamens‘oo , when adult apparently 1-seriate, shorter
than or subequal to petals; filaments unequal, dilated at base ; anthers
small introrse, vrsatile; cells parallel, longitudinally rimose. Ger-
men adnate to receptacle within, inferior or partly free, plane or
convex at vertex, radiately sulcate and glandular or impressed ; cells
3-5, or more rarely 6-12 (sometimes effete) ; style central, short or
elongate, capitate or peltate at stigmatose apex. Ovules in cells
(sometimes few), inserted on 2-lamellate short or more or less promi-
nent sometimes vertically 2-seriate, sometimes transverse or more or
less obliquely peltate placenta, horizontal or descending, sometimes
recurved. Capsule girt with adnate receptacle, enclosed or exserted
above, loculicidal. Seeds in cells 1-co (mostly sterile), either linear,
or cuneate-angular, in some cases naked, in others ciliate or alate at
margins or angles; coat thin; cotyledons of straight exalbuminous
embryo longer than radicle.—Small trees or oftener shrubs glabrous
or incanescent, odorous; leaves alternate exstipulate small rigid
pellucid-punctate, 1-3-nerved or veinless; flowers axillary or terminal, _
solitary or 2-3-nate, sessile or shortly pedicellate; bracts rather
broad, imbricate, falling before anthesis; bracteoles smaller, sometimes
longer persistent. (Trop. Oceania, Australia, New Zealand.)—See
p. 314.

21? Agonis DC.'—Flowers nearly of Leptospermum, stamens 10,
2-seriate orco. Germen, etc., of Leptospermum; ovulesin cells 2-4,
inserted on ascending more or less dilated placenta and suberect ;
micropyle inferior.—Shrubs or small trees; leaves alternate, oftener
narrow ; flowers capitate; capitules axillary and terminal globose,
densely glomeruliferous; each flower 2-bracteolate.? (West. Aus-
tralia.’)

360

1 Prodr. iii, 226 (sect. of Leptosperm?).—B. H.
Gen. 103.—Billiottia R, Br. Journ. Geogr. Soe.
i. 19.

2 Query if a sect. of Leptospermum? In the
genus remain, according to Brnru. 2 sections
( Taxandria, with 10 stamens ; Atawandria, with
20-80 stamens).

3 Spec. about 10. DC. Mém. Myrtac. t. 12
(Leptospermum).—Lasttt. Pl. N.-Holl. ii. 10, t.
148 (Leptospermum).—BERTOL. Aman. 29 (Lep-
tospermum).—G. Don, Gen. Syst. ii. 827 (Billi-
ottia).—Lopp, Bot. Cab. t, 1219 (Fabricia),—
Bentu. Fi. Austral. iii. 96.—Watp. Rep. ii. 166,
922; v. 739: Ann. ii, 617.

MYRTACEL. 361

22. Beckea L.'—Flowers nearly of Leptospermum; sepals 5,
persistent, Stamens 5-10, or 0; filaments either filiform or scarcely
complanate (Huryomyrtus®), or all or 5 petaloidly dilated (Rineia *),
sometimes at base partly connate (Hypocalymna*}; anthers various
in form. Germen 2, 3-locular; ovules 1, 2, superposed, or 3
(Scholtzia®), or 2-4, or oo, either collateral, inserted on vertical more
or less prominent and 2-lamellate placenta, or disposed in a ring
around peltate more or less stipitate placenta. Fruit, ete., of Lepto-
spermum ; cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo small; slender collum
inflexed to thick radicle—Ericoid glabrous shrubs; leaves opposite ;
flowers ° axillary, cymose or spuriously umbellate or capitate, rarely
solitary, bracteate and bracteolate.’” (Australia, New Caledonia,

Indian Archip. south-east. Asia.®

23? Astartea DC.°—Flowers of Beckea; stamensoo , 5-adelphous;
groups alternipetalous.—Ericoid shrubs ; leaves, small opposite gla-
brous, and other characters of Backea ; flowers’ axiliary solitary or
cymose few; pedicels 2-bracteolate." (West. and trop. Australia.”)

24, Balaustion Hoox."—Flowers rather large; receptacle very
concave suburceolate; disk lining receptacle and produced beyond in
a thin entire submembranous ring interior to base of stamens and

1 L. Gen. n. 491.—J. Gen. 821.—Lamx. Dict.
vii. 689; dl. t. 285.—DC. Prodr. iti. 229.—
Spacu, Suit. d Buffon, iv. 146.—ENp3. Gen. n.
6311.—H. Bn. Payer Fam. Nat. 366.—B. H.
Gen. 701, n. 13 (incl.: Babingtonia Linpu. Jun-
gia Gwen, Harmogia Scuav. Hypocalymna
Enot. Scholtzia Scuav.).—Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 463.

2 Scuavu. Linnea, xvii. 239 (part),

3 Scuav. loc. cit.

4 Envy, Hueg. Enum, 30.—B. H, Gen. 702, n.
15.

5 Scnav. Linnea, xvii. 241.—B. H. Gen.
700, n. 12. — Piptandra Turcz. Bull. Mose.
(1862), ii. 823 (not Oxtv.).

6 Small, white or pale pink.

7 Sect. 8 (ex B. H. 6): 1. Rinzia, 2. Euryo-
myrtus, 3. Jungia (GRIN. Fruct, i. 175, t. 35—
Mollia Guxu. Syst. 420—Imbricaria Sm.—Schi-

. diomyrtus Scuav.), 4. Harmogia (Scuav. Linnea,
xvii. 238—Camphoromyrtus Scuav.), 5. Oxy-
myrrhine (Scuav. Linnea, xxvii, 240), 6. Babing-
tonia (Linn. Bot. Reg. [1842], t. 10—Tetrapora
Scuau.—Ericomyrtus Turoz.) (add.: 7. Scholt-
sia, 8. Hypocalymna).

8 Spec. about 70. Rupex, Trans. Linn. Soc.
viii. t. 12-14.—Lapiny. Sert. Austro-caled, t. 61,

62 (Leptospermum).—Rupe. Trans. Linn. Soe.
Vili. 298, t. 18 (Schidiomyrtus).—ANDR. Bot. Re-
pos, t. 598.—Miaq. Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. p. i. 405.—
Br. et Gs. Ann, Se. Nat. sér. 5, ii. 140,—Bentu,
Fl. Hongk. 118; Fl. Austral. iii. 66 (Scholtzia),
71, 91 (Hypocalymna)—Watr. Rep. ii. 169,
920; v. 784; Ann. ii. 617. (To this genus is
doubtfully referred (B. H. Gen. 6) Aphanomyr-
tus (Mie. Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. p. i, 480;—Watp.
Ann. iy. 853).

3 Prodr. iii. 210; Dict. Cl. d’ Hist. Nat. xi.
400.—Enp.. Gen. n. 6289,—B. H. Gen. 702, n.
11.

10 Small, white or pink.

11 A genus differing from Schidiomyrtus, a
sect. of Beckea, only in its stamens being more
or less connate in 6 groups. (B. H.)

2 Spec. 3. Lanriy. Pl. N.-Holl. t. 170 (Mela-
leuca).—Enpu. Hueg. Enum, 51 (Beckea). —
Serene. Syst. ii. 492 (Leptospermum).—Scuav.
Pi. Preiss. i, 118-115.—F. Muetu. Fragm. i. 83 ;
ii. 82.—Benrnu. Fl. Austral. iii. 89.— Wate. Rep.

‘ii, 160, 922; v, 738.

3 Teon. t. 852.—B. H. Gen. 702, n. 16.—
Cheynia J. DrumM. Hook. Kew Journ, vii. 56.

362 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

free. Sepals 5, rather broad, imbricate, persistent, with as many
alternate imbricate finally patent petals inserted at mouth of receptacle.
Stamens oo (of Beckea), inserted with perianth. Germen inferior,
adnate to bottom of receptacle, plane or depressed at apex; style
simple, at stigmatose apex capitate, shortly 3-lobed. Ovules in cells
3-20 , inserted around peltate placenta. Fruit inferior capsular, lo-
culicidal at vertex; seeds...?—A low glabrous shrub ;' leaves
opposite ericoid linear; flowers’? axillary solitary pedunculate ;
bracteoles 2, membranous, inserted under flower at top of slender
peduncle. (Western Australia.)

25. Melaleuca L.‘—Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous; re-
ceptacle campanulate or urceolate. Sepals 5, free or connate at base,
more or less scarous, imbricate, sometimes circumscissile at base deci-
duous (Asteromyrtus*). Petals 5, alternate. Stamens oo, in 5 groups,
oppositipetalous, free or at base, sometimes higher, connate in tube
(Lamarchea®); filaments of each group to a greater or less height
connate with each other or subfree (Callistemon’); anthers versatile,
2-rimose. Germen inferior or in part superior ; cells 3—5, o -ovulate
or very rarely (Conothamnus*), 1-ovulate; placente very variable
in form, either vertical, 2-lamellate, or peltate, transverse or oblique,
more rarely subbasilar. Capsule more or less enclosed by persistent
woody receptacle, loculicidal at vertex; seeds perfect linear or
cuneate; embryo straight.—Odorous trees or shrubs ; leaves alter-
nate or rarely opposite, rigid, either rather broad, 3-00 -nerved, or
linear rigid, enervate or obscurely penninerved; flowers® sessile in
the axils of the floral leaves or bracts solitary and in spikes or capi-
tules not terminal, the branch extending beyond.” (Australia, New
Caledonia, Indian Archip.“)

1 Habit of Beckea.

7 BR. Br. App. Flind. Voy. ii. 547; Bot. Reg. t.

2 Rather large (somewhat resembling those
of Puniea Granatum) ; petals coccineus.

3 Spec. 1. B. pulcherrimum Hoox.—Bentu.
Fil. Austral. iii. 95.—Cheynia pulchra J. Drum.
—Watp. dunn, iv. 822.

4 Mantiss, 14.—J. Gen. 323.—Lamx. Diet. iv.
16; Suppl. iii. 617; Jd. t. 641.—Garrn. Fruct.
j. 178, t. 35 (part).—DC. Prodr. iii. 211.—Sracu,
Suit. & Buffon, iv. 117.—Envu. Gen. n. 6298.—
H. By. Payer Fam, Nat. 367.—B. H. Gen. 705,
n. 22.—Hoox. Fl. Ind, ii. 464.—Gymnagathis
Scuav. Linnea, xvii. 243.—Cajuputt Apans.
Fam. des Pl. ii. 84. P

5 Scuav. Linnea, xvii. 242.

6 Gaunica. Freycin. Voy. Bot. 483, t. 110.—
Envu. Gen. u. 6298.—B. H. Gen. 704, u. 21.

3893.—DC. Prodr. iii. 223,—EInp. Gen. n. 6302,
—B. H. Gen. 704, n. 20. (In 1 species, C. specioso
DC. the staminal filaments long united are in 5
groups, as in most legitimate Melaleuca. This
species is M. paludosa R. Br. Ait. Hort. Kew.
ed. 2, iv. 410.) .

8 Linpi. Swan Riv. App. 9,—Ewpu. Gen. n.
6297.—B. H, Gen. 705, n. 28.

8 White, pale: yellow, pink, lilac, or purple,
often showy.

10 Sect. 3: 1. Humelaleuca (Melaleuca Auctt.),
2. Conothamnus, 3. Lamarchea, 4. Callistemon.

11 Spec. about 120. Cav. Icon. t. 882 (Metro-
sideros), 334-336.—VeEnt. Jard. Cels, t. 10, 69
(Metrosideros) ; Malmais. t. 4, 47, 76, 112.—
Bonpt. Pl. Malmais. t. 4, 41, 34 (Metrosideros),

MYRTACEZ. 363

26. Beaufortia R. Br.\—Flowers nearly of Melaleuca, 5-merous ;
groups of stamens oppositipetalous. Anthers basifixed (not versatile) ;
cells transversely 2-valvate at vertéx (Hubeaufortia®) or dorsally
opposite, extrorsely rimose or subporous at apex (Regelia*), more
rarely connate at back und dehiscing extrorsely and transversely.
Germen, ete., of Melaleuca; ovules in cells 3-5, or 2-4, inserted on
subpeltate ascending placenta (Phymatocarpus*), or 4, inserted in
pairs on peltate or subpeltate placenta (Regelia), oftener 3-5, of which
2 or 4 are abortive; the fertile fifth ascending ; micropyle extrorsely
inferior (Hubeaufortia*).—Rigid shrubs ;° leaves alternate or opposite;
flowers sessile, capitate or spicate terminal, or, the branch projecting,
not terminal.” (West. Australia.’)

27. Calothamnus Lasrit.’—Flowers nearly of Melalewca (or
Beaufortia), 4-5-merous; stamens in 4, 5, groups, oppositipetalous,
highly connate; filaments inferior sometimes anantherous; anthers
basifixed erect, oblong or linear; cells parallel introverted, longitu-
dinally rimose. Germen, etc., of Melaleuca, 3—-4-locular; ovules ;
erect or ascending, inserted on subglobose or more or less peltate
placenta. Capsule and seeds of Melalewca.—Glabrous or pilose
shrubs ; leaves alternate narrow rigid, plane or terete ; inflorescence ”
of Melaleuca; fruit more or less immersed in enlarged rachis.”

(West. Australia.)

8,—Lasity. Pl. N.-Holl. t. 165-169, 171-173.—
Sweer, Fv. Austral. t. 10, 29 (Metrosideros).—
Fizip et Garpn. Sert. t. 74. —Reicus. Ic. Exct.
t. 31, 82, 112, 118.—F. Museu. Fragm. ii. t. 15.
—Benru. Fl, Austral. iii, 118 (Callistemon), 123
(Lamarchea, Melaleuca), 163 (Conothamnus).—
Bog. Reg. t. 393 (1888), t. 7 (Callistemon), t. 103,
410, 477.—Bot, Mag. t. 260, 1761, 1821, 2602
(Callistemon), 1860, 1935, 2268, 3210.— Wap.
Rep. ii. 161 (Lamarchea), 162, 165 (Callistemon) ;
v. 745, 748 (Conothamnus) ; Ann. ii. 618 (Calli-
stemon), 621, 622; iv. 824, 825 (Callistemon).

1 Ait, Hort, Kew, ed. 2,iv. 418.—EnNbDL. Gen.
n. 6295.—Scuau. Nov. Act. Nat. Cur, xxi. p. i.
t. 1A.—Spacu, Swit. @ Buffon, iv, 114.—B. H.
Gen. 705, n. 24.—Schizopleura Linpu. Swan Riv.
App. ix.— Enpu. Gen. n. 6296. — Manglesia
Linow. loc. cit. t. 3 A.

2 Beaufortia of authors.

3 Scuav, Nov, Act. Nat. Cur. xxi. 11.—B. H.
Gen. 706, n. 28.

4B. Mugu. Fragm. iii. 120.—B. H. Gen.

706, n. 26.

5 See, On the Ovules of Beaufortia, H. By.
Adansonia iii, 265.

6 Habit of Bricacee.

7 Sect. 3: 1. Eubeaufortia, 2. Regelia, 3. Phy-
matocarpus,

8 Spec. 16. Retcun. Ic. Exot. t. 102 (Melaleu-
ca).—Bzntu, Fl. Austral. iii, 164, 170 (Regelia),
171 (Phymatocarpus). — Turcz. Bull, Mose.
(1847), 1. 168 (Regelia).— Bot. Reg. t. 18.— Bot.
Mag, t. 1738, 3272.—Watp. Rep. ii, 161; v. 748
(Regelia), 749; Ann, ii. 622.

9 Pl, N.-Holl. ii. 25, t. 164.—DC. Prodr. iii.
211.—Spacu, Suit. & Buffon, iv. 115.—Enrt.
Gen. n. 6294.—Scuav. Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. xxi.
25, t. 1—B. H. Gen. 706, n. 27.—Billottia
Couta, Hort. Rip. 20, t. 28.

10 Flowers showy, often polygamous; sta-
mens a beautiful red.

1 Spec. 22. R. Br. Ait, Hort, Kew, ii, 417.—
Linpu, Swan Riv. App. 9.—F. Muz.y. Fragm.
iii, 111.—Benta. Fl, Austral. iii. 172,—Bot.
Reg. t. 1099.— Bot. Mag. t. 1506.—Watr. Rep.
ii, 161, 930; v. 749; Ann. ii. 622.

364 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

28? Eremea Linpu.'—Flowers nearly of Calothamnus (or Mela-
leuca) ; stamens in 5 groups, oppositipetalous, most sometimes free ;
anthers erect basifixed; cells‘ dorsally apposite, extrorsely rimose.
Germen 3-locular; ovules in cells few or o, inserted in 2-lobed
placenta more or less longitudinally vertical or subbasilar and
ascending.—Shrubs generally ericoid; leaves alternate, 1—5-nerved
or enervate ; flowers terminal, solitary or few (2, 3), bracts imbricate
involucrate. Other characters of Melaleuca or Kunzea.? (West.
Australia.’)

29? Kunzea Retcus.t—Flowers nearly of Hremea; receptacle
rather long, lined with disk. Stamens oo, free; anthers versatile
(of Callistemon). Ovules in cells « , 2-co -seriate recurved. Cap-
sule, enclosed in receptacle, loculicidal, and other characters of Mela-
leuca.—Shrubs generally ericoid; leaves alternate small rigid entire ;
flowers in axils of upper leaves solitary or oftener in terminal capi-
tules (sometimes, from extension of branch, not terminal.’ (Hztra
trop. Australia.*)

80. Tristania R. Br.’—Flowers hermaphrodite; receptacle sub-
plane or concave, hemispherical or turbinate campanulate, glandular
er more or less pilose within. Sepals 5, subvalvate or imbricate.
Petals 5, alternate, membranous or more or less coriaceous, imbricate.
Stamens oo, shortly or oftener (Hutristania*) long 5-adelphous;
groups oppositipetalous; filaments free above, either erect (Nerio-
phyllum®), or more or less inflexed (Hutristania, Lophostemon*) ;
anthers short, versatile. Germen inferior (Lophostemon, Neriophyl-
lum), or more or less superior, for the greater part free (Hutristania),

1 Swan Riv. App. 11.—Enpu. Gen. n. 6804.
B. H. Gen. 707, n. 30.

2 A genus of very doubtful autonomy, “it
differs from Calothamnus in habit short stamens
and anthers, from Phymatocarpus in anthers,
from both in inflorescence” (B. H.), characters
here apparently of less importance.

3 Spec. 5. Scuav. Pl. Preiss. i. 156,—Ewpt..

Hueg. Enum. 50 (Metrosideros)—F. Mustu.
Fragm. ii. 29.—Bzntu. Fl. Austral, iii, 180.—
Watp. Rep. ii. 166.

4 Consp. 175.—B. H. Gen. 703, n. 19.—Salisia
Lup. Swan Riv. App. 10.—Enpu. Gen. n.
6308.—Pentagonaster Ku. Ott. et Dietr. Allg.
Gartenz, iv. 1138.

5 A genus scarcely to be retained, being very
near Callistemon, a section of Melaleuca, and dif-

fering from Eremea only in its anthers.

6 Spec. about 15. Vent. Malmais. t. 46 (Me-
trosideros).—S. Exot. Bot. t. 59 (Leptospermum).-
—PLapsmy. Pl. N.-Holl. ii, 9, t. 147 (Lepto-
spermum).—RzEIcuB. Hort. Bot. i. t, 84 (Calliste-
mon).—Scuau. Pl. Preiss. i, 123.—F, Mvetz.
Fragm. ii. 27.—Bentu. Fl. Austral. iii. 111.—
Watp. Rep. v. 741; Ann. ii. 619,

7 Ait, Hort, Kew, ed. 2, iv. 417.—DC. Prodr,
iii. 210.—Spacu, Swit. é Buffon, iv. 118.—EnpL.
Gen, n. 6290.—H. By. Payer Fam. Nat. 366.—
B. H. Gen. 708, n. 32.—Hoox. Fil. Ind. ii. 465.

5 B. H. loc. cit. 709, sect. 3.—Tristaniopsis
Br. et Gr. Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 5, ii. 130.

® B. H. Joe. cit, sect. 1.

10 Scuort, Wien. Zeitschr. iii. (18380) 772.—
B.H. loc. cit. sect. 3.

MYRTACER. 365

8-locular ; style simple, at apex truncate or more or less dilated stig-
matose. Ovules in cells co , inserted on a vertical or thick squamiform
or peltate (Hutristania) entire or more or less 2-lobed placenta, hori-
zontal or descending, straight recurved or reflexed. Capsule free or
more or less adnate to receptacular tube, loculicidal above; valves
septate within, oo -spermous. Seeds cuneate or attenuate above or
alato-dilated; cotyledons of straight exalbuminous embryo plano-
convex, longer than ascending radicle.—Treeg or shrubs glabrous or
with various integument; leaves alternate or subverticillate, more
rarely (Neriophyllum) opposite, oftener coriaceous ; flowers! in axil-
lary or terminal more or less ramose, sometimes corymbiform cymes,
bracteate. (Australia, New Caledonia, Indian Archip.?)

31. Metrosideros Banxs.’—Flowers hermaphrodite; receptacle
concave, of various form; sometimes subplane. Sepals 5, slightly
imbricate or valvate, more or less connate, sometimes unequally
lacerate or calyptrately solute (Pleurocalyptus *), Petals 5, alternate,
imbricate. Stamens oo, longer than petals, free or subfree; anthers
short, versatile. Germen inferior, semi-superior or superior; cells 3,
complete or incomplete. Ovules 0, sometimes few (Tepualia*). or
1 (Sarcynpia ®) transverse or ascending or descending, inserted in a
vertical or capitate, clavate or peltate (Xanthostemon’), transverse or
oblique, entire or more or less 2-lobed placenta. Fruit capsular, or
more or less adnate to receptacle loculicidal or sometimes irregularly
dehiscent above. Seeds oo, oftener ascending, imbricate, linear or
occasionally cuneate, more rarely semi-orbiculate ; cotyledons of
exalbuminous embryo plane, plano-convex or plicate, longer than
radicle. —Trees or shrubs, sometimes scandent, glabrous or tomentose ;
leaves opposite or alternate, rarely subverticillate, penninerved ;
flowers * cymose; cymes axillary-or terminal more or less compound,

1 White, orange or yellowish,

% Spec. about 20. Bonrz, Malmais. t. 30.—
Benn. Fl. Jav. Rar, 127,.t. 27.—Mia. Fl. Ind,«
Bat. i. p. i. 397.—Bznra. Fi. Austral, iii. 261.—
Br. et Gr. Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 5, ii. 130; iii.
228; xiii. 383; Nouv. Arch, Mus. iv. 12, t. 5
(Tristaniopsis).— Bot. Reg. t. 1889.—Bot. Mag.
t.1058 (Melaleuca).—Watr. Rep. ii. 160, 927:
v. 744; Ann. ii, 621,

3 Gertn. Fruct. i. 170, t. 34 (part).—Lamx,
It, t. 421.—Porr. Dict. Suppl. iii. 679.—DC.
Prodr, iii. 224.—Spacu, Suit. & Buffon, iv. 138.—
Envi. Gen. n. 6303 (part).—H. B. Payer Fam.
Nat. 366.—B. H. Gen. 710, n. 38,—E. Tison,
Bull, Soc. Lin, Par. 102,—Nania Mia. Fl. Ind.-

Bat. i, p. i399; Journ. Bot. Néerl. (1861) 297.

4 Br. et Gr. Nowy. Arch. Mus. iv. 20, t. 8 ;
Ann. Se. Nat, sér, 5, xiii. 387.

5 Grises. Pf. Philipp: 31; Abh. I. Wiss.
Gett, vii—B. H. Gen. 710, n. 36.

6 The type of which is Syncarpia laurifolia.

7 F. Musw, Hook. Kew Journ. ix. 17.—B.H.
Gen. 711, 0. 89.—Bunrn. Hook. Icon. t. 1040.—
? Draparnaudia Montrovz. Mém. Acad. Lyon, x.
205 (ex B. H.).—Fremya Br. et Gr. Bull. Soe.
Bot. Fr. x. 874; Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 5, ii. 181;
iii. 427; Now. Arch, Mus. iv. 17, t. 7.

® Oftener showy, orange, golden or red,
generally articulate,

°66 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

more or less stipitate, sometimes collected in spurious capitules
(Syncarpia').2 (Oceania from Indian Archipelago to New Zealand,’
South Africa, Chili.*)

32? Mooria Monrrovz.'—Flowers nearly of Metrosideros, 5-
merous; sepals slightly imbricate. Petals 5, scarcely longer, imbri-
cate. Stamens o, generally subequal to petals free; anthers
versatile. Germen partly sometimes almost entirely free, 3-locular.
Ovules in cells oo, oftener few, inserted on placenta obliquely
ascending from internal angle, ascending. Capsule more or less
adnate to receptacle, loculicidal. Seeds sometimes attenuate or alate ;
cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo longer than radicle, oblong.—
Shrubs or small trees, more frequently much branched ; leaves oppo-
site penninerved, glabrous or tomentose ; flowers * solitary or oftener
more or less compoundly cymose, terminal or axillary at apex ;
other characters of Metrosideros.’ (New Caledonia.*)

33? Arillastrum Pancu.°—Flowers nearly of Metrosideros (or
Tristania), 4-merous; receptacle concave subcampanulate. Sepals
decussately imbricate. Petals imbricate, finally patent, subcoriaceous,
externally ferruginous puberulous. Stamens o, in 4 oppositipeta-
lous groups; the exterior sterile; anthers of fertile ones oblong
introrse. Germen inferior, internally adnate to receptacle, 2-locular ;
placentz rather prominent, 2-lobed, oo -ovulate. Fruit capsular, ad-
nate within to thick woody subcampanulate receptacle, crowned with
4 thick or broad cuneate teeth (sepals), opening loculicidally at apex
and finally incompletely 2-valvate. Seeds oo, of which 1 generally

1 Tren. Mem. Soc. Ital. Moden. xxii. t. 1.—
Envi. Gen, n. 6291.—B. H. Gen. 709, n. 33.—
Kamptzia Ness, Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. xviii.
Suppl. pref, 8, t. 1.

2 Sect. 4: 1. Tepualia, 2. Nania, 38. Xantho-
stemon, 4. Kamptzia, 5. Syncarpia, 6. Sarcynpia
(to which perhaps may be added Lysicarpus F.
Mute... Trans. Phil. Inst. Vict. ii. 68.—Brntu.
Fl, Austral. iii, 266; Gen. 709, n. 34; Hook. Ie.
t. 1042, differing in exterior anthers being ste-
rile reniform.

3 Lapiuu. Sert. ditoetlt t. 59, 60.—Hoox.
and Arn. Beech. Voy. Bot. t. 12. — Foor. Icon.
t. 669.—Gavpticu. Freye. Voy. Bot. t. 108, 109.
—F, Must. Fragm.i. 243.—Mia. Fl, Ind.-Bat.
i, p. i. 401.—A. Gray, Unit, St. Expl. Exp. Bot.
i. t. 68-70.—Hoox. F. Fl. N,-Zeal. t. 16-17;
Handb. N.-Zeal. Fl. 70.—Bnr. et Gr. Ann. Se.
Nat. sér. 5, ii. 1387.— Bunru. Fl, Austral. iii. 265
(Syncarpia), 267, 268 (Xanthostemon). — Bot.
Mag. t. 4515, 4471, 4488.—Rev. Hort, (1865)

310 (Fremya).—Watr. Rep. ii. 165; v. 741;
Ann. ii, 619; iv. 823 (Tepualia, Nania), 824
(Syncarpia), 826,

4 Spec. 1. C. Gay, Fl. Chil, ii. 878 (Myrtus).
—Hoox. r. Fl. Antaret. ii. 75. —

5 Mém. Acad. Lyon, x. 204. — ? Ballardia
Monrnovz. loc. cit, 204 (ex B, H.),—Cloezia Br.
et Gr. Bull, Soc. Bot. Fr. x. 676; Ann. Se, Nat.
sér. 5, ii. 184; Now. Arch. Mus. iv. 16, t. 6.—
B. H. Gen. 709, n. 35.

® Moderate or small,

. 7 Of which perhaps only a section, a mean
between the true Metrusideros and Tepualia (?),
distinct only by its short stamens and petals.

8 Spec. about 8, polymorphous, SzEem. Journ.
Bot. ii. 74 (Backea).

9 Ex Br. et Gr, Bull. Soc, Bot, Fr. x. 574.—
Spermolepis Br, et Gr. loc. cit.; Ann. Sc. Nat.
sér. 6, ii. 136 (part) ; xiii. 374; Now. Arch. Mus,
iv, 22, t. 9.—B. H. Gen. 710, n. 37.

MYRTACEZ. 367

mature subspherical in each cell; cotyledons of exalbuminous sub-
spherical embryo broad reflexed replicate; coat loaded and involved
with remaining sterile membranous squamose ovules.|\—A remarkable
tree, yielding a gummy juice; trunk large; leaves opposite penni-
nerved punctulate ; indumentum ferruginous ; flowers? glomerate in.
upper axils at top of peduncle dilated and compressed at apex,
3-nate, bracteolate.2 (New Caledonia.*)

34. Eucalyptus Luer.'—Flowers oftener 4-merous; receptacle
very concave, campanulate or turbinate. Calyx continuous with
margin, oftener short, truncate, entire at apex or remotely 4-dentate.
Petals inserted with calyx and highly connate in herbaceous or
coriaceous hood circumscissile and deciduous at anthesis or rarely
(Hudesmia*) more or less evidently solute. Stamens 0 , 0 -seriate ;
filaments free, incurved or spirally twisted in bud; anthers small,
versatile ; cells parallel, longitudinally rimose. Germen inferior,
adnate within to bottom of receptacle, flat at vertex, 2—4-locular ;
style short or more or less elongate filiform, scarcely or not at all
dilated at stigmatose apex. Ovules in cells o, often horizontal,
sometimes partly sterile. Fruit capsular, internally adnate to indu-
rate and at mouth truncate receptacle, loculicidal at vertex. Seeds
co, often 2-morphous,’ angular or linear-cuneate; cotyledons of
straight exalbuminous embryo plane or complicate, longer than
radicle-—Aromatic trees, sometimes lofty, often glaucous; leaves
opposite or alternate,* entire penninerved coriaceous pellucid-punctate;
flowers ° axillary, in pedunculate, umbelliform or capituliform cymes,
5—co, sometimes rarely solitary; fruit either free, or more rarely
(Symphyomyrtus *°) connate with each other; bracts narrow or mem-
branous and falling long before anthesis. (Australia, Ind. Archip.")

1 Resembling an aril (whence name of genus).

2 Yellow, showy.

3 A race very near to some Tristanie of the
same region, differing in the nature of its fruit
and seeds.

4 Spec. 1. 4. gummiferum Pancu. loc. cit.;
Not. bois N.-Caléd. 251.—Spermolepis gummifera
Bx. et Gr. loc, cit.

5 Sert. Angl. 18.—Lamx. Jil. t. 422.—Porr.
Dict. Suppl. ii. 590.—DC. Prodr. iii. 216.—
Sracu, Suit, & Buffon, iv. 126.—EnpL. Gen. n.
6300.—Parer, Organog. 459, t. 98—H. Bn.
Payer Fam. Nat. 366.—B. H. Gen. 707, n. 30.

6 R. Br. App. Flind. Voy. ii. 599, t. 3.—DC.
Prodr, iii. 216.—Enpu. Gen. n. 6299.

7 The inferior (like the ovules) ovoid or sub-

globose short; but the superior often linear-
elongate and (always ?) sterile.

8 Often in the same tree; the inferior oppo-
site, the superior alternate.

9 White or pale golden, sometimes purplish,
often rich in odorous nectar.

10 Scuav. Pl. Preiss. i. 126,

11 Spec. about 150. Garin. Fruct. i. t. 34, fig.
1 (Metrosideros),—Cav. Icon. t. 840-342.—Sm.
Pl. N.-Holl. t. 18, 42, 48; Exot. Bot. t. 84.—
Lazitu. Voy. t. 18, 20; Pl, N.-Holl. t. 150-154.
DC. Hém. Myrtac. t. 4-11.—Boneu. Malm. t. 13.
—Sweer, Fl. Austral, t. 24 (Eudesmia).— Link
et Orro, Adbdild. t. 45.—CoLt. Hort. Rip. App.
4, t. 1.—Miae. Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. p. i. 398.—Hoox.
Icon. t. 405, 611, 619, 849, 879.—F. Mveu.

368 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

35. Angophora Cav.'—Flowers nearly of Eucalyptus; calyx
gamophyllous, 5-costate, membranous at margin, remotely 5-dentate ;
teeth rather prominent. Petals 5, distinct, connivent in a glohe,
highly imbricate, deciduous at base. Stamens gynecium and capsule
of Hucalyptus ; seeds? in cells 1, ovate plano-compressed, peltately
affixed; cotyledons of straight exalbuminous embryo orbicular-cor-
date,.plane or at margin alternately replicate; radicle very short
straight.— Trees or shrubs; leaves, generally opposite, coriaceous, and
other characters of Hucalyptus ;* flowers in terminal compound-
ramose corymbiform cymes. (Hast. Australia.*)

36. Backhousia Hoox. & Harv.’—Flowers oftener 4-merous;
receptacle deeply cupular or obconical, adnate at base to germen
within. Sepals 4, often subpetaloid, persistent. Stamens 0; fila-
ments free, slender, o -seriate; anthers versatile. Germen free to a
variable extent, 2-locular ; style slender simple, scarcely dilated at
stigmatose apex; ovules oo, inserted on longitudinal or subapical
placenta, transverse or descending, nearly straight or recurved.
Fruit capsular, nore or less free, girt with persistent perianth, 2-
coccous, indehiscent(?); sceds cuneate or obovate; cotyledons of
straight embryo straight or (where known) conduplicate; radicle
shorter. Small trees or shrubs ; leaves opposite ; flowers® in axillary
compound umbelliform or capituliform cymes; bracts very caducous.
(Hast. Australia.")

37. Osbornia F. Mvurty.*—Flowers generally 8-merous, apetalous;
receptacle concave turbinate, not produced beyond germen adnate
within. Sepals 8, sub-2-seriate, persistent. Stamens oo , few-seriate ;

Journ. Linn. Soe. iii. 81; Pl, Viet. Suppl. t. 16,
17; Fragm. ii, 32,171; iii. 57, 180, 152; iv. 51,
159; v. 14,45; vi. 25; vii. 41; viii. 142, 184.—
Bentu. Fl. Austral. iii. 185.—Bot. Reg. t. 947.—
Bot. Mag. t. 2087, 3260, 4036, 4266, 4333, 4637,
6151.—Watp. Rep. ii. 163, 924; v. 748; Ann.
ii, 619; iv. 824.—Tu. Innuscn, Ein Beob. an
Eucalyptus Globulus, Zeitschr. f. d. ges. Natur-
wiss. bd. xlvii. (1876) ; and on the uses of this
species: Chemical Products of the Eucalyptus,
J. of All, Sci, ed. Simmonds, vii, 148 (Oct. 1876).

1 Icon. iv. 21, t. 338, 889.—DC. Prodr. iii.
222.—Spacu, Suit. & Buffon, iv. 134.—Enopz.
Gen. n. 6301.—B. H. Gen. 707, u. 29.

2 Where known.

3 From which genus it differs only by its so-
lute petals and form of seeds (? if constant)

(B. H.).

4 Spec. 4. Gmrrn. Fruct. i. 171, t. 34, fig. 2
(Metrosideros).—Prrs. Enchir. ii. 25 (Metroside-
ros) —SM. Trans. Linn, Soc, iii. 267; Exot. Bot.
t. 42 (Metrosideros)—Anpr. Bot. Repos, t, 281
(Metrosideros).— Vent. Malmais. t. 5 (Metroside-
ros).—Lopp. Bot. Cab. t. 106 (Metrosideros).—
Link. En. Hort. Berol. ii, 31 (Hucalyptus).--F.
Muett. Fragm.i. 31; iv.170.—Bznru. Fl. Aus-
tral. iii, 183.—Bot. Mag. t. 1960 (Metrosideros).
—Watp. Rep. ii. 164, 920; Ann. iv. 825.

5 Bot. Mag. t. 4188.—B. H. Gen. 711, n. 40.

® White or pale greenish.

* Spec. 4. F. Muruy. Fragm.i. 78; ii. 26, 171.
—Benru. Fl, Austral. iti. 269.

8 Fragm. Phyt. Austral. iii, 830.—B, H. Gen.
711, n. 41,

MYRTACEZ. 369

anthers small, versatile, 2-rimose. Germen inferior, 2-locular, style
‘simple, at stigmatose apex rather obtuse. Ovules in subcomplete or
incomplete cells oo, 2-seriate. Fruit dry (?) indehiscent, crowned
with calyx; seeds 1, 2, obovoid; coats thin; cotyledons of straight
embryo plano-convex and longer than radicle.—A glabrous shrub ;!
leaves opposite obovate-oblong penninerved coriaceous ;* flowers
axillary or terminal, solitary or glomerate, 3-nate, hoary tomentose ;
bracteoles caducous.? (Trop. Australia.*)

III. CHAMALAUCIEA,

38. Chamelaucium Dzsr.—Flowers hermaphrodite or sometimes
polygamous ; receptacle concave, obconical or campanulate, sometimes
5-10-costate. Sepals 5, marginally inserted, short, imbricate, finally
patent, sometimes ciliate or subpetaloid. Petals 5, alternate, longer,
orbicular, concave, imbricate. Stamens 10, inserted 2-seriately with
perianth and alternating with as many elongate incurved glandular
squamules (‘“ staminodes”’) ; filaments short thick incurved, free or
very shortly connate at base; anthers short or subglobose extrorse ;
cells adnate to thick connective, dehiscing by a short longitudinal
fissure. Germen inferior, adnate to receptacle within, 1-locular ;
style erect, oftener shorter than the perianth, often stigmatose and
variously dilated under apex, barbate with rigid glandular simple
hairs. Ovules in cell 6-10, sometimes 2-seriate, inserted on sub-
basilar or oblique eccentric placenta, ascending, anatropous; micro-
pyle extrorsely inferior. Fruit crowned with persistent calyx, dry,
indehiscent; seeds ascending 1, 2; embryo . . . ?—Ericoid pellucid-
punctate odorous shrubs; leaves opposite or rarely alternate, linear
entire; flowers axillary to leaves or to bracts inserted at top of twigs,
sessile or shortly stipitate, solitary or few cymose ; inflorescence ter-
minal sometimes ‘capituliform; bracts widely scarious enclosing the
bud and falling before or at anthesis. (South-west. Australia).—See

p. 821.
39. Darwinia Rupex.’—Flowers nearly of Chamelaucium, 5-

5 Trans. Linn. Soc. xi.299, t. 22 (not Dunwst.).
—Don, Edinb. New Phil. Journ, (Apr. 1829),
84,—Scuav. Myrt. Xeroc, t. 2 D.—ENDL. Gen.

Rhizophoracee and Combretacee. n. 6282.—B. H. Gen. 697, n. 2.—H. By. Adan-
4 Spec. 1. O. oetodonta F. Mvetn.—Bsnra. sonia, xi, 3 (incl.: Genetyllis DC. Schuermanma
F. Muri.

Hook. Ic. n. 1041; Fl, Austral. iii. 271. :
VOL. VI. 24

1 Except flowers.
2 Nearly of Lumnitzera.
3 Gen. connecting the Myrtacee with the

370 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

merous; sepals 5, broad petaloid (Schuermannia'), entire or ciliate,
sometimes minute squamiform (Genetyllis?) or subnil. Stamens 10,
2-seriate, * alternating with an equal number of glands;* anthers
subglobose, dehiscing subdorsally by pores or very short fissures.
Germen inferior, 1-locular ; style generally elongate subulate, under
apex imbarbate or oftener barbate. Ovules in cells 2, or rarely 4,
occasionally § inserted on parietal placenta, ascending, anatropous;
micropyle extrorsely inferior.’ Fruit crowned with perianth, inde-
hiscent. Seed 1; embryo fleshy (undivided ? °).—Odorous shrubs ;
leaves alternate or rarely opposite, entire or ciliate, pellucid-punctate,
articulate; flowers in axils of upper leaves solitary or terminal capi-
tate (Genetyllis”) and there often involucrate with leaf-like (coloured)
bracts ; bracteoles lateral. (Australia.®)

40? Actinodium Scuav.°—Flowers” of Darwinia, 4-merous;
receptacle 4-gonal; glands between stamens 0.—An ericoid shrub ;
leaves alternate linear; capitules terminal, involucrate with mem-
branous coloured bracts; bracteoles scarious. Other characters of
Darwinia.™ (Trop. Australia.”)

41? Homoranthus A. Cunn.%—Flowers nearly of Darwinia, 5-
merous ; receptacle tubular, 5-costate ; sepals long subulate and petals
long superior. Stamens, alternate glandules and germen of Darwinia;
ovules 4—8, inserted on short basilar eccentric placenta. Fruit... .?—
An ericoid shrub; leaves opposite, linear-3-quetrous; flowers at summit
of twigs 2-4, solitary in axils of bracts; bracteoles broadly scarious
enclosing buds and falling before anthesis.* (Hast. Australia.")

LF, Muetu. Linnea, xxv. 386.

2DC. Prodr, iii. 209; Dict. Class. xi. 400;
Mém. Myrtac. t. 2.—Enpu, Gen, n. 6284.—He-
daroma Linpu, Sw. Riv. App. 7, t. 2 B.—Enp1.
Gen. n. 6285,—Polyzone Envi, Ann, Wien, Mus. ii.
490; N. St. Mus. Vindob. Dee. 80 ; Gen. n. 62838.—
Cryptostemon F, Muu, ex Mia. Ned. Kruidh.
Arch, iv, 114.—Francisia Envi. Gen. n. 6286.

3 The adult appear to be 1-seriate.

4 Staminodes according to some authors.

5 Oppositipetalous.

6 Macropod very thick ; but the radicles very
small; plumule incumbent (?).

7 Sect. 2 (B. H.): 1. Genetyllis, 2, Schuer-
mannia.

8 Spec. 22, 28. Turoz, Bull. Mose. (1847) i. 155;
(1849), ii. 18 (Genetyllis) —Ewvu. Hueg. Enum.
47 (Genetyllis),—Meissn. Journ. Linn, Soe. i. 36
(Genetyllis), —Kirr. Journ, Linn, Soc. i. 49 (Gene
tyllis). —F. Mux. Fragm, ii. 169 (Genetyllis) ;

iv. 58, 174 (Genetyllis) ; viii. 182.—Buntu. FU.
Austral. iii, 6.— Bot. Mag. t. 4858, 4860, 5468
(Genetyllis)—Waxp. Rep. ii, 158, 920; v. 727;
Ann, ii. 615 (Genetyllis) ; v. 821 (Schuermannia).

9 Linnea, x, 311; Myrt. Xeroe. 24, t. 1B.—B.
H. Gen. 696, n. 1.

The exterior sterile,

11 Of which it is rather a section ?

12 Spec. 1. A. Cunninghamii Scuav. Lindl.
Introd, ed. 2, 440; Pl. Preiss. i. 96.—Buntu, Fl.
Austral. iii. 5.—A. proliferum Turcz. Bull. Mose,
(1849) ii, 17.—Triphelia brunivides R. Bri—
Envi. Hueg. Enum. 48,

13Ex Scuavu. Linnea, x. 310; Myrt. Xeroe.
39, t. 18.—Ewpu. Gen. n. 6281.—B. H. Gen. 697,
n. 3.—Euosanthes A. Cunn. (ex Enpt.).

4 A genus differing from Darwinia (of which
it is rather a section ?) only in sepals.

16 Spee. 1. H. virgatus A. Cunn.—Benra. Fi.
Austral. iii. 16.

MYRTACEZ, 371

42. Verticordia DC.'—Flowers nearly of Chamelaucium, recep-
tacle externally 5-10-costate. Sepals® 5, patent, deeply divided into
bristly plumose or pectinate-ciliate lobes (sometimes in addition 5
exterior alternate, herbaceous or deeply ciliate scarious and reflexed).
Petals 5, entire, or fimbriate. Stamens 10, alternating with as many
glandules; anthers short, poricid or shortly rimose. Germen 1-
locular ; ovules 1,2 or more rarely 3-10, inserted on basilar or eccen-
tric placenta, erect or ascending, anatropous or peritropous ; micropyle
extrorsely inferior. Fruit crowned with calyx, indehiscent (?). Seed
1; embryo fleshy (undivided ?*).—Shrubs; leaves opposite or very
rarely alternate, often ericoid, etc., of Chamelaucium ; flowers in
upper axils solitary or in spikes, racemes or terminal .corymbs ; brac-
teoles 2, subscarious, imbricate and enclosing the bud, falling long
before anthesis. Other characters of Chamelaucium. (Australia. °)

43. Pileanthus Lasiti.’—Flowers nearly of Chamelaucium,
sepals 10, petaloid, subequal, entire, patent. Stamens 20 and upwards,
one interior to each sepal; the rest 4—co interior to each petal ; fila-
ments dilated or 2-furcate at apex ; anther-cells longitudinally rimose,
contiguous or very remote in furcate filaments, Germen, etc., of.
Chamelauciwm ; ovules 6-10, inserted on eccentric basilar placenta,
2-serlate.—Ericoid shrubs ; leaves oftener opposite linear, 3-quetrous
or terete; flowers terminal corymbose; upper leaves 1-florous; brac-
teoles broad scarious enclosing bud, falling early circumscissus above
the base. (South-west. Australia.*®)

44? Lhotzkya Scuav.’—Flowers 5-merous; receptacle lageniform

1 Diet. Class. xi. 400; xvi. 565; Prodr. iii.
209.—Spacn, Suit. & Buffon, iv. 110.—Enpu,
Gen. nu. 6279.—H. Bn, Payer Fam. Nat. 368.—B.
H. Gen. (97, u. 4.—Chrysorrhoe Linpu. Comp, to
Bot. Mag. ii. 357; Sw. Riv. App. t.1; Hook.
Journ, Bot, ii. t. 18.—Diplachne R. Br. mss. ex
Scuav.

2 Generally coloured.

3 Radicle very macropod; gemmule (?) very
small incumbent (?), undivided or 2-lobed.

4 Petals white pink or sometimes yellow.

5 Sect. (ex Scuau, Myrt. Xeroc. t, 4B) in 2
gen.: 1. Calymmatanthus; appendages of calyx
comose; 2. Euverticordia; appendages 0.

6 Spec. about 39. Dusr. Mdm. Mus. v, 6. 4, 19
(Chamelaucium).—Lanpu. loc, cit. t. 2A—
Scuav. Lehm. Pl. Preiss, i. 99,—Hoox. Journ.

Bot. ii, t. 13 (Chrysorrhoe), 14,—Tunrcz. Bull.
Mose. (1849) ii, 19.—F. Mux, Trans, Viet, Inst.
122; Fragm. i. 164, 226; iv. 58; v. 14; viii. 182.
—Bentu. Fi. Austral, iti. 16.— Bot. Mag. t. 5286.
—Watp. Rep. ii. 154; v.730; Ann, ii. 616.

? Pl. N.-Holl. ii, 11, t. 149.—DC. Prodr. iii.
209.—Spacu, Swit. & Buffon, iv. 111—Enpt.
Ann. Wien, Mus. ii. 196 ;. Gen. nu. 6278.—Scuav.
Myrt. Xeroe, 77, t. 6, fig. A, B.—B. H, Gen,
698, n. 5.

8 Spec, 3.3. dan. Mus. xix, 482.—Desr. Mém.
Mus. v. t. 3.—F. Must. Fragm. i. 225.-
Mrtssn. Journ, Linn. Soc. i. 45.—Buntu. Fl, Aus-
tral. ii. 34.—Watr. Rep. ii. 157; v. 731.

9 Linnea, x. 809; Lindl. Introd, ed. 2, 493;
Myrt. Xeroc. t. 7-—Envu, Gen. 0. 6276.—B. H.
Gen. 609, n. 8.

249

372 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

dilated below and there enclosing germen adnate within, higher pro-
duced to a long tubular neck and at apex dilated to a cupule bearing
at the margin the perianth and the stamens. Sepals 5, obtuse or
retuse, not aristate. Petals 5. Stamens oo, 0 -seriate. Germen
inferior, 1-locular; ovules 2, ascending, inserted on placenta extend-
ing from base to apex of cell. Fruit dry, crowned with calyx,
indehiscent; seed 1; cotyledons of straight exalbuminous embryo
minute.—Ericoid shrubs; alternate and sometimes opposite leaves,
etc., of Calythriz.’ (Australia.*)

45, Calythrix Lasri.2—Flowers (nearly of Lhotzkya); receptacle
long lageniform ; neck sometimes very narrow tubular, above cupu-
larly dilated and bearing perianth inserted on margin. Sepals* 5,
patent, scarious at margin and mucronate or oftener far produced to
a setiform arista. Petals 5, entire, deciduous. Stamens o (often
25-30), co -seriate; the interior shorter; filaments inserted with
perianth, unequal ;° anthers short introrse, versatile. Germen inferior,
adnate within to receptacle, 1-locular ; placenta springing from dis-
sepiform bottom of germen and extending to its apex. Ovules 2,
subbasilar, collaterally erect anatropous; micropyle introrsely” in-
ferior. Fruit often crowned with calyx and receptacle, dry, inde-
hiscent. Seed 1, erect; cotyledons of thick straight embryo very
short.—Ericoid shrubs or undershrubs; leaves alternate, semiterete
or 3—4-quetrous, articulate at base and there sometimes furnished
with 2 minute linear caducous stipules; flowers® axillary or capi-
tately corymbose at summit of twigs; floral leaves often changed to
bracts; bracteoles 2, lateral, persistent, subfoliaceous or often
scarious, imbricate.® (Australia.")

1 From which genus it differs only in its ob-
tuse or retuse sepals and in nearly the same
manner a8 Homorantho Darwinia.

2 Spec. 8. ARN. Hook. Journ. Bot, ii. t. 15.—
Linvt. Sw. Riv. App. 7; Mitch. Thr. Exped. ii.

5 The 5 smaller oftener alternipetalous.

6 Septum sometimes incomplete.

7 Opposite insertion of septum.

8 White, pink, or yellow.

9 A genus differing from Lhotzkya only in the

178 (Genetyllis)—Tureoz, Bull. Mose. (1862) ii.
324.—Scnav. Pi. Preiss, i. 108.—F. Must.
Trans, Phil. Soc, Vict.i. 16; Fragm. i. 18, 224.—
Bentu. Fl. Austral, iii. 58.—Watr. Rep. ii.157;
v. 732.

2 Pl. N.-Holl. ii. 8, t. 146 (Calytriz).—DC.
Prodr. ii. 208 ; Mém. Myrt. t. 1.—Spacu, Suit. a
Buffon, iv, 107.—Scuav. Myrt. Xeroc. (ex Nov.
Act, Nat. Cur, xix.) 288, t. 6 B.—B. H. Gen, 699,
n, 7.—Calycothriz Murtssn. Gen. 107.—Ennv1.
Gen. n, 6275.—H. Bu. Payer Fam, Nat. 367.

4 Petaloid.

form of the sepals.
10 Spec. about 34. Linn. Sw, Riv. App. 4, t.
38B.—A. Ricu. Voy. Astrol. Bot. t, 16—Fre.p

_et Garon. Sert. Pi. t. 38.—Scuav. Pl. Preiss. i.

104.—Murtssn. Journ. Linn. Soc. i. 46.—Turcz.
Bull, Moso, (1847) i. 164; (1849) ii, 20.—A.
Cunn. Bot. Mag. t. 3323,—F. Muze. Trans. Inst.
Vict. iii. 42; Fragm. i, 12, 146, 222; iv, 36,177;
vii. 40; viii. 182.—Brnru. Fi, Austral. iii. 39.
—Bot. Reg. t. 409.—Watp. Rep. ii. 157 ; v. 738 ;
Ann. ii, 616.

MYRTACEZ. 373

46. Thryptomene Enpu.'—Flowers 5-merous ; receptacle short,
cylindrical, turbinate or hemispherical. Sepals 5, entire, patent,
persistent (petaloid). Petals 5, connivent, persistent. Stamens 5-10,
alternipetalous ;? filaments short inflexed; anthers introrse, some-
times crowned with globular apiculate connective; cells distinct, at
apex poricid or shortly rimose. Germen inferior, adnate within to
receptacle ; ovules in cell 2, ascending (of Calythria) or more rarely
4—10, inserted on a more or less elongate dissepimentiform parietal
placenta; style slender simple, at apex capitate stigmatose. Fruit
dry, 1-2-spermous, indehiscent or spuriously 2-coccous. Seeds glo-
bose or hemispherical ; radicle of exalouminous embryo very thick ;
cotyledons minute inflexed to apex of slender neck.—Ericoid glabrous
shrubs ;° leaves opposite entire, small or minute, thick pellucid-
punctate; flowers axillary, solitary or more rarely few cymose ;
pedicels articulate under flower ; bracteoles 2 lateral, partly scarous,
deciduous. (Australia.*)

47? Homalocalyx F. Mustu.5—Flowers nearly of Thryptomene ;
5-merous; perianth caducous. Stamens oo (8-20); anthers versa-
tile. Germen inferior; ovules 2, inserted on eccentric subbasilar
placenta. Fruit ...? Other characters‘of Thryptomene’ (or Lhotzkya).
—Fricoid glabrous shrubs; leaves alternate or rarely opposite,
closely packed entire (smgll) ; flowers axillary solitary subsessile ;
bracteoles 2 lateral, broad marginally or entirely scarious, generally
persistent. (Warm Australia.)

48? Micromyrtus Benru.*—Flowers nearly of Thryptomene ;
sepals 5, persistent (sometimes 0). Petals 5, small, patent, deciduous,
more rarely persistent. Stamens 5, oppositipetalous, or 10; anthers
small, 2-rimose. Germen 1-locular; ovules 2-4, descending from
apex of filiform placenta extending from bottom to top of cell, colla-
teral. Fruit, seed, embryo, etc., of Thryptomene.’—Ericoid shrubs ;

1 Ann, Wien. Mus. ii. 192; Nov. Stirp. Mus.
Vindob. Dec, 72; Gen, n. 6277.—Scuav, Myrt.
Xeroe. t. 6A,—B. H. Gen. 700, n. 10.—Pary-
phantha Scuav. Linnea, xvii. 2385. — Astrea
Scuav. loc. cit. 288 (not Ku.)—Eremopyxis H.
BN. Adansonia, ii, 328.

2 1 or 2 stamens before each sepal.

3 Habit of Beckea or Leptospermumn,

4 Spec.17. Scuau. Pl. Preiss. 1.102.—A. Cunn,
Bot. Mag. t. 3160 (Backea).—DC. Mém, Myrt. t.
14 (Baeckea).—Hoox. Fr. Hook. Kew Journ. v. 299,
.8; Fl, Tasm. i. 128,—Turoz. Bull. Mose. (1847)

i, 156; (1862) ii, 324.—F. Mugen. Fragm. i, 11;
iv. 63, 169.—Wate. Rep. v. 732, Ann. i. 306;
iv, 822.

5 Hook. Kew Journ. ix. 809.—B. H. Gen. 699,
n. 9,

* Of which perhaps only a section and to
which it has been more recently referred (F.
Must. Fragm. iv. 63, 77).

7 Spec. 2. Buntu. Fi, Austral. iti. 56.

8 Gen. 700, n. 11.

9 Of which perhaps a section (?).

374 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

leaves opposite entire (small); flowers’ axillary solitary ; peduncles
short or very short, 2-bracteolate. ( Australia.)

IV. BARRINGTONIA.

49. Barringtonia’ Forsr.—Flowers hermaphrodite, 4- or rarely
5-merous ; receptacle concave obconical or sacciform, ‘scarcely or not
at all produced beyond the germen adnate within. Calyx valvate,
finally 2—4-fid (Butonica*) or imbricate 3—4-lobed (Stravadium *).
Petals 4, 5, epigynously inserted and alternating with sepals, imbri-
cate. Stamens o, at base connate with petals in a short ring and

falling with them; filaments otherwise free, exserted ; anthers small,
versatile or rarely subbasifixed, 2-rimose. Disk epigynous sur-
rounding with a short ring the top of the germen and base of style.
Germen inferior, 2-4-locular ; style simple, often subulate, scarcely
or not at all dilated at stigmatose apex. Ovules in cells 2—o0 , trans-
verse or descending, 2-seriate, or the inferior descending ; micropyle
introrsely superior. Fruit fleshy or oftener fibrous, often 4-angular,
crowned with persistent calyx, indehiscent. Seed generally by
abortion 1, testa oftener thick ; embryo exalbuminous fleshy undi-
vided corticate.—Trees or shrubs ; leaves alternate, often crowded at
top of twigs, entire, crenate or serrate, penninerved impunctate ;
flowers in racemes or spikes, sometimes broken or very elongate ;
bracts small caducous ; bracteoles 2, very small or 0. (Trop. regions
of old world.)—See p. 326.

50? Planchonia Bu.°—Flowers nearly of Barringtonia, 4-merous;
sepals 4,imbricate. Stamens o ; anthers small, versatile ; the interior
longer arantherous. Germen 3—4-locular ; cells -ovulate. Berry
corticate, crowned with calyx. Seeds few; funicle elongate ; cotyle-
dons of involute circinate embryo foliaceous plicate ; radicle very long
clavate spirally convolute.—Trees; leaves alternate crenate impunctate |
and other characters of Barringtonia;7 flowers terminal,’ shortly race-
mose ; bracts and bracteoles not caducous, oblong.’ (Indian Archip.")

1 Minute, or small, pink.
2 Spec. 6, 7. Porr. Dict. Suppl. v. 247 (Stere-

temorensis Bu.—Chydenanthus Mrsrs. (loc. cit.
54, 111). A genus proposed for B, excelsa Bu.

oaylon).—SM. Trans. Linn. Soc. iii. 259 (Imbrica-
ria).—Sizs. Spreng. Syst. Cur. post. 149 (Backea).
—F. Musi. Fragm. i, 30 (Beckea); iv, 68
(Thryptomene).—Bentu. Fl, Austral. iii. 68,

3 Miers, ‘ On Barringtoniacee’ (Trans. Linn.
Soe. ser. 2, i, [1875] 47; Barringtonia (doe. cit.)
54, 55, t, 10).—dgasta Mizns ((oe, cit, 54, 59, t.
11, 12). A genus proposed for B. splendida, So-
LAND, macrophylla Mia. speciosa Wicut & Arn,
-——Megadendron Mixrs (loc. cit. 54, 109, t. 15, 16),
A genus proposed for B. macrocarpa Hassx. and

4 Miers (loc. cit, 54, 59, t. 13, 14).

* Miers (doc. cit. 64, 80, t. 17); 54, 107, t.
18.

8 V. Houtte Fi, des Serres, vii, 24.—B. H. Gen.
721, 1. 68.—Mrgrs (Joe. cit. 54, 90, t. 18).—
Hoon. Fv. Ind. ii. 511.

* Of which rather a section (?).

5 “Golden greenish or white.”

® Rather perhaps a section of the preceding ?

10 Spec. 2, 3 (or var. of one’). Mie. Fl. Ind.-
Bat, i. p. i, 4983.—Watp. Ann. iv. 852.

MYRTACEE. 375

51? Careya Roxs.'—Flowers nearly of Barringtonia, 5-merous.
Stamens oo ; the exterior longest and the innermost short sterile
anantherous; the intermediate fertile; anthers small, versatile.
Germen 4-5-locular; ovules oo, 2-seriate, etc., of Barringtonia.?
Berry globose portienta, crowned with calyx; seeds o, nestling in
pulp. Embryo undivided (of Barringtonia).—Lofty ‘ned or some-
times subshrubby ; leaves alternate collected at top of twigs impunc-
tate ; flowers* interruptedly spicate or racemose lateral. (Hast India,
trop. Australia.*)

52. Petersia Weuiw.>—‘ Flowers nearly of Barringtonia, 4-
merous; receptacle ovoid-turbinate, externally herbaceous-4-alate.
Sepals 4, alternating with wings, imbricate. Stamens all fertile;
anthers sub-2-dymous; cells divaricate. Germen inferior; cells 2,
co -ovulate. Fruit fibrous oblong,® furnished externally with 4 longi-
tudinal membranous semiorbicular veined wings; seeds 1-4; embryo
...2—A large tree; leaves alternate, penninerved membranous
pellucid-punctate; flowers’ in short dense racemes solitary in upper
axils or gathered in a terminal corymb; bracts and bracteoles few
caducous.”> (Trop. west. Africa.®)

53. Footidia Commers.'!"—Flowers hermaphrodite apetalous, 3—-4-
merous, very rarely 5-merous ; receptacle turbinate, enclosing adnate
germen. Sepals 3-5 marginally inserted, thick coriaceous, valvate
or reduplicate-valvate, persistent. Stamens ©, epigynous very
crowded, 0 -seriate ; filaments free, unequal ;!! anthers ovate or ob-
long, versatile ; cells parallel, longitudinally rimose. Germen inferior,
2-5-locular ; cells equal in number to sepals and alternating with
them ; style central erect slender, at apex stigmatose shortly 3-5-
branched; branches open-recurved. Ovules in cells oo , inserted on

1 Pl. Coromand, iii. 18, t.217, 218; Fl. Ind. ii.
638.—DC. Prodr. iii, 295 (part).— Ep. Gen. n.
6326.—Bu. V. Houtt. Fl, Serres, vii, 25.—B. H.
Gen. 721, 0. 62.—Cambea Ham. Mys. iii. 187 (ex
Envt.).—Msrs (loc. cit. t. 16, 17).—Hoox. Fi.
Ind, ii. 510.—Doxoma Mens (loc. cit, 54, 99, t.
15). A genus proposed for Careya pendula
Grirr. Stravadium cochinchi: Bu, Barring-
tonia cylindrostachya Grirr. B. rosea, WALL. B.
sarcostachys WALL. B. sumatrana Mia. B. neo-
caledonica Viz1uu. Vriesii Trysm. etc.

2 Of which rather a section.

3 Large or small, often showy, white; sta-
mens a beautiful red.

4 Spec. 2, 3. WicHT, ZZ. ii. t. #8, 100; Icon.
t. 147, 157.—Wiceur and Arn. Prodr, i, 334.—
Tuw. Enum. Pl, Zeyl. 119.—Mia. Fl. Ind.-Bat.
i. p. i. 494.—F. Mugwy. Fragin. v. 188 (Barring-

tonia).—Brntu. Fl, Austral. iii, 289.—Watr.
Rep. ii. 192.

5 Ex B, H. Gen. 721, n. 61 @ (not Kt).

6“Or with wings broadly obcordate (23 in.
long, 2 in. broad).”’

* Rather small.

8“ A genus allied to Barringtonia, differing in
punctate leaves, wings of calyx, and fruit and
anthers.” (B, H.)

9 Spec. 1. P. africana Wutw.—Laws. Oliv.
Fil. Trop. Afr. ii. 439.

40 Ex J. Gen. 325.—Lamx. Diet. ii, 457 ; Ld. t.
419.—DC. Prodr. iii. 295,—Epu. Gen. n, 6328.
—H. By. Payer Fam. Nat. 369.—B. H. Gen. 724,
a. 73,—Baxzr, Fl. Maurit. 120.

11 The larger the nearer they are to the middle
of the sepals, often inflexed in the bud.

376 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

a transverse or oblique capitate parietal placenta, anatropous, sessile
or stipitate.' Fruit turbinate coriaceous, enlarged at flattened vertex,
1-4-locular; seeds «© ;% embryo...?— Glabrous trees;? leaves
alternate, collected at top of twigs, petiolate, entire, coriaceous penni-
nerved, at vernation convolute; flowers‘ axillary solitary or few
cymose pedunculate.’—(Mascarene isles, Malacca.®)

54? Sonneratia L. r.7—Flowers hermaphrodite, 4—8-merous;
receptacle subcampanulate, enclosing adnate germen and produced
higher bearing at margin 4-8 thick valvate 3-angular sepals. Petals
0, or 4-8, small, linear or long filiform, sometimes spathulate. Stamens
co, filaments slender, oo -seriate, incurved in bud, finally reflexed ;
anthers reniform or hippocrepiform, versatile, 2-rimose. Germen
adnate at depressed apex or more or less free, 00 -locular ; style slender
simple, plicate in bud, at apex stigmatose obtuse or minutely capitate.
Ovules in cells oo, inserted on internal placenta, recurved, often
ascending, imbricate. Fruit baccate, coriaceous, increased by persis-
tent calyx, oo -locular, indehiscent (?); cells oo-spermous. Seeds
more or less nestling in interior pulp, long curved ; testa thick very
hard; cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo foliaceous convolute ;
radicle terete elongate.—Glabrous trees and shrubs ;§ leaves opposite
petiolate exstipulate, oblong or subelliptical, entire coriaceous thick ;
nerves scarcely or not at all conspicuous; flowers® axillary solitary
or terminal 3-nate.! (All trop. shores of old world.")

55? Grias L,”—“ Flowers 4-5-merous ; receptacle turbinate not

1 Chalaza facing inwards.
2 « Arillate.”

that stipules are wanting, and that least of all is
it Legnotidea).—Tombea Br. et Gr. loc. cit.

3 With a bitter tenacious bark.

4 White oftener rather large.

5 An anomalous genus of Lythrarie (B, H.)

§ Bos, Hort. Maur. 141.—Bu. Mus. Lugd.-Bat.
i, 1483.—Watp. Ann. ii. 193.

7 Suppl. 38.—J. Gen,325,—Lamx, Dict, i. 429;
Jil. t. 420.—Bucuan. Sym. Ava, iii, 318, t. 25,—
DC. Prodr. iii, 231.—Einpu. Gen. n. 6342,—H.
By. Payer Fam. Nat, 365.—B. H. Gen. 784, n,
26.—BaxeEr, Fl. Maurit. 102.— Aubletia Gzrtn.
Fruct. i. 379, t. 78 (not Jace. nor Lour. nor
Ricu. nor ScuRes.).—Chiratia Monrrovz. Mén,
Acad. Lyon. x, 202.—Bx. et Gr. Ball. Soc. Bot.
Fr, xi. 69; Ann. Sc. Nat, sér. 5, i. 362; vi, 266,
—H. By. Adansonia, vii. 255 (where before the
authorities previously cited, it is shown that
Chiratia differs in no respect from_ Sonneratia,

8 Habit of some Rhizophora.

3 Large, white or pink. ;

10 A genus of Lythrariee. (B. H.)

11 Spec. 3, 4. Sonner. Voy. 16, t. 10, 11 (Pa-
pagate).—Rumpu. Herb. Amboin. iii. t, 78, 74
(Mangium).—Rugep. Hort, Mal, iii. 43, t. 40
(Blatti).—Wicur and Arn. Prodr. i, 327,—
Wiceut, Je, t. 340.—Mie. Fl. Ind..Bat. i. p.i.
485 ; Suppl. 316.—Bu. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. i. 336.
—Benru, Fi. Austral. iii. 301.—Watp. Rep. ii.
170; Aun. iv. 691, 830.

® Gen, n.659.—J. Gen, 257.—Lamx. Dice. iii.
45.—Sw. Obs, 215,—Sm. Rees Cyclop. 15.—DC.
Prodr. iii, 296.—Enpz, Gen. n. 6335.—B, H.
Gen. 722, n. 65.—Musrs, Trans, Linn. Soc. xxx.
171, 298, t. 36.

MYRTACEE 377

produced beyond germen adnate to cavity within. Calyx inserted on
margin cyathiform, at first subentire, finally divided, irregularly 2—4-
lobed. Petals 4, or more rarely 5, patent. Stamens 2», inserted on
thick subcupular disk; filaments unequal, oo -seriate; the interior
smaller ; all thick connivent in a globe involute; anthers small ; cells
distinct rimose. Germen inferior, 4-locular; style short, at apex cross-
rayed-4-lobed ; ovules in cells 2-4, descending. Fruit fleshy, crowned
with calyx ; seed oftener 1, descending ; testa thick; embryo ...?—
Lofty trees; leaves alternate, collected at top of twigs, entire or
sinuate penninerved epunctate ; flowers cymose on trunk or branches,
shortly pedicellate.'” (Trop. America.)

56. Gustavia L.3—Flowers 4—6-merous; receptacle turbinate or
subhemispherical. Sepals 4—6, connate at base or higher, persistent.
Petals 5-8, subequal, imbricate. Stamens oo, regularly 00 -seriate ;
filaments equally urceolately connate at base, inflexed in bud; an-
thers basifixed linear, sub-4-locellate; cells parallel, dehiscing by
longitudinal or sometimes short poriform cleft. Germen inferior, ad-
nate within to receptacle, at apex flat or depressed, 4—6-locular ; style
central very short, apex stigmatose very shortly lobate or sulcate.
Ovules in cells oo, anatropous; funicle short or 0. Fruit fibrous,
crowned with calyx or umbilicate at apex, indehiscent. Seeds oo
(oftener few), suspended by means of an elongate incrassate plicate
arilliform funicle; testa hard; cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo
thick, sometimes unequal; radicle short.—Trees or shrubs; leaves
alternate,* entire or serrate penninerved, oftener impunctate ; flowers
solitary or few cymose ; peduncle articulate, sometimes 2-bracteolate
to middle. (Trop. America.)

57? Cariniana Casaxr.’—Flowers nearly of Gustavia, 5-6-merous.
Stamens oo, unequal, co -seriate ; filaments connate at base toa more

1 A genus apparently allied in some respects
to Gustavia, in others to Courataris, but not seen
by us.

2 Spec. 1, 2 (ex Miers 4). Suoan. Hist. ii. 123,
t.127, fig. 1, 2 (Anchovy Pear).—P, Br. Jam. 245.
—Lun. Hort. Jam. i. 19.—Srem. Voy. Herald,
Bot.126.—Grises. Fl. Br. W.-Ind. 242.—Hoox.
¥. Bot. Mag, t. 5622.— Watv. Rep, ii. 193.

3 Amen, viii. 266, t. 5.—L. ¥. Suppl. 51.—
Port. Ann, Mus. xiti. 156, t. 5-7.—DC. Prodr.
iii. 289.—Spacu, Suit. @ Buffon, iv. 187.—Enpu,
Gen. n. 6327.—Bzre, Linnea, xxvii. 441.—B.H.
Gen. 721, n. 64.—Pirigara AuBh. Guian. i, 487,

t. 192, 1938.—J. Gen. 326.—Porr. Dict. v. 344.—
Lamx. Ji. t. 592.—H. B. K, Nov. Gen. et Spec.
vii. 261.—Spallanzania Nucx, Elem, 79, 0. 738.
—Teichmeyera Scor. Introd. n, 1212.

4 Nearly of Dillenia,

§ White or pink or red, showy.

6 Spec. about 10. Bere, Mart. Fl. Bras. Myrt.
469, t. 55, 56.—Mrers, Trans. Linn, Soc. xxx.
158, 175, t. 38 A—Hoox. Bot. Mag. t. 5069,
5239, 6151.—Watp. Rep. ii. 193; v. 756.

7 Nov. Stirp. Bras. Dec. 35.—Muzrs, Trans.
Linn. Soc, xxx. 169, 284, t. 35 ©.

378 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

or less elongate cupule adnate within to bottom of corolla, above free
and there incurved or occasionally produced to a short ligule ; anthers
of all fertile, more or less incurved in the bud. Germen inferior,
3—5-locular; ovules in cells oo, ascending. Fruit oblong cylindrical,
dehiscing by an apical often hemispherical circumscissile operculum.
Seeds few, inserted round a central column on incrassate subbasilar
sporophores, long-winged below. Embryo exalbuminous contortu-
plicate ; radicle very large cylindrical arcuately ascending; cotyle-
dons broadly foliaceous contortuplicate incumbent.—Trees ; leaves
alternate, oftener serrate; flowers in terminal ramose racemes ; bracts
and bracteoles small, caducous.'—( Trop. America.”)

58. Couratari Ausi.2—Flowers of Cariniana, oftener 6-merous ;
ligule of andreecium elongate, loaded externally at apex with crowded
stamens sterile (?) but here and there provided with small (well de-
fined) anthers. Fruit, etc., of Cariniana; operculum nearly equal to
pericarp. Seeds circumalate; embryo exalbuminous contortuplicate.
—Lofty trees; leaves alternate entire; inflorescence, etc., of Cari-
niana.* (Trop. America.®)

59. Couroupita Avst.°—Flowers nearly of Couwratari, 6-merous ;
ligule of andreecium elongate large incurved fleshy subpetaloid cucul-
late. Stamens nearly all either subbasilar, or fertile at top of ligule;
anthers of all basifixed erect, longitudinally 2-rimose. Germen large
partly superior, 5-8-locular; style short thick; cells oo -ovulate.
Fruit subglobose coriaceous-woody, indehiscent, ring-marked with
scar of marginal receptacle, umbilicate at apex. Seeds o , imbedded
in pulp, exalate; embryo, etc., of Cowratari.—Trees ; leaves alternate,

! Perhaps better asect. of Courataris, differing
only in the ligule being shorter, the stamens all
fertile and the fruit only sometimes alate.

2 Spec. 7 (ex Miers). Rapp1, Mem. Soc. Ital.
Moden. Phys. xviii. 403.—Manr. Flora, xx, 127
(Courataris).—BeEre, Mart, Fl. Bras, Myrt. 610,
t. 78-82 (Courataris).

3 Guian. ii, 728, t. 290.—A Ricu. Ann, Se. Nat.
sér. 1, i. 821, t. 21.—Porr. Mém. Mus. xiii. 159,
t. 8.— DC. Prodr. iii. 294.—Svacu, Suit. d Buffon,
iv. 198.—Enpu. Gen. n. 6331.—H. Bn. Payer
Fam. Nat. 370.—B. H. Gen, 722, n. 66 (part).—
Mirrs, Trans. Linn. Soc. xxx. 168, 279, t. 35 B,
62.—Lecythopsis Scour. Denkschr. Acad. Miinch.
vii. 241.—Brre, Mart. Fl. Bras. Myre. 508, t. 7,
75, 76.—B. H. Gen. 723, n. 68.

41s Cercophora Minrs (Trans. Linn, Soc. xxx,

172, 801, t. 36 B), of which one Amazonian spe-
cies is described (C. anomala Migxs) as having
a 6-merous flower, unknown to us, a nerved
helmet-shaped ligula, produced at apex to an
incurved subulate lamina, allied to this P

5 Spec. about 7 (ex Miers). Vetxioz. Fl. Flum.
v. t. 86 (Leeythis).—Campuss. A. S.-H. Fl. Bras.
Mer. ii. 274, t. 159.

5 Guian. 708, t. 282.—Porr. Ifém. Mus, xiii.
152, t. 78.—DC. Prodr. iii. 293.—Tunp. Diet.
Sc. Nat. Atl. t. 227-229.—Spacu, Suit. d Buffon,
iv. 196.—Enp. Gen. n. 6334.—H. By. Payer
Fam, Nat. 370.—B. H. Gen. 722, n. 67.—M1exs,
Trans, Linn, Soc, xxx. 189, 188, t. 38 B.—Pon-
toppidana Scor. Introd. n. 849. — Elscholtzia
Ricw. (not W.).

MYRTACEL, 379

entire or serrate; stipules minute, caducous; flowers! in large
racemes springing from the trunk and branches; bracts and brac-
teoles caducous. (Trop. America.’)

60. Lecythis Lozrt °—Flowers nearly of Cowratari, 3-6-merous;
ligule of andreecium large petaloid, at apex once or twice (sometimes
contrarywise) cucullate. Andreecium of Couratari (or Cowroupita) ;
stamens interior at top of ligule sterile, anantherous or with small
effete anthers, sometimes (Allantoma*) aggregated in a mass. Germen
inferior or partly superior, 2—6-locular; style short and other cha-
racters of Couroupita. Fruit clothed with externally adnate calyx,
globose or cupuliform, sometimes subcylindrical, coriaceous or woody ;
operculum on both sides conical or convex, more rarely (Eschweilera*)
concave within. Seeds few, stipate on a thick fleshy arilliform funicle,
sometimes narrow elongate very rugose (Allantoma), externally gla-
brous or variously reticulate costate; embryo undivided fleshy.—
Trees, sometimes immense; leaves alternate, entire or serrate; inflo-
rescence,’ etc., of Gouroupita. (Trop. America, Africa,’ trop. and
east, islands.®)

61. Bertholletia H. B.°—Flowers nearly of Lecythis; calyx
gamophyllous, at first closed; lobes very short to apex; finally un-
equally 2-4-fid, deciduous. Petals unequal or subequal. Stamens
at top of cucullate ligule sterile. Germen inferior; cells 4, 5, pauci-
ovulate. Fruit broadly subglobose woody, to a large extent exter-
nally stipate to adnate receptacle and girt with its margin, dehiscing
by a small circumscissile operculum. Seeds oo (oftener about 20),
obovoidly 3-quetrous; testa very hard rugose; embryo fleshy undi-

1 Large, “dirty white or pink.”

2 Spec. 6, 7. Bere, Linnea, xxvii. 461; xxxi.
261; Mart. Fl. Bars. Myrt. 475, t.57-59.—Bot.
Mag. t. 3168.

‘3 Tt, 184.—L. Gen. u. 664.—J. Gen, 327.—
Lams. Lil, t. 476.—Por. Dict. vi. 25.—DC.
Prodr. iii. 290.—Spacu, Suit. @ Buffon, iv. 185,—

“Eno. Gen, n. 6332.—Porr. Mém. Mus. xiii. 141,
t. 2, 8, 7.—H. By. Payer Fam. Nat. 369.—B, H.
Gen. 728, n. 69,—Mrens, Trans, Linn. Soc. xxx,
162, 199, t. 34 A, 38-57.—Chytroma Mrzrs, loc,
cit. 164, 229, t, 34 B—? Jugastrum Mizns, loc.
cit. 167, 275, t. 85 A (stamens at top of ligule
sometimes fertile ?).

4 Miers, doc. cit. 170, 291, t. 86.A.

5 Marr. DC. Prodr. iii, 293.—Musrs, loc, cit.
165, 246, t. 34 C,

§ Flowers often showy.

7 Query if natives of this country ?

8 Spec. about 50 (ex Mrers 130). Jaca. Amer,
t. 109.— AuBL. Guian, t. 283+289.—A. S.-H. ¥.
Bras, Mer. ii. 272.—Bune, Linnea, xxvii. 448 ;
xxix. 258; Mart. Fl. Bras. Myrt. 479, t. 62-74.
—Watp. Rep. ii. 193.

9 Pl. Bquin.i. 122, t. 836,—Porr. Mém. Mus,
xiii, 148, t. 4~8.—DC. Prodr. iii. 293.—Enpt.
Gen. n. 6333.—Scuoms, Proc. Bot. Soc. i. 71, t.
8, 4. H.. Bn. Payer Fam, Nat.-670.—B. H. Gen,
723, u. 70.—Mrers, Trans, Linn, Soc. xxx. 161,
195, t. 33 C, 37.

380 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS:

vided.—A lofty tree; leaves alternate impunctate ; flowers? in
terminal ramose glomeruliferous racemes; bracteoles subfoliaceous
oblong-cuneate, caducous. (Trop. America.’)

Vv. NAPOLEONEA.

62. Napoleona Pat. Beauv. —Flowers hermaphrodite regular ;
receptacle turbinate, enclosing germen adnate within. Sepals 5,
marginally inserted, 3-angular, valvate. Petals 5, alternate, inserted
with calyx, connate in orbicular shortly 5-lobed corolla ; lobes longi-
tudinally multiplicate, valvate, denticulate at apex. Disk interior to
corolla duplex petaloid, consisting of 2 concentric crowns; the exterior
composed of laciniz subulate-ligulate subfree or connate only at
base; the interior connate in multilobed tube inflexed at apex ; both
copnate with base of corolla and andrecium and falling with them.
Stamens oftener 20 (“more rarely 25-00 ”), in 5 alternipetalous
groups; the stamens of each group generally 4, of which the 2 ex-
terior are fertile, the interior anantherous; the filaments of all peta-
loid ligulate incurved; anthers of the exterior adnate introrse, 1-locu-
lar, 1-rimose. Germen inferior, 5-locular; cells oppositipetalous; style
erect short thick, 5-gonal, at apex dilated-peltate, 5-angular, stigma-
tose along 5 furrows. Ovulesin cells 0 , generally few (4), 2-seriate,
finally descending, with micropyle introrsely superior, or slightly as-
cending, with micropyle extrorsely inferior. Fruit baccate corticate,
crowned with calyx; seeds few imbedded in pulp; cotyledons of reni-
form embryo plano-convex fleshy ; radicle short retracted to hilum of
cotyledons.—Glabrous trees; leaves alternate, entire or obscurely
sinuate, penninerved, epunctate; flowers axillary, solitary or few
glomerulate; bracts under flower few, decussate-imbricate, larger from
the lower to the higher, often on both sides (as the sepals and some-
times the leaves) bearing an elliptic gland sessile to margin. (Trop.
west. Africa.)—See p. 331.

63. Asteranthos Desr.—Flowers nearly of Napoleona; receptacle
shorter. Calyx gamophyllous membranous, sinuate denticulate at
margin. Corolla widely rotate, co -plicate, destitute of crown within.
Stamens oo, connate with corolla at base, 0 -seriate ; filaments fili-

1 Yellow; strong-scented. Reis. iii, 1180; Mat, Med, Bras. 17.—Bure,
2 According to earliest authors 1 species, much Linnea, xxvii. 460; Mart. Fl. Bras. Myrt. 478,
noted, viz., B. excelsa (concerning which seep. _t. 60, 61.
350, note 2), according to Mrzrs 2.—Marr.

MYRTACEZ. 381

form ; anthers basifixed, 2-locular, introrsely 2-rimose to margins.
Germen semi-inferior; style elongate, apex capitate shortly lobed.
Ovules in cells 0, elongate, anatropous, descending. Fruit ...?—
A tree ; branches slender ; leaves alternate entire penninerved epunc-
tate and other characters of Napoleona; flowers axillary solitary
shortly stipitate; bracteoles 2, caducous. (North Brazil, Guiana.)
—See p. 333.

VI. PUNICEA.

64. Punica T.—Flowers hermaphrodite; receptacle obcouical or
turbinate, enclosing germen adnate within and produced higher and
widened fleshy (coloured). Sepals 5-7, continuous with margin of
receptacle, thick, valvate, persistent. Petals 5-7, inserted in hollows
of sepals, obovate-lanceolate, imbricate corrugate, early deciduous.
Stamens oo, inserted within on receptacle, oo-seriate; filaments
slender incurved ; anthers small introrse, 2-rimose, versatile. Germen
inferior, oo -locular; style flexuose, dilated at conical base, apex
capitate stigmatose. Cells 2-seriately superposed; placenta of (often
5) upper alternipetalous parietal ; of lower (often 3-5) axile. Ovules
in each placenta oo, anatropous, oo -serlate. Fruit corticate thickly
coriaceous, crowned with calyx; cells 0, irregularly superposed ;
septa unequal membranous. Seeds o, unequally compressed ; ex-
terior coat pulpy; interior woody; cotyledons of exalbuminous
embryo broadly foliaceous, auriculate at base, spirally convolute ;
radicle short subcentral.—A branched shrub, often spinescent; leaves
opposite, alternate or subfasciculate, obovate-oblong obtuse entire ;
flowers axillary, solitary or few cymose; pedicels short or 9.
(North Africa (?), Levant (?).)—See p. 338.

LV, HYPERICACEA.

In this small family, which derives its name from that of St. John’s
Wort (Hypericum) (fig. 339, 344-353), and which formerly included
only the plants attributed to that genus, H. guianense and cayense,
with the analogous species forming the genus Vismia' (fig.840-343),
present the most complete types for our first study. In these the
flowers are regular, hermaphrodite, nearly always pentamerous.
Their convex receptacle bears at first five sepals, thick, but abruptly
thinned at the margin, along which they are quincuncially imbricate
(fig. 342). With them alternate five petals, twisted or more rarely

Vismia guianensis.

AES

Fig. 341. Flower (). = Fig. 340. Bud. Fig. 343. Long. sect. of flower.

imbricate in prefloration, internally covered with hairs, sometimes
much developed. The stamens are very numerous, but collected in
five oppositipetalous bundles consisting of one large tongue from
which are detached at different heights above, slender filaments, each
surmounted by a small bilocular anther, introrse at first, but early

1 VeLLoz. ex VANDELL. Rem. Ser. 138, t.7, 5466,—Payerr, Fam. Nat. 79.—B. H. Gen. 166,
fig, 4.—CuoIs. Prodr. Monogr, Hypéric. Genéve 980, n. 6,—Coapia Pris. Bras, 126, —Scor.
(1821), 3, t 1, 2—DC. Prodr. i. 642.—Spacn, Introd. n. 1256.—Acrossonthue PREsL. Bot. Bem.
Consp, Monogr. Hyperie. Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 2, v. 22 (ex Pu. Ann. Se, Nat, sér. 4, ii. 264).

319 Suit. & Buffon, v. 348.—ENpL. Gen. n.

HYPERICACEA. 383

teflexed, dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts.1 In the intervals

Hypericum perforatum,

a

i
By

Fig. 339. Habit.
between the staminal bundles, and consequently of the petals, are

1 Pollen “ ellipsoid 3-plicate ; in water, sphe-micrantha”” (H. Mout, Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 2, iii.
rical with 3 bands. Vismia baccifera, guianensis, 329),

384 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

found an equal number of hypogynous scales. The gynwcium, free
and superior, is composed of an ovary with five alternipetalous cells,!
surmounted by a style almost immediately divided into five branches,
the stigmatiferous extremity of which is dilated to a small head.
Near the internal angle of each ovarian cell is a placenta the two
vertical lobes of which are covered with an indefinite number of small
oblique or transverse anatropous ovules. The fruit is a berry, some-
times but little fleshy, and the seeds which it contains enclose under
their coats a fleshy embryo, without albumen,
straight or curved, with short radicle and elon-
gate cotyledons, flattened or semi-cylindrical.
Vismia consists of some fifteen species? of trees
or shrubs growing in the tropical regions of
America or Africa. The leaves are opposite,
entire, without stipules, glabrous or downy,
with translucid reservoirs of essential oil. The
flowers? are at the extremities of the branches
in clusters of cymes more or less ramified.

The two genera Harongaand Psorospermum,
growing in Madagascar and tropical western Africa, differ very little
from Vismia, of which they have the flower and organs of vegetation.
The fruit of Haronga* is a drupe of five stones, and in each of the
ovarian cells, complete or incomplete, there are generally two or
rarely three ascending, anatropous ovules, with the micropyle inferior
and exterior. It consists of shrubs with opposite leaves and very
numerous flowers,° collected in terminal compound or corymbiform
cymes. Usually only one species is described. Psorospermum7 has
in each ovarian cell only one or two ovules, directed like those of Ha-
ronga.® The fruit is wholly fleshy, but the embryo has convolute

Vismia guianensis.

Fig. 342. Diagram.

cotyledons.

It consists of trees and shrubs, similar to Vismia in

1 Complete or incomplete.

2 AuBL. Guian. t. 311, 312 (Hypertewm).—H.
B. K. Nov. Gen. et Spec. v. 181, t. 454 (Vismia).
A. 8.-H. Fl. Bras. Mer. i. t. 68.—GnrisEs. Fl.
Brit. W.-Ind. 111.—Hoox. r. Niger, 2438.—O tv.
Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 160.—Watr. Rep. i, 391; v.
144; Ann, ii. 188; iv. 868; vii. 333.

3 Yellow.

4 Dor.-Tu. Nov. Gen. Madag.15,—DC. Prodr.
i, 541 (part).—Spacu, Suit. & Buffon, v. 355 ;
Ann. Sc. Nat. sév. 2, v. 350.-Enpu. Gen. n.
5468.—Payver, Fam. Nat. 79.—B. H. Gen. 167,
n, 8.—Baxer, Fl. Maurit. 15, — Harongana

Lamx. Jil. t. 645,—Arongana Pers, Enchirid. ii,
91 (part).

5 The anthers are at first introrse, and are
early reversed (fig. 342).

6 H. madagascariensis Cuois. Hypér. 34; DC.
Prodr, i, 541.—Ourv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 160.—
Arungana paniculata Pers. loc. cit.—?Psorosper-
mum leonense Turcz. Bull. Mosc. xxxvi. 578.

7 Spacu, Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 2, v. 157, 350;
Suit. & Buffon, v. 351.—Enpu. Gen. n, 5467,.—
B. H. Gen. 167, 980.

8 Which perhaps might rather be made only
a section with endocarp not hardened.

HAHYPERICACEZ. 385

foliage, with more numerous but generally smaller flowers ;1 about a
dozen species ® have been described.*

The name of Cratoxylew has been given to a small group of plants
belonging to this family, characterized chiefly by their pericarp and
seeds, The former is capsular, loculicidal, and opens in five pannels,

Hypericum (Eremanthe) calycinum.

SN f

(\

‘ty

Fig. 344. Flower.
and these sometimes divided into two halves at the partitions which

Fig. 345. Long. sect. of flower (3).

separate. The seeds are ascending and surmounted by a vertical
wing; the cotyledons of the contained embryo are generally longer
than the radicle. The group consists of tropical trees and shrubs of the
old world, with a yellow juice, opposite leaves, covered with glandular
punctuations, pentamerous flowers, with triadelphous stamens. Cra-
tozylon* is Asiatic; in each ovarian cell are four or more ovules in

two vertical series.®

A dozen species ® have been described. Hliwa

articulata,’ a shrub of Madagascar, with terminal cymes, has only

1 The sepals and petals are striated with black.
The anthers are primarily introrse.

2L, Amen. Acad. viii, 33 (Hypericum). —
Gui. et Perr. Fl. Seneg. Tent. i. 107, t. 28
(Vismia).—Hoox, ¥. Niger, 241, t. 21.—Otrv.
Fil. Trop. Afr. i, 158.—Watr. Rep. i. 391; Ann.
i. 128; ii. 189.

3 Here is placed, on account of the drupaceous
character of its fruit, but only provisionally re-
tained by us, Endodesmia calophylioides, Bentu.
(Gen, 166, n. 5; Oliv, Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 157), a
shrub of the Gaboon with opposite veined leaves
like those of Calophylium, and quite exceptional
in this group by its very numerous stamens, in-
separable within from a pentagonal tube (and
consequently monadelphous), and especially by
its unilocular ovary which encloses only a single
descending seed. The place of this genus is
perhaps rather among’ the Clusiacee; indeed it

VOL. VI.

much resembles Calophyllum.

4B. Biydr. 143.—Spacu, Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 2,
vy. 3852.—ENDL. Gen. n. 5472.—B. H. Gen. 166,
n. 4.—Hornschuchia Bu. Cat. Hort. Buitenz, (ex
Envt.).—Ancistrolobus Spacu, loc. cit. t. 6B;
Suit. & Buffon, v. 360.—ENDL. Gen. n. 5470,.—
Tridesmis Spacu, Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 2, v. 351, t.
6A. ‘

5 They are more numerous in Tridesmis, which
is also distinguished by a scale at the base of
the petals ; a character of very little importance.

6 Mia. Fl, Ind.-Bat, i, p. ii. 516 ; Suppl. 194.
—Bu. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. ii. 15, t, 5.—Korra,
Verh, Nat. Gesch. Bot, t. 36, 37 (Tridesmis),—
Watp. Rep. i. 891; Ann, iv. 362; vii. 333.

7 Campess, Ann, Sc, Nat. sér. 1, xx. 400, t. 13,
—Spacu, dan. Se. Nat. sér. 2, v. 351.—Enpu.
Gen.n. 6469.—B. H. Gen. 166, n. 3.—Watr.
Rep. i, 891.—Lanigerostemma Cuarzu. herb.

25

386

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

two ovules in each ovarian cell; it is consequently to Cratozylon *

what Haronga is to Vismia.

The St. John’s Worts? (fig. 339, 344-353), forming more than
three-fourths of the family and distributed among a great number of

Hyperieum h yreinum.

Fig. 348. Seed. Fig. 346, Dehiscing

fruit (2).

Fig. 347. Fruit,

Fig. 349. Long.
valves detached.

sect. of seed.

genera,® have, with the general characters of Vismia and the neigh-
pouring genera, some particular traits which have served to distin-
guish a tribe of Hypericee. These are:

Hypericum perforatum.

Fig. 350, Flower.

petals internally glabrous and without
appendages; a fruit dehiscing at the
interlocular partitions or placenta ;
and seeds not winged, the embryo of
which, straight or curved, has cotyle-
dons ordinarily longer than the radicle.
In certain species with rather large
flowers, cultivated in our gardens, and

of which the genus Hremanthe* (fig.
344, 345) has been made, the flowers are formed like those of Vismia,

1 Of which it ought to constitute (?) only a
section.

2 Hypericum T. Inst. 254, t. 131.—L. Gen. n.
902.—Apans. Fam. des Pl. ii. 444.—J. Gen, 255.
—Lamx. Dict. iv. 143; Suppl. iii. 693; 77. t.
643.—DC.Prodr. i, 543.—Cnosy, Prodr, Monog.
Hypér. 37, t. 3-9.—Spacu, Suit. d Buffon, v. 383;
Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 2, v. 356.—EnpDL. Gen. n. 5464.
— Paver, Organog. 1, t.1; Fam. Nat. 77.—B. H.
Gen, 165, n. 2 (incl.: Adenosepalum Sracu, Ade-
notrias Spach, Androsemum AL. Brathydium
Spacu, Brathys Mut. Campylopos Spacu, Cam-
pylosporus Spacu, Coridiwn Svacu, Crossophyl-
lum Spacu, Drosanthe Sracu, Drosocarpium

Spacu, Elodea Anans. Hlodes Spacu, Holosepa-
lum Spacu, Isophyllum Spacu, Milleporum Spacu,
Myriandra Spacu, Norysca Spacu, Psorophytum
Seacu, Roscyna Spacu, Receveura VELuoz. Sa-
vothra LL. Triadenia Spacu, Tridia Korru.
Webbia Spacw).

3 Proposed especially by Spach. TREvrRa-
nus (Hyper, Gen. et Sp. Anim. 1861) re-united
them all ina single genus Hypericum. BentTHaM
and Hooxer distinguish only Hypericum and
Aseyrum.

4 Spacu, Suit. d@ Buffon, v. 421; Ann. Se. Nat.
sér. 2, v. 863.—Payenr, Organog. 3, t. 4; Fam.
Nat. 77.

HAYPERICACEL. 387

with five imbricate sepals, five alternate petals, twisted, five bundles
of oppositipetalous stamens with introrse anthers,! and an ovary with
five alternipetalous cells, complete or incomplete and multiovulate,
surmounted by an equal number of stylary branches, capitate and
stigmatiferous at the summit. The fruitis a septifragal capsule, the
five valves of which have at the centre five polyspermous placentary
plates. The seeds enclose under their multiple coats,? a fleshy and
straight embryo, without albumen. These plants are sub-shrubby
or herbaceous. Their leaves are opposite, without stipules, charged
with punctiform and pellucid reservoirs filled with odorous essence.
Their flowers are in cymes at the top of the branches.

With the same organs of vegetation, certain other St. John’s Worts,
of which the genus Androsemum* has been made, have the same

Hypericum (Triadenia) Zigyptiacum.

Fig. 351. Flower. Fig. 352. Long. sect. of flower.

flower, except that their gynecium is trimerous, the two lateral car-
pels being absent. The fruit may be a little fleshy at the time of
maturity ; then however it opens in three valves like a capsule.

In Hypericum proper,‘ the fruit is capsular, and the gynecium is
reduced to three carpels; but so are also the bundles of stamens ; so
that there is only one anterior, oppositipetalous, and two lateral,
superposed to sepals 4 and 5.5

Now, with the three carpels and three staminal bundles of the true
Hypericum, let the flower have three glands alternating with the
bundles of stamens and analogous to those of Vismia, and we shall

'The pollen is ellipsoid, as in Hypericum
generally, with three folds, ‘‘ external membrane
formed of two bands pointed at the two ends
which cross (H. perforatum, H. quadrangulare).
The folds correspond to the angles of a tetrahe-
dron (H. perforatum) ; ovoid; three folds, in
water, a sphere having three bands with three
papilla (H. hireinum).”

2 The exterior is often loose reticulate; the
next hard, coloured, covering a third membra-

nous.

3 Aut. Fl. Pedem, n. 1440.—Spacu, Suit @
Buffon, v. 414; Ann. Sc. Nat. loc. cit. 360.—
Paver, Organog. 3, t. 1; Fam. Nat. 78.

4 Hypericum Svacu, Suit. & Buffon, v. 382:
Ann. Se. Nat. loe. cit. 356,

5 “ This special position of the staminal bun-
dles clearly indicates that the reduction to three
arises not by abortion but by the union of four
bundles two and two.” (PaYzER.)

25—3

388

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

have specimens of Hypericum, such as H. virginiwm, Hlodes, egyptia-

cum (fig. 351-853), which have been proposed as types of as many

separate genera, under the names Hlodea,! Hlodes,’ aud Triadenia?
In H. Drummondii, a species from Florida, the flowers are those

Hypericum egyptiacum,

of Hypericum (such as Brathys, for example) ;
but the type is quaternary instead of quinary.
The four sepals are imbricate and nearly equal
to each other; whence the generic name Iso-
phyllum,* which has been proposed for this
plant.

The flower is equally tetramerous in other
American species, such as H. amplexicaule,
multicaule, pauciflorum, Crux Andree, etc. ;
but of the four decussate sepals, the two more
interior are much less developed than the two
others; of these the genus Ascyrum® has been

Fig. 353. Flower,

perianth removed (4). made.

With all these variations in the flower,® the
St. John’s Worts present as common characters: opposite leaves,

1 Apaws. Fam, des Pl. ii. 442.—Spacn, Suit. @
Buffon, v. 363; Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 2, v. 165, 368.
—EnDL. Gen. n. 5465.

2 Spacu, Suit. & Buffon, v. 369; Ann. Se. Nat.
loc, cit, 171, 853.—Payer, Organog. 3, t. 1;
Fam. Nat, 79.

3 Spacu, Suit, & Buffon, v. 370; Ann. Se. Nat.
loe. cit. 172, 354, t. 4, 5. M. Spacn has esta-
plished in this group many genera which may
be retained as so many distinct subgenera. They
may be grouped in two series, ‘To the first, be-
sides Euhypericum, Androsemum, Eremanthe,
belong Drosanthe (Spacu, Ann. Se. Nat. loc. cit.
355), which has denticulate or pectinate sepals
3-adelphous stamens and an osseous placenta;
Webbia (Spacu, loc, cit. 356), whose stamens are
also 3-adelphous, with seeds spongy without;
Olympia (Spacn, loc. cit. 359), which with the
flowers of Euhypericum, has very unequal sepals
(the 3 interior being much smaller) ; Campylo-
pus and Psorophytum (Spacu, loc, cit. 360), very
near Androsemum ; Campylosporus, Norysea, and
Roscyna (Spacu, loc. cit. 363, 364), the flower of
which much resembles that of Eremanthe ; Bra-
thys (Mur. ex L. ris. Suppl. 43), Myriandra and
Brathydium (Spacn, loc, cit. 364, 365), in which
the bundles of the androecium are indistinct at
adult age, though the study of development
shows that they exist at the beginning. Eye-
mosporus (Sracu, loc. cit. 855) has thick and

cymbiform monospermous carpels. (Those we
have seen appeared altered, perhaps by the
puncture of an insect.) The habit of the plant
is that of H. linearifolium. Whilst in this first
series the interstaminal glands are wanting, they
are developed in the second, where the stamens
are 8-adelphous. Beside Elodea, Elodes, and
Triadenia, it includes Adenotrias (Jace. and
Spacu, Ii. Pl. Or. 76, t. 39), differing from T7i-
adenia chiefly by their biovulate ovarian cells,
Thymopsis of the same authors (Joc. eit. 72, t. 37)
differs from the true Hypericum by its campanu-
late calyx and the almost definite number of the
ovules. Sarothra Ts, (Gen. n. 383) and Receveura
Vetioz. (Fl. Flum. v, t. 119, 120) are referred
to Brathys. Tridia Korvu. (Tijdschr, iii. 17, t. 1)
is supposed (B. H. Gen. 165) identical with
Hypericum japonicum.

4 Spacu, Suit. &@ Buffon, v.432; Ann. Se. Nat.
sér. 2, v. 367.

5 L. Gen. n. 903.—Norr. Gen. ii. 15.—Cnors.
Hypér. 60; DC. Prodr. i. 55.—Spacu, Ann, Se.
Nat, loc. cit. 368; Suit. d Buffon, v. 456.— Env.
Gen. u. 5463.—A. Gray, Gen. Iil.t. 91.—B. H.
Gen, 164, n. 1... There are calyces with very
unequal sepals among the Roscyna and Brathy-
dinee, and the flowers of these latter may be
here and there tetramerous.

® Yellow, rarely white.

HYPERICACEL. 389

generally punctate; definite inflorescence; numerous stamens; scp-
ticidal or septifragal (not loculicidal) fruit; seeds destitute of wing
and an embryo without albumen. About two hundred species ! have
been described ; it will doubtless be necessary to reduce them by
one fourth. They are found in both worlds; more frequent in the
temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, they are less numerous
in the southern and in the mountains of tropical countries; there
are few in south Africa and Australia, and they are wanting, it is
said, in the arctic and antarctic regions.

This small family was established by A.-L. pp Jusstzv in 1789,?
under the name of Hyperica, St. John’s Worts ; it included Ascyrwm,
Brathys, and Hypericum. Cuotsy published at Geneva, in 1821, the
Prodrome dune Monographie des Hypericinées, and wrote the expo-
sition of this family for the Prodromus of A.-P. pm CaNnDousE ;* it
there comprised Haronga, Vismia, Androsemum, Hypericum, Lan-
cretia,* Ascyrum, Carpodontos, and Eucryphia.’ Twelve years later
Spacs,® studying this family fundamentally, distinguished twenty-six
genera, and afterwards’ twenty-eight, nearly all dismembered from
the old genus Hypericum. In 1861, Treviranus® re-established this
genus in its former integrity, and was followed therein, the following
year, by Benruam and Hooxer,? who described the genus Hndodesmia
and retained only eight genera, reduced here to seven by the union
of Ascyrum to Hypericum. The species comprised, numbering about
two hundred, are pretty equally distributed over both worlds, especially
the St. John’s Worts, which, wanting only in the arctic and antarctic
regions, are found in all five divisions of the world. Haronga and
Psorospermum are from tropical western Africa, the native country
of Hndodesmia, and from Madagascar where Elica grows. Crato-

1H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. v. 185, t. 455-460.
—A.58.-H. Pl. Us, Bras. t. 61, 62.—Dz ess. Ie.
Sel. iii. t. 27.—Jausz. and Spacu, Ill. Pl. Or. i.
t. 16-83, 34-36 (Drosanthe), 37 (Thymopsis), 38
(Androsemum), 39 (Adenotrias).—Reicus. Ie.
Fi. Germ, vi. t, 342-351.—Guises. Fl. Brit. W.-
Ind. 111 (Aseyrum).—Tuw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 48,
—Mie. Fi. Ind.-Bat. i. p. ii. 513 (Brathys), 514
(Norysca).—Hoox. rv. Handb. N.-Zeal, Fl. 28.—
Bentu. Fl. Hongk. 23; Fl. Austral, i, 181.—
Tri. and Pu. Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 4, xviii. 290.—
Harv. and Sonp, Fi. Cap. i. 117.—Outv. Fi.
Trop. Afr, i. 154.--Borss. Fi. Or.i. 788 (Tria-
denia), 784.—GReEN. and Gopr. Fil. de Fr. i, 314,

320 (Elodes).— Bot. Mag. t. 137, 146, 178, 4949,
etc.—Watr. Rep. i. 383; ii, 805; v. 141, 142
(Thymopsis), 143 (Adenotrias) ; Ann. i. 126, 960 ;
ii. 184; iv. 857, 359 (Noryeca), 360 (Roscyna,
Brathys, Elodea) ; vii. 327, 832 (Norysea).

2 Gen, Plant. 254, Ord. 8.

3 I. 641 (1624), Ord. 84 (Hypericinece).

4 Syn. of Bergia (Elatinee).

5 Abnormal Rosacece (see vol. i. 401).

6 Suit. & Buffon, v. 835; Ann. Sc. Nat, sér. 2,
v. 157, 349.

7 Ill. Pl. Or. i, 81-77 (1842).

8 Hyper, Gen, et Spec. Anrmadversion.

9 Gen. i. 163, Ord. 26.

390 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

aylon is entirely from tropical Asia, and Vismia from central America,
except four or five African species. In our view, according to what
has been said above,! these plants are Myrtaceew with a convex re-
ceptacle and a gynecium constantly free. We at the same time
recognize their affinities with the Cistacew, near which ADANSON?
formerly placed them, .and we shall see that it is almost impossible
to distinguish them absolutely from the Clusiacee.

Uszs.2—The Hypericacee are rich in essential oil and gum-resinous
juices, often balsamic. In addition a bitter extractive principle
exists in the bark of many species. In the American species of
Vismia, particularly V. Caparosa,* micratha,® longifolia,® latifolia,’
sessifolia,® laccifera,® and cayennensis,” the resinous juice, yellow or
reddish, has drastic properties ; it is sometimes brought to Europe
under the name of American gum-gutta. V. guianensis™ (fig. 340-
343), bearing in Guyana the name of Fever tree,” has also a purgative
juice useful in the treatment of skin diseases. Its wood is employed
in building, and huts are covered with its inner bark. In Sierra
Leone and Angola Psorospermum febrifugum ™ has the same internal
uses as Vismia guianensis. Cratoxylon Hornschuchii * is considered
diuretic and slightly astringent in Java. The St. John’s Worts for-
merly had a similar reputation in Europe. They were esteemed as
balsamic, bitter, vermifuge, vulnerary, etc. Sometimes they were
also employed in dyeing and in the preparation of leather. The most
celebrated was Hypericum perforatum ™ (fig. 339, 350), which has
been prescribed for madness, dysentery, and pains in the joints. Its
leaves and flowers dye yellow, and the Swedes colour corn-spirit with

1 See page 335.

2 Fam. des Pl, ii, 444.

3 EnpL. Enchirid. 540.—Guts. Drog. Simpl.
éd. 6, iii, 617.— Lp. #7. Med.117; Veg. Kingd.
(1846) 406.—Rosenru. Syn. Pl, Diaphor, 748.

4H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Spee. v. 182.

Marr, ex Rosentu. op. cit. 751.

6 A. §.-H. Fl. Bras. Mer. i, 826, t. 68.

7 Cuors. Prodr. Hypér. 36.—Hyperieum lati-
folium AvBL. Guian. ii, 787, t. 312, fig. 1.

8 Pers. loc. cit. — Hypericum sessilifolium
AvBL. Guian. ii. 787, t. 312, fig. 2.

9° Marr. ex Rosenru. (oe. cit.

lo Pers, Syn. ii. 86.—Hypericum cayennense
L. Amen. viii. 321 (Bois Baptiste).

11 Pers, loc. cit.—A. 8.-H. Fl. Bras. Mer. i
327.—Cuo1s. DC. Prodr. i. 542.—Hypericum

guianense AuBL. Guian. ii. 784, t. 311.—Linp1.
Fl. Med. 118.

2 Bois sanglant, B. a dartres, B. cossais, B.
@ acossais.

13 Spacu, Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 2, v. 163.—P.
Serruginewm Hoox.r.—Haronga febrifuga Strvp,

M Bu. Biydr. 143.

15 L. Spee. 1105,—DO. Prodr, i. 549, u. 70.—
Linvt, Fl, Med. 117.—Mér. et Dev. Dict. Mat.
Méd. iii. 576.— Gun. Drog. Simpl. éd. 6, iii. 617,
fig. 737.—Gren. et Gopr. Fl. de Fr. i. 314,—
Caz. Pl. Méd, Indig. éd. 3, 644.—Rosxnru. op.
cit. 748.—H. vulgare Lamx. Fl. Fr. iti, 151.—
HH, officinarum Cranrz. Fl. Austr, 99 (Herbe
Saint-Jean, H. & mille trous, H. aux pigires,
Trucheran, Chasse-diable, Fuga demonwm).

HAYPERICACEZ. 391

An odorous oil distilled from its leaves was formerly em-
ployed in medicine.t H. Androsemum® was in equal repute under
the name of Heal-all.2 It was prescribed for insanity, burns, he-
morrhage, wounds. 4H. hircinum * (fig. 346— 349), the odour of wiiteh
is so strong, was used in the treatment of dysmenorrhea and
strangury ; H. Coris, montanum, ciliatum, etc., as astringents and
balsamics. Many other European species® have analogous properties.
In the United States, a stomachic tincture is prepared from H. vir-
ginicum,® the flowers chiefly being employed. In Brazil H. lawxius-
culum’ is extolled as ulexipharmic and H. connatum® as useful in
cases of angina and stomatite. H. Sarothra,® of North America, is
said to be vulnerary. At Quito H. laricifolivm™ is considered
astringent; its flowers are used for dyeing a saffron yellow. At
Bourbon an odorous balsam is extracted from H. lanceolatum," pre-
scribed in gouty and syphilitic affections. In the North of Europé
H. Elodes*” is used to dye red and yellow. Species of Hypericum
of the section Ascyrum™ have been employed as astringents and
resolutives ; the seeds are considered purgative. Some evergreen
and subshrubby species of this genus are cultivated in our gardens

its buds.

as ornamental.!*

‘Tt forms an ingredient of several balsams,
The petals contain a yellow principle, soluble
in water; the pistil and fruit, a reddish resinous
udtatinne, soluble in oil, alcohol; etc.

2 L. Spec. 1102.—Guim. loc. eat. 617.—H. bacct-
Serum Lamx. Fi, Fr. iii. 151.—H. Bn. Dict, En-
cycl. Sc. Méd. iv. 322.—Androsemum officinale
Aut, Fl. Pedem. ii. 47.—Linpu. Fl. Med. 117.—
Rosentu, op. cit. 750.—<A. vulgare Gurrn.
Fruct, i. 282, t. 59, fig. 2.

3 Parceur, Herbe des grands bois.

4L. Spec. 1103.— Gren. et Govr. Fi, de Fr.
i. 320.—Androsemum fetidum Spacu.

5 H. quadrangulum L. tetrapterum Fins. cris-
pum L. olympicum L. origanifolium W. humifu-
sum LL, empetrifolium W. etc. (RosENTH. op, cit.
749).

6 LL. Spec. 1104.—Awnpr. Bot, Repos, t. 552.—
DC. Prodr. iii. 546, n. 30.—Elodea virginica
Nortt.—Z#. campanulata Pursu.

7A. S.-H. Pl. Us. Bras. t. 62 (Alecrim bravo).

> Lamx. Dict. iv. 168, n. 55.--A. 8.-H. op.
cit, t. 61.—Rosentu. op. cit. 750.—Brathys con-
nata Spacu (Oretha de gato).

9 Micux. Fl. Bor.-Amer. ii. 81. — Sarothra
gentianoides L.—S. hypericoides Nurt.— Ro-
sentu. op. cit. 751.

10 J. Ann, Mus. iii, 160, t. 16, fig. 1.—Brathys
laricifolia Spacu.

i Lamx. Dict. iv. 145, n. 3.—Campylosporus
reticulatus Spach (Ambaville, Fleur jaune).

12 T,, Spec. 1106.—DO. FU. Fr. iv. 866.—Elo-
des palustris Spacu, Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 2, v. 171.
—Gren. et Gopr. Fi. de Fr. i. 320.—H. pulehrum
L. elegans Svepu. Richert Vitu. (barbatum Aut.)
have also been used in dyeing.

13 Mspecially 4. hypericoides L. and stans
Mricux,

14 Bot, Mag. t. 137, 146, 178, 3277, 4949, 5693.
Carr. Rev, Hort. (1875) 170, v. ic.

GENERA.

1. Vismia Vanpetr.—Flowers hermaphrodite regular ; receptacle
convex. Sepals 5, thick subcoriaceous, abruptly attenuate at margin,
shortly imbricate. Petals 5, alternate, oftener villose above, twisted
in prefloration. Stamens «, in 5 bundles, superposed to petals;
filaments free at apex; anthers short introrse, afterwards reflexed
and retrorse, longitudinally 2-rimose. Scales 5, hypogynous, alter-
nipetalous. Germen free, 5-locular; cells complete or incomplete
alternipetalous; style branches 5, distinct from base, at apex capi-
tellate stigmatose. Ovules in cells oo, inserted in internal angle,
anatropous. Fruit baccate, indehiscent. Seeds oo, ascending or
subhorizontal, inserted on placenta with lobes often spongy, subcy-
lindrical ; cotyledons of straight or more rarely incurved exalbumi-
nous embryo plane or semiterete ; radicle short.—Trees or shrubs;
with yellow or red juice; leaves opposite exstipulate, entire, glabrous —
or tomentose beneath, penninerved glandular punctate; flowers in
terminal more or less compound racemose cymes. (Trop. America,
trop. west. Africa.)—Seo p. 382.

2. Haronga Dvr.-Tu.—Flowers nearly of Vismia, hermaphro-
dite, 5-merous; ovules in each cell (complete or incomplete) few (2,
3), ascending; micropyle extrorsely inferior. Fruit drupaceous
(small) globose ; pyrenes 5, 1-2-spermous. Seeds terete ; cotyledons
of exalbuminous embryo plane elongate; radicle shorter.—A shrub ;
leaves entire and other characters of Vismia; flowers (small)

crowded in a terminal very racemose-decompound raceme. (Trop.
Africa, Madagascar.)—See p. 384.

3? Psorospermum Spacu.—Flowers nearly of Vismia; ovules
in each cell (complete or incomplete) 1, 2, ascending ; micropyle

HYPERICACEZ, 393

extrorsely inferior. Fruit baccate, indehiscent. Seeds few ascending ;
cotyledons of straight embryo convolute.—Trees or shrubs often
stellately pubescent ; habit, leaves, etc., of Vismia; flowers crowded
(smaller) in very compound cymiferous racemes. (Trop. Africa,
Malacca.)—See p. 384.

4? Endodesmia Bernru.'—Flowers hermaphrodite, 5-merous ;
sepals 5, coriaceous, imbricate, afterwards not contiguous. Petals 5,
alternate, unequal at base, sometimes thinner subauriculate, twisted.
Stamens oo, in 5 bundles, inserted within petaloid tube, 5-dentate at
apex ; anthers crowded (small) introrse apiculate, 2-rimose. Germen
superior, girt at base with short thick hypogynous disk, 1-locular ;
style slender eccentric, apex stigmatose not incrassate. Ovule l,
inserted under apex of cell descending ; funicle rather thick ; micro-
pyle extrorsely superior. Fruit drupaceous oblong ; mesocarp thin ;
endocarp crustaceous, externally resinous-cellulose. Seed descending ;
cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo fleshy ; radicle very short, supe-
rior.—A shrub ; leaves opposite coriaceous ; primary nerves pinnate
very close lineate parallel ; flowers in ramose corymbiform cymes.
(Trop. west. Africa.)—See p. 385. .

5. Cratoxylon Bu.—Flowers nearly of Vismia, 5-merous ; sepals
5, imbricate. Petals 5, alternate, contorted or imbricate, at base
naked within or more rarely appendiculate (Tridesmis). Stamens oo
(of Vismia), 3-adelphous. Glandules 3, squamiform, alternating with
bundles. Germen 3-locular; styles 3, stigmatose at apex. Ovules
in cells (complete or incomplete) 4-w , 2-seriately ascending ; micro-
pyle extrorsely inferior. Capsule loculicidally 3-valvate; valves
septiferous in middle. Seedsoo , produced above to ascending dorsal
wing; cotyledons of straight embryo generally longer than radicle.—
Trees or shrubs; leaves opposite entire (herbaceous) pellucid punc-
tate, flowers axillary solitary or oftener cymose, sometimes in terminal
cymiferous raceme. (Asia and trop. Oceama.)—See p. 385. ,

6? Eliza Campess.'—Flowers nearly of Cratorylon, 5-merous ;
petals at base minutely appendiculate within. Bundles of stamens
and alternate glandules 3; connective minutely glandular at apex.
Ovules in incomplete cells (8), 2, ascending; micropyle extrorsely
inferior. Seeds, etc., of Cratowylon ; valves of capsule 3, loculicidally '

394, NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

2-partite ; exocarp finally separating from mesocarp.—A shrub ;
leaves, inflorescence, ete., of Cratorylon. (Madagascar.) — See
p. 385.

7. Hypericum T.—Flowers 5-merous or more rarely (Ascyrum)
4-merous; sepals equal or sometimes very unequal (the interior
much smaller), imbricate, glabrous or glanduliferous; glandules often
capitate stipitate (nigrescent). Petals same in number alternate,
naked within, oftener contorted, rarely imbricate. Stamens oo, in 5,
or 3 (or more rarely 6-8) oppositipetalous bundles; filaments long
or more rarely very shortly connate below in bundles, sometimes
subfree (Brathys); anthers small, introrse, 2-rimose. Glandules
hypogynous alternating with bundles of stamens 3, or 0. Germen
free ; cells 3-5, subcomplete or oftener more or less incomplete ;
styles same in number free or rarely connate below, at apex more or
less dilated stigmatose. Ovules on each placenta o, more rarely
few, anatropous. Fruit capsular, or fleshy before maturity (Andro-
semum), septicidal or sometimes more rarely rupturing; placente
solute from axis or finally from valves. Seeds exalate oo , sometimes
rather fleshy or cellulose without ; cotyledons of straight or rarely
incurved, cylindrical or oblong embryo shorter than terete radicle or
sometimes very short.— Odorous shrubs undershrubs or herbs ;
leaves opposite or more rarely verticillate, simple entire or glandular-
serrate or dentate, penninerved, pellucid-punctate, exstipulate ;
flowers terminal, more rarely axillary, solitary or oftener in simple
or racemosely compound cymes regular or 1-lateral from base or
above. (Temperate and warm mountainous regions of both hemi-
spheres.)—See p. 386.

LVI. CLUSIACE.

I. CLUSIA SERIES.

In this family, which also bears the name of Giuttifere, because it
includes the plant which produces the Gum-gutta (fig. 354, 378),

Garcinia Morella.

Fig. 354, Floriferous and fructiferous branch.

we may first study Clusia! (fig. 355-360), the flowers of which are
polygamous or dicecious. The receptacle, slightly convex, bears first

1L, Gen, n. 1154.—Apans. Fam. des Pl. ii. Tru. Ann. Se, Nat. sér. 4, xiii. 318.—B. H. Gen.
355.—J. Gen. 256.—Laux. Dict. ii. 52; Suppl. 170, n. 1.—H. Bu. Payer Fam. Nat. 269 (incl. :
ii. 302; 77. t.°852.—Camsrss. Mém. Mus. xvi. Androstylium Mia. Arrudea A. S.-H. Astrotheca
420.—Cuots. Mém, Soc. Linn. Par.i. p.ii.(ex Mrsrs, Cahotia Karsr. Cochlanthera Cuxors,
DC.); DC. Prodr. i. 558 (part).—Spracu, Suit. Criwa B. H. Lipophyllum Mimrs, Oxystemon Pu.
& Buffon, v. 310.—Enpu. Gen. n, 5438.—Px. et et Tr1. Polythecandra Pu. et Tri. Quapoya AUBL.

393 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

a certain number of imbricate folioles, generally smaller and thicker
as they are more exterior. The interior are larger, membranous,
coloured ;' these are the petals varying in number from four to eight
or ten. The more exterior or sepals, often decussate,? are from four
to ten in number, and often persist at the base of the fruit. The
stamens are numerous in the male flowers (fig. 357). ‘They are
furnished with filaments free or united to a variable extent, forming

Clusia rosea.

Fig. 356. Female flower seen from below.

Fig. 355. Female flower seen from above (4),

sometimes a column of very various height and sometimes a nearly
globular mass. Anthers nay be wanting in the interior and exterior,
or, where developed, may be exserted or immerged, and open in a
very variable manner ;3 they are formed of two or of a great number
of cells or cellules.* In the centre of the andrecium, there may be
a rudimentary gyneecium more or less prominent. In the female

(part), Spherandra Pu, et. Tarr. Triplandron
Bentu. Xanthe ScureEs.).—Cenchramidea Piux.
(ex ADANS. loc. cit.).

1 White, pink, or yellow.

2 They often graduate imperceptibly to bracts,
and these are numerous and decussate in Arrudea
(A. 8.-H. Fl. Bras, Mer. i. 318, t. 66 ;—Enpu.
Gen, n. 6439; Pr. et Tri. Ann. Se. Nat. sév. 4,
xiv. 230), referred by MM. Benruam and
Hooxer to the section Phloianthera of the genus
Clusia, It is the same in the sepals of Ozyste-
mon (Pu. et Tri. Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 8, xiii. 314;
xiv. 226), referred by the same authors to the
sect. Euclusia of the genus Clusia.

3 On these characters are based the three sec-
tions retained in this genus (B. H. Joc. cit.):
“1, Buclusia (Pu. et Tri.). Exterior stamens
numerous fertile with linear free anthers, inte-

rior stamens sterile and united in a spherical
mass.—2. Spherandra (Pu, et Tr.) Stamens
all united in a solid spherical or elongate mass
with anthers imbedded in the summit adnate or
slightly prominent. To this are referred the sec-
tions of the authors cited : Omphalanthera, Gom-
phanthera, Phioianthera, and Retinostemon, with
its 6 sub-sections or distinct types.—3. Criuva.
Staminal filaments short, free, or more or less
united at base. To this are referred the sections
of the authors cited: Cordylandra, Clusiastrum,
Stauroclusia, Cruviopsis, Criuva, and Anandro-
gyne.”

4. In C. insignis the pollen-grain is a “ flat-
tened sphere, with three very short folds simiiar
to the pores.” (H. Mout, Ann, Sc. Nat. sér. 2.
iii, 829.)

CLUSIACE. 397

flowers, the sterile stamens are definite in number (from 5 to 10) or
indefinite ; they surround the base of the ovary, and are free or

united to a certain extent. The gynecium is sessile, with a 4-10-
celled ovary, surmounted

by a style rarely erect es
and cylindrical, much
more frequently divided
from the base into a
variable number (4-10)
of thick radiating reflexed
entire or crenated lobes.
In the internal angle of .
each coll are numerous ‘iG 87, Male, Sonar Wig. 38, Tong ah
transverse or slightly

oblique and anatropous ovules, with the micropyle turned from the
side of the placenta! The fruit is spherical or ovoid, coriaceous or
fleshy, but finally septicidal,

with thick valves which separate Clusia Pana-panari,

from an angular column, charged
with seeds. The latter variable
in number, sometimes few, as in
C. Pana-panari® (fig. 359, 360),
are small, covered with a fleshy
aril, complete or incomplete, and
enclose under their coats a large
fleshy and macropod embryo, _ :
with cotyledons very small rela- Ree Sees Reel ae
tively to the thick ovoid radicle

(fig. 358).

This genus has been divided into numerous sections,°® according
to the character of the andrecium. This may serve to distinguish
Clusia proper,* with exterior and interior stamens sterile and anthers
free and linear, Criwva,® in which the staminal filaments are short
(fig. 857) free, or more or less connate below, and Arrudea, which

1 They have a double coat. * B. H. not Px. et Tri. (p. 396, note 3). To
2 Cuois. DC. Prodr. i. 569, n. 13.—H. By. the sect. Spherandra (samé note) Benruam and
Payer Fam, Nat. 269.—Quapoya Pana-panari Hooxsr refer Triplandron Bentu. (Sulph. 73, t.
Avs. Guian. 901, t. 844. 38) Arrudea A. S.-H. Polythecundra Pu. et Tr1.
3 16 (Px. et Tr. Ann. Se, Nat. sér.4, xiii. 318). (loc, cit. xiii, 314) Astrotheca Miers (ex Pt. et
4 Euclusia (p. 396, note 3). ‘Trt. loc. cit. xiv. 254), Cahotia Karst, Linnea,

398 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

has all the stamens united in a solid mass, in which are imbedded
the anthers, sometimes but slightly projecting at the exterior. These
anthers open sometimes by pores and oftener by longitudinal, lateral
or introrse clefts. Thus constituted,! the genus Olusia comprises
some sixty species.? They are trees or shrubs with gummy resinous
latex, often yellow; they are ordinarily glabrous, sometimes sarmen-
tous and climbing, often living as parasites (true or false) upon the
trunks of trees, which they finally kill? The leaves are opposite,
without stipules, thick, coriaceous, entire, penninerved, with a single
visible median nervure or with five parallel nervures in great
number. The flowers are terminal or solitary, or in cymes. Under
the calyx are two bracts, or a larger number of decussate-alternate
folioles which mingle imperceptibly with the sepals. All belong to
the warm regions of America, from Mexico to Paraguay.

Beside Clusia is placed Quapoya‘ (fig. 361-366), which. differs
from it in the definite number of stamens, and also in the arrange-
ment of the two vertical series of ovules, sometimes few and
ascending,® sometimes more numerous and trausverse or nearly so.
In the prototype of the series, Q. scandens, there are ten stamens
united by their filaments to a common tube, at the bottom of which
is seen a rudimentary gynecium. The obcuneiform anthers are
free almost only at the summit of the tube, and present two linear
and marginal cells (fig. 361). In other species of the same genus,
to which the name Rengifa® has been given, there are from five to
ten stamens, the filaments of which are all likewise united in a
shorter tube, except at the summit, which may be independent. The
anthers are formed like those of Q. scandens, and the number of

xxviii. 448) and the Quapoya Pana-panari (p.
397, note 2), They consider Cochlanthera (Cuo1s.

Lond. Journ. ii. 368.— War, Rep, i. 393 ; ii. 811;
v. 144; Ann. i, 128; ii. 190; iv. 364; vii. 338.

Gutt. Ind. 46, t. 3) and Lipophyllum (Mizrs,
Trans. Linn. Soc. xxi. 251, t. 26) as belonging
to the sect. Criwva.

1 From what precedes we can admit six sec-
tions in the genus, viz. Euclusia, Spherandra,
and Criuva, as conceived by Bznruam and
Hooxer, and in addition Arrudea, Cochlanthera,
and Oxystemon. :

2A. 8.-H. Fl. Bras. Mer.i.t. 65,—Marr. Nov.
Gen. et Sp. iii. 104, t. 288.—Mie. St. Surin. t. 25,
26.—Cuo1s. Gutt. Ind. t. 1-3.—Tuxr. Dict. Se.
Nat. Atl. t. 156, 157.—GnrisEx. Fl. Brit. W.-Ind.
106.—Srem. Bot. Herald, 88.—Garpn. Hook.
Lond. Journ, ii. 3834 (Tocomita).— Bentu, Hook.

3 Whence the common names Figuiers mau-
dits, Mille-pieds, etc.

4 AuBL. Guian. 897, t, 343 (not 344).—Enpr.
Gen. n. 5437 (part).— Px. et Trr. Ann. Se. Nat.
sér. 4, xiv. 240 (part)—H. By. Budd, Soc, Linn.
Par. [1876] 77.— Xanthe Scurzs. Gen. 710
(incl. : Balboa Pu. et Tri. Havetiopsis Pu. et Tri.
Havetiella Pu. et Trr. Edematopus Py. et Tarr.
Renggeria Missy, Rengifa Parr. et Enpt.).

5 With micropyle exterior and inferior.

6 Parr. et Enpi. Nov. Gen. et Sp, iii, 12,
t. 210.—Pu. et Tri. Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 4, xiv.
210.—B. H. Gen. 171, u. 3,

CLUSIACE. 399

ovules may diminish to two in each cell.’ In Renggeria,? rightly
referred as a section to the same genus, there are ten stamens, the
filaments of which are united in a short and thick tube, at the summit
of which the anthers display their two distinct and divergent cells.
In Havetiopsis,? which we do not separate generically from the

Quapoya (Rengifa) scandens.

Fig. 361. Androecium, Fig. 363, Female perianth.

Fig. 366. Female flower,
‘perianth removed.

Fig. 365. Long. sect. of female
flower.

Fig. 364. Diagram of
female flower.

preceding types, there are often only four stamens, monadelphous
below, but the anthers of which become introrse. Some, which have
been named Oligospora,‘ have only from two to four ascending ovules
in each cell; others (Havetiella®) have a greater number. Balboa *®
comprises species of Havetiopsis, the stamens of which, four to six
in number, are surrounded by four petals of variable imbrication
and not constantly decussate. In (Hdematopus,’ generically con-
founded by the most recent authors® with Havetiopsis, the stamens

have the same configuration as

in the true Quapoya; but their

1 They are ascending when they are few in
number, and approach the horizontal direction
as the number increases. ;

2 Mzissn. Gen. 42; Comm. 31,—ENvL. Gen. n.
5486.—H. Bn. Payer Fam. Nat. 270.—Schweig-
gevra Marv. Nov. Gen. et Sp iii. 166, t. 297, fig. it.

3 Px. et Trr. Ann. Se. Nat. sér, 4, xiv, 246.—
B. H. Gen. 172, n. 6,

4 PL. et Trt. loc. cit, 248.

5 Px. et Tru. loc. cit. 247.

* Px, et Tri. loc, cit. 252.—B. H. Gen. 172, u.
8.—H. By. Bull. Soc. Linn. Par. 77.

7 Px, et Tru. loc. cit, 249.

8B. H. Gen. 172, n. 6 (“ Edematopode sepa-
rated from Havetiopsis by characters apparently
of less importance”).—See H. Bn. Bull, Soc.
Linn. Par. 78.

400 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

filaments are free to a much larger extent, sometimes even nearly
to the base. Their number may rise to eight or twelve and perhaps
even more.’ In conclusion, the genus Quapoya, thus limited,’ is
developed almost parallel to the genus Clusia, in which we have
seen variations of the andrecium still more numerous, both as to
the number of stamens and the form of the anthers. It comprises
some fifteen species,? belonging entirely to tropical America; the
habit and organs of vegetation are those of Clusia, but the flowers
are ordinarily much smaller.

Havetia * has dicecious flowers, and the leaves are nearly the same
as those of the preceding genera. The ovary, surrounded by an
hypogynous disk,® has generally in each of its four cells two ®
descending ovules, with micropyle interior and superior, and raphe
ventral and sublateral.’? But the male flowers, ordinarily tetramerous,
with four imbricate petals, are remarkable for the andreecium, com-
posed of four large alternipetalous stamens; each of which has the
form of a thick quarter of a sphere, and bears above and without
three circular and valvicide cells. The only species of Havetia®
known is a Columbian tree having otherwise the foliage, habit, and
inflorescence of Quapoya.

Beside the preceding genera under the name Clusiella ® has been
placed, not without some doubt, a Columbian shrub having penta-
merous dicecious flowers. In the females, alone known, there are
contorted petals, and an ovary with five multiovulate cells, sur-
rounded. at the base by a cupule formed of a large number of sterile
stamens, short and closely united. The flowers, small and collected

1To 20 in the sect. Hemigquapoya (Pu. et
Trt. doc. cit. 288), and if, as the same authors
suppose, Arrudea? bicolor BentH. belongs to
this genus, it would be the richest representa-
tive in stamens since the latter number about
forty.

2 Sect. 6: 1. Zuquapoya (Rengifa); 2. Have-
tiopsis ; 3. Edematopus ; 4. Balboa ; 5. Renggeria;
6. Hemiquapoya,

3 Marr. Nov, Gen. et Sp. iii. 166. t. 297, f. iti,
(Havetia).— Buntu. Hook. Lond. Journ. ii. 369
(Havetia), Kew Gard. Mise. iti. 146 (Arrudea ?).
—Perr. et Enns. Nov.Gen. et Sp. iii. 11, t. 209 A
(Havetia).—Watr. Rep. i. 493 (Rengifa); ii,
810 (Havetia); Ann. vii. 343 (Rengifa), 344
(Havetiopsis, Edematopus), 345 (Balbow).

4H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. v. 203, t. 462.—
Spacu, Suit. a Buffon, v. 305.-—Enpu. Gen. n.
5435.—T ri, et Pu. Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 4, xiv. 245.

—B. H. Gen. 171, u. 4.—H. By. Payer Fam. Nat.
270.

5 It has been supposed to be formed by the
union of four staminodes in a sort of cupule.

SIt may, it is said, have four, then two
inferior ascending (B. H.).

7 The raphe becomes dorsal or nearly so at
adult age in Pilosperma (Pu. et Tri. Ann. Se.
Nat. sér. 4, xiv, 243.—B. H. Gen. 171, n. 4), a
Columbian tree which has the characters of
vegetation of Havetia, and of which the tetra-
merous female flowers only are known; but we
know not if the raphe may not primarily be
equally ventral. Is the uril (?) of the seed, as
supposed, distinct in origin from that of Have-
tia ?

8 H. laurifolia H. B. K. loc. cit. (not alior.).

9 Px. et Trr. Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 4, xiv. 253,.—
B. H. Gen. 172, n. 7.

*

CLUSIACEZ:, 401

in short cymes (?), are accompanied by from two to four pairs of
imbricate and decussate bracts. Only one species is known.!

In the two American genera’ Ohrysochlamys and Tovomita, the
ovarian cells are uniovulate, and the ascending ovule has its micro-
pyle directed downwards and outwards. Chrysochlamys? has four
or five sepals and from four to ten imbricate petals. The stamens
are numerous, sometimes partly sterile, and free or united at the
lower part of their short filaments. The fruit, at first somewhat
fleshy, finally becomes a septicidal capsule with five valves. The
seeds are surrounded by an incomplete fleshy aril, open at the back
and of which the point of origin is variable. Some fifteen species *
have been described. Tovomita,> abundant especially in the Antilles,
Guyana, and Brazil, has nearly the same perianth, with 4-10 petals.
The stamens are free and have an erect, linear-subulate filament,
surmounted by a very small anther. The ovary, with four or five
cells, is surmounted by an equal number of distinct stigmatiferous
heads, nearly sessile or supported each by a moderately long stylary
column. ‘The dehiscent fruit contains seeds described as destitute of
aril, but in reality the entire superficial coat is transformed into
arillar tissue. Tovomita, of which some score of species ® have been
distinguished, has, like Chrysochlamys, the foliage of Clusia, with
numerous and generally small flowers, collected in umbelliform

cymes, solitary or gathered in a common ramified cluster.’

1 C. elegans, Pu. et Trt. loc. cit, 254.

2 Papp. et Enpt. Nov. Gen. et Sp. iii. 18, t,
211,—Eno.. Gen. n. 6483 '—Pt. et Tru. loc. cit.
xiv. 255.—B. H. Gen, 172, n. 9.

3 The g. Tovomitopsis (Pu. et Tri. loc. cit. xiv.
261 ;—Bertolonia Sprunc. N. Enéd. ii. 110, t. 1,
fig. 1, not Manr,) has been distinguished on
account of its aril springing from the micropyle
instead of from the hilum. Bznruam and
Hooxer say: “Nos tamen in Chrysochlamide
arilli basin vidimus cum endocarpio et hilo
seminis tam arcte concretam ut funiculus nullus
appareat, et arillus cicatricis endocarpii v. semi-
nis oriri videatur,” and they join Tovomitopsis
to the g. Chrysochlamis, to which they are in-
clined likewise to refer Commirhea Minrs
(Trans, Linn, Soc. xxi, 252, t. 26).

4A, S.-H. Fi’. Bras. Mer. i. 315, t. 64 (Zovo-

- mita).—Prusu. Symb. ii. 20, t. 66 (Tovomita).—

Warp. Ann. vii. 345, 346 ( Tovomitopsis).

> AuBL. Guian. 956, t. 364.—J. Gen. 256.—
Porr, Dict. vii. 717; Suppl. v. 327.— Enpu. Gen.
n, 5483.—Pu. et Tri. loc. cit. xiv, 267.—B. H.

VOL. VI.

Gen. 173, n. 10.—H. Bn. Payer Fam. Nat. 270.
—Marialva Vaxpetn. Rem. Ser. 118. —DC.
Prodr. i. 560.—Beauharnoisia R. et Pav. Ann.
Mus. xi. 71, t. 9.—Micranthera Cots. Mén, Sce.
Hist. Nat. Par. i. 224, t. 11,12; DO. Prodr.i. 560.

6 Mant, Nov. Gen. et Sp. ii. 88, t. 167 (Marial-
ve@a).—Parp. et Enpu, Nov. Gen. et Sp. iii. 18,
t. 212 (Marialvea).—Cuors, Gutt. Ind. 84 (Gar-
cinia).—Brntu. Hook. Lond. Journ. ii. 366.—
Griszs. Fl. Brit. W.-Ind. 106.—Wate. Rep. i.
392; ii. 810; Ann, ii, 190; vii. 346,

7 We do not know to what group of this
family to refer the abnormal genus Al/anbluckia
(Ouiv. B. H. Gen. 980, u. 15a; Fl. Trop. Afr.
i. 162), represented by a single species (A.
Jfloribunda), which has the external characters.
of a Clusia or a Tovomita, but the stamens of
which are pentadelphous, with oppositipetalous
bundles, rudimentary in the female flower, and
the gynzcium, rudimentary in the male, has a
unilocular ovary, with five parietal little-pro-
minent and multiovulate placente. The inflo-
rescence is in terminal compound clusters.

26

402 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Il. SYMPHONIA SERIES.

One of the two plants made known by Avsiet’ under the hame
Moronobea coccinea, has more recently received that of Symphonia
globulifera. Its flowers are regular, ordinarily hermaphrodite,* with

Symphonia (Cho ysopia) fasciculata.

Fig. 369, Flower, without Fig. 371. Flower, corolla Fig. 370. Long. sect.
corolla. and andrcecium removed. of flower.

a concave receptacle, The calyx is formed of five sepals, arranged
in the bud in quincuncial prefloration, unequal,‘ and the corolla of
five alternate petals, contorted in prefloration.s Within the corolla

1 Guian. t. 118, fig. a-7 (excl.). i. 72, t. 48.
2L. rv. Suppl. 49, 303.—Pu. et Tur. Ann. Se. 3 Perhaps polygamous.
Nat. sér. 4. xiv. 286.—B. H. Gen. 173, n. 11,.— + Shorter and thicker as they are exterior in

H, Bx, Payer Fam. Nat. 272 —? Blackstonia the bud.
Soor. Introd. n.1236.—A ve ‘isews Pres. Symbd. > Asa whole nearly globular in the bud.

CLUSIACEZ. 403
is a thick coriaceous cupuliform disk, within which is irserted the
andreecium. ‘The latter is monadelphous at the base, and the filaments,
united below in a sort of tube, separate higher up into five small
oppositipetalous bands, the exterior face of which bears three adnate
extrorse anthers, dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts, and the summit
terminates in a point, at first inflexed. The gynecium is superior,
formed of an ovary with five incomplete alternipetalous cells, sur-
mounted by a style with five open then recurved stigmatiferous
branches terminated by a point at the top of which is a small aperture
leading to a narrow stigmatic cavity. In the internal angle of each
cell is a placenta bearing from two to six, rarely more, ascending
anatropous ovules, with the micropyle inferior and exterior. The
fruit is an ovoid or globular berry, with few seeds enclosing under
their coats a large fleshy undivided embryo, without albumen.

S. globulifera'isa tree with a yellowish latex, opposite, coriaceous,
entire, penninerved leaves, with numerous thin parallel and close
secondary nervures. The flowers? are in umbellifurm cymes at the
top of the branches. It inhabits tropical America from the Antilles
to Peru and central Brazil. It is found in western tropical Africa.’
Chrysopia* (fig. 367-371) from Madagascar has rightly been con-
sidered congeneric with this plant, having the same organs of vege-
tation and the same flowers, with sometimes four anthers in each
fascicle of the andrcecium and a disk more or less deeply crenelate.°
Hitherto five species * of Chrysopia have been described.

Close beside Symphonia are ranged four genera, some of which are
scarcely distinct and perhaps will hereafter be retained only as sections
of the first. There is first the true Moronobea,’ the corolla of
which is more elongate and ovoid in the bud than that of Symphonia,
and the disk exterior or rather inferior to the andrecium disappears

! Moronobea globulifera Scutcutt, Linnea, viii.
189.—Aneuriseus exserens Prusu.—A. Aubletii
PRESL.

2 Red, very odorous.

3 Ourv. Fl. Zrop. Afr. i. 163.
if it has not been introduced.

Noronu. ex Dup.-Tu. Gen, Nov. Mad, 14,—
DC. Prodr. i. 563.—Spacu, Suit. d Buffon, v. 319.
—Camnuss. Mém. Mus, xvi. 422, t. 19.—Enpu.
Gn. n, 5440.—Ps. et Tri. Ann. Se. Nat. sér.'5,
xiv, 289.

It is a question

®In C. gymnoclada the ovary is described as
directly surmounted by five punctiform stig-
mata (Pu. et Trr.).

6 One of them, C. wrophylla Dons. is perbaps
evidently a form little distinct from Symphonia
globulifera L. ¥.

7 AuBL, Guian. 788, t. 313 (excl. fig. a-/).—
Enpu. Gen. n. 5441 (part).—Px. et Tri. Avi.
Sc. Nat. sér. 4, xiv. 295.—B, H. Gen. 174, n. 18.
— Leweonoearpus €prucn, herb. (ex, PL. et

Tr).
26—2

404 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

almost entirely at the level of the fascicles of the latter, and is seen,
in the form of salient lobes, only in the intervals. Tach fascicle is
composed of from four to six stamens which are united only in the
lower part of their filaments and free in their antheriferous part,
slender, very elongate, spirally twisted in the bud. One or two
species of Moronobea have been described, from Guyana and northern
Brazil; they have opposite leaves and large terminal and solitary
flowers. Montrouzeria® is scarcely distinct from Moronobea and
Symphonea. It has the spherical bud of the latter, the fundamen-
tally distinct staminal fascicles of the former, with free anthers and
independent glands, generally alternate? with the staminal bundles.
The ovules are numerous and the organs of vegetation nearly those
of Moronobea. Four or five New Caledonian species* are already
known. Pentadesma butyracea,® one of the Butter-trees of tropical
western Africa, has nearly all the characters of Moronobea,® sepals
more unequal’ and stamens more numerous in each of the five
fascicles, with anthers that do not descend so low in each fascicle.
The disk is the same, and the fleshy fruit, rich in fatty matter,
encloses only a single seed in each cell. It is a fine tree with oppo-
site coriaceous penninerved leaves and large solitary terminal flowers.
It is nearly allied to Platonia,* a large tree of tropical eastern
America, having the bud of Moronobea, a disk with lobes alternating
with the staminal fascicles, but in each of the latter a very large
number of slender, straight filaments, which soon separate from each
other and bear each a linear and extrorse anther® proceeding from
the middle of its length. Two” species of Platonia are described,

1 White.

rically distinct.
2 Pancn, ex Pu. et Tri. Jun. Sc. Nat. sér. 4,

xiv. 292.—B. H. Gen. 178, n. 12.

3Jn 4. caulifora the disk, little prominent,
is quite entire beneath the stamens, and does not
project into the intervals of the filaments.

4Pancu. Sé. Not. Bois N.-Caled. 220.—H,
Bn. Adansonia, xi. 366.

® Sas. Trans. Hort. Soe. v. 457.—Don, Gen.
Syst. i. 619.—Spacu, Swit. & Buffon, v. 320.—
Enot. Gen. n, 6445.—Pu, et Tr1. Ann. Se. Nat.
sér. 4, xiv. 300.—B. H. Gen. 174, n. 15.—Otrv.
Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 164.

From which it cannot be retained as gene-

7 From which the sepals are said to pass im-
perceptibly to petals.

8 Mart, Nov. Gen. et Sp. iii. 108, t. 288, f. 2,
t. 289.—Enp. Gen. n. 5456.—Pt. et Tr. Ann.
Se. Nat. sér. 4, xiv. 297.—B. H. Gen. 174, n. 14,
—H. Bn. Payer Fam. Nat. 272.

® The pollen is “spherical with four rather
short folds, and four transverse elliptical um-
bilics.”? (H. Moun. Ann. Se, Nat. sér. 2, iii.
329.)

10 Arrup. Discors. 82 (Bacury),— Apzry,
Miss, Capuc. 222 (Pacoury).

CLUSIACEZ 405

trees whose organs of vegetation are those of Symphonia and its
beautiful flowers’ solitary and terminal.?

e

III. GARCINIA SERIES.

Garcinia has polygamo-diccious flowers. In some of them, dis-
tinguished under the name of Xanthochymus'® (fig. 872-375), they
are pentamerous, and on their convex receptacle are inserted, from

Garcinia Xanthochymus.

Fig. 372 Flower (j). Fig. 373. Long. sect. Fig. 874. Androecium Fig. 375. iia 2
of flower. and gynecium. fruit

bottom to top, five sepals imbricate in the bud, more or less unequal,‘
and five alternate imbricate petals. In front of each petal is a
bundle of stamens in which the male organs are few in number,
often, for example, from four to six. The filaments are often united
toa considerable extent, after which they become distinct and sup-
port each a bilocular introrse anther, dehiscing by two longitudinal
clefts, often sterile or even disappearing in the female flowers. With
these five staminal bundles alternate an equal number of hypogynous
glands or lobes of a disk more or less rugose or plaited, surmounted
by a gynecium, imperfect or nil in the male flowers. In the female
or hermaphrodite, it is composed of a free ovary, with five alterni-
petalous cells, surmounted by a style discoid dilated stigmatiferous
at its extremity, with five obtuse or very prominent and radiating

1 Large pink. Ewot. Gen. n, 5444.—Px. et Tri. Ann. Se. Nat.

2 Like all the types of this series, this will sér. 4, xiv. 303.—B. H. Gen. 175, n. 17.—H.
perhaps one day be regarded as simply a section Bn. Payer Fam, Nat. 270.—Stalagmites Morr.
of a single genus. Comm. Gett. ix, 173 (part).—DC. Prodr. 1. 662.

3 Roxs. Pl. Coromand, ii. 51, t. 196 ; iii. t. 270. 4 The most exterior are the smallest.
—Cuots. DO. Prodr, i. 562; Gutt. Ind. 23, 32. 5 Or more rarely contorted.

406 NATORAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

lobes (fig. 872-374). The two lateral cells and the corresponding
stylary branches may be wanting. In the internal angle of each
cell is an axile placenta supporting a single ascending incompletely
anatropous ovule, with micropyle inferior and exterior. The fruit
is a berry. The secds, surrounded by a fleshy pulp,’ enclose under
their coats a large fleshy and undivided embryo.

In the true Garcinia? the flowers are generally tetramerous (fig.
354, 376-378). The sepals are imbricate-decussate and the two
exterior are not unfrequently* much smaller than the others. The
stamens are generally arranged like those of Xanthochymus, either
free or united in five fascicles or sometimes more, with anthers

Garcinia Mengostana.

HA OY

Fie. 376. Female flower, Fig. 877. Jong. sect. of female flower.

fertile only in the male or hermaphrodite flowers. The organization
and mode of dehiscence of these anthers are very variable. In @.
Mangostana and analogous species, they are bilocular. In the
species of the Cambogia series, they have two cells or four cellules,
equally dehiscing by clefts. In G. Morella® (fig. 354, 378), they
are peltate and open by a sort of small lid like a pyxis.6 The
gyneeciumi is composed of a very variable number of carpels (from
two to a dozen). The ovary encloses, in the internal angle of each

1 Seminal coats transformed. Mia. Fl. Ind.-Bat. Suppl. i. 495.—Clusianthemum
2L. Gen. u. 594.—J. Gen. 256.—Desrx. Lamk, Vintin. Bull. Soc. Linn. Norm. ix. 338.
Dict. iii. 699; Suppl. iii. 584; Id. t. 405.—DC. 5 Particularly in the greater part of the species
Prodr. i. 560.—Campzss. Mém, Mus. xvi. 425.— from tropical western Africa, which thus differ
Sracu, Suit, @ Buffon, v. 322.—Enpi. Gen, n. from Rheedia only in the presence of more than
5443.—Px. et Tri. dn. Se, Nat. sér. 4, xiv. two sepals to the calyx.
324.—B. H. Gen. 174, 980, n. 16.—H, By. 4 Sect. Mangostana (Bu. —Pt, et Trt.).
Layer Fam. Nat. 271.—Vanrss. Adansonia, x. ° Type of the sect, Hebrad:ndron, formerly
283. t. 11.—Cambagia L. Gen. n. 650.— Mango- raised to the rauk of a genus (GraHam, Hook,
stana Grrty. Fruct. ii. 105, t. 105.—Oxycarpus Rew Journ. vi. 70, t. 2 C).
Lovr. Fl. Cochineh. (ed. 1790) 647.—Brindonia

6 The anthers are linear, 2-locular, in Clusi-
Dur.-‘T'n. Dict, Se. Nat. v. 339.—Rhinostigma

anthemum ; which has 4-5-merous flowers, and

CLUSIdA CEA. 407

cell, an ovule like that of Xanthochynvus, and is surmounted by a
style, dilated to a head of very variable form, with lobes more or less
salient and distinct.! Often the entire style exists in the centre of
the male flowers, but without ovary; in other
cases the gyneecium disappears entirely. The
fruit is analogous to that of Xanthochymus ; it
is a berry, often corticate, furnished at the
base with the calyx and at the summit with
the persistent style. The seeds, with pulpy
coat, enclose an embryo undivided or with
macropod radicle, surmounted by two very
small cotyledons.’

Under the name of Discostigma,’ have been distinguished generi-
cally some species of Garcinia with small flowers in false umbels in
the axils of the leaves and anthers opening by short clefts resembling
pores; and under the name of Terpnophyllum,! some Discostigma of
Ceylon whose stamens are slightly adherent with the base of thesepals.

Thus understood,® the genus Garcinia is composed of about forty
species® belonging to all the tropical regions of the old world.
They are trees or shrubs with a yellow juice, thick opposite coria-
ceous penninerved leaves, nearly always entire, without stipules.
The flowers are terminal or axillary, solitary, or in triflorous or
more or less ramified cymes resembling compound clusters or umbels.

Gareinta Morella.

Fig. 378. Stamens.

the stamens are inserted on a quadrilateral re-

ceptacular projection.
xi. 379.)

1 There are some sections founded on the
character of the stigma which is peltate in Ped-
tostigma and Trachycarpus, with tubercular
lobes in Comarostigma.

2In germination, the gemmule is elongate,
and its appendages separate from each other.
Adventitious roots, variable in number, may
then be developed at the base, and these alone
will soun nourish the young plant. At the
opposite extremity of the embryo there is also
(as in certain Monocotyledons) a thin root soon
arrested in its development. Roxspuren, then
Prancuon et Triana (Ann. Se. Nat. sér, 4, xvi.
302), consider it an original root of transitory
existence.

3 Hassx, Oat. Hort. Bogor. 212.—Enpu, Gen.
Suppl. iii. 95.—Cuois, Mém, Soe. Gen. (1860) xv.
435.—Pu. et Tri. Ann. Se, Nat. sér. 4, xiv. 861.

4Tuw. Hook. Kew Journ. 70, t. 2C.—Pu. et

(See H. By. Adansonia

Trt. loc. cit. 363. 7

§Sect.12: 1. Hebradendron (Grau.); 2. Man-
gostdna (GzRtN.) ; 8. Peltostigma (Pu. et TRr.) ;
4, Xanthochymus; 5. Rheediopsis (an African
species mentioned above); 6. Clusianthemum
(Vrzru.); 7. (?) Rhinostigma’ (M1e.); 8. Cam-
bogia (L,) ; 9. Comarostigma (Pu. et Tt.) ; 10.
Trachycarpus (Pu. et Trt. loc. cit. 348) ; 11. Dis-
costigma (Hassx.); 12. Terpnophyllum (Tuw.).

6 Wicut, Icon. t. 44, 102-105, 112-115, 116,
120, 121, 192, 960, 960 (2); Idd. t. 44.—Wat.
Pi. As. Rar. ii. t. 258.—Roxs. Pl. Corom. iii. t.
298.—Tuw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 48, 49; Suppl. 493
(Terpnophyllum, Xanthochymus).—Suem. Voy,
Her. Bot. t. 79, 93.—Muia. Fi. Ind.-Bat. i. p.i.
506; Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat, i. 208.—Outv. 2.
Trop, Afr. i. 164, 168 (Xanthochymus).—Kurz,
Journ. As. Soc. xxxvii. 64.,—ANDERSON, Hook,
Fil. Brit. Ind. i. 259.—Watr. Rep. i. 394, 396°
(Xanthochymus), 811; Ann. ii. 190; iv. 368,
366 (Discostigma) ; vii. 350, 353 (Discostigma),
354 (Terpnophyllum).

408 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Rheedia is scarcely. distinct from tetramerous Gareinia ; it differs
only in this; that the calyx, instead of being in two dimerous ver-
ticils, with alternate pieces, has only two free imbricate sepals, rarely
united to any considerable extent. It comprises trees of tropical
America, whose organs of vegetation are those of Garcia. Two
from Madagascar and one from tropical western Africa are all the
species that have been described. Ochrocarpus is also a near neigh-
bour of Garcinia, and between it and Rheedia the only difference
observable is that the calyx, represented in the bud by a valvate and
close sac, afterwards divides from top to bottom into two equal
or unequal parts. It has been found in Madagascar, in tropical
western Africa, and in eastern India. All these plants have the
same embryo as Garcinia.

IV. MAMMEA SERIES.

Mammea' (fig. 379), having the flowers of Ochrocarpus, would
be placed in the same series if it had not an embryo of quite a
different organization ;
a character to which, in
this family, a great value
has been attached in
classification. Instead of
being macropod and un-
divided, this embryo is
in fact composed of a
very short inferior radi-
cle and of two very large

Fig. 379. Long. sect. of flower (2). plano-convex cotyledons,

united to each by their

internal surface. The polygamous flowers, moreover, have a valvate
calyx, divided at the period of anthesis into two valves, of from four
to eight imbricate petals, numerous stamens, with erect elongate

Mammea americana.

1L. Gen. n. 656.—J. Gen, 257.—Lamx. Ill.t. —Spacu, Suit. a Buffon, v. 321.—Envu. Gen. n,
458.—Desrx. Dict. iii. 692; Suppl. iii. 582 5442.-B. H. Gen. 176, u. 28 (part), 981.—H,

(part).—DC. Prodr, i, 561—Camnnss. Mém, By. Payer Fam. Nat. 271.—PL, et Tr1, Ann. Se.
Mus. xvi. 424.—Turp. Dict. Se, Nat, Atl.t. 157. Nat. sér. 4, xv. 240 (part).

CLUSIACEZ. 409

anthers, dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts and a gynecium desti-
tute of disk. The ovary is bilocular, surmounted by a style with
stigmatiferous extremity dilated to a large subpeltate and bilobed
‘head. In the internal angle of each of the cells are two nearly basilar
collateral ascending ovules, with micropyle exterior and inferior.
The fruit is a large corticate 1-4-spermous berry.'! There is perhaps
only one species* of Mammea,® a native of tropical America, but
introduced and cultivated in several warm countries of Asia and

Africa. The leaves are opposite,

rigid, coriaceous, entire, penni-

nerved, with numerous fine parallel secondary nervures, covered with

glandular punctuations.

The flowers are axillary, solitary or united

in pauciflorous cymes and with pedicels ordinarily short.

Close beside Mammea are placed
three genera frem tropical Asia,
which scarcely differ from it in the
fundamental organization of the
flower; these are Mesua, Kayea,
and Peciloneuron. Mesua (fig.
380) has hermaphrodite, tetrame-
rous flowers, with imbricate sepals,
an ovary with two biovulate cells
and a style longer than that of
Mammea, but terminated also by

a large stigmatiferous bilobed
head.

The fruit finally opens in four valves.

Mesua ferrea.

Fig. 380. Flower.

Four or five species ®

are described. Kayea® has the same flowers, with four unequal,

1 The seeds are ascending, nearly erect, large,
covered with a thick bed resembling fibrous
hemp, enclosing a large fleshy embryo quite
riddled with reservoirs of gum-resinous juice,
and much resembling a large almond, with
plano-convexcotyledons, well defined externally,
but united by their plane surface, and a very
short inferior radicle.

2M. americana L, Spec. (ed. 1), 512.—Jaca,
Amer, 268, t. 181, fig. 82; Amer. Pict. t. 248.—
Vaut, Fel. ii. 40.—W. Spee. ii. 1157.—Mamay
Bauu, Hist. i.172.—Mammei magno fructu, Pers
sice sapore PLum. Gen. 44; Ic. 170.—Rheedia
americana GRISER. Fl. Brit. W.-Ind. 108.

3 The other species admitted into the genus
by Triana and Puancuon ((oe, cit. 244-246) are
attributed by Or1ver to the genus Ochrocarpus
(see p. 408, 426).

4L. Gen, n. 656.—J. Gen. 258.—DC. Prodr.
i. 562.—CamBess. Mém. Mus. xvi, 426, t. 17,
fig. 6.—Spacu, Suit, d Buffon, v. 272.—EnvL.
Gen. u. 5447.—B. H. Gen. 176, 981, n, 22.—H.
By. Payer Fam. Nat. 272.—Pu. et Tri. Ann.
Se, Nat. sér. 4, xv. 298.—Rhyma Scop, Introd,
n, 1185 (ex ENDL.),

5 Rumpu, Herd. Amboin. vii. 8, t. 2 (Nagassa-
rium).— RuEEDE, Hort. Maiab. iii. t. 35 —HEro.
Zeyl. 7 (Naghas).—Cuois. Gutt, Ind. 40.—
Wieurt, Icon. t. 117-119, 961.—Tuw. Enum, Pl.
Zeyl, 50.—Mie. Fi. Ind.-Bat. i. p. ii. 509.—
Hoox, rv. Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 277,—Watp. Rep. i.
396 ; Ann. i. 129; vii. 358.

6 Watt, Pl. As. Rar. iii. 5, t. 210.—Enp1.
Gen. n. 5449.—B. H. Gen. 176, n. 21.—Pt. et”
Tri. Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 4, xv, 295.

410 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

imbricate-decussate sepals, exserted stamens, with small and nearly
globular anthers. The ovary has a single cell, with four ovules,
rarely more, inserted quite at the base, and it is surmounted by a
long subulate style, divided at the summit into four small pointed
lobes. The fruitis indehiscent. Seven or eight species’ are known.
Peciloneuron,? primarily referred to the family of the Ternstroemt-
ace, has nearly the flowers of Mesua, with two biovulate cells in
the ovary, two subulate styles, with stigmatiferous punctiform
extremity, and a capsular septicidal(?) and monospermous fruit.
Two species ® are distinguished, from the Indian peninsula.

Calophyllum Calabz.

Fig. 381, Flower (3).

Fig. 382. Long. sect. of flower (?).

Calophyllum * (fig. 381-884), of which a separate group has been

made, is exceptional in this series by a single character; the gyne-
cium is reduced to one carpel, and the ovary, consequently, has but
one cell with a single anatropous, almost basilar ovule, ordinarily
ascending,® and the style is terminated by u more or less oblique
stigmatiferous head. The fruit is a drupe the seed of which encloses

1 Taw. Brum. Pl. Zyl. 50,—H. By. Adansonia,
xi. 368.

2 See vol. iv. p. 269. This genus, unknown
to us, had previously been referred doubtfully
to the Ternstramiacee.

3 Beppo. Fl. Sylv. t. 3, 93.—T. Dyzr Hook. f.
Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 278.

4L. Gen, n. 658.—J. Gen. 258; Ann. Mus. xx.
466,—Lamxk. Dict. 1. 552; Suppl. ii. 17; Jd. t.
469.—Gartn. Fruct. i. 201, t. 48, fig. 1.—DC,.
Prodr. i, 662.—Campzss. Mém. Mus. xvi. 427,
t. 17, fig. C.—Spacu, Suit & Bugoh, v. 330.—
Enpw. Gen. n, 5448.—Payer, Fam. Nat. 40.—
B.H. Gen. 175, n. 20.—PL. et Tri. Ann, Se. Nat.

sér. 4, xv. 247.—Calaba Prom. Gen, 39, t. 18.—
Apans. Jam, des Pl, ii. 446.—Inophyllum Burm,
Thes. Zeyl. 130.—KalophyllodendronV itu. Mém,
Acad, Par, [1722] 207.—Balsamaria Lour, Fl.
Cochinch, (ed. 1790) 469.—Apoterium Bu. Bijdr.
218.—Lamprephyllum Miers, Trans, Linn. Soc.
xxi, 249, t. 26, fig. 13 (part).

5 Owing to the slight variations presented
by the point of insertion and to its anatropy
more or less complete, this ovule may here and
there direct its micropyle towards the side or
even towards the top of the cell; as we have
seen in certain fresh flowers of the cultivated
plant,

CLUSIACEZ. 411

an embryo similar in construction to that of Mammea, with a very
short inferior radicle. The imbricate sepals number from two to
four, and the petals (which may be wanting?) vary from two to ten.'
About forty species? of Calophyllum are admitted. ‘They are trees

Calophyllum Calaba.

Fig. 383. Fruit.

Fig. 384. Long. sect. of fruit.

with smooth opposite coriaceous leaves with numerous fine close
parallel penniform secondary nervures, and flowers in clusters of
“terminal or axillary and more or less ramified cymes. They inhabit
all the tropical regions of America, Asia, Oceania, and Africa.

V. QUIINA SERIES.

The flowers of Quiina® (fig. 385) are polygamous, with a small
convex receptacle bearing at first four decussate or five imbricate
sepals. The petals, alternate and equal in number, or rising to
seven or eight, are free or slightly united at the base and imbricate
in the bud. The stamens are numerous in the male flowers, where
they consist of a slender filament and a short subglobose anther of
two* cells dehiscing internally or near the margin by longitudinal

1 On these characters are founded the sections
admittedin this genus particularly by Tuwarrzs.

2 Rumen. Herb. Amboin, ii. t. 71, 72 (Bintan-
gor).—Jaca. Amer. t, 165.—A. 8.-H. Fl. Bras,
Mer. i. 320, t. 57.—-Wicur and Arn. Prodr. i.
102.—Wicut, Hook. Bot. Misc. Suppl. t. 17;
Teon. +. 106-108, 110, 111.—Tuw. Enum. Pi.
Zeyl, 51, 407.—Grises. Fl. Brit. W.-Ind. 108.—
Mie. Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. p. ii. 509; Suppl. 193, 497.

—Hoox. r. Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 271.—Buntu. Fi.
Austral. i. 183.—Watr, Rep. i. 396; ii, 811;
Ann, i. 129; ii. 191; iv. 366; vii. 356.

3 AusL. Guian. Suppl. 19, t. 379.—Porr. Dict.
vi. 34 (Quina).—Tun. Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 3, xi.
156.—B, H. Gen. 176, 981, n. 24.—Pr. et Tre.
Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 4, xv. 809.—Guiina Cruze.
Linnea, xx. 115,

4 Sometimes only one.

412 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

clefts. They are inserted on the receptacle or, more rarely, are
united to a small extent with the base of the corolla and fall with it.
In the female flowers, the stamens less numerous, are often grouped
in alternipetalous bundles, and the anthers may present the ordinary
appearance without being fertile.’
Quiina florida, The gynecium, of which there is
rarely a rudiment in the male flowers,
is composed of a free ovary, with two
or three cells, surmounted by a style
immediately divided into an equal
number of slender subulate branches
enlarged at the summit to a discoid
or reniform stigmatiferous head. In
the internal angle of each cell are
inserted, near the base, two collateral
Fig. 385. Long. sect. of bud (8). ascending ovules, with the micropyle
exterior and inferior. The fruit is a
slightly fleshy berry, finally dehiscent, ordinarily monospermous,
more rarely with two seeds which enclose, under their coats,? a fleshy
often spherical embryo, with short inferior radicle and thick hemi-
spherical cotyledons. Qutina consists of trees or shrubs, sometimes
climbing, with a clear juice? less abundant than in the rest of the
family, opposite, verticillate leaves, most frequently accompanied by
two narrow rigid lateral stipules. They are ordinarily simple, den-
tate or crenelate, with pennate nervures connected by fine transverse
veins. In Touroulia,* which probably ought to be united with this
genus, the leaves are pinnatipartite. The flowers® of Quiina are
small, generally numerous, united in more or less ramified clusters
of cymes often biparous. About fifteen species® are known, natives
of tropical America and nearly all of Guyana.

1 Exceptionally, however, they enclose grains 4565.—Pu. et Trr. loc. cit. 315.— Robinsonia

of pollen. Scures. Gen. u. 852.
2 The exterior is tomentose. ; 5 White or yellowish, odorous.
3 Of a gummy nature (Trécvt), see p. 415. ®Grises. Fl, Brit. W.-Ind. 105.— Water.
4 AuBL, Guian. i, 492, t. 194.—J. Gen. 484.— — Rep. ii 434; Ann. vii. 359.

Por. Diet. vii. 718 ; Jl. t. 424.—EnbL. Gen. n.

CLUSIACEZ. 413

In 1789 A.-L. pz Jussteu! established the family of Guttifere,
which he placed between the St. John’s Worts and Oranges. Beside
the new genera Clusia, Garcinia, Tovomita, Quapoya, Moronobea,
Mammea, Mesua, Rheedia, and Calophyllum, which belong to it, he
placed seven foreign types, viz.: Grias of the Myrtacee,? Valeria
and Vatica of the Dipterocarpee, Allophyllus of the Sapindacee and
Hleocarpus of the Tiliacew; and in addition the three genera of
Auster, Macahanea,? Macoubea,* and Singana,® the place of which
is still to be found, as also that of several types imperfectly known,°
erroneously attributed to the Clusiacew. Later,’ he further added
Venana, now referred, under the name of Brewia, to the Saxifragacee.
From 1822 to 1824, Cuorsy,* who on several occasions devoted him-
self to the study of the Guttiferw, included among them Havetia of
Kounts, Ochrocarpus of Durztit-THovars, with a certain number of
Ternstremiacee and Canella. In 1828 Campussepes,? taking in
hand the study of the genera constituting the group of Cuttifere,
reduced them to ten,’ viz.: Tovomita, Clusia, Havetia, Moronobea, .
Chrysopea (Symphonia), Mammea, Rheedia, Garcinia, Mesua, and
Calophyllum. By Enpurcuer”™ were added to it Pentadesma of Don,
Kayea of Watticu, and Platonia of Marrius, wrongly referred to
Canellacee.’ In 1836 Linptey” gave to the family the name of
Clusiaceew. Besides the types enumerated above, he placed in it
Chrysochlamys and Rengifa of Parric, Reuggeria of Martius, and
Calysaccion of Wicut. In 1849 Cuorsy,' treating of the Indian
Guttifere, admits the same genera, and adds Cochlanthera. The
number of generic types is still more considerable, for it amounts to

1 Gen, 255, Ord. 9.
2 See p. 376, n. 55.
3 AuBL. Guian, Suppl. 6, t. 371.—J. Gen. 257

(Macanea).—Pu. et Tri. Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 4,

xvi. 318. These authors consider this plant a
Hippocratea (Tontelea), The fruit, numbered 1,
2, in the plate of AvsLET, much resembles that
of a Uvaria.

4 AusL, Guian, Suppl. 17, t. 378.—J. Gen. 257.
Puancuon and Triana think that the fruit re-
presented in this plant is also that of a Tontelea.

5 Ausu. Guian, 574, t. 230. Benruam (Gen,
465) thinks that this plant belongs perhaps to
Swartzia (Tounatea). Enpiicuer classed it
with the Capparidee.

6 Especially Soala (Bianco, Fl. Filip. 437),
which in certain characters resembles the Ano-
nacee and Barringtonia ; Stelechospermum (Bu.

Fi. Jav. Dipteroc.), a genus proposed for Vateria
flecuosa Loux. (Fl. Coch. 334), a tree with alter-
nate leaves, very different from the Clusiacee,
Miers (Contrib.i 114, not.) has also noted under
the names of Perissus and Catalissa, two genera
of Clusiacee from tropical America, of which we
know only the names.

7 Ann. Mus. xx. (1818).

8 Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat, Par. i. p. ii.; DC.
Prodr, i. (1824) 557, Ord. 35.

§ Mém. Mus. xvi. 370, t. 17, 19.

10 To say nothing of the synonyms which do
double service.

11 Gen. 1024, Ord, 216 (Clusiacee).

12 Loe, cit, 1029. :

13 Introd. (ed. 2) 74.

14 Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Genéve, xii.

414 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

thirty-four in the most complete work on the family by PLANcHON
and Tran! published in 1861 and 1862. These authors, who based
the classification of the Clusiacew on the conformation of the embryo,
added thereto twelve new genera, seven named by themselves :
Oxystemon, Polythecandra, Balboa, Gidematopus, Havetiopsis, Clusi-
ella, and Pilosperma,® and those previously proposed: Arrudea by
Campessepes, Androstylium by M1aust, Discostigma by HasskarL,
Montrouzeria by Pancuszr, and in addition the old genus Towralia of
Avsuut and his Quiina which, some years previously, Tunasne*® had
referred to this family. In 1862 Beyxrsam and Hooxsr* reduced
the number of genera to twenty-four, by referring to other types
Arrudea, Oxystemon, Androstylium, Cochlanthera, Cidematopus,
Tovomitopsis, Discostigma, and Touralia. After them OxivzR united
Calysaccion to Ochrocarpus* and created the abnormal genus Allan-
blackia.© As Calysaccion had been included in Mammea by Puan-
cHon and Triana, the total number was then twenty-five. Hooker?
joined to it Pwcilonewron, formerly considered a Ternstramiacea.’
By uniting Reuggeria, Reugifa, Havetiopsis, dematopus, and Balboa 9
to the true Quapoya, and by referring Xanthochymus, as a simple
section,’® to Garcinia, we have reduced the number of genera to be
retained to twenty-two, and we have indicated the possibility of a
still greater reduction by showing how little importance can be
attached to the characters by which the genera of the Symphonia
series are distinguished from each other.

The number of species known may be estimated at two hundred
and fifty ; they all belong to the warm countries of the globe and
scarcely if at all cross the northern tropic. In North America they
are found only in the warmest parts of Mexico. Of the twenty-two
genera, eleven belong to America, viz.: those of the Clusia series,
Moronobea and Platonia, Mammea and Quiina. Three genera,
Mesua, Kayea, Peecilonewron, are exclusively Asiatic. Pentadesma
and Allanblackia are from tropical western Africa; Montrouzeria,
from New Caledonia. Symphonia, Calophyllum, and Rheedia, are

1 Bull. Soc. Bot. de Ir. viii. 26,66; Ann. Se. 5 Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 169 (1868).

Nat. sér. 4, xiii. 306; xiv. 226; xv. 240; xvi. 6 B. H. Gen. 980 (1867).

263. * Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 278 (1874).
2 These two latter, several essential organs of 8 See vol. iv. p. 261.

which are imperfectly known, are only doubt- 9 Bull. Soc. Linn. Par. 77.

fully admitted. *0 Following the example of Kurz (Journ. As.
3 Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 3, xi. 156. foe. Beng, xxxvii. 64) and J. Wooxer (op. eit.

4 Gen. 167, 980, Ord, 27. 259).

CLUSIACE, 415

common to the tropical regions of both worlds; Garcinia to those of
the old world ; Ochrocarpus to.Asia and Africa, nearly all located in
Madagascar. Only one Calophyllum is known in Australia.

All the Clusiacee have common characters by which they are
easily recognized in collections. All are woody, not unfrequently
sarmentose, some pseudo-epiphytal,' frequently rich in a resinous or
gummy latex, yellow or greenish.? The leaves are opposite, rarely
verticillate, nearly always entire, thick, coriaceous, glabrous, penni-
nerved, but with veinules generally scarcely visible. They are
rarely dentate or cut, and rarely furnished with stipules.? In one or
two Quiina only are they pinnatifid or pinnatisect.* The flowers are
regular, rarely hermaphrodite (Symphonie), ordinarily polygamo-
dicecious, most frequently disposed in cymes united in more or less
compound inflorescences; they are white, greenish, yellow, pink or
red, but never blue. The seed is destitute of albumen.

The characters which vary are: the number of floral parts, the
prefloration of the calyx, the structure of the calyx, the union or
separation of the sexes in the same flower, the organization of the
gynecium, the greater or less development of interlocular partitions,
the number and direction of the ovules, the consistence of the peri-
carp which is dry or fleshy, dehiscent or indehiscent, and especially
the character of the embryo which more especially distinguishes the
following series :

I. Cuvstz#. — Flowers polygamo-diccious. Calyx imbricate.
Ovary cells 1-co -ovulate. Style short, peltate, or in radiating divi-
sions at the summit of the ovary, with stigmatic lobes more or less
distinct. Fruit. finally dehiscent. Embryo fleshy, macropod, with
very small and scarcely distinct cotyledons.—8 genera.

1 They are nourished from the soil into which

their roots are plunged ; but they often twine
round trees for support and finally kill them;
whence the common names, Murderous bind-
weed, Cursed figs, Millepedes, etc.

2 The reservoirs of these juices have been
especially studied by M. Tricun (Des vaiss.
propr. dans les Clusiacées, Compt. Rend. Acad. Se.
lxiii. 587, 613; Adansonia, vii. 182, 194 ;—La-

cunes & gomme dans les Quiinées, Compt. Rend.
Ixili, 717; Adansonia, viii. 91), and in Garcinia,
by Dz Lanussan (see p. 417, note 3).

* These organs appear to exist in certain
Quiina ; but in the other groups what is de-
scribed as suchis probably only a petiolate dila-
tation (see Pu. et Tr1. dnn. Se. Nat. sér. 4, xvi.
268).

4 Pinnatipartite in Touroulia.

416 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

II. Sympsontzz.!—Flowers generally hermaphrodite. Calyx im-
bricate. Stamens united in five oppositipetalous bundles. Ovary
cells equal in number to that of the petals. Style elongate with
five stigmatiferous branches. Ovules 2-00 , ascending or horizontal.
Fruit fleshy, indehiscent. Embryo fleshy undivided, without
cotyledons.—5 genera.

III. Garciniew.—Flowers polygamo-dicecious. Calyx imbricate
or valvate and gamosepalous. Stamens «, free, l-adelphous or in
fascicles. Ovary cells uniovulate. Ovule ascending, with micropyle
inferior or exterior. Fruit fleshy, indehiscent. Kmbryo macropod,
with very large radicle and cotyledons very small or nil.—3 genera.

IV. Mammesa#.2—Flowers polygamo-dicecious or hermaphrodite.
Calyx imbricate or valvate and gamosepalous. Stamens oo, free or
monadelphous at base. Ovary cells 1-4, uniovulate. Style elongate,
peltate, capitate or ramified at summit. Ovule ascending with
micropyle inferior and exterior. Fruit fleshy seldom dehiscent.
Embryo fleshy, with strict voluminous plano-convex cotyledons, free
or conferruminate, and short inferior radicle.—5 genera.

V. Quineax.— Flowers polygamo-diecious. Calyx imbricate.
Corolla polypetalous or gamopetalous. Stamens o, free or nearly
so. Ovary cells 2, 8, 2-ovulate, Styles slender and free. Ovules
ascending, with micropyle inferior and exterior. Fruit fleshy, inde-
hiscent. Embryo with developed free cotyledons and short inferior
radicle-—1 genus.

Arrinittes.— We have thought it possible to establish that the
Hypericacee present the same type as the Myrtacew, with the ovary
constantly superior and the stamens hypogynous.? By that we have
determined the place of the Clusiacew, which differ from the Hype-
ricacee in a manner quite artificial, viz., by their mostly herbaceous
habit, less thick and less coriaceous leaves, hermaphrodite flowers,
and filiform stylary divisions. The Hypericacee having, at once,
the coloured latex of the Clusiacee and the essence reservoirs of the
Myrtacee, are intermediate between them. Moreover, the fleshy and

1 Moronobe@ Cuo1s.—-Enpu. —P1. et Tr1.—B. ? Calophyllee Cuo1s. DC. Prodr. i, 561.
H. Gen. 168, - 3 Bull. Soc, Linn. Par. 78,

CLUSIACEE. 417
undivided embryo of a great number of Barringtoniew is found in
the Clusiacew. These are ordinarily placed next beside the Teri-
stremiacec, with which their affinities are so close that one might
include in one and the same family the Guttifer and certain Tern-
stremiacee. The latter are distinguished by their alternate leaves,
or, in the exceptional types with opposite leaves, by their flowers in
clusters, with alternate pedicels, ordinarily hermaphrodite and very
rarely tetramerous, so that their sepals and petals are not decussate.
Further, the Ternstremiaceew have not a coloured latex, and the
embryo, often curved, has distinct and independent cotyledons, when
even they are not largely developed. Finally, the Clusiacew, scarcely
separable from the St. John’s Worts, appear equally allied to the
Terustremiacee and Myrtacee.

Uszs.'—The Clusiacew have a yellow or greenish, more rarely
whitish latex, which contains an acrid resinous matter, often possessing
evacuant, sometimes stimulant and tonic properties. The most
celebrated, as well as the most active of these substances, is gum-
gutta, the production of which has been attributed to several
Garciniee. The best comes from Garcinia Morella * (fig. 354, 378),
and it seems clear, from the most recent researches,’ that its different
varieties alone, whether in Ceylon,‘ in Siam or at Singapore,® yield
the good gum-gutta used in medicine as a drastic and hydragogue,
and in the arts as a yellow colour.’ G. Xanthochymus’ (fig. 8372-375),

' Enon. Enchirid. 635.—Urnpi. Fl. Med. 113;
Veg. Kingd, (1846) 401.—Gu1B. Drog. Simpl. ed.
€, iii. 600.—Rosznru, Sinop. Pl. Diaphor. 740,
1150.

2 Dzsxouss. Lamk, Dict, iii. 201. -- Taw.
Enum, Pl. Zeyt. 49.—G@. Gutta Wicxt, Ill. 125,
t. 44 (excl. syn.)—G, cambogioides Rove, Mat.
Med. ed, 3, 389.—G. lobulosa Wax. Cat. n.
4868.—G. elliptica WauL. Cat. n. 4869.—G. la-
teriflora Bu. Bijdr. 214.—G. pictoria Rox, Fi.
Ind, ii. 627.—Wieut. Teun. i. t. 102.—Cuors.
Gutt. de PInde, 37.—G. acuminata Pr, et Trt.
Ann. Se. Nat, sér. 4, xiv. 355.—G. Gaudichaudii
Pu. et Trr—Guttifera vera Korn.—Carcapulé
dietus magnit. cerast Linscu. Zt. (trans. pp Bry)
100.—Arbor indica gummi-guttam fundens ...—
Herm. Mus. Zeyl. 26.—Stalagmitis cambogioides
Murr. Comm. Gett. ix. 73 (part).— _Hebradendron
cambogioides Grau, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. ii.
199, t. 27.—Cambogia Gutta Linn. Veg, Kingd.
400 (part). — Hebradendron pictorium Gran.
Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. ii. 199 (Gokatu, Kana

VOL. VI.

Goraka),

3 Hans. Zrans. Linn, Soc. xxiv. 489, t. 50.—
De Lanzssan, Du. g. Garcinia et de Vorig. de ta
Gomme-gutte, Adansonia, x. 283, t.31.—Gutn.
doe, cit. 602, fig. 734.—Hans. et Frick. Pha -
macogr: 77.—Hook. ¥. Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 264, n. 14.

4 Var. sessilis (Hans. loc, cét.).

5 Var. pedicellata (Hans, luc. cit.). J. Hooxer
(Journ. Linn, Soc, xiv. 485) gives to this variety
the name Garcinia Hanburyi, The flowers of G.
pictoria Roxn. being pedicellate, this latter
name ought perhaps to be adopted, if the species
is really distinct.

6 They contain from 15 to 20 per cent. of
gum soluble in water, not the same as gum
arabic, and a resin soluble in alcohol, which it
colours areddish yellow, neutral or slightly acid,
forming with alkalis a deep-coloured solution.

7 Hoox, r. Fl. Brit. Ind. i, 269, n. 28,—X.
pietorius Rox. Pl. Corom. ii. 61, t. 196 ; Fl. Ind.
ii, 683.—X. tinetorius DC, Prodr. i, 562,—
Cuors. Guttif. Ind, 32.—Gurb. loc. eit. 611.

27

413 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

of India, often pointed out as a source of colouring matter useful in:
industry, only yields in drops a yellowish or greyish-green resin of
very inferior quality. G. Oambogia' produces a gum-yutta which
contains a volatile oil and the resin of which, slightly active as a
purgative, is of a pale yellow colour. (. travancorica,” on the other
hand, is said to yield a gum of a beautiful yellow colour, and it is
probable that a useful tinctorial matter might be found in several
other species,® perhaps in those growing in New Culedonia,* which
in so many characters approach G. Morelia. The resin of Mani,>
from Guyana, comes also from the latex of a Clusiacea, long referred
to Moronobea coccinea, but which is rather Symphonia globulifera,®
that is the true Bois-de-cochon (pigwood) of St. Domingo. Its
yellow juice, blackened in the air, is used to tar ships and cordage
and to make torches ; it burns well without producing much smoke
or smell. The species of Caluphyllum are equally rich in resinous
juice, often classed as balm or balsam. The B. de Marie of the
Antilles’ is obtained by incising the stem and branches of C. Caluba®
(fig. 381-384) ; it is greenish, sticky, and tenacious, and is employed
asavulnerary. The tacamac resin of Bourbon® is said to be ex-
tracted in the same manner from C. Tacamahaca,” a fine tree of the

1 Desrouss. Lamk, Dict. iii. 701.—Roxs. Pl.
Corom. iii. t. 298; Fl. Ind. ii, 621.—Hoox, F.
Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 261, 0. 6.—G. xeylanica Roxs.
Fi. Ind. ii. 621.—G. elliptica Watt. (ex Hoox.
F. loc. cit.).

2 Bepp. Fl. Sylv. t. 173.—Hoox. Fr. Fl. Brit.
Ind. i. 268, u, 25.—Hanx. et Fricx. Pharma-
eogr. 79.

3 As such are mentioned G. Kydia Roxn.
lanceolata Rox. and ovalifolia (Stalagmites ova-
ifolius G. Don. — Xanthochymus ovalifolius
Roxs.) ; but it is at least doubtful if theirjuice
will yield a good gum-gutta. The same may
be said of G, indica Cots. (DC. Prodr. i. 561),
syn. of G. celebica Dusrouss. (Dict. iii, 700).
The latter is especially remarkable for the pro-
duction of a concrete oil called Kukum Butter,
which is extracted from the dried seeds by
bruising and boiling them in water, on the sur-
face of which this fat floats. (Hanr. et Fiicx,
Pharmacogr. 79.) It has been suggested as
serviceable in pharmacy and for making candles,
but it is doubtful if it could be obtained in suf-
ficient quantity in Europe for this industry.

4 Especially G. collina Vietitu.— Pancn. et
Sin. Not. Bois N.-Caléd. 223 (Mow of the na-
tives, Faux Houp).

5 Gui. op. ett. 611.

6L, F. Suppl. 302.— Pu. et Tri. Ann. Se. Nat.
sér. 4, xiv. 287.—Otrv. Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 163.—
Moronobea globulifera AuBu. Guian. t, 313, a—j.—
M, glubulifera Scurry. Linnea, viii.. 189. —
Aneuriscus exserens PREsu.' Symb. 48.—A, Au-
bletit PRESL, op. cit. 72.—Mawna-tree Bancr,
Nat. Hist, Guian. (1768) 74.—Hog gum-tree
Baner. Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. 144.—Mani resini-
fera... Barn. Fr. Equin. 76 (Oanani of the
Brazilians).

7 Guts. op. cit. 612.

8 Jaca. Amer. 269, t. 105.—H. B.K. Nov. Gen.
et Sp. v. 202.—Duscourt. Fl. Ant. ii. t. 74.—
C. Inophylium, B. Calaba Lamx. Dict. i, 553.—
Calaba folii citrt splendente Puum. Gen. 39, t. 18
(Galba, Lignon, Purétuvier, Aceite de Maria,
Resina Ocwe of the Cubans). M. Triana (Ann.
Se. Nat. sér. 4, xv. 251) distinguishes from it
C. Marie (Arbol del Aceite de Maria of the
Colombians).

9 Gur. op. eit. 613,

10 -W. Berg. Mag. (1811) 79 (part).—Cuorsy,
Prodr. i. 562.—Campuss. Mém. Gutt. 26, t. 17,
fig. c, 1, 2.—Px. et Tri. loc. cit. 286.—C, Ino-
phylum Lamx. Dict. i, 552 (not L.),—C. lunceo-
larium Roxs.—C, lanceolatuw Bu,

CLUSIACEE. 419

e

Mascarene isles; the balsam of focot and angelic tacamac of Mada-
gascar have also been attributed to Calophyllum. In Peru, C.
thuriferum gives a yellowish resinous juice having the properties of
incense. That of 0. Inophyllum,' a species common in Asia, Oceania,
and Africa, is purgative and vomitive, and the bark of the same tree
is extolled as diuretic. The American Rheedia has analogous pro-

perties.

Mesua, especially M. ferrea? (fig. 380) and speciosa,’ Indian
species, have a root and a bark bitter, aromatic, sudorific.
is acrid and purgative ; the leaves rich in mucilaginous matter.
America, several species of Clusia are valued for their latex.

The fruit
In
That

of C. rosea* (fig. 355, 356) is thick, balsamic, and bitter; it is used
for the same purposes as pitch and scammony. That of C. flava is

considered a vulnerary.®
abundance of resinous juice.

From the C. insignis’ of Brazil flows
The bitter bark of C. Pseudochina °

has been used te adulterate Peruvian bark. C. Panapanari® (fig.
359, 360) yields, in Guyana, a yellow juice resembling gum-gutta.
A great number of Clusiacew are esteemed in both worlds for their

fruit.

One of the most delicious of tropical Asia is said to be that
of Garcinia Mangostana” (fig. 376, 377).

It is a berry with a

coloured coriaceous bitter and astringent pericarp. This is rejected
and the white sweet aromatic exterior tegumentary layer of the seeds

is eaten reported to be of exquisite flavour.

Some other Garcinias

LL, Spee. 732 (not Lamx.).—Wicut, IU, i.
128; Icon. t. 77.—Pu. et Trt. loc. cit, 282.—C.
ovatifolium Nox.—C. Bintangor Roxs.—C. Biu-
mei Wicut.—Bintangor maritima Rumen. Herb,
Amboin. ii. 211, t. 71.—Ponna, Pouna Maram
Raeep. Hort. Mal. iv. 76, t. 38,—Fooraha Fac.
Madag. 139.—Kalophyllodendron indicum fotio
subrotundo Vatu. Mém. Acad, Par. (1722) 207.
—? Balsamaria Inophyllum Lovur. Fl. Cochinch.
(ed. 1790) 470 (Domba-gass in Ceylon, Jamplond
in Java, Tamana in Utahiti.

2 L, Spee. 734 (part).—-Kosentu. op. cit. 745.

* —M. Nagaha Garpn.—Naghas Hero. Zeyl, 7.—
Arbor Naghas Burm. Thes. Zeyd. 25.—Nagassa-
vium Rumpu. Herb. Amboin. vii. t. 2.

3 Cuors. DC. Prodr. i..562;, Gutt, Ind. 40.—
Balluta Tsjampacam 8. Castanea rosea indica
Ruzep. Hort, Malad. iii. 63, t. 53.

4L, Spec. 1495.—Ture. Diet. Se. Nat. Atl. t.
166.—Scuiouty. Linnea, viii. 181.—Pv. et Tri.
Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 4, xiii. 324.—Rosenvu. op. cit.
740.—C. retusa Laux, Ill. t. 852.—C, alba W.

(part), Spee. iv. 976 (Figuier maudit, Millepieds,
Cope grande in Panama, Cupay in Venezuela).

5 L, Spec. 1495.—Jaca. Amer. 272, t.167; Ie.
Pict. t. 251.—DC. Prodr. i. 559, n. 8.— Rosentu.
op. cit. 740.

6 What has heen attributed to the juice of
this plant ought probably to be applied to that
of Symphonia globulifera (p. 418, note 6).

7 Mart, ex Rosents, op. cit. 741.

8 Parr, ex RosEentu. loc. cit.

° Cuois. DC. Prodr. n. 13.—Quapoya Panapa-
nari AUBL. Guian. ii, 901, t. 844.—H. By. Budi,
Soe. Linn, Par. 77.

10D, Spee. 685.—DC, Prodr. i, 560, n, 1.—
Rox. Fl. Ind. ii. 618.—Cuors. Gutt. Ind. 33.—
Hoox. Bot. Mag. t. 4847.—Pu. et Trr. Ann. Se-
Nat. sér. 4, xiv. 325.—Gurs. Drog. Simpl. ed. 6,
iii, 602,—Laness. ‘Bull. Soc, Linn. Par. 62,—
Mangostana Rumen. Herb. Amb, i. t. 43.—Gar-
cin, Act, Angl, 431, t. 1 (ex W.).—Mangostana
Garcinia Garr. Fruct. ii, t. 105.

27—2

420 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

have edible fruits, but very inferior in quality.’ In the Antilles
much is made of Mammea americana? (fig. 379); its pericarp 18
sweet and aromatic, but like that of the Corossols, it is very inferior
to our good European fruit. Conserves and beverages are prepared
from it. From the flowers, of sweet odour, a refreshing and diges-
tive water is distilled. The fermented juice of the stems also affords
a kind of beverage. The fruit of the Indian and African Ochrocarpus
is edible.3 The flowers are aromatic and are sometimes used, like
the leaves, for perfuming tea.* The berry of Rheedia lateriflora°
has the same uses in the Antilles as that of Mammea, likewise, in
Brazil, that of Platonia insignis.6 That of Pentadesma butyracea”
is highly esteemed in tropical western Africa for the yellowish resi-
nous juice it contains in abundance, which is extracted by incisions ;
it thickens and becomes a sort of butter much esteemed by the
natives, but with a slight turpentine odour and not agreeable to
Europeans. Several Clusiacee have a wood of good quality, especially
Calophyllum, Mesua which in India furnishes the prized iron-wood,
in Guyana Moronobea coccinea, in New Caledonia Montrouzeria.*
Generally Clusia and Garcinia have a soft wood. All the Clusiacee,
being from tropical countries, are somewhat difficult of culture ; but
their thick glabrous opposite leaves with fine nervures produce a
fine effect in our warm conservatories, where are found some Rheedia,
Mammea, Calophyllum, and Garcinia, and Clusia® with magnificent
flowers.

1G. celebica L. Cambogia Dzsrx, zeylanica Sierra Leone.

Roxs. Cowa Roxs. purpurea Roxz. cochinchi-
nensis Cuois.; G. cornea L. the fruit of which
is small and indifferent, etc.

21. Spec. 731.—Jaca. Amer. 268, t. 181, fig.
82; Tab. Pict. t. 248.—DC. Prodr. i. 561, n. 1.
—Turp. Diet. Se. Nat. Atl, t.157.—Griszs, Fi.
Brit. W.-Ind. 108.—Linpu. Fl. Med. 115.—
Guts. op. cit. iii. 601.—RosEnTH, op. cit. 741,—
Pu. et Trr. Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 4, xv. 242,—
Mamay Bavu. Hist.i. 72.—Mammeimagno fructu,
Persice sapore Puum. Gen, 44; Ic.170 (Mammei,
Wild Apricot, St. Domingo Apricot).

3 Especially, in India, that of O. longifolius
(Calysaccion longifolium Wieut ;—Mammea lon-
gifolia Pu. et Trr.), and in Madagascar that of
0. madagascariensis (Tovomita madagascariensis
G. Don.). 0. africanus Oxry. (Fl. Trop. Afr.
i, 169) is perhaps the Mammea africana Don
(Gen, Syst. i, 619) the fruit of which is eaten at

4To this genus perhaps belongs the famous
Cay-may, with which the Emperor of Hué is
said to aromatize his tea.

5 L. Spec. 719.—Tuss. Fl. Ant. iii. t. 32.—
Van Rheedia Puvm. ed. Burm. t. 257, In Pa-
nama the fruit of R. edulis Pu. et Tri. (Calo-
phyllum edule SrEm.) is eaten. R. aewminata
(Verticillaria acuminata R. et Pav.) is the Arbol
del Aceyte de Maria of the Peruvians. Madrono
orNaranjuelo of the Colombians is also a Rheedia.

§ Marr. Nov. Gen. et Spee. iii, 169, t. 288, fig.
2, t. 289.—RosEntuH. op. cit. 747.—Symphonia
esculenta Srrup.—Bacury Moronobea esculenta
Arr. D. CAMARA.

7See p. 404, note 5.—Rosentu. op. cit. 744
(Butter-tree, Tallow-trec).

8 Pancu. et Ses. Not. Bois N.-Caléd. 220.

° Particularly C. rosea L. minor L. flava L,
alba L.

GENERA.

J. CLUSLZ.

1. Clusia L.—Flowers polygamo-diccious; receptacle shortly
convex. Sepals 4-6, decussately imbricate. Petals 4-6 or 7-10,
imbricate or contorted-imbricate. Stamens oo (in female flower 4—0 ,
free or variously connate, oftener very short thick), or all united in
a globose or cylindrical mass; anthers imbedded; the interior or
exterior sometimes concrete sterile; anthers of interior or exterior
free; or all anthers free; filaments concrete in mass or shortly free ;
anthers 2—8-locular, variously dehiscent. Germen (in male flower
variously evolved, exserted or enclosed among stamens, sometimes (0)
sessile, 4-10-locular ; style short or subnil, presently dilated into
thick radiating distinct or subconnate or connivent stigmas. Ovules
in complete or incomplete cells oo , subhorizontal or slightly oblique
ascending. Fruit thick fleshy or coriaceous, finally septicidaliy
dehiscent.: Valves solute from angular-alate columella. Seeds o,
rarely few, oftener small or moderate-sized, variously arillate; coty-
ledons of thick fleshy albuminous embryo minute squamiform to
apex; radicle thick macropod. Trees or shrubs, sometimes epiphytal,
rarely climbing, glabrous, abounding in a resinous juice; leaves
opposite exstipulate, coriaceous, entire, subenervate, or delicately
‘ penninerved; midrib oftener strong somewhat prominent; flowers at
ends of twigs solitary or few cymose, large or rather so, sometimes
smaller in compound cymose racemes ; bracts under flower 2, or more
rarely 20, decussate. (Trop. and subtrop. America.)—See p. 395.

2. Quapoya Avusi.—Flowers nearly of Clusia, smaller, dicecious ;
sepals 4, decussate or 5, imbricate. Petals 4, decussate or rarely
(Balboa) variously imbricate, sometimes 5, imbricate. Stamens 4,

422 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

or 5-12, more rarely 12-20 (or sometimes (?) to 40); filaments con-
nate in tube to apex or to greater or less height, sometimes almost
entirely free (Hdematopus); anthers various in form, either obcuneate,
finally recurved and bearing marginal cells, or more or less ovate or
oblong and bearing introrsely rimose cells. Staminodes oftener 4—6,
hypogynous; filaments free thick or complanate; cells of anther
(oftener sterile) conspicuous lateral, effete. Germen (in male flower
rudimentary small or 0) sessile, 4—5-locular; style short, presently
dilated to disciform more or less lobed stigma. Ovules in cells (com-
plete or incomplete) 2-4, ascending, oblique; micropyle extrorsely
inferior, or 5—co, subhorizontal. Fruit fleshy or coriaceous, finally
capsularly dehiscent, septicidal. Seeds in cells few or 1, variously
arillate; embryo, etc., of Clusia.—Trees or shrubs ;. habits and leaves
of Clusia; flowers small in terminal more or less compound ramose-
cymiferous racemes. (Tropical America.)—See p. 398.

3. Havetia H.B. K.—Flowers diccious small (nearly of Quapoya),
4-merous. Sepals and petals decussate. Stamens 4 (in female flower
short thick sterile and connate in a cupule), united in a thick sub-
globose mass; filaments thick, externally convex, internally angular ;
anthers vertically imbedded; cells suborbicular, 3-nate, internally
valvicide. Germen 4-locular; style lobes stigmatose subsessile.
Ovules in cells 2-4; inferior ascending; micropyle extrorsely
inferior ; raphe introrse or lateral. Capsule thick septicidal. Seeds
clothed with a lobulate aril springing both from the hilum and from
the micropyle; embryo exalbuminous of Clusia (or Quapoya).—A

tree ; habit, leaves, inflorescence, etc., of Quapoya. (New Granada.)
—See p. 400.

4? Pilosperma Ti. and Pu.—Flowers dicecious? males...?
Sepals and petals of female flower 4, decussate. Disk cupuliform ;
externally oo -striate (staminodes?). Gynecium and fruit nearly of
Havetia; seeds in cells 5, 6, solitary or oftener 2-nate, descending,
surrounded with cristate aril; raphe snbdorsal.—A tree; habit,

leaves, inflorescence, etc., of Quapoya or Havetia. (New Granada.)
—See p. 400.

5? Clusiella Tx. and Pt.—Flowers diwcious; males...? Calyx
of female flowers imbricate, 5-phyllous. Petals 5, longer, contorted ;
the exterior sometimes subauriculate. Staminodes o , minute, united

CLUSIACEZ. 423

in hypogynous cupule. Germen 5-locular; lobes of style 5, short
stigmatose. Ovules in cells oo , descending or subhorizontal. Fruit...?
— A scandent (?) shrub; branches slender, 2-chotomous; leaves
opposite acuminate reticulate-veined ; flowers in upper axils or ter-
minal; cymes poor (1-few flowered); branches rather long bearing
several (2-4) remote pairs of decussate bracts, at apex 1-flowered.
(Columbia.)—See p. 400.

6. Chrysochlamys Papp. and Enpi.—Flowers polygamo-dic-
cious; sepals 4,5,imbricate. Petals 4-10, imbricate. Stamens oo,
central (in female flower sterile) free or connate in an externally
antheriferous cyathus; anthers effete (or sometimes fertile in sub-
hermaphrodite flower), either free and all fertile, or part only fertile;
the interior anantherous and united in a mass; anthers of fertile
stamens small; cells 2, oblique, laterally or introrsely rimose.
Germen (in male flower'0, or rarely minute effete) free, 5-locular ;
style branches stigmatose adnate radiating, free at apex. Ovules in
cells solitary, ascending, amphitropous; micropyle extrorsely inferior.
Fruit subfleshy, finally septicidal, 5-valvate. Seeds sessile, amphi-
tropous, externally surrounded by a thick membranous aril springing
around hilum and sometimes also micropyle, sometimes unequally
divided at back ; embryo, etc., of Olusia.—Trees, with gummy juice;
leaves opposite penninerved, inflorescence terminal compound ramose,
ete, of Clusia. (Trop. America.)—See p. 401.

7. Tovomita Ausi.— Flowers polygamo-diccious; sepals 2—4 and
petals 4-19, imbricate, often 2-seriate. Stamens o ; filaments’ free
subulate; anthers often small terminal, 2-locular. Germen 4, 5-
locular ; style branches same in number short, incrassate and stigma-
tose at apex or nearly from base. Ovules in cells solitary ascending,
often amphitropous ; micropyle extrorsely inferior. Fruit oblong or
pear-shaped fleshy, finally capsularly dehiscent, 4—5-valvate ; seeds
exarillate or furnished with an external coat thickened to a general
fleshy aril; embryo, etc., nearly of Clusia (or Chrysochlamys).—
Trees or shrubs, with resinous juice; leaves opposite entire penni-
nerved, opaque or pellucid-lineate ; flowers (small) in umbelliform
more or less compound (often 3-chotomous) cymes. (Trop. America).
—See p. 401.

8? Allanblackia Oxziv.—Flowers nearly of Clusia, 5-merous ;
sepals unequal and petals imbricate. Stamens oo (in female flower

424 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

sterile very short thick), in 5 oppositipetalous groups ; anthers sub-
sessile, 2-locular, 2-rimose. Germen (in male flower rudimentary,
5-lobed) thick conical, 1-locular; placente 3, parietal, little promi-
nent ; ovules o, 2-seriate on each placenta, ascending ; style soon
dilated to undivided stigmatose peltate head. Fruit ...?--A gla-
brous tree; opposite leaves, etc., of Clusia ; flowers terminal, rather
long pedicellate, disposed in a compound cymose umbelliform raceme.
(Trop. west. Africa.)—See p. 401.

Ii, SYMPHONIEZ.

9. Symphonia L. r.—Flowers hermaphrodite ; sepals,5, unequal ;
the exterior shorter, much imbricate. Petals 5, alternate, contorted ;
bud subglobose. Stamens 5-adelphous; groups oppositipetalous,
3—5-androus ; anthers extrorsely adnate, muticous at apex or superior
with apiculate connective; cells linear, longitudinally rimose. Disk
exterior to andreecium, cupular, subentire or shortly 5-crenate.
Germen enclosed in staminal tube, 5-locular ; style elongate, at apex
radiately 5-lobed ; lobes at top of minute apex foveolate-stigmatose.
Ovules in cells (complete or incomplete) , ascending ; micropyle
extrorsely superior. Fruit baccate; cotyledous of thick undivided
exalbuminous embryo 0.— Trees or shrubs, with yellow juice ; leaves
opposite exstipulate, thinly coriaceous, l-nerved, closely parallel
penninerved ; flowers terminal, solitary or generally spuriously um-
bellate cymose pedicellate. (Trop. America, Malacca, trop. west.
Africa.)—See p. 402.

10? Moronobea Avsi.—Flowers nearly of Symphonia; bud
ovoid. Disk lobes 5, alternating with as many staminal groups;
filaments in each 5, 6, long linear and spirally twisted around gyne-
cium, extrorsely antheriferous nearly from base; cells adnate linear.
Germen, etc., of Symphonia; ovules in. cells few ascending. Fruit
subligneous acuminate ; seeds solitary or few exalbuminous.—Lofty
trees with copious greenish juice; leaves thick opposite; flowers
large solitary terminal. (Trop. America.)—See p. 403.

11? Montrouziera Paxcu.—Flowers nearly of Symphonia; bud
subglobose. Staminal groups 5, alternating with as many glandules

CLUSIACEZ. 425

of disk vertically produced (or sometimes 0); each divided into 5-10
linear extrorsely adnate muticous anthers. Germen, etc., of Sym-
phonia; ovules in cells 0, 2-seriate, ascending or subhorizontal ;
micropyle extrorsely lateral. Berry corticate, indehiscent; seeds in
cells few; embryo of Symphonia. — Shrubs or small trees, with
yellowish juice ; leaves opposite or subverticillate coriaceous, penni-
nerved entire; flowers solitary at the ends of twigs or growing from
the wood, pedicellate or subsessile. (New Caledonia.)—See p. 404.

12? Pentadesma Sas.—Flowers nearly of Symphonia; sepals 5,
very unequal and imbricate, the interior larger. Petals 5, rather
longer than the interior.sepals. Stamens oo , very shortly 5-adelphous;
groups alternating with as many rather prominent glandules of disk,
in each oo, linear elongate; anthers extrorsely adnate above the
middle ; cells linear rimose. Germen, etc., of Symphonia; ovules in
cells few ascending. Fruit baccate corticate, indehiscent, resinifluous ;
seeds in cells few or 1; embryo undivided.—A lofty tree, with yellow
juice; leaves opposite coriaceous entire finely and closely penninerved;
flowers large terminal solitary. (Trop. west. Africa.)—See p. 404.

13? Platonia Marr.—Flowers nearly of Symphonia ; bud ovoid.
Staminal groups 5, alternating with as many angular and rather
prominent lobes of the disk ; each divided into o straight filaments ;
anthers extrorsely adnate above middle of filament, muticous. Ger-
men, etc., of Symphonia; ovules in cells 0 , ascending. Fruit baccate,
indehiscent, 5-locular ; seeds in cells solitary exalbuminous.—Large
trees; leaves opposite coriaceous, finely and closely penninerved ;
flowers large terminal solitary. (Trop. America.)—See p. 404.

III. GARCINIE.

14, Garcinia L.— Flowers polygamous, 4-merous, or more rarely
(Xanthochymus) 5-merous; sepals imbricate, oftener unequal; the
exterior smaller. Petals 4, 5, alternate, imbricate. Stamens o ,
either connate in 4, 5, groups few-anthered at apex, or free or con-
nate in entire or 4—6-lobed mass; anthers various in form, either
elongate, 2-rimose, or poricid or peltate, 4-locellate or operculately
dehiscent (in female flower rudimentary or 0). Germen (in male
flower rudimentary or effcte) 2-co -locular, oftener 4—5-locular ; style

426 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

more or less elongate, at apex stigmatose peltate, entire or radiately
lobed, torulose or depressed or tuberculate (in male flower sometimes
evolved with effete germen). Ovules in cells (complete or incomplete)
solitary ascending ; micropyle extrorsely inferior. Fruit indehiscent,
baccate, often corticate. Seeds o, or few; external coat pulpy
arilliform ; radicle of thick exalbuminous embryo macropod; coty-
ledons very small or 0.—Trees oftener glabrous, generally with yellow
juice; leaves opposite, oftener entire coriaceous ; flowers axillary or
terminal cymose or in a compound cymiferous raceme, more rarely
solitary. (Trop. west. Africa, Malacca, trop. Asia and Oceania. }—
See p. 405.

15? Rheedia L.'—Flowers nearly of Garcinia, 4-merous ; sepals
2, free or more or less connate, imbricate or valvate. Petals 4, de-
cussate. Stamens oo; anthers longitudinally rimose. Germen 3-5-
locular ; ovules solitary, etc., of Garcinia. Berry corticate, 1—o-
spermous; seed and embryo of Garcinia.—Trees with yellow juice ;
leaves and inflorescence of Garcinia. (Trop. America, Madagascar,
trop. west. Africa.)

16? Ochrocarpus Dur.-Tx.?—Flowers nearly of Garcinia ; calyx
valvate, closed before anthesis and finally 2-valvately fissus. Stamens
oo, free or 4~8-adelphous; anthers elongate or short. Germen 2-6-
locular, ete., of Garcinia; cells 1, 2-ovulate; ovules ascending.
Fruit baccate, often 1-spermous ; embryo undivided.—Trees ; leaves
opposite or verticillate (of Garcinia); flowers lateral or axillary
cymose. (Trop. Asia and Oceania, Malacca, trop. west. Africa.*)

IV. MAMMEEZ.,

17. Mammea Pxu.—Flowers polygamo-diccious; calyx gamo-
phyllus, valvate, closed before anthesis, finally divided into 2 sepals.
Petals 4-6, imbricate or not contiguous. Stamens oo , free or connate
at base, erect; filaments free slender ; anthers oblong erect; cells

1 Gen. n. 641.—Pt. et Tri. Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. Nat. sér. 4, xiv. 864.—B. H. Gen. 175, 980, n.
4, xiv. 306.—B, H. Gen. 175, n. 18.—Verticilla- —19.—CalysaceionWicut, Ill. t. 130; Icon. t. 1999.
via R. et Pav. Prodr. 81, t. 15.—Chloromyron 4 Spec. 6,7. Mia. Ann. Mus, Lugd.-Bat. i.
Pers. Enchirid, ii. 73.—Lamprophylium Mizrs, 209.—Ouiv. Fl. Trop. Afric. i, 169.—Px. et
Trans. Linn, Soc, xxi. 249, t. 26. Tri. Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 4, xiv. 244 (Mammea,

2 Spec. about 15. CHors. Gutt. Ind. t, 4, 5. n. 2—6)—H. Bn. Bull. Soc. Linn. Par. 82.—

3 Gen, Nov. Madag. 15.—Pu, et Tri. dnn. Se. Warr. Ann. vii. 355. ;

CLUSIACEZ. 427

adnate linear, introrse or extrorse, longitudinally rimose. Germen
(in male flower rudimentary or 0) sessile 2-locular ; style cylindrical
erect rather thick, at apex stigmatose capitately 2-lobed. Ovules in
cells 2 each, collaterally ascending, anatropous; micropyle extrorsely
inferior. Fruit drupaceous, l-spermous (rarely 2-4-spermous) ;
‘putamen thick, externally fibrous. Seeds suberect ; cotyledons of
fleshy exalbuminous embryo large thick plano-convex conferruminate
with resinous channels ; radicle very short inferior.—Trees ; leaves
alternate pellucid punctate closely and finely reticulate-penninerved ;
flowers axillary solitary or few cymose; pedicels short rather thick.
(Trop. America.)—See p. 408.

18. Kayea Wati.—Flowers nearly of Mammea, hermaphrodite
or polygamous; calyx 4-phyllous, imbricate. Petals 4, imbricate.
Stamens oo ; filaments long filiform, corrugate ; anthers small sub-
globose; cells 2, short, rimose. Germen 2-locular; style elongate,
at apex shortly and sharply 4-fid. Ovules in cells (complete or
oftener incomplete) 2 each, collaterally ascending; micropyle ex-
trorsely inferior. Fruit fleshy, indehiscent, girt by more or less
persistent and enlarged and incrassate calyx; seeds 1-4; embryo,
etce., of Mammea.—tTrees ; leaves oblong, very finely penninerved ;
flowers (rather large or small) in terminal compound cymiferous

racemes or more rarely solitary. (Trop. Asia and Oceania.)—See
p. 409.

19, Mesua L.—Flowers nearly of Kayea, hermaphrodite or poly-
gamous, 4-merous. Stamensoo; anthers oblong. Germen 2-locular;
style elongate, at apex stigmatose peltate. Ovules in cells 2,
ascending, ete., of Kayea (or Mammea). Fruit subligneous or rather
fleshy, finally 4-valvate. Seeds 1-4, exarillate ; embryo of Mammea.
—Trees or shrubs; leaves finely and closely penninerved ; flowers
(large) exarillary solitary. (Trop. Asia and Oceania.)—See p. 409.

20? Poeciloneuron Brpp.—Flowers nearly of Kayea; “sepals
4-5, imbricate. Petals 4-6, contorted. Stamens oo; filaments short
or 0; anthers basifixed erect linear. Germen 2-locular; ovules in
‘cells 2, etc., of Kayea; styles 2, subulate; at apex stigmatose punc-
tiform. Fruit ovoid capsular, 1-locuiar, septicidal (?); seed 1, erect ;
embryo of Kayea.—Trees, habit of Clusia ; leaves opposite coriaceous,
finely penninerved ; flowers axillary solitary or terminal paniculate.
(East. India.) ”’—See p. 410.

428 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

21. Calophyllum L.—Flowers polygamous (nearly of Mammea);
sepals oftener 4, imbricate ; the interior sometimes petaloid. Petals
2-8 (more rarely 0), imbricate. Stamens oo; filaments free or poly-
adelphous at base, more rarely 1-adelphous ; anthers oblong or linear,
basifixed, introrse or extrorse, 2-rimose. Germen (in male flower
rudimentary or (0) 1-locular ; style slender or subulate, at apex stig-
matose capitate or cupular, entire or lobulate. Ovule 1, suberect or
ascending; anatropous; micropyle inferior. Fruit drupaceous ;
flesh oftener scanty, finally suberose; putamen crustaceous ; seed
ascending ; embryo thick exalbuminous, etc., of Mammea.—Trees
or shrubs ; leaves opposite or subverticillate, entire coriaceous nitid
very closely striato-penninerved ; flowers in axillary and terminal
compound cymiferous racemes. (Trop. Asia, Oceania, and America.)
—See p. 410.

V. QUIINEA.

22. Quiina Avsi.—Flowers polygamous ; sepals 4-5, unequal,
imbricate. Petals 4-8, either free, or connate at base with each
other and with the stamens, imbricate or imbricately convolute.
Stamens oo, hypogynous; filaments free or connate at base, corru-
gately flexuose in bud; anthers small sub-2-dymous ; cells subglo-
bose, at margin or introrsely rimose. Germen (in male flower
rudimentary or 0) sessile, 2—4-locular; styles 2—4, slender, distinct
at base, more or less plicate in bud, at apex stigmatose capitate or
discoid. Ovules in cells 2, ascending; micropyle extrorsely inferior.
Fruit baccate, sometimes juiceless; endocarp fibrous, sometimes
scarcely or tardily unequally 2—4-valved. Seeds few or oftener 1,
externally tomentose, cotyledons exalbuminous embryo fleshy plano-
convex ; radicle conical inferior rather short.—Trees or shrubs,
sometimes climbing, with gummy juice; leaves opposite or verticil-
late, entire or crenate, sometimes dentate or unequally pinnatipartite
(Towroulia), penninerved, nervose, finely vein-lined; stipules (?) 2,
narrow, rather rigid, sometimes foliaceous ; flowers (small) in axillary
or terminal more or less compound cymiferous and divaricately
racemose racemes, (Trop. America.)—See p. 411.

LVIT. LYTHRARIACE.

I. SALICARIA SERIES.

In the Salicarias ! (fig. 386-393), the flowers are regular, herma-
phrodite, with four, five, or six parts. The receptacle has the form

, Lythrvm Saicaria.

SS ()) 0)
> é
G@

ay

Fig. 387. Flower ()- Fig. 389. Long. scct. of flower.

Fig. 391. Seed. Fig. 388. Diagram. Fig. 390. Dehiscent Fig. 392. Tong.
fruit. sect. of seed,

of a long tube, of little thickness,’ at the top of which is inserted the

' Lythrum L. Gen. u. 604 (part).—J. Gen. 382. —Salicaria T. Inst. 258, t. 129.—Apans. Fam.
—Garrn. Fruct. i. 269, t. 62.—Lamx. Til. t. des Pl. ii. 234. :
408.— Potr. Dict. vi. 451; Suppl. v. 2¢.— 2 Traversed by 8-12 vertical ribs, most fre-

Svacu, Suit. & Buffon, iv. 419—DC. Mém. quently without any very distinct glandular
Genéve, iii. p. 1.77; Prodr. tii. 80.—ENpt. Gen. layer within, this tube is ordinarily described
n. 6149.—Payer, Organog, 477, t. 95.—B. H. as a calicinal tube.

Gen. 779, u. 10.—H. By, Payer Fam, Nat. 353.

430

1 Short, versatile, often coloured red or brown
when fertile.

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Lythrum Salicaria.

Fig. 386. Floriferous branch.

perianth. ‘Thelatter pre-
sents, in the case of a
hexamerous flower, six
valvatesepals, with which
alternate exteriorly five
tongues and interiorly
five petals. The latter
are attenuate at the base,
imbricate and corrugate
inthe bud. Of thetwelve
stamens, six are super-
posed to thesepals, longer
and exserted; the fila-
ments are attached in the
upper part of the recep-
tacular tube, and the
anthers are bilocular, in-
trorse,! dehiscing by two
longitudinal clefts.” The
six other stamens, shorter
and inserted lower be-
neath the petals, have
smaller anthers often
wholly or in part sterile.
The gynecium, free at
the bottom of the recep-
tacular tube, is formed
of a bilocular ovary, the
base of which slightly
thickens into a disk, and
its summit is attenuated
to a style, terminated by
an obtusely bilobed stig-
matiferous head. On the
partition separating the
cells is a large placenta

2 The pollen is “ ellipsoid ; six folds ; in water,
six bands, on three of whicha papilla. Lythrum

LYTHRARIACELZ, 431

bearing a great number of ascending and anatropous ovules, with
micropyle inferior and exterior. The fruit, around which persists
the receptacular tube, is a bilocular membranous capsule, septicidal
or opening irregularly at maturity, the numerous seeds of which
contain under their coats a fleshy embryo, with plano-convex coty-
ledons, auriculate at base, and. a conical in-
ferior radicle. The Salicarias are herbaceous
plants or shrubby at the base, glabrous or
covered with hairs, with tetragonal branches,
opposite, verticillate or rarely alternate
leaves, entire, without stipules, and flowers!
united in cymes generally biparous, in the
axils of the leaves or bracts which replace
them at the top of the branches, in such a
manner as, in this case, to form long terminal
clusters of cymes (fig. 386, 393). Some
oppositipetalous stamens are then reduced to
very small dimensions or even disappear
entirely, and the petals are somewhat un-
equal, the two superior surpassing the four
others. Such is L. anomalum,? a Brazilian
plant which has become the type of the
genus Anisotes.2 The style is sometimes short and sometimes long
and exserted, and there are some species in which the ovary is not
unfrequently trilocular.t A dozen® Salicarias are known; they
inhabit all the temperate regions of the world, and especially marshy
localities.

L. pungens and two other Chilian species constitute the genus
Plewrophora. They are herbaceous or subshrubby plants, with small
stiff sharp-pointed leaves. The flowers, ordinarily collected in ter-
minal spikes, are 5-7-merous, 5—20-androus, and the gynecium is
composed of a stipitate, eccentric, obliquely compressed, pauciovulate

Lythrum virgatum.

Fig, 393. Portion
of inflorescence.

Salicaria, L. thymifolium.”
Se. Nat. sér. 2, iii, 331.)

1 Red, pink, more rarely white.

24,8.-H. Fl. Bras. Mer. iii. t. 186.

3 Linn. Introd. ed. 2,101,441. The stamens
are often reduced to from five to seven in this
species, which appears in other respects to con-
nect Lythrum with Cuphea.

4 Especially L. arnhemicum (F. Mux xy. Fragm.,
ii, 107 ;—Bustu. Fi. Austral. iii. 299).

(H. Mout, Ann.

5H. B, K. Nov. Gen et Sp. vi. 192.—A.8.-H
op, cit. 129.—Bentu, op. cit. 298.—GREN. et
Gopr. Fl. de kr. i. 593.—G. Back. Estr. Bl.
[1853] 405.—Borss. Fi. Or. ii. 738.—Htern. Fi.
Trop, Afr. ii. 465.—Hanry. and Sonn, J. Cap.
ii, 516.—C. Gay, Fl. Chil. ii. 368.—A. Gray,
Man, ed. 5, 183.—Fr. et Sav. Jap. 167.—Bot.
Mag..t. 1008, 1812.—Watp. Rep. ii. 108; v.
674; Ann. ii. 589; iv. 688.

432 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

ovary, which has most frequently but one cell and a single placenta,
surmounted by an eccentric style, with a stigmatiferous summit not
enlarged. All the other characters of the flower are those of Lythrum.

Nesca (fig. 394, 395) is distinguished from the Salicarias by cha-
racters of very secondary scientific importance. The receptacle, how-
ever, is not the same, for, with the calyx which surmounts it, it
represents a campanulate sac, traversed by salient nervures to the

Nesea salicifolia.

Fig 394. Flower. Fig. 395. Long. sect. of flower.

number ef twelve or fourteen, The sepals, variable in number (4-8),
are valvate, and alternate with as many exterior tongues, analogous
to those of Lythrum. The petals, equal and sessile or unguiculate,
according to the species, are the same in number, and the stamens
double in number on two verticils. The ovary, as also the capsular
fruit, has from three to six multiovulate cells, and the valves of the
latter, at maturity, separate, with the partitions, from the placente
charged with seels. Nescea comprises African and American herba-
ceous shrubby or subshrubby plants; the leaves are opposite or
verticillate, and the flowers are in cymes varying in the three sec-
tions (Hunescea, Heimia, Decodon) admitted in the genus.

Ginora is somewhat analogous to Nescea, and the flowers are 5-6-
merous ; but the sepals inserted at the margin of a turbinate recep-
tacle, externally smooth, have no alternate acces: sory tongues; there
are from twelve to twenty-four stamens, with curved anthers, an
ovary with four multiovulate cells and a loculicidal four-valved cap-
sule. Only one species is known, from Cuba. Dodecas, a shrub from
the sea-shores of tropical America, has nearly the flowers of Ginoria,
tetramerous, with no accessory tongues or scarcely visible outside
the sepals, from eight to ten stamens, with oblong, finally erect
anthers, and four cells in the ovary. The capsular fruit is finally

LYTHRARIACEL. 433

nearly unilocular, with numerous scobiform seeds, inserted on a false
central placenta. The surface of the seeds is hispid, and the flowers,
rather large, are axillary, solitary, or grouped in few-flowered cymes.
Adenaria (fig. 396, 397) comprises also tropical American plants ;
like Dodecas, they have an obconical or campanulate receptacle, four
or five sepals, without accessory tongues, and a diplostemonous
andreecium inserted higher or lower on the internal wall of the re-
ceptacle. The ovary, with short
foot, has two multiovulate cells,
and the capsular fruit is obovoid,
with an indefinite number of
glabrous seeds. The two or
three adenarias known are trees
with opposite leaves and with
axillary corymbiform and many-
flowered cymes. Nearly all the
parts are covered with dark
punctiform glands. Very little %
different from Adenaria is Gris- "8 *°& Flow ee es ee =
lea secunda, a shrub of Columbia
and Venezuela, but it has dentiform tongues alternating with its
four or five sepals, and all the stamens are inserted quite at the base
of the gynecium. Its capsular fruit is globular, with seeds equally
glabrous. In Woodfordia floribunda, a shrub of India, China,
Madagascar, and tropical eastern Africa, which has been referred to
the genus Girislea, there are also black glandular points on the
greater part of the organs; but the flowers are not regular. The
receptacular tube has an oblique superior opening, and the flower as
a whole is bent. There are from five to seven dentiform valvate
sepals, with as many small accessory tongues and very small petals.
The stamens are declinate, twice as many as the sepals, in two
verticils, and the largest oppositipetalous. The fruit is a loculicidal
bivalve capsule, with numerous seeds, covered with hairs or papille.
This genus also closely connects Lythrum with the following type.
Cuphea (fig. 898-404), which cannot but be considered a very
near ally of the Salicarias, forms however a small group (Oupheee)
characterized by the constant irregularity of the flower. It has a
receptacular tube traversed by longitudinal ribs, and dilated below
and posteriorly to a more or less prominent spur. The mouth of
VOL. VI. 28

Adenaria purpurata,

434 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

this tube bears six valvate sepals with an equal number of accessory”
teeth more or less developed. The six petals are nearly equal or
oftener unequal, the posterior being most developed ; they may even
be wanting. The andrecium is generally formed of eleven stamens,
of which six are super-
posed to the petals and
five to the sepals ;
the stamen constantly
wanting is that which
would correspond to
the sepal superposed
to the spur. The
gynecium much re-
sembles that of the
Salicarias; but its pos-
terior side bears at the
base a gland, more or
less developed, some-
times circular, which
projects into the cavity
of the spur. The-two
cells of the ovary are
multiovulate, or rather
3 S the posterior remains
Fig. 399. Flower with — Fig. 400. Flower with petals sterile, and the ovules,
petals nearly equal. very unequal. : a é
in number very vari-
able (from two to a
hundred), are ascending and anatropous. The placenta bearing
them may become partly free in consequence of the more or less
complete disappearance of the interlocular partition. The fruit is a
capsule. All the Cupheas known are natives of the warm regions of
the new world. Their leaves are opposite, verticillate or rarely
alternate, and the flowers, solitary or grouped in cymes, are axillary
or raised to the interval of the two opposite leaves situated above.
In the following genera, the general organization of the flowers is
primarily nearly the same as in the preceding types; but they are
separated artificially by the fruit, instead of remaining enclosed in
the receptacular tube, being finally partly exserted. It is so in
Antheryliwm, the flowers of which are otherwise very similar to

Cuphea lanceolata.

LYTHRARIACEL. 435

those of Adenaria, Grislea, etc. They are tetramerous, without
accessory tongues alternating with the petals, and have from twelve
to an indefinite number of. stamens.

The ovary has four multiovulate cells,

and the fruit is a septifragal capsule.
They are woody plants of Mexico and

the Antilles. Tetratawis, a tree of
Mauritius, has the same organs of
vegetation and tetramerous but apeta-
lous flowers, and only four alternisepa-

lous stamens. Its fruit isa septifragal -—
capsule. In Lagerstremia (fig. 405,
406), beautiful trees or shrubs of east-

ern Asia, the flowers, pentamerous or pani i eae
hexamerous, have the petals well deve- cium of open flower.

loped, with a long narrow claw, an

_ elegantly undulated limb, and an indefinite number of stamens. The

Cuphea micropetala,

Cuphea pubifiora.

a
gm,

a

J Ih

Fig, 403, Diagram.

Fig. 404, Long. sect. of flower.

fruit, surrounded only at the base by the receptacular cupule, is free

above : it isa loculicidal and 3—6-valved capsule, the numerous seeds

of which are prolonged upwards ina membranous wing. The leaves

are opposite or verticillate, and the flowers, often very beautiful,

are grouped in ramified clusters of cymes. Duabanga is from

tropical Asia and Oceania. Very near Lagerstremia, it has a larger
28—2

438 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

and more open receptacle, from four to seven thick triangular: and
valvate sepals, an equal number of petals, very numerous stamens, .
and an ovary with 4-8 multiovulate cells. The capsular fruit sup-
ported by the receptacular cupule, is loculicidal and polyspermous.
The seeds are small, scobiform, curved and irregularly winged.
Lawsonia may be considered a reduced type of the preceding genera.
The small flowers (fig. 407-409) have only four parts, a diploste-

Logerstremia indica,

Fig. 405. Flower. Fig. 406. Long. sect. of flower.

monous andreecium, and four multiovulate cells in the ovary. But
the receptacular cupule encircles only the base of the coriaceous
capsule, which finally breaks in an irregular manner. In the flower

Lawsonia inermis.

Fig. 407. Flower. Fig. 408. Floral receptacle. Fig. 409. Long sect. of flower.

this cupule is lined by a glandular disk, which thickens, near the
throat, to four slightly salient glands, corresponding in pairs to the
sepals, interior to the insertion of the staminal filaments, and four:
others, a little higher, situate within the petals. The fruit is poly-
spermous, and the seeds, irregularly pyramidal, have a thick spongy
exterior coat, not prolonged to a wing. The only species known
(L. inermis) is a glabrous shrub, with branches often spinous,

LYTHRARIACEA, 437

opposite leaves and inflorescence similar to that of Lagerstremia. It
is believed to be a native of Arabia or of the neighbouring countries,
African or Asiatic; it has been introduced into most tropical
regions,

Pemphis (fig. 410, 411), otherwise little different from most of the
preceding genera, belongs also to a small group (Pemphidew), cha-
racterized by a va-
riation in the mode
of placentation. The
latter is nearly ba-
silar, that is, from
the base of the in-
ternal angle of each
ovarian cell rises a
small support on +
which are borne a_ Fig. 410. Flower (2). Fig. 411. Long. sect: of flower.
variable number of
anatropous, ascending ovules. The flower is moreover hexamerous,
with six accessory tongues in the intervals of the sepals, six petals
resembling those of Lagerstremia, and twelve stamens, inserted at
two different levels on the receptacular tube. The fruit is capsular
and enclosed in the receptacle. P. acidula, the only species known,
is a small shrub observed at numerous points of the sea coast of
tropical Asia‘and Oceania.

Lafoensia has the same mode of placentation as Pemphis; for the
two (incomplete) cells of the stipitate ovary have each a basilar
placenta, charged with erect ovules. But the flowers are 8-12-
merous, with as many accessory tongues as sepals, and a larger,
nearly campanulate receptacle. The fruit is a thick capsule, with
seeds bordered by a wing. They are woody plants of tropical
America, with opposite leaves and beautiful flowers solitary or united
in terminal clusters, composed of: cymes. Physocalymma has very
analogous flowers, but with eight parts and twenty-four stamens,
without tongues. The fruit is incompletely unilocular, with four
multiovulate placentz united in a basilar mass. The name of the
genus is derived from the receptacular sac growing and persisting
around the fruit after floration. P. florida is a fine Brazilian tree
with opposite leaves and the inflorescence of Lagerstremia. Diplu-
sodon is from the same country; it much resembles Lafoensia and

Pemphis acidula,

438 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Phycosalymma; the flowers are hexamerous, with six tongues
alternating with the sepals, a 12-androus andrecium or formed of
an indefinite number of stamens, a sessile ovary, a non-accrescent
receptacle. The inflorescence is that of Lafoensa.

Il. CRYPTERONIA SERIES.

Crypteronia} (fig. 412-415), referred by authors to various other
groups,” appears to comprise somewhat abnormal Lythrariacee, whose
flowers are regular and polygamo-diccious. The hermaphrodite

flowers (fig. 412, 413) have
a a cup-shaped receptacle, the
? margin of which bears five®
sepals and five perigynous
stamens, alternating. Hach
is formed of a filament in-
curved in the bud, sur-
mounted by a_ basifixed
anther, united below by a
glandular connective, de-
hiscing superiorly by a
longitudinal cleft, marginal
ree ; or more or less introrse.
Fig. 412. Hermaphro- Fig. 413. Long. sect. of : :
dite flower (5), hermaphrodite flower. The gynecium is composed
of an ovary in greater part
superior, with two or more rarely three cells (fig. 413), complete or
incomplete, surmounted by a style with stigmatiferous extremity,
slightly enlarged at the top. In the internal angle of each cell,
sometimes near its exterior wall, sometimes more or less near the base,
is a placenta* bearing a great number of anatropous, transverse (fig.
415) or more or less ascending (fig. 413) ovules. In the female
flowers, the gynecium being the same, the stamens have sterile
anthers. In the male flowers (fig. 414, 415), the receptacle is less

’ Bu. Bijdr.1161; Mus. Lugd.-Bat.123,t.42. Salicinee, and to the Saxifragacee.

—Enop.. Gen. n. 5756.—-B. H. Gen. 783, n. 22, 3 There are also, here and there, tetramerous
—Henslowia Wat. Pl. As, Rar. iii. 13, t. 221 — flowors.
(not Bu.).—Enp, Gen, n. 1905.—Linpu. Vey. 4 It recalls, by its organization, that of some

Kingd. (1846) 570.—Hoox. Fi. Ind, ii. 673.— Sazifragacee-Cunoniee with ovarian cells com-
Quilamum Buanc, Fl, d. Filipp. 851. plete or nearly 80,
2 Especially to the Rhamnacec (ENDvL.), to the

LYTHRARIACEZ,, 439

concave than in the female of hermaphrodite flowers; and the
gynecium, reduced to small dimensions, has, nevertheless, an ovary,
with two parietal placentas with sterile omiilay at the margin, and a
short style not stigmatiferous at its enlarged summit. The fruit
clothed at the base with the persistent receptacle and calyx, is a

Crypteronia leptostachya,

Fig. 414. ‘Male flower (8). Fig. 415. Loug. sect. of male flower.

globular loculicidal capsule with two, more rarely three cells, and
valves united above by the persistent style, charged at the middle of
their internal surface or base with numerous narrow, elongate seeds,
with soft external coat, attenuated at both extremities to a point or
wing, and containing under a thin layer of albumen a fleshy embryo, —
with thick cylindrical radicle. Crypteronia comprises trees or shrubs
from the warm regions of India, Malaya, and the Philippine Isles.
In the four or five species known,’ the leaves are opposite, petiolate,
without stipules, simple and entire. The flowers, small and nume-
rous, are in simple axillary or ramified terminal clusters.

With doubt we here provisionally place Psiloxylon,? sometimes
referred to the Myrtacew. It has polygamous or dicecious flowers.
In the male flower the receptacle is in the form of a shallow cup,
bearing on its margin five or six sepals, at first imbricate, and an
equal number of perigynous petals which fall early. At the same
level are inserted ten stamens, five of which are superposed to the
petals and five alternate, with free filaments, and bilocular introrse
anthers. The gynecium is sterile though it has distinct cells, pla-
centas and ovules; but the latter are very small and imperfect. In
the female flower, in which the stamens are reduced to staminodes,
the gynecium is fertile; the ovary, sessile or very shortly stipitate,

1 Py. Hook. Journ. iv. 475, t. 16 (Henslowia). 80.—Enpu. Gen. 1205.—Tun. Ann. Se. Nat. sér.
—Mie. Fl. Ind. Bat. i. p.i. 715 (Hensiovia).— 4, vi. 188.—H. By. Adansonia, x. 39.—Baxzn,
Watp. Ann. iv. 692. Fl. Maurit. 101.—Fropiera Hoox. F. Journ,

2 Dur.-Tu. ex Gavupicu. Freycin. Voy. Bot. Linn. Soc. v.1,t.1: Gen. 725, u. 76.

440 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

is surmounted by a style almost immediately divided into three or
four elongate lobes, in the form of thick, flat, fleshy strips, obtuse at
the summit, expanded, then reflexed on the top of the ovary; all
their upper surface is covered with fine stigmatic papille. In each
of the three or four (com-
plete or sometimes rather
incomplete) cells of the
ovary, there is an axile
and multiovulate placen-
ta. The fruit is a small
berry nearly globular,
accompanied at its buse
by the calyx, and the
numerous seeds it encloses have a large fleshy embryo. The only
species! of this genus is a shrub of the Mascarene Isles, the leaves
of which, analogous to those of some Bixaces of the Flacourtia
series, are alternate, entire, penninerved, thick, covered with fine
glandular punctuations ; the flowers, unattractive, a little larger than
those of Crypteronia (fig. 416, 417), are grouped in the axil of the
leaves, in compound clusters of cymes.

Psiloxylon mauritianwn.

Fig. 417. Tong. sect. of

Fig. 416. Young female
young female flower.

flower,

Ill. AMMANNIA SERIES.

Ammannia* (fig. 418-424) has given its name to a small series of
this family, distinguished (somewhat artificially) by the smallness of
their flowers, concave receptacle, generally smooth externally, petals
none or scarcely perceptible and by their organs of vegetation.
They are small herbs, often aquatic, having ordinarily the habit of
Portulaca, or Callitriche, or Myriophyllum, etc. In an indigenous
species commonly known as Peplis* Portula* (fig. 418, 419) the
flowers are pentamerous or more generally hexamerous. ‘The sub-

1P. mauritianum. — Fropiera mauritiana

Hook. F. loc. eit,

2 Hovust. ex L. Gen, n. 155.—Anans. Fam. des
Pl. ii. 234.—J. Gen. 333.—Lamx. Dict. i. 180;
Suppl. i. 328; IU. t. 77.—DC. Mém, Genév, iii.
p. ii, 79; Prodr. iii, 77.—EnDu. Gen, n. 6146,—
B. H. Gen. 776, n. 1.— Barer, Fl. Maurit. 99,—
H. By. Payer Fam, Nat. 354 (incl.: Amanella
Mie, Ameletia DC. Cornelia Anvuin. Cryptotheca

Bu. Didiplis Rarw. Ditheca Wieur and ARN.
Middendor fia Travtv. Nimmoia Wicur, Peplis
L. Rotala L, Sellowia Roru. Suffrenia Betuaxn.
Tritheca Wicut and Arn. Winterlia Sprenc.),
3L. Gen. n. 446.—J. Gen. 333.—Scuxvuur
Handb. t. 99.—Gazrrn, Fruct. i. 237, t. f1.—
DC. Prodr. iti. 76.—Enpu. Gen. n. 6144.—B. H.
Gin. 776, n. 2.—H. Bn. Bull. Soe. Linn, Par. 87.
+L, Spec. 474.—DC. Prodr. iii. 77,

LYTHRARIACEL. 441

campanulate receptacle, thin and membranous, is marginally con-
tinuous with the six triangular valvate lobes of the calyx, glandular
at the summit; in the intervals are an equal number of accessory
teeth, the origin of which is the same as in Salicaria. To these
teeth correspond an equal

number of small obtuse Ammannia (Peplis) portula.

very caducous petals, which
are sometimes entirely ab-
sent. . Much lower, on the
internal surface of the re-
ceptacle, are inserted six
alternipetalous perigynous Fig. 418. Flower (5). Fig. 419. Long. sect.
stamens formed, each, of an ee
enclosed filament and a bi-

locular, introrse, didymous anther, dehiscing by two longitudinal
clefts. The gynecium is free, formed of an enclosed two-celled ovary,
surmounted by a short style with capitate stigmatiferous apex. In

Ammannia (Suffrenia) filiformis,

©)

Fig. 420. Flower (4). Ba 421. Diagram. Fig. 422, Long. sect. of flower.

the internal angle of each cell is a placenta supporting an indefinite
number of anatropous ovules. The fruit, enclosed in the persistent
receptacle, is a membranous and polyspermous capsule, the seeds of
which contain, under their thick coats, a fleshy embryo, with oval
cotyledons and short radicle. In southern Russia there is a Peplis
called P. borysthenica,! which differs from P. portula only in the
greater length of its style. A genus has been made of it under the
name of Middendorfia.? Another Peplis, in the United States, P.
diandra,® type of the genus Didiplis,* is quite similar to our P.

1 Brss. ex SPRENG. Syst. ii. 185.—Ammania aquatica Nurv. (ex DC.).
borysthenica DC. Prodr. iii. 78, n. 10. 4 Ravin. Atiunt, Journ, (1833) n. 6, p. 28.—
2 TRautv. Diss. de Middendorffia, Mém. Sav. Envu. Gen, 1427.—B. H. Gen. 771, n. 3.—
étr. Ac. Petersb. iv. 489, t.4.—Watp. Rep, v.673. Hypobrichia M. O. Cunt. Torr. et Gr. Fl. N.-
3 Nutr. ex DC. Prodr. iii. 77, n. 4.—Ptolina Amer.i. 479,

442 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

portula, but has generally a tetramerous and tetrandrous flower.’
The true Ammannias, more confined to the warm regions of both
worlds, often have the tetramerous flower of Didiplis, with or without
petals and with the accessory teeth of the calyx more or less deve-
loped. ' In some cases the flower has
as many as seven parts; in others
again, there are only three, as in
Rotala® (fig. 428, 424). The length
of the style varies much also between
one species and another. The stamens
may be the same in number as the
sepals or double, or even less in num-
ber. Suffrenia (fig. 420-422), like
Didiplis, may have only two stamens;
and the petals, when they exist, are
either very small or moderately de-
veloped. The dry fruit may open regularly, like every septicidal or
septifragal capsule: this is the case in Rotala, Saffrenia, and Ame-
letia;* but it may also open transversely or irregularly, as in
Didiplis and Cryptotheca.* It is on these variations that the three®
sections we admit in the genus Ammannia are founded. This genus
comprises about thirty-five species,® annuals or evergreens, often
aquatic, with opposite or verticillate, rarely alternate leaves, axillary
solitary flowers, accompanied by lateral bracteoles which are fertile
when. the flowers are collected in cymes or few-flowered glome-
rules.

Ammannia (Rotala) verticillaris.

‘Fig. 423. Flower (8). Fig. 424. Long.

sect. of flower.

1 It may be diandrous. Thesepalsare some-
times five or six in number. The petals are

which the flowers are pedicellate with capsule
opening transversely or irregularly; the other

wanting, as is often the case in Peplis Portula,
and the accessory teeth of the calyx are as
marked as in the latter.

2L. Mantiss, 175.—DO. Prodr. iii. 75.—A.
S.-H. Mém. Mus. ii. 381.—Enpu, Gen. u. 6143,
—? Ortegioides Souanp. (ex Envu.).— Entelia
R. Br. (ex Enpt.).—TZritheca Wieut and Arn.
Prodr, i. 805.

3 DC. Mém. Gener, iii, p. ii. 82, t. 3; Prod.
ili. 76.—Enpu. Gen. n. 6145.—Ditheca Wicut
and Arn. Prodr. i. 304.—Hapalocarpum Wicut
and Arn. loc. cit. 305.— Amanella Mie. Fl. Ind,-
Bat. i. p. i. 618. :

4 Bu. Bijdr, 1128.—D0O. Prodr, iii. 76.—Enp..
Gen. n. 6141.

5 Bentuam and Hooxer admit two: one in

in which the flowers are solitary, sessile, with a
valvicide fruit. We add a third section Peplis
(including Didiplis).

6 Roxs. Pl. Corom. t. 188.—Bu. Mus, Lugd.-
Bat, ti. 129, t. 44 (Cryptotheca), 185, t. 46, 47;
136 (Rotala).— Lepes. Ic. Fl. Ross. t. 391
(Peplis) —Wicut, Madr, Journ. Se. vii. 312, i.
20 (Nimmoia) ; Icon. t. 217, 260 (Rotala),—
Roru, Nov. Sp. 162 (Sellowia).—Sprene. Syst.
i, 519 (Winterlia)—Butrarp. Act. Taur. vii.
445, t. 1. fig. 1 (Suffrenia).—Harv. Thes. Cap.
li. t. 189 (Suffrenia).—Hanry. and Sonn. Fi. Cap.
ii. 515.—Garises. Fl. Brit. W.-Ind. 270.—Tuw.
Enum, Pi. Zeyl. 121, 122 (Ameletia, Rotala).—
Mia. Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. p. i, 614 (Lritheca, Rotala),
615 (Ditheca, Suffrenia), 616 (Ameletia), 617

LYTHRARIACEL, 443

Rhyacophila' differs very little from Ammannia. The flower is
tetramerous and tetrandrous, with four petals, inserted in the hollows
between the sepals. In R. repens,? an Abyssinian species, the petals
are small, and the dimerous gynecium, analogous to that of
Ammannia, is surrounded by a very small annular disk, with very
slightly marked lobes. In the Indian species, BR. Wallichii, of which
the genus Hydrolythrum® has been made, the petals are larger, ex-
serted, and the lobes of the hypogynous disk, eight in number, are
much more distinct. These differences, otherwise of little importance,
serve to distinguish two sections in this genus, which is composed
of aquatic herbs, like Myriophyllum, which they resemble in habit,
submerged, verticillate, linear leaves, with flowers in terminal
clusters, and accompanied each by two lateral bracteoles which may
be more or less raised on their pedicel.

Apanson* clearly pointed out, in 1763, in what respects the
Salicaria family resembled the Myrtle, differing from it in the
situation of the gynecium. He even placed in it Backea, of the
Myrtacee. <A. L. pe Jusstev® republished the family nearly as
ApANson conceived it, adding Acisanthera, of the Melastomacee,
aud Glaua, of the Primulacew. Later® he substituted for the name
Salicarie’ that of Lythrariew® A. P. pp Canpouue® included in it
twenty-seven genera, of which only thirteen are now retained as
distinct. Linpixy!° first gave the name Lythracew. Brentuam and
Hooxer,'! resuming the name Lythrariece, admit thirty genera in
this group, four of which are abnormal, viz. Punica, which we have
restored to the Myrtacee ;'* Axinandra, which we consider rather

(Hapalocarpum).— Hiern, Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr.
ii. 466 (Rotala), 476.—Bentu. Fl. Austral. iit.
295,--A. Gray, Man. ed. 5, 182.—Botss. Fl. Or.
ii. 742.—Gren. et Gonr. Fl. de Fr. i. 597 (Pep-
His) —Waxr. Rep. ii. 101, 916; Ann, i. 294
(Peplis) ; ii. 688 ; iv. 685 (Cryptotheca, Peplis),
686 (Ameletia).

1 Hocust. Flora (1841) 659.—Quartinia Envu.'

Gen. Suppl. ii. (1842) 94.—B. H. Gen. 777, 0.5.
2 Hocust. loc. cit.—Hern, Oliv. Fv. Trop. Afr.
ii, 470.—Quartinia turfosa A. Ricu, Fl, Abyss,
Tent. i, 277, t. 51.—Q. repens, Expu.— WaAtp.
Ann. Vv. 673.
3 Hoox. Fr. B. H. Gen. 777, a. 4.—Hoox. Fi.

Ind. ii, 571.

4 Fam, des Pl. ii. 232, Fam. 31,

® Gen. (1789) 330, Ord. 9.

§ Dict. Se, Nat. xxvii. 453.

7 Calycantheme Vent. Tabi. iii, 298.—Salica-
rine Linx, Enum. i. 142.

8 Ewpu. Gen. 1198, Ord. 267.

9 Mém. Soc. d’ Hist. Nat. Geneve, iii. p. ii. 65 ;
Prodr. iii. 75, Ord. 74 (1828).

10 Introd. ed. 2, 100; Veg. Kingd. (1846) 574,
Ord. 918,

1 Gen. 773, 1007, Ord. 69.

12 See pp. 333, 337, 338, 381. The ovary is
not free at the bottom of the receptacle.

444,

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

anomalous Melastomacee ;} Olinia,? which we have made a series of

Rhamnacee,® and Heteropyzxis,* quite unknown to us.

We have,

moreover, entmerated Sonneratia among the Myrtacee, and Strepho-
nema among the doubtful Rosacew.6 By considering Hydrolythrum
as simply a section of the genus Rhyacophila, and including Peplis
and Didiplis in the genus Ammannia,® we have reduced the number

1 Notwithstanding their alternate leaves, be-
cause, as we shall see, the stamens are funda-
mentally constructed like those of this group.

2 Tuunrn. Rem. Arch. ii. p.i.5; Fl. Cap. 194.
—DC. Prodr. ii. 41.—Enpu. Gen. u. 6272.—B.
H. Gen. 785, n. 29.—Crematostemon hort. (ex
Enpt.). This genus has been placed in different
families, particularly in the series of Melastoma-
cee, of Lythrariacee, and it has also been con-
sidered (ARNoTT,—NavpIn) as the type of quite
a distinct family.

+ Bull. Soe. Linn, Par. (1876) 90, We have
seen in tracing the development of the flowers
of this genus (fig. 425, 426), that they have a
hollow tubular receptacle, to the bottom of

Olinia cymosa,

Fig. 425. Flower (4).

which the ovary is adnate, and at the upper
orifice of which are inserted four or five coloured
sepals, as many small alternate petals, super-
posed to which are an equal number of stamens,
with short bilocular introrse anthers,surmounted
by a glandular connective. The cells of the
inferior ovary, 3-5 in number, contain each 2 or
3 ascending ovules with micropyle exterior and
inferior. Drcatsne (Tr. Gen. Botan. 292) has
described and figured the ovules as pendant, a
grave error. The fruit is drupaceous, and the
putamen encloses a seed with exalbuminous
embryo, and the cotyledons are said to be un-
equally conyolute. It is by this character
especially that the Oliniee are distinguished as
a tribe or series in the family of Rhamnacee,

where we propose to place them. The short
collarette, entire or obscurely lobed, found
outside the perianth and often described as
a calyx, is only a discoid prolongation of
the receptacular tube, the formation of which
is tardy. Olinia consists of Cape shrubs, with
opposite coriaceous léaves, and flowers col-
lected in trichotomous cymes. There is pro-
bably only one species, O. cymosa THuna.—
Harv. and Sonv. Fv. Cap, ii. 520.— O. capensis

Fig. 426. Long. sect. of flower (7).

Linx, Ku. et Orr. Je. Pl. Rar.i. 6, t. 8.—O. acu-
minata Link; Ku. et Orr. loc, cit. 53, t. 21.—
Syderoxylon cymosum Li. ¥, Suppl. 152.—Crema-
tostemon capense hort.

4 Harv. Thes. Cap. ii, 18, t. 128.—B. H. Gen,
785, n. 30. This genus, placed among the ano-
malous Lythrarie, with inferior ovary, is espe-
cially characterized by an imbricate calyx, with
five lobes, petals with glandular punctuations,
oppositipetalous stamens and alternate leaves.
Its fruit is capsular; the ovarian cells multi-
ovulate. This plant, figured by Harvey with
poorly developed stamens and an imperfect
ovary, is quite unknown to us.

5 See vol. i, 424, 479.

§ Bull, Soe, Linn. Par, (1876) 87.

LYTHRARIACE AS. 4A5

ef generic groups! to twenty-two. The number of species is esti-
mated at about two hundred and fifty.

The geographical distribution is very extended. Cuphea, entirely
American, comprises more than a third of the species of the family.
Liythrum and Ammannia, each giving a name to a series, are spread
over a very vast area, in the new as well as in the old world, in
tropical as well as in temperate regions. Peplis portula, in the north
of Europe, corresponds to Ammannia, found in North America,
‘Australia, and the Cape of Good Hope. Salicaria from Lapland and
the north of Asia to Tasmania, the Cape, and southern Chili. Ten
genera are exclusively American, and three are common to America
and the old continent. Pemphis, represented by a single species,
conforms to the litoral plants which resemble it ; it is met with in a
great part of tropical Oceania and Asia. Lawsonia, supposed to be
a native of the north-east of Africa and of India, has been introduced
into many tropical countries. Most of the old world genera are
limited to a few countries. Tetratawis belongs exclusively to Mau-
ritius, Psiloxylon to the Mascarene isles, Crypteronia to Malaya and

the Philippines. Rhyacophila and Woodfordia are common to central
Asia and eastern Africa.

The characters absolutely constant in this family are very few.
The concavity of the receptacle of little thickness but very deep, the
_perigynous insertion of the corolla, when it exists, and especially the
independence of the gynecium situated at the bottom of the recep-
tacular cavity, are about all that can be mentioned. By the last the
_Lythrariacee are distinguished from the Myrtacee and Onagrariacee,
to which they are allied by all other characters, and which, in all
normal types, have, as is said, “‘ the ovary adherent.” The Rhizo-
phoracec with free ovary, that is the Macarisiew, are in this respect
nearer the Lythrariacee with which several of them have been
confounded ;2 but in the latter, the ovules in each cell are indefinite

1 Without counting the genus Physopodium
of Dzsvavx (Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 1, ix. 403) gene-
rally enumerated in the Lythrariacee (DC.
Prodr. iii. 94 ;—Enpu. Gen. n, 6168), the place
of which is not determinable, the characters of
the gynacium and of the fruit not being given

with precision. P. volubile, a climbing shrub of
Bourbon, is perhaps a Combretacew ; we have
been unable to discover it in the herbarium of
Desvavux.

2 Especially Symmetria Bu. which is a Barral-
deia and Tomostylis Montrovus. (Mém. Acad.

446 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

in number, and the Lythrariacee have not the intra-axillary stipules
of Macarisiee. The Melastomacee are also near neighbours of the
Lythrariacee ; but the latter have not the characteristic anthers of
the former. There are, moreover, in the Lythrariacee, some cha-
racters which, though not constant, are very frequent. These are:
the opposition of the leaves, the thinness of the receptacle and of the
disk, which is often even wanting, the consistence of the pericarp,
often dry, thin and dehiscent, and the absence of albumen in the
seeds. Other characters, less important and still more variable, are :
the number of parts of the flower and of the andreecium, the presence
of strie or ribs on the receptacle, the mode of imbrication or corru-
gation of the petals, the direction straight or curved of the floral
tube, the situation of the placentas in the internal angle or at the
base of the cells, the form of the fruit at maturity, naked or enve-
loped by the sac formed by the receptacle. On these variations are
based the following series, very artificial doubtless, admissible in
this family :

J. Lyrarea.—tTrees or shrubs, with regular or irregular generally
hermaphrodite flowers, receptacle elongated to a tube or in form of a
large cup, coriaceous or herbaceous, with longitudinal ribs or strie.
Petals ordinarily developed, corrugate, of large size like the flowers
themselves.—18 genera.

II. Crypreroniz#.—Trees or shrubs, with regular, polygamous,
dicecious flowers, petals none or but little developed, not corrugate,
receptacle a shallow cup, smooth and rather thick. Fruit free.—2
genera.

III. Ammanniez.—Herbaceous plants, generally small, creeping,
often aquatic. Flowers scarcely visible, petals none or small flat.
Receptacle membranous, without striz or ribs.—2 genera.

Usrs.—Most authors remark, with reason, that the properties of
the Lythrariacee, often imperfectly determined, are extremely vari-
able. Some are astringent and contain tannin; others resinous
matter; others again, irritant, vesicant, purgative, vomitive, or diu-
retic substances. Some contain a colouring principle; the flowers

Lyon, x. 201), given by the author as a new a Combretacea, Lummnitzera racemosa W.

genus of Lythrariacee, and which appears to be 1 Eno. Enchirid. 644.—Linpi. Veg. Kingd.
a Crossostylis. Pokornya of the same author 575; Fl. Med, 150.—RosunrH. Synops. Plant,
(Mém. Acad. Sc. Lyon, x. 201), referred also to Diaphor. 910.

‘the Lythrariacee, is evidently (B. H. Gen. 776)

LYTHRARIACEL. 447

may have an agreeable or offensive odour. The common Salicaria'
(fig. 3886-392) so common'at the waterside and in so many countries,
had formerly a certain reputation as an astringent, antidysenteric
medicine; the root was more especially sought. A neighbouring
species, Lythrum hyssopifolium,’ was formerly considered a vulnerary,
anti-scorbutic, and aperitive. LD. alatwm,’ of the United States, is
employed in the treatment of sores and ulcers. Several American
Neseas are extolled as medicines. NV. verticillata,* growing in
marshes, is reputed to cure abortion in animals which feed upon it.
N. syphilitica,® to which the Mexicans attribute many properties, has
a diuretic, sudorific, and laxative juice. There is also in Peru a
Cuphea antisyphilitica,® and C. microphylla’ is reputed to have the
same virtues. There are likewise in this genus many plants with a
viscous tenaceous juice, secreted by numerous glands on the surface
of the stems and leaves. The Ammannia have sometimes insipid,
slightly fleshy leaves, used for the same purposes as purslain, but it
would be imprudent to eat them raw. Such is A. portula® (fig. 418,
419), considered edible in some countries.° A. vesicatoria,” on the
contrary, is an acrid plant, of a strong chloric odour; its leaves are
preferred, in India, to cantharides, as producing a more rapid and less

painful vesication.

The Lagerstremias are magnificent ornamental

1 Lythrum Salicaria L. Spee. 640,—DC. Prodr.
iii. 82, n. 13.—Gren. et Gonr. Fi. de Fr, i. 598.
—Caz. Pl. Méd. Indig. ed. 3, 945.—Salicaria
spicata Lamx, Fl. Frang. iii. 103,.—S. vulgaris
Mancu, Meth, 665.—Lysimachia purpurea qui-
busdam spicata J. Bauu, (Red Lysimachia).

21. Spec. 642.— Rosentu. op. cit. 912.—
Salicaria hyssopifolia Lamx.

3 Pursu, Fl. Bor.-Amer. i. 334 (not Prest).
—DC. Prodr. un, 5.—Eu. Bot. Mag. t. 1812.—
L. vulneraria Sour. Pl. Rar. Hort. Mon. t.27.—
L. acinifolium Sxuss. et Mog. (ex DC.).—Z.
Kennedyanum H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. vi. 194.
— L.virginicum Kenn.—Pythagorea alata Rarin.
(Yerba del cancer). DL. Hunteri DC. mingled with
Morinda, is used in India for dyeing.

4H. B. K. ex Rosrnru. op. cit. 914.—Lyth-
rum verticillatum L.

3H. B. K. ex Rosznrn. op. cit. 911.—Heimia
syphilitica DC. Prodr. iii. 89.—Gynoria syphili-
tica Mog. et Szss. ex DO. loc. cit. (Hanchinol).
NV. salicifolia H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp, vi. 192
(Heimia salicifolia Linx et Ort.), from the same
country (fig. 394, 395), has analogous proper-
ties.

6H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. vi. 202.—DC.
Prodr. iii. 87, n. 30 (Chiagari). ©. Balsamona
Cuam. and Scuicutt and izgrata Cuam. and
Scutcutt, of Brazil (Sete Sangrias), are reputed
antisyphilitic and febrifuge.

7H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. vi. 201.—DO.
Prodr. n. 28. C. Apanzalon DC. is considered
astringent in Mexico, and from C. lanceolata Arr.
(Atlanchan) a tincture is prepared with which
the abdomen of wumen in childbirth is rubbed.

8H. By. Bull. Soc, Linn, Par, (1876) 88.—
Peplis Portula L. Spec. 474.—Scuxvuur, Handd,
t. 99.—DC. Prodr. iii. 77, n. 1.—GreEn. et Gopr.
Fl. de Fr. i. 597.—Portula diffusa Ma@ncu. A.
verticillaris (Rotala verticillaris L.;—DC. Prodr.
iii. 76) used in India in the treatment of
abscesses.

9 On the coasts where Pemphis acidula Forsr.

‘(fig. 410, 411) grows, its slightly fleshy and

salt leaves are eaten as salad.

10 Roxs. Fi. Ind. i. 447.—DO. Prodr, iii. 78,
n. 7.—Linpu. Fi. Med. 149.—Rosentu. op. cit.
911.—A. baceifera L.?—Hapalocarpum vesicato-
rium Wicut and Arn. (Daud-maree of the
Bengalese).

448 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

plants, often cultivated in the open air in gardens in the south of
Europe. L. indica’ (fig. 405, 406) is the most remarkable for its
numerous varieties with pink or lilac flowers. L. Regine? is
scarcely less esteemed in India. It is also a medicinal plant. Its
roots are astringent and useful in the treatment of aphthe. Purga-
tive, drastic, and hydrogoguic decoctions are prepared from its bark,
its leaves, and its flowers. The seeds are considered narcotic.
From the bark of L. hirsuta® are prepared dissolvent and resolutive
plasters applied to sores. Woodfordia floribunda, an Asiatic and
African species, is cultivated in our conservatories, where it thrives
well. In India a yellow dye is extracted from its flowers. The
most renowned of the Lythrariacee as a tinctorial plant is Lawsonia
inermis * (fig. 407-409), believed to be a native of the north-east of
Africa, and is cultivated in the east of Africa and all the west of
Asia. Its numerous leaves are said to have a strong odour,’ and
from its leaves is prepared the reddish-yellow colour with which
oriental ladies daub their hair, their eyelids, and especially the nails
of their hands and feet. It is also a medicine recommended for
wounds, icterus, ringworm, leprosy, aphthee; ° it is rarely cultivated
in our conservatories. Many Cupheas with brilliant flowers may be
seen in our gardens, cultivated in masses and in borders, and some
subshrubby American Nescas. There are also some Salicarias
which are somewhat ornamental. In Brazil Physocalymma,’ Diptu-
sodon, and Lafoensia, are remarkable for the beauty of their flowers,
and scarcely yield in this respect to Lagerstremia in the old world.

1L, Spee. 784.—DC. Prodr. iii. 938, n. 1.—
Curr. Bot. Mag. t. 405. — Sibi, Fakusinda
Kanpr. Amen. Exot. 855.

2 Roxs. Pl. Coromb. i. 46, t. 65.—DC. Prodr.
n. 5.—Rosentx. op. cit. 913.—.Adambea glabra
Lamx. Dict, i. 39.

3-W. Spee. iii, 1178.—DC. Prodr. n. 6.—
Adambea hirsuta Lamx. loc. cit, u. 2.

4L. Spec. 498.—Desr. Fl. Atl. i. 325.—Miéx.
et Dru. Dict, Mat. Méd. iv. 78.—Enpy. Enehi-
rid. 144.—L. spinosa I..—L. alba Lax. Dict. iii.
106.—Alcanna Rumen. Herb. Amboin. iv. t. 17
(Henna, Athenna, Cyprus).

5 “ Penetrating, hircinous.”

6 The juice and extract are employed inter-
nally and the leaves locally in the treatment of
cutaneous affections (ArnsL. Mat. Ind. ii. 190).

Beton says that the culture of this skrub in
Egypt, which is exported in quantity to Con-
stantinople, is a source of great revenue to the

‘pashas. The leaves are also used for dyeing

skins and stuffs. In Egypt the slaves were not
allowed to dye with Henne, Traces of it are
found on the most ancient mummies. In Am-
boyna, LaBiniarpiEre (Voy. i. 344) has seen
this dye used, especially by the Chinese. Avi-
CENNE compared the properties of Henné with
those of Dragon’s Blood. Its roots alone are
decidedly astringent. BzrtHouwrr always be-
lieved the plant did not contain tannin.

7 P. florida Pout furnishes the Rosewood of
Brazil esteemed for superior cabinet. work (Pdo
rosa, Sebastido @ drruda).

GENERA.

1. Lythrum L.—Flowers hermaphrodite regular or sometimes
irregular; receptacle straight cylindrical, thin submembranous, ex-
ternally longitudinally 8-12-costate, lined with very thin disk, a
little thicker at base and apex, often subnil, equal at base, not spurred
or gibbous. . Sepals 4-6, inserted .at top of tube, 3-angular, valvate ;
accessory teeth same in number smaller alternating with petals erect
or oftener patent. Petals 4—6, alternating with sepals and inserted
in the intervals, shortly or scarcely unguiculate; cqual or rarely
(Anisotes) unequal; the 2 superior larger; imbricate, corrugate
(sometimes 0), Stamens rarely 5, 6 (Anisotes), most frequently
double the number of petals, inserted 2-seriately in tube of receptacle ;
the oppositipetalous shorter or sometimes sterile imperfect ; filaments
erect ; anthers basifixed, enclosed or exserted, introrse, 2-rimose.
-Germen sessile, free at bottom of receptacular tube ; disk very small
(or 0); style terminal short or elongate slender, apex stigmatose
obtuse or capitate hardly 2-lobed. Ovules in 2 (complete or incom-
plete) cells oo , anatropous, 2—co -seriately ascending. Fruit enclosed
in receptacular tube, oblong, membranous, 2-locular or, from incom-
plete septum, 1-locular, septicidally 2-valvate or opening irregularly ;
placentas finally subfree. Seeds oo, angular or plano-convex smooth ;
cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo thick obcordate, 2-auriculate at
base; radicle short conical inferior—Herbs or more rarely small
shrubs, glabrous or tomentose; branches 4-gonal or subulate; leaves
opposite or verticillate, sometimes alternate, oblong or linear entire ;
flowers axillary, solitary or oftener in racemes and terminal rarely
ramose bracteate glomeruliferous spikes. (All temp. regions. )—
See p. 429.

2. Pleurophora Don.'—Flowers nearly of Lythrum; tube of
receptacle subcylindrical. Sepals 5-7, equal, valvate; accessory
teeth same in number alternate short or spinescent. Petals same in
number oblong, unguiculate. Stamens 5-14, more rarely 15-20,
inserted at bottom of receptacular tube ; filaments finally exserted ;

1 Edinb. New Phil. Journ, xii. 112.—Enpu. Gen. n. 6150.—B. H. Gen. 779, n. 11.
VyoL. VI. 29

450 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

anthers short, 2-dymous. Germen free, shortly stipate hence eccen-
trically inserted a little above the base of the tube, somewhat
obliquely compressed, by abortion 1-locular; style slender, at apex
stigmatose simple, generally not dilated. Ovules few (often 4), in-
serted 2-seriately on parietal placenta, ascending; micropyle extrorsely
inferior. Fruit capsular membranous, enclosed in receptacle, few-
seeded. Seeds 1-4, ascending; testa coriaceous; cotyledons of sub-
clavate embryo plano-convex, auriculate at base; radicle inferior
rather thick.—Herbs or shrubs divaricately rimose ; leaves opposite,
linear or lanceolate, coriaceous rigid, often venose, sharp pointed ;
flowers spicate; bracts sub-4-seriate, imbricate, oftener 1-florous ;
bracteoles sometimes rigid, often inserted higher under the flower.
(Chili.”)

3. Nesaea Commers.*—Flowers (nearly of Lythrwm) regular ; re-
ceptacle much shorter subcampanulate or obconical straight, externally
8-14-costate; sepals 4-7, 3-angular-valvate; accessory teeth same in
number narrower. Petals 4—7 (of Lythrwm). Stamens 8-14, inserted
2-seriately in receptacular tube ; filaments slender exserted ; anthers
introrse, various in form. Germen free, 2-6-locular ; style slender
flexuose exserted, at apex stigmatose capitate. Ovules in cells. o,
inserted on placenta in internal angle o -seriate. Fruit capsular,
enclosed in receptacle, loculicidally 2-6-valvate; valves septiferous,
finally solute from placenta. Seeds}; testa coriaceous; cotyledons
of exalbuminous embryo plano-convex. Other characters of Lythrum.
—Herbs or undershrubs; branches 4-gonal; leaves opposite or 3-nate;
entire; flowers® in axils of leaves or bracts inserted in terminal
raceme solitary or oftener cymose; peduncles sometimes more or
less highly 2-bracteolate.° (Warm America and Africa.")

1A genus scarcely distinguishable from
Lythrum.

‘Hither oblong or 2-dymous. “Pollen (ex
H. Mout, Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 2, iii. 831) ellipsoid

2 Spec. 3,4. Corn. Pl. Chil. t. 14 (Lythrum).
Hoox. and Arn. Bot. Mise. i. 225, t. 3.—Parr.
et Enpt, Nov. Gen. et Sp. ii. 67, t. 193.—C. Gay,
Fil. Chil, ii. 869.—Watr. Rep, ii. 105; Ann. ii.
540; iv. 689,

3 Ex J. Gen. 332.—DO. Mém., Soc. Gen. iii. p.
ii. 74; Prodr. iii. 90—Enpu, Gen. u. 6147,—B.
H. Gen. 779, n. 12.—H. By. Payer Fam. Nat.
354.— Decodon GmeEL. Syst. Veg. 677.— DO.
Prodr, iii, 90,—_Heimia Linx et Orr. Ic. Pi. 63,
t. 28.—DC. Prodr. iii. 89.—Spacu, Suit. é Buffon,
iv. 428.—Baxer, Fl. Maurit. 100.—Chrysoliga
W. (ex DC.).— Gincria Szss. et Mog. (ex DC.),
not Jaca,— Tolypeuma KE. Mzy.(ex Enpt. loc. cit.)

8-plicate, but in water spherical, 3-banded.”

5 Often yellow, sometimes purple or bluish.

§ Sect. in gen. 3 (B. H.): 1. Decodon ; stem
herbaceous ; inflorescence corymbiform, © -flo-
rous; petals purple; stamens 10 (North Amer.).
—2. Heimia: peduncles 1-florous; bracteoles
under calyx 2; petals yellow; stamens oftener
12; stem subshrubby (dmer. Trop. Afr.).—3.
Eunesea: peduncles 3-~ -florous, 2-bracteate at
base; terminal 2-bracteolate; stem herbaceous
or subshrubby; flowers purple or sometimes
bluish (Trop. Afr. Malacca).

7 Spec. 10-12. Hoox. Jeon. t. 554.—Torr, Fl.
New York, i. t. 28.—Wicurt, Icon. t. 259,—

LYTHRARIACEZ. 451

4, Ginora L.'—Flowers nearly of Nesea; receptacle turbinate.
Sepals 5, 6, ovately acute; accessory teeth 0. Petals corrugately
imbricate. Stamens 12-24, inserted in tube of receptacle ; filaments
corrugate ; anthers oblong, reniform or hippocrepiform recurved.
Germen short depressed globose; cells oftener 4; style slender,
finally erect exserted, at apex stigmatose capitellate. Ovules in cells
co , inserted in axil of tumid placenta, ascending. Fruit girt at base
with calyx, capsular, globose coriaceous, loculicidally 4-valvate.
Seeds on tumid placentas oo, small obovately cuneate; testa thick ;
cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo plano-convex auriculate ; radicle
short.—A glabrous shrub; ramules 4-gonal; leaves opposite, entire
petiolate; flowers? axillary solitary pedunculate; peduncle under
flower 2-bracteolate. (Cwba.')

5. Dodecas L.‘—Flowers nearly of Ginora, 4-merous ; receptacle
obconico-suburceolate, thin. Sepals 4, 3-angular, valvate; accessory
teeth hardly perceptible or 0. Petals 4, inserted in hollows, obovate,
very thin, corrugate imbricate. Stamens 8-20, inserted at middle of
receptacular tube; filaments corrugate-plicate, finally exserted ;
anthers oblong introrse, finally erect. Germen free, enclosed in re-
ceptacle, 4-locular; style slender plicate, presently erect, at apex
stigmatose subentire. Ovules in cells co, inserted on thick placenta,
oo -seriate. Fruit capsular, finally sub-1-locular; seeds oo, inserted
on spuriously central placenta, ascending, falcate, scobiform ; testa
hispid, produced on both sides; cotyledons of slightly fleshy embryo
plane linear; radicle terete.—Glabrous shrubs or small trees ; leaves
opposite entire; flowers * axillary, solitary or few cymose, 2-parous ;
pedicels under flower 2-bracteolate. (Shores of trop. S. America.°)

6. Adenaria H. B. K.’—Flowers nearly of Ginoria, 4—5-merous ;

Gui. et Perr, Fi. Seneg. Tent. i. t. 69, 70.—
Griszs. Fl. Brit. W.-Ind. 271.—Tun. Ann, Sc.
Nat. sér. 4, vi. 130.—Himrn, Oliv. Fl. Trop. Afr.
ii. 470.—Hanrv. and Sonp. Fl. Cap. ii. 517.—
Watp. Rep, ii. 108 ; v.674; Ann. iv. 688.

1 Gen. nu. 605.—B. H. Gen. 780, u. 14.—G@ino-
ria Jaca. St. Amer, t. 91.—J. Gen. 331.—DC.
Prodr, iii. 91.—Enpu. Gen. n. 6155.—Genoria
Pzrs. Synops. ii. 9.

? Bluish, generally showy.

3 Spec. 1, 2, of which 1, G. americana Jaca.
(Rosa det Rio incol.) is most known.

4 Suppl. 36, 245.—J. Gen. 328.—E. Mey. Nov.
Act. Nat. Cur. xii. 800.—DC. Prodr. iii. 91.—B.
H. Gen. 780, n. 13.—Crenea Ausu. Guian. i. 528,
t. 209.—Lamx. Dict. 11.177; Ill. t.407.—J. Gen.
332.—DC. Prodr. iii. 90.—Einpu. Gen. u. 6153.

5 White, sometimes rather large.

6 Spec, 2 (?)..G. F. W. Muy. Prim. Fl. Esseg.
186.—GriszB. Fl. Brit. W.-Ind. 270.—Watp.
Rep. ii. 112.

7 Nov. Gen. et Sp. vi. 185, t. 549.—DC. Prodr.
iii, 91.—Ewnopv. Gen. n. 6157,—B. H. Gen. 777,
n, 6.—H. Bn. Payer Fam. Nat. 354.

29—2

452 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

receptacle obconical or subcampanulate. Sepals 4, 5, 3- angular,
-valvate; accessory teeth 0. Petals 4, 5, inserted in intervals, elon-
gate sabgpatialate: Stamens 8-10, 3. seriate; the oppositipetalous
a little longer; filaments inserted alkernately higher on receptacle,
or all above the bottom of the receptacle and there connate in a short
scarcely prominent ring, finally exserted ; anthers oblong ; ; connective
sometimes incrassate. Gemien inserted at bottom of receptacle, free,
very short or rather long stipitate, like the sepals and stamens covered
with punctiform glandules, 2-locular; style subcapitate shortly 2-
lobed at apex. Ovules in cells (sometimes incomplete above) ©,
inserted oo -seriately on thick placenta. Fruit capsular, partly or
nearly quite enclosed by persistent calyx, finally sub-1-locular ; peri-
carp thin fragile; placenta subfree. Ovules co , obcuniate and nearly
globular, narrower at base; testa thick hard; cotyledons of somewhat
fleshy embryo subplane; radicle short. Glabrous or tomentose trees;
branches terete; leaves (with flowers and germens) dark glandular-
punctuated, opposite, ovately or oblong-acute membranous penni-
nerved ; flowers! axillary in umbelliform or corymbiform cymes.’
(Trop. Cent. America.*) |

7. Grislea Lozru.“—Flowers nearly of Adenaria (larger), 4-5-
merous; sepals intermixed with as many accessory teeth. Petals 4,
5, rather large or small, sometimes very narrow or 0. Stamens 8-10,
inserted around base of gynecium at bottom of receptacle. Other
characters of Adenaria.’ Fruit capsular globose coriaceous, enclosed
in receptacle.—A shrub; habit and leaves of Adenaria; flowers in
axillary subumbelliform cymes; bracts inserted at base of pedicels,
subfoliaceous. (Columbia, Venezuela.’)

8. Woodfordia Satiss.’—Flowers irregular; tube of receptacle
oblique at base and mouth, slightly curved. Sepals 5-7, oftener 6,
continuous with tube, short, 3-angular, valvate; accessory teeth
same in number minute. Petals same in number inserted in hollows,
rather large or very small (sometimes (0). Stamens 10-14, declinate,
2-seriate, 5-7 larger, oppositipetalous ; filaments free, springing

1 Small, white or yellowish.

° Habit nearly of Decodas.

3 Spec. 2, 3. Sprenc. Syst. Veg. ii. 474 (An-
therylium).—Hoox. Icon, t. 116.—Watp. Rep-

438,—Enpu. Gen. n. 6156 (part).—B. H. Gen.
778, n. 7.

® Rather perhaps a section of Grislea, the in-

ii, 112.

4 Tt, 245,—L. Gen. n. 474.—J. Gen. 381.—
Lamk. Dict. iii. 46; Suppl. ii. 853 (part).— DC.
Prodr. iii, 92 (part).—Spacu, Suit. d Buffon, iv.

sertion of the stamens somewhat different.

§ Spec. 1. G. seeunda Lat, oc, cit; —H.B. K,
Nov. Gen. et Sp, vi. 185.

7 Par, Lond, t. 42.—B. H. Gen. 778, n. 8.—
Hook. Fl. Ind. ii. 572.

LYTHRARIACEE. 453

from small crown lining base of receptacle, incurved at apex; anthers
short, introrsely 2-rimose. Germen enclosed, subglandular at base ;
cells 2, co -ovulate; style at apex stigmatose very minutely 2-lobed.
Capsnte enclosed in receptacle, oblong membranous, loculicidally 2-
valvate. Seeds w , small, externally papillosely pilose; embryo, etc.,
of Lythrum.—A ramose shrub, more or less sprinkled with grey hairs
and dark glanduliform spots; leaves opposite subsessile entire,
white beneath ; stipules 2, minute, very caducous; flowers! axillary,
solitary or oftener cymose or glomerulate; bracts opposite. (Trop.
south-east. Asia, Malacca, trop. east. Africa.)

9. Cuphea P. Br.2—Flowers irregular ; tube of receptacle elon-
gate, 6—12-costate, at posterior base gibbous or spurred. Sepals 6,
inserted in oblique mouth of tube, valvate; accessory teeth same in
number (or 0). Petals 6 or 4-2 (sometimes 0), subequal or unequal ;
the posterior larger. Stamens generally 11, 2-seriate; 6 oppositipe-
talous smaller; 5 alternipetalous; the posterior wanting; filaments
unequal (the posterior shorter); anthers small basifixed or sub-2-
dymous.* Disk around germen short or oftener posteriorly produced
to a descending spur-like glandule. Germen sessile, free at bottom
of receptacular tube, incompletely 2-locular; posterior cell oftener
smaller, sometimes sterile effete; style slender incurved, at apex
stigmatose obtuse? or capitate, obscurely 2-lobed. Ovules on placenta
adnate to septum or more or less free above,® ascending ;’ with micro-
pyle extrorsely inferior ;* either subdefinite (2-4), or oftenco. Fruit
enclosed in receptacular tube, straight or oblique, dry, indehiscent,
or occasionally dehiscent, generally sub-1-locular. Seeds 1-oo
serted on spuriously free placenta, ascending, compressed smooth ;

‘ Yellowish-red, nearly of Cuphea.

2 Spec. 1. W. floribunda Sariss.—H ern, Oliv.
Fl. Trop. Afr. vi. 481.—Grislea tomentosa Rox.
Pl. Coram. i, 29, t. 31.—DC. Prodr. iii. 92, n. 2.
—Mie. Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. p. i, 620.—Tun. Ann.
Se. Nat. sér. 4, vi, 135.—Bot. Mag. t. 1906.—@.
punctate Bucuan—G. uniflora A. Raicu, Fl.
Abyss, Tent. i. 281, t. 52.—G@. multiflora A. Ricu.
—G. micropetala Hocus.

3 Jam, 216.—Jaca Hort. Vindob. ii. 88, t. 177.
—J. Gen. 332.—Poir. Dict, vi. £62; Suppl. v.
22; Zi. t. 407.—DC, Prodr. iii, 83.—Spacu,
Suit. & Buffon, iv. 422,—Enpu. Gen. n. 6151.—
Payer, Organog. 477, t. 95.—B. H. Gen, 778, n.
9.—H. Bn. Payer Fam. Nat, 355.—E. Kozune,
Bot. Zeit. (1873) 110; (1875) 291.—Banrcranu,
Sch. und Luerss. Mit. Ges. d. Bot. Bd it. Hft i.

179.—Melanium P. Br, Jam, 215.—Sprene.
Syst. ti. 443. —Parsonsia P. Br. op. cit. 199, t. 21,
fig. 2.—Duvernaya Dusp. (ex Envt.).— Banksia
Doms. (ex Enpu. not R. Br.).— Balsamona
VanpEuL. ex Rem, Script. 110.—Melvilla AN-
pEKs. Journ. Arts and Se, (ex Linn. Bot. Reg.
t, 852).

4 Pollen depresso-ellipsoid, 3-plicate, 3-papil-
lose, unchanged in water. (H. Mout, Ann. Se.
Nat. sér, 2, iii. 331).

5 Sometimes tubular and hollow.

6 Whence apparently partly free and spuri-
ously central in some species.

7 Funicles erect unequal ; but the upper often
more slender and longer.

8 With double coat.

454 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo thick suborbiculate or obcordate,
often auriculate at base; radicle inferior short conical or lobed.—
Simall shrubs, undershrubs, or oftener herbs, sometimes viscous,
glandular pilose; branches terete; leaves opposite or verticillate,
sometimes alternate, entire penninerved ; flowers! solitary or race-
mose; peduncle axillary, lateral or oftener interpetiolate,” bracteolate.®
(Both trop. and subtrop. Americas.*)

10. Antherylium Rour and VauL.2—Flowers nearly of Grislea,
4-merous; tube of receptacle obconical. Sepals 4, valvate; accessory
teeth 0. Petals 4, oblong, corrugately imbricate. Stamens 12-2,
inserted at margin of thin disk lining tube; filaments free slender ;
anthers curved. Germen free at bottom of receptacle; cells 4, com-
plete or incomplete above, oppositipetalous; style slender flexuose,
at apex stigmatose truncate. Ovules in cells oo, inserted on thick
placenta. Fruit capsular, at base stipate with calyx, large nozzled
above, membranous, sub-1-locular, septifragal ; seeds close minute.—
Glabrous trees or shrubs; branches sometimes armed at nodes with
4 small spines; leaves opposite or alternate petiolate entire ; flowers
axillary cymose, spuriously umbellate; pedicels under flower 2-
bracteolate. (Antilles, Mewico.°) ,

11. Tetrataxis Hoor. F.’—Flowers nearly of Antheryliwm (or
Grislea) apetalous, 4-merous; calyx subcampanulate and externally
vertically angularly alate between lobes, 5-fid, valvate, more or less
persistent. Stamens 4, alternating with lobes of calyx and inserted
in the hollows within it; filaments thick free exserted; anthers oblong,
2-locular. Germen free, sessile, 4-locular, 4-lobed above; style
simple, at apex stigmatose entire. Ovules in cells a, 0 -seriately
inserted on thick placentas, incompletely anatropous. Fruit exserted

1 Red, yellow, orange, violet, pink, sometimes
pale purple or white.

2 Equi-distant from both leaves and super-
posed to axil below.

3A genus very near to Lythrum, notwith-
standing the irregularity of the flower, inter-
mediaries being Anisote on the one hand, on the
other species of Cuphea in which the flower is
scarcely irregular. Subgenera 2 (Lythrocuphea,
Eucuphea), ex Korune (App. alt. sem. Hort. be-
rol. ann. 1873), by whom the characters of the
sections and subsections are carefully enume-
rated.

4 Spec. about 88. Jaca. Hort. Vindob. ii. t. 177.
—Cav. Jc. t. 880-882.—R. et Pav. Fl, Per. iv.

t. 404.—A, §.-H. Fl. Bras. Mer. iii. 94, t. 182-
185; Mém. Mus. ii. 37, t. 4, fig. 26-28.— H. B.
K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. vi, 196, t. 550-552.—Hoox,
Exot. Fl. t. 161.—Grises. Fl. Brit. W.-Ind. 269,
— Bot. Reg. t. 852.—Bot. Mag. t. 2201, 2580,
4208, 4862.—Watp. Rep. ii. 105; v.674; Ann.
i. 294; ii, 540; iv, 689.

5 Skr. Nat. Selsk. Hafn, ii. p. i, 211, t. 8.—
DC. Prodr, iii. 91.—Enpu. Gen. n. 6158.—B. H.
Gen. 782, a. 20.

§ Spec, 1, 2. Ware. Rep. ii. 112.

7 Gen. 783, n, 28 (mame being changed).—
Baxer, Fl, Maurit. 100.—Tetradia Dur.-Tu.
ex Tun. Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 4, vi, 137 (not R.
Br.).

LYTHRARIACEZ, 455

capsular, septifragally 4-valvate; seeds oo , oblong minute; cotyledons
of straight rather fleshy embryo oblong, subauriculate at base; radicle
rather thick.—A glabrous shrub; branches 4-gonal ; leaves opposite,
elongate, entire, shortly petiolate; flowers (rather large) axillary
few cymose ;'! pedicels 2-bracteolate. (Mauritius.)

12. Lagerstroemia L.?—Flowers generally 6-merous ;‘ receptacle
campanulate or turbinate, smooth, sulcate or angulate, sometimes
alate (Pterocalymna®). Sepals 6, 3-angular, valvate ; accessory teeth
same in number small (or 0). Petals 6, inserted in throat of recep-
tacle, unguiculate, undulately crispate, contorto-corrugate in estiva-
tion. Stamens oo, interior to petals; filaments free, sometimes very
unequal ;° anthers introrse, versatile, 2-rimose.”? Germen free sessile
at bottom of receptacle; cells 3-6, alternipetalous; style slender
flexuose, at apex stigmatose capitellate. Ovules oo, inserted in in-
ternal angle of cells, often ascending. Fruit capsular, girt at base
with receptacle, thick coriaceous, loculicidally 3-6-valvate ; valves
septiferous in the middle. Seeds oo, sometimes few, compressed,
alate above; cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo straight, curved or
contortuplicate; radicle cylindrical, oftener inferior.—Trees or shrubs;
ramules 4-gonal; leaves opposite or sometimes alternate, petiolate,
entire penninerved ; flowers® in axillary and terminal racemes, often
full, much branched, often 3-chotomous cymiferous, bracteate and 2-
bracteolate.2 (Warm Asia, trop. Oceania.'*)

13. Duabanga Hamitr.""—Flowers (nearly of Lagerstramia) 4-
8-merous ; receptacle widely cupular-turbinate. Sepals 4-8, margi-
nally inserted, thick, 3-angular, valvate. Petals same in number
alternate and stamens o (of Lagerstremia). Germen adnate to
7 Pollen spherical (ex H. Mout, Ann. Se. Nat,

1 Spuriously umbellate.

2 Spec. 1. 2. salicifolia.

3 Gen. n. 667.—J. Gen. 831.—DC. Prodr. iii.
93.—Spacu, Suit, & Buffon, iv. 489.—EnbL. Gen.
n. 6164.—B. H. Gen. 783, n. 24.—H. Bn. Payer
Fam, Nat, 355.—Hoox. Fl. Ind, ii. 575.— Velaga
Gurr. Fruct. ii. 245, t. 1388.—Miinehhausia L.
Mantiss. 153.—Banava Oametu. (ex Ray).—
Adambea Lax, Dict. i. 39.—Arjuna Jones, Asiat,
Res. iv. 801 (ex Roxs.),—Fatioa DC. Prodr, iii.
88.

4 More rarely 4-5-merous.

5 Turcz. Bull. Mose. (1846) ii. 508.

‘Of which 5, 6, alternipetalous, sometimes
much longer; the others shorter subregularly
fasciculate before each petal and nearly equal
‘to each other.

sér. 2, iii. 831) in Z. indica, and marked with 3
connivent lines at each pole, with an areolate
pore between each of the lines.

5 Often large, showy, pink or white.

° Bracts formed of 2 small lateral glanduli-
form stipules (?).

10 Spec. 10-12, Kampr. Ameen. 855 (Sibi). —
Roxs. Pl. Corom, t. 65, 66.—Wient, Iii. i. t. 86;
Icon. t. 69, 109, 413.—Bu, Mus, Lugd.-Bat. ii. t.
41, 42.—Mue. Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. p. i. 620.—Tuw.
Enum, Pl. Zeyl. 122.—Watp. Rep, ii. 114; Ann.
i, 295; iv. 68u.

11 Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 178.—Envu. Gen, n.
6165.—B. H. Gen. 783, n. 25.—Hoox. Fl, Ind.
ii. 578,

456 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

bottom of receptacle, 4-8-locular; style elongate, at apex stigmatose
capitately 4-8-lobed. Ovules in cells (complete or incomplete) ,
ascending, curved. Fruit capsular, seated in thick cupule of recep-
tacle, coriaceous or crustaceous, loculicidally 4-8-valved. Seeds
very close small, co -seriate, scobiform, falcate, narrow winged above ;
cotyledons of straight exalbuminous embryo oblong (‘ green
spotted”); radicle terete——Tall trees; ramules 4-gonal; leaves
opposite subsessile, cordate at base, nervose; flowers! in terminal
ramose and cymiferous racemes.2 (Trop. Asia and Oceania.)

14. Lawsonia L.t—Flowers 4-merous; receptacle shortly turbi-
nate or subhemispherical. Sepals 4, 3-angular, valvate; accessory
teeth 0 (or scarcely perceptible). Petals 4, alternate, exterior to disk,
corrugately imbricate. Disk lining receptacle and unequally crenate _
at margin; 4 crenatures oftener larger, interior to base of petals and
there rather prominent. Stamens 8, in pairs opposite to sepals; fila-
ments thick subulate corrugately plicate, finally exserted; anthers
ellipsoid, 2-rimose. Germen subglobose free; cells 4, oppositipeta-
lous; style slender flexuose, finally exserted, at apex stigmatose
capitate. Ovules in cells oo, inserted on thick placenta, 0 -seriate.
Fruit capsular pea-shaped, stipate at base with receptacle and calyx,
globose, finally unequally dividing. Seeds , obcuneate, unequally
4-gonal; coats externally thick spongy, internaily hard; cotyledons
of fleshy embryo suborbicular flat ; radicle subcylindrical often accum-
bent.—A glabrous shrub; branches unarmed or often spinescent ;
leaves opposite ovato-lanceolate entire; flowers® collected in axillary
corymbiform cymes. (Trop. Asia, north-east. Africa.*)

15. Pemphis Forsr.’—Flowers 5—6-merous; receptacle (nearly
of Grislea) campanulate-turbinate, 12-costate. Sepals 3-angular;
accessory teeth same in number, narrow. Petals5,6. Stamens 10-
12, 2-seriate. Germen inserted at bottom of receptacle, shortly

! White, large, “‘ strong-smelling.”

2 A genus very near to Lagerstremia, and not
unlike Sonneratia, which Bento, and Hook.
place near Duabanga.

3 Spec. 2, 8. Hoox. ¥. Ill, Himal, Pl. t. 11.—
Mia. Fl. Ind.-Bat.i. p.i. 624.—Watp, Ann. ii. 540.

* Gen. 0.482.—J. Gen. 331 (Lausonia). —Lamk.
Dict. iti. 106; Suppl. iii, 39; 7. t. 296.—DC.
Prodr. iii, 90.—Spacu, Swit. @ Buffon, iv. 435.—
Enpt. Gen. n. 6159,—B. H. Gen. 782, n. 19.—H.
Bn. Payer Fam. Nat,354.—Hoox. Fl. Ind. ii. 573.
Alcanna Ganrn, Fruct, ii. 133, t. 110.

5 Small, whitish, strong-smelling.

6 Spec. 1, LZ. inermis L. Spec. 498.—Dusr. Fi.
All. i, 825.—L. spinosa L.—L. alba Lamx. Dict.
iii. 106.— Hiern. Fi, Trop. Afr. ii. 483.— Wicut,
Ii. i. t. 87.— Boss. Fl. Or. ii. 744.—GrisEs: Fi.
Brit. W.-Ind. 271.—Miq. Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. pi.
620.—Bentu. Fl. Austral, iii. 300.

7 Char. Gen. 67, t.84.—J. Gen. 331.—DC. Prod.
iii. 89.—Sracu, Suit. d Buffon, iv. 428.—Enpt,
Gen. n. 6148,—B. H. Gen, 780, t. 15.—Baxenr,
Fl. Maurit. 101—Hoox. Fl, Ind. ii, 572.—
Maelellundia Wicurt, Icon. t. 1996, :

LYTHRARIACEZ, 457

stipitate, 3-locular ; style erect, at apex stigmatose capitate. Ovules
in cells oo , sometimes few, inserted on basilar placenta in angle of
cell, ascending. Fruit capsular enclosed in receptacle, coriaceous,
finally circumscissus or irregularly dehiscent, sub-l-locular. Seeds
inserted on basilar placenta oo , imbricate, ascending; testa expanded
to thick wing; cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo plano-convex
rather thick, auriculate at base; radicle inferior terete.—A ramose,
sericeo-pilose or subglabrous shrub; leaves opposite entire rather
thick ; flowers! axillary solitary; peduncles 2-bracteate. (Asia,
warm shores of Africa and Oceania.)

16. Lafoensia Vanpeti.2—Flowers 8-12-merous; tube of recep-
tacle campanulate coriaceous. Sepals 8-12; accessory teeth same in
number alternate, often small or scarcely perceptible. Petals same in
number, inserted in hollows, unguiculate, corrugate, inflexed, finally
erect or patent. Stamens double in number of petals, inserted below
middle of receptacle, often spuriously 1-seriate ; filaments long-subu-
late, oftener contorted in bud, finally far exserted; anthers introrse
versatile, 2-rimose. Germen stipitate, 2-locular; dissepiment more
or less incomplete; style very long-plicate, finally exserted, at. apex
stigmatose capitellate. Ovules in cells , erect, oblong, inserted on
thick basilar placenta, o -seriate, anatropous; micropyle extrorsely
inferior. Capsule corticose, at first enclosed in receptacle, oblong,
loculicidally 2-valvate, or sometimes opening unequally. Seeds oo
on basilar placenta, imbricate, girt with a wide wing; cotyledons of
exalbuminous embryo straight suborbiculate, auriculate at base ;
radicle short inferior.—Glabrous trees or shrubs; leaves opposite
entire, glandulose to apex; flowers‘ axillary solitary or in more or
less regular terminal cymes; bracteoles 2, sometimes (Ptychodon®)
longer persistent. (Trop. south. America.®)

17. Physocalymma Pouu.’—Flowers nearly of Lafoensia; sepals

' White or pink, rather large.

2 Spec. 1. P. acidula Forst.—BEntu. Fi. Aus-
tral, iti. 300.—M1a. Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. p. i, 619.—
Tux. Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 4, vi. 182.—Hiern. Oliv,
Fl.Trop. Afr. ii. 482.—Tuw. Enum. Pl, Zeyl. 122.
—Lythrum Pemphis L. ¥. Su pl. 249.—Lamx.
Il, t. 408, fig. 2.—_Melanium fruticosum SPREnc.
Syst. ii. 455.—Mangium porcellanicum Rumpu.
Herb: Amd. iii. t. 84.

3 Rem. Script. 112, t. 7, fig. 13—DC. Mém.
Soc. Gen. iii. p. ii. 86; Prodr. iti. 94.—Spacu,
Suit. & Buffon, iv. 441.—Enpu. Gen. n, 6162.—B.

H. Gen. 781, n. 17.—H. Bn. Payer Fam. Nat.
354.—Calyplectus R. et Pav. Prodr. 73, t. 13.

4 Large, showy, white or pink.

5 Kx. ex Enp1. loc. cit. 6.

6H. B. K. Nov. Gen, et Sp. vi 182 (Caly-
plectus).— Pout, Pl. Bras. Ic. ii, 141, t. 197-199.
—A. S.-H. Fl. Bras. Mer, iii. 157, t. 191.—
Watp. Rep. ii. 118.

7 Pl. Bras. Ic. i, 99, t. 82, 83.—DC. Prodr. iii.
89.—Spaca, Suit, a Buffon, iii. 484.—EnpL. Gen,
n. 6163.—B. H. Gen. 781, n. 18.

458 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

8, valvate; accessory teeth 0 or scarcely perceptible. Petals 8.
Stamens 24, spuriously 1-seriate; filaments inserted at bottom of
receptacular tube above margin of thin disk; anthers curved versa-
tile. Germen incompletely 1-locular; placentas basilar, » -ovulate.
Capsule enclosed in widened tubular or ventricose receptacle, finally
sub-1-locular, 2-valvate, polyspermous.—A branched tree ;' leaves
opposite entire, rather scabrous on both sides; flowers in loose com-
pound oppositely-branched racemes; flowers” surrounded by 2, large,
widely-rotundate concave bracteoles enclosing the bud.? (North
Brazil.*)

18? Diplusodon Post.’—Flowers nearly of Lafoensia, 6-merous;
receptacle subcampanulate. Sepals 6, 3-angular, valyate; accessory
teeth same in number alternate subulate (or sometimes very small).
Petals 6, corrugately imbricate. Stamens 12—oo, pluriseriate, in-
serted at or below middle of receptacle; filaments slender subulate ;
anthers arcuate or hippocrepiform. Germen enclosed by receptacle ;
cells 3, very imperfect; placentas basilar (of Lafoensia), -ovulate.
Capsule enclosed by receptacle, loculicidally 2-valvate. Seeds 0,
erect, imbricate; testa alate; cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo
auriculate at base; radicle short inferior—Shrubs or undershrubs,
sometimes handsome; leaves opposite or verticillate, subsessile
entire, 3—co -costate; flowers® axillary solitary or terminal and com-
pound ramose, 3-chotomous; bracteoles 0 or 2. (Brazil, Antilles.’)

II. CRYPTERONIEZ.

19. Crypteronia Bu.—Flowers polygamo-dicecious apetalous.
Male flower: receptacle cupuliform. Sepals 4, 5, 3-angular and
stamens as many alternate, perigynously inserted at margin; fila-
ments incurved in bud, finally straight exserted ; anthers basifixed
subdidymous, at apex introrsely or sublaterally rimose; connective

1“ Habit of Lagerstremia.”’ Verhandl. der Bot.Ver.d. Prov. Brandenb. (1874)
2 Purple, showy. 10, 28.— Diplodon Sprenc, Gen. n. 1963.—
3 Representing a spurious calyx, Friedlandia Cuam. et Scuicuty, Linnea, ii. 348.
4 Spec. 1. P. florida Pout, loc. cit. —Dubyea DC. Diss. ined. (1827).
® Flora (1827) 150; Pl. Bras. Ic. 82, t. 66-81. 6 White, pink or yellow.

—DC. Prodr. iii. 94a.—Spacu, Suit ad Buffon, 7 Spec. 30-40. A. S.-H. Fl. Bras. Mer. iii. 143,

iv. 430.—Enpw. Gen. n. 6161.—B. H. Gen. 781, t. 188, 189.— Parr. et Expu. Nov. Gen. et Sp.
u, 16.—H. By. Payer Fam. Nat. 355.—Kaunz, ii. 66, t. 192. Warr. Rep. ii. 112; v. 675.

LYTHRARIACE. 459

glandular at base. Germen in great part superior; cells 2, or more
rarely 3, complete or incomplete; ovules o , parietal or subbasilar,
ascending or transversely horizontal; style erect cylindrical, some-
times divisible to apex; at apex capitate stigmatose. Authers of
female flower sterile, Receptacle of male flower scarcely concave ;
germen small enclosed; style short; placentas parietal, marginally
oo -ovulate; ovules minute sterile. Fruit girt at base with receptacle
and persistent sepals, capsular, loculicidally 2, 3-valvate; valves
connected by persistent style, opening laterally. Seeds 0 , elongate;
testa loose membranous, produced on both sides to a wing sometimes
linear; with thin layer of albumen; cotyledons of cylindrical fleshy
embryo shorter than thick radicle-—Branching trees; leaves oppo-
site, simple entire petiolate exstipulate; flowers (small) in axillary
simple or terminal ramose racemes. (Hast India, Malaya, Philip-
pine Isles.)—See p. 438.

20. ? Psiloxylon Dup.-Tu.—Flowers polygamo-diccious ; recep-
tacle cupuliform, Sepals 5, 6, alternate, inserted at margin, imbri-
cate, presently not contiguous. Petals 5, 6, alternate, inserted in
hollows, imbricate, articulate at base, deciduous. Stamens 10-12,
inserted 2-seriately with petals; filaments free exserted (in female
flower short subulate sterile); anthers introrse, versatile, 2-rimose
(in female flower 0). Gynecium (in male flower small sterile)
inserted at bottom of receptacle free; germen 3-4-locular; style
short erect, presently 3—4-lobed ; lobes compressed, much reflexed at
top of germen, internally densely and thinly stigmatose-papillose.
Ovules in cells o (in male flower very small sterile), anatropous.
Fruit globose baccate, girt at base with receptacle, crowned with
style. Seeds ©, small; testa cancellate; cotyledons of exalbuminous
embryo thick plano-convex; radicle terete.—A small tree; leaves
alternate, entire and coriaceous, penninerved, pellucid-punctulate ;
flowers in shortly racemiform or corymbiform (spurious ?) cymes.
(Mauritius, Bourbon ?)—See p. 439.

II. AMMANNIEZA,

21. Ammannia Hovust.—Flowers hermaphrodite; receptacle cam-
panulate, turbinate or tubular, lined with thin disk (or 0). Sepals
4-8, inserted at margin of receptacle, 3-angular, valvate; accessory

460 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

teeth as many alternate, sometimes very small (or 0). Petals 4-8,
inserted in hollows, seldom large, generally small or very fugacious
(sometimes 0). Stamens equal in number and opposite to petals,
more rarely 2-verticillate and double in number, or sometimes 2, 3 ;
filaments more or less elongate, inserted within receptacle ; anthers
2-dymous, introrsely 2-rimose. Germen imbedded at bottom of
receptacle, free, 1—-5-locular; septa sometimes evanescent; style
erect, slender or rather thick, enclosed or exserted, at apex stigma-_
tose capitate subentire or obtuse. Ovules in cells 0, oftener w -
seriate. Fruit girt with receptacle, enclosed or exserted, capsular,
dehiscing septicidally or septifragally, sometimes breaking irregularly.
Seeds oo, small angular; cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo thick,
orbicular or elliptical, often auriculate at base; radicle short straight.
—Herbs generally small, sometimes creeping, oftener annual, some-
times aquatic ; stem oftener 4-gonal; leaves opposite or verticillate,
rarely alternate, entire ; flowers small axillary, solitary or cymose or
Rap generally few. (All warm and temp. regions.)—See
p. 440.

22. Rhyacophila Hocusr.— Flowers nearly of Ammannia, 4-
merous; receptacle campanulate. Sepals 4, valvate; accessory teeth
as many small (or 0). Petals 4, oblong, rather large (Hydrolythrum)
or minute. Stamens 4 (of Ammannia). Germen 2-locular, 0 -ovu-
late; style short, at apex stigmatose capitate. Disk hypogynous-
short or rather large (Hydrolythrum) unequally lobed. Capsule seeds
and embryo of Ammannia.—Small aquatic herbs ; leaves verticillate
crowded linear; flowers in terminal racemes naked at base; bracts
and bracteoles narrow or setaceous, sometimes more or less adnate
and raised with the flower. (India, Abyssinia.)—See p. 443.

LVITI, ONAGRARIACEA,

I. GNOTHERA SERIES.

This family owes its name to Onagra (fig. 427-429), the best
known species among us of the genus (Hnothera.! Its flowers are
regular and hermaphrodite. The receptacle has the form of a very
long gourd, the bottom of which envelopes the ovary, quite inferior,
and is prolonged upwards in a very long and narrow tubular neck,
dilated above and bearing on the margin of its orifice the perianth
and andreecium. It is throughout lined with a disk, a thin glandular
layer, covered with hairs, a little thickened near its opening and
especially immediately above the summit of the ovary. The calyx
is formed of four sepals,’ two lateral, an anterior and a posterior,
valvate in prefloration. With them alternate four petals, sessile, and
contorted in the bud. The andrecium is composed of eight stamens
inserted close to the corolla and forming two verticils, Four are
superposed to the sepals and four, a little shorter, to the petals. The
filament is free and the anther versatile, bilocular, introrse, dehiscing
by two longitudinal clefts.2 The ovary, inferior, has four oppositi-
petalous cells, and is surmounted by a long slender style, the stigma-
tiferous extremity of which is divided into four large conical lobes.
In the internal angle of each cell is a longitudinal placenta, charged
with anatropous ovules, obliquely ascending, with micropyle turned

VL, Gen. n. 469.—J. Gen. 319.—Lamx, Iii. t.
279.—Porr. Diet. iv.550; Suppl. iv. 141.—DC.
Prodr. iii. 45.—Spacu, Suit. d Buffon, iv. 353;
N. Ann. Mus. iv. (1835) 341.—Enpz. Gen. n.
6115.—B. H. Gen. 789, n. 8.—H. Bn. Fayer Fam.
Nat: 376.—Onagra T. Inst. 302, t. 156.—Apans.
Fam. des Pi. ii, 85 (incl.: Agassizia Spacu, Ano-
gra Sracu, Baumannia Sracu, Blennoderma
Spacu, Boisduvalia Spacu, Calylophus Spacu,
Chamissonia Linx, Chylisma Spacu, Cratericar-
pium Spacu, Godetia Spacu, Hartmannia Spacu,
Holostigma Spacu, Kneifia Spacu, Lavauria
Spacu, Megapterium Spacu, Meriolix Ravin.
Pachylophus Spacu, Spherostigma Envi. Ta-

raxia Nut. Xylopleurum Spacu),

2M. Ducuartre (Ann. Se. Nat, sér. 3, xviii.
339) erroneously considers the calyx of Gnothera
suaveolens as gamosepalous. Its parts are, on
the contrary, free at every age.

3 The pollen, in this series, presents very re-
markable peculiarities. It is “ flattened, trian-
gular with papille on the angles; transparent
or opaque; external membrane punctuate, united
on the papilla” (H. Mout, Amn, Se. Nat. sér. 2,
iii, 332). The same author distinguishes, by the
largeness of the papillw, that of Cnothera,
Clarkia, Cireea, whilst the papillae are small in
Lopezia and Fuchsia.

462 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

outwards and downwards. After floration, every portion of the
flower situated above the ovary is detached, and the fruit crowned

Enothera biennis.

/

Fig. 429. Long. sect. of flower. Fig. 427. Floriferous branch (#).

with a scar, is a loculicidal capsule, the valves of which separate
from top to bottom of a central column. The seeds, numerous,
irregularly compressed, enclose a fleshy embryo, with conical radicle,
most frequently inferior.

ONAGRARIACEZ. 463

All the Ginotheras whose flower and fruit have the essential
characters of Onagra have been ranged in a section Hucnothera.!
Those called Meriolix? (Zi. serrulata) havea
little shorter receptacular tube and a stigma
dilated in the form of a disk. The petals are
not entire. In Megapterium? (CE. macrocar-
pa, missourieusis), the receptacle is dilated
around the fruit in large and thick vertical
wings.* Taraxias (Gi. ovata, Nuttallii, ete.)
has also sometimes (Cf. graciliflora) winged
fruit. The receptacular tube is long and
slender ; the stigma is capitate, the fruit ses-
sile and the stem very short. Cratericar-
pium * (Zi, subulata) has the characters of
the preceding sections, with a 4-dentate
stigma, stamens with small anthers and fruit
dilated at the summit. Hartmannia’ (Gi.
rosea, tetraptera), like Cratericarpium, is from South America. The
fruit is often enlarged above, and the stigma is deeply divided into
four lobes. The seeds are contained in distinct cavities of the
pericarp. .

Boisduvalia*® and Godetia, by some distinguished as genera, have
been, by others, referred to this type as simple sections. In the
former, the receptacle rises above the ovary forming a funnel-shaped
cup the height of which is nearly that-of the ovary itself. In Godetia,®
this open portion is shorter and especially extends a less distance
downwards.’® In both the extremity of the style is divided into

Gnothera speciosa.

Fig. 430, Flower.

1 Torr. et Gr, Fl. W.-Amer. i. (1840) 492.—
Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. viii. (1873) 574, 579
(incl. : Onagra T. loc, cit.—Anogra Sracu, Nouv.
Ann. Mus, iv. 323, 324.—Kneifia Spacu, Nouv.
Ann. Mus. iv. 364; Suit. & Buffon, iv. 373.—
Pachylophis Spacu, Now. Ann. 356, t. 30; Suit.
365.—Xylopleurum Spacu, Now. Ann. iv. 369 ;
Suit. iv. 369.—Lavaucia Spacu, N. Ann. 357, t.
81; Suit. 367 (part, ex Wars. loc. cit. 585).—
Baumannia Spacn, Suit, 351).

2 Rarin. Amer. Monthl. Mag. [1819] ex Enpu,
Gen. 1190,—Calylophis Spacu, N. Ann. Mus. iv.
337.—Calylophus Spacu, Suit. & Buffon, iv. 366.

3 Spacu, Now. Ann. Mus. iv. 350; Suit. &
Buffon, iv. 363.

4 They recall in form and consistence a reat

number of Combretacee with winged fruit.

5 Norv. ex Torr. et Gr. Fi. N. Amer. i. 506.
Wats. loc. cit. 588, 605.—Primulopsis Torr.
et Gr. loc. cit. 507.

6 Spacu, Nouv. Ann. Mus. iv. 397.

7 Spacu, Nouv. Ann. Mus. iv. 397; Suit. a
Buffon, iv. 370.

8 Spacu, Nouv. Ann. Mus. iv. 327, t. 31; Suit.
@ Buffon, iv, 383.—EnvL. Gen. n. 6118,— Wats.
loc. cit. 578, 600.

9 Spacu, Nouv. Ann, Mus. iv. 326, t. 89; Suit.
& Buffon, iv. 386.—Warts. loc. cit. 577, 596;
Geol, Surv. Calif. Bot. i. 221.

10 By this character, Godetia is intermediate
between Boisduvalia and Spherostigma, and ap-
pears, consequently, inseparable from either.

464 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

four short lobes, and the capsular fruit has coats of little thick-
ness.

Spherostigma’ (fig. 431) comprises @notheras, in which the
flowers, small in size, have a style with the stigmatiferous summit
enlarged to a head spherical or nearly so. The ovary is surmounted
by a prolongation, very short or even almost nil, of the receptacle a
little dilated at this point and bearing on its
margin the perianth and andrecium. The ovary,
four-celled, multiovulate, is narrow and elongate,
and the seeds, ascending, are finally uniseriate.

In Hulobus* californicus, hitherto retained as
a separate genus, the flowers are those of Cino-
thera of the section Spherostigma, with the
superior orifice of the receptacle furnished with
a glandular disk. The ovary fills nearly all the receptacular cavity.
The fruit, four-celled with ascending seeds, is also similar to that of
Spherostigma, but it breaks open at maturity.6 We can make this
plant therefore only a section of the genus @nothera.

Thus constituted ® this genus contains about a hundred species.’
They are annual or evergreen herbs, or exceptionally undershrubs,
rare in tropical regions, abuodant in North and South America,
especially in the west; a single species (@. tasmanica) is from Van

Gnothera (Spherostigma)
micrantha,

Fig. 431. Flower.

1 Ser. DC. Prodr. iii. 46.—Enp1. Gen, u. 6113.
—Wars, loc. cit, 576, 591.—Heterostemum Nutr.
(ex Enpu.),—Chamissonia Linx. Jahrb. (1818)
186.—Holostigma Spacu, Now. Ann. Mus. iv.
332. — Agassizia Spacu, Suit. & Buffon, iv.
347.

2 The organization and development of this
ovary are quite the same as in the true Gino-
theras. Ducnarrne, as we have shown (Adan-
sonia, xii, 25, 28), was mistaken on this point,
in supposing that the inferior ovary is entirely
of a foliaceous nature, and that at a certain age
the carpellary leaves are separated from each
other by the axis interposed. Nothing of the
kind takes place in nature.

3 In certain species of Spherostigma the seeds
become mucilaginous on the surface when wet.
Of them the genus Blennoderma has been made,
(Spacu, Nouv. Ann. Mus. iv. 406.) The Chylisma
of Nourratn (G. brevipes, scapoidea, etc.) are
annual Spherostigmas, the fruits of which are
linear-claviform, pedicellate, and obtuse.

4 Norv. Torr. et Gr. Fl, N.-Amer. i. (1840)
514.—Enp.L. Gen. 1426, n. 6118.—B. H. Gen.

789, n. 7.—H. By, Adansonia, xii. 30; Bull.
Soc. Linn. Par. 113, ;

5 The ascending glabrous seeds are lodged in
distinct depressions of the valves.

6 1. Eucenothera (Torr. et Gr.),
. Taraxia (Nvrr.).

- Megapteriwm (Spacu).

. Merioliz (Rarm.).

. Hartmannia (Spacn).

- Cratericarpium (Spacu).
. Boisduvalia (Spacu).

. Godetia (Spacu).

. Spheerostigma (Sur.).
10. Blennoderma (Spacu).
11. Chylisma (Novtt.).

\12. Eulobas (Nvrt.).

7 Gren, et Gopr. Fl. de Fr, i. 584,—Gaiser.
El, Brit, W.-Ind. 273.—Torr. et Gr. Fl. N,-Am.
i, 492.—A,. Gray, Man, ed. 5, 178.—C. Gay,
Fi. Chil. ii, 324, 8346.—Presz, Rel. Henk. ii. 31.
—Hoox. Icon. t. 338, 339.—Bot. Reg. t. 763,
1040, 1142, 1479, 1593.—Bot. Mag. t. 347, 468,
2832, 2878, 3545, 8764, 5078.—Watp. Rep. ii.
79; Ann. i. 291; ii. 533; iv. 676.

CENoTHERA,
sect. 12,

ODNAD AP wD

ONAGRARIACEZ.. 465

Diemen’s Land, The leaves are alternate, and the flowers! are soli-
tary in the axils either of the leaves or of bracts at the extremity of
the branches, so as to form elongate or capituliform spikes.

In Gayophytum,? slender annual herbs of Chili, Peru, and espe-
cially the western regions of North America, the flowers, small and
tetramerous, are constructed like those of the (fnotheras, whose
receptacle does not extend beyond the summit of the ovary, particu-
larly like those of Hulobus and Spherostigma; but the ovary has
only two cells, and the capsule opens longitudinally in four pannels.
Two of them correspond to the margins of the interlocular partition,
and two larger to the back of the cells. The former bear at the
middle of their internal surface the remains of the partition, the
central portion of which generally separates finally in the form of a
column from the peripherical portions. The seeds, in construction
like those of Onagra,?: have a smooth or papillose surface. The
leaves of Gayophytum are alternate, linear, nearly always entire,
rarely dentelate or crenelate. The flowers* are axillary, solitary,
sessile or supported by a short peduncle. About half-a-dozen species
are distinguished.®

Ludwigia is very near Gnothera; it has the flower of those in
which the receptacular tube is not prolonged beyond the ovary, but
bears immediately above its summit, crowned with epigynous glands,
the perianth and andrecium. The number of floral parts is often
four or five, more rarely three or six. The sepals are valvate, and
the petals, more or less developed, may be wanting in some species.
The stamens are often double the sepals in number, and superposed
half to the latter and half to the petals. This is the case in the

1 White, yellow, or pink, often large, hand-
some, sometimes odorous, nocturnal,

2A, Juss. Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 1, xxv. 18, t. 4.
—Spacu, Now.Ann. Mus.iv. 331 ; Suit. & Buffon,
iv. 346.—Enpu. Gen. n. 6112.—B. H. Gen. 789,
n. 6,

3 To which the genus might perhaps be united
as a sect. characterized by a dicarpellar ovary.
(See Adansonia, xii. 29.)

4 Small, often pink.

5 Presi, Rel. Hank. ii. 51.—Spacu, Nour.
Ann. Mus. iv. 334 (Holostigma).—C. Gay, Fl.
Chil. ii. 328, t. 22,— Wap. Rep. ii. 76.

6 L, Gen. n. 153.—J. Gen. 319.—DEsRx, Lamk,
Dict. iii. 613; Suppl. iii. 511; IU. te 77.—

VOL. VI.

Garam. Fruct. i, 158, t.51.—DC. Prodr. iii. 58.
—Sracu, Suit. @ Buffon, iv. 340.—EnvL. Gen.
n. 6110.—B. H. Gen. 788, n. 4. Hoox. Fi. Ind.
ii. §88.—Nematopyxis Mia. Fi. Ind.-Bat. i. p. i.
630.—Isnardia L. Gen. n, 156.—Gartn. Fruct.
i. 158, t, 31.—Lamx. Dict. iii. 313; Suppl. iii.
187; Ill. t.77.—J. Gen. 333 ; Ann, Mus. iii. 473.
—DC. Prodr, iii. 59.—Enpu. Gen, n. 6111.—
Dantia Pur. Gen. 49, t.49 (1710). This last
name having priority, ought, in fact, to be pre-
ferred to all others. (See H. By, Bull. Soc.
Linn, Par. 101.)

7 The pollen has “ seeds united in fours, each
presenting three round umbilics (Jusstewa erec-
ta)” (H. Mout, Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 2, iii. 332).

30

466 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

species of which the genus Jussiwa' has been formed. The oppo-
sitipetalous stamens are there the smallest,? and sometimes they even
remain sterile. In one species of this genus found in Europe, L.
palustris, better known under the name of Jsnardia palustris, the
petals, four in number, are little developed, and with them alternate
normally four epigynous stamens; but here and there may be
observed besides in their intervals, one or two stamens which may
be fertile. In the true Ludwigia, common especially in America,
the oppositipetalous stamens are normally wanting; when they here
and there exist, they are represented only by slender and sterile
filaments. The genus Ludwigia, thus understood,’ is moreover dis-
tinguished from Cinothera by its fruit, which, instead of being
loculicidal, is poricidal or, more generally, septicidal, They are
evergreen or annual herbs, nearly always aquatic, rarely shrubby at
the base. The leaves are alternate or opposite, accompanied by
stipules but little developed; the flowers‘ are ordinarily axillary,
accompanied or not by a bud superposed to them, and they bear, at
a greater or less height, on their peduncle or on their ovary, two
lateral bracts, sometimes foliaceous.2 This genus, abundant espe-
cially in all warm countries, is however represented in temperate
North America and even in Europe. It comprises about forty
species,° though nearly double that number have been described.
Clarkia’ is distinguished from Onagra and Ludwigia only by

LL. Gen, 0.538,—J. Gen. 319.—Lamux. Dict.
iii. 330; Suppl. ii. 198; 122. t. 280.—DC. Prodr.
iii, 52.—Spacu, Suit. 4 Buffon, iv. 340.—Ewpu.
Gen, 0. 6109.—B. H. Gen. 788, n. 3.—H. Bn.
Paycr Fam. Nat. 373.—Manrtins, Mém. sur les
Jussiga [1866], cum tab. 4.—Hoor. Fl. Ind. ii.
587.—Cubospermum Lour, Fl. Cochinch. (ed.
1790) 275.—Vigiera Vuioz. Fi, Flum. ii. t. 73,
74.—Corynostigma Presi, Epim, 218. (A great
many authors have written Jussiewa or Jussia,)

2. Dantia (PeEt.).
Beer 3 3. Jussiea (L.).

4 Yellow, sometimes rather large.

5 The axillary bud may be developed.
H. By, Adansonia, i. 182.)

6 Gren. et Gopr. Fl, de Fr. i. 585 (Isnardia).
—A.S8.-H. Fl. Bras. Mer. ii, 258, t. 181-183
(Jussiea).—H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. vi. t. 530-
533 (Jussiea).—Wicurt, Ill.t. 101; Ze. t. 762.—

° Lupwiera, {a Ludwigiaria (DC. not L.).

(See

2They are finally more exterior than the
large alternipetalous stamens, and each is accom-
panied within its base by a lobe of the epigy-
nous disk in the form of a crescent with con-
cavity exterior. Here and there oppositipetalous
stamens, 1-3, are observed in the trimerous
flowers of a curious plant from Senegal which
De Canpotte (Mém. Onagrar. [1829] 7, t. 2;
Prodr. iii. 58) named Priewrea, and which by
some has been considered an abnormal form of
Jussiga, by others of Ludwigia; which unites
still more closely the two types. (See H. Bn.
Bull. Soc. Linn. Par, 192.)

Tuw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl, 123.—Franon. et Sav.
Enum. Pl. Jap, 169.—Ourv. Fl. Trop. Afr. ii.
488 (Jussiea), 490.—Torr. et Gray, Fl. N.~
Amer. i. 520 (Jussiea), 521.—Watr. Rep. ii. 72
(Jussiea), 74; ii. 664; Ann, i. 290; ii, 531; iv,
675.

7 Pursu, Fl. Amer. Sept.i. 260, t, 11 (Clarckhia).
—Norr. Gen. i. 249.—DO. Prodr. iii, 52.—
Spacu, Nouv. Ann. Mus. vi. 395; Suit. a Buffon,
iv. 394.—Enp1. Gen. n. 6119.—B. H. Gen. 789,
n. 5.—Pheostoma Spacu, S. & Buffon, iv. 392;
NV. Ann, Mus. iv. 327.—Gruropsis Presu. Epim:
219 (?).—Opisanthes Linsa, Linnea, xv. 261.

ONAGRARIACER, 467

characters of little importance. The four petals are unguiculate
instead of sessile, and most frequently three-lobed ; but this character
s not absolutely constant. The fruit
is capsular and loculicidal. In the
Clarkias proper, the receptacle is but
slightly prolonged in a funnel above
the ovary (fig. 432, 433), as in Lud-
wigia and some species of @nothera,
whilst in Hucharidium,? often con-
sidered a distinct genus, it is, like
that of most Onagras, prolonged ina
long and slender cylindrical tube.
The andrecium is diplostemonous ;
but the four oppositipetalous stamens
are often small and sterile. The six
species® of this genus are annual
herbs of north-western America ;
they have alternate, elongate leaves, and axillary sessile and solitary
flowers.

Epilobium and Zauschneria have often been placed in a small
separate group on account of this peculiarity, in itself of little im-
portance, that their ascending seeds have their chalazic region
charged with a long bunch of hairs (fig. 436, 437). In Zauschneria,*
the receptacle is dilated, as in certain Gnotheras, in a funnel-shaped
tube surmounting the ovary and bearing at its lower part eight
glands, four of which are ascending and four descending.® Z. cali-
fornica,® the only spécies, is subshrubby, with alternate sessile elon-
gate leaves, and pretty axillary and sessile flowers. In Hpilobium®
(fig. 434-437), on the contrary, the receptacle is arrested, as in

Clarkia pulchella.

Fig. 432. Flower Fig. 433. Trans.
without corolla. sect. of ovary.

' Figures from the work of Spacu (Suit. 4
' Buffon, Atlas, t. 35).

? Fiscu. et Muy, Ind. ii. (1885) Sem. Hort.
Petr. 36.—Spacu, Nouv. Ann. iv. 395.—ENDL.
Gen. n. 6120.—B. H. Gen. 790, n. 9.—H. Bn.
Payer Fam, Nat. 374.

3 Linpu. Bot. Reg. t. 1100, 1575, 1962 (Zu-
charidium), 1981.—Torr. et Gr. F. N.-Amer.
i, 515, 516 (Eucharidium).—Bot: Mag. t. 2918.—
Warp. Rep. ii. 89. ;

4Presu, Rel. Henk, ii. 28, t. 52.—Spacn,
Now. Ann. Mus, iv. 405 ; Suit. & Buffon, iv. 400.
—Eno.. Gen. n, 6122,—B. H. Gen. 788, u. 2.

5 The latter are oppositipetalous.

® PREBL, Joc. cit.—Torr, et Gr. Fl. N.- Amer.
i, 486.—Hoox. Bot. Mag. t. 4493.—Watp. Rep.
ii. 93.—Z. mexicana Prust.

7 Very variable in form, down, etc.

8 Epilobium L. Gen. n. 471.—J. Gen. 319.—
Garrn. Fruct. i. 157, t. 31.—Lamx, Diet. ii.
373; Suppl, ii. 568 ; ZU, t. 278.—DC. Prodr. iii.
40._Spacu, Now. Ann. Mus, iv. 408; Swit. a
Buffon, iv. 398.—Ewpx. Gen, n. 6121.—Paver,
Organog. 450, t. 94.—B. H. Gen, 471, 0. 1.—H.
By. Payer Fam. Nat. 273.—Hoox. Fl. Ind. ii.
582.—Chamenerium Tauscu, Hort. Canal. 1.—

30—2

468

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Ludwigia, at the level, or may fall short, of the summit of the ovary.
The flowers are tetramerous, regular or nearly so,' with eight stamens,”

Epilobium spicatum.

Fig. 486. Seed (2).

Fig. 485. Dehiscing fruit.

Epilobium spicatum.

Fig. 437. Long. sect. of seed.

the filaments of which are somewhat dilated at the base and de-
flexed,’ and the slender style terminates in a stigmatiferous head,
enlarged in mass or divided into four lobes of very variable form.
The fruit is loculicidal and four-valved, and the seeds are finally
borne on a central column, free or nearly so. About fifty * species

Spacu, Suit. &@ Buffon, iv. 396.—Lysimachion
TauscH, Joc. cit.—Crossostigma Sracu, Nouv.
Ann, Mus, iv. 328.

1In the section Lysimachion (DC.).

2 The pollen has -‘ seeds loosely united four
to four; papille large, H. montanum, E. hirsu-
tum” (H. Mout, Ann. Se, Nat. sér. 2, iii. 332).

3 As in Chamenerium.

4 Retcus, Pl. Crit. t. 170, 180, 189, 341, 342,
—Garen. et Goor. Fl. de Fr. i. 576.—Outv. Fi.
Tiop. Afr. ii, 486.—Torr. et Gr. Fl. N.-Amer.
i. 486.—Hoox. F. Man. N.-Zeal. Fl. 76.—C. Gay,
Fi, Chil. ii. 346.—Bot, Mag. t. 76.—Watp. Rep.
ii, 90; v. 665; Ann. ii, 584; iv. 678.

ONAGRARIACEZ. . 469

of Hpilobiwm are described, from all cold and temperate regions of
the globe; they are herbaceous or subshrubby, with alternate or
opposite leaves, entire or dentate, and axillary (pink, white, or
yellow) flowers, solitary or collected at the ends of branches in spikes
or in clusters with short pedicels.

Hauya' elegans is a shrub from the warm parts of Mexico, the
flower of which is closely analogous to that of the Gnotheras with
long receptacular tube, a little dilated above. There its margin
bears four coriaceous and valvate sepals, four petals and eight ex-
serted stamens with long introrse anthers. The gynecium is that
of an Onagra, and the style terminates in
a large stigmatiferous ball. In each of the
ovarian cells (often incomplete) are nume-
rous ascending ovules, which become as
many imbricated seeds, with superior
wing, in the capsular woody loculicidal
fruit. The leaves are alternate, rarely
subopposite, petiolate, tomentose, and the
large flowers? are axillary, sessile, and
solitary.?

Fuchsia* (fig. 438, 439) may be consi-
dered Hawya with fleshy fruit. The berry
encloses a small or large number of reni-
form or angular seeds. The receptacular
tube surmounting the ovary is very vari-
able in form, cylindrical, or dilated from bottom upwards, or enlarged
toa bowl. The flowers, tetramerous, have coloured sepals, more or

Fuchsia coccinea.

Fig. 438. Flower.

1Moc. et Szss. Fl. Mex. Icon. ined. ex DC.

Mém. Onagrar, 2, t. 1; Prodr. iii. 36.—B. H.

Gen. 791, n. 11.

2 Pinkish white.

3 Montinia acris L. ¥. (Suppl. 427) a Cape
shrub with alternate leaves was considered by
De Canpoite (Mém. Fam. Onagror. 2; Prodr.
iii. 35) as a type of a tribe of Montiniea, re-
tained by Enpitcuer (Gen, 1192), and admitted
by Benrnan and Hooxer (Gen, 794, u. 22) as
an abnormal genus in the Onagrariee. It has
nearly the capsular fruit of Hauya, but bivalve,
dicecious 4—5-merous flowers, and stamens equal
in number and alternating with the petals, erro-
neously said to be wanting in the female flowers
where they exist though sterile (H. By. Adan-

sonia, xii. 38). The inferior ovary is wanting
in the male flower, the shallow receptacle of
which is covered with a fleshy disk around
which are inserted the perianth and androecium.
Tt has also been referred (Harv. and Sonn. 7.
Cap. ii. 307) to the Saxifragacee. (See Burm.
Afr. +. 90, £1, 2.—Garin. Fruct, i. 170, i. 33.
—Lamx. Jil. t, 808.—Sm. Spicil. t. 15.)

4 Prom. Gen. 14.—L, Gen, n. 128.—J. Gen. 320.
—Lamx. Diet. ii. 564; Suppl. ii..678; Til. t. 282.
—DC. Prodr. iii. 36.—Spacu, Suit. d Buffon, iv.
404.—Enpu. Gen. n. 6125.—B, H. Gen. 790,
1007, n. 10.—H. By. Payer Fam. Nat. 374 (incl.:
Encliandra Zee. Skinnera Forst.).

5 Forsr. Char. Gen. 57, t. 29.—Spacu, Ann.
Se. Nat. sér. 2, iii. 178.

470 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

less fleshy, and petals sessile and contorted. In Skinnera formerly
generically distinguished, the petals are small and sometimes even

Fuchsir ampliata.

Fig. 439. Long. sect. of flower.

wanting. When they exist, they are
either, as in Fuchsia proper,’ con-
torted and contiguous, or expanded
as in Eucliandra.? The latter has,
moreover, polygamous flowers. These
variations have served to arrange in
three different sections, the species,
about forty in number, constituting
the genus Fuchsia, which are shrubs
or small delicate trees, sometimes sub-
shrubby plants from Mexico, South
America, chiefly the western parts,
also from New Zealand, with opposite,
verticillate or alternate leaves, gene-
rally petiolate, entire or dentate,
and with elegant flowers, axillary,
solitary or fasciculate, more rarely
united in corymbs or terminal clus-

ters, simple or compound, sometimes long and flexible, charged with
small cymes, with the peduncles or floral pedicels generally long

slender and pendant.

1 EBufuchsia.—Fuchsia Spacu, Suit. & Buffon,
iv. 404.—Kierschlegeria Spacu, loc. cit. 403, N.
Ann. Mus. iv. 330.—Schufia Spacu. 8S. & Buffon,
411.—Desmout. Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, xxiv.
—Ellobium Livsa, Linnea, xv. 262.—Spachia
Lua, Joe. cit. (not A. Juss.).—Nahusia ScuNEE,
Ie. u. 21,—Quelusia VanpeLu.—Vetioz. Fl.
Flum. iv. t. 6.—Dorvalia Comers. (ex ENDL.).
—Thilco Feviy, Obs, iii. 64, t. 49.

2 Zuce. Abh, Bayer. Akad. Wiss. ii. 335.—
Myrinia Lisa, Linnea, xv: 262.—Brebissonia
Spaca, Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 2, iii, 175; Nouv.
Ann, Mus. iv. 329; Suit. & Buffon, iv. 401.—
Lyciopsis Spacu, Now. Ann. Mus. iv. 329.

3 EwoL. doe. cit.—B. H. Gen. 791: 1. Enelian-
dra : flowers polygamous ; petals open ; stamens
short; 2. Hufuchsia: flowers hermaphrodite ;
petals none or convolute; stamens exserted; 3.
Skinnera : flowers hermaphrodite; petals little
developed ; seeds small.

4R. et Pav. Fl. Per. iii. 86, t. 322-325.—H.
B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. vi. 103, t. 584-536.—
Camuzss. A. S.-H. Fl. Bras. Mer. i. 272.—PREsL.
Rel. Henk. ii. 26.—C. Gay, Fl. Chil, ii. 349.—
Hoox. r. Man, N.-Zeal, Fl. 728.— Hook. Icon. t.
421.—Hemsu. Journ. Bot. (1876] 67.—Bot. Reg.
t. 857, 1269, 1480, 1805; (1838), t. 1, 66 ; (1840),
t. 18, 70; (1841), t. 66, 70.—Bot, Mag. t. 2507,
3364, 3948, 3999, 4174, 4082, 4233, 4375, 5907,
6139.—Watp. Rep. ii. 94; v. 666; Ann. i. 292;
ii, 535; iv. 681.

5 Red, pink, violet, or white. The calyx,
rarely greenish, sometimes of two tints, is often
coloured the same as the receptacle. These
flowers often become double in culture, by the
mutiplication of the petals. We have also seen
each of the sepals or some of them prolonged
externally in a sort of basilar spur, descending,
curved or straight, hollow or flat.

ONAGRARIACEZ. 471

II. GAURA SERIES.

Gaura’ (fig. 440-442) most frequently has flowers with four parts ;
they are hermaphrodite. The receptacle has the form of a long
narrow gourd lodging the ovary in its largest portion and prolonged
above it in a narrow neck,” the upper opening of which bears four

Gaura Lindheimeri.

Fig. 440. Inflorescence. Fig. 441. Flower. Fig. 442. Long. sect. of flower.

membranous valvate sepals,* and the same number of sessile petals,
imbricate or contorted in the bud. The stamens, inserted with the
perianth, are double the petals in number; four superposed to them
and the other four alternate. The filaments are free, often declinate ;
the base is dilated internally to a squamiform process more or less
prominent, according to the species. The anthers, bilocular and in-
trorse, open by two longitudinal clefts. The ovary, inferior, is of
four cells, complete or incomplete, surmounted by a style the base of
which is surrounded by an epigynous disk with four lobes more or
less distinct, and its stigmatiferous summit is divided into four thick
and rather short lobes, superposed to the petals, and surrounded by a
ring which the upper margin of the stylary tube forms round their

"L. Gen. n. 470.—J. Gen. 319.—Gartn. u.16.—H. Bn. Payer Fam. Nat. 374; Adansonia,
Fruct. ii. 205, t. 127.—Lamx. Dict. ii. 614; xii. 36.
Suppl. ii. 711; v2. t. 281.—DC. Prodr, iii. 44.— ? Straight or deflexed.
Sracu, WV. Ann. Mus. iv. 375; Suit. a Buffon, 3 Ordinarily caducous.
iv. 881.—EnpL. Gen. n. 61384.—B. H. Gen. 792,

472 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

base. In the internal angle of each cell are inserted one or two
descending ovules, suspended by a rather long funicle, and anatro-
pous, with the micropyle primarily! turned upwards and inwards.?
The fruit, dry, coriaceous or woody at maturity,° is of four cells, one
or more of which contain a descending sced. The latter encloses
under its coats a fleshy albumen which envelopes an embryo with
superior radicle and straight, undulated or plaited cotyledons.

There are Gauras with trimerous flowers and trigonal receptacular
tube. Some, as G. mollis and mutabilis, have the stigmatic lobes
straight and elongate; a genus, Gawridiwm,* has been made of them.
Others, as @. epilobioides, etc., types of the genus Schizocarya,° have
a fruit which opens superiorly by three or four clefts. In G. linifo-
lia, generically distinguished under the name of Stenosiphon,® the
interior basal appendix of the staminal filaments is scarcely visible
or even nil, and the partitions of the ovarian cells are often incom-
plete. The genus contains about twenty species,” herbaceous, annual
or evergreen, natives of the warmest parts of North America, prin-
cipally the west. The leaves are alternate, generally narrow, entire,
and the flowers,® disposed in clusters or spikes, simple or ramified,
are solitary or grouped in small glomerules in the axil of alternate
bracts borne by the slender axes of the inflorescence.

G. heterandra,® a Californian annual, has become the type of a
genus Heterogaura," distinguished from Gaura chiefly by tetramerous
flowers with a short wide receptacular tube, and by stamens often
sterile, inserted in variable number in front of each petal. The
ovary is of four uniovulate cells, and the stigmatiferous extremity
of the style is destitute of the peripherical collar of Gaura.

With the gynecium of Gaura, Gongylocarpus rubricaulis,. a
herbaceous plant of Mexico, has flowers which occupy the axil of

1 The ovules later direct their micropyle
sidewise or even outwards.

2 There is a double coat.

3 It bears four salient columns, alternating
with the cells, and corresponding to the bands
of the fruit of Gayophytum, Onagra, etc. They
are filled with 1-8 longitudinal woody bundles.
Before complete maturity the fruit may be
slightly drupaceous.

4 Spacu, Now. Ann, Mus, iv. 325, 374; Suit.
a Buffon, iv. 379.

5 Spacu, Nouv, Ann. Mus. iv, 325, 381.

6 Spacu, Nouv. Ann. Mus. iv. 326.—Rorur.

Proc. Amer. Acad. vi. 350 (1864).— Wap. Rep.
v. 670.

7 Torr. et Gr. Fl. N.-Amer. i. (1840) 516.—
H. B. K. Nov, Gen. et Sp. vi. t. 529.—Rornr.
loc. cit. 349.— Watp, Rep. ii. 96; v. 670; Ann.
ii. 5355 iv. 682.

8 White or pink.

9 Torr. et Gx. Pacif. R. R. Rep, iv. 89.

. 10 Rorur. Proc. Amer. Acad. vi. 854 (1864).—
B. H. Gen. 793, n. 18.

11 Cuan. et ScHicutt, Linnea, v. 557.—B. H.
Gen. 793, n. 19,—H. Bn. Adansonia, xii. 22.—
Wap. Rep. ii. 97; v. 670.

ONAGRARIACEL, 473

the leaves or form a short spike (?) at the summit of the branches,
situate each in the axil of a bract, and resemble at first a monstrous
plant, because the inferior ovary is adnate with the branch that bears
it and the base of the petiole of the axillary leaf. The same is the
case, consequently, with the turbinate, deformed, subdrupaceous
fruit. Above the ovary, the receptacle is elongated in a slender
tube, the superior orifice of which, furnished with a glandular collar,
supports four sepals, four petals, and two verticils of four stamens.
The base of the style is surrounded by an epigynous disk, and the
two or three cells of the ovary enclose each a descending ovule,
with micropyle superior and primarily interior, but ultimately lateral.
The plant, quite glabrous, with a reddish pruinose stem, bears
alternate, petiolate, lanceolate, and dentelate leaves.

Ill. CIRCA SERIES.

The flowers of the Circew' (fig. 443-446) are constructed on the
binary type; they are hermaphrodite and have a receptacle in the
form of a sac prolonged beyond the ovary in a short obconical tube,
the margin of which bears two lateral valvate sepals, two alternate,
imbricate petals, often sloped at the summit, and two stamens super-
posed to the sepals and formed each of a free filament and a bilocular
introrse anther, dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts. The ovary is
of two oppositipetalous cells, and is surmounted by a style surrounded
by an epigynous disk the stigmatiferous summit of which is enlarged
to a head with two small often unequal lobes. In the internal angle
of each ovarian cell is inserted an ascending ovule,’ more or less
completely anatropous, with micropyle turned downwards and out-
wards.2 The fruit, short, coriaceous, indehiscent, covered with
hooked hairs, has one or two cells* containing each one ascending
seed,° incompletely anatropous, with fleshy embryo, straight and
destitute of albumen. The Circew are evergreen, little ramified herbs
of the cold and temperate regions of Europe, Asia, and North

1 Circea T. Inst. 301, t. 155.—L. Gen. n. 24. 2 Sometimes two, nearly superposed.
—Gzrtn. Fruct. i. 114, t. 24. — Scuxunr, 3 It has a double envelope.
Handb. t. 2.—DC. Prodr, iii. 68.—ENbDL, Gen. n. 4 It is on this character that AscHERson and
6130.—H. Bn. Payer Fam. Nat, 375; Adansonia, Manus have founded their division of the genus
xii, 24.—B. H. Gen. 793, n. 20.—AscuErs. et into: A. Uniloculares, B. Biloculares,
Maen. Bot. Zeit, (1870) n. 23 (392), 47-49.— 5 Ag it is incompletely anatropous, the hilum,

Hoox. Fi. Ind. ii, 589.—Ocimastrwm Rupr. Fl. situate near the-middle of the interior margin,
Ingr, 366. is finally parallel to the embryo.

474 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

America. The leaves are opposite, petiolate, oval, dentate or nearly
entire, glabrous, hairy, penninerved. The flowers (small, white, or

Circea lutetiana

Fig. 448. Inflorescence. Fig. 444 Flower (3). Fig. 446. Long. sect.

of flower (#).
pink) are in terminal, simple or ramified clusters, with or without
bracts. Six species! are distinguished.

Diplandra lopezioides,’ a Mexican shrub, has in its tetramerous
ovary the uniovulate cells of Circwa, and the ovule directed the
same; but the valvate sepals are four in number, also the petals,
somewhat unequal, and of the two stamens, one is anterior, the
other posterior. The fruit is a loculicidal capsule.

Lopezia® (fig. 447-452) has flowers much more irregular. They
might be defined as monandrous Diplandra,* or at least with only
one fertile stamen. The superior calyx is generally formed of four
valvate sepals, and the corolla of four alternate dissimilar petals.‘
The posterior stamen is the fertile one; its anther is bilocular,
introrse.© The anterior is transformed into a petal. The inferior
ovary has four oppositipetalous and multiovulate cells. The fruit

1 Wicut, Ili. t.101.*—Rovts, Ji. t. 43.—K.

Fil. Berol. i. 168.—Corz. Fl. Lond. iii. t. 3.—
Torr. et Gr. Fl. N.-Amer. i, 627.—Boiss. F?.
Or. ii. 752.—Gren. et Gopr. Fl. de Fr. i, 585.
—-Watp. Rep. ii. 96,

2 Hoox. and Arn. Beech. Voy. Bot. 291, t. 60.
—Envu. Gen. n. 6128.—B. H. Gen. 792.—H.
Bn. Adansonia, xii. 37.

3 Oav. Icon. i. 12, t. 18.—J. Ann. Mus. ii, 317,
t. 30, fig. 30.—DC. Prodr. iii, 62.—Sracu, Suit.

@ Buffon, iv, 414.—Enpu. Gen. n. 6129.—B. H.
Gen. 791, n. 138.—H. By. Payer Fam. Nat. 375;
Adansonia, xii, 37.—Pisaura Bonato, Monogr.
(1798) c. icon. (ex Enpu.).—Jehlia Hort. (ex.
B. H. doe. cit.).

+ With multiovulate ovarian cells.

5 There are occasionally flowers with five
petals and two petaloid staminodes.

6 The pollen is that of Fuchsia.

ONAGRARIACEZ,

475

is a loculicidal and four-valved capsule.! Seven or eight species? of
Lopexia are known-; they are herbs with alternate or opposite leaves,

Lopezia racemosa,

Fig. 447. Floriferous branch.

Fig. 449 Diagram.

accompanied by very small stipuliform and caducous scales; they

inhabit the south-west of North
America. The flowers are in
clusters at the extremities of
the branches.

In Semetandra grandiflora,’ a
Mexican species, the flowers are
those of a Lopgezia, and also the
fruit; but the stamens are united
with the base of the style in a
column adnate also with the an-

Lopezia racemosa.

Fig. 452. Long.
sect. of seed.

Fig. 441.
Seed.

Fig. 450. Dehis-
cing fruit (}).

terior side of the floral receptacle. This character marks it as a very
distinct section in the genus Lopezia.'

1The seeds are often united two and two
(fig. 451) in a single mass. Their external
coat is rugose, granular.

2 Jaca. Collect. v. t. 15; Jc. Rar. t. 203;
Eclog. t. 109, 140.—Bonpt. Jard. Nav. t. 25.—
H. B. K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. vi. 95.—Scurang,

Hort. Monac. t. 20.—Bot. Mag. t. 254, 4724.—
Watp. Rep. ii. 96; v. 670; Ann. iv, 682.

3 Hoox. and Arn. Beech. Voy. Bot. 291, t. 59.
—Enpu. Gen. n. 6126.—Bot. Mag. t, 4727.—
Watp. Rep. v. 669.

4 We can here only doubtfully place a Mexi-

NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

IV. TRAPA SERIES.

The flowers of Trapa' (fig. 453-456) are hermaphrodite and
tetramerous. The receptacle has the form of a shallow cup, in which
is inserted the base of the ovary, whilst its upper portion is free.
The perianth and andrecium are, consequently, inserted perigynously

Trapa natans.

476

Fig. 453. Flower
without corolla.

Fig. 456. Fruit.

Fig. 455. Long. sect. of flower.

on the margin of the receptacular cup. The calyx is composed of
four sepals, two of which are lateral, one anterior and one posterior,
valvate or slightly covered at the margin by the preceding. Four
sessile petals alternate with the sepals, imbricate and crumpled? in
the bud. The stamens, inserted with the petals, outside a thick,
crenelate or undulate perigynous disk, are four in number, superposed
to the sepals, and formed each of a free subulate filament, and a
bilocular anther, dehiscing introrsely or marginally. The ovary, in
great part superior, is of two lateral cells, surmounted by a style

can type still imperfectly known, Reisenbachia
Pres (Rel. Henk. ii. 36, t. 54), considered asa
distinct genus by Enpuicuer (Gen. n. 6127) and
by Buntuam and Hooxer (Gen. 762, n. 14),
and which appears to differ from Lopezia only
jn the absence of a corolla, if the analysis of
Prest is correct,

1 Trapa Li. Gen. n, 157.—Avans, Fam. des Pl.
ii, 84.—J. Gen, 68.—Gaertn. Fruct. i, 127, t. 26.
—Lamx. Jil. t. 75.—Desrx. Dict. iii. 669.—
Turp. Dict. Se. Nat. Atl. t. 219.—DC. Prodr. iii.

63.—Nezs, Gen. ii. t. 5.—Spacu, Suit. d Buffon,
iv. 443.—EnpL. Gen. n. 6140.—-Barntoup, Ann.
Se. Nat. sér. 3, ix. 222, t. 12-15.—Payrr, Org.
455, t. 106.—B. H. Gen. 798, n. 21.—H. By.
Payer Fam. Nat. 378; Adansonia, xii, 24.—
Hook, Fi. Ind. ii. 590.—Tribuloides T. Inst. 565,
t. 431.—Shringata Jonus, As. Res. ii. 350; iv.
258.

2 It is sometimes twisted.

3 Pollen dry, elliptical; in water, trigonal,
like that of the Gnotheree. (Barnéoun.)

ONAGRARIACEZ. MT

capitate and stigmatiferous at the summit. In each of the cells is a
descending, anatropous ovule, with micropyle at first interior and
superior.’ The fruit, turbinate, dry, coriaceous, indehiscent, bears
at the summit the scar of the style, and is laterally dilated about the
middle of its height, into four or two conical spinescent projections
formed by the persistent and hypertrophiate sepals. Its single cell
contains but one seed the coats of which enclose a large incurved
embryo, with superior radicle and very unequal cotyledons: one very
small, squamiform; the other large, fleshy. Trapa consists of
aquatic herbs, of which two or three species,’ living in Europe and
the warm parts of Asia and Africa, are distinguished. The slender
floating stems bear two kinds of leaves.* The lower, submerged, are
opposite, pinnatisect, not unlike finely pectinate roots. The upper,
floating on the surface of the water, are united in rosettes and nearly
lozenge-shaped, dentate, penninerved, with an elongate petiole which
is most frequently dilated superiorly ina spongy enlargement destined
to sustain the summit of the plant at the surface of the water.> The
flowers® are axillary, solitary, with a short and thick peduncle,
accompanied by two lateral sterile bracteoles.

VY. HALORAGIS SERIES.

Haloragis™ (fig. 457-461) has tetramerous flowers,* most fre-
quently polygamous, more rarely hermaphrodite. In the latter, the
receptacle has the form of a sac with four to eight angles or longi-
tudinal ribs. On its margin is inserted a superior perianth, composed
of four sepals, two of which are lateral,® and four alternate petals,
imbricate or more rarely contorted. The stamens are inserted within

1 Later the ovule undergoes a twisting move-
ment which renders its raphe lateral. It hasa
double envelope, and is not unlike in form and
direction that of the common Boz.

2 The other seed is early aborted, but its re-
mains are seen for a long time.

3 Roxs. Pl. Corom. t. 234.—Braam, Ie. Chin.
t. 22.—Oniv. Fv. Trop. Afr. ii. 491.—Gren, et
Gopr. Fl. de Fr. i. 588.—Watp. Rep. ii. 100.

4 For the study of the germination, and also
that of ramification, etc.. consult the very beau-
tiful work of Mrrzex (Ann. Mus. xvi, 447, t. 19)
and also that of Barntoup mentioned above.

5 Precisely the same disposition is met with
in certain Jussiee which have quite the leaves
of Trapa. When young, the leaves appear to
have two small stipules.

6 White or greenish, without lustre.

7 Haloragis Forst.Char. Gen. 61, t. 31.—Potr,
Diet. viii, 854.—LueEr. Stirp. t. 82.—DC. Prodr.
iii. 66.—Ewnpu. Atakt. t. 15; Gen. n. 6138.—B.
H. Gen. 674, 0. 2,—H. Bn. Payer Fam. Nat. 376;
Adansonia, xii, 22.— Cereodia Murr. Comm.
Gett, iii. (1780) 1. t. 1.—Garrn. Freet. i. 164,
t. 82.—Cereodea Lamx. Ill, t. 319.—Gonocarpus
Tuuns. Fi. Jap. 5, t. 15.—Gartn. v. Fruct.
250, t. 25.—Gonatocarpus W. Spec. i. 690.—Gon-
jocarpus Kan. Ann. Bot. i. 546, t. 12, fig. 5, 6.
—Goniocarpus DC. Prodr. iii. 67.

8 More rarely of three or five parts.

9 Sometimes nearly peltate, or slightly de-
curring under the point of insertion on the
floral receptacle.

478 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

the perianth, that is, they are epigynous; they are eight, in number,
in two verticils and superposed, four to the sepals, and four, often
shorter, to the petals. The filaments are slender, and the anthers
elongate, basifixed or nearly so, dehiscing by two nearly lateral
clefts. The gynscium, rudimentary in the male flowers, is composed
of an inferior ovary, with four oppositipetalous cells, rarely two cells,
surmounted by the same number of short stylary branches, at summit

Haloragis alata,

Fig. 488. Flower. Fig. 459, Long.
sect. of flower.

Fig. 457. Floriferous branch. Fig. 460. Fruit. Fig. 461. Long. sect. of fruit.

stigmatiferous papillose or plumose. In the internal angle of each
ovarian cell is a descending anatropous ovule, with micropyle interior
and superior. It not unfrequently happens that the interlocular
partitions disappear more or less completely, and the ovary, conse-
quently, appears reduced to a single quadriovulate cell. The fruit,
pyramidal, angular or winged, is a drupe, the thin mesocarp of which
finally becomes quite dry. The putamen contains, in each cell, a
descending seed, the coats of which enclose a fleshy albumen and an
axile embryo, with superior radicle and very small cotyledons.
Haloragis consists of herbaceous or subshrubby plants, of which
some forty species’ are known, natives of Asia, Oceania, and the

1 Laity. N.-Holl, t. 58 (Gonjocarpus), 128, Fl. 64.—Buntu. Fl. Austral. ii. 473.—}'. Mue..
129.—Jaca. Ie. Rar. i. t. 69.—ApD. Br. Duperr. Fragm. Phyt. Austral. viii. 162.—Hook. Jeon. t.
Voy. Bot. t, 68-70.—A. Ricu. Fv, N.-Zel. 324. 290, 311 (Goniocarpus).—Francu. et Sav. Enum.
—Hoox. ¥. Fl. Tasman, i. t. 22; Man. N.-Zeal. Pl. Jap. 164.—Watyp. Rep. ii, 99; v. 672; Ann.

ONAGRARIACEZ: 479

island of Juan Fernandez. Their leaves are opposite or oftener
alternate, especially at the top of the plant, sometimes entire, some-
times dentate or pinnatifid, accompanied by two small caducous
stipules; often replaced by bracts at the summit of the branches.
The result is that the flowers, axillary to a certain point, may above
form a spike or terminal cluster. In the axil of each leaf or bract.
is either a solitary flower, with or without lateral bracts, or a cyme,
or a few-flowered glomerule; the pedicels, when present, are short
and often pendant.

Meionectes® and Loudonia are very near Haloragis, and should
not be separated from it. The former is Haloragis on a dual?* type,

Loudonia aurez.

Fig. 462. Flower (5). Fig. 464. Gynecium. Fig. 463. Long. sect. of flower.

that is with two sepals, two petals, two verticils of two stamens, and
an ovary with two uniovulate cells. M. Brown, the only species
known,‘ herbaceous and glabrous, grows in South Australia and
Tasmania. Loudonia® (fig. 462-464), native of the same countries,
has dimerous or tetramerous and 4—8-androus flowers, and the 4-
winged ovary has two or four cells, the separating partition of which
disappears more or less completely at a certain age and is represented

i, 298; ii, 537, 538 (Gontocarpus) ; iv. 883; vii.
940.

1 Small, yellow, greenish or reddish.

2R. Br. Flind. Voy. App. ii. 550,—Envu.
Gen. 1197.—B. H. Gen. 675, n. 3,—H. By.
Adansonia, xii. 34.

3 We have shown that this character does
not permit its being made other than a section
of the genus Haloragis.

4M. Browniit Hoox. F. Hook. Icon. t. 306; Fl.

Tasm, i, 123.—Bentu. Fl. Austral. ii. 486,—M.
Preissii Nuus, Pl. Preiss. i. 224.—Haloragis
Meionectes R. Br.

3 Linpu. Sw. Riv. App. 42, ¢. ic.; Veg. King.
(1846) 722, fig, 382.—Ewpt, Gen. n. 6139.—B,
H. Gen. 674, n, 1.—H. Bn. Payer Fam. Nat.
377; Adansonia, xii. 34.—Glischrocaryon Enp1,
Ann. Wien. Mus. ii. 209; N. st. Mus. Vindod.
Dec. n. 88.

480 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

only by a vertical filament. But the organs of vegetation in these
evergreen plants differ from those of Haloragis. The leaves’ are
alternate, linear, entire, rather fleshy; and the flowers, arranged in
terminal corymbs of cymes, are yellow and rather large compared
with those of Haloragis. Three species have been distinguished.”
Myriophyllon® (fig. 465) has also nearly the organization of Halo-
ragis; but the flowers are monecious, or
rather, on the same inflorescence, there are
female flowers at the base and male flowers
at the summit; but not unfrequently her-
maphrodite flowers are intermixed with both.
They are dimerous or oftener tetramerous.
The petals are imbricate or contorted. The
stamens number from two to eight, in con-
struction like those of Haloragis.* In the
male flowers the gynecium is rudimentary
or nil, whilst in the female, the petals of
which are often smaller (or even nil), the stamens (when present) are
sterile, and the gynecium attains a full development. The ovarian”
cells are four in number, superposed to the petals, surmounted by as
many obtuse or plumose stylary branches, often recurved. ach cell
contains one or two ovules,® in direction like those of Haloragis, and
the fruit, dry or drupaceous, separates into two or four monospermous
cocci. Some fifteen species ® of this genus’ are distinguished; they

Myriophylion verticillatum.

Fig. 465. Long. sect. of
flower.

1 Which become green or black in drying.

8 Bente. Fl. Austral. ii. 471.—-Wa.p. Ann.
i, 293; iv. 821; vii. 938.

3 Vatu. Act. Acad. Par. (1719) t. 2, fig. 8.—
Apans. Fam. des Pl. ii. 471.—Myriophylium L,
Gen, 0. 1066.—J. Gen. 18 ; Ann. Mus. iii. 321.—
Scuxvuagr, Handb. t. 296.—Gartn. Fruct. i. 331,
t. 68.—Lamk. Dict. iv. 189,—Turp. Diet. Sc. Nat.
Atl. t. 217.—DC. Prodr. iii. 68.—Spacu, Suit. a
Buffon, iv. 446.—Nzexs, Gen, fase. 8, t. 13.—
Envi. Gen, u. 6185.—B. H. Gren. 676, n. 8.—H.
By. Payer Fam. Nat. 377; Adansonia, xii. 35.—
Pentapterophyllum Dit. Nov. Gen. 7.—Pentap-
teris Hat. Helv. i. 454.—Enydria Vewuoz. Fi.
Flum. i, t. 150.—? Hylas BicEu. (ex Enpt. Loe.
cit.).—Purshia Ravin. N.-York Med. Repos, ii.
361 (not DC. nor Dznnsr. nor SpRENG.).—Bur-
shia Auctt. (erron.).—Pelonastes Hoox. ¥. Lond,
Journ, Bot. vi, 474.—Mullofulion Diosc.—Beli-
oukandos CELT. (ex ADANS.).

4The pollen is spherical; on the equator,
four small pores surrounded by a halo: M. ver-
ticillatum (H. Monn. Ann. Sc, Nat. sér. 2, iii.
331).

5 The funicle may sometimes thicken above
the micropyle to a short obturator.

6 Laprut. N.-Holl. ii. t. 220.—Fr. et Sav.
Enum, Pl. Jap. 164.—Brew. et Wars. Geol.
Surv. Calif. Bot. i. 215.—Wieur, Jil. +. 102.—
Torr. et Gr. Fl. N.-Amer, i. (1840) 528.—C.
Gay, Fl. Chil. ii. 856.—Harv. and Sonn. Fi.
Cap. ii. 572.—Hoox. Icon. t. 289.—Hook. F. Fi.
Tasm. i. t. 28; Man. N.-Zeal. Fl. 66.—Benta,
Fil, Austral. ii. 486.—Mia. Fl. Ind.-Bat. i. p. i.
634.—Tuw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 123.—Borss. Fi. Or.
ii. 754.—A. 8.-H. Fl. Bras. Mer, ii. 251.—Gr.
es Gopr. Fl. de Fr. i. 587.—Watp. Rep. li. 98;
Ann, i. 292; ii, 587; vii. 943.

7 Divided by Torney and A. Gray (op. cit.)
into 8 sections: 1. Sphondylophyllum (Torr. et

ONAGRARIACEZ. 3 481

are aquatic herbs, with alternate, opposite, or verticillate leaves,
linear or oval, entire, dentate or pinnatifid and pectinate when sub-
merged. In Myriophyllon verticillatum, the flowers occupy the axil
of these pectinate leaves, larger than themselves, whilst, in M. spi-
catum, for example, short bracts replace these leaves, and the whole
emerged inflorescence constitutes a terminal spike. The flowers in
the axil of each leaf or bract, are solitary or united in small glome-
rules. This genus belongs to the warm and cold regions of all parts
of the world. :

Serpicula' (fig. 466, 467) has also nearly the flowers of the pre-
ceding genera, small, monccious, and disposed in cymes or in
axillary. glomerules; the
number varies at the level
of each leaf. One of the
flowers of the cyme is male
with a long pedicel; the
others are sessile or nearly
so and female. The male
flowers have four sepals,
four concave petals, and
four alternate, oppositipe-
talous? stamens, or from six
to eight stamens. The gy-
necium is there rudimen-
tary and sterile. In the female flowers, the inferior ovary is sur-
mounted by four sepals and four petals. The stamens are rudimentary
or without anthers, or even disappear entirely, and the ovarian cells,
separated by incomplete partitions, contain each one ovule of
Haloragis. Serpicula, of which three or four species,’ from the
marshes of Asia, Africa, and tropical America, are distinguished,
consists of herbs with opposite or alternate leaves, narrow, entire or

dentate.

Serpicula repens.

Fig. 467. Long.
sect. of flower.

Fig. 466. Flower (4).

Gr.) ; 2. Sphondylastrum (Torr. et Gr.); 38. cavity of the petals to which they appear super-

Ptilophyllum (Nott.).

\L. Mantiss. 16.—J. Gen. 318. —Lamx. Iii. t.
758, —Porr. Dict. vii. 122; Suppl. v. 136.—DC.
Prodr. iii. 65.—Envt. Gen. u. 6136.—B, H. Gen.
675, u. 4.—H. Bn. Payer Fam, Nat. 377.—Lau-
renbergia Bere. Pl. Cap. 350 (not H. By.).—
Epilithes Bu. Bijdr. 734; Mus. Lugd.-Bat. i. 110.

2In this case they are often lodged in the

VOL. VI.

posed ; but that is only a consequential appear-
ance; they are really alternipetalous.
3A, §.-H. Fi. Bras, Mer. ii, 250.—Wicexr,
Icon. t. 1001.—Tuw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 123.—Mie.
Fi, Ind.-Bat. i. p. i. 6832.—Hanv. and Sonp. Fi.
Cap. ii. 572.—Tun. Ann. Se, Nat. sér. 4, vi. 125,
—Ouiv. Fl. Trop. Afr. ii. 405.—Watr. Rep. ii.
98; Ann. ii, 5387; vii. 941.
31

A482 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Proserpinaca ' (fig. 468-471) also consists of aquatic herbs. The
leaves are alternate, entire, dentate or pectinate and pinnatifid, like
those of Myriophyllon. The flowers? are hermaphrodite, axillary,
solitary or grouped in cymes; they are often trimerous or more rarely
tetramerous, and differ from those of the
preceding genera by two principal charac-
ters: the petals are wanting, and the
stamens, superposed to the sepals, are the
game in number as the latter and reduced

Proserpinaca palustris,

Fig. 469. Flower Fig. 470. Long. Fig. 471. Fruit.
(4). sect. of flower,

to a single verticil. All the other im-
portant traits of their organization are
those of Haloragis. Thus, the floral re-
ceptacle is concave, bell-shaped, and its
cavity is filled by the adnate and inferior
Fig. 468, Floriferous and ovary, the cells of which, three or four in
fructiferous branch, . :
number, contain each a descending ovule,
with micropyle interior and superior. On the margin of the recep-
tacle are inserted epigynously the sepals, which are valvate, and the
superposed stamens, the filaments of which are short and erect and
the anthers basifixed. Two species® are known, from the Antilles
and North America. ;

VI. GUNNERA SERIES.

Gunnera * (fig. 472-475) has polygamous or monecious flowers.
In those which are hermaphrodite (fig. 475) and generally dime-

VL. Gen, n. 102.—J. Gen. 68; Ann. Mus. iii. +. 24 (not P. Br.),

320, t. 30.—Lamx. J77. t. 60.—Porr. Dict. viii. 2 Small, greenish or brownish.

117; Soppl. v. 369.—DC. Prodr. iii. 67. Enpu. 3 Torr. et Gr. Fl. N.-Amer. i, (1840) 528.—
Gen, u, 61387,—B. H. Gen. 675, n.5.—H. By. A. Guay, Man, ed. 5, 175.

Payer Fam, Nat. 3771.—Trixis Mrrca, Eph. Cur. 4L. Mantiss. 16,21; Gen. n. 1272; meen, vii.

Nat. (1748) n. 23, c, ic—Gaertn. Fruet,i.115, 495.—J. Gen. 405, 45%.—Lamx. Dict, iii, 61;

ONAGRARIACEE. 483

rous),' there is an ovoid or compressed sacciform receptacle, the cavity
of which contains the adnate and inferior ovary, and the margin of
which bears the perianth and andreecium. First on opening are seen
two small projections, anterior and posterior, ordinarily considered as
sepals, and on the sides, alternating with these projections, two

Gunnera chilensis.

Fig. 473. Portion

Fig. 472. Habit (44).
of inflorescence. (ih)

Fig. 474. Flower.

folioles, much more developed, when they exist, and regarded as two
lateral petuls.2 Superposed to these two folioles are two epigynous
stamens with free filaments and basifixed, erect, bilocular anthers,
dehiscing by two longitudinal nearly marginal clefts. In the female
flowers they are more or less completely aborted. The gynecium,
which totally or partly disappears in the male flower, is composed of
an inferior unilocular ovary, surmounted by two stylary branches,
subulate and charged with stigmatic papilla. Near the top of the
ovarian cell is inserted a single descending ovule,? with the micropyle
superior and lateral to the placenta. The fruit is a small drupe with
soft pulp,* and the putamen, crustaceous and fragile, contains one

Suppl. ii, 863; 72. t, 801.—Ewox. Gen. r. 1889, 1 Sometimes, however, trimerous.

B. H. Gen. 676, u. 7.—H. Bu. Payer Fam. Nat.
379; Adansonia, xii, 38.—A. DC. Prodr. xvi.
sect. ii. 597.—Perpensum Burm. Prodr. Fl. Cap.
26.—Panke Fevitu. Obs. ii. t. 30.—Misandra
Commens. ex J. Gen. 405.—Disomene Banxs et
Sox. (ex Foxst. Comm. Gott. ix. 45.—Gavpicu.
Freye. Voy. Bot. 512.—Milligania Hoox. ¥. Hook.
Ie, t. 299.—Pankea rst. Pl, Nov. Centr.-Amer.
6 (Nat. For. Vid. 1857). — Pseudo-Gunnera
CExst. — Gunneropsis Cixst. — Misandropsis
Qkrsr. loc. cit.

2 These would be sepals if the alternate teeth
proceeded only from a marginal projection
the receptacle. They are sometimes cucullate,
and may also, doubtless, be three in number.
(See Adansonia, xii. 38.)

3 Anatropous or peritropous (?).

4In G. chilensis, the fruit of which ripens
pretty well in our conservatories, the exterior
membrane of the drupaceous fruit is orange-
coloured.

31—2

484 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

descending seed. Its coats! cover an abundant fleshy albumen, at
the summit of which is lodged a small embryo with short cotyledons
and superior radicle. Guwnnera consists of evergreen herbaceous
plants, sometimes much developed, numbering some ten species, which
inhabit southern and eastern Africa, tropical and cool oceania, and
the Andean and antarctic regions of South America.’ All the parts
are often scabrid or hispid. The rhizome is
thick and short or slender and creeping ; it
bears alternate leaves, called radicle, close,
petiolate, sometimes accompanied by stipu-
liform bodies of variable appearance,® with
limb entire, or crenelate, or lobed. The
flowers are collected in spikes or compound
clusters, the axis of which is slender or thick,
simple or with numerous ramifications closely
pressed together. In the monccious spe-
cies, the female flowers are most frequently
at the lower part of the inflorescence, and

the male above; each may also be accompanied by two lateral
branches.

Gunnera perpensa,

Fig. 475. Long. sect. of
hermaphrodite flower (3).

VII. HIPPURIS SERIES.

Hippuris* (fig. 476-481) represents the lowest type of this group ;
for its flowers, hermaphrodite or polygamous and irregular, contain
only a monandrous andrecium and a gynecium with a unilocular
ovary. The receptacle is sacciform, like that of Gunnera, and its
mouth is entire or slightly sinuous.> In the anterior part of the

1 Soft and purple in G. chilensis,

Anpans. Fam. des Pl. ii. 566.—HELLEN, Diss. des
2R, et Pav. Fl. Per. i. t. 44.—Raovun, Choir

Hippur, Abo (1786).—J. Gen. 18; .4nn. Mus.

de Pl. t. 8.—Bznn. Horsf. Pl. Jav. Rar. 75, t. 15.
—BL. Bijdr. 513; Mus. Lugd.-Bat, ii. 100, 171.
—Hoox. r. Fl. N.-Zel. i. 66; Man. N.-Zeal. Fl.
67; Fl, Tasm. 125; Fl. Antarct. ii. 274.—C,
Gay, Fi. Chil. ii. 362,—A. Gray, Un, St. Exp.
Exp, Bot. i. 629, t. 78, 79.—Hanv. and Sonn.
Fl. Cap. ii. 571.—Ottv. Fl. Trop. Afr. ii. 405.—
Pun. Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 4, vii. 90.—Hoox. Icon.
t. 489, 490.— Bot. Mag. t. 2376.—Waty. Rep,
ii, 100; v. 672; Ann, vii. 941.

3 Of uncertain nature.

4L. Gen. n. 11—Rerz. Obs. iii. 7, t, 1.—

iii, 323, t. 30.—Lamx. Ji/. t. 5.—Pom. Dict.
Suppl. iv. 373—Gaurrn. Fruct. ii. 24, t. 84.—
Retcus. Iconogr, t. 86.—DC. Prodr. ii. 71.—
Turp. Dict. Se. Nat. Atl. t. 220.—Nexexs, Gen. ii.
fasc. 8, t. 14.—Sracu, Suit. d Buffon, iv. 443.—
Envu. Gen. n. 61384.—B. H. Gen. 675, n. 6.—
H. By. Payer Fam, Nat. 378.— Limnopeuce
Varin. Act. Acad. Par. (1719), t. 1.—Pinastella
Dit. Mov. Gen. 168.

5 The marginal collar is especially prominent
outside, under the stamen.

ONAGRARIACE. 7 485

flower is inserted a stamen,! the erect and subulate filament of which
supports a basifixed, bilocular, introrse anther dehiscing by two
longitudinal clefts. The ovary, lodged in the cavity of the receptacle,
is unilocular and surmounted by a slender, subulate style, charged
with stigmatic papille. On the posterior wall of the ovarian cell, a
little below the summit, is inserted a single descending anatropous

Hippuris vulgaris,

Fig. 477. Flower Fig. 481. Long. Fig. 476. Flower Fig. 480. Fruit. Fig. 479. Long.
(8). sect, of flower. with axillate leaf. sect. of flower.

ovule, with micropyle interior and superior.2. The fruit is a drupe
finally little fleshy, with crustaceous monospermous putamen. The
seed contains under its coats a cylindrical embryo, with superior
radicle, surrounded by a thin fleshy albumen. Of Hippuris, one or
two species® are known, evergreen herbs, with rhizomes creeping
in the mud. The aerial branches, simple, erect, are clothed with
numerous verticils of linear entire leaves, the number in each
verticil being variable.* The flowers are axillary, solitary and sessile.
This genus has been found in the fresh and brackish waters of Europe,
temperate and northern Asia, and northern and antarctic America.

As here comprised, this family is one of those named by concate-
nation. Pretty well defined, in 1759, by B. pz JussiEu,® under the
name of Onagre, it was extended by Apanson,’ who recognized most

1 There are sometimes abnormal flowers which et Gr. Fl, N.-Amer. i. (1840) 531.—Botss. F7. Or.

are diandrous (fig. 478). ii. 754,—Gr. et Gonr. FV, de Fr. i. 589,—Brew.
2Qn the characters of this ovule et Wats. Geol. Surv. Calif. Bot. i. 215.—Botss.

andonembryogany, see Unc. Bot. Zeit, Fl. Or. ii. 754.—Waxp. Rep, ii. 98; Ann. vii.

vii, 329.—Tun, Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 3, 941,

xii. 67, t. 5. —Hormaist. Aun. Se, Nat. 4 From four to twelve.

sér, 4, xii. 65. Fig. 478. 2A. DL. J. Gen. lxx.

30. Gay, Fi. Chil. ii. 855.—Torr. 5 Fam, des Pl. ii. 81 (1768).

486 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

of its affinities in ranging with it, Ludwigia, Hpilobium, Circea,
and Trapa, some Myrtacee, Melastoma, Alangium, and even some
Rubiacee. A. L. vz Jussivu} extended it still further, but rendered
it altogether heterogeneous by including in it some Ternstreemiacece
as Visnea, some Sawifragacee as Vahlia and Escallonia, a part of the
Combretacee,? some Santalacee as Ophira, Santalum and Sirium,
with several Myrtacee, Melastomacee and the Loasew as allied genera.
But he did not separate Haloragis (Cercodea), as did R. Brown? in
1814, recognizing at the same time that the Harolagew ought to be
placed close beside the Onagrariew. His opinion was adopted by
Dz Canpvottz,‘ who divided the Onagrariee into six tribes, one of
which comprised the Macre, and the Haloragew, regarded as a dis-
tinct order,® itself divided into three tribes. The whole embraced
twenty-four genera, from which must be withdrawn Callitriche, two
doubtful genera, Plewrostemon® and Onosuris,’ and five types doubly
represented. The number of genera retained at this epoch numbered
therefore only sixteen. In a series of observations, models of patient
and exact analysis, Spacu,® recognizing the little homogeneity of the
genera retained by Dre Canpoxtz, thought it necessary to make a
great number of divisions which might well be considered as so many
distinct genera, but which we prefer to make only subgenera or
sections, following the example of Torrey and A. Gray,’ Benroam
and J. Hooxer,'° and most others! who have recently been occupied
with this group.

We retain twenty-four genera, comprising about eight hundred
species, distributed over the whole world, but especially in the tem-
perate regions. Only two of them, Trapa and Loudonia, are limited
to the old world. Haloragis would be exclusively Asiatic and
Oceanic had not one species been observed in the isle of Juan
Fernandez. Nine other genera are common to both worlds; but

1 Gen. (1789) 317, Ord. 6; Ann, Mus.iii.315. yet to be certain; “there are some genera (ex

2? From which unfortunately the apetalous
types have been removed as far as possible.

3 Flind.Voy.17; Mise. Works (ed Benn.),i.21. +

4 Mémoire sur la Famille des Onagrariées
(1829) ; Prodr. iii. 39, Ord. 74.

5 Op. cit. 65, Ord. 77.

6 Rarin. Journ. Phys. [xxxix. 258,

7 Ravin, loc. cit,—Pleurandra Ravin, Fl. Lud.
95 (not Lazitu.). These are perhaps Enotheras
inaccurately observed, but it is impossible as

Torr. et Gr.) which cannot be recognized”
(B. H. Gen. 787).

8 Monographia Onagrearum, Ann. Mus. sér. 3,
iv. 321; Swit. & Buffon, iv. 340 (1835); Ann.
Se. Nat, sér, 2, iv. 161, 270 (1835),

9 Fl, N.-Amer. i. (1840) 486-631.

10 Gen, 785, Ord. 70 (Onagrariee).

N Linon. Veg. Kingd, (1846) 724, Ord. 278
(Onagracea).— Exvu. Gen, 1188, Ord. 265 (Gino-
theree).

ONAGRARIACEZ. 487

there are some formed almost exclusively of American species, the
most considerable being Ginothera. To America exclusively belong
eleven genera, six of which are monotypes. All the Lopeziee in-
habit the south-west of North America and do not descend beyond
Guatemala. Hauya and Gongylocarpus have been observed only in
the warm parts of Mexico; Heterogawra and Eucharidium like
Zauschneria are exclusively Californian. Loudonia and the section
Meionectes of the genus Haloragis are all Australian. The aquatic
types, such as Hippuris and Myriophyllon, ascend, on the contrary,
to the cold regions of Europe, Asia, and North America. As far
south as New Zealand the family is represented by Haloragis, Gunnera,
and by the latter to antarctic America. rapa natans exists in
Denmark and in Siberia. Myriophyllon extends from the Azores
and Algeria to the Orkney Isles and Sweden, and Hippuris, found
in the Shetland Isles and Hebrides, exists also at the southern ex-
tremity of America. Ludwigia belongs to the warmest parts of
America, Asia, and Africa, and by Dantia palustris (Isnardia), they
extend from the Cape of Good Hope to the Faroe Isles and in
America to Canada.

The organs of vegetation in these plants present an infinite diver-
sity of character, often according to the very different localities they
inhabit ; they are however nearly always herbaceous plants, annuals
or evergreens, sometimes shrubs, but never in reality trees. Their

, organs of floration and fructification exhibit great variations, on the
most important of which is based the following division into seven
series :

J. GinorHeRE#.'—Flowers regular or nearly so. Ovarian cells
multiovulate. Style entire or more or less divided at the summit.
Fruit dry or fleshy. Seeds without albumen.—9 genera.

II. Gavres.2—Flowers regular. Ovarian cells (complete or in-
complete) uui- or biovulate. Ovules descending, with micropyle
inferior and superior. Style not deeply divided or entire at stigma-
tiferous extremity, often indusiate at base. Seeds descending,
solitary or few, with or without albumen.—2 genera.

1 Onagree DC. Mém. Onagrar. 2.—Jussice 2 Gaurce Envi. Gen. 1195, tribe 7.— Gno-
DO. loc, cit,—Fuchsiee DC. loc. cit.—? Montiniee _ theree (part) Sracu, Suit. d Buffon, iv, 338.
DC. loc, éit. 1.

488 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

III. Crrcea.'—Flowers regular, oftener irregular, 2—4-mcrous,
with two fertile stamens. Ovules 1-o, descending or ascending.
Style simple. Fruit dry. Seeds without albumen.—4 genera.

IV. Trarex.2—Flowers regular, 4-merous, isostemonous. Ovules
descending (ordinarily solitary), with micropyle interior and superior.
Style simple, capitate at summit. Fruit dry, indehiscent, spinous.
Seeds without albumen; embryo with two very unequal cotyledons.
—l genus.

V. Hatoracea.2—Flowers regular, 2-4-merous, hermaphrodite or
polygamous, often small. Style with distinct branches, same in
number as the ovarian cells to which they are superposed. Ovules
solitary, descending, with micropyle interior and superior. Fruit
finally dry, indehiscent. Seeds albuminous—4 genera.

VI. Gunnerra.* — Flowers regular, polygamous, small, 2-3-
androus. Style with two branches. Ovule unilocular, uniovulate.
Fruit drupaceous. Seed albuminous. Embryo very small.—1 genus.

VII. Hippurmes.'—Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual, monan-
drous (exceptionally 2-androus), unicarpellate. Style simple. Ovary
unilocular, uniovulate. Fruit drupaceous, little fleshy, with mono-
spermous putamen. Seed descending, with thin albumen.—1 genus.

AFrFinities.—The Onagrariacee might be defined as Lythrariacee
with inferior and, as often said, adherent ovary. By this character
they are also separated from the Metastomacee or at least from the
greater part of them. By it they much resemble the Myrtacee and
the Rhizophoracee with inferior ovary; but they have not the
glands with odorous essence of the former; and when the latter
have ovules definite in number, they are descending with the micro-
pyle turned upwards and outwards. The partition separating the
cells being more or less completely wanting in the Onagrariacee,
they thereby approach the Combretacew, to which early writers, as
we have seen, united them. But the descending ovules of the

‘DC. loc. cit. 2.—Enpu, Gen. 1194, tribe 6— 65, Ord. 72. Enp. Gen. 1195, Ord. 266.—B. H.
Circeacee Linpu. Synops. (1829) 109.—Lopeziee Gen. 673, Ord. 64.—Hygrobiw Ricu. Anal, du

Spacu, Ann, Sc. Nat. sér. 2, iv. 162. Fruit, 34.—Cercodiacee J. Diet, Se. Nat. vii. 441.
2 Enpy. Gen. 1197.—Hydrocaryes DC. Mém. 4 Gunneracee Envi. Gen. 285.—DC. Prodr.
Onagr. 2.. xvi. sect. ii. 596, Ord. 72.

3°R. Br, Flind. Voy. ii. 549.—DO. Prodr, iii, Lrnx, Enum. i. (1821) 6."

ONAGRARIACEL. 489

Combretacee have also the micropyle exterior. It is so with the
Araliacee which, in flower, would resemble the Onagrariacew, The
Cornacew,. whose ovules, definite in number, have the micropyle
directed as in the Haloragew, have not the divided style and they
are nearly all woody with isostemonous flowers.!

Usus.°—These are few; nearly all the Onagrariacee are without
active properties. The greater part are gorged with a mucous juice.
Hpilobium rosmarinifolium® was considered emollient and slightly
astringent ; it was mostly applied externally. The ancients believed
that the infusion of its root tamed wild animals and that its decoction
in wine sweetened the temper and gladdened the heart. In the
present day, the inhabitants of eastern Siberia and Kamtchatka are
said to mix an infusion of this plant with an alcoholic drink prepared
from the petioles of the great Cow- -parsnip (Heraclewm Sphondylium),
which has a soothing effect. In Sweden the buds of this Hpilobe
are eaten as are also the young shoots prepared like asparagus.
From tufts of the seeds a kind of thread is prepared in the polar
regions. The same properties are attributed to E. latifolium and,
in the north of Europe, to EH. tetragonum.’ Circea lutetiana ® (fig.
443-446) is also considered mucilaginous, resolutive; it is applied
baked to hemorrhoids ; its action appears nil. The (nother have
rather variable qualities. Onagra or Hnothera biennis’ (fig.427-429),
a species believed to have been brought from America to Europe a
couple of centuries since, is a pot-herb the root of which is eaten
baked with other vegetables or in salad, or preserved in vinegar with
sugar. Other American species have an edible root, particularly @.
muricata, suaveolens, grandiflora, and parviflora. In Brazil, Gd.

1 Callitriche has also been referred to this FU. de Fr.i. 683.—E. angustifolium Lamx. . Fr.

family ; but to justify its admission, it must be
supposed, I think, that the free ovary is sur-
rounded by a receptacular sac, at the summit of
which there is no calyx, or only, as some authors
say, an obsolete one. It is an error to suppose
that Callitriche has four uniovulate cells like
Haloragis ; they are only half cells ; it has also
only two stylary branches.

2? Enon. Enchirid. 638, 640.—Linpu. Veg.
_Aingd, (1846) 724.—Rosentu. Syn, Pl. Diaphor.
906, 909.

* Hancx, Jacg. Collect. ii. 50.—Gr. et Gonz.

iii 282.—Z, angustissimum Bertou.—E. Dodonei
Viti.— Chamenerion palustre Scop.—Lysimachia
Chamenerion dicta angustifolia C. Bavy.

4. Spee. 494.—E. frigidum Retz.

5 L. Spec. 494.—Sm. Engl. Bot, t. 1948.—Z.
ramossimum Mcancu.

6 LL, Spee. 12.—DC. Prodr. iii. 63.—Gren. et
Gonr. Fl. de Fr. i. 586.—C, major Lamx, Fl, Fr.
iii. 475.—C. vulgaris Mencu.

7 L, Spee, 492.—Cip. Fi. Dan. t, 446.—Mi.
Icon. t. 189, fig. 2.—D°. Prodr. iii, 46, n. 4,—
Gren, et Gopr. Fl. de Fr, i. 584.

490 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

afinis, and in Chili Gi. acaulis and mollissima are reputed aperitive
and vulnerary; the root is employed in the treatment of. wounds.
The Ludwigias are slightly astringent ; some species of the section
Jussica are employed in fomentations and cataplasms in America
and tropical Asia. JL. diffusa,! an Indian species, is an exception, its
various parts being anthelminthic and diaphoretic. Its root is
emetic ; its leaves are administered in milk as anti-dysenteric ; its
seeds are given in honey against hooping cough; L. perennis* has
all the same properties. The root of L. erigata® is considered a
stimulant. L. hirta, octonervia, octofila, of India, angustifolia and
Blumeana, of Java, have the same uses as L. repens,* the most known
of the Asiatic species, common in Cochinchina, in India, and em-
ployed, mixed with castor-oil, in the treatment of scurf and other
affections of the scalp. In the Antilles, LZ. Swartziana is recom-
mended in the treatment of ophthalmia and wounds. LL. peruviana
is prescribed as reducing poultices for tumours and abscesses, espe-
cially on the glands. J. pilosa is used in Para as a potherb and for
dyeing (yellow). JL. scabra and Caparosa serve for dyeing black in
Brazil; ink is sometimes made from them. In the United States, L.
alternifolia is, on the other hand, known as an emetic. Montinia
acris > has a fruit the pepper-like flavour of which is found, though in
a less degree, in other parts of the plant; it is used at the Cape in
diverse affections internal and external. The Fuchsias have berries,
often small, but edible. Those of F. excorticata® have an agreeable
perfume; they are said to be dainties with the New Zealanders;
birds eat them in this country. The bark is said to be astringent
and rich in gallic and tannic acids. FF. denticulata and other Ame-
rican species have also fleshy and edible fruits. F. coccinea” (fig.
438) and macrostemma are slightly astringent; in Chili antiphlogistic
decoctions are prepared from the branches and leaves and adminis-
tered as refrigerants in cases of fever. F'. racemosa® is considered,

1 Jussiea diffusa Forsx. Deser. Fl. ag.-arab. Linx et Orr, Add. t. 46.—DC. Prodr. iii. 39, n.

210.—DC. Prodr. iii. 58, u. 8.

2 T., Spec. ed. 2, 173.

3 L, Mantiss. 40.—L. triflora Lamx. Dict. iii,
613.

4 Jussiea repens L, Mantiss. 381.—J. adscen-
dens Li. Mantiss. 69 ?— Cubospermum palustre
Lour. Fl. Cochineh. (ed. 1790) 275 (Raw jua),

5 See p. 469, note 3.

®J,, x. Suppl. 217.—Linnu. Bot, Reg. t. 857.—

26.—Hookx. v, Man. N.-Z. Fl. ii. 75.— Bot. Reg.
t. 857.—Skinnera excorticata Forst. Prodr. 163.

T Arr, Hort. Kew. ii. 8.—Bot. Mag. t. 97.—
DC. Prodr. iii. 38.—F. magellanica Lamx.—F.
pendula Sauiss —Nahusia coccinea Scunev.—
Skinnera coccinea Mawncu.

5 Tam. Dict, ii. 565; Dil. t. 282, fig. 1—
Pium. ed. Burm, t. 183, fig, 1.—DO. Prodr.
n. 18,

ONAGRARIACEZ 491

in the Antilles, a good remedy for various maladies of the digestive
canal and the lymphatic system, intermittent fevers and blennorhcea.
The Gunneras are also astringent plants; their juice becomes black
when exposed to the air and stains iron a deep black. G. chilensis '
(fig. 472-474) is employed in Peru to dress and dye skins. Its roots
and leaves are useful as astringents, hemostatics, and antidiarrhcetics.
The thick and fleshy petioles are used as vegetables. At the Cape
G. perpensa” (fig. 475) is reputed stomachic, vulnerary ; its stock is
prescribed in dyspepsia and affections of the digestive canal and
liver. In Java G. macrocephala? bears fruit esteemed as stimulant.
The Harolagee are little employed. In New Zealand, Haloragis
micrantha * is noted for the odour of its leaves. In Europe and
North America Myriophyllon, particularly M. spicatum® and verti-
cillatum § (fig. 464) are considered antiphlogistic; the stock serves
to polish soft wood. Hippuris vulgaris’ (fig. 476-481) is held to be
slightly astringent. Trapa formerly had the same reputation, espe-
cially T. nutans® (fig. 453-456), a species rather common in our
fresh water, the embryo of which is eaten cooked or raw ; its flavour
is sweet or slightly astringent. It is said to be indigestible, but is
nevertheless consumed in considerable quantity in the west of France.
It is said to have been eaten by the ancient Thracians instead of bread,
as it is now in a part of Sweden. In Limousin a boiled food is
prepared from it not unlike a thick chestnut porridge. At Venice
it is eaten as nuts. The stems and leaves, sometimes serving as
fodder, are employed in reducing poultices. In China, especially
around Canton, the fruit of T. bicornis® is used for food in
the same way; at Saigon that of T. cochinchinensis” is commonly

1 Lamx. Dict, ii. 61; Id. t. 801 ¢.—RosEntTH.
op. cit. 909,—A. DC. Prodr, xvi. 8. ii. 598.—G.
scabra R. et Pav. Prodr. Fl, Per, i. 29, t. 44.—
G., pilosa H. B, K. Nov. Gen, et Sp.ii. 24.—Panke
Anapodophylli folio Fuuitt. Obs. ii. 741, t. 30
(Pangue, Nalca).

. 27, Mantiss. 121—Tuuns. Fl. Cap. (ed.

Scuuut.) 32.—Harv. and Sonn. Fl. Cap. ii. 571.

—DC. Prodr. n. 7.—Bot. Mag. t. 2876.—Blitum

Africanum Calthe Palustris Folio Puux. Phyt.

t. 18.—Perpensum blitispermum Bure, Prodr.
ap. 26.

3 Bu. ex Rosenra, op. cit. 909.

4R. Br.—Hoox. v. Man. N.-Zeal. Fl. 66.—
H. tenella An. Br.—Goniocarpus citriodorus A.
Cunn,.M, J. Hooxer, and several other travel-

lers however represent this species as absolutely
inodorous.

5 L. Spec. 1409.—Scuxuus, Handb. t. 296.—
DC. Prodr. iii. 68, n. 1.—Gren. et Gonr. Fl. de
Fr. i, 588.—RosENTH. op. cit. 909.

6 T,, Spec. 1410.—DO. Prodr. u. 4.—Gren. et
Gonor. Fl. de Fr. i, 587.

7 L. Spee. 8.—DC. Prodr. iii. 71, u. 1.—Gr. et
Gonr. Fl. de Fr. i. 589.—Rosenrtu. op. cit. 999.

8. Spee. 175.—Scuxvuur, Handb. t. 25.—
Lamx. Ill, t. 75.—DC. Prodr. iii. 68, n. 1.—Gr.
et Gonr. Fi. de Fr. i. 689.—RosEnTu. op, cit. 910.

9L. ¥. Suppl. 128.—DC. Prodr. iii. 64, n. 4.
—T. chinensis Loun, Fl. Cochinch. (ed. 1790)
86.

10 Lour. loc. cit.

492 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

sold in the markets. 7. bispinosa' is cultivated in great quantity,
for the same purposes, in the lakes of the valley of Cashmere, and
T. quadrispinosa® in the waters of Silhet and the Indus. Many
Onagrariacee are ornamental, especially the @/notheras, among others
those of the sections Godetia, Boisduvalia, esteemed as annuals, and
the species with large white, pink, and yellow flowers, which often
open only in the evening and exhale sometimes a sweet, sometimes
a disagreeable odour. Some Fpilobes are ornamental, and are
planted on the banks of ornamental waters. Myriophyllon, Hippuris
and Trapa, are used to furnish aquariums. Several species of
Gaura, Clarkia, Zauschneria, the Fuchsias and Lovpezias, the flowers
of which are often very beautiful, and Gunnera, cultivated for the
beauty of its foliage, are highly esteemed.

1} Roxs. Pl. Coromb. t. 234; Fl. Ind.i.449.— Jonzs, Asiat. Res. ii. 350; iv. 253.
Ruzeve, Hort, Malad. ii, 64, t. 38.—Shringata 2 Roxs. Fi. Ind. i. 451.—RosEntH, op. cit. 910.

GENERA.

I. G@NOTHEREZ.

1. @nothera L.—Flowers hermaphrodite regular; receptacle
tubular or clavate, sometimes long lageniform, enclosing adnate ger-
men and produced above the apex of the latter either very slightly
(Godetia, Hulobus, Spherostigma), or to a less or greater length and
there cylindrical or obconical and bearing perianth and stamens on
upper margin. Sepals 4 (2 lateral), valvate, deciduous. Petals 4,
alternate, sessile or very slightly unguiculate, obovate or obcordate ;
contorted in prefloration. Stamens 8, 2-seriate, the oppositipetalous
oftener shorter ; filaments free; anthers introrse, 2-rimose, short or
oftener elongate. Germen inferior, crowned with an epigynous disk
thin (or 0), sometimes rather thick; cells 4, oppositipetalous, com-
plete or incomplete; style slender, at apex stigmatose globose or
elongate, entire, 4-lobed or 4-partite; lobes elongate. Ovules in
cells oo, subhorizontal or ascending, 1—2-seriate, anatropous. Fruit
erect or sometimes refracted (Hulobus), capsular, coriaceous or sub-
ligneous, oblong or clavate, 4- or polygonal, costate or sometimes
broadly alate; wings vertical dorsal; 1—4-locular, 4-valvate above
or for entire length; valves loculicidal, in the middle internally sep-
tiferous and solute from seminiferous columella; sometimes evalvate.
Seeds oo , often ascending, naked or appendiculate to chalaza; testa
sometimes (Blennoderma) mucous; embryo exalbuminous slightly
fleshy.—Herbs or rarely undershrubs; leaves alternate, sessile or
petiolate, entire, dentate, lobate or pinnatifid; flowers axillary to
leaves or bracts at top of twigs, sessile or pedicellate, solitary or
more rarely 2-nate or few. (Warm and temp. America, Tasmania.)
—See p. 46].

2?Gayophytum A. Juss.—Flowers (nearly of @nothera) small
or very small; tube of receptacle not or scarcely produced beyond

494, NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

germen. Sepals and petals 4. Stamens 8, of which 4 oppositipeta-
lous, sometimes sterile anantherous; anthers of fertile ones subglo-
bose. Germen 2-locular; ovules in cells «0, sub-l-seriate; style
capitate or clavate at apex. Fruit capsular small linear; valves 4,
of which 2 wider internally septiferous in the middle ; but.2 narrower
not seminiferous. Seeds-oo, ascending, externally smooth or papil-
lose.—Slender annual herbs; leaves alternate linear entire subener-
vate; flowers (small) axillary solitary, very shortly pedicellate.
(Warm west. parts of both Americas.)—See p. 465.

3. Ludwigia L.—Flowers (nearly of (nothera) 3-5-merous ;
receptacle cylindrical or turbinate, not produced beyond germen.
Petals entire, 2-lobed, or 0. Stamens twice as many as petals
(Jussiea) ; the oppositipetalous smaller, sometimes effete or rudimen-
tary; or equal in number and alternipetalous ; filaments rather short
inserted under margin or between lobes of epigynous disk. Frnit
capsular, septicidal or rarely membranous, indehiscent, sometimes
dehiscing by apical pores; ribs of valves often dilacerate or irregu-
larly divided.—Herbs or rarely undershrubs or shrubs; leaves alter-
nate or opposite; stipules sometimes minute or glanduliform ; leaves
axillary solitary or in short terminal racemes; bracteoles 2 lateral,
inserted at greater or less height on the pedicel or germen. Other
characters of Ginothera. (All trop. and temp. regions.) —See p. 465.

4, Clarkia Pursu.—Flowers (nearly of Gnothera) 4-merous; re-
ceptacle produced shortly above ovary (Huclarkia) or long in narrow
cylinder (Hucharidium). Sepals 4, deciduous. Petals same in
number unguiculate, entire (Phwostoma) or oftener 3-lobate. Stamens
8, inserted in throat of receptacle, 2-seriate; the oppositipetalous
smaller or rudimentary ; anthers deformed or evanescent; filaments
of fertile alternipetalous ones sometimes enlarged interiorly at base
by elongate process of disk. Disk annular epigynous and surrounding
base of style. Germen 4-locular; ovulesoo. Fruit capsular coria-
ceous, loculicidally 4-valvate; valves septiferous in middle, oftener
solute from columella. Seeds 0, ascending; punctate or papillose,
sometimes marginate. Other characters of M#nothera. — Annual
herbs; leaves alternate elongate, entire or denticulate; flowers
axillary solitary, sometimes (from leaves being changed to bracts)
terminally spicate. (North-west. America. )—See p. 466.

5. Zauschneria Prest.—Flowers (nearly of Clarkia) 4-merous ;
receptacle 4-gonal, above germen adnate within suddenly infundibu-

ONAGRARIACEL, 495

liformly dilated. Squamules 4, interior to receptacle, of which 4
deflexed oppositipetalons, and 4 erect alternate. Sepals 4, valvate.
Petals as many obovate, 2-lobate. Stamens 8, 2-seriate; anthers
introrse, not revolute. Germen 4-locular, « -ovulate; style at apex
stigmatose capitate, 4-lobed. Fruit capsular; cells 4 (complete or
incomplete); valves septiferous within, solute from columella. Seeds
« , oblong, at apex (to chalaza) long hairy.—A small ramose shrub ;
leaves alternate (or the lower subopposite) sessile elongate, entire or
denticulate; flowers axillary solitary. (California.)—See p. 467.

6. Epilobium L.—Flowers nearly of Clarkia (or Ginothera) 4
merous, sometimes subirregular (Chamenerium) ; receptacle not or
very slightly produced beyond germen. Sepals 4, valvate, deciduous.
Petals as many, obovate or obcordate. Stamens 8, sometimes deflexed
(Chamenerium). Germen 4-locular; ovules ascending, 2-seriate ;
style slender, at apex stigmatose 4-lobed, sometimes clavate and finally
expanded fimbriate (Crossostigma). Capsule loculicidal and seeds long
hairy to chalaza (of Zauschneria).—Undershrubs or herbs; leaves
alternate and opposite, entire or dentate; flowers axillary solitary or
in terminal spikes or racemes. (All cold and temp. regions. )}—See p. 467.

7. Hauya Mog. & Szss.—Flowers (nearly of @inothera) 4-merous ;
receptacle cylindrical enclosing adnate germen and produced above to
infundibuliform tube. Sepals 4 coriaceous, valvate. Petals 4, sessile,
contorted or imbricate. Stamens 8, 2-seriate; filaments subulate,
anthers elongate, introrse, at base aristate-appendiculate. Germen
4-locular; style long erect cylindrical, at apex stigmatose subglobose
scarcely lobate. Ovules in cells 0, ascending. Fruit oblong woody
capsular, loculicidal; valves 4, septiferous within at middle, thick
strong recurved, solute from 4-winged seminiferous columella.
Seeds o , ascending, above alate imbricate ; cotyledons of exalbumi-
nous embryo oblong fleshy compressed.—A tomentose shrub; leaves
alternate petiolate, ovately oblong entire, whitish beneath; flowers
axillary solitary sessile. (Memico.)—See p. 469.

8?Montinia L.r.—Flowers dicecious 4-5-merous; receptacle of
male flower short. Sepals short, dentiform, not contiguous, persistent.
Petals much longer rather fleshy, highly imbricate, deciduous (in
female flower 0). Stamens 4, 5, inserted under central thickly cupu-
lar disk; filaments thick subulate, apically inserted within connective;
anthers oblong, finally extrorse, 2-locular, 2-rimose, recurved after

496 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

dehiscence. Receptacle of female flower very concave oblong, en-
closing germen and not produced beyond. Sepals and petals (of
males) epigynous. Stamens 4, 5, inserted with petals, conformed to
those of males but smaller and sterile (?), sometimes rudimentary (or
0?). Disk epigynous rather thick, 4-5-gonal. Germen inferior ;
style short thick, 2-fid; branches at dilated apex widely reniform-
discoid papillosely stigmatose. Ovules in 2 cells (complete or incom-
plete) oo, 2-seriate. Fruit capsular subligneous oblong-clavate ;
valves 2, finally solute from seminiferous columella. Seeds o,
oftener few, imbricate, marginately alate and 2-auriculate at base ;
testa papillose; cotyledons of exalbuminous embryo flat, straight or
curved; radicle thick short.—A glabrous shrub, thickly branched ;
branches sulcate; leaves alternate petiolate, sublanceolate entire
acuminate veinless; male flowers in terminal corymbiform racemes (?) ;
female solitary. (Cape of Good Hope.)—See p. 469.

9. Fuchsia Pium.—Flowers hermaphrodite, sometimes polyga-
mous (nearly of Hauya), 4-merous; receptacle around adnate germen
globose or ovoid, produced above to cylindrical, obconical, infundi-
buliform or campanulate tube (coloured). Sepals 4, continuous with
tube (coloured), valvate, deciduous with receptacle. Petals 4 (some-
times 0), inserted in throat of receptacle, patent or reflexed; con-
torted in prefloration. Stamens 8, 2-seriate; filaments slender ;
anthers oblong or linear, oftener exserted. Germen inferior, 4-
locular ; style slender elongate, at apex capitate or obovoid entire or
4-lobed stigmatose. Ovules oo, oo-seriate. Fruit baccate, often
pulpy, crowned with scar of receptacle. Seeds oo, sometimes few
angular or reniform; testa membranous; embryo rather fleshy.—
Small trees, shrubs or undershrubs; leaves alternate or opposite,
sometimes verticillate, entire or dentate ; flowers axillary solitary or
cymose, sometimes in simple compound or cymiferous terminal
racemes; pedicels long, often slender, nutant. (Both warm and
temp. Americas.)—See p. 469.

II. GAUREZ.

10. Gaura L.—Flowers hermaphrodite regular; receptacle long
clavately lageniform, produced above germen adnate within to tubular
sometimes curved neck. Sepals 4, more rarely 3, valvate, deflexed,

ONAGRARIACEZ. 497

deciduous. Petals 4, more rarely 3, alternate, inserted in incrassate
glandulose throat, equal or slightly unequal. Stamens double the
petals in number, 2-seriate; filaments free, declinate, sometimes in-
creased within at base by a scale of varying shape (a process of the
disk); anthers linear-oblong, introrse. Germen inferior, 4- or more
rarely 3-locular ; cells complete or oftener incomplete ; style slender,
oftener deflexed, at apex stigmatose 4-lobed or 4-partite and girt
with an annular or obconical indusium. Ovules in cells 1, 2, de-
scending ; funicle rather long; micropyle at first superior and introrse,
Fruit 3-4-gonal, incompletely 3-4-locular, woody, coriaceous or
slightly drupaceous, at apex sometimes 3-4-fissus. Seeds 1, or few,
descending; testa membranous; albumen oftener scanty fleshy ;
cotyledons of rather thick embryo straight, undulate or complicate.
—Perennial or annual herbs, sometimes subshrubby, glabrous or
pilose; leaves alternate, petiolate or sessile, entire or deniate;
flowers in terminal sometimes capitate racemes or spikes. (Warm
North America.)—See p. 471.

11? Heterogaura Rotar.—Flowers nearly of Gawra (smaller) ;
receptacle obconical, scarcely produced above germen. Sepals 4,
valvate. Petals 4, unguiculate. Stamens 8-10, not appendiculate
at base, in pairs or singly opposite sepals and petals; the oppositi-
petalous often sterile; anthers cordato-lanceolate effete; anthers of
fertile alternipetalous ovate subcordate. Germen 4-locular; style
simple, at apex stigmatose dilated, not indusiate. Ovules in cells. 1
(of Gawra). Fruit ovoid gibbous, 2—4-locular, by abortion 1-2-
spermous. Other characters of Gawra.—An erect: annual herb;
leaves alternate ; the lower petiolate, entire or sinuate; flowers in
terminal racemes. (California.)—See p. 472.

12. Gongylocarpus Cuam. and ScutcuTt.—Flowers 4-merous ;
receptacle at base enclosing adnate germen and there adnate to branch
or leaf, above germen far produced to slender cylindrical tube.
Sepals 4, inserted at top of tube, valvate. Petals same in number
alternate, contorted. Stamens 8, 2-seriate; the 4 oppositipetalous
shorter; anthers ovate introrse. Germen 2-3-locular; style thin
girt at base with epigynous disk, at apex stigmatose capitate. Ovules
in cells 1, descending; micropyle introrsely superior, finally lateral.
Fruit subdrupaceous adnate to branch and petiole, turbinate or sub-
globose, finally dry; putamen 2-3-locular. Seed exalbuminous ;
cotyledons of straight embryo flat; radicle superior.—An annual

VOL. VI. 32

498 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

herb; stem and branches reddish or plum-coloured ; leaves alternate
petiolate ovately lanceolate denticulate ; flowers axillary solitary or

in terminal few-flowered uniparous spikelike cymes. (Mezico.)—
See p. 472.

III. CIRCER.

18. Circswea L.—Flowers hermaphrodite regular, 2-merous; re-
ceptacle sacciform ovoid, enclosing adnate germen and produced
shortly above. Sepals 2, lateral, inserted at top of receptacle, valvate,
finally reflexed. Petals 2, alternate with sepals, imbricate or con-
torted in prefloration. Stamens 2, alternipetalous, epigynous; fila-
ments slender; anthers short; cells introrse or submarginal, rimose.
Germen 1-2-locular; cells lateral; style slender, at apex stigmatose
subclavate or capitate, shortly 2-lobed. Ovules in cells 1 (or rarely
2), ascending, incompletely anatropous; micropyle extrorsely inferior.
Fruit ovoid coriaceous, indehiscent, uncinato-setose without, 1-2-
locular. Seeds in cells solitary, laterally inserted within ; cotyledons
of exalbuminous embryo fleshy flat compressed, radicle short inferior.
—Glabrous or pilose perennial herbs; stem simple or slightly ramose ;
leaves alternate petiolate ovate denticulate; flowers in terminal and
lateral racemes, simple or slightly ramose; pedicels patent, often
finally deflexed, bracteate or ebracteate. (Hurope, temp. and frigid
North America.)—See p. 478.

14, Diplandra Hoox. and Ary.—Flowers subregular, 4-merous ;
receptacle globose at base and produced above to curved cylindrical
tube. Sepals 4, inserted at top of receptacle, valvate, deciduous
(coloured). Petals 4, alternate, unequal, imbricate. Stamens 2,
epigynous, superposed anteriorly and posteriorly to sepals; filaments
free; anthers oblong introrse, 2-rimose. Germen inferior, 4-locular ;
cells oppositipetalous; style simple, at apex stigmatose truncate.
Ovules in cells solitary, descending; micropyle introrsely superior.
Fruit capsular coriaceous subglobose, loculicidally 4-valvate; valves
solute from 4-winged seminiferous axis. Seeds compressed widely
alate; testa papillose; cotyledons (immature) of exalbuminous (?)
embryo flat.—A pubescent shrub; leaves opposite and alternate

subsessile ovately oblong; flowers in a terminal raceme; peduncles
long. (Mewico.)—See p. 474.

ONAGRARIACEZ, 499

15, Lopezia Cav.—Flowers nearly of Diplandra; sepals 4, val-
vate. Petals 4, unequal, imbricate; the 2 posterior narrower, glan-
dular within above claw. Stamens 2, epigynous; the anterior sterile
petaloid free or occasionally adnate with style and receptacle (Seme-
andra) ; the posterior fertile; filament free subulate or (Semeiandra)
highly gynandrous; anther introrse, or more rarely subextrorse, 2-
rimose. Germen inferior subglobose or obconical, 4-locular, some-
times crowned with minute disk; style, etc., of Diplandra. Ovules
in cells co, oo -seriate in internal angle. Fruit capsular subglobose,
from apex loculicidally 4-valvate; valves solute from seminiferous
columella. Seeds «©, obovoid (sometimes joined in pairs); testa
rugose granulate; embryo exalbuminous.—Glabrous or pubescent
herbs ; leaves alternate or partly opposite, petiolate, dentate; flowers
in long or short racemes at top of twigs; pedicels slender. (Mezico,

Guatemala.)—See p. 474.

IV. TRAPEA.

16. Trapa L.—Flowers hermaphrodite, 4-merous; receptacle
cupular, enclosing adnate base of germen (in great part free). Sepals
4, valvate (or lateral a little exterior), persistent, sometimes spines-
cent at apex. Petals 4, inserted at base of subepigynous undulate
or obtusely lobate disk, sessile, undulate, imbricate or more rarely
contorted. Stamens 4, inserted alternately with petals; filaments
subulate; anthers ovately oblong introrse, 2-rimose. Germen in
great part free (at base only inferior) attenuated to slender style
capitate at stigmatose apex; cells 2, lateral. Ovules in cells solitary,
descending; micropyle introrsely superior. Fruit stipate with
adnate calyx and receptacle turbinate coriaceous, ligneous or sub-
osseous ; stipate to middle with 2—4 spinescent incrassately indurate
sepals and from base to apex with style, indehiscent, by abortion 1-

‘spermous. Seed large descending ; testa membranous adnate spongy
above; cotyledons of incurved exalbuminous embryo unequal; one
abortive minutely squamiform; the other very large fleshy ; radicle
superior (in germination perforating apex of seed and fruit).—
Floating herbs; rhizome elongate; leaves 2-form; the lower sub-
merged opposite rootlike pinnatisect; the upper emerged floating

rosulate, petiole inflated spongy, limb rhomboid dentate; flowers
32—2

500 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

axillary solitary, shortly and thickly pedunculate. (Hurope, warm
and temp. Asia and Africa.)—See p. 476.

V. HALORAGEZ.

17. Haloragis Forst.—Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous ;
receptacle concave turbinate or conical, in male flower less concave
4-8-costate or angular. Sepals 4, inserted in mouth of receptacle,
sometimes decurrent or subpeltate, or more rarely 2 (Meionectes),
valvate. Petals same in number, alternate, concave or cucullate,
sessile or unguiculate, imbricate or tortuous (sometimes 0). Stamens
double the number of petals, 2-seriate; filaments short filiform ;
anthers oblong or linear, often 4-gonal, introrsely or laterally 2-rimose.
Germen (in male flower rudimentary or effete) adnate to receptacle
within inferior; cells 2-4, complete or incomplete; styles equal to
number of cells, stigmatose or plumose at apex and within. Ovules
in cells solitary descending ; micropyle introrsely superior. Fruit
drupaceous slightly fleshy or nutlike, indehiscent, angular or alate,
1-4-locular. Seeds 1-4, descending; testa membranous; albumen
fleshy more or less copious; cotyledons of axile subcylindrical embryo
short or very short; radicle superior terete-—Herbs, sometimes sub-
shrubby at base, ramose; leaves opposite and alternate, entire or
serrate, minutely stipulate (?); flowers in racemose terminal spikes,
sometimes pendulous ; bracts 1-florous or cymiferous; bracteoles 2
or 0. (Australia, New Zealand, warm south-east. Asia, Juan Fer-
nandez.)—See p. 477.

18? Loudonia Linpt.—Flowers nearly of Haloragis (larger);
receptacle 2—4-pterous. Sepals and petals alternate induplicately
cucullate 2-4. Stamens 4-8 (or 12?), 2-seriate; filaments short
erect, persistent. Germen imperfectly 2-4-locular or finally 1-locular;
styles 2-4, stigmatose at oblique apex; ovules 2-4, inserted under
apex, descending. Fruit 2-4-alate or 2-4-gonal subclavate coria-
ceous, 1-spermous. Seed richly albuminous; radicle of axile embryo
elongate.—Glabrous perennial herbs (turning black or green when
dry) ; rhizome woody ; branches erect robust often simple; leaves
alternate line r entire subfleshy ; flowers in terminal compound
cymiferous corymbs. (South Australia.)—See p. 479.

ONAGRARIACEZ, 501

19. Myriophyllon Vairt.—Flowers monecious or polygamous,
4-merous; receptacle in males slightly,-in females very concave, 4-
sulcate. Sepals 4, or more rarely 2. Petals 2-4, imbricate (in
female flower smaller). Stamens 2-4 or 6-8, 2-seriate; anthers
elongate basifixed, laterally 2-rimose (in female flower sterile, rudi-
mentary or 0). Germen entire, 2-4 locular, in male flower very
short effete or 0); styles as many short, generally recurved, plumose
at apex. Ovules in cells 1, more rarely 2, descending ; raphe dorsal,
Fruit nutlike or drupaceous; flesh scanty; putamen crustaceous.
Seeds oblong ; testa membranous ; albumen copious fleshy ; embryo
axile cylindrical.—Glabrous aquatic herbs; branches often floating ;
leaves alternate, opposite or verticillate, entire or dentate, serrate or
pectinately pinnatifid; flowers in axils of leaves sessile or shortly
pedicellate, sometimes in terminal bracteate spikes; the lower female ;
the upper male; the intermediate often hermaphrodite. (All warm
and cold aquatic regions.)—See p. 480.

20. Serpicula L.— Flowers (nearly of Myriophyllon or Haloragis)
monecious; receptacle of males very short. Sepals 4 and petals
same cucullate or concave. Stamens 8. Rudiment of gynecium
short; styles 4, more or Jess developed. Receptacle of female flower
sacciform subovoid; sepals 4 and petals same. Stamens rudimentary
or 0. Gynecium, fruit, seeds, etc., of Haloragis.—Low creeping or
decumbent branched herbs; leaves opposite and alternate, subsessile
entire or dentate; flowers (minute) axillary glomerulate; females
sessile; males few or 1, long pedicellate. (Africa, trop. marshy Asia
and America.)—See p. 481.

21. Proserpinaca L.—Flowers hermaphrodite (nearly of Halo-
ragis), 3-4-merous, apetalous, 3-4-androus. Germen 3—4-locular ;
styles, ovules, fruit, etc., of Haloragis (or Myriophyllon).—Glabrous
aquatic herbs; stem decumbent at base; leaves alternate lanceolate
dentate or pectinately pinnatifid; flowers (minute) axillary, solitary
or glomerulate. (Warm North America, Antilles.)—Sce p. 482.

VI. GUNNEREA.

22. Gunnera L.—Flowers hermaphrodite or monoecious ; recep-
tacle concave obovoid or compressed, enclosing adnate germen.

562 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

Sepals (?) 2, 3, dentiform, unequal or equal, sometimes scarcely
perceptible. Petals(?) 2, lateral, longer membranous, concave or
cucullate (sometimes 0). Stamens 2, opposite to petals (or more
rarely 1, 3); filaments erect short, sometimes strong; anthers basi-
fixed oblong; cells 2, laterally rimose. Germen inferior, 1-locular ;
styles 2, subulate or capitate, richly papillose. Ovule 1, laterally
inserted under apex of cell, descending, anatropous or(?) peritropous.
Fruit drupaceous or coriaceous; subglobose or 3-gonal; putamen
erustaceous. Seed descending; testa thin; albumen copious farina-
eeous; embryo minute subapical—Perennial herbs, scapiferous,
glabrous or hispid or scabrous; rhizome often thick creeping ; leaves
alternate, all radical, appendiculate stipuliform sometimes intermixed;
petiole often thick; limb ovate, suborbicular or cordato-rotundate,
sometimes subflabelliform, simple or lobed, often coriaceous fleshy
rugose; nerves strong; flowers (very small) either spicate, or densely
crowded on the twigs of a thick compound branch, 2-bracteolate ;
inflorescence 1- or oftener 2-sexual; male flowers above. (South.
and east. Africa, Java, Oceania, Juan Fernandez, Andean South
America.)—See p. 482.

VII. HIPPURIDEZ.

23. Hippuris L.—Flowers hermaphrodite or more rarely poly-
gamous ; receptacle concave ovoid or subglobose, mouth entire
or unequally crenulate. Perianth 0. Stamen 1 (very rarely 2),
epigynous, anteriorly inserted at top of receptacle; filament erect
subulate; anther ovate basifixed, introrsely 2-rimose. Germen
inferior, adnate to receptacle within, 1-locular; style subulate,
entirely stigmatose. Ovule 1, inserted under apex of cell, descend-
ing; micropyle introrsely superior. Fruit ovoid drupaceous, slightly
fleshy ; putamen hard. Seed 1, descending, embryo slightly fleshy
fatty ; radicle of straight axile terete embryo superior.—Glabrous
aquatic perennial herbs; rhizome turfy creeping; branches erect
thick simple; leaves verticillate (4-12-nate) narrow linear entire;
flowers (very small) axillary solitary sessile. (Hurope, temp. and
north. Asia, north. and antarctic America.)—See p. 484,

LIX. BALANOPHORACEA,

This family, the limits of which

have been greatly extended, owes

its name to the genus Balanophora' (fig. 482-485), in which the

Balanophora dioica,

Fig. 483. Male flower.

gynecium much resembles, in its
organization, that of Hippuris.
The flowers are unisexual, mone-
cious, or dicecious. In the males
(fig. 482-485), the perianth has
from three to six® and often four
valvate divisions,? above which the
receptacle is produced in a small
column which bears extrorse an-
thers. They are either the same
in number as the parts to which
they are superposed, or rarely in
much greater number.* They
have two cells of variable form,
dehiscing by two clefts. The fe-
male flower (fig. 484485) is naked ;
it consists of a free, stipitate ovary,

Fig. 482. Habit (male).

attenuated to a simple and entire

1 Forsr. Char. Gen.t. 50.—J.Gen.445.—Lamx.
Diet. i. 855; Ill. t. 742,—L.-O. Ricu. Mém. Mus.
viii. (1822) 424.—Garp. Balanophor. 29, t..1-3.
—Enpt. Gen. n. 718.—Garirr. Trans, Linn. Soc.
xx, 98, t. 3-6.—Wepp. Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 3, xiv.
163.—Hoox. r. Trans. Linn, Soc. xxii. 44, 426,
t. 4-8, 75B.—Eicuu. Act. Congr. Bot. Par.
(1867) 138, t. 1, fig. 1, 2; DC. Prodr. xvii. 103,

321.—Cynopsole Expu. Gen, n. 719.—Sarcocor-
dylis Wauu. Herb. n. 7249.

2 Rarely two.

3 Sepals (?) or petals (?).

4 From 10 to 30 in B. polyandra Guirr.

5 Transverse, or longitudinal, or hippocrepi-
form. The pollen is formed of globular, sub-3-
gonal seeds, bearing three: warty prominences,

504 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

style. In the single cell of the ovary is a parietal and superior pla-
centa supporting a descending, anatropous ovule, reduced toa nucule.'
The fruit is drupaceous with a fleshy layer generally very thin,
monospermous putamen, and the seed filling the cavity of the latter
consists of an abundant oily albumen, in the upper portion of which
is lodged a very small embryo.? .
Balanophora consists of fungiform fleshy and parasitical plants * of
very peculiar habit. They have a simple, lobed or ramified tuberous
rhizome, often sprinkled with star-lobed prominences from which

Balanophora fungosa.

Fig. 484. Female flowers.

panied with axillate bracts.

Fig. 485. Long. sect.
of female flower.

spring the aerial branches,
coloured yellow or red and
covered with scaly bracts,
alternate, or opposite and
connate, with parallel ner-
vures; terminated by a
cylindro-conical, claviform
or globular floriferous recep-
tacle, clothed with flowers*
of one (fig. 482) or both
sexes. In the latter case,
the males are below, and
the females above, much
more numerous and smaller.
The males are pedicellate,
often reflexed and accom-

The females are in small spikes often
terminating in an enlarged, globular or claviform body.5

A dozen °

sometimes little developed, with the exterior
coat smooth.

1 Suspended by a unicellular funicle, it is
composed of a nucule formed of a small number
of cellules. (On the structure of the gynecium
see Hormeist. Pringsh. Jahrb. i. 110, t. 18; N’
Beitr, 585, t. 14, 15; Ann. Se. Nat. sér. 4, xi
49, t. 5, 6, fig. 48-56.)

21t is formed of a very small number of
cellules (often two or three).

3On the roots of very various trees (Acer,
Quercus, Hibiscus, Ficus (?), Eucalyptus, Vireya,
Lhibaugia, Aratiacea, etc.).

4 Yellow or red.

5 It has been considered as the summit of the
secondary axis, and the name of spadicel has
been given to it (EICHLER).

6 W. Spee. v. 177 (Cynomorium).—Bu. Enum.
Pil, Jav. i. 87.—Scuorr et Envi. Melet. 12.—
Juneu. Nov. Acta Acad, Nat. Cur. xviii. Suppl.
i. 203, t. 1, 2.—Roytz, Ji. Pl. Himad. 380, t. 99.
—Tuw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 293.—ARn, Hook, Icon.
t. 205, 206 (Langsdorfia).—Une. dun, Wien. Mus.
ii. t. 2.—Bzce. Att. Soe. Ital. Se, Nat. Mil, xi,
197; N. Giorn. Bot. Ital. i. 65, t, 2-4.—Benru,
Fil, Austral. vi, 232.

BALANOPHORACEE. ~ 505

species of Dalanophora have been distinguished, found in the warm
regions of Asia and Oceania.

Sarcophyte sanguinea,’ a red and fleshy plant, growing at the Cape,
parasitic on the roots of Hkebergia and Acacia, would appear to have
the same general organization as Balano-
phora, but for its much flatter gynecium
and its ovary being sometimes uniovulate,
sometimes bi- or triovulate. The male flower
(fig. 486) is composed of three or four val-
vate sepals and an equal number of super-
posed stamens, inserted in the centre of the
flower, formed of a thick free filament and
a capitate multiovulate anther, dehiscing by
a great number of small pores.* Its male flowers are solitary and its
female united in rounded capitules.

Mystropetalon* has also a perianth formed of three folioles. In
the male flower they are quite united at the base, and the two pos-
terior are so to a greater height. Their prefloration is valvate and
the posterior is smaller than the two others. The andreecium is
formed of three stamens superposed to the divisions of the perianth ;
but the anterior is sterile, rudimentary or even entirely absent,
whilst the two posterior have anthers with two cells, each divided
into two cellules, dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts.’ In the centre
is a rudimentary ovary. In the female flower, the ovary is inferior,
surmounted by a long slender style and a superior, tubular or urceo-
late, trilobed and caducous perianth. This ovary is organized like

Sarcophyte sanguinea.

Fig. 486. Male flower (4).

1 Dactylanthus Taylorii (Hoox. r. Trans. Linn.
Soc, xxii. 425, t. 75, fig. A; E1cun. Prodr. 149),
a plant growing parasitically on the beech and
Pittosporum of New Zealand appears to resemble
Balanophora and also Langsdorfia. Ithas naked
male flowers, reduced to one or two stamens
with bilocular anthers,and female flowers formed
of an ovary surmounted by two or three narrow
scales and a filiform style, with obtuse stigmatic
summit, The flowers are dicecious, and the in-
florescences are divided into numerous small
catkins forming a sort of terminal corymb.
The internal organization of its gynzcium and
fruit are unknown.

2 Spar. Kongl. Vet. Ak. Handl, Stockh, xxvii.
(1776) 300, t. 7.—Scuorr et Ennu. Melet, 11.—
Enpu. Gen. u. 714.—Grirr. Trans. Linn, Soc,
xix, 338, t. 38.—Wepp. Ann, Se. Nat. sér. 3, xiv.
173, t. 10, fig, 34-38.—Horseutst. N. Beitr. i. 581,

t.13; Aun. Sc. Nat. sér. 4, xi. 46, t. 4, 5, fig.
43-47,—Hicuu. Act. Congr. Par. (1867) 138, t. 2,
fig. 21, 22; Prodr. 126.—Hoox. r. Trans. Linn,
Soc. xxii. 37, t, 1 C.—Trarr. Arch. i. 89; Thes.
90.—Harv. Gen. S.-Afr. Pl. 300.—Hanyv. and
Sonn. Fl. Cap, ii. 574.—Ichthyosma Wehdemanni
Scutcut, Linnea, ii. 671, t. 8; iii. 194.

3 The pollen grains are globular, smooth, and
have three pores.

4 Harv. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, i. ser. ii.
385. t. 19, 20; G. S.-Afr. Pl. 418,—EwvL. Gen.
Suppl. i. n. 717}.—Grurr. Trans. Linn, Soc. xix.
336,—Hoox. vr. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxii. 31, t. 1B.
—Kicut. det. Congr. Par, (1867) t. 1, fig. 10;
Prodr, 124.—Blepharochlamys Przsu. Epim. 245.
—? Scybalium Harv. Gen. 8.-Afr, Pi. 315 (not
Scuort and Enpt.).

3 Pollen subcubical, tubercular.

’

506 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

that of Sarcophyte, and becomes a dry or scarcely drupaceous fruit,
the single seed of which encloses a cellulose oily albumen and a small
apical embryo. Two(?) species! of Mystropetalon are distinguished,

Cynomorinm coccineum.

Fig. 488. Long. sect.
of fruit.

nophora ; but the female flower is more complete.

Fig. 487. Flowers (').

fleshy plants of the
Cape of Good Hope,
parasitic, coloured,’
with branches covered
with scales and termi-
nated by spikes of
which the male flowers
occupy the summit
and thefemale the base.

In Cynomorium *
(fig. 487,488), of which
only one,* Mediterra-
nean,*speciesis known,
the organization of the
gynecium is nearly
the same as in Bala-
It comprises a

deep receptacle, the cavity of which lodges the unilocular, uniovulate

‘cell, and its margin bears a perianth of from two to eight folioles ®

(sepals ?) coloured like the rest of the plant. The ovule is descending,
very incompletely anatropous, with micropyle directed downwards
and outwards.’ The style is terminal, nearly cylindrical, canalicu-
late, at summit stigmatiferous obtuse or slightly enlarged. These
flowers become hermaphrodite when to the parts just enumerated is
added an epigynous stamen, similar to that of the male flower. The

1 Harv. and Sonn. Fl. Cap. ii. 574.—Watp.
Ann. iii. 511 (Blepharochlanvys).

2 Red or yellow.

3 Micueut, Nov. Pl. Gen, (1729) 17, t. 12.—L.
Gen. n. 922; Ameen, iv. 351, t. 2.—Apans. Fam.
des Pl. ti. 80.—J. Gen. 445.—Lamx. Dict. ii. 241;
Suppl. ii. 484 (part); Iv. t. 742.—L. C. Ricu.
Mém. Mus. viii. 420, t. 21.—Enpu. Gen. n. 717.
—Wepp. Ann. Sc. Nat. sér. 3, xiii. 186, t. 11,
fig. 48-47; Bull. Soc, Bot. Fr. iv. (1857) 513,
795; Arch. Mus. x. 269, t. 24-27,—Hoox. F.
Trans. Linn. Soc. xxii. 29, 33, t. 1 AA—Scunizz.
Teonogr. t. 89.—Hormeist. N. Beitr. i. 572, t.2;
Pringsh. Jahrb. i, 109, t. 10; Ann. Se. Nat. sér.
4, xi. 37, t. 4, fig. 35-38.—Etcun. Prodr. 122.

4C. coccineum L. Spec. ed. 4, 89.—Desr, Fl.

Atl, ii. 330.—Boiscen. Malt. t. ii. (ex Prrrz.)—
Tratr. Thes. t, 30.—Guss. Fl, Sic. ti, 561.—
Benrou. Fi. Ital. x. 4.—Mor. Fi. Sard, iii. 445,
—Wess. Fl. Canar. iii. 481.—Witix. et Ler.
Prodr. Fl. Hisp, i. 223.—Paruar. Fl, Ital. iv.
382.—C. purpureum Rupr. Sert. Tiansch. Mem,
Acad. Pétersb, xiv. 72.—C. purpureum officinarum
Micuent, loc. cit. — Kunomorion Diosc. (ex
Apans. loc, cit. 549).

5 Found in Spain, Italy, Sicily, Sardinia,
Greece, Malta, Morocco, Algeria, and other
Mediterranean localities, in the Canaries, in
Palestine, and Arabia, in Soungari and in the
valley of Cashgar, etc.

6 Often four or five.

7 Furnished with a single coat.

BALANOPHORACES. 507

latter has, on a short receptacle, a variable number (1-8)! of clavi-
form coloured-sepals (?), and a posterior stamen,’ with cylindrical fila-
ment and introrse, dorsifixed, versatile anther, having two cells each
divided into two cellules and dehiscing by two longitudinal clefts.’
The fruit is finally dry, indehiscent, monospermous, and the seed,
adherent to the pericarp, contains under its coats an abundant oily
albumen and an ovoid embryo, with pointed radicle, formed of a
small number of cellules.* C. coccinewm is a reddish fleshy fungi-
form ° parasitic plant. From its rounded and cylindrically ramified
rhizome rise ascending aerial branches bearing alternate, imbricate
scales,’ and several are terminated by inflorescences in the form of
thick oblong cylindrical catkins. The male flowers are sessile on
their common receptacle, and the hermaphrodite or female flowers
are inserted on small secondary branches; they are accompanied by
coloured bracts.

Langsdorfia® ought not to be separated from the preceding types,
if we admit the opinion of Hormuisrer on the constitution of the
gynecium ; for this author says that the unilocular ovary contains
only a single descending ovule.? The male flowers have a perianth
of two or three valvate folioles. The stamens are two or three in
number, superposed to the folioles of the perianth, with monadelphous
filaments, united in a cylindrical column, and extrorse anthers
dorsally united, quadrilocellate and dehiscing by two longitudinal
clefts, confluent above.! In the female flowers, the unique prismatic
ovary is crowned by a projecting edge, representing a short epigynous

1 All are rarely wanting.

2 Rarely two (PaRwat).

3The pollen is subglobular, smooth, with
three small warty prominences.

4 Also containing oil.

5 Fungus melitensis Auctt.—F. mauritanicus
verrucosus ruber Putiv. Gazoph, t. 37, fig. 8.—
F. typhoides liburnensis T1uu. Cat. Hort, Pis. 64,
t. 25.—F. typhoides coccineus melitensis Boce. Ic.
et Deser. Sic. 81, t. 43.

6 On the roots of very different plants (Myr-
tles, Pistachios, Lucernes, Salsola, Orach, Me-
lilot Grasses, etc.).

7 Variable in form according to the part of
the plant which bears them (the peduncle of the
inflorescence is destitute of them). Those im-
mediately accompanying the flowers are clavi-
form, truncate at the summit; to the partial
inflorescences are often interposed obliquely
peltate bracts, with oval head.

8 Mart. Eschw. Journ. Bras, ii. 178; t. 5 (not
Leanpr.) ; Nov. Gen. et Sp. iii. 181, t. 298, fig.
1, t. 209.—Scuorr et Enpu. Melet. 12.—Une.
Ann. Wien. Mus, ii. t. 4, 6.—Enp1, Gen. n. 722.
—Wenpp. Ann. Se, Nat. sér. 3, xiv. 187, t. 11,
fig. 48-51.—Hookx. F. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxii. 39,
t. 9.—Hormetst. N. Beitr. i576; Ann. Se, Nat.
sér. 4, xii. 40, t. 4, fig. 38-42.—Karsr. Nov.
Actanat, Cur. xxvi. p. ii. 908, t. 63, 64.—EtcHt.
Act, Congr. Par. (1867) 149, t. 2, fig. 28, 29;
Mart. Flor. Bras. Balanoph. 9, t. 1-3; Prodr.
xvii. 140.—Senftendergia Ku. et Kanst. (not
Corp.).

9 Ercuter considers the placenta basilar and
the ovule orthotropous, and intimately united
with the wall of the ovarian cell. The placen-
tation, in this case, would be the same as in the
Helosidee.

10 The pollen is nearly globular, smooth,
with 2, 3, or 4 pores.

508 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

perianth, and a simple style at summit stigmatiferous not enlarged.
The fruit is drupaceous, with monospermous putamens, and the oily
albumen envelopes an axile embryo, occupying about a third of its
height. The only species of the genus, L. hypogca,' is a parasite,”
with tuberous rhizome and ramified aerial branches,’ surrounded by
a basilar volva covered with persistent imbricate scales, terminated
by a unisexual or bisexual cluster or spike. The male flowers are
pedicellate, sometimes intermixed with rudimentary gynezciums, and
the female flowers are sessile and closely packed. It is a parasitic
plant inhabiting all tropical continental America.

Thénningia sanguinea? inhabits tropical western Africa; it has
generally been placed in the same group as Langsdorffia, although
the internal organization of its gynecium is still unknown. Only
the tube which represents an epigynous perianth in the female flowers
is here much more elevated around the base of the style, and in the
male flowers, which have from 3-6 stamens with filaments united in
a fusiform cone,° the perianth is replaced by linear-subulate scales,
from two to six in number. It is ared-coloured parasitic® plant, the
flowers of which are in short spikes or dicecious capitules.

This family, as we have said, has had a larger extension than we
here assign to it; a considerable number of other types have been
comprised in it, particularly those designated under the name of
Lophophyteew, Helosidece, and Scybaliew, which have, principally in
the organs of vegetation, a great number of characters in common?
with the genera we have here retained among the Balanophoracee.
But by their unilocular dicarpellar ovary and free central placenta,
the genera we have separated approach much nearer the Loranthacee,$

5 Pollen globular 3-gonal, smooth with three
verrucose prominences, scarcely visible.

1 Mart. loc. cit.—L. janeirensis L. C. Ricu.—
L. rubiginosa Wepp. — Thinningia mexicana

Liza. Forh. Skand, Natursf. Christ. (1841) 17,
180.—T. janeirensis Liznm. loc. cit.—Senften-
bergia Moritziana Ku, et Karst. ex Linnea, xx.
460.

2 On several Palms, Figs, etc.

3 Yellow or reddish, rich in waxy matter.

4VauL, Dansk. Selsk. Skrivt. vi, 124, t. 6.—
Scu. et Tuonn. Beskr. 481.—Hoox, r. Trans.
Linn. Soe. xxii. 42, t. 3.—E1cuu. Prodr, 141.—
Conophyta purpurascens Isert, Reis. 283.—He-
matostrobus ENDL. Gen. 76.

6 Parasitus anonymus Isert, loc, cit.

It must be remembered, moreover, that
these characters are found in a great number of
parasitic plants not green, to whatever natural
group they belong (Orobranchee, Orehidee,
Monotropee, Lennacee, etc.).

8 Without being able actually to insist upon
this point, we indicate the numerous analogies
observed between the Loranthacee and Balano-
phoree on the one hand and the Conifere on the
other. We know that the gynecium of certain

BALANOPHORACEL. 509

plants often parasitic and hence possessing characters of habit and
colour similar to those presented by the Balanophoracew. The name
was given to the latter in 1822 by L. C. Ricnarp.! The genera
previously known were left among those of uncertain place.? Jussi
does not mention Sarcophyte, established by Spanmann in 1776.3 In
1804 Vanu* made known Thénningia, the relation of which to
Langsdorfia was plainly discerned as soon as the latter had been
published by pz Marrivs.® Harvey discovered the genus Mystrope-
talon only in 1839,° and J. Hooxzr described Dactylanthus in 1856.7
By its gynecium, the latter, as also Cynomorium, Balanophora, and
especially Langsdorfia and Mystropetalon whose ovary is inferior,
closely resemble Hippuris, and it is next to this that most botanists
now agree with J. Hooxsr,’ Wepprit, E1cuter,? ete. to range the —
unicarpellar Balanophoracee. They are moreover easily distinguished
by their parasitic character, their colour, their male flowers, the
simple organization of their ovule and seed, etc.

Except Balanophora, of which a dozen species are enumerated, the
genera of this small family are monotypes.” In reality therefore it
comprises only seventeen or eighteen species, of which only one,
Cynomorium, is European; another, Langsdorffia, from tropical
America, and Dactylanthus, from New Zealand. In tropical and
southern Africa are found the three genera Sarcophyte, Thonningia,
and Mystropetalon; whilst all the Balanophoras known are from
tropical or subtropical Asia and Oceania.

-Balanophoree has even been considered as a 1 Mém. Mus, viii, 404.

naked ovule, and the Gymnosperm theory has 25. Gen. (1789) 445.

consequently been extended to them. It is by 3 But it was not published till 1810.
the study of the female organ of the Balano- 4 Act. Holm. xxvii.

phoree with central placenta, of their ovule and 5 Esehw. Journ, Bras, ii. (1818).
their embryogeny, that the same parts of the 6 Ann. Nat. Hist. i.

Loranthacee and Conifere will be more satisfac- 4 Trans. Linn, Soe, xxii,

torily explained and vice versa; 80 that, as we 8 Loe, cit. 21.

have already said, if the latter are gymnosperms 9 DC. Prodr. xvii. 119.

the former must necessarily also be considered 10 There are perhaps two species of Mystro-

as such, etc. petalon.

510 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

The organs of vegetation have been the object of numerous re-
searches.! These plants, of a white, yellow, red, or brown colour,
are generally of a fleshy consistence, and their tissues are often filled
with a waxlike substance,” starch,’ or an astringent juice which gives
them certain therapeutic properties.‘ They are perennial or more
rarely monocarpous. The subterranean stem or rhizome is tuberous,
simple or lobed, sometimes cylindrical or branched; it fixes itself
directly to the roots of the foster plant, penetrates its substance, and
attaches itself to its tissues in various ways,® without, however,
uniting with them by true suckers (?). It is parenchymatous and
traversed in different directions ® by vascular bundles, forming a system
sometimes very ramified and complicated. The surface of the rhi-
zome, in Balanophora, bears papille consisting of simple or divided
masses of cellular tissue, traversed by a passage; they are very
numerous and in form of a cro#3 in B. dioica, and are supposed to
be intimately connected with the respiration of the plant.7 The
true stomata have not been observed ; there are rarely hairs, which
exist however in certain Langsdorffia and on the fluriferous axes of

Thénningia.

WEDDELL describes the fibro-vascular bundles of the

1Trarv, Linnea, iii. 194.—Uneur, Ann. Wien.
Mus. ii. 88.—Geapr. Nov, Acta Acad. Nat. Cur.
xviii. Suppl. i. 229; xxii. 117.—Poxecs, ibid.
xxti. 161.—Grirr. Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 96.—
‘Wenp. Mém. sur le Cynomorium (see p. 608, note
3).—Hook. v. Trans, Linn, Soe. xxii. 2, t. 3, 4,
6, 8.—Cuar. Anat, t. 93, 95, 99, 105 (part).—
Soims, Pringsh. Jahrd, vi, 529.

2J. Hooxer indicated the wax cellules in
Balanophora (Trans. Linn. Soc. xxii. t. 4), and
Eicuter (Mart, Fl. Bras. Balanoph, t, 2) in
Langsdorfia, This substance exists also in
Thénningia. It has been called batanophorium
and balanophorine. It renders L. hypogea so
combustible that tapers are made of it at Bogota,
and torches in many parts of Columbia.

3 In Cynomorium, Sarcophyte, Mystropetalon.

4 Cynomorium coccineum yields by pressure a:

reddish, bitter, and styptic juice described by
Boccone as astringent in cases of sores, con-
tusions, hemorrhage, dysentery, etc. The
Knights of Malta are said to have prepared
from it a powerful remedy for wounds received
in battle. A dental opiate has been prepared
from it, and an astringent decoction said to be
successfully prescribed for certain ulcers.

5 J. Hooxer has classed the Balanophorca,

according to the mode of insertion on the foster
plant, in three groups: those in which the
vascular fascicles of the foster root terminate
definitely in the tissue of the parasite at some
distance from the point of insertion; the vas-
cular systems of the two plants being in no part
in immediate affinity; those in which the con-
nexion between parasite and nurse is solely by
the intervention of a cellular tissue; those in
which the fascicles of the foster root are con-
tinued with those of the rhizome. WeDDELL
has pointed out that the two latter modes of
insertion are united in Cynomoriwm. He de-
scribes, in the latter, radical suckers and tuber-
cular suckers, The former have only a central
vascular fascicle ; the latter correspond to grafts
on the largest roots. ‘Nothing more variable
than the disposition of the tissues in these
grafts,”

6 The disposition of these fascicles becomes
more regular in the cylindrical rhizomes.

7 JuneHUHN says (Nov. Acta xviii. Suppl.
223), and the observation has been constantly
repeated, that B. glabra does not bear these
papilla except in cases where it springs from
the same root as B. elongata.

BALANOPHORACEZ:. 611

rhizome of Cynomoriwm? as “ numerous, filiform, straight or slightly
flexuose and irregularly distributed in the interior of the cellular
tissue, so as closely to resemble the bundles of the same nature in a
Monocotyledonous stem from which they are always distinguished
by their parallelism.” He has seen these bundles continued from
the body of the rhizome to its ramifications. The bundle is formed
of two different elements: elongate cellules analogous to young
woody fibre and containing fecula ; and, at the narrowest part of the
bundle, rayed or scalelike vessels passing even to reticulate vessels.
The parenchyma of a large number of Balanophoracew is permeated
by hard. or stony cellules or fibro-cellules, punctuate, and with walls
traversed by numerous channels in the direction of their thickness ;
they abound especially in Langsdorffia hypogea, certain Balanophora,
etc. In Langsdorfia, Ercutr? has seen branches of a rhizome
formed of a parenchyma consisting of elongate cellules in a vertical
direction, and traversed lengthwise by twenty or thirty thin fibro-
vascular bundles, disposed on a transverse circular or elliptical sec-
tion, according as the organ is cylindrical or compressed, nearly
equidistant from the centre and the surface, here and there anasto-
mose, but corresponding to the general plan of organization of Dico-
tyledons. The vessels are loosely reticulate, rayed or punctuate, but
not annular or spiral. Prosenchymatous cellules, containing proto-
plasm and voluminous cytoblasts, are interposed with the vessels.
Uncer named this tissue pseudoparenchyma. The cellular tissue is
elongate in a vertical direction and consists of smaller elements near
the surface. Those quite superficial are often elongated in subulate
hairs, formed of two cellules placed end to end. The soft cellules
of the parenchyma are ordinarily punctuate.

J. Hooker’ resumed and verified the principal points of the internal
structure of Balanophora.* He thinks that in many species of this
genus the rhizome continues to grow for many years, and after
having put forth numerous floriferous branches in a single season,
dies the following autumn, whilst in B. involucrata, for example, the
rhizome may live a long time and flower every year. It requires
several weeks for an aerial branch to emerge from the rhizome and

1 Arch, Mus. x. 277, t. 26. 3 Hook. F. loc. cit. 18, t. 2, fig. 4.

2 Eicuy. Mart. Fl. Bras. Balanoph. t. 2, fig. 4 See also, on this question, the memoir of
3, 6, 6, 11.—Hoox. ¥. Trans. Linn, Soc. xxii. Garpent, cited above, principally plate I. fig.
t, 2. 28** and 30*.

12 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

bear flowets. Balanophora is a good example of a type in which
the vascular tissue of the parasite is continuous with that of the
root, and J. Hooxer has seen, in macerated plants of B. dioica, the
vascular bundles, condensed at the time of vegetation, group them-
selves in continuous masses from the base of the divisions of the
plant in the rhizome to the inflorescence. The root ofthe plant on
which B. fungosa grows being destitute of medulla, he has seen the
branches which it appears to send into the parasites furnished with a
medulla, and the wood of these branches terminate abruptly at some
distance from the base of the rhizome. The branches, terminated in
cylindrical masses of cellular tissue, contained a small number of
rayed or imperfectly spiral vessels. J. Hooxer rejects the opinion
of Gaprrrr and Unerr, who consider the rhizome of Balanophora
as a body intermediate between the foster plant and the parasite.
In B. involucrata in germination, he observed in the axis of the
rhizome faint and transparent lines, formed of elongate cellules,
without wax or stone, surrounding the: rudiments of vascular
bundles; and, without seeing examples, he presumes that these
bundles descend thence to the vascular system of the root.

The rhizome is most frequently destitute of appendages; some-
times, however, it bears scales. The appendages of the aerial
branches’ are of various kinds. At the base is a sort of case or
volva which has been compared, erroneously, to that of the higher
fungals. Higher up, the scales, which occupy the place of leaves,
are alternate, opposite, free or more rarely connate.? They are often
wanting on a considerable portion or the whole length of the branch
below the inflorescence. At its level, on the other hand, the scales
ordinarily reappear, often enveloping the entire inflorescence in early
age, then changing their character and becoming narrow or claviform
under the flowers, sometimes peltate at the level of the secondary
floral groups, as in Cynomoriwm. Bracts and bracteoles are often
absent under the female flowers.

1 These often emerge from the rhizome as an 3 In Balanophora involucrata Hoox r. (Trans.
adventitious bud. Linn, Soe. xxii. 30, t. 4-7).

GENERA.

1, Balanophora Forst.—Flowers moneecious or diccious. Male
flower : perianth 3-6-phyllous (coloured), rarely 2-phyllous, valvate.
Stamens equal in number to folioles of perianth or more (up to 60 ;
in crowded sub-6-gonal cellules, singly 1-rimose), connate in a capi-
tule; filaments connate in central column; anthers 1-2-locular, sub-
rotund and transversely rimose or hippocrepiform, sometimes linear

. erect, longitudinally rimose or 6-gonal and rimose. Female flowers
naked ; germen ovoid, attenuate in slender style, 1-locular. Ovule
1, inserted under apex of cell or short (1-cellular) funicle, descending,
anatropous pauci-cellulose ; integument 0. Fruit nucamentaceous ;
exocarp thin subcrustaceous; putamen hard, 1-spermous. Seed
completely filling cavity of putamen, descending ; albumen copious
grandicellulose, oily ; embryo superior very small subrotund pauci-
cellulose. —Fleshy fungiform parasitic plants (coloured) ; rhizome
tuberous or elongate stellatel¥ lenticellate, simple or lobed or
branched ; floral branches breaking from rhizome aerial, at base
sheathed in volva, clothed with imbricate alternate or rarely opposite,
free or connate scales or naked above ; flowers in a terminal spike or
globose or elongate more rarely clavate capitule ; inflorescence 1-2-

‘sexual ; male flowers in 2-sexual inferior, rather larger pedicellate ;
female very small, in 2-sexual inflorescence superior, shortly race-
mose or-spicate in secondary axes, sometimes subverticillate “and
growing together in a subhomogencous velvety or minutely granular
layer,” ebracteate ; secondary axes small, not floriferous at apex and
dilated to a clavate (spadicellate) body. (Warm Asia and Oceania.)

—See p. 503.

VOL. VI. 33

514 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

2? Dactylanthus Hoox. r.—Flowers dicecious naked ; males
consisting of 1, 2 stamens; filaments very short ; anthers subovoid,
2-rimose. Female flowers consisting of bare gynecium (of Balano-
phora) ; internal structure and fruit not known.—A fleshy parasitic
plant, in appearance like Balanophora; rhizome (starch bearing ?)
tuberous, irregularly lobed ; aerial floral branches 1-sexual; volva
short basilar ; scales imbricate, ovate or oblong, persistent; inflo-
rescence terminal consisting of amentiform ebracteate spadicules
disposed in a subrotund corymb (?) ; flowers (very small) ebracteate.
(New Zealand.)—See p. 505.

8. Sarcophyte Srarm. — Flowers diccious. Male flower:
perianth 3-4-lobed; lobes concave within, valvate or subinduplicate.
Stamens 3, 4, opposite folioles of perianth and adnate with them at
base ; filaments cylindrical erect; anthers terminal capitate multi-
locellate ; cellules irregularly poricidal. Female flower naked.
Germen short sessile, crowned with short discoid papillose style,
1-locular, 1-3-ovulate; ovules descending anatropous subovoid,
reduced to an amniotic sac (?); funicle short, 1-cellular. Fruit
scantily drupaceous (similar to germen and a little larger); putamen
obtusely 8-gonal. Seed 1, descending, completely filling cavity of
pericarp; albumen large-celled, oily ; embryo subcentral globose
small-celled oily. — Fleshy (coloured) plants; rhizome tuberous
generally lobed, esquamate ; aerial floriferous branches sheathed at
base with short volva; scales persistent; flowers in a terminal
bracteate ramose raceme (?); secondary branches ebracteate bearing
solitary male flowers or capitate,female flowers connate at base.
(South. Australia.)—See p. 505.

4, Mystropetalon Harv.—Flowers monecious. Male flower:
perianth 3-phyllous; folioles unguiculate cochlear-subspathulate
unequal, connate at base, valvate ; 2 posterior more highly connate ;
anterior a little shorter narrower. Stamens 3, opposite folioles of
perianth ; anterior sterile smaller or scarcely perceptible ; 2 posterior
fertile; filaments slender adnate to perianth at base; anthers ovoid
extrorse, versatile; cells 2, 2-locellate, longitudinally rimose.
Gynecium rudimentary sterile. Female flower: receptacle ovoid
concave, enclosing adnate germen and bearing perianth inserted on
margin above; folioles 3, connate at base in pitcher or tube, free

BALANOPHORACE. * 515

_ above. Stamens 3 sterile, opposite folioles, minute, or 2, opposite
posterior folioles ; the third very small or 0. Germen atortor ]-
locular ; style slender cylindrical elongate, at apex capitate stigma-
tose, subentire or slightly 3-lobed. Ovules 1-3, descending, inserted
on short 1-cellular funicle, anatropous, eeduea to an amniotic (?)
sac. Fruit scantily drupaceous; putamen thin. Seed 1, descending ;
albumen fleshy oily large-celled ; embryo superior ovoid small-celled
oily.—Fleshy (coloured) parasitic plants, starch-bearing ; rhizome

..?5 aerial floral branches scaly ; flowers in a terminal 2-sexual
spike; males above; females below more numerous, 1-bracteate ;
lateral bracteoles 2; female portion of inflorescence much joniger
‘than male. (South ‘Africa: }—See p. 505.

5, Cynomorium Micuet1.—Flowers polygamous. Receptacle
of male flower short ; folioles of perianth (?) 1-8, oftener unequally
distant bracteiform linear-clavate (coloured). Stamen 1, [or rarely
(?) 2]; filament slender erect subulate; anther introrse, versatile ;
cells 2, introrse, 2-locellate, longitudinally rimose. Germen rudi-
mentary oblong clavate canaliculate, obtuse at apex. Receptacle of
female flower ovoid very concave, enclosing adnate germen, bearing
at or under the margin of the perianth bracteiform folioles similar
to those of the male flower (sometimes more rarely 0). Germen
inferior, 1-locular; style simple stigmatose. Ovule 1, -cellular,
inserted under apex of cell, descending, incompletely anatropous ;
-micropyle downwards; coat simple. Hermaphrodite flower similar
to female; stamen 1 (as in male flower) epigynous, interior to
perianth. Fruit nutlike; pericarp thin subcoriaceous. Seed 1,
descending, filling cell; testa rather thick; subcorneous oily ; radicle
of ovoid embryo acute facing micropyle; cellules small oily —(Red)
fleshy parasitic plants ; rhizome tuberous ramose, clothed with root-
like processes of various form; aerial floral branches scaly, partly
naked ; flowers in cylindrical or oblong ovoid terminal spike; males
sessile on common receptacle; hermaphrodite and female small few
in secondary axes, racemosely cymose (?), bracteate. (Mediterranean
regions, European, African, and Asiatic, the Hast, Soungaria,
Canary Isles.}—-See p. 506.

6? Langsdorffia Mazr.—Flowers monccious. Male flower:

perianth 2-3-merous (coloured); folioles ovate marginate concave,
33—2

516 NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS.

valvate; 2 anterior, the third posterior. Stamens equal in number
and opposite folioles; filaments connate in cylindrical column ;
anthers dorsally coherent, extrorse, 2-locular, 4-locellate; clefts 2
longitudinal, confluent at apex. Receptacle of female flower hollow
linear-prismatic tubular enclosing adnate germen, above produced to.
irregular epigynous margin (perianth ?). Style 1, terminal cylindrical
simple, stigmatose from middle. Ovule in cell 1, descending (°) ;
micropyle extrorsely superior. Fruit at apex umbilicate with scar
of style, sparsely drupaceous; putamen rather hard. Seed filling
putamen ; albumen copious large-celled oily; embryo subglobose
axile, situate higher than centre, small-celled—Fleshy (coloured)
parasitic plants, more or less pilose; rhizome tuberous lobate ;
branches sometimes long cylindrical, creeping or ascending; aerial
floral branches, girt at base with lobed volva, higher clothed with
acute imbricate scales ; flowers in spikes or 1-sexual terminal ovoid
or subglobose capitules; males free ebracteate pedicellate (sometimes
intermixed with abortive gynecia); females sessile ebracteate,
united together above or in their whole length. (Both trop.
Americas.)—See p. 507.

7.?Thonningia Vaut.—Flowers dicecious (nearly of Langs-
dorfia). Male flower: perianth (?) consisting of 2-6 separate

linear-subulate squamules. Stamens 3-6, 1-adelphous; column thick

conical fusiform ; anthers extrorse, 2-locular, 4-locellate, 2-rimose ;
valves thin, Female flowers (externally of Langsdorfia); perianth(?)
epigynous longer tubular; internal structure (as of fruit) unknown.
—Fleshy (red) parasitic plants; rhizome (‘‘ from tuberous centre ?”’)
ramose ; branches creeping cylindrical tomentose; floral branches
aerial springing laterally from branches or lobes (‘ adventitious ’’);
volva, scales, terminal inflorescence, etc. (where known) of Langs-
dorfia. (Trop. west. Africa.)—See p. 508.

INDEX OF GENERA AND SUB-GENERA

CONTAINED IN THIS VOLUME.

Abbevillea, Bere, 355
Abelicea, Benz, 142, 188
Acanthinophyllum, ALuEM.,
154, 203 ,
Acanthochlamys, Spacu, 227
Acca, Bere, 356
Achymus, SoLanp., 198
Acicalyptus, A. Gray, 313, 358
Acmena, DC., 357
Acrandra, Brera, 356
Acrossanthus, Presz, 382
Actegeton, Bz., 11
Actinodium, Scat, 324, 370
Adamaram, RuzeEp, 284
Adambea, Lam, 455
Adenaria, H. B. K., 433, 451
Adenosepalum, Spacu, 386
Adenotrias, Spacu, 386
Adolphia, Mztssw., 63, 92
Aetia, Apans, 263
Agallochum, Rumru., 102
Agassizia, Spacu, 464
Agasta, Miers, 374
Agathisanthes, Bu., 271
Agonis, DC., 316, 360
Alangium, Lamx, 271, 286
Alaternus, T., 53
Alcanna, Gartn., 456
Alicastrum, P. Br., 211
Allzanthus, Taw., 148, 196
Allanblackia, Ottv., 401, 423
Allantoma, Mrzrs, 379
Alnaster, Enpt., 224
Alnaster, Spacu, 224
Alnus, T., 223, 257
Alphitonia, Rutss., 56, 79
Alzatea, R. & Pav., 4, 32
Amanella, Mrq., 442
Ameletia, DC., 442
Ammania, Hovwst., 440, 459
‘Amomis, Bera, 353
Ampalis, Bos., 146, 193
Ampelocera, Kx., 144, 192
Anaglissa, Ewpt., 101
Anamomis, GRISEB., 309
Ancistrolobus, SpacH, 385
Androgyne, A. DC., 233
Androsemum, ALL., 387
Androstylium, Miq., 395
Aneuriscus, Presx., 402

Angolam, Apans., 271
Angolamia, Scopr., 271
Angophora, Cav., 321, 368
Anisophyllea, R. Br., 295, 307
Anisophyllum, Don., 296
Anisotes, Linpt., 431
Anogeissus, WaLt., 268, 283
Anogra, Spacu, 463
Anstrutheria, Garpn., 307
Antherylium, VaHt., 434, 454
Anthodiscus, Mart., 47°
Anthodon, R. & Pav.. 47
Antiaris, Lescu., 157, 206
Aphananthe, Pr., 143, 191
Aphanomyrtus, M1q., 336
Apoterium, Bt., 410
Aquilaria, Lamx., 102, 123
Argyrodendron, Kt., 268
Arillastrum, Pancu., 320, 366
Arjuna, Jonus, 455
Arongana, Prrs., 384
Arrudea, A. S.-H., 392
Arthrosolen,C.A.Mxy,112, 136
Artocarpus, L., 151, 202
Ascyram, L., 358
Aspidandra, Hassx., 167
Aspidocarpus, Ngck., 83
Astartea, DC., 317, 361
Asteranthos, Drsr., 333, 380
Asterocarpus, Ecxi. & ZEYu.,

Asterogyne, WaLt., 40
Asteromyrtus, ScHav., 362
Astrea, ScHav., 373
Astrotheca, Mirrs, 395
Ataxandria, Bentu., 360
Aubletia, Garry., 376
Aubletia, Lour., 83
Aulacocarpus, Bera., 313, 359
Aulomyrcia, Bere , 353
Avellana, Bavu., 227
Azima, Lawx., 11, 44

Babingtonia, Linpt., 361

Backhousia, Hoox. & Harv.,
321, 368

Badamia, Garrwn., 268, 283

Backea, L., 316, 361

Bagassa, AUBL., 155, 204

Balanophora, Forst., 503, 513
Balanops, H. By., 240, 261
Balaustion, Hoox., 317, 361
Balboa, Pu. & Tr1., 399
Ballardia, Montrovz., 366
Balsamaria, Lour., 410
Balsamona, VANDELL., 453
Banava, CaMELL., 455
Banksia, Doms., 453
Banksia, Forst., 138
Baraultia, Srzup., 291
Barraldeia, Dup.-TH.,291, 303
Barringtonia, Forst., 326, 374
Batis, Roxs., 198°
Baumannia, Spacu, 463
Beaufortia, R. Br., 318, 363
Beaubarnoisia, R. & Pav., 401
Bejuco, Losrt., 13
Belionkandas, Cett., 480
Belvala, Apans., 137
Belvisia, Desvx., 331
Berchemia, NEcxK., 56, 80
Bertholletia, H. B., 331, 379
Bertolonia, Sprenc., 401
Betula, T., 220, 257
Betulaster, Rec., 222
Betulaster, Spacu, 222
Bhesa, Ham., 39
Billiottia, R. Br., 360
Billottia, Conna, 363
Blackstonia, Scop., 402
Bleekrodea, Bu., 151, 201
Blennoderma, Spacu, 464
Blepharistemma, WaLL., 295,
306
Blepharocalyx, Bere., 309
Blepharochlamys, Prest., 505
Boaria, GrisEB., 37
Boisduvalia, SpacH, 464
Boscia, VeLxoz., 131
Bosqueia, Dur.-Ta., 160, 210
Bosscheria, Vr. & TEysm., 212
Botryoropis, Presx., 326
Brachysiphon, A. Juss.. 101
Brathydium, SpacH, 386
Brathys, Mur., 388
Brebissonia, SpacH, 470
Brindonia, Dup.-TH., 06
Britoa, Brre., 355
Brocchia, Maur., 49

518

Brosimum, Sw., 209
Broussonetia, VENT., 146, 195
Bruguiera, Lamx., 290, 303
Bucephalon, Prum.. 195
Buceras, P. Br., 283
Buchenavia, E1cHx., 268, 283
Bucida, L., 268, 283
Burchardia, Nrcx., 356
Bureava, H. By., 263
Butoniea, J., 326

Buxus, T., 16, 48

Cacoucia, AuBL., 263
Cesia, VELLOZ., 79
Cahotia, Karst., 395
Cajuputi, Apans., 362
Calaba, Pium., 410
Calius, Buanco, 167
Callzocarpus, M1Q., 237
Callistemon, R. Br., 362
Calophylica, Prust., 87
Calophyllum, L., 410, 428
Calopyxis, Tut., 263
Calothamnus, LaBILt.,318,363
. Calucechinus, Homsr., 237
Calusparassus, Hompr., 237
Calycampe, Brre., 353
Calycolpus, Bere., 310
Calycopteris, Lamx., 267, 283
Calycorectes, Bera., 313, 359
Calycothrix, Mzissn., 372
Calylophis, Spacn, 463 =
Calylophus, Spacu, 463
Calymmatanthus, ScHav.,371
Calyplectus, R. & Pav., 457
Calypso, Dur.-Tu., 47
Calyptranthes, Sw., 311, 355
Caly ptranthus, J., 355
Calyptromyrcia, Brra., 353
Calyptropsidium, Brre., 356
Calysaccion, WicHT, 426
Calysericos, Ecxi. & Znyu.,
127 ;
Calythrix, LaBtut., 325, 372
Cambea, Ham, 375
Cambogia, L., 406
Camphoromyrtus, Scav.,361
Campomanesia, R. & Pav.,
311, 355
Camptotheca, Denn., 271, 285
Campylopus, Spacu, 386
Campylosporus, SPacu, 386
Campylostemon, WELW.,16, 47
Canalia, Scum., 127
Cannabis. T., 162, 218
Canotia, Torr., 7, 42
Caprificus, Gasp., 212
Capura, L., 184
Carallia, Roxs., 291
Cardiogyne, Bur., 148, 197
Cardiolepis, Rarin, 53
Careya, Roxs., 328, 375
Carica, M1q., 212

Cariniana, Casar, 328, 377
Carpinites, Uwe., 250
Carpinus, T., 227, 258
Caryophyllus, T., 313, 357
Caryospermum, Bu., 39
Cassine, L., 4, 34
Cassine, Mrx1, 4, 33
Cassipourea, AUBL., 294, 306
Castanea, T., 233, 260
Castaneopsis, Bz., 233
Castanopsis, Don, 237
Castilloa, CeRvant, 157, 207
Catalissa, Mrzrs, 413
Catalium, Ham, 291
Catappa, GaRtTw., 268, 284
Catha, Ewnt., 36
Catha, Forsx., 3, 31
Cathastrum, Turcz, 5, 36
Catinga, AUBL., 357
Caturus, Lovr., 148, 196
Ceanothus, L., 57, 81
Cecropia, LoEFL., 162, 216
Celastras, L., 5, 36
Celtis, T., 142, 189
Cenchramidea, Presx., 396
Cephalotrophis, Br., 196
Ceratostachys, Bu., 271
Cercodea, J., 477
Cercodia, Murr., 477
Cercophora, Migrs, 378
Ceriops, ARN., 290, 302
Cerocarpus, Hassx., 358
Cerquieria, Bere., 353
Cerroides, Spacu, 233
Cervispina, Mancu., 69
Chetacme, Px., 192
Chamejasme, Amm., 135
Chamelaucium, DessF., 322,
369
Chameenerium, Tauscu., 467
Chamissonia, Link, 464
Cheynia, Drumm., 361
Chicarronia, A. Ricu., 284
Chiratia, Montrovs, 376
Chlamydanthus, C. A. Mey.,
135
Chlamydobalanus, EwDt., 233
Chloromyron, PErs., 426
Chlorophora, GaupicH., 196
Chrysochlamys, Papr., 401,
423
Chrysoliga, W., 450
Chrysorrhoe, Linpt., 371
Chrysostachys, Pou, 263
Chuncoa, Pav., 268, 284
Chydenanthus, Mirrs, 374,
Chylisma, Nort, 464
Chymococca, Mrissn.,113,137
Chytraculia, P. Br., 355
Chytralia, Apans., 355
Chytroma, Miers, 379
Cienkowskia, Rec.& Racu.,21
Circwa, L., 473, 498
Clarisia, R. & Pay., 218

INDEX OF GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.

Clarkia, Pursu., 466, 494
Clavimyrtus, Bu., 313, 357
Cleistocalyx, Bu., 358
Clercia, VELLOz., 47
Clethropsis, Spacn, 224
Cloezia, Br. & Gz., 366
Clusia, L., 395, 421
Clusianthemum, VIEILL., 406
Clusiastrum, Pt. & Tr1., 396
Clusiella, Pu. & TRr., 400, 422
Cneoroides, SPacH, 134
Coapia, Pis., 382
Coccifera, SpacH, 233
Cochlanthera, CHots., 395
Coleophora, M1zERs, 129
Colletia, CommERs., 62, 91
Colubrina, Ricw., 55, 78
Comarostigma,Pu.& TR1., 407
Combretocarpus, Hoox. F. 297
Combretum, L., 263, 280
Commersona, SonNER, 326
Commersonia, CoMMERS., 38
Commirhea, Mrrrs, 401
Comptonia, Banxs, 245
Condalia, Cav., 58, 84
Conocarpus, GaEtN., 268, 284
Conocephalus, Bu., 161, 215
Conophyta, IsErr, 508
Conothamnus, LinDt., 362
Cookia, GMEL., 138
Cordylandra, Pu. & Tr1., 396
Coridium, Spacu, 386
Cormonema, Retss., 56, 79
Cornelia, ARDUIN, 440
Corylus, T., 225, 258
Corynostigma, PRESL., 466
Coupoui, AUBL., 335
Couratari, AUBL., 329, 378
Couroupita, AUBL., 329, 378
Coussapoa, AUBL., 162, 215
Covellia, Gasp., 212
Crantzia, Sw., 16
Cratericarpium, Spacu, 464
Cratoxylon, Bu., 365, 393
Crematostemon, Hort., 424,
448
Crenea, AvBL., 451
Criuva, Pu. & Tr1., 395.
Cruviopsis, Px. & Trr., 396
Crocoxylon, Ecxt. & ZEYH.,33
Crossopetalum, P. Br., 34
Crossophyllum, Spacu, 386
Crossostigma, Spacu, 468
Crossostylis, Forst., 293, 304
Crumenaria, Mart., 60, 86
Cryptadenia, Murssn., 128
Cryptandra, Sm., 62, 90
Crypteronia, Bx., 438, 458
Cryptostemon, F.MvE.t., 370
Cryptotheca, Bu., 442
Cubospermum, Lovr., 466
Cudrania, Tric., 155, 205
Cudranus, Rumpm., 205

Cuervea, Trt, 13

INDEX OF GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.

Cuphea, P. Br., 433, 453
Cuphezanthus, SrEM.,313, 357
Cyathodiscus, Hocust., 132
Cyclobalanus, Enpu., 233
Cynomorium, MicHeEtt, 506,
515
Cynopsole, Ewnt., 503
Cynoxylon, Pium., 269
Cystogyne, Gasp., 212

Dactylanthus, Hook. r., 505,
514

Dactylopetalum, BENTH., 295,
306 ‘

Dais, L., 109, 129
Dantia, Pet., 466 :
Daphnanthes, C. A. Mry., 134
Daphne, L., 111, 133
Daphnikon, Pout, 13
Daphnobryon, Mrissn., 187
Daphnopsis, Mart. & Zucc.,
130
Darwynia, Rupa., 323, 369
Davidia, H. By., 271, 285
Decalophium, Turcz., 322
Decaspermum, Forst., 310,
353
Decodon, GmeEt., 450
Demidofia, Dennst., 291
Denhamia, Mztssy., 5, 36
Denhamia, F. Muett., 5
Dessenia, Apans., 127
Diarthron, Turcz., 112, 136
Diatoma, Lour., 291
Dicranolepis, Px., 107, 127
Dicranostachys, Tric., 162,
217
Didiplis, Rarin, 440
Didymeles, Dur. -T.,244,262
Didymophora, Mrq., 212
Diplachne, R. Bz., 371
Diplalangium, H. Bw., 273
Diplandra, Hoox. & ARN.,
474, 498
Diplesthes, Harv., 47
Diplocos, Bur., 149, 199
Diplodon, Sprene., 458
Diplomérpha, Mz1ssy., 134
Diplusodon, Pout, 437, 458
Direa, L., 110, 132
Discaria, Hoox., 63, 91
Discostigma, Hassx., 407
Disomene, Banks & Sot., 483
Distegocarpus, 8. & Zucc.,228
Ditheca, Wient & ARn., 440
Dobera, J., 12, 45
Dodecas, L., 432, 451
Dofia, Apans., 132
Dorstenia, Prum., 149, 199
Dorvalia, Commers., 476
Doxoma, Mrexs, 375
Draparnaudia, Monrrovx,
365

Drapetes, Lamx., 113, 138
Drosanthe, Spacu, 386
Drosocarpium, Spacu, 386
Drymispermum, Retnw., 104
Dryoptelea, Spacu, 142
Dryptopetalum, Arn., 304
Drabaricn, Ham, 485, 455
Dubyea, DC., 458
Dumartroya, GaupicH., 196
Duvernaya, Dzsp., 453

ae Meissn., 111,
13
Elxodendron, Jacq. F., 4, 33
Eliza, CamBEss., 385, 393
Ellobium, Lrus., 470
Elodea, Spacu, 386
Elodes, Spacu, 386
Elscholtzia, Ricx., 378
Embryogonia, Bx., 263
Emmenosperma, F. MvELL.,
54, 76
Encleisocarpon, M1q., 233
Encliandra, Zucc., 470
Endodesmia, Bentx., 393
Endonema, A. Juss., 98, 101
Enkleya, GriFr., 130
Entelia, R. Br., 442
Enydria, VeuLoz., 480
Epicarpurus, Bu., 198
Epichroxantha, Ecxt.
ZEYH., 127
Epilithes, Bu., 481
Epilobium, L., 467, 495
Eremza, Linvt., 318, 364
Eremanthe, Spacu, 386
Eremopyxis, H. By., 373
Eremosporus, Spacu, 388
Ericomyrtus, Turcz., 361
Eriosolena, Bu., 133
Eriosycea, M1Q., 212
Erosma, Bota , 212
Erythrobalanus, Spacu, 233
et lg Vis., 212
Eschweilera, Marr., 379
Esculus, Gay, 233 2
Eubeaufortia, H. By., 363
Eubetula, Rzc., 223
Eucalyptus, Luir., 320, 367
EKusastanea, H. By., 237
BHucastanopsis, A. DC., 237
Eucelastrus, H. By., 37
Euceltis, H. By., 190
Eucentrus, Prust., 36
Eucharidium, Fiscx. & Mey.,
467
Euclissa, Enpt., 101
Euclusia, Pu. & Trr., 396
Eucuphea, Kaun, 454
Eudesmia, R. Br., 367
Euendonema, H. Bn., 101
Eufagus, A. DC., 239
Eufuchsia, H. Bn., 470

&

519

Eugenia, MicHE11, 312, 357
Eugeniastrum, GrisEs., 358
Hugeniopsis, Bera., 311, 355
Eulinostoma, Metssn., 105
Eulobus, Nutt., 464
Eumelaleuca, H. By., 362
‘Eumyrtus, H. By., 310
Eunesza, B. H., 450.
Hueenothera,Torr. & GR., 464
Euosanthes, Cunn., 370
Eupellacalyx, H. By., 305
Euquapoya, H. By., 400
Euryomyrtus, Scwav., 361
Eusalacia, H. By., 47
Eusarcocolla, ENDL:, 100
Euonymus, T., 1, 30
EKutristania, B. H., 364
Euverticordia, ScHav., 371

Fabricia, Gmaty., 314
Fagites, Une., 250

Fagus, T., 237, 260
Fatioa, DC., 455

. Fatoua, GaupicH., 150, 200
Fatrea. J., 283

Faya, Wess, 246
Fegonium, Una., 250
Feijoa, Brre., 311, 354
Feliciana, CamBEss., 356
Fenzlia, Enpu., 311, 354
Ferolia, AUBL., 211

Ficus, T., 160, 211

Fleuria, Mig., 201
Florinda, Norowna., 38
Feetidia, CommeErs., 328, 375°
Forrestia, RaFIN., 81
Forsgardia, VELLOz., 263
Francisia, EnDu., 370
Frangula, T., 53
Frauenhofera, Mart., 6, 40
Fremya, Br. & GR., 365
Friedlandia, Coam., 458
Fropiera, Hook. F., 439
Fuchsia, Prum., 469, 496
Funifera, Leanpz., 131
Funkia, Denwst., 281

Galactodendron, H. B. K., 211
Gale, Bavn., 245

Gallifera, Spacu, 233
Galoglychia, Gasp., 212
Galumpita, Br., 191
Garcinia, L., 405, 425
Gaslondia, VIEILL., 357
Gaura, L., 471, 496
Gauridium, Spacu, 472
Gauropsis, PREst., 466
Gayophytum, A.J uss.,465,493
Geissoloma, LinDt., 19, 51
Gelpkea, Bx., 358

Genetyllis, DC., 370

Genoria, Prrs., 451

520

Getonia, Roxs., 283
Gimbernatia, R. & Pav., 284
Ginora, L., 432, 451
Ginoria, Jacg., 451
Ginoria, Sess. & Mog., 450
Gironniera, GavpicH., 143,
190
Glaphyria, Jack, 314
Glischrocaryon, ENDL., 479
Glossopetalon, A. Gray, 7, 42
Glossopetalum, ScuREs., 10
Glyptopetalum, Tuw., 3
Glyschrocolla, A. DC., 101°
Gnidia, L., 108, 127
Gnidium, Spacu, 134
Godetia, Spacu, 464
Gomidezia, Brre., 353
Gomphanthera, PL. & Tr1.,396
Gonatocarpus, W., 477
Gongylocarpus, CHam., 472,
497
Goniocarpus, DC., 477
Gonistylus, Trysm. & Bryn,
105, 124
Gonjocarpus, Kan., 477
Gonocarpus, Ham, 263
Gonocarpus, THuNnB., 477
Gonophyllum, Ecx..& Zzyu.,
128
Goodallia, Bentx., 130
Gouania, L., 59, 85
Goupia, AuBL., 10, 44
Greggia, GmRTN., 357
Grias, L., 376
Grislea, L@rt., 433, 452
Gruropsis, PrEst., 466
Guaiava, T., 356
Guapurium, J., 357
Guiera, ADANs., 267, 282
Guiina, Crvze.,.411
Gunnera, L., 482, 501
Gunneropsis, @izst., 483
Gupia, J. 8.-H., 10
Gustavia, L., 328, 377
Gymnagathis, Scuav., 362
Gymnococca, Fiscu. & Mzy.,
138
Gymnosporia,Wieut & Arn.,
5, 36
Gymnothyrsus, Spacu, 224
Gynotroches, Bu., 293, 304,
Gyrinops, GzETN., 104, 123
Gyrinopsis, Denez., 103
Gyrolecana, Bx., 233

Hematostrobus, ENDL., 508
Henkea, R. & Pav., 37
Haloragis, R. Br., 479
Haloragis, Forst., 477, 500
Hambergera, Scor., 263
Hambergeria, Necx., 263
Hapalocarpum, W. & Arn.,
442

Haplopetalum, A. Gray, 304
Hargasseria, A. Ricw., 130
Hargasseria, Scu1ep.&DEpp.,
130
Harmogia, Scuav., 361
Haronga, Dup.-Tu., 384, 392
Harongana, Lamx., 384
Hartmannia, SpacH, 464
Hartogia, THuNB., 4, 34
Harveya, Puant., 132
Hanya, Mog. & Suss., 469, 495
Havetia, H. B. K., 400, 422
Havetiella, Pu. & Trt., 399 .
Havetiopsis, Pu. & Trt., 398
Hebradendron, GraH., 407
Hedaroma, LinDt., 370
Hedraianthera, F. MuELL., 37
Heimia, Linx & Ort., 450
Helianthostylis, H. By., 155,
205
Helicostylis, Tric., 208
Helinus, E. Mry., 60, 86
Helminthosperma, Taw., 190
Hemiptelea, Pu., 142, 188
Hemiquapoya, Pu. & Tr1.,400
Henslowia, WaLu., 438
Heterogaura, Rorur.,472,497
Heterolena, Fiscu. & Mey.,
138
Heteropyxis, Harv., 444
Heterostemum, Nutt., 464
Hexachlamys, BEre., 357
Hippocratea, L., 13, 46
Hippuris, L., 484, 502
Holoptelea, Px., 142, 187

‘| Holosepalum, Spacu, 386

Holostigma, Spaca, 464
Homalocalyx, F. Muztt., 326,
373
Homalospermum, ScHav., 314
Homoioceltis, Bu., 191
Homoranthus, Cunn., 324,
370
Horau, Apans., 281
Hornschuchia, Bu., 385
Hovenia, Tauns., 55, 77
Humulus, T., 165, 219
Huttum, Apans., 326
Hydrolythrum, Hook. r., 443
Hylas, BreE, 480
Hypericum, Spacu, 387
Hypericum, T., 386, 394
Hypobrichia, Curt., 441
Hypa, Enpt., 317,
6

Ichthyosma, ScHLCHTL, 505
Tlex, Gay, 233

Tlex, T., 230

Imbricaria, Su., 361
Inophyllnm, Borm., 410
Tridaps, Commens., 174
Isnardia, L., 465

INDEX OF GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.

Isophyllum, SpacH, 386

Jambosa, DC., 357
Jambosia, Rumpuz., 313, 358
Jehlia, Hort., 474

Johnia, Roxs., 47

Jossinia, CommErs., 357
Jugastrum, Mizrs, 379
Jungia, Gzrtn., 361
Jussiea, L., 466

Kalengi, RHEED., 164
Kalophyllodendron, VatLt.,
410
Kamptzia, Nzss., 366
Kandelia, W. & Arn., 291,
303 |
Kanilia, Bu., 303
Karwinskia, Zucc., 54, 76
Kayea, WaLt., 409, 427°
Kelleria, Enpt., 113, 137
Kierschlegeria, Spacu, 470
Kissosycea, M1q., 212
Kneiffia, Spacu, 463
Kokoona, Tuw., 4, 32
Kosaria, L., 200
Kunzea, REIcHB., 318, 364
Kurrimia, WaAtt., 6, 39

Lacerda, Brre., 356
Lachara, L., 128 .
Lachnea, Roy., 108, 128
Lafoensia, VANDELL , 437, 457.
Lagerstreemia, L., 435, 455
Lagetto, L., 131
Laguncularia, GuRTn. F.,267,
281
Lamarchea, GauDicH., 318,
362
Lamarckia, ENDt., 33
Lamprophyllum, Mizrs, 410
Lanessania, H. By., 158, 210
Langsdorffia, Marr., 507, 515
Lanigerostemma, CHap., 385
Lasiadenia, Bentu., 109,
129
Lasiodiscus, Hoox. F., 61, 88
Laurenbergia, Brere., 481
Laureola, SpacH, 134
Lauridia, Ecxi. & Zryu., 34
Lavauxia, Spacu, 463
Lawsonia, L., 436, 456
Leandria, A. Gray, 309
Lecythis, L@ru., 330, 379
Lecythopsis, Scur., 378
Legnotis, Sw., 306
Leiopyrena, SpacH, 190
Leiosycea, Mrg., 212
Leitneria, Coapm., 242, 261
Lepidobalanus, Enpu., 233
Lepidopelma, Ku., 49

INDEX OF GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.

Leptospermum, Forsr., 314,
360
Lepurandra, Nimu., 206
Leucocarpon, A. Ricw., 36
Leuconocarpus, Spruce, 403
Leucosmia, Bentu., 104
Lhotzkya, ScHav., 325, 371
Limnopence, VatLt., 484
Linodendron, A. Gray, 130
Linostoma, Wa tt., 105, 125
Lipophyllum, Mizrs, 395
Lithocarpus, Bx., 233
Llavea, Lizpa., 21
Lopezia, Cav., 474, 499
Lophopetalum, Wieat, 3
Lophostemon, Scrorr., 364
Lophostoma, Metssy., 107,
126
Lophozonia, Turcz., 237
Lotopsis, SpacH, 190
Loudonia, Linpt., 479, 500
Ludwigia, L., 465, 494
Ludwigiaria, DC., 466
Luma, A. Gray, 310
Lumnitzera, W., 266, 281
Lupulus, T., 165
Lyciopsis, Spacu, 470
Lygia, Fasan., 135
Lysicarpus, F. Mvz.t., 366
Lysimachia, Bavu., 447
Lysimachion, Tauscu., 468
Lythrocuphea, Keune, 454 .
Lythrum,'L., 429, 449

Macahanea, AUBL., 413
Macarisia, Dup.-TH., 293, 305
Macgregoria, F. Mustt., 44
Macharisia, Enpt., 293
Macklottia, Korra., 314
Maclellandia, Wicut, 456
Maclura, Nurt., 147, 196
Macoubea, Aust , 413
Macromyrtus, Miq., 357
Macrophthalma, Gasr., 212
Macropsidium, Br., 309
Macropteranthes, F. MuzLL.,
267, 282
Macrorhamnus, H. Bw., 54,
76
Macrostegia, Turcez., 138
Maillardia, Frarr., 146
Maiten, FEvurt., 37
Malaisia, BLanco, 196
Mammea, Puivum., 408, 426
-Mangium, Rumpen., 457
Mangle, Piuxn., 287
Manglesia, Linpt., 363
Mangostana, Gmrtn., 406
Maquira, AUBL., 157, 209
Marcorella, Neck., 53
Marialva, VanDELL., 401
Marlea, Roxs., 273
Marleopsis, H. By., 273

Marlieria, Campuss., 311, 355
Maurocenia, Mintz, 33
Maytenus, Frurut., 6, 37
Megadendron, Mrzrzs, 374
Megapterium, Spacu, 464
Meionectes, R. Br., 479
Melaleuca, L., 362
Melanium, P. Br., 453
Melanocarya, Tuxcz., 3
Mevilla, ANDERs., 453
Menichea, SonnzER., 326
Meriolix, Rarin., 464
Mesua, L., 409, 427
Meteorus, Lour., 326
Methyscophyllum, Ecxt., 31
Metrosideros, Banxs, 319, 365
Meyropeltis, WeLw., 204
Mezereum, C. A. Mey., 133
Mezereum, Spacu, 133
Micranthera, CuHors., 40]
Microjambosa, Bu., 357
Micromyrtus, Benru., 326;
373
Microptelea, Spacu, 140
Microrhamnus, A. Gray, 58,
84,
Microrhamnus, Maxi., 53
Microtropis, Watt, 4, 31
Middendorfia, Trautv,, 440
Milleporum, Spacu, 386

“Milligania, Hook. F., 483

Misandra, Commers., 483
Misandropsis, @irst., 483
Mitranthes, Brre., 355
Mitraria, GMEz., 326
Molinga, Commers., 93
Mollia, Guzt., 361
Momisia, Dumort., 189
Momisiopsis, Bu., 189
Monetia, Loir., 12
Monoxora, Wieut, 354
Monteverdia, A. Ricu., 37
Montinia, L. ., 469, 495
Montrouzeria, Pancn., 404,
424,
Mooria, Montrovz., 320, 366
Moronobea, AuBL., 4038, 424
Mortonia, A. Gray, 7, 41
Morus, T., 144, 193
Moya, GRIsEB., 37
Mullofullon, Dros, 480
Miinchhaussia, L., 455
Musanga, R. Br., 162, 217
Myginda, L., 34
Myrceugenia, Bure., 310
Myrcia, DC., 311, 353
Myrcianthes, Bure., 309
Myrciaria, Berc., 357
Myriandra, Spacu. 386
Myrianthus, P. Bravv., 162,
217
Myrica, L., 244, 262
Myrinia, Lixs., 470
Myriopeltis, WeLw., 204

621

Myriophyllon,Varut.,480, 501

Myriophyllum, L., 480

Myrobalanus, Garty., 268,
283 ¢

Myrrhinium, Scwort., 312,
356

Myrteola, Bere., 309

Myrtus, T., 308, 352

| Mystropetalon, Harv., 505,

514 :
Mystroxylon, Ecxt., 33

Negelia, Zott. & Mor., 59
Nagassarium, Rumpa., 409
Nageia, Gartw., 246
Naghas, Herm., 409
Nahusia, Scuyzev., 470
Nania, M1q., 365
Napoleona, P.Bravv.,331,380
Naucleopsis, M1q., 157, 208
Nectandra, Beke., 127
Nectandra, Roxs., 105
Neerija, Roxs., 33
Neesia, Marrt., 131
Nelitris, Gartn., 353
Nematopyxis, Mrq., 465
Nematostigma, Px., 190
Nematosycea, Mrq., 212
Neriophyllum, B. H., 364
Neszea, CommeEns., 432, 400
Nesiota, Hook. r., 61, 87
Nimmoia, Wiexut, 440
Noltia, Retcus., 55, 78
Nordmannia, Fiscn. & Mey.,
130
Norysca, Spacu, 386
Nothofagus, Bu., 237
Notophena, Mrrrs, 91
Noyera, Tric., 157, 208
Nyssa, L., 269, 284

Ochetophila, Mrrrs, 91
Ochrocarpus, Dup.-T., 408,
426
Ocimastrum, Rurr., 473
Octolepis, Oxtv., 105, 125
Cidematopus, Pi. & Trr1., 399
Cnoplea, Hzpw., 80
Cnothera, L., 461, 493
Ogcodeia, Bur., 209
Oligospora, Pu. & Tr1., 399
Olinia, Touns., 48
Olmedia, R. & Pav., 155, 206
Olympia, Spacu, 388
Omphalanthera, Pu. & Tr1.,
396
Onagra, T., 461
Onosuris, RaFtn., 486
Ophispermum, Lovr., 102
Opisanthes, Lixs., 466
Oreophila, Nurr., 30
Oreoptelea, Spacu, 142

522

Ortegioides, Sonann., 442
Orthostemon, Brra., 354
Osbornia, F. MuELt., 322, 368
Ostrya, MicHett, 229
Ostryopsis, Denz., 227
Ovidia, Mztssn., 112, 134
Oxycarpus, Lour., 406
Oxymyrrhine, ScHav., 361
Oxystemon, Pu. & Tr1., 395

Pachylophis, Spacu, 463
_ Pachysandra, Micxx., 19, 49
Pachysandria, Hoox., 49
Pachystima, Rariy., 3, 30
Pachytrophe,.Bur., 193
Paiveea, Bere., 365
Paletuviera, Dur.-
Paliurus, T., 58, 83
Pamea, AvuBL., 268, 283
Panke, FrviLt., 483
Pankea, Girst., 483
Papyrius, Porr., 195
Parartocarpus, H. By., 154,
204
Parasponia, Mrgq., 143, 191
Paratrophis, Bu., 146, 194
Parietaria, LescHEn, 201
Parsonsia, P. Br., 453
Paryphantha, Scuav., 373
Pasania, M1q., 233
Passerina, L., 113, 136
Pautsauvia, J., 273
Peddiea, Harv., 110, 132
Pellacalyx, KortH., 293, 305
Pelonastes, Hoox. F., 480
Peltostigma, Pu. & Tr1., 407
Pemphis, Forst., 437, 456
Penea, L., 95, 100
Pentadesma, Sas., 404, 425
Pentagonaster, Ku., 364
Pentaptera, Roxs., 268, 284
Pentapteris, Hat, 480
Pentapterophyllum,Di11.,480
Peplis, L., 440
Perebea, AUBL., 157, 209
Pereskia, VELLOZ., 13
Pericalymna, Enpt., 314
Peripterygia, H. By., 39
Perissus, Mrzrs, 413 |
Perpensum, Burm., 483
Perrottetia, H. B. K., 6, 39
Petalocarpum, Dur.-TH., 35
Petaloma, DC., 291
Petaloma, Roxs., 281
Petalopogon, Ruiss., 87
Petersia, WELW., 328, 375
Pevraea, COMMEBS., 263
Pheeostoma, SpacH, 466
Phaleria, Jack, 104, 124
Pharmacosycea, Miq., 212
Phloianthera, Pl. & Tr1., 396
Phylica, L., 60, 86
Phyllocalyx, Bere., 357

, 308

Phyllochlamys, Bur., 149,199
Phyllothyrsus, Spacu, 224

Phymatocarpus, F. MvELt.,

363 ;
Physocalymma, Pout., 437,
457

Physopodium, Drsvx., 445

Pileanthus, LaBiuu., 325, 371

Piliocalyx, Br. & Gr., 314,
358

Pilosperma, Pu. & Tar., 400,
422

Pimelea, Banxs & Sot., 114,
138

Pimenta, Linpt., 310, 353
Pinastella, Drtt., 484
Piptocelus, Turcz., 21
Piptochlamys, C.A. Mzy., 135
Piratinera, AUBL., 160, 211
Pirigara, AUBL., 377
Pisaura, Bonat., 474
Plesiantha, Hoox. F., 305
Plagiostigma, Zucc., 212
Planchonia, Bu., 328, 374
Planera, GMEL., 142, 188
Platonia, Mart., 404, 425
Plecospermum, Tric., 148,
197
Plenckia, Retss., 7, 41
Pleurandra, RaFin., 486 _
Pleurocalyptus, Br. & Gr.,
319, 365
Pleurophora, Don., 431, 449
Pleurostemon, RaFtn., 486
Pleurostylia, W. & Agn., 5,36
Plinia, L., 357
Plokiostigma, Scuav., 8
Plutonia, Noronu., 104
Podosycea, Mig., 212
Peeciloneuron, Bepp., 410,427
Pogonotrophe, M1q., 212
Poivrea, CoMMERS., 263
Pokornya, Montrovwz., 446
Polyacanthus, Przst., 36
Polycardia, J., 6, 38
Polygonum, Porr., 164
Polyphema, Lour., 151 _
Polythecandra, Pr. & Tru,
395
Polyzone, Enpt., 370
Pomaderris, Laprut., 61, 89
Pontoppidana, Scor., 378
Portenschlagia, Tratr., 33
Pourouma, AuBL., 161, 214
Prieurea, DC., 466
Primulopsis, Torr. & Gr., 463
Proserpinaca, L., 482, 501
Proteophyllum, Spacu, 190.
Pseudais, Denz., 104
Pseudalangium, F. Mvett.,
273
Pseudocaryophyllus, Brnea.,
310

Pseudogunnera, @nst., 483

INDEX OF GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.

Pseudolmedia, Tric., 157, 207

Pseudomorus, Bur., 146, 194

Pseudosorocea, H. Bn., 161,
213

Pseudostreblus, Bur., 149, 198

Pseudotreculia, H. By., 204

Psidiopsis, Bura., 356

Psidium, L., 312, 356

Psileea, M1g., 127

Psilosolena, Presu., 132 ,

Psiloxylon, Dvuv.-Tu., 439,
459

Psorophytum, Spacu, 386

Psorospermum, SpacH, 384,
392

Ptelidium, Duv.-Tu., 5, 35

Pterocelastrus, Mztssn., 6, 38

Pteromyrtus, H. By., 313, 357

Ptilophyllum, Nurr., 481

Ptolina, Nurr., 441

Punica, T., 333, 381

Purshia, Rarty., 480

Putterlickia, Enpu., 5, 37

Pyrospermum, Miq., 39

Pyrranthus, Jack., 281

Quapoya, AUBL., 398, 421
Quartinia, Enpt., 443
Quelusia, VanDELL., 470
Quercinium, Unea., 250
Quercites, Une., 250
Quercus, T., 230, 259
Quiina, AuBL., 411, 428
Quilamum, Buanco, 438
Quisqualis, L., 266, 280

Raddisia, Lzannpr., 47
Rademachia, Tuuns., 151
Radojitskya, Turcz., 128
Ramatuella, H. B.K., 268, 283
Receveura, VELLOZ., 386
Regelia, ScHav., 363
Reissekia, Ewpt., 60, 85
Renggeria, Mzissn., 398
Rengifa, Papr., 398
Retamilia, Mrzrs, 93
Retanilla, Ap. Br., 63, 99
Retinaria, Gartn., 59
Retinostemon, Pu. & Tr1., 396
Reynosia, GRIsEB., 84
Rhacoma, L., 5, 34
Rhamnella, Miq., 53
Rhamnidium, Ress., 54, 75
Rhamnus, T., 52, 75
Rheedia, L., 408, 426
Rheediopsis, H. Bn., 407
Rhinostigma, Mrq., 406
Rhizophora, L., 287, 302
Rhodamnia, Jacx., 311, 354
Rhodomyrtus, DU., 310, 352
Rhyacophila, Hocust,, 443,
460 a

INDEX OF GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.

Rhyma, Scor., 409 :
‘Rhytinandra, A. Gray, 273
Richieia, Duv.-Ta., 307
Riesenbachia, Presu., 476
Rima, Sonner., 151
Rinzia, Scuav., 361
Robur, Spacu, 233
Romualda, Tr1., 13
Roscyna, Spacu, 386
Rotala, L., 442

Roumea, Watt., 133
Rubachia, Brre., 355
Rubentia, CommeErs., 33
Rudbeckia, Apaws., 284

Sagaretia, Ap. Br., 56, 80
Sahagunia, Lizpm., 161, 214
Salacia, L., 15, 47
Salicaria, T., 429
Salisia, Linpt., 364
Salvadora, Garc., 12, 46
Sanamunda, Cius., 135
Sarcococea, Linpt., 19, 49
Sarcocolla, K., 97, 100
Sarcocordylis, Waxt., 503
Sarcodiscus, Marr., 213
Sarcomphalus, P. Br., 55,77
Sarcophyte, Sparm., 505,514
Sarcynpia, H. By., 365
Sarothra, L., 386
Scheefferia, Jacg., 6, 37
Schidiomyrtus, ScHav., 361
Schizocalyx, Bzre., 318, 359
Schizocalyx, Hocusr., 45
Schizocarya, Spacu, 472
Schisomyrt, H. Bny., 359
Schizopleura, Liwpx., 363
Schenobiblus, Marr. 114,
138
Scholtzia, ScHav., 317, 361
Schousbeea, W., 263
Schrebera, Retz., 33
Schrebera, THUNB., 34
Schuermannia, F.Muertt., 370
Schufia, SpacH, 470
Schweiggera, Mart., 399
Sciadophila, Purt., 84
Scopolia, L. F., 133
Scutia, CommEss., 57, 81
Scybalium, Harv., 505
Scypharia, Mrzns, 62
Scyphosyce, H. Bn., 159, 210
Scytophyllum, Ecxr. & Zeyu.
37

Sellowia, Roru., 440
Senftenbergia, Ku. & Kansr.,
507
Seringia, Sprena., 35
Serpicula, L., 481,501
Sheadendron, BzRTou., 263
Shringata, Jonzs, 476
Sicelium, P. Br., 47
Simmondsia, Nurt., 19, 50

Singana, AuBL., 413
Siphoneugenia, Brre., 357
Siphonodon, Gairr., 7, 40
Sitodium, Banxs, 151
Skaphium, Mrq., 105
Skinnera, Forst., 469
Sloetia, Teysm. & Biny., 151,
201
Smythea, Srem., 57, 82
Soala, Buanco., 413
Soaresia, ALLEM., 214
Solenostigma, Ewpt., 189
Sonneratia, L. F., 328, 376
Sorocea, A. 8.-H., 161, 213
Soulangia, Ap. Br., 87
Spachia, Lis., 470
Spallanzania, Necx., 377
Sparattosyce, Buz., 161, 213
Spermolepis, Br. & Gr., 366
Sphesrandra, Pu. & Tar., 396
Spherostigma, Sxr., 464
Sphalanthus, Jacx., 280
Sphenocarpus, Riow., 281
Sphondylastrum, Torz., 481
Sphondylophyllum, Tork.,
480

Sponia, Commers., 190
Sponioceltis, Px., 190
Spyridium, Frnzu., 61, 89
Stackhousia, Su., 8, 43
Stalagmites, Murr., 405
Stauroclusia, Pu. & Trr., 396
Stelechospermum, 'BL., 413
Stellera, Gmrtn., 135
Stellera, Gmet., 112, 135
Stenanthemum, Retss., 62, 90
Stenocalyx, Brre., 357
Stenochasma, Mrq., 218
Stenodiscus, Rztss., 89
Stenosiphon, Spacu, 472 .
Stephanodaphne, H. Bn., 107,
126
Stravadia, Pers., 326
Stravadium, J., 326
Streblus, Lour., 149, 198
Stromadendrum, Pav., 195
Strongylocalyx, Bu., 358
Struthia, Roy., 127
Struthiola, L., 113, 137
Stylapterus, A. Juss., 97
Stylidium, Lovg., 273
Stylis, Porr., 273
Styloceras, A. Juss., 19, 50 '
Suber, Spacu, 233
Suber, T., 230
Suffrenia, BELL, 442
Sychinium, Dzsvx., 200
Sycocarpa, Miq., 212
Sycomorphe, Miq., 212
Sycomorus, Gasp., 212°
aaa Mey. & ScHatv.,
35
Symmetria, Br., 291, 445
Symphonia, L. F., 402, 424

523

Symphyomyrtus,Scwav.,320,
367

Syneedris, Linpt., 230

Synaptolepis, Otrv., 107, 126

Syncarpia, Tew., 319, 365,
366

Syneecia, Mrq., 212:
Syzygium, Garrn., 318, 357

Talguenea, Mixers, 63, 93
Tanibouca, AUBL., 284
Taraxia, Nutr., 464
Taxandria, Bentu., 360
Taxotrophis, Br., 149, 198
Taxotrophis, F. Mustt., 194
Teichmeyera, Scor., 377
Temu, Bzre., 309 ©
Temus, Mot., 309
Tenorea, Gasp., 212
Tepualia, GrisEs., 319, 365
Terminalia, L., 267, 283
Terpnophyllum, Taw., 407
Tetracrypta, GarDn., 296
Tetradia, Dup.-Tx., 454,
Tetrapasma, Don., 91
Tetrapora, ScHav., 361
Tetrastemon, Hoox. & ARN.,
356
Tetrataxis, Hook. r., 435, 454
Theaphyllum, Nurr., 39
Thecanthes, W1KsTR., 138
Thilco, FEvILL., 470
Thiloa, ErcHt., 265 :
Thonningia, Vaut., 508, 516
Thryptomene, Enpu., 326,
373
Thymelza, T., 112, 135
Thymelina, Horrmse , 127
Thymopsis, Spacu, 388
Tindaparua, RHEED., 198
Tita, Scop., 306
Tolypeuma, H. Mzy., 450
Tombea, Br. & Gr., 376
Tomex, Forsk., 45
Tomostylis, Montrouz , 445
Tonsella, ScHREB., 47
Tontelea, AuBL., 47 .
Tovomita, AuBL., 401, 423
Tovomitopsis, PL. & Tr1., 401
Toxylon, RaFin., 196
Trachycarpus, Pu. & Trr., 401
Trapa, L., 476, 499
Treculia, Dont., 154, 204
Trema, Lour., 143, 190
Trematosycea, Mrq., 212
Trevoa, MrEns, 63, 94
Triadenia, SpacH, 386
Tribuloides, T., 476
Tricera, Sw., 19
Trichocephalus, Ap. Br., 87
Tridesmis, Spacu, 385
Tridia, Kortu., 386
Trigonocarpus, WaLt., 32

524

iTaeoneiunege Hocust., 31
Triplandron, Benru., 396
Tripterococcus, ENDL., 8
Tripterygium, Hoox. F., 7, 41
Tristania, R. Br., 318, 364
Tristaniopsis, Br. &GR., 364
Tritheca, W. & Arn. , 440
Trixis, Mrrcu., 482

Trophis, P. Br., 146, 195
Trophis, RETz., ‘198
Trymalium, FEnzt. , 61, 88
Trymatococcus, Parp,, 202
Tubanthera, ComMERs., 78
Tubo-Avellana, Spacu, "997
Tupelo, Carzss., 269
Tylanthus, Rztss., 87

Ugni, Turcz., 309
Ulmus, T., 140, 187

Uromorus, Bur., 194
Urostigma, Gasp., 212
Urtica, THuns., 201

Velaga, Gmrrn., 455
Ventilago, Gmrtn., 57, 82
Verticillaria, R. & Pav., 426
Verticordia, DC., 324, 371
Vicentia, ALLEM., 284
Vigiera, VELLOz., 466
Visiania, Gasp., 212
Vismia, VANDELL., 382, 392
Vittmannia, W. & Arn., 78
Vyenomus, Przst., 1

Walpersia, Retss., 87
Webbia, Spacu, 388
Weihea, SprENG., 295, 307

END OF VOL. VI.

INDEX OF GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.

Wichurea, Nres., 90
Wikstremia, Enpu., 112, 134
Willemetia, Ap. Br., 78
Wimmeria, SCHLCHTL., 6, 38
Winterlia, Sprena., 440
Woodfordia, Sariss., 433, 452

Xanthe, ScHEEB., 396

Xanthochymus, Roxs., 405

Xanthostemon, F. MUELL.,
319, 365

Xylopleurum, Spacu, 463

Zauschneria, PREst., 467, 494
Zelkova, Spacu, 142, 188
Zinowiewia, Turcz., 5, 35
Zizyphus, T., 58, 83
Zugygium, P. Br., 355

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Ferny Combes; a Ramble after Ferns in the Glens
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County, 5s.

MOSSES.

Handbook of British Mosses, containing all that
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Synopsis of British Mosses, containing Descrip-
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2

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British Seaweeds ; an Introduction to the Study of
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Phycologia Britannica; or, History of British
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racters of above a Thousand Species of Fungi, and a Complete
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10

Clavis Agaricinorum ; an Analytical Key to the
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INSECTS.

Insecta ‘Britannica; Vol. III., Diptera. By
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11

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12

Or in Separate Monographs.

Orders. Plates £ 3. d. Orders. Plate. £8. 4.
APHANIPTERA . . 2 0 2 0 | Hymrnorrena . . 125 6 56 0
CoLEOPTERA. . . 256 1216 0 LEpIpoPpTuRaA . . 193 913 0
DEEMAPTERA. . . 1 610 NEUROPTERA. . 13 013 0
DictrorTeRa. . . 1 01 0 QMALOPTERA . 6 060
Dirtrra . . é 103 5 3 0 | OrrnorreRa. . . 5 05 0
HEMIPTERA . . . 32 112 0 ' SrreEpsirTeRa 3 03 0
Homortuga . * . 2] 1 1 0 TrricHoPTREA 9 0930

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FORTHCOMING WORKS.
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Genera Plantarum. By Buntaam and Hooxsr.
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Flora of India. By Sir J. D. Hooxur and others.
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Natural History of Plants. By Prof. Baton.
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Flora of Tropical Africa. By Prof. Ontvrr.
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