SSS

te
ae

ie
Bie
ih

ey

sos

ae

Seats
sos

3
:

J

Cornell University Library
Bthaca, New York

BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE

SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND

THE GIFT OF

HENRY W. SAGE

1891

CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

ign

294

Cornell University

Library

The original of this book is in
the Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright restrictions in
the United States on the use of the text.

http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924057840294

CATALOGUE

OF THE

MESOZOIC PLANTS

IN THE

DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY.

PART IV.

CATALOGUE

Or THE

MESOZOIC PLANTS

IN THE

DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY

BRITISH MUSEUM

(NATURAL HISTORY).

THE JURASSIC FLORA.

IJ.—LIASSIC AND OOLITIC FLORAS OF ENGLAND

(EXCLUDING THE INFERIOR OOLITE PLANTS OF THE YORKSHIRE COAST).
PLATES I-XIII.

BY

A. C. SEWARD, F.RS.,

UNIVERSITY LECTURER IN BOTANY, FELLOW AND TUTOR OF EMMANUEL COLLEGE, AND
LATE FELLOW OF ST. JOHN’S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE.

LONDON:

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.

SOLD BY
LONGMANS AND CO., 39, PATERNOSTER ROW.
B. QUARITCH, 15, PICCADILLY. DULAU AND CO., 37, SOHO SQUARE, W.
KEGAN PAUL AND CO., 43, GERRARD STREET, SOHO, W.
AND AT THE
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), CROMWELL ROAD, 8.W.

(All rights reserved.)
1904.

Beirish Aluseiud (NATURAL HISTORY)
DEPT, OF GEOLOGY.

A 4% Stho

HERTPORD
STEPHEN AUSTIN AND SONS,

PRINTERS.

PREFACE.

Tus second and concluding Part of Mr. Seward’s Catalogue
of the Jurassic Floras is rendered somewhat unsatisfactory
by the very fragmentary nature of nearly all the fossils
hitherto discovered. Its value, however, is much enhanced
by the care with which the author has compared the more
important specimens in other Museums with the collection
in the British Museum, which is the immediate subject of
his work. The plan adopted makes the Catalogue a nearly
complete treatise on the known fossil remains of plants from
the Trias, Rhetic, Lias, and Oolite of England ; and, with
all its necessary imperfections, it forms a secure and valuable

basis for future research.

ARTHUR SMITH WOODWARD.

DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY.

March, 1904.

AUTHOR'S PREFACE.

In the volume ‘The Jurassic Flora. I. The Yorkshire
Coast,” issued in 1900, I dealt exclusively with specimens
in the British Museum and in other collections obtained
from the Inferior Oolite plant-beds of East Yorkshire. In
the present volume are included plants from Jurassic rocks
in various parts of England, together with a few from the
Coralline Oolite and Liassic strata of East Yorkshire.
A short account is also given of such Triassic and Rheetic
plants as are represented in the Museum collection.
References will be found in the following pages to Jurassic
specimens in several provincial museums.

My work in various museums has been greatly facilitated
by the ready help afforded by those in charge of the
collections. I wish to offer my thanks to Professor Sollas
for his kindness in allowing me access to the rich collection
of Stonesfield fossils in the Oxford Museum, and for
affording me an opportunity of having several specimens
photographed. My thanks are due also to Mr. E. T. Newton
for the friendly assistance which he has repeatedly given
me in my examination of fossil plants in the Jermyn Street
Museum. I am indebted to Dr. Hoyle of Manchester, to
Mr. Platnauer of York, to Mr. Newsham of Whitby, and
to Mr. Slater of Malton for the loan of specimens. I wish to
express my thanks also to Mr. A. M. Bell of Oxford for his
courtesy in showing me his private collection of Stonesfield
plants, and for lending me the fossil which I have made
the type of a new species, Sphenosamites Belli.

VIII AUTHOR’S PREFACE.

I must not omit a grateful acknowledgment to the staff
of the Geological Department and to Dr. A. B. Rendle and
Mr. Gepp of the Botanical Department for their assistance
during my visits to the Museum. Mr. Arber’s recent work
in rearranging and classifying the material in the Fossil
Plant Gallery in the Geological Department has done
much to lighten the task of recording the Jurassic species
represented in the Museum. I am again indebted to
Miss Woodward for the care and skill with which she has
drawn the illustrations included in this volume.

A. C. SEWARD.

EMMANUEL COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE.
March, 1904.

NOTE.

Tue numbers in brackets after the Authors’ names in the
footnotes refer to the year of publication of the works quoted.

A bibliography at the end of the volume includes the
books and papers cited in the text.

LIST OF FIGURES IN THE TEXT.

Se
- Oo

12.
18-15. Carpolithes conicus, L. & H.
16-18. <Araucarites ooliticus (Carr.).
19.
20.

CP ND wR wo wD

Carpolithes, sp.

Thinnfeldia rhomboidalis, Ett.
Cycadites rectangularts, Brauns
Cast of Coniferous stem

Jet and cast of wood .
Wood and jet

Wood and jet

Dietyophyllum, sp.

Ginkgo digitata (Brongn. )
Baiera Phillipsi, Nath.
Zamites megaphyllus (Phill.) .
Sphenozamites Belli, sp. nov.

Thuites expansus, Sternb.

Thuites, sp.

PAGE

19
34

90
99
102
114
120
127, 128
135, 136
145
148

CONTENTS.

INTRODUCTION

I. TRIASSIC SYSTEM .
GYMNOSPERM®.
Carpolithes, sp.
Indeterminable fragments.

II. RHATIC SYSTEM .

EQuisETALts.
Liquisetites Muenster’, Sternb.

Lycopopiazs.

Lycopodites lanceolatus (Brodie).
Fiica.ezs.

Clathropteris platyphylla (Gopp.).
GYMNOSPERMZ.

Carpolithes, sp.

PLANTA INCERT SEDIS.
? Araucarites, sp.
Fragments referred by Buckman to Angiosperms.

JII. LIASSIC SYSTEM .

THALLOPHYTA.
E@UISETALES.
? Lqwisetites Muenstert, Sternb.

FInicates.
Thinnfeldia rhomboidalis, Ett.

PAGE

22

XIV

IV.

CONTENTS.

PLANTA INCERTZ SEDIS.
Ctenopterts cycadea (Brongn. ).

CycaDoPHYTA.
Cycadites rectangularis, Brauns.
Otozamites obtusus (L. & H.).
(Cycadean stems. )
Cycadeoidea gracilis (Carr.).
? OC. pygmea (L. & H.).
ConIFERALES.
Pagiophyllum peregrinum (L. & H.).

PLanTa INCERTZ SEDIS.
Strobilites elongata, L. & H.

ConrFErous Woop.
Araucarioxylon Lindletd (With.).
Cupressinoxylon Barbert, sp. nov.
JET.

OOLITIC SERIES .

THALLOPHYTA.
? Algites furcatus (Brongn.).
Girvanella pisolitica, Weth.
Solenopora jurassica, Brown ex Nich. MS.
Caulerpa Carruthersi, Murray.

FInicaes.

Laccopteris Woodwardi (Leck.).

Dietyophyllum, sp.

Teniopteris vittata, Brongn.

Sphenopteris, sp. a.

Sphenopteris, sp. 6.

Sagenopteris Phillipst (Brongn.).

Cf. Thinnfeldia speciosa, Ett.
GINKGOALES.

Ginkgo digitata (Brongn.).

Baiera Phallipst, Nath.

CONTENTS, xv

CycaDOPHYTA.
Williamsonia Bucklandi (Ung.).
W. wecten (Phill.).
Cycadeoidea squamosa (Brongn.
Zamates megaphyllus (Phill.).
Ctenis latifolia (Brongn.).
Otozamites, sp.
Sphenosamites Belli, sp. nov.

A GENUS OF GYMNOSPERMS OF DOUBIFUL AFFINITY.
Podozamites stonesfieldensis, sp. nov.

(ryMNosPERMOUS SEEDS.
Carpolithes conicus, L. & H.
C. diospyriformis, Sternb.
Carpolithes, sp.

CoNIFERALES.

Araucarites spherocarpus, Carr.
A, ooliticus (Carr.).

A. Brodie, Carr.

A. sphericus (Carr.).

A. Buckland (L. & H.).

A. Cleminshawi, Mans.-Pley.
Araucarites, sp.

Thuites expansus, Sternb.
Thuites, sp.

Brachyphyllum, sp. «.
Brachyphyllum, sp. B.
Conittes primevus (L. & H.).
C. depressus (Carr.).

? Magetopsis, sp.

? Phyllites, sp.

CONCLUSION . : o) ewes 2 oem Lb
BIBLIOGRAPHY . . <8 a oe LAL
INDEX .. : soe s » 185

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

INTRODUCTION.

THE specimens described in a previous volume entitled The
Jurassic Flora, Part I., published in 19001 as one of the series of
Catalogues of the Mesozoic Plants in the Department of Geology
in the British Museum, were obtained from the rich plant-bearing
strata of the Yorkshire Coast. The present volume is devoted to
the description of English plants from Rheetic, Liassic, and Oolitic
rocks. With the exception of the comparatively large assemblage
of forms afforded by the Stonesfield Slate of Oxfordshire, and the
smaller number of species obtained from the Liassic rocks of
Dorsetshire, the specimens described in the following pages repre-
sent scattered relics of various Jurassic floras, and are thus in
striking contrast to those which formed the subject of the earlier
volume.

The few fragments of plants obtained from British Triassic
strata preserved in English Museums are too imperfect to be
determined with accuracy, and hopelessly inadequate to form the
subject of a separate memoir. In a monograph on the older
Mesozoic floras of the United States published in 1900, Professor
Lester Ward? speaks of the incompleteness of the botanical records
of Triassic age in North American strata: our British records are
even more fragmentary and unsatisfactory.

There are good reasons for believing that at the close of the
Permo-Carboniferous era the plant-world experienced a striking
change in its constitution.* It is, therefore, particularly unfor-
tunate that our records of Triassic floras are not more abundant.

1 Seward (00). See also Seward (00).
2 Ward (00), p. 221.
3 Seward (02).

Tr

2 INTRODUCTION.

Although an account of Triassic vegetation based on data
furnished by extra-British strata would be out of place in the
present volume, it is important that brief reference should be
made to the nature of the floras immediately preceding those of
Rheetic and Jurassic age. The object of a detailed description of
the Jurassic plants of Britain is not merely to supply information
as to the composition of local floras, but to furnish facts which
may be of service in the consideration of questions of wider
application.

The general character of the vegetation during the Coal period
appears to have persisted into the Permian epoch without any
sweeping change. Over a considerable portion of the northern
hemisphere the Upper Paleozoic vegetation was characterised by
a striking uniformity; an assemblage of plants of similar facies
occupied a wide area in China, and traces of the same northern
flora have been found as far south as the Zambesi district of
Africa! On the other hand, the Permo-Carboniferous forests,
of which scattered remnants are preserved in India, South
America, South Africa, and Australia, must have presented a
very different appearance, due for the most part to the almost
complete absence of Culamites, Lepidodendron, Sigillaria, and
other common types of the great northern flora. The southern or
Glossopteris flora is of interest from the point of view of the later
northern floras. The occurrence in Lower Triassic rocks of the
Vosges of Meuropteridium and Schizoneura—two characteristic
members of the Permo-Carboniferous vegetation in southern
regions—affords a connecting link between the Triassic flora in the
north and the Glossopterts flora of Gondwana Land.? It seems
clear that a few of the Triassic types migrated to the north at
the close of the Paleozoic era, and established themselves in
Europe as members of the oldest Triassic vegetation. On the
other hand, the Permian floras of Europe contain some genera,
such as yuisetites and a few Cycadean plants, which may be
regarded as pioneer forms foreshadowing the transition from the
Palwozoic to the Mesozoic vegetation. Making due allowance for

1 Zeiller (83).
? See Seward (97 and 02). See also Zeiller (97) for an excellent account of
Permo-Carboniferous floras.

INTRODUCTION. 3

the Imperfection of the Geological Record, the facts unmistakably
point to a widespread change in the constitution of northern floras
at the close of the Permian era—a change which appears to have
been effected with comparative suddenness. As the result of
certain circumstances, evolutionary forces acted with increased
rapidity at this stage in the history of the plant-world. There is
always a danger in speaking of the change from one flora to another
as having been abrupt or sudden, as the expression implies an
occurrence at variance with our ideas of the course of action of
evolutionary forces. It must be remembered that the documents
from which the history of plant-life is compiled are exceedingly
fragmentary, and we cannot form any conception as to the interval
which separated one flora from another. In stating that the
character of the vegetation appears to have undergone an almost
sudden change, we simply mean that within a short period, as
measured by geological records, sweeping changes were effected in
the composition of the vegetation.

There can be no reasonable doubt that at certain stages in
the evolution of floras there was a widespread alteration in the
relative preponderance of classes. It would seem that the march
of plant-life has been characterised by long-continued periods,
during which no fundamental changes were effected as regards
the balance of power among the different classes of plants,
succeeded at rare intervals by stages which were distinguished by
striking and comparatively rapid reorganisation, and by an
alteration in the dominant type. The older Triassic floras introduce
us to a new type of vegetation, which, with gradual additions and
modifications, persisted up to the end of the Wealden period. In
the southern hemisphere the Permo-Carboniferous floras differ
but slightly from those of the Triassic epoch; in India, for
example, the plant-beds of the Damuda and Panchet series have
afforded evidence of comparative continuity between the later
Paleozoic and the earlier Mesozoic vegetation. As we pass up
to the succeeding Rajmahal series a vegetation is met with which
in essential features agrees with that of Rhetic and Liassic age in
the northern hemisphere. It would seem, then, that in the south
the Mesozoic type of vegetation appeared at a somewhat later
period than in the north. There must have been a considerable
interval between the deposition of the Upper Damuda beds of

4 INTRODUCTION,

India and the lower members of the Rajmahal series;' this is
inferred not only from the well-defined differences between the
two floras, but from the greater amount of disturbance to which
the Damuda rocks have been exposed. The marked resemblance
between the plants of the Rajmahal series of India and those
from the Stormberg beds of South Africa, with the Upper Triassic
and Rhetic floras of the north, demonstrates an extraordinary
uniformity in the older Mesozoic vegetation, which extended from
Northern Europe and America to Africa, India, Australia, and
China. This uniformity appears to have persisted throughout
the greater part of the Mesozoic era until, with the advent of
Angiosperms, drastic and widespread changes were once more
effected in the floras of the world.

It is much to be regretted that our knowledge of Lower Triassic
vegetation in Europe is extremely small; owing to the paucity of
evidence furnished by the strata belonging to this critical period
in the development of the plant-world, we are unable to follow
the steps by which the Mesozoic facies was established. The
collection of plants from the Bunter beds of the Vosges, originally
described by Schimper & Mougeot in 1844,? supplies the greater
part of our knowledge of the earlier Triassic vegetation in Europe.
We must not, however, lose sight of such connecting links as exist
between the Permo-Carboniferous and Triassic floras. The genus
Neuropteridium, a plant which may be a true fern, or possibly
a surviving member of the Cycadofilices, is represented in the
Triassic plant-beds of the Vosges by a species which can hardly
be distinguished from one which flourished in South America,
South Africa, and India in the Paleozoic era. Similarly, the
genus Schizoneura is represented in the European Triassic vege-
tation by a type which cannot be distinguished by any important
features from 8S. gondwanensis from the Lower Gondwana rocks
of India. It would scem, then, that some members of the
southern Permo-Carboniferous vegetation had become established
in Europe during the earlier part of the Triassic era. The genus
Pleuromeia, which makes its appearance in Triassic rocks, is known

? Medlicott & Blaniord (new edition by R. D. Oldham), (93), p. 177.
2 Schimper & Mougeot (44).

INTRODUCTION. 5

only in the form of casts exhibiting a strong likeness to some
Palseozoic Lycopods. This plant has been found in Bunter rocks
of Germany,' and Fliche? has recently recorded its occurrence in
strata referred to the upper portion of the Middle Trias at
Chauffontaine, near Lunéville. Professor Fliche, in a note
published in the Comptes Rendus,? also records the occurrence
in Bunter beds near Baccarat of a type which he names Stigmarites
Nicklest, and describes as probably generically identical with
Stigmaria ficoides. The same author is of opinion that the fossil
named by Schimper & Mougeot Caulopteris tessellata should be
placed among the Lycopodine, and referred either to Lepidodendron
or to a new genus closely allied to that characteristic member of
Paleozoic floras. The somewhat doubtful Sigillaria oculina,® first
recorded by Blanckenhorn * from the Trias of Commeyrn, in the Rhine
Province, is in itself insufficient as proof of the existence of the true
Sigillaria in the Triassic era. From Middle Triassic strata a few
plants have been described from Recoaro, in Italy,® and from a few
other localities ; but the Muschelkalk, like the underlying Bunter
series, represents a chapter in the history of plant-evolution of which
but a few fragmentary pages have been discovered. The greater
part of the Triassic sediments in Europe are of marine origin, and
from them have been obtained several species of calcareous alge
referred to the ancient family Siphonee.® On the other hand,
the Triassic beds of Britain and other parts of Europe, as shown
by the abundance of saline deposits and by certain lithological
characters, were formed at a time when the conditions were not
such as to favour the luxuriant development of plant-life.

Passing to the higher members of the Triassic system, we are
suddenly in touch with a rich Mesozoic vegetation, which con-
tinues with little modification through the whole of the Jurassic
era. The differences between the Keuper floras and those from
the overlying Rhetic strata are very slight, and for general

1 Solms-Laubach (99), p. 241; Potonié (99), p. 217.
2 Fliche (03).

3 Potonié (99), p. 256, fig. 246.

4 Blanckenhorn (86); Weiss (86).

5 Benecke (68).

® De Lorenzo (97); Benecke (98).

6 INTRODUCTION.

purposes we may group together the floras of Virginia,’ Taylors-
ville (California),? the Lettenkohle and Lunz floras of Austria,
the rich floras of Scania,? Franconia,’ and other European
regions,® as so many scattered samples of a luxuriant vegetation
characterised by its worldwide distribution and uniformity of
composition.

1 Fontaine (83).

2 Ward (00).

3 Nathorst (78-86), (782), (78°).

* Schenk (67).

5 Heer (76), Compter (74), Jaeger (27), Stur (85), Schenk (66), etc.

TRIASSIC SYSTEM. 7

I.—TRIASSIC SYSTEM.

Tue plant fragments of Keuper age preserved in the British
Museum collections do not strictly fall within the scope of the
present volume, but as they are too small and obscure to form the
subject of a separate memoir they may be briefly enumerated. In
the Jermyn Street Museum there are also a few indistinct
specimens of Keuper plants from Bromsgrove and Pendock in
Worcestershire and from Rowington in Warwickshire,’ but
their preservation is not sufficiently good to admit of accurate
determination.

Class GYMNOSPERM A.

Genus CARPOLITHES, Sternberg.
[Flor. Vorwelt, iv. p. xl. 1823.]

Carpolithes, sp.

V. 1077. A very obscure impression of a seed: indeterminable.
Longdon (Keuper), Worcestershire.

Presented by Rev. P. B. Brodie, 1885.

V. 2530. A similar specimen from Rowington, Warwickshire.

Presented by Rev. P. B. Brodie, 1891.

V. 3389, V. 3395, V. 3398. Seeds from Rowington and Pendock.

An example from the Keuper of Rowington (V. 3398) is 2 cm. in

length, and has the form of a cordate convex cast surrounded by

a flat border. Brodie Coll.

V. 3640. Small seeds. Slatter Coll.

1 Brodie (87).

8 TRIASSIC SYSTEM.

INDETERMINABLE FRAGMENTS.

The following specimens, some of which are no doubt frag-
ments of Coniferous plants (Voltsa?), are too imperfect to describe
or name :—

V. 3386, V. 3387, V. 3388. Plant fragments from Rowington.

Brodie Coll.

V. 3389. <A specimen labelled ‘“ Yoltzia in fruit.” Too indis-

tinct to determine.

Rowington. Brodie Coll.
V. 3390. Possibly a portion of a cone.
Rowington. Brodie Coll.

V. 3392, V. 3398. Fragments from Longdon, near Pendock,
Worcestershire, and from Rowington, Warwickshire. Brodie Coll.

24,190. Haltf-relief tracks or castings, labelled ‘‘ Gorgonia
Keupert,” from the Keuper Sandstone of Leicester.
Presented by James Plant, Esq., 1849.

RHAETIC SYSTEM. 9

IIl.—RHATIC SYSTEM.

The sediments between the uppermost Keuper beds and the
lowest strata of the Lias are by many authors included in
the Triassic system,’ but by others the Rhetic series is
regarded as forming the base of the Jurassic system. The
occurrence of particularly rich and well-preserved floras in beds
of Rhetic age near Baireuth, Bamberg, and other localities in
Franconia, in the coal-bearing strata of Scania, and in other
regions, has brought this period into prominence as one that is
of special importance from a paleobotanical standpoint. In
Britain the Rhetic strata form a thin band stretching diagonally
across England from near Redcar on the Yorkshire coast to
the cliffs of Dorsetshire. Rocks of this period are probably
represented in the outlying patch of Lower Lias beds to the
west of Carlisle;? Rhetic beds occur also in the north-east of
Ireland and in the north of Scotland.

The vegetation of the land bordering the shallow Rhetic
sea is represented in the British area by a few fragmentary
fossils, which afford a striking contrast to the richness of the
plant-beds of this period in other parts of the world.

The line of division between the base of the Lias and the
summit of the Rheetic is not very well defined, and the difficulty
of distinguishing between beds of Upper Rhetic and of Lower
Liassic age is increased by the common use of a misleading
terminology. The Rhetic series is often subdivided into three
stages, the White Lias at the top, succeeded by the Black
shales and Grey marls. The term White Lias, as pointed out
by Mr. E. Wilson,* is an unfortunate one; it has been applied

1 Geikie (93), p. 867; Blanford (84), p. 318.
2 De Lapparent (00).

3 Holmes (81), (99).

4 Wilson, E. (91).

10 RHZTIC SYSTEM.

by different authors to different things, both Lias and Rhetic
beds having been included in this designation. The term Upper
Rheetic has been suggested as preferable to that of White Lias
for the uppermost beds of the series.

In Murchison’s Geology of Cheltenham,' an Insect Limestone of
Lias age is described as having afforded many remains of insects,
ferns, and the leaves ‘‘of a new plant belonging to the family
Naiade or some of its allies.” The species Vatadita acuminata,
founded by Brodie,? is recorded from an insect limestone of
‘Lower Lias’ age at Wainlode Cliff, Tewkesbury. The term
Insect Limestone was applied by Brodie to bands of limestone
at the base or near the base of the Lower Lias or at the summit
of the Rhetic series.

In 1850 Mr. J. Buckman® communicated a paper to the
Geological Society On some Fossil Plants from the Lower Lias ;
his object being to describe the vegetable remains associated
with the insects in the ‘Lower Lias’ beds, and ‘‘to distinguish
the new forms which have been made out since the publication
of the History of Fossil Insects.” Buckman gives the following
list of plants from strata which he classes as Lower Lias, but
which should rather be referred to the Upper Rhetic series.

Lquisetum Brodiei, Buck., fig. 1.4 (Type inthe British Museum, No. V. 3358.)
= Equisetites Muensteri, Sternb.

Otopteris obtusa, L. & H.= Otozamites obtusus (L. & H.).

O. acuminata, L. & H.= Otozamites acuminatus (L. & H.).

Naiadita lanceolata, Brodie, fig. 2

N. petiolata, Buck., fig. 4

Cupressus (?) latifolia, Buck., fig. 5=? Pagiophyllui peregrinum (L. & H.).

Hippurites (?), figs. 6 and 7. (V. 8401, Brit. Mus.)

} = Lycopodites lanceolatus (Brodie).

Indeterminable

Umbellifere (?), Traces of, fig. 8. (V. 8585, Brit. Mus.) deconushis
agments.

Ericacex (?), Traces of, fig. 9. (V. 3586, Brit. Mus.)

The species Otozamites obtusus (L. & H.) is recorded by Brodie
from the Insect Limestone of Ashelworth and from Brockeridge ;
Otozamites acuminatus (L. & H.) is also doubtfully recorded by
the same author. I have not seen specimens of either species

1 Murchison (45), p. 52.

? Brodie (45), p. 93.

3 Buckman (50).

4 The figures referred to are given in Buckman’s paper of 1850.

RHATIC SYSTEM. 12

from an undoubted Rhetic locality. The specimens referred by
Buckman to the Angiosperms, and doubtfully spoken of as
Hippurites and as traces of Umbelliferee and Ericacew, are of no
botanical value and cannot be determined. In a paper by Sorby
published in vol. vii. of the Transactions of the Microscopical
Society of London, a specimen of wood is described from the Lias
of Keynsham, near Bristol. Sorby’s figure shows that the
structure is that of a typical Dicotyledon ; the fossil was purchased
from a dealer, and the locality is given with some hesitation.
It is in the highest degree improbable that the wood was obtained
from Rheetic rocks.

The list of Rhetic fossils given by Mr. H. B. Woodward’ in the
Geological Survey Memoir on the East Somerset and Bristol Coal-
fields includes three plants—Fucoides, Naiadita acuminata (?),
Buck., and Zguisetites. The name Naiadita acuminata was
used by Buckman in his description of new species of plants
included in Murchison’s Geology of Cheltenham;* it was no
doubt applied to the same plant which Buckman also named
Naiadita lanceolata.

In 1891 Mr. E. Wilson‘ published a detailed description of an
unusually good section of Rhetic beds exposed in a deep railway
cutting at Pylle Hill, Totterdown, Bristol. He mentions the
occurrence of Naiadita in a bed of limestone in the Upper Rhetic
series, and points out that the plant was spoken of by Brodie and
Buckman as having been derived from the Lias. A redescription of
the Pylle Hill section was published in 1900 by Mr. Wickes, who
speaks of one of the Rhetic beds as ‘‘ being in some zones full
of the little water-plant Maiadites acuminatus in a fine state of
preservation.” ® The plant-genus Maiadita, which has long been
regarded as of uncertain botanical position, has recently been
carefully examined by Miss Igerna Sollas,* who brings forward
good evidence in support of her conclusion that Maiadita lanceolata
must be referred to the Lycopodiacez.

1 Sorby (52).

2 Woodward, H. B. (76), p. 90.
3 Murchison (45), p. 93.

# Wilson (91).

® Wickes (00), p. 422.

® Sollas, I. B. J. (01).

12 EQUISETITES.

Class EQUISETALES.
Genus EQUISETITES, Sternberg.

[Flor. Vorwelt, v.-vi. p. 43, 1833.]

Equisetites Muensteri, Sternberg.
(Pl. I. Fig. 4.)

1838. Eguisetites Muensteri, Sternberg, Flor. Vorwelt, pl. xvi. figs, 1-5.

1850. Equisetum Brodici, Buckman, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe. vol. vi. p. 414,
fig. 1.

1854, £. Brodiei, Morris, Brit. Foss. p. 8-

1867. Equisetites Muensteri, Schenk, Foss. Flor. Grenz. p. 14, pl. ii.
figs. 8-9; pl. iii.

1873. E. Muensteri, Saporta, Pal. Franc. vol. i. p. 232, pls. xxvii-xxix.

1891. E. Muensteri, Krasser, Sitzber. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. c.
Abth. 1, p. 10.

1892, #. Muensteri, Bartholin, Bot. Tid. Bot. For. Kjébenhavn, vol. xviii.

' Heft 1, p. 13, pl. v. figs. 1-5.
1898. £. Brodiei, Woodward, Jurassic Rocks, iii. p. 378.
1894. Cf. Eguisetwm pseudo-hoerense, Saporta, Flor. Portugal, pl. i.

figs. 1-4.
Ci. Lquisetuwm Renaulti, Raciborski, Flora Kopalna, p. 281, pl. xxvii.
figs. 1-14,
1896. LEgquisetum Muensteri, Hartz, Meddelelser om Grénland, xix. p. 228,
pl. vi.

1902. £. Muensteri, Méller, Bornholms Flor. p. 58, pl. vi. figs. 18-15.

Aerial shoots characterised by the comparatively small number
of internodal ridges and by the few and short teeth of the
leaf-sheaths. Strobilus, as figured by Schenk,' of the normal
Equisetaccous type.

There can be no doubt that this single specimen of an
Equisetaceous plant from Worcestershire should be referred to
Equisetites Muenster, a species characteristic of Rheetic floras
in various parts of the world. Schenk’s figures of this type
from the Rhetic of Franconia clearly demonstrate—so far, at
least, as external vegetative features are concerned—the identity
of the English and German forms. Similarly, as shown by

1 Schenk (67), pl. iii.

LYCOPODITES. 13:

Bartholin, Moller, and Hartz, the same species occurs in Born-
holm and East Greenland. The plant described by Raciborski
as Eguisetum Renaulti from Poland belongs either to Sternberg’s
species or represents a closely allied form. Specimens from
Rhetic rocks of Tonkin recently figured by Zeiller' and referred
by him to a distinct species, Hguisetum Sarrani, point to the
occurrence in the far East of a closely allied, if not identical type.

V. 3358. Pl. I. Fig. 4.

Type-specimen of Buckman’s Eyuisetum Brodiet (Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc. vol. vi. p. 414; figure + natural size). The specimen
is 20cm. long and 1 cm. broad, with three nodes, two of which
are shown in the portion represented in Fig. 4. The broad inter-
nodal ribs and the few broad leaf-teeth suggest the reference of
this specimen to the species Lguisetites Muensteri,* an identification
first made by Carruthers, to whom the fossil was submitted in
1889. Buckman describes the specimen as fertile, but there is no
trace of any strobilus.

Strensham, Worcestershire. Brodie Coll.

V. 774. Two carbonaceous bodies, which may be nodal
diaphragms of an Equisetaceous stem: too obscure to determine.
Purchased, 1885.

Class LYCOPODIALES.

Genus LYCOPODITES, Brongniart.*
[Prodrome, p. 83, 1828.]

This generic name is used in a comprehensive sense as including
fossils which may belong either to the heterosporous Selaginellaceze
or to the homosporous Lycopodiaces. In view of the careful
examination by Miss Sollas of specimens of the plant formerly
described as Waiadita lanceolata, I have adopted the name
Lycopodites as the more fitting designation.

1 Zeiller (02), pl. xxxix.

2 Cf. Schenk (67), pls. ii. and iii. Compare also Eguisetum Sarrani, Zeill.,
Zeiller (02), pl. xxxix.

3 See Seward (00), p. 68.

i4 LYCOPODITES.

Lycopodites lanceolatus (Brodie).

(Pl. II. Figs. 2 and 3.)

1845. Naiadita lanceolata, Brodie, Fossil Insects, p. 93.

Naiadea acuminata, Buckman, in Murchison’s Geol. Cheltenham, p. 6.
1850. NW. lanceolata, Buckman, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. vi. p. 415,
fig. 2.

1888. WV. lensadtatn, Prestwich’s Geology, p. 168, pl. lxxvia.

1900. Naiadites acuminatus, Wickes, Proc. Geol. Assoc. vol. xvi. pt. 7,
p. 422.

Plant slender and moss-like in habit. The axis, which is
delicate and thread-like, bears numerous linear acuminate or
narrow ovate leaves reaching a length of approximately 5 mm.
Under a low magnifying power the thin lamina of the leaves is |
seen to be made up of a layer of polygonal or rectangular cells
arranged in parallel vertical series; there is no trace of a midrib
and no stomata. The sporangia are more or less spherical and
short-stalked, the larger ones being about 0°75 mm. in diameter ;
they are situated at the bases of the leaves, and contain numerous
tetrads of spores. The spores measure 0:08 mm. in diameter.

In a Notice on the discovery of the remains of Insects in the
Lias of Gloucestershire, published in 1842, Mr. Brodie mentions
the occurrence of numerous small plants in certain beds at
Wainlode Cliff, on the Severn, some of which he compares with
mosses. The same author, in his work on Foss¢l Insects, proposed
the name Naiadtta lanceolata for one of the plants from the Insect
Limestone, the generic name being chosen as the result of
Professor Lindley’s determination of the leaves as being those
of a Monocotyledon.

Brodie mentions that the best specimens of Watadita were
found in abundance on the Wells road, near Bristol. No complete
diagnosis accompanies the reference to the species. In Murchison’s
Geology of Cheltenham the genus Naiedea is thus defined:—
“Parallel veined endogenous plants, having the appearance of
aquatics; leaves varying somewhat in form on the same plant,
and presenting in their character a close affinity to the recent
family Naiadacew.”’ !

1 Murchison (45), p. 93.

LYCOPODITES. 15

The species Naiadea acuminata, which is no doubt the plant
named by Brodie WV. lanceolata, is defined as follows :—‘‘ Upper
leaves ovate lanceolate, lower ones much acuminated. A small
plant, having a great resemblance to our recent species of
Callitriche.”

Buckman’s list of plants in the appendix to Murchison’s volume
includes two other species under the generic name Natadea,
NV. obtusa and NV. ovata;+ the species so named are from the Stones-
field Slate, and have no family or generic affinity with the species
from Wainlode Cliff. The Stonesfield fossils are referred to in the
sequel as leaflets of a Gymnospermous plant, probably Podozamites.
We are here concerned only with the species Wavadea lanceolata.
In 1886 Mr. Starkie Gardner’ examined some specimens in
Mr. Brodie’s collection which are now in the British Museum, and
suggested that they represented fragments of a moss comparable
with the recent fresh-water Fontinalis. In this opinion he was
supported by Mr. Carruthers and Mr. Murray of the British
Museum. In a footnote to his paper Gardner mentions a moss-
capsule received from Mr. Brodie from the same beds which had
afforded the specimens of the slender stems and leaves. As I have
already stated,* the supposed moss-capsule is too obscure to
determine. The specimen (V. 3584) has the form of an oval
brown stain on the surface of the rock, with a suggestion of
a stalk at one end, but there are no adequate grounds for regarding
it as a capsule.

In a paper communicated to the Geological Society in 1901,
Miss Igerna Sollas gave an account of a detailed investigation
of several specimens of Nazadita from different localities in the
Severn Valley. The best material obtained in recent years has
been collected by Mr. W. H. Wickes of Bristol, to whom I am
indebted for the loan of numerous specimens. The plant occurs in
a fragmentary state, and monopolises the surface of fairly large
slabs of rock. Miss Sollas accurately describes it as ‘“ delicate,
slender, and moss-like in habit . . . . some of the strata
contain loose leaves and disconnected pieces of stem only, while in

1 Murchison (45), pp. 93, 94, pl. i. fig. 2; pl. ii. fig. 1.
? Gardner (86), p. 208. See also Seward (98), p. 240.
3 Seward, loc. cit.

16 LYCOPODITES.

others the stems may branch.’ Sporangia are fairly common, and
occasionally occur in organic connection with the leaf-bearing stem.

Miss Sollas submitted several sporangia to a minute examination,
and found that it was possible to dissolve out the spores by dilute
hydrochloric acid. The spores, which are tetrahedral and provided
with two coats, a smooth intine and an exine covered with
irregular bosses, measure 008mm. in diameter, being twice as
large as the spores of any recent species of Lycopodium examined by
Miss Sollas. The stem is covered with an epidermis composed of
long rectangular cells, and below this were found several narrow
tubular elements. In the leaves only a single layer of cells was
detected, but Miss Sollas considers that the lamina was originally
made up of several layers, while stomata, of which no trace was
seen in the epidermal layer of the leaf, may have been present.
Without quoting further from Miss Sollas’ paper, which should be
consulted for a more complete account, I may add that I entirely
share the conclusion arrived at, that Mazadita must be regarded
as a member of the Lycopodiacee. This Rhetic species differs in
its much more slender habit and in the narrow form and smaller
size of its leaves from the Inferior Oolite type Lycopodites falcatus,
L. & H.t

V. 4015. Pl. IT. Figs. 2 and 8.

The fragment represented in Fig. 2 illustrates the slender
moss-like habit of the plant; Fig. 3 shows the single layer of
epidermal cells. Under this number (V. 4015) are included
several slabs of rock covered with broken fragments of stems and
leaves of Lycopodites lanceolatus.

Near Redland. Presented by W. H. Wickes, Esq.

V. 3356. Figured by Buckman as Natadita petiolata, Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc. p. 415, fig. 4, 1850. The figure is not very
accurate, and represents the plant much larger than natural size.

Estheria bed, near Bristol. Brodie Coll.

V. 3357. [Said to be figured by Buckman, Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc. figs. 2-3, 1850.] Fragments like that shown in
Pl. II. Fig. 2.

Near Bristol. Brodie Coil.

Other specimens :—V. 1437, V. 3394, V. 3397.

1 Lindley & Hutton (31), pl. Isi.

CLATHROPTERIS. 17

Class FILICALES.
Family DIPTERIDINA.

In my former volume on Jurassic plants this family-name was
used to include such fossil genera as Dictyophyllum, Protorhipis,
Clathropteris, and others, as well as the four existing species of the
genus Dipteris, an Indian and Malayan type, which have been
placed in a separate family —Dipteridine—on account of certain
peculiarities which distinguish it from the true Polypodiacex.!

Genus CLATHROPTERIS, Brongniart.
[Prodrome, p. 62, 1828.]

This genus was instituted by Brongniart in 1828 for a plant
which he had previously* described from the Rhetic rocks of
Scania as Fulicites meniscocdes. The most striking characteristics
are the pinnatifid fronds and the regular rectangular meshes
formed by the finer veins in the lamina. The best known species
of the genus is Clathropteris platyphylla (Gopp.), of Rhetic age,
the same type which Brongniart described in 1825 as Filicetes
meniscotdes. Clathropteris fronds bear a close resemblance to those
of Dictyophyllum, a genus which is abundantly represented in the
Inferior Oolite flora of Yorkshire, and is a prominent member of
the Rhetic floras of Scania and other regions. As I have
elsewhere pointed out, the main distinction between the two
genera consists in the more regular and rectangular form of the
meshes,’ formed by the secondary and tertiary veins, in the lamina
of Clathropteris. In all probability the two names have been
applied to ferns that are generically identical, and it would
probably be more in accordance with the facts of relationship if
we absorbed Clathropteris into Dictyophyllum. It has, however,
long been customary to make use of both generic names, and as
a matter of convenience we may in this instance retain the
generic designation Clathroptercs.

1 For an account of the Dipteridine, see Seward & Dale (01); see also
Seward (03°).
2 Brongniart (25), p. 207, pl. xi.

18

1828.
1832.
1838.
1841.
1849.
1867.
1869.
1873.
1876.
1878.
1882.
1892.
1893.
1900.
1901.

1902.

CLATHROPTERIS,

Clathropteris platyphylla (Gippert).
[Gattungen foss. Pflanz. p. 154, pls. xviii—xix. 1841.]
(Pl. III. Fig. 2.)

Clathropteris meniscoides, Brongniart, Hist. vég. foss. pl. exxxiv.
fig. 3.

Juglandites castaneafolius, Berger, Verstein. Sandst. Coburger Gegend.
p. 20, pl. iv. fig. 2.

Camptopteris Muensteriana, Sternberg, Flor. Vorwelt, p. 168,
pl. xxxiii. fig. 9.

C. platyphylla, Goppert, Gatt. foss. Pflanz. p. 154, pls. xvili.-xix.

Clathropteris platyphylla, Brongniart, Tableau, p. 32.

C. platyphylla, Schenk, Foss. Flor. Grenz. p. 81, pls. xvi.—xvii.

C. platyphylla, Schimper, Trait. pal. vég. vol. i. p. 636, pl. sli.
figs. 1-3.

C. platyphylla, Saporta, Plant. Jurass. Paléont. Frang. [ii.], vol. i.
p. 333, pls. xxxvi.—xl.

C. reticulata, Heer, Foss. Flor. Helvet. p. 73, pl. xxv. figs. 4-6.

C. platyphylla, Nathorst, Floran vid Héganis, pp. 15, 48, pl. ii.

C. platyphylla, Nathorst, Floran vid Bjut, p. 41, pl. v. fig. 6; pl. vii.
fig. 2.

C. platyphylla, Zeiller, Examen Flor. foss. Tong-King, p. 16, pl. a.
figs. 12-13; pl. xii. fig. 5.

C. platyphylla, Bartholin, Bot. Tid. vol. xviii. p. 26, pl. xi. figs. 1-3.

C. platyphylla, Woodward, Lias, p. 378.

C. platyphylla, Zeiller, Eléments Paléobot. p. 116, figs. 89-90.

Dictyophyllum platyphyllum, Seward & Dale, Phil. Trans. R. Soc.
vol. exciv. p. 505.

Clathropteris platyphylla, Moller, Bornholms Foss. Flor. p. 46,
pl. iv. fig. 14.

C. platyphylla, Zeiller, Flor. foss. Tonkin (Atlas), pls. xxvii.—xxxiv.
pl. lvi.

Frond palmate, petiolate; lamina deeply pinnatifid, consisting
of several palmately disposed broad linear segments, which are
concrescent at the base of the lamina. The segments, which
have a serrate edge, are traversed by a stout median rib, from
which numerous parallel veins are given off at a wide angle;
the lateral veins are connected by tertiary veins, so disposed as
to divide the surface of the lamina into more or less rectangular
or polygonal areas, which are occupied by a reticulum of more
slender veins.

CARPOLITHES. 19

In habit and venation the fronds resemble recent species of
the Malayan and Indian genus Dipteris.

Sori numerous, circular, composed of a small number of annulate
sporangia.

The best figures of Clathropteris are those recently published in
Zeiller’s excellent Atlas of Tonkin plants;1 drawings of the sori
and sporangia are given in Schenk’s work on the Rhetic plants
of Franconia.

V. 3399. Pl. III. Fig. 2.

A fragment exhibiting the characteristic venation characters of
Goppert’s widely distributed Rhetic species. The torn piece of
lamina is traversed by several secondary veins which spring from
one of the main ribs of the frond, and these are connected by
tertiary veins.

Bristol. Brodie Colt.

GYMNOSPERMA.
Genus CARPOLITHES.

Carpolithes, sp.

Fig. 1.—Carpolithes, sp. V. 3400. Nat. size.

V. 3400. Text-fig. 1.

This specimen, represented natural size in the figure, may be
the impression of a winged seed. It consists of a darker central
region, with two broad and thin lateral expansions of lighter
colour, which are probably membranous wings. The wings exhibit
transverse ridges, which may be due to the contraction and

1 Zeiller (02), pls. xxvii.—xxxiv.

20 ARAUCARITES.

wrinkling of their substance. A comparison may be suggested
with the broadly winged seeds of the recent Welwitschia,’ an.
isolated genus of tropical Africa, and the only representative of
the Welwitschoidex, a subdivision of the Gnetales. The specimen
is, however, too obscure to determine, and can only be spoken of as.
possibly a winged Gymnospermous seed referable either to the
Coniferales or to the Gnetales. A seed of similar form has been
figured by Nathorst from the Rhetic of Scania as Samaropsis.

Zignoana, Nath.’
Brodie Coll.

PLANTA INCERT#@ SEDIS.
? Araucarites, sp.

V. 3359. A single specimen, which may possibly be am
imperfectly preserved cone. It is placed with considerable
hesitation in the genus Araucarites.

Insect-bed, Binton, Warwickshire. Brodie Coll.

INDETERMINABLE FRAGMENTS.
[Referred by Buckman to the Angiosperms. ]

The list of plants ‘‘from the Lower Lias”’ given by Mr. Buckman
in his paper of 1850° includes three specimens referred with
some doubt to the Umbellifere, Ericacee, and to the genus
Hippurites. It is important to examine with care any possible
indications of Angiospermous plants in pre-Cretaceous rocks, and
to draw attention to recorded instances of supposed Flowering
plants that are botanically valueless. There need be no hesitation
in dismissing Buckman’s fossils as affording no evidence justifying
their reference to the Flowering plants. The following specimens
in the Museum collection are too obscure and fragmentary to
determine, and, while asserting that they are not the remains of
Dicotyledons or Monocotyledons, I am unable to express an opinion
as to their nature.

1 Sce figures in Hooker (63).
? Nathorst (78-86), pl. xxv. figs. 10-14.
3 Buckman (50).

INDETERMINABLE FRAGMENTS. 21

V. 3401. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. vi. 1850, p. 415,
fig. 7. Figured by Buckman as ‘‘ Hippurites?’? The published
drawing represents the specimen natural size (not twice natural
size, as stated in Buckman’s paper). The fragment consists of
a stout and apparently woody axis covered with long delicate
hairs ; it bears a fairly close resemblance to certain scales or hairy
bracts of Cycads that have been described in a fossil condition as
Cycadolepis, but it may be a portion of a root or rhizome.

Brodie Coll,

V. 3585. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. vi. p. 416, fig. 8.
Described by Buckman as a representative of the Umbellifere (?).
The specimen, as shown in Buckman’s figure, represents a slender

branched axis, but it is too small and imperfect to determine.
Brodie Coll.

V. 3586. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. vi. p. 417, fig. 9.
This specimen has the form of a small leaf 8mm. in length; the
lateral veins represented in Buckman’s figure cannot be recognised.
The fragment, which was provisionally referred to the Ericacee, is

absolutely indeterminable.
Brodie Coll.

22 LIASSIC SYSTEM.

III.—LIASSIC SYSTEM.

_ The shallow water in which the Rhetic sediments were
deposited became gradually converted into a deeper sea, on the
floor of which were accumulated the regular Liassic strata of
limestones and shales. Liassic rocks stretch across England from
the mouth of the Tees to the coast of Dorset, and occur as
isolated patches in Shropshire and Cumberland; exposures of
Liassic beds are met with also in Sutherlandshire, in the west
of Scotland, and on the Antrim coast. The strata belonging to
this system which form the bold headland of Huntcliff, near
Saltburn, and the cliffs of Runswick Bay and of other parts of
the Yorkshire coast, are essentially marine in origin. Blocks of
wood converted into jet in the ‘jet-rock’ of the Upper Lias,
and fragments of silicified wood from a lower horizon, serve as
records of the vegetation that flourished on the land bordering
the Liassic sea. The Lower Lias strata of Dorsetshire exposed
in the cliffs near Lyme Regis are rich in remains of marine life,
and from them have also been obtained the majority of British
Liassic plants. It is a common occurrence to find an abundance
of land-plants entombed in marine sediments, and even in strata
that have been deposited in comparatively deep water we meet
with traces of terrestrial forms. In a short account of dredging
operations in the Eastern Pacific contributed to Mature in 1892,!
Alexander Agassiz speaks of an immense amount of vegetable
matter having been dredged from depths of 1,500 fathoms; there
was hardly a haul without much water-logged wood and more or
less fresh twigs, seeds, fruits, etc., in all stages of decomposition.
It is under similar conditions to these that most of the British
Liassic plants have been preserved. The Lias strata are usually

1 Agassiz (92).

LIASSIC SYSTEM. 23

conformable to the Rheetic,! and thus it is not always a simple
matter to decide between Liassic and Rhetic as the most
appropriate designation for plants obtained from strata between
the uppermost Keuper and the lowest members of the true
Jurassic. For present purposes I have included under the term
Rhetic the specimens obtained from the neighbourhood of Bristol,
confining the designation Liassic to the Dorsetshire and Yorkshire
plants. From a botanical point of view, there appear to be no
very obvious differences, as regards general composition, between
Rheetic and Liassic floras.

In 1824* De la Beche published some Remarks on the Geology
of the South Coast of England, from Bridport Harbour, Dorset, to
Babbacombe Bay, Devon, accompanied by a coast-section of the
cliffs from Bridport to Sidmouth. He speaks of blocks of fossil
wood from Lias limestones, and mentions the rare occurrence of
‘ferns’ in the rocks near Lyme; two specimens are figured from
Buckland’s collection, both of which are portions of Otozamites
fronds collected at Axminster in Dorsetshire. In a later volume
the same author published a fuller account of the Dorsetshire
coast-section ; in this memoir he figured a piece of knotted drift-
wood and a fragment of a plant which is, no doubt, Pagiophyllum
peregrinum.

The following species of Lias plants are described in the Fossit
Flora of Lindley & Hutton :—?

Araucaria peregrina, L. & H. = Pagiophyllum peregrinum (L. & H.).
Pl. Ixxxviii. 1833. Lyme Regis.

Strobilites elongata, L. & H. Indeterminable.
Pl. Ixxxix. 1833. Lyme. :

Otopteris obtusa, L. & H. = Otozamites obtusus (L. & H.).

Pl. exxviii. figs. 1-2. 1834. Mem-
bury, near Axminster, and Polden
Hill, near Bridgewater, Somerset-
shire. The type-specimen (fig. 1) is
in the Oxford Museum.

Cycadeoidea pygmaea, L. & H.
Pl. cxliii, 1835. Lyme.

Cycadeoidea pygmea, L. & H.

1 Woodward, H. B. (93), p. 22.
2 De la Beche (24).
ere % Lindley & Hutton (31-37).

24 LIASSIC SYSTEM.

A detailed account of the Lias of Yorkshire was published in
1876 by Tate & Blake; they mention the following plants :—

Driftwood from various localities and horizons.

Pecopteris, sp., from the Ammonites angulatus Zone.

Equisetites (?) liassicwm from the A. Bucklandi zone.

Pachyphyllum peregrinum from the zones of A. annulatus and A. serpentinus.

Peuce Huttoniana 7 :
P. lingerie \ from the Upper Lias, Whitby.

Chordophyllites cicatricosus

Nulliporites furcillatus \ zone of A spinatus.

These supposed Alge are too obscure to be determined, and
cannot be accepted as trustworthy records of Liassic plants.

The account given by Tate & Blake of the jet from the Upper
Lias beds is referred to in the sequel. The two species of
Conifers, Peuce Huttoniana and P. Lindleyana, were described
and figured by Witham in his well-known book of 1833.2 Much
information as to the Liassie rocks of Yorkshire is given by
Fox-Strangways* in a Survey memoir published in 1892; the
following classification is taken from that volume :—

LIAS OF YORKSHIRE.

Striatulus beds ...Zone of Ammonites jurensis.
Teens Tike, - shale ee. communis.
Jet shales 5) <A. serpentinus.
Grey shales >> A. annulatus.
Wise tes kena series a es spinatus.
Sandy series 3» <A. margaritatus.
,Upper series with Ironstone
nodules ... 5, A. capricornis.
3, A. Jamesoni.
3, <A. armatus.
Lower Lias. > A. oxynotus.
Lower series with sandy and
marly bands 3, A. Bucklandi.
», A. angulatus.
\ 3, A. planordis.

1 Tate & Blake (76).
2 Witham (38).
* Fox-Strangways (92).

LIASSIC SYSTEM. 25
Reference must be made also to Horace B. Woodward's
important memoir on the Lias of England and Wales (Yorkshire

excepted). He gives the following list of plants from Dorsetshire,
Yorkshire, and other parts of England :—!

Brachyphyllum solitarium, Phill.
Warwickshire. (Lower Lias.)

Pachyphyllum peregrinum, Sternb.
Dorsetshire, Gloucestershire, and
Yorkshire. (Zones of 4. Bucklandi,
«1, oxynotus, A. serpentinus.)

Cyendites concentricus, Rich.
This specific name was proposed by
Richards for a Lias specimen in the
British Museum.

©. vectangularis, Brauns,
Dorsetshire. (Lower Lias.)

Cycadecidea pygmea, L. & H.
Dorsetshire. (Lower Lias.)

Otozamites aciuninatus, L. & H.
Somersetshire and Warwickshire.
(Lower Lias.)

4), gracilis, Phill.
Gloucestershire.
orbis.)

(Zone of A. plan-

0. obtusus, L. & H.
Devonshire, Dorsetshire, Somerset-
shire, Gloucestershire, Warwick-
shire, and Yorkshire. (Zones of
A. planorbis and A. Bucklandi.)

Ptilozamites Bergeri, Gépp.
Dorsetshire. (Lower Lias.)

P. Leckenbyi, Bean.
Dorsetshire and Yorkshire.
Lias.)

Yatesia gracilis, Carr.
Dorsetshire.

Clathropteris platyphylla (Gépp.).
Gloucestershire. (Lower Lias.)

(Lower

Pagiophyllum peregrinum (Sterud.).

yeadites rectangularis, Brauns,

C. rectangularis, Brauns.
Cycadeoidea pygmea, L. & FH.

? Otozamites obtusus (L. & H.).

I have not seen any example of
O. acuminatus from English Liassic
beds.

This species of Phillips is, I believe,
identical with Williamsonia pecten
(Phill.),? a type not represented
among Liassic Cycads.

Otozamites obtusus (L. & H.).

Ctenopteris eycadea, Brongn.

Ctenopteris cycadea, Brongn.

Cycadeoidea gracilis (Carr.).

Clathropteris platyphylla (Gépp.).
(Described under Rhietic plants in
the present volume, p. 18.)

1 Woodward, H.
2 Seward (00), p.

B. (93).
190.

26 THALLOPHYTA:

Lomatopteris jurensis, Kurr. = Thinnfeldia rhomboidalis, Ett.
Warwickshire. (Zone of A. plan-
orbis.)

I have not seen any specimens which
conform to the characters of these-
genera.

Dorsetshire. (Lower Lias.)
Pachypteris, sp.
Dorsetshire. (Lower Lias.)

Macroteniopteris asplenioides, Ett. |
Equisetites Brodici, Buck. =

Equisetites Muensteri.

Gloucestershire and Worcestershire. (Described under the Rheetic plants,
(Lower Lias.) p. 12.)

Chara liassica, Moore. Mr. H. B. Woodward notes that the
Somersetshire. horizon is doubtful.

Chondrites bollensis, Quen.
Somersetshire and Oxfordshire. (Zone
of A. serpentinus.)

Phymatoderma liassicum, Schloth.
Dorsetshire. (Lower Lias.)

Fucoids.

Somersetshire, Gloucestershire, and
Northamptonshire.

Valueless as records of Algz.

The majority of the Liassic plants have been found in Dorsetshire:
and East Yorkshire, but, as noted in the above list, a few species
are recorded from other counties. The species of Chara mentioned
in Woodward’s list as of doubtful origin was recorded by Moore '
from Charterhouse ; he mentions a single ‘seed-vessel,’ but does
not publish a drawing.

For the sake of convenience all the Liassic species are dealt with
together; they are arranged botanically and not geographically.

Class THALLOPHYTA.

The Museum collection does not include any specimens that are
worthy of record as fossil Alge. In their work on the Lias of the
Yorkshire Coast, Tate & Blake institute two names for fossils
which they regard as alge. The type-specimens of their two
‘species,’ Chordophyllites cicatricosus and Nulliporites furcillatus,*
which are in the Jermyn Street Museum, should not, in my opinion,
be included in any list of undoubted plants. The cast named

1 Moore (67), p. 588.
* ‘Tate & Blake (76), pp. 156, 233, pl. xiv. figs. 7, 9.

THINNFELDIA. o%

Chordophyllites represents what appears to be a stem with irregular
surface ridges or wrinklings, and gives one the impression of
a fragment of some soft plant which has undergone shrinkage.

The other specimen, Wulliyorites, may be of animal origin,
and cannot be assigned with confidence to the Algw. In the
Whitby Museum there is another specimen of Chordophyllites.
identified by Tate and obtained from the Ammonites spinatus
beds at Staithes.

The two species, Chondrites bollensis and Phymatoderma
liassicum, included in Woodward’s list, are not represented in
the Museum collection; the names were no doubt applied to
specimens which belong to that large class of fossils assigned by
some writers to Alge and by others attributed to animal agency.
They may be regarded as valueless from a botanical point of
view. The doubtful origin of Moore’s Chara, already mentioned,
prevents us accepting the record as trustworthy evidence of a
Liassic species of Charophyta.

Class EQUISETALES.
Genus HQUISETITES.
? Equisetites Muensteri, Sternberg.

V. 2092. A portion of a crushed stem, possibly referable to-
Fquisetites Muensteri, Sternb., but too indistinct to determine with
confidence.

Lyme Regis. Purchased, 1889..

Class FILICALES.

Genus THINNFELDIA, Ettingshausen.
[Abh. k.k. geol. Reichs, Bd. i. Abth. 3, No. 3, p. 2, 1852.]

This generic name was instituted by Ettingshausen for some
specimens from the Lias of Steierdorf, and defined as follows :—

‘Rami teretes vel subalati. Folia disticha, alterna oppositave,
rhomboidea, ovalia vel lanceolata vel linearia, flabellatim vel
pinnatim venosa.”

28 THINNFELDIA.

In 1853 Andrac! substituted Brongniart’s genus Pachyptercs
for Thinnfeldia, and spoke of Ettingshausen’s type-species as
Pachypteris thinnfeldia. The genus Pachypterts is defined by
Brongniart as being characterised by entire pinnules, which are
either without veins or provided with a single vein. In some
large and well-preserved specimens figured by Zigno” from Italian
Jurassic rocks, which are no doubt generically identical with
Pachypteris, the pinnules are traversed by several divergent veins.
Species of Pachypteris or Dichopteris, in which the ultimate
segments possess spreading and forked veins, bear a marked
resemblance to Zhinnfeldia; it is probable that the two genera
are very closely allied. In 1867 Schenk* described examples
of Thinnfeldia from Khetic beds of Franconia, and published
drawings of the epidermal cells and stomata; he placed the genus
among the Cycads. The most satisfactory evidence so far adduced
as to the systematic position of Thinnfeldia has been furnished by
Raciborski‘ in his description and illustration of a specimen from
the Jurassic rocks of Poland. This author gives figures of a leaflet
bearing the impressions of what appears to be a circular sorus
showing the boundaries of individual sporangia. A specimen of
the genus in the British Museum (V. 5950) shows two rows of
contiguous polygonal prominences, one row on either side of the
midrib, which agree in size and shape with the sori of recent
ferns; but until we obtain sporangia we cannot speak with
certainty as to the precise nature of the fertile frond.

In all probability Thinnfeldia is a fern, but we are unable,
through lack of good fertile specimens, to determine its family
position. The Rhetic fronds from Scania described by Nathorst
as species of his genus Ptilozamites® no doubt belong to plants
closely allied to Thinnfeldia. Some American Permian specimens
recently referred by Sellards* to a new genus Glenopteris might,
I think, be fairly included in Thinnfeldia.

Andrae (53), p. 48.

Zigno (56), pls. xii., siii., xv.
Schenk (67), p. 105, pl. xxvii.
Raciborski (94), pl. xx. figs. 1-2.
Nathorst (78), pls. xii. ete.
Sellards (00), pl. xxxix.

oa, ew wo

THINNFELDIA. 29°

There is considerable confusion in regard to the terminology
applied to various Rhetic and Jurassic fronds, or portions of
fronds, which bear a close resemblance to Ettingshausen’s.
Thinnfeldia rhomboidalis, the type-species of the genus. The two
best known and widely distributed species of this genus are
T. rhombotdalis, with which may be included several forms
designated by authors as distinct species, and Z. odontopteroides
(Morr.). The latter type, originally described by Morris in
Strzelecki’s book on New South Wales as Pecopteris odon-
topteroides,' is characteristic of Rheetic rocks in South America,
South Africa, and Australia. The examination of several
specimens of this species from the Stormberg beds of the Cape
has convinced me that the distinction between Morris’s species
and Ettingshausen’s European species is not always well defined.
There is, moreover, a striking agreement between some of the
specimens described by Nathorst from the Rhetic of Scania as
species of Ptilozamites® and the southern species of Thinnfeldia.
I have no doubt that Ptilozamites and Thinnfeldia represent closely
allied genera, which, indeed, may not be generically distinct.
Another designation that has been employed in the determination
of fronds identical in habit with Thinnfeldia is Lomatopteris. This
name was instituted by Schimper® for a plant previously described
by Kurr as Odontopteris (?) yurensis,‘ and by Quenstedt as Neu-
ropteris limbata. In 1861 Zigno instituted the term Cycadopteris
for certain Italian specimens which were afterwards included by
Schimper under his genus Lomatopteris. Saporta,° Zeiller,® and
others have retained both Lomatopteris and Cycadopterts in
addition to Thinnfeldia, and the feature noticed by these authors as
distinctive of Cycadopteris is the presence of a thicker border in
the lamina of the ultimate segments. This characteristic margin is
well shown in the Dorsetshire specimens represented on Plate IV. ;
it is not formed by the overfolding of the edge of the pinnule,
but is simply a darker (cuticularised) border. The difficulty,

1 Seward (03), p. 52.

2 Nathorst (78).

3 Schimper (69), p. 472.
4 Kurr (45).

5 Saporta (73).

8 Zeiller (00), pp. 93, 98.

30 THINNFELDIA.

indeed the impossibility, of distinguishing between specimens
figured by different authors as species of Thinnfeldia, Lomatoptercs,
and Cycadopteris, becomes apparent on a careful comparison of
the published drawings. I am disposed to take the view that
the better plan is to employ Ettingshausen’s generic name
Thinnfeldia in a fairly comprehensive sense, including in it
Zigno’s Cycadopteris and Schimper’s Lomatopteris. Such evidence
as we possess points to a close relationship between the plants
referred to these three genera, and I believe justifies their
inclusion under one name. Until we know something of the
reproductive organs we cannot expect to arrive at a satisfactory
conclusion as to the precise affinity of these various fossils, and
we are unable, in the present state of our knowledge, to point to
satisfactory distinguishing features of sufficient importance to
serve as generic criteria.

This is not the place to attempt a critical examination of the
numerous Mesozoic fossils described as species of Thinnfeldia, and
until we know more about the reproductive organs of the plants
which conform more or less closely to Ettingshausen’s genus, there
is little to be gained by discussing specific distinctions. Attention
should, however, be called to a paper published in the Bulletin of
the Torrey Botanical Club (August, 1903) entitled The American
Species referred to Thinnfeldia. The author deals with forms
recorded by Fontaine, Hollick, Knowlton, Lesquereux, and
Newberry. He comes to the conclusion that many of the species
included by American writers under Thinnfeldia differ generically
from European forms obtained from lower geological horizons.
The Middle and Upper Cretaceous species he designates by a new
name, Protophyllocladus. It is undoubtedly true that the term
Thinnfeldia has been used in too wide a sense, including plant-
fragments which afford no evidence of close relationship. Mr. Berry
draws attention to the fact that the later Mesozoic forms from
American rocks referred to Thinnfeldia do not closely conform
to the typical species recorded from Jurassic and Rheetic strata.
He states that a careful comparison of the fossils from Cretaceous
rocks with the living material available at the New York Botanical
Garden, has ‘“‘ thoroughly convinced” him that ‘all the Middle and

1 Berry (03).

THINNFELDIA. 31

late Cretaceous species should be included in the coniferous family
Taxacex.” He adds—‘‘ They may perhaps form a link between
the Podocarpese and the Taxew, and while they are unmistakably
related to Phyllocladus, their extremely large size compared with
the existing members of that genus and other minor differences,
such as petiolate forms and the general absence of crenate margins,
make it desirable to refer them to a new genus, which, while
indicating their proper relationship, shall keep them distinct from
the small-leaved species.” I maintain that this conclusion is not
supported by satisfactory evidence. Before accepting the above
statement it is important that we should inquire into the nature of
the evidence on which it is based. My view is that the use of the
generic name Protophyllocladus is a retrograde step which should be
strongly deprecated. Palzobotanical literature contains too many
designations characterised by the prefix ‘ Proto-’ which cannot be
defended by evidence which is likely to be accepted by critical
systematists. Mr. Berry constantly uses the word ‘leaf’ in speaking
of the fossil specimens and in his references to recent species of
Phyllocladus, thus ignoring the fact that the assimilating organs of
the New Zealand Conifer are branches (phylloclades), while the
true leaves assume the form of small inconspicuous scales. Any
facts that can be adduced bearing on the past history of so isolated
a type as the New Zealand genus Phyllocladus would be particularly
welcome ; but to describe the American Cretaceous fossils as repre-
sentatives or near relations of that genus can tend only to increase
the distrust on the part of botanists of paleobotanical records.
We know nothing of the reproductive organs of the Cretaceous
plants referred to Protophyllocladus, nor, so far as I am aware, have
we any justification for assuming that the superficial resemblance
of the apparent leaf-fragments to the phylloclades of Phyllocladus
amounts to morphological identity.

Thinnfeldia rhomboidalis, Ettingshausen.
{Abh. k.k. geol. Reichs. Bd. i. Abth. 3, No. 8, p. 2, pl. i. figs. 4-7, 1852.]
(Pl. IV. Figs. 1-3.)
1845. ? Odontopteris jurensis, Kur, Beit. foss. Flor. Jura Wiirttembergs,
p. 12, pl. ii. fig. 1.

1852. Thinnfeldia rhomboidalis, Ettingshausen, Abh. k.k. geol. Reichs.
Bd. i. Abth. 3, No. 3, p. 2, pl. i. figs. 4-7.

32 THINNFELDIA.

1856. Cycadopteris Brauniana, Zigno, Flor. foss. Oolit. vol. i. p. 155,
pls. xvi.—xvii.
C. heterophylla, ibid. pl. xviii.
1858. ? Odontopteris jurensis, Quenstedt, Der Jura, p. 800, pl. xcix. fig. 9
1867. Thinnfeldia rhomboidalis, Schenk, Foss. Flor. Grenz. p. 116, pl. xvii-
figs. 1-8.
T. decurrens, ibid. p. 114, pl. xxvi. figs. 1-5.
T. obtusa, ibid. p. 115, pl. xxvi, figs. 6-8.
1869. ? Lomatopterzs jurensis, Schimper, Trait. pal. vég. vol. i. p. 472.
Thinnfeldia decurrens, ibid. p. 495.
T. rhomboidalis, ibid. p. 496.
1873. Cycadopteris Brauniana, Saporta, Pal. Frang. vol. i. p. 421, pl. liv.
fie, 5; pl. lvii. figs. cs -4; pl. lviii. figs. 1-5.
inagilian rhomboidalis, ibid. p. 348, pl. xliii.
Lomatopteris jurensis, ibid. pl. lv. figs. 1-4.
? Thinnfeldia incisa, ibid. p. 348, pls. xI., xlii.
1880. Cf. Lomatopteris lasina, Moriére, Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie,
vol. iv. [3], p. 361, pl. iv.
Pachypteris (Thinnfeldia) ct. decurrens, Schenk, and rhomboidalis,
Ett., Nathorst, Ofver. k. Vet.-Akad. Férh. 1880, p. 84.
1888. Ct. Thinnfeldia lancifolia, Szajnocha, Sitzb. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien.
vol. xeviii. Abth. 1, p.18, 1. i. figs. 4-7.
1893. Lomatopteris jurensis, Woodward, Lias, p. 378.
1894, Zhinnfeldia rhomboidalis, Raciborski, Flor. Kopalna, pl. xix.
figs. 9-15.
1903. TZ. rhomboidalis, Seward, Foss. Flor. Cape Colony, p. 57, pl. viii. fig. 1-

Frond pinnate or bipinnate; in the larger examples the pinnatc
leaves show a tendency in the lobing of the segments to assume
a bipinnate habit. Rachis stout, bearing alternately disposed
segments attached laterally. Pinnules leathery, varying con-
siderably in size and shape; those near the base of a frond may be
short and more or less ovate in form, while others are linear and
reach a length of rather more than 3cm.; apices of pinnules
bluntly rounded, upper margin of the lamina curves downwards
towards the rachis, lower margin decurrent; midrib well marked
in the longer segments, but in the smaller ones it dies out
a short distance from the base or (Text-fig. 2) is entirely
absent; secondary dichotomously branched veins spring from the
midrib at a very oblique angle.

Ettingshausen defined his species Thinnfeldia rhomboidalis,
founded on material from the Lias of Steierdorf, as follows :—

“Th. ramis elongatis, subalatis, striatis, foliis coriaceis, rigidis,
rhomboideis vel ovalibus, obtusis v. acutis, 12-20mm. longis,

THINNFELDIA. 33

5-12 mm. latis, integerrimis, obliquis, basi coarctata et decurrenti
sessilibus, approximatis, distichis, flabellatim, venosis, nervis
tenuibus, subrectis; simplicibus vel dichotomis, marginem versus
divergentibus.”

The specimens from the Lower Lias of Dorsetshire, as repre-
sented in Pl. IV. Figs. 1-8, exhibit a considerable range in regard
to the size and form of the ultimate segments. The specimen
figured by Kurr as Odontopteris jurensis may perhaps be specifically
identical with the English form; if we imagine the marginal
undulations of the pinnules shown in Pl. IV. Fig. 3 extended
into distinct lobes, we should have a frond like that figured by
Kurr. Although it is not unlikely that the difference between
Odontopteris jurensis as figured by Kurr and the English speci-
mens does not amount to specific difference, I prefer to adopt
Ettingshausen’s specific designation +homboidalis, as the specimens
he figures are more nearly identical in form with those from Lyme
Regis. The examples of Thinnfeldia figured by Schenk from the
Rhetic of Franconia as 7. decurrens and 7’. obtusa differ in so-
slight a degree from Z. rhomboidalis that we may regard them
as constituting one type. Zigno’s Italian examples referred by
him to Cycadopteris Brawniana can hardly be specifically dis-
tinguished from Thinnfeldia rhomboidalis.

The type of plant represented by the fronds classed under
T. rhomboidalis had an extended geographical range during the
Rhetic and Lower Jurassic periods. It is hopeless to attempt to
define within narrow limits the specific types of Thinnfeldia fronds ;
we find numerous fragments of leaves in various parts of the world
exhibiting a close resemblance with one another and differing in
what we may fairly consider unimportant details. The range of
Thinnfeldia extended into the southern hemisphere, where the
species 7. odontopterotdes is particularly abundant, in South African
Rhetic beds, in Australia and South America;' in India” also
a form has been found which may be identical with the European
type, Z. rhomboidalis. Nathorst, in his interesting notes on
fossil plants in British museums, noted the very close agreement

1 Solms-Laubach & Steinmann (99), pl. xiv. fig. 2.
” Feistmantel (77), pls. xxxix. and xlvi.

34 THINNFELDIA.

between the Lyme Regis leaves and those described by Schenk and
Ettingshausen from Central Europe. The specimens from Australia
referred by Tenison-Woods! to Zhinnfeldia falcata und Gleichenia
lineata probably represent forms closely allied to Z. rhomboidalis.

52,751la. Pl. IV. Fig 1.

A fairly complete frond, 12°5cm. long; the stout rachis bears
crowded, broadly linear segments, showing traces of a midrib in the
lower part of the lamina and oblique secondary veins. The edges
of the pinnules show a dark border which suggests a folding over
of the lamina, but a microscopical examination of the leaf-substance
affords no evidence of a revolute edge. The broad rounded tip
of the frond is well preserved; the entire lamina at the apex
passes gradually through a lateral lamina with confluent lobes into
distinct linear segments.

Lyme Regis. Purchased, 1874.

Fic. 2.—Thinnfeldia rhomboidalis, Ett. No. V. 40,674. x13.

52,672. Pl. IV. Figs. 2, 2a.

The apical portion of a frond of which the pinnules (Fig. 2a)
show very well preserved, dichotomously branched, secondary veins,
passing obliquely into a midrib. The dark border of the segments
is clearly marked, and the surface of the lamina shows numerous
small papille.

Lyme Regis. Purchased, 1870.

1 Tenison- Woods (83).

CTENOPTERIS. 35

52,751. Pl. IV. Fig. 3.

The specimen, of which a portion is represented in the figure,
is 15cm. in length. ‘The longer segments reach a length of 3 cm. ;
the lamina of some of them has a slightly lobed margin.' The
upper edge of the pinnule bends sharply downwards at the base,
forming a deep sinus, while the lower margin of the lamina is
decurrent on the rachis.

Lyme Regis. Purchased, 1874.

40,674. Text-fig. 2 (one and a half times nat. size). In this
smaller frond there is no midrib in the pinnules, the branched
veins spreading from the base of each pinnule.

Lyme Regis. Purchased, 1859.

V. 17. A-specimen 10cm. long, with a petiole 1-7 em. in length,
terminating in a slightly swollen base.

Lyme Regis. Purchased, 1881.
Other specimens :—85,046, 38,350, 38,351, 52,510, 52,858.
Lyme Regis. Purchased, 1856-76.

PLANTA INCERT SEDIS.
Genus CTENOPTERIS, Saporta, ex MS. Brongniart.

[Saporta, Pal. Frang. vol. i. p. 351, 1873.]

In my former volume* on Jurassic plants I adopted Nathorst’s
generic name Ptilozamites for the Inferior Oolite species originally
named by Zigno Odontopteris Leckenbyi, and afterwards referred
by Leckenby to the genus Ctenis and by Nathorst to Ptilozamites.
The designation Ctenozamites of Nathorst was added as a sub-
generic title for bipinnate, as distinct from pinnate, fronds of the
Ptilozamites type.

It is a matter of secondary importance whether we adopt the
names Ptilozamites or Ctenozamites of Nathorst, or revert to
the older genus Ctenopteris. Professor Zeiller, in his admirable
Eléments de Paléobotanique, makes use of Ctenopter’s, and it may

1 Compare Zigno (56), pls. xvii.-xviil.
2 Seward (00), p. 237.

36 CTENOPTERIS.

tend to greater uniformity in nomenclature if we give precedence
to this genus. The generic name Ctenopteris was first used by
Saporta, at the suggestion of Brongniart, for a Jurassic species,
Ctenopteris cycadea; it is defined as follows:—‘‘ Frons pinnata
vel bi-tripinnata, pinne elongato-lineares pinnati-partite basi
exappendiculate, pinnule basi tota adnate decurrentes inter
se liberxe versus apicem pinnarum plus minusve confluentes, nervi
omnes costa exorientes simplices furcatique divergentes, nervo-
medio nullo, nervulis mediis dense quandoque fasciculatis; fructi-
ficatio ignota.”’

Ctenopteris cycadea (Brongn.).
[Hist. vée. foss. p. 387, pl. cxxix. figs. 2-3, 1828.]

(Pl. III. Figs. 1, 1a.)

1828. Filicites eycadea, Brongniart, Hist. vég. foss. p. 387, pl. xxix.
figs. 2-3.

1832. Odontopteris cycadea, Berger, Verstein. Coburg Geg. p. 23, pl. ii.
figs. 2-3.

1836. O. Bergeri, Gippert, Syst. til. foss. p. 219.

1869. Cycadopteris Bergeri, Schimper, Trait. pal. vég. vol. i, p. 487.

1873. Ctenopteris cycadea, Saporta, Pal. Franc. vol. i. p. 355, pl. x1.
figs. 2-5; pl. xli. figs. 1-2.

1880. ©. cycadea, Nathorst, Ofvers. k. Vet. Akad. Férh. 1880, p. 45.

1884. Ptilozamites Bergeri, Richards, Synopsis Foss. Cycad. p. 2.

1887. Clenozamites cycadea, Schenk, Foss. Pflanz. <Albourskette, p. 5,.
pls. iii.-iv., vi.-ix.

1891. Ctenopteris cycadea, Saporta, Pal. Franc. vol. iv. pl. lxvi.

1893. Ptilozamites Bergeri, Woodward, Lias, p. 378.

1900. Ctenopteris cycadea, Zeiller, Eléments Paléobot. p. 101, fig. 75.

Frond bipinnate ; pinne attached to the broad rachis at an acute
angle, bearing broad, linear, entire pinnules; pinnules slightly
falcate, entire, attached to the axis of the pinna by the whole of
the base; no midrib, the lamina of the ultimate segments traversed
by several slightly divergent and dichotomously branched veins.

The Inferior Oolite species, previously described as Ptilozamites
( Ctenosamites) Leckenbyi,’ bears a close resemblance to Ctenopterds.

1 Leckenby (64), pl. a. fig. 1.

CYCADITES. 37

eycadea. Portions of a large frond recently figured by Zeiller from
the Rheetic of Tonkin as Ctenopteris Sarraini, Zeill.,! represent
another example of the genus.

40,674, Pl. ITI. Figs. 1, la.

Part of a bipinnate frond; a broad and flattened rachis gives
off pinnate branches bearing ultimate segments attached by the
whole of the base and traversed by several forked and slightly
spreading veins. The pinnules are approximately 1°8 cm. long
and 8mm. broad.

Lyme Regis. Purchased, 1859.

Class CYCADOPHYTA.

This class-designation recently proposed by Nathorst? serves
a useful purpose, and forms a welcome addition to botanical
nomenclature. Ina great number of cases we are without the
means of referring fossil Cycadean fronds either to the Bennettitez
or to the Cycadacee, the chief difference between the two sections
being afforded by the morphological characters of the reproductive
organs. It is, therefore, a convenience to make use of a designation
which includes both the true Cycads and the extinct Bennettitaces.

Genus CYCADITES, Sternberg.
(Flor. Vorwelt, iv. p. xxxii. 1825.]

Cycadites rectangularis, Brauns.
[Paleontogr. Bd. ix. p. 56, pl. xiv. fig. 1, 1862.]
(PI. IV. Figs. 4, 4a; Pl. II. Fig. 1; Text-fig. 3.)

1832. Cycadites pectinatus, Berger, Verstein. Coburg, p. 23, pl. iii. fig. 4.
1862. C. rectangularis, Brauns, Paleontogr. vol. ix. p. 56, pl. xiv. fig. 1.
1863. Cf. C. rajmahalensis, Oldham & Morris, Gondwana Flor. pls. vii.-viii.
Cf. C. conferta, ibid.
1867. C. rectangularis, Schenk, Flor. Grenz. p. 167, pl. xxxv. fig. 11.
1870. C. rectangularis, Schimper, Trait. pal. vég. vol. ii. p. 178.
C. pectinatus, ibid. p. 178.

1 Zeiller (02), pls. vi.-vill.
° Nathorst (02), p. 3.

38 CYCADITES.

1875. ©. rectangularis, Saporta, Pal. Franc. vol. ii. p. 69, pl. Ixxxiii.
figs. 1-4.
Cf. C. Delessei, ibid. p. 73, figs. 5-7.
1884. C. concentricus, Richards, Synopsis Foss, Cycad. p. 1.
1893. C. concentricus, Woodward, Lias, p. 378.
C. rectangularis, ibid. p. 378.
1895. C. reetangularis, Lignier, Mém. Soc. Linn. Normandie, vol. xviii.
p- 27, pl. vii. fig. 19.

1902. Cf. C. Saladini, Zeiller, Flor. foss. Tonkin, pl. xli.

Frond pinnate ; rachis broad, bearing narrow linear and crowded
pinne; pinne attached laterally by a broad base, of uniform
breadth, terminating in an acuminate tip, they may be either at
right angles to the axis of the frond or curved slightly upwards;
the lamina is traversed by a well-defined midrib.

The genus Cycadites' is less abundantly represented in Mesozoic
floras than the comparatively frequent use of the name implies,
Sternberg’s generic name was formerly used asa general designation
of Cycadean fronds which have since been separated into several
distinct genera. Other leaves have been referred incorrectly to
Cycadites instead of to the genus Dioonites; if, as occasionally
happens in fossil as in recent Cycadean fronds, the lamina of the
pinne has a revolute margin, an impression or cast presents an
appearance suggestive of a midrib. Among existing Cycads the
species Encephalartos Ghellinckti, Lem.,* affords a good example of
a frond that might be easily mistaken for a Cycadites if preserved
as a fossil.

Cycadites rectangularis has a fairly wide distribution in Rhetic
and Lower Jurassic strata, and represents a typical example of the
genus. Unusually large and well-preserved Wealden specimens.
of Cycadites have been described from England and Portugal
respectively as Cycadites Saporta, Sew.,* and C. tenuisectus, Sap. * ;
in all probability these two specific names stand for one species.

52,665. Pl. IV. Figs. 4, 4a.

Part of a frond 20-5cm. in length. The rachis is 1 em. broad,
and bears numerous linear pinne, none of which are complete;

1 Solms-Laubach (91), p. 86; Seward (95), p. 23.
2 Seward (982),

2 Seward (95), p. 29, pls. iii., vi., viii.

4 Saporta (94), p. 171, pl. xxxii,

OTOZAMITES, 39

the longest is 5cm. long and 2mm. broal. The frond is seen
from below, so that the pinne are cut off abruptly by the edges
of the rachis; each pinna appears to be traversed by a single vein.

Lyme Regis. Purchased, 1870.

V. 4076. Text-fig. 3.

A specimen 8cm. in length, of which a portion is represented
in the figure; the pinne are straighter and attached to the rachis
at a wider angle than in the example shown in Fig. 4, Pl. IV.

Lyme Regis.

Fic. 3.—Cycadites rectangularis, Brauns. V. 4076. Nat. size.

? Cycadites rectangularis.

V. 9009. Pl. II. Fig. 1.
This frond was obtained at Wansford, in Northamptonshire, by

C. W. Peach. The rachis has a length of 27 cm., and the pinnae,
which are attached to the axis at right angles, have an average
length of 4cm. and a breadth of from 2 to 8mm. In some of
the pinne there appear to be indications of a midrib, but the
preservation is not sufficiently good to enable oue to state con-
fidently that the frond is a true Cycadites.

Wansford.

Genus OTOZAMITES, Braun.
[Braun, in Miinster, Beit. Petrefact. Heft vi. p. 36, 1843.]

Otozamites obtusus (Lindley & Hutton).
(Foss. Flor. pl. exxviii. 1834.]
(Pl. I. Figs. 1, 3, 5.)
1824. ‘Fossil Fern,’’ De la Beche, Trans. Geol. Soc. vol. i. [2], p. 45,
pl. vii. figs. 2-3.
1825. Filicites Bechet, Brongniart, Ann. Sci. nat. vol. iv. p. 422, pl. xix.
fig. 4.

40 OTOZAMITES.

1825. F. Bucklandi, Brongniart, ibid. pl. xix. fig. 3.
1828. Zamites Bechei, Brongniart, Prodrome, p. 94.
Z. Bucklandi, ibid.
1834. Otopteris obtusa, Lindley & Hutton, Foss. Flor. pl. exxviil.
1836. Odontopteris otopteris, Géppert, Foss. Farrn. p. 211.
1838. Cyclopteris obtusa, Sternberg, Flor. Vorwelt, vil. p. 138.
Odontopteris Bucklandi, ibid. p. 79.
1842. Zamites Bechei, Miquel, Monog. Cycad. p. 38.
1843. Z. Bechei, Géppert, Foss. Cycad. p. 43.
Z. Bucklandi, ibid.
1845. Odontopteris otopteris, Unger, Synopsis, p. 51.
Zamites Bechei, ibid. p. 152.
Z. Bucklandi, ibid. p. 152.
1847. Odontopteris otopteris, Unger, Chlor. Prot. p. xxxvil.
Zamites Bechei, ibid. p. 1xii.
Z. Bucklandi, ibid.
1848. Odontopteris otopteris, Bronn, Ind. Pal. p. 838.
Zamites Bechei, ibid. p. 1377.
Z. Buckland, ibid. p. 1377.
1849. Otozamites obtusus, Brongniart, Tableau, p. 104.
O. Bechei, ibid.
0. Bucklandi, ibid. -
1850. Odontopteris otopteris, Unger, Gen. spec. p. 89. ~
Zamites Bechei, ibid. p. 283.
Z. Bucklandi, ibid. p. 284.
1851. Otozamites obtusus, Miquel, Over Rangs. foss. Cyc. p. 210.
O. Bechei, ibid.
O. Bucklandi, ibid.
1854. Paleozamia Bechei, Morris, Cat. Brit. Foss. p. 15.
P. Bucklandi, ibid.
1856. Otozamites Bechei, Bornemann, Organ. Rest. Lettenkohl. p. 52.
1870. 0. obtusus, Schimper, Trait. pal. vég. vol. ii. p. 171.
O. Brongniarti, ibid. p. 172.
1875. O. Brongniarti, Saporta, Pal. Frang. vol. ii. pl. ciii. fig. 4.
O. Hennoquei, ibid. p. 143, pls. c.-ci.
1884. 0. brevifolius, var. Bucklandi, Richards, Synopsis, p. 6.
0
0
Cc

. Bechei, ibid. p. 7.

1893. 0. obtusus, Woodward, Lias England and Wales, p. 378.
1901. Cf. 0. Ameghinoi, Kurtz, Lias Piedra Pintada, p. 14, pl. iii. fig. 6.

Frond pinnate; pinnze usually more or less falcate, occasionally
straight, attached alternately to the upper face of the rachis,
upper edge of the base is strongly auriculate; the upper edge of
the lamina is either straight or, more usually, slightly concave,
while the lower margin is more strongly convex, curving upwards
somewhat abruptly to the blunt apex ; pinne occasionally imbricate

OTOZAMITES. 41

(young fronds). Veins divergent in the basal portion of the pinne,
extending in an oblique direction to the upper and lower edge of
the lamina.

Otozamites obtusus, founded by Lindley & Hutton on a specimen
from the Lias of Axminster, and now preserved in the Oxford
Museum, forms one of several species of the genus which are so
closely linked together that it is often impossible to recognise
satisfactory distinguishing features.

The type-specimen of Otozamites obtusus consists of a portion
of a frond 8cm. long, with very clearly preserved pinne.

Otozamites graphicus, a characteristic Inferior Oolite species,
represents a type of frond very similar in shape and in the form
and venation of the pinne to O. obtusus. From Jurassic rocks of
France, Italy, and elsewhere, numerous examples of Otosamites have
been described which demonstrate the abundance of this generic
type, and the impossibility of defining the limits of the various
species. Attention has elsewhere been drawn to the futility of
attempting to recognise specific distinctions in the slight variations
in shape which are met with in the pinne of Otozamites fronds,
and, to avoid the danger of carrying artificial differences too far, .
I have suggested the use of the specific name odtwsus in a com-
prehensive sense.

Specimens of Otozamites obtusus from the Lias of England are
fairly common; in addition to the well-preserved fronds in the
British and Oxford Museums, examples are included in the
collections in the Jermyn Street Museum and in the Museums
of Bath, Bristol, and Cardiff.

40,672. Pl. I. Fig. 1.

An almost perfect frond 24cm. long and 3-1cm. broad at its
widest part. The pinne are obtusely pointed, slightly falcate,
and have a prominent lobe on the upper edge of the base. Veins
spreading from the centre of the base, cutting the edges of the
pinne obliquely.

Near Lyme Regis. Purchased, 1859,

(1155. Pl. I. Fig. 2.

A specimen from near Baireuth ; the figure represents a portion
of a frond 20cm. in length. This is undoubtedly the species
figured by Schenk as Otopteris Buckland, but it is probably not

42 CYCADEAN STEMS.

specifically identical with the English species, Olozamites obtusus ;
the lower edge of the segments in the German type are more
gradually curved upwards to the apex, as contrasted with the more:
sudden bend near the tip of the English species; the difference,
however, is very slight, and whether identical or not the two forms.
belong to the same general type. Braun Coll.]

V. 22. Pl. I. Figs. 3, 3a.

Two specimens, one the reverse of the other. The venation and
auriculate bases (Fig. 3a) of the pinne are very clearly shown.

Bridgewater, Somerset. Purchased, 1881..

39,059. Pl. I. Fig. 5.

A good example illustrating the gradual tapering in breadth
towards the base of a frond; probably not fully expanded. Some-
of the pinne are clearly falcate, while others may be described as
straight.

Langport, Somerset. Presented by Mr. E. W. Bagehot.

V. 3362. Part of a frond 12cm. long; pinne contiguous,
similar to those of 39,059 (Fig. 5).
Lower Lias, Worcestershire. Brodie Coll..

V. 3456. Part of a leaf 4-2 cm. broad; pinnee contiguous.
Lower Lias, Gloucestershire. Buckman Coll.

Other specimens :—47,045 (very imperfect specimen, 36 cm. long,.
from Lyme), 52,668, 52,751. Purchased, 1866-74..

CYCADEAN STEMS.

The nomenclature and generic separation of fossil Cycadean
stems present considerable difficulties. In dealing with the
enormous number of trunks discovered in recent years in Jurassic
and Cretaceous rocks of the United States,! Professor Lester Ward 2
has adopted the plan of using Buckland’s generic name Cycadeordea
in a wide sense, including species possessing the characters of
Carruthers’ genus Bennettites. In the monograph on Italian Cycad
stems by Capellini & Solms-Laubach*® Cycadeoidea is also cmployed

* Ward (95), (00), (002).
2 Ward (94).
3 Capellini & Solms-Laubach (91).

CYCADEAN STEMS. 43:

in a similar comprehensive sense, but these authors retain the
designation Bennettites for the species B. Gibsonianus, as we possess:
a fairly complete knowledge of the morphology of its female repro-
ductive organs. Since Carruthers’ Bennettites was first described !
several other examples of the same genus have been discovered ?
in a state of preservation that admits of minute investigation of
the fertile shoots. There can be little doubt that the majority of
Mesozoic Cycads belong to the section Bennettitales, and bore repro-
ductive organs of the type represented by Bennettites Gibsonianus.
In an earlier volume* I expressed the opinion that we should do.
more wisely to restrict the generic name Bennettites to stems
bearing the bennettitean inflorescence; the lateral reproductive:
shoots are usually recognised without difficulty, and we may
safely assume, in cases where special lateral branches are present,
that they bore flowers similar to those of Bennettites Gibsonianus.
There are, however, various forms of trunks which present no-
signs of lateral fertile shoots; they bear a close resemblance to
the common type of recent Cycadean stem in being covered with
a thick envelope or armour of persistent petiole-bases.

Stems of this category have been described as species of Cycadeoidea,
Bucklandia, Yatesia, and other genera. Lester Ward, in a paper
dealing with A Revision of the genus Cycadeoidea of Buckland,'
refers to the persistent character of the leaf-bases in Yatesia, Fittonia,
and Platylepis, as a feature distinguishing them from Cycadeoitdea.
This distinction is, however, hardly a valid one. The stem of
Cycadeoidea, using the term in the sense in which it is employed
by Ward and other authors, is covered with rhomboidal areas,
sometimes excavated by decay into hollow spaces bounded by
a silicified mass of chaffy ramenta, or presenting the appearance
of flat or convex areas; these areas are the bases of petioles from
which the rest of the frond has been cut off by means of a definite
absciss-layer. In Yatesia, Fittonta, and other genera, the leaf-bases
may be in some cases more prominent, but I am unable to recognise

1 Carruthers (70).

2 For more recent descriptions of Bennettites, see Solms- Laubach (91?) ; Lignier
(94), (03); Scott (00), p. 445; Coulter & Chamberlain (01); Wieland (99), (99*)-

3 Seward (95), p. 134.

+ Ward (94).

44 CYCADEAN STEMS.

any essential distinction between these stems and those of Cycadeotdea.
We cannot enter into a detailed consideration of the various other
generic terms applied to Cycadean stems, but mention may be
made of one recent addition by Lester Ward. He has instituted
the genus Cycadella as a generic name for Cycadean stems especially
characterised by the abundance of the woolly or scaly ramenta
which formed a thick covering over the greater part of the surface
of the stem. It is, I think, doubtful whether this new term is
really needed; the extent to which the ramenta may be developed
on the petioles and scale-leaves is hardly a character of generic
rank, but in all probability the peculiarity of the stems referred to
Cycadella is an expression of certain external conditions which led
to an unusual development of ramental scales. It is hopeless to
attempt the separation of Cycadean stems into distinct genera if
we take as our criteria such characters as the form of the leaf-
bases and their degree of prominence, the relative length of the
stem, and other characters of the same kind. The English trunks
referred by Carruthers to Presl’s genus Bucklandia and to the
genus Yatesia are not distinguished by any striking or important
features, and the same criticism may be applied to other forms
referred to distinct genera.

Among existing Cycads there are some, e.g. species of Zamia,
which possess stems covered by a corky investment which shows
no signs of persistent leaf-bases.? It is probable that stems of this
type are also represented among fossil Cycads.

The generic name Benstedtia® was suggested for some English
stems of Lower Greensand age in 1896, and I have more recently
made use of the same genus for certain South African stems
which are probably Cycadean.

Leaving out of account such stems as there is reason for including
in the Cycads and which are without the covering of persistent
petiole-bases, it would make for less artificiality in our nomen-
clature if we grouped under the generic designation Cycadeoidea all
Cycadean trunks, whether bulbous or of the longer and narrower
form, which are covered with persistent leaf-bases, and which show

1 Ward (00), p. 392; (00%).
2 Seward (96), pl. xiv. fig. 1.
3 Seward (96); (03), p. 34.

CYCADEOIDEA. 45:

no trace of lateral reproductive shoots of the form characteristic
of Bennettites. The retention of Bennettites for stems which bore
reproductive shoots like those of Bennettites Gibsonianus and several
more recently described species, serves to express the fact that we
possess some knowledge of the taxonomic position of the plants
within the class Cycadophyta.

In an account of a Cycadean stem from the Corallien of Vile de
Dives (Vendée), near |’Aiguillon sur Mer, M. Fliche * speaks of the
generic term Cycadeoidea as being applied to stems which probably
belong to the Bennettitew. This use of the name is, however, not
in accordance with the plan now advocated. The designation
Cycadeoidea may, I consider, be more advantageously applied to
Cycadean stems, such as the specimen figured by Fliche, which
exhibit no trace of the lateral fertile shoots characteristic of the
true Bennettitee.

Genus CYCADEOIDEA, Buckland.
[Proc. Geol. Soc. London, vol. i. No. 8, pp. 80-81, 1827.]

If used in the comprehensive sense suggested above, but to the
exclusion of stems conforming to the genus Bennettites, Cycadeoidea
would include such genera as Yatesia, Bucklandia, and several
others which, so far as we know, differ from one another only in
regard to unimportant vegetative features.

Cycadeoidea (Yatesia) gracilis (Carr.).
{Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxvi. p. 689, pl. lv. fig. 2, 1870.]

1870. Yatesia gracilis, Carruthers, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxvi. p. 689,
pl. lv. fig. 2.

1874. Y. gracilis, Schimper, Trait. pal. vég. vol. ili. p. 558.

1893. Y. gracilis, Woodward, Lias, p. 378.

The following is Carruthers’ original diagnosis of this species :—

‘“‘Stem cylindrical, very slender, covered with the permanent
bases of the petioles, which are imbricated, subrhomboidal, and
terminated by a lozenge-shaped cicatrix.”

1 Fliche (01), p. 193.

46 CYCADEOIDEA.

The Jermyn Street Museum collection includes a portion of
the bark — consisting chiefly of well-preserved leaf-bases — of
a Cycadean stem from Lyme Regis (No. 6397), which is probably
‘specifically identical with the specimens in the British Museum.

V. 4077. Type-specimen of Carruthers (Trans. Linn. Soc.
vol. xxvi. pl. lv. fig. 2). The drawing given by Carruthers
represents the specimen about one-half the natural size. The
fossil, which is 27cm. long and 45cm. broad, consists of an
imperfectly preserved stem partially covered with persistent bases
of fronds. These petiole-bases terminate in a flat and well-defined
absciss-surface, approximately 7 mm. to lem. in breadth. There
is no indication of any alternation of larger and smaller leaf-bases
such as characterises the stems of most species of the genus Cycas.
A somewhat indistinct circular projection on the stem is described
by Carruthers as the scar of an axillary organ; this may perhaps
mark the position of a lateral branch; a less distinct but similar
projection occurs near the base of the specimen.

Lyme Regis. History unknown.

§2,751. A stem 42cm. long, but imperfectly preserved. In
the lower part the persistent leaf-bases are crowded over the
surface, while in the upper portion they are seen in side-view
curving upwards from the edge of the central axis, which has
a breadth of 15cm. Towards the lower end of the fossil some
-of the petiole-bases show a clean-cut termination or absciss-surface,
about 8 mm. in diameter.

Lyme Regis. Purchased, 1874.

52,751a. A specimen 16cm. in length, with an axis nearly
38cm. wide.
Lyme Regis. Purchased, 1874.

? Cycadeoidea pygmea, Lind. & Hutt.

1835. Cycadeoidea pygmea, Lindley & Hutton, Foss. Flor. pl. exlii.
1841. Zamites pygmeus, Morris, Ann. Mag. vol. vii. p. 116.
1843. Z. pygmeus, Goppert, Foss. Cycad. p. 41.
1847. Cycadeoidea pygmea, Unger, Chlor. Prot. p. Ixv.
1848. €. pygmea, Broun, Ind. Pal. p. 37u.
1849. . pygmea, Brongniart, Tableau, p. 104.
Echmostipes pygmeus, Pomel, Vers. Ges. Deutsch. p. 17.

PAGIOPHYLLUM. 47

1850. Cyeadeoidea pygmea, Unger, Gen. spec. p. 301.

1854. C. pygmea, Morris, Brit. Foss. p. 7.

1870. Mantellia pygmea, Carruthers, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxvi. p. 703.
Cycadeoidea pygmea, Schimper, Trait. pal. vég. vol. ii. p. 188.

1893. C. pygmea, Woodward, Lias, p. 378.

1894. C. pygmea, Ward, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, p. 80.

The specimen on which Lindley & Hutton founded this species
was “communicated by Prof. Buckland, from the Lias at Lyme
Regis.” The authors note its resemblance to a cone, but they
refer to the irregularity of its figure and of the arrangement of the
scars, to the presence of a lateral tubercle, and to the absence of
seeds as facts indicative of its stem nature. They add, ‘‘ When cut
through from the apex to the base, nothing can be seen except the
bases of blunt scales, planted perpendicularly upon a thick and
solid centre.”

I have not been able to trace the original specimen, and the
Museum collection does not include any Liassic stems that can be
referred to the same type. So far as onc may base an opinion
on the drawing and the description, it would appear probable that
Lindley & Hutton correctly assigned the specimen to the genus
Cycadeoidea.

Class CONIFERALES.

Genus PAGIOPHYLLUM, Heer.
{Secce. Trab. Geol. Portugal, p. 11, 1881.]

The resemblance between the vegetative shoots usually referred
to this provisional and non-committal genus and those of certain
recent species of Araucaria has led several authors to adopt the
name Araucarites. It is indeed highly probable that some at least
of the fossils placed in the genus Pagiophyllum are twigs of
Araucarian trees; the abundance of petrified wood exhibiting
the characteristic anatomical features of the Araucaries lends
considerable weight to the inclusion of the Liassic and other species
in the genus Araucarites. Until we find well-preserved cones in
organic union with the twigs, or succeed in ascertaining their
anatomical structures, it is, however, safer to retain Heer’s generic
designation. The coniferous shoots usually assigned to the genus

48 PAGIOPHYLLUM.

Pagiophyllum ave characterised by their crowded falcate leaycs
projecting from the branches precisely as in Araucaria excelsa.
A species from the Lettenkohle of Germany figured by Schiitze’ as
Pagiophyllum Foetterler, Stur, hardly conforms to the recognised
characteristics of this genus.

Pagiophyllum peregrinum (Lind. & Hutt.).
(Fossil Flora, pl. lxxxviii.]
(Plate V.)

1829. ‘Plant,’? De la Beche, Trans. Geol. Soc. vol. n. [2], p. 29, pl. iv.
fig. 7.
1833. demmprdine peregrinus, Lindley & Hutton, Foss. Flora, pl. Ixxxviii.
1838. A. peregrinus, Sternberg, Flor. Vorwelt, vii.—viii. p. 204.
1845. A. peregrinus, Unger, Gen. spec. p. 202.
Araucaria peregrina, Kurr, Foss. Flor. Wiit. p. 9, pl. i. fig. 1.
1847. Araucarites peregrinus, Unger, Chlor. Prot. p. lxxv.
1848. A. peregrinus, Bronn, Ind. Pal. p. 91.
1849. Brachyphyllum peregrinum, Brongniart, Tableau, p. 104.
Moreauia latifolia, Pomel, Vers. Ges. deutsch. Naturforsch. und Arzte,
p. 21.
1850. Araucarites peregrinus, Géppert, Foss. Conif. p. 236.
Cupressus (?) latifolia, Buckman, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. vi.
p. 414, fig. 5.
Araucarites peregrinus, Unger, Gen. spec. p. 382.
1854. A. peregrinus, Morris, Cat. Brit. Foss. p. 2.
Cupressus latifolia, ibid. p. 6.
1858. Arancaria peregrina, Quenstedt, Der Jura, p. 272, pl. xxxiv. figs. 1-3.
1866. Cupressus latifolius, Carruthers, Geol. Mag. vol. iii. p. 545.
Araucaria peregrina, ibid. p. 545.
1867. Araucarites peregrina, Moore, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. p. 504.
1870. Pachyphylium peregrinum, Schimper, ‘Trait. pal. vég. vol. ii. p. 250.
1876. P. peregrinum, Tate & Blake, Yorks. Lias, p. 233.
1884. 2. peregrinum, Saporta, Plant. Jurass. vel. iii, p. 383, pls.
elxxili.-clxxvi.
1890. Pagiophyllum peregrinum, Zittel, Handbuch Palaeont. p. 276, fig. 192.
1892. Pachyphyllum peregrinum, Fox-Strangways, Jur. Rocks, vol. i. p. 130.
1893. P. peregrinum, Woodward, Lias of England and Wales, p. 378.
1894. P. liasinum, Saporta, Flor. foss. Portugal, p. 7, pl. i. fig. 17; pl. ii-
fig. 1.
Pagiophyllum peregrinum, Bartholin, Bot. Tidssk. pl. v.
1900. P. peregrinum, Ward, U.S. Geol. Surv. p. 308, pl. xlvi.
1903. ? P. peregrinum, Moller, Bornholms Foss. Flor. p. 32, pl. v-
figs. 14-15.

1 Schiitze (01), pl. vi. fig. 1.

PAGIOPHYLLUM. 49.

Vegetative shoots monopodially branched, bearing crowded,
spirally disposed, fleshy leaves. The leaves vary in shape andi
position ; they are usually broadly triangular, sometimes reaching
a length of 5mm., imbricate and fairly closely appressed to the
stem ; in some shoots they are more open in arrangement and more
distinctly falcate. The back of the leaves bears a broad median:
keel, and the lamina is frequently characterised by numerous
longitudinal striations or wrinklings; the apex of the leaf may
be obtuse or acuminate.

Flowers not known.

Among the specimens included under this type one notices
differences as regards the shape and disposition of the leaves which,
however, are not of sufficient importance to justify the use of
more than one specific name.

The occurrence of leaves having different shapes on branches
of the same tree is not an uncommon phenomenon among recent
Conifers, and there can be little doubt that too much weight has
been attached to slight variations as regards leaf-form in the deter-
mination of fossil coniferous twigs. Araucaria, perhaps, is more
constant in the shape and disposition of its leaves than some
other recent genera, but cases of heterophylly’ are by no means
unknown.

It is probable that Pagiophyllum peregrinum represents the
vegetative branches of an Araucarian tree. Lindley & Hutton
recognised the resemblance of the Lias specimens from Lyme Regis.
to Araucaria excelsa, and adopted the generic name <Araucaria ;
Unger, Kurr, Goppert, and some other authors have also used
this generic name or Araucarites. A good drawing by Adolphe
Brongniart of an English specimen from Lyme is published by
Saporta in the third volume of his Plantes Jurassiques ;
Saporta notices a difference as regards habit between the fossil
branches and those of recent Araucarias. It is true that the habit
of branching, as shown in Pl. V. Fig. 4, and in the specimen
figured by Saporta, is not quite the same as in Araucaria excelsa,
but the recent species 4. brasiliensis agrees closely with the
Liassic form as regards the disposition of the smaller branches.

1 Siebold (70), pl. 140; Potonié (99), p. 292, fig. 295.

50 PAGIOPHYLLUM.

‘A specimen from Lyme Regis in the Jermyn Street Museum
bearing the name Cupressites liasinus, Quenst., is probably a
fragment of Pagiophyllum peregrinum.

It is hardly possible to distinguish between P. peregrinum and
various species! described from higher horizons in the Jurassic
system. There can be little doubt that the Araucaria-like
branches indicate the abundance, during the greater part of the
Jurassic era, of Coniferous trees in all probability nearly related.
to the modern Araucarias.

38,349, Pl. V. Fig. 1.

This specimen illustrates a broader form of shoot with large
fleshy and angular leaves, which have a somewhat more open and
spreading arrangement than in most of the examples of this
species.

Lyme Regis. Bean Coll.

, 52,6652. Pl. V. Fig. 2.

Part of a branched specimen showing the falcate form and
longitudinal ribbing of the leaves.

Lyme Regis. Purchased, 1870.

' 35,044. Pl. V. Fig. 3. (Four times nat. size.)

Portions of two leaves of a twig 6°5 cm. long, similar to the
specimen shown in Fig. 2. The fleshy leaves are well preserved,
showing a median keel and numerous small papille, which
occasionally occur in regular longitudinal rows.

Lyme Regis. Purchased, 1876.

40,675. Pl. V. Figs. 4, 4a.

A larger specimen, 19 cm. long, illustrating the branching habit.
The enlarged leaf (Fig. 4a) shows the median keel and irregular
longitudinal ribbing.

Lyme Regis. Purchased, 1859.

V. 9608. Pl. V. Fig. 5. (Four times nat. size.)

An unbranched fragment 8 cm. long, bearing strongly wrinkled

leaves...
Lyme Regis. Purchased, 1855.

1 Cf. Saporta (84), pls. 178-183.

PAGIOPHYLLUM. 51

52,665. Pl. V. Fig. 6. (Five times nat. size.)

A piece of a branched shoot, bearing crowded imbricate leaves,
and differing slightly in appearance from the form represented in
Fig. 1; similar to 40,675 (Pl. V. Fig. 4).

Lyme Regis. Purchased, 1870.

45. Figured by De la Beche (Trans. Geol. Soc. vol. ii. [2],
pl. iv. fig. 7). A well-preserved fragment 6cm. long and 8 mm.
broad ; the leaves have broadly triangular apices and are slightly
falcate.

Lyme Regis. Presented by Sir Henry T. De la Beche, 1837.

36,655. A branch with more spreading leaves than in
De la Beche’s specimen, and closely resembling the recent
Araucaria excelsa, R. Br.

Lyme Regis. Purchased, 1870.

52,6655. The large broad leaves, with a longitudinally wae
lamina, are well preserved.

Lyme Regis. Purchased, 1870.

52,680. Large branched specimens, illustrating on the same
shoot the compact form like that represented in Pl. V. Fig. 4,
and in De la Beche’s figure, in addition to the more spreading
and open arrangement of the leaves shown in Fig. 1, Pl. V.

Lyme Regis. Pacheed. 1865.

52,693. An unusually thick piece, 18cm. long and 1'3cm.
broad; leaves of the longer and more tapering form.

Lyme Regis. Purchased, 1878.

Other specimens :—V. 41, 35,045, 36,656, 36,657, 36,658,
36,659, 40,676, 40,677 (good branched specimen), 40,679,
52,857, 52,859.

V. 41 presented by Capt. H. G. Lyons, 1882; the others purchased.

PLANTA INCERTA SEDIS.
[Strobilites elongata, L. & H. (Foss. Flor. pl. Ixxxix. 1833).]

1833. Strobdilites elongata, Lindley & Hutton, Foss. Flor. pl. Ixxxix.
1848. &. elongata, Bronn, Ind, Pal. p. 1203.
1849. Pinites (?) elongatus, Brongniart, Tableau, p. 104.
1850. P. elongatus, Unger, Gen. spec. p. 361.
P. elongatus, Géppert, Foss. Conif. p. 223.
1854. Strobilites elongata, Morris, Brit. Foss. p. 23.
1866. P. elongatus, Carruthers, Geol. Mag. vol. iii. p. 544.

52 CONIFEROUS WOOD.

The specimen from the Blue Lias of Lyme figured under the
above name by Lindley & Hutton presents the appearance of an
imperfect and partially destroyed, long and narrow cone with large
imbricate scales. In the. original description it is suggested that
the cone may have been borne by Pagiophyllum peregrinum
(L. & H.), but, as Carruthers! says, it is impossible to determine
the nature of the fossil from the published drawing.

CONIFEROUS WOOD.
a. Casts.

The occurrence of driftwood in the Liassic rocks of the
Dorsetshire coast has been mentioned by De la Beche* and other
-authors.2 The specimens occur in the form of casts, many of
which present the appearance of petrified wood, but unfortunately
the internal structure has not been preserved, and microscopical
examination is not possible. Several pieces of branches have been
found which reach a length of three or four feet; with the casts.
are often associated the shells of Ammonites, and these occasionally
occur attached to the surface of the fossil wood. The branches.
may belong to the tree of which the smaller twigs are known
as Pagiophyllum peregrinum, but we lack the necessary data for the
determination of the leafless casts.

V. 334. Text-fig.4. A branched specimen 4 feet 6 inches in
length in association with goceras planicostatum, Sow.
Lyme Regis. History unknown.

Other specimens from Lyme Regis and elsewhere :—V.171, small
piece of wood from Whitby, Yorkshire. V.1078, a large branched
specimen, 45 cm. in length, from Lyme Regis. V. 4078, two large
pieces, one of which bears several branch-scars; Lyme. V. 4079,
V. 4080, Lyme. 10,354, fragment from Charmouth, Dorsetshire
(Hantell Coll.). 11,235, fragment from Litchborough, Northampton-
shire (Mantell Coll.). 11,255, Charmouth (Mantell Coll.). 18,403,

1 Carruthers (66).

2 De la Beche (24).

3 Parkinson (11), p. 375 ; Woodward (93), p. 8.

4 For a figure of a piece of Liassic driftwood (specimen No. 52,894) bearing
a shell of Zgoceras planicostatum, see Seward (98), p. 61, fig. 7.

CONIFEROUS WOOD. 53

20,460, Crick, Northamptonshire. 20,461, Kilsby tunnel,
Northamptonshire. 20,464, Warkworth, Northamptonshire..

Fic. 4.— Cast of Coniferous stem from Lyme Regis. V. 334. 4 nat. size.

54 CONIFEROUS WOOD.

20,466, Bugbrook, Northamptonshire (age doubtful). 20,468,
Crick. 20,469, Kilsby tunnel. 20,473, Staverton, Northampton-
shire. 20,475, Kilsby tunnel. 20,482, Litchborough. 20,483,
Roade, Northamptonshire. 20,486, Northampton (partly con-
verted into jet). 20,488, Kilsby tunnel. 20,492, Bugbrook.
20,909, Braunston, Northamptonshire (this and preceding thirteen
specimens from Diss Baker's Coill.). 40,671, Whitby (partly
converted into jet), (Bean Coll.). 52,623, Whitby. 52,625,
Whitby. 52,671, near Grantham. 52,842, 52,857, Charmouth,
Dorsetshire. 52,894, Lyme Regis. 52,902, eight feet long; Lyme
Regis.

6. PETRIFACTIONS.

(Plates VI.-VIT.)

Although a considerable amount of driftwood occurs in the
Lower Lias beds near Lyme Regis, it is practically valueless
botanically, as the tissues have not been petrified. From the Lias.
of Yorkshire several specimens have been obtained in which the
tissues are exceedingly well preserved. Tate & Blake! mention
the occurrence of fossil wood at various horizons in the Yorkshire
Lias, and Fox-Strangways? speaks of wood in the zone of
Ammonites capricornus, A. margaritatus, and elsewhere.

In his classic work on The Internal Structure of Fossil
Vegetables Witham* describes and figures sections of silicified
wood from Upper Liassic beds near Whitby, from material supplied
by Mr. Nicol. He recognises two species which he names Peuce
Lindleiana and Peuce Huttoniana. The wood referred to the former
species is undoubtedly Araucarian; possibly P. Huttoniana may
also belong to the same type, but as it is not clear from Witham’s
account in what respect the two forms differ from one another,
I propose to retain only the specific designation Zindlecana, or
rather Zindled?. Both names occur in Witham’s book, but the
latter is selected as being more in accordance with our present.
system of nomenclature.

1 Tate & Blake (76), pp. 39, 64, 153.
2 Fox-Strangways (92), passim.
* Witham (33).

ARAUCARIOXYLON. 55

In addition to these two forms of Peuce, Witham gives drawings
of other specimens of coniferous wood from the Whitby Lias to
which he does not apply specific names. In an important paper
published in 1834, Nicol! notes the occurrence of three types of
coniferous wood in the Whitby Lias, and recognises certain
histological characters which demonstrate the Araucarian nature
of such specimens. Nicol, like many subsequent writers, states
that the wood of existing species of Araucaria is peculiar in the
absence of annual rings. This statement, though partially true,
is by no means entirely correct, as distinct annual rings do occur
in some modern Araucarias. The same author correctly describes
the contiguous arrangement and polygonal form of the bordered
pits as an Araucarian characteristic.

My examination of numerous sections of wood from the
neighbourhood of Whitby and Staithes in the Museum collection
has enabled me to recognise two well-marked types, one of which
is an undoubted Araucarian type, while the other may be included
in Goppert’s comprehensive genus Cupressinorylon. It is probable
that more than two species are represented, but the material
available is hardly sufficient to warrant the institution of additional
specific terms.

Genus ARAUCARIOXYLON, Kraus.
(Schimper, Trait. pal. vég. vol. ii. p. 380, 1872.]

This generic designation was formerly made use of in the
descriptions of wood from Paleozoic as well as from Mesozoic
and Tertiary rocks; but as the Paleozoic specimens are in many
cases known to belong to Cordattes and other genera which differ
in important features from true Conifers, it is better to restrict the
name Araucarioxylon to fossil wood which we believe to belong
to trees closely allied to existing members of the Araucariez.
In thus limiting the use of Araucariorylon I am following the
example of Knowlton,’ Zeiller,*? Scott,* and other authors.®

1 Nicol (84).

2 Knowlton (89), (90).

3 Zeiller (00), p. 280.

* Scott (99), (02).

5 Penhallow (00). '

56 ARAUCARIOXYLON.

Araucarioxylon Lindleii (Witham).
[Internal Struct. Foss. Veg. p. 58, pl. ix. figs. 1-5 ; pl. xv. figs. 1-8.]
(Plate VI.; Pl. VII. Figs. 2, 3, 5.)
' 1838. Peuce Lindleiana, Witham, Int. Struct. Foss. Veg. p. 58, pl. ix.
figs. 1-5; pl. xv. figs. 1-3.
1845. P. Lindleyana, Unger, Synopsis, p. 207.
1847. P. Lindleyana, Unger, Chior. protog. p. 35.
' 1848. P. Lindleyana, Broun, Ind. Pal. p. 951.
1849. P. Lindleyana, Brongniart, Tableau, p. 106.
1850. P. Lindleyana, Unger, Gen. spec. foss. p. 370.
Pinites Lindleyanus, Goppert, Foss. Conif. p. 217.

1854. Peuce Lindleyana, Morris, Brit. Foss. p. 17.

1866. Pinites Lindleyanus, Carruthers, Geol. Mag. vol. iii. p. 545,

1876. Peuce Lindleyana, Tate & Blake, Lias, pp. 283, 474.

1882. P. Lindleyana, Etheridge, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxviii., Proc.

p. 140.

Annual rings distinct. Wood homogeneous, composed of tracheids
bearing 1-3 rows of bordered pits on their radial walls; the pits
usually occur in two contiguous rows, alternately disposed and
polygonal in shape; occasionally three rows of pits occur, and some
of the tracheids possess a single row (Pl. VII. Fig. 5). Medullary
rays distinct in transverse section of the wood, composed of narrow,
radially elongated cells, with single pits in their walls; the rays
vary in depth from a single row to more than twelve rows of
parenchymatous cells. In a tangential section of the wood the
rays occur as long and narrow groups one cell in breadth;
occasionally a ray is seen to be two cells in breadth. Pith
composed of comparatively large polygonal cells, passing into
a fairly distinct perimedullary zone of smaller and darker cells
(Pl. VI. Fig. 3).

51,484, Pl. VI. Figs. 1, 3, and 4; Pl. VII. Fig. 3.

A large transverse section, 8°5 x 5:5 cm., cut from the same
piece of wood as that which afforded the section figured by
Witham in his pl. ix. fig. 1. The pith, which is imperfectly
preserved and occupies an excentric position, consists mainly of
fairly large polygonal cells (Pl. VI. Fig. 3), passing into a peri-
medullary zone of smaller cells. Groups of darker elements in
the pith region may represent sclerous nests, but the preservation
is not sufficiently good to enable one to distinguish between dark
cell-contents and thickened membranes.

ARAUCARIOXYLON. 57

The wood abuts on the perimedullary zone in the form of
bluntly terminated wedges. The annual rings are very distinct
(Pl. VI. Fig. 1); those on one side of the pith vary in width from
1 to 2mm., while on the other side they reach a breadth of
3'5mm.: this feature bears an interesting resemblance to the
inequalities frequently seen in the wood of recent trees which are
‘due to the more vigorous development of tissue on that side of
the stem exposed to the more favourable quarter. In one part of
the section there appears to be an indication of a double annual
ring, represented by a narrow zone of smaller tracheids in the
spring wood. The medullary rays are clearly seen in Pl. VI.
Fig. 1 as dark bands, and in Fig. 5, Pl. VIL. two rays are shown
in surface-view ; they consist of radially elongated parenchymatous
cells which occasionally exhibit small simple pits, and the cavities
are often full of vacuolated brown contents. The rays vary in
-depth from one to fourteen rows of cells.

The wood appears to be without resin-canals, but in one or two
places there occurs a series of irregular cavities—as shown at 1,
Fig. 3, Pl. VII., and in longitudinal section in Fig. 2, ¢, Pl. VI—
bounded by dark-brown parenchymatous cells with convex walls
bulging into the oval or circular spaces. These spaces are not
regular enough to be compared with the resin-canals of the
Abietinez, and their occurrence is exceptional and local. In the
portion of the stem represented in Fig. 3, Pl. VII., they occur in the
‘spring wood ; in this interrupted series of spaces one is able to trace
the development of the irregular cavities from patches of dark-brown
cells, which gradually separate to form a space into which resin
may have been secreted. Seen in longitudinal section (51,724,
Pl. VI. Fig. 2), the cavities are bounded by one or two rows of
short parenchymatous cells, and these short elements are in places
separated from the tracheids by a row of long and narrow cells.
In all probability these spaces may be regarded as the result of
abnormal conditions, which have caused the formation of a resinous
secretion. A similar occurrence of abnormal secretory parenchyma
is figured by Conwentz' in the wood of Pinites preserved in
Baltic amber.

Whitby, Upper Lias. Bryson Coll.

1 Conwentz (90), pls. vi.—viii.

58 ARAUCARIOXYLON.

51,724. Pl. VI. Fig. 2.

A radial longitudinal section showing medullary rays and the
patch of secretory tissue (r) seen in the transverse section repro-
duced in Fig. 8, Pl. VII. The radial walls of the tracheids bear
contiguous rows of bordered pits, as is seen more distinctly in
Fig. 5.

Whitby, Upper Lias. History unknown..

51,488. Pl. VII. Fig. 5.

Radial longitudinal section showing very clearly the characteristic
Araucarian form and disposition of the bordered pits. In some of
the medullary rays seen in this section (not shown in the photo-
graph) there occur small and simple pits. In one or two places.
long and narrow parenchymatous cells occur at the limit of the
autumn wood. Bryson Coll.

51,484. Pl. VI. Fig. 4.
Radial longitudinal section showing the shape and vacuolated
contents of the medullary-ray cells. Bryson Coll.

Other sections :—51,437. A large transverse section 6°5 x 5 cm.;.
the pith, composed of large polygonal cells, is partially preserved,
as in 51,484 (Pl. VI. Fig. 3). Annual rings well defined and
wide, reaching a breadth of 8mm. Medullary rays distinct.

Scarborough. Bryson Colt.

51,450. No doubt cut from the same specimen as 51,486..
Radial longitudinal section; preservation poor, but contiguous
rows of polygonal pits are seen here and there.

Whitby, Upper Lias. Bryson Coll.

51,452. Radial longitudinal section showing clearly marked
annual rings. Medullary rays vary in depth from one to twelve or
more rows. A row of long and narrow cells occurs in one place-
next the spring tracheids at the limit of the autumn wood.

Whitby. Bryson Coll.

51,473. Transverse section. In all probability specifically.
identical with the preceding sections.
Staithes, Upper Lias. Bryson Coll.

51,486. Tangential longitudinal section. Medullary rays usually
one cell broad, but occasionally two cells wide; the number of cells.

ARAUCARIOXYLON. 59

in a ray varics from one to twenty. Probably a section of
Araucarioxylon Lindlett. .

Whitby, Upper Lias. Bryson Coll.
51,489. Transverse section.
Whitby, Upper Lias. Bryson Coll.

51,490. Radial longitudinal section; preservation very good.
The pits are particularly well shown, usually occurring in two or
three contiguous rows, but occasionally in four rows. Pits shown
on the walls of some of the medullary-ray cells.

Whitby. Bryson Coll.

51,697. Tangential longitudinal section, probably from the same
specimen as 51,486.

51,702. Badly preserved transverse section, probably Araucarz-
oxylon Lindlett.

Upper Lias. Bryson Coll.

Araucarioxylon Lindleii (?).

51,449. Pl. VIL. Fig. 2.

Transverse section characterised by the great breadth, if not by
the absence, of annual rings. The tissue is crushed in places,
hence the difficulty of stating definitely that rings of growth do
not occur. Medullary rays comparatively broad and well marked.
This wood bears a close resemblance to that which is associated
with some of the specimens of jet described below.

Whitby, Upper Lias. Bryson Coll.

51,487. A transverse section, no doubt identical with 51,449
(Pl. VII. Fig. 2). No rings visible.

Whitby. Bryson Coll.

51,491. Oblique tangential section, showing traces of contiguous
and polygonal pits on some of the tracheids.

Whitby. Bryson Coll.
51,494. A crushed transverse section.

Near Whitby. Bryson Coll.
51,647. Badly preserved transverse section.

Staithes, Upper Lias. Bryson Coll.

51,728. Radial longitudinal section.
Whitby. Bryson Coll.

60 CUPBESSINOXYLON.

Genus CUPRESSINOXYLON, Goppert.
[Foss. Conif. p. 196, 1850.]

As Knowlton points out, this generic name has been used in
a comprehensive sense; he remarks—‘‘As our knowledge of the
internal organization of living Conifers has been gradually worked
out by Géppert, Kraus, Beust, and others, the fact has become
more and more apparent that types founded upon these characters
alone must be regarded in a measure as comprehensive.”

Schenk defines Cupressinoxylon as follows :—‘‘ Annual rings
distinct, narrow. Resiniferous parenchyma abundant. Cells of
the medullary rays thin-walled, with simple pits in their radial
walls. Types included under this head: Cupressacese, Podocarpee,
Cunninghamia, Taxodiner, Phyllocladus, Dacrydium, Ginkgo,
Sanegothea, Abies Webbiana.”*

In 1898 Mr. C. A. Barber* published a careful description of
a type of Lower Greensand fossil wood from the Isle of Wight
under the name Cuppressinoxylon vectense, and discussed the value
of the histological characters on which this and other genera have
been founded.

The material which I have described from the Lias of Whitby
is too meagre to admit of a complete diagnosis, and it is with some
hesitation that the generic name Cupressinoxylon has been selected.
One characteristic feature of this genus is the presence of resin-
cells among the tracheids, but I have not recognised in the few
available sections any certain indications of resiniferous parenchyma.

Cupressinoxylon Barberi, sp. nov.
(Pl. VII. Figs. 1, 4, and 6.)
The sections referred to this species exhibit certain features
which distinguish the wood from that of Araucarioxylon ; for the

sake of convenience I have designated this type C. Barberi, after
my friend Mr. C. A. Barber, the author of a thorough and critical

* Knowlton (89), p. 43.
2 Schenk, in Zittel (90), p. 862.
3 Barber (98).

CUPRESSINOXYLON, 61

paper on a species of Cupressinorylon from the Lower Greensand
of the Isle of Wight. The chief characters may be summarised
as follows:—Annual rings very distinct. Tracheids. wider than
those of Araucarioxylon Lindleti. Medullary rays composed of
long and narrow cells, consisting occasionally of more than twenty
cell-rows as seen in surface-view. Bordered pits occur either in
a single row (in which case they may be in contact or separate and
irregularly arranged) or frequently in two rows; the pits of the
adjacent rows are either alternate or on the same level. No resin-
canals or resiniferous tissue.

51,498. Pl. VII. Fig. 1.

Radial longitudinal section showing numerous narrow rings of
growth. This slice was no doubt cut from the same specimen as
51,495 and 51,496. The bordered pits often occur in a single
row, either contiguous or separate, or frequently in two rows,
the individual pits being placed alternately or opposite to one
another. The pits are circular or oval, and not polygonal, and
do not appear to exceed two rows on any one tracheid.

Whitby, Upper Lias. Bryson Coll.

51,496. Pl. VII. Fig. 4

A transverse section 5cm. in width, reproduced slightly less
than natural size. Annual rings (Pl. VII. Fig. 6) clearly marked
and narrow, more abrupt than im <Araucarioxylon Lindleti, and
characterised by a. less gradual decrease in the diameter of the
spring tracheids as they pass into the narrow elements at the limit
of the rings. Medullary rays narrow and less distinct than in
the preceding species.

Whitby, Upper Lias. Bryson Coll.

51,495. Pl. VII. Fig. 6.

Similar to the section shown in Fig. 4; the autumn wood is
composed of a few very narrow tracheids, which are succeeded
rather suddenly by much larger elements.

Whitby, Upper Lias. Bryson Colt.

Other specimens :—V. 328. Transverse section; annual rings
well defined, from 1 to 2mm. broad. Structure Tey the same
as in-51,495 and 51,496.

Whitby.

62 JET.

51,447. Longitudinal radial section ; several deep medullary rays.
51,497. Large and badly preserved transverse section.

51,757. A transverse section of inferior preservation ; possibly
referable to Cupressinoxylon Barbert.
Near Whitby, Upper Lias. Bryson Colt.

CONIFEROUS WOOD OF DOUBTFUL POSITION.

51,500. Tangential section, including a parenchymatous region
in the neighbourhood of a branch.

Whitby. Bryson Coll.

51,694. Transverse section, showing exceptionally narrow
rings of growth; much crushed.

Staithes. Bryson Coll.

51,758. Badly preserved radial section, labelled ‘‘ Fossil tree,

Whitby, Tertiary.” Probably a piece of Liassic wood.
Bryson Colt.

JET.
(Plate VIII.; Text-figs. 5-7.)

The name ‘jet’ is said to be derived from the river Gagas in
Lycia, where the substance was obtained. The following passage
from Pliny is of interest in reference to the origin of the term jet
and as regards its supposed properties :-—

“Gagates lapis nomen habet loci et amnis Gagis Lycie. Aiunt
et in Leucolla expelli mari atque intra xii stadia colligi. Niger
est, planus, pumicosus, levis, non multum a ligno differens, fragilis,
odore, si teratur, gravis. Fictilia ex eo scripta non delentur; cum
uritur, odorem sulphureum reddit; mirumque, accenditur aqua,
oleo restinguitur. Fugat serpentes ita recreatque volve strangu-
lationes. Deprendit sonticum morbum et virginitatem suffitus.
Idem ex vino decoctus dentibus medetur strimisque cere per-
mixtus. Hoc dicuntur uti Magi in ea, quam vocant axinomantiam,
et peruri negant, si eventurum sit quod aliquis optet.”’?

1 Pliny, Nat. Hist. Book xxxvi. 34, 141.

JET. 63

The occurrence of ornaments in barrows of the Bronze Age
affords evidence of the great antiquity of jet as a material used
for decorative purposes.

Mr. Fox-Strangways has given an interesting account of the
references to jet in ancient literature: he quotes from the rolls of
Whitby Abbey for 1894, and the following lines from Ceedmon, who
died about 670 or 680, and was buried in Whitby Abbey :—

“ Jeat stone, almost a gemm, the Lybians find,
But fruitful Britain sends us wondrous kind;
Tis black and shiny, smooth and ever light ;
?T will draw up straws, if rubbed till hot and bright ;
Oyl makes it cold, but water gives it heat.” !

Standing on the cliffs above Whitby, on the Yorkshire coast, one
frequently notices a line of breakers parallel to the coast which
mark the position of a ledge of hard rock a short distance from the
coastline. This is the jet-rock of the Upper Lias series from
which the Whitby jet was obtained. The jet-rock crops out at
various localities in the neighbourhood of Whitby, and jet has
been worked in Eskdale, Darbydale, and in several of the other
dales that intersect the moorlands of East Yorkshire.” In
The Organic Remains of a Former World, published in 1811,
Parkinson speaks of jet as Suecinum nigrum, a term used by
several ancient writers, and expresses the opinion that in some
cases jet was originally wood, as shown by its fibrous texture.*
In a work by Young, entitled 4 Mistory of Whitby and
Streoneshalk Abbey, jet is described as a substance which ‘may
be properly classed with fossil wood, as it appears like wood in
a high state of bituminization.”* Jet occurs in masses varying
from 4 to 1 inch in thickness and from 8 to 18 inches broad,
occasionally reaching a length of 12 feet. Young also mentions
the occurrence of specimens of jet containing a core of silicified
wood, Similar specimens are described by Young & Bird, in their
volume on the Yorkshire coast,® in which the jet itself forms

1 Fox-Strangways (92), p. 455.

2 Fox-Strangways, Reid, & Barrow (85), p. 18.
* Parkinson (11), p. 232.

+ Young (17), p. 783.

* Young & Bird (22), p. 188.

64 TET.

a crust on the outside of a log of pyritised or silicified wood.
Witham speaks. of jet as possessing a ‘‘ligneous structure,” and
as exhibiting ‘‘concentric rings of fibrous tissue.” He was the
first to give a figure of a section of jet showing indications of
a woody structure.’

An interesting paper on Whitby jet and its manufacture, by
Mr. J. A. Bower, was published in the Journal of the Society of
Arts in 1873.2 This author deals at length with the history of the
working of jet, and briefly discusses its probable origin. He notes
that most of the jet-workers regard it as having a ligneous origin.
Bower does not consider that vegetable matter is essential for
its production, and in support of this opinion he mentions the
occurrence of bones and fish-scales which have been converted into
jet. Jet, he says, has the appearance of a substance distilled from
the rock, which has in some cases impregnated vegetable matter
and animal substances, or has simply consolidated in fissures. On
the whole he considers that the evidence supports the view that
jet has been formed as a distillate from the jet-rock.

Messrs. Tate & Blake have dealt with the origin of jet in their
book on the Yorkshire Lias: they point out that the beds in which
it occurs are highly charged with bitumen, and they consider that
the jet owes its origin to ‘“‘the segregation of the bitumen in the
intervals of the shales, which, allowing to a certain extent the access
of air, has hardened into jet, a process which may undoubtedly be
now going on.” They go on to say, ‘‘ There seems to be no reason
whatever for connecting it with wood, beyond its having a remotely
similar composition, though, of course, we have thrown no light on
the cause of the presence of the bitumen itself.’’

Jet is described by Messrs. Fox-Strangways & Barrow, in the
Geological Survey Memoir on the Coast between Whitby and
Scarborough, as water-logged Coniferous wood ‘‘from which in
a few rare cases all trace of structure has been removed.”* In
amore recent work, Fox-Strangways points out that it is very
certain that jet is derived from vegetable matter in some form or

* Witham (33), pp. 10, 50, pl. xi. fig. 3.
2 Bower (73).

3 Tate & Blake (76), p. 179.

4 Fox-Strangways & Barrow (82), p. 21.

JET, 65

other. He considers that it was not formed from plants which
grew where the jet is found, as it does not occur in regular seams,
but in isolated blocks. It is more probable, he adds, that jet was
produced from trees which had been floated into their present
position, buried in Lias mud, and subsequently converted into
bitumen, ‘which became diffused through the neighbouring shale
or occupied cavities in them, where it is now found as jet, often
occurring as pseudomorphs of organic remains.” }

This brief historical review suffices to show that the balance of
opinion is in favour of a vegetable origin for jet. Several writers,
however, prefer to regard the masses of flattened jet, having the
form and texture of wood, as pieces of stems or branches
impregnated with a fluid bitumen, rather than as pieces of wood
which have been directly converted into jet. ‘With the exception
of Witham, none of the authors who have discussed the origin of
jet appear to have made a microscopical investigation of its
structure.

The result of an examination of several sections of Whitby jet
in the British Museum collection leads me to express the opinion?
that jet has been formed by the alteration of wood: the masses
of wood with the form and structure of jet that were formerly
extensively worked as the source of that material, probably
represent portions of trees the tissues of which underwent certain
chemical changes resulting in the partial or complete obliteration
of the vegetable structure and in the substitution of jet for wood.

In all probability Whitby jet has been produced in large
measure by the alteration of wood of the Araucarian type.
Undoubted <Araucarioxylon wood occurs in the Lias rocks in
association with the jet (Plate VI.), and the structure of the tissues
met with in specimens like those shown in Pl. VIII. Figs. 1, 2, 4,
and 6, appears to be of the same type. It is interesting to find
that Knowlton speaks of jet found in the Richmond Basin, Virginia,
as having been formed from Araucarioxylon wood.?

A section cut from a good sample of hard Whitby jet is of a rich
sherry or golden yellow colour. Microscopical examination may

1 Fox-Strangways (92), p. 455.
2 Briefly stated in a note published in 1901; see Seward (01), p. 856.
3 Knowlton, in Shaler & Woodworth (97), p. 517.

F

66 JET.

reveal no definite structure in the homogeneous substance, or, more
frequently, the matrix is seen to be traversed by a number of dark-
brown undulating, zigzag, or roughly parallel lines (Pl. VIII.
Figs. 5, 7); while in other sections the matrix exhibits a series of
faint vertical lines crossed here and there at right angles by short
dark lines (Pl. VIII. Fig. 3). A transverse section of jet usually
appears as represented in Figs. 5 and 7, Pl. VIII.; the contorted
dark lines reveal no indication of their origin or meaning, and the
rich yellow or orange matrix shows nothing more than an indistinct
spotted appearance too faint to afford a clue as to its origin.

It is interesting to find that a microphotograph of a section such
as I have described reveals more distinct evidence of structure in
the matrix, and brings to light more definite though indistinct
traces of a fine net-like texture suggestive of compressed plant-
tissue, than the section itself. A section cut parallel to the edge
of a compressed mass of jet—that is, a tangential section—exhibits
a number of slightly irregular vertical lines crossed at intervals
by series of short dark patches (Pl. VIII. Fig. 3). This structure
is obviously a faint representation of that of a coniferous stem, the
vertical lines being the walls of the tracheids, while the darker
patches mark the position of the medullary-ray cells. Fig. 4,
Plate VIII. represents a specimen one edge of which is composed of
pure jet having the structure seen in Figs. 5 and 7; the rest of the
slice consists in part of mineral material, showing little or no
trace of woody structure, with occasional patches of fairly well
preserved petrified wood cut across transversely.

Figs. 1 and 2 represent portions of sections which are in part
composed of jet and in part of silicified coniferous wood; these
preparations show the extension of the dark and apparently
structureless jet into the tissues of the wood, and in the wood
itself one sees that the dark lines follow the course of the radial
walls of the tracheids. Similarly, in Fig. 6 we have a piece of
coniferous wood in transverse section invaded by dark lines which
clearly follow the course of the rows of tracheids and extend along
their radial walls. Text-fig. 6 shows a small piece of wood in
transverse section of which the tracheids are more or less ragged
and disorganised, the tangential walls have partially broken down,
while the radial walls are being replaced by a brown substance
which forms conspicuous dark bands (@). Identical dark bands are

JET. 67

seen in Text-fig. 7 formed along the radial walls of the tracheids ;
the rest of the section presents the same spotted appearance as that
which characterises the yellow matrix of pure jet. The cavities
of the tracheids become filled with an orange-coloured substance,
and the outlines of their walls may be faintly traced in a micro-
photograph of a section of ordinary jet.

The contorted appearance of the dark lines shown in a transverse
section of jet points to contraction of the wood during its con-
version into jet. I have no hesitation, then, in describing the dark
lines seen in Figs. 5 and 7, Pl. VIII. as having been formed by the
production of a deep brown substance along the course of the radial
walls of the tracheids, their wavy or zigzag form being due to

Fic. 5.—Jet partially enclosing a core of stone consisting of an imperfectly
preserved cast of a piece of wood. (Whitby Museum.)

contraction. The mottled appearance of the lighter - coloured
matrix is due to the persistence of faint traces or ‘ ghosts’ of the
membranes of wood-elements. The flattened form of the large
blocks of jet met with in the jet-rock is no doubt very largely
due to the compression of the wood in the process of its alteration
into jet. It has been pointed out by more than one writer that
specimens are not uncommon in which a thin layer of jet forms
a crust over a core of stone. In specimens of this kind the thickness
is considerably greater than in pieces of ordinary jet.

Text-fig. 5 represents a diagrammatic sketch of an end-view
of a specimen in the Whitby Museum, which consists for the most

68 JET.

part of a central core of sandstone showing in places distinct
indications of concentric rings traversed here and there by crystalline
lines which mark the position of medullary rays. In this case the
outer portion of the block of wood has been converted into jet,
while the inner portion decayed and was replaced by some sedi-
mentary material which has partially retained the form of the
original wood-structure. The replacement by the sedimentary
material was not accompanied by the compression which
characterised the conversion of the wood into jet, hence the
greater breadth of specimens such as that shown in Text-fig. 5,
as compared with those which consist wholly of jet.

The Whitby Museum contains some specimens of jet in which
Belemnites are partially embedded, clearly pointing to a soft
condition of the substance in which the pointed end of a belemnite
became firmly enclosed. There is no reason for supposing that in
this case the jet was not formed from wood; it may indeed have
been produced from animal matter, but on the other hand it is not
improbable that the altered woody tissue may have been in a, soft
condition and in a state in which a hard substance may easily have:
sunk into it.

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIMENS.

(All the examples are from the Upper Lias of Whitby, and from
the Bryson Coll.)

51,601. Pl. VIII. Fig. 1.

This section has been cut from a specimen consisting in part of
normal jet of a deep sherry colour and exhibiting the characteristic
structure like that shown in Figs. 5 and 7. A portion of the
specimen consists of fairly well preserved silicified coniferous wood.
The importance of this section is the transition shown between the
wood and the jet; at the junction between the two, as seen in the
photograph, the conversion of the wood into jet is seen to take
place first between the radially disposed tracheids. Cf. Text-
figs. 6 and 7 and Fig. 2, Pl. VIII. This section and that
numbered 51,451 were probably cut from the same specimen.

51,639. Pl. VIII. Fig. 2.

A piece of silicified wood in transverse section showing very faint
annual rings and suggesting an Araucarian species. Like the slice

JET. 69

represented in Fig. 1, this also shows the gradual encroachment
of the jet along the rows of tracheids. In sections’such as those
shown in Figs. 1 and 2 it is not difficult to trace the dark lines and
patches, clearly shown in the photographs as occurring*in the wood,
into the wavy and contorted bands which are seen in the portions
of the specimens already converted into jet.

51,595. Pl. VIII. Fig. 3.

An obliquely tangential section of pure jet of a rich sherry
colour. The medullary rays are shown as superposed rows of dark
patches and in some places as more radially extended lines. Both
tracheids and medullary-ray cells are represented by faint lines or
darker patches, and afford a blurred and obscure reproduction of the

actual wood.

51,493. Pl. VIII. Fig. 4.

The section, slightly reduced in the photograph, is 4:5cm. in
length: it consists of bands and patches of ordinary jet inter-
spersed with badly preserved silicified wood seen in transverse
section. The jet presents the same appearance as that represented
in Figs. 5 and 7. In many parts of the section the passage from
wood to jet is clearly shown.

51,623. Pl. VIII. Figs. 5 and 7.

Sections cut from a piece of pure jet, which has a rich brown
colour in transmitted light. The lighter-coloured matrix is
traversed by dark opaque bands exhibiting small zigzag contortions
(Fig. 7) and large folds. The matrix between the bands resolves
itself, under a high magnifying power, into a network of more or
less rectangular spaces representing tracheids, the cavities of which
are bounded by very fine lines. Under a lower power the matrix
appears to be without structure and homogeneous. The wood from
which the jet has been formed is cut across transversely; the dark
bands probably mark the position of the medullary rays, and their
junction can be readily traced in such specimens as those repre-
sented in Figs. 1 and 2; the mottled appearance of the matrix, as
shown in the photographs (Figs. 5 and 7), is simply the faint
remnant of the wood.

51,448. Pl. VIII. Fig. 6.

A small piece of a specimen similar to that represented in Fig. 4,
consisting of a dark patch of jet and portions of silicified wood in

70 JET.

transverse section. The figured piece shows the beginning of the
formation of the dark bands (a) between the tracheids—possibly
occupying the position of the medullary rays. The same specimen
shows also that the dark bands in the jet are parallel to the rows —
of tracheids (this is not seen in the photograph, but is readily
recognised on a careful examination of the actual section), The
Text-figs. 6 and 7 were drawn from this section.

Fic. 6.—Transverse section of coniferous wood passing into jet. Highly
magnified. 51,448. '

Other specimens: — 51,451. This section and 51,639 were
probably cut from the same specimen. The section consists of
silicified coniferous wood containing patches of jet. Annual rings.
are faintly shown, as in 51,487. The jet shows several folded and
contorted dark bands, as in Figs. 5 and 7, the general direction of
which is parallel to the rows of tracheids in the unaltered patches
of wood. The portions converted into jet afford evidence, in the
zigzag course of the dark bands, of considerable contraction.

JET. 71

51,598, 51,594. Pure jet similar to that shown in Pl. VIII.
Fig. 8, but in this case the arrangement of the longer dark bands
across the fainter vertical lines shows that the section has been cut
in a radial longitudinal direction.

51,596. Radial longitudinal section of jet, but darker and less
transparent than 51,593 and 51,594.

51,597. Probably a tangential longitudinal section, similar to
that shown in Fig. 3, Pl. VIII.

51,598. Longitudinal radial section showing the tracheal walls
as vertical lines crossed at right angles by rows of dark dots
representing medullary-ray cells.

Fie. 7.—Coniferous wood partly converted into jet. Highly magnified, 51,448.

§1,599. Transverse section like that reproduced in Text-fig. 7,
but darker.

51,600. A good example of pure jet in transverse section ; the
rich sherry -coloured matrix is traversed by parallel contorted
bands, as in Pl. VIII. Fig. 7, and shows traces of the tracheal
walls as a faint network of fine lines.

51,621. A small section of jet almost entirely without signs
of structure. Under a high power it presents the appearance of

72 JET,

a finely and irregularly corrugated surface; this is no doubt a faint
reflection of the original structure of the wood as seen in transverse
section.

51,622. Dark transverse section of jet. Cf. 51,623 (Fig. 7,
Pl. VITI.).

51,782. A small piece of a longitudinal section of jet showing
numerous fine dark lines indicating the walls of the tracheids.

51,806. Probably a longitudinal tangential section; the matrix
is traversed by wavy dark bands of unequal thickness.

52,623. Specimens of fossil wood and jet.

OOLITIC SERIES. 73

IV.—OOLITIC SERIES.

The Jurassic system, excluding the Liassic series, may be
classified as follows :—

Purbeckian.
Portlandian.
Kimeridgian.
Corallian.
Oxfordian.
Bathonian.
Bajocian.

We are not at present concerned with the Purbeckian and
Portlandian fossils; the rest of the series includes several sub-
‘divisions, the nomenclature of which varies to some extent in
different parts of Britain. We may, however, adopt the following
classification! as convenient for reference in connection with the
fossils described in this volume.

Groups or Stages. Sub-Groups or Sub-Stages.
KIMERIDGIAN. Kimeridge Clay.
Coral Rag.
CoraLLiaNn. Coralline Oolite.
Calcareous Grit.
Oxford Clay.
OXFORDIAN. Kellaways Rock.
BATHONIAN

Bradford Clay and Forest Marble.
Great or Bath Oolite, with Stonesfield Slate.

Fuller’s Earth.

Cheltenham Beds, Lincolnshire Limestones, and Colly-
weston Slate.

Northampton Sands.

Midford Sands (passage beds).

(Great or Bath Oolite).

Basoctan
(Inferior Oolite).

|
Cornbrash.
|
|

1 Geikie (93).

74 OOLITIC SERIES.

A complete classification of the Oolitic series should include the
various local variations in the nature of the sediments to which
special names have been applied. For a more detailed list of the
subdivisions of the Oolitic rocks, as founded on the development of
the series in different parts of the country, reference should be
made to Mr. H. B. Woodward’s standard work on the Lower
Oolitic rocks of Britain,! and to the memoir by the same author:
on the Middle and Upper Oolitic rocks of England (Yorkshire
excepted).’

The British Museum collections include fossil plants from several
of the above groups; in most cases the specimens from any one
area or sub-stage represent mere waifs and strays of the floras, but
the Stonesfield Slate (Bathonian) has afforded a comparatively rich.
collection. In the following pages I have arranged the species
botanically, mentioning in each case the locality and horizon from
which they have been obtained. The list of plants given in the
concluding section serves to indicate the species described from the
various sub-stages of the Oolitic rocks.

The Geological Survey memoir on the Jurassic rocks of Britain
(vol. iv.) by Mr. H. B. Woodward ® contains several references.
to the occurrence of plants in the Lower Oolitic rocks in other
parts of England than Yorkshire. Vol. v.* of the series of
Jurassic memoirs by the same author affords valuable information
as to the plant-bearing rocks of the Middle and Upper Oolitic
strata; the Yorkshire area is dealt with in a separate volume by
Mr. Fox-Strangways.°

Several Oolitic plants are figured by Lindley & Hutton in their
Fossil Flora;* these are given in the following list, with the
addition of the names employed for their species in the present
volume.

1 Woodward (94).

2 Woodward (95).

3 Woodward (94).

* Woodward (95).

» Fox-Strangways (92).

" Lindley & Hutton (31-37).

OOLITIC SERIES. 75

Pinus primeva, L. & FH. = Conites primeva (L. & H.).
Pl. exxxy. 1834. Near Towcester.
Inferior Oolite.

Zamia pectinata, Brongn.

Pl. clxxii. 1835. Stonesfield Slate.
Type-specimen in the Oxford
Museum.

Zamia taxina, L. & H.

Pl. clxxv. 1835. Stonesfield Slate.

Sphenopteris cysteoides, L. & H.

Pl. clxxvia. Stonesfield Slate.

Teniopteris vittata, Brongn. = Teniopteris vittata, Brongn.
Pl. clxxvid. Stonesfield Slate.

Carpolithes conica, L. & H.
Pl. clxxxix. figs. 1, 2, 4. Coralline
Oolite, Malton. Type - specimen
(L. & H., fig. 4) in the Manchester
Museum, No. 360.

Carpolithes Bucklandi, L. & H., ex

Will. MS.

Pl. clxxxix. figs. 3, 5. Coralline
Oolite, Malton. [A specimen in the
Manchester Museum, No. 361, may
possibly be the original of fig. 5.]

Carpolithes. = Carpolithes, sp., and Araucarites, sp-
Pl. exciiia, figs. 1-4. Stonesfield
Slate.

Williamsonia pecten (Phill.).

W. pecten (Phill.).

Sphenopteris, sp. w.

ll

Carpolithes conicus, L. & H.

ll

Carpolithes conicus, L. & H.

In addition to the plants included in the above list there are
others described in more recent years, but we possess no systematic
account of Oolitic plants as a whole. Mr. Carruthers has added
considerably to our knowledge of Jurassic plants by his numerous.
papers on Oolitic species from various localities, but reference is-
made to the work of this author under the head of the species
which he has described.

In Damon’s Geology of Weymouth we find a few references to-
fossil plants from the Kimeridge Clay and other horizons. In
Strahan’s Survey memoir allusion is made to the so-called
Kimeridge coal, a highly bituminous shaly substance from which
‘coal-money ’ was formerly manufactured.? Reference should also

1 Damon (84).
2 Strahan (98); see also Buckland & De Ja Beche (86), and an article in
the Gentleman’s Magazine, vol. xxxviii. p. 111, 1768.

76 INFERIOR OOLITE PLANTS.

be made to an address delivered by Mr. Etheridge to the Geological
Society in 1882, in which several allusions are made to the
occurrence of Oolitic plants.’

The microscopical investigation of oolitic grains from various
Jurassic rocks has raised a question of considerable botanical
interest. Wethered? and other authors have demonstrated the
presence in oolitic grains of narrow tubular elements, referred to
the genus Girvanella, possibly representing the remains of Algw
which have been instrumental in the production of this common
lithological character.

INFERIOR OOLITE (BAJOCIAN) PLANTS.

In a paper On some Sections in the Oolite District of Lincoln-
shire, Morris incidentally notes the common occurrence of the
fern Pecopteris polypodioides, Brongn. (= Laccopteris polypodioides),
near Stamford; the same author refers also to the specimens of
Pterophyllum from the famous Barnack quarries. The abundance
of Laccopteris in the Collyweston quarries and elsewhere was
pointed out by Boscawen, Ibbetson, & Morris in a note com-
municated to the British Association at the Oxford meeting of
1847.4 Sharp’s papers on The Oolites of Northamptonshire® also
contain references to a few fossil plants from Kingsthorpe and
-other places. Species of Inferior Oolite plants are mentioned by
Professor Judd in his memoir on the Geology of Rutland.°

GREAT OOLITE (BATHONIAN) PLANTS.

The Stonesfield Slate is by far the most important sub-stage of
the Oolitic series from a botanical standpoint, excluding the Inferior
Oolite rocks of Yorkshire. The lowest zone of the Great Oolite
series in Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire takes its name from

1 Etheridge (82).

? Wethered (89), (90), (95); Harris ; J 2).
Rothvletz On, > (90), (95) (96); Seward (98), p. 124, (94%);

3 Morris (53), p. 337.

4 Boscawen, Ibbetson, & Morris (48).

5 Sharp (70), pp. 861, 384; (73), pp. 274, 290, 295.

8 Judd (75), pp. 140, 165, 276.

GREAT OOLITE PLANTS. 77

Stonesfield in Oxfordshire, where a fine-grained shelly sandstone:
has been quarried for roofing-slates for many centuries. In his
Natural History of Oxfordshire, Plot! makes the following
reference to the slates of Stonesfield :—‘‘ But before we take leave
of materials for building, we must not forget that the houses are:
covered, for the most part in Oxfordshire not with tiles but
flat-stone, whereof the lightest, and that which imbibes the water
least, is accounted the best. And such is that which they have
at Stonesfield, where it is dug first in thick cakes, about Michaelmas
time, or before, to lye all the Winter and receive the frosts, which
make it cleave in the Spring following into thin slates, which
otherwise it would not do so kindly.”

The fossil plants of the Stonesfield Slate have been found chiefly
at Stonesfield, Sevenhampton Common, and Eyeford; they occur
in a marine sediment rich in the remains of mammals, reptiles,
insects, and molluscs. It has been suggested that the Stonesfield
flora may represent the fragmentary relics of the vegetation of an
islet in the Jurassic sea. The frequent occurrence of detached
leaflets and the fragmentary condition of the plants may perhaps
be regarded as evidence in favour of the view that the area of
deposition was a considerable distance from the land on which the
vegetation flourished ; or it may be that the land rose steeply from
the water’s edge, and the branches, leaves, and seeds were thus
exposed to rough usage by the rivers that swept them into the sea.

In Buckland’s paper on the Megalosaurus or Great Lizard of
Stonesfield, the plants are mentioned but not described."
Brongniart, in his Prodrome, speaks of the Stonesfield plants
as being of rather later date than those from the Yorkshire coast,
but he recognises the close agreement between the two floras.*

In Murchison’s Outline of the Geology of the Neighbourhood
of Cheltenham, published in 1834,* no account of the plants is
included; but in a new edition ‘augmented and revised by
James Buckman and H. E. Strickland,” * the following species are

’ Plot (1677).

2 Buckland (24), p. 392.

3 Brongniart (28), p. 197.

* Murchison (34).

5 Murchison, Buckman, and Strickland (45).

78 GREAT OOLITE PLANTS.

described, several of them being represented by rather crude and
inaccurate drawings :—

Bensonia ovata, Buckman.

Sevenhampton Common.
‘Cycadites ?

Pl. i. fig. 3. Sevenhampton Common.
Carpolithus conicus, L, & H.

Pl. ii. figs. 5a—-d and f, 6.

Sevenhampton and Eyeford quarries.
Thuytes cupressiformis, Sternb.

Sevenhampton and Eyeford quarries.
T. expansus, Phill.

Pl. i. fig. 6. Sevenhampton.
Pinites(?) or other Conifere, two species.

Sevenhampton Common. I am unable to recognise the specimets
‘Calamites (?). so described by Buckman.

Sevenhampton and Eyeford.
Lilia lanceolata, Buck.

Pl. ii. fig. 8. Eyeford.
Naiadea obtusa, Buck.

Pl. i. fig. 2. Sevenhampton.
NV. ovata, Buck.

Pl. ii. fig. 1. Sevenhampton.
Noeggerathia(?).

Pl. i. fig. 5. Eyeford.
Stricklandia acuminata, Buck.

Pl. ii. fig. 2. Sevenhampton.
Salicites longifolius, Buck.

Pl. i. fig. 1. Eyeford.
Filicites (?). Two species.

Eyeford.
Musci ?

? Podozamites stonesfieldensis, sp. nov.

v

Ctenis latifolia (Brongn.).

Carpolithes conicus, L. & H.

Thuites expansus, Sternb.

TL. expansus, Sternb.

Podozamites stonesfieldensis, sp. DOV.

Sphenozamites Belli, sp. nov.

Podozamites stonesfieldensis, sp. nov.

Il

Ginkgo digitata (Brongn.).

i

Baiera Phillipsi, Nath.

? Thinnfeldia speciosa, Ett.

The specimens so described have not
been identified.

In a paper by Brodie & Buckman published in the Journal of
the Geological Society in 1845, the Stonesfield plants are briefly
noticed. The variable character of the Stonesfield series is
emphasised by Hull? in the Survey memoir on the country near
Cheltenham. Horton,’ writing on the geology of the Stonesfield
Slate in 1860, suggested that the rock may have been deposited in
a lagoon bordered by marshes.

* Brodie & Buckman (45), p. 223.
2 Hull (57).
3 Horton (60).

GREAT OOLITE PLANTS. 79

A more complete account of the Stonesfield fossils is given by
Phillips in his Geology of Oxford and the Valley of the Thames.
He speaks of the ‘Stonesfield lagoon, full of fishes and molluscs,
receiving with every cyclonic storm drifted branches of cypresses
and swarms of wind-wrecked insects . . . .”! As stated in the
following list, several of the specimens figured by Phillips are now
in the Oxford Museum.

Halymenites ramulosus, Brongn. = ? Algites furcatus (Brongn.).
Stonesfield. Type-specimen, figured
by Brongniart in the Hist. vég. foss.
pl. iii. fig. 2, doubtfully identified
with one in the Oxford Museum.

Cyelopteris latifolia, Phill. = Ginkgo digitata (Brongn.).
Eyeford.

Glossopteris longifolius, Buck. = Pct. Thinnfeldia speciosa, Ett.
Eyeford.

Hymenopteris macrophylla, Brongn. = cf. Thinnfeldia speciosa, Ett.

Stonesfield. Brongniart’stype-speci-
men (Hist. vég. foss. pl. lviii. fig. 3)
is in the Oxford Museum.

Pecopteris approximata, Phill. = Sphenopteris, sp. b.
Phillips, Diag. xxviii. fig. 2. Stones-
field.

P. diversa, Phill. = ? Nagetopsis, sp.

Diag. xxviii. fig. 1. Stonesfield.
Type-specimen (a very imperfect and
obscure fragment) in the Oxford
Museum.
P. incisa, Phill. = Sphenopteris, sp. b.
Diag. xxviii. figs. 5-6. Stonesfield.
Type - specimen (indistinctly pre-
served fragment) in the Oxford
Museum.
Sphenopteris cysteoides, L. & H. = Sphenopteris, sp. wu.
Phillips, Diag. xxviii. fig.7. Stones-
field. Type-specimen in the Oxford

Museum.
8. plumosa, Phill. = Sphenopteris, sp. b.
Diag. xxviii. figs. 3-4. Stonesfield.
Teniopteris latifolia, Brongn. = Ctenis latifolia (Brongn.).

Stonesfield. Type - specimen of
Brongniart (Hist. vég. foss.
pl. Ixxxii. fig. 6) in the Oxford
Museum.

1 Phillips (71), p. 237.

80

Teniopteris angustata, Phill.

Diag. xxviii. figs. 8-10. Stonesfield.

T. scitaminee-folia, Sternb.

Phillips, Diag. xxx. fig. 8. Stones-
field. Sternberg’s type-specimen,
figured also by Phillips, in the
Oxford Museum.

Aroides Stutterdi, Carr.

Stonesfield. Figured by Carruthers
in the Geol. Mag. vol. iv. pl. viii. 1867.
Phillips, Diag. xxxii. figs. 12-13.

Bensonia ovata, Buck.
Sevenhampton.

Lilia lanceolata, Buck.
Eyeford.
No figures are given of these species,
but Phillips describes them as perhaps
Cycads allied to Dioon.

Naiadea obtusa, Buck.
Sevenhampton.

NV. ovata, Buck.

Sevenhampton and Eyeford.

Stricklandia acuminata, Buck.
Sevenhampton.

Bucklandia squamosa, Sternb.
Stonesfield. Type - specimen of
Sternberg, figured also by Phillips
(Diag. xxix.), in the Oxford Museum.

Paleozamia longifolia, Phill.

Diag. xxx. fig. 6. Stonesfield. Type-
specimen in the Oxford Museum.
(Refigured in the present volume,
Fig. 11, p. 114.)

P. megaphylia, Phill.

Diag. xxx. fig. 1. Stonesfield.
Type - specimen in the Oxford
Museum.

P. pecten, Phill.

Stonesfield.
P. pectinata (Brongn.).
Diag. xxx. fig. 2. Original in the
Oxford Museum. Thespecimen from
Stonesfield figured by Lindley &
Hutton (pl. 172) is also in the
Oxford Museum.
P. taxina, L. & HH.
~~ Phillips, Diag.
Stonesfield.

xxx. figs. 4-5.

GREAT OOLITE PLANTS.

L

teris Wood

di (Leck.).

fo

Teniopteris vittata, Brongn.

I am unable to name this fossil, and
do not regard it as a plant.

= Pod ites stonesfieldensis, sp. nov.

= Sphenozamites Belli, sp. nov.
= Podozamites stonesfieldensis, sp. nov-
= Baiera Phillipsi, Nath.

= Cycadeoidea squamosa (Sternb.).

= Zamites megaphyllus (Phill.).

= Z. megaphyllus (Phill).

= Wiltiamsonia pecten (Phill.).

W. peeten (Phill.),

GREAT

Pterophyllum Buckmanni, Phill.

_ Sevenhampton.

P. comptum, Phill.

Stonesfield.

P. minus (?), Brongn.
Stonesfield.

Taxites podocarpioides, Brongn.

Diag. xxxi. fig. 6; Diag. xxx. fig. 7.
Stonesfield. | Type-specimen of
Brongniart in the Oxford Museum
(Hist. vég. foss. pl. lviii. fig. 3),
figured also by Phillips.

Thuyites articulatus, Sternb.

Phillips, Diag. xxxi. fig. 1. Stones-
field.

T. cupressiformis, Sternb.

Stonesfield.

T. divaricatus, Sternb.
Stonestield.

T. expansus, Sternb.

Phillips, Diag. xxxi. fig. 5. Stones-
field.

Carpolithus diospyriformis, Sternb.
Phillips, Diag. xxxii. fig. 2. Stones-
field.

C. Lindleyanus, Gutb.
Phillips, Diag. xxxii. fig. 1.
field.

Stones-

OOLITE PLANTS.

ll

8k

Tam unable to identify with certainty
the species referred to by Phillips
under these names.

Cf. Thinnfeldia speciosa, Ett,

? Thuites expansus, Sternb.

= Thuites expansus, Sternd.

Carpolithes diospyriformis, Sternb.

? Araucarites, sp.

Very few fossil plants are recorded from the other sub-stages
of the Great Oolite series, and it is unnecessary to refer to the
small number of records to be found in the literature to Bathonian
plants other than those from the Stonesfield Slate.

Oxfordian Plants—In addition to fossil wood,) a very few
species of plants are known from the Oxford Clay. From Wiltshire,
Carruthers? has described a fossil which he named Cycadeostrobus

sphericus, but this is in all probability an Araucarian cone.

The

Museum collection contains pieces of coniferous twigs from Christian
Malford, some of which have been described by Carruthers.’

1 Porter (63).
2 Carruthers (67).
3 Carruthers (69), p. 7.

82 THALLOPHYTA.

Corallian Plants—A small number of plants have been obtained
from the Coralline Oolite of Malton in Yorkshire; the most
abundant specimens are the Gymnospermous seeds described by
Lindley & Hutton! and other writers. The Malton Museum
contains some good examples; others may be seen in the
British’ Museum, the Manchester Museum, the York Museum,
the Museum of Practical Geology, London, and in several other
collections. Reference is made to Malton plants by Blake &
Hudleston? in their paper on the Corallian rocks of England, and
in an appendix Carruthers* describes an interesting example of
an Araucarian cone, Araucarites Hudlestoni, preserved in the York
Museum.

Kimeridgian Plants.—Reference has already been made to the
Kimeridge Coal. In 1869 Carruthers* described a small cone
from the Kimeridge Clay of Weymouth, which he named Pinztes
depressus ; the type-specimen, which has almost fallen to pieces, is
in the British Museum (V. 6370). In 1892 Mr. George Murray?
proposed the name Caulerpa Carruthersi for some specimens which
he believed to represent a species of the Siphoneous algal genus
Caulerpa, but, as pointed out in the sequel, it is probable that
the specimens so named do not owe their origin to alge.

Class THALLOPHYTA.

The British Oolitic rocks, at least those which are dealt with in
these pages, have not afforded any thoroughly satisfactory examples
of either Alge or Fungi. In the petrified tissues of coniferous
wood one constantly finds direct or indirect evidence of the
occurrence of fungi, but I am not aware of any examples of
this group worthy of record among the fossils in the Museum
collections. Several ‘species’ of Algee have been described, but
none have any claim to be regarded as botanically important.

1 Lindley & Hutton (31-37).

* Blake & Hudleston (77), p. 367.
3 Carruthers (77), p. 402, pl. xvii.
‘ Carruthers (69), pl. ii. fig. 10.

5 Murray (92).

ALGITES. 83

Genus ALGITES, Seward.
[Wealden Flora, vol. i. p. 4, 1894.]

? Algites furcatus (Brongn.).
[Prodrome, p. 198, 1828.]

1828. Fucoides furcatus, Brongniart, Prodrome, p. 198.

F. furcatus, Brongniart, Hist. vég. foss. p. 62, pl. iii. fig. 1.
1838. Halymenites ramulosus, Sternberg, Flor. Vorwelt, vii. p. 31.
1845. H. ramulosus, Unger, Synopsis, p. 13.
1848. H. ramulosus, Bronn, Ind. Pal. p. 565.
1849. Spherococcites ramulosus, Brongniart, Tableau, p. 105.
1850. Halymenites ramulosus, Unger, Gen. spec. foss. plant. p. 23.
1854. H. ramulosus, Morris, Brit. Foss. p. 8.
1856. HH. ramulosus, Zigno, Flor. foss. Oolit. vol. i. p. 21.
1871. H. ramulosus, Phillips, Geol. Oxford, p. 168.
1894. H. ramulosus, Woodward, Lower Ool. p. 600.

The specimen from Stonesfield to which Brongniart gave the
name Fucoides furcatus is preserved in the Oxford Museum. It is
too obscure and imperfect to be identified as an alga with any
degree of certainty; like so many of the fossils referred to the
Algx, it represents the impression of a dichotomously branched
axis, and bears a resemblance to the forked thallus of Fucus and
many other genera of recent Alge. We may retain Brongniart’s
specific name, with the substitution of the generic term Algites,
although specimens of this kind are valueless, and it serves no
useful purpose to include them in lists of fossil plants.

I have seen no specimens, with the exception of that in the
Oxford Museum, which can be referred to Brongniart’s species.

[Fucoides elegans, Brongniart. This name was applied by
Brongniart in 1823 to a specimen from Stonesfield of which
a drawing was sent to him by Buckland. In his later work (Hist.
vég. foss. 1828) Brongniart points out that an inspection of the
fossil itself in the Oxford Museum convinced him that it should be
referred to the Conifere, and not to the Algw. The specimen is no
doubt a fragment of a coniferous twig, but it is too small and
incomplete to designate by a specific name. ]

84 GIRVANELLA.

Genus GIRVANELLA, Nicholson & Etheridge.
(Silurian Foss., Girvan District, p. 23, 1880.]
Girvanella pisolitica, Wethered.
[Geol. Mag. (iii.), vol. vi. p. 200, pl. vi. figs. 8, 10, 11, 1889.]

1889. Girvanella pisolitica, Wethered, Geol. Mag. [iii.], vol. vi. p. 200,
pl. vi. figs. 8, 10, 11.

1891. G. pisolitiea, Rothpletz, Zeitschr. deutsch. geol. Ges. vol. xiii. p. 295.

Mr. Wethered describes the species as follows :—‘‘ This species
occurs in the form of flattened spherules varying in size from
1 to +% inch in greatest diameter. In the centre of each spherule
there is a nucleus which is surrounded by calcareous tubuli with
well-defined walls, and averaging about 335 of an inch in diameter,
though some are smaller. In some instances, more especially in
the larger spherules, the tubes bend and twist about in a truly
vermiform manner, often assuming the form of a flattened coil
. » . . The tubes are also branching, and are larger than those
of G. problematica.”

P, 4481. Two sections of oolitic grains containing G. pisolitica
from Cleeve Hill, Gloucestershire (Inferior Oolite).
Presented by H. Wethered, Esq., 1892.

The wide geological range of Girvanella, from Cambrian rocks
upwards, and the very small knowledge we possess as to the nature
of the genus, render it inadvisable to attempt a specific diagnosis
and terminology for the numerous forms of tubules met with in
Oolitic rocks. Rothpletz' and Brown? have expressed the opinion
that Girvanella is probably a calcareous alga of the group Siphonee.
I have elsewhere suggested that the tubules may be the sheaths of
Cyanophycex, but we require more information before we can hope
to speak with confidence as to the systematic position of the genus.*

In addition to the type named by Mr. Wethered Girvanella
pisolitica, other species have been described by the same author
from Jurassic Oolites, but none of these are represented in the
Museum collection.

! Rothpletz (91), p. 301.
2 Brown (94), p. 208.
5 Seward (98), p. 125.

SOLENOPORA. 85

Genus SOLENOPORA, Dybowski.
[Die Cheetetiden der Osbalt. Sil. Form. p. 124, pl. ii. 1877.]
Solenopora jurassica, Brown ex Nicholson MS.
(Geol. Mag. (iv.), vol. i. p. 150, figs. 4-5, 1894.]

Dr. Alexander Brown! published an interesting account of the
structure of several forms of calcareous organisms from Paleozoic
and Mesozoic rocks, which had been classed by previous writers
among the Hydrozoa. He describes a species from the Great
Oolite of Chedworth, Gloucestershire, and Malton, Yorkshire,
under the name Solenopora jurassica, Brown ex Nich. MS. As,
Dr. Brown has shown, there are good reasons for assigning.
Solenopora to the Corallinex, a family of the Floridex, to which
the well-known Lithothamntion and other existing types belong.

Caulerpa Carruthersi, Murray.
[Phycolog. Memoirs, pt. i. p. 11, 1892.]

1888. ‘* Equisetaceous plant,’’ Damon, Geol. Weymouth, pl. xix. fig. 12.
1892. Caulerpa Carruthersi, Murray, Phycolog. Mem. pt. i. p. 11, pls. iv.-v.
1895. C. Carruthersi, Woodward, Lower Ool. p. 402.

As I have elsewhere? discussed the nature of the Kimeridge
fossils referred to Caulerpa, it is needless to traverse the same
ground again. It is, I believe, highly improbable that the
specimens represent the remains of an alga. The best specimens
have the form of a slender central axis, giving off at fairly regular
intervals whorls of short and somewhat clavate branches; they
bear a superficial resemblance to such a recent species as Caulerpa
cactoides, Ag. We must leave these fossils as indeterminable, with
the suggestion that they have probably been produced by animal—’
rather than by plant—agency.

The specimens figured by Mr. Murray are in the Botanical
Gallery of the British Museum and in the Museum of Practical.

1 Brown (94), p. 150, figs. 4-5. See also Seward (98), p. 189.
2 Seward (94), p. 2; (98), p. 158.

86 EQUISETALES.

Geology, Jermyn Street. The following examples are in the
Geological Department (Fossil Plant Gallery) :—
V. 25462. Figured by Damon?! as an Equisetaceous plant.
Kimeridge Clay, Sandsfoot, Dorsetshire. Damon Coll.
Other specimens :—V. 25 (several examples), Kimeridge Clay,
Weymouth; V. 2546, Sandsfoot ; 52,529, Weymouth.
Damon Coll. and purchased, 1870.

Group EQUISETALES.

In Buckman’s list of Stonesfield fossils published in the Geology
of Cheltenham the name ‘‘ Calamites?” occurs as a designation,
applied with doubt, to certain specimens from Sevenhampton and
Eyeford. It is impossible to express any opinion as to the
Equisetaceous nature of the fossils, as neither a figure nor
a description is given. I have not seen a single specimen among
the large number of British Oolitic plants (excluding those from the
Yorkshire coast) that can confidently be referred to the Equisetales.

Group FILICALES.
Family MATONINEA.

The two existing ferns Matonia pectinata, R. Br., and the
species If. sarmentosa, Baker, are usually placed in a separate
division of Leptosporangiate ferns as survivals of a family which
was widely distributed during the Rhetic and Jurassic periods.
The two fossil genera Matonidium and Laccopteris agree very
closely, both in their habit and as regards the soral characters,
with the Malayan genus Matonia. We may better express the
peculiarities and isolated position of these ferns by assigning them
to a family apart than by including Matonia, with its fossil allies,
in the large division of Polypodiacew. As our knowledge of the
morphological characters of the comprehensive family Polypodiacese
becomes more complete, it seems clear that under that title are
included genera which cannot be regarded as constituting a natural
family.

1 Damon (88), pl. xix. fig. 12.

LACCOPTERIS. 87

Genus LACCOPTERIS, Presl.
[Presl, in Sternberg, Flor. Vorwelt, vii. p. 115, 1838.]

Laccopteris Woodwardi (Leckenby).
(Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xx. p. 81, 1864.]

1848. Pecopteris polypodioides, Ibbetson & Morris, Brit. Assoc. Rep. p. 128.
1853. P. polypodiordes, Morris, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. ix. p. 337.
1856. Phlebopteris Woodwardi, Zigno, Flor. foss. Oolit. vol. i. p. 174.
1864. P. Woodwardi, Leckenby, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xx. p. 81,
pl. viii. fig. 6.
1869. P. Woodwardii, Schimper, Trait. pal. vég. vol. i. p. 626.
1871. Teniopteris angustata, Phillips, Geol. Oxford, p. 168.
1873. Microdictyon Woodwardianum, Saporta, Pal. Frang. vol. i. p. 313,
pl. xxxiii.
M. rutenicum, ibid. pl. xxxiii. figs. 2-4; pl. xliv.
Pecopteris polypodioides, Sharp, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxix.
p. 295.
1875. Phiebopteris Woodwardit, Phillips, Geol. Yorks. p. 202.
Pecopteris polypodioides, Judd, Geol. Rutland, p. 140.
1892. Phlebopterrs Woodwardi, Fox-Strangways, Tab. Foss. p. 134.
Cf. Mierodictyon Woodwardianum, Bartholin, Bot. Tid. Kjévenhavn,
p. 24, pl. x. figs. 2-4.
1894. Teniopteris angustata, Woodward, Lower Ool. p. 317.
Phiebopteris polypodtoides, ibid. p. 600.
1899. Laccopteris Woodwardi, Seward, Trans. R. Soc. vol. 191, p. 198,
fig. 9a.
1900. LZ. Woodwardi, Seward, Jurassic Flora, vol. i. p. 84, fig. lla.
1902. Microdictyon Woodwardii, Moller, Bornholms Foss. Flor. i. pl. iv.
figs. 2-4.

Leckenby’s type-specimen is in the Sedgwick Geological
Museum, Cambridge (No. 126). The fragments from Stonesfield
figured by Phillips in his Geology of Oxford’ (Diag. xxviii.
figs. 8-10) as Zeniopteris angustata, Phill, are in the Oxford
Museum.

Localities and Horizons. — Gristhorpe Bay, Yorkshire coast
(Inferior Oolite). Stamford, Lincolnshire; Rothwell, near
Kettering, Northamptonshire [Inferior Oolite (Lincolnshire Lime-
stone)]. Ponton and Collyweston, Lincolnshire [Inferior Oolite
(Collyweston Slate) ]. Kingsthorpe and Weekley, Northamptonshire
(Great Oolite).

1 Phillips (71).

88 LACCOPTERIS,

Habit most probably like that of Luaccopteris polypodioides.
Frond digitate, divided into spreading pinnatifid branches with
linear ultimate segments. Ultimate segments traversed by
a prominent midrib giving off secondary veins at a wide angle;
these veins anastomose and form a series of comparatively broad
meshes on each side of the midrib. From the outer edge of these
meshes arise numerous tertiary veins joined to one another
by oblique cross-connections. Sori circular, probably without an
indusium, borne in two rows, one on each side of the central rib.

This species is represented by an abundance of pinnule fragments
in the Inferior Oolite of Stamford and other places. It is
impossible to give a complete diagnosis of this type, but it agrees
closely with Laccopteris polypodioides,’ Brongn., except in the more
numerous tertiary veins in the ultimate segments; the sori are in
two rows parallel to the midrib, and of circular form. In habit
the fronds were no doubt like those of Laccopteris polypodioides,
and very similar to those of the recent Matonia pectinata. In all
probability some fragments from the Perucer Beds of Bohemia
recently figured by Fric & Bayer® as Drynaria should be referred
to Laccopterts.

One of the specimens (20,040d) in the Museum collection
includes a fragment of what is probably the rachis, showing the
form of the petiolar vascular strand, which agrees with that of
Matonia in being broadly U-shaped, with the ends of the arms bent
inwards at right angles. In another specimen the edges of the
lamina of the pinnules are seen to be strongly revolute.

The Jermyn Street Museum collection includes some good
specimens from Stamford, and in the Northampton Museum I have
seen fragments of the same species from the Lincolnshire Limestone
of Rothwell, near Kettering.

V. 4646. Fertile pinnules.

Collyweston Slate. C. W. Peach Coll.

20,040c, 20,040d. Fragments of pinnules; a section of a rachis (?)
seen in 20,040d.

Weekley, Northants. Miss Baker’s Coll.

1 Seward (00), p. 78, pls. xii.—xili.; text-figs, 8-11.
2 Frit & Bayer (01).

DIPTERIDINE. 89

52,548. Numerous fertile pinnules showing the sori, but no
individual sporangia; edges of pinnule revolute as in Matonia
pectinata.

Collyweston. Morris Coll.

52,870. Several fragments of fertile pinnules crowded together
as if deposited in an eddy; circular sori clearly shown.
Ponton, Lincs. Sharp Coll.

Other specimens :—52,584, 52,869, 82,489 (Stamford).
Sharp § Etheridge Colls.

Family DIPTERIDINZ&.

In this family of Leptosporangiate ferns are included the recent
‘genus Dipteris, represented by four species in India, the Malay
Peninsula, and elsewhere, and several Rhetic and later Mesozoic
‘species referred to Dectyophyllum and other genera. Like the
Matoninee, the Dipteridine’ must be looked upon as survivals
from the Mesozoic era, when they were widely spread throughout
Europe and constituted prominent members of Rhetic and Jurassic
floras.

Genus DICTYOPHYLLUM, Lindley & Hutton.
[Foss. Flor. ii. pl. civ. 1834.]

It is often difficult to decide between the generic names Dictyo-
phyllum and Protorhipis in naming imperfect specimens of fronds,
and it is by no means improbable that the leaves referred to both
genera may be generically identical. A comparison of various
types of Dipteris fronds, as shown in the drawings published in
‘a paper on recent and fossil Dipteridinz by Miss Dale and myself,
demonstrates the futility of attempting to discriminate ‘between
fragments of Mesozoic leaves by the employment of different
generic names. In cases where the material admits of a fairly
complete diagnosis the employment of distinctive names may serve
a useful purpose, but a specimen such as that represented in Text-
fig. 8 is too imperfect to identify within narrow limits.

1 Seward (00), p. 118; Seward & Dale (01), p. 36.

90 DICTYOPHYLLUM.

Dictyophyllum, sp.

Locatities and Horizons.—Collyweston (Inferior Oolite) ; Stones-
field ? (Great Oolite).

Fic. 8.—Dictyophyllum, sp. A, fragment of sterile lamina; B, fragment of
fertile lamina. Y. 9003. Nat. size.

V. 9003, Text-fig. 8.

An imperfect fragment of a leaf with a bluntly crenulate-
margin showing the venation-characters of Dictyophyllum and
Protorhipis. The fragment B, Fig. 8, affords slight indications
of sori. The larger piece (A) bears a close resemblance to
leaves of the genus Protorhipis, as for example the type-specimen
of Andrae’s P. Buchii,) but the material is too imperfect to.
identify with certainty. A species from the Lower Jurassic
rocks of Cracow,” described by Raciborski as Dictyophyllum
cracoviense, bears a close resemblance to the fragment represented
in Text-fig. 8. A comparison may be made also with the small
frond of Dipteris conjugata figured in pl. xlviii. fig. 23, of the
paper ® on recent and fossil Dipteridine already referred to.

Collyweston Slate. C. W. Peach Coll.

V. 4672. Fragment of the same type of leaf as that shown in.
Text-fig. 8.

Collyweston. C. W. Peach Colt.

A fragment of Déctyophyllum in the Oxford Museum (Stones-.
field ?) may be specifically identical with the Collyweston plant.

1 Andrae (58), pl. viii. fig. 1.
2 Raciborski (94), pl. xiv. figs. 6-10.
3 Seward & Dale (01).

TENIOPTERIS. 9b

FERNS OF DOUBTFUL FAMILY POSITION.

Genus TZENIOPTERIS, Brongniart.
[Prodrome, p. 61, 1828.]
Teeniopteris vittata, Brongniart.
[Hist. vég. foss. p. 263, pl. Ixxxii. figs. 1-4, 1828.]

1821. Teniopteris scitaminea, Sternberg, Flor. Vorwelt, ii. p. 140.
1823. Scitaminearwm folium, op. cit. iii, p. 42, pl. xxxvii. fig. 2.
1828. TZeniopteris vittata, Brongniart, Prodrome, p. 62.

Tf. vittata, Brongniart, Hist. vég. foss. p. 263, pl. Ixxxii. figs, 1-4.
1835. T. vittata, Lindley & Hutton, Foss. Flor. vol. iii. pl. elxxvid.
1838. T. seitaminea, Sternberg, Flor. Vorwelt, vii. p. 139.
1845. T. scitaminea, Unger, Synopsis, p. 37.
1848. 7. scitaminea, Bronn, Ind. Pal. p. 1215.
1849. TZ. vittata, Brongniart, Tableau, p. 105.
1850. T. scitaminea, Unger, Gen. spec. toss. p. 212.
1854. TZ. scitaminea, Morris, Brit. Foss. p. 28.
1856. T. vittata, Zigno, Flor. foss. Oolit. vol. i. p. 201.

Stangerites vittatus, Bornemann, Organ. Rest. Lettenkohle Thiiring..

p. 60.
1869. Oleandridiwm vittatum, Schimper, Trait. pal. vég. vol. i. p. 608.
1871. Teniopteris scitaminee-folia, Phillips, Oxford, p. 168, Diag. xxx. fig. 8.
1873. . vittata, Saporta, Pal. Frang. vol. i. p. 444, pl. lxiv. figs, 1-5.
1894. T. vittata, Woodward, Lower Ool. p. 600.
1902. ? ZT. tenwinervis, Moller, Bornholms Foss. Flor. i. p. 37, pl. ii.
figs. 12-16.

Locality and Horizon.—Stonesfield: Stonesfield Slate.

The specimen figured by Phillips (Geol. Oxford, Diag. xxx.
fig. 8) is in the Oxford Museum. A figure of the same specimen
is given also by Sternberg (Flor. Vorwelt, pl. xxxvii. fig. 2, 1823).
The synonymy of this species is given in vol. i. of the Jurassic
Flora, and need not be repeated here in detail. The fragment of
a frond figured by Sternberg? and afterwards by Phillips® as
Teniopteris scitaminea trom the Stonesfield Slate is in the Oxford
Museum ; it represents the apical portion of a leaf with a strong.
midrib giving off slightly oblique secondary veins. Sternberg’s.

1 Seward (00), p. 156.
2 Sternberg (23), pl. xxxvii. fig. 2.
* Phillips (71), p. 168.

“92 SPHENOPTERIS.

‘species has been regarded by some authors! as identical with
Brongniart’s Teniopteris vittata, and, so far as the small specimen
enables one to form an opinion, I believe the Stonesfield Slate
fragment to be specifically identical with the Yorkshire Coast fern,
Teniopteris vittata. No specimens of Zeniopteris have been found
among the Stonesfield Slate plants in the British Museum.

Genus SPHENOPTERIS, Brongniart.
(Mem. Mus. Hist. nat. Paris, vol. iii. p. 233, 1822.]

Lindley & Hutton have described a fragment of a Stonesfield
fern as Sphenopteris cysteoides; the same species is figured also by
Phillips, and this author has referred other fragments to Sphenopteris
plumosa and to Pecopteris approximata and P. incisa.

None of the specimens named by these writers are sufficiently
large or well preserved to be made the ‘types’ of new species.

SPHENOPTERIS, »p. «.
I[Cf. Coniopteris guingueloba (Phill.), Geol. Yorks. 8rd ed. p. 215, Lign. 33,

1875.]
1835. Sphenopteris cysteoides, Lindley & Hutton, Foss. Flor. vol. iii.
pl. clxxvia.
1848. &. eysteoides, Broun, Ind. Pal. p. 1168.
1849. 4. cysteoides, Brongniart, Tableau, p. 105.
1854. 4S. eysteoides, Morris, Brit. Foss. p. 21.
1856. SS. eysteoides, Zigno, Flor. foss. Oolit. vol. i. p. 79.
1871. 8S. eysteoides, Phillips, Geol. Oxford, p. 168, Diag. xxviii. fig. 7.
1874. &. cystevides, Schimper, Trait. pal. vég. vol. iii. p. 467.
1894. S. eysteoides, Woodward, Lower Ool. p. 600.

The fossil figured by Lindley & Hutton from the Stonesfield
Slate is described as a ferruginous impression, and, judging by
other examples in the Oxford Museum and elsewhere, the type-
specimen was most probably too obscure and imperfect to be
designated by a specific name. The fragment figured by Phillips
is in the Oxford Museum, and is too indistinct to determine, even
generically ; it may, however, be a fragment of a Conifer. The
British Museum collection does not include any specimens that
appear to be identical with Sphenopteris cysteoides, L. & H.

’ Brongniart (28), p. 62; Unger (50), p. 212; Zigno (56), p. 201.

SAGENOPTERIS. 95.

SPHENOPTERIS, pp. 4.
[Cf. Coniopteris hymenophylloides (Brongn.), Hist. vég. foss. p. 189, pl. lvi.
fig. 4, 1828.]
1871. Sphenopteris plumosa, Phillips, Geol. Oxford, p. 168, Diag. xxviii.
figs. 3-4.
Pecopteris approximata, ibid. Diag. xxviii. fig. 2.
P. ineisa, ibid, Diag. xxviii. figs. 5-6.
1894. Sphenopteris plumosa, Woodward, Lower Ool. p. 600.
Pecopteris approximata, ibid.
P. ineisa, ibid.

The fragment named by Phillips Sphenopteris plumosa probably
belongs to Coniopteris hymenophylloides (Brongn.),' an abundant
and variable fern in the Inferior Oolite strata of the Yorkshire
coast; but in the absence of evidence as to the fertile pinne it is.
safer to adopt the provisional genus Sphenopteris.

It should be noted that McCoy has described an Australian fern
under the name S. plumosa. The type of Phillips’ Pecopteris
approximata is also a fragment too small to be identified; it may
perhaps be a portion of a Coniopteris pinna. The type-specimen
of Pecopteris incisa in the Oxford Museum is a badly preserved
imperfect fragment, probably specifically identical with the other
specimens named by Phillips. Sternberg also made use of the
name P. incisa for a species from the Coal-measures.

V. 3487. A very indistinct specimen which is probably identical
specifically with Sphenopteris, sp. 6.

Eyeford, Stonesfield Slate. Brodie Coll.

Genus SAGENOPTERIS, Presl.
{Sternberg, Flor. Vorwelt, vii. p. 164, 1838.]

We have not as yet obtained sufficiently good evidence to justify
the inclusion of this genus among the Marsiliacee, and I prefer,
therefore, to regard Sagenopteris as a fern. Its position is by no
means settled, and the discovery of well-preserved fertile leaves or
sporangia may demonstrate the correctness of Nathorst’s view that
this Rhetic and Jurassic type is closely allied to the recent Marsilia..

1 Seward (00), p. 99, pls. xvi., xvii., xx., Xxi.

‘94 SAGENOPTERIS.

Sagenopteris Phillipsi (Brongniart).
[Hist. vég. foss. p. 226, pl. Isi. dis, fig. 5; pl. Iniii. fig, 2, 1828.]
(PL. IX. Fig. 3.)

1828. Glossopteris Phillipsii, Brongniart, Hist. vég. foss. p. 225, pl. lxi. dis,
fig. 5; pl. Ixiii. fig. 2.
1838. G. Phillipsii, Lindley & Hutton, Foss. Flor. pl. lxiii.
1835. Otopteris euneata, ibid. pl. clv.
1836. Acrostichites Phillipsii, Goppert, Foss. Farrn. p. 286.
1838. Sagenopteris Phillipsii, Sternberg, Flor. Vorwelt, vii. p. 165.
1848. Teniopteris Phillipsii, Bronn, Ind. Pal. p. 1215.
1851. Sagenopteris cwneata, Bunbury, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. vii. p. 184.
1856. Phyllopteris Phillipsiz, Zigno, Flor. foss. Oolit. vol. i. p. 166.
1875. Glossopteris Phillipsit, Phillips, Geol. Yorks. Coast, p. 208, pl. viii.
fig. 8.
1900. Sagenopteris Phillipsi, Seward, Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc. vol. xliv.
p. ll.
S. Phillipsi, Seward, Jurass. Flor. i. p. 162, pl. xviii. figs, 2-4;
text-figs. 24-26.
1902. 8. Phillipsii, Moller, Bornholms Foss. Flor. p. 52, pl. vi. figs. 1-7.
S. cuneata, ibid. p. 54, pl. vi. fig. 10.

A more complete synonymy is given in vol. i. of the Jurassic
Flora and by Moller in his recent memoir on the fossil plants of
Bornholm. Reference may be made to my previous volume! and
to a paper published in the Proceedings of the Literary and
Philosophical Society of Manchester? for a general account of the
‘species and for a discussion on the nomenclature.

V. 4071. Pl. IX. Fig. 3.

A good impression in oxide of iron of two leaflets of asymmetrical
form, showing the anastomosing venation characteristic of the
genus. The specimen agrees too closely with those from the

Yorkshire coast (Inferior Oolite) to be referred to a distinct species.
Stonesfield ?

V. 4655, V. 4667. A single leaflet.
The Jermyn Street collection contains a single leaflet from

Stonesfield labelled Pachypteris lanceolata, which is undoubtedly
ca fragment of Sagenopteris.

1 Seward (00), pp. 163-165.
2 Seward (002), p. 11.

THINNFELDIA. 95

Genus THINNFELDIA, Ettingshausen.
[Abh, k.-k. geol. Reichs. vol. i. Abth. 3, p.-2, 1852.]

Some at least of the imperfect specimens described below are
referred without hesitation to the genus Thinnfeldia, as represented
by 7. speciosa, Ett.; others exhibit a: close agreement with species
included by Saporta in his genus Stenopteris. The Stonesfield
material is very meagre and imperfectly preserved, but on the
whole I believe it is better to refer all the specimens to Thinnfeldia,
limiting the generic name Stenopterts to plants with narrow linear
ultimate branches in which no lateral veins occur. An example of
Stenopteris, using the term in this sense, is afforded by a species
‘described by Carruthers from Rhetic beds in the Argentine as
Sphenopteris elongata,: and recorded also from the Stormberg beds
of Cape Colony.’

Cf. Thinnfeldia speciosa, Ettingshausen.

(Pl. X. Figs. 1-3.)

1828. Sphenopteris (?) macrophylla, Brongniart, Prodrome, p. 51.
Taxites podocarpoides, Brongniart, ibid. p. 108.
Sphenopteris (?) macrophylla, Brongniart, Hist. vég. foss. p, 212,
pl. lviii. fig. 3.
1833. S. (?) macrophylla, Sternberg, Flor. Vorwelt, v.-vi. p. 65.
1836. Hymenophyllites macrophylla, Géppert, Syst. Fil. p. 262.
1838. Rhodea macrophylla, Sternberg, Flor. Vorwelt, vii. p. 111.
1845. Hymenophyllites macrophyllus, Unger, Synopsis, p. 71.
Taxites podocarpoides, ibid. p. 210.
Salicites longifolius, Buckman, Geol. Chelt. p. 68, pl. i. fig. 1.
1848. Tuaxites podocarpoides, Bronn, Ind. Pal. p. 1216.
Hymenophyllites macrophyllus, ibid. p. 602.
1849. HH. macrophyllus, Brongniart, Tableau, p. 105.
Taxites podocarpoides, ibid. p. 106.
? Moreauia podocarpoides, Pomel, Flor. foss. France, p. 22.
1850. Hymenophyllites macrophyllus, Unger, Gen. spec. foss. plant. p. 131.
Taxites podocarpoides, ibid. p. 390.
TL. podocarpoides, Géppert, Foss. Conif. p. 246.
1852. Cf. Thinnfeldia speciosa, Ettingshausen, Abh. k.-k. geol. Reichs.
vol. i. Abth. 3, p. 4, pl. i. fig. 8.

1 Carruthers (72), pl. xxvii. fig. 1.
2 Seward (03), p. 70, pl. vii. figs. 2-3; pl. xi. fig. 3.

96 THINNFELDIA.

1854. Hymenophyllites macrophyllus, Morris, Brit. Foss. p. 10.
Taxites podocarpoides, ibid. p. 23.
1856. Hymenophyllites macrophyllus, Zigno, Flor. foss. Oolit. vol. i. p. 87.
1866. Tuaxites podocarpoides, Carruthers, Geol. Mag. vol. iii. p. 545.
1871. Hymenopteris macrophylla, Phillips, Geol. Oxford, p. 168.
Taxites podocarpoides, ibid. p. 171, Diag. xxxi. fig. 6.
“ Ramose plant, 7. podocarpoides,” ibid. Diag. xxx. fig. 7.
Glossopteris longifolius, ibid. p. 168.
1873. Stenopteris desmomera, Saporta, Pal. Franc. vol. i. p. 292, pl. xxxii-
figs. 1-2; pl. xxxiii. fig. 1.
8. desmomera, Saporta, Plant. foss. Cerin. p. 22, pl. xiv. fig. 2.
1874. 8S. desmomera, Schimper, Trait. pal. vég. vol. iii. p. 511, pl. evil.
1894. Hymenophyllites macrophyllus, Woodward, Lower Ool. p. 599.
Taxites podocarpoides, ibid. p. 599.
Salicites longifolius, ibid. p. 598.

The type-specimen (Stonesfield) of Brongniart’s Sphenopteris
macrophyllus is in the Oxford Museum; it consists of an imperfectly
preserved fragment of what appears to be a bipinnate frond with
narrow linear ultimate segments. The fragment figured by Phillips
as a ramose plant, and referred with hesitation to Zaattes podo-
carpotdes, is also in the Oxford collection.

Sphenopteris (?) macrophylla is the name given by Brongniart to.
the Stonesfield specimen in the Oxford Museum; he refers the
fossil to the ferns with considerable hesitation, and defines the
species as follows :—

‘‘Foliis pinnatis, rachi plano (alato ?) pinnulis alternis distantibus,
maximis (tripollicaribus) inequale pinnatifidis, lobis distantibus.
linearibus obtusis uninerviis.’’!

The specimen thus described is, I believe, specifically identical
with those represented on Plate X., and with the fossil figured by
Phillips as TZaxites podocarpoides, Brongn. Brongniart, in his de-
scription of this species, adds after the name “‘ (ramuli et fructus) ”;
he states that it occurs in Jurassic beds, without giving the locality.
The specimen figured by Phillips under the French author’s
name may perhaps be a distinct species. A fragment of a leaf, or
leaflet, figured by Buckman in Murchison’s Geology of Cheltenham,
is in all probability an ultimate segment like those represented on
Plate X. Saporta refers Brongniart’s Sphenopteris macrophyllus

1 Brongniart (287), p. 212.

THINNFELDIA. 97

to his new genus Stenopteris, including the English plant, which.
he erroneously states! was obtained from the Inferior Oolite of
Yorkshire, with French specimens in a new species Stenopteris
desmomera.

The Stonesfield material is too fragmentary to be described as
anew species. Some of the examples appear to be identical with
the Steierdorf plant named by Ettingshausen Thinnfeldia speciosa,
a species from a somewhat lower geological horizon than the
Stonesfield Slate. The resemblance between Ettingshausen’s
type-specimen and some of the Stonesfield examples is so close
that they may well be specifically identical, but while hesitating
to definitely adopt his name, I feel that no useful purpose would
be served by referring the English material to a distinct species.

A specimen in the Oxford Museum differs from any in the
British Museum in having rather longer and narrower ultimate
segments, but it is undoubtedly specifically identical with those
figured on Plate X.

We may thus describe the Stonesfield plant :—Fronds bipinnate ;
strong rachis, giving off linear pinnules which may reach a length
of 4°5cm., but are usually shorter, agreeing in size, shape, and
venation with Zhinnfeldia speciosa as figured by Ettingshausen.
The pinnules are traversed by a well-defined midrib from which
lateral veins extend obliquely to the edge of the lamina. At the
apex of the pinne the pinnules are replaced by a terminal lobed
lamina with oblique veins (Pl. X. Fig. 1).

V. 4074. Pl. X. Fig. 1.

Imperfect pinna, 11 cm. long, showing the terminal lamina and
linear pinnules with a distinct midrib and indications of the lateral
veins. The pinnules are decurrent on the stout rachis by their

lower margin.

Stonesfield (?).

V. 3422. Pl. X. Fig. 2.

The rachis is represented by a groove with winged borders
formed by the decurrent lamine of the pinnules. Each segment
has a distinct midrib and secondary veins. Buckman’s Salvcites

1 Saporta (73), p. 292.

98 GINKGO.

longifolius is probably an imperfect pinnule of a pinna like that
shown in Fig. 2. Compare also Thinnfeldia speciosa, Ett.
Brodie Coll.
V. 3425. Pl. X. Fig. 3.
The terminal portion of a pinna showing the deep lobing of the
lamina as it gradually becomes dissected into linear pinnules.

Eyeford (Stonesfield Slate). Brodie Coll.
V. 3424. A specimen similar to that represented in Pl. X. Fig. 1.
Eyeford. Brodie Coll.

Other specimens :—V. 4075, 41883 (Eyeford, Morris Coll.).

Group GYMNOSPERMZE.

Class GINKGOALES.

Genus GINKGO, Kaempfer.
[Ameenitates Exotice, p. 811, 1712.]

The application of the recent generic name Ginkgo to fossil forms
has become so thoroughly established, that it seems inadvisable
in this case to add the usual termination tes when using the
designation for extinct types.

Ginkgo digitata (Brongniart).
[Hist. vég. foss. p. 219, pl. lxi. dis, figs, 2-38, 1828. ]
(Pl. XI. Fig. 8; Text-fig. 9.)

The synonymy of this species is given at length in vol. i. of
the Jurassic Flora*; the following additional records may be added
as having reference to leaves which I believe to be identical with
Ginkgo digitata.

1845. Noeggerathia (?), Buckman, Geol. Cheltenham, pl. i. fig. 5.

1863. Stricklandia acwninata, Buckman, Geologist, vol. v. p. 395, pl. xx.

1871. Cyclopteris latifolia, Phillips, Geol. Oxford, p. 168.

1900. Ginkgo digitata, Seward & Gowan, Annals Bot. vol. xiv. p. 140,
pl. x. fig. 69.

1 Seward (00), p. 254.

GINKGO. 99

The specimen figured by Buckman as ? Noeggerathia is in the
British Museum (V. 3433). The lobed and petiolate leaf reproduced
from a drawing by Mrs. Strickland in the Geologist for 18631
is no doubt specifically identical with those represented in
Pl. XI. Fig. 3 and in Text-fig. 9. The original specimen is in

Fic. 9.—Ginkgo digitata (Brongn.). Nat. size. From a specimen in the
Cirencester Museum.

the Strickland Collection in the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge.
The leaf is well preserved, and shows a deeply bisected lamina with
clearly marked veins. The leaf figured in the Geology of Cheltenham
as Stricklandia acuminata may be specifically identical with Bazera
Phillipsi (Pl. IX. Fig. 2).? The leaf figured in the Geologist

1 Buckman (63), pl. xx.
2 See p. 102. Also Seward (00), pl. ix. fig. 4; text-fig. 47.

100 GINKGO.

(original specimen in the Sedgwick Museum), which is also named
by Buckman Stricklandia acuminata, is, I believe, distinct from that
to which the name was originally applied.

The resemblance between the specimens shown in Pl. XI. Fig. 3
and in Text-fig. 9 and some of the leaves from the Inferior Oolite
of Yorkshire is so close that we cannot separate them without
unduly exaggerating the importance of the slight difference in
geological horizon. A comparison may be made between the
Cirencester leaf (Text-fig. 9) and the Japanese species described by
Yokoyama as Ginkgodium Nathorsti ; but I do not regard the latter
as identical with the type from Yorkshire and Stonesfield.

V. 3429. Pl. XI. Fig. 3.

An imperfect leaf, 5°5cm. broad, similar to that figured by
Buckman in 1845 as ? Noeggerathia.2 The lamina shows a deep
median sinus, and is traversed by numerous dichotomously branched

veins.
‘Eyeford (Stonesfield Slate). Brodie Coll.

V. 3433. The original of Buckman’s ? Moeggerathia. A bilobed

leaf like that shown in Pl. XI. Fig. 3.
Eyeford. Brodie Colt.

Text-fig. 9.

This specimen from Eyeford (Cirencester Museum) is more
perfect than the smaller leaf shown in Fig. 3, Pl. XI.; part of the
petiole is preserved, and the lamina is broader than in the British
Museum specimen. A reduced drawing of this leaf has already
been published in the Annals of Botany as an example of Ginkgo
digitata.®

Eyeford. Cirencester Museum Coll.

Other specimens from Eyeford :—V. 3427 (veins fairly distinct),

V. 3430, V. 3434.
Brodie Coll.

1 Yokoyama (89), pl. viii.
* Murchison (45), pl. 1. fig. 5.
3 Seward & Gowan (00), pl. x. fig. 69.

BAIERA. 101

Genus BAIERA, Braun.

[Miinster’s Beitrige, Heft vi. p. 20, 1843.]

Baiera Phillipsi, Nathorst.
[Ofvers. k. Veten. Akad. Férh. p. 76, 1880.]
(Pl. IX. Fig. 2; Text-fig. 10.)

1829. Sphenopteris longifolia, Phillips, Geol. Yorks. p. 148, pl. vii. fig. 17.
1845. Stricklandia acuminata, Buckman, Geol. Cheltenham, pl. ii. fig. 2.
1854. 8S. acuminata, Morris, Brit. Foss. p. 23.

1864. Baiera longifolia, Leckenby, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xx. p. 76.

1871. Stricklandia acuminata, Phillips, Geol. Oxford, p. 169.

1875. Cyclopteris longifolia, Phillips, Geol. Yorks. p. 200, pl. vii. fig. 17.

1880. Baiera Phillipsi, Nathorst, Ofvers. k. Vet. Akad. Férh. p. 76.

1892. B. longifolia, Fox-Strangways, Tab. Foss. p. 137.

1894. Strecklandia acuminata, Woodward, Lower Ool. p. 598.

1900. Baiera Phillipsi, Seward, Jurass. Flor. i. p. 269, pl. ix. fig. 4;

text-fig. 47.

A specimen in the British Museum collection (V. 3433; Pl. IX.
Fig. 2) is probably the original of the drawing given in the Geology
of Cheltenham under the name Stricklandia acuminata.

The two specimens represented in Text-fig. 10 and in Fig. 2,
Pl. IX. are the only examples from the Stonesfield Slate that I
have seen which can be referred to the genus Batera. Without
more material it is hardly possible to determine the species with
confidence, but the imperfect leaves agree so closely with the
Inferior Oolite specimens for which Nathorst’s name has been
adopted, that they may be reasonably referred to his species. The
fossil shown in Text-fig. 10 might be taken for Sagenopteris, but
the lobed character of the lamina and its probable identity with
the more complete example shown in Pl. IX. Fig. 2 lead me to
speak of it without hesitation as Bavera.

The drawing of Stricklandia acuminata in the Geology of
Cheltenham would be valueless as an aid to identification were it
not probable that the specimen (V. 3483) reproduced on Pl. IX.
Fig. 2 represents the original leaf.

102 BAIERA.

In an article by an anonymous writer (Buckman) in the
Geologist of 1863, a drawing by Mrs. Strickland is given of
a leaf from Sevenhampton, said to be identical with Stricklandia
acuminata; but this specimen (now in the Sedgwick Museum,
Cambridge) has broader lobes and is probably specifically identical
with the leaf shown in Pl. XI. Fig. 3, which I have named Ginkgo
digitata.

V. 3483. Pl. IX. Fig. 2.

Probably the original of Buckman’s figure of Stricklandia
acuminata (Geol. Cheltenham, pl. ii. fig. 2). An obscure impression
on sandstone, showing part of a petiole and two spreading linear
lobes of a lamina traversed by several indistinct veins. Brodie Coll.

Fic. 10.—Baiera Phillipsi, Nath. V. 3422. Nat. size.

V. 3422. Text-fig. 10.

An obscure impression similar to that represented in Pl. IX.
Fig. 2, but showing more segments. Compare fig. 4, pl. ix.,
Jurassic Flora, vol. i.; there can be little doubt as to the identity
of the Yorkshire Coast species, Batera Phillipst, Nath., with the
imperfect specimen from Stonesfield. Brodie Coll.

1 Buckman (63), pl. xx.

CYCADOPHYTA. 103

Class CYCADOPHYTA.'

Section BENNETTITALES.?

In the second volume of the Wealden Flora (British Museum
Catalogue) an account was given of the history of our knowledge
of the genera Williamsonia and Bennettites,® and I expressed the
opinion that the fossils described by Williamson under Carruthers’
designation Williamsonia are in all probability generically identical
with the reproductive shoots of Bennettites, as represented by.
B. Gibsonianus, Carr. It is not proposed to traverse the same
ground again, but to draw attention to some more recent opinions
bearing on the nature of these interesting types of extinct
Cycadophyta.

There has been considerable difference of opinion as to the
correctness of Williamson’s conclusions which he expressed in
a restoration of Williamsonia;* he brought forward evidence in
support of the view that the pinnate Cycadean fronds described
by Lindley & Hutton as Zamia gigas belong to the plants which
bore the reproductive shoots known as Williamsonia. Saporta
believed that the leaves and reproductive organs had no connection
with one another, and Solms-Laubach demurred to the acceptance
of Williamson’s views without further evidence. In a paper
communicated to the Philosophical Society of Cambridge in 1897 °
I described some Yorkshire specimens of Zamites gigas and
Williamsonia included in the Yates Collection in the Natural
History Museum, Paris, and expressed my conviction that these
specimens demonstrate the correctness of the statement that
Williamsonca and Zamites gigas are the female inflorescences and
fronds of one and the same plant. In the volume on the Jurassic
Flora published in 1900 I again discussed the connection between
Williamsonia and Bennettites, and spoke of them as two very.

1 Nathorst (02), p. 3.

” Engler & Prantl (97), pp. 5, 341.
3 Seward (95), p. 134.

4 Williamson (70).

5 Seward (977).

104 CYCADOPHYTA.

closely allied, if not identical genera. It may, as I have already
suggested, be a convenience to retain both designations, or to use
Williamsonia as a subgenus of Bennettites. Nathorst has also
expressed the opinion that the two types may be closely allied.
Another question which has been dealt with by several authors is
the precise nature of the Williamsonian inflorescence: Williamson
believed that the specimens of Williamsonia which he described
represented both male and female flowers, and that the plant
Williamsonia gigas agreed with existing Cycads in being dicecious.
Solms-Laubach expressed the opinion that Williamson’s specimens
represent the male flowers, and this view was taken also by
Saporta and Nathorst. On the other hand, I stated my opinion
that the Yorkshire fossils described as Williamsonia gigas are
imperfectly preserved female inflorescences. This conclusion has
been arrived at also by Professor Lignier,! whose work has done
much to increase our knowledge of the Bennettitales; he has
recently published a memoir based, in part, on an examination of
the Yates specimens in Paris, in which he states his opinion in
favour of regarding Wviliamsonia gigas, as represented by the
reproductive shoots described by Williamson, as the female
inflorescence. The fossils referred to by Williamson as male
flowers Lignier believes to represent portions of ovuliferous flowers.
During the last few years Mr. Wieland,? of Newhaven, has
published several papers on the reproductive organs of American
plants belonging to the genus Bennettites, and has contributed
most important facts in regard to the nature of the reproductive
organs. He has demonstrated the occurrence of fertile shoots
bearing in the centre more or less aborted ovules, and at the
periphery pinnate leaves with numerous sporangia agreeing closely
with the sori of recent Marattiaceous ferns. I hope to deal at
greater length with the general morphology and systematic
position of the Bennettitales in a memoir, now in preparation,
to be published by the Paleontographical Society.

The Jurassic rocks of England dealt with in this volume have
not afforded any specimens of Bennettitean flowers, with the

1 Lignier (03).
* Wieland (99), (997).

WILLIAMSONIA. 105

‘exception of the fossil originally described by Buckland as
Podocarya.1 Buckland’s type-specimen cannot be found, but there
‘is practically no doubt that it must be assigned either to the genus
Williamsonia or to Bennettites.

Genus WILLIAMSONIA, Carruthers.
[Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxvi. p. 680, 1870.]
Williamsonia Bucklandi (Unger).
[Gen. spec. foss. plant. p. 327, 1850.]

1837. Podocarya, Buckland, Geol. and Min. vol. i. p. 503; vol. ii. p. 101,
pl. Isiii. figs. 2-10.

1849. Podocarya, Brongniart, Tableau, p. 106.

1850. P. Bucklandi, Unger, Gen. spec. foss. plant. p. 327.

1872. P. Bucklandi, Schimper, Trait. pal. vég. vol. ii. p. 477.

1873. P. Bucklandi, Zigno, Flor. foss. Oolit. vol. ii. p. 5.

1878. P. Bucklandi, Lyell, Elements Geol., 2nd ed., p. 335, fig. 350.

1891. Williamsonia Bucklandi, Saporta, Pal. Frang. vol. iv. p. 127,
pl. cexxxvili. figs. 1-3 ; pl. eexxxix. fig. 1.

1894. Podocarya Bucklandi, Woodward, Lower Ool. p. 598.

1895. Williamsonia Bucklandi, Seward, Wealden Flora, ii. pp. 147, 151, 154.

1902. W. Bucklandi, Nathorst, K. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Hand. vol. xxxvi.
No. 4, p. 15.

1903. WW. Bucklandi, Lignier, Mém. Soc. Linn. Normandie, vol. xxi.
pp. 22, 29.

It is unfortunate that Buckland’s type-specimen is not forth-
‘coming. I made an unsuccessful search among the Jurassic fossils
in the Oxford Museum, and Professor Sollas, who kindly undertook
‘to make every effort to find the fossil, was also unable to trace
Buckland’s specimen. SBuckland’s specimen was obtained from
rocks of Inferior Oolite age at Charmouth, in Dorsetshire. He
-describes it as an ‘‘ unique and beautiful fruit,’’ which he regarded
as closely allied to the recent Pandanacee. Its size is described
as being that of a large orange. It consists of a thick central axis
-or receptacle extending rather more than half-way through the
middle of the ‘fruit’; from the axis are given off crowded and
slender stalks, some of which appear to be terminated by oval

1 Buckland (87).

106 WILLIAMSONIA.

seeds. In surface-view the fossil presents the appearance of
a regular network of ridges agreeing exactly with the surface-
features of Williamsonia and Bennettites. There can be no doubt
that Williamsonia Bucklandi is a female inflorescence of the
Bennettitean type; it was most probably borne at the apex of
a lateral shoot, and consisted of numerous sterile appendages and
ovuliferous peduncles attached to a stout central receptacle, the
meshes seen on the surface being formed by the contiguous distal
ends of the sterile appendages or scales. Sowerby’s drawings,
published by Buckland, show several of the seeds exposed
on the somewhat worn outer surface, and it is clear that the
relation between the seeds and interseminal scales is precisely that
which has been described in other examples of the Bennettitales.
A comparison of Buckland’s figures with those given by Carruthers,
Solms- Laubach, Lignier, Wieland, and myself demonstrates the
Bennettitean nature of the Charmouth specimen.

Williamsonia pecten (Phillips).
(Geol. Yorks. p. 148, pl. vii. fig. 22, 1829.]
(Pl. IX. Fig. 6; Pl. XII. Fig. 8.)

1823. Fucoides (Caulerpa) pennatula, Brongniart, Mém. soc. d@’hist. nat.
Paris, i. p. 801, pl. xxi. fig. 3.
Polypodiolites pectiniformis, Sternberg, Flor. Vorwelt, iii. p. 36,.
pl. xxsili. fig. 1.
1825. Fucoides pennatula, Sternberg, op. cit. iv. p. vi.
1828. F. pennatulus, Brongniart, Hist. vég. foss. p. 49.
Zamia pectinata, Brongniart, Prodrome, pp. 94, 199.
1835. Z. pectinata, Lindley & Hutton, Foss. Flor. pl. clxsii.
Filicites scolopendrivides, op. cit. pl. cexxix.
1836. Zamia taxina, op. cit. pl. clxxv.
1838. Cycadites plumula, Sternberg, Flor. Vorwelt, vii. p. 195.
1841. Ptilophyllum pectinatum, Morris, Ann. Mag. vol. vii. p. 117.
P. taxinum, op. cit. p, 118.
1842. Encephalartos taxinus, Miquel, Mon. Cycad. p. 61.
E. pectinatus, ibid.
1843. Pterophyllum Preslianum, Géppert, Foss. Cycad. p. 51.
P. taxinum, ibid.
1845. P. taxinwm, Unger, Synopsis, p. 156.
1847. P. Preslianum, Unger, Chlor. Prot. p. lxiii.
1848. Paleozamia pectinata, Bronn, Ind. Pal. p. 897.
P, taxina, ibid.

WILLIAMSONIA. 107

1849. Zamites taxina, Brongniart, Tableau, p. 106.
Z. pectinata, ibid.

1850. Pterophyllum Preslianum, Unger, Gen. spec. p. 288.
P. taxinum, op. cit. p. 289.

1851. Dioonites plumula, Miquel, Over Rangs. foss. Cycad. p. 212.
D. taxinus, ibid.

1854. Paleozamia pectinata, Morris, Brit. Foss. p. 15.

P. taxina, ibid.
1856. Déioonites plumula, Bornemann, Foss. Cycad. p. 56.
D. taxinus, ibid. .

1871. Paleozamia pectinata, Phillips, Oxford, p. 169, Diag. xxx. figs. 2-3.
P. taxina, op. cit. p. 169, Diag. xxx. figs. 4-5.

1872. LP. pectinata, Balfour, Pal. Bot. p. 80, fig. 79.

1873. P. pecten, Sharp, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxix. p. 295.
Zamites pectinatus, Zigno, Flor. foss. Oolit. vol. ii. p. 37.
Pterophyllum taxinum, op. cit. p. 17.

1875. Paleozamia pectinata, Judd, Geol. Rutland, p. 276.

1884. Ptilophyllum acutifolium, var. B, pectinatum, Richards, Synopsis,

pp. 4-5.
P. acutifolium, var. taxinum, ibid. p. 5.
1894. P. acutifoliwm, Woodward, Lower Ool. p. 599.
Williamsonia pecten, ibid.
1900. W. peeten, Seward, Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc. vol. xliv. p. 20, pl. iii.
fig. 6.
W. pecten, Seward, Jurassic Flora, i. p. 190, pl. ii. fig. 7; pl. iii.
text-figs. 30-35.

The original specimen of Zamia pectinata of Lindley & Hutton,
from Stonesfield, is in the Oxford Museum; the specimen figured
by Phillips as Palgozamia pectinata, also from Stonesfield, is in the
same collection.

Localities and Horizons.—Stamford (Inferior Oolite); Wansford
{Inferior Oolite (Lincolnshire Limestone)]; Stonesfield [Great
Oolite (Stonesfield Slate) }.

For a diagnosis and general account of the fronds of Williamsonia
pecten reference must be mace to the Jurass¢e Flora, vol. i.

The specimen from Stamford shown in Pl. XII. Fig. 8
undoubtedly belongs to this species; it agrees exactly with the
smaller fronds from the Yorkshire plant-beds in which Williamsonia
pecten is exceedingly common, and is represented by fronds which
vary considerably in size and in the shape of the segments.
Lindley & Hutton refer the Stonesfield frond to Zamia pectinata

1 Seward (00), p. 190.

108 WILLIAMSONIA.

without speaking definitely as to its systematic position; the
specimen of which a drawing is given in the fossil Flora
(pl. elxxii.) is the same which Sternberg described as Polypodiolites
pectiniformis. ,

The original of Phillips’ figure (Diag. xxx. fig. 2, Geol. Oxford)
is a larger and more perfect specimen than the drawing suggests ;
it has been figured also by Sternberg.

In 1823 Brongniart described a Stonesfield fossil as Fucoides
(Caulerpa) pennatula;* in his Histoire (1828)* he says that his
original determination was based on a drawing sent to him by
Buckland, and adds that an examination of the specimens in the
Oxford Museum convinced him that they were Cycadean fronds
identical with the example figured by Sternberg as Polypodiolites
pectiniformis. The Oxford Collection includes several examples of
Williamsonia pecten from Stonesfield in addition to those already
referred to; one of them is a portion of a frond 22-5 cm. long and
about 4cm. broad, with narrow and contiguous pinne bearing a
very close resemblance to Feistmantel’s Indian fronds which it
has been customary to include in a distinct genus, Péilophyllum.
I have elsewhere given reasons for uniting some of the Indian
species of Ptilophylium with Williamsonia pecten.4

Specimens of Williamsonta pecten from Stonesfield are represented
also in the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge, and in other collections.

V. 3361. Pl. IX. Fig. 6.

A piece of a frond 9 cm. long and 2°5cem. broad. The axis is
represented by a deep groove. The pinne are crowded and slightly
imbricate, with blunt apices, and traversed by 8-10 parallel veins.

Stonesfield. Brodie Coll.

52,868. Pl. XII. Fig. 8.

A portion of a narrow and possibly a young frond, very similar to
specimens from the Yorkshire coast.®

Stamford (Inferior Oolite). Sharp Colt.

1 Sternberg (23), pl. xxxiii. fig. 1.

? Brongniart (23), p. 313, pl. xxi. fig. 3.
3 Brongniart (28), p. 49.

4 Seward (00), p. 192; (0387).

5 Seward (00), pl. iii. fig. 1.

CYCADEOIDEA. 109

V. 84. Portion of a narrow frond.
Stonesfield. Lgerton Coll.

V. 3521. Similar to V. 3361 (Pl. IX. Fig. 6); but the pinne
are smaller and have fewer veins.

Other specimens :—V. 4659, V. 4664, V. 4668, V. 4670 (from
the Inferior Oolite of Wansford, Northants), V. 9708, 40,693,.
40,694, 41,377.

Genus CYCADEOIDEA, Buckland.
[Proc. Geol. Soc. London, vol. i. No. 8, pp. 80-81, 1827.]

In accordance with the plan adopted in the description of
a Cycadean stem from the Lower Lias of Dorsetshire, I propose
to substitute the generic name Cycadeoidea for Bucklandia in
describing the Stonesfield stem originally figured by Sternberg
as Conites Buckland?.

Cycadeoidea squamosa (Brongniart).
[Prodrome, p. 128, 1828.]
1823. Conites Bucklandi, Sternberg, Flor. Vorwelt, iii. p. 36, pl. xxx.
1825. C. Bucklandi, op. cit. iv. p. xxxix.
1828. ‘*Amentum of a Cycadeoidea,’’ Buckland, Trans. Geol. Soc. [ii], vol. ii-
p. 400.
Bucklandia squamosa, Brongniart, Prodrome, p. 128.
1848. Cycadites Bucklandi, Goppert, Ueber foss. Cycad. p. 37.
1845. Bucklandia squamosa, Unger, Syn. p. 169.
1849. Cycadeoidea squamosa, Brongniart, Tableau, p. 106.
1850. Bucklandia squamosa, Unger, Gen. spec. foss. plant. p. 315.
1854. B. squamosa, Morris, Brit. Foss. p. 3.
1870. B. sguamosa, Carruthers, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxvi. p. 686.
Clathraria Bucklandi, Schimper, Trait. pal. vég. vol. ii. p. 183.
1871. Bucklandia squamosa, Phillips, Geol. Yorks. p. 170, Diag. xxix.
1885. B. sguamosa, Zigno, Flor. foss. Oolit. vol. ii. p. 182.
1894. Clathraria Bucklandi, Woodward, Lower Ool. p. 599.

The type-specimen from Stonesfield, as figured by Sternberg and
by Phillips, is in the Oxford Museum.

In the diagnosis given by Sternberg the fossil is regarded as
a cone, and described as follows :—

“©. strobilo ovato 8 pollices longo, 4 poll. crasso, squamis
extus convexis, interna concavis apice subtruncatis vetusisve, axi
pollicum fere crassa, squamulis minutis tecta.”’

110 ZAMITES,

In 1828 Buckland refers to the specimen, figured by Sternberg
from Sowerby’s drawing, as an amentum of a Cycadeordea.
Brongniart, in his Prodrome, includes the Stonesfield stem in
his genus Bucklandia. Carruthers compares the stem with those
of recent Cycads, and adds that the data afforded by the single
specimen are insufficient to enable him to refer it with certainty to
its proper genus.

The type-specimen is in the form of a cast 18cm. long; in the
lower part it shows a pith-cast 2-3cm. broad, with irregular
lozenge -shaped projections which represent the meshes of the
inner face of the cylinder of wood. Several thick, crowded, and
imbricate leaf-bases are well preserved, and exhibit a striking
similarity to the persistent petiole-bases on the stems of
Encephalartos and other existing Cycads. There is no trace of
any lateral fertile axis, as in the typical Bennettites. A pith-cast
very like that of Cycadeoidea squamosa has been figured by Lignier
from the Lias of Ste. Honorine-la-Guillaume as Cycadeomyelon
densecristatum.*

V. 4669. A portion of a medullary cast of a Cycadean stem,
possibly Cycadeoidea squamosa.
Stonesfield. Egerton Coil.

Genus ZAMITES, Brongniart.
[Prodrome, p. 94, 1828.]

For a discussion on the use of this generic term reference may be
made to vol. ii. of the Wealden Flora.*

Zamites megaphyllus (Phillips).
[Geol. Oxford, p. 169, Diag. xxx. fig. 1, 1871.]
(Pl. X. Figs. 4-5; Pl. XII. Figs. 1, 3-5; Text-fig. 11.)

1871. Paleozamia megaphylia, Phillips, Geol. Oxford, p. 169, Diag. xxx.
fig. 6.
P. longifolia, op. cit. p. 169, Diag. xxx. fig. 6.
1873. ? Yuccites Schimperianus, Zigno, Flor. foss. Oolit. vol. ii. p. 7, pl. xxvi.

1 Carruthers (70), p. 687.
° Lignier (95), pl. vii. fig. 7.
3 Seward (95), p. 75.

ZAMITES. 111

1880. Yuccites, sp., Nathorst, Ofvers. k. Vet.-Akad. Férh. 1880, p. 79.
1884. Yuecites, sp., Richards, Synopsis, p. 8.

Podozamites lanceolatus, var. geminus, op. cit. p. 3.
1885. ? Krannera mirabilis, Velenovsky, Gymnosp. Bohm. Kreid. pls. i.-iii.
1894. Yuccites megaphylla, Woodward, Lower Ool. p. 598.

The type-specimens of Phillips’ Paleosamia megaphylla and
P. longifolia are in the Oxford Museum; the former is redrawn
in Pl. XII. Fig. 4, and the latter in Text-fig. 11.

Frond pinnate; pinne, attached to the rachis at a wide angle,
reaching a length of more than 30cm. and a breadth of over 3 cm.,
linear in form, attached by a slightly contracted concave basal
surface, which is somewhat thickened ; the lamina tapers gradually
to an elongated acuminate apex, frequently falcate near the tip,
one margin being practically straight, while the other is curved
(Pl. XII. Figs. 4-5). Veins numerous and parallel, converging
slightly towards the base and apex of the pinna.

The material on which this diagnosis is based consists almost
entirely of detached pinne, and it is impossible therefore to give
a complete account of the form of the frond. The specimen figured
by Phillips as Paleozamia longifolia represents a portion of a pinnate
frond; it is more accurately reproduced in Text-fig. 11. It is
impossible to speak with certainty as to the connection between
this pinnate fragment and the detached leaflets of the type named
by Phillips Palgozamia megaphylla (Pl. XII. Fig. 4). The former
specimen bears a close resemblance to some species of Podozamites,
e.g. P. lanceolatus, but the examination of a considerable number
of detached pinne, varying in size from 3°65 to over 30 cm.
in length, leads me to regard Paleozamia megaphylla and
P. longifolia as specifically identical, The great length of the
pinne, like that of which a portion is shown in Fig. 5, and their
shape can be matched almost perfectly with pinne of recent
Cycadean fronds, e.g. Ceratozamia mexicana. On the whole I incline
to the opinion that the numerous Monocotyledon-like leaves from
Stonesfield are the pinne of a Cycadean frond. In certain recent
Cycads, eg. species of Encephalartos, the pinne may be readily
detached from the rachis by a well-defined separation-surface, and
the narrow oval scars left on the axis of the frond are such as
might be formed by the bases of pinne like that represented in
Fig. 4, Pl. XII.

112 ZAMITES.

Both the British Museum and the Oxford Museum collections.
include several examples of the pinne of Zamites. In many of
them the base is well shown: it has the form of a clean-cut
margin terminating the pinna by a curved line, which may extend
sufficiently far into the lamina to present the appearance of a semi-
circle. In some of the larger pinne the base is slightly over 2 cm.
in breadth, and is thus greater than that of the pinne of recent
Cycads. Another characteristic feature is the very gradually.
tapered apical portion of the pinna, and, as seen in the drawing
(Pl. XII. Fig. 5), the surface of the lamina is strongly convex in
its narrow part: this convexity is no doubt the result of contraction
of the stout leathery pinna after death. The occurrence of pinne
which exhibit identical features, varying in length from 3°5 to
33 cm., is an additional piece of evidence in favour of regarding
them as segments of large Cycadean fronds. The parallel veins are
clearly shown in the fragments of lamina represented in Pl. XII.
Fig. 1, and in Pl. X. Fig. 4.

The long parallel-veined leaves figured by Zigno from Jurassic
rocks of Italy as Yuccrtes Schimperianus are probably identical
with the Stonesfield Slate pinne. Other fossils comparable with
Zamites megaphyllus are Zamia washingtoniana,' a Potomac species.
described by Ward, leaves from the Lower Cretaceous of Bohemia
referred by Velenovsky to the genus Hrannera® (K. mirabilis,
Cord.), and Schenk’s species Pterophyllum giganteum,? from the
Trias Raibl beds. One may note also a resemblance between the
Stonesfield pinne and the long narrow leaves from the Rheetic of
Tonkin identified by Zeiller as Noeggerathiopsis Hislopi.4

Nathorst has suggested that Phillips’ species Paleozamia mega-
phylla (= Zamites megaphylius) should be referred to Yuccites.®

V.86. Pl. X. Fig. 4.

A small piece of a broad pinna 16cm. long and 4 cm. broad.
The lamina is traversed by numerous parallel veins between which,

1 Ward (95), pl. ii. fig. 6.

? Velenovsky (85), pls. i.—iii.
3 Schenk (66), pl. ii.

4 Zeiller (02), pl. xl.

5 Nathorst (80), p. 79.

ZAMITES. 113

as shown in the drawing, occur finer longitudinal lines, which
probably indicate strands of mechanical tissue between the true
veins. The specimen is incomplete; at one end the lamina is 4 cm.
broad, and at the other 3°6 cm.

Stonesfield. Ligerton Coll.

V. 4064. Pl. X. Fig. 5.

Part of a leaf 13'5 cm. long, and 2:7 cm. broad at the widest end.
The parallel veins and the fainter intercostal lines are less clearly
shown than in the specimen represented in Fig. 4. One edge
(right) of the pinna is practically straight, while the other is
curved, a character frequently noticed in the segments of Cycadean
fronds. The circular scar near the broader end of the fossil is
simply a hole in the lamina.

Stonesfield Slate.

V. 4067. Pl. XII. Fig. 5.

A pinna 22cm. long and 3:1 cm. broad at the widest end, but
tapering to a breadth of 4 mm. at the apical portion. Veins as in
the specimen represented in Fig. 4, Pl. IX. This specimen, like
many others, shows that the lamina, which is almost or quite flat
at the broader end, becomes gradually more convex towards the
narrower end. This strongly arched form of the apical portion is
no doubt the result of contraction of the dead pinna.

Stonesfield.

V. 4652. Pl. XII. Fig. 3.

Possibly a complete pinna, 85 cm. long; at the broader end the
lamina is somewhat contracted, and presents an appearance which
suggests that it is the actual base.

V. 3460. Pl. XII. Fig. 1.

The broad truncate end of a pinna, showing the parallel veins
extending to the edge of the lamina. On the same piece of rock
occurs another fragment which represents an acuminate apex of
a lamina.

Sevenhampton. S. Buckman Colt.

Pl. XII. Fig. 4.

A specimen in the Oxford Museum, and probably the type of
Phillips’ Paleoszamia megaphylla. The pinna, which is 13 cm. long,
I

114 ZAMITES,

shows a slight callosity at the base and the tapered convex distal

portion of the lamina.
Stonesfield.

Text-fig. 11.

A specimen in the Oxford Museum; the original of Phillips’
Palaozamia longifolia. As pointed out above, this example may
possibly be a fragment of Podozamites lanceolatus (L. & H.), but on
the whole I prefer to regard it as a piece of a frond of Zamites
megaphyllus.

Stonesfield.

TERS

Fig. 11.—Zamites megaphylius (Phill.). Nat. size. From a specimen in the
Oxtord Museum.

V. 4066. An incomplete pinna 21cm. long, 83cm. broad at
the wider end, tapering to 1:3 cm. at the narrower end. The

CTENIS. 115

marrower part of the lamina is much more convex in section than
the broader end.

V. 9010. A specimen 18 cm. long and 5cm. broad; a portion
only of the pinna is seen; venation clearly shown, here and there
forked veins may be recognised.

Stonesfield ?

Other specimens :—V. 3426, V. 3428, V. 3460, V. 3461, V. 3462,
V. 4063, V.4065 (the apical portion of a pinna, labelled ‘‘Termination
of the rib of a Saurian’’), V. 4068, V. 4644, V. 4650, V. 4651,
V. 4654 (2), V. 4675, V. 6583 (?), 41,380, 52,817.

Genus CTENIS, Lindley & Hutton.
[Foss. Flor. vol. ii. pl. ciii. 1834.]
Ctenis latifolia (Brongniart).

[ Hist. vég. foss. p. 266, pl. Ixxxii. fig. 6.]

1828. Teniopteris latifoiia, Brongniart, Prodrome, p. 62.
T. latifolia, Brongniart, Hist. vég. foss. p. 266, pl. Ixxxii. fig. 6.
1833. Odontopteris latifolia, Sternberg, Flor. Vorwelt, v.-vi. p. 79.
1838. Teniopteris latifolia, ibid. vii. p. 139.
Zamites latifolius, ibid. p. 199.
1845. Teniopteris latifolia, Unger, Synopsis, p. 37.
Cycadites (?), Buckman, Geol. Cheltenham, p. 67, pl. i. fig. 2.
1848. Teniopteris latifolia, Broun, Ind. Pal. p. 1214.
1849. T. latifolia, Brongniart, Tableau, p. 105.
1850. TZ. latifolia, Unger, Gen. spec. foss. plant. p. 213.
1854. T. latifolia, Morris, Brit. Foss. p. 23.
1856. T. latifolia, Zigno, Flor. foss. Oolit. vol. i. p. 204.
1869. Oleandridium vittatum, Schimper, Trait. pal. vég. vol. i. p. 608.
1871. Teniopteris latifolia, Phillips, Geol. Oxford, p. 168.
Pterophyllum Buckmanni, ibid. p. 170.
1873. Teniopteris vittata (pars), Saporta, Pal. Frang. vol. i. p. 445.
1884. Péerophyllum Buckmanni, Richards, Synopsis, p. 2.
1894. P. Buckmanni, Woodward, Lower Ool. p. 599.
Teniopteris vittata, ibid. p. 600.

The type-specimen of Brongniart’s Teniopteris latifolia is in the
Oxford Museum. The veins are incorrectly represented in the
figure as separate ; they agree precisely with the veins of Ctenis in
being joined together laterally by oblique cross-connections. The
single example of Clenis that I have seen from Stonesfield is too

116 OTOZAMITES.

imperfect to form the basis of a satisfactory diagnosis. The type-
specimen consists of a torn and incomplete piece of a frond, with
a broad rachis giving off short and broad segments traversed by
parallel veins, which occasionally fork and are connected here and
there by oblique branches. The veins are, on the average, rather
more than 1 mm. apart.

I have no doubt as to the specific identity of the specimen
figured by Buckman from Sevenhampton as Cycadites? with the
type-specimen of Brongniart.

Ctenis latifolia differs from the Inferior Oolite species C. falcata’
in its shorter and broader segments ; as regards venation-characters.
the two forms are identical. An imperfect leaflet, which I described
as Ctenis, sp., from a specimen in the Manchester Museum, may be
compared with the Stonesfield type, but we have not sufficient
data from which to decide as to their possible identity. A form of
Ctenis frond similar to C. latifolia has been described by Raciborski
from the Lower Jurassic rocks of Cracow as Ctenis Zeyschnert,®
which is no doubt a closely allied plant; another similar type is
represented by Ctenis orovallensis,t a species figured by Lester
Ward from the Jurassic beds of Oroville, California. It is by no
means unlikely that the Stonestield plant is specifically identical
with the American form, but until better specimens are obtained
it is impossible to make a more definite statement as to the position
and characters of the Stonesfield type. Phillips includes Ptero-
phylum comptum, Phill. [ = Nilssonta compta (Phill.)], in his list of
Stonesfield species; it is possible that he applied this name to Ctenis
latifolia.

Genus OTOZAMITES, Braun.
[Miinster, Beit. Petrefact. Heft vi. p. 36, 1843.]
Otozamites, sp.

(Ct. O. obtusus (L, & H.), var. ooliticus.]

The Museum collection includes a few imperfect and obscure
specimens of Otozamites fronds, which are too small and indistinct

1 Seward (00), pl. viii. fig. 2.

2 Seward (00), p. 232, fig. 42; also (00%), pl. ii.
* Raciborski (94), pls. xvi.—xvii.

4 Ward (00), p. 357, pl. lviii. fig. 4.

SPHENOZAMITES. 117

to determine with confidence. These fragments, which were
obtained from the Inferior Oolite of Barnack and Wansford, in
Northamptonshire, are perhaps best described as Otozamites, sp.,
and may be identical with the Yorkshire type of frond described as
O. obtusus, var. ooliticus.)

The Jermyn Street Museum contains a specimen of Ofozamites
from the Inferior Oolite of Stamford (a locality on the borders of
Lincolnshire and close to Barnack and Wansford), bearing the
name Otosamites graphicus, a species recorded by Professor Judd?
from the Lincolnshire Oolite of Stibbington. The Stamford
specimen may be specifically identical with those in the British
Museum, but it is impossible in the absence of better specimens to
determine its exact position.

V. 4641, V. 4660. Pieces of Otozamites fronds.
Sheep pit near Wansford (Inferior Oolite). C. W. Peach Coll.

V. 6585. An obscure impression, 17 cm. long; pinne contiguous,
with auriculate upper basal edge.
Stonesfield Slate.

51,129. A similar specimen from Barnack. Morris Coll.
V. 5274, V. 6588. Obscure impressions; locality unknown.

Genus SPHENOZAMITES, Brongniart.
[Tableau, p. 61, 1849.]

Brongniart proposed the name Sphenozamites as a sectional
designation for Cycadean fronds included under Ofozamites and
characterised by the presence of divergent veins and by the
absence of an auriculate base; he suggested that the name
might eventually be raised to generic rank. Zigno made use of
Brongniart’s genus in his Oolitic Flora, and instituted the species
Sphenozamites Rossii for a pinnate frond with broad wedge-shaped
pinne traversed by spreading veins, and without the auriculate

1 Seward (00), p. 218, pl. i. fig. 1; pl. ii. fig. 2.
2 Judd (75), p. 174.

118 SPHENOZAMITES.

base that forms a generic character of the typical Otozamites.
Schimper also adopts Sphenozamites as a generic name, but
correctly points out that Otosamites Beant of Lindley & Hutton,
which Brongniart gave as the type of Sphenozamites, is a true
Otozamites. Saporta defines the genus as follows :—

“‘Frondes plerumque rachi valida tereti instructe pinnate,
pinne vel foliola latiores majuscule basi plus minusve angustata
subpedicellate equilaterales cartilagineocincte integre aut apice
sinuate dentateque spinose, racheos lateribus ordine alterno
insert nec unquam basibus inter se connexis racheos superficiem
tegentes, nervulis e loco insertionis radiantibus numerosis dichotome
pluries divisis,”’ !

Among recent Cycads we find a similar form of pinna in species
of Encephalartos and Zamia, e.g., Z. Skinnert, Z. integrifolia,
Z. muricata.

Fronds conforming to the Sphenozamites pattern occur in Lower
Permian rocks,“ and extend through the Jurassic system. It is a
convenience to adopt this generic name for fronds bearing pinne
having a comparatively broad and short, more or less wedge-shaped.
lamina; the distinction between certain forms of Otozamites and
Sphenozamites is often very slight, and probably does not constitute
a generic difference in the sense in which genera are defined among
existing plants. Sphenozamites, like Otozamites and numerous
other genera, is used in a provisional and artificial sense as
denoting certain characteristic features in the shape of the leaflets,
and not in the sense of generic designations based on characters of
primary taxonomic importance. In the Wealden Flora, vol. ii.,
I described a plant under the name of Withamia, which possesses
broad pinne or leaves very similar to those of Sphenozamites, but
distinguished by the presence of strong recurved hooks situated
immediately below each leaf-like appendage. Professor Zeiller*
afterwards substituted the generic name Sewardia for Withamia, as
I had overlooked the fact that the latter term had previously been
used by Unger.

1 Saporta (75), p. 181.
2 Zeiller (00), p. 232; Renault (81).
3 Zeiller (00).

SPHENOZAMITES, 119

Sphenozamites Belli, sp. nov.
(Pl. XI. Fig. 4; Text-fig. 12.)

1845. ? Naiadea obtusa, Buckman, Geol. Cheltenham, p. 67, pl. i. fig. 2.

1854. N. obtusa, Morris, Brit. Foss. p. 12.

1871. NV. obtusa, Phillips, Geol. Oxford, p. 169.

1894. N. obtusa, Woodward, Lower Ool. p. 598.

Type-specimen (Text-fig. 12) formerly in the collection of
A. M. Bell, Esq., and recently presented by him to the Oxford
Museum. From Stonesfield.

The species is founded on detached pinne characterised by their
wedge-shaped lamina, which tapers gradually to a comparatively
acute apex, one edge of the lamina being more strongly arched
than the other; the pinne are contracted at the proximal end,
and were probably attached by a narrow base to the rachis.
Veins numerous, dichotomously branched, spreading from the
base through the substance of the lamina.

The leaflet figured by Buckman as Nacadea obtusa is probably
specifically identical with Mr. Bell’s specimen, but as I have not
been able to identify the original of the crude drawing published
in the Geology of Cheltenham it seemed wiser to institute a new
name. I have therefore named the species after Mr. Bell, whose
collection of fossils has afforded me much assistance in the
investigation of the Stonesfield flora. Sphenozamites Belli may
be compared with species from Italian Jurassic beds referred by
Zigno* to the same genus, and with S. robustus, Newb.,? from the
Rheetic of Honduras.

Text-fig. 12. (Specimen in the Oxford Museum.)

A single pinna, 9cm. long and rather more than 4cm. wide in
the broadest part; the veins are numerous and spreading, differing
both in their more divergent course and in their greater number
from those of Podozamites.

V. 4069. Pl. XI. Fig. 4.
A single pinna 8cm. long. The asymmetrical form of the lamina,
the course and greater number of the veins, are characters by which

1 Zigno (81), pls. xxxix.—xl.
2 Newberry (88), p. 347, pl. viii. fig. 14.

120 SPHENOZAMITES.

we may distinguish this type from Podozamites as represented in
Figs. 1 and 2, Pl. XI.
Stonesfield.

WV. 3421. Leaflet 6 cm. x 17cm. ; blunt apex
Eyeford, Gloucestershire (Stonesfield Slate). Brodie Coit.

Fic. 12.—Sphenozamites Belli, sp.nov. Nat. size. Presented by Mr. Bell to
the Oxford Museum.

VY. 3436. Labelled ‘ Naiadea ovata.” Similar to V. 4069
(Fig. 4), but the venation is less distinctly shown.
Eyeford. Brodie Coll.

Other specimens :—V. 4642 (Stonesfield), 41,381 (Stonesfield,
Morris Coll.), 52,817.

PODOZAMITES. ‘121

A Genus of Gymnosperms of Doubtful Affinity.

Genus PODOZAMITES, Braun.
[Miinster, Beit. Petrefact. Hett vi. p. 36, 1843.]

I have elsewhere suggested that Podozamites may be a genus of
Conifers similar in habit to the recent Agathis australis, Salisb.1
The Stonesfield specimens are detached leaves, or leaflets, and
afford no additional evidence as to affinity; in shape and form

they present a striking resemblance to the broader leaves of
Agathis.

Podozamites stonesfieldensis, sp. nov.
(Pl. XI. Figs. 1-2; Pl. III. Fig. 4.)

1845. Naiadea ovata, Buckman, Geol. Cheltenham, p. 67, pl. ii. fig. 1.
Bensonia ovata, ibid. p. 67.
Liha lanceolata, ibid. pl. ii. fig. 3.

1854. L. lanceolata, Morris, Brit. Foss. p. 11.
Naiadea ovata, ibid. p. 12.
? Bensonia ovata, ibid. p. 3.

1871. Naiadea ovata, Phillips, Geol. Oxford, p. 169.
Bensonia ovata, ibid. p. 168.
Lilia lanceolata, ibid. p. 168.

1886. L. lanceolata, Gardner, Geol. Mag. vol. iii. p. 203.
Bensonia ovata, ibid.

1894. Lilia lanceolata, Woodward, Lower Ool. p. 598.
Bensonia ovata, ibid.

T have ventured to designate the Stonesfield specimens represented
in Pl. XI. Figs. 1, 2, and Pl. ILI. Fig. 4, by a new specific name,
as there is some doubt as to the nature of the fossils figured by
Buckman. It is practically certain that the specimen which he
figures as Natadea ovata is identical with this species, but the
‘specific name ovatus has already been used in connection with the
genus Podozamites. Possibly specimen No. V. 3468 (Pl. XT. Fig. 2)
is the type of Buckman’s Naiadea ovata, but the drawing is not
sufficiently clear to render this certain.

1 Seward (00), p. 241.

122 PODOZAMITES.

The specimen represented in Buckman’s pl. ii. fig. 3 as Liha
lanceolata is, I have little doubt, specifically identical with Podo-
samites stonesfieldensis. The species named by Buckman Bensonia
ovata (Geol. Chelt. p. 67) is not represented by a drawing; it is.
described as being characterised by ‘leaves oblongo-ovate, entire,
with short stalk,”! and may be Podozanites. In a paper om
Mesozoic Angiosperms Mr. Starkie Gardner alludes to the genera
Inlia and Bensonia of Buckman, and speaks of them as being either:
‘* Cycadaceous or too indistinct to be determinable.” *

Localities and Horizons.—Sevenhampton, Eyeford (Stonesfield:
Slate, Great Oolite).

The material is too fragmentary to admit of a satisfactory specific
diagnosis. The leaves or leaflets (if the plant is a Conifer, allied to-
Agathis, the term leaf must be used; if it is Cycadean the term
pinna or leaflet is more accurate) are symmetrical about a median
axis, oblong-ovate in shape, entire, tapering somewhat abruptly to-
a narrow base and more gradually to the apex; veins rather more
than 1 mm. apart, converging towards both the base and apex of
the lamina.

Podozamites stonesfieldensis bears a fairly close resemblance to-
Podosamites lanceolatus, var. latifolius, as figured by Schenk,* from
China, and to Geyler’s Japanese species, P. Reiniz.!

V. 3420. Pl. XI. Fig. 1.

Leaf 7:5cm. long; the gap in the middle of the lamina has
probably been produced by tearing. Veins very well defined,
simple, or forked either close to the base or during their course:
through the lamina.

Eyeford. Brodie Coll.

V. 3468. Pl. XI. Fig. 2.

Possibly the original specimen figured by Buckman as Naiadea
ovata; 8cm. long by 36cm. broad; similar to V. 3420 (Fig. 1),.
but more complete. The base is slightly notched, as if originally
attached directly to an axis.

Sevenhampton. Brodie Coll.

1 Buckman (45), p. 93.

2 Gardner (86), p. 203.

3 Schenk (83), pl. xlix. figs. 40, 5.

+ Geyler (77), pl. xxxiii.; Yokoyama (89), pls. iii.-iv.

GYMNOSPERMOUS SEEDS. 123.

V. 4662. Pl. IIT. Fig. 4.
Possibly a smaller leaf or leaflet of this species; 2-1 em. long by
1:2 cm. broad.

V. 3485. A specimen labelled ‘‘One of the Liliacee.” Cf.
Buckman’s pl. ii. fig. 3.)
Sevenhampton. Brodie Coll.

Other specimens :—V. 3487, V. 4070.

GYMNOSPERMOUS SEEDS.

Numerous seeds have been obtained from various horizons and
localities which it is hopeless to attempt to refer to specific types or
to assign with confidence to their systematic position. On the other
hand, there are many seeds which can be recognised by their shape
as belonging to fairly well defined types; an example of a seed
which may be designated by a specific name is Carpolithes conicus
as figured by Lindley & Hutton. Until we find C. contcus with
its tissues petrified or attached to a supporting organ we cannot
determine its precise position; but, on the whole, it is more likely
to belong to.a Cycadean plant than to a Conifer. There is one
difficulty that confronts us in dealing with such seeds as Carpolithes
contcus, and that is the difference in appearance between a fairly
complete seed and an internal cast; this is shown in the example
from Malton represented in Text-fig. 15. In some instances it is:
possible to recognise with a fair degree of certainty detached seeds
of Araucarian cones; in this case we are able to compare them
with seeds or seed-impressions on cone-scales of the Araucarites
type. In the following pages I have dealt with two sets of seeds
under distinct specific names, Carpolithes conicus and C. diospyri-
formis, while several others are designated Carpolithes, sp. It is
a hopeless and futile task to attempt to discriminate between
isolated gymnospermous seeds which differ from one another chiefly
in size. The generic name Carpolithes is used in a comprehensive
sense for seeds of doubtful botanical position ; in a former volume?

1 Buckman (45).
2 Seward (95), p. 101.

124

CARPOLITHES.

I have discussed at some length the application of this term to
fossil seeds. It has been shown by Carruthers that some of the
Great Oolite fossils referred to Carpolithes are more likely to be
reptilian eggs.

1836.

1845.

1848.

1849,

1850.

1854.
1870.

1878.
1885.

1892.

1894.

Genus CARPOLITHES, Sternberg.
[Flor. Vorwelt, iv. p. xl. 1823.]

Carpolithes conicus, Lindley & Hutton.
(Foss. Flor. pl. clxxxix. figs. 1,2, 4, 1836.]
(Pl. XIII. Fig. 5; Text-figs. 18-15.)

Carpolithes conica, Lindley & Hutton, Foss. Flor. pl. clxxxix.
figs. 1, 2, 4.

C. Bucklandi, op. cit. pl. clxxxix. figs. 3, 5.

conicus, Buckman, Geol. Cheltenham, p. 67, pl. ii. figs. 5-6.

Bucklandi, Unger, Synopsis, p. 188.

coniea, ibid.

Bucklandi, Broun, Ind. Pal. p. 289.

conicus, ibid.

Bucklandi, Brongniart, Tableau, p. 106.

conica, ibid.

Ulospermum ornatum, Pomel, Flor. foss. France, p. 16.

U. conicum, ibid.

Carpolithes Bucklandi, Unger, Gen. spec. plant. foss. p. 309.

C. conica, ibid.

C. conicus, Morris, Brit. Foss. p. 4.

Cycadinocarpus conicus, Schimper, Trait. pal. vég. vol. ii. p. 210.

C. Bucklandi, ibid.

Car, ponies conicus, Hudleston, Proc. Geol. Assoc. vol. v. p. 494.

cy spermum Bucklandi, Zigno, Flor. foss. Oolit. p. 160.

C. conicum, ibid.

Carpolithes Bucklandi, Fox-Strangways, Jurass. Rocks, p. 302.

C. conicus, ibid.

Cycadinocarpus conicus, Woodward, Lower Ool. p. 599.

RRARgagrss

The original specimen figured by Lindley & Hutton in their
pl. clxxxix. fig. 4 as Carpolithes conica is in the Manchester
Museum, and is redrawn in Text-fig. 13. Another seed in the same
-collection (361, Text-fig. 13a) may be the original of Carpolithes
Bucklandi as represented in the Possil Flora, pl. clxxxix. fig. 5.

1 Carruthers (717).

CARPOLITHES. 125:

-T have no hesitation in uniting Carpolithes conicus, L. & H., and
C. Bucklandi, L. & H., ea Will. MS., under one specific name.
The seeds designated by these names were obtained from the
Coralline Oolite of Malton in Yorkshire.

The seeds grouped under Carpolithes conicus are characterised
by their conical form, by the broad truncate surface, which is
probably the base of the seed, traversed by either one or three
prominent ridges. The margin of the truncate surface is usually
provided with irregular tooth-like prominences, which were most
probably pierced by vascular bundles which passed into the seed
from its supporting organ. On some of the seeds the lateral
surface bears numerous and irregularly disposed tubercles,
a character which Lindley & Hutton mention as peculiar to
Carpolithes Bucklandi. These lateral tubercles exhibit no uni-
formity either in their arrangement or in their occurrence,
and they cannot, I think, be regarded as having a taxonomic
importance. They may have been caused by the attacks of
insects, and are probably not an original feature of the seeds.
In some seeds, e.g. V. 9004 (Pl. XIII. Fig. 5), a single median
ridge (Fig. 5, a) extends across the truncate end, while in
others (Text-fig. 13¢ and Text-fig. 14C) three ridges extend
from the slightly raised centre of the truncate surface to the
edge, giving the seed a somewhat triangular appearance. The
difference in the form of the seeds, whether biconvex in section or
triangular, cannot reasonably be considered a specific character.
In the recent Ginkgo biloba (the maidenhair - tree) the seed, or
rather the embryo-sac, is usually two-angled, but three-angled seeds
are sometimes met with. The peripheral teeth are clearly seen in
A, B, and C, Text-fig. 14. In some examples the truncate
surface is almost flat, with a central papilla (Text-fig. 136),
while in others (Text-fig. 13a) it is broadly conical. A specimen
from the Malton Museum represented in Text-fig. 15 shows
a seed cut through longitudinally; the interior is seen to be
occupied by a cylindrical cast, bluntly terminated at one end and
more pointed at the other, resembling the nut of a Ginkgo seed.

As regards the morphological nature of the parts of the seeds seen
in the fossil specimens, the fairly thick outer envelope which forms

1 Penzig (94), p. 515.

126 CARPOLITHES.

the surface in the seeds represented in Fig. 5, Pl. XIII., and in
Text-figs. 13 and 14, was probably a woody integument, which, as
in recent Cycad seeds and in the seeds of Ginkgo, was perhaps
enclosed in a thick fleshy envelope formed from the more external
portions of the integument. The internal cast seen in Text-fig. 15
may be regarded as replacing the embryo-sac. A comparison may
be made between the seed shown in section in Text-fig. 15 and
the drawing of a Ginkgo seed reproduced in a paper on the
Maidenhair-tree published in 1900."

In the seeds of some recent species of Cycads, e.g. Macrozamia
Fraseri, there is a large smooth area at the base of the seed by
which it was attached to the carpophyll, which is separated from
the rest of the seed by a slightly projecting ridge formed by the
fleshy portion of the integument.? This smooth basal area may
be compared with the truncate surface of the fossil seeds.

It is possible that some of the specimens referred to as
Carpolithes, sp., may be the internal casts of Carpolithes conicus.
In all probability Carpolithes conicus was borne by a Cycadean
plant, or perhaps by a member of the Ginkgoales; the point cannot
be definitely settled without further evidence, but I incline to
the view that the seeds are those of a Cycadean genus.

Numerous specimens of Carpolithes conicus may be seen in many
museums, e.g., Jermyn Street, York, Scarborough, Whitby, Malton,
and several others.

V. 9004. Pl. XIII. Fig. 5.

A conical seed, 8cm. long, with truncate and slightly arched
base (upper part in the drawing), traversed by a single median
ridge, and surrounded at the margin by numerous teeth occurring
either singly or in pairs. The breadth of the broad end is 2:2 cm.;
the ridge shown in side-view in the figure, and passing over the
middle of the truncate end of the seed, becomes somewhat broader
in the centre, at a, probably due to the insertion of a vascular
bundle.

Malton (Coralline Oolite).

1 Seward & Gowan (00), pl. ix. fig. 45.

2 Some seeds of this species in the Botanical Department of the British
Museum, having a length of 5cm. and a breadth of 3°5cm., show these features
very clearly. See Miquel (47), pl. iii.

CARPOLITHES. 127

Text-fig. 13. The seed shown in Fig. @ may be the original
of Carpolithes Bucklandt, fig. 5, pl. clxxxix., in the Fossil Flora of
Lindley & Hutton. It differs from the more typical examples of
Carpotithes conicus in its slightly larger size, in the more elevated

Fie. 13.—Carpolithes conicus, L. & HW. From the type-specimens of Lindley &
Hutton in the Manchester Museum. w, No. 361; b,c, No. 360. Nat. size.

base, and in the presence of numerous tubercles. The seed shown
in side-view (4) and in basal view (c) is the original of C. condieus
as figured by Lindley & Hutton (pl. clxxxix. fig. 4).

ON «8

Fig. 14.—Carpolithes conicus, L. & H. Drawn from a specimen in the Malton
Museum. A and C nat. size, B x 5.

Text-fig. 14. A well-preserved seed, 3cm. long, drawn from
a specimen in the Malton Museum; this example shows very

128 CARPOLITHES.

clearly the three basal ridges (Fig. C) and the well-defined tooth-
like projections (A and B).

Text-fig. 15. A seed from the Malton Museum showing the
testa (integument) and the cast of the embryo-sac.

V. 9007. Pl. III. Fig. 3. An internal cast, probably of C. conicus,
showing a single median ridge across the broad end.

Malton.

Fie. 15.—Carpolithes conicus, L. & H. Drawing of a specimen in the Maltor
Museum. Nat. size.
V. 9005. Several casts of seeds, some with a single median
ridge, as in V. 9004 (Fig. 5, Pl. XIIIL.), others with three ridges
meeting in the centre of the broad truncate end.

Other specimens :—V. 9006; V. 9008; 40,553 (Malton, Bower-
bank Coll.) ; 40,580 (Kirby Moorside, Bean Coll.) ; 41,899 (Morris
Coll.) ; 44,399 (Mantell Coll.); 52,604 (Malton, Morris Coll.) ;
52,938 (Malton, presented by the Hon. Robert Marsham, 1878).

Carpolithes diospyriformis, Sternberg.
[Flor. Vorwelt, iii. p. 37, pl. xxxvii. fig. 6, 1828.]
(Pl. XII. Fig. 7; Pl. XIII. Figs. 6-7.)

1823. Carpolites diospyriformis, Sternberg, Flor. Vorwelt, iii. p. 37,
pl. xxxvii. fig. 6.

1825. C. diospyriformis, op. cit. iv. p. xl.

1845. C. diospyriformis, Unger, Synopsis, p. 256.

1848. Carpolithes diospyriformis, Broun, Ind. Pal. p. 239.

1850. C. diospyriformis, Unger, Gen. spec. foss. plant. p. 517.

1854. C. diospyrifornus, Morris, Brit. Foss. p. 5.

1871. Carpolithus diospyriformis, Phillips, Geol. Oxford, p.171, Diag. xxxii-
fig. 2.

1884. Cycadi “pus Lindley (pars), Woodward, Lower Ool. p. 599.

CARPOLITHES, 129

The seeds referred to Carpolithes diospyriformis differ sufficiently
from those of the preceding species to be regarded as a distinct
type. The example represented in Fig. 7, Pl. XIII. may be
described as a typical seed of this species; it consists of a slightly
asymmetrical pyriform cast, prolonged at one side of the broad base
into a short stalk (s.), and tapering distally into an ill-defined
apical region. This cast is frequently enclosed by an integument,
represented either by a cavity in the rock-matrix or by a distinct
shell, which appears to be absent from the base of the seed
(Figs. 6-7, Pl. XIII.). The smaller seed shown in Fig. 6 may
perhaps represent a distinct species, but so far as the material
enables one to form an opinion, I am inclined to refer both to
C. diospyriformis; the smaller cast has the same lateral area of
attachment (s.) as occurs in the larger examples. The small cast
represented in Fig. 7, Pl. XII. also shows very clearly the laterally
situated basal scar (s.).

I am unable to express an opinion worth consideration as to
the nature of the plant which bore Carpolithes diospyriformis.
Specimens of C. diospyriformis are well represented in the Jermyn
Street Museum, the Manchester Museum, the Sedgwick Museum,
Cambridge, and in various museums in Yorkshire.

V. 2513. Pl. XIII. Fig. 7.

A cast 2:2cm. in length, surrounded, except at the base, by
a shallow groove—probably representing an integument—which
appears to become continuous with the narrow apical neck of the
cast. Slightly to the left of the middle of the broader (basal) end
the cast is prolonged into a short stalk (s.).

Stonesfield. Baber Coll.

V. 2513¢. Pl. XIII. Fig. 6.

A smaller and broader seed, possibly a distinct species, 1:2 cm.
by 7mm., of pea-shaped form, showing a lateral area of attachment
or short stalk at s. Baber Colt.

V. 25134. Pl. XII. Fig. 7.

A small internal cast with a lateral scar, s., probably specifically
identical with V. 2513 (Pl. XIII. Fig. 7). Baber Coll.

V. 4648. A well-preserved specimen, similar to that shown in
Fig. 7, Pl. XIII.

K

130° ARAUCARITES.

- Other specimens :—V. 82 (several seeds, Hyerton Coll.); V. 2518
(several seeds in addition to those figured, Baber Coll.); V. 4649
(R. Brown Coll.); V. 4663; V. 4671 (Sevenhampton); V. 6347
(Stonesfield); V. 6582; V. 6590; 40,514 (Bowerbank Coll.) ;
40,581 (probably OC. diospyriformis, from the Kellaways Rock,
Scarborough, Bean Coll.); 41,168 (Stonesfield); 52,866 (several
specimens, S. Sharp Coll.); 52,988a (Stonesfield, presented by the
Hon. Robert Marsham, 1878).

Carpolithes, sp.

Under this designation are included several fossil seeds from
Stonesfield and elsewhere that do not sufficiently resemble either
of the preceding types to be definitely referred to C. conicus or to
C. diospyriformis. The practice of appending specific names to
casts of Gymnospermous seeds which do not exhibit any well-
marked distinctive features seems to me to serve no useful purpose.

V. 224 (Malton, Coralline Oolite, Morris Coll.); 40,514
(Bowerbank Coll.); 40,581 (Kellaways Rock, Scarborough, Bean
Coll.) ; 52,549 (Malton, Wetherell Coll.); 52,895 (Zoulmin Smith
Coll.) ; 52,938 (presented by the Hon. Robert Marsham, 1878).

Class CONIFERALES.
Family ARAUCARIEA,

Genus ARAUCARITES, Presl.
[Sternberg’s Flor. Vorwelt, vii. p. 2038, 1838.]

The species described below as members of the genus Araucarites
are founded on fossil cones possessing features characteristic of the
female shoots of recent species of Araucaria. The data at our
disposal are not sufficiently complete to enable us to define with
clearness or certainty the distinguishing features of the various
examples of cones; the important fact is that fossil cones from
several localities and from different sub-stages of the Jurassic system

ARAUCARITES, , 161

afford trustworthy evidence of the comparative abundance of
Araucarian plants. It has long been recognised that the existing
members of the Araucariex represent a dwindled remnant of
a section of Conifers that was widely distributed in the northern
hemisphere during the Jurassic and Wealden epochs. The evidence
on which this statement is based is afforded by petrified wood
exhibiting the well-marked histological characteristics of Araucaria.
and Agathis, and by cones composed of large single-seeded scales.
It is intended to consider in detail the geological and geographical
distribution of the Araucariee in a memoir on recent and fossil
forms that is now in progress in collaboration with Miss Ford, of
Newnham College, Cambridge.

The specific nomenclature adopted in the following pages may
probably not represent differences worthy of specific rank, but we
cannot hope to arrive at a satisfactory decision as to the limits of
types without additional data.

Araucarites spherocarpus, Carr.

[Geol. Mag. vol. iii. p. 249, pl. xi. 1866.]

(Pl. XIII. Figs. 2-4, 8.)

1866. Araucaria spherocarpa, Carruthers, Geol. Mag. vol. ili. p. 249, pl. xi.
1870. 4. spherocarpa, Schimper, Trait. pal. vég. vol. ii. p. 254.
1871. Araucarites spherocarpus, Carruthers, Geol. Mag. vol. vii. p. 543.
1872. A. spherocarpus, Thiselton-Dyer, Geol. Mag. vol. ix. p. 151, fig. 4.
Ci. A. Haeberleini, ibid. p. 140, figs. 1-3.
A. spherocarpus, Balfour, Palaont. Bot. p. 62, figs. 83-85.
1878. <Araucaria spherocarpa, Lyell, Elements Geol. p. 335, fig. 351.
1884. Araucarites spherocarpa, Saporta, Pal. Franc. vol. iii. p. 416, pl. lix.
fig. 4.
1888. <Araucaria spherocarpa, Schenk, Handbuch, p. 171.
1894. Araucarites spherocarpus, Woodward, Lower Ool. p. 599.

Locality and Horizon.—Bruton, Somersetshire (Inferior Oolite).

Araucarites spherocarpus was founded by Carruthers on a large
cone obtained from the Inferior Oolite of Somersetshire ; he defined
the species as follows :—‘‘Cone spherical. Scales rhomboidal, with
a central ridge produced into a stout, somewhat reflexed spine,
and an obvious furrow dividing the scale into an upper and lower

1382 ARAUCARITES.

portion. Twenty to twenty-four scales in each spiral series in the
centre of the cone.” Each scale bears a single median seed as
in the recent Araucarias; the scales have laterally expanded winged
margins, and present a close agreement, both as regards the position
and shape of the seed and in their form, with the seed-scales of the
cones of Araucaria Cookit, A. excelsa, and other species belonging
to the Eutacta division of Araucaria.

An important diagnostic character which should be added to
Carruthers’ definition is the occurrence of a single oval seed on
each cone-scale, the seed being situated in the median line of the
proximal portion of the scales.

Type-specimen of Carruthers in the British Museum (41,036;
Pl, XIII. Figs. 2-4, 8). The Jermyn Street Museum and the
British Museum possess plaster-casts of Carruthers’ ‘type.’

41,036. Pl. XIII. Figs. 2-4, 8.

Type-specimen of Carruthers (Geol. Mag. pl. xi. 1866).

The specimen represents part of a spherical cone approximately
13 cm. in length and 18 cm. broad; a small piece of the peduncle
is preserved. The cone-scales, especially in the upper part of the
cone, have been somewhat worn down distally, but they are more
perfectly preserved near the base. The exposed end of a cone-
scale measures 2 cm. across; it is divided by a transverse groove
(d, Figs. 3-4) into two portions, asmaller upper and a larger lower
portion, Near the upper edge of the lower half a row of small pits
is clearly shown (Fig. 3) which no doubt represent vascular bundles
exposed on the worn-down surface of the cone-scales. Fig. 4
shows the scales in a more complete state; the pits are faintly
indicated, and a central umbo is seen on the lower part of each scale.

In Fig. 2, Pl. XIII. a scale is shown cut through longitudinally,
exposing the seed, s., embedded in the substance of the scale
tissues, as in recent Araucarias. Fig. 8 affords a surface-view of
a detached scale; the slightly depressed area s. shows the position
formerly occupied by the seed, and at @ one sees the transverse
groove dividing the distal portion of the scale into an upper and
a lower half (compare Fig. 4, d). The umbo, seen in surface-
view in Fig. 4, is shown in side-view at win Fig. 8.

Bruton, Somersetshire (Inferior Oolite). Purchased, 1861.

V. 6373. An artificial cast of the type-specimen (41,036).

ARAUCARITES, 133

Araucarites ooliticus (Carruthers).
[Geol. Mag. vol. v. p. 156, pl. ix. figs. 1-6, 1868.]

(Pl. XIII. Fig. 1; Text-figs. 16-18.)

1868. Kaidacarpum ooliticum, Carruthers, Geol. Mag. vol. v. p. 186, pl. ix.
figs. 1-6.

1872. X. ooliticum, Balfour, Paleont. Bot. p. 84, fig. 88.

1873. Pandanocarpum ooliticum, Zigno, Flor. foss. Oolit. vol. ii. p. 3.

Kaidacarpum ooliticum, Sharp, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxix.

p. 290.

1877. Araucarites Hudlestoni, Carruthers, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
vol. xxxiii. p. 402, pl. xvii.

1878. Araucaria Hudlestoni, Hudleston, Proc. Geol. Assoc. vol. v. p. 494.

1886. Kaidacarpum ooliticwm, Gardner, Geol. Mag. vol. iii. p. 199.

1888. Araucaria Hudlestoni, Schenk, Handbuch, p. 171.

1890. A. Hudlestoni, Zittel, Handbuch, p. 280.

1892. A. Hudlestoni, Fox-Strangways, Jurass. Rocks, p. 334.

1894. Pand: ‘pum (Kaidacarpum) ooliticum, Woodward, Lower Ool. p. 317.

1895. Araucarites Hudlestoni, Seward, Wealden Flor. ii. p. 191.

1896. Kaidacarpum ooliticum, Seward, Annals Botany, vol. s. p. 214.

Localities and Horizons.—Kingsthorpe, Northants (Great Oolite) ;
Malton, Yorkshire (Coralline Oolite).

The type-specimen of Araucarites ooliticus (Kaidacarpum ooliticum,
Carr.) is in the Northampton Museum; the type of Carruthers’
species Araucarites Hudlestont is in the York Museum.

The genus Haidacarpum was instituted by Carruthers in 1868,
and defined as follows :—‘‘ Fruit composed of pyramidal rhomboidal
single-seeded drupes, sessile or sub-sessile on a thickened spadix,”’}
I have elsewhere* expressed the opinion that the specimens
included by Carruthers in Kaidacarpum, and regarded as Mesozoic
examples of the Monocotyledonous family Pandanew, are cones
of Araucarian plants. This view has been, in my opinion,
confirmed by an examination of the type-specimen of Kaida-
carpum ooliticum in the Northampton Museum. The specimen
represents a portion of a cone 9cm. long, consisting of a
cylindrical projecting central portion covered with spirally disposed
deep pits or meshes bounded by a framework of crystalline ridges ;
attached laterally to this central region, and partially covered

1 Carruthers (68), p. 153.
2 Seward (96), p. 213.

184 ARAUCARITES.

by the matrix of the rock, are numerous imbricate scales. On one
side of the central region one sees that some of the pits or pockets
are occupied by seeds which extend distally into the hollow
basal portion of the cone-scales. The scales are approximately
17cm. broad and slightly winged. At the base of the cone are
portions of small sterile scales. The features presented by this
cone agree precisely with those of recent Araucarian cones; the
single seed embedded in each scale, the general form of the cone,
the form of the individual cone-scales, and the occurrence of sterile
Scales at the base are characters which can be exactly matched
in recent Araucarias. I have included the species Araucarites
Hudlestoni, Carr., under A. ooliticus, as I fail to discover any
differences that appear to be of specific rank.

Another specimen in the N orthampton Museum, drawn in
Text-fig. 17, shows a portion of a smaller cone: in A a scale is
‘represented in surface-view ; the thin lateral borders are clearly
shown in both A and B, Text-fig. 17; from the lower margin of
the scale (A) the end of a seed projects, and in the end-view (B)
‘one sees the cavity originally occupied by a seed. The example
shown in Text-fig. 18, also from Kingsthorpe, illustrates the
appearance presented by a small cone as seen in surface-view.

Araucarites ooliticus bears a fairly close resemblance to a French
cone of Lower Cretaceous age described by Fliche as Sarcostrodilus
‘ Paulini,' and referred by him to the Araucaries.

The specimen figured by Lindley & Hutton* as Strobilites
Bucklandi is no doubt an Araucarian cone, possibly identical
with Araucarites ooliticus, but no information is given as to the
‘ geological age.

The name Araucarites Hudlestont was instituted by Carruthers for
‘acone from the Coralline Oolite of Malton ; itis defined as follows :—

‘« Cone oblong - ovate, supported on a thick branch, which is
clothed with leaves to the base of the cone. Scales numerous,
supported on a thick axis. Scales small, wingless, with a well-
marked lepidium or upper scale. Seed small, oval, borne at the
base of the scale.”

1 Fliche (00), p. 11, pl. i. figs. 2-5.
2 Lindley & Hutton (34), pl. cxxix.

ARAUCARITES. 135

In one of the specimens in the York Museum described by
Carruthers the cone is seen in longitudinal section; a broad
central region, representing the stout cylindrical axis, is occupied
by a mass of pisolite to which numerous cone-scales are attached.
The scales are shown in section, and in several of them one sees
a single seed lying in a cavity occupying the proximal end of the

Fic. 16.—Araucarites ooliticus (Carr.). Surface-view of part of the mould in
which the type-specimen (cast) of Aravnecarites Hudlestoni, Carr., was
embedded. From a specimen in the York Museum. Nat. size.

scale, precisely as in Araucarites ooliticus from Northamptonshire.
At the apex of the specimen the vascular cylinder of the cone-axis
is seen in section, but the minute structure is not preserved.
Another specimen represents the pedunculate base of the cone in
which the scales are seen in end-view; they reach a breadth of
1-4cm., and may fairly be described as winged. Text-fig. 16 shows

Fic. 17.—Araucarites ooliticus (Carr.). A, scale in surface-view, with end of
seed projecting ; B, view of proximal end of scale; C, surface-view of cone.
From specimens in the Northampton Museum. Nat. size.

a few of the distal ends of cone-scales seen on the mould made

by the cone in the oolitic rock: a slight ridge extends across the

end of each cone-scale, as in Araucarites spherocarpus (Pl. XIII.

Figs. 3-4).

It is possible that Araucarites puliecue may be specitidally
identical with A. ooliticus, but it is probably wiser to retain both
specific names. I have, however, no hesitation in regarding them
as very closely allied forms belonging to the section Eutacta. of

136 ARAUCARITES.

Araucaria, as represented by Araucaria excelsa, A. Cookit among
recent species.

52,840. Pl. XIII. Fig. 1.

Part of a cone seen from near the proximal ends of the scales.
The cavities in the scales were originally occupied by seeds. The
scales themselves are approximately 1:6 cm. broad at the broadest
end, but their distal faces are not exposed in the specimen; they
are winged and closely resemble those of Araucarites spherocarpus
and 4. Brodiet. S. Sharp Coll.

Fie. 18.—Araucarites ooliticus (Carr.). From a specimen im the Northampton
Museum. Nat. size.

V. 3465. An impression of the surface of a cone, showing the
distal ends of the scales similar to those represented in Text-fig. 18.

Near Leckhampton. Purchased, 1894.

V. 4673. Section of a cone in a coarse oolitic rock, very similar
to the type-specimen of Araucarites Hudlestoni.

Northamptonshire.

Araucarites Brodiei, Carruthers.
[Geol. Mag. vol. vi. p. 3, pl. ii. figs. 1-6, 1869.]
(Pl. XII. Fig. 2; Pl. III. Fig. 5.)

1869. Araucarites Brodiei, Carruthers, Geol. Mag. vol. vi. p. 3, pl. ii.
figs. 1-6.

1870. Araucaria Brodici, Schimper, Trait. pal. vég. vol. ii. p. 253.

1871. Araucarites Brodici, Phillips, Geol. Yorks. p. 171, Diag. xxxii. fig, 4.

1872. A. Brodiei, Balfour, Palwont. Bot. p. 83, pl. ii. fig. 10.

1884. <Araucaria Brodiei, Saporta, Pal. Frang. vol. iii. p. 416, pl. lix. figs. 5-6.
Cf. A. moreauana, ibid. pl. clxxxiv.

1888. A. Brodiei, Schenk, Handbuch, p. 171.

1890. A. Brodiei, Zittel, Handbuch, p. 280.

1894. Araucarites Brodiei, Woodward, Lower Ool. p. 599.

ARAUCARITES. 137

Type-specimens in the British Museum (V. 8363, V. 3364)—one
-of them redrawn (V. 3364) in Fig. 2, Pl. XII.—and in the Oxford
Museum. <Arauearites Brodiei is thus defined by Carruthers :—

‘Scales from the centre of the cone cuneate, gradually tapering
towards the narrow base of attachment to the axis, composed of
two portions, each terminating at its free apex in a short spinous
process, the lower and larger portion very broad and membranous,
the upper portion narrower and somewhat parallel-sided, supporting
between them a single ovoid seed.”

The material on which this species was founded is less complete
‘than that which was made the type of the two preceding species:
it is indeed doubtful whether the designation Araucarites Brodiei
serves a useful purpose. The cone-scales agree closely in form
with those already described, and possess a winged border.

The single scale represented in Fig. 5, Pl. III. is drawn from
an unusually well-preserved specimen from Stonesfield in the
Manchester Museum: the scale is 83cm. long and 1°7cm. broad,
-bearing a seed approximately 14cm. in length. The raised ridge
just beyond the distal end of the seed or seed-cavity no doubt
corresponds to the so-called ligule characteristic of the cone-scales
of some recent species of Araucaria. The spinous process from the
broad end of the scale may be compared with a similar appendage
‘borne by the large cone-scales of Araucaria Bidwilh, Hook.

We may perhaps include this scale under Araucarites Brodier
.as probably having been derived from a larger cone of that species
than were the scales figured by Carruthers in his original account
of the type.

Pl. III. Fig. 5. A cone-scale in the Manchester Museum, showing
.distal spinous process, ligule, and a portion of a seed.

Stonesfield. Manchester Museum Coll., No. 197.

V. 3364. Pl. XIT. Fig. 2.

An incomplete cone-scale (figured also by Carruthers, Geol. Mag.
pl. ii. fig. 8, 1869), 2cm. long by 1:8cm. broad, with part of
a seed shown as a projecting cast lying in a depression. There
is a distinct depression in the middle of the distal end of the scale,
a character shown more clearly in the specimen represented in
Pl. ITI. Fig. 5 (Manchester Museum). Several other scales occur
-on the same piece of rock, with fragments of Thuites expansus.

Brodie Coll.

138 ARAUCARITES,

V. 3363. Figured by Carruthers, Geol. Mag. pl. ii. fig. 1, 1869.
This specimen is difficult to interpret; it appears to consist of the
impression of a stalk bearing rhomboidal leaf-areas, which are
not quite so distinctly marked as in Carruthers’ figure. The stalk
expands into what is probably the base of a large cone, but the
preservation is too imperfect to admit of a more detailed description.
There is no positive evidence that the cone of which a portion is
represented by the specimen bore scales identical with the detached

cone-scales referred by Carruthers to Araucarites Brodiet.
Brodie Coll.

Other specimens :—V. 6593, V. 9707, 41,384, 41,404 (a large.
slab with several cone-scales of Araucarites, also twigs and well-
preserved cones of Thuites expansus; Morris Coll.).

Araucarites sphericus (Carruthers).
[Geol. Mag. vol. iv. p. 105, pl. vi. fig. 8, 1867.]

1867. Cycadeostrobus sphaericus, Carruthers, Geol. Mag. vol. iv. p. 105.
1872. Zamiostrobus sphericus, Schimper, Trait. pal. vég. vol. ii. p. 202.
1885. Z. sphericus, Zigno, Flor. foss. Oolit. vol. ii. p. 151.

1895. Cycadeostrobus sphericus, Woodward, Lower Ool. p. 402.

The cone which Carruthers described as Cycadeostrobus sphaericus.
is in all probability another example of Araucarites, but without
seeing a specimen in section one cannot arrive at any definite
conclusion.

Carruthers’ type-specimen was found in the Oxford Clay, Wiltshire.

Araucarites Bucklandi (Lindley & Hutton).
[Foss. Flor. vol. ii. pl. exxix. 1834.]

1834. Strobilites Bucklandi, Lindley & Hutton, Foss. Flor. vol. ii. pl. exxix..

1850. SS. microphylla, Unger, Gen. spec. foss. plant. p. 301.

1854. SS. Bucklandi, Morris, Brit. Foss. p. 23.

1896. Araucarites Bucklandi, Seward, Annals Bot. vol. x. p. 216.

The specimens referred by Lindley & Hutton to Strodilites
Bucklandi are no doubt portions of an Araucarian cone ; the scales
are shown to be hollow, and agree closely with those of Araucarites
ooliticus (Carr.). The drawings published in the Foss¢l Flora were-

ARAUCARITES. 139:

prepared for Dr. Buckland, who communicated them to Lindley &
Hutton, but we have no information as to the locality or the
geological horizon from which the fossils were obtained. In all
probability the specimens are of Jurassic age, and form part of
a cone closely allied to or identical with Araucarites ooliticus.

Araucarites Cleminshawi, Mansel-Pleydell.
[Proc. Dorset Nat. Hist. Antiq. Field Club, vol. v. p. 141, 1885.]

Under this name Mr. Mansel-Pleydell described an imperfect
specimen of a spherical cone, with rhomboidal scales, from the
Inferior Oolite of Sherborne, Dorsetshire. The cone is too imperfect
to describe in detail, or to refer with any degree of certainty to a
specific position. Possibly it may be identical with Araucarttes
ooliticus, but the data are too meagre to afford satisfactory evidence
as to its relation to other forms; it is doubtless an Araucarian
cone very similar to the other Jurassic examples already described..

Araucarites, sp.
SEEDS.

(Pl. XII. Fig. 6.)

1836. Carpolithes, Lindley & Hutton, Foss. Flor. vol. iii. pl. excili. fig. A 3.
1845. ©. conicus (pars), Buckman, Geol. Cheltenham, pl. ii. fig. 5c.
1871. Carpolithus Lindleyanus, Phillips, Geol. Oxford, p. 173, Diag. xxxii-
fig. 1.
Amongst the various seeds referred by authors to Carpolithes,
there are some which may be identified with a fair degree of
‘probability as Araucarian. Fig. A3 of pl. exciii. of the Fossil Flora
of Lindley & Hutton, drawn from a Stonesfield specimen, probably
represents an Araucarian seed detached from its scale. The term
Carpolithes Lindleyanus has been applied by Phillips and others to-
seeds of which some are no doubt those of Araucarian cones; the
same name has been used also by Dunker and Schimper for Wealden
seeds? of a distinct type. I do not propose to apply a specific name

1 Sehimper (70), ii. p. 210.

140 THUITES.

to the seeds from Stonesfield and elsewhere which are regarded
as Araucarian ; it is impossible to refer them with certainty to
a particular species.

V. 6591. Pl. XII. Fig. 6.

A detached seed, 1:2 cm. long, probably from an Araucarian cone.
Stonesfield ? Robt. Brown Coll,

Other specimens :—V. 3443 (Brodie Coll.); %V. 3444 (Brodie
Coll.) ; V.6347. (Stonesfield.)

Family CUPRESSINE ?

The species Zhuites expansus usually included in this family
agrees with the recent members in the whorled arrangement of
the leaves, but the structure of the cones bears a closer resemblance
to that which is met with in the genus Sequota and other conifers
than those belonging to the Cupressines. Our knowledge of the
fertile shoots of Zhuztes is too meagre to enable us to compare them
in detail with the cones of existing types.

Genus THUITES, Brongniart.
{Tableau, p. 71, 1849.]

The customary inclusion of the comprehensive fossil genus
Thuites in the Cupressinez is open to question on the grounds that
‘our knowledge is very incomplete as regards certain features of
taxonomic importance. The family as represented at the present
day is characterised by the arrangement of both vegetative and
reproductive leaves in alternate whorls: the scale-leaves of Thuttes,
e.g. TZ. expansus, usually appear to conform in this respect to the
similar leaves of Cupressus, Thuja, and other recent genera, but in
some examples the leaves are by no means obviously whorled.
This departure from the whorled disposition, which may be
apparent and not an original character, need not prove an obstacle
to the inclusion of Zhuites in the Cupressinee, as one occasionally
notices the same tendency towards a spiral leaf-arrangement on
recent twigs. A much more important discrepancy between the
fossil and recent forms is noticed in the reproductive shoots. The

THUITES. 141

female flowers of Cupressus, Thuja (including Biota), Libocedrus,
Callitris, Actinostrobus, Thujopsis are characterised by the whorled
arrangement and the peculiar valve-like or peltate form of the
woody scales; the flowers of Juniperus, on the other hand, are
distinguished by the fleshy or berry-like character of the paired
cone-scales. The cones of Thuctes expansus, on the other hand, as
shown in Fig. 4, Pl. IX. and in the drawings given by Phillips,’
consist of more numerous scales with a spiral disposition, and bear
a much closer resemblance to those of the Taxodiine: we have
unfortunately no satisfactory data as regards the number of seeds
borne on each scale in the fossil cones. Professor Zeiller* has also
drawn attention to the similarity between cones of Zhuites and
those of certain recent species of Taxodiine, and he expresses the
opinion that the reference of this fossil genus to the Cupressinez is
by no means satisfactorily established.

It is probable that Don’s genus Athrotaxis, represented by three
existing species confined to Tasmania, may be regarded as a survival
from the Mesozoic period; the vegetative branches of -4. cupressozdes,
Don, bear a striking resemblance to the fossil genus Brachyphylium,
as well as to some of the forms referred to Thuites. The female
flowers of the Tasmanian conifer appear to be more closely allied
to those of Zhuttes than are the cones of recent Cupressinez.
Several Jurassic conifers have been referred to Athrotaxites of
Unger? and to Fontaine’s genus Athrotaxopsis,t and it is possible
that in Thuctes expansus also we have a type closely allied to
‘Athrotaxis. In the present state of our knowledge it is impossible
to arrive at a definite conclusion as to the affinity of Thuites; the
important point is to recognise the insufficiency of the evidence
which has led to the recognition of the fossil species as members of
the Cupressinee. It is at least clear that in Thuites expansus we
have a very common and widely-spread Jurassic conifer in the
northern hemisphere, which demonstrates the former abundance
of a type in a region which no longer affords any species which
can be regarded as closely allied to Thuttes expansus.

1 Phillips (71), p. 178, Diag. xxxii. fig. 5.
2 Zeiller (00), p. 273.

3 Dyer (72).

4 Fontaine (89), p. 289, pls. exiii.-exvii.

142 THUITES.

Thuites expansus, Sternberg.
(Flor. Vorwelt, ii. p. 38, pl. xxxviii. figs. 1-2, 1823.]
(Pl. IX. Figs. 1,4; Text-fig. 19.)

1823. Thwites expansus, Sternberg, Flor. Vorwelt, ii. p. 38, pl. xxxviii.
figs. 1-2.
T. articulatus, ibid. p. 39, pl. xxxiii. fig. 3.
T. cupressiformis, ibid. p. 39, pl. xxxiii. fig. 2.
T. divaricatus, ibid. p. 39, pl. xxxix.
1828. T. expansus, Brongniart, Prodrome, p. 109.
T. (?) divaricatus, ibid.
T. (?) cupressiformis, ibid.
T. (?) acutifolia, ibid.
1838. Caulerpites expansus, Sternberg, Flor. Vorwelt, vii. p. 22.
C. thuieformis, ibid.
C. Bucklandianus, ibid.
1845. Thuites expansus, Unger, Synopsis, p. 190.
T. divaricatus, ibid.
T. (?) acutifolia, ibid.
T. expansus, Buckman, Geol. Cheltenham, p. 67, pl. i. fig. 6.
T. cupressiformis, ibid. p. 67.
1848. T. expansus, Broun, Ind. Pal. p. 1271.
T. divaricatus, ibid.
T. articulatus, ibid.
1849. T. (?) expansus, Brongniart, Tableau, p. 106.
T. divaricatus, ibid.
Brachyphyllum acutifolium, ibid.
Moreauia expansa, Pomel, Flor. jurass. p. 21.
M. divaricata, ibid.
M. acutifolia, ibid.
1850. Caulerpites expansus, Unger, Gen. spec. plant. foss. p. 6.
C. Bucklandianus, ibid.
Thuites expansus, Géppert, Foss. Conif. p. 182.
T. divaricatus, ibid.
T. articulatus, ibid. p. 183.
1854. TZ. expansus, Morris, Brit. Foss. p. 24.
T. divaricatus, ibid.
T. cupressiformis, ibid. p. 23.
T. articulatus, ibid.
1866. ZT. cxpansus, Carruthers, Geol. Mag. vol. iii. p. 545.
T. divaricatus, ibid.
T. cupressiformis, ibid.
7. acutifolius, ibid.

THUITES, 143

1870. LEchinostrobus expansus, Schimper, Trait. pal. vég. vol. ii. p, 333.
1871. Thuites expansus, Phillips, Geol. Oxford, p. 171, Diag. xxxi. figs. 4-5.
T. divarieatus, ibid. figs. 7-8.
T. cupressifolius, ibid. p. 171.
T. articulatus, ibid. fig. 1.
1876. ? Echinostrobus expansus, Feistmantel, Gondwana Flor. p. 60, pl. ix.
1877. £. expansus, ibid. p. 17, pl. xi.
1884. Paleocyparis expansa, Saporta, Pal. Frang. vol. iii. p. 600, pl. Ixxxi.
Cf. P. Itieri, ibid. pl. Ixxvii.
1894. ? Thuyites pulchelliformis, Saporta, Flor. Portugal, pl. ix. fig. 5.
? Paleocyparis flexuosa, ibid. pls. xix.-xx.
Echinostrobus expansus, Woodward, Lower Ool. p. 599.
Thuites divaricatus, ibid.
T. eupressiformis, ibid.

The habit of the vegetative shoots agrees with that of Brachyphyllum
mamellare, Brongn., and with recent species of Cupressus and Thuja;
in some branches the smaller branchlets are crowded together
(Pl. IX. Fig. 1), and in others (Text-fig. 19) the habit is more open.
Leaves whorled, two in each whorl; appressed and decurrent on
the axis, broad, slightly falcate, the apex free and broadly triangular
in surface-view.

Female flowers in the form of more or less globular cones (Pl. IX.
Figs. 4, 4a) consisting of a central axis bearing numerous spirally
arranged cone-scales. No seeds were found in any of the specimens.

Male flowers longer and narrow, composed of numerous crowded
sporophylls attached at right angles to the axis; each sporophyll
is expanded distally, and bent upwards and downwards into a peltate
lamina.

Localities and Hortzons.—Practically all the specimens are from
the Stonesfield Slate of Stonesfield, Eyeford, and Sevenhampton.
The Jermyn Street Museum Collection includes a cone from the
Forest Marble of Wolverton, which appears to be indistinguishable
from that represented in Pl. IX. Fig. 4.

The most abundant fossil plants from the Stonesfield Slate are
the numerous fragments of coniferous twigs referred by Sternberg
and many subsequent writers to different species of the genus
Thuites. Water-worn cones (female flowers) and male flowers,
which undoubtedly belonged to the same plant as the vegetative
shoots, are also fairly common. An examination of a considerable
number of specimens of Zhuites branches has convinced me that it

144 THUITES.

is impossible to retain the specific names Thuztes expansus, T. divart-
catus, T. articulatus, and T. cupressiformis as designations of distinct
species; it is by no means unlikely that among the numerous.
specimens we have more than one species represented, but I am
unable, with the available data, to recognise any characters on
which it is possible to found distinctive diagnoses. I have therefore
adopted the plan of using Sternberg’s name Thuites expansus as.
a comprehensive designation for the coniferous twigs from Stones-
field which agree more or less closely with the example represented
in Pl. IX. Fig. 1. It has been pointed out by some previous
writers that too many specific titles have been employed. Saporta,’
for example, includes under Palcocyparis expansa the species
T. expansus, T. articulatus, and TZ. divaricatus. Some of the
drawings published by Saporta were made from specimens in
the Oxford Museum, and Sternberg’s figures are also taken from
the same source. While most authors adopt the generic name:
Thuites, which implies a decussate arrangement of the scale-leaves,
as in recent Cupressines, a few have substituted other designations.
Schimper’ notices that the leaves of Zhuites expansus are not
always in opposite pairs, and substitutes the generic name
LEchanostrobus.

Specimens of Thuctes expansus are abundantly represented in
several museums; in the Manchester Collection there is a very well
preserved branch (No. 265) in which the whorled arrangement of
the broadly triangular leaves is clearly shown. One of the best
specimens of a female cone is in the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge,
but none of the examples are sufficiently well preserved to enable
one to determine the structure of the seminiferous scales. Another
fairly good example is the original of Phillips’ figure (published
in the Geology of Oxford, Diag. xxxii.), preserved in the Oxford
Museum; this shows the form of the cone-scales, as seen in side-
view, more clearly than most specimens. An imperfect cone from
the Forest Marble of Wolverton in the Jermyn Street Museum is.
probably specifically identical with the Stonesfield type. The best
example of a male flower that I have seen is in the collection of

1 Saporta (84), p. 600.
2 Schimper (70), p. 333.

THUITES. 145

Mr. A. M. Bell of Oxford; it is 1°4cm. in length, and tapers
gradually towards the apex. Each sporophyll, attached almost at
right angles to the axis, terminates distally in a peltate expansion.
A few oolitic grains occur in close association with the sporophylls,
and at first sight these might be mistaken for pollen-sacs.

The specimen of a male flower figured by Phillips (Geol. Oxford,
Diag. xxxii.) is in the Oxford Museum.

40,518. Pl. IX. Fig. 1.

A well-preserved impression in sandstone showing the habit of a
vegetative shoot of Thuctes expansus which agrees closely with that

Fic. 19.—Thuites expansus, Sternberg. V.8la. Nat. size.

of recent Cupressinee. The arrangement of the appressed leaves on
the main axis is by no means obviously spiral, but on the lateral
branches the leaves are clearly attached in pairs: those on the main
axis are longer than those on the smaller axes; the smaller leaves
are triangular in form with free apices.
Stonesfield Slate. Bowerbank Coll.
L

146 THUITES.

V. 81a. Text-fig. 19.

A less distinct impression in oxide of iron, but interesting as an
example of the habit of the vegetative shoots in which the lateral
branches are long and slender. Compare the recent Biota orientalis.

Stonesfield. Egerton Coll.

V. 2514. A specimen showing the branching habit clearly.
Stonesfield. Baber Coll.

V. 3432. Similar to the specimen figured by Buckman,* bias
probably not the actual one represented in the drawing.
Eyeford (Stonesfield Slate). Brodie Coll.

88,931. Larger specimen, 12cm. long, in habit very similar to
Brachyphyllum mamillare, Brongn.?
Stonesfield.

40,512. A branch 18 cm. in length ; the leaves, in whorls of two,
are clearly shown, and the deep moulds in the rock afford evidence
of their thick lamina. Bowerbank Coll.

40,698, A fragment labelled Cryptomerites divaricatus ; probably
Thuites expansus.

Stonesfield. Purchased, 1859.

52,937. A good example of crowded branchlets, very like species
of Cupressus. Note the contrast between specimens of this type and
that shown in Text-fig. 19 (V. 81a).

Presented by the Hon. Robert Marsham, 1878.

Other specimens :—V. 81 (several specimens); V. 2515; V. 2631;
V. 29385; V. 2986; V. 3365; V. 3417; V. 3418; V. 3482;
V. 3458; V. 3637; V. 4072; V. 4073; V. 4677-4683; V. 4685 ;
V. 4686; V. 4689-4691; V. 4693-4697; V. 4699; V. 6580;
V.6581; V.6584; V.6588; V.6589; V. 7612; V. 7917; V.9710;
V. 9711; 41,169; 41,170; 41,372; 41,373; 41,382; 41,384;
52,817. (Zgerton, Beckles, Baber, Brodie, Buckman, Morris, Bright,
and Slatter Colls.)

1 Buckman (45), pl. i. fig. 6c.
2 Seward (00), p. 297, pl. s. fig. 1.

THUITES. 147

CONES (Flowers).

1. Female Flowers. V. 8489. Pl. IX. Figs. 4, 4a.

A small globular cone, considerably worn. The cone-scales
appear to have a spiral arrangement; each scale (Fig. 4a, x 5) is
occupied near one edge by a funnel-shaped cavity, the upper side of
the funnel being characterised by several converging ridges. The
water-worn nature of the specimen renders impossible an accurate
description of the cone. A similar specimen is figured by Buckman.?

Sevenhampton. Brodie Coll.

41,382. This is one of the few specimens showing a cone, or a
portion of a cone, attached to a shoot. The cone (female) is clearly
identical specifically with that shown in Fig. 4, Pl. [X.; part of the
cone-axis is exposed, showing spirally disposed holes which were
no doubt originally occupied by vascular bundles. The vegetative
portion of the specimen is imperfectly preserved, and might be
referred either to Brachyphyllum or Thuites. Morris Coil.

Other specimens :—V, 4696 (an imperfect cone seen in section) ;
V. 6578; V. 6587.

2. Male Flowers.

52,937. A small and imperfect male cone, showing a slender
axis giving off numerous sporophylls at right angles; each sporophyll
is somewhat enlarged at the distal end.

Presented by the Hon. Robt. Marsham, 1878.

V. 3441. A cone 2cm. long and 1 em. broad, shown in section.
This specimen appears to be a male cone larger than most examples,
but the preservation is very imperfect.

Stonesfield. Brodie Coll.

Other specimens :—V. 3445 (Brodie Coll. Some of the sporo-
phylls fairly clearly shown in section); V. 6592; 52,937c.

Thuites, sp.
(Text-fig. 20.)

52,838. The specimen shown in the figure was obtained from
the Oxford Clay of Christian Malford, Wiltshire; it. consists of

1 Buckman (45), pl. i. figs. 6a-b..

148 BRACHYPHYLLUM.

a carbonaceous impression of a twig bearing thick fleshy leaves
apparently disposed in pairs, but in some places (as in examples of

Fic. 20.—TZhuites, sp. 52,838. Nat. size.

Thuites expansus) the whorled arrangement is by no means obvious.
Christian Malford (Oxford Clay). Cunnington Coll.

CONIFERALES INCERTZ SEDIS.
Genus BRACHYPHYLLUM.
Brachyphyllun, sp. a.

(Cf. B. mamzllare, Brongniart.)
(Pl. IX. Fig. 5.)

11,130. Pl. IX. Fig. 5.

This specimen may be provisionally referred to the genus
Brachyphyllum; it agrees closely in habit with Thuites expansus,
but the leaves are apparently spiral in their arrangement. This
and other similar examples are too small and imperfect to assign
with confidence to a distinct species, but they may be identical
with the Yorkshire Inferior Oolite type, Brachyphyllum mamillare,
Brongn. It is by no means easy, in many cases, to decide between
Brachyphyllum and Thuites as the most fitting generic designation

for coniferous twigs, and possibly some of the fossils referred to se
Thuites expansus are fragments of a Brachyphyllum.
Stonesfield ? Hantell Coll.

V. 4676. <A branched shoot with leaf-areas of the Brachy-
phyllum type.
Barnack (Inferior Oolite).

BRACHYPHYLLUM. 149

V. 4688. Similar to 11,130 (PI. IX. Fig. 5), but larger and
more obscurely preserved. The leaf-areas are rather broader
and the apices of the leaves less prominent than in typical examples
of Thuites expansus. Egerton Colt.

Other specimens:—V. 3458 (Sevenhampton, Buckman Coll.) ;
V. 6586.

Brachyphyllun, sp. p.
(Pl. XII. Figs. 9, 9a.)

In a paper On some Undescribed Coniferous Fruits from the
Secondary Rocks, Mr. Carruthers refers in an appendix to some
branches from the Oxford Clay of Chippenham, Cambridgeshire, and
Christian Malford, Wiltshire, and gives drawings of the specimens,
but he wisely refrains from appending names to the fossils. A small
piece of one of the specimens is shown in Pl. XII. Fig. 9. Without
venturing to refer these coniferous fragments to a specific type,
they may be briefly described as possibly twigs of a Brachyphyllum.
The form of the polygonal leaf-areas agrees also with those on
branches of Cretaceous conifers placed in the genus Geinitsia; but
the question of a generic name is unimportant, as we are unable
to refer the fossils with any degree of certainty to their family
position among the Conifere. The vegetative twigs figured by
Saporta? as Brachyphyllum nepos from the Kimeridgian and
Corallian bear a close resemblance to the English Oxford Clay
species.

52,837. Pl. XII. Figs. 9, 9a.

Figured also by Carruthers (Geol. Mag. vol. vi. pl. ii, fig. 12)
and by Schimper [Trait. pal. vég. pl. Ixxv. fig. 8 (copy of
Carruthers’ figure) ]. A carbonised stem 20-5 cm. long and 1:5 cm.
broad: the upper part is covered with carbonaceous polygonal
areas, in the centre of each of which is a prominent rounded
umbo; a fairly well-marked median keel or ridge and a similar
transverse ridge extend across each polygonal area. In the lower

1 Carruthers (69), p. 7, pl. ii. figs. 11-13.
2 Saporta (84), p. 356, pls. clxviii.—clxx.

150 CONITES.

part of the stem the areas are more elongated and lozenge-shaped.
The figures 9, 9a, Pl. XII. illustrate the form of the polygonal:
areas.

Christian Malford, Wiltshire (Oxford Clay). Cunnington Coll..

40,547. Figured by Carruthers (Geol. Mag. vol. vi. pl. ii. fig. 13).
An imperfect specimen of a branch bearing several short lateral
branchlets, similar in habit to Brachyphyllum.

Christian Malford (Oxford Clay). Bowerbank Colt.

21,436. Figured by Carruthers (loc. cit. pl. ii. fig. 11). A piece
of a carbonised branch 16 cm. long; details very obscure. Possibly
the same species as 52,837 (Pl. XII. Fig. 9), but in a decorticated
condition.

Chippenham, Cambridgeshire (Oxford Clay). W. Buy Coll.

Other specimens :— 21,448 (W. Buy Coll.); 36,773; 40,548
(Bowerbank Coll.).

Genus CONITES, Sternberg.
[Flor. Vorwelt, iii. p. 36, 1823.]

I have elsewhere‘ discussed the advisability of making use of
this designation for cones of doubtful affinity. In his recently
published monograph on the Flora of Tonkin, Professor Zeiller*
has also used this generic name for male and female gymnospermous
flowers of uncertain position.

Conites primeevus (Lindley & Hutton).
[Foss. Flor. pl. cxxxv. 1834.]

1834. Pinus primeva, Lindley & Hutton, Foss. Flor. pl. exxxv.
1845. Pitys (Pinus) primeva, Unger, Synopsis, p. 198.
1848. Pinus primeva, Bronn, Ind. Pal. p. 982.
1850. Pinites primeva, Goppert, Foss. Conif. p. 222.
P. primevus, Unger, Gen. spec. foss. plant. p. 360.
1866. P. primevus, Carruthers, Geol. Mag. vol, iii. p. 545.
1867. + Cycadeostrobus primevus, ibid. vol. iv. p. 105.
1872. Zamiostrobus primevus, Schimper, Trait. pal. vég. vol. ii. p. 202.
1885. Z. primevus, Zigno, Flor. foss. Oolit. vol. ii. p. 152.
1894. Z. primevus, Woodward, Lower Ool. p. 599.

1 Seward (95), p. 113.
2 Zeiller (03), p. 212.

CONIFEROUS WOOD. 151

Lindley & Hutton founded this species on a single cone, 2°5 cm.
long and 1°6 cm. broad, obtained from rocks at Burcott Wood, near
Towcester, said to be of Inferior Oolite age. I have not seen the
type-fossil, but the specimen as represented in the drawings does
not afford sufficient evidence to justify its reference to such a genus
as Pinites. We can only leave the fossil as a form of Contes of
uncertain systematic position ; there appear to be no good reasons
for regarding it as Cycadean.

Conites depressus (Carruthers).

(Geol. Mag. vol. vi. p. 2, pl. ii. fig. 10, 1869.]
1869. Pinites depressus, Carruthers, Geol. Mag. vol. vi. p. 2, pl. ii. fig. 10.
1875. P. dejectus, Blake, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxi. p. 222.

1884. P. dejectus, Damon, Geol. Weymouth, p. 68.
1895. P. dejectus, Woodward, Lower Ool. p. 401.

The original specimen figured by Carruthers is in the British
Museum Collection (V. 6370).

The species was thus diagnosed in 1869 :—

“Cone small, cylindrical, depressed at the apex; scales short,
very broad, thin at the apex.”

Carruthers describes the specimen as imperfect, and probably a
young cone; it was obtained from the Kimeridge Clay of Weymouth.

V. 6370. Figured by Carruthers (Geol. Mag. vol. vi. pl. ii.
fig. 10, 1869). The specimen has partially fallen to pieces, and is
much too imperfect to refer to a definite family or generic position.

Weymouth (Kimeridge Clay).

CONIFEROUS WOOD.

Species of coniferous wood, too imperfectly preserved to examine
microscopically, are recorded from the Stonesfield Slate, the Oxford
Clay near Peterborough, the Coral Rag of Wotton, and elsewhere.

V. 2599. Wood partially converted into lignite.

Fletton, near Peterborough (Oxford Clay).

Presented by A, N. Leeds, Esq., 1890.

40,540. Fragment of lignite ( jet ?).
Weymouth (Kimeridge Clay). Bowerbank Coll.

152 PHYLLITES.

CONIFERALES ?
? NAGEIOPSIS, sp.

[Pecopteris diversa, Phillips. ]
(Geol. Oxford, p. 168, Diag. xxviii. fig. 1.]

In Phillips’ Geology of Oxford a specimen from Stonesfield, now
in the Oxford Museum, is figured as Pecopteris diversa. An
examination of the fossil leads me to regard it as an imperfectly
preserved coniferous shoot, possibly an example of the genus
Nagetopsis. This genus has been employed by Fontaine’ as a name
for certain vegetative shoots from the Potomac beds of North America
which bear a resemblance to those of recent species of the genus
Podocarpus. The specimens in the Oxford Museum are, however,
too obscure to determine ; it is probable they belong to some member
of the Conifers, possibly to Magevopsis, and cannot be retained
under Phillips’ designation.

41,386. An obscure fragment which may be specifically identical
with the larger specimen figured by Phillips. Morris Colt.

LEAVES OF DOUBTFUL SYSTEMATIC POSITION.
Phyllites, sp.
(Pl. XI. Figs. 5-6.)

The two drawings reproduced in Pl. XI. Figs. 5-6 represent two
impressions of a leaf from Stonesfield. The fossil occurs as a brown
stain on a fine-grained sandstone; the impression shown in Fig. 5
is that of a leaf the lamina of which is 3°7cm. long and 2°5 cm.
broad, with a portion of petiole. The preservation is not sufficiently
good to afford any indication of the finer veins, but three main
veins are clearly shown in both Figs. 5 and 6; the vascular tissue
branches at the summit of the leaf-stalk into three approximately
equal ribs, and from the rib shown on the right-hand side of the
lamina in Fig. 6 two short branches are given off towards the edge
of the leaf.

1 Fontaine (89); see also Seward (00), p. 288.

PHYLLITES. 153

Had the specimen been found in rocks known to contain the
remains of Angiosperms, there would be no hesitation in identifying
it as the leaf of a Dicotyledon; but seeing that we know of no
undoubted Angiospermous fossil in Jurassic strata, it is of the utmost
importance to demand satisfactory evidence before identifying a
plant, or fragment of a plant, as an Angiosperm.

The statement made by Professor Bessey that ‘‘ Monocotyledons
and Dicotyledons probably appeared at about the same time early
in the Mesozoic or late in the Paleozoic’! is founded on specimens
that have been referred to the Angiosperms on evidence that is
entirely without value. It has been stated by Deane* that well-
developed Dicotyledons occur in the Oxley beds of Australia, which
are regarded as Jurassic ; but I have not seen any figures in support
of this announcement, and in the absence of more data we cannot
attach much importance to the statement. Two imperfectly pre-
served fragments of leaves have been figured by Kurtz from the
Lias of South America® as doubtful fossils resembling Dicotyledons ;
they may perhaps represent portions of a Dictyophyllum frond ;
they are at all events valueless as evidence in support of the
existence of Liassic Angiosperms.

There is no doubt that some of the supposed earliest Dicotyledons
described from Portuguese rocks‘ are fronds of ferns similar in
form and venation to the orbicular ‘mantel-leafs’ of the recent
epiphytic fern Platycerium: in the present case it is difficult to
believe that we have to do with the leaf of afern. The genus
Gnetum—the sole living representative of the Gnetales, a section
of Gymnosperms—is characterised by leaves of the Dicotyledonous
type, and there is always the possibility to be borne in mind that
some of the so-called fossil Dicotyledons may be the leaves of
Gnetum. So far as it is possible to base an opinion on the im-
perfect specimen before us, the venation characters do not conform
closely to those of the leaves of recent species of Gnetum.

As regards the geological age of the fossil, the impression
shown in Fig. 6, Pl. XI. is entered in the Museum Register as

Bessey (97), p. 11.

Deane (97), p. 858.

Kurtz (01), pl. iii. figs. 10-11.
Saporta (94) ; Ward (95), (96).

a)

154 PHYLLITES.

having been obtained from Stonesfield, a statement which there
is no reason to suppose inaccurate. Moreover, the rock appears:
to be identical with that in which the majority of the Stones-
field plants are found. The available evidence seems to
me to point to the identification of this imperfect leaf as
a Dicotyledon from rocks of the Great Oolite Series. No trace
of an Angiospermous plant has been recognised in the rich Inferior
Oolite flora of East Yorkshire, nor has the Wealden flora, as
represented by the plant-beds in the Sussex cliffs, afforded any
evidence whatever pointing to the occurrence of Dicotyledonous.
or Monocotyledonous plants. These facts must of necessity make
one very cautious in accepting this somewhat obscure and isolated
specimen as proof of the existence of Dicotyledons in the vegetation
which has left fragmentary relics in the Stonesfield beds.

Assuming that the Stonesfield leaf is that of a Dicotyledonous
plant, it is impossible to determine its precise position, The-
venation characters, so far as they are visible, may be closely
matched in the leaves of more than one family of Dicotyledons.
I am disposed to think that the best course to follow is to assign.
the fossil, with some hesitation, to the convenient genus Phyllites,
using the name as a designation for Dicotyledonous leaves which
cannot be referred with any certainty to a particular family.

I do not regard the evidence furnished by the Stonesfield leaf
as sufficiently satisfactory to be regarded as furnishing proof of the
existence of Dicotyledons during the Jurassic era, but it suggests
the possibility that the highest class of plants had made its
appearance long before it assumed the dominant position to which
it was suddenly raised in the Lower Cretaceous period. Charles
Darwin wrote to Hooker in 1879—‘‘ The rapid development, as far:
as we can judge, of all the higher plants within recent. geological
times, is an abominable mystery.”! On another occasion he
wrote — ‘‘ Nothing is more extraordinary in the history of the
vegetable kingdom, as it seems to me, than the apparently very
sudden or abrupt development of the higher plants. I have some-
times speculated whether there did not exist somewhere during long
ages an extremely isolated continent, perhaps near the South Pole.” *

1 Darwin (03), ii. p. 20.
2 Darwin (87), vol. iii. p. 248.

AROIDES, 155:

It is highly probable that the suddenness with which the
Dicotyledons took their place in the vegetation of the world is
exaggerated by the scantiness of our fossil records. We should
expect to obtain evidence pointing to the gradual increase in the
number of Angiosperms as we investigate the plant-bearing strata
below those in which these plants are richly represented. There
is, in short, no @ priori improbability that Dicotyledons existed
ages before they attained to a position of overwhelming importance,
and indeed it is highly probable that this was the case.

I have recently ventured to call the attention of botanists to the
importance of undertaking a thoroughly critical revision of the
records of fossil Angiosperms.t Species quoted by writers as
evidence bearing on questions connected with the phylogeny of
flowering plants have in many cases been determined by authors
whose lack of botanical knowledge renders their records of doubtful
value, if not positively misleading and pernicious. The custom of
describing some of the oldest known Angiosperms as Proangio-
sperms and generalised types is likely to mislead those who are not
familiar with the fragmentary and doubtful nature of the records.
We require an organised exploration of the later plant-bearing beds
and of the wealth of material already collected, which should be
taken in hand by experienced paleobotanists in conjunction with
botanists who possess wide and accurate knowledge of recent
Angiosperms.

SUPPOSED MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANT.

Aroides Stutterdi, Carruthers.
[Geol. Mag. vol. iv. p. 146, pl. viii. fig. 2, 1867.]
1867. <Aroides Stutterdi, Carruthers, Geol. Mag. vol. iv. pl. viii. fig. 2.

1871. .A. Stutterdi, Phillips, Geol. Oxford, p. 168, Diag. xxxii. figs. 12-13.
1873. A. Stutterdi, Zigno, Flor. foss. Oolit. vol. ii. p. 2.

A. Stutterdi, Sharp, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxix. p. 296.
1875. A. Stutterdi, Judd, Geol. Rutland, p. 165.
1886. A. Stutterdi, Gardner, Geol. Mag. vol. iii. p. 200.
1894. A. Stutterdi, Woodward, Lower Ool. p. 198.
1896. .A. Stutterdi, Seward, Annals Bot. vol. x. p. 212.

1 New Phytologist, December, 1903.

156 AROIDES,

In 1867 Carruthers described some specimens from the Stones-
field Slate under the name Arozdes Stutterdt, which he regarded as
fragments of an Aroideous spadix comparable with that of the
recent Xanthosoma. It was subsequently suggested that the fossil
might represent a portion of an anal sac of a Crinoid,! but this view
is not shared by Dr. Bather, of the British Museum, who examined
some specimens of Carruthers’ fossil. The Stonesfield fossils have
the form of cylindrical casts covered by peltate plates — sub-
quadrangular or hexagonal in outline—dovetailing into one another
by irregularly dentate margins. I am unable to offer any opinion
as to the nature of the specimens, beyond stating that in my
opinion they do not afford any satisfactory evidence of the
occurrence of Monocotyledonous plants in the Stonesfield Slate.

In addition to the specimens in the British Museum others may
be seen in the Oxford Museum and in the Jermyn Street collection.

V. 3442, A specimen showing four rows of hexagonal projecting
areas arranged in vertical series.
Stonesfield. Brodie Coll.

V. 5585. A very good specimen showing the calcareous plates
more clearly than in the figures published in Carruthers’ paper.
Presented by Mr. S. Stutterd.

52,871. In this example the plates are less regular in shape
than in the preceding example. S. Sharp Coll.

1 Quoted by Gardner (86), p. 198.
2 Seward (96), p. 212.

CONCLUSION.

Tue following lists include the plants described in this volume
arranged according to their geological age :—

I. TRIAS (Keuper).

Fragments of coniferous twigs (Voltzia?) and other fossils too
imperfect to determine.

Localities. —Rowington (Warwickshire); Pendock (Worcester-
shire); Leicester.
II. RHATIC.
EQuisETALES.
Lquisetites Muensteri, Sternb.
LycopoDIaLzs.
Lycopodites lanceotatus (Brodie).
FILICALEs.
Clathropteris platyphylla (Gopp.).
GyYMNosPERME.
Carpolithes, sp.
Pianta Incertz SEpIs.

? Araucarites, sp.

InDETERMINABLE FRAGMENTS.

Localities. — Strensham (Worcestershire); neighbourhood of
Bristol; Binton (Warwickshire).

Ill. LIAS.
THALLOPHYTA.
Indeterminable specimens formerly referred to the alge.

158 CONCLUSION.

EQuisEraLes.
? Hquisetites Muenstert, Sternb.

FILIcALEs,

Thinnfeldia rhomboidalis, Ett. (Kurr).
Ctenopteris cycadea, Brongn.

CycaDoPHYTa.
Cycadites rectangularis, Brauns.
? C. rectangularis, Brauns.
Otozamites obtusus (L. & H.).
Cycadeoidea gracilis (Carr.).

? C. pygmaa, L. & H.

ConIFERALES.
Pagiophyllum peregrinum (L. & H.).
Coniferous wood :

a. Casts.

b. Petrifactions.
Araucariozylon Lindleis (Witham).
? A. Lindled’ (Witham).
Cupressinoxylon Barberi, sp. nov.
Jet.

Localities. -Lyme Regis (Dorsetshire); Charmouth (Dorset-
shire); Whitby and Staithes (Yorkshire); Northampton, Litch-
borough, Kilsby, Bugbrook, Roade, Braunston (Northamptonshire) ;
Grantham (Lincolnshire).

IV. OOLITE.
A. Inferior Oolite.
THALLopHyta (?).

Girvanella pisolitica, Weth.

FInicaLes,

‘Laccopteris Woodwardi (Leck.).
Dietyophyllum, sp.

CONCLUSION, 159

CycaDoPHYTa.
Williamsonia Bucklandi (Ung.).
W. wecten (Phill.).
Otozamites, sp. [Cf£. O. odtusus (L. & H.). |

ConIFERALES.
Brachyphyllum, sp. «.
Araucarites spherocarpus, Carr.
A. Cleminshawi, Mans.-Pleyd.

Localities.—Cleeve Hill (Gloucestershire) ; Stamford, Ponton,
and Collyweston (Lincolnshire); Wansford, Rothwell, Barnack,
and Weekley (Northamptonshire); Sherborne and Charmouth
(Dorsetshire) ; Bruton (Somersetshire).

B. Great Oolite.
THALLOPHYTA.

? Algites furcatus (Brongn. ).
Solenopora jurassica, Brown.

Fizicarezs.
Laccopteris Woodwardi (Leck.).
Teniopteris vittata, Brongn.
Sphenopteris, sp. a.

S., sp. 6.
Sagenopteris Phillipsi, Brongn.
Thinnfeldia speciosa, Ett.

GINKGOALES.
Ginkgo digitata (Brongn.).
Baiera Phillipsi, Nath.

CycaDoPHYta.
Williamsonia pecten (Phill.).
Cycadeotdea squamosa (Brongn. ).
Zamites megaphylius (Phill.).
Ctenis latifolia (Brongn.).
Sphenozamites Belli, sp. nov.
Podosamites stonesfieldensis, sp. nov.
Carpolithes diospyriformis, Sternb.

160 CONCLUSION.

ConIFERALES.
Araucarites ooliticus (Carr.).
A. Brodiet, Carr.

A. sp.
? Mageiopsis, sp.
Thuites expansus, Sternb.
Brachyphyllum, sp. «.
? ANGIOSPERM.
Phyilites, sp.

Localities —Stonesfield (Oxfordshire) ; Sevenhampton and Eye-
ford (Wiltshire); Chedworth (Gloucestershire); Kingsthorpe and

Leckhampton (Northamptonshire).
C. Oxfordian.

GYMNOSPERMZ.
Carpolithes, sp.
ConIFERALES.
Araucarites sphericus (Carr.).
Thuites, sp.
Brachyphyllum, sp. p.
Conites primavus (L. & H.).
Coniferous wood.

Localities.—Scarborough (Yorkshire); Christian Malford (Wilt-
shire); Chippenham (Cambridgeshire); Peterborough (North-

amptonshire).
D. Corallian.
GyYMNOSPERMZ.
Carpolithes conicus, L. & H.
C. sp.
ConIFERALES.
Araucarites ooliticus (Carr.).
Localities.—Malton (Yorkshire).
E. Kimeridgian.
[ Caulerpa Carruthersi, Murray. }
ConIFERALES.

Conites depressus (Carr.).
Coniferous wood.
Localities. Weymouth, Sandsfoot (Dorsetshire).

CONCLUSION. 161

It is of interest to notice the geographical range of the species
of Rheetic and Jurassic (Liassic and Oolitic) plants represented
in English floras. In attempting to illustrate the distribution
in space of fossil species one is confronted with the difficulty of
deciding to what extent species recorded from Western Europe may
be regarded as identical with similar forms described from distant
regions. The resemblance of one flora to another is usually
obscured by the use of different generic or specific names for plants,
which are either identical or represent closely allied members of
the same family. This diversity in nomenclature is, to some
extent, the result of geographical separation; an author naturally
hesitates to assign the same specific name to plants from India and
Europe unless the evidence as to identity is convincing. On the
other hand, wide separation in space has often been allowed to
exercise a misleading influence in the determination of species.
Another reason for the use of different names for plants which are
either specifically identical or very closely allied, is to be found
in the individual preferences of authors in the choice of possible
generic designations for a particular type.

In order to obtain a clear idea of the botanical relationship of
one flora to another it is essential to devise some method by
which distinctions, either imaginary or exaggerated, between
plants recorded by different writers under distinct names may be
eliminated.

As Darwin wrote in the Origin of Species,! ‘‘It is notorious on
what excessively slight differences many paleontologists have
founded their species; and they do this the more readily if the
specimens come from different sub-stages of the same formation.”

Our aim is to ascertain to what extent homotaxial floras in
different parts of the world were characterised by similar botanical
facies. The subject of the geographical distribution of plants
during past ages is one which has not received sufficient attention ;
it is true our data are too meagre to admit of sweeping generalisa-
tions, but we have enough evidence at our disposal to enable us to
form an estimate of the comparative composition of widely separated
floras. If we confine ourselves to a comparison of published lists

1 Darwin (00), p. 423.

162 CONCLUSION.

of various local floras, we shall inevitably exaggerate the differences
in their composition by adopting the nomenclature used by
individual authors. We must seek to discover whether types
recorded from one region are represented by similar types in other
parts of the world ; it is of less importance to endeavour to decide
if a southern hemisphere plant should be regarded as specifically °
identical with a northern form than to discover in what degree the
general facies of an European flora is repeated in a flora from
southern latitudes. In the following list I have therefore
adopted a liberal interpretation of specific designations, and have
endeavoured to show to what extent representative or identical
types occurred in various parts of the world during the Rheetic and
Jurassic eras. In taking considerable liberties with the nomen-
clature of other authors, I do not necessarily mean to express
disagreement with them as regards their interpretation of affinity ;
but my aim is to avoid the danger of allowing slight differences—
whether of specific rank or not—to obscure the broad relationships
of floras. The method of comparison is adopted primarily for the
purpose of instituting a botanical comparison, rather than with the
view of expressing an opinion as to the relative age or strati-
graphical position of the rock.*

In the following table (pp. 164-167) I have indicated, in the
case of the Oolitic species, the sub-stages from which the fossils
have been obtained. I.0.= Inferior Oolite; G.O. = Great Oolite ;
Cor. = Corallian; Oxf. = Oxfordian; Kim. = Kimeridgian.

Ruztic.—The English Rhetic species constitute too meagre
a sample of a Rheetic flora to render necessary any discussion as to
the distribution and composition of the Rhetic vegetation. The
wide range of Hywisetites Muenster and allied forms and of the
fern Clathropteris may be taken as an index of the uniformity of
Rheetic floras throughout the world. In addition to the countries
named in the table Chili? and Honduras may be mentioned as two
other regions from which Rhetic plants have been recorded.
Newberry has drawn attention to the uniformity of the Rhetic

1 Seward (03).
? Solms-Laubach (99).

CONCLUSION. 163

vegetation in both the Old and New Worlds; he wrote in 1888:
‘““We shall . . . . look now with eagerness to South America
for the identification there of this Mesozoic flora, which we have
found in full development in Virginia, New Mexico, Sonora, and
now in Honduras. It has been recognised in Australia, New
Zealand, India, Tonquin, China, Turkestan, and various parts of
Europe. Hence with its discovery in South America we shall see
it reaching as a girdle around the entire globe.” ' Before this was
written Geinitz* had recorded Rhetic plants from the Argentine,
and more recently Szajnocha, Solms-Laubach, and Kurtz have
made further contributions towards the completion of this girdle of
Rhetic floras. One of the richest floras of the Rhetic period is
that of Tonkin, which has recently received exhaustive treatment
by Professor Zeiller.2 The assemblage of types affords another
demonstration of the uniform character of the vegetation of this
period; it is true that a few types which occupy a prominent
position in the Rheetic floras of Scania and Franconia have not
been recorded from Tonkin, but in its general composition the
vegetation of the Far East exhibits a striking agreement with that
of the northern hemisphere.

Lras.—The vegetation which has left traces in rocks of Liassic
age differs but little from that of the Rhetic period, and indeed it
is often almost impossible to distinguish clearly between floras of
the two periods.

The plant which I have referred to Thinnfeldia rhomboidalis is
an example of a genus which was very widely spread in both the
Rhetic and Liassic periods. A similar form, though probably
distinct specifically, originally described by Morris‘ as Pecopteris
odontopteroides (= Thinnfeldia odontopterordes), is an exceedingly
abundant fossil in the Stormberg Series of Cape Colony, in beds of
Rhetic age in Australia, and in South America. The two species
of Cycadeoidea, C. gracilis and C. pygmea, are in all probability
not peculiar to England; but it is impossible to define specific

1 Newberry (88).

2 Geinitz (76).

3 Zeiller (02), (03).

4 Morris (45), p. 249, pl. vi. figs. 2-4.

Hee tink ate eee een ae * snguaunf sapbyr é
. is see coe eee on wee see vee wee on . one . CO 1) x parsspinl n1odougjoy:
ae . ae wee wee . . wee . . on oe woe aoe oe CO ‘T) x toe YIP JOSIE VI JIUBAALD
‘ELITO() “Gf
se tee ihe eas saat Is So ca (eal a x waging uophvoussatdug
a on . a see oe wee see ae fae x . Waypuryt UDJRLOMVINDL FO
ea Nie ae x saat Bs . aie} x |) x ununibawad un hydobyg
. . os ae . . ne nae wee eee wee . x nae wae nee poubhd 0)
ase See) ake me eee, oe ; Mee 8 ; x anh syovib vaprospnalg
oe ie sie e dai) eae. | daga:s ft ia sit se oe ce “+ 'gnsnjgo sajy=072Q
ae ¥ re nee : tie ie a ap eS x “ suempnbunqaae sappoolig
x pe x 2 ; ice el Ca ad x oe * oe “wnapnalia 81.t9jdoa79
Peel See fp aia || eek X x : x ‘ K Yoh | eee) pe oe x “ supproquioys vipjafeiny y
‘SVIT ‘2
‘OIssvuaL
aoe eee wee . wee . wee ane oo oo sae wae see x on ‘ds ‘sayqyod.ing
es PE [resale ate | ge il | Fe od x aa es x x , x | x x “ pyhydhind s0ado.0y719
‘en a di sex: ll axe te oo i ie Hi x “" snpnjoaaun) sagrpodoahT
SS eo) Par ake. Ss : X a x Kae |e | ae | x et tuagsuanyy sapiasinday
OILY HY
a a el| a
io} iA] pti | # S|
we | o| ols Bo | 2/ @ tae
ca me el os ae |e | ai we] ee] eg
ee » ¥ iI te
Plelg| Sle] e| 5 Bee eT eee lel SIS lathe Bi
2i)o|a| 2 5 El ae lp Ey w/e | eo] B 5 e| 2) 2 ‘yalogdg JO SNYN
P =
Fl FIE]S |e) 2) 22] 8 B/E le l/eslylal]e} &le y
: BH | : : as |/8|/ Gels |: e Be | sell et o
r =e || Be] 8 eAlel|4|F|a|s :
ce PETES eee
2/P | ap | “eB | &% a | a
a ae, 2 og 5 2

‘NOILNATALSIG

TVOIHCVUNOUN AO

aTa vil

oO
is

ot asda vaawg
sysuangnym “p

Kw

w

nn

HK i

4 a
SSSddS6
HOO BH

Hod
nw

“ppp bip obynp
wynjoaoun) siiaydhyang
nsovads pymafuury

tal

—

tal

&

eee DE SSS

wdyjiyg suadouabogy
eee ane eee oloue WA

1
w
al
at
: be
WW
S660
HoH
Kw

as “nage 814a,dowuy 7
- “ pyofego) “O
oe “ sasuauengwy ‘Oo
“ mnnayuap srqazydopniy
mA “ auosuepiey “Sy
see oo s+ sdlaoured “gy
ame vuvlvwingy *s
g's ‘s2vagdouaydy
ats yiaddaoy vipsofing | —
see ni S270%9 OLYNIT en
Bee ngojanDiuand “9
ie saproyphydouauhy “9
nie “ wanbav srvagdowuoy
ni auostenrg eA, 892.poT,

‘ds
{ wnsobns unjpliydolzarg

4
elololololelo)
BHR HHH

aa
S

HHA HK KR K KKK RK KK

S 6600000
HEHEHE

x

tod
Ss

wpuvmpoogf T
“+ saprompodhjod sr.1ajdooon'T
“ auaddaoy unpruognyr

~~ S

KwkK

x |S ‘i ie oe = x ee sie ‘OD x1" sngnapof saz ipodooh'T

aunag “iy
sLepunuanoa sagyasindg
SNz0aLa SapUDY OU TT

ial

K

n
K
ws
al
n
cl
NN NN noe
oooo°o
aleehanhanlhas)
SS Si

‘vIsuag See Gee Ce Re ee ee ee oe ee

“VIGNT PE LPaW PEE See GS Si SE A
“VITVULSAY WEISS ES SEES EM Pee eee eS
“‘NIENOJ, SRELES PEP eeae sess

“VNIH) PAD AS eis 2 OSE Be ee eee 8 as
“NVaVe Se Re PSS eee ee ae ee

“MVOSVOVAV]L a EP i
pues voruay Hin0g a a a ee ee ae a ae a eee

‘VOINaWY HLNO0g Et ae ae chee Jae ee

‘(epemeg PUR W'S") | ow cme oi:
VOIUGNY HLAXON es . a

‘SNOIDEY OLLOTY SSL Ee oe em ae Us br GRE I
“KIVIT SEPP PE sf hee Reel Boe | a gS

“HUVWNAE pue ae eee es BPE ae 8 er ace oe
‘WIOHNUOG ‘NECIMG . . , oe 2. << * . ed . . .

“aNVIOg pue Vissayy BEIGE RE VE CH TH AGE Gey Gis Sk gee ack eee. 22
“CNVTWAZLIAG pe ee So PERE RRA E EES
“IvoOLaog Se PRU a Se a ee eS

*VIULSOY pu’ ANVNUAY iiotisns Pifbie biiit bie:

“WOINTAG pus SONVAT PA opie sé Pbieew ew iekw bbb:

SINS ew a a
walalalolololaljolalelalololeloloi oleate)
*REONTL SoH SATS i Se

i a

Cycadevidea squamosa
Dioonites Nathorsti

48

ia gigas..

W. pecten ...

tus

ia graci

Name or SPECIES.
» ACUMINGA

Saleata

Ui
Czekanowskia Murrayana ...
Zamites megaphyllus
Otozamites obtusus ...

0. graphicus
Dictyozamites Hawelli

Ctenis latifolia

C. sp.
¥

O, Bunburyanus
C

Baiera gracilis
B. Lindleyana
Bean
Williamson

W. Buckland
O. Feistmanteli
0. parallelus

0
0. Beant

x

=~

oS

j=)

> eo6

°

Poo

ee

a es

elololonen

et
“
°o

go

j=)

a
Lal

iS

ooo

j=)

oa
al

Oooo

YO

3

=

SS5500

Ken)

+
i
io}

aes
PI
2

&

fal
S

>

=

&

ids)

fas)

iO

a:

S

ESL

&

acl ete

reliehald a!

a

Hi

on)

ro)

Beso

S

=

=

=

Se

oN.

fad

Hr RAM KR eB

MM Ow OM OR OM

tal

MoM i OO OO Oo

a sagmphyr
snssaidap “9
ape “ snamuned saguog
* sngvarivarp sagi.couogdhyy
snsogas sidajo.ay9

“ sapnowume saz1an
‘auosuummnr yy uayjhydorbny
wee eee eee “ds A
snsundxa saznyy,

g pue » ds og
‘aumyuunu unpphydhyoveg
. “dsr
* nayhuv sisdorwhogy
‘ds ‘EF
snoayds "Fr
ee “ apysuuag °F

oS “ srdupoo.myds *
ee a 9n9192}00 * FT

faIpolgy *
ane wayyy SIpwwonvepy
tee wee ‘ds 74)

> seussofishdsorp *9
sais “+ gn9quoa say710d.ung
an ae sngpjoaoun) “qT
ypjaysauogy sagrunz0pog

a ahquaysaT s1.0agdouaz)
ae wjog sazvunzouaydy
we os S1ALOWO NUDE “AT
“ pupipat Ar
vdUlod DLUOSs)rAT
“* quosszIAT sazUMzoUoUF

170 CONCLUSION.

squamosa, Zamites megaphyllus, Ctenis latifolia, Sphenosamites
Belli, Podozamites stonesfieldensis, and Carpolithes diospyriformis..
Some of the cones of Araucarites met with in the Stonesfield Slate
may also be peculiar types, but similar Araucarian cones occur in
Inferior Oolite rocks.

The most striking conclusion forced upon us by a general survey
of the Oolitic floras is the similarity in the composition of the
vegetation during the Jurassic era throughout the greater part of
the world. We cannot, I believe, deduce any evidence from such
data as we possess in favour of the existence of well-defined.
botanical provinces during the Rhetic, Jurassic, or Wealden
periods.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

“Agassiz, A. (92). Dredging Operations in the Eastern Pacific. Wature,.
vol. xlv. p. 280.

Andrae, K. T. (58). Fossile flora Siebenbiirgens und des Banates.
Abh, k.-k. geol. Reichs. vol. ii. Abth. 3, No. 4, 1853.

Balfour, J. H. (72). Paleontological Botany. Edinburgh, 1872.

Barber, C. A. (98). Cupressinoxylon vectense ; a fossil Conifer from the
Lower Greensand of Shanklin, in the Isle of Wight. Annals
Bot. vol. xii. p. 329.

Barrow, G. (82). See Fox-Strangways & Barrow.

(85). See Fox-Strangways, Keid, & Barrow.

Bartholin, C. T. (92). Nogle i den bornholmske Juraformation
forekommende Plante forsteninger. Bot. Zid. Bot. For.
Kjévenhavn, vol. xviii, Heft 1, p. 12, 1892.

(94). Ibid. vol. xix. p. 87.

Bayer, £. (01). See Frid & E. Bayer.

“Beche, H. T. de la (24). Remarks on the Geology of the South Coast
of England, from Bridport Harbour, Dorset, to Babbacombe
Bay, Devon. Trans. Geol. Soc. vol. i. [2], p. 40.

(29). On the Lias of the Coast in the vicinity of Lyme Regis,
Dorset. Trans. Geol. Soc. [2], vol. ii. p. 21.

(36). See Buckland & de la Beche.

Benecke, F'. W. (68). Geognostisch. Paldiontologische Beitrige, vols, i.-ii.

Munich, 1868-76.

. (98). Dzplopora und einige andere Versteinerungen im Elsass-
lothringischen Muschelkalk, Mit. Geol. Landes. von Elsass-
Lothringen, iv. p. 277.

Berger, H. A.C. (32). Die Versteinerungen der Fische und Pflanzen im
Sandsteine der Coburger Gegend. Coburg, 1832.

Berry, H. W. (03). The American Species referred to Thinnfeldia.

og Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, vol. xxx. p. 438.

Bessey, C, £. (97). The Phylogeny and Taxonomy of Angiosperms.
Bot. Gaz. vol. xxiv.

Bird, J. (22). See Young & Bird.

170 CONCLUSION.

squamosa, Zamites megaphyllus, Ctenis latifolia, Sphenozamites
Beili, Podosamites stonesfieldensis, and Carpolithes diospyriformis..
Some of the cones of Araucarites met with in the Stonesfield Slate-
may also be peculiar types, but similar Araucarian cones occur in
Inferior Oolite rocks.

The most striking conclusion forced upon us by a general survey
of the Oolitic floras is the similarity in the composition of the
vegetation during the Jurassic era throughout the greater part of’
the world. We cannot, I believe, deduce any evidence from such
data as we possess in favour of the existence of well-defined.
botanical provinces during the Rhetic, Jurassic, or Wealden.
periods.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

“Agassiz, A. (92). Dredging Operations in the Eastern Pacific. Mature,.
vol. xlv. p. 280.

Andrae, K. T. (53). Fossile flora Siebenbiirgens und des Banates..
Abh. k.-k. geol. Reichs, vol. ii. Abth. 3, No. 4, 1853.

Balfour, J. H. (72). Paleontological Botany. Edinburgh, 1872.

Barber, C. A. (98). Cupressinoxylon vectense ; a fossil Conifer from the
Lower Greensand of Shanklin, in the Isle of Wight. Annals
Bot. vol, xii. p. 329.

Barrow, G. (82). See Fox-Strangways & Barrow.

(85). See Fox-Strangways, held, & Barrow.

Bartholin, C. T. (92). Nogle i den bornholmske Juraformation
forekommende Plante forsteninger. Bot. Tid. Bot. For.
Kjévenhavn, vol. xviii. Heft 1, p. 12, 1892.

(94). Ibid. vol. xix. p. 87.

Bayer, £. (01). See Frid & £. Bayer.

“Beche, H. T. de la (24). Remarks on the Geology of the South Coast
of England, from Bridport Harbour, Dorset, to Babbacombe
Bay, Devon. Trans. Geol. Soc. vol. i. [2], p. 40.

(29). On the Lias of the Coast in the vicinity of Lyme Regis,
Dorset. Trans. Geol. Soc. [2], vol. ii. p. 21.

(36). See Buckland & de la Beche.

Benecke, F. W. (68). Geognostisch. Palaontologische Beitrige, vols. i.—ii-
Munich, 1868-76.

(98). Diplopora und einige andere Versteinerungen im Elsass-
lothringischen Muschelkalk. ditt. Geol. Landes. von Elsass-
Lothringen, iv. p. 277.

Berger, H. A.C. (32). Die Versteinerungen der Fische und Pflanzen im

Sandsteine der Coburger Gegend. Coburg, 1832.

Berry, E. W. (03). The American Species referred to Thinnfeldia.

si Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, vol. xxx. p. 438.

Bessey, C, E. (97). The Phylogeny and Taxonomy of Angiosperms.

Bot. Gaz. vol. xxiv.

Bird, J. (22). See Young & Bird.

172 BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Blake, J. F. (75). On the Kimeridge Clay of England. Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc, vol. xxxi. p. 196.

(76). See Tate é Blake.

— and W. H. Hudleston (77). On the Corallian Rocks of England.
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxiii. p. 260.
-Blanckenhorn, WM. (86).. Die fossile Flora des Buntsandsteins und des
Muschelkalks der Umgegend von Commern. Paleonto-
graphica, vol. xxxii. p. 117.
Blanford, W. T. (84). On the Classification of Sedimentary Strata.
Geol. Mag. vol. i. p. 318.
(93). See Medlicott d Blanford.
Bornemann, J. G.(56). Ueber organische Reste der Lettenkohlengruppe
Thiiringens. Leipzig, 1856.

Boscawen, L. L., [bbetson, and J. Morris (48). Notice on the Geology of
the neighbourhood of Stamford and Peterborough. Brit.
Assoc, Rep. 1848 (Oxford, 1847), p. 127.

Bower, J. A. (73). Whitby Jet and its Manufacture. Journ, Soc. Arts,
vol. xxii. p. 80, 1874.

Brauns, D. (62). Der Sandstein bei Seinstedt unweit des Fallsteins
und die in ihm vorkommenden Pflanzenreste. Palconto-
graphica, vol. ix. p. 47.

“Brodie, P. B. (42). On the discovery of Insects in the Lower Beds of
the Lias of Gloucestershire. Brit. Assoc. Rep. 1842, p. 58.

(45). A History of Fossil Insects in the Secondary Rocks
England. London, 1845.

(87). Notes on the Upper Keuper Section at Shrewle on
the Trias generally in Warwickshire. Quart. Journ, Geol.
Soe. vol. xliii. p. 540.

< and J. Buckman (45). On the Stonesfield Slate of the Cottes-

wold Hills. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. i. p. 220.
Brongniart, A. (22). Sur la classification et la distribution de végétaux

fossiles en général, et sur ceux des Terrains de Sédiment

Supérieur en particulier. Mém. Mus. d’ Hist. Nat. viii. p. 297.

“=—— (23). Observations sur les Fucoides et sur quelques autres
plantes marine fossiles. J/ém. Hist. Nat. Soc. vol. i. p. 301.

(25). Note sur les végétaux fossiles de l’Oolite & fougéres de
Mamers. Ann. Sct. Nat. vol. iv. p. 417.

(28). Prodrome d’une histoire des végétaux fossiles, Paris,
1828.

(28"). Histoire des végétaux fossiles. Paris, 1828,

(49). Tableau des genres de végétaux fossiles. (Extrait du
Dictionnaire histoire naturelle, vol. xiii.) Paris, 1849.

a

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 173

Bronn, H. G. (48). Index Paleontologicus, Nomenclator. Stuttgart,
1848.
Brown, A. (94). On the Structure and Affinities of the genus Solenopora.
Geol. Mag. [4], vol. i. p. 145, 1894.
Buckland, W. (24). Notice on the Megalosaurus, or Great Fossil Lizard,
of Stonesfield. Trans. Geol. Soc, vol. i. [2], p. 390.
(27). Note on Cycadeoidex. Proc. Geol. Soc. vol. i. p. 80.
(28). On the Cycadeoidez, a family of fossil plants found in
the Oolite Quarries of the Isle of Portland. Geol. Trans.
vol. ii. [2], p. 395.
- (37). Geology and Mineralogy considered with reference to
Natural Theology. London, 1836.
=-—— and H. 7. de la Beche (36). On the Geology of the neighbour-
hood of Weymouth and the adjacent parts of the Coast of
Dorset. Trans. Geol. Soc. vol. iv. [2], p. 1.
Buckman, J. (45). See Afurchison, Buckman, & Strickland.
(45). See Brodie & Buckman.
(50). On some Fossil Plants from the Lower Lias. (wart.
Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. vi. p. 413.
(63). Stricklandia acuminata. [Anonymous.] The Ceologist,
vol. vi. p. 395.
Bunbury, C. J. F. (51). On some Fossil Plants from the Jurassic Strata
of the Yorkshire Coast. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. vii.
p. 179.
Capellint, G. and Graf zu Solms-Laubach (91). I Tronchi di
Bennettitee dei musei Italiani. Jem. Lt. Accad. Sev. inst.
Bologna (5), vol. ii. p. 161, 1891.
Carruthers, W. (66). On some Fossil Coniferous Fruits. Geol. Mag.
vol. iii. p. 534.
(67). On some Cycadean Fruits from the Secondary Rocks
of Britain. Geol. Mag. vol. iv. [1], p. 101.
(677). On an Aroideous Fruit from the Stonesfield Slate.
Geol. Mag. vol. iv. p. 146.
(68). British Fossil Pandanacese. (Geol. Jug. vol. v. p. 153.
(69). On some Undescribed Coniferous Fruits from the
Secondary Rocks of Britain. Geol. Mag. vol. vi. [1], p. 1.
(70). On Fossil Cycadean Stems from the Secondary Rocks of
Britain. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxvi. p. 675.

(71). On two Undescribed Coniferous Fruits from the
Secondary Rocks of Britain. Geol. Mag. vol. viii. p. 540.
== (71). On some supposed Vegetable Fossils. Quart. Journ.

Geol. Soc. vol. xxvii. p. 443.

174 BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Carruthers, W. (72). Notes on Fossil Plants from Queensland,
Australia. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxviii. p. 1.
—— (77). Description of a New Species of Araucarites from the
Coralline Oolite of Malton. Appendix to a paper by
Blake & Hudleston, “On the Corallian Rocks of England.”
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxiii. p. 402.
€ompter, G. (74). Ein Beitrag zur fossilen Keuperflora. Nov. Act.
Ac. Ces. Leop.-Car. vol. xxxvii. No. 3.
Conwent:, H. (90). Monographie der baltischen Bernsteinbiume.
Danzig, 1890.
Coulter, J. M. and C. J. Chamberlain (01). Morphology of Spermato-
phytes. New York, 1901.
Dale, £. (00). See Seward & Dale.
Damon, R. (84). The Geology of Weymouth, Portland, and the Coast
of Dorsetshire. Weymouth, 1884.
(88). A Supplement to the Geology of Weymouth. Weymouth,
1888.
Darwin, C. (87). Life and Letters of Charles Darwin. London, 1887.
(00). The Origin of Species. London, 1900.
(03). More Letters of Charles Darwin. Edited by F. Darwin
and A. C. Seward. London, 1903.
Deane, H. (97). President’s Address. Proc. Linn, Soc. N.S. Wales,
part iv.
Engler, A. and K. Prantl (97). Die natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien.
Nachtrag zu Teile ii.-iv. p. 19.
Etheridge, R. (82). Presidential Address. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe.
vol, xxxviii. Proc. p. 59.
Etheridge, R., jun. (80). See Micholson & Etheridge.
Ettingshausen, C. von (52). Begriindung einiger neuen oder nicht genau
bekannten Arten der Lias und der Oolithflora. Abh. &.-k.
geol. Reichs. vol. i. Abth, 3.
Feistmantel, O. (76). Fossil Flora of the Gondwana System. Jurassic
(Oolitic) Flora of Kach. Mem. Geol. Surv. India, vol. ii.
pt. 1.
—— (77). Ibid. Jurassic (Liassic) Flora of the Rajmahal Group in
the Rajmahal Hills.
(777). Ibid. Flora of the Jabalpur Group.
Fliche, P. (00). Contribution & la flore fossile de la Haute-Marne.
Bull. Soc. Sei. Nancy, 1900.
(01). Un nouveau Cycadeotdea. Bull. Soc. géol. France, vol. i.
[iv.], p. 193.
(03). Sur les Lycopodinées du Trias en Lorraine. Compt.
Rend., April 6, 1903.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 175

Fontaine, W. M. (83). Contributions to the knowledge of the Older
Mesozoic Flora of Virginia. U.S. Geol. Surv. Mon. vol. vii.
(89). The Potomac or Younger Mesozoic Flora. Ibid. vol. xv.
Fox-Strangways, C. (92). The Jurassic Rocks of Britain. Vol. i:
Yorkshire. Mem. Geol. Surv.
and G. Barrow (82). The Geology of the Country between
Whitby and Scarborough. Mem. Geol. Surv., Quarter-Sheet
95 WV.W.
C. Reid, and G. Barrow (85). The Geology of Eskdale,
Rosedale, etc. Mem. Geol. Surv. 1885.
Fricé, A. and E. Bayer (01). Studien im Gebiete der Béhmischen
Kreideformation. Archiv. Naturwiss. Landes. Béhmen.
vol. xi.

Gardner, J. S. (86). On Mesozoic Angiosperms. Geol. Mag. vol. iii. [3],
p. 193.

Geikie, A. (93). A Text-book of Geology (8rd ed.}. London, 1893.

Geinitz, H. B. (76). Uber rhaetische Pflanzen und Thierreste in den
argentinischen Provinzen La Rioja, San Juan, und Mendoza.
Paleontographica, Suppl. iii.

Geyler, H. T. (77). Uber fossile Pflanzen aus der Juraformation
Japans. Palceontographica, vol. xxiv. p. 221.

Géppert, H. R. (36). Die fossilen Farrnkriiuter. Nova Acta Ac. Ces.
Leop.-Car. vol. xvii. (Suppl.).
— (41). Die Gattungen der fossilen Pflanzen. Bonn, 1841.
(48). Ueber die fossilen Cycadeen iiberhaupt, mit Riicksicht
auf die in Schlesien vorkommender Arten. Uebericht der
Arbeiten und Veriinderungen der Schlesischen Gesell. fiir
Vart. Kultur. 1843, p. 114. Breslau, 1844.
(50). Monographie der fossilen Coniferen. Nat. Verhand.
Holland. Maatschaf. Haarlem. Leiden, 1850.
Gowan, J. (00). See Seward & Gowan.
Farris, G. F. (96). On the Analysis of Oolitic Structure. Proc. Geol.
Assoc. vol. xiv. p. 59.

Hartz, N. (96). Planteforsteninger fra Cap. Stewart i Ostgrénland.
Meddelelser Grént. vol. xix. p. 217.

Heer, O. (76). Flora fossilis Helvetiz. Ziirich, 1876.

-—<—— (81). Contributions a la flore fossile du Portugal. Sece. Trab.
Geol. Portugal.

Holmes, T. V. (81). The Permian, Triassic, and Liassic Rocks of the
Carlisle Basin. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxxvii. p. 286.

(99). The Geology of the Country around Carlisle. Mem. Geol.
Survey.

176 BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Hooker, J. D. (63). On Welwitschia, a new genus of Gnetacee. Trans.
Linn. Soe, vol. xxiv.
Horton, W. 8. (60). On the Geology of the Stonesfield Slate and its.
associate formations. The Geologist, p. 249, 1860.
Hudleston, W. H. (77). See Blake & Hudleston.
(78). The Yorkshire Oolites. Proce. Geol. Assoc. vol. v. p. 407.
Hull, E. (57). The Geology of the Country around Cheltenham. Mem.
Geol. Surv.
Hutton, W. (31-37). See Lindley & Hutton.
Ibbetson, — (48). See Boscawen, Ibbetson, & Morris.
Jaeger, G. F. (27). Uber die Pflanzenversteinerungen welche in dem
Bausandstein von Stuttgart vorkommen.
Judd, J. W. (75). The Geology of Rutland. Mem. Geol. Surv.
Knowlton, F. H. (89). Fossil Wood and Lignites of the Potomac
Formation. Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. No. 56.
(90). A Revision of the genus Araucarioxylon of Kraus.
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xii. p. 601.
— (97). Appendix to the Geology of the Richmond Basin, Virginia,
by WV. S. Shaler and J. B. Woodworth. Ann. Rep. U.S.
Geol. Surv. xix.
Krasser, F. (91). Uher die fossile Flora der rhiitischen Schichten
‘ Persiens. Sttzb. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien. vol. c. Abth. 1.
- (00). Die von W. A. Obtrutshen in China und Centralasien
1893-1894 gesammelten fossilen Pflanzen. Denksch. k-.
Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 1xx.
Kurr, J. G. (45). Beitrage zur fossilen Flora der Juraformation
Wiirttembergs. Stuttgart, 1845.
Kurtz, F. (01). Le Lias de la Piedra Pintada. Revist. Mus. dela Plata,
vol. x. p. 225.
Lapparent, A. de (00). Traité de Géologie. Paris, 1900.
Leckenby, J. (64). On the Sandstones and Shales of the Oolites of
Scarborough, with descriptions of some new Species of
Fossil Plants. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xx. p. 74.
Lignier, O. (94). Végétaux fossiles de Normandie. Structure et.
affinités du Bennettites Morieret, Sap. & Mor. Mém. Soc.
Linn. Normandie, vol. xviii.
(95). Végétaux fossiles de Normandie. Mém. Soc. Linn.
Normandie, vol. xxviii. p. 5.
(03). Le fruit der Williamsonia gigas et les Bennettitales.
Mém. Soc. Linn. Normandie, vol. xxi. p. 19.
Lindley, J. and W. Hutton (31-37). The Fossil Flora of Great Britain.
London, 1831-37.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 177

Lorenzo, G. de (97). Fossili del Trias medio di Lagonegro. Palwonto-
graphica Italica, vol. ii. p. 113, 1896. Pisa, 1897.
Lyell, C. (78). The Student’s Elements of Geology (3rd ed.). London,
1878.
Mansel-Pleydell, J. C. (85). Notes on a Cone from the Inferior Oolite
Beds of Sherborne. Proc. Dorset Nat. Hist. Antig. Field
Club, vol. v. p. 141.
Medticott, H. B. and W. 7. Blanford (93). Manual of the Geology of
India (2nd ed.). Calcutta, 1893.
Miquel, F. A. W. (42). Monographia Cycadearum. Utrecht, 1842.
(47). Collectanea nova ad Cycadearum cognitionem. Linnea,
vol, xix. p. 411.
(51). Over de Rangschikking der fossiele Cycadee. [Tijdsch.
Wis. Nat. Wet. vol. iv. p. 205, 1851.]
Moller, H. (02). Bidrag till Bornholms Fossila Flora. Part i.
Lunds Univ. Arsskrift, vol. xxxviii.
(03). Ibid. Part ii. A. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Hand. vol. xxxvi.
Moore, C. (67). On Abnormal Conditions of Secondary Deposits, etc.
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxiii. p. 449.
Moriére, J. (80). Considérations générales sur la flore fossile et
spécialement sur celle du Lias. Build. Soc. Linn. Normandie,
vol. iv. [3], p. 361.
Morris, J. (41). Remarks upon the Recent and Fossil Cycadacee.
Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. vii. p. 110.
> (45). In Count Strzelecki’s “Physical Description of New South
Wales, etc.,” p. 245. London, 1845.
(48). See Boscawen, Ibbeison, & Morris.
<——— (53). On some Sections in the Oolitic District of Lincolnshire.
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. ix. p. 317.
(54). A Catalogue of British Fossils (2nd ed.). London, 1854.
Miinster, G. Graf zu (48). Beitriige zur Petrefactenkunde. Bayreuth.
Heft vi. Bayreuth.
Murchison, R. I. (34). Outline of the Geology of the neighbourhood of
Cheltenham. Cheltenham, 1834.
J. Buckman, and H. E. Strickland (45). Outline of the
Geology of the neighbourhood of Cheltenham. London, 1845.
Murray, G. (92). Ona Fossil Alga belonging to the genus Caulerpa,
from the Oolite. Phycological Memoirs, pt. i. p. 11, 1892.
Nathorst, A. G. (78-86). Om Floran i Sk&nes Kolférande Bildningar.
. °t Floran vid Bjuf. Hafti. 1878.
“ ii. 55 ss » i. 1879.
iii. 5 5 » iii. 1886.
Sver. Geol. Undersikn. Stockholm.

178 BIBLIOGRAPHY.

WNathorst, A. G.(78?). Beitrige zur fossilen flora Schwedens. . Stuttgart,
1878.

—— (78"). Floran vid Héganis och Helsingborg.

(80). Beriittelse, abgifven till k. Vetenskaps Akademien, om
en med understid af allmanna medal utférd vetenskaplig
resa till England. Ofvers. k. Veten. Akad. Férhand. No. 5,
p. 23.

(02). Beitriige zur Kenntniss einiger Mesozoischen Cycado-
phyten. Ibid. vol. xxxvi. No. 4.

Newberry, J. 8. (88). Rhetic Plants from Honduras. Amer. Journ.

Sez. vol. xxxvi. p. 342.

Nicholson, H. A. and R. Etheridge, jun. (80). A monograph of the
Silurian Fossils of the Girvan District in Ayrshire.
Edinburgh.

Nicol, W. (34). Observations on the Structure of Recent and Fossil
Conifere. Edinburgh New Phil. Journ. vol. xvi. p. 137.

Oidham, T. and J. Morris (63). Fossil Flora of the Gondwana System.
Vol. i. pt. 1. Mem. Geol. Surv. India, ser. ii. Calcutta,
1880.

Parkinson, J. (11). Organic Remains of a Former World. London,
1811, (Vol. i. 1811 ; vol. ii. 1808 ; vol. iii, 1811.)

‘Penhallow, D. P. (00). Notes on the North American Species of
Dadoxylon. Trans. R. Soc. Canada [2], vol. vi. p. 51.

Penzig, O. (94). Pflanzenteratologie. Vol. ii. Genua, 1894,

Phillips, J. (29). Tliustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire. York,
1829.

(71). The Geology of Oxford and the Valley of the Thames.
Oxford, 1871.

(75). Tllustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire. Parti:
The Yorkshire Coast (8rd ed.). Edited by R. Etheridge.

_ London, 1875.

Plott, R. (1677). The Natural History of Oxfordshire. Oxford, 1677.

Pomel, A. (49). Matériaux pour servir 4 la Flore fossile des terrains
jurassiques dela France. Amt. Bericht. Versam. Ges. deutsch.
Naturforsch. und Arete. Aachen, 1849.

Porter, H. (63). On the occurrence of large quantities of Fossil Wood

* in the Oxford Clay near Peterborough. Quart. Journ.
Geol, Soc. vol. xix. p. 317.

Potonié, H. (99). Lehrbuch der Pflanzenpalaeontologie. Berlin, 1899.

Prantl, K. (97). See Engler & Prantl.

Prestwich, J. (88). Geology. Vols. iii. Oxford, 1888.

Muenstedt, F. A. (58). Der Jura. Tiibingen, 1858.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 179

Raciborski, M. (94). Flora Kopalna ogniotrwalych Glinek Krakowskich.
Pamiet. Mat. przy. Akad. Umiejetnésci.
Renault, B. (81). Sur les Sphenozamites. Compt. Rend. Dec. 1881.
Richards, J. T. (84). Synopsis of British Fossil Cycadaceous Leaves.
(84*). On Scottish Fossil Cycadaceous Leaves contained in the
Hugh Miller Collection, Proc. R. Phys. Soc. Edinburgh,
1884, p. 116.
Rothpletz, A. (91). Fossile Kalkalgen aus den Familien der Codiaceen
und der Corallineen. Zeit. deutsch. geol. Ges. vol. sliii.
p. 295, 1891.
Saporta, Le Marquis de (73-91). Paléontologie Frangaise. Sér. ii. :
Végétaux.—Plantes Jurassiques,
(78). Vol. i.: Algues, Equisétacées, Characées, Fougtres.
(75). Vol. ii: Cycadées.
(84). Vol. iti. : Coniftres.
(91). Vol. v.: Types proangiospermiques, et supplément final.
(737). Notice sur les plantes fossiles du niveau des lits
& poissons de Cerin. Paris, 1873.
(94). Flore fossile du Portugal. Direct. trav. géol. Portugal.
Lisbon, 1894.
“Schenk, A. (66). Ueber die Flora der Schwarzen Schiefer von Raibl.
Wiireb. nat. Zeitsch, vol. vi. p. 10.
(67). Die fossile Flora der Grenzschichten der Keupers und
Lias Frankens. Wiesbaden, 1867.
(83). Pflanzliche Versteinerungen. Richthofen’s “ China,”
vol. iv. Berlin, 1883.
(87). Fossile Pflanzen aus der Albourskette. Bvdl. bot.
Uhlworm und Haenlein, Heft vi. 1887.
Schimper, W. P. (69-74). Traité de paléontologie végétale.
Vol.i. 1869.
Vol. ii, 1870-72.
Vol. iii. 1874,
= and A. Mougeot (44). Monographie des plantes fossiles du grés
bigarré des Vosges. Leipzig, 1844.
Schiitze, #. (01). Beitrage zur Kenntniss der triassischen Koniferen-
Gattungen: Pagiophyllum, Voltzia, und Widdringtonites.
Jahresheft Ver. Vaterl. Naturkunde. Stuttgart, 1901, p. 256.
Scott, D. H. (99). On the Primary Wood of certain Araucarioxylons.
Annals Bot. vol. xiii. p. 615.
(00). Studies in Fossil Botany. London, 1900.
- (02). On the Primary Structure of certain Paleozoic Stems
with the Dadozylon type of wood. Trans. R. Soc.
Edinburgh, vol. xl. pt. 2, p. 331.

180 BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Sellards, E. H. (00). A new Genus of Ferns from the Permian of
Kansas. Kansas Univ. Quart. vol. ix. p. 179.

Seward, A. C. (94). Catalogue of the Mesozoic Plants in the Depart-
ment of Geology, British Museum (Nat. Hist.). The
Wealden Flora, pt. i.

(94). Algz as Rock-building Organisms. Science Progress,
vol. ii. p. 10.

(95). Catalogue of the Mesozoic Plants in the Department of
Geology, British Museum. The Wealden Flora, pt. ii.

(96). Notes on the Geological History of the Monocotyledons.
Annals Bot. vol. x. p. 205.

(97). The Glossopteris Flora. Science Progress, vol. i. (N.8.),
p. 178.

(97°). On the Leaves of Bennettites. Proc. Phil. Soc. Cambridge,
vol. ix. p. 273.

(98). Fossil Plants for Students of Botany and Geology.
Vol. i. Cambridge, 1898.

(98). On Encephalartos Ghellinckit, Lem. Proc. Phil. Soc.
Cambridge, vol. ix. p. 340.

—— (99). On the Structure and Affinities of Matonia pectinata,
R. Br., with notes on the Geological History of the
Matoninee. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. vol. exci. p. 171.

— (00). Catalogue of the Mesozoic Plants in the Department of
Geology, British Museum. Jurassic Flora, vol. i.

— (00°). Notes on some Jurassic Plants in the Manchester
Museum. Mem. and Proc. Manchester Lit. and Phil. Soe.
vol. xiv. pt. 3, p. 1.

(01). On the Structure and Origin of Jet. Brit. Assoc. Rep.
p. 856, 1901.

oo (02). Article Palzobotany (Mesozoic). Encyclopedia Britannica,
vol. xxxi. p. 421, 1902.

(03). Fossil Floras of Cape Colony. Annals S. African
Museum, vol. iv.

. (032). Floras of the Past : their Composition and Distribution.

Address to the Botanical Section of the British Association,
Southport Meeting, 1903.

= (033), Occurrence of Dictyozamites in England. Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc. vol. lix. p. 217.

and £. Dale (01). On the Structure and Affinities of Dipteris,
with notes on the Geological History of the Dipteridine.
Phil. Trans, R. Soc. vol. exciv. p. 487.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 181

Seward, A. C. and 8. O. Ford (03). The Anatomy of Jodea, with
notes on the Geological History and Affinities of the
Osmundacee. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. vi. pt. 5.

and J. Gowan (00). The Maidenhair Tree (Ginkgo biloba, L.).

; Annals Bot. vol. xiv. p. 109.

Sharp, S. (70). The Oolites of Northamptonshire. Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc. vol. xxvi. p. 354.

(73). The Oolites of Northamptonshire, pt. ii. Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc. vol. xxix, p. 225.

~Siebold, F. de (70). Flora japonica, Vol. ii.

ASotlas, I. B. J.(01). Fossils in the Oxford Museum. On the Structure

s and Affinities of the Rhetic plant Naiadita. Quart. Journ.

Geol, Soc. vol. lvii. p. 3807.
-Solms-Laubach, Graf zu (91). Fossil Botany. English translation.
Oxford, 1891.

-(91). See Capellini & Solms-Laubach.

(912). On the Fructification of Bennettites Gibsonianus, Carr.
Annals Bot. vol. v. p. 419. ,

(99). Ueber das Genus Pleurometa. Bot. Zeit. Heft xii. p. 227.

—— and G, Steinmann (99). Beitriige zur Geologie und Palaeonto-
logie von Siidamerika. Neues Jahrb. Min. Beilageband, xii.

. 593.
Sorby, Hf, ©. (52). On the occurrence of a Non-Gymnospermous
Exogenous Wood in the Lias near Bristol. Trans. Mier.
Soc. London, vol. iii. p. 91.
Sternberg, C. Graf. von (20-38). Versuch einer geognostisch-botanischen
Darstellung der Flora der Vorwelt. Leipzig.
“Strahan, A. (98). The Geology of the Isle of Purbeck and Weymouth.
Mem. Geol. Surv.
Stur, D. (85). Die obertriadische Flora der Lunzer-Schichten und des
bituminosen Schiefer von Raibl. Sitzb. &. Akad. Wiss, Wien.
vol. xci. Abth. 1.
_Szajnocha, L. (88). Ueber fossile Pflanzenreste aus Cacheuta in den
Argentinischen Republik. Stitzb. &. Akad. Wiss. Wien.
vol. xevii. Abth. 1, p. 219.
“Tate, R. J. and F. Blake (76). The Yorkshire Lias. London, 1876.
Tenison- Woods, J. E. (83). On the Fossil Flora of the Coal Deposits
of Australia. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, vol. viii. p. 37.

Ahiselton- Dyer, W. T. (72). On some Coniferous Remains from the
Lithographic Stone of Solenhofen. Geol. Mag. vol. ix. p. 150.

(78). Lecture on Plant Distribution as a field for Geographical
Research. Proc. Geogr. Soc. vol, xxii. p. 412,

182 BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Unger, F. (45). Synopsis Plantarum fossilium. Lipses, 1845.

(47). Chloris Protogzea. Leipzig, 1847.

(50). Genera et species plantarum fossilium. Vindobone,
1850.

Velenovsky, J. (85). Die Gymnospermen der béhmischen Kreide-

formation. Prague, 1885.
Ward, L. F. (94). Fossil Cycadean Trunks of North America, with
a Revision of the genus Cycadeoidea, Buckland. Proc. Biol.
Soc. Washington, vol, ix. p. 75.
(95). The Potomac Formation. Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. xv.
(96). Some Analogies in the Lower Cretaceous of Europe and
America. Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. 1896.
(00). Status of the Older Mesozoic Floras of the United States.
U.S. Geol. Surv. 1900.
—— (002). Description of a new genus and twenty new species of
Fossil Cycadean Trunks from the Jurassic of Wyoming.
Proc. Washington Acad, Sct. vol, i. p. 253.

Weiss, E. (86). Ueber eine Buntsandstein Sigillaria und deren
nachste Verwandte. Jahrb. £. preuss. Geol. Landes. 1885.

Weld, G. (91). The Inferior Oolite of the Cotteswold Hills, with

: special reference to its Microscopical Structure. Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xvii. p. 550.

Wethered, E. B. (89). On the Microscopic Structure of the Jurassic
Pisolite. Geol. Mag. vol. vi. p. 196.

—— (90). On the occurrence of Girvanella in Oolitic Rocks, and
remarks on Oolitic Structure. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
vol. xlvi. p. 270.

— (95). The Formation of Oolite. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol, li.
p. 196.

Wickes, W. H.(00). A new Rhetic Section at Bristol. Proc. Geol.
Assoc. vol. xvi. p. 421.
Wieland, G. R. (99). A Study of some American Fossil Cycads.
Amer, Journ. Sci. vol. iv. p, 228.
(99°). Ibid. p. 389.
Williamson, W. C. (70), Contributions towards the History of Zamia
gigas, L.& H. Trans. Linn, Soe. vol. xxvi. p. 662.

Wilson, E. (91). On a Section of the Rhetic Rocks at Pylle Hill
(Totterdown), Bristol. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xlvii.
p- 545.

Witham, H. (33). The Internal Structure of Fossil Vegetables found
in the Carboniferous and Oolitic Deposits of Great Britain.
Edinburgh, 1833.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 183

Woodward, H. B. (76). The Geology of East Somerset and the Bristol
Coalfields. Mem. Geol. Surv.

=—— (93). The Jurassic Rocks of Britain. Vol. iii: The Lias of

England and Wales (Yorkshire excepted). Mem. Geol. Surv.

< (94). The Jurassic Rocks of Britain. Vol. iv.: The Lower
- Oolitic Rocks of England (Yorkshire excepted). Mem. Geol.
Surv.

-—— (95). The Jurassic Rocks of Britain. Vol. v.: The Middle

; and Upper Oolitic Rocks of England (Yorkshire excepted).
Mem. Geol. Surv. London, 1895.

Yokoyama, M. (89). Jurassic Plants from Kaga, Hida, and Echizen.
Journ. Coll. Sci. Japan, vol. iii.

Young, G. (17). A History of Whitby and Streoneshalh Abbey.
Whitby, 1817.

and J. Bird (22). A Geological Survey of the Yorkshire Coast.
Whitby, 1822.

Zeiller, R. (82). Examen de la flore fossile des Couches de Charbon du

Tong-King. Ann. Mines, vol. ii. [viii.], p. 299.

= (83). Note sur la flore der bassin houiller de Tete. Ann.
Mines, vol. iv. [viii.], p. 594.

(97). Les provinces botaniques de la fin des Temps primaires.
Rev. Gen. Scr. 1897.

= (00). Eléments de Paléobotanique. Paris, 1900.

— (007). Sur les fossiles recueillis par M. Villiaume dans les
roches charbonneuses des environs de Nossi-Bé. Compt.
rend, June, 1900.

(02). Flore fossile des Gites de Charbon du Tonkin (Atlas).
Paris, 1902.

(03). Zbid. Texte. Paris, 1903.

Zigno, A. de (56-85). Flora fossilis formationis Oolithice, vols. i. and ii.

Padova, 1856.
Vol. i. (56).
Vol. ii. (73) Pt. 1, pp. 1-48 up to pl. xxsii.
» (81) ,, 2, pp. 49-80 up to pl. xxxiv.
» (81) ,, 38, pp. 81-120 up to pl. xl.
» (85) ,, 4,5, pp. 121 to end.
TZittel, K. A. von (90). Handbuch der Palaeontologie. Abth. ii.:
Schimper, W. P. and A. Schenk. Munich and Leipzig,
1890-1.

INDEX.

[Synonyms are printed in i¢alies.]

A

Abies Webbiana, 60.
Acrostichites Phillipsii, 94.
Actinostrobus, 141.
Egoceras planicostata, 52.
Africa, South, 2, 4.
Agassiz, A., 22.
Agathis, 131.
australis, 121.
Algie, 24, 26, 27, 76, 82.
Algites, 83.
furcatus, 79, 83.
America, North, 1, 30, 42, 163.
America, South, 2, 153, 163.
Ammonites capricornus, 54.
margaritatus, 54.
Andrae, K. T., 28.
Angiosperms, 4, 10, 11,
152-155.
Araucaria, 47, 49, 55, 130, 131, 136.
Bidwilli, 137.
brasiliensis, 49.
Brodiei, 136.
Cookii, 132, 136.
excelsa, 48-51, 182, 136.
Haeberleinii, 131.
moreauana, 136.
peregrina, 23, 48.
spherocarpa, 131.
Araucariew, 130-140.
Araucarioxylon, 55-59, 65.
Lindleii, 56-61.
Araucarites, 20, 47, 75, 81,
130-140, 170.
Brodiei, 186-138.
Bucklandi, 138.
Cleminshawi, 139.
Hudlestoni, 82, 133-135.
ooliticus, 138-136, 138, 139.
peregrinus, 48.
sphericus, 138.
spheerocarpus, 131, 132, 135.

20, 21,

123,

Aroides Stutterdi, 80, 155, 156.
Ashelworth, 10.
Athrotaxis, 141.

cupressoides, 141.
Athrotaxites, 141.
Athrotaxopsis, 141.
Australian plants, 2, 34, 153, 163.
Axminster, 23, 41.

B

Baiera, 101, 102.
longifolia, 101.
Phillipsi, 78, 99-102.
Baireuth, 9, 41.
Bajocian plants, 76.
Bamberg, 9.
Barber, C. A., 60.
Barnack, 76, 117, 148, 159.
Bartholin, C. T., 13.
Bath Museum, 41.
Bather, F. A., 156.
Bathonian plants, 76-81.
Bayer, E., 88.
Beche, H. T. de la, 23, 51, 52.
Bell, A. M., 119, 120, 145.
Bennettitales, 37, 43, 103-109.
Bennettites, 43, 45, 103-110.
Gibsonianus, 43, 45, 103.
Bensonia, 122.
ovata, 78, 80, 121.
Benstedtia, 44.
Berry, E. W., 30, 31.
Bessey, C. E., 153.
Binton, 20.
Biota orientalis, 146.
Blake, J. F., 54, 64, 82.
Blanckenhorn, M., 5.
Bornholm, 13.
Botanical provinces, 161, 170.
Bower, J. A., 64.

186

Brachyphyllum, 141, 147-150.
acutifolium, 142.
mamillare, 143, 146, 148.
nepos, 149.
peregrinun, 48.
solitarium, 25.
Braunston, 54, 158.
Bridgewater, 42.
Bristol, 11, 14, 23.
Bristol’ Museum, 41.
Brockeridge, 10.
Brodie, P. B., 10, 14, 15, 78.
Bromsgrove, 7
Brongniart, "A. , 17, 83, 96, 108, 110,
117, 118.
Brown, A., 84, 85.
Bruton, 131, 159.
Buckland, W., 77, 83, 105,
108-110, 139.
Bucklandia, 48-45, 109, 110.
squamosa, 80, 109.
Buckman, J., 10, 11, 16, 21, 78, 116,
119- 122, 146, 147.
Bugbrook, 54.
Burcott Wood, 151.

106,

Cedmon, 63.

Calamites, 78, 86.

Callitris, 141.

Cambrian rocks, 84.

Cambridge (Sedgwick Memorial)
Museum, 87, 99, 102, 108,
129, 144.

Camptopteris Muensteriana, 18.

Capellini, G., 42.

Cardiff Museum, 41.

alge 7, 19, 20, 75, 123-130,

Buoklandi, 75, 124, 125, 127, 142.

conicus, 75, 78, 123- 130, 139.

diospyriformis, 81, 123, 128- 1380,
170.

Lindleyanus, 81, 189.
Carruthers, W., 13, 15, 43, 45, 75,
81, 82, 106, 110, 124, 131,
133, 138, 149-151, 156.
Caulerpa, 85.
cactoides, 85.
Carruthersi, 82, 85, 86.
Caulerpites Bucklandianus, 142.
expansus, 142,
thuieformis, 142.
Caulopteris tessellata, 5.

INDEX.

Ceratozamia mexicana, 111.
Chara, 26, 27.
liassica, 26.
Charmouth, 52, 54, 105, 158, 159..
Charterhouse, 26.
Chedworth, 85, 160.
Chili, 162.
China, 4, 122.
Chippenham, 149, 150, 160.
Chondrites bollensis, 26, 27.
Chordophyllites cicatricosus, 24, 26, 27_
Christian Malford, 81, 147-150, 160.
Cirencester Museum, 99, 100.
Cladophlebis denticulata, 169.
Clathraria Bucklandi, 109.
Clathropteris, 17-19, 162, 168.
meniscoides, 18.
latyph lla, mace 26.
Pleere Hill, Wea 15
Coal, 75.
Collyweston, 76, 87-90, 159.
Commern, 5.
Coniferales, 47-62.
Coniferous wood, 52-62, 151.
Coniopteris, 93.
hymenophylloides, 93.
quinqueloba, 92.
Conites, 150, 151.
Bucklandi, 109.
depressus, 151.
primevus, 75, 150, 151.
Conwentz, H., 57.
Coral Rag, 151.
Corallian plants, 82, 160.
Coralline Oolite, 82, 130.
Corallinex, 85.
Cordaites, 55.
Cracow, 90, 116.
Cretaceous plants, 30, 31, 112.
Crick, 53, 54.
Cr yptomer ites divaricatus, 146.
Ctenis, 35, 115, 116.
falcata, 116.
latifolia, 78, 79, 115, 116, 170.
orovallensis, 116.
Zeyschneri, 116.
Ctenopteris, 35-37.
cycadea, 25, 36, 37.
Sarrani, 37.
Ctenozamites, 35.
cycadea, 36.
Cunninghamia, 60.
Cupressinex, 60, 140, 145.
Cupressinoxylon, 55, 60, 61.
Barberi, 60-62.
vectense, 60.
Cupressites liasinus, 50.

INDEX.

Cupressus, 140-143, 146,
latifolius, 10, 48.

Cyanophycew, 84.

Cycadella, 44.

Cycadeoidea, 42-47, 109, 110.
gracilis, 25, 45, 168.
pygmexa, 23, 25, 46, 47, 163.
squamosa, 80, 109, 110, 169.

Cycadeomyelon densecristatum, 110.

Cycadeospermum Bucklandi, 124.
conicum, 124.

Cycadeostrobus primevus, 150.
sphaericus, 81, 138.

Cycadinocarpus Buckland, 124.
conicus, 124,

Lindleyanus, 128.

Cycadites, 37-39, 78, 115, 11 .
Bucklandi, 109.
concentricus, 25, 38.
conferta, 37.

Delessei, 38.

pectinatus, 37.

plumula, 106.
rajmahalensis, 37.
rectangularis, 25, 37-39.
Saladini, 38.

Saporte, 38.
tenuisectus, 38.

Cycadolepis, 21.

Cycadophyta, 37-47, 103-120, 169.

Cycadopteris, 29, 30.

Bergeri, 36.
Brauniana, 32, 38.
heterophylla, 32.

Cyclopteris latifolia, 79, 98.
longifolia, 101.
obtusa, 40.

Dacrydium, 60.

Dale, E., 89.

Damon, R., 74.

Darby Dale, 63.

Darwin, C., 154, 161.

De la Beche, H. T., 23, 51, 52.

Deane, H., 153.

Dichopteris, 28.

Dicotyledons, 10, 11, 20, 153.

Dictyophyllum, 17, 89, 90, 153-155,
168.

cracoviense, 90.
Dioonites, 38.
plumula, 107.
taxinus, 107.-
Dipteridine, 17-19, 89, 90, 168.

187

Dipteris, 17, 19, 89.
conjugata, 90.
Distribution, Tables of, 164-167.
Drynaria, 88.
Dunker, W., 139.

E

Echinostipes pygmeeus, 46.
LEchinostrobus expansus, 143, 144.
Encephalartos, 110, 111.
hellinckii, 38.
pectinatus, 106.
taxinus, 106.
Equisetales, 12, 13, 27, 8 , 168.
Equisetites, 12, 168.
Brodiei, 12, 26.
liassicum, 24.
Muensteri, 10, 12, 13, 26, 27, 162.
Equisetum Brodiei, 10.
pseudo-hoerense, 12.
Renaulti, 12, 13.
Sarrani, 13.
Ericacee, 10, 11, 20.
Eskdale, 63.
Etheridge, R., 76.
Ettingshausen, C. von, 27.
Eyeford, 77-79, 86, 93, 98, 100, 120,.
122, 143, 146, 160.

F

Feistmantel, 0., 108.
Filicales, 17-19, 27-35, 86-98.
Filicites, 78.
Bechei, 39.
Bucklandi, 40.
cycadea, 36.
meniscoides, 17.
scolopendroides, 106.
Fittonia, 43.
Fletton, 151.
Fliche, P., 5, 45, 134.
Fontaine, W. M., 141, 162.
Fontinalis, 15.
Ford, 8. 0., 181.
Forest Marble, 143, 144.
Fox-Strangways, C., 24, 54, 63, 64,74.
Frit, A., & E. Bayer, 88.
Fucoides, 11.
elegans, 83.
Sureatus, 83.
pennatula, 106, 108.
Fucoids, 26.
Fucus, 83.
Fungi, 82.

188

G

Gardner, J. §., 15, 122.
Geinitz, H. B., 163.
Geinitzia, 149.
Geological Survey Museum (London),
see Jermyn Street.
Geyler, H. T., 122.
Ginkgo, 60, 98-100.
biloba, 125, 126.
digitata, 78, 80, 98-100.
Ginkgoales, 98-102, 169.
Ginkgodium Nathorsti, 100.
Girvanella, 76, 84.
pisolitica, 84.
problematica, 84.
Gleichenia lineata, 34.
‘Glenopteris, 28.
Glossopteris flora, 2.
Glossopteris longifolius, 79, 96.
Phillipsi, 94.
‘Gnetales, 20.
Gnetum, 153.
Gondwana rocks, 2-4.
‘Géppert, H. R., 49.
Gorgonia Keuperi, 8.
Grantham, 54.
Great Oolite, 76-81, 159, 160.
Greenland, 13.
Gristhorpe Bay, 87.
Gymnosperm seeds, 123-130.
Gymuospermie, 7, 19, 20, 98-152.

H

Halymenites ramulosus, 79, 83.
Hartz, N., 13.

Hippurites, 10, 11, 20, 21.
Hollick, A., 30.

Honduras, 119, 162, 163.

Horton, W. 8., 78.

Hull, E., 78.

Huntcliff, 22.

Hutton, W., sce Lindley & Hutton.
Hymenophyllites macrophyllus, 95, 96.
Hymenopteris macrophyllus, 79, 96.

I

India, Floras of, 2-4, 163.

Inferior Oolite System, 76, 100, 102,
139, 157.

Insect Limestone, 10, 14.

Italy, Floras of, 5, 28,

INDEX.

J

Jermyn Street Museum (London),
7, 41, 46, 82, 85, 88, 94, 117,
126, 129, 132, 143.

Jet, 54, 62-74.

Jet-rock, 22, 24.

Judd, J. W., 76, 117.

Juglandites castaneefolius, 18.

Juniperus, 141.

K

Kaidacarpum, 133.
ooliticum, 133.

Kellaways Rock, 130.

Kettering, 88.

Keuper flora, 5-7.

Keynsham, 11.

Kilsby, 53, 54, 158.

Kimeridge Clay, 82, 86, 151.

Kimeridge Coal, 75, 82.

Kimeridge plants, 82, 85, 160.

Kingsthorpe, 76, 87, 138, 134.

Kirby Moorside, 128.

Klukia exilis, 168.

Knowlton, F. H., 60, 64.

Krannera mirabilis, 111, 112.

Kur, J. G., 23, 29, 49.

Kurtz, F., 153, 163.

L

Laccopteris, 86-89, 168.
polypodioides, 76, 88.
‘Woodwardi, 80, 87-89.

Langport, 42.

Leicester, 8.

Lesquereux, L., 30.

Lettenkohle flora, 6, 48.

Liassic System, 9-11, 22-72, 109, 110,

187, 163-168.

Libocedrus, 141.

Lignier, 0., 104, 106, 110.

Lignite, 151.

Lilia, 122.
lanceolata, 78, 80, 121, 122.

Lincolnshire Limestone, 107.

Lindley, J., & W. Hutton, 41, 47, 74,

75, 107, 124, 184, 139, 161.

Litchborough, 52, 54, 158.

Lithothamnion, 85.

Lomatopteris, 29, 30.

Jurensis, 26, 32.

Longdon, 7.

INDEX,

Lunéville, 5.
Lunz flora, 6.
Lycopodiales, 13-16.
Lycopodites, 13-16.
faleatus, 16.
lanceolatus, 10, 14-16.
Lyme Regis, 22, 23, 27, 33-42, 46,
47, 49-54, 158.
Lyons, H. G., 51.

M

McCoy, F., 93.
Macroteniopteris asplenoides, 26.
Macrozamia Fraseri, 126.
Madagascar, Jurassic plants of, 168.
Malton, 75, 82, 85, 123, 125, 126, 128,
130, 138, 134.
Malton Museum, $2, 125-128.
Manchester Museum, 75, 82, 116,124,
127, 137, 144.
Mansel-Pleydell, J. C., 139.
Mantellia pygmea, 47.
Marsiliacee, 93.
Matonia pectinata, 86, 88, 89.
sarmentosa, 86.
Matonidium, 86, 168.
Matoninew, 86-89, 168.
Megalosaurus, 77.
Microdietyon rutenicum, 87.
Woodwardi, 87.
Moller, H., 13, 94.
Monocotyledons, 14, 20, 153, 156.
Moore, C., 26.
Moreauia acutifolia, 142.
divaricata, 142.
expansa, 142.
latifolia, 48.
podocarpoides, 95.
Morris, J., 29, 76, 163.
Moss, Supposed fossil, 15.
Mougeot, A., 4, 5.
Murray, G., 15, 82, 85.
Muschelkalk, plants of, 6.

N

Nageiopsis, 79, 152.
Naiadea, 14.
acuminata, 14, 15.
obtusa, 15, 78, 80, 119.
ovata, 15, 78, 80, 120-122.
Naiadita acuminata, 10, 11.
lanceolata, 13-15.
petiolata, 10, 16.

189

Nathorst, A. G., 28, 29, 35, 37, 93,
104, 112.

Neuropteridium, 2, 4, 24.

Neuropteris limbata, 29.

New Zealand, 163.

Newberry, J. 8., 162.

Nicol, W., 54, 55.

Nilssonia compta, 116.

Noeggerathia, 78, 98-100.

Noeggerathiopsis Hislopi, 112.

Nomenclature, 161, 162.

Northampton, 54.

Northampton Museum, 88, 133-135-

Nulliporites furcillatus, 24, 26, 27.

0

Odontopteris Bergeri, 36.
Bucklandi, 40.
eycadea, 36.
Jurensis, 29-33.
latifolia, 115.
Leekenbyi, 35.
otopteris, 40.
Oleandridium vittatum, 91, 115.
Oolitic Series, 73-156, 158-160,
168-170.
Oroville (California), 116.
Otopteris acuminata, 10.
Bucklandi, 40, 41.
. euneata, 94.
obtusa, 10, 23, 40.
Otozamites, 23, 39-42, 116, 117.
acuminatus, 10, 25.
Ameghinoi, 40.
Beani, 118.
Becher, 40.
brevifolius, var. Bucklandi, 40.
Brongniarti, 40.
gracilis, 25.
graphicus, 41, 117.
Hennoguei, 40.
obtusus, 10, 23, 25, 39-42.
obtusus, var. ooliticus, 116, 117-
Oxford Clay, 81, 188, 147-151.
Oxford Museum, 41, 75, 79-838, 87,
90-93, 96, 97, 105, 107, 108,
111-115, 119, 120, 137, 144,
145, 152.
Oxfordian plants, 81, 160.

P

Pachyphyllum liasinum, 25, 48.
peregrinum, 24.

190 INDEX.

Pachypteris, 26, ee
ecurrens, 3
lanceolata, of,
thinnfeldia, 28.
Pagiophyllum, 47-51.
Foetterlei, 48.
peregrinum, 10, 23-25, 48-52.
Paleocyparis expansa, 148, 144.
Jlexuosa, 143,
Ttieri, 143.
Paleozamia Bechei, 40.
Bucklandi, 40.
longifolia, 80, 110, 111, 114.
megaphylla, 80, 110-113.
pecten, 80, 107.
pectinata, 80, 106, 107.
taxina, 80, 106, 107.
Pandanee, 105, 133.
Pandanocarpum oolitieum, 133.
Paris (Yates Collection), 103.
Parkinson, J., 63.
Peach, C. W., 39.
Pecopteris approximata, 79, 92, 93.
diversa, 79, 152.
incisa, 79, 92, 93.
odontopteroides, 29, 163.
polypodioides, 76, 87.
Pendock, 7, 8.
Permian plants, 2, 118.
Permo-Carboniferous flora, 1-4.
Perucer Beds, 88.
Peterborough, 160.
Peuce Huttoniana, 24, 54.
Lindleii, 54, 56.
Lindleyana, 24, 54, 56.

Phillips, J., 79, 91, 107-111, 116, 139,

141, 145, 152.
Phlebopteris Woodwardi, 87.
Phyllites, 152-155.
Phyllocladus, 31, 60.
Phyllopteris Phillipsi, 94.
Phymatoderma liassicum, 26.
Pinites, 57, 78, 151.
dejectus, 151.
depressus, 82, 151.
elongatus, 51.
Lindleyanus, 56.
Pinus primeva, 75, 150.
Pitys primeva, 150.
Platycerium, 153.
Platylepis, 43.
Pleuromeia, 4, 5.
Pliny, 62.
Plott, R., 77.
Podocarpez, 60.
Podocarpus, 162.
Podozamites, 15, 119-128.

Podozamites lanceolatus, 14.
lanceolatus, var. geminus, 111.
lanceolatus, var. latifolius, 122.
Reinii, 122.
stonesfieldensis, 78, 80, 121, 170.

Poland, 13, 28.

Pol, rypodiolites ee mis, 106, 108.

Ponton, 87, 89,

Potomac plants, 112.

Proangiosperms, 155.

Protophyllocladus, 30, 31.

Protorhipis, 89, 90, 168.

Pterophyllum, 76.

Buckmanni, 87, 115.
comptum, 81.
giganteum, 112.
minus, 81.
Preslianum, 106, 107.
taxinum, 106, 107.

Ptilophyliun, 108.
acutifolium, 107.
pectinatum, 106.
taxina, 106.

Ptilozamites, 28, 29, 35.

Bergeri, 25, 36.
Leckenbyi, 25, 36.
Pylle Hill, 11.

R

Raciborski, M., 28, 90, 116.

Redland, 16.

Rhetic System, 9-23, 112, 119, 157,
161-163.

Rhodea macrophylla, 95.

Roade, 54, 158.

Rothpletz, A., 84.

Rothwell, 87, 88.

Rowington, 7, 8.

Rutland, 76.

s

Sagenopteris, 93, 94.

euneata, 94.

Phillipsi, 94.
St. Honorine-la-Guillaume, 110.
Salicites longifolius, 78, 95-98.
Samaropsis Zignoana, 20.
Sandsfoot, 86, "160.
Saporta, Le Marquis de, 29, 36, 95,

103, 104, 106, 118, 144, 149,

Sarcostrobilus Paulini, 134,
Saxegothma, 60.
Scania, 20, 28, 163.
Scarborough, 58, 130.
Scarborough Museum, 126.

INDEX.

Schenk, A., 12, 28, 41, 60, 122.
Schimper, W. P., 118, 139, 144.
Schimper & Mougeot, 4, 5.
Schizoneura, 2, 4.
gondwanensis, 4.
Schiitze, E., 48.
Scott, D. H., 55.
Sedgwick Memorial Museum, see
Cambridge.
Seeds, 19, 20, 123-130.
Sellards, E. H., 28.
Sevenhampton, 77-81, 86, 113-116,
122, 123, 130, 143, 147, 149,
160.
Sewardia, 118.
Sharp, S., 76.
Sherborne, 139, 159.
Sigillaria oculina, 5.
Siphonez, 82, 84.
Solenopora, 85.
jurassica, 85.
Sollas, I. B. J., 11, 13, 15, 16.
Sollas, W. J., 105.
Solms-Laubach, Graf zu, 42, 103, 104,
106, 163.
Sorby, H. C., 11.
Spherococeites ramulosus, 85.
Sphenopteris, 75, 79, 92, 93.
cysteoides, 75, 79, 92.
elongata, 95.
longifolia, 101.
macrophylla, 95, 96.
plumosa, 79, 92, 98.
Sphenozamites, 117-120.
Belli, 78, 80, 119, 120, 170.
robustus, 119.
Rossii, 117.
Staithes, 27, 55, 58, 59, 158.
Stamford, 76, 87-89, 107, 108, 117.
Stangerites vittatus, 91.
Staverton, 54.
Steierdorf, 27, 32.
Stenopteris, 95, 97.
desmomera, 96, 97.
Sternberg, C. Graf von, 108, 109, 143,
144,
Stibbington, 117.
Stigmaria ficoides, 5.
Stigmarites Nicklesi, 5.
Stonesfield, 74-83, 86, 87, 90, 94, 95,
107-111, 113-115, 119-121,
129, 130, 137, 139, 140, 143,
144, 146-148, 152-154, 160.
Stonesfield Slate, 1, 78, 79, 81, 92, 98,
143, 151, 169, 170.
Stormberg Series, 95, 163.
Strahan, A., 75.

191

Strensham, 13.

Strickland, H. E., 77.

Strickland, Mrs., 99, 100, 102.

Strickland Collection (Cambridge), 99.

Stricklandia acuminata, 78, 80, 98-102.

Strobilites Bucklandi, 134, 138.
elongata, 23, 51, 52.
microphylla, 138.

Szajnocha, L., 163.

T

Teeniopteris, 91, 92.
angustata, 80, 87.
latifolia, 79, 115.
Phillipsii, 94.
seitaminea, 91.
seitaminee-folia, 80, 91.
tenuinervis, 91.
vittata, 75, 80, 91, 92, 115.
Tate, R. J., & F. Blake, 54, 64.
Taxites podocarpioides, 81, 95, 96.
Taxodinew, 60.
Tenison- Woods, J. E., 34.
Thallophyta, 26, 27, 82-86.
Thinntfeldia, 27-35, 95, 96.
decurrens, 32, 33.
falcata, 34.
incisa, 32.
lancifolia, 32.
obtusa, 32, 33.
odontopteroides, 29, 33, 163.
rhomboidalis, 26, 29, 31-33, 163.
speciosa, 78, 79, 81, 95-98, 169.
Thuites, 140-148.
acutifolia, 142.
articulatus, 81, 142-144.
cupressiformis, 78, 81, 142, 144.
divaricatus, 81, 142-144.
expansus, 78, 81, 187-148, 169.
pulchelliformis, 143.
Thuja, 140, 141, 143.
Thujopsis, 141.
Todia barbara, 168.
Todites Williamsoni, 168.
Tonkin plants, 13, 19, 37, 112, 163.
Totterdown, 11.
Towcester, 75, 151.
Trias plants, 1-5, 7, 8, 112, 157.

U

UVlospermum conicum, 124.

ornatum, 124.
Umbelliferee, 10, 11, 20.
Unger, F., 18, 49.

192

y

Velenovsky, J., 112.
Voltzia, 8.
Vosges, Bunter plants of the, 4.

Ww

Wainlode Cliff, 10, 14, 15.
Wansford, 39, 107, 109, 117.
Ward, L. F., 1, 42-44, 112, 116.
Warkworth, 53.
Weekley, 87, 88.
Welwitschia, 20.
Wethered, E. B., 76, 84.
Weymouth, 82, 86, 151, 160.
Whitby, 52, 54, 55, 57-62, 65, 68, 158.
Whitby Museum, 27, 67, 68, 126.
Wickes, W. H., 11, 15, 16.
Wieland, G. R., 104, 106.
Williamson, W. C., 103-105.
Williamsonia, 103-109.
Bucklandi, 105, 166.
pecten, 25, 75, 80, 106-109.
Wilson, E., 9, 11.
Witham, H., 24, 54, 55, 65.
Withamia, 118.
Wolverton, 148, 144.
Wood, fossil coniferous, 52-62, 151.
Woodward, H. B., 11, 25, 74.
Wotton, 151.

x

Xanthosoma, 156.

INDEX.

Y

Yates Collection (Paris), 103.
Yatesia, 43-45.
gracilis, 25, 45.
York Museum, 82, 126, 133, 135-
Young, G., 63.
Yuceites, 111, 112.
megaphylla, 111.
Schimperianus, 110, 112.

Zamia, +4.
gigas, 103.
integrifolia, 118.
muricata, 118.
pectinata, 75, 106, 107.
Skinneri, 118.
taxina, 75, 106.
Washingtoniana, 112.
Zamiostrobus primervus, 150.
sphericus, 138.
Zamites, 110-115.
Bechei, 40.
Bucklandi, 40.
latifolins, 115.
megaphyllus, 80, 110-115, 170-
pectinata, 107.
pygmeus, 46.
taxina, 107.
Zeiller, R., 13, 29, 35, 112, 118, 141,
150, 163, 168.
Zigno, A. de, 29, 112, 117, 119.

PRINTED BY STEPHEN AUSTIN AND SONS, HERTFORD.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Wir two exceptions (Pl. III. Fig. 5, and Pl. XII. Fig. 4),
the figured specimens are preserved in the British Museum
(Natural History), their registered numbers being quoted
in square brackets. Except where otherwise stated, the

figures are drawn natural size.

PLATE I.

Fic. 1. Otozamites obtusus (Lindley & Hutton). Page 41.

Fig. 2. Otozamites obtusus (L. & H.). P. 41.
Fies. 3, 3a. Otozamites obtusus (L. & H.). P. 42.
Fic. 4. Equisetites Muensteri, Sternberg. P. 13.
Fic. 5. Otozamites obtusus (L. & H.). P. 42.

[40,672]
[1155.]
[V. 22.]
[V. 3358.]
[39,059.]

B.M.JURASSIC PLANTS Pt-Il.

GM Woodward del et lith.

Bios LS, Stee:

Plate -

West,Newman imp.

ites. 4. iquisetites.

PLATE II.

Fie. 1. ? Cycadites rectangularis, Brauns. Page 39. [V. 9009.]
Fie. 2. Lycopodites lanceolatus (Brodie). P. 16. [V. 4015.]

Fie. 3. Lycopodites lanceolatus (Brodie). Part of a leaf enlarged to
show the cells. P. 16. [V. 4015.]

PLANTS. Pt. II Plate

G.M Woodward del.et lith West

est, Newman imp.

Figs 1.Cycadites. 2,3. Lycopodites.

PLATE III.

Fias. 1, la. Ctenopteris cycadea, Brongniart. Page 37. [40,674.]
Fic. 2. Clathropteris platyphylla (Géppert). P. 19. [V. 3399.]
Fia. 8. ? Carpolithes conicus, Lindley & Hutton. Internal cast.

P. 128. [V. 9007.]
Fig. 4. Podozamites stonesfieldensis, sp. nov. P. 123. [V. 4662.]

Fic. 5. Araucarites Brodiet, Carruthers. P. 137.
[Manchester Museum.]

JURASSIC PLANTS. Pt Il

late J

G

M Woodward del et lith
163 |, Grenepteris. ORG:
5, Areca riie S

=~

West, Newman

ip

PLATE IV.

Fie. 1. Thinnfeldia rhomboidalis, Ettingshausen. Page 34. [52,751a.]
Figs. 2, 2a. Thinnfeldia rhomboidalis, Ett. P. 34. [52,672.]
Fic. 3. Thinnfeldia rhomboidalis, Ett. P. 35. [52,751.]
Fies. 4, 4a. Oycadites rectangularis, Brauns. P. 38. [52,665.]

PSK Plate IV

> Wf TTRAG
M. Jd UTS

GM Woodward delet lith West,Newman imp

Figel-2, Thinnfeldia, 4, Cycadites.

PLATE V.

Fic. 1. Pagiophyllum peregrinum (Lindley & Hutton). Page 50.
[38,349.]

Fic. 2. Pagiophyllum peregrinum (L. & H.). P. 50. [52,665a.]
Fie. 3. Pagiophyllum peregrinum (L. & H.). (x 5.) P. 50. [35,044.]
Fies. 4, 4a. Pagiophyllum peregrinum (L. & H.). P. 50. [40,675.]
Fic. 5. Pagiophyllum peregrinum (L. & H.). P. 50. [V. 9608.]
Fie. 6. Pagiophyllum peregrinum (L. & H.). (x 5.) P. 51. [52,665.]

B.M.JURASSIC PLANTS Pt_Il. Plate V.

G.M Woodward delet lith West,Newman imp

Pagiophyllum.

PLATE VI.

Fic. 1. Araucarioxylon Lindleti (Witham). Page 56. [51,484.]

Fig. 2. Araucariorylon Lindleit (With.). c¢. secretory tissue. P. 58.
[51,724.]

Fie. 3. Araucarioxylon Lindleii (With.). P. 56. [51,484.]

Fig. 4. Araucarioxylon Lindleit (With.). P. 56. [51,484.]

bB. M. JURASSIC PLANIS Pr. II. Prate VI.

Araucarioxylon.

PLATE VII.

Fig, 1. Cupressinoxylon Barberi, sp. nov. Page 61. [51,498.]
Fic. 2. ? Araucarioxylon Lindleiti (Witham). P. 59. (51,449. ]
Fic. 3. Araucartoxylon Lindleit (With.). P. 56. [51,484.]
Fic. 4. Cupressinoxylon Barberi, sp. nov. (Slightly reduced.) P. 61.
[51,496.]
Fig. 5. Araucarioxylon Lindleti (With.). P. 58. [51,488.]

Fic. 6. Cupressinoxylon Barberi, sp. nov. P. 61. [51,495.]

Prate VII.

SGai en

£
}
tf
t
we

, 5, Araucarioxvlon

2
Pade)

9
“

1, 4, 6, Cupressinoxylon.

PLATE VIII.

Fia. 1. Jet and coniferous wood (Araucarioxylon?). Page 68. [51,601.]

Fig. 2. Jet and coniferous wood. P. 68. [51,639.]
Fig. 3. Jet (pure) in tangential longitudinal section. P.69. [51,595.]
Fie. 4. Jet and silicified wood (slightly reduced). P. 69. [51,493.]
Fia. 5. Jet (pure) in transverse section. P. 69. [51,623.]
Fig. 6. Jet and silicified wood (Araucarioxylon ?). P. 69. [51,448.]

Fig. 7. Jet (pure) in transverse section. P. 69. [51,623.]

PLATE IX.

Fig. 1. Thuites expansus, Sternberg. Page 145. [40,513.]
Fie. 2. Batera Phillipsi, Nathorst. P. 102. [V. 3433.]
Fia. 3. Sagenopteris Phillipst (Brongniart). P. 94. [V. 4071.]
Fies. 4, 4a. Thuites expansus, Sternb. Female flower. P. 147.

[V. 3439.]
Fic. 5. Brachyphylium, sp. a. P. 148. [11,130.]

Fie. 6. Williamsonia pecten (Phillips). P. 108. [V. 3361.]

B.M.JURASSIC PLANTS Pt. IL. Plate IX

G.M.Woodward delet lith

West, Newman imp

Figs 1,4, Thuites 3, Sagenopteris.
c,Baiera. 6, Williamsonia.

PLATE X.

Fie. 1. Cf. Thinnfeldia speciosa, Ettingshausen. Page 97. [V. 4074.]

Fie. 2. Cf. Lhinnfeldia speciosa, Ett. P. 97. [V. 3422.]
Fia. 3. Cf. Thinnfeldia speciosa, Ett. P. 98. [V. 3425.]
Fia. 4. Zamites megaphyllus (Phillips). P. 112. [V. 86.]

Fic. 5. Zamites megaphyllus (Phill.). P. 113. [V. 4064.]

Plate X.

BM.JURASSIC PLANTS Pt.II.

West,Newman imp

4,5, Zamites.

GM Woodward del.et lith

Figs 1-3, Thinnfeldia.

PLATE XI.

Fia. 1. Podozamites stonesfieldensis, sp. nov. Page 122. [V. 3420.]

Fic. 2. Podozamites stonesfieldensis, sp. nov. P. 122. [V. 3468.]
Fig. 3. Ginkgo digitata (Brongniart). P. 100. [V. 3429.]
Fic. 4. Sphenozamites Belli, sp. nov. P. 119. [V. 4069.]

Fias. 5, 6. ? Phyllites, sp. P. 152. [41,385 and V. 85.]

6 M.JURASSIG PLANTS Piles Plate XI.

GM Woodwerd delet lith

West,Newman imp

Figs 1,2, Podozamites. 4, Sphenozamites.
g b

an

3, Ginkgo. 5, 6, Phyllites

PLATE XII.

Fia. 1. Zamites megaphyllus (Phillips). Page 113. [V. 3460.]
Fic. 2. Araucarites Brodiei, Carruthers. P. 137. [V. 3363.]
Fig. 3. Zamites megaphyllus (Phill.). P. 113. [V. 4652.]
Fig. 4. Zamites megaphyllus (Phill.). P. 113. [Oxford Museum. ]
Fig. 5. Zamites megaphyilus (Phill.). P. 113. [V. 4067.]
Fic. 6, Araucarites, sp. P. 140. [V. 6591.]
Fic. 7. Carpolithes diospyriformis, Sternberg. s. attachment-scar.

P. 129. [V. 25130.]
Fia. 8. Williamsonia pecten (Phill.). P. 108. (52,868. ]

Fies. 9, 9a. Brachyphylium, sp. B (2). P. 149.. [52,837.]

ate XII

@

o

B.M.JURASSIC PLANTS. Pt. II ies

G.M Woodward del.et lith West, Newman imp

Piged, 3.4.5, Zamites. 2, 6. Araucarites. Ftc

Fic.

Fia.

Fic.

Fic.

Fic.

Fig.

Fic.

Fia.

PLATE XIII.

. Araucarites ooliticus (Carruthers). Page 136. (52,840. ]

. Araucarites spherocarpus, Carr. Scale in longitudinal section.

a. part of an adjacent scale ; s. seed. P. 132. [41,036.]

. Araucarites spherocarpus, Carr. Distal ends of scales. d. trans-

verse groove. P. 132. (41,036. ]

. Araucarites spherocarpus, Carr. Distal ends of scales. d. trans-

verse groove. P. 132. [41,036.]

. Carpolithes conicus, Lindley & Hutton. a. median ridge. P. 126.

[V. 9004.]

. Carpolithes diospyriformis, Sternberg. s. attachment - scar.

P. 129. [V. 2513a.]

. Carpolithes diospyriformis, Sternb. s. attachment-scar. P. 129.

[V. 2513.]

. Araucarites spherocarpus, Carr Scale in surface - view.

d. transverse groove ; s. position of seed ; wu. umbo. P.132.
[41,036.]

B.M.JURASSIC PLANTS Pt. II Plate XIII

GM Woodward del.et lith West, Newman imp

Figs 1-4. 8, Araucarites, Figs 5-7, Darpoliiies:

LIST OF THE CURRENT

NATURAL HISTORY PUBLICATIONS
OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE
BRITISH MUSEUM.

The following publications can be purchased through the
Agency of Messrs. LONGMANS & Co., 39, Paternoster Row ;
Mr. QUARITCH, 15, Piccadilly ; Messrs. KEGAN PAUL,
TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., Dryden House, 43, Gerrard
Street, Suho, W.; and Messrs. DuLAU & Co., 37, Soho
Square; or at the NATURAL History MusEuM, Crom-
well Road, London, S.W.

Catalogue of the Specimens and Drawings of Mammals,
Birds, Reptiles, and Fishes of Nepal and Tibet. Presented
by B. H. Hodgson, Esq., to the British Museum. 2nd
edition. By John Edward Gray. Pp. xii., 90. [With an
a of the Collection by Mr. Hodgson.] 1863, 12mo.
as. 3d.

Catalogue of the Mammalia and Birds of New Guinea in the
Collection of the British Museum. [With list of Species
of New Guinea Birds, and those of the neighbouring
Localities.] By John Edward Gray, Ph.D., F.R.S., and
George Robert Gray, F.L.8., &c. Pp. 63. Woodcuts.
1859, 8vo. Is. 6d.

Report on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo-
Pacific Ocean during the voyage of H.M.S. “ Alert,” 1881-2.
Pp. xxv., 684. 54 Plates. 1884, 8vo. 1/. 10s.

Summary of the Voyage... aa .. By Dr. R. W. Coppinger.
Mammalia ... eds eee 2a3 s+» yy O. Thomas.

Aves... we iva sah er wy, R. B. Sharpe.
Reptilia, Batrachia, Pisces sa .. 5, A. Gimther.
Mollusca ad see wie .. . HE, A. Smith,
Echinodermata... ie ‘is w. 5, EB. J. Bell.

Crustacea ... <3 Fs as .. 5, H. J. Miers.
Coleoptera ... iss ot ses sss 5, C. O. Waterhouse.
Lepidoptera sas de doy ss 9, A. G, Butler.
Alcyonaria and Spongiida ek .. 5, 9. O. Ridley.

A Monograph of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean) : Physical
Features and Geology by C. W. Andrews, B.A., B.Sc.,
F.G.8., with descriptions of the Fauna and Flora by
numerous contributors. Pp. xv.,337: 22 plates (7 coloured),
a map, and 27 illustrations in text. [With Index.] 1900,

8vo. 20s.
3500 Wt12836 9/03 D&S 9 15699r A

2 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

Report on the Collections of Natural History made in the
Antarctic Regions during the Voyage of the “Southern
Cross.” Pp. ix., 344. 53 Plates. 1902, Royal 8vo. 21.

Mammalia ... aoe ... By Capt. G. E. H. Barrett-Hamilton,

Notes on Antarctic Seals ... ,, E. A. Wilson, M.B.

Extracts from the “ Diary ” ——

of the late Nicolai Hanson.

Aves ... oe ses .. ,, Dr. R. Bowdler Sharpe.

Pisces... sa is «- 5, G.A. Boulenger, F.R.S.

Tunicata ... or .. 5, Prof. W. A. Herdman, F.R.S.

Mollusca... ee v9) B.A. Smith,

Echinoderma Be .. 4 Prof. F, J. Bell.

Insecta zea ees .. 5, G. H. Carpenter and Hon. N. C.
Rothschild.

Arachnida ... wes .- 4, Dr. E. L. Trouessart.

Crustacea... ats v5, T. V. Hodgson.

Polychaeta ... see v5, Dr. A. Willey.

Gephyrea_... ce «» 5, A. HE. Shipley.

poe ae en \ 3, Dr. von Linstow.

Ponies 0.» B- Kiskpatriok,

Anthozoa .. are .. . Dr, L. Roule and 8. J. Hickson,
F.RB.S.

Actinic wea eee se yy J. A. Clubb.

Hydrozoa_... _ .+ y HE. T. Browne

Cryptogamia se «9, A. Gepp, V. H. Blackman, and
Miss E. 8. Barton.

Rock Specimens » G. T. Prior.

Handbook of Instructions for Collectors, issued by the
British Museum (Natural History). With Illustrations.
Pp. 137. Index. 1902, 8vo. 2s. 6d.

The same, in ten parts, viz.:—Mammals; Birds; Reptiles,
Batrachians, and Fishes; Insects; Diptera (Two-winged
Flies); Mosquitoes (Culicide) ; Arachnida (Spiders, &c.),
Myriopoda, and Peripatus ; Soft-Bodied Invertebrates and
Shells; Plants; Fossils and Minerals. 1900-1903, 8vo.
dd. each.

First Report on Economic Zoology. By Fred. V. Theobald,
M.A., &. [With an Introduction, containing a Classifica-
tion of Animals from the point of view of Economic
Zoology, by Prof. E. Ray Lankester, LL.D., F.R.S.]
Pp, xxxiv., 192. 18 Woodcuis. 1903, Roy. 8vo. 6s.

Caialogue of the Books, Manuscripts, Maps, and Drawings
in the British Museum (Natural History) :—

Vol. I. A—D. Compiled by B. B. Woodward, Assistant
in charge of the General Library, with some clerical
assistance. Pp. viii., 500. 190%, 4to. 20s.

MAMMALS.

Catalogue of the Bones of Mammalia in the Collection of the
British Museum. By Edward Gerrard. Pp. iv., 296.
1862, 8vo. 5s.

Catalogue of Monkeys, Lemurs, and Fruit-eating Bats in
the Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. J. E.
sie haa &e. Pp. viii, 137. 21 Woodcuts. 1870,
vo. 4s.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 3

Catalogue of Carnivorous, Pachydermatous, and Edentate
Mammalia in the British Museum. By John Edward
Gray, F.R.S., &c. Pp. vii, 398. 47 Woodcuts. 1869,
8vo. 6s. 6d.

Catalogue of Seals and Whales in the British Museum. By
John Edward Gray, F.R.S., &c. 2nd Edition. Pp. vii.,
402. 101 Woodcuts. 1866, 8vo. 8s.

Supplement. By John Edward Gray, F.R.S., &e.
Pp. vi., 103. 11 Woodcuts. 1871, 8vo. 2s. 6d.

List of the Specimens of Cetacea in the Zoological Depart-
ment of the British Museum. By William Henry Flower,
LL.D., F.R.S., &c. [With Systematic and Alphabetical
Indexes.] Pp. iv., 36. 1885, 8vo. 1s. 6d.

Catalogue of Ruminant Mammalia (Pecora, Linneus) in the
British Museum. By John Edward Gray, F.R.S., &c
Pp. viii., 102. 4 Plates. 1872, 8vo. 3s. 6d.

Catalogue of the Marsupialia and Monotremata in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Oldfield Thomas.
Pp. xiii, 401. 4 Coloured and 24 plain Plates.
ae ore and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1888,
vo. Ii. 8s.

BIRDS.
Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum :—

Vol. VI. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum.
Cichlomorphe : Part III., containing the first portion
of the family Timeliide (Babbling Thrushes). By
R. Bowdler Sharpe. Pp. xiii, 420. Woodcuts and
18 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1881, 8vo. 1l.

Vol. VII. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum.
Cichlomorphe : Part IV., containing the concluding
portion of the family Timeliide (Babbling Thrushes).
By R. Bowdler Sharpe. Pp. xvi., 698. Woodcuts and
15 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1883, 8vo. 1/. 6s.

Vol. VIII. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum.
Cichlomorphe: Part V., containing the families
Paride and Laniide (Titmice and Shrikes); and
Certhiomorphe (Creepers and Nuthatches). By Hans
Gadow, M.A., Ph.D. Pp. xiii., 386. Woodcuts and
9 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1883, 8vo. 17s.

Vol. IX. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum.
Cinnyrimorphe, containing the families Nectariniide
and Meliphagide (Sun Birds and Honey-eaters). By
Hans Gadow, M.A., Ph.D. Pp. xii., 310. Woodcuts
and 7 coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1884, 8vo. 14s,

15699 “AQ

4

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum—continued.

Vol. X. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum.
Fringilliformes: Part I., containing the families
Diczide, Hirundinide, Ampelide, Mniotiltide, and
Motacillide. By R. Bowdler Sharpe. Pp. xiii., 682.
Woodcuts and 12 coloured Plates. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1885, 8vo. 1/. 2s.

Vol. XI. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum.
Fringilliformes: Part II., containing the families
Cerebide, Tanagride, and Icteride. By Philip Lutley
Sclater, M.A., F.R.S. Pp. xvii, 4381. [With Syste-
matic and Alphabetical Indexes.] Woodcuts and 18
coloured Plates. 1886, 8vo. 17.

Vol. XII. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum.
Fringilliformes: Part III., containing the family
Fringillide. By R. Bowdler Sharpe. Pp. xv., 871.
Woodcuts and 16 coloured Plates. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1888, 8vo. 1. 8s.

Vol. XIII. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum.
Sturniformes, containing the families Artamide,
Sturnide, Ploceidz,and Alaudide. Also the families
Atiichitde and Menuride. By R. Bowdler Sharpe.
Pp. xvi. 701. Woodcuts and 15 coloured Plates.
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1890,
dvo. Li. 8s.

Vol. XIV. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum.
Oligomyode, or the families Tyrannide, Oxyrham-
phide, Pipride, Cotingide, Phytotomide, Philepittide,
Pittide, Xenicide, and Eurylemide. By Philip
Lutley Sclater, M.A., F.R.S. Pp. xix.,494. Woodcuts
and 26 coloured Plates. [With Systematicand Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1888, Svo. 17. 4s.

Vol. XV. Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching
Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum.
Tracheophone, or the families Dendrocolaptide,
Formicariide, Conopophagide, and Pteroptochide.
By Philip Lutley Sclater, M.A., F.R.S. Pp. xvii., 371.
Woodcuts and 20 coloured Plates. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1890, 8vo. 1/.

Vol. XVI. Catalogue of the Picariz in the Collection of
the British Museum. Uypupe and Trochili, by Osbert
Salvin. Coracic, of the families Cypselide, Capri-
mulgide, Podargide, and Steatornithide, by Ernst
Hartert. Pp. xvi., 7038. Woodcuts and 14 coloured
Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes, ]
1892, 8vo. 11. 16s, ,

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 5

Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum—continued.

Vol. XVII. Catalogue of the Picarie in the Collection

of the British Museum. Ooracie (contin.) and

- Halcyones, with the families Leptosomatida, Coraciide,

Meropide, Alcedinide, Momotide, Totide and Coliide,

by R. Bowdler Sharpe. Bucerotes and Trogones by

W. R, Ogilvie Grant. Pp. xi., 522. Woodcuts and 17

coloured Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1892, 8vo. 11. 10s.

Vol. XVIII. Catalogue of the Picariz in the Collection
of the British Museum. Scansores, containing the
family Picide. By Edward Hargitt. Pp. xv., 597.
Woodcuts and 15 coloured Plates. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1890, 8vo. 12. 6s.

Vol. XIX. Catalogue of the Picariz in the Collection of
the British Museum. Scansores and Coccyges : con-
taining the families Rhaimphastide, Galbulide, and
Bucconide, by P. L. Sclater; and the families Indi-
catoride. Capitonida, Cuculide, and Musophagide, by
G. E. Shelley. Pp. xii, 484: 13 coloured Plates.
ea ae and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1891,

vo. Li. 5s.

Vol. XX. Catalogue of the Psgittaci, or Parrots, in the
Collection of the British Museum. By T. Salvadori.
Pp. xvii., 658. Woodcuts and 18 coloured Plates.
[ With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1891,
8vo. 12. 10s.

Vol. XXI. Catalogue of the Columbe, or Pigeons, in
the Collection of the British Museum. By T. Salvadori.
Pp. xvii., 676. 15 coloured Plates. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1893, 8vo. 17. 10s.

Vol. XXII. Catalogue of the Game Birds (Péerocletes,
Galline, Opisthocomi, Hemipodit) in the Collection of
the British Museum. By W. R. Ogilvie Grant.
Pp. xvi., 585. & coloured Plates. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1893, 8vo. 17. 6s.

Vol. XXIII. Catalogue of the Fulicariz (Rallide and
Heliornithide) and Alectorides (Aramid, Eurypy-
gids, Mesitide, Rhinochetide, Gruide, Psophiide,
and Otidide) in the Collection of the British Museum.
By R. Bowdler Sharpe. Pp. xiii., 353. 9 coloured
Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes. ]
1894, 8vo. 20s.

Vol. XXIV. Catalogue of the Limicole in the Collection
of the British Museum. By R. Bowdler Sharpe.
Pp. xii., 794. Woodcutsand 7 coloured Plates. [With
Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1896, 8vo.
li. 5s.

6 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum—continued.

Vol. XXV. Catalogue of the Gavie and Tubinares in
the Collection of the British Museum. Gaviz (Terns,
Gulls, and Skuas), by Howard Saunders. Tubinares
(Petrels and Albatrosses), by Osbert Salvin. Pp. xv.,
475. Woodcuts and 8 coloured Plates. [With Syste-
matic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1896, 8vo. 12. 1s.

Vol. XXVI. Catalogue of the Platalew, Herodiones,
Steganopodes, Pygopodes, Alcz, and Impennes in the
Collection of the British Museum. Platalez (Ibises
and Spoonbills) and Herodiones (Herons and Storks),
by R. Bowdler Sharpe. Steganopodes (Cormorants,
Gannets, Frigate-birds, Tropic-birds, and Pelicans),
Pygopodes (Divers and Grebes), Alce (Auks), and Im-
pennes (Penguins), by W. R. Ogilvie-Grant. Pp. xvii.,
687. Woodcuts and 14 coloured Plates. [With Sys-
tematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1898, 8vo. 1d. 5s.

Vol. XXVIT. Catalogue of the Chenomorphe (Pala-
medez, Phoenicopteri, Anseres), Crypturi, and Ratitz
in the Collection of the British Museum. By T.
Salvadori. Pp. xv., 636. 19 coloured Plates. [With
oe mene and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1895, 8vo.
i. 12s.

A Hand-list of the Genera and Species of Birds. [Nomen-
clator Avium tum Fossilium tum Viventium.] By R.
Bowdler Sharpe, LL.D. :—

Vol. I. Pp. xxi., 303. [With Systematic Index.]
1899, 8vo. 10s.

Vol. II. Pp. xv., 312. [With Systematic Index, and
an Alphabetical Index to Vols. I. and II.] 1900,
8vo. 10s.

Vol. III. Pp. xii., 367. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1901, 8vo. 10s.

Vol. IV. Pp. xii., 891. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1903, 8vo. 10s.

List of the Specimens of Birds in the Collection of the
British Museum. By George Robert Gray :—

Part III., Section I. Ramphastide. Pp. 16. [With
Index.] 1855, 12mo. 6d.

Part III., Section II. Psittacide. Pp. 110. [With
Index.] 1859, 12mo. 2s.

Part III., Sections IIIJ.and IV. Capitonide and Picide.
Pp. 137. [With Index.] 1868, 12mo. 1s. 6d.

Part IV. Columbe. Pp. 73. [With Index.] 1856,
12mo. ls. 9d.

Part V. Galline. Pp. iv., 120. [With an Alphabetical
Index.] 1867, 12mo. 1s. 6d.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY}, 7

Catalogue of the Birds of the Tropical Islands of the Pacific
Ocean in the Collection of the British Museum. By
George Robert Gray, F.L.8. &. Pp. 72 [With an
Alphabetical Index.] 1859, 8vo. Is. 6d.

Catalogue of the Collection of Birds’ Eggs in the British
Museum (Natural History) :—

Vol. I. Ratite. Carinate (Tinamiformes—Lariformes).
By Eugene W. Oates. Pp. xxiii, 252. 18 Coloured
Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.]
1901, 8vo. 30s.

Vol. II, Carinate (Charadriiformes—Strigiformes). By
HKugene W. Oates. Pp. xx., 400. 15 Coloured Plates.
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1902,
8vo. 30s.

Vol. III. Carinatee (Psittaciformes — Passeriformes).
By Engene W. Oates and Capt. Savile G. Reid.
Pp. xxiii, 349. 10 Coloured Plates. [With Syste-
matic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1903, 8vo. 25s.

REPTILES.

Catalogue of the Tortoises, Crocodiles, and Amphisbzenians
in the Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. J. E.
Gray, F.R.S., &c. Pp. viii, 80. [With an Alphabetical
Index.] 1844, 12mo. 1s.

Catalogue of Shield Reptiles in the Collection of the British
Museum. By John Edward Gray, F.R.S., &c.:—

Appendix. Pp. 28. 1872. 4to. 2s. 6d.

Part II. Kmydosaurians, Rhynchocephalia,and Amphis-
benians. Pp. vi, 41. 25 Woodcuts. 1872, 4to.
3s. 6d.

Hand-List of the Specimens of Shield Reptiles in the
British Museum. By Dr. J. E. Gray, F.R.S., F.LS., &e.
Pp. iv., 124. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1873,
8vo. 4s.

Catalogue of the Chelonians, Rhynchocephalians, and
Crocodiles in the British Museum (Natural History).
New Edition. By George Albert Boulenger. Pp. x., 311.
73 Woodeuts and 6 Plates. [With Systematic and
Alphabetical Indexes.] 1889, 8vo. 15s.

Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum (Natural His-
tory). Second Edition. By George Albert Boulenger :—
Vol. I. Geckonidx, Eublepharide, Uroplatide, Pygo-
podide, Agamide. Pp. xii. 436. 32 Plates. [With
Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1885, 8vo. 20s.
Vol. II. Iguanide, Xenosauride, Zonuride, Anguide,
Anniellide, Helodermatide, Varanide, Xantusiidzx,
Teiide, Amphisbenide. Pp. xiii, 497. 24 Plates.
Mee Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1885,

vo. 20s. :

8 LIST O©F PUBLICATIONS OF THE

Vol. FII. Lacertide, Gerrnosauride, Scincide, Anelytro-
pide, Dibamidz, Chameleontide. Pp. xii. 575. 40
Plates. [With a Systematic Index and an Alphabetical
Index to the three volumes.] 1887, 8vo. Li. 6s.

Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural
History). By George Albert Boulenger, F.R.S. :—

Vol. I., containing the families Typhlopide, Glauconiide,
Boide, Ilysiide, Uropeltide, Kenopeltide, and Colu-
bride aglyphe, part. Pp. xiii., 448: 26 Woodcuits
and 28 Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1893, 8vo. 17. 1s.

Vol. II., containing the conclusion of the Colubride
aglyphe. Pp. xi., 382: 25 Woodcuts and 20 Plates.
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1894.
8vo. 17s. 6d. ;

Vol. IIL, containing the Colubride (Opisthoglyphe and
Proteroglyphe), Amblycephalide, and Viperide.
Pp. xiv., 727: 387 Woodcuts and 25 Plates. [With
Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index to the 3
volumes.] 1896, 8vo. 17. 6s.

Catalogue of Colubrine Snakes in the Collection of the
British Museum. By Dr. Albert Giinthéer. Pp. xvi., 281.
[With Geographic, Systematic, and Alphabetical Indexes. ]
1858, 12mo. 4s.

BATRACHIANS.

Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia in the Collection of the
British Museum. By Dr. Albert Giinther. Pp. xvi., 160.
12 Plates. [With Systematic, Geographic, and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1858, 8vo. 6s.

FISHES.

Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum. Second
edition. Vol.I. Catalogue of the Perciform Fishes in the
British Museum. Vol.-I. Containing the Centrarchide,
Percide, and Serranide (part). By George Albert
Boulenger, F.R.S. Pp. xix., 394. Woodcuts and 15 Plates.
[ate Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1895, 8vo.

Ss.

Catalogue of Fish collected and described by Laurence
Theodore Gronow, now in the British Museum. Pp. vii.,
196. [With a Systematic Index.] 1854, 12mo. 3s. 6d.

Catalogue of Apodal Fish in the Collection of the British
Museum. By Dr.Kaup. Pp. viii., 163. 11 Woodcutsand
19 Plates. 1856, 8vo. 10s.

Catalogue of Lophobranchiate Fish in the Collection of the
British Museum. By J.J. Kaup, Ph.D., &. Pp. iv., 80.
4 Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1856, 12mo. 2s,

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 9

MOLLUSCA.

Guide to the Systematic Distribution of Mollusca in the
British Museum. Part I. By John Edward Gray, Ph.D.,
F.R.S., &c. Pp. xii, 230. 121 Woodcuts. 1857, 8vo. 5s.

List of the Shells of the Canaries in the Collection of the
British Museum, collected by MM. Webb and Berthelot.
Described and figured by Prof. Alcide D’Orbigny in the
oo Naturelle des Iles Canaries.” Pp. 32. 1854,

mo. Ls.

List of the Shells of Cuba in the Collection of the British
Museum collected by M. Ramon de la Sagra. Described
by Prof. Alcide d’Orbigny in the “ Histoire de ]’Ille de
Cuba.” Pp. 48. 1854, 12mo. 1s.

List of the Shells of South America in the Collection of the
British Museum. Collected and described by M. Alcide
D’Orbigny in the “Voyage dans l’Amérique Méridionale.”
Pp. 89. 1854, 12mo. 2s.

Catalogue of the Collection of Mazatlan Shells in the British
Museum, collected by Frederick Reigen. Described by
Philip P. Carpenter. Pp. xvi. 552. 1857, 12mo. 8s.

List of Mollusca and Shells in the Collection of the British
Museum, collected and described by MM. Eydoux ‘and
Souleyet in the “Voyage autour du Monde, exécuté
“pendant les années 1836 et 1837, sur la Corvette ‘La
“ Bonite,’”” and in the “ Histoire naturelle des Mollusques
“Ptéropodes.” Par MM. P. C. A. L. Rang et Souleyet.
Pp. iv., 27. 1855, 12mo. 8d.

Catalogue of the Phaneropneumona, or Terrestrial Operculated
Mollusca, in the Collection of the British Museum. By
Dr. L. Pfeiffer. Pp. 324. [With an Alphabetical Index. ]
1852, 12mo. ds.

Catalogue of Pulmonata, or Air Breathing Mollusca, in the
Collection of the British Museum. Part I. By Dr. Louis
Pfeiffer. Pp. iv., 192. Woodcuts. 1855, 12mo. 2s. 6d.

Catalogue of the Auriculide, Proserpinide, and Truncatellide
in the Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. Louis
Pfeiffer. Pp. iv., 150. Woodcuts. 1857, 12mo. 1s. 9d.

List of the Mollusca in the Collection of the British Museum.
By John Edward Gray, Ph.D., F.R.S., &e.

Part IJ. Olivide. Pp. 41. 1865, 12mo. 1s.
Catalogue of the Conchifera, or Bivalve Shells, in the
Collection of the British Museum. By M. Deshayes :—
Part I. Veneride, Cyprinids, Glauconomide, and
Petricolade. Pp. iv., 216. 1853, 12mo. 3s.
Part II. Petricolade (concluded); Corbiculade. Pp.
217-292. [With an Alphabetical Index to the two
parts.] 1854, 12mo. 6d.

10 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

BRACHIOPODA.

Catalogue of Brachiopoda Ancylopoda or Lamp Shells in the
Collection of the British Museum. [Issued as “Catalogue
of the Mollusca, Part IV.”] Pp. iv., 128. 25 Woodenis.
[With an Alphabetical Index.] 1853, 12mo. 3s.

POLYZOA.

Catalogue of Marine Polyzoa in the Collection of the British
Museum. Part III. Cyclostomata. By George Busk,
F.R.S. Pp. viii, 39. 38 Plates. [With a Systematic
Index.] 1875, 8vo. 5s.

CRUSTACEA.

Catalogue of the Specimens of Amphipodous Crustacea in
the Collection of the British Museum. By C. Spence Bate,
F.R.S., &c. Pp. iv., 399. 58 Plates. [With an Alpha-
betical Index.] 1862, 8vo. 10. 5s.

* ARACHNIDA.

Descriptive Catalogue of the Spiders of Burma, based upon
the Collection made by Eugene W. Oates and preserved in
the British Museum. By TT. Thorell. Pp. xxxvi., 406.
[With Systematic List and Alphabetical Index.] 1895,
8vo. 10s. 6d.

INSECTS.

Coleopterous Insects.

Nomenclature of Coleopterous Insects in the Collection of
the British Museum :—

Part VI. Passalide. By Frederick Smith. Pp. iv., 23.
1 Plate. [With Index.] 1852, 12mo. 8d.

Part VII. Longicornia, I. By Adam White. Pp. iv.,
174. 4 Plates. 1853, 12mo. 2s. 6d.

Part VIII. Longicornia, II. By Adam White. Pp. 237.
6 Plates. 1855, 12mo. 3s. 6d.

Part IX. Cassidide. By Charles H. Boheman, Professor
of Natural History, Stockholm. Pp. 225. [With
Index.] 1856, 12mo. 3s.

Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Coleoptera in the
Collection of the British Museum. Part I. Lycide. By
Charles Owen Waterhouse. Pp. x., 83. 18 Coloured
Plates. [With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes. ]
1879, 8vo. 16s.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 11

Catalogue of the Coleopterous Insects of Madeira in the
Collection of the British Museum. By T. Vernon
Wollaston, M.A., F.L.S. Pp. xvi., 234: 1 Plate. [With
a Topographical Catalogue and an Alphabetical Index.]
1857, 8vo. 3s.

Catalogue of the Coleopterous Insects of the Canaries in the
Collection of the British Museum. By T. Vernon
Wollaston, M.A., F.L.S. Pp. xiii, 648. [With Topo-
graphical and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1864, Svo. 10s. 6d.

Catalogue of Halticide in the Collection of the British
Museum. By the Rev. Hamlet Clark, M.A., F.L.S.
Physapodes and (éidipodes. Part J. Pp. xii, 301.
Frontispiece and 9 Plates. 1860, 8vo. 7s.

Catalogue of Hispide in the Collection of the British
Museum. By Joseph S. Baly, M.E.S.,&c. Part I. Pp.x.,
172. 9 Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1858,
8vo. 6s.

Hymenopterous Insects.

Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects in the Collection of the
British Museum. By Frederick Smith. 12mo. :—

Part I. Andrenide and Apide. Pp. 197. 6 Plates.
1853, 2s. 6d.

Part II. Apide. Pp. 199-465. 6 Plates. [With an
Alphabetical Index.] 1854. 6s.

Part III. Mutillide and Pompilide. Pp.206. 6 Plates,
1855. 6s.

Part IV. Sphegide, Larride, and Crabronide. Pp. 207-
497. 6 Plates. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1856.
6s.

Part V. Vespide. Pp.147. 6 Plates. [With an Alpha-
betical Index.] 1857. 6s.

Part VI. Formicidae. Pp. 216. 14 Plates. [With an
Alphabetical Index.] 1858. 6s.

Part VII. Vorylide and Thynnide. Pp. 76. 3 Plates.
[With an Alphabetical Index.] 1859. 2s.

List of Hymenoptera, with descriptions and figures of the
Typical Specimens in the British Museum. Vol. L,
Tenthredinide and Siricide. By W. F. Kirby.
Pp. xxviii., 450. 16 Coloured Plates. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1882, 8vo. I/. 18s.

Dipterous Insects.

List of the Specimens of Dipterous Insects in the Collection

"of the British Museum. By Francis Walker, F.L.S.

Part VII. SupplementIII. Asilide. Pp. ii, 507-775.
1855, 12m. 3s. 6d.

12 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

A Monograph of the Culicids, or Mosquitoes. Mainly com-
piled from the Collections received at the British Museum
from various parts of the world in connection with the
Investigation into the cause of Malaria conducted by the
Colonial Office and the Royal Society. By Fred. V.
Theobald, M.A., &c. :—

Vols. L., II. (pp. xviii., 424; viii., 391: 318 woodcuts), and
Atlas of 37 coloured and 5 collotype plates (pp. viii.,
with explanations of plates). 1901, 8vo. 37. 3s.

Vol. III. Pp. xvii., 359: 17 plates, 1 diagram, and 193
illustrations in text. 1903, 8vo. 10. Is.

A Monograph of the Tsetse-F lies (Genus Glossina, Westwood),
based on the Collection in the British Museum. By
Ernest Edward Austen. With a chapter on Mouth-parts
by H. J. Hansen, Phil. Doc. Pp. ix. 319: 9 plates
(7 coloured), 16 woodcuts, 1 map. 1903, Roy. 8vo. 15s.

Lepidopterous Insects.

Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalene in the British
Museum. By Sir George F. Hampson, Bart. :—

Vol. I. Catalogue of the Syntomide in the Collection
of the British Museum. Pp. xxi., 559 : 285 Woodcuts.
[With Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1898,
8vo. 15s.

— Atlas of 17 Coloured Plates, 8vo. 15s.

Vol. II. Catalogue of the Arctiade (Noline, Litho-
siane) in the Collection of the British Museum.
Pp. xx., 589. 411 Woodcuts. [With Systematic and
Alphabetical Indexes.] 1900, 8vo. 18s.

—— Atlas of 18 Coloured Plates (xviii—xxxv.), 8vo. 15s.

Vol. III. Catalogue of the Arctiade (Arctiane) and
Agaristide in the Collection of the British Museum.
Pp. xix. 690. 294 woodcuts. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1901, 8vo. 15s.

Atlas of 19 Coloured Plates (xxxvi-liv.), 8vo. 16s.

Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Lepidoptera Heterocera
in the Collection of the British Museum :—

Part V. By Arthur Gardiner Butler. Pp. xii. 74.
78-100 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic Index.]
1881, 4to, 22. 10s.

Part VI. By Arthur Gardiner Butler. Pp. xv., 89.
101-120 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic Index.]
1886, 4to. 27. 4s.

Part VII. By Arthur Gardiner Butler. Pp. iv., 124.
121-138 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic List.]
1889, 4to. 22.

Part VIII. The Lepidoptera Heterocera of the Nilgiri
District. By George Francis Hampson. Pp. iv., 144.
139-156 Coloured Plates. [With a Systematic List.]
1891, 4to. 22.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 13

°

Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Lepidoptera Heterocera
in the Collection of the British Museum—continued.

Part IX. The Macrolepidoptera Heterocera of Ceylon.
By George Francis Hampson. Pp. v., 182. 157-176
Coloured Plates. [With a General Systematic List of
Species collected in, or recorded from, Ceylon.] 1893.
Ato. 21. 2s.

Catalogue of the Collection of Palearctic Butterflies formed
by the late John Henry Leech, and presented to the
Trustees of the British Museum by his Mother, Mrs. Eliza
Leech. By Richard South, F.E.S. Pp. vi., 228. 2 Coloured
Plates. With a Portrait and Biographical Memoir of Mr.
Leech. 1902, 4to. 17.

Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera described by Fabricius in
the Collection of the British Museum. By Arthur Gardiner
Butler, F.L.S., &c. Pp. iv., 303. 3 Plates. 1869, 8vo. 7s. 6d.

Specimen of a Catalogue of Lyceenide in the British Museum.
By W. C. Hewitson. Pp. 15. 8 Coloured Plates. 1862,
4to. 1. 1s.

List of Lepidopterous Insects in the Collection of the British
Museum. Part I. Papilionide. By G. R. Gray, F.L.S.
Pp. 106. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1856, 12mo. 2s.

List of the Specimens of Lepidopterous Insects in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Francis Walker.
12mo. :—

Part XXII. Geometrites. Pp. 499-755. 1861, 3s. 6d.

Part XXIII. ————— Pp. 756-1020. 1861, 3s. 6d.
Part XXIV. —————__ Pp. 1021-1280. 1862, 3s. 6d.
Part XXV. -————-— Pp. 1281-1477. 1862, 3s.
Part XXVI. —————_ Pp. 1478-1796. [With an

Alphabetical Index to Parts XX.-XXVI.] 1862, 4s. 6d.

Part XXVII. Crambites and Tortricites. Pp. 1-286.
1863, 4s.

Part XXVIII. Tortricites and Tineites. Pp. 287-561.
1863, 4s.

Part XXIX. Tineites. Pp. 562-835. 1864, 4s.

Part XXX. —— Pp. 836-1096. [With an Alpha-
betical Index to Parts XXVII-XXX.] 1864, 4s.

Part XXXI. Supplement. Pp. 1-321. 1864, 5s.

Part XXXII. Part 2. Pp. 322-706.

1865, 5s.

Part XXXIII.————_ Part 3. Pp. 707-1120.
1865, 6s.

Part XXXIV.—————_ Part 4. Pp. 1121-1533.
1865, 5s. 6d.

Part XXXV. — Part 5. Pp. 1534-2040.

[With an Alphabetical Index to Parts XXXI,-
XXXV.] 1866, 7s,

14 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

Neuropterous Insects.

Catalogue of the Specimens of Neuropterous Insects in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Francis Walker.
12mo. :—

Part II. Sialides—Nemopterides. Pp. ii, 193-476.
1853, 3s. 6d.

Part III. Termitide—Ephemeride. Pp. ii., 477-585.
1853, ls. 6d.

Catalogue of the Specimens of Neuropterous Insects in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Dr. H. Hagen.
Part I. Termitina. Pp. 34. 1858, 12mo. 6d.

Orthopterous Insects.

Catalogue of Orthopterous Insects in the Collection of the
British Museum. Part I. Phasmide. By John Obadiah
Westwood, F.L.S., &. Pp. 195. 48 Plates. [With an
Alphabetical Index.] 1859, 4to. 32.

Catalogue of the Specimens of Blattarie in the Collection of
the British Museum. By Francis Walker, F.L.S8., &c.
Pp. 239. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1868, 8vo. 5s. 6d.

Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria [Part I.]
and Supplement to the Blattariz in the Collection of the
British Museum. Gryllide. Blattaris. Locustide. By
Francis Walker, F.L.S., &e. Pp. 224. [With an Alpha-
betical Index.] 1869, Svo. 5s.

Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in the
Collection of the British Museum. By Francis Walker,
F.L.S., &¢.—

Part II. Locustide (continued). Pp. 225-423. [With
an Alphabetical Index.] 1869, 8vo. 4s. 6d.

Part III. Locustide (continued).—Acridide. Pp. 425-
604. [With an Alphabetical Index.] 1870, 8vo. 4s.

Part IV. Acridide (continued). Pp. 605-809. [With
an Alphabetical Index.] 1870, 8vo. 6s.

Part V. Tettigide.—Supplement to the Catalogue of
Blattarize.—Supplement to the Catalogue of Dermaptera
Saltatoria (with remarks on the Geographical Distri-
bution of Dermaptera). Pp. 811-850; 43; 116.
[With Alphabetical Indexes.] 1870, 8vo. 6s,.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 15

Hemipterous Insects.

Catalogue of the Specimens of Heteropterous Hemiptera in

the Collection of the British Mus . B i
tLe eum. By Francis Walker,

Part I. Scutata. Pp. 240. 1867. 5s.

Part IT. Scutata (continued). Pp. 241-417. 1867. 4s.
Part III. Pp. 418-599. [With an Alphabetical Index to
Parts I, I1., II. and a Summary of Geographical
Distribution of the Species mentioned.] 1868. 4s. 6d.
PartIV. Pp. 211. [With Alphabetical Index.] 1871. 6s.
Part V. Pp. 202. [With Alphabetical Index.] 1872. 5s.
Part VI. Pp. 210, [With Alphabetical Index.] 1873. 5s.
Part Vil. Pp. 213. [With Alphabetical Index.] 1873. 6s.
Part VIII. Pp. 220. [With Alphabetical Index. ] ce eg
8. 6d.

VERMES.

Catalogue of the Species of Entozoa, or Intestinal Worms,
contained in the Collection of the British Museum. By
Dr. Baird. Pp. iv., 132. 2 Plates. [With an Index of
the Animals in which the Entozoa mentioned in the
Catalogue are found, and an Index of Genera and
Species.] 1853, 12mo. 2s.

ANTHOZOA.

Catalogue of Sea-pens or Pennatulariids in the Collection of
the British Museum. By J. E. Gray, F.R.S., &c. Pp. iv.,
40. 2 Woodcuts. 1870, 8vo. Is. 6d.

Catalogue of Lithophytes or Stony Corals in the Collection
of the British Museum. By J. E. Gray, F.R.S., &c.
Pp. iv., 51. 14 Woodcuts. 1870, 8vo. 3s.

Catalogue of the Madreporarian Corals in the British
Museum (Natural History) :—

Vol. I. The Genus Madrepora. By George Brook.
Pp. xi, 212. 35 Collotype Plates. [With Systematic
and Alphabetical Indexes, and Explanation of the
Plates.] 1893, 4to. 12. 4s.

Vol. II. The Genus Turbinaria; the Genus Astreopora.
By Henry M. Bernard, M.A. Cantab., F.L.S., F.Z.S.
Pp. iv., 106. 30 Collotype and 3 Lithcg:1phic Plates.
[With Index of Generic and Specific Names, and
Explanation of the Plates.] 1896, 4to, 18s,

16 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

Vol. III. The Genus Montipora; the Genus Anacro-
pora. By Henry M. Bernard, M.A. Pp. vii, 192. 30
Collotype and 4 Lithographic Plates. [With Syste-
matic Index, Index of Generic and Specific Names,
and Explanation of the Plates.] 1897, 4to. 1d. 4s.

Vol. IV. The Family Poritide. I.—The Genus
Goniopora. By Henry M. Bernard, M.A. Pp. viii.,
206. 12 Collotype and 4 Lithographic Plates. [With
Index of Generic and Specific Names, and Explanation
of the Plates.] 1903, 4to. 1é.

BRITISH ANIMALS.

Catalogue of British Birds in the Collection of the British
Museum. By George Robert Gray, F.L.S8., F.Z.S., &e.
Pp. xii., 248. [Witha List of Species.] 1863, 8vo. 3s. 6d.

Catalogue of British Hymenoptera in the Collection of the
British Museum. Second edition. Part. I. Andrenida
and Apide. By Frederick Smith, M.E.8S. New Issue.
Pp. xi., 236. 11 Plates. [With Systematic and Alpha-
betical Indexes.] 1891, 8vo. 6s.

Catalogue of British Fossorial Hymenoptera, Formicide, and
Vespide in the Collection of the British Museum. By
Frederick Smith, V.P.E.S. Pp. 236. 6 Plates. [With an
Alphabetical Index.] 1858, 12mo. 6s.

A Catalogue of the British Non-parasitical Worms in the
Collection of the British Museum. By George Johnston,
M.D., Edin., F.R.C.L., Ed., Lu.D., Marischal Coll., Aber-
deen, &c. Pp. 365. Woodcuts and 24 Plates. [With an
Alphabetical Index.] 1865, 8vo. 7s.

Catalogue of the British Echinoderms in the British Museum
(Natural History). By F. Jeffrey Bell, M.A. Pp. xvii., 202.
Woodcuts and 16 Plates (2 Coloured). [With Table of
Contents, Tables of Distribution, Alphabetical Index,
Description of the Plates, &c.] 1892, 8vo. 12s. 6d.

List of the Specimens of British Animals in the Collection
of the British Museum ; with Synonyma and References
to figures. 12mo.:—

Part V. Lepidoptera. By. J.F.Stephens. 2nd Edition.
Revised by H. T. Stainton and E. Shepherd. Pp. iv.,
224. 1856. Is. 9d.

Part VI. Hymenoptera. By F. Smith. Pp.134. 1851. Qs.

Part VII. Mollusca, Acephala and Brachiopoda. By
Dr. J. E. Gray. Pp. iv., 167. 1851. 3s. 6d.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 17

Part VIII. Fish. By Adam. White. Pp. xxiii, 164.
(With Index and List of Donors.) 1851. 33. 6d.

Part IX. Eggs of British Birds. By George Robert
Gray. Pp. 148. 1852. 2s. 6d.

Part XI. Anoplura, or Parasitic Insects. By H. Denny.
Pp. iv., 51. 1852. 1s.

Part XII. Lepidoptera (continued). By James F.
Stephens. Pp. iv., 54. 1852. 9d.

Part XIII. Nomenclature of Hymenoptera. By
Frederick Smith. Pp. iv., 74. 1853, 1s. 4d.

Part XIV. Nomenclature of Neuroptera. By Adam
White. Pp. iv., 16. 1853, 6d.

Part XV. Nomenclature of Diptera, 1. By Adam
White. Pp. iv., 42. 1853. 1s.

Part XVI. Lepidoptera (completed). By H.T. Stainton.
Pp. 199. [With an Index.] 1854. 3s. ~

Part XVII. Nomenclature of Anoplura, Euplexoptera,
and Orthoptera. By Adam White. Pp. iv., 17.
1855. 6d.

PLANTS.

Illustrations of the Botany of Captain Cook’s Voyage Round
the World in H.M.S. “ Endeavour” in 1768-71. By the
Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bart., K.B., P.R.S., and
Dr. Daniel Solander, F.R.S. With Determinations by
James Britten, F.L.S., Senior Assistant, Department of
Botany, British Museum :—

Part I.—Australian Plants. 101 Copper-plates [after
paintings by F. P. Nodder], with 31 pages of descrip-
tive text. 1900, fol. 25s.

Part II.—Australian Plants, Pt. II. 142 Copper-plates
(pls. 101-243) [after paintings by F, P. Nodder, James
Miller, J. F. Miller, and John Cleveley], with 41
pages of descriptive text (pp. 35-75). 1901, fol. 35s.

Catalogue of the African Plants collected by Dr. Friedrich
Welwitsch in 1853-61 :—

Vol. I. Dicotyledons. By William Philip Hiern, M.A.
F.L.S., &c. :—

Part I. [Ranunculacez to Rhizophoracez.] Pp.

xxvi., 336. [With Portrait of Dr. Welwitsch.

Introduction, Bibliography, and Index of Genera. ]
1896, 8vo. 7s. 6d.

15699 B

18 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

Part II. Combretacee to Rubiacew. Pp. 337-510.
[With Index of Genera.] 1898, 8vo. 4s.

Part III. Dipsacesw to Scrophulariacee. Pp. 511-
784, [With Index of Genera.] 1898, 8vo. 5s.

Part IV. Lentibulariacez to Ceratophylles. Pp. 785-
1035. [With Index.] 1900, 8vo. 5s.

Vol II. Monocotyledons, Gymnosperms, and Crypto-
gams :—

Part I. Monocotyledons and Gymnosperms. By
Alfred Barton Rendle, M.A., D.Sc. F.L.S., Assis-
tant, Department of Botany. Pp. 260. [With
Index of Genera.] 1899, 8vo. 6s.

Part II. Cryptogamia. Pp. 261-566. [With Table
of Errata, and General Index to the whole work.]
1901, 8vo. 6s.

Vascular Cryptogams ... By William Carruthers, F.R.S.

Mosses wes ant + 5, Antony Gepp, M.A., F.LS.

Hepatics ... ode a» y, EF, Stephani.

Marine Algz be «+ 4, Hthel 8. Barton.

Freshwater Alge ... a. », W. West, F.LS.,; and G. S.
West, B.A.

- Diatomacese se +. 3) Thomas Comber, F.L.S8.

Lichenes... es we >, B.A, Wainio.

Fungi woe sts «5, Annie Lorrain Smith.

Mycetozoa ... ase «. 5, Arthur Lister, F.R.S.

A Monograph of Lichens found in Britain : being a Descrip-
tive Catalogue of the Species in the Herbarium of the
British Museum. By the Rev. James M. Crombie, M.A.,
F.L.S., F.G.S., &e. Part I. Pp. viii, 519: 74 Woodcuts.
[With Glossary, Synopsis, Tabular Conspectus, and Index. ]
1894, 8vo. 16s. .

A Monograph of the Mycetozoa: being a Descriptive Catalogue
of the Species in the Herbarium of the British Museum.
By Arthur Lister, F.L.S. Pp. 224. 78 Plates and 51
Woodcuts. [With Synopsis of Genera and List of Species,
and Index.] 1894, 8vo. 15s.

List of British Diatomacez in the Collection of the British
Museum. By the Rev. W. Smith, F.L.S., &. Pp. iv., 55.
1859, 12mo. 1s.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 19

FOSSILS.

Catalogue of the Fossil Mammalia in the British Museum
(Natural History). By Richard Lydekker, B.A., F.G.S, :-—

Part I. Containing the Orders Primates, Chiroptera,
Insectivora, Carnivora, and Rodentia. Pp. xxx., 268.
33 Woodcuts. [With Systematic and Alphabetical
Indexes.] 1885, 8vo. 5s.

Part II. Containing the Order Ungulata, Suborder
Artiodactyla, Pp. xxii, 324. 39 Woodcuts. [With
Systematic and Alphabetical Indexes.] 1885, 8vo. 6s.

Part III. Containing the Order Ungulata, Suborders
Perissodactyla, Toxodontia, Condylarthra, and Ambly-
poda. Pp. xvi.,186. 30 Woodcuts. [With Systematic
Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species,
including Synonyms.] 1886, 8vo. 4s.

Part IV. Containing the Order Ungulata, Suborder
Proboscidea, Pp. xxiv., 235. 32 Woodcuts. [With
Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera
and Species, including Synonyms.] 1886, 8vo. 5s.

Part V. Containing the Group Tillodontia, the Orders
Sirenia, Cetacea, Edentata, Marsupialia, Monotremaia,
and Supplement. Pp. xxxv., 345. 55 Woodcuts.
[With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of
eae and Species, including Synonyms.] 1887,
vo. 6s,

Catalogue of the Fossil Birds in the British Museum (Natural
History). By Richard Lydekker, B.A. Pp. xxvii., 368.
75 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical
Index of Genera and Species, including Synonyms.] 1891,
8vo. 10s. 6d.

Catalogue of the Fossil Reptilia and Amphibia in the British
Museum (Natural History). By Richard Lydekker, B.A,,
E.G.S. :—

PartI. Containing the Orders Ornithosauria, Crocodilia,
Dinosauria, Squamata, Rhynchocephalia, and Pro-
terosauria. Pp. xxviii, 309. 69 Woodcuts. [With
Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera
and Species, including Synonyms.] 1888, 8vo. 7s. 6d.

Part II. Containing the Orders Ichthyopterygia and
Sauropterygia. Pp. xxi., 307. 85 Woodeuts. [With
Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of Genera
and Species, including Synonyms.] 1889, 8vo. 7s. 6d.

20 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

Part III. Containing the Order Chelonia. Pp. xviii.,
239. 53 Woodcuts. [With Systematic Index, and
Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species, including
Synonyms.] 1889, 8vo. 7s. 6d.

Part IV. Containing the Orders Anomodontia, Ecaudata,
Caudata, and Labyrinthodontia; and Supplement.
Pp. xxiii, 295. 66 Woodeuts. [With Systematic
Index, Alphabetical Index of Genera and Species,
including Synonyms, and Alphabetical Index of
Genera and Species to the entire work.] 1890, 8vo.
7s. 6d.

Catalogue of the Fossil Fishes in the British Museum (Natural
History). By Arthur Smith Woodward, LL.D., F.R.S.,
F.G.8,, &¢. :—

Part I. Containing the Elasmobranchii. Pp. xlvii.,
474, 13 Woodcutsand 17 Plates. [With Alphabetical
Index, and Systematic Index of Genera and Species.]
1889, 8vo. 21s. :

Part II. Containing the Elasmobranchii (Acanthodii),
Holocephali, Ichthyodorulites, Ostracodermi, Dipnoi,
and Teleostomi (Crossopterygii and Chondrostean
Actinopterygii). Pp. xliv., 567. 58 Woodcuts and
16 Plates. [With Alphabetical Index, and Systematic
Index of Genera and Species.] 1891, Svo. 21s.

Part III. Containing the Actinopterygian Teleostomi
of the Orders Chondrostei (concluded), Protospondyli,
Aetheospondyli, and Isospondyli (in part). Pp. xlii.,
044. 45 Woodcuts and 18 Plates. [With Alphabetical
Index, and Systematic Index of Genera and Species. ]
1895, 8vo. 21s.

Part IV. Containing the Actinopterygian Teleostomi of
the Suborders Isospondyli (in part), Ostariophysi,
Apodes, Percesoces, Hemibranchii, Acanthopterygii,
and Anacanthini. Pp. xxxix., 636. 22 Woodcuts
and 19 Plates. _ [With Alphabetical Index, and
Systematic Index of Genera and Species.] 1901,
8vo. 21s.

Systematic List of the Edwards Collection of British Oligocene
and Eocene Mollusca in the British Museum (Natural
History), with references to the type-specimens from
similar horizons contained in other collections belonging
to the Geological Department of the Museum. By Richard
Bullen Newton, F.G.S. Pp. xxviii., 365. [With table of
Families and Genera, Bibliography, Correlation-table,
Appendix, and Alphabetical Index.] 1891, 8vo. 6s.

Catalogue of Tertiary Mollusca in the Department of Geology,
British Museum (Natural History). Part I. The Austra-
lasian Tertiary Mollusca. By George F. Harris, F.G.S., &c.
Pp. xxvi.,407. 8 Plates. [With Table of Families, Genera,
and SubGenera, and Index.] 1897, 8vo. 10s.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 21

Catalogue of the Fossil Cephalopoda in the British Museum
(Natural History) :—

Part I. Containing part of the Suborder Nautiloidea, con-
sisting of the families Orthoceratide, Endoceratide,
Actinoceratide, Gomphoceratide, Ascoceratide,
Poterioceratidee, Cyrtoceratide, and Supplement. By
Arthur H. Foord, F.G.S. Pp. xxxi., 344. 51 Woodcuts.
[With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical Index of
Genera and Species, including Synonyms.] 1888,
8vo. 10s. 6d.

Part Il. Containing the remainder of the Suborder
Nautiloidea, consisting of the families Lituitide,
Trochoceratide, Nautilide, and Supplement. By
Arthur H. Foord, F.G.8. Pp. xxviii., 407. 86 Wood-
cuts. [With Systematic Index, and Alphabetical
Index of Genera and Species, including Synonyms. ]
1891, 8vo. 15s.

Part 1II. Containing the Bactritide, and part of the
Suborder Ammonoidea. By Arthur H. Foord, Ph.D.,
F.G.S., and George Charles Crick, A.R.S.M., F.G.S.
Pp. xxxiii., 303. 146 Woodcuts. [With Systematic
Index of Genera and Species, and Alphabetical Index. ]
1897, 8vo. 12s. 6d.

List of theTypes and Figured Specimens of Fossil Cephalopoda
in the British Museum (Natural History). By G. C. Crick,
F.G.8. Pp. 103. [With Index.] 1898, 8vo. 2s. 6d.

- A Catalogue of British Fossil Crustacea, with their Synonyms
and the Range in Time of each Genus and Order. By
Henry Woodward, F.R.S. Pp. xii, 155. [With an
Alphabetical Index.] 1877, 8vo. 5s.

Catalogue of the Fossil Bryozoa in the Department of
Geology, British Museum (Natural History) :—

The Jurassic Bryozoa. By J. W. Gregory, D.Sc., F.G.S.,
F.Z.8. Pp. [viii.,] 239 : 22 Woodcuts and 11 Plates.
[With List of Species and Distribution, Bibliography,
Index, and Explanation of Plates.] 1896, 8vo. 10s.

The Cretaceous Bryozoa. Vol. I. By J. W. Gregory,
D.Sc, F.G.S., F.Z.8. Pp. xiv., 457: 64 Woodcuts
and 17 Plates. [With Index and Explanation of

Plates.] 1899, 8vo. 16s.

22 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE

Catalogue of the Blastoidea in the Geological Department of
the British Museum (Natural History), with an account of
the morphology and systematic position of the group, and
a revision of the genera and species. By Robert Etheridge,
jun., of the Department of Geology, British Museum
(Natural History), and P. Herbert Carpenter, D.Sc., F.R.S.,
F.L.S. (of Eton College). Pp. xv.,322. 20 Plates. [With
Preface by Dr. H. Woodward, Table of Contents, General
Index, Explanations of the Plates, &c.] 1886, 4to. 25s.

The Genera and Species of Blastoidea, with a List of the
Specimens in the British Museum (Natural History). By
F. A. Bather, M.A., F.G.S., of the Geological Department.
Pp. x., 70. 1 Woodcut. 1899, 8vo. 3s.

Catalogue of the Paleozoic Plants in the Department of
Geology and Paleontology, British Museum (Natural
History). By Robert Kidston, F.G.S. Pp. viii. 288.
[With a list of works quoted, and an Index.] 1886,
8vo. 5s.

Catalogue of the Mesozoic Plants in the Department of
Geology, British Museum (Natural History). By
A. C. Seward, M.A., F.R.S., F.G.8S., University Lecturer
in Botany and Fellow of Emanuel College, Cambridge :—

Part I. The Wealden Flora. Part I. Thallophyta—
Pteridophyta. Pp. xxxviii, 179. 17 Woodcuts and
11 Plates. [With Preface by Dr. Woodward, Alpha-
betical Index, Explanations of the Plates, &c.] 1894,
8vo. 10s.

Part II. The Wealden Flora. Part II. Gymnosperme.
Pp. viii., 259. 9 Woodcuts and 20 Plates. [With
Alphabetical Index, Explanations of the Plates, &c.]
1895, 8vo. 15s.

Part III. The Jurassic Flora. Part I. The Yorkshire
Coast. Pp. xii, 341. 53 Woodcuts and 21 Plates.
[With Preface by Dr. Woodward, Alphabetical Index
Explanations of the Plates, &c.] 1900, 8vo. 20s.

GUIDE-BOOKS.
(To be obtained only at the Museum.)

A General Guide to the British Museum (Natural History)
Cromwell Road, London, 8.W. With 31 Woodcuts, 2
Plans, 2 views of the building, and an illustrated cover.
Pp. 97. 1901, 8vo. 3d. (Out of print during revision.)

Guide to the Galleries of Mammalia in the Department of
Zoology of the British Museum (Naiural History). 7th
Edition. Pp. 126. 65 Woodcuts and 4 Plans. Index,
1902, 8vo. 6d.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY). 23

Guide to the Galleries of Reptiles and Fishes in the Depart-
ment of Zoology of the British Museum (Natural History).
4th Edition. Pp. iv.,119. 101 Woodcuts. Index. 1898. 8vo. 6d.
(Out of print.)

Guide to the Shell and Starfish Galleries (Mollusca, Polyzoa,
Brachiopoda, Tunicata, HKchinoderma, and Worms),
Department of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History).
New Edition. Pp. iv., 180. 125 Woodcuts, Plan, and
Indexes. 1901, 8vo. 6d.

Guide to the Coral Gallery (Protozoa, Porifera or Sponges,
Hydrozoa, and Anthozoa) in the Department of Zoology,
British Museum (Natural History). Pp. [iv.,] 73.
82 Illustrations, Plan, and Index, 1902, 8Vvo. 1s.

A Guide to the Fossil Mammals and Birds in the Department
of Geology and Paleontology in the British Museum
(Natural History). 7th Edition. [By Henry Woodward. |
Pp. xii, 103. 116 Woodceuts. [With List of Llustrations,
Table of Stratified Rocks, and Index.] 1896, 8vo. 6d.
(Out of print.)

A Guide to the Fossil Reptiles and Fishes in the Department
of Geology and Paleontology in the British Museum
(Natural History). [By Henry Woodward.] Pp. xiv.,
129: 165 Woodcuts. [With List of Illustrations, Table
of Stratified Rocks, and Index.] 1896, 8vo. 6d.

A Guide to the Fossil Invertebrates and Plants in the
Department of Geology and Paleontology in the British
Museum (Natural History). [By Henry Woodward. ]
Pp. xvi., 158. 182 Woodeuts. [With List of Illustrations,
Table of Stratified Rocks, Introduction, and Index.] 1897,
8vo. ls,

The same, in two parts :—

Part I. Mollusca to Bryozoa. Pp. xii. 64. 107 Wood-
cuts. [With List of Illustrations, Table of Stratified
Rocks, and Introduction.] 1897, 8vo. 6d.

Part II. Insecta to Plants, &c. Pp. ix., 64*-158.
Woodcuts 108-182. [With List of Illustrations and
Index to the two parts.] 1897, 8vo. 6d.

Guide to Sowerby’s Models of British Fungi in the Depart-
ment of Botany, British Museum (Natural History). By
Worthington G. Smith, F.L.S. Pp. 82. 93 Woodcuts.
With Table of Diagnostic Characters, and Index.
[Second Edition.] 1898, 8vo. 4d.

Guide to the British Mycetozoa exhibited in the Department
of Botany, British Museum (Natural History). By Arthur
Lister, F.L.S. Pp. 42. 44 Woodcuts. Index. 1903,

8vo0.i3d.

24 BRITISH MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS (NATURAL HISTORY).

A Guide to the Mineral Gallery of the British Museum
(Natural History). [By L. Fletcher, M.A., F.R.S.] Pp. 32.
Plan. 1903, 8vo. 1d.

The Student’s Index to the Collection of Minerals, British
Museum (Natural History). [By L. Fletcher, M.A., F.R.S.]
Pp. 32. With a Plan of the Mineral Gallery. 1903,
8vo. 2d.

An Introduction to the Study of Minerals, with a Guide to
the Mineral Gallery of the British Museum (Natural
History). By L. Fletcher, M.A., F.R.S. Pp. 123.
41 Woodcuts. With Plan of the Mineral Gallery and
Index. 1903, 8vo. 6d.

An Introduction to the Study of Rocks. By L. Fletcher, M.A.,
F.R.S. Pp.118. [With plan of the Mineral Gallery, Table
of Contents, and Index.] 1898, 8vo. 6d.

An Introduction to the Study of Meteorites, with a List of
the Meteorites represented in the Collection. By L.
Fletcher, M.A., F.R.S., &c. Pp. 95. [With a Plan of the
Mineral Gallery, and an Index to the Meteorites repre-
sented in the Collection.] 1896, 8vo. 6d.

E. RAY LANKESTER,
Director.
British Museum
(Natural History),
Cromwell Road,
London, 8.W.

October Ist, 1903.

irk
es

spa
ay

el
Usiein
ff
tia
Fe
ei

ft

<a th ee La
ciate ph
rege reE ty

rm

v

arnt
uith eae

pares

me

re