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There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu3 1924061784744 ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS OF THE UNITED STATES (HARDY, CULTIVATED) BY AUSTIN CRAIG APGAR AUTHOR OF ‘* TREES OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES”? ‘‘ BIRDS OF THE UNITED STATES,’’ ETC, NEW YORK -:. CINCINNATI -:. CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY wt 4 an + 7 a a CATs? J Coryrieut, 1910, By / AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY. Entered at Stationers’ Hatt, Lonpon. APGAR’S ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS. W.P.T PREFACE THis book is intended to be used by that large public who wish to know by name the attractive shrubs culti- vated in parks and private grounds, but who are actually afraid of anything called botany. This fear comes from the great number of scientific words used and the’ con- stantly changing names in botanic books. We cannot help using rose, spirea, hydrangea, chrysanthemum, azalea, and rhododendron, though they are scientific, because long use has rendered them familiar. It would be well for us if we could lose our fear of old, well-given names in other cases. The authority of the great Linneus has not in one hundred and fifty years prevailed upon us to call syringa bushes philadelphus or lilac bushes syringa, so it is fool- ish for us to try to change old names. The names by long use are the ones which will endure; and if our scien- tific nomenclature is to be constantly changing, the result will be that the public will have nothing to do with any names but common ones. There was a time when we said, and with some truth, that common names were only local— that there were too many of them applied to the same plant and too many different plants with the same name. Ninebark and Virginia creeper are almost uni- versally used common names; let some of us try to find and remember the scientific names given in the different manuals printed in the twentieth century for these plants! There ought to be a time limit after which names used should not be changed for any “rule,’”—names which have generally found their way into manuals and cata- logues for, say, twenty years should remain the names for 3 4 PREFACE all time. Newly introduced plants belonging to new genera should have distinctive names for our country, but the old names used in their native country would be generally best for our use. The largest, latest, and best work on ornamental plants in America is Bailey’s “ Cyclopedia of Horticulture,” and the names there given are in almost all cases the ones here used. Where changes occur to suit popular usage the interchangeable names will be found near each other, as this book is not alphabetic but by families; thus, Wei- gela and Diervilla are on the same page and not in sepa- rate volumes, as in the “ Cyclopedia.” To suit an almost universal demand, practically all plants have been given common names. There is an attempt in many cases to use good generic names as a part of the name. As all bushes in general cultivation- outdoors for orna- ment throughout the United States are included, many conservatory plants of the North will be found because they are hardy South. The illustrations are more numerous than ever before given in a single book on shrubs. Nearly every species has some feature shown. In order to impress the pupil with what constitutes a whole leaf, one is detached on some portion of the plant in most figures. The charm of a landscape throughout the growing season lies mainly in the foliage; and the contrasts plants show are mostly in the variation in the color, parts, and forms of the leaves. The flowers are evanescent, but the leaves endure. Lovers of nature should get the habit of noticing leaf differences, and this book is written in the hope that it will aid in forming this habit. Many of us are afraid of anything looking like a key. Keys in manuals have gradually been rendered more and more difficult by the introduction of a larger and larger number of scientific words applying in many cases to microscopic features; intelligent ones among us with an PREFACE 5 average amount of interest will not attempt to use them. The keys here given were written for the general public and not at all for the scientist. The attempt is made to include only common English words with their ordinary application. When a feature of a plant has no English word to describe it, an illustration or a phrase shows what is meant. The beginner may, of course, use only Part III with the illustrations to help him find the name of the shrub; but it would be better to throw fear to the dogs and read intelligently Part I and thus learn what is a leaf and the great leaf differences and what is a flower and the great flower differences. Then boldly try the keys to Part II and discover how readily they can be used. By means of these keys the page is determined in Part III where the plant is figured and described. Persevere! Do not be discouraged by a failure or two. If you reach that stage when you know the leaf of a plant, all the rest will be found plain and easy. The author has received much valuable help from many sources, and his’ thanks are especially due to nurserymen North, South, East, and West who have furnished him with specimens for illustration and information of great value; without their help the book could not have been written. The authorities of the Arnold Arboretum and of other botanic gardens of the country have given help freely when called upon. TRENTON, NEW JERSEY. EDITOR’S NOTE My father completed the writing of this last book of his shortly before his death. It had become familiar to me through copying his manuscript and in the trips we took together to various nurseries and forest lands to test the working power of his book. As a natural outcome of this long and close association with him, the editing of it has devolved upon me. He made the illustrations in pencil, almost entirely from nature, and I have since inked them in, at the request of the publishers. Grateful acknowledgments are due to a number of my father’s colleagues and friends for their assistance and offers of help, and particularly to Professor John W. Harshberger of the University of Pennsylvania, who has given a last critical reading to the manuscript and the proof sheets and has prepared the glossary and the index. ADA APGAR DRAYCOTT. CONTENTS PROPAGATION oF PLANTS Part J. Leaves, Frowers, anp Fruit . Part II. Krys ro rue GENERA Part III. Descriptions oF THE SHRUBS GLOSSARY INDEX ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS PROPAGATION OF PLANTS! At the end of each group of plants the methods of propagation are given. A few words may be necessary to explain the terms used. The order in which the terms are placed indicates the ease and success of the different plans, the best method having precedence. Of course the best method in some localities and under certain con- ditions might:not be the best for other localities under other conditions, so some allowance must be made. Seeds. —The use of seeds is generally nature’s plan, but it has some disadvantages. Varieties do not come true in most cases. ‘The seeds need to be fully mature but still fresh. Many seeds are slow to grow; certain kinds need years to sprout. A number of flowers, double ones, for example, do not produce seeds. As a general rule, seeds should be soaked in warm water overnight before planting. The seedlings are best raised in shallow boxes or, after frosts are over in spring, in open ground. Small seeds should be covered with fine loam only to a depth but little greater than the diameter of the seed; large seeds, to the depth of a quarter of an inch or more. A good rule is to cover any seed to a depth of twice its diameter with light fine earth. After covering the seeds the soil should be pressed down firmly with a board. Seedlings must not be allowed to become dry at any time. 1 Everything is condensed in this book to reduce it to handbook size, and the treatment of this topic is necessarily brief. The best book known to the author for an amateur is ‘‘ Practical Floriculture,” by Peter Hen- derson ($1.50). 9 10 PROPAGATION OF PLANTS Twig Cuttings. — For almost all shrubs, the ripened in- stead of the soft-growing wood should be taken, and pieces with three or four eyes, axillary buds. Imbed about two eyes, removing all the leaves from the imbedded por- tion. If the plant has large leaves, cut off also part of the exposed leaves to reduce the leaf surface so as not to exhaust the life of the rooting twig. The best season for the propagation of slips is September to Janu- ary, after the hottest season. Of course I do not here give methods used by florists by which they obtain the largest possible number of plants from the smallest amount of material. They have hothouses, cold frames, and other appliances. This method is for the amateur to obtain a few new plants. Root Cuttings. — All plants below ground are popularly called roots, though many herbs and some shrubs have rootstocks, or underground stems, that have buds or eyes which will readily produce new plants. When any por- tion below ground can be cut into pieces and planted in soil as a method of propagation, the term “root cuttings” is used. Pieces one to three inches long are taken, slightly imbedded, and allowed to grow. Suckers. — Many species naturally send up stems from below ground at some distance from the main plant, and these stems are called suckers. These, after they get a full start, can be separated and made to produce new plants. Trees or shrubs which readily sucker are, as a rule, undesirable because they cannot be kept within bounds. Many plants of great beauty are discarded on account of this tendency. Layers. — Nearly all plants can be increased in number by layering. Some, by the most experienced nurserymen, can be propagated in no other way. By this plan a twig is bent down to the ground, where it is covered with soil and kept down by a weight or by sticks until it takes root. Before imbedding, a slanting cut on the upper side is made with a sharp knife, half severing the twig; this PROPAGATION OF PLANTS 11 helps the formation of roots and also the twig’s removal when rooted. For layers, young wood is taken and three or four leaves and buds are exposed beyond the imbedded portion. The best time for layering is from the middle of June to September. Divisions. — Many shrubs are increased by the division of the whole clump into two or more portions, each being set out into new ground. The best season for this pur- pose is the fall, and-this is especially true of those plants having fleshy roots, as the ponies. Grafting and Budding. — Plants which are half hardy in any region are rendered more hardy by grafting them on roots of nearly related but hardier species. Low spreading plants are sometimes grafted on erect-growing forms at the height of five to eight feet to produce um- brella or weeping trees. The so-called Kilmarnock wil- low, the weeping mulberry, and the Catalpa Bungei are produced in this way. Peculiar sports can be propagated only by budding or grafting. Beginners should see these processes performed by an expert before undertaking them ; the processes are easy after the methods are learned. Budding takes the place of grafting with plants of more slender or less woody stems, as roses. PART I LEAVES, FLOWERS, AND FRUIT CHAPTER I THE STUDY OF LEAVES What constitutes a Leaf. — In order to use this book with ease and success it will first be necessary to learn what constitutes a leaf of a plant. The reader must be able to pick off a whole leaf and nothing but a leaf from any shrub. Leaves are present on plants through the growing season, and they are the only portions besides the stems on which they grow which are always to be found. The flowers are short-lived on all plants, and the fruits are in only compara- tively few species to be found through the year. Tn looking on a group of shrubs of hundreds of species, a small number, a dozen or less, will be found in bloom at any given time. The great and lasting beauty of these plants is their foliage. The differences which the species show are easily seen in the forms and the surface of the blades of the leaves. So if the reader wants to become acquainted with plants, he must recognize their leaves. We all know many things by sight which we cannot express in words; but if we wish to use such a book as this to become acquainted with the part of nature with which it deals, we must see how the words used by the author apply to the plant parts under observation. The first and most important step in this knowledge is the ability to determine what constitutes a full leaf. The visible growing parts of bushes are the stems and 13 LEAVES, FLOWERS, AND FRUIT 14 PuatTeE I THE STUDY OF LEAVES 15 the leaves which are regularly arranged along them. The stems are easily seen to be jointed, and the two things which make these joints are the leaves and the buds, just above the stalk of the leaf, in their axils. These buds will sooner or later burst and form new branches or else flowers. The buds are of various sizes, but even if small they can usually be seen, though occasionally they are so hidden partially or wholly under the base of the leaf as to need the breaking off of the leaf to expose them. When the leaves are very numerous, as in the spruces and other such evergreens, only a few of the buds develop so as to be seen. ; Now all this is merely words easily read and easily com- prehended. If the reader wishes really to make use of this book, he must take the twigs of many kinds of shrubs and search for leaves and buds. It will be a good plan first to take the illustrations given in this book, to see in each case what is a leaf. One full leaf is drawn by the side of the twig in every figure. The bud in the axil can usually be seen before the removal of the leaf, but more clearly where the leaf is removed. The largest and most complicated leaf is shown in Fig. 336; and the smallest, in Fig. 36. The reader must not think it too simple a task; but it is one necessary to master. A leaf, a whole leaf, and nothing but a leaf must be known in all cases if this book is to be used. When the leaf is surely known, all the other steps are easy. After a close examination of the figures given and an un- derstanding of why the removed portion is a leaf, be- cause it marks the joint of a stem, one should go to the shrubbery and gather branches from a number of kinds of bushes. Be sure to cut off twigs which have grown extensively during the year. These new growths will have smoother and generally greener bark than the old growth. Having gathered a dozen or more kinds, take them to some shady place where there is a chance to have a good seat and an 16 LEAVES, FLOWERS, AND FRUIT Puate II THE STUDY OF LEAVES 17 investigating companion. Two heads and two pairs of eyes are found to be much better than one for the study of nature by a beginner. Of the dozen species probably half will have buds as large and conspicuous as to be easily seen by any one, especially if it is summer time. In these cases the whole leaf is all that is attached to the stem just under or below the bud. Some of these leaves may be very small, less than an inch in length, while others may be a foot or more long. Many leaves will have but one blade or spreading green portion, while others may have any num- ber of blades — a score, a hundred, or possibly a thousand. The leaf of the waxberry (Plate II, Fig. G) has one blade; the ‘clover, three ; rose bushes, three, five, or seven (some species have over seven); the elder bushes (Plate III, Fig. P), seven to eleven; some of the sumachs, over twenty-five ; and the acacia tree, several hundred (Plate IV, Fig. 8). Having determined about those which have conspicuous buds in the axils of the leaves, take other twigs and, re- membering that leaves mark the joints of stems, try to break off whole leaves. In some cases the buds will show after the leaves are stripped off, because they were hidden under their bases (Plate III, Fig. R). A few may have flowers, fruit, or twigs above the leaves; these are the developed buds which could earlier have been found in the unopened state. The final specimen or two may possi- bly show neither buds nor branches in the axils, as these develop visibly only later in the year. As was said, the growing parts of plants are the stems with their leaves. Stems are more or less continually growing at their tips; this-is especially true in shrubs. But the leaves, no matter how complicated, soon reach their full size and stop growing. The forward growing part is sure to be a plant stem, and the parts which mark it into joints, no matter how small and scale-like they ap- pear, are full leaves. In all parts of the United States APGAR’S SHRUBS — 2 LEAVES, FLOWERS, AND FRUIT 18 PLATE III THE STUDY OF LEAVES 19 there is some tree popularly called red cedar and in all sections some cultivated plant called arborvite. If a specimen of either of these is taken, the growing twigs will be found covered with scale-like parts and no such things as would usually be called leaves. Each of these scales, because it marks a joint, is a full leaf of the plant (Plate I, Fig. A). There is a shrub or small tree, extensively cultivated especially in the East, which has abundant small pink flowers in spring or summer. This will appear to the novice as without show of leaves, seeming to consist of hundreds of green thread-like growths. The name given to the plant is tamarix or tamarisk. If the reader can procure a piece of this plant, let him examine the fine sprays of green thread-like portions with a magnifier. Along these he will observe pointed, triangular, partially clasping parts. These, though smaller than a pinhead, are the simple leaves of this plant. They are full leaves because they are at the joints of the stem (Figs. 85-87). The three plants here given, red cedar, arborvita, and tamarix, have the smallest leaves found on any of our trees and shrubs. Large leaves, the largest there are on any of the northern shrubs, will be found on a very beautiful thorny plant called Hercules’ club (Fig. 336). These are closely crowded at the blunt ends of the stems. These leaves with their enlarged bases nearly cover the whole surface of the blunt tip. Lower down on the old stem the scars, where the leaves were in earlier years, will show as broad V-shaped marks. The leaves on this plant will often be over a yard long and consist of 75 to 150 blades. Arrangement of Leaves. — In this search for leaves mark- ing the joints of stems, one will have noticed that there are frequently two or more leaves at the same joint. Over half of the kinds of cultivated shrubs in the United States have only one leaf at the joint (Plate III, Fig. M); a° smaller number have two (Plate II, Fig. Kk) opposite LEAVES, FLOWERS, AND FRUIT 20 PLATE IV THE STUDY OF LEAVES 21 each other; while a few have three or more regularly arranged around the same joint. These illustrate the three common arrangements which leaves take — alternate (one at a joint), opposite (two at a joint), and whorled (over two at a joint). There is another apparent arrangement of leaves which will more or less bother the beginner and must be mas- tered. This is where the leaves are clustered either at the tips of the stems, as in the azaleas (Plate I, Fig. D), or in alternate bunches along the usually thorny branches, as in the barberries (Plate I, Fig. E). Besides these ar- rangements, which occur on the new growth, the old wood will have clusters of two or more leaves where the leaves were in the preceding year; of course this is the bursting and developing of the axillary buds and should produce branches of the year instead of close clusters of leaves. Usually branches do appear, but in a few species all the axillary buds start and so most of them form only short stunted side shoots which appear merely like a cluster of leaves. One must not mistake these for whorls of leaves. Where leaves are whorled, they are regularly arranged around the stem at the joint, and are not a cluster either at the tip or on the side of the stem. Kinds of Leaves. — Having reached the stage where the whole leaf is readily determined, the next step is to know how to use words exactly in describing leaf differences. Most leaves or bushes consist more or less of a leaf stalk and a single blade, the spreading portion; these are called simple leaves, and numerous examples can be found in any shrubbery. The viburnum, the mock orange, and the maple have opposite simple leaves (Plate II, Fig. K; Plate III, Fig. N; Plate IV, Fig. W ), while the rhododendrons, the smoke bush, and the silverberry have alternate simple leaves (Fig. 445; Plate I, Fig. F; Plate II, Fig. I). If the leaf has more than one blade, it is called compound. The elder, the pagoda tree, the rose, and the buckeye 22 LEAVES, FLOWERS, AND FRUIT have compound leaves (Plate III, Fig. P; Plate III, Fig. R). At the base of the blade of simple leaves there are in a few cases a pair of blade-like parts at the side of the leaf stalk, which are called stipules. Of the common shrubs the one showing these most conspicuously is the so-called Japan quince. Books make much of stipules, in the text, but they are so rarely seen, except in the earliest spring, that I have left them almost entirely out of con- sideration in the keys and the descriptions. All oaks are said to have stipules, but they are so short-lived that none are to be found when the leaves have fully expanded. There are two distinct plans for the arrangement of the blades on compound leaves. They are either all together at the end of the leaf stalk, as in the red clover with 3 blades, or in the horse chestnut with 7 blades, these are called palmately compound (Plate IV, Fig. X); or they are regularly arranged along the stalk as in the elder and common sumach, these are called pinnately compound (Plate III, Fig. P). The pinnately compound leaf may have an even num- ber of blades, there being no blade at the tip; in this case it is called evenly or abruptly pinnate (Plate IV, Fig. S$). More frequently there is an odd_ blade at the end, and the leaves are odd pinnate (Plate III, Fig. Q). Both palmate and pinnate leaves may be the second or third time divided before the blades are reached; in such cases they are twice (bi) or thrice (tri) palmate or pin- nate as the case may be. The mimosa (Plate IV, Fig. 8) is twice or bipinnate, and the astilbe (Fig. 239) is three times or tripalmate. The honey locust is curious; many of its leaves are once pinnate, while those on the rapidly growing twigs are bipinnate. Both the mimosa and the honey locust lack end blades and are abruptly pinnate. As far as the classification of leaves has been given, it can be summed up in the following: THE STUDY OF LEAVES 23 Summary of Kinds of Leaves. — Leaves mark the joints of stems of plants; they may be alternate when one at a joint, opposite when two at a joint, whorled when over two are arranged around the joint, and clustered when several are together at one side of the joint; they are simple when there is but one blade to a leaf and com- pound when there is more than one blade. Compound leaves are divided into pinnate when the blades are attached along the stalk and palmate when they are at the end. Pinnate leaves may be odd pinnate when there is an odd blade at the end and abruptly pinnate when there is no end blade. Pinnate or palmate leaves may be bipinnate or bipalmate if the blades are not reached till there is a second division of the parts; it is even possible to have them tripinnate or tripalmate, though such a complication is rare among shrubs. (There are two sub-shrubs often cultivated and popularly called spirea, aruncus and astilbe, which have tripalmate leaves). Margins of Blades of Leaves. —The next important dif- ference to be noted is in the edges of blades of all leaves, simple or compound, which may be studied in the four plates in this chapter and the accompanying descriptions. This difference, in such terms as will be easily compre- hended by any one, divides the blades into three classes : (1) entire, where the edge or margin is without regular notches of any kind; (2) notched or serrated, where there are regular and somewhat saw-toothed notches; and (3) lobed, where there are a few larger indentations. A lobed blade may have its lobes entire or serrated. The more luxuriant or vigorously growing a plant is the more inclined it is to have notches or lobes along the edges of its blades; in deciding under which class to place a plant do not too closely examine these excep- tional cases of vigor. The younger and the older grow- ing parts of mulberries illustrate these leaf differences with reference to edges of blades. ’ 24 LEAVES, FLOWERS, AND FRUIT Veining of Biades of Leaves. — Another of the differ- ences in the blades of leaves necessary to know is that of the veining (see Plates I-IV, Figs. A-X). Nearly all blades will be found to have a conspicuous central vein called the midrib extending the length of the blade. Frequently there are two or more side veins of almost equal strength extending from the base of the blade. If these are more conspicuous than others and extend out- ward toward the sides, the blades are said to be radiate- veined ; but if they more or less follow the direction of the midrib, the blades are said to be 8-ribbed, 5-ribbed, or' T-ribbed as the case may be. A more common veining is when the only rib extending from the base is the midrib and the veins next in size extend from this ina regular manner outward from base to tip; this gives what is called feather-veining. A peculiar variety of feather- veining is shown in birch and elm leaves, where the veins along the sides of the midrib are distinctly marked and extend nearly parallel with each other to the margin of the blade; this is called straight-veined. Between all these ribs and veins there is, in almost all bushes, a network of fine veins which gives the name net- veined to the blades. In the United States there are many leaves so thick and fleshy that this network does not show, and the blades are well described as obscurely veined. In such plants as wheat, corn, and the palms the veining does not form a network and the leaves are said to be parallel-veined. Forms of Blades. — (See Plates I-IV, Figs. A—X, also other figures in book.) In the description of blade forms in this book only the commonest of English words are used and most readers will understand them without explanation and illustration; but for those who need a review of form words and their explanation a few para- graphs are given. Broad blades more than half as wide as long will, if widest at about the middle, be called oval; if widest near THE STUDY OF LEAVES 25 the base, ovate; if widest near the tip, obovate. If the broad base of an ovate blade is somewhat notched, the blade is cordate or heart-shaped ; if the broad tip has such a notch, it is obcordate. Narrower blades when widest at the middle are elliptic ; if widest towards the base, lanceolate; towards the tip, oblanceolate. Any leaves when the sides are rather straight than curved will, if wide, be termed oblong and, if narrow, linear. There are,blades so broad and rounded as to be called orbicular, others so acutely notched at base as to need the word arrow-shaped. Duration of Leaves. —The only difference in the duration of leaves generally considered is that some fall in the autumn while others last through the winter in a green condition ; the words in common use to describe this con- trast are deciduous and evergreen. As this is a book intended mainly for summer use when the foliage is in good condition, many will find a difficulty in determining whether the leaves drop off and leave the twigs bare in winter. In general, the thicker and smoother the leaves the more apt they are to remain green through the winter and so be evergreen. ‘This is no absolute difference; it is only a relative one. A mild winter will cause many plants to hold their leaves which in a severe winter they would lose. In the southern states there are many evergreen plants which in the North are deciduous. If the examination of plants should be as early as June and be carefully conducted, nearly every shrub which holds its leaves through the winter can be determined because the old leaves can still be found. At that time the growth of the year can easily be separated from the growth of the preceding year. ‘The contrast in brighter color and a smoothness to the new branches will readily indicate what is new growth. If the last year’s twigs still have leaves in the regular places and not leaf-scars, 26 LEAVES, FLOWERS, AND FRUIT where the leaves have fallen off, such leaves are of the earlier year and must have remained through the winter, so the plant is an evergreen. In cases where the leaves are thick, smooth, and usually glossy, the plant may be considered an evergeen or nearly so. In the New England states very few of the shrubs are evergreen; not more than one fifth to one tenth of the species in cultivation in any one locality are evergreen ; while in the Gulf states probably over half are so. Of course, nearly all the plants, either North or South, with minute scale-shaped or needle-shaped leaves, such as the _ pines, spruces, firs, arborvite, and cedars, are evergreen; these are almost without exception trees rather than shrubs. (The bald cypress, the larches, and the tamarisks are exceptions even in this group of scale-shaped and needle-leaved plants, as they are bare of foliage in winter. ) CHAPTER II THE STUDY OF FLOWERS AND FRUIT Purpose of this Book. — Most books on plants are pri- marily based on the critical microscopic examination of the flowers and their organs. For this the student must first be able to find the flowers in good condition, and be able to determine all about them. He must see the bottom of the pistil (the ovary) and not only find out about its cells, the attachment of the beginning of seeds (the ovules), but must know how many of these become true seeds with a plant (embryo). Concerning this plant within the seed- coats, he must know how many leaves there are, how these leaves are wrapped, folded, or wrinkled about the seed stem, and whether there is a food supply (reserve food) for the early growth of the seedling outside of the little plant. He must also know the kind of fruit it forms months later and the color of this fruit when ripe. He is asked to do all this before he can be ready to open the book to use a so-called key. This impossible work has been asked of beginners in botany so long that many are afraid of anything called a “botany” and of anything termed a “key,” and are pur- chasing any book which shows an easy way to know the wild flowers. Authors are even adding encyclopedic in- formation to their “‘systematic synopsis,” the modern ex- pression fora key. This book is written for the use, and not for the bewilderment, of the vast majority of the public, who want some convenient way to learn the nature of the cultivated shrubs. After a leaf is known, but little is asked besides the color and size of the blossoms. The parts of the flowers are rarely examined, though 27 28 LEAVES, FLOWERS, AND FRUIT occasionally the number of petals needs to be counted. In all these cases the bright and conspicuous parts of flowers are called petals, even where the scientist has in the end determined that they are better called sepals or bracts. The attempt has been made to use only such words about flowers as any one, without studying botany, can properly apply. The keys are only to be used as keys, not as containing exhaustive information, giving none but the points needed to decide the name of the plant. They are intended to enable the student to find the names of the plants. Not because it will lead the inquirer to think that finding the name of anything is the end of study —this expresses so much of the criticism of keys — for it is but its beginning. An introduction isa necessary first step to an acquaintance. Without knowing a name we cannot use books containing detailed information and, more than this, we cannot make an independent investigation. We need to call by some name anything about which we wish to make mental or written notes and it ought to be a name in general use and, if possible, one applied in books. r Dr. Henry van Dyke has well expressed a universal truth about naming things, though many scientists in col- lege and university devote much time to decry and deny it. In‘“Little Rivers” he says: “There isa secret pleasure in finding these delicate flowers in the rough heart of the wilderness. It is like discovering the veins of poetry in the character of’a guide or a lumberman. And to be able to call the plants by name makes them a hundredfold more sweet and-intimate. Naming things is one of the oldest and simplest of human pastimes. Children play at it with their dolls and toy animals. In fact, it was the first game ever played on earth, for the Creator who planted the garden eastward in Eden knew well what would please the childish heart of man when he brought all the new- made creatures to Adam, ‘to see what he would call them.’” THE STUDY OF FLOWERS AND FRUIT 29 Now the purpose of this book is to enable a person to name the shrubs without a previous study of botany or the use of the microscope. Nothing will be required but a close examination by the unaided eye. Wherever an illus- stration will make the work easier, it will be found. Flower Organs. —A few words about the great and important flower organs. The introduction will bring to the mind in review what most of us have known. Flowers are for the production of fruit and seed, and the bright colors and strong odors are for the purpose of attracting the proper insects so that better seeds shall result. The bright and conspicuous parts of the flower are called petals and together the petals form the corolla. Inside these showy parts the all-important organs for seed production, stamens and pistils, are to be found. The stamens furnish a fine dust (pollen) from their enlarged end (anther); the presence of this can be seen in nearly all flowers which are not so double as to have lost the pollen and thus the power to form seeds. This pollen is needed on the end (stigma) of the central organ of a flower (pistil), and by its aid the seeds are formed within the bottom of the pistil (ovary). The ripened ovary is the fruit. In many flowers the petals grow more or less together. They are fully united in the common morning glory, partially so in lilac blossoms, and entirely separated in apple and cherry blossoms. Sometimes the number of petals will be required, a matter easy to determine when the parts are separated as in apple blossoms, about as easy in the lilac flowers because their edge has lobes represent- ing them, and even in the morning glory peculiar stripes mark the division of the petals. The number of stamens will occasionally be wanted, but in most flowers they are few and can readily be counted. If over twenty, they will be called “many.” In a few cases a little caution is necessary in counting, as the anther at the end of stamens is almost universally 2-lobed because 80 LEAVES, FLOWERS, AND FRUIT there are two to four cells to hold the pollen; in a lilac blossom, where there are but two stamens, a careless glance might lead one to say there were four. The occasional growing together of stamens must be noted. A few words about the pistil and its many peculiarities. One should get the habit of seeing the pistil in flowers. It is the central part of the flower and has at its bottom the fruit-forming part (ovary) and at the top the stigma, where the pollen is received. Some flowers contain more than one pistil from stigma to ovary ; most have but one ovary, and whatever it may have of stigmas, to represent parts from which it was formed, they are all united at the bottom into one fruit-forming part. The counting of stigmas, when required, is easy. There is one very useful word which is often applied in this book and also in other manuals, —the word is sessile, and it means without any stem or stalk. Petals, anthers, stigmas, whole flowers, and even clusters of flowers may be sessile. Leaves and blades of leaves may be sessile. Ber- ries, pods, and all kinds of fruits may be sessile. Now any of these parts of a plant may havea stalk or stem and thus not be sessile. The work of invention that has been be- stowed on stalks to name each and every one differently so well illustrates how scientists in making the language of description exact have made it difficult to become the language of the people that I am tempted here to give some of these stalk names. Petiole — the stalk of a leaf. Pedunele — the stalk of a solitary flower or a cluster of flowers if attached above ground on a plant. Scape—for the same stalk if it rises out of the ground. Pedicel — the stalk of a flower in a cluster of flowers. Filament — the stalk of an anther. Stipe — the stalk of a pod, fern leaf, or mushroom. Claw — the stalk of a petal. THE STUDY OF FLOWERS AND FRUIT 31 In this book the word stalk is practically used through- out. Arrangement of Flowers. —Flowers are called solitary when but a single blossom is found at the tip of a branch, whether it be the tip of the plant or the tip of an axillary growth from a leaf of the plant. They are clustered if more than one is found in either position. There are a few forms of clusters so common that their names are here given. Probably the commonest form of cluster is that of a raceme; in this a number of flowers on individual short stems branch at different points along the main stalk. If these stems all extend from the tip, an umbel is formed; if from nearly, but not quite the same place, the whole forms a rather flat cluster, and a corymd is the result. If a second division occurs before flowers are found, all of these forms above are said to be compound; the compound raceme is so common that panicle is the word describ- ing it. Besides these clusters of flowers, where the individual blossoms have appreciable stalks, there are two cases where the blossoms are about sessile; if the cluster is elongated, it forms a spike, and if rounded, a head. ‘There is a form of spike so common on shrubs and trees that a word to de- note it is important and will occasionally be found in the text — the word catkin. The birches, willows, oaks, hazel- nuts, etc., have catkins. These are usually slender clusters drooping from the twigs and consist of male flowers. The catkins are so ornamental in some of the willows that the name pussy willows is given to the plants. Flat-topped clusters with an older central flower on each branch are called cymes. The Fruit. — The part formed from the ovary of a flower is in general called the fruit. Fruits are divided into dry fruits and fleshy fruits. So far all is easy to any one; but the full classification of either fleshy or dry fruits, as given in the text-books of botany, is difficult; and in the most advanced books there are found many points of the 32 LEAVES, FLOWERS, AND FRUIT classification which even scientists cannot apply to all in- dividual cases. In this book few fruit terms are employed and include names for all the forms found on shrubs. Nearly all the small fleshy fruits are here called berries. Berries ought to have more than one seed, which is usually true of them. There is a class of fleshy fruits (usually large, but some- times small) which has a single stone-covered seed, repre- sented by the peach, plum, and cherry. These have been called drupes so generally that the word will occasionally be given, though in the text it will often be preceded by a word which will explain it, as, a cherry-like drupe. Fruits with several to many seeds in horny-coated cavities, so well illustrated in the apple and pear, are called pomes. This word will never be found except when modified by explanatory words. Other forms may occur and illustra- tive words will explain them, as, orange-like fruit, black- berry-like fruit. The fleshy fruits will generally be “berries” and “drupes” in the text. The dry fruits will be called pods, if of one cell and several seeded; capsules or seed vessels if of more than one cell except when single-seeded and these will be seed- like (achenes), nut-like (nutlets). In general, all terms outside of the common words of the English language, used in the descriptive portion of this book, will be explained or illustrated by drawings. This, therefore, is a book needing no Glossary (though a short one is given to help one to overcoine an occasional forgetfulness). PART II KEYS TO THE GENERA DIRECTIONS FOR USE OF THE KEYS General Cautions. —In using any of the keys: (1) Never read any but the statements to which you are directed by the letter in parenthesis; (2) read all the statements fol- lowing the given letter to which you are directed and choose the one which seems nearest right about your specimen. General Directions. — All the keys have several starred (*) sections. These are all to be read and one chosen. At the end of this there is a letter in parenthesis and just below it a statement following this same letter. Following or further down the page, but at the same dis- tance from the left side of the page, other statements coming after the same letter are to be found. All these need to be read. The one that best suits the plant in hand is always to be chosen and the letter in parenthesis noted. Proceed till a name, instead of a letter in paren- thesis, occurs. In this Part II there is given the name of the genus of the plant, with the page in Part III where the different species of the genus are described and illustrated. If there are several genera given, turn to all the pages noted and, by the descriptions or the figures, conclude which is the right one. In Part III the keys are to be used as in Part II, but the names there given are the full names of the plants. In the General Opening Key on page 34 the numbered keys up to and including Key 8 contain the great prepor- tion of all shrubs.. The others include all the peculiar APGAR’S SHRUBS — 3 33 34 KEYS TO THE GENERA plants. It will be well to read these latter, as much time can be saved if your plant is so unusual as to belong to one of these small sections. Key 9 is most useful if your plant has all of its leaves very small. Pronunciation. —The vowel of an accented syllable if marked by a grave accent (+) is long, and if marked by an acute accent ( -) is short. GENERAL OPENING KEY All the starred portions of this key should be read and the one taken whose description best suits the plant in question. The first three starred portions are intended to include all the plants, if worked with in the sum- mer. The fourth is for winter use. The fifth includes the small number of shrubs which are thorny or prickly. The sixth to the last inclusive are only for those with special arrangement of leaves, (In all the special keys there are often several sections based on different conditions of the plants.) * Leaves opposite or whorled on the stem. (This does not include plants with clusters of leaves on one side of the stem, but those with 2 or more leaves regularly arranged around the stem at the joints.) (A.) A. Leaves simple, having but one blade to the leaf. (B.) B. Leaves with entire edges, neither notched nor lobed ... Key 1. B. Leaves with notched but not distinctly lobed edges .... Key 2. B. Leaves with lobed edges; the lobes either notched or entire See Bed atte Aran spudiceesavatabaucenous: avswounisea ocech. br Raho antead WA aorawaverevae eas Key 3. esthetic at cicaicgn yan ania ania hve te pete aeh ce eee ae See ee oe re Key 4. * Leaves alternate, with one leaf at a joint of the stem. (C.) C. Leaves simple, having but one blade to the leaf. (D.) D. Leaves with entire edges, neither notched nor lobed ... Key 5. D. Leaves with notched but not distinctly lobed edges...... Key 6. D. Leaves with lobed edges; the lobes either notched or entire soe S Wns Ne as Sb Nae dass Made PARSE Fekw eee hee Key 7. dese miesa ye ps ehts sakes Cece ati vaawe eee cess Key 8. * Leaves very small, less than an inch long. (Of course these might be found under the above *s, but it is convenient to have in a single key the few plants with very small leaves; the blades of a compound leaf must not be considered leaves.)............ Key 9. KEYS TO THE GENERA 35 * Winter keys for deciduous leaved plants which show either flowers or fruit when the stems are bare of foliage. (B.) E. Plants with winter or early spring flowers.............. Key 10. E. Plants with fall or winter fruits.............. sneeedecs Key 11. * Special key for thorny and prickly plants, including cactus growths, plants which seem to have no foliage, and those with spiny-edged NG VOR ees earichuaxtracd a etiradan eas aranciaea iad gaNesaeaahtt Rede enna oblate Key 12. * Plants with a close cluster of leaves at the tips of the branches. (F.) F. Plants with evergreen leaves. (G ) G. Leaves simple, 1-bladed. Rhododéndron (p. 260). Kdalmia (p. 256). Pittésporum (p. 68). Skimmia (p. 84). G. Leaves very compound. Nandina (p. 67). F. Plants with deciduous leaves. Azalea (p. 257). Zanthorhiza (p. 58). * Plants with alternate clusters of leaves along the stem; without thorns (if thorny plants, see 2d* above). Plumbago (p. 268). Bérberis (p. 64). * Plants with leaves only at the base and practically no bushy stem. Chimdphila and Pyrola (p. 265). KEYS TO THE GENERA Key 1. Leaves opposite (or whorled), simple, entire-edged and with- out lobes, (For small-leaved plants, leaves under 1 inch long, use Key 9, p. 51.) Key based mainly on flowers. The numbers refer to the pages. * Flowers conspicuous either by size or clustering and regular, not lopsided (irregular). (A.) A. Flower clusters more or less globular, stamens so numerous and long as to hide other parts. Acacia (p. 182). A. Flower petals united into a more or less tubular portion. (Under next A see Chiondnthus.) (B.) B. Tube slender with a 4-lobed usually spreading border. (C.) C. Stamens 2 at mouth of tube. (Lilac) Syringa (p. 275), (Privet) Ligtstrum (p. 279). Olea (p. 282). Osmanthus (p. 282). C. Stamens 4 within the tube. Cephaldnthus (p.241). Briddleia (p. 287). C. Stamens 8 ; flowers with no outer calyx-like portion. Daphne (p. 298). B. Tube slender with 5-lobed spreading border (sometimes double). (D.) F 30 KEYS TO THE GENERA D. Flowers waxy-white, often double; leaves evergreen, Gardénia (p. 240). D. Flowers with a toothed crown in center; leaves evergreen. Nérium (p. 270). D. Flowers with a conspicuous colored calyx. Clerodendron B. B. B. (p. 291). Tube very short, flowers broadly spreading with a 5-lobed border. Viburnum (p. 219). Flowers bell-shaped, yellow, 4-lobed, in earliest spring. Forsythia (p. 274). Flowers cup-shaped with 10 stamens in dent-like pockets, in summer. Kalmia (p. 256). A. Flower petals entirely separate (in Chionanthus only apparently se parate). (B.) HE. Flowers 1 inch or more in size. (F.) F. EF Flowers yellow with many stamens. Ascyrum (p. 74). Hy- péricum (p. 77). Flowers purplish with many thick pieces and swect odor. Calycanthus (p. 186). Flowers bright scarlet with thick elongated calyx ; fruit large. > Punica (p. 209). Flowers of many colors with stalked and wrinkled petals. Lagerstr@mia (p. 209). ; Flowers white (sometimes purplish ; often with a dark center in Cfstus). (G.) G. Petals 5 (rarely 4); stamens many; leaves generally aromatic. (H.) H. Fruit dry pods; flowers large and rose-like. Cistus (p. 71). H. Fruit fleshy; southern. Myrtus (p. 204). Eugénia (p. 206). Psfdium (p. 206). G. Petals 4, rounded and broadly spreading. (I.) I. Flowers 1-2 inches wide, usually sweet-scented. Phila- délphus (p. 196). I. Flowers apparently over 2 inches wide (the true flowers are small and in the center). Cérnus (p. 214). G. Petals 4, long and slender (somewhat united at base). Chionanthus (p. 287). E. Flowers smaller. (J.) J. J. J. Petals 5; stamens many. Hypéricum (p. 77). Eugénia (p. 206). ‘ Petals 4, yellow ; stamens many. Ascyrum (p. 74). Petals and stamens 4 or 5, Euénymus(p.91). Cérnus (p. 214). KEYS TO THE GENERA 30 * Flowers conspicuous and irregular, lopsided or 2-lipped. (K.) K. Flowers more or less in pairs, never blue ; fruit berries. Lonicera (p. 280). K. Flowers large, showy, nearly white; fruit long capsules with winged seeds, Catdlpa (p. 286). Childpsis (p. 286). K. Flowers small, blue. Teticrium (p. 294). Rosmarinus (p. 294). * Flowers inconspicuous. (L.), L. Leaves heart-shaped with about 5 basal ribs. Cercidiphyllum (p. 62), L. Leaves not distinctly heart-shaped ; fruit fleshy. (M.) M. Leaves with silvery scales, Shephérdia (p. 303). M. Leaves without silvery scales, evergreen. Olea (p. 282). Osmanthus (p. 282). Buxus (p. 306). Ficus (p. 308). Phoradéndron (p. 306). M. Leaves without silvery scales, deciduous. Symphoricdrpos (p. 228). Key 2. Leaves opposite (or whorled), simple with notched but not fobed edges. (For small-leaved plants, leaves under 1 inch long, use Key 9, p. 51.) Key based mainly on leaves. The numbers refer to the pages. * Leaves thick and plainly evergreen. (A.) A. Almost stemless plants with nodding waxlike flowers } inch broad. Chimaphila (p. 265). A. Low plants with small broadly spreading white flowers and t-seeded berries hanging on through the year. Ardisia (p. 368). A. Taller shrubs. (B.) B. Leaves under 3 inches long. Abélia (p. 287). Euénymus (p. 91). B. Leaves over 3 inches long ; fruit berry-like or 1-seeded cherry- drupe-like. (C.) C. Flowers small, white, fragrant with a tube and a 4-lobed spreading border, salver-shaped. Osméntbus (p. 282). Olea (p. 282). C. Flowers small, white, united at base and broadly spreading, Vibtirnum (p. 219). Ardfsia (p. 268). C. Flowers small, dull purple; leaves often mottled. Auctba ~ (p. 218). * Leaves thinner and deciduous. (D.) D. Leaves rather heart-shaped and basal- or radiate-ribbed. (E.) B. Leaves slightly notched, about 5-ribbed. Cercidiphyllum (p. 62). B. Leaves distinctly notched, (F.) 38 KEYS TO THE GENERA F. Fruit dry and 2-winged like all maples. Acer tatéricum (p. 105). F. Fruit many-seeded short capsules in spreading calyx ; flowers large, white or creamy. Philadélphus (p. 196). F. Fruit drupes with flattened stones. Vibtirnum (p. 219). D. Leaves more or less heart-shaped, feather-veined, not basal- ribbed. (G.) : G. Leaves doubly notched and plaited; fruit about 4 black bead- like parts in spreading calyx remaining through the winter. Rhodotypos (p. 163). G. Leaves not plaited. Hydrangea (p. 192). D. Leaves not heart-shaped at base. (H.) H. Stem somewhat 4-sided or 4-ridged, often conspicuously so. (I.) I. Flowers regular, not lopsided. (J.) J. Flowers yellow, bell-shaped, 4-lobed, in early spring. Forsythia (p. 274). J. Flowers pink to violet with a long tube and 4-lobed spread- ing border. Buddleia (p. 287). J. Flowers broadly spreading with 4 or 5 petals; fruit bright colored in fall. Euénymus (p. 91). I. Flowers irregular, lopsided or 2-lipped. Tetcrium (p. 294). Carydépteris (p. 288). H. Stem not conspicuously ridged or winged. (K.) K. Flowers large in large snowball-like clusters. Viburnum (p. 219). Hydrangea (p. 192). K. Flowers small (sometimes large ones at border) in broad clusters. Viburnum (p. 219). Hydrangea (p. 192). K. Flowers large with 4 rounded broadly spreading petals in a large green calyx. Philadélphus (p. 196). Rhodotypos (p. 168). K. Flowers funnel-form, large, }-2 inches long. ° Weigéla (p. 284). Abélia (p. 287). K. Flowers white or pink of 5 thick petals (or double). Dettzia (p. 191). K. Flowers large in large clusters, usually with colored calyx. Clerodéndron (p. 291). K. Flowers yellow, bell-shaped, 4-lobed, in early spring; fruit large, 1 inch long, rough, many-seeded. Forsythia (p. 274). K. Flowers small; berries small with 1-4 seeds. Callicdrpa (p. 289). Rhbdémnus (p. 93). Key 3. Teaves opposite (or whorled), simple, with a lobed border. (For sinall-leaved plants, leaves under 1 inch long, use Key 9, p. 51.) Key based on leaves. KEYS TO THE GENERA 39 * Leaves palmately veined and lobed. (A.) A. Leaves slightly lobed (usually with notched border). Philadél- phus (p. 196). A. Leaves decidedly 8-lobed. Vibtirnum (p. 219). Acer (p. 108). A. Leaves 5-11-lobed. Acer (p. 103). A. Some leaves 2- or 3-lobed, others merely notched, others with 3 blades. Forsythia (p. 274). * Leaves feather-veined and lobed. (B.) B. Leaves very large, 6 inches or more long. Hydrangea (p. 192). B. Leaves 2-6 inches long, some serrate, some 3-lobed, some 3-bladed. Forsythia (p. 274). B. Leaves under 24 inches long, some lobed, others not. Symphori- cArpos (p. 228). Syringa (p. 275). Key 3a. Key based on flowers. * Flowers conspicuous either by clusters or by large individual flowers. (A.) A. Flowers yellow, bell-shaped, 4-lobed, in early spring. Forsythia (p. 274). A. Flowers white to light purplish with tube and 4-lobed spreading border. (Persian Lilac) Syrfnga pérsica laciniata (p. 277). A. Flowers white, small or large, or simall and large in clusters, in spring. Viburnum (p. 219). A. Flowers pinkish white, large in elongated clusters, in summer. Hydr&ngea (p. 192). * Flowers inconspicuous either in size or by dull colors. (B.) B. Leaves decidedly and radiately lobed ; fruit dry, 2-winged. Acer (p. 108). B. Leaves slightly lobed; fruit 2-seeded berries. Symphoricdrpos (p. 228). Key 3b. Key based on fruit. * Fruit fleshy, small (or absent). (A.) A. Drupes red or black with flattened stones (or without fruit, all flowers sterile). Vibtrnum (p. 219). A. Berries white or red with 2 seeds. Symphoricarpos (p. 228). *Fruit dry. (B.) B. Fruit 2-winged, 2-seeded. Acer (p. 103). B. Fruit elongated, 2-celled, 4-seeded. (Lilac) Syringa (p. 275). B. Fruit many-seeded. Forsythia (p. 274). Hydrangea (p. 192). Philadélphus (p. 196). Key 4. Leaves opposite, compound. Key based mainly on leaves and fruit, 40 KEYS TO THE GENERA * Leaves with 3 small glossy entire-edged blades; twigs green, 4-angled. Jasminum (p. 278). * Leaves with 3 notched blades; fruitdry. Forsythia (p. 274). Staphy- léa (p. 105). Acer (p. 103). * Leaves pinnate of 5-11 blades. (A.) A. Fruit inflated bladder-like ; blades regularly and finely notched, Staphyléa (p. 105). . Fruit, if formed, 2-winged, maple-like ; blades irregularly and coarsely notched. Acer (p. 108). Fruit elongated, 2-celled, 4-seeded ; some of the leaves simple. (Persian Lilac) Syringa pérsica laciniata (p. 277). Fruit a berry 2-seeded, blades of leaves less than an inch long, entire-edged. Jdsminum (p. 278). Fruit a berry; blades over an inch long, notched. Sambicus (p. 226). A. Fruit a long capsule with winged seeds ; flowers large, yellow. Técoma (p. 285). * Leaves twice-pinnate, blades much cut; fruit a berry. Sambicus (p. 226). * Leaves palmate of 5-11 blades, blades all from one point. (B.) B. Leaves 5-7-bladed, spicy when bruised; fruit berries. Vitex (p. 289). B. Leaves 5-7-bladed, not spicy; fruit large capsules. Jésculus (p. 102). B. Leaves 5-11-bladed ; fruit dry, 2-winged. Acer (p. 103). Pm oP oo oP Key 4a. Key based on flowers. * Flowers conspicuous either by clustering or by large individual flow- ers. (A.) A. Flowers yellow (B.) B. In early spring or winter before leaves expand. (C.) C. Large, 1 inch, bell-shaped, 4-lobed. Forsythia (p. 274). C. Smaller with a slender tube and 5-lobed spreading border (or double). Jasminum (p. 273). B. In late spring, of 4 unequal petals. Atésculus (p. 102). A. Flowers white to purple or blue. (D.) D. Irregular, 2-lipped, in summer; herbage spicy. Vitex (p. 289). D. Regular, with the corolla united more or less. (H.) E. Flowers tubular with 4-lobed spreading border. (Lilac) Syringa (p. 275). E. Flowers tubular with a 5-lobed spreading border (or double). Jésminum (p. 278). KEYS TO THE GENERA 41 E. Flowers short with a 5-lobed spreading border, in large clus- D. ters. Sambtcus (p. 226). Regular with corolla of 5 separate petals ; fruit bladder-like. Staphyléa (p. 105). * Flowers inconspicuous by small size or lack of color. Acer (p. 103). Key 5. Leaves alternate, simple with entire edges. (For small-leaved plants, leaves under 1 inch long, use Key 9, p. 51). Key based on leaves. For a key based more on flowers, see the next, 5a * Spiny or thorny plants. (A.) A. Leaves with silvery scales on one or both sides. Eledgnus (p. 800). Hippéphaé (p. 303). A. Leaves without silvery scales. (B.) B. B. B. B. Fruit 1 to few-seéded berries. Bérberis (p. 64). Lycium (p. 284). Fruit 1-seeded cherry-like drupes. Bumélia (p. 269). Fruit (when found) large, orange-like in form and size ; plant inilky-juiced. Maclira (Toxylon) (p. 510). Fruit elongated pea-like pods. Acacia (p. 132). Ulex (p. 113). * Plants not spiny. (C.) C. Leaves heart-shaped. 1, fully shrubby, Cércis (p. 125). 2, herba- ceous, Polygonum (p. 29). C. Leaves narrow, one fourth as wide as long. (D.) yb © B ps Flowers over an inch long of 5 bright yellow petals. THeliadn- themum (p. 69). Flowers with a long tube and 4-lobed spreading border. Daphne (p. 298). Flowers small; fruit a 1-seeded berry; leaves silvery below. Elwdgnus (p. 300). Flowers small, globular, 5-lobed, in June. Andrémeda polifolia (p. 258). Flowers usually in globular clusters, apparently of yellow stamens only. Acacia (p. 152). Flowers with long red stamens, sessile in a leafy-tipped cluster. Callistémon (p. 207). C. Leaves larger and wider, decidely aromatic or pleasantly scented. (H.) EB. E. Leaves thick and about evergreen. Pérsea (p. 294). Myrica (p. 811). Skimmia (p. 84). Callistemon (p. 207). Leaves thinner and deciduous. Benzdin (p. 297). Sassafras (p. 296). C. Leaves thick, evergreen or nearly so, not especially aromatic. (F.) 42 KEYS TO THE GENERA F. Flowers large, 4 inch to several inches broad. (G.) Flowers very large with 6, 9, or 12 fleshy petals. Magnolia (p. 58). Flowers with 5 separate petals. Pitté6sporum (p. 68). Flowers cup-shaped with 10 stamens in dents of corolla. Kdlmia (p. 256). Flowers bell-shaped and slightly irregular, lopsided. Rho- dodéndron (p. 260). F. Flowers smaller, generally under 3 inch broad (in Acacia, closely clustered so as to appear larger). (H.) H. Flowers with the petals entirely separate or so nearly so as to appear separate. (I.) I. Petals 5, white or nearly so. Lédum (p. 263). Symplocos (p. 278). Escalldnia (p. 188). Cotonedster (p. 176). Cleyéra (p. 81). Photfnia (p. 179). I. Petals 6; flowers attached to the leaves. Rviscus (p. 323). I. Petals usually 4 (sometimes 5). Pittdsporum (p. 68). Cyriflla (p. 89). I. Petals 4 to 6, almost separate. Ilex (p. 86). Ardisia (p. 268). Skimmia (p. 84). H. Flowers with the corolla united into a globular bell or urn form having a 5-lobed border. (J.) J. Fruit dry 5-celled many-seeded capsules. Andrédmeda (p. 249). J. Fruit red berries. Arbutus (p. 249). Arctostaphylos (p. 246). H. Flowers tubular with a 4-lobed spreading border. DAéphne (p. 298). H. Flowers small in clusters, 5-parted and peculiar in form. Ceandthus (p. 97). H. Flowers hidden in a globular or urn-shaped receptacle; juice very milky. Ficus (p. 308). C. Leaves deciduous and not especially narrow nor as above given. ae Leaves very large, 5-12 inches long, ill-scented ; fruit large, fleshy. Asimina (p. 64). Leaves with curved parallel side veins. Cérnus (p. 214). Rhamnus (p. 93). Leaves blunt and rounded at tip. Rhus Cétinus (p. 109). Spirtea (p. 146). Leaves not as above. (L.) L. Flowers in catkins ; wood soft. Salix (p. 814). L. Flowers large, } inch or more. (M.) te A KEYS TO THE GENERA 43 . 6 to 15 thick petals, Magnodlia (p. 58). . 5 stalked petals. Exochdérda (p. 161). lLagerstréemia (p. 209). . Pea-shaped flowers, 1, White. Cytisus(p.113). 2, Yellow. Genista (p. 114). Funnel-shaped flowers, sometimesdouble. Azalea (p. 257). Leucophyllum (p. 285). . Salver-shaped flowers, long tube and 5-lobed spreading border. Plumbago (p. 268). M. Bell-shaped of 5 nearly separated petals. Styrax (p. 270). L. Flowers much smaller, } inch or less, petals united. (N.) N. Cup-shaped with 10 stamens in dents in corolla. Kalmia (p. 256). N. Tubular, bell- or urn-shaped or globular, with 5-lobed border. Andrémeda (p. 249). Gaylussacia and Vaccfnium (p. 244). N. Bell-shaped, yellow, very small, with 4-lobed border, in earliest spring. Dirca (p. 297). NN. Leaves very large, 5-12 inches long, somewhat heart- shaped. Polygonum (p. 299). L. Flowers small with separate petals. (O.) O. Flowers white or greenish in conspicuous clusters. Spirzea (p. 146). Photinia (p. 179). O. Flowers white in long slender racemes. Cyrilla (p. 89). ©. Flowers inconspicuous ; fruit red or black berries ripe in fall. Nemopdnthus (p. 88). Rhdamnus (p. 93). 8 5 & && Key 5a. Leaves alternate, simple with entire edges. (For small-leaved plants, leaves under 1 inch long, use Key 9, p. 51). Key based mainly on flowers. For a key based on leaves, see the preceding, Key 5. * Flowers yellow, yellowish or orange. (A.) A. bP Pe OF Flowers large, 1 inch or more, funnel-shaped, somewhat irreg- ular, lopsided. Azalea (p. 257). Flowers large of 5 spreading petals open only in the sunshine. Helidnthemum (p. 69). Flowers large, irregular, pea-shaped. Genista (p. 114). Thorny plants with small flowers in spring. Hippdphaé (p. 303). Bérberis (p. 64). Eledgnus (p. 300). Tough-barked plant, rarely cultivated, with very small flowers. Direa (p. 297). . Aromatic or spicy plants with small flowers in early spring. Sassafras (p. 296). Benzdin (p. 297). Pérsea (p. 294). 44 A. A. KEYS TO THE GENERA Evergreens with large, 1 inch or more, yellowish flowers. . Magndlia fuscata (p. 61). Flowers apparently consisting only of long stamens in clusters. Al cacia (p. 182). * Flowers red, bright pink, purplish or lilac to blue. (B.) B. Leaves evergreen (thick smooth leaves indicate evergreen char- acter). (C.) c. c Cc. Cc. Flowers large, bell-shaped, somewhat irregular, in clusters in summer. Rhododéndron (p. 260). ‘ . Flowers large cup-shaped with 10 stamens in dents of corolla. Kdlmia (p, 256). Flowers small ovate or urn-shaped with 5-lobed border. An- dréineda (p. 249). Arbutus (p. 249). WVacefnium (p. 244), Flowers with a tubular portion, 4-lobed spreading border and 8 included stamens. D&phne (p. 298). ° B. Leaves thinner and deciduous. (D.) D. Spiny plants with purplish flowers. Lycium (p. 284), D. Nospines. (B). EB. E. Flowers purplish brown, 1 inch wide, in early spring; fruit fleshy, 2-5 inches long. Asimina (p. 64). Flowers funnel- or bell-shaped and somewhat irregular. Azalea (p. 257). TLeucophyllum (p. 285). Flowers pea-shaped, purplish red, in early spring. Cércis (p. 127). Flowers solitary, large with 6, 9, or 12 separate thick petals. Magnolia (p. 58). Flowers small ovate with a 5-lobed border, in clusters. Vac- cfnium (p. 244). 4-lobed border. Daphne (p. 298). Flowers with a long tube and a ; 5-lobed broadly spreading border. Plumbago (p. 268). * Flowers white, creamy, or pinkish to greenish. (F.) F. Flowers large, 4-8 inches wide. (G.) G. Petals united at their bases and completely grown together. (H.) . Funnel-shaped and slightly irregular, Azidlea (p. 257). Bell-shaped, somewhat irregular; leaves evergreen. Rho- dodéndron (p. 260). Cup-shaped with 10 stamens in dents of corolla. Ka&lmia (p. 256). Bell-shaped, regular with 4 lobes. Styrax (p. 270). KEYS TO THE GENERA 45 4-lobed border. Daphne H. Salver-shaped, long tube and a ps a8) . 5-lobed spreading border. Plumbago (p. 268). G. Petals separate. (I.) I. Flowers large with 6, 9, or 12 thick petals. Magndlia (p. 58). I. Flowers with 5 petals (or double). LExochdérda (p. 161). Spirtea (p. 146). I. Flowers irregular, pea-shaped. Cytisus (p. 113). F. Flowers small, under } inch, with the petals separate, or so : nearly so as to appear separate. (J.) J. Petals definitely 4 (in Skfmmia 4 or 5). Cdérnus (p. 214). Nemopanthus (p. 88). Skimmia (p. 84). J. Petals 5 (rarely 4-6). Tlex (p. 86). Spirzea (p. 146). Lédum (p. 263). Cotoneaster (p. 176). Polygonum (p. 299). Ceand- thus (p. 97). J. Other southern shrubs with small white or nearly white flowers. Arbutus (p. 249). Ardfsia (p. 268). Cleyéra (p. 81). Ditté- sporum (p. 68). Symplocos (p. 273). Ruscus (p. 8238). F. Flowers small, under 4 inch, with plainly united petals. (K.) K. Flowers tubular, urn-shaped, or globular. (L.) L. Fruit dry many-seeded pods. Andrémeda (p. 249). L. Fruit fleshy with 10 or more seeds. Gaylussacia and Vaccin- ium (p. 244). plant spiny. Bumeélia (p. 269). K. Flowers bell-shaped, | no spines. Styrax (p.270). Vacefnium : (p. 244). * Flowers inconspicuous, catkin-like or very rare. (M.) M. Flowers in catkins; wood soft. Salix (p. 314). M. Leaves oblong, evergreen ; juice milky. Ficus (p. 308). M. Leaves broad and rounded at tip ; fruit smoke-like. Rhus (p. 107). M. Fruit 3-seeded berries. RhdAmnus (p. 98). M. Fruit 1-seeded drupes. Myrica (p. 311). Key 6. Leaves alternate, simple, with notched but not lobed edges. (For small-leaved plants, leaves under 1 inch long, use Key 9, p. 51.) Key based on all plant parts. Key based more particularly on flowers will be found next, Key 6a. * Spiny or thorny plants. (A.) A. Flowers with 5 separate petals, blooming in spring. Crategus (p. 178). Primus (p. 142). Pyrus (p. 182). A. Flowers nodding, yellow or yellowish. Eledgnus (p. 300). Bér- beris (p. 64). 46 KEYS TO THE GENERA A. Flowers inconspicuous, usually greenish. Rh4mnus (p. 93). Zizyphus (p. 99). A. Leaves thick and about evergreen. Bérberis (p. 64). Pyrac4ntha (p. 175). Tex (p. 86). * Plants not spiny. (B.) B. Leaves straight-veined but not oblique at base. (C.) C. Fruit cone-like and hanging on till fall or through the year. Alnus (p. 312). Bétula (p. 811). C. Fruit round nuts }-4 inch, ripe in fall, Cérylus (p. 313). Castanea (p. 314). Quércus (p. 314). C. Fruit not as above, in some cases absent. (D.) D. Flowers white of many long stamens in snowy wreath. Nevitsia (p. 171). D. Flowers white, sweet-scented, with 5 petals in erect clusters in summer, Cléthra (p. 265). B. Leaves with oblique base. (B.) E. Straight-veined. Ulmus (p. 308). Hamamélis (p. 202). Fothergflla (p. 203). Coryldpsis (p. 204). E. Three-ribbed from base, small, 1 inch long. Zizyphus (p. 99). B. Leaves heart-shaped at base. (F.) F. With curved parallel side ribs. Rhamnus cathartica (p. 96). F. No such parallel ribs. (G.) G. Fruit cone-like, under 1 inch long, hanging on through the year. Alnus (p. 312). G. Fruit round nuts, ripe in the fall. Cérylus (p. 318). Casta- nea (p. 314). G. Fruit dry capsule, 2-celled, 2-seeded. Coryldpsis (p. 204). Fothergflla (p. 203). B. Leaves not as above. (H.) H. Leaves deciduous and (I.) I. Very narrow linear or nearly so. Salix (p. 814). Itea (p. 201). Rh&mnus (p. 93). I. Three- or more ribbed from base. (J.) J. Flowers with petals more or less united at base. (K.) K. Flowers large, 1 inch or more, funnel-shaped (sometimes double). Azalea (p. 257). K. Flowers bell-shaped (4-l inch). Styrax (p. 270). Ha- lésia (p. 272). K. Flowers tubular, globular, or urn-shaped (4 inch or less). (L.) L. Fruit a capsule. Andrémeda (p. 249). L. Fruit berry-like with 10 or more seeds. Gaylussacia and Vacefnium (p. 244). H. go 6 o 6 oO. oO. KEYS TO THE GENERA 47 K. Flowers with tube and 4-lobed spreading border ; leaves silvery. Ele4gnus (p. 300). J. Flowers with petals separate or apparently so. (M.) M. Flowers solitary, large, 2-5 inches, with five petals. Studrtia (p. 80). Gorddnia (p. 80). M. Flowers clustered, white (about 1 inch), with 5 stalked petals. Exochérda (p. 161). M. Flowers small, 1-4 inch, of 5 petals or double. (N.) N. Fruit fleshy. Ameldnchier (p. 180). Prunus (p. 142). Pyrus (p. 182). Photinia (p. 179). N. Fruit dry. Spirea (p. 146), Cléthra (p. 265), Es- callonia (p. 188). Flowers yellow, often double (1 inch). Keérria (p. 162). Flowers yellowish, small in hanging clusters. Bér- beris (p. 64). Flowers feathery, of conspicuous white stamens. Nevitsia (p. 171). M. Flowers in catkins; wood soft. Salix (p. 31+4). Leaves evergreen. (Thick glossy leaves indicate evergreen character.) (O.) . Flowers large, 2-5 inches, with waxy petals. Camellia (p. 79). Gordonia (p. 80). . Flowers sinall, 4 inch, with 5 petals and 5 stamens. Escallonia (p. 188). F neponiy (p. 68). Flowers small, } inch, with 5 petals and many stamens. Photinia (p. 179). Flowers small, white, of 4 petals and 4 stamens. Tex (p. 86). Flowers tubular, orbicular or ovate, small. Andrémeda (p. 249), Gaylussdcia and Vaccinium (p. 244). Arbutus (p. 249). Flowers small, yellowish, of 5 slightly united petals in axillary clusters. Symplocos (p. 278). Flowers inconspicuous; foliage sweet-scented, aromatic. Myrica (p. 811). Other evergreens only found outdoors South. Ard{sia (p. 266). S 8S Key 6a. Leaves alternate, simple, with notched but not lobed edges. (¥or small-leaved plants, leaves under 1 inch long, use Key 9, p. 51). Key based mainly on flowers. * Flowers in catkins generally in early spring (usually yellow, due to the pollen). (A.) A. Leaves sweet-scented, aromatic. Myrica (p. 311). 48 KEYS TO THE GENERA A. Leaves straight-veined. Alnus (p. 312). Bétula (p. 311). Cas- tanea (p. 314). Cérylus (p. 313). A. Other shrubs with catkin flowers ; wood soft. Salix (p. 314). * Flowers yellow, yellowish or orange, but not in catkins. (B.) B. Leaves straight-veined and oblique at base. Ulmus (p. 308), Corylépsis (p. 204). Hamameélis (p. 202). B. Leaves straight-veined but not oblique at base, edge doubly and sharply serrate; twigs bright green with large pith. Keérria (p. 162). B. Leaves clustered at ends of twigs; flowers large, 1 inch, funnel form. Azalea (p. 257). B. Leaves with silvery scales; plants often thorny; fruit fleshy, l-seeded. Eladgnus (p. 300). B. Leaves clustered along the branches; plants usually thorny. Bérberis (p. 64). * Flowers pink to rosy or red. (C.) C. Leaves evergreen. (Thickness and smoothness indicate ever- green.) Ardisia (p. 268). Arbutus (p. 249). Camellia (p. 79). C. Leaves deciduous and plants usually thorny. Pyrus (p. 182). Crategus (p. 173). Prinus (p. 142), C. Leaves deciduous and plants without thorns. (D.) D. Flowers larye, 2-5 inches, hollyhock-like. Hibfscus (p. 81). D. Flowers much smaller of 5 separate petals (or double). Prinus (p. 142). Pyrus (p. 182). Spiraea (p. 146). D. Flowers with parts grown together into a tubular, urn-shaped, or globular part. (B.) E. Fruit a capsule with many seeds. Andrémeda (p. 249). E. Fruit fleshy with 10 or more seeds, Gaylussacia and Vaccfn- iui (p. 244). * Flowers white or nearly so. (F.) F. Leaves evergreen. (Thickness and smoothness indicate ever- green character.) (G.) G. Thorny plants; flowers 4} inch or more in size with 5 petals. Pyracantha (p. 175). Tex (p. 86). G. Nothorns. (H.) H. Flowers large, 2-4 inches, often double in Camellia. Cameéllia (p. 79). Gorddnia (p. 80). H. Flowers small, wheel-shaped ; fruit white or red berries. Ardisia (p. 268). lex (p. 86). H. Vlowers small, globular or ovate, 5-lobed; fruit dry. An- dréineda (p. 249). H. Other evergreens hardy only South. Photfnia (p. 179). Escallonia (p. 188). Arbutus (p. 249). KEYS TO THE GENERA 49 F. Leaves deciduous. (I.) I. Flowers large, } inch or more. (J.) J. Flowers usually over 2 inches wide of 5 petals and many sta- mens, Studrtia (p. 80). Gorddnia (p. 80). J. Flowers bell-shaped, }-1} inches. Styrax (p. 270). Halesia (p. 272). J. Flowers with long stamens making feathery bloom. Nevitsia (p. 171). J. Flowers under 2 inches wide of 5 petals. (K.) K. Fruit fleshy. Ameldnchier (p. 180), Crat&gus (p. 173). Prunus (p. 142). Pyrus (p. 182). K. Fruit dry. Spiréa (p. 146). Exochérda (p. 161). I. Flowers small, under 4 inch wide. (For inconspicuous flowers see next I.) (L.) L. Flowers of 4-9 petals, slightly united at base, and as many stamens; fruit berries. Mex (p. 86). L. Flowers of 5 petals and many stamens, or double. Spiraea (p. 146). Prunus (p. 142), Pyrus (p, 182). Photinia (p. 179). Itea (p. 201). L. Flowers open bell-shaped. Zendbia (p. 253). Fothergflla (p. 203). L. Flowers globular, tubular, or urn-shaped. (M.) ] M. Fruit acapsule. Andrémeda (p. 249). M. Fruit berries with 10 or more seeds. Gaylussdcia and Vaccinium (p. 244). L. Other small white flowers on deciduous shrubs. Ceandthus (p. 97). Cléthra (p. 265), BAccharis (p. 241). I. Flowers inconspicuous by lack of size or color. Ulmus (p. 808). Rhémnus (p. 98). Zizyphus (p. 99). Key 7. Leaves alternate, simple with lobed edges. * Plants without thorns. (A.) ; A. Leaves with radiate ribs and 3-7 notched lobes. (B.) B. Fruit fleshy. (C.) C. Leaves very large, 5 inches or more broad. Ficus (p. 308). Fftsia (p. 212). C. Leaves smaller; fruit a globular berry under 1 inch. Ribes (p. 201). B. Fruit dry. (D.) : D. Flowers large, over 2 inches broad. Hibfscus (p. 81). D. Flowers small, under linch. Physocarpus (p. 158). A. Leaves with radiate ribs and 2-3 unnotched lobes. (B.) APGAR’S SHRUBS — + ‘ 50 KEYS TO THE GENERA EB. Leaves with 2 equal lobes. (Found outdoors only South.) Bauhinia (p. 128). E. Leaves irregularly 2-3-lobed (sometimes without lobes). Sas- safras (p. 296). A. Leaves feather-veined, (F.) FP. Some leaves without lobes, all with tapering bases. Baccharis (p. 241). F. Leaves fern-like with many side notches, aromatic. Comptonia (p. 811). F. Leaves silver-gray, finely divided, aromatic. Santolina (p. 243). F. Leaves triangular, with 5-9 notched lobes. Stephandndra (p. 168). F. Other thornless shrubs with lobed leaves. Quércus (p. 314). Primus (p. 142). Spiraa (p. 146). Bétula (p. 311). * Plants with more or less thorns or prickles; fruit fleshy berries (Ilex has spiny-edged leaves). Cratzgus (p. 173). Ribes (p. 201). Rubus (p. 164). Ilex (p. 86). Key 8. Leaves alternate, compound. * Leaves of 3 blades. (A.) A. Plants thorny or prickly. (B.) B. Fruit large, orange-like. Cftrus (p. 86). B. Fruit pea-like pods. Cytisus (p. 113). B. Fruit blackberry-like. Rubus (p. 164). B. Fruit 2-5-seeded black rounded berry. Acanthopanax (p. 212), B. Other prickly plants with 3-bladed leaves. Rosa (p. 166). A. Plants without thorns or prickles. (C). C. Flowers pea-shaped. Labtirnum (p.116). Lespedéza (p. 124). C. Flowers not pea-shaped, small. (D.) D. Fruit dry but somewhat berry-like in appearance ; leaves aromatic. Rhts (p. 107). D. Fruit flat, wafer-like, } inch or more broad. Ptélea (p. 84). * Leaves with an even number of blades, abruptly pinnate. (B.) E. Flowers yellow or yellowish. Cassia (p. 128). Caragana (p. 122). E. Flowers rosy. Halimodéndron (p. 122). * Leaves of 5 or 7 blades growing from nearly the same point, pal- mately compound. (F.) F. Blades entire ; flowers yellow, insummer. Potentflla (p. 164). F. Blades somewhat notched ; plantthorny. Acanthopanax (p.212). F. Blades irregularly cut. Zanthorhiza (p. 58). * Leaves once odd-pinnate, blades an odd number. (G.) G. Plants thorny or prickly. (H.) KEYS TO THE GENERA 51 Flowers large, 2 inches or more, of 5 petals and many stamens (often double). Rosa (p. 166). Flowers smaller, white ; fruit blackberry- or raspberry-like. Ribus (p. 164). . Flowers pea-shaped ; fruit pea-like pods. Robfnia (p. 119). Flowers yellow in early spring. Mahonia (p. 66). . Flowers inconspicuous ; fruit rounded, pepper-like. Zanthdxy- lum (p. 83), G. Plants without thorns or prickles. (I.) I. Blades of the leaves entire at edges. (J.) J. Fruit inflated or swollen pods 2 inches or more long. Colutea (p. 128). Fruit usually long pods but not inflated. Robfnia (p. 119). Indigofera (p. 119). Sophodra (p. 111). Fruit jointed pods. Coronflla (p. 125). Sophora (p. 111). . Fruit short pods in spike-like clusters. Amérpha (p. 117). . Fruit seed-like in calyx. Potentilla (p. 164). Fruit berry-like, 2-celled, 2-seeded ; flowers yellow. J&smi- num (p. 278). Fruit dry and somewhat berry-like. Rhus (p. 107). I. Blades irregularly and deeply cut. (K.) K. Flowers very large, 3-8 inches. Donia (p. 57). K. Flowers small. Zanthorhiza (p. 58). Rhts (p. 107). I. Blades regularly twice-serrate. Sorbaria (p. 159). I. Blades regularly once-serrate. Rhus (p. 107). Técoma (p. 285). Xanthocéras (p. 101). * Leaves 2-3 times pinnate. (L.) L. Leaves very large, 2-4 feet long. (M.) M. Plant usually very prickly. Aralia (p. 211). M. Plant without prickles. Rhts (p. 107). L. Leaves simaller, twice-abruptly-pinnate. Albizzia (p. 181). Acacia (p. 1382). Cesalpfnia (p. 129). L. Leaves odd-pinnate, finely divided, fern-like. Grevfllea (p. 306). Sorbaria (p. 159).. Rhus (107). * Leaves divided into threes 2 or 3 times with 9-27 blades. (N.) N. Blades notched ; plants hardly woody. Astilbe (p.160). Artn- cus (p. 161). N. Blades entire. Woody evergreen plant of the extreme South. Nandina (p. 67). ej non mm a Key 9. Leaves small, generally } inch or less long, all leaves under an inch long (except on the last, below, which is a shrubby pine with leaves needle-shaped and sometimes over 2 inches long). 52 KEYS TO THE GENERA * Leaves alternate with entire edges (sometimes very crowded but never truly opposite or whorled). (A.) A. Leaves thick and fully or nearly evergreen. (B.) B. Leaves with rolled edges. Lédum (p. 263). Leiophyllum (p. 263). B. Leaves without rolled edges. (C.) Leaves needle-shaped and 4-angled. Picea (p. 326). Leaves linear, sharp-pointed, green below. ‘Taxus (p. 341). Leaves linear, blunt, with white lines below. Tstiga (p. 326). Leaves broad at base, ovate, pointed; twigs green. (South.) Riscus (p. 323). Leaves very hairy ; flowers cup-shaped with 10 stamens in dents. Kdlmia (p. 256). Other evergreens with small alternate entire-edged leaves. (D.) D. Flowers tubular with 4 spreading lobes. Daphne (p. 298). D. Flowers bell-shaped, 4-lobed in drooping clusters. Erica (p. 254). D. Flowers small, peculiar, in erect clusters. Ceanothus (p. 97). A. Leaves thinner and not evergreen. (B.) E. Flowers yellow, pea-shaped ; twigs green. Genista (p. 114). E. Flowers regular of 5 separate petals. Spiraea (p. 146). E. Flowers generally pink in very small clusters; leaves minute, clasping the stem at base on thread-like twigs. Tamarix (p. 73). | * Leaves alternate with notched edges. (F.) F. Leaves whitish or silvery-gray, much divided into lobes; plant aromatic. Santolina (p. 248). F. Other shrubs with notched, small leaves. Spirea (p. 146). Nex crenata (p. 88). * Leaves opposite, thick, and evergreen (including scale-like leaves covering the stem). (G.) . Leaves linear and sharp-pointed. Junfperus (p. 387). Leaves oval and about flat. Buxus (p. 306). Ceandthus (p. 97). Leaves oval with rolled edges. Leiophyllum (p. 263). . Leaves very small, } inch or less, and pressed to the stem which they practically cover. (H.) H. Flowers yellow, May-July. Hudsodnia (p. 72). H. Flowers pink or white, July-September. Erica (p. 254). Cal- luna (p. 255). H. Flowers inconspicuous ; fruit a cone. Thuja (p. 828). * Leaves opposite and not fully evergreen. Lonfcera (p. 230). * Leaves whorled on the stem. (I.) aaaa a Q agRAA KEYS TO THE GENERA 53 I. Leaves } inch long and sharp-pointed, evergreen. Junfperus (p. 387). I. Leaves much smaller. Erica (p. 254), * Leaves evergreen in clusters along the sides of the stem, needle- shaped. Pinus (p. 324). Key 10. Key to those deciduous bushes which have flowers during the fall, winter, and spring, when the stems are bare of foliage. The arrangement of the leaves is easily determined by their scars. * Flowers regular, not lopsided, on alternate leaved bushes. (A.) A. Corolla united at base. (In Daphne and Dirca this is a calyx.) B.) B. Flower with tubular portion and a 4-lobed border. Daphne (p. 298). Dirca (p. 297). B. Flower with a 5-lobed edge. (Azaleais sometimes double.) (C.) C. Flowers small, white or pinkish, urn-shaped. Vaccfnium (p. 244). C. Flowers large, 1 inch, funnel-shaped. Azalea (p. 257). A. Corolla with separate petals. (Sometimes these pieces are in reality calyx.) (D.) Flowers yellow, small, in clusters, 6 parts. Benzdin (p. 297). Sassafras (p. 296). Flowers (1 inch) with 4 slender yellow petals. Hamamélis (p. 202). Flowers with 5 yellow petals. Coryldépsis (p. 204). Flowers large, 1-6 inches, with 6 or more thick petals, Mag- ndlia (p. 58). Flowers 4-1 inch with 5 white or pinkish petals (sometimes double). Prunus (p. 142). Spir&a (p. 146). Flowers 4-1} inches with 6 brownish petals. Asfmina (p. 64). Flowers very small, } inch, pink in clusters, with 4 or 5 petals. Tamarix (p. 73). * Flowers irregular or lopsided, red or purplish, pea-shaped on alter- nate-leaved bushes. Cércis (p. 127). * Flowers regular on opposite-leaved bushes. (B.) EH. Flowers yellow, bell-shaped (1 inch long) with 4-lobed border. Forsythia (p. 274). E. Flowers yellow, small in clusters with 4 separate petals. Cérnus Mas (p. 216). E. Flowers large, 1 inch, yellow with a tubular corolla having 5-lobed border ; stem green and 4-angled. Jasminum (p. 278). BE. Flowers large, 1 inch, yellowish brown, with many thick sweet- scented petals. Calycdanthus (p. 186). o oo 5 BS 54 KEYS TO THE GENERA BE. Flowers very large, 2-4 inches, white or pink with 4 petals, in reality bracts around a head of small flowers. Cérnus flérida (p. 214). * Flowers small, white or pinkish, somewhat irregular in pairs on opposite-leaved bushes. Lonfcera (p. 230). * Flowers in slender catkins.. Alnus (p. 312). Salix (p. 814). Bétula (p. 811). Cérylus (p. 318). Quéreus (p. 314). Key 11. Key to those deciduous bushes which have conspicuous fruit during the fall and more or less of the winter when bare of foliage. The arrangement of the leaves is easily determined by their scars. The num- bers refer to the pages. * Alternate-leaved bushes with fleshy, usually orange, or red berries. (A.) A. Plants without thorns or spines. lex (p. 86). Cotonedster (p. 174). Pyrus (p. 182). Photinia (p. 179). A. Plants more or less thorny. Bérberis (p.64). Lycium (p. 284). * Alternate-leaved bushes with dry fruits. (B.) B. Fruit rounded and apparently berry-like. (C.) C. Plant without spines or thorns; berries in clusters. Rhits (p. 107). C. Plant with spines or thorns; berry-like fruit more scattered. Rosa (p. 166). B. Fruit flat or wafer-like(} inch broad). Ptélea (p. 84). B. Fruit a capsule, more or less 5-lobed and always 5-celled. (D.) D. Fruit large, 1 inch long. Hibfscus (p. 81). D. Fruit nearly } inch long, 5-seeded. Exochérda (p. 161). D. Fruit smaller and many-seeded. Spirczea (p. 146). Physoc&r- pus (p. 158). B. Fruit a capsule, 8-lobed and 8-celled. (B.) BE. Capsule 5-seeded and splitting into 3 nutlets. Ceandthus (p. 97). B. Capsule many-seeded, 8-angled. Cléthra (p. 265). B. Capsule woody, 3} inch long, 2-celled, 2-seeded. Hamamélis (p. 202). Coryldépsis (p. 204). B. Fruits hairy clustered, much like silky white srushes. Bdccharis (p. 241). * Opposite-leaved bushes with fleshy berries. (F.) F. Drupes with 1 more or less flattened seed. Vibtirnum (p. 219). Cornus (p. 214). F. Berries 2-seeded, in close clusters along the branches. Symphori- earpos (p. 228), * Opposite-leaved bushes with dry fruits. (G.) G. Fruit large, over 1 inch long, pear-shaped with many brown seeds. Calycdnthus (p. 186). KEYS TO THE GENERA 55 Fruit long, several inches, pods with winged seeds. Catdlpa (p. 286). Childpsis (p. 286). Fruit 4 inch long with 2 valves and few seeds. Syringa (p. 275). Fruit apparently 4 shining black beads in calyx. Rhodotypos (p. 163). Fruit a capsule, when open in the fall, showing bright red seeds. Euénymus (p. 91). Fruit broadly 2-winged. Acer (p. 103). Fruit about hemispheric in shape with many seeds. Deltttzia (p. 191). Philadélphus (p. 196). aa a 2a @ Key 12. Thorny plants. Plants with spines or thorns on their stems, or spiny-edged leaves, or plants with apparently no leaves, as the cacti. * Plants with simple leaves. (A.) A. Leaves covered with silvery scales on one or both sides. Elw&g- nus (p. 300). Hippdphaé (p. 303). Shephérdia (p. 303). A. Leaves without silvery scales. (B.) B. Leaves with entire edges, neither notched nor lobed. (C.) C. Leavessmaill, round, fleshy, later falling off. Optintia (p. 209). C. Leaves alternately arranged on the stem. Maclira (p. 310). Riscus (p. 323). Acacia (p. 182). C. Leaves in alternate clusters on the stem. Bérberis (p. 64). Lycium (p. 284). Bumélia (p. 269), C. Leaves opposite. Rhdamnus (p. 93). Osmdnthus (p. 282), B. Leaves with notched, but not lobed edges. (D.) D. Leaves alternately arranged on the stem. Ilex (spiny edges to leaves) (p. 86). Zizyphus (p. 99). Prunus (p. 142). Crataegus (p. 178). Pyrus (p. 182). D. Leaves usually in alternate clusters. Bérberis (p. 64). D. Leaves opposite. Clerodéndron (p. 291). Rhdmnus (p. 93). OsmA4nthus (p. 282). B. Leaves with lobed edges. Ribes (p. 201). Cratiegus (p. 173). * Plants with compound leaves. (B.) E. Leaves once-odd-pinnate. Robinia (p. 119). Zanthéxylum (p. 88). Mahonia (p. 66). (Zizyphus is only apparently pinnate. ) E. Leaves abruptly (evenly) pinnate. Halimodéndron (p. 122). Caragana (p. 122). E. Leaves of 3, 5, or 7 blades. Citrus (p. 86). Rubus (p. 164). Acanthopanax (p. 212). E. Leaves more than once-pinnate. Acacia (p. 132). Aralia (p. 211). Cesalpinia (p. 129). *Plants without leaves. Optntia (p. 209). Mamillaria (p. 211). Phyllocdctus (p. 211). Ulex (p. 118). PART III DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Numbers in parenthesis in the keys and descriptions which follow refer to the figures. Bracketed information refers to methods of propagation. Pednia. The Peonies form one of the most popular groups of plants. They are almost entirely large-flowered herbaceous perennials, though one species is shrubby and, therefore, to be included in our book. This is called Trex Peony Figs. (1) and (2) — Peonia Moutdén, — growing to the Fic. 1.— Tree Peony. Fic. 2.— Tree Peony. height of 8 to 8 feet with large alternate smooth pale-colored feather-divided (pinnate) leaves with irregularly cut and notched blades, as shown in the illustrations. The flowers are six or more inches broad, often double and of many colors— white, pink, rose, sometimes blotched and striped. One variety of this, the Porry Peony — papaveracea, — is white with a dark red center and has thin poppy-like petals. The fruit in the single 57 58 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS varieties is a cluster of large-seeded leathery hairy pods. The double forms of this, as well as all other fully double flowers, do not produce fruit. This shrubby peony is not so popular in America as many herbaceous forms, Fic. 3. — Shrub Yellow-root. though in China, its native country, there are hundreds of named varieties. [Divisions ; seeds (slow-sprouting). ] Fic. 4.— Star Magnolia. Zanthorhiza. Surun YrLLow- root (3) —Zanthorhiza apiifolia—is a low shrubby plant (1-2 feet) sometimes cultivated for the handsome compound leaves with three to many cut and lobed blades, which are clustered at the top of the short, erect, woody stem. The flowers and fruit are small and _ sessile on long drooping stems. The flowérs are brownish in April to May; the fruit is somewhat in- flated 1- to 2-seeded yellow pods. [Seeds; root cuttings. ] Magnolia. The Macworias form a genus of about 20 species of hardy trees unsurpassed in the size and beauty ofleafand flower. While most of the species are tree-like in Fig. 5.— Swamp Magnolia. form and size, still along the north- THE MAGNOLIAS 59 ern limit of the growth of several species they are apt to be dwarfed into shrubby forms and so are included here. One species, Star Mac- NOLIA (4) — Magnolia stellata, —from Japan, is practically always shrubby and blooms very early in the season with white sweet-scented flowers about 3 inches broad; these last longer and are more abundant Fic, 6.—Evergreen Magnolia. Fic. 7.— Kobus Magnolia. Fic. 8.— Purple Magnolia. Fia. 9.— Banana Shrub. 60 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS than those on most of the species. The petals are narrow aud about 15 in number. The species of magnolias from eastern Asia generally bloom before the leaves expand in spring and have deciduous leaves, The American spe- cies bloom in the summer and are generally deciduous, though two species are evergreen. These are, SmaLu or Swamp Macwno.ia (5) — Magnolia virginiana (M. glatica) —which is found wild north to Massachusetts and is hardy in sheltered positions in southern Canada though not fully ever- green in northern positions; and Evercreen Macnoria (6) — Magnolia grandiflora — which, if protected from the north winds, can be successfully grown in southern New York. All the Magnolias form cone-like fruits, usually pink or red when ripe, from which the ripened scarlet-coated seeds hang out on slender threads. The following key will enable one to determine the species of most if not allof the forms. In the key all the species are included, though some of them are always tree-like. [Fresh seeds; layers. ] KEY TO THE MAGNOLIAS * Blooming before the deciduous leaves expand. (A.) A. Flowers pure white or slightly pinkish. (B.) B. Flowers bell-like in form. Cuingssr WuiTr MaGNo.ia or YULAN Macnoria — Magnolia conspfcua (M. Yulan). B. Flowers broadly spreading. (C). C. Petals only 6. Konus Macnorra (7) — Magnolia Kobus. C. Petals narrow, 9-18. Srar Macnoria or Hatv’s Japan Mac- NoLia (4) — Magnolia stellata. A. Flowers pink to purple outside. (D.) D. Flowers larger, 6-8 inches broad. (E.) E. Hardy north to New York. Sounancr’s Macnorra — Mag- nolia Soulangeana. BE. Hardy only south. Camppety’s Macnoria — Magnolia Campbelli. D. Flowers small, 3-4 inches broad, Purrre Macnoria (8) — Magnolia purptrea (M. obovata). * Blooming after the new leaves expand (some are evergreen). (F.) F. Flowers greenish; tall tree. Cucumpur Trex — Magnolia acuminata, F. Flowers white with conspicuous colored mark in center. (G.) G. Petals purple-spotted at base. GrEAT-LEAVED MAGNOLIA OF LARGE-LEAVED CucuUMBER TREE — Magnolia macrophylla. G. Stamens with scarlet filaments. (H.) KEY TO THE MAGNOLIAS 61 H. Leaves clustered at ends of branches. Japanese UMBRELLA Macnovia — Magnolia hypoletica. H. Leaves scattered along the branches. Warson’s MaGNovia — Magnolia Watsoni. F. Flowers pure white (slightly greenish in pumila). (I.) I. Flowers 1-3 inches broad. (J.) J. Shrub or tree 10 feet or more high. Smavi or Swamp Mac- Notia or Sweer ‘Bay’ (5) — Magnolia virginiana (M. glatica). J. Shrub.less than 10 feet high. Busu Macnovia— Magnolia pumila. I. Flowers 6-9 inches broad. (K.) K. Leaves evergreen. Evrercreen Macyoua (6) or Bei ‘Bay’ — Magnolia grandiflora. K. Leaves deciduous. (L.) L. Leaves eared at base. Ear-Leavep UMBRELLA TREE — Magnolia Fraseri. L. Leaves tapering at base. Umpretia Tree — Magnolia tripétala. F. Flowers yellowish brown, small; leaves evergreen. Brown- FLOWERED MacGnouia or Banana Surup (!)) — Magnolia (Mi- chélia) fuscata, Fic. 10.— Cercidiphy lum. Fic. 11.— North American Papaw. 62 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Cercidiphyllum japénicum. CxercipipHytium (10). This is a bushy tree of great beauty and strange arrangement of foliage but with in- Fic. 12.— Thunberg’s Japanese Fig. 13.— Common Barberry. Barberry. conspicuous flowers and fruit. The leaves are generally opposite, heart- shaped, and with about 5 basal ribs. The great peculiarity of the leaves is the fact, unique so far as I know, that every year for many years the single leaves come out just where last year’s leaves were, instead of the usual branches appearing, and so the stems have along their whole extent fresh leaves till they reach the diameter of an inchormore. Height usually 20 to 30 feet, slender smooth branches with leaves 2 to 8 inches long. Perfectly hardy throughout. From Japan. [Seeds ; twig cuttings; layers. ] Fic. 14. — Holly-leaved Mahonia. THE BARBERRIES 63 Fie. 17. — Box-leaved Barberry. Fig. 18.— Holly-leaved Barberry. 64 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Asimina. The Paraws, as the name is used in America, are shrubs or small trees with large smooth alternate entire-edged leaves, and large- seeded pulpy fruit. ‘The large purple or whitish flowers are solitary and axillary, appearing with or before the leaves expand in spring. The flowers consist of three calyx pieces, six petals, and numerous stamens. There are two species in cultivation. One, a shrubby tree 10 to 40 feet Fic. 19. — Bearded Barberry. Fia. 20. — Mahonia. high, hardy in Massachusetts, with leaves 6 to 12 inches long, and edible fruit, 2 to 6 inches long, of a brown color when ripe in October, Com- mon or NortH American Papaw (11) — Asimina trfloba. The other is a shrub 2 to 6 feet high, hardy only South, with leaves 2 to 4 inches long and cream-colored flowers having petals 2 inches long, Fetip Surus — Asimina grandiflbra. (The Papaws of the books are milky-juiced small tropic trees of palm-like habit with variously lobed leaves, belong- ing to the passion flower family.) [Seeds ; layers ; root cuttings.] Bérberis. The Barperrigs are popular, hardy, usually thorny shrubs, having yellow- to orange-colored flowers, and white, yellow, red to black berries with 1 to several seeds. The leaves are generally arranged in close clusters above the 1-3-pointed thorns. The barberries with compound leaves are here, as in the nurseries, called Manonras. -The species are so numerous (over 50), with many hybrids and varieties, that the average reader will be satisfied to distinguish only the few in general cultivation. Tuunxperc’s JAPANESE BarBEeRRY (12) — Berberis Thunbérgii, — is a KEY TO THE BARBERRIES 65 dense spreading shrub 2 to 4 feet high with small entire-edged leaves } to 1; inches long and usually simple spines (occasionally 3-branched). The branches are deeply grooved. The pale yellow flowers are in small um- Fig. 21. — Ash Mahonia. bel-like clusters, and the bright red fruit is nearly globular. European or Common Bar- BERRY (13) — Berberis vulgaris— grows from 4 to 8 feet high with erect or somewhat arching gray grooved branches. The leaves are 1 to 2 inches long with notched and somewhat spiny edges. The flowers are bright yellow in many-flowered hanging clusters. The fruit, in the dif- ferent varieties, are white, yel- low, red to dark purple berries which hang on and add beauty to the bushes all winter. There is a variety of this frequently culti- vated, with purple leaves, which hold their color through the sea- son, atropurptrea, The Holly-leaved Mahonias have holly-edged but compound evergreen leaves, erect clusters of yellow flowers, and blue to black small berries. The Mahonias are hardy north of Philadelphia only in sheltered positions. American or Hoiiy-Leavep Manonia (14) — Mahonia (Berberis) Aquifolium — differs from Japan Manonra (15) — Mahonia japénica — in having fewer blades but a longer stem to the compound leaf: Ameri- can blades 5 to 9; Japan, 9 to 13. The use of the following key will enable the reader to determine a few additional species. [Fresh seeds ; twig cuttings ; layers. ] KEY TO THE BARBERRIES WITH SIMPLE LEAVES * Leaves thin, deciduous, notched, in clusters above thorns ; leaf- notches hair-tipped. (A.) A. Branches gray and grooved ; flowers yellow in elongated racemes, May and June. Many varieties of European or Common Bar- BERRY (13) — Berberis vulgaris. A. Branches purplish and grooved ; leaves purple. Berberis vulgaris atropurptirea. APGAR’S SHRUBS— 5 66 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS A. Branches reddish brown or brown; fruit coral-red. AMERICAN Barserry (16) — Berberis canadénsis. * Leaves thin, deciduous, usually without notches. B. Branches reddish brown; flowers orange-yellow in racemes ; fruit dark blue. (C.) C. Flowers and fruit pendulous. TurKrestan Barberry — Ber- beris heterépoda. C. Flowers and fruit erect. Persian BarBerry — Berberis in- tegérrima. B. Branches brown, grooved; flowers pale yellow, nearly solitary (1-8) ; fruit bright red ; leaves small (4-1} inches long), spatu- late; low dense shrub, 2-4 feet. Tuunpere’s JAPANESE Bar- BERRY (12) — Berberis Thunbérgii. * Leaves thick, small (4-1 inch long), usually entire and about ever- green. (D.) D. Flowers solitary on long stems, orange; fruit blackish purple. Box-LeaveD Barwernry (17) — Berberis buxifdlia. D. Flowers (2-6) in umbels; leaves with rolled edges, small (1-14 inches). SmALL-LEAVED Barberry — Berberis stenophylla, * Leaves holly-like, spiny-toothed. (B.) E. Flowers in simple racemes, orange-yellow. HoLLy-LEAVED Bar- BERRY (18) — Berberis ilicifdlia. H. Flowers in compound racemes. (F.) F. Leaves with many spiny teeth. BearpEp Bargerry (19) — Berberis aristata. F. Leaves with few large strong spines. JamEson’s BarBERRY — Berberis Jamesoni. KEY TO THE BARBERRIES WITH COMPOUND EVERGREEN LEAVES.— MAHONIA. * Leaves almost without stalk below the blades. (A.) A. Blades 3-7, thick, dull and whitish, Fremont’s Manonra— Mahonia Frémonti. A. Blades 5-17, thick, dark green, shiny, with few teeth ; height 2-3 feet. Manonra (20) — Mahonia pinnata. A. Blades 9-13, large (2-5 inches long) ; height 5-10 feet. Japan Mauonta (15) — Mahonia japénica. ‘A. Blades 5-25, smaller, rigid with fewer teeth; height 4-6 feet, Nepaut Manonta — Mahonia nepalénsis. * Leaves decidedly stalked below the blades. (B.) B. Blades rounded or square at base. (C.) NANDINA 67 Qa Blades 5-9, shiny dark green above with many teeth ; height 3-6 feet. HoxLiy-Leavep Manonia (14) — Mahonia Aquifodlium. C. Blades 11-21, with 3-5 basal ribs and few teeth; low. Asu Manontia (21) — Mahonia nervosa. C. Blades 3-7, dull, pale; low, almost creeping, 1-2 feet high. Traiting Manonra — Mahonia répens (Berberis Aquifolium). B. Blades 5-9, tapering at base with many spiny teeth; low. For- runge’s Manonia. Mahonia Fortiinei. Fic. 22.— Japanese Nandina. The tall barberries in cultiva- tion North are generally varieties of Berberis vulgaris and the names often indicate peculiarities of foli- age or fruit: atropurptrea, purple- Frq, 23.— Wavy-leaved Pittosporum. leaved ; dlba, white-fruited ; lutea, yellow-fruited ; nigra, black-fruited ; aspérma, seedless ; violacea, violet- fruited ; dulcis, not sour; mitis, with few thorns; etc. The low ones are apt to be varieties of Berberis Thunbergii, which are especially valuable for the borders of walks and drives and grow well in partial shade. Nandina doméstica. Japanese Nanpina (22) is a reed-like upright shrub (6-8 feet) with bare stems }{ inch in diameter and clusters of evergreen leaves at the top ending in a cluster of small red berries the size of peas. The compound leaves are two or three times ternate with 9 to 27 entire-edged blades. It is frequent in cultivation in southern Cali- fornia for the beautiful foliage and bright berries, but the bare stems are unsightly if exposed. Among other shrubs and somewhat in the shade it is a fine plant. With some protection hardy to Washington. The 68 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Fic. 26.— Cape Pittosporum. flowers are insignificant; the seeds are peculiar in that they are con- cave on one side and convex on the other. [Seeds and divisions. ] Pittésporum. The Pirrosro- RUMS are evergreen trees or shrubs of warm regions. The leaves are alternate but clustered in an ap- parent whorl at the ends of the branches; the margins are in most species entire, The regular 5-parted flowers form a cluster above the whorl of Fic. 27.— Karo Pittosporum. HELIANTHEMUM 69 leaves in spring. The fruit is a globular woody capsule with 2 to many seeds. [Seeds ; twig cuttings. ] KEY TO THE PITTOSPORUMS * Flowers white or nearly so. (A.) ; A. Flowers very fragrant at night, 4 inch long; leaves a rich deep green, lanceolate, often undulated at the margin ; seeds numerous in the j-inch pod. Wavy-Leavep Pirrosporum or Mock Orance (23) — Pittosporum undulatum. A. Flowers slightly yellowish with narrow petals, February, March; leaves silky-white when young; seeds 4. Mapras Pirrosporum — Pittosporum tetraspérmum. A. Flowers pure white and fragrant, 4 inch broad, in winter; leaves broad towards tip and blunt, dark above, pale below (sometimes variegated.) Common Pirrosporum or Topira (24) — Pittosporum Tobira. * Flowers some shade of yellow. (B.) B. Plants clothed with rusty hairs ; leaves about 3 inches long and half as wide; flowers 4 inch long, yellow, February to April. Pirrosporum (25) — Pittosporum revoltitum. B. Plants smooth throughout. (C.) C. Small tree or large shrub with weeping twigs; leaves 2-4 inches long with hooked point. Pittosporum phillyreoides. C. Shrub 6 feet high; leaves broad towards tip; flowers clustered, greenish yellow, jasmine-scented. Cape Pirrosporum (26) — Pittosporum viridifldrum. * Flowers almost black and seeds black; used in California as wind- breaks and hedges. (D.) D. Leaves pale and glaucous below, 2-3 inches long and blunt at tip; a pyramidal tall shrub or tree. Karo (27) — Pittosporum crassifdlium. D. Leaves thin, dull green, 14-2 inches long and pointed at tip; tree-like. Tawniwx1— Pittosporum tenuifdlium. Helid4nthemum. The Rockross — Helianthemum Chamecistus — and the Frostwexrp (28) — Helianthemum canadénse—are beautiful rock- work plants with usually bright yellow flowers an inch or more in diameter. Some varieties have red or copper-colored blossoms and some are double. The leaves are linear, hairy above and whitish beneath and generally alternate except at base. The plant commonly cultivated, Helianthe- mum Chamacistus, grows in procumbent mats less than a foot high and the 5-petaled flowers are in nodding racemes with hairy stems. The 70 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS yj ; Fic. 29. — Undulate-leaved Rockrose. Fig. 28.— Frostweed. et m, + fp I Re RON £4 3 ne Fic. 30. —Cyprus Rockrose. Fic. 31.— Gum Cistus. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CISTUS 71 fruit is a more or less 3-celled capsule with numerous seeds. These plants are sometimes called Sun ‘ RosEs’ because the flowers open only in sun- shine and soon drop their petals. [Divisions ; seeds; twig cuttings.] Cistus. These are also called Rockrosres. They are aromatic shrubs having all parts covered with short or long usually glandular hairs. The eh Aye . iy Ye aN. Fic. 32.— Laurel-leaved Cistus. Fic. 33.— Hairy Cistus. leaves are opposite, simple, mostly evergreen and entire-edged. The flowers are large, rose-like, white to purple and usually clustered. The fruit is a dry many-seeded capsule splitting into 5 valves when ripe. These plants are fully hardy only in the Gulf states and are rarely culti- vated even there. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CISTUS * Leaves 3-ribbed. (A.) A. Compact shrub to 2 feet; leaves narrow, rough above, hairy below ; flowers deep rose-color, nearly 2 inches wide, 3-4 in a cluster with short stalks. June to August. UNDULATE-LEAVED Rocxrose (29) — Cistus crfspus. A. Erect glutinous shrub to 6 feet; leaves smooth above and very hairy below ; flowers white blotched with purple, nearly 3 inches 72 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS wide, 5-7 in a cluster. June. Cyprus RocKxrose (30) —Cis- tus cyprius. ; A. Glutinous shrub to 4 feet; flowers with yellow center (in var, maculatus dark crimson), 3-4 inches wide, usually solitary, June. Gum Cistus (31) — Cistus ladanfferus. A. Shrub to 6 feet; leaves 1-2} inches long, whitish or brownish below ; flowers yellow-blotched, 2-3 inches wide, 3-8 in a cluster. June to August. The hardiest species. LaureL-LEAVED Cistus (32) — Cistus laurifodlius, * Leaves feather-veined ; flowers 1}-2 inches wide. Shrub 3-4 feet; leaves rough above and very velvety below, 1-2 inches long; flowers purple or red usually on long stems, 1-3 in a cluster. May, June. A variable species with many named forms. Harry Cistus (33) — Cistus villdsus. (Seeds. ] Hudsdnia. The Hupsonias are hardy evergreen shrubs 1 foot high with small awl-shaped heath-like leaves. The flowers are small, yellow, Fic. 34. — Woolly Fic. 35.— German Hudsonia. Tamarisk. abundant, blooming from May to July. These plants are so difficult to keep in health that they are seldom found in cultivation, though wild in sandy coast regions from Maine to ‘Virginia. KEY TO TAMARIX 73 The two species are Heatu-LikE Hupsonra — Hudsonia ericoides, — with greenish leaves and the flowers on slender naked stalks, and WooLtty Hupson1a or Farse Heatuer (34) — Hudsonia tomentosa, — with whitish leaves and nearly sessile flowers. [Layers ; twig cuttings. ] Fie. 37.— French Fic. 36.— African Tamarisk. Tamarisk. Tamarix. The Tamarisxs are beautiful shrubs with minute scale-like leaves and clustered small usually pink flowers. They are especially fitted for seaside planting, as the salt air and wind storms do not perma- nently injure them. There are about ten species in cultivation so nearly alike in foliage that there is much confusion in the names given by the nurserymen. If the reader wishes certainly to determine the species he will need to examine the small flowers with a magnifying glass. [Seeds ; twig cuttings.] KEY TO TAMARIX, INCLUDING MYRICARIA * Stamens 10 grown together for } to } their length. Myricdria. (A.) A. Racemes of pink or whitish flowers in compound terminal clusters 4-6 incheslong. German TaMaRriskK (35) — Tamarix (Myricaria) germanica. A. Racemes usually simple. Danurian TamariskK— Tamarix (My- ricaria) dahtrica. * Stamens not grown together or but slightly so at base, usually 4 or 5. (B.) 74 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS B. Petals 4; racemes short on the sides of last year’s branches in early spring. April and May. (C.) C. Petals spreading and wilting, persistent. Arrican TAMARISK (36)— Tamarix parviflora, C. Petals erect and dropping off. Four-anrHereD T'AMARISK — Tamarix tetrandra. B. Petals 5. (D.) D. Leaves pubescent, bluish green ; flowers with deciduous petals nearly sessile in racemes 2-3 inches long. PuBEsceNT-LEAVED Tamarisk — Tamarix hispida. D. Leaves smooth. (B.) E. Petals deciduous; shrub or small tree with whitish or pinkish flowers, May-July (in var. indica, Lare-rLoweriInc Tam- ARISK, Aug., Sept.). Frencu Tamarisx (37) — Tamarix gallica. E. Petals persistent, wilting. (F.) F. Racemes about 2 inches long on old branches. Japan Tamarisk — Tamarix juniperina. FP. Flowers in terminal compound clusters. (G.) G. Shrub or small tree with spreading or drooping branches. Cuinese TAmaArisk — Tamarix chinénsis. G. Shrub 4-6 feet high with upright branches. Caspian Tamarisk — Tamarix odessana. Ascyrum. St. Anprew’s Cross and Sr. Perer’s-worr are pretty yellow-flowered, slightly shrubby, summer-flowering plants sometimes cultivated in borders. They can be known by the calyx of 4 pieces (2 large and 2 small), 4 cross-like broadly spreading petals and many stamens. The leaves are opposite with entire edges. Sr. Prrer’s- wort (88)— Ascyrum stans — is the taller growing, 2-3 feet, with larger flowers, thicker leaves, and 3 or 4 styles. St. AnpREw’s Cross (39) — Ascyrum hypericoides — is more spreading with lighter colored smaller flowers and 2 styles. The fruit is a dry 1-celled many-seeded pod. (Divisions ; seeds. ] Fic. 38.—St. Peter’s-Wort. Fia. 41.— Aaron’s Beard. ASCYRUM 75 Fig. 42. — Kalm’s St. Jobn’s-Wort. 76 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Fic. 45.— Bartram’s Hypericum. Fia. 46.— Shrubby St. John’s-Wort. KEY TO THE COMMONLY CULTIVATED HYPERICUMS 77 Hypéricum. The Sr. Joun’s-worrs are an extensive genus (200 spe- cies) of herbs, shrubs, and trees with more or less dotted, opposite, entire- edged leaves and showy yellow flowers with many stamens. The 5 oblique- edged yellow petals, many stamens (frequently united into groups), and the transparent-dotted opposite leaves are the peculiarities which will Fig. 47.— Creeping St. John’s-Wort. Fic. 48.— Small-Leaved Hypericum. separate these plants from all others. About a dozen species are in culti- vation. Several species are evergreen in the North, and others additional to these hold their leaves through the winter South. Some are trailing plants spreading over the bare ground, others are erect shrubs 5 to 6 feet high. They flower from July to October, but most bloom in early August when but few flowers are seen in the shrubbery. [Seeds ; suckers ; twig cuttings. ] KEY TO THE COMMONLY CULTIVATED HYPERICUMS * Stem round; leaves about evergreen ; pistil with 5 styles; flowers golden yellow ; hardy south of New York. (A.) A. Flowers 2-3 inches broad, petals thick and orbicular, stamens in 5 clusters, August; leaves sometimes 4 inches long; slightly 78 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS shrubby, to 24 feet high. Hooxrr’s Hyrrricum (40) — Hy- pericum Hookerianum. A. Flowers 2 inches broad, stamens with reddish anthers, July, Aug,; branches erect with pendulous tips; 2 feet high. Goxp FLowsr — Hypericum Moseriinum. * Stem 4-angled ; pistil with 5 styles. (B.) B. Leaves evergreen, leathery, dark above, whitish below, 2-4 inches long; flowers 3 inches broad; low plant 1 foot high, tufted. Aanon’s Bearp (41) — Hypericum calycinum. B. Leaves about linear 1-2} inches long, bluish above ; flowers 4-1 inch broad; shrub 2-3 feet high with contorted stems, Kaxm’s Sr. Jony’s-wort (42) — Hypericum Kalmianum. B. Leaves 2-5 inches long, clasping ; flowers 1-2 inches wide; plant 2-6 feet high but not shrubby even at base. Great Sr. Joun’s- wort (43) — Hypericum Ascyron. * Stem 4-angled ; pistil with 3 styles. (C.) ' C. Fruit berry-like, the size of peas, violet when ripe; plant very aromatic ; leaves ovate, 4 inches long. Swrzt Amber — Hyperi- cum Androszemum. C. Fruit a 1-3-celled capsule; dense low shrub forming rounded tufts; leaves 1-24 inches long, bluish; flowers 1 inch wide. BucKkiey’s Hyrpericum— Hypericum Buckleyi. C. Fruit 3-celled capsules; erect shrub 4-6 feet high; leaves lin- ear, crowded, 1-2 inches long; flowers 4 inch wide. Busuy Sr. Jonn’s-wort (44) — Hypericum densiflorum. * Stems, at least in the younger growth, 2-ridged or 2-winged; pistil with 3 styles grown more or less together. (D.) D. Fully shrubby, 3 feet high; bark red or brown splitting off in layers ; flowers, 1} inches broad, showy, July-Sept. (H.) E. Leaves somewhat leathery, oblong, 1-3 inches long, whitish beneath ; flowers sessile 1-3 in cluster. Barrram’s HyPeri- cum (45) — Hypericum atreum. E. Leaves thinner, more slender, usually pointed, 1-8 inches long, dark glossy green. Surussy St. Joun’s-wort (46) — Hyperi- cum prolfficum. D. Shrubby only at base or herbaceous throughout; flowers small. (F.) F. Erect from a creeping base to 2 feet; leaves lanceolate, 1-2 inches long ; flowers about } inch wide. Crezpine St. Jonn’s- wort (47) — Hypericum adpréssum. F. Erect to 4 feet ; leaves 4-14 inches long and somewhat clasping at base ; flowers under 4 inch wide. Smavi-Leavep Hyperi- cum (48) — Hypericum opacum, CAMELLIA 79 Caméllia. This is a genus of elegant evergreen, usually glossy-foliaged, large-flowered plants hardy only in the Gulf states, though a few specimens Fic. 50.— Alleghany Stuartia. are found in well-protected positions as far north as Washington. There are hundreds of named varieties, double and single, white, red, and variegated. They have peculiar waxy petals and, in the single forms, many more or less united stamens. Japan CaMELiLiA (49) — Camellia japonica —is the parent of most of the varieties. The leaves are simple, alternate, evergreen with notched edges. Besides these species and varieties with erect flowers cultivated entirely for ornament, the Tea PLantT Fic. 51.— Japanese Stuartia. — Camellia théa —with nodding flowers is cultivated for use. In this the flowers are much smaller, under 14 inches and single with 5 petals. It grows to the height sometimes of 30 feet and can be successfully grown in the Gulf states. [Seeds ; twig cuttings ; layers; grafting. ] 80 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Studrtia. This, like the Camellias, has large flowers and united stamens, but the foliage is deciduous and the shrubs are hardy in the North. The alternate leaves are simple, feather-veined, with notched edges. The flowers are white or cream-colored with usually 5 petals. [Seeds ; layers ; twig cuttings.] KEY TO THE STUARTIAS * With purple spreading stamens and globular fruit 4 inch or more broad; shrub 6-12 feet high blooming in May and June. Rovunp- FRUITED StuaRT1a — Stuartia Malachodéndron. * With wavy-edged cream-colored petals and curved white stamens having orange anthers, July and Aug. ; capsules 5-angled, ovate; 6-15 feet high. ALiecuany Sruarria (50) — Stuartia pentdgyna, * With concave orbicular petals, silky outside ; 10-50 feet high with smooth red bark peeling off in great thin layers or flakes and acute- tipped narrow leaves 13-3 inches long. Japanese Sruarria (51) — Stuartia Psetdo-caméllia. Gorddnia. The Gorponras are nearly evergreen with large white flowers having many united stamens, like the Stuartias, but the stamens Fic. 52. — Loblolly. Fia. 53, —Franklinia. are in five clusters on a cup of white petals. These plants are usually trees but a: the northern border of their range (the hardiest, Gordonia HIBISCUS 81 pubéscens, can be grown in Massachusetts) reduced to shrubs and bloom- ing when small. Losioxyiy or Tan ‘Bay’ (52) —Gordonia Lasidnthus — has a pointed pod and is fully evergreen with glossy notch-edged leaves 4 to 6 inches long and pure white flowers 21 inches broad in July and August. Franxcinia (53)— Gordonia pu- béscens— has a globular pod and deciduous leaves which turn a bril- liant scarlet before dropping in the autumn. The pure white flowers are 3 inches broad, silky outside, blooming in September and October. There is another plant, always a shrub, probably belonging to this genus, from China, CningesE Gor- vonta (54) — Gordonia andémala. This has almost sessile creamy- white flowers 2 to 3 inches broad, in November, and nearly entire- edged dark evergreen oblanceolate leaves 3 to 6 inches long. [Seeds ; layers ; twig cuttings.] Fig. 55.— Japanese Cleyera. Hibiscus. ceous plants with large hollyhock-like flowers. APGAR’S SHRUBS — 6 Fic. 54.— Chinese Gordonia. Cleyéra ochnacea. JAPANESE Creyera (55) is a tender shrub (6 feet high) with alternate, glossy, evergreen, entire-edged (except at tip) leaves pointed at both ends; the flowers are fragrant, numerous, creamy-white in June; the fruit are red berries which Jast all winter. Hlardy in the Gulf states. There is a variety, trfcolor, with grayish blotchings and white and rose-colored edgings to the foliage; the flower has 5 sepals, 2 bracts, and 5 petals; the berries are 2 to 3-celled. [Seeds. ] The Rost Matrows form a large group of mainly herba- The only woody species 82 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS in the North is the extensively cultivated summer-flowering SHrupBy ALTHEA, usually called ‘Rosz or Snaron’ (56) — Hibiscus syriacus,— with tapering-based more or.less 3-lobed leaves. There are scores of named varieties with single or double flowers of many colors, — white, pink, red, purple, and variegated. In southern California there is in cultivation another tall shrubby species from Australia, GREEN Kurragone or QUEENSLAND SORREL TREE — Hibis- cus heterophyllus, — with abundant white flowers having a deep crimson Fic. 56.— Rose of Sharon. Fic. 57.— Swamp Rose Mallow. center. These flowers are large, 3 to 4 inches long, with hairy calyx and capsule. The leaves are, as the name indicates, exceedingly variable in form: linear, lanceolate, oblong, and with a tendency to 3-lobing in the broader forms. These leaves are 5 to 6 inches long and in some varieties white beneath, though usually green on both sides. Besides these two shrubby species, we include a tall swamp-growing hardy herb, Swamp Rose Mattow (57) — Hibiscus Moschettos. It grows 8 to 7 feet high, has white or pink flowers 4 to 8 inches broad often with a crimson center, insummer. The ovoid capsule is 1 inch long and remains on the plant through the winter. The leaves are large, ovate, notch-edged, sometimes slightly 3-lobed and almost velvety beneath. [Seeds ; twig cuttings. ] ZANTHOXYLUM 83 Fic. 58.— Northern Prickly ‘Ash.’ Ne a Fra. 59.—Chinese ‘ Pepper.’ Zanthéxylum. The Prickry ‘Asnes’ or Toornacts-TrEEs, with prickly pinnate leaves and pepper-like pods, are wild and frequently culti- vated for the foliage and the small peppery fruit. ‘The flowers are in- significant. The northern species has small clusters of flowers and fruit in the axils of the leaves, while the southern and the Chi- nese species have large terminal clusters. Nortuern Prickzy ‘ Asi’ (58) — Zanthoxylum americanum, — hardy North and often cultivated, has prickly leaves with 5 to 11 op- posite nearly entire-edged sessile blades 14 to 2 inches long; stems also prickly. Curnese ‘Pepper’ (59) — Zan- thoxylum piperitum — has 11 to 13 somewhat notched blades $ to 1} inches long and is probably hardy in the middle states. TooTHACHE-TREE (60) or SouTH- ERN Prickiy ‘ Asn’ — Zanthoxy- Fic. 60.— Toothache-tree. 84 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS lum Clava-Hérculis — has 7 to 17 slightly notched nearly sessile blades 14 to 8 inches long, tree-like (often 30 feet high) and is hardy in the middle states. [Seeds; suckers. ] Ptélea trifoliata. Surussy Trerort or Hop Trex (61) is a tall orna- mental aromatic shrub with elm-like winged fruit in clusters and 3-bladed alternate leaves. The small greenish flowers bloom in May and June. The fruit soon forms and remains on the bush till winter. The leaves when held towards the light show pinhole-like transparent dots. This is probably the only species in general cultivation, though in the West there are several others (a late writer, Edward L. Green, would divide them into over 50), differing in color and pubescence of foliage and in size and shape of fruit. [Seeds ; layers. ] Skimmia. The Sximmias are handsome evergreen shrubs with simple alternate entire-edged leaves, insignificant flowers (usually of 4 petals) and small red berries with 2 to 4 seeds lasting over the winter. The leaves Fie. 61.—Hop Tree. Fie. 62.— Japan Skimmia. are transparent-dotted, as in the Hop Tree. They are not fully hardy north of Washington. The Japan species is the taller, to 5 feet, and has brighter colored berries, while the Chinese is smaller, 2 to 4 feet, with more abundant dull red berries, Japan Sximmsa (62) —Skimmia japonica —has the leaves crowded at the ends of the branches, more or less yellowish green on both sides, 3} ta SKIMMIA 85 5 inches long. This species is more or less dicecious and so care must be taken to have a stamen-bearing plant to fertilize the pistils. Curinese Sximmia — Skimmia Fortinei—has larger, 3} to 10 inches Fia. 63. — Hardy Orange. Fic. 65.— American Holly. Fic. 66.— Japan Large-leaved Holly. 86 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS long, and greener leaves and more abundant flowers and fruit. In this the berries are somewhat pear-shaped and about all the bushes have both stamens and pistils. Fig. 69,— Dahoon. [Seeds ; twig cuttings. ] Fic. 68.— Mountain Holly. Citrus. The Cirrus plants in- clude the lemons, oranges, grape fruit, limes, etc., and, with the exception of the 3-bladed thorny species, Harpy Oranox (63) — Cit- rus trifoliata — hardy north to Phil- adelphia, are found only in the extreme South. The evergreen leaves of all the species are peculiar in that the blade (generally there is but one) is joined to a usually winged stem and so must be con- sidered as compound, though with but one spreading portion. [Seeds ; grafting of varieties, es- pecially of seedless forms. ] Hex. The Honuy shrubs and trees are extremely beautiful in THE HOLLIES 87 foliage and fruit. Of the two species with evergreen spiny-edged leaves, the Evrorean Hotty (64) — Ilex Aquifdlium, — has brighter red berries but does not seem to thrive in our climate; the American HoLiy (65) — Ilex opaca, — with duller Fic. 70.— Cassena. Fic. 71.— Inkberry. berries, is wild throughout and frequent in cultivation. The fruit of both remain on the plants through the winter and have extensive use in indoor Fic. 72.— Swamp Holly. Fig. 73.— Large-leaved Holly. 88 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS decorations at Christmas time. The best of the evergreens without spiny- edged leaves are those from Japan. The one with the largest and brightest leaves (6 inches long and 8 to 4 inches wide) is Jaran LARGE-LEAVED Hotty (66) — ex latifolia ; while the one with foliage next in size (8 to 4 inches long) is Entire-LEAvep Hotty — Ilex fntegra. The small-leaved one (about 1 inch long) is SMaLu-LEAvep Houiy — Ilex crenata. The best of the deciduous-leaved Hollies is Rep W1inTERBERRY (67) — Tlex verticillata, — which grows about 6 feet high and has small brilliant red berries remaining on the bare bushes in close clusters through most of the winter. Mountain Hoty (68) —Nemopdnthus mucronata (N. fas- cicularis) — has bright ridged red berries on stems about an inch long ; it grows 6 to 8 feet high with ash-colored bark. All of the hollies have alternate simple leaves. (Seeds, taking 2 years. ] KEY TO THE HOLLIES * Foliage evergreen. (A.) A. Leaves with spiny-edged teeth ; trees rather than shrubs. (B.) B. Flowers and fruit on axillary clusters on old growth. European Hotty (64) — Dex Aquifoliuin. B. Flowers and fruit in small axillary clusters on new growth. AmeERIcAN Hotty (65) — Ilex opaca. A. Leaves with few spines at tips and base; shrub with short spreading branches. Curinese Ilorny — Ilex corntta. A. Leaves without spiny edges, entire or slightly notched. (C.) C. Fruit red; hardy only south of Washington ; shrubs or trees to 40 feet or more. (D.) D. Leaves large, 3-7 inches long, glossy green; fruit large in sessile clusters. Japan LarGe-Leavep Houiiy (66) — Ilex latifolia. D. Leaves obovate, entire-edged, 3-4 inches long; fruit large, long-stemmed. Japan Entire-Leavep Houiy — Ilex integra. D. Leaves obovate, nearly entire, 2-3 inches long; fruit small, dull red to yellow. Dattoow (69) — Ilex Cassine. D. Leaves oval, small, }-2 inches long; fruit on old growth globose, small. Cassena (70) or Yauron— Ilex vomitoria. C. Fruit black, nearly solitary on new growth. (B.) E. Leaves small, crenate, smooth, 1-1} inches long ; hardy only South. Japan SMALL-LuAVED Hoty — Ilex crenata. EB. Leaves larger, 1-2 inches long, notched towards tips; hardy upright shrub to 8 feet. EverGReen WINTERBERRY. Inkverry (71) — Ilex glabra, CYRILLA RACEMIFLORA 89 * Foliage deciduous ; fruit red or orange-red on stems } inch or less long. (F ) F. Leaves clustered on short side spurs; berries 4 inch; hardy shrubs or trees to 30 or 40 feet. (G.) G. Leaves widest beyond the middle, 14-3 inches long, dark above, pale beneath. Swamp Hotty (72).— Ilex decidua. G. Leaves widest below the middle, 2-6 inches long, sharply ser- rate. Larcr-Leavep Hotry (73) — Ilex montfcola. F. Leaves alternate and not in clusters; berries but } inch or less. (H.) H. Berries about } inch, orange-red. SmoorH WINTERBERRY — llex levigata. H. Berries about } inch, bright red. Rep Winterperry (67) — lex verticillata. H. Berries about 4 inch, bright red. Japan WinTERBERRY — Ilex serrata. * Foliage deciduous ; fruit ridged, red, on stems 1 inch or more long. Mountain Hoxtiy (68)—Nemopdnthus mucronata (N. fascicu- laris). Cyrilla racemifldra. Leatuerwoop (74) or Brack Ti-T1 is a nearly evergreen shrub or small tree with alternate oblanceolate, entire-edged, smooth bright green leaves, hardy to New York but evergreen only South. The flowers are small, white, 5-parted, in slender ra- Fig. 74. — Leatherwood. Fig. 75. — Running Euonymus, 90 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Fic. 78.— Japanese Spindle Tree. Fia. 79.— Erect Strawberry Bush. EUONYMUS 91 cemes, June, July. The fruit are small, 2-celled, 2-seeded pods less than ¢ inch in diameter. [Seeds ; twig cuttings under glass. ] Euédnymus. The Burnine Busnes or Sprinpte TreEs have flat greenish 4- or 5-petaled flowers, Fia. 80.— Warty Euonymus. Fic. 81.— European Spindle Tree. opposite leaves and generally 4-sided twigs. The bright two-colored fruit, which is very ornamental in the fall, is a good characteristic for the determination of the group by the beginner in the study of shrubs. These two colors are * shown when the capsule bursts open and the bright red- or orange- coated seeds appear. Running Evonymus, (75) or Strawberry Buss — Euonymus obovatus — has a straggling growth 2 to 5 feet high, thrives well in shady places, and receives its name from the rough warty strawberry-like look to its capsules. The Ameri- . can Burnine Busu (76) — Euény- mus atropurptreus—has smooth deeply 3-4-lobed red capsules and grows to the height of 6 to 25 feet. The European species differs from the American one in that the an- Fig, 82.—Broad-leaved Spindle Tree. 92 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS thers of the flowers are not sessile and it is not so tall-growing, 8 to 15 feet. Wincep Buryine Buss (77) —Euonymus alatus—from Japan has usually broadly ridged or winged stems, There is an evergreen spindle tree from Japan often cultivated though not fully hardy North; of this there are a number of varieties with white- and yellow-blotched leaves. Most of the species bloom in June and all from May to July. [Seeds (slow) ; twig cuttings. ] KEY TO THE BURNING BUSHES * Leaves evergreen, thick and glossy, 1-3 inches long. (A.) A. Erect-to 10 feet. Japanese SpinpLe Tree (78) — Euénymus japonicus, A. Trailing, procumbent or climbing. Cxrimpinc Evonymus — Euonymus radicans. * Leaves thinner and deciduous. (B.) B. Stem broadly ridged with wing-like corky growths. Wincep Burnine Busu (76)— Euonymus alatus. B. Stem usually somewhat 4-angled but not winged. (C.) C. Fruit rough, warty, strawberry-like. (D). D. Upright shrub to 8 feet. Erect SrrawsBerry Bus (79) — Euonymus americanus. D. Procumbent to 1 foot. Running Evonymus (75) or Straw- BERRY Bus — Euonymus obovatus. C. Fruit more or less deeply 3-5-lobed. (H.) HE. Branches densely warty; erect to 6 feet. Warty Evony- mus (80) — Euonymus verrucdsus. EB. Branches smooth. (F.) F. Flowers purplish with yellow anthers ; low shrub to 2 feet with linear leaves. Narrow-LEAVED Burninec Busu — Euonymus nanus. ; F. Flowers yellowish with yellow anthers; shrub to 15 feet. (G.) G. Clusters 3-7-flowered ; capsule deeply 4-lobed. Evro- PEAN SPINDLE Trex (81) — Euonymus europivus. G. Clusters more flowered ; capsule winged, large ; leaves large, 2-4 inches long. Broap-LEavep Spinpie TREE (82) — Euonymus latifdlius, F. Flowers purple with purple anthers. Burnine Busn (76) or Waanoo — Euonyinus atropurpireus. RHAMNUS 93 FP. Flowers yellowish or whitish with purple anthers; tall shrub or tree to 25 feet. (H.) H. Leaves large, —3-6 inches long and 1-24 inches broad. Srezoip’s Evonymus — Euonymus Sieboldianus. H. Leaves smaller, 2-5 inches long and under 1 inch broad. Hamitron’s Evonymus —Euonymus Hamilto- nianus. H. Leaves small, 2-4 inches long; fruit abundant and large; seeds white- or pinkish- and orange-coated. Bunce’s Evonymus — Euonymus Bungeanus. Rhamnus. The Buckrnorys are large shrubs or small trees some- times cultivated for hedges and border plants. The leaves are either alternate or opposite, the flowers minute but fragrant, and the berries when ripe are red or black and 1- to 4-seeded. The opposite-leaved Fic. 83. Common Buckthorn. forms are thorny, while the alternate-leaved ones are not. One or two species, hardy only South, have small evergreen leaves, while most species have larger deciduous leaves. The buckthorns do best in rather moist soil. [Seeds (slow) ; twig cuttings.] 94 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Fic. 84.—-Red-fruited Evergreen Fic. 85.— Black-fruited Evergreen Buckthorn. Buckthorn. Fia. 86.— Lebanon Buckthorn. Fic. 87.— Alder-leaved Buckthorn. THE BUCKTHORNS 95 Fia. 88.— Lance-leaved Buckthorn. Fia. 89.— Indian ‘Cherry.’ Fic. 90.— Alder Buckthorn. Fic. 91.—- Fern-leaved Buckthorn. 96 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS KEY TO THE BUCKTHORNS * Leaves opposite and serrate; plants usually thorny ; fruit black, 4 inch broad. (A.) A. Leaves broad at base, sometimes heart-shaped. Common Bucx- THORN (83) — Rhamnus cathArtica. A. Leaves narrowed at base. Danurian BuckTtHorn — Rhamnus dahirica. * Leaves alternate ; plants not thorny ; winter buds scaly ; petals 4 or more. (B.) B. Leaves evergreen ; hardy only South ; shrubs or small trees to 20 feet. (C.) C. Twigs somewhat hairy; leaves orbicular, dentate; fruit red. Rep-rrviteD EvrrcGreen Bucxtuorn (84) — Rhamnus crocea, C. Twigs smooth; leaves oval; fruit nearly black. Brack- FRUITED EyERGREEN Bucxtruorn (85) — Rhamnus Alatér- nus. B. Leaves thinner and deciduous with many side-veins, 10-20 pairs; fruit black. (D.) D. Twigs smooth ; leaves pale green, 2-6 inches long. Mounratn Srimemere: Rhamnus alpina. D. Twigs pubescent ; leaves brownish when mature, 3-9 inches long. Lrsanon Bucxruorn (86) — Rhamnus lib&anstica. B. Leaves deciduous with but few side-veins, 4-9 pairs; fruit black. (B.) E. Wide-spreading shrub to 4 feet; fruit with 8 nutlets. ALpER- LEAVED Bucktuorn (87) — Rhamnus alnifolia. E. Tall erect shrub to 8 feet ; fruit with 2 nutlets, LancE-LEAVED Becxrnorn (88) — Rhamnus lanceolata. * Leaves alternate ; plants not thorny ; winter buds naked, not scaly ; petals 5. (F. ‘ F. Leaves thickish, nearly evergreen, 1-7 inches long; fruit red changing to black. (G.) G. Leaves with notched and often wavy margins. CorrsE-BERRY — Rhamnus Purshiana. G. Leaves about entire, Carozrina Bucktnorn or Inpian ‘Curerry’ (89) — Rhamnus caroliniana. F. Leaves thinner and smaller, 1-3 inches long; nutlets2, ALDER Bucxtnorn (90) — Rhamnus Frdéngula. F. Leaves linear with undulate edge; nutlets 2, FErRN-LEAVED Bucktuorn (91) — Rhamnus Frdngula aspleniifolia, CEANOTHUS 97 Fic. 93.— Evergreen Fia. 92. — New Jersey ‘lea. Ceanothus. Ceandthus. The best example of this genus is New Jersey Tea (92) —Ceanothus americanus, — a red-rooted shrub 1-2 feet high with alternate (opposite in some of the species of the genus) simple leaves. The small flowers in summer are crowded in a dense slender-stalked cluster. The 3-lobed small capsules separate into 3 nut- lets and remain on through the winter. The peculiar flowers of the Ceanothus shown enlarged at (97) are the best test of the genus. Of the score or more American species doubtless a number of the western ones will be cultivated in the South, and one at least may endure the climate in the North. The eastern species are hardy throughout, thrive in the shade, and are well worthy of cultivation. The California species grow best in sunny places. [Seeds ; twig cuttings.] Frc. 94. — Fendler’s Ceanothus. APGAR’S SHRUBS — 7 98 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Fic. 95.— Spiny Ceanothus. Fie. 96. —Entire-leaved Ceanothus. By yo Sloe Fia. 97,— Red-stemmed Ceanothus. Fie. 98.— Velvety Ceanothus. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CEANOTHUS 99 KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CEANOTHUS * Hardy species growing in shade 1-3 feet high; leaves alternate, 3-ribbed from base; blooming July-Sept. (A.) A. Leaves nearly an inch wide, broadest near base. New Jersey Tra (92) — Ceanothus americanus. A. Leaves } inch wide, broadest near middle. SmaLLter Rep-Rroor — Ceanothus ovatus. * Pacific region species, generally hardy only South and growing best in the sun, (B.) B. Leaves opposite, evergreen, widest near tip, }-linch long. (C.) C. Flowers white in small clusters along the branches, March to May ; tall shrub. Evrercreen Ceanotuus (93) — Ceanothus cuneatus. ~ C. Flowers blue; procumbent shrub. Spreapinc CEANOTHUS. Ceanothus prostratus. B. Leaves alternate, nearly evergreen, entire-edged. (D.) D. Low prostrate spiny shrub, the only western species likely to be hardy North. Fenpier’s Ceanotruvus (94) — Ceanothus Féndleri. D. Tall, often spiny; flowers pale blue, April-June; leaves }-1 inch long. Spiny Creanotuus (95) — Ceanothus divari- catus. D. Tall, not spiny; flowers blue, April-June; leaves 1-2 inches long. EntrrE-LEAVED CEANOTHUs (96) — Ceanothus inte- gérrimus. B. Leaves alternate, notch-edged ; tall shrubs or small trees. (E.) E. Flowers white, May, June; leaves nearly orbicular, 1-3 inches long; branches reddish. Rep-sremMMED Cranotuus (97) — Ceanothus sanguineus. BH. Flowers white, June, July; leaves evergreen, somewhat cor- date, hairy beneath. VeEtvety Ceanotuvs (98) — Ceanothus velitinus. E. Flowers blue or purplish, April, May; leaves hairy beneath. Harry Ceanotrnus — Ceanothus hirstitus. E. Flowers blue or rarely white, May-July. Brus ‘Myrrie’ — Ceanothus thyrsifldrus. HE. Flowers of many colors and under many names, the garden hybrids. Hysrip Ceanotaus— Ceanothus hybridus. Zizyphus. The Jususes are shrubs or trees with small alternate 3 to 5-ribbed leaves, small greenish axillary flowers, drupe-like, usually edible 100 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS fruit. The plants are generally prickly. The most hardy species is not fully so north of Washington. ye ge eRe wanies [tL Ee 7 [ TL Fic. 99.— Chinese Flowering Fic. 100. — Long-racemed Horse- Chestnut. chestnut. Common JususE — Zizyphus sativa —is a shrub or small tree, often prickly, growing occasionally to the height of 30 feet. The leaves are so arranged along slender green stems as to look like compound pinnate ones but the flowers and fruit in their axils prove the leaves are simple. These leaves are from 1 to 8 inches long, dark glossy-green above, whitish below, oblique at base and finely notched. The fruit is short-stalked, dark red to black, 3 to $ inch long. There is a species only 3 to 4 feet high with yellow drupes,’ Loros Trre — Zizyphus Lotus. This is always very prickly and probably not so hardy as the larger species. [Seeds ; twig cuttings; root cut- Fic: 101.—Smooth-fruited Buckeye. tings. | XANTHOCERAS 101 Xanthocéras sorbifdlia. KantHoceras (99) or CuInesE or FLowERING Cuestnut. This is a rarely cultivated but very beautiful hardy shrub or small tree reaching the height of 15 feet, from North China. The alternate leaves are pinnate, 6 to Fia. 102. — Ash-leaved Maple. Fra. 103, — Mountain Maple. 12 inches long, of 9 to 17 serrated blades 1 to 2 inches long. The flowers are very showy in terminal and axillary racemes in May. The individual flowers are } inch broad of 5 white petals having yellow or red Fic. 104. —Striped Maple. Fig. 105.— Japan Maple. 102 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS blotches at the base. The green fruit is large, 14-24 inches long, like the Buckeye, but splitting into three parts having in each several globular ‘ dark brown seeds } inch wide. It is well adapted to solitary planting rather than among other shrubs. [Seeds ; root cuttings. ] Zsculus. The Horsz-cuzst- nuts and BuckEYes are mainly ornamental trees with clusters of large flowers and opposite decidu- ous palmately compound leaves. There are two or three species shrubby in growth and so included here. The one oftenest in cultivation as a lawn plant is the Lonc-ra- CEMED Horsz-cHestnutT (100) — 4ésculus parviflora; it grows as a broadly spreading bush 8 to 10 feet high and has in July and August erect narrow clusters of irregular white flowers. The fruit is large, smooth, with several large chestnut- like seeds. The blades of the leaves are 5 to 7, nearly sessile and finely serrate. Fia. 106. — Siberian Maple. Fic. 107.— Field Maple. Fia. 108. — Montpelier Maple. Rep or Smootu-FruitED Buonerse (101) — Asculus Pavia — is some- times a tree 20 feet tall but usually a shrub 2 to 10 feet high with purple to red flowers in large loose clusters in May or June and smooth fruit. The to 7 blades of the leaf are finely serrate, short-stalked, and purplish below. Of this species there are a number of named varieties: péndula, ACER 103 weeping; cdrnea, flesh-colored flowers; humilis, very low shrub 2 to 4 feet high; atrosanguinea, dark red flowers ; variegata, blotched leaves; etc. [Seeds ; layers; root cuttings. ] Acer. The Mapuius are generally among the tallest and most useful of trees but a few of them are only shrubby in growth. The opposite pal- mately lobed simple deciduous leaves are almost universal in the genus, but the 2-winged fruit is a J ttt \ Y \ UW Fra. 109. — Round-leaved Maple. Fic. 110.— Tartarian Maple. better test, because there are no exceptions to this characteristic. Asu- LEAVED Mapvs (102) or Box ‘ Erper ’— Acer Negtindo — has compound leaves and is generally a small tree but is sometimes shrubby with smooth dark green bark on the twigs. The shrubby maples wild in America and often cultivated are: Moun- Train Marie (103) — Acer spicatum — with 8-lobed coarsely serrated leaves and dense upright clusters of flowers (June) and fruit; and Srrirep Marty (104) — Acer pennsylv4nicum — with greenish white- striped bark. The leaves of the striped maple are large, 6 to 8 inches long, with 8 finely serrated lobes. The flower-clusters are drooping, in spring. The best, most varied and beautiful of the shrubby maples are those of China and Japan, (Layers ; twig cuttings ; seeds.] ‘ge 104 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS KEY TO THE SHRUBBY MAPLES * Leaves compound (pinnate) of usually 3 (3-7) irregularly notched blades. Asu-LEAvVED Maps (102) or Box ‘Exipser’— Acer Ne- gundo. * Leaves compound (palmate) of 5-9 narrow, deeply-notched blades. Varieties of Japan Maple (105) — Acer palmatum: disséctum has green blades. ornatum has deep red blades. roseo-pictum has green blades marked with white and green spots. aureum has yellow blades. sanguineum has bright red blades. * Leaves generally 3- (rarely 5-) lobed. (A.) A. Lobes acute at tip and fully notched. (B.) B. Leaves 11-34 inches long with long terminal lobe. Siserray Marte (106) — Acer Ginnala. B. Leaves 21-4} inches long with coarsely serrated lobes. Movun- TAIN Marve (103) — Acer spicatum. B. Leaves 6-8 inches long, finely serrate ; bark green with white lines; usually a tree. Srripep or Gooseroot Marre (104) Moosrwoop — Acer pennsylvanicum. A. Lobes all rounded and entire or with blunt teeth ; flower-clus- ters erect. (C.) C. Leaves 8-5-lobed, the lobes entire or the middle one slightly 8-lobed, dull green in some, varieties variegated with white dots or blotches, 14-34 inches long; fruit broadly spreading. Fietp Marve or Eneuish Corxpark Marte— (107) Acer campéstre. C. Leaves 3-lobed, thick and nearly evergreen, shiny above and glaucous beneath; fruit slightly spreading. MoNTPELIER Marte (108) — Acer monspessulanum, * Leaves rounded, vine-like with 7-11 short, pointed, doubly serrated lobes, Vine Maries. (D.) D. Stems of leaves and fruit smooth, Rounp-Leavep MAPLE (109) — Acer circinatum. D. Stems of leaves and fruit downy when young, Japan VINE Marie— Acer japénicum. * Leaves rounded and deeply 5-11-lobed, the lobes pointed and doubly serrated, (B.) F EB. Stems of leaves and fruit smooth, Jaran Marie (105) — Acer palmatum, STAPHYLEA 105 H. Stems of leaves and fruit downy when young. Parson’s Japan Marre — Acer japénicum Parsonsi. * Leaves radiate-veined but margin without distinct lobes; usually a tree. TarTARIAN MAPLE (110) — Acer tatdricum. * Leaves feather-straight-veined ; usually a tree. Hornspeam Marie — Acer carpinifolium. Staphyléa. The Biapprer Nurs are shrubs with usually 3-(3-7-) bladed compound opposite decidu- ous leaves and swollen bladder-like fruit. They have handsome light colored bright green leaves and white or greenish flowers in spring. They are good plants for the shrubbery and do best in somewhat moist rich soil and grow well in partial shade. The parts of the flowers are separate and have 6 sepals, 5 petals, and 5 stamens. ‘The fruit is a 2- or 3-celled inflated pod with 1 to few rather large bony seeds in each cell. [Seeds ; layers ; suckers.] Fic. 112.— European Bladder Nut. Fia. 113.— Caucasus Bladder Nut. 106 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS KEY TO THE SPECIES OF STAPHYLEA * Leaves with 3 blades. (A.) A. All the blades short-stalked with serrate awned edges 1}-2} inches long; fruit 2lobed and flattened, about an inch long; small shrub to 6 feet, from Japan. Japan Briapper Nut— Staphylea Bumalda. A. End blade long-stalked, all finely serrated; upright shrub with stout branches 6-16 feet high ; pod 14-2 inches long. AMERICAN Biapper Nur (111) — Staphylea trifdlia. A. Similar to the last but the blades smoother and nearly orbicular ; fruit larger, —2-5 inches long. Caxirornia BLapprrR Nut— Staphylea Bolanderi. * Leaves with 3-7 blades. (B.) ‘ B. Cluster of flowers narrow and raceme-like and pendulous; up. right shrub sometimes tree-like, 6-15 feet high; bladder about an inch long. European BiappEerR Nut (112) — Staphylea pinnata. B. Cluster broad, upright or somewhat nodding; blades 3-5; blad- der 1-2 inches long. Caucasus BLappEer Nur (113) — Staphy- lea célchica. : N. Fig. 114.— Staghorn Sumach. Fig. 115.— Mountain Sumach. RHUS 107 Rhis. The Sumacus are a large group (100 species) of interesting plants of mainly rather small tree-like growth generally 15 feet or less high and so may be considered as shrubs. Most species have alter- nate pinnate leaves and large clus- ters of small berry-like drupes which remain on the plants through the winter; these are often of bright red or purple color. The flowers are small and inconspicu- ous and the sap often milky. The tallest species, StacHorNn Sumacu (114) — Rhus typhina, — grows 10 to 30 feet high and has velvety-hairy stems. The crimson- hairy fruit is very conspicuous, ter- minating all stems. The leaves have 11 to 31 smooth notched blades (in var. lacinidta they are so deeply notched as to make them twice-pinnate). Three species have the stalk be- tween the blades broadly margined or winged. The one with entire Fic. 116. —Elm-leaved Sumach. Fig. 117.— Fragrant Sumach. Fig. 118. — Poison ‘Ivy.’ 108 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS : VN 4 4) ~ N¥/ ; ( i . Nf i | ‘Ny 7 \ Sy Hl Fic. 120.—Smooth Sumach. Fig. 121.—Cut-leaved Sumach. Fig. 122.— Fern-leaved Sumach. KEY TO THE SUMACHS 109 blades is Mountain Sumacu (115) — Rhus copallina ; with finely toothed blades, Japan Sumacu— Rhus semialata and var. Osbéckii ; with coarsely toothed blades, European or ELm-LEAvED Sumacu (116) — Rhus Coriaria, The smallest species with only 3 aromatic blades is the Fracrant Sumacu (117) — Rhus canadénsis. or aromatica. Besides these with compound leaves there are two species with Fig. 123. -- Smoke Bush. Fig. 124. — Evergreen Sumach. simple rounded leaves, sometimes placed in a separate genus, Cétinus. These are called SMoKE-TREES because of the delicate feathery growths which form after the flowers in early summer. The above are nearly all in general cultivation and about all that can be safely cultivated, as several of the others are very poisonous to the touch to many people. Most of the sumachs have brilliant red and yellow colors in their autumn foliage. [Seeds ; suckers ; layers; root cuttings.] KEY TO THE SUMACHS * Leaves deciduous, compound of 3 blades. (A.) A. Berries bright red; blades crenate, sometimes lobed, aromatic. Fragrant Sumacu (117) — Rhus canadéns‘s (R. aromatica). A. Berries gray ; plant very poisonous, usually climbing by rootlets. When erect, Poison ‘Oak’; when climbing, Porson ‘Ivy’ (118) — Rhus Toxicodéndron. 110 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS * Leaves deciduous, composed of many (7-31) blades (or twice-pin- nate). (B.) B. Stem of leaves winged between the blades; fruit red. (C.) C. Blades (9-21) about entire, smooth above; berries hairy. Mountain Sumacu (115) — Rhus copallina. C. Blades (9-21) finely toothed, brown-hairy beneath. Japan Sumacu — Rhus semialata (R. Osbéckii). C. Blades (11-15) coarsely toothed, leaf-stem hairy. Europnan or ELM-LEAVED Sumacu (116) — Rhus Coriaria. B. Stem of leaves without wings between the blades. (D.) D. Blades (7-15) without notches, smooth on both sides ; berries white ; plants very poisonous to the touch. (H.) E. Berries small, pea-like; in moist ground. Porson Sumacu (119) — Rhus Vérnix (R. venenata). E. Berries large—cherry-like; from Asia. Lac Sumacu — Rhus succedanea. D. Blades (11-13) sharply serrate; not poisonous; berries red ; stem smooth. (F.) F. Blades regularly serrate ; shrub to 15 feet. SmootH Sumacn (120) — Rhus glabra. F. Blades deeply and irregularly cut; shrub to 8 feet. Cur- LEAVED Sumacu (121) — Rhus glabra laciniata. - D. Blades hairy beneath ; berries red. (G.) G. Stem velvety-hairy ; tall, 10-30 feet. (H.) H. Blades (11-31) regularly notched. StacHorn Sumacu (114) — Rhus typhina (R. hirta). H. Blades deeply and irregularly cut. FERN-LEAVED SuMACH (122) — Rhus typhina lacinidta. G. Stem less velvety; blades 9-13; low, nearly procumbent ; poisonous; fruit red; southern. Dwarr Sumacu— Rhus pumila. G. Stem slightly hairy when young ; tree-like, 20-30 feet high; hardy only South; very poisonous; from Japan, VaRNISH or Lacquer Tree — Rhus vernicffera. * Leaves deciduous, simple, rounded at tip; fruit generally abortive and plume- or smoke-like, Cétinus. (I.) I. 10-15 feet high. Sone Busan (123) or Ventcuy Sumacn — Rhus Cétinus (Cotinus Cétinus). I. 20-40 feet high. Wutp Smoxe-tree or Cuittam Woop — Rhus Cotinoides (Cotinus Cotinoides). ; * Leaves evergreen, usually simple (occasionally with 8 blades), entire- edged ; low, 2-8 feet high ; hardy only in the extreme South ; from California. (J.) SOPHORA 111 J. Small, slightly hairy leaves. Evercreen Sumacu (124) — Rhus integrifolia. J. Larger and smoother leaves. Rhus ovata. Sophdra. The Sorvoras form a rather large group of evergreen and deciduous trees, shrubs, and herbs, but few of them are in cultivation in America. The leaves are alternate, odd-pinnate, and in the different species range in number of blades from 5 to over 50. The clustered white, pinkish, purplish, or yellow pea-like flowers are in most species less than an inch long, but in one of the evergreen species are nearly 2 incheslong. The fruit iT | Fia. 125.— Japan Pagoda Tree. Fie. 126.— Coral Bean. is a jointed pod, resembling a string of beads with a globular seed in each joint. The evergreen species can be grown only in the Gulf states and southern California. The commonest species in cultivation, Japan PAGOva Trex (125) —Sophora japénica — is a slow-growing, generally shrubby plant with 11 to 21 oblong blades. The bark of the young twigs is green. The cream-white clustered flowers bloom in the late summer. This some- times grows to the height of 50 feet. [Seeds ; twig cuttings ; layers]. 112 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS KEY TO THE SOPHORAS IN CULTIVATION * Leaves deciduous ; flowers in terminal compound clusters (panicles), in latesummer. (A.) A. Leaves of 5-21 blades 1-2 inches long; flowers yellowish white } inch long in loose clusters 10-15 inches long ; shrub or tree to 50 feet. Japan Pacopa Tree (125) — Sophora japénica, A. Leaves of 11-17 blades 2-3} inches long; flowers white, over 4 inch long; pod 1-5-seeded and flattened; tree. Frat-popprp Pacova Trek — Sophora platycarpa. * Leaves evergreen ; hardy only South ; flowers in early spring. (B.) B. Flowers violet in terminal racemes, very fragrant ; the 3-4 seeds bright scarlet in white hairy pods 1-7 inches long and }-3 inch thick; small tree or shrub with slender trunk and upright branches; blades 7-13, leathery, 4 inch long. Corat Bran (126) — Sophora secundiflora, B. Flowers yellow in axillary racemes. (C.) C. Pod 4-winged, 7 inches long ; blades of the leaves very numer- ous, nearly orbicular, 4-} inch long ; racemes pendulous of 2-8 flowers 1} inches long. PEeLu Tree — Sophora tetraptera. C. Pod rounded and not winged, 1-4-seeded ; blades 21-45, 4-1 inch long; flowers $-1 inch long in short racemes; entire plant densely hairy. Larce-rruirep Sornora — Sophora macrocarpa. Fia. 127.— Furze. Fig. 128.— Scotch Broom. CYTISUS 113 Ulex europe@us. Furze (127) or Gorse is a leafless thorny plant (2-5 feet), with large, 2 inch, fragrant yellow pea-like flowers in the axils of the upper thorns, cultivated for the showy flowers which bloom April to June Fig. 129.—~ Dyer’s Greenweed. Fic. 130.— Hairy Broom. and frequently again in September and October; oblong pod } inch long. It is especially suited for seaside planting and grows best in sandy or gravelly soil. The green twigs are striped. There are other species of the genus, much less hardy, which might be cultivated South. (See key, to this and the following two genera, after Gen{sta.) [Seeds ; twig cuttings. ] Cytisus. The Brooms are a large group (45 species) of more or less leafless shrubs with large yellow, white, or purple pea-like flowers and elongated pea-like pods. The leaves, if enlarged and complete, are 8-bladed and alternate but are often reduced to a single blade or almost absent. Most of the species bloom in May and June. The commonest in America is Scorca Broom (128)— Cytisus scoparius — 5 to 10 feet high with erect slender angular green branches and leaf-blades } to 4 inch long. The flowers, 2 inch long, are usually yellow with more or less of a crimson tinge. The pods are nearly black with hairy edges, 1-2 inches long, containing several seeds and ending in a slender coiled tip, (See key after next genus.) [Seeds ; twig cuttings ; layers.] APGAR’S SHRUBS — 8 114 Fic. 132.— Florists’ Genista. DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Genista. The true Genisras (flo- tists’ Genistas are usually Cytisus) have pea-like yellow flowers and few alternate simple entire-edged leaves. The calyx-lobes are longer and more slender in true Genistas and the pods are shorter. While neither genus is fully hardy North, and while both contain a num- ber of species which might be worth cultivating, very few are in cultiva- tion. The only one needing description is probably Woap-waxEen or DyeEr’s GREENWEED (129) —Genista tinctoria an erect shrub to 3 feet with yellow flowers along the tips of the branches in early summer. [Seeds ; layers ; twig cuttings. ] Fig. 1383.— Narrow-bladed Cytisus. KEY TO THE BROOMS AND GORSE 115 KEY TO THE BROOMS AND GORSE IN CULTIVA- TION, INCLUDING THOSE IN HOTHOUSES NORTH OR IN THE OPEN SOUTH * Flowers along the sides of branches not in decided clusters, either solitary or 2or3inacluster. (A.) A. Flowers yellow; leaves deciduous. (B.) B. Pods hairy on the margins, smooth on the sides, 1-2 inches long; branches angled; erect, 5-10 feet. Scorcu Broom (128) — Cytisus scoparius. B. Pods hairy all over, 1 inch long; branches round; blades of leaves hairy, 4-3 inch long. Hairy Broom (180) — Cytisus hirsitus. A. Flowers white; tender North. (C.) C. Branches slender but not thread-like, grooved ; erect, to 3 feet. PorrucaL Broom — Cytisus albus. C. Branches thread-like and angulate — Cytisus fflipes. C. Branches long, slender, pubescent, round, not angulate or grooved ; shrub to 12 feet; leaves all 3-bladed. Pro.irerous Lasournom or TaGasastr — Cytisus prolfferus. A. Flowers pink to purple ; procumbent shrub frequently grafted on an erect stem to form a weeping plant; tender North. Purriy Cyrtisus (131) — Cytisus purptreus. * Flowers in rounded terminal heads, yellow or brownish when fad- ing, nearly 1 inch long, July, August; pod hairy, 1-1} inches long; branches round and hairy; blades 3-1 inch long; hardy to Wash- ington. CLusTER-FLOWERED Lanurnum — Cytisus capitatus. * Flowers yellow in elongated terminal clusters. (D.) D. Leaves evergreen; branches grooved ; hardy only South. (B.) E. Blades widening towards tip, wedge-shaped. (F.) F. Blades 4-3 inch long, pubescent beneath. Cytisus cdndicans. F. Blades }-} inch long, scabby beneath. Cytisus maderénsis. F. Blades }-3 inch long, pubescent on both sides; flowers in one-sided clusters. (G.) G. Racemes shortened; blades usually under } inch long (the Genfsta of florists). YELLow or Frorists’ GEnista (182) — Cytisus canariénsis. G. Racemes longer, 3-5 inches long; blades usually over 3 inch long. A hybrid of garden origin and better than the last. Racemep Crtisus — Cytisus racemdsus, EB. Blades linear, 4-1 inch long with rolled edges; to3 feet. Nar- ROW-BLADED Cytisvs (133) — Cytisus linifolius. 116 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS D. Leaves deciduous, blades $-1 inch long; branches round, pubes- cent; racemes slender, — 3-8 inches long, June, July ; hardy to middle states. BiacKk-rooTep Broom — Cytisus nigricans. D. Leaves deciduous of one lanceolate blade; branches grooved, green; flowers small, in early summer ; plant 1-2 feet. Wun or Drer’s GREENWEED (129) — Genista tinctoria. D. Leaves almost entirely absent, found only on vigorous shoots near the ground ; very spiny and rigid shrub; flowers fragrant, $ inch long; calyx 2-lobed. Furze or Gorsx (127) — Ulex europzeus. Labirnum. The Gorpen Cnarns are rather trees than shrubs but in the North they are apt to grow somewhat bushy. They receive their Fig. 134.— Scotch Laburnum. Fie. 135. — Golden Chain. common name from the slender drooping clusters of large, generally yel- low, pea-like flowers in late spring. The leaves are compound of 38 oblong usually entire-edged blades. The pods (2 inches long) are hairy with one thick edge and black or brown seeds. The tallest of these plants is the Scorcu Lapurnum (134)—Laburnum alpinum,— which grows occasionally to the height of 30 feet with late flowers (June) and brown seeds. The commonest species in cultivation is GoLpEN Crain or Bean Tree (135)— Laburnum vulgare, — which grows to the height occasionally of 20 ‘ AMORPHA 117 feet and has many garden varieties. One of these varieties has yellow foliage, aureum; another, curled foliage, bullatum; another, lobed Fie. 136.— Adam’s Laburnum. blades, quercifdlium; weeping, péndulum; small narrow blades, Carliéri; and crowded leaves, sessilifolium, (The last-named is supposed to be a graft hybrid.) [Seeds ; layers.] KEY TO THE LABURNUMS * Flowers yellow, large (3 inch long), in silky-hairy racemes 4-8 inches long; pod 2 inches long, hairy ; seeds hairy. Gotpen Crain or Bean Trem (185) — Laburnum vulgare. * Flowers smaller in longer and more slender racemes; pod thin with one edge winged ; seeds brown. Scorcn Lasurnum (134) — La- pburnum alpinum. * Flowers somewhat purplish, rarely pure yellow. Apam’s LABURNUM (186) — Laburnum Adami. Amérpha. The Amorpnas are handsome hardy deciduous shrubs with alternate many-bladed pinnate leaves, purple or blue (rarely white) flowers in erect terminal clusters and short (4 inch or less) 1- or 2-seeded pods, There is a tall species, 5-20 feet, Fatse or Bastarp INpico 118 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Fig. 137.— Bastard Indigo. Fig. 138. — Bastard Indigo (in fruit) Fic. 139.— Downy Amorpha. Fic. 140.— Chinese Indigo. ROBINIA 119 (187) (188) —Amorpha frutigdsa— with 11- to 25-bladed leaves and violet- purple flowers, May to July ; and a low bush, 1-3 feet high, LEap Piant or Dowyy Amorrua (1389) — Amorpha canéscens — with 15 to 51 lead-colored blades, bright blue flowers (July, August) and whitish branches. A species only slightly shrubby at base, Dwarr Inpigo— Amorpha herbacea — is grayish-hairy all over with crowded leaves, growing to the height of 2 to 4 feet ; the blades are numerous, 11-37, with black glands on the under side ; it ipanisi in spring with white or purple flowers. Besides these three, the common ones in cultivation, there are sev- eral others which may be found in the South. They can all be recognized by the peculiar lopsided flowers of but one petal in terminal spike-like clusters, 10 exserted stamens united at base, and the short 1- to 2-seeded pods. The blades of the leaves, if held to the light, are seen to be dotted. [Seeds ; twig cuttings; layers ; suckers. ] Indigéfera. The Inpico plants are shrubs or herbs mainly cultivated for use rather than ornament but a few shrubby species are, in the South, raised for their beauty. The flowers are small, pea-shaped, in axillary racemes and the fruit are elongated pods. The leaves are odd-pinnate with 7 to 21 blades. [Twig cuttings ; seeds. ] KEY TO THE ORNAMENTAL INDIGOFERAS * Clusters of flowers longer than the leaves, rosy-red. (A.) A. Weak-growing almost climbing shrub with 13-17 sharp-pointed blades to the leaves ; slender stems red-tinged. CuinEsE Inpico (140) — Indigofera décora. A. Erect-growing with 17-21 broader and blunter blades to the leaves. Indigofera macréstachys. * Clusters of flowers not longer than the leaves. Smooth erect shrub with 9-17 oblong to rounded blades to the leaves. AUSTRALIAN ” Inpico — Indigofera australis. Robinia. The Locusts are generally tall trees, a few species are always shrubs, and one is a bushy tree. All have beautiful clustered pea-shaped flowers, odd-pinnate alternate leaves and pea-shaped pods. Bristiy Locust or Rosz ‘ Acacia’ (141) — Robinia hfspida — grows 2 to 8 feet high with bristly-hairy twigs and leaves, beautiful large rose-colored flowers (May to July), and 9-to 13-bladed leaves, Crammy Locust — Robinia vis- cdsa—is a small tree, 10 to 30 feet, with sticky stems, leaf-stalks, and pods. The blades of the leaf range from 11 to 27; the flowers are pink or rose-colored in racemes 2 to 4 inches long of 6 to 15 flowers; the flat 120 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Fic. 141.— Rose ‘Acacia.’ Fic. 142.— Western Locust. pods are 2 to 3 inches long and 2 to 7-seeded. Western Locust (142)— Robinia neo-mexicana— is a prickly shrub 5 or 6 feet high with rose-colored flowers and twigs covered with glandular, but not gummy, hairs; this has two stout prickles at the bases of the leaves, like the common locust. Fig. 143.— Siberian Pea Tree. Fig. 144.— Small-bladed Pea Tree. ROBINIA 121 Besides these three species, which are the common shrubby forms in cultivation, there are a number found in the South which will doubtless soon be tried and may prove desirable. The smallest of these is Robinia nana, which grows only to the height of a e foot or two with almost an unbranched stem and purple flowers } inch long with white markings. | [Seeds ; suckers ; twig cuttings. ] ie Fig. 145.— Tall Caragana. Fic. 147. — Dwarf Caragana. Fig. 148. — Large-flowered Caragana, 122 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Caragana. The Pea Trezs are generally shrubby in growth and can be most readily known by the even number of blades to the pinnate leaves, yellow flowers, and linear pods. There is but one species which is tall enough to be considered a tree. This isthe Siser1an Pea Tren (143) — Caragana arboréscens, — which may grow to the height of 20 feet, but is usually bushy ; it has 8- to 12-bladed leaves, yellow flowers 3 inch long (May, June), and cylindric pods; there is a weeping variety of this, péndula. SmaLL-BLapED Pea Tree (144) — Caragana microphylla — grows 4 to 6 feet high, has 12 to 18 very small blades (}-} inch) to the leaves and flat pods. The remaining species have but 4 blades to the leaves; of these one from Siberia (6-10 feet high) has the blades so close together as to appear like a ‘four-leaved clover’; three species have persistent spines at the tips of the 4-bladed leaves and are less than 5 feet high. [Seeds (soaked in warm water) ; root cuttings ; layers.] KEY TO THE PEA TREES * Blades 8-12, 4-1 inch long; flowers yellow, $ inch long, 2 to 4 ina cluster (May, June) ; 10-20 feethigh. Siperian Pea Tree (143) — Caragana arboréscens. * Blades 12-18, }-} inch long; flowers yellow, 3 inch long, 1 to 2 ina cluster; shrub 4-6 feet high. SmaLi-Brapep Pra Tren (144) — Caragana microphylla. * Blades 24. (A.) . A. Blades 4, like a 4-bladed clover leaf, without spines; 6-10 feet. Tati CaraGana (145) — Caragana frutéscens. A. Leaves spiny-tipped ; shrub 1-4 feet. (B.) B. Blades in two somewhat distant pairs; flowers reddish yellow, 1}inch long. Cuinese Caracana (146) — Caragana Chémlagu. B. Blades together. (C.) C. Flowers golden, $ inch long. Dwarr Caracana (147) — Caragana pygmeza, C. Flowers 14 inch long. LarGE-FLOWERED CARAGANA (148) — Caragana grandiflora. Halimodéndron argénteum. Sart Busu (149) is a hardy deciduous shrub 4 to 10 feet high with whitish spiny branches, rosy-purplish pea- shaped flowers and compound, usually 4-bladed leaves with stinging spines at their tips. The flowers, nearly an inch long, are in axillary clusters in May to July. The brown inflated pods 6 to 7 inches long are ripe in September. The blades of the leaves are rather narrow near the tips. [Seeds ; layers ; twig cuttings. ] COLUTEA 123 Colitea. The Brapprer Sewnnas are deciduous shrubs with alternate odd-pinnate leaves. The flowers are pea-like, yellow to brownish red, Cal it ( ASS | Fic. 149.— Salt Bush. Fig. 150.— Tall Colutea. in axillary clusters June to September. The fruit is an inflated bladder- like many-seeded pod. These plants are not fully hardy north of New Jersey. [Seeds ; twig cuttings. } Fic. 151.— Orange Flowered Colutea. 124 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS KEY TO THE CULTIVATED COLUTEAS * Flowers lemon-yellow, # inch long, 3-8 in a cluster ; shrub to 15 feet ; leaves with 9-13 dull green blades 3-1 inch long. Tart Coxureza (150) — Colutea arboréscens. * Flowers orange to brownish, 3-6 in a cluster. (A.) A. Pod closed at tip. ORrancE-FLowERED CoLurga (151) —Colutea média. A. Pod open at tip. Onrrentan CoLtutea — Colutea orientalis, Lespedéza. The Lzsprprzas or Busu ‘Crovers’ are mainly herba- ceous, but one species in cultivation is shrubby, and two others have a shrubby appearance as used in borders. These three species are exten- sively cultivated for their flowers and are practically hardy to Massa- Fie. 152.— Shrubby Bush ‘Clover.’ Fra. 153. — Siebold’s Bush ‘ Clover.’ chusetts. The Lespedezas have alternate 3-bladed leaves, the end blade at some distance from the side blades. The pea-shaped flowers in these species are purple (or white) in axillary racemes. The upper parts of these plats show much smaller leaves than the lower and this gives them the peculiar bush-clover look. [ Divisions. ] CORONILLA 125 KEY TO THE MORE SHRUBBY LESPEDEZAS * Shrubby with slender branches, 5-10 feet ; blooming in July, with slightly hairy pods } inch long ; blades of leaves rounded. Surussy Busu ‘Ciover’ (152) — Lespedeza bfcolor. %* Herbaceous with angular brown branches and flowers 3 inch long, (A.) A., Blooming in September with rose-purple flowers ; blades of leaves elongated. SieBoip’s Busu ‘Ciover’ (153) — Lespedeza Siéboldi. A. Blooming late in September with large white flowers ; blades of leaves broader and less pointed. Japanese Busy ‘CLover’ — Lespedeza japénica. Coronilla. The Coroninzas are shrubs or herbs with odd-pinnate leaves and purple or yellow pea-shaped flowers in rounded clusters, like the clovers but larger and with fewer blossoms. Scorpion ‘Senna’ (154) —Coronilla fmerus — is a dense shrub 4 to Fie. 154. — Scorpion ‘ Senna.’ Fic. 155. — Glaucous Scorpion ‘Senna.’ 6 feet high, hardy only South. Leaves deep glossy-green (evergreen South), of 5 to 7 blades broadest near their tips; flowers in clusters of about three, large, yellow tipped with red, May to June, 126 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Fia. 156.— American Redbud. Fic. 157. — Chinese Redbud. be Fia. 158.— European Redbud. Fia, 159,— White-flowered Bauhinia. CERCIS 127 Guiaucous Scorpion ‘Senna’ (155) — Coronilla glaiiea— is a smooth shrub 2 to 4 feet high ; leaves whitish with a bloom of 5 to 7 blunt blades ; flowers 7 to 8 in an open cluster, yel- low, fragrant in the daytime but not at night, blooming through the year in southern California. [Fresh seeds; twig cuttings; divi- sions. ] Fic. 160. — Purple-flowered Bauhinia. Cércis. The Repsups or Jupas TREES are beautiful flowering shrubs with large heart-shaped simple alternate leaves ; pea-shaped purple or red flowers in early spring close clustered along the old, branches and flat pea-like pods 2 to 5 inches long, in summer. American Repsup (156) —Cer- ; cis canadénsis — is a very ornamen- tal shrub or small tree, to 40 feet, with rosy-pink flowers } inch long and rather broad pods 2} to 3} inches long. Curness Repsup (157) — Cercis chinénsis — has purplish flowers, longer and narrower pods, and grows, under good conditions, even taller than the above. Cauirornia’ Repsup—Cercis- occidentalis—is never more than a ~ shrub, to 15 feet, has rose-colored flowers, blunt-tipped leaves about 2 inches wide and pods only 2 to 23 inches long. Fic. 162. — Red-flowered Bauhinia. Fig. 161. — Green-and-white Bauhinia. 128 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Evrorean Repsup (158) —Cercis Siliqudstrum — grows to the height of 40 feet and has large leaves deeply heart-shaped at base (3-5 inches wide), large purplish rose (rarely white) flowers } inch long and pods 3 to 4 inches long. [Seeds ; layers ; twig cuttings. ] Bauhinia. The Bavutnyias or Mountain Epony plants are tropic trees, shrubs, and vines (200 species), and can be easily recognized by the peculiar 2-lobed leaves of all the species in cultivation in this country. Between these lobes there may generally be found an awn or bristle. The flowers are very showy and of good size, ranging in color from white to purple. The fruit is a pea-like pod. (The species given do not include climbers.) All have their leaves split less than half their length. They are hardy only far south but are cultivated north in hothouses and planted out in summer. [Seeds.] KEY TO THE BAUHINIAS * Leaves 4-ribbed. (A.) A. Shrub 5-6 feet high; flowers pure white, 2~3 inches broad, May-Sept. Wuuitre-rrowerep Bauninia (159) — Bauhinia acuminata. A. Shrub 6-20 feet high ; flowers of many colors and variegated, 3-5 inches broad; pod a foot long. PurpLe-FLOwERED Bav- vinta (160) — Bauhinia purpurea. * Leaves 5-ribbed. (B.) B. Flowers white beautifully veined with green, Feb.—May ; shrub to 12 feet. GREEN-AND-WHITE Bavuinra (161) — Bauhinia variegata candida. B. Flowers large -(4 inches), rosy-colored distinctly veined with darker; pod 1-2 feet long; generally tree-like, 6-20 feet. VARIEGATED-FLOWERED Bauninita — Bauhinia variegata. * Leaves 7-ribbed ; petals alike, 1-1} inches long, brick-red; pod 8-5 inches long; somewhat climbing. Rerp-FLOwERED Bauninta (162) — Bauhinia Galpini. CAssia. The Sennas include several hundred species of herbs, shrubs, and trees with showy (mainly yellow) flowers; stalked, usually flat, many-seeded pods. Only a few are in cultivation. The leaves are alter- nate on the stem and compound with an even number of blades, The flowers have 5 spreading nearly equal petals. The plants need a sunny position. [Divisions ; seeds.] C/SSALPINIA 129 Fig. 163, — Australian Senna. Fiac. 164. — Corymbed Senna. KEY TO THE ORNAMENTAL SENNAS * Herbaceous but shrub-like in appearance, sometimes cultivated. Hardy. Leaves light green of 8-18 blades; flowers in axillary clusters near the tips of branches ; pods linear, flat, curved, 3-4 inches long. Good for damp places. W1ip Senna — Cassia mary- landica. * Shrubs, hardy only far South. (A.) A. 6-10 feet high ; leaves with 12-20 narrow pointed blades ; Clus- ters of narrow flowers shorter than the leaves, pods thin. Avs- TRALIAN Senna (163) — Cassia Sophora. A. 4-10 feet high; leaves with 6 somewhat curved blunt blades, CoryMBeD Senna (164) — Cassia corymbosa. A. Tree-like shrub with soft gray hairs all over; leaves with 6-8 narrow linear blades; flowers deep yellow. Good for dry locali- ties. ARTEMISIA-LEAVED Cassia — Cassia artemesioides. Cesalpinia. The Brasiretro shrubs and trees are tropic. Leaves abruptly twice-pinnate ; flowers with 5 stalked petals and 10 very long and bright colored stamens; the fruit is a pod. Most of the species in cul- tivation in this country are hardy only in Florida and southern California. The most hardy species, JAPAN CasaLpinia (165) — Cesalpinia japonica, APGAR’S SHRUBS — 9 130 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Fic. 165.— Japan Cesalpinia. Fia. 166. — Gillies’ Czsalpinia,. — is probably hardy in southern Virginia, and one, GiturEes’ CasaLPIiNia (166) — Cesalpinia Gflliesii, —is hardy in the Gulf states. (Seeds, well soaked in warm water. ] Fic. 167.— Barbadoes Pride. ALBIZZIA 131 KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CHSALPINIA *Stamens and style red and very long, extending far beyond the petals. (A.) A. Sepals hairy-fringed ; plant without spines or prickles. Griitrxs’ Casatpinia or La Prata Porncrana (166) — Cesalpinia Gfl- liesii. A. Plant with few scattered prickles and crisped yellow petals; evergreen. BarBapors Prive (167) or Dwarr Poinciana — Cesalpinia pulchérrima. * Stamens not especially long or much exserted beyond the petals. (B.) B. Plant without prickles; blades of the leaves }-1 inch long and blunt ; flowers yellow and showy. Cesalpinia panndsa, B. Plant with prickles or thorns. (C.) C. Pod smooth ; stamens red; petals canary-yellow ; prickles re- curved. The hardiest species. — Cesalpinia japdénica. Japan Casavpinia (165) C. Pod prickly with 7 black seeds ; blades of leaves 1-3 inches long ; flowers white and purple. Cesalpinia Minax. Albizzia. The Axsizzias, frequently though improperly called Mimosa Trees, are tropic trees (26 species) with only one species, Mimosa Trex (168) — Albizzia julib- rfssin, — hardy enough to thrive in the middle states. This has alter- nate leaves, twice-abruptly-pinnate, with 400-1500 small blades. These blades are entire-edged and lopsided, the midrib being near the upper edge. The pinkish flowers are feathery or silky, in summer, and the flat pods are 5 or 6 inches long. This beauti- ts iG. ful small tree can be grown in pro- aig = tected places north to New York St 2 city. Its remarkable foliage makes i iS it a very interesting plant where it ES can be grown. Itis very late in start- mS ing growth in the spring, July in ZAIN 9 gO the middle states, and continues ey) MULES putting out new leaves till after severe => frosts, even till most other deciduous trees and shrubs have dropped their foliage. Fic. 168. — Mimosa Tree. 132 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS In the southern range of states there are a number of other species in cultivation, most of them trees. They can all be known by the numerous oblique blades on the abruptly twice-pinnate leaves. {Fresh seeds, soaked in hot water.] Fic. 169.— Evergreen Albizzia. ‘KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ALBIZZIA * Hardy to New York with protection ; blades of leaves 500 or more, } inch long and oblique ; flowers in globular heads, pink. Mimosa Tree (168) — Albizzia julibrfssin. * Tender species, hardy only in the Gulf states. (A.) A. Flowers yellowish in cylindric axillary spikes ; leaves evergreen ; shrub 6-15 feet high. Evrercreen AupizziA (169) — Albiz- zia lophdntha. ' A. Flowers in globular heads; leaves deciduous. Six or eight species of tall tropic or semitropic trees. Acacia. Acacias or Watties. There are a number of species of Acacias out of doors in the Gulf states and in northern conservatories which are well worthy of cultivation for the beauty of foliage, as well as the brightness and peculiarity of bloom. The flowers are generally in glob- ular clusters of fine feathery parts, and usually of some shade of yellow, from pale lemon to deep orange. To the eye they form in their foliage two entirely dissimilar groups; those with simple, thickish, sessile alter- nate leaves, and those with fern-like, abruptly twice-pinnate leaves. To the casual observer it would seem that the plants should form two genera, but the seedlings, or young plants, of those which, when mature, have simple leaves, have in this early stage the fern-like foliage of the other THE ACACIAS 133 Fia. 172.—Long-leaved Acacia. Fia. 173.— Kangaroo Thorn. 134 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS group. Occasionally the growth of vigorous shoots on old plants will have more or less of these com- pound leaves. [Seed, as soon as ripe, is soaked in hot water 24 hours and then sown under glass. ] Fig. 175.— Blunt-leaved Acacia, Fia. 176.— Meissner’s Acacia. Fia. 177.—Shining Acacia. THE ACACIAS 135 Fia. 180.— Narrow-leaved Acacia. Fig. 181. —Short-bunched Acacia. 136 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Fia. 182. — Myrtle-leaved Acacia. Fia. 183.— Spatulate-leaved Acacia. Fie. 184.— Oleander-leaved Acacia. Fig. 185.— Fragrant Acacia. THE ACACIAS 137 Fia. 186.— Weeping Myall. Fig. 187. — Whorl-leaved Acacia. Fia. 188. — Rigid-leaved Acacia. Fig. 189.— Sydney Golden Wattle. 138 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Fic. 190. — Pale-flowered Acacia. Fie. 191. — Mulga. a Fic. 192.— Hairy Wattle. Fic. 193. — Beautiful Acacia. THE ACACIAS 139 Fig. 194. — Beautiful Acacia (Grandis). Fia. 196.— Fern-leaved Acacia. Fia. 197.—Drummond’s Acacia. 140 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS KEY OF ACACIAS, BASED ON THE FOLIAGE * Leaves usually simple and alternate (in one species whorled). (A). A. Flowers in globular and nearly solitary axillary heads. (B.) B. Leaves very slightly flattened and thus nearly cylindric. (C.) C. Leaves less than 2 inches long and } inch wide; branches angular. NEEDLE-LEAVED Acacia (170) — Acacia diffisa. C. Leaves 3-4 inches long with short recurved or oblique point, Broom Wartie (171) — Acacia calamifolia. C. Leaves 3-8 inches long, slender and 4-sided; branches angular or winged. Lone-tEavep Acacia (172) — Acacia exténsa. B. Leaves decidedly flattened and 1- or few-veined, 4 inches or less long. (D.) D. Stipules forming slender spines ; leaves 1 inchlong. Kanca- Roo Tuorn (173) — Acacia armata. D. Stipules not forming spines, or no stipules. (E.) BE. Leaves 4-linch long. (F.) F. Branches round and hairy; leaves linear with hooked point. SmaLu-LeEavep Acacia (174) — Acacia lineata, F. Branches angular and free from hairs. (G.) G. Flower-stems about as long as the leaves. Briunr- LEAVED Acacia (175) — Acacia acinacea. G. Flower-stem shorter than the leaves. MErIssNER’s Acacia (176) — Acacia Meissneri. E. Leaves often an inch long (to 1} inches) and blunt. Acacia brachybotrya argyrophylla. E. Leaves 1}-4 inches long and blunt. Suininc Acacra (177) — Acacia dodoneifolia. A. Flowers usually in numerous globular heads in axillary clusters ; leaves 2 inches or less long, 1-few-veined. (H.) H. Clusters of heads decidedly longer than the leaves ; leaves less than Linch long. (1.) I. Leaves obliquely lanceolate with minute point. SmaALL-LEAVED Acacia (174) — Acacia lineata. I. Leaves triangular with thickened edges, 3-} inch long. Kyire-Leavep Acacia (178) — Acacia cultriférmis. I. Leaves curved, obovate, less than $ inch long, TRaprzorp- LEAVED Acacia (179) — Acacia pravissima. H. Clusters of heads only about as long as the leaves. (J.) J. Leaves linear, straight and thin, 1-1} inches long. Narrow- LEAVED Acacia (180) — Acacia linifolia. KEY TO THE ACACIAS 141 J. Leaves obliquely obovate, 4-2 inches long. SHort-BuNcHED Acacia (181) — Acacia brachybotrya. J. Leaves with gland on edge below the middle, 1-2 inches long. Myrrie-Leavep Acacia (182) — Acacia myrtifolia. A. Leaves 2-12 inches long, flat and with feather-veining. (K.) K K. . Leaves 3-8 inches long, curved like a scythe ; branches angular. Scytue-Leavep Acacia— Acacia falcata. WILLOW-LEAVED Acacia — Acacia saligna. (The smaller species, 6-10 feet, is Acacia salfgna.) Leaves on old growths 12 inches long; branches drooping. BLuE-LEAVED WatTTLe — Acacia cyanophylla. K. Leaves 13-3 inches long and almost straight, spatulate. Spatu- A. LATE-LEAVED Acacia (183) — Acacia obtusata. Leaves 2-6 inches long, thick and usually with almost no side- veins. (L.) L. Poe op oe A. Leaves 3-6 inches long and under } inch wide, curved like a scythe. OLEANDER-LEAVED Acacia (184) — Acacia neriifdlia. Leaves 3-6 inches long, } inch wide, linear with thick edges. Fracrant Acacia (185) — Acacia suavéolens, Leaves 1}-2 inches long, twisted and finely striate. Oswatn’s Acacta — Acacia Oswaldi. Leaves 14-3 inches long, narrow and curved ; branches weep- ing. Weerinc Myact (186) — Acacia péndula. Leaves 1}~-3 inches long, rigid and nearly straight. Acacia Cyclops. Leaves }-1 inch long with rigid spine-like tips; flowers in cylin- dric spikes. (M.) M. Leaves mostly in whorls around the stem; spikes }-1 inch long. Wuort-Leavep Acacia (187) — Acacia verticillata. M. Leaves scattered, stipules often spine-like ; spikes 1 inch or A. more long. Rigip-LEAvVED Acacia (188) — Acacia oxy. cédrus. Leaves 14-6 inches long and not spiny-tipped ; flowers in cylin. dric spikes. (N.) N. Leaves 4-6 inches long with distinct side-veins ; spikes usualiy in pairs. Sypney Gotpen Wartie (189) — Acacia longifolia. N. Leaves 4-6 inches long with 1 distinct nerve or vein; spika dirty white, 1-2 inches long. PaLE-FLOWERED ACACIA (190) — Acacia linearis. N. Leaves 14-3 inches long, } inch wide, rigid ; spikes short and dense. Mutea (191) — Acacia anetra. WN. Leaves 4-6 inches long; branches white and silky; spikea usually in pairs. Sirxy Acacia — Acacia holoserfcea. 142 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS * Leaves compound, fern-like, all twice-pinnate. (O.) O. Flowers in globular heads forming racemes ; branches very hairy. Hairy Wartix (192) — Acacia pubéscens. ©. Flowers in globular heads, solitary; first division of leaves 2, blades small (} inch), 8-20 on each pinna; spiny plant with bright yellow flowers. Beautirut Acacia (193) — Acacia pulchélla. Smooth form of this species is var. grandis (194). Very hairy form is var. hispidissima. O. Flowers very fragrant, deep yellow, in large heads ; first division of leaves 10-16, each with 20-50 very small blades ; pods elon- gated, not flattened. Porinac or Opoponax (195) — Acacia Farnesiana. O. Shrub without spines; first division of leaves 4-30 with 20-100 very small hairy blades; pods linear (1-2 inches long), straight and flat. FEern-LEAvep Acacia (196) — Acacia filicina. O. Flowers in cylindric drooping pale-yellow spikes 1-14 inches long; first division of leaves 4-8, each with 4-10 blunt blades. Drummonp’s Acacia (197) — Acacia Drummoéndii. Prinus. This is 4 genus which includes the Cnerry, Prum, Pzacn, and Apricot trees and as far as this book is concerned need not be included because of their height and because the trees are cultivated for their useful fruits rather than for ornament. Of the more shrubby forms some have double flowers, producing no fruits, others have beautiful foliage, Fig. 198. — Blackthorn. Fia: 199.— Beach Plum. and still others have large and abundant single flowers and so are rather ornamental than useful. They all have alternate simple serrate leaves of peculiar taste and odor when bruised. The peach and cherry will give the reader good examples 143 PRUNUS Fig. 200.— Sand Cherry. Fra. 201. —Japan Almond. 144 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS of these characteristics. Many of the species are apt to be thorny. The blossoms are single with 5 petals and many stamens, like the peach ; or Fig. 204.— English Laurel. Fic. 205. — Mock Orange. double, like the flowering almond. Nearly all bloom in spring, some before the leaves expand. [Seeds ; grafting of varieties.] KEY TO SMALL BUSHY FORMS OF PRUNUS CUL- TIVATED FOR FLOWERS AND FOLIAGE MORE THAN FOR FRUIT * Leaves deciduous ; flowers solitary or in umbel-like clusters. (A.) A. Plant usually very thorny ; fruit, if formed, small (4 inch or less), purple or yellow, covered with bloom like a plum ; leaves blunt; low spreading bushes. (B.) B. Fruit, if formed, small, pea-like, and inedible, hanging on until winter; leaves very numerous and small. BrackTuorn (198) — Prunus spindsa. B. Fruit flattened at ends, } inch long; flowers abundant, before the leaves; branches rough and warty. Bracu Pium (199) — Prunus marftima. B. Fruit large (3-14 inches) globular ; leaves in the ornamental KEY TO SMALL BUSHY FORMS OF PRUNES 145 variety purple, one of the best purple-leaved plants in culti- vation, especially in the South. PurpLe-LEaveD PLum — Pru- nus cerasffera atropurptrea (P. Pissardi). A. Plant usually thorny ; fruit, if formed, smooth and glossy with- out bloom ; twigs zigzag in growth; leaves narrow and pointed, 1-2 inches long ; fruit } inch, orange-red with yellow flesh ; bush 6-10 feet high. Sanp PLum — Prunus angustifolia WAtsoni. A. Plant without thorns. (C.) c. Fruit, if formed, with dry inedible flesh splitting open and letting out the stone when ripe ; a peach-like tree, 10-20 feet high. There are double-flowered and weeping forms. Com- mon ALMonpd — Prunus Amygdalus, . Fruit smooth, small, globular, purple-red, very sour ; spreading bush 2-4 feet high often grafted on standard stock and used as a weeping tree. Dwarr or Grounp Cnerry — Prunus fruti- cosa and var. péndula. . Fruit smooth, globular, dark purple (} inch), abundant; bush decumbent at base, but with erect twiggy stems 5-8 feet high. Sanp Cuerry (200) — Prunus pumila. . Fruit very small, astringent ; small tree with drooping crooked branches ; large pink flowers with notched petals, before the leaves appear; calyx red. RoseBup Cuerry or JAPAN WEEP- inc Rose-rLowERED Cuerry — Prunus péndula, . Fruit, if formed, covered with hairs like a peach, 4 inch, yellow with reddish Bisel not edible. Srsperian Apricot — Prunus sibérica, . Fruit rarely formed ; flowers generally fully double, pink, rose- colored, or white. (D.) D. Leaves small, 2-3 inches long, pointed at both ends; bush 3-5 feet high; flowers nearly 1 inch broad, usually solitary. Russtay ALmMonp — Prunus nana. D. Leaves larger, very strongly veined beneath ; flowers 1-3 in clusters before the leaves. Japan Atmonb (201) — Prunus japonica. D. Leaves broad and more or less 3-lobed, flowers solitary. FLowerinc Prum — Prunus trfloba. * Leaves deciduous ; flowers in elongated clusters. (B.) E. Bush or tree to 30 feet ; flowers in clusters 2-4 inches long; fruit the size of peas, dark red and scarcely edible, stone smooth There are dwarf and‘ weeping forms. Cnoxe CuErry (202) — Prunus virginiana. E. Similar to above and with similar varieties, but the stone in fruit “is rough. European Brrp Cuerry (203) — Prunus Padus, APGAR’S SHRUBS— 10 146 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS * Leaves thick and glossy — evergreen ; , flowers in elongated clusters — racemes ; hardy only south of Washington, but cultivated north as tub-plants ; fruit small (4 inch or less), shining black, inedi- ble. (F.) F. Flowers white, in spring; cultivated under a dozen varietal names. CHERRY or Enerish Laurey (204) — Prunus Lauro- cérasus. F. Flowers cream-colored (Feb.—Apr.) ; leaves with slightly rolled edges and nearly entire or few-toothed. The EvrerecrerEn or Mocx Oranges (205) of the South — Prunus caroliniana. Spir%a. The Srrrzas form one of the largest and most popular of the hardy ornamental genera of shrubs. Some of the 50 different species in cultivation in America are to be found in bloom from early spring till the Fic. 206.— Plum-leaved Spirea. Fic. 207.— Thunberg’s Spirea. frosts of autumn. The colors of the flowers, though oftenest white, vary to pink, red, and purple. They grow in almost any soil and range in height from less than 1 foot to 12 feet or more, though the usual height of most of the species is from 3 to 6 feet. The flowers are always in clusters and the individual flowers are small, from } to } inch; in the single forms,there are 5 petals and 10 to many stamens. Some species, as culti- vated, are nearly always double. The earliest species in bloom are the following, about in the order given: Thunbérsii, Van Hotttei, argtta, cantoniénsis, prunifolia, hypericifolia, média, and trilobdta. All of these SPIREA 147 Fic. 208. — Hybrid Snow Garland. Fic. 209. — Hypericum-leaved Spirea. have white flowers, and prunifolia is the commonest species. with double flowers. The commonest species blooming from late June till frost are the pink Bumalda and the crimson Bumalda Anthony WAterer. {Seeds ; divisions ; suckers. ] Fic. 210. — Alpine Spirea. Fic. 211. —Crenate Spirea. 148 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Fic. 213. — Three-lobed Spirea. Fic. 212. — Round-leaved Spirea. Fia. 214. — Van Houtte’s Spirea. Fig. 215. — Lance-leaved Spirea. SPIREA 149 | Fia. 218.— Germander-leaved Spirea. Fic. 219. — Wedge-leaved Spirea. 150 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRULS Fia. 221. — Beautiful Spirea. Fig. 222. —Fortune’s Spirea. Fic. 223. — White-flowered Spirea. SPIREA ° 151 Fia. 225.— Anthony Waterer’s Spirea. Fic, 226.— Corymbed Spirea. Fic. 227.— Birch-leaved Spirea. 152 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS tte a, . ty. Fic 228.— Western Corymbed Spirea. Fig. 230. — Willow-leaved Spirea, U SPIRHA 1538 ast Nyeg Fra. 234.— Steeple Bush. Fig. 235.— White Beam-leaved Spirea. 154 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS KEY TO THE SPIREAS But not including several so-called Spireas, the one with large 3-lobed leaves and inflated pods, Physocarpus, p. 158; or any with compound leaves, Sorbaria, p. 159, Astilbe, p. 160, or Artincus, p. 161. * With white flowers in sessile umbels along the stems in April and May, before the leaves expand, earliest blooming. (A.) A. A slender shrub (to 6 feet) with the flowers usually fully double (var. fldre pléno) and about 4 inch in diameter ; the leaves when they expand are dark green, oblong, denticulate, and hairy be- neath, 1-2 inches long. PLumM-LEAVED Sprrea (206) — Spirea prunifolia. A. A spreading shrub with arching branches ; flowers in 3-5-flowered clusters, the 5 petals much longer than the short stamens; the. leaves are small, 1-1} inches, slender, willow-like. A graceful shrub very useful for seaside planting, Snow Garuanp or Tuunpere’s Sprrea (207) — Spiraea Thunbergii. A. Similar to the last but taller and more free-flowering with broader and less willow-like leaves ; better for spring blooming but not so fine in its summer condition. Hysrip Snow Garianp (208) — Spireea argtta. A. A spreading shrub with erect or arching branches (to 5 feet) and nearly round petals somewhat longer than the stamens ; the leaves are usually 3-ribbed from the base and widest toward the tip (3-lhincheslong). i see . —" } ee ——_, Fic. 334.— Western Prickly Pear. which are trees in size and plan of branching, so a few words will be given to them. They ean all be readily recognized by their fleshy spine-covered growth without foliage leaves. The most abundant and hardy. group is the Prickly ‘Pear,’ with flat jointed branching stems and large, generally yel- low, flowers followed by usu- ally edible pulpy pear-like fruit with many shining seeds. The largest and most tree-like is wild in the region of the Rocky Mountains, TREE-LiKe Pricxziy ‘ Pear’ — Opuntia ar- boréscens. Eastern PRICKLY ‘PrarR’ (833) —Opuntia vulgaris —is found from Massachusetts and south. There are sev- ARALIA 211 eral species found in the Mississippi Valley, Western Prickuy ‘ Pear’ (3884) — Opuntia Rafinésquii — etc. 7 Mamillaria. The next group of cacti in number and variety of forms wild in the United States are more or less rounded or oblong masses hav- ing the surface entirely covered with spiny-tipped tubercles (mammille) ; as, PurpLe Cactus (335) — Mamillaria vivipara. Of this group there are a-dozen wild and many cultivated species. The hundreds of species in cultivation belong to these two and some dozen other genera. There is a group very popular in cultivation which has broad flat leaf- like growths for stems, thus called Lear Cacrus—Phyllocdctus. A few of these are night-blooming of great beauty and delicious SP perfume. Though some of these are wild in Cuba, probably none can be grown out of doors except in southern California. (Cuttings. ] Aralia. The Anravias proper form a large group (40 species) of mainly tropic plants with com- pound leaves and clustered small flowers ; two of the species are shrubs or small trees nearly hardy North. Hercurses’ Crus or DeEvi’s Watxinc-stick, and ANGELICA- TREE are beautiful prickly shrubs * or small trees with very large com- Fie. 336. — Hercules pound leaves 1 to 4 feet long, Club. with 75 to 200 blades and enor- mous clusters of white flowers, in August. The two species are the American Hercuxes Crus (336) — Aralia spindsa, —and the Cuinese AN- GELICA-TREE — Aralia chinénsis, — either of which occasionally grows to the height of 40 feet. The American is apt to be the more prickly, on both stem and leaves. The blades of the bipinnate leaf of the American are usually smaller, 1} to 34 inches long, and short-stalked, while the Chinese blades are larger, 34 to 6 inches long, and about stemless. Neither are fully hardy North without some protection, but the Chinese is the more hardy. In the American species the veins peculiarly curve near the margins, while those of the Chinese divide. There is a form of the latter with variegated leaves. No shrubs in the northern states have 212 . DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS such a palm-like tropic appearance as the Aralias, and they should be more extensively cultivated. [Twig cuttings ; root cuttings. ] Acanthopanax. This is a closely related genus of prickly shrubs or trees, often called Aralias in catalogues, a few of which are in cultiva- tion. Five-stapep Araia or ANGELICA — Acanthopanax pentaphyllum (Aralia pentaphylla) — is a graceful spiny shrub (5 to 10 feet) with decidu- ous glossy leaves of 5 to 7 wedge-lance-shaped notched blades (1 to 2 inches long) and small green flowers. The fruit is a 2- to 5-seeded black berry. With white-edged leaves, this forms var. variegatum. Fie. 337. — Formosa Rice-paper Fic. 338.— Alternate-leaved Dogwood. Aralia. SEssILE-FLOWERED ARALIA — Acanthopanax sessiflorum — is a larger, to 12 feet, and less shining shrub with usually 3 larger blades, 4 to 7 inches, to the leaves and dull purplish flowers. The heads of black berries are conspicuous and beautiful. There is a species of the genus with large simple 5- to 7-lobed leaves and many stout prickles on the branches, but it is a medium-sized tree, to 80 feet, Acanthopanax ricini- folium. [Seeds ; root cuttings ; twig cuttings.] Fatsia. The Ricr-rapger Arawias of Japan are without thorns but with very large pith in the stems, from which the paper is made. In the shade and somewhat protected, they are hardy north to Washington and have a peculiar and beautiful appearance. The leaves are large, 1 foot, THE DOGWOODS 213 Fic. 339. — Flowering Dogwood. Fic. 340. — Evergreen Dogwood. Fig. 341.— Cornelian ‘ Cherry.’ Fic. 342. — Red-osier Dogwood. 214 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS simple, heart-shaped at base with 5 to 7 notched lobes. The species from Formosa, Formosa Ricr-parer ARALIA (387) — Fatsia papyrffera, — has the white flowers sessile in globular clusters, while the one from Japan, JAPAN RIcE-PAPER ARALIA — Fatsia japénica, — has more shining foliage and the flowers in umbels. There are variegated forms of both species. [Root cuttings. ] Cérnus. The Docwoons form an interesting group of shrubs and small trees (a few are herbaceous) with peculiarly veined entire-edged leaves. The side-veins are distinctly parallel with each other and in- Fic. 343. — White-fruited Dogwood. Fic. 344.— Panicled Dogwood. curving towards the acute tip of the leaf. There are but few other plants with leaves so veined; some of the Buckthorns (p. 93) come nearest among our shrubs. All our species of Cornus except one, ALTERNATE- LEAVED Doewoop (888) —Cornus alternifélia, — have opposite leaves. A few species in cultivation have what is apparently large white or pink flowers of great beauty. The colored part, in these cases, is really four large bracts surrounding the clusters of small flowers in a head-like growth. The finest and commonest of these is our Frowerinc Doc- woop (839) — Cornus fidrida, — a shrub or small tree (10-15 feet, rarely to 40 feet) with spreading branches, white or pink flowers in May and THE DOGWOODS 215 Fic. 345— Bailey’s Dogwood. Fic. 346. — Stiff Dogwood. clusters of scarlet berries in fall. The bracts, or large petal-like parts, have notched tips. Jaran Doawoor — Cornu; Kotsa — grows somewhat taller, has narrower leaves, pointed creamy bracts to the flowers in June Fig. 347.— Silky Dogwood. Fig. 348.— European Dogwood, 216 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS and the berries grow together in a globular head. The American species blooms before the leaves are fully expanded, while the flowers of the Japan species appear after the leaves. Both are hardy to Massachu- setts. All the other shrubby forms have the clusters of flowers more open and without large conspicuous bracts. The true flowers of all the species are small and have four petals to the corolla, four teeth to the calyx, and four stamens. The fruit is a drupe-like berry with one stone in the center and thin flesh. Much of the beauty of the species is due to the bright- colored berries which they bear, though the autumn coloring of the foliage adds to the attractiveness of the group. The bright colors of the twigs of some species, when the leaves have dropped, give winter effects of great beauty. In general, the common name Cornet, below, may be changed to Doewoopn. [Twig cuttings; layers. ] KEY TO THE CORNELS AND DOGWOODS % Flowers in close heads surrounded by 4 large petal-like bracts. (A.) A. Berries separated when ripe. (B.) B. Bracts notched at tip; usually a shrub 10-15 feet, occasionally atree. FLrowrrine Docwoop (339) — Caruus flérida. B. Bracts generally acute at tip. Successfully cultivated only near the Pacific ; tree to 80 feet. Nurraty’s Do¢woop— Cor- -nus Niuttallii. A. Berries grown together in fleshy head. (C.) C. Leaves deciduous; shrub to 20 feet. Jaran Docwoop — Cornus Koisa. C. Leaves thick, leathery, evergreen ; hardy only South. Ever- GREEN Doewoop (340) — Cornus capitata. * Flowers yellow in umbels surrounded at base with small bracts; berries bright scarlet. (D.) D. Leaves with fine close-pressed hairs, green both sides. The earliest yellow-flowering shrub. Cornevian ‘Cuerry’ (341) — Cornus Mas. D. Leaves paler beneath and with large tufts of dark brown hairs. CuInESE CorvELian ‘ Cuerry ’ — Cornus officinalis. * Flowers white or greenish white in open clusters and without bracts. (B) E. Leaves alternate, pale or whitish beneath, 3-5 inches long; branches peculiarly arranged in horizontal tiers. (F.) F. F. KEY TO THE CORNELS AND DOGWOODS 217 Berries dark blue on red stems; shrub to 25 feet; flower- clusters 1-24 inches broad. ALTERNATE-LEAVED CORNEL (338) — Cornus alternifolia. Berries blue-black ; hardy only South, tree to 60 feet ; flower- cluster 3-4 inches broad. Japan Cornext— Cornus macro- phyla. EH. Leaves opposite ; flowers in broad, umbel-like compound clusters, cymes. (G.) G. Fruit white or nearly so (bluish or greenish white in some species). (H.) H. Leaves nearly smooth beneath but whitish with straight close-pressed hairs. (I.) I. Branches blood-red or bright yellow, in either case there are varieties with variegated foliage. (J.) J. Main stem prostrate and rooting ; shrub to 8 feet, broad, bush-like ; stone of fruit wider than high. Rep-osirr Doawoop (342) — Cornus stolonifera. J. Shrub to 10 feet with erect stems; stone of the fruit longer than wide and flattened; white berries ripe in July. Rep-stemmep Docwoop or WuITE-FRUITED Doc- woop (343) — Cornus alba. I. Branches gray ; fruit white on red stems in more elongated clusters, ripe in Aug. and remaining till Jan. Shrub 6-15 feet beautiful in bloom and fruit. Panictep CorneL (344) — Cornus candidissima (C. paniculata). H. Leaves downy-hairy below. (K.) G. L L. L. K. Branches dark red; leaves narrow. Erect-growing; ex- cellent for sandy soil, blooming nearly all summer. Ba1tey’s Dogwoop (345) — Cornus Baileyi. K. Young branches green with purple blotches; leaves broad ; berries bluish or greenish with red stems. RounD-LEAVED CorNneEL or Docwoop — Cornus circinata. Fruit blue or black. (L.) . Fruit pale blue with globular, nearly smooth stone; leaves greenish both sides; branches reddish; shrub to 15 feet, not fully hardy North. Srirr Corner (346) — Cornus stricta. Fruit light blue with oblique-ridged stone ; branches purple and usually hairy, especially when young; shrub 3-10 feet. Sirgy Cornex or Kinnixiyyik (347) — Cornus Amoémum. Fruit black; flowers greenish-white ; branches purple or blood-red ; shrub to 12 feet. European Cornex or REp- OSIER (348) — Cornus sanguinea, 218 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Auciba japénica. Avcupa or Japanese ‘Lauren’ (3849) is an evergreen shrub, with large opposite thick notched glossy and often varie- gated leaves, cultivated in the Gulf states (where it is hardy) for the foliage and bright one-seeded berries which are red, white, or yellow in the different varieties. The flowers are small and inconspicuous, in clus- ip (Mt a WES ih if er \ r Fic. 349. — Aucuba. ge Ne Pomtawhke 2 har ae a O m= ny Fie. 351. — Hobble-bush. COL YIN EAR rie 2 si OG Ae aad Saracen tts Ca Use RAST ACS s “A Fic. 352,— European Wayfaring Tree. VIBURNUM 219 ters. As the plants are dicecious, only a portion, those with pistils, bear the fruit. There are handsome variegated -forms with white or yel- low stripes, dots, and blotches to the leaves, arranged in many patterns and giving rise to many varietal names. [Twig cuttings ; seeds.] Vibirnum. The Visurnums form a large group, 80 species, of opposite simple-leaved ornamental shrubs. A number are in cultivation and several are very beautiful in foliage, flowers, and fruit. Some have oder ere ra 1 a AN SSS Doss , pS ARS ne Bhan yf Ruy we Fia. 353.— Japanese Viburnum. Fig. 354. — Chinese Viburnum. bright colored drupes which remain through the winter; they have, in most species, a decidedly flattened stone. The SNowBatt group are like the Hydrangeas (see p. 192) in that the blossoms have become enlarged and sterile. The Hydrangeas have white, pink, purple, or bright blue flowers ; while the Viburnums have only white or creamy flowers. The Viburnums bloom earlier, all being in bloom in May ; while the Hydran- geas do not begin to bloom before June and some species continue bloom- ing through July and August. So Viburnums are spring-blooming and Hydrangeas are summer-blooming. The small fertile flowers, if closely ‘examined, will show plain differences. The Hydrangeas have 4 to 5 separate petals to the corolla, while the Viburnums have bell-shaped 5-lobed corollas. The Hydrangeas have 8 to 10 long stamens, the Vi- burnums 5 short ones. [Seeds ; twig cuttings, under glass. ] 220 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Fie. 355. — High-bush ‘ Cranberry.’ Fia. 357. — Downy Arrowwood. Fie, 356. — Dockmackie. Fia. 358. — Siebold’s Viburnum. VIBURNUM 221 Fig. 359. — Arrowwood. Fia. 360. — Soft-leaved Arrowwood. Fic. 361.— Withe-rod. Fic. 362. —Sheep-berry. 222 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Fic. 363. — Stag-bush. Fic. 364. — Sandankwa’s Evergreen Viburnum. Fic. 365. — Sweet-scented Evergreen Fie. 366. — Laurestinus. Viburnum. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF VIBURNUM 223 \ 7 Fie. 367. — Hairy Laurestinus. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF VIBURNUM * Snowball group, with all the flowers enlarged and sterile and thus forming no fruit. (A.) A. Leaves deciduous, smooth, feather-veined with notched edges but not lobed. (B.) B. Leaves finely notched, dark green above; flower-clusters 7-8 inches broad. Cuinese Snowsatt — Viburnum macrocépha- lum stérile. B. Leaves coarsely notched and plaited ; flower-clusters 3 inches broad. Japanese Snowzsatt (350) — Viburnum tomentdsum plicatum. A. Leaves radiate-veined and broadly 3-lobed. SnowBaLt or GuEL- bER ‘ Rose’ — Viburnum Opulus stérile. * Mixed group ; some of the flowers fruit-producing but the marginal ones enlarged and sterile ; leaves deciduous. (C.) C. Leaves without lobes ; drupes red becoming darker. (D.) D. Leaves orbicular, somewhat heart-shaped, 3-8 inches broad. Hopsie-susnh, Witch Hogssre, or Moosewoop (351) — Vi- burnum alnifdlium. 224 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS D. Leaves heart-shaped, 2-4 inches long, finely serrate. Evuro- pean WayFarinG TREE (302) — Viburnum Lantana, D. Leaves not heart-shaped, decidedly notched, plaited, and ridged. JAPANESE VipurNuM (353) — Viburnum tomentodsum. D. Leaves as in the last, but smoother above and with finer notches not plaited. Cainese Visurnom (354) — Viburnum ma- crocéphalum. ©. Leaves 3-lobed ; berries bright red. (B.) E. Branches smooth and light gray ; shrub to 12 feet and spread- ing; drupes pendulous in large clusters, in July yellow, turning scarlet later and remaining bright till Feb. Priuzina or Hicu Busu ‘Cranperry’ (355) — Viburnum Opulus ameri- canum (V. Opulus). (G.) E. Branches darker and somewhat corky ; shrub denser and more upright ; berries upright in small clusters, less showy and less persistent ; sterile flowers larger. Mancuurian CRANBERRY- BusH — Viburnum Sargéntii. * With only small drupe-bearing flowers ; leaves deciduous; shrubs hardy. (F.) F. Leaves 3-lobed and coarsely notched ; small shrubs 2-6 feet. (G.) G.. Flower-clusters about 2 inches broad ; drupes nearly black, persistent. Brilliant in fall. Mapre-teavep Vipurnum or Docxmacnig (856) — Viburnum acerifdlium. G. Flower clusters smaller; drupes light red and larger. Squasi- BERRY or Pimpina — Viburnum paucifldrum. F. Leaves not lobed. (H.) H. Leaves coarsely dentate, usually decidedly less than 25 teeth on aside. (I.) I. Leaves short-stemmed, under } inch, velvety below ; drupes almost black, late July-Dec.; flowers very abundant in early June. Downy ARRowwoop (357) — Viburnum pubéscens. I. Leaf-stem over } inch long. (J.) J. Leaves thick, notched beyond the middle (entire before), somewhat plaited, 3-6 inches long ; flowers in large clusters, May, June; fruit oblong, red changing to black, ripe in August and soon dropping. A variety, variegitum, with white-blotched leaves. SreBoLp’s Visurnum (358) — Viburnum Siéboldi. J. Leaves thinner and smooth below. (K.) K. Flower-clusters with long stems; drupes blue changing to black and glaucous, eaten by birds and disappearing before frost. ARrRrowwoop (359) — Viburnum denta- tum. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF VIBURNUM 225 K. Flower-clusters almost sessile; drupes large, bright red, in nodding clusters remaining till February. One of the most showy. Wricut’s Visurnum — Viburnum Wrightii. J. Leaves thinner and hairy below with pubescence. (L.) L. Drupes blue but little longer than wide; leaves dark green. Sorr-LEaAvED ARRowwoop (360) — Viburnum molle. L. Drupes dark blue, twice as long as wide and 2-grooved, 4 inch long; leaves long-stemmed, 34 inches broad, bright green above. Viburnum Demetridnis. L. Drupes scarlet, small, very abundant, remaining on till April as they are not eaten by birds; clusters erect. Upright bush to 10 feet. Japan Busn ‘ Cranberry ’— Viburnum dilatatum. H. Leaves finely dentate (rarely entire); drupes dark blue or black when ripe. (M.) M. Flower-clusters with stems } inch or more long. (N.) IW. Leaves 1-3 inches long, generally notched, thick and shin- ing; shrub 3-10 feet, blooming June, July. Drupes, in elongated clusters, turn yellowish, then pink, finally blue and are especially beautiful, as all three colors can be observed on the same bush at the same time. Fall color of foliage wine-red. AppaLacuian TEA, WILD Raisin, or Wiruer-rop (361) — Viburnum cassinoides. NN. Leaves 3-9 inches long, nearly entire; shrub to 15 feet. Larcer WITHE-Rop — Viburnum nidum. M. Flower-clusters practically without stems. (O.) ©. Leaves slender, pointed, leaf-stalk with broad wavy margin ; drupes large, sometimes 1 inch long, nodding on red stems, ripe in September ; shrub or tree to 30 feet. Sweet Vincr- nuM, NaNNYBERRY or SHEEPBERRY (362) — Viburnum Len- tigo. O. Leaves blunt-pointed. (P.) P. Stone of fruit oval, flat on one side; leaves 1-3 inches long; shrub or small tree. Stac-Busu (063) or BLack ‘ Haw’ — Viburnum prunifolium. P. Stone nearly orbicular; tree to 20 feet. SourHrern Brack ‘Haw’ — Viburnum ruffdulum. P. Stone grooved on one side ; shrub 2-8 feet. Smatu Visur- num — Viburnum obovatum. * Leaves evergreen; not hardy North. Often cultivated as pot plants. (Q.) APGAR’S SHRUBS— 15 226 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Q. Leaves dentate or notched towards tips. (R.) R. Flowers white, tinged with pink tube } inch long, in rounded clusters (13 inches wide) June, July. Sanpannwa’s Ever- GREEN VipurnuM (364) — Viburnum Sand4nkwa. R. Flowers pure white, fragrant, in large elongated clusters, 4 inches, May, June. Sweet-scenrep Evercrenn ViBuRNUM (865) — Viburnum odoratfssimum. R. Flowers in broad clusters, 2-4 inches; drupes bright red. JAPAN EVERGREEN VipuRNUM — Viburnum japonicum, Q. Leaves entire. (S.) S. Flowers white or pinkish in convex clusters (2-3 inches broad), May-August. Laurestinus (366) — Viburnum Tinus. S. Flowers pure white in large clusters, 3-4 inches broad; leaves wrinkled (3-6 inches long). Harry Lavurestinus (367) — Viburnum rfgidum. Fic. 368.— Common American Elder. Fic. 369. — European Black Elder. Sambicus. The Exper bushes have recently become very popular for the shrubbery. They can be known by the opposite compound (pinnate) leaves, large clusters of small white flowers, and the black or red (rarely white or green) small berries. The small flowers have broadly spreading 3- to 5-lobed corolla and 5 stamens. The berries are about } inch broad and have 3 to 5 seeds. The stalks are remarkable for their large pith. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ELDER 227 Fia. 370.— European Red-berried Elder. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ELDER * Color of fruit black or nearly so. (A.) A. Height 5-12 feet; stems with large very white pith filling over half the diameter; leaves with 5-11 usually smooth notched blades ; flowers fragrant in broad clusters, June, July; fruit ripe Aug., Sept. Common American Exper (368) — Sambucus canadénsis.- . Height 12-25 feet; with rough bark, less abundant pith and earlier bloom, May. Europzan Brack E.Lprr (369) — Sam- bucus nigra. . Height 6-18 feet ; with the fruit strongly whitened with bloom and not polished as in the above species. Pacific coast species. Cauirornian ELper — Sambucus glatica. * Color of fruit red (rarely white). (B.) B. B. Height 5-7 feet; flowers in elongated clusters, April and May, and berries ripe inJune; twigsround ; pith brown. RED-BERRIED Exper — Sambucus ptbens. Similar to the last but somewhat tallerand with the twigs often 4-angled and the leaf-stalk smoother. European RED-BERRIED Exper (370) — Sambucus racemésa. The black- berried Elders have many cultivated varieties of great beauty and among them are the cut-leaved forms, laciniata (371); the golden- leaved —-atirea (372), and the variegated-leaved, variegata, under both 228 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS A Ww species. The silver-leaved, ar- Z Qy iG géntea, is a variety of the European and the glaucous-leaved, glatca, EG of the American. It is generally easy to determine the species by the taller growth and smaller pith of the European elder. (Root cuttings ; twig cuttings. ] Symphoricdrpos. The SvowBERRIES or WAXBERRIES, and CoRAL-BERRIES are shrubs with close-clustered fleshy 2-seeded globular white or red berries lasting on the bushes through the fall and part of the win- ter. The species are all American, all hardy, and are popular because of the abundance and brightness of the berries. The flowers are inconspicuous in size but pinkish in color, in July. The fruit soon forms and, in the cultivated species, is exceedingly abundant. The leaves are opposite, simple, short-stemmed, feather- py, 373, —Coral- veined with entire (sometimes lobed) edges. They berry. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SYMPHORICARPOS 229 grow well in any soil and, by suckering, rapidly spread and cover the ground, even in shady places. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SYMPHORICARPOS * Fruit white; stamens and style short and, in the first two species, in- cluded in the bell-shaped corolla. (A.) A. Shrub 2-6 feet high with globular white abundant persistent fruit nearly 4 inch in size; leaves 1-2 inches long. Snowserry or WaxBeERRY — Symphoricarpos racemdsus. A. Lower and more spreading with smaller leaves, whitened under- neath, fewer and smaller berries. Low SnowBerry — Symphori- carpos racemdsus pauciflorus. A. Stouter growing, 2-6 feet high ; the stamens long enough to appear beyond the corolla; berries not so clear nor waxy. Wo.LrBEeRRY or WESTERN SNOWBERRY — Symphoricarpos occidentalis. * Fruit rich dark red ; rather compact bush ; leaves nearly evergreen. Invian ‘Currant’ or CoRAL-BERRY (373) —Symphoricarpos orbi- culatus (S. vulgaris). Fig, 374.— Large-fruited Honeysuckle. Fig. 375.— Mountain Fly Honeysuckle. The Coral-berry has two named varieties which might be mentioned ; glomeratus with large clusters of berries, variegdtus with leaves marked with yellow and white. [Suckers ; seeds ; twig cuttings. ] 230 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Lonicera. The true Honrysuck.zs are of many (100) species of erect shrubs and twining vines so nearly related that all are placed in the same genus, As so many plants are popularly called honeysuckles, though belonging to different families of } plants, it would be much better ‘. wan to call the true ones LonicEras. These last can be known by their opposite entire-edged leaves, some- what irregular tubular flowers, more or less in pairs, and berry fruit. The berries are few-seeded and of many colors, red, yellow, blue, and black, and add much to the beauty of the plants. About 20 species in cultivation are with- out climbing habits, and so are included. The following key will enable one to determine the species if both flowers and fruit are ob- iN ) \ id. 1, Fig. 377.— Involucred Fly Fic. 378. —Standish’s Honeysuckle. Honeysuckle. 231 THE HONEYSUCKLES Fic. 380. — Alpine Honeysuckle. Fig. 379.—Early Sweet Honey- suckle. European Fly Honey- suckle. Fig. 382. — Fic, 381.— Swamp Fly Honeysuckle. 232 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS served. Lonicera tatdrica is very common and has many named varieties, as well as hybrids with other species. [Seeds (slow) ; twig cuttings. ] Fie. 383.— Japan Honeysuckle. Fic. 384. — Tartarian Honeysuckle. KEY TO THE BUSHY SPECIES OF LONICERAS * Flowers nearly regular with a 5-lobed border, growing in pairs with the ovaries more or less united and forming a double berry. (A.) A. Plants less than 2 feet high with small leaves 4-1} inches long and pink flowers, May-July. (B.) B. Rigid spiny shrub ; with stamens projecting from the erect rosy flowers. Larcr-rruirep Honuysuckin (374) — Lonicera spinosa. B. Prostrate shrub; with stamens included ; leaves often whorled in threes. Low Honnysuckiye — Lonicera rup{cola. A. Plants 2 feet or more high; with larger leaves, 1-5 inches long. (C.) C. Bloom, April and May, before the leaves expand. (D.) D. Flowers small, }-} inch, short-stemmed, whitish ; fruit blue. Bivue or Mountain Fry HoneysuckLe (875) — Lonicera certlea, KEY TO THE BUSHY SPECIES OF LONICERAS 233 D. Flowers larger, long-stemmed, pinkish; fruit pendulous, scarlet, in June. Earty Honrysuckie—Lonicera gracilipes. D. Flowers slender-stemmed, yellowish; fruitlightred. AmErR- 1cAN Fry Honzysuckie (376) — Lonicera canadénsis (L. ciliata). D. Flowers large, 1-1} inches, white, nodding; fruit oblong, bright red. Hisrprp Honeysuckie — Lonicera hispida. C. Bloom, May-July, after the leaves expand; berries black. (B.) E. Flowers gummy outside (4 inch long), yellowish; berries shining, inclosed in large bracts; leaves 2-5 inches long. InvotucreD Fry Honegysuckie (877) — Lonicera involu- crata. E. Flowers scarlet outside (3 inch long). LrpeBour’s Honer- SUCKLE — Lonicera Ledeboiuri. * Flowers 2-lipped, small, growing together at base and forming a more or less double berry, flowers white or yellowish (on L. alpigéna brownish-red), small, to }inch. (F.) FP. Leaves thick and nearly evergreen; fruit scarlet; bloom March- May, before the new leaves. (G.) G. Branches slender and spreading or recurving; shrubs to 6 feet ; flowers short-stemmed and stems without bractlets, flowers sweet-scented. (H.) H. Branches with bristly hairs bent backward. Sranpisu’s Honeysuckie (378) — Lonicera Stdndishi. H. Branches nearly smooth and more recurving. Earty SwrErEt Honrysuckie (379) — Lonicera fragrantissima, G. Branches stout and more erect, to 8 feet; leaves glossy dark green above; flowers long-stemmed and with small bracts on the stems. ALPINE HoneysuckLe (380) — Lonicera alpigéna. F. Leaves thinner; fruit dark red; bloom later, May, June. Swamp Fry Honeysuckie (881) — Lonicera oblongifolia. * Flowers with the ovaries separate and thus forming 2 berries on one stem; shrub 5-12 feet high; bloom May, June. (I.) I. Flowers white changing to yellow when old; branches pu- bescent. (J.) J. Flowers hairy outside. (K.) K. Leaves usually wider near tip, dull green, 1-3 inches long. Evropean Fry Honersuck ie (882) — Lonicera Xylésteum, if K. Leaves usually wider near center or base, dark green above, grayish-hairy below (1-2 inches long). Japan HonreysucKLEe (883) — Lonicera Mérrowi. J. Flowers smooth outside; leaves slender, grayish-hairy below 234 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS (2-4 inches long). Mancnurian Honrysuckie — Lonicera Ruprechtiana. I. Flowers pink, red, or white and not changing to yellow when old; fruit red, yellow, or orange. (L.) L. Hairy shrub with small, 4-14 inches long,-bluish or grayish green leaves; flowers abundant; fruit red. FRreE-FLOWERING HoneysuckLe — Lonicera floribunda. L. Smooth shrub with larger, 1-2} inches long, leaves often heart-shaped at base. Very variable and common, to 10 feet. TaRTARIAN HonEYSUCKLE (384) — Lonicera tatarica, The last four species are very common, with many hybrids, and thus intermediate forms are known. Diervilla and Weigéla are genera closely related to Lonicera and are often popularly called honeysuckles. Loniceras have fleshy few-seeded berries for fruit, while Diervillas and Weigelas have dry oblong many- seeded capsules. Diervilla and Weigela are often united under the name Diervilla, but for our purpose had better be considered as separate. The DiekVILLAS proper have small, 4-% inch long, slender-tubed, 2- lipped, yellow flowers of no great beauty and seldom found in cul- tivation. Fia. 385.— Common Weigela. Fic. 386.— Large-flowered Weigela. The WeicELas are among our most popular flowering shrubs, with large funnel-shaped, 5-lobed corollas of many colors. The leaves are opposite, simple, feather-veined with notched edges. Besides the four or five original species from eastern Asia, of which there are many varieties, there are an almost endless number of hybrids now in cultivation, In fact, the tendency is to cultivate only these hybrid forms, as the flowers DIERVILLA AND WEIGELA 235 Fic. 387.— Japan Weigela. Fic. 388. — Many-flowered Weigela. show greater beauty and variety. There are forms in bloom from early May to late August. The colors of the flowers vary from pure white '' through the pinks, red, crimson, and purple; of pure colors as well as blotched and striped in many ways. One of the especially attractive points about the flowers is the change that takes place in the colors of the Fia. 389. — Diervilla. Fic. 390. — Middendorf’s Weigela. 236 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS blossoms after expanding. Some which open pure white change to pale pink and end as bright carmine. Weigela fidrida has several forms with variegated white and yellow foliage. As with the roses and their num- berless hybrids, so here it is impossible to show, without the finest colored illustrations, the named forms in cultivation. [Twig cuttings. ] KEY TO THE SPECIES OF WEIGELA * Anthers of the stamens separate, not united around the pistil. (A.) A. Flowers not definitely yellow and an inch or more long. (B.) B. Calyx united at the base and sometimes to the middle ; stigma decidedly 2-lobed ; seeds without thin wing-like projections, Common WEIGELA (885) — Weigela flérida. B. Calyx of 5 separate linear pieces ; stigma broad and head-like ; seeds with wings. (C.) C. Shrub 5-10 feet high and nearly smooth throughout ; flowers and leaves large; flowers not abundant. LarGE-FLOWERED WariceLta (886) — Weigela grandiflora. : C. Shrub 4-8 feet and pubescent, lower sides of leaves espe- cially so ; flowers pubescent outside. (D.) D. Corolla abruptly narrowed below the middle; flower- clusters short-stalked. Japan WeIGELA (387) — Weigela japonica. D. Corolla gradually narrowed to the base; flower-clusters about sessile ; plant more vigorous; flowers smaller and more abundant. Many-FLOWERED WEIGELA (388) Weigela floribunda. A. Flowers yellow, small, 4-3 inch, plainly 2-lipped, Diervilla proper. (B.) E. Leaves distinctly stalked: branchlets round. Dyervibra. ‘Busu ‘ Honuysuckie’ (389) — Diervilla Lon{cera (D. trifida). BH. Leaves nearly sessile ; branchletssquare. HicH-BusH ‘ Honey- SUCKLE ” — Diervilla sessilifdlia. * Anthers of the stamens united around the pistil; flowers broad-fun- nel-form, yellowish white spotted with orange and purple; calyx notched and irregular. Low shrub to 3 feet. MippEnporF’s WEI- GELA (390) — Weigela Middendorfiana. On the following page are illustrations of two of the hybrid forms (391). Eva Raruke WeiceLa — Weigela (Diervilla) Eva Rathke— deep car- mine red, blooming late, Juneand July. Dxssors1’s We1ceLa — Weigela Desboisi — deep rose, blooming May. ABELIA 237 vu, Eva Rathke Weigela. b, Desboisi’s Weigela. Fic. 391.—Two Hybrid Forms of Weigela. Abélia. The Aspexias are tender low shrubs with small opposite notched leaves } and tubular to funnel-formed 5-lobed flowers in terminal or axillary clusters, panicles, "The lightly irregular flowers are espe- im cially dainty and bloom for a long period ; Fic. 392. — Entire-leaved Abelia. Fig. 393.— Mexican Abelia. rlBey y Fic. 394.— Yellow-throated White Fig. 395.— Hybrid Abelia. Abelia. Fic. 396. — Serrate-leaved Abelia. Fig. 397.— Yellow-throated Rosy Abelia. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ABELIA 239 the fruit is a dry leathery berry. Only one species, EvER-FLOWER- inc ABELIA — Abelia grandiflora, —can be grown as far north as New York, even if protected. It has much the appearance of a Weigela and is frequently called one. All Weigelas have 5-pointed sepals closely covering the base of the corolla. The Abelias have pe- culiarly irregular sepals, often leaf-like and spreading and vary- ing in number from 2 to 5 in the different species. The leaves are never over 2.inches long, gen- erally about an inch. Many of the Abelias are evergreen, all are fitted for outdoor cultivation in the Gulf states, and several will probably do well in protected po- sitions north to Washington. Fic. 398.— Chinese Abelia, [Twig cuttings, in summer; layers, in spring.] KEY TO THE SPECIES OF ABELIA * Leaves thick, nearly or fully evergreen. (A.) A. Sepals 5. (B.) B. Leaves nearly entire; flowers white with a pink tinge. ENTIRE- LEAVED ABELIA (392) — Abelia triflora. B. Leaves distinctly notched, oval; flowers large, 2 inches, rosy-purple. Mexican ABELIA (398) — Abelia floribtinda. B. Leaves notched, ovate ; flowers over an inch long, white with a yellowish throat, YELLOW-THROATED WHITE ABELIA (394) — Abelia spathulata. A. Sepals irregularly 2, 3, 4, or 5; flowers abundant, white with tinge of pink, nearly an inch long, blooming continuously from June to November. The hardiest species.) Hysrip ABELIA (895) — Abelia grandiflora (A. rupéstris). A. Sepals generally 2; leaves notched. (C.) C. Flowers pale red. SERRATE-LEAVED ABELIA (396) — Abelia serrata, 240 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS C. Flowers rosy-white with a yellow throat. YrrtLow-THroaTEep Rosy ABELIA (397) — Abelia uniflora, * Leaves thinner and deciduous ; flowers white. (D.) D. Sepals 5; flowers small, 4 inch long, stamens exserted ; leaves ovate, serrate with hairs on midrib beneath. Cuinese ABELIA (398) — Abelia chinénsis. D. Sepals 4; leaves ovate-lanceolate, hairy, coarsely serrate. Two-FLOWERED ABELIA — Abelia biflora. Gardénia. The Care ‘Jasmine’ and other beautiful plants are in- cluded among the Garprenras. The name jasmine or jessamine is given tomany different species belonging to several different families, so, as with the name honeysuckle, it would be well to learn the proper names for each group and properly apply them and not use either ‘jasmine’ or ‘honeysuckle’ without some modification to show the exact genus Fic. 399.— Cape ‘ Jasmine.’ intended. (The name jessamine should be restricted to the genus Jas- minum (p. 273) and honeysuckle to Lonicera (p. 230). This application of names would stop most of the confusion. Of course Cape ‘ Jasmine’ will always mean Gardenia.) The Gardenias have opposite simple entire evergreen leaves and sweet-scented tubular white flowers with spreading CEPHALANTHUS 241 border (salver- or bell-shaped) of 5 or more lobes. The Gardenias proper have a l-celled pod. They are hardy only in the South. Caps ‘Jasmine’ (399) — Gardenia jasminoides—has a calyx with 5 slen- der teeth and distinct ridges along the sides of the united portion. The corolla, in the usually cultivated variety, is fully double with many white waxy lobes. There are many varieties under many names, differing in the width of the leaves and the height and habit of plant growth. Hardy -to the Carolinas and extensively cultivated North in conservatories. A similar plant, but with gummy buds and without ridges on the calyx, is DikaMatt, Cams, or Resin-pLant — Gardenia lucida. [Seeds ; layers; twig cuttings.] Fia. 400. — Buttonbush. Fic. 401.— Groundsel Bush. Cephaldnthus occidentalis. The Burronsusu (400) is a wild American shrub (3-12 feet) growing in wet places and sometimes cultivated. It has simple entire glossy opposite or whorled leaves and small, white tubular flowers forming a globular cluster an inch or more broad, June to Sep- tember. ‘The leaves are 3 to 6 inches long and 1 to 24 inches wide, often in whorls of threes around the stems. The fruit is a round cluster of dry 1- to 2-seeded nutlets. [Seeds ; twig cuttings. ] Baccharis. Grounpsex Busu (401) or Sarr-water Surus — Baccharis halimifdlia, — 3 to 12 feet high, is a plant with angular somewhat scurfy APGAR’S SHRUBS— 16 242 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Fia. 402.— Lavender Cotton. Fic. 403.— Black Huckleberry. Fie. 404. — Dwarf Huckleberry. Fig. 405.— Bog Bilberry. SANTOLINA CHAMASCYPARISSUS 243 branches, alternate simple entire to lobed leaves and persistent collection of hairy fruits resembling small white brushes, in fall and early winter. The shrub is dicecious, so not all of them have this showy appearance. This plant belongs to the daisy group of flowers, the individual blos- soms are very small and grow in heads which are popularly considered as the flowers. The part which produces the showy appearance of the groundsel bush is the pappus, so conspicuous in thistles. The stamen- bearing plant has unconspicuous yellowish flowers. It is a useful shrub, especially for coastwise cultivation, as it particularly thrives in the salt CX \} SOAN\\ NZ p By iY Y 2 f) Dy’ SO * KK "Ee, MY SSBAX fe x) V Sty Se Oy A Gj wWeeaes Tas 4 ig]! ANN OS Fia. 406.— Foxberry. Fie. 407. — Evergreen Vine Blueberry air. A southern plant with willow-like deciduous leaves, W1LLow LEAVED GROUNDSEL TREE— Baccharis salicifolia, — may be in cultivation An evergreen species of the Pacific region is Baccharis pilularis. (Seeds ; twig cuttings under glass.1 Santolina Chamacyparissus. LaveNDER Corton (402) isa half-snrubby plant (14-2 feet) with aromatic alternate evergreen deeply-lobed silvery gray leaves and small globular heads of yellow flowers, insummer. It is used South for the shrubbery, but North mainly for carpet-bedding, for this latter purpose slips rooted in sand are kept through the winter. [Twig cuttings.] 244 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Gaylussacia and Vaccinium. The HuckLeserries and BLUEBERRIES are wild plants rarely brought into cultivation even for fruiting purposes, and thus scarcely need a place in this book. Still there are a few species which have beautiful flowers, foliage, and fruit and belong to the very limited group which thrive in shady places. Hicu-susu Biueserry — Vaccinium atrococcum (V. corymbdsum) — is a tall straggling shrub 4 to 12 feet with yellowish green warty branches, alternate usually entire leaves, white or pinkish tubular flowers in clusters on short leafless twigs, May, June, and abundant many-seeded blue-black berries, July, August. Deerberry or Buckperry — Vaccinium stamineum —is a spreading branched shrub 2 to 5 feet with entire-edged pale leaves and abundant green- ish white bell-shaped nodding flowers with projecting stamens, April to June. The large greenish or yellowish berries (4 inch) are hardly edible. (Seeds, with difficulty ; divisions. ] Fic. 408.— Deerberry. Fic. 409.— Farkleberry. KEY TO HUCKLEBERRIES, BLUEBERRIES, ETC. 245 KEY TO HUCKLEBERRIES, BLUEBERRIES, ETC. * Berries 10-seeded, Gaylussacias. (A.) A. Leaves sprinkled with waxy dots, entire, deciduous. (B.) B. Leaves pale and glaucous beneath ; fruit blue, with bloom. Erect (24 feet high). Biue Taneie or DancLeBERRY — Gaylussacia frondésa. B. Leaves green both sides ; shrubs under 3 feet. (C.) C. Bracts small, } inch, among the flowers and fruit; fruit sweet but seedy. Brack HvuckLeperry (403) — Gaylus- sacia baccdta (G. resindsa). C. Bracts leafy and longer than the flower-stems ; fruit watery and insipid. Dwarr HuckLeserry (404) — Gaylussacia dumdsa. A. Leaves thick, evergreen, serrate with the edges somewhat rolled. Shrub under 1} feet high. Box HuckLeBerry — Gaylussacia brachycera. * Berries many-seeded — Vacciniums. (D.) D. Flowers tubular or urn-shaped, not open-bell-shaped. (B.) B. Flowers and fruit solitary or in small clusters of 2-4. (F.) F. Shrubs under 2 feet high ; leaves under 1 inch long. (G.) G. Leaves entire, whitish beneath. Great or Bog BILBeRRY (405) — Vaccinium uligindsum. G. Leaves minutely notched, green and shining both sides. Dwarr Bitperry — Vaccinium cespitdsum. F. Shrubs 2-15 feet high ; leaves 1-3 inches long. (H.) H. Leaves about entire, pale beneath. OvaL-LEavep Bi- BERRY — Vaccinium ovalifdlium. H. Leaves minutely notched, green both sides. THIn-LEAVED Bitperry — Vaccinium membrandceum (V. myrtilloides). EB. Flowers and fruit in larger clusters. (I.) I. Flowers elongated, 2 or 3 times as long as wide. Tall, 3-15 feet. (J.) J. Flowers appearing before the leaves. SouTHERN BLackK Huck iesperry — Vaccinium virgétum. J. Flowers at the time of leaf-expansion. HicH-BusH or Swamp BLuEBERRY — Vaccinium corymbdsum. I. Flowers less elongated — not over 2 times as long as wide. (K.) K. Shrubs 3-15 feet high; leaves densely hairy beneath. Brack Hicu BivueBperry — Vaccinium atrocéccum (V. corymbdsum ). 246 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS K. Shrubs under 2 feet high. (L.) L. Twigs hairy; leaves entire; fruit blue, with bloom. Sour-tor or VELVET-LEAF BLUEBERRY — Vaccinium canadénse. L. Twigs, leaves, and fruit hairy. Harry Huck ieserry — Vaccinium hirsitum. L. Twigs warty; leaves minutely notched; berries bluish black and glaucous. Low or EarLy SwEET BLUEBERRY — Vaccinium pennsylvdnicum. L. Twigs smooth; leaves minutely notched ; berries black without bloom. Low Brack Biureserry — Vaccinium pennsylvanicum nigrum (V. nigrum). K. Shrubs generally over 2 feet high; twigs green and warty ; leaves pale beneath. (M.) M. Leaves thick, about entire; berry 4 inch, blue with a bloom. Late Low Biuezerry — Vaccinium vacillans. M. Leaves thin, sharply notched ; berry larger. Mountain Buiveserry — Vaccinium corymbosum pallidum (V. pallidum). D. Flowers open-bell-shaped. (N.) N. Flowers 4-notched; leaves evergreen, small, under 1 inch; shrub under 1 foot; berries dark red. CowBrrry or FoxBeRRY (406) — Vaccinium Vitis-Idiea. N. Flowers 5-notched; leaves evergreen, 4 inch or less long; creeping plant, with black berries, hardy South. EvERGREEN Vine Buugeserry (407) — Vaccinium crassifdlium. N. Flowers 5-notched ; leaves deciduous ; shrubs over 2 feet. (O.) O. Stamens much exserted; berry green or yellow; shrub 2-5 feet high. DrrrBerry or Buckprrry (408) — Vaccinium stamfneum. O. Similar to the last, berry larger, shining black. ‘‘ A valu- able shade-enduring ornamental shrub.” SourHeRN GoosE- BERRY — Vaccinium melanocarpum. O. Stamens included; berry black, ripe in Oct. Shrub or tree 8-30 feet. FARKLEBERRY or SPARKLEBERRY (409) — Vac- cinium arbdreum. Arctostaphylos. This genus contains a number of species (30) of shrubs or small trees and includes some trailing vines. All in cultivation here are American. (Only the trailing species are hardy North and of course are omitted.) The leaves are alternate, usually evergreen with entire margins. Flowers small, globular in terminal clusters, panicles, in spring. Fruit a red berry. [Seeds ; twig cuttings. ] ARCTOSTAPHYLOS 247 Fig. 410. — Downy Arctostaphylos. Fic. 411. — Manzanita. Fic. 412. — Pale-leaved Arcto- Fic. 413,—Bristly Arctostaphylos. staphylos. 248 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Fia. 414. — Pringle’s Arcto- Fic. 415.— Bicolored Arcto- staphylos. staphylos. KEY OF FORMS OF ARCTOSTAPHYLOS FROM THE PACIFIC REGION HARDY ONLY SOUTH * Leaves smooth and fruit on smooth stems. (A.) A. Flowers in umbel-like clusters; shrub 3-10 feet. Downy Arc- TOSTAPHYLOS (410) — Arctostaphylos ptingens. A. Flowers in elongated clusters; shrub or tree to 380 feet. Man- zaniTa (411) — Arctostaphylos Manzanita. * Leaves smooth ; fruit stems glandular. (B.) B. Flowers in elongated clusters; shrub or tree 8-25 feet. Patsz- LEAVED ARCTOSTAPHYLOS (412) — Arctostaphylos glatca. B. Flowers in spreading clusters, light pink on sticky stems ; 5-15 feet. Most ornamental. Viscip ArcTostTapHyLos — Arcto- staphylos viscida. * Leaves more or less hairy ; twigs bristly. (C.) C. Flowers in dense short panicles; 2-6 feet. Hardiest species. Bristty ARcTostarHy Los (413) — Arctostaphylos tomentdsa. C. Flowers in leafy clusters; fruit bristly. PrincLe’s Arcto- STAPHYLOS (414) — Arctostaphylos Pringlei. C. Flowers in nodding dense racemes rose-colored ; fruit smooth. Bicotorep ArcTostapnyLos (415) — Arctostaphylos bicolor. ANDROMEDA 249 Arbutus Unédo. - The SrrawBerny TREE (416) is a tree-like shrub 8 to 15 feet with evergreen simple alternate nearly entire leaves (2-3 inches), glob- PROD Ais ular red berries ($ inch) with many it fo seeds and ovate white to red flowers Ry! ay, Wek 5; (about } inch long) in nodding clus- ystss\ \ NGF he ters. The bloom and the fruit of the .& baa VEE, preceding year are both on the shru» Vath i Zz WZ through the fall and render the plant yepGé 4) F ae very decorative. The leaves are a ‘6 o.' Wy V lustrous smooth green. Hardy only far mes ON Zs South, [Seeds ; twig cuttings. ] Andrémeda. For our purpose this old genus name is much the better one for a large number of beautiful shrubs which have clusters of small tubular urn-shaped and globular flowers form- ing small 6-valved dry capsules with many seeds. The leaves are simple, alternate with entire or notched edges, Most of them will be found in plant Fie. 417.—Scurfy Andromeda. Fic. 418.— Leather Leaf. 250 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Fic. 419.— Catesby’s Leucothoé. Fic. 420.— Mountain Fetter Bush. catalogues under this name. The group has been so divided by late bota- nists, based upon such microscopic characters, that the average student cannot properly separate them. (The new names are given at the end.) [Seeds, in spring; layers; twig cuttings.] Fic. 421.— Japan Fetter Bush. Fia. 422. — Marsh Andromeda. 251 ANDROMEDA Fia. 424. — Privet Andromeda. Fic. 423, — Fetter Bush. Fic. 426.— Swamp Leucothoé. Fic. 425, — Beautiful Zenobia. 252 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS Fic, 427. — Sourwood. Fia. 428. — Stagger-bush. KEY TO THE ANDROMEDA-LIKE SHRUBS * Leaves thick and evergreen (Privet Andromeda of the 2d * is nearly evergreen). (A.) A. Flowers very small, } inch long, globular, nodding and clus- tered in axils of somewhat reduced leaves, Feb.—April. Shrub or tree with scurfy twigs, 5-25 feet tall. Scurry ANDROMEDA (417) — Andromeda (Xolfsma) ferruginea. A. Flowers more elongated — usually twice as long as wide. (B.) B. Flowers in one-sided racemes. (C.) C. Flower-clusters with large leaf-like bracts as long as the flow- ers, April-June; leaves densely covered with small round scurfy scales. Shrub 1-4 feet high. Learner Lear (418) -— Chamedaphne calyculata. C. Bracts, of the flower clusters, much smaller or absent. (D.) D. Leaves large, 8-6 inches, with bristly-tipped teeth ; flow- ers slender (nearly } inch long), April. 2-6 feet, hardy with protection to New York. Carzspy’s LeucorHod (419) — Leucéthoé Catesbiei. D. Leaves somewhat smaller without bristly tceth; young KEY TO THE ANDROMEDA-LIKE SHRUBS 253 twigs hairy. 2-5 feet, hardy. Downy Levcotuo% — Leu- cothoé axillaris. D. Leaves (1-3 inches) with small teeth and bristly edges, black-dotted beneath ; flower-clusters somewhat nodding, May. 2-6feet. Mountain Ferrer Busu (420) — Andro- meda floribunda (Piéris floribunda), D. Similar to the last but the flowers are much larger and in more drooping clusters and the plant is much taller—to 80 feet. Japan Fetter Busu (421) — Pieris japénica (P. ovalifdlia). D. Similar to the last two but with larger leaves, 3-5 inches long. Inp1an Ferrer-susu — Pieris formdsa. B. Flowers in pendent terminal umbels ; leaves linear, entire with rolled edges. 1-3 feet. Marsa ANnpRromepa (422) or Witp Rosemary — Andromeda polifolia. B. Flowers in close axillary umbels; leaves oval, entire with slightly rolled edges, Ferrer Busn (423) — Lyonia nitida (Pieris nitida). * Leaves thinner and deciduous. (B.) E. Flowers globular or rounded-bell-shaped, only about as long as wide. (F.) F. Flowers very small, } inch, abundant in panicled terminal clusters, May—July; leaves firm (almost evergreen), entire, 1-2} incheslong. Privet Axpromina or Mare Berry (424) — Lyonia ligustrina (Andromeda paniculata). F. Flowers larger, ¢ inch, and more bell-shaped; branching shrubs 3-7 feet: handsome plants hardy to Massachusetts if somewhat protected. (G.) G. Lower surface of leaves green; blooming May, June. BEavTIFUL Zenosia (425) — Andromeda (Zendbia) speciosa. - G. Leaves densely glaucous. GLavcous Zenop1A — Andromeda (Zendbia) pulverulénta. B. Flowers tubular or urn-shaped, about twice as long as wide. (H.) H. Flowers about 4 inch long in one-sided racemes, very swect- scented, April-June. Good for shady places, though growing well in the open; hardy. (I.) I. Shrubs to 12 feet blooming April, May. (J.) J. Racemes much curved; capsule decidedly 5-lobed. Wild in dry woods ; 2-10 feet. Mountain LevcotHoé — Leucd- thoé rectirva. J. Racemes nearly straight ; capsule not lobed. Growing in swamp; 5-12 feet. Swamr Leucornoé (426) — Leuco- thoé racemésa. 254. DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS i I. Tree to 60 feet; blooming June, July. Flowering when small and shrub-like ; leaves sour. Sourwoop (427) or SorrEL- TREE — Oxydéndrum arboreum. H. Flowers larger, 4 inch long, in side-umbels, white or faintly pink, May-July. A beautiful shrub, 14 feet. Sracerr-susu (428) — Lydnia mariana (Pieris mariana). Erica. The Hearus and Heatuer are all small-leaved, shrubby plants with usually small 4-lobed, bell- or urn-shaped flowers. The leaves are scale- or linear-shaped and arranged on the stems in alternate, opposite, or whorled positions. The fruit is a 4-celled capsule. But few are in culti- vation in the open in America because of our hot and dry summers. Only three have escaped and grow without cultivation. These are Euro- pean species, although those cultivated in Europe are mainly from South Africa. The African species are practically unknown in America except- ing in conservatories. The smaller leaves, the 4-lobed flowers, and the 4-celled fruit will sepa- ¥ ¥F rate the heaths from the andromedas. [Seeds ; twig cuttings. ] Fig. 429.—Pink Fis. 430.—Scotch Fia. 481.—Heather. Fic. 432, —Irish Moor Heath. Heath, Heath. KEY TO THE HEATHS AND HEATHER 255 KEY TO HEATHS AND HEATHER * Hardy heaths with the leaves whorled. (A.) A. Spring-Llooming (March—-May), flowers bell-shaped white or red. Pink Moor Heatu (429) — Erica cfrnea, A. Summer- and fall-blooming. (B.) B. Leaves whorled generally in 3’s; flowers about } inch long. Scorcu Heatu (480) — Erica cinérea. B. Leaves whorled in 4’s or 5’s, (C.) C. Pod without hairs ; flowers white or purplish red. Cornisu Heatu — Erica vagans. © C. Pod with long rough hairs; branches rigid. Corsican Heatu — Erica stricta. C. Pod velvety ; leaves with rolled edges; flowers rosy. BELL Hearurer — Erica Tétralix. * Hardy heather with leaves opposite and covering thestem, Hraturr _ or Line (481) — Calltna vulgaris. * Leaves alternate and white below; flowers drooping in long racemes. Needs protection North. Irish Hearn (4382) — Dabacia (Meuzi- ésia) polifdlia. 256 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SHRUBS KAlmia. The Kavmras or American ‘ LAuRELS’ are among the most beautiful shrubs in cultivation. About all are hardy throughout and should be cultivated much more generally than they are. The special peculiarities of the Kalmias are in the flowers, which are cup-shaped with Fig. 435.— Pale Kalmia. ten hollows in which the anthers are held till released by the action of insects. The leaves are entire, and alternate, opposite, or whorled in arrangement on the stem. So many evergreen plants, of many families, both in America and Europe are called laurels that it would be better to drop it as a name unless some distinctive modifier can fix upon the plant intended. ‘‘ The flower of Kalmia is one of those proposed as anational flower emblem, especially on account of the exquisite symmetrical beauty of the single flower.’ Kalmia is a purely Ameri- can genus and deserves a distinctive name. The best plan would be to Z SE always call these Ameri- SS can plants Kaumias. SS , ty oy arts 4, Aa? : ale Bae Shiney) it Settee satade hobh BADEN) RRB Sheet ean gy ESDUCM) eeatieeaiengtyty Pareto RR SN Cet HH HDD ORY ny SRE a tetatae atta tated RET te Nie aha ecat : see ey it » ea ARN eb epee ea