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Titles included in this collection are listed in the volumes published by the Cornell University Press in the series The Literature of the Agricultural Sciences, 1991-1996, Wallace C. Olsen, series editor. THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE ITS HISTORY, ACTIVITIES AND ORGANIZATION THE INSTITUTE FOR GOVERNMENT RESEARCH Washington, D. C. _The Institute for Government Research is an association of citizens for codperating with public officials in the scientific study of government with a view to promoting efficiency and economy in its operations and advancing the science of ad- ministration. It aims to bring into existence such informa- tion and materials as will aid in the formation of public opin- ion and will assist officials, particularly those of the national government, in their efforts to put the public administration upon a more efficient basis. To this end, it seeks by the thoroughgoing study and exam- ination of the best administrative practice, public and private, American and foreign, to formulate those principles which lie at the basis of all sound administration, and to determine their proper adaptation to the specific needs of our public adminis- tration. The accomplishment of specific reforms the Institute recog- nizes to be the task of those who are charged with the respon- sibility of legislation and administration; but it seeks to assist, by scientific study and research, in laying a solid foundation of information and experience upon which such reforms may be successfully built. While some of the Institute’s studies find application only in the form of practical codperation with the administrative of- ficers directly concerned, many are of interest to other admin- istrators and of general educational value. The results of such studies the Institute purposes to publish in such form as will insure for them the widest possible utilization. Officers Robert S. Brookings, Frank J. Goodnow, Chairman Vice-Chairman James F. Curtis, Frederick Strauss, Secretary Treasurer Trustees Edwin A. Alderman Edwin F. Gay Charles D. Norton Robert S. Brookings Frank J. Goodnow Martin A. Ryerson James F. Curtis Jerome D. Greene Frederick Strauss R. Fulton Cutting Arthur T. Hadley Silas H. Strawn Frederic A. Delano Herbert C. Hoover William H. Taft Henry S. Dennison David F. Houston Ray Lyman Wilbur George Eastman A. Lawrence Lowell Robert S. Woodward Raymond B. Fosdick Samuel Mather Felix Frankfurter Richard B. Mellon Director W. F. Willoughby Editor F. W. Powell INSTITUTE FOR GOVERNMENT RESEARCH SERVICE MONOGRAPHS OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT No. 11 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE ITS HISTORY, ACTIVITIES AND ORGANIZATION BY JENKS CAMERON D. APPLETON AND COMPANY NEW YORK LONDON 1922 COPYRIGHT, 1922, BY THE INSTITUTE FOR GOVERMENT RESEARCH PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERIOA PUBLICATIONS OF THE INSTITUTE FOR GOVERNMENT RESEARCH STUDIES IN ADMINISTRATION The System of Financial Administration of Great Britain By W. F. Willoughby, W. W. Willoughby, and S. M. Lindsay The Budget By René Stourm T. Plazinski, Translator; W. F. McCaleb, Editor The Canadian Budgetary System By H.-G, Villard and W. W. Willoughby The Problem of a National Budget By W. F. Willoughby The Movement for Budgetary Reform in the States By W. F. Willoughby Teacher’s Pension Systems in the United States By Paul Studensky Organized Efforts for the Improvement of Methods of Ad- ministration in the United States By Gustavus A. Weber The Federal Service: A Study of the System of Personal Administration of the United States Government By Lewis Mayers The System of Financial Administration of the United States (In Preparation) PRINCIPLES OF ADMINISTRATION Principles Governing the Retirement of Public Employees By Lewis Meriam Principles of Government Purchasing By Arthur G. Thomas Principles of Government Accounting and Reporting By Francis Oakey, C. P. A. Principles of Personnel Administration By. Arthur W. Procter SERVICE MONOGRAPHS OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT The Geological Survey The Reclamation Service The Bureau of Mines ace The Alaskan Engineering Commission The Tariff Commission ‘ ; The Federal Board for Vocational Education The Federal Trade Commission | The Steamboat-Inspection Service The National Park’ Service The Public Health Service The Weather Bureau : aa The Employee’s Compensation Commission FOREWORD The first essential to efficient administration of any enter- prise is full knowledge of its present make-up and operation. Without full and complete information before them, as to existing organization, personnel, plant, and methods of oper- ation and control, neither legislators nor administrators can properly perform their functions. The greater the work, the more varied the activities en- gaged in, and the more complex the organization employed, and more imperative becomes the necessity that this informa- tion shall be available—and available in such a form that it can readily be utilized. Of all undertakings, none in the United States, and few, if any, in the world, approach in magnitude, complexity, and importance that of the national government of the United States. As President Taft expressed it in his message to Con- gress of January 17, 1912, in referring to the inquiry being made under his direction into the efficiency and economy of the methods of prosecuting public business, the activities of the national government “are almost as varied as those of the en- tire business world. The operations of the government affect the interest of every person living within the jurisdiction of the United States. Its organization embraces stations and centers of work located in every city and in many local sub- divisions of the country. Its gross expenditures amount to billions annually. Including the personnel of the military and naval establishments, more than half a million persons are re- quired to do the work imposed by law upon the executive branch of the government. “This vast organization has never been studied in detail as one piece of administrative mechanism. Never have the foundations been laid for a thorough consideration of the re- lations of all its parts. No comprehensive effort has been made to list its multifarious activities or to group them in such a way as to present a clear picture of what the government is doing. Never has a complete description been given of the agencies through which these activities are performed. At wu viii FOREWORD no time has the attempt been made to study all of these activ- ities and agencies with a view to the assignment of each activ- ity to the agency best fitted for its performance, to the avoid- ance of duplication of plant and work, to the integration of all administrative agencies of the government, so far as may be practicable, into a unified organization for the most effective and economical dispatch of public business.” To lay the basis for such a comprehensive study of the or- ganization and operations of the national government as Pres- ident Taft outlined, the Institute for Government Research has undertaken the preparation of a series of monographs, of which the present study is one, giving a detailed description of each of the fifty or more distinct services of the government. These studies are being vigorously prosecuted, and it is hoped that all services of the government will be covered in a com- paratively brief space of time. Thereafter, revisions of the monographs will be made from time to time as need arises, to the end that they may, as far as practicable, represent current conditions. These monographs are all prepared according to a uniform plan. They give: first, the history of the establishment and development of the service; second, its functions, described not in general terms, but by detailing its specific activities; third, its organization for the handling of these activities; fourth, the character of its plant; fifth, a compilation of, or reference to, the laws and regulations governing its operations ; sixth, financial statements showing its appropriations, expen- ditures and other data for a period of years; and finally, a full bibliography of the sources of information, official and private, bearing on the service and its operations. : In the preparation of these monographs the Institute has kept steadily in mind the aim to produce documents that will be of direct value and assistance in the administration of public affairs. To executive officials they offer valuable tools of ad- ministration. Through them, such officers can, with a min- imum of effort, inform themselves regarding the details, not only of their own services, but of others with whose facilities, activities, and methods it is desirable that they should be fa- miliar. Under present conditions services frequently engage in activities in ignorance of the fact that the work projected has already been dome, or is in process of execution by other services. Many cases exist where one service could make ef- fective use of the organization, plant or results of other serv- FOREWORD ix ices had they knowledge that such facilities were in existence. With the constant shifting of directing personnel that takes place in the administrative branch of the national government, the existence of means by which incoming officials may thus readily secure information regarding their own and other serv- ices is a matter of great importance. To members of Congress the monographs should prove of no less value. At present these officials are called upon to legislate and appropriate money for services concerning whose needs and real problems they can secure but imperfect infor- mation. That the possession by each member of a set of monographs, such as is here projected, prepared according to a uniform plan, will be a great aid to intelligent legislation and appropriation of funds can hardly be questioned. To the public, finally, these monographs will give that knowledge of the organization and operations of their gov- ernment which must be had if an enlightened public opinion is to be brought to bear upon the conduct of governmental affairs. These studies are wholly descriptive in character. No at- tempt is made in them to subject the conditions described to criticism, nor to indicate features in respect to which changes might with advantage be made. Upon administrators them- selves falls responsibility for making or proposing changes which will result in the improvement of methods of adminis- tration. The primary aim of outside agencies should be to emphasize this responsibility and facilitate its fulfillment. While the monographs thus make no direct recommenda- tions for improvement, they cannot fail greatly to stimulate efforts in that direction. Prepared as they are according to a uniform plan, and setting forth as they do the activities, plant, organization, personnel and laws governing the several serv- ices of the government, they will automatically, as it were, reveal, for example, the extent to which work in the same field is being performed by different services, and thus furnish the information that is essential to a consideration of the great question of the better distribution and codrdination of activi- ties among the several departments, establishments, and bu- reaus, and the elimination of duplications of plant, organiza- tion and work. Through them it will also be possible to sub- ject any particular feature of the administrative work of the government to exhaustive study, to determine, for example, what facilities, in the way of laboratories and other plant and x FOREWORD equipment, exist for the prosecution of any line of work and where those facilities are located; or what work is being done in any field of administration or research, such as the promo- tion, protection and regulation of the maritime interests of the country, the planning and execution of works of an engineer- ing character, or the collection, compilation and publication of statistical data, or what differences of practice prevail in re- spect to organization, classification, appointment, and promo- tion of personnel. To recapitulate, the monographs will serve the double pur- pose of furnishing an essential tool for efficient legislation, ad- ministration and popular control, and of laying the basis for critical and constructive work on the part of those upon whom responsibility for such work primarily rests. Whenever possible the language of official statements or re- ports has been employed, and it has not been practicable in all cases to make specific indication of the language so quoted. CONTENTS OHAPTER PAGE Foreworp I. History I The National Park System a Development of the a ca Park Idea” . . ee i
ood ek
Ruins and Historical Structures . 2 2. we. 51
Forests and Plants . .- . - «+ + + + + + 52
Lakes and Streams - - - - + + + + + + + 83
Conservation of Wild Life. . . . - - - «© + + 53
Improvement . . . - © © e+ © © e+ © ee + 55
Maintenance . . - - ee te te te ee
Protection Service - - - + + © © »+ - © + + 53
Publicity 5. as 58
xii CONTENTS
OHAPTEE PAGE
III. OrGanization 60
Administration . . . . 0.0. + ee e « + + 60
Field Service. . 2. 2 1. ee ee ee ee SF
Editorial Section. . . . 1. 1. ee ee eee 662
Law Section . . . 2... ee ee ee ee «62
Publications Section. . x4 4 63
Individual Park Organization—The Yellowstone... 63
APPENDIX
1. Outline of Organization . . . . . . .. . .. &
2. Classification of Activities. . . . . . . . «. «© . 76
3: Publications: . «w+ @ we w w we = «) a 38
Be AWS? se. Ge ie. GP aS eS i eo ve a ce BO
5. Financial Statements . . . . . . . . . . . 131
6. Statistics of Visitors . . . . . . 2. . « « « « 137
7. Bibliography ao. vies. OE, Soe RP BP GE GP See Ge) Gh A
Tndex sy se sh Gi BRS WS Be AS ey ee: > ae a: ce Se EO
THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE:
ITS HISTORY, ACTIVITIES AND
ORGANIZATION
CHAPTER I
HISTORY
The National Park Service is a bureau of the Department
of the Interior, being the ninth bureau to be established in
that department. It is engaged in the supervision, manage-
ment, and control of those national parks and monuments which
are under that department’s jurisdiction. It was created by
the act of August 25, 1916 (39 Stat. L., 535), but did not be-
gin to function until after the approval of the deficiency ap-
propriation act of April 17, 1917 (40 Stat. L., 20) which pro-
vided funds for its establishment.
The National Park System a Development of the “National
Park Idea.” Though the National Park Service is of recent
origin the system of national parks of which it is an out-
growth dates back half a century to the creation, in 1872,
of the Yellowstone National Park, the first true national park
established in the United States. Inasmuch as the creation
of the Yellowstone was the result of a conception of the con-
servation of natural wonders which has come to be known as
the “National Park Idea,” it will be proper at this point to
discuss briefly, first the events leading up to the inception of
the idea; and, second, its subsequent development.
The existence of the natural wonders which occur in such
profusion in the upper Yellowstone country had been known
; ‘
2 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
early in the last century to a few wandering hunters and trap-
pers who visited the region in search of beaver. John Colter,
a hunter who had accompanied Lewis and Clark on their expe-
dition to the Pacific, visited the park region in 1807, and was
probably the first white man to see the curiosities it contained.
Lewis and Clark themselves, in 1806, skirted the region, and
just missed becoming its discoverers by about fifty miles.
During the heyday of the fur trade a few other trappers
found their way into the neighborhood, and in the era of
gold-hunting which went on over the entire mountain country
after 1849, some prospectors also visited it.
Practically all of these men, from Colter down, brought
back accounts, some truthful, some exazgerated, of the won-
ders they had seen in the shape of geysers, hot springs, etc.
These accounts, however, were almost universally disbelieved,
Colter’s being hailed with especial derision, and the thermal
region he described coming to be known popularly as “Col-
ter’s Hell.”
The persistency of these hunters’ tales, however, and their
essential agreement resulted eventually in the arousing of
curiosity. In Montana especially there developed a desire
to settle definitely the truth or falsity of the rumors of amaz-
ing phenomena around the upper reaches of the Yellowstone.
This resulted, in 1869, in the first expedition which had for
its definite object the exploration of the much-talked-of area.
This expedition, consisting of David E. Folsom, C. W.
Cook, and William Peterson, spent a month in the park region
in September-October, 1869, during which time they investi-
gated a considerable number of the principal phenomena which
it contains. Mr. Folsom afterwards wrote an excellent nar-
rative of the party’s exploration which was first published in
the “Western Monthly” of Chicago, and subsequently (1894)
published in pamphlet form by Hon. N. P. Langford, the
first superintendent of the Yellowstone Park, who added an
interesting preface.
In the following year, Mr. Langford was a member of the
HISTORY 3
second exploring expedition to enter the region, the Wash-
burn-Doane expedition, so-called from its being led by General
Henry D. Washburn, Surveyor-General of Montana, and
Lieutenant G. C. Doane of the United States Army, who com-
manded a military escort detailed by the War Department.
This expedition spent about a month in the region, but ex-
plored it somewhat more thoroughly than the Folsom party
had done.
The published reports of these two expeditions aroused in-
tense interest throughout the entire country, and had much
to do with the sending out of a government expedition in
1871 under the joint auspices of the Geological Survey and
the Engineer Corps of the Army, well equipped for the mak-
ing of precise scientific observations. This expedition made
a large collection of accurate data concerning the entire region
and took a great many photographs. From the standpoint
of exact information obtained it was the most important of
the three expeditions.
For a less ponderable but far more momentous reason,
when viewed in the light of its effect upon subsequent events,
the Washburn-Doane expedition, nevertheless, must be given
first place among these pioneer explorations of the Yellowstone
region. It was on this expedition that expression was first
given to the thought which has been responsible for the crea-
tion and development of the Country’s system of national
parks. At a camp fire of this expedition, on September 19,
1870, the members were discussing the wonders they had seen
and the certainity of the remarkable area becoming a mecca
for tourists. This led to the suggestion by several that it
would be a “profitable speculation” to take up land surround-
ing the principal phenomena and exploit them as commercial
enterprises. Objection to this point of view was expressed
by Cornelius Hedges, a member of the party, to the effect
that the recently discovered wonderland should never be al-
lowed to pass into private ownership, but should be set aside
for the use and enjoyment of all the people. The other
4 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
members of the party at once fell in with this higher concep-
tion of the matter, and all agreed to unite in an endeavor to
make it an accomplished fact. This was the beginning of
the “National Park Idea.”
“. So widespread was the popular interest resulting from the
publication of articles by various members of the several ex-
peditions; and so vigorously was the project for the erection
of the Yellowstone Country into a public park pushed by sev-
eral leading members of the Washburn-Doane expedition and
by Dr. F. V. Hayden of the Geological Survey, one of the
leaders of the Government expedition of 1871, that in less
than two years after Mr. Hedges made his novel proposition
the Act of Dedication creating the Yellowstone National Park,
received the signature of President Grant (Act of March 1,
1872: 17 Stat. Li, 32.) ~
The text of this measure will be found in the appendix. At-
tention will be called at this point to its three outstanding
features:
The setting aside of the Yellowstone region “as a public
park or pleasuring-ground” ;
A provision making mandatory “the preservation, from in-
jury or spoliation, of all timber, mineral deposits, natural
curiosities, or wonders within said park, and their retention
in their natural condition” ;
‘A provision making mandatory the protection of the fish and
game in the park area against “wanton destruction” or “cap-
ture or destruction for the purposes of merchandise or profit.”
The law also provides that the Secretary of the Interior
shall have exclusive control of the park, and it charges him
with the making of rules and regulations necessary for the
carrying out of its provisions.
The national park system began with the passage of this
law, the large significance of which is well expressed by Gen-
eral Hiram M. Chittenden:
It was, a notable act, not only on account of the transcend-
HISTORY 5
ent importance of the territory it was designed to protect,
but because it was a marked innovation in the traditional
policy of governments. From time immemorial privileged
classes have been protected by law, in the withdrawal, for
their exclusive enjoyment, of immense tracts fori forests,
parks and game preserves. But never before was a region
of such vast, extent as the Yellowstone Park set apart for
the use of all the people without distinction of rank or wealth.?
It is proper, at this point, to make a slight digression in
order to make clear a somewhat anomalous situation that has
long existed with regard to the qyestion—if it be a question—
as to what park of the present national park system was the
first to be established. The Yellowstone has been referred to
above as the first true national park. As has just been pointed
out, its establishment was the direct result of the birth
of the national park idea. Nevertheless there is another park
of the system, the Hot Springs National Park, which was set
aside almost forty years to a day before the creation of the
Yellowstone (Act of April 20, 1832; 4 Stat. L., 505) and
which is frequently referred to as the first national park.
To refer to it thus is incorrect, although it might be proper
to call it the oldest member of the national park system.
The confusion has arisen through the fact that at the time
of the creation of the Yellowstone the Hot Springs Reserva-
tion in Arkansas was being administered by the Secretary of
the Interior, not as a national park, because up until that time
such a thing as a national park in the sense we understand it
to-day was not dreamed of, but merely as a portion of the
public domain which for certain reasons had been withdrawn
from settlement or sale. Those reasons pertained to the me-
dicinal springs which the area contained. Their curative prop-
erties becoming widely known throughout the country, a fear
arose that they might pass into private ownership and be pri-
vately exploited. To prevent this was the purpose of the
Act of 1832. This law merely states that the area containing
1 Chittenden, The Yellowstone Nationa] Park, p. 79.
6 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
the springs “shall be reserved for the future disposal of the
United States,” and makes no mention of the preservation
of natural curiosities in their original state, the protection
of wild life, the public pleasure-ground feature, or of any
of the elements of the national park idea; and as a matter of
fact Congress had no such idea in mind when it set the Hot
Springs area aside. Reservation to prevent private exploita-
tion was its only thought.
It may be argued that this was precisely the thought back
of the setting aside of the Yellowstone. But there was this
difference: Hot Springs represented mere reservation, Yel-
Jowstone represented reservation plus development toward a
particular end,—the working out of the national park idea.
After the Yellowstone was established the two areas were
administered together in the office of the Secretary of the
Interior. As other parks were established from time to time—
fourteen ? were created betweef the founding of the Yellow-
stone and the establishment of the National Park Service in
April, 1917—they were grouped for administrative pur-
poses with Yellowstone and Hot Springs, and they came to be
spoken of collectively as the National Parks and the Hot
Springs Reservation. They continued to be so referred to
even after the creation of the National Park Service in 1916,
Hot Springs being called a reservation until the passage of the
sundry civil appropriation act for 1921, in which a clause was
inserted providing that it should thenceforth be known as “Hot
Springs National Park” (Act of March 4, 1921; 41 Stat. L.,
1407). As a matter of fact, the real status of Hot Springs,
until the time at least of the creation of the Yellowstone, was
less that of one of the national parks than of one of the national
monuments, of which there are at present twenty-four in the
national park system, twenty of which had been created prior
to the organization of the National Park Service. Detailed
reference to the monuments is made below.
? Including one park, Casa Grande, which was later given monu-
ment status.
HISTORY 7
To summarize, the Yellowstone was the first national park,
and the system of parks and monuments—including Hot
Springs—of which it was the beginning was the direct result
of the conception of the National Park Idea.
Distinction between Parks and Monuments. The act of
June 8, 1906 (34 Stat. L., 225), entitled “An act for the
preservation of American antiquities,” gave the President
discretionary power to set aside by proclamation any lands
owned or controlled by the United States containing “historic
landmarks, historic or prehistoric structures, and other ob-
jects of historic or scientific interest” as “national monuments.”
Provision was made also for the punishment by fine or im-
prisonment of persons injuring the monuments, and juris-
diction over the monuments was given to the Secretary of the
Interior, the Secretary of Agriculture, or the Secretary of
War, depending upon which department had jurisdiction over
the areas in which the monuments were severally located.
Section 4 of the act provides that the-secretaries of the
three departments—Interior, Agriculture, and War—shall
make uniform rules and regulations for the purpose of carry-
ing out its provisions. Secretaries Hitchcock, Wilson, and
Taft promptly complied by promulgating—Dec. 28, 1906—an
appropriate set of rules which are still in effect without change.
The passage of this act was the culmination of an organ-
ized movement by a group of archeologists, scientists, and
others, to put such safeguards about the unique archeological
treasures which the country possesses in the ancient pueblos
and cliff dwellings of the Southwest as would prevent their
spoliation and ultimate destruction. Their protection by the
creation of additional park areas had been found impractic-
able because a special congressional enactment was necessary
in each case, and because Congress was unwilling to create a
great number of parks, many of which would be, necessarily,
of very limited area. The original idea had been to protect
ancient ruins only, but the act was broadened so as to include
8 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
within its scope other objects of historic or scientific value,
natural as well as artificial. The first monument created, as
a matter-of-fact, was the Devils Tower, in Wyoming, a
natural formation.
Some confusion has arisen as to the difference between
parks and monuments. It has been asked, for example, why,
of two reserved areas, the basic reasons for the reservation in
each case being the preservation of a natural wonder, one
should be a park and the other a monument.
The simplest way to answer this question is to say what has
been said above in speaking of the setting-aside of Hot
Springs. The object of a monument is the preservation from
destruction or spoliation of some object of historic, scientific,
or other interest. The object of a park is that and something
more; namely, the development of the area reserved for its
more complete and perfect enjoyment by the people. It might
be said that a monument is park raw material, because many
of the existing monuments, in all probability, will receive park
status when their development as parks is practicable. Sev-
eral of the present parks of the system originally had monu-
ment status, notably Grand Canyon, Lafayette, and Zion Parks.
The Parks and Monuments Prior to 1916. From the set-
ting-aside of the Yellowstone Park in 1872 until 1890 no new
parks were added to the park system. Sequoia, Yosemite,
and General Grant parks were added in 1890, and by the
time the National Park Service was created in August, 1916,
the system totalled sixteen parks and eighteen monuments.
This includes the Hot Springs Reservation, and one park, Casa
Grande, which was given monument status in 1918.
The history of the parks and monuments during this period
is almost altogether a history of individual rather than group
development. New parks and monuments were created from
time to time and became, thereupon, so many new individual
problems rather than parts of a general problem. No note-
worthy legislation of a general nature applying to the park
HISTORY 9
system in common was enacted during this period except the
act for the preservation of American antiquities. There
was, Moreover, no such thing within the Department of the
Interior as a section or division charged with the administra-
tion of the park system to the exclusion of everything else.
The Patents and Miscellaneous Division, in the office of the
Secretary, already occupied with an abundance of other duties,
gave such attention to the parks as time could be found for.
It cannot be said that such a thing as a park system existed,
if the word system be used in the sense of a disciplined, codr-
dinated unit. Every park was in a very real sense a law unto
itself, and the parks were more of a conglomeration at this
time than a system. When the Secretary’s office was reor-
ganized in 1907, the miscellaneous duties of this division were
given to the Miscellaneous Section in the Secretary’s office, and
the former chief of division was placed in charge of the section
as Assistant Attorney. The work of this section embraced, be-
sides the management of the parks and monuments, the ad-
ministration of Alaska and Hawaii, the care of several elee-
mosynary institutions, etc.
A series of national park conferences held in 1911, 1912,
and 1915 at the Yellowstone, Yosemite, and Berkeley, Cali-
fornia, respectively, and participated in by all the park super-
intendents and many of the department officers concerned in
park administration, had much to do with bringing about an
improved system of park control in the department. *
The first step in this direction was made in 1913, when
Secretary Lane placed the Assistant to the Secretary in gen-
eral charge of park administration. This was followed, June
5, 1914, by the appointment of a General Superintendent and
Landscape Engineer of the national parks, to reside at San
Francisco and have general supervision over all the park super-
intendents. Thereafter a still further advance was made when
he.
3A fourth conference, held in Washington, January 2-6, 1917, was
in the nature of a celebration of the success of the movement for
a national park service.
10 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
the urgent deficiency appropriation act of February 28, 1916
(39 Stat. L., 23) conferred authority upon the Secretary to
employ a General Superintendent in the District of Columbia
and in the field, the salary of the new officer and other neces-
sary expenses of administration to be taken from the appro-
priations and revenues of the several parks on a pro rata basis.
Under this authority the office of the General Superintendent
was moved to Washington. In the sundry civil appropriation
act of July 1, 1916, (39 Stat. L., 309) authorization was
given for the employment of a General Superintendent, to-
gether with such clerical or other assistants, not exceeding
four persons, as the Secretary might determine.
In December 1913, a piece of legislation was enacted which,
while it directly affected but one park, the Yosemite, was of
indirect effect upon the entire system by reason of the pre-
cedent which it established. This was the law (Act of Dec-
ember 19, 1913; 38 Stat. L., 242) giving to the City of San
Francisco the right to use certain lands in the Yosemite Park,
specifically the Hetch Hetchy Valley, for the construction of
a reservoir to supply the city with water and to generate
electric power.
This legislation was only enacted after a struggle extend-
ing over the better part of a decade. It was fought by many
civic organizations of standing and was strongly opposed by
naturalists of note like John Muir and by many citizens, who
believed that that part of the national park idea which called
for the preservation of the parks in their original state should
be rigidly lived up to.
The city, on the other hand, claimed that the water to be
obtained from the project was essential to the city’s life in the
years to come, and that it was impracticable to obtain it from
any other source. Its point of view finally triumphed. As
to whether this triumph was a rightful one; and as to whether
it will be a precedent for commercial raiding of the parks,
or an example constituting a warning against that danger are
questions for the future to answer.
HISTORY II
The Movement for the Establishment of the National
Park Service. A number of years before Secretary Lane in-
troduced the reforms in park administration which have been
described in the preceding section, a feeling had been growing
up among friends of the parks that they should be admin-
istered by a special bureau devoting its time to park affairs
and nothing else. Secretary Lane’s innovations were hailed
as strides in the right direction, but it was felt that they did
not go far enough.
Secretary Ballinger had recommended the creation of a
“bureau of national parks and resorts under the supervision
of a competent commissioner” in his annual report for 1910.
The American Civic Association, a society which has always
been active in any movement for park betterment, took up the
cause of a park bureau at about the same time. It is not too
much to say that the untiring zeal of this organization in keep-
ing up interest in the project, both in and out of Congress, by
meetings, publications, and influence brought to bear through
the most powerful press organs, had more to do with the final
successful issue of the movement than any other one factor.
Sentiment in general was in favor of the creation of the bu-
reau, but it was not organized and was largely passive. But
for the life the American Civic Association put into the
movement it is to be doubted if Congress could have been
induced to create a new bureau to do work that had been
getting done somehow for so long a time without it.
Another important factor in this movement was the series
of national park conferences already referred to. At these
meetings of practical park men, with a practical understanding
of park problems, the park bureau project found many cham-
pions.
What may be termed the “Canadian Argument” was much
used by proponents of the bureau idea throughout the move-
ment. It was pointed out that Canada had already established
a bureau of parks which was functioning with brilliant suc-
cess. Secretaries Fisher and Lane were both in favor of the
12 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
creation of the bureau and recommended it in their reports.
President Taft thought well enough of it to address a special
message to Congress on the subject. This was afterwards in-
corporated in a bulletin of the American Ciyic Association and
given wide publicity. President Taft said in part:
I earnestly recommend the establishment of a bureau of
national parks. Such legislation is essential to the proper
management of those wondrous manifestations of nature.
Every consideration of patriotism and the love of nature
and of beauty and of art requires us to expend money enough
to bring all these natural wonders within easy reach of our
people. The first step in that direction is the establishment
of a responsible bureau which shall take upon itself the
burden of supervising the parks and of making recommenda-
tions as to the best methods of improving their accessibility and
usefulness.
The work of the Division of Publications in the Secretary’s
office was also of material assistance in the bureau campaign.
Its annual circulars on each park were widely distributed, and
as a knowledge of what the country possessed in the parks
became disseminated, sentiment in favor of their more effi-
cient management was crystallized. The issuance by the divi-
sion in 1916, of an elaborate illustrated brochure entitled The
National Parks Portfolio, in an edition of 275,000 copies,
aroused popular interest in the parks, and copies of the publica-
tion were eagerly sought. The result of this well-directed
campaign was the introduction of a number of bills in Congress
providing for the creation of a national park service. Hear-
ings were held before the Public Lands committees in 1912,
1914, and 1916, and on August 25, 1916, the National Park
Service Act became a law (39 Stat. L., 535).
The National Park Service Since 1916. The text of the
National Park Service law will be found in the appendix.
The law as originally enacted is in force to-day except for two
slight amendments. The first of these is a mere proviso
in the act of February 26, 1919 (40 Stat. L., 1175), creating
HISTORY 13
the Grand Canyon National Park, to the effect that the pro-
vision of the original law with regard to the granting of priv-
ileges, leases, and permits shall, in the case of the Grand
Canyon Park, be so construed that such privileges, leases,
etc., “shall be let at public auction to the best and most re-
sponsible bidder.” The second amendment is part of the
act of June 2, 1920 (41 Stat. L., 731), accepting, on the part
of the National Government, the cession by the State of Cali-
fornia, of jurisdiction over Sequoia, Yosemite, and General
Grant Parks. A clause of that act makes a change in the pen-
alties provided in the original act for violation of rules and
regulations established by the Secretary of the Interior.
Since the creation of the service in August, 1916, four new
parks and five new monuments have been added to the sys-
tem, which now totals nineteen parks and twenty-four mont-
ments, with a total area of 12,674 square miles. A table of all
the parks, together with a map, will be found near the end of
this section. A table of the monuments is given with the sec-
tion on the national monuments.
One of these new monuments, Casa Grande, originally had
the status of a park, as has been mentioned above. The reason
for making the change cannot be better explained than by
quoting from the report of the Director of the National Park
Service for 1918, as follows:
When the National Park Service was organized we had 17
national parks and 21 national monuments. We now have 16
national parks and 24 national monuments. The explanation
is that one of the national parks of 1916, Casa Grande ruin,
has been withdrawn from that classification and been made
a national monument, and two other national monuments have
been created. . . . The Casa Grande ruin had been reserved #
and became loosely classed with Hot Springs and Yellowstone
as a national park, notwithstanding that it possessed none
4By an Executive Order of June 22, 1892, authorized by a clause
in the sundry civil act of March 2, 1889 (25 Stat. L., 961) which also
appropriated $2000 for the restoration of the ruin. A proclamation
by President Taft, Dec. 10, 1909 (36 Stat. L., 2504), correcting
Casa Grande’s boundaries refers to it as a “reservation.”
14 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
of the accepted qualities of parkhood. . . . President Wil-
son’s proclamation of August 3, 1918 (40 Stat. L., 1818),
declaring it a national monument, does little more than con-
firm one of several opinions.
Projects are now on foot looking to the creation of several
additional parks. Prominent among these proposed parks
are the region including the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky, a
large area in the sand dune region of Indiana bordering on
Lake Michigan, and the region in Utah surrounding Bryce Can-
yon. It is also proposed to enlarge the Yellowstone by taking
in a large territory south of the park—the famous country of
the Three Tetons and Jackson’s Hole—and Sequoia by an-
nexing the contiguous area, which contains the canyons of the
King and Kern rivers and about seventy miles of the crest
of the Sierra Nevada. This region is notable for scenic gran-
deur and for the location within its confines of Mount Whit-
ney, the highest peak in the continental United States. It
is also the only known habitat of a unique and peculiarly
“game” species of trout recently named after the late Presi-
dent Roosevelt. This project is regarded by the National
Park Service as the most meritorious of all the projects for
park enlargement so far put forward.
By Executive Orders of July 8, 1918 (No. 2905) and Jan-
uary 28, 1921 (No. 3394), the area of the proposed addition to
the Yellowstone was set aside and reserved from settlement un-
der authority of the act of June 25, 1910 (36 Stat. L., 847), as
amended by the act of ‘August 24, 1912 (37 Stat. L., 497).
This prevents the acquisition of any private interests in the
tract reserved—except mining claims. The total area with-
drawn covers 844,800 acres, of which only slightly over 5000
acres are patented or in process of being patented.
The National Park Service Act constitutes the organic law of
the park system. The policy of the National Park Service
operating under it was set forth on May 13, 1918, by the
late Secretary Lane in a letter to Director Mather, in which he
said;
HISTORY 15
The National Park Service has been established as a bureau
of this Department just one year. During this period our
efforts have been chiefly directed toward the building of an
effective organization while engaged in the performance of
duties relating to the administration, protection, and improve-
ment of the national parks and monuments, as required by
law. This constructive ‘work is now completed. The new
Service is fully organized; its personnel has been carefully
chosen; it has been conveniently and comfortably situated
in the new Interior Department Building; ‘and it has been
splendidly equipped for the quick and effective transaction of
its business.
For the information of the public, an outline of the ad-
ministrative policy to which the new Service will adhere
may now be announced. This policy is based on three broad
principles: First, that the national parks must be maintained
in absolutely unimpaired form for the use of future genera-
tions as well as those of our own time; second, that they are
set apart for the use, observation, health, and pleasure of the
people; and third, that the national interest must dictate all
decisions affecting public or private enterprise in the parks.
Every activity of the Service is subordinate to the duties
imposed upon it to faithfully preserve the parks for posterity
in essentially their natural state. The commercial use of
these reservations, except as specially authorized by law, or
such as may be incidental to the accommodation and enter-
tainment of visitors, will not be permitted under any cir-
cumstances.
In all of the national parks except Yellowstone you may
permit the grazing of cattle in isolated regions not, fre-
quented by visitors, and where no injury to the natural fea-
tures of the parks may result from such use. The grazing of
sheep, however, must not be permitted in any national park.
In leasing lands for the operation of hotels, camps, trans-
portation facilities, or other public service under strict Gov-
ernment control, concessioners should be confined to tracts
no larger than absolutely necessary for the purposes of their
business enterprises.
You should not permit the leasing of park lands for sum-
mer homes. It is conceivable, and even exceedingly . prob-
able, that within a few years under a policy of permitting the
establishment of summer homes in national parks, these res-
16 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
ervations might become so generally settled as to exclude
the public from convenient access to their streams, lakes, and
other natural features, and thus destroy the very basis upon
which this national playground system is being constructed.
You should not permit the cutting of trees except where
timber is needed in the construction of buildings or other
improvements within the park and can be removed without
injury to the forests or disfigurement of the landscape, where
the thinning of forests or cutting of vistas will improve the
scenic features of the parks, or where their destruction is
necessary to eliminate insect infestations or diseases common
to forests and shrubs.
‘In the construction of roads, trails, buildings, and other
improvements, particular attention must be devoted always
to the harmonizing of these improvements with the landscape.
This is a most important item in our program of develop-
ment and requires the employment of trained engineers who
either possess a knowledge of landscape architecture or have
a proper appreciation of the esthetic value of park lands.
All improvements will be carried out in accordance with a
preconceived plan developed with special reference to the
preservation of the landscape, and comprehensive plans for
future development of the national parks on an adequate
scale will be prepared as funds are available for this purpose.
Whenever the Federal Government has exclusive jurisdic-
tion over national parks, it is clear that more effective meas-
ures for the protection of the parks can be taken. The Fed-
eral Government has exclusive jurisdiction over the national
parks in the States of Arkansas, Oklahoma, Wyoming, Mon-
tana, Washington, and Oregon, and also in the territories
of Hawaii and Alaska. We should urge the cession of ex-
clusive jurisdiction over the parks in the other States, and par-
ticularly in California 5 and Colorado.
There are many private holdings in the national parks, and
many of these seriously hamper the administration of these
reservations. All of them should be eliminated as far as it
is practicable to accomplish this purpose in the course of
time, either through Congressional appropriation or by ac-
ceptance of donations of these lands. Isolated tracts in im-
portant scenic areas should be given first consideration, of
course, in the purchase of private property.
5 See act of June 2, 1920, p. 104 infra.
HISTORY 17
p . d at—~best
satisfies the individual taste. Automobiles and Tmotorcytles
permi in all of the national parks; in fact, the
ae will be kept_accessible by any means practicable.
(All outdoor sports which may be maintained consistently
with the observation of the safeguards thrown around the
national parks by law will be heartily endorsed and aided
wherever possible. Mountain climbing, horse-back riding,
walking, motoring, swimming, boating, and fishing will ever
be the favorite sports. Winter sports will be developed in the
parks that are accessible throughout the year. Hunting
will not be permitted in any national park. ® °
2 The educational, as_well as the recreational, use of the
national parks should be encouraged in every practicable way.
University and high school classes in science will find special
facilities for their vacation period studies. Museums con-
taining specimens of wild flowers, shrubs, and trees, and
mounted animals, birds, and fish native to the parks, and other
exhibits of this character, will be established as authorized.
"3 Low-priced camps operated by concessioners should be
maintained, as well as comfortable and even luxurious hotels
wherever the volume of travel warrants the establishment of
these classes of accommodations. In each reservation, as
funds are available, a system of free camp sites will be cleared,
and these grounds will be equipped with adequate water and
sanitation facilities.
«% -As_concessions in the national parks represent in most in-
stances a large investment, and as the obligation to render
service satisfactory to the Department at carefully regulated
rates is imposed, these enterprises must be given a large
measure of protection, and generally speaking competitive busi-
ness should not be authorized where a concession is meeting
our requirements, which, of course, will as nearly as possible
coincide with the needs of the traveling public.
Y All concessions should yield revenue to the Federal Govern-
ment, but the development of the revenues of the parks should
not impose a burden upon the visitor.
c, Automobile fees in the parks should be reduced as the vol-
ume of Wrotor travel increases.
For assistance in the solution of administrative problems in
6 But see p. 53, infra.
18 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
the parks relating both to their protection and use, the scien-
tific bureaus of the Government offer facilities of the highest
worth and authority. In the protection of the public health,
for instance, the destruction of insect pests in the forests, the
care of wild animals, and the propagation and distribution of
fish, you should utilize their hearty codperation to the utmost.
You should utilize to the fullest extent the opportunity af-
forded by the atitoad daca nieeaeon appointing a com-
mittee of western railroads to info the traveling public
how to comfortably reach the national parks; you should dil-
igently extend and use the splendid codperation developed dur-
ing the last three years among chambers of commerce, tourist
bureaus, and automobile highway associations fag the purpose
of spreading information about our national parks and facili-
tating their use and enjoyment; you should keep informed of
park movements and park progress, municipal, county, and
State, both at home and abroad, for the purpose of adapting,
whenever practicable, the world’s best thought to the needs of
the national parks. You should encourage all movements
looking to outdoor living. In particular you should maintain
close working relationship with the Dominion Parks Branch of
the Canadian Department of the Interior, and assist in the
solution of park problems of an international character.
The Department is often requested for reports on pending
legislation proposing the establishment ‘of new national parks
or the addition of lands to existing parks. Complete data on
such parks projects should be obtained by the National Park
Service and submitted to the Department in tentative form of
report to Congress.
In studying new park projects, you should_seek to find scen-
ery of supreme and distinctive quality or some natural feature
so extraordinary or umique as to be of national interest and im-
portance. You should seek distinguished examples of typical
forms of world architecture; such, for instance, as the Grand
Canyon, as exemplifying the highest accomplishment of stream
erosion, and the high, rugged portion of Mount Desert Island
as exemplifying the oldest rock forms in America and the lux-
uriance of deciduous forests.
The national park system as now constituted should not be
lowered in standard, dignity, and prestige by the inclusion of
areas which express in less than the highest terms the partic-
ular class or kind of exhibit which they represent. :
HISTORY 19
It is not necessary that.a national park should have a large
area. The element of size is of no importance as long as the
park is susceptible of effective administration and control.
You should study existing national parks with the idea of
improving them by the addition of adjacent areas which will
complete their scenic purposes or facilitate administration.
The addition of the Teton Mountains to the Yellowstone Na-
tional Park, for instance, will supply Yellowstone’s greatest
need, which is an uplift of glacier-bearing peaks; and the ad-
dition to the Sequoia National Park of the Sierra summits and
slopes to the north and east, as contemplated by pending legis-
lation, will create a reservation unique in the world, because
of its combination of gigantic trees, extraordinary canyons,
and mountain masses.
In considering projects involving the establishment of new
national parks or the extension of existing park areas by de-
limination of national forests, you should observe what effect
such delimination would have on the administration of adjacent
forest lands, and wherever practicable you should engage in an
investigation of such park projects jointly with officers of the
Forest Service, in order that questions of national park and
national forest policy as they affect the lands involved may be
thoroughly understood.
The fundamental purpose of the park system is stated in the
National Park Service Act to be the conservation of the
scenery and natural and historic objects and wild life of the
parks in such manner as will leave them unimparied for the
enjoyment of future generations. This thought was empha-
sized by Secretary Lane in his statement of policy quoted
above. It is the gist of the national park idea.
Particular attention is drawn to this matter here because
in the few years since the Service has been established events
have occurred which indicate that it will be the center about
which will be refought, on a much larger scale, the struggle
which occurred over the Hetch Hetchy, referred to in the pre-
ceding section. Proponents of power, irrigation, and water
supply projects want to get in the parks, claiming that local
needs along these lines should outweigh other considerations.
20 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
In his most recent report Director Mather draws attention
to the fact that no less than five extensive irrigation power
projects proposing to utilize the waters of Yellowstone lakes
and rivers by impounding them within the park itself have been
vigorously furthered by Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming in-
terests since 1919, and that one of them had got before Con-
gress and secured a favorable vote in the Senate. It is the opin-
ion of the Director, after careful investigations, that any one of
these projects, if completed, would seriously mar the beauty
of the park.
A. still more serious menace to the National Park Idea was
contained in the Federal Water Power Act, signed by Presi-
dent Wilson on June 10, 1920 (41 Stat. L., 1063). This act,
when submitted to the National Park Service in tentative
form, safeguarded the parks and monuments from commer-
cial invasion for water power or irrigation purposes; but as
finally passed by Congress it contained a provision specifically
opening up all the parks and monuments for water power devel-
opment. Upon protest being made, the bill was signed with
the understanding that amendatory legislation would be pre-
sented and passed at the next session of Congress excluding
the parks and monuments from the scope of the act. This
action was taken, and an act repealing so much of the Federal
Water Power Act as authorized the use of existing parks and
monuments for power projects was signed on March 3, 1921
(41 Stat. L., 1353). The parks were further safeguarded
from the operation of the act by the inclusion of a clause in
the sundry civil act of March 4, 1921 (41 Stat. L.,, 1380),
providing that no part of the appropriation for the Federal
Power Commission should be used for any expense connected
with the leasing of water power facilities in any national park
or monument.
Between the passage of the Water Power Act and its amend-
ment several applications were made to the Federal Power
Commission for licenses for water power rights in the Sequoia,
Yosemite, and Grand Canyon parks. The commission, how-
HISTORY 21
ever, at the solicitation of the Secretary of the Interior, agreed
not to consider applications for licenses within the parks until
Congress had an opportunity to enact the promised amen-
datory legislation.
The successors of the late Secretary Lane have taken a like
stand with regard to park exploitation. One of the last ut-
terances of Judge John Barton Payne before relinquishing the
Secretaryship of the Interior was the following:
In my view the greatest assets, stated with reasonable lim-
itations, of the country are such national monuments and parks
as the Yellowstone, the Grand Canyon and other national
parks which the Congress from time to time has set aside. If
those parks may be encroached upon for a commercial pur-
pose, sooner or later they will be destroyed, in my view. It
ought not to be a question of utility. Congress presumably
considered that when it set a park aside. No one feels more
keenly than I the wisdom of conserving water for reclamation
and power purposes, but that should not be done at the cost of
any of our national parks or monuments. And where the
question is one even for debate, every doubt should be resolved
in favor of the integrity of the national parks.
The water never remains in the park, and in the final analy-
sis it is a question of expense, because without exception, so
far as I know, there is always opportunity of using the water
after it leaves the park.
Now, on the Yellowstone project, I gave a hearing to gentle-
men when I was in the Yellowstone last July, and we had a
perfectly frank dicussion of the subject, and it finally came to
the proposition that the project could not afford the cost un-
less the free lands in the park could be used for that purpose;
that to buy the land for a storage reservoir, and pay the dam-
ages incident thereto, would make a burden on the reclamation
project which it could ill afford to bear. I said that that
should not be a question for debate. If the project cannot
afford to bear the expense of acquiring new lands and pay
the damages, then the project should be abandoned, if the con-
verse of the proposition was the possible injury and destruc-
tion of a national park.
The Yellowstone is worth more to this country, it is worth
more to Montana and Idaho and Wyoming than any utilitar-
22 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
ian use to which it may be applied. It is not only an asset for
those adjacent states but for the whole country, and will attract
people to that section always, and Congress and the people in
the country should do everything in their power to preserve
it in the best possible state as a national asset.
And what I feel about Yellowstone is my view about all
these parks.
Secretary Fall on June 1, 1921, wrote as follows to the
Chairman of the Senate Committee on Irrigation and Re-
clamation :
I am in receipt of your request for report upon S. 274 and
275, proposing to authorize the State of Montana, or irriga-
tion districts authorized by the State, to build a dam across
Yellowstone River at a point not more than three miles below
the outlet of Lake Yellowstone, for the regulation of the waters
of the Lake for irrigation purposes. This construction would
be within the limits of the Yellowstone National Park.
I can not favor the enactment of the measure. I do not
believe it would be advisable for Congress to permit private
interests to develop irrigation or power sites within the limits
of existing national parks. These parks were created by Con-
gress for the preservation of the scenery, forests, and other ob-
jects of beauty and interest in their natural condition, and they
are created and maintained for general and national purposes
as contradistinguished from local development.
If cases be found where it is necessary and advisable in the
public interest to develop power and irrigation possibilities in
national parks, and it can be done without interference with
the purposes of their creation, I am of the opinion that it
should only be permitted to be done, whether through the use
of private or public funds, on specific authorization by Con-
gress, the works to be constructed and controlled by the Fed-
eral Government.
Local feeling on this question is illustrated by the action
taken by the Idaho legislature at its 1921 session. For many
years the park officers both in Washington and at the several
parks, have urged state legislation creating large game pre-
* Idaho Senate Bill 173, approved March 1, 1921.
HISTORY 23
serves immediately adjoining several of the parks, which from
their size and location, are especially important wild-life re-
fuges. This applied with especial force to the Yellowstone.
The desirability of such legislation is apparent. Certain
protected animals, especially the elk and buffalo herds of the
Yellowstone, are prone to wander at certain seasons beyond
the park boundaries, seeking fresh grazing grounds, and fre-
quently they have been met by hunters and indiscriminately
slaughtered. Serious depletion of the park’s herds has resulted.
At the last session of the Idaho legislature a game preserve
was created approximately seven miles wide, and running
from nearly opposite the southwest corner of the park north-
ward to the Continental Divide and the Idaho-Montana line.
The act, however, contains the proviso that the preserve shall
not be closed to hunting and actually made a sanctuary until
the National Government certifies that the southwest corner of
the park is made available for irrigation reservoirs, or until the
boundaries of the park are so revised as to eliminate the south-
west corner and thus make it available for irrigation projects.
The other states bordering on the Yellowstone, Wyoming,
and Montana, also passed game preserve legislation at their
1921 legislative sessions. In both states new fish and game
commissions were created with broad powers, including the
authority to establish game preserves in any parts of their re-
spective states, whenever, in their judgment, such action is
advisable. The Montana law, however, is practically nulli-
fied by the provision that the commission cannot establish a
game preserve unless the same is petitioned for by 75 per
cent of the actual property owners of the district proposed to
be set aside as a preserve.
A large game preserve was created by the State of Colorado
in 1919, enclosing the Rocky Mountain Park on three sides,
the fourth being closed by the Continental Divide.
The State of Washington has passed a law somewhat sim-
ilar to the Montana and Wyoming laws. Under its provisions
county game commissioners can set aside as game preserves
24 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
any state, school, or granted lands, certain designated waters,
private lands (with the consent of the owners), and national
forest areas (with the consent of the Chief Forester of the
United States).
An important bit of park legislation was enacted June 5,
1920 (41 Stat. L., 917) in the shape of a general authoriza-
tion to the Secretary of the Interior to accept for the National
Government, in his discretion, gifts of patented lands or other
lands, buildings or other properties within the various national
parks and monuments, and moneys which may be donated
for the purposes of the national park and monument system.
This provision supersedes several clauses in the sundry civil
act of June 12, 1917 (40 Stat. L., 152), authorizing accep-
tances by the Secretary of gifts in Glacier, Mt. Rainier, Mesa
Verde, Rocky Mountain, and Crater Lake, as well as gifts of
lands etc., including the upper slopes of Grandfather Moun-
tain, near the Boone National Forest in Western North Car-
olina, a region which after having been under consideration for
park purposes for several years has been rejected as unsuitable
after a careful examination by the National'Park Service.
Under this authorization a number of gifts: have been made
to the nation within the past year, the latest being a square
mile of forest land in the Sequoia Park, the last redwood
stand there which had been privately owned. This was se-
cured and handed over to the Nationa! Park Service at a cost
of $55,000 through the instrumentality of the National Geo-
graphic Society.
Another important event having to do with privately-owned
land within park boundaries was the termination, in the Gov-
ernment’s favor, of long-drawn-out litigation over some min-
ing claims in the Grand Canyon. The decision of the United
States Supreme Court in this case * established the proposition
that the Government can, in the public interest, examine min-
ing claims in the national parks and monuments with a view
to determining their validity, and, in the event of their prov-
* Cameron et al vs, United States; 252 U. S., 450
HISTORY 25
ing to be non-mineral, declare them invalid, thus preventing the
“holding of lands within a park on the pretext that they are
mineral-bearing.
By act approved June 2, 1920 (41 Stat. L., 731), Congress
accepted the cession by the State of California of exclusive
jurisdiction of the territory within Yosemite, Sequoia, and
General Grant Parks. The state act was passed April 15,
1919. This was an important step toward complete national
jurisdiction in all the national parks, which consummation will
alone create a satisfactory situation throughout the park sys-
tem with regard to the enforcement of the regulations. In the
parks over which the laws of the state in which they are lo-
cated obtain, great difficulties in administration are at times
encountered, owing to the fact that the department has no
jurisdiction to punish offenses in violation of the regulations
relating thereto, and particularly in the matter of preventing
depredations on the game. Exclusive national jurisdiction
now exists in nine parks Yellowstone, Yosemite, Sequoia,
General Grant, Platt, Glacier, Mount Rainier, Crater Lake,
and Hot Springs. Penalties for the violation of the laws
and regulations have been prescribed for all these parks, and
commissioners appointed for the trial of offenders in each
one of them except Platt.
The period since the creation of the National Park Service
is also notable for the assumption by the Department of the
Interior of complete control of all activities connected with
the park system. This was brought about by the final re-
linquishment by the War Department of police duties which
it had performed for a considerable period in the California
parks and in the Yellowstone, and by the withdrawal of the
Corps of Engineers from all connection with park road and
trail construction. The last detachment of soldiers to gar-
rison Fort Yellowstone was withdrawn from the park on
October 31, 1918, and the Corps of Engineers was relieved of
further duty in connection with the road work on July Ist of
the same year. On July roth of the following year the en-
26 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
gineers were withdrawn from Crater Lake, and the control of
the park service was at last complete throughout the entire
system. These changes were effected by transference of ap-
propriations in the sundry civil acts of 1918 and 1919 (40
Stat. L., 634, and 41 Stat. L., 163). This finally ended what
had always been an anomalous situation, involving a duplica-
tion and even a triplication of control. For example, in the
Yellowstone the Superintendent reported to the National Park
Service and had no control over the commandant of the troops
engaged in patrol work or the engineer officer in charge of
road construction. The commandant reported to the Western
Military Department at San Francisco, and the engineer officer
to the Chief of Engineers of the Army. It was thus neces-
sary to maintain at the park three distinct offices, three office
forces, and separate warehouses for equipment and sup-
plies.
A word is in order here as to how this cumbersome system
grew up. The organic acts creating the Yellowstone Park
and the three parks in California (17 Stat. L., 32; 26 Stat.
L., 478, 650) gave the Secretary of the Interior power to
make rules and regulations, but no means of enforcing them.
Considerable disorder and license resulted, and Congress met
the situation by including in the act of March 3, 1883 (22
Stat. L., 626) a clause authorizing the Secretary of the In-
terior to call upon the Secretary of War for details of troops
for protection of the Yellowstone. A similar clause was in-
corporated in the act of June 6, 1900 (31 Stat. L., 618) with
regard to the Sequoia, General Grant, and Yosemite parks in
California. The same act (31 Stat. L., 625) in making ap-
propriations for the Yellowstone Park under the War De-
partment provided that thereafter road extensions and im-
provements in the park should be made under, and in har-
mony with, a plan to be approved by the Chief of Engineers.
Engineer troops and officers came to be employed in some of
the other parks, notably Crater Lake and Mount Rainier,
simply by the making of appropriations for road construction
HISTORY 27
work under the War Department instead of the Interior De-
partment.
This system was probably unavoidable in the early days
of the parks, and probably saved the Yellowstone from injury.
But as time went on it became more and more apparent that
a system of civilian control was to be preferred. Then, too,
it was most unjust to the Army. Vast appropriations charged
to the War Department were really expended for the benefit
of the Department of the Interior. Secretary Garrison on
May 1, 1914, called this to the attention of Secretary Lane in
a letter reviewing the matter, and suggested that the
time had come for the Department of the Interior to take over
the complete handling of the parks.
The military forces were withdrawn from the Yellowstone
in October, 1916, and a special ranger force created to take
over the work. A year later, however, Congress concluded
that the park should be guarded by soldiers, and by making
Interior Department funds non-available for protective pur-
poses through legislation in the act of June 12, 1917 (40 Stat.
L., 151) made necessary the recall of the cavalry to the park.
The troops were withdrawn definitely from the California
parks in 1913. With the final withdrawal from the Yellow-
stone in 1918 all military control ceased, and all the parks
are now protected by civilian rangers. The system of ranger
control is described in the chapter on Organization.
Other events of importance in recent park history have been
an inspection trip of a number of members of the House Com-
mittee on Appropriations to six of the leading northern
parks in the summer of 1920, and the formal establishment
and designation of a great connected highway between the
major parks of the Far West to be known as the National
Park-to-Park Highway.
Mention of this highway leads naturally to mention of
the automobile, the basic motive for the creation of the road
being the desire for the establishment of a trunk line for motor
vehicles that will take the auto tourists to every one of the
28 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
greater parks of the Far West. The proposal has the approval
of the American Automobile Association and the support of
the National Park Service.
There was much argument, pro and con, before the automo-
bile was permitted to enter the parks in the early years of
Secretary Lane’s incumbency: Those opposed to its admis-
sion held that to do so would be a violation of the National
Park Idea in that it would be an essential ignoring of that
part of the “Idea” which contemplated the retention of the
parks in their original condition. It was argued on the other
hand, that the admission of the auto would render the parks
more accessible to the people and thus make of them to a
much fuller extent “public parks and pleasuring-grounds.”
There seems to be no question that a great and ever-increas-
ing number of people are visiting the parks in this manner, as
an examination of the statistics in the appendix will disclose.
Moreover, the automobile has been a most important revenue-
producer. Director Mather stated at the sundry civil hearings
of December 16, 1920, that about 60 per cent of the revenue
collected in the parks during the fiscal year ending June 30,
1920, came from this source.
In the construction of this highway it is proposed that the
eleven states concerned build those sections passing through
well-settled portions of their respective territories, and that
the National Government assist in constructing those sections
traversing thinly populated regions.
The sundry civil act of June 12, 1917 (40 Stat. L., 153)
provided that after July 1, 1918, all revenues from national
parks except those from Hot Springs should be covered into
the Treasury to the credit of miscellaneous receipts. Previous
to that time the revenues had been expended in the parks in
which earned. The relation of these revenues to the amounts
granted by Congress forms an interesting study. The total
appropriations for 1920 totalled $907,070.76 and the revenues
for the same period totalled $316,877.96, or approximately
35 per cent of the cost of maintenance. The total appropria-
A D A
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29
HISTORY
NATIONAL PARKS, ADMINISTERED BY THE NATI
[NumBgEr, 19; TOTAL AREA,
ONAL PARK SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
10,859 SQUARE MILES; CHRONOLOGICALLY IN ORDER OF CREATION]
Area Private «os
Name : When Statute Refer- Area Visitors
om Location established ence L, sae (acres, i 1920
r é f re
Hot Springs........+.!Middle Arkansas ...... {i ab ce ee 21 Stat bs. 1% 911.63 None 2 162,850
....]Wyoming, Montana, and 41 Stat. L., 1407
‘sean iaasisoblgibins dahovcs-sengrtecrte Mar. 1, 2872] 17 Stat La'3% 33,.] 13.348 | aynga.720 None 79.777
Sequoia (sé-kwoi’4)...|Middle eastern California Sept. 25, 1890 ee L., 478, 5 161,597 2,04 3155
26 Stat.
Yosemite (y6-sém’-i-té)].......... do ..........] Oct. 1, 1890 33 ek 1,125 719,622.4 10,000 68,906
34 Stat.
General Grant.......[..-0.00+-. dO essay a do .....] 26 Stat. 4 2,536 160 19,661
Mount Rainier (ra-]West central Washing- 2, 1899] 30 Stat. 324 207,360 18.2 56,491
NOL) ccsamtane-cesimovsyel, COM, Saw otenas % cenamens
Crater Lake Southern Oregon ....... 22, 1902] 32 Stat. 249 159,360 2,458.11 20,135
sa[ South Dakota « canes «sas 9, 1903] 32 ee Las 7684 17 10,899.22 None 27,023
32 tat.
...JSouthern Oklahoma .... a Tabs 655 : 1% 848.22 None 2 38,000
" 33 Stat. L.,
..}North Dakota . ‘ 27, 1904] 33 Stat 1% 780 None 9,341
323,
34 Stat.
pice Verde (ma’sa-|Southwestern Colorado .. ae oe a Stat. L., 82, 83 77 48,966.4 993 2,890
MEPIE) swe x caw 4 vat J ie waves
Glacier (gla’sher) ....{Northwestern Montana .. 11, 1910] 36 Stat. L 1,534 981,681 16,508.1 22,449
Rocky Mountain .-|North middle Colorado .. o aoe - otal. 397% 254,327 2 20,693 2 240,966
Hawaii para’) «....{ Hawaiian Islands . I, 1916} 39 Stat. 118 75,295 2 41,000 (3)
Lassen Volcanic (las’-}Northern California 9, 1916] 39 Stat. 124 79,501.58 2,955 2 2,000
OS) 454 weesss Kaw
ee McKinley .....]South central Alaska ... Feb. 26, 1917] 39 Stat. 2,200 1,498,000 Neue (3)
Jan. 12, 1908 —_.
Grand Canyon4 .,..|North central Arizona .. oe 26, 1919 is ee 958 613,120 732.16 67,315
Lafayette5 ..........,|Maine coast ............ at Ps tong a ea 8 $,000 | None 2 66,500
July 31, 1909/) 36 Stat.
Zioné ............+.,.;Southwestern Utah .....]4 Mar, 18, 1918] }4o Stat. 120 _75,800 9,817.72 3,692
Nov. 19, 1919!) 41 Stat. iabaciace
1In Wyoming, 3,114 square
2 Estimated.
3 No record kept.
miles; in Montana,
4 Formerly Grand Canyon National Monument.
5 Formerly Sieur de Monts National Monum
6 Formerly Zion National Monument.
ent; donated to the United States.
198 square miles; in Idaho, 36 squere miles,
THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
30
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‘y31y 4@2z OCO‘or ‘mepY UO ‘eTexEae_ {WeMexY uo 21e—(apeoap Asoaa Buydns9 ‘pom 3q} Ul OUTD[OA
@aI}oe yseBse]) SZo'€1 opnyyye ‘eo7] euney pue ‘£1njuao Joy aAyjoe A[snonuued ‘vane[ry—z :sease gt 2
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‘aataseid [BuUE-ppiM jueyOdu ue ST—aye] & pue ‘seers ‘spoom qyM yYred [EUS
‘anjea jeulsipaw SZurssassod sZurids saq}0 pue Inydins Aue]
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JoyWeIP Ul Jaz OE 0} SZ auOS ‘JazaWIEIP UI 499j¥ OF J9AO $991} EIONbas O00‘zI—yIeg feuopen sail Big ey
+ “ppjom ur aAsasaid jewiue pue
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amen
HISTORY 31
tions for 1921 were $1,058,969.16, with a corresponding rev-
enue of $396,928.27.
The sources of park revenue are four in number: taxes on
concessions; public utilities, such as water, telephone, or
power systems; natural resources, i.e., sales of dead timber,
stone, hides of predatory animals, etc.; and automobile and
motorcycle permits. The system of taxing concessions varies
in the different parks.
Tables of statistics showing appropriations for the several
parks and monuments are given in the Appendix.
The Several Parks. In the pages that follow individual
sketches of the parks in the national system are given in some
detail.
Yellowstone. The creation of the Yellowstone National
Park and the legislation authorizing the same have already
been referred to. For more than a decade after its creation
little was done for its protection or development. The ap-
propriations were not large, and the lack of support made it
impossible for the early superintendents to accomplish much
that was genuinely constructive. The first superintendent was
the Hon. N. P. Langford, who, as mentioned above, had been
a member of fhe Washburn-Doane expedition. He received
no salary, and his hands were so securely tied by lack of funds
and lack of means for enforcement of the regulations that he
was practically powerless. He was nevertheless severely criti-
cised for his administration.
Civilian administration during these early years proving
unsatisfactory, the act of March 3, 1883 (22 Stat. L., 626)
made some radical changes. It provided for a civilian superin-
tendent and ten assistants, but the protection of the park was
entrusted to a detail of troops which the Secretary of the In-
terior was authorized to request of the Secretary of War,
and the development of roads and bridges was entrusted to
the Corps of Engineers of the Army.
The act of August 4, 1886 (24 Stat. L., 240), by making no
32 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
provision for a superintendent or assistant, threw the entire
administration and protection of the parks into the hands of
the military, there being nothing for the Secretary of the In-
terior to do but call on the Secretary of War for a detail of
troops. This practice was thereupon continued from year to.
year, and the commanding officer of Fort Yellowstone was des-
ignated as acting superintendent reporting to the Secretary of
the Interior. The soldiers, thereafter, were used not merely
for purposes of protection but for general administrative pur-
poses, serving practically as rangers.
After 1888, up to and including 1901, the park appropria-
tions were made directly through the War Department, but
expenditures from the park revenues were made by the Secre-
tary of the Interior. After the act of March 2, 1895 (28
Stat. L., 945), under which the War Department appropria-
tions covered protection as well as improvement, expenditures
from the revenues could be made for managerial purposes only.
Beginning with the act of March 3, 1g01 (31 Stat. L., 1169),
small appropriations were again made through the Interior
Department for administration and protection, out of which
clerical help was furnished to the acting superintendent and a
few scouts and other additional employees paid.
But the great landmark in Yellowstone legislation, second
only to the organic act, was the act of May 7, 1894 (28 Stat.
L., 73) which put teeth into the earlier law and enabled the
park authorities to enforce the regulations and give the park
and its wild life a protection never enjoyed before. The pas-
sage of this act was brought about by the capture of a poacher
who slaughtered several buffaloes, well knowing that if caught,
removal from the park would be the extent of his punishment.
This resulted in immediate action by Congress, which passed
a law that provided, among other things, for the appointment
of a resident United States Commissioner with power to try
for misdemeanors, and to issue process and commit in the case
of felonies; for summary arrest in case of open violation of
_ the regulations ; for the erection of a jail; and for the appoint-
HISTORY 33
ment of a resident deputy United States marshal. This
act was amended and made more practicable by the act of June
28, 1916 (39 Stat. L., 238), which, by modifying the punish-
ments prescribed, made it possible to treat violations as mis-
demeanors and thus do away with the necessity of formal in-
dictment.
A fact not generally known is that the entire Yellowstone
area is not under National jurisdiction. The act of July to,
1890 (26 Stat. L., 222), admitting Wyoming into the Union
retained national jurisdiction over the park area. This law
does not apply to the strips of the park located in Montana
and Idaho. These strips, however, are of very slight extent,
being only a few miles wide. The greater part of the park,
fully 95 per cent of the total area, is in Wyoming. _ The situa-
tion, however, is one which contains many possibilities for con-
flict, especially in regard to game protection, attention to which
was called by the Chief Forester in his 1916 report. In the
Yellowstone region, comprising the park and adjacent national
forests, the game in the park, i.e., in the Wyoming portion
of it, is under national jurisdiction, while the game in the
forests and in the Idaho and Montana park strips is under
state jurisdiction, there being three states with differing laws
to reckon with.
That provision of the organic act creating the National
Park Service which gives the Secretary of the Interior author-
ity to permit grazing at his discretion in the parks and monu-
ments does not apply to the Yellowstone. No grazing is per-
mitted there.
As has been stated above, the military were finally with-
drawn from the Yellowstone in 1918, and entire control since
that time has been in the hands of the National Park Service.
Yosemite. Yosemite’s history as a park dates back to be-
fore the days of the Yellowstone, the valley proper and the
Mariposa Big Tree Grove having been granted to the State
of California for use as a state park by the act of June 30,
1864 (13 Stat. L., 325). The whole of this park area was
34 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
surrounded by, but not included in, the area set apart by the
act of October 1, 1890 (26 Stat. L., 650) for a national park
under the Secretary of the Interior.
The act of April 28, 1904 (33 Stat. L., 478) directed the
Secretary of the Interior to ascertain what part of the area
set aside by the act of 1890 was not necessary for park pur-
poses and could be returned to the public domain. In the fol-
lowing year, accordingly, certain lands were excluded from
the area originally set aside, and the remaining reservation
was named the Yosemite National Park (act of February 7,
1905; 33 Stat. L., 702). It was provided, however, that
revenues accruing from the lands excluded should go to the
park. With the formal acceptance by the United States
(Joint resolution of June 11, 1906; 34 Stat. L., 831) of the
recession by California of the lands given for a state park
in 1864 (California Session Law, March 3, 1905) the crea-
tion of the Yosemite as a national park was complete, the
lands receded being included in the national park created in
1890.
Beginning with the season of 1891 troops were detailed to
guard the park, and this system continued except for short
intervals until 1914, when they were withdrawn by agreement.
The act of June 6, 1900 (31 Stat. L., 618) directed the Sec-
retary of War to make troop details on request of the Secre-
tary of the Interior. As in the case of the Yellowstone, the
commander of the troops was acting superintendent. The
troops did not remain in the park during the winter, however,
and no permanent post was established.
The act of December 19, 1913 (38 Stat. L., 242) granted
the city and county of San Francisco the right to create a
reservoir in the Hetch Hetchy Valley in the Yosemite Park
for the purpose of supplying the city with water.
The act of June 2, 1920 (41 Stat. L., 731) accepted, on the
part of the United States, exclusive jurisdiction in the Yosem-
ite, Sequoia, and General Grant Parks.
Sequoia and General Grant. The acts of September 25,
HISTORY 35
and October 1, 1890 (26 Stat. L., 478 and 650) set aside,
with the usual conditions as to control by the Secretary of the
Interior, the making by him of rules and regulations, and the
granting of leases, etc., two park areas in California which
received the names, respectively of Sequoia and General Grant.
The history of these two parks between 1891 and 1914 cor-
responds exactly to that of the Yosemite during the same pe-
riod.
By the act of July 1, 1916 (39 Stat. L., 308) there was ap-
propriated the sum of $50,000, which was added to $20,000
contributed by the National Geographic Society, and the whole
used to purchase some private holdings in Sequoia Park, which
included parts of the Giant Forest. Since then other gifts
by the National Geographic Society and certain citizens, to-
talling over $80,000, have resulted in over a thousand acres
of privately owned land in this park being returned to public
possession.
As these parks are only a short distance apart, and as the
General Grant Park is very small, being only four square miles
in extent, they are administered together under one superin-
tendent.
Mount Rainier. This park, which includes within its bound-
aries the mountain after which it was named and the adjacent
territory, was created by the act of March 2, 1899 (30 Stat.
L., 993) which differs from the ordinary park-creating act
in that it.provides for the extension of the mineral land laws
to the territory set aside. This provision was nullified, how-
ever, by the act of May 27, 1908 (35 Stat. L., 365) which
prohibited the location of further claims.
A concession for transportation was allowed in 1902, and
the park placed under the supervision of the Forest Supervisor
of the State of Washington. Protection has been provided
by means of civilian rangers from the first opening of the park,
although much of the original road construction was per-
formed by army engineers.
Cession by the State of Washington of exclusive jurisdic-
36 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
tion was accepted by the act of June 30, 1916 (39 Stat. L.,
243).
oe Lake. Crater Lake National Park, comprising about
250 square miles in Southwestern Oregon, surrounding the
lake of the same name, was created by the act of May 22, 1902
(32 Stat. L., 202). This act corresponds in general to the
other park acts, but makes no provision for use of park
revenues in the development of the park, as do the acts creating
the parks heretofore noticed. Administration and protection
have always been performed by civilians, but until 1919 road
building was in charge of Army engineers.
Cession of exclusive jurisdiction by Oregon was accepted
by the United States by the act of August 21, 1916 (39 Stat.
L., 512).
Wind Cave. This park, which includes some 10,000 acres
in Southwestern South Dakota, was created by the act of Jan-
uary 9, 1903 (32 Stat. L., 765). By the act of August 12,
1912 (37 Stat. L., 293) part of the park area was constituted
a game preserve, and the Secretary of Agriculture was author-
ized to purchase necessary adjoining lands and enclose and
protect the preserve. Several tracts of privately owned land
which were inside the park boundaries at the time the park
was created have since been acquired by the National Govern-
ment.
The game preserve is in charge of the Bureau of Biological
Survey and includes some 4000 acres, well fenced, on which
are maintained herds of buffalo, elk, antelope, and deer.
An Executive Order of July 14, 1920, temporarily with-
drew 2%4 sections of public land adjoining the park to con-
serve a water supply for the animal herds.
Platt. This park, known as Sulphur Springs Reservation
until the name was changed by joint resolution of June 20,
1906 (34 Stat. L., 837), was created by the act of july 1,
1892 (32 Stat. L., 641, 655). This act confirmed an agree-
ment made with the Choctaw and Chickasaw Indians, and by
its provisions a tract of land, to be designated by the Secretary
HISTORY 37
of the Interior, was relinquished to the United States. By act
of April 21, 1904 (33 Stat. L., 220), additions were made to
the park, which now comprises approximately 850 acres just
outside the town of Sulphur, Oklahoma. The park contains
several unique mineral springs and is of considerable natural
beauty. It also has a well-fenced game preserve containing
several buffaloes and elk. The Enabling Act of June 16; 1906
(34 Stat. L., 267) and the Oklahoma Constitution adopted
July 16, 1907 provided for the retention of National jurisdic-
tion over the park area.
Sullys Hill. In the Presidential Proclamation of June 2,
1904 (33 Stat. L., 2368), under the act of April 24, 1904
(33 Stat. L., 319), throwing open the Devils Lake Indian
‘Reservation to settlement, there is incorporated a clause ex-
cepting some 780 acres on the south shore of Devils Lake
“for public use as a park to be known as Sullys Hill Park.”
No provision was made for administration, and except for one
small appropriation—$500—to determine its mineral or non-
mineral qualities, no appropriations have been made for the
park through the Department of the Interior. It has become
an important game preserve of the Bureau of Biological Sur-
vey, however, and has received fairly liberal appropriations
for that purpose. Its park uses are mostly in the nature of a
local picnic ground.
Mesa Verde. Mesa Verde Park, notable for its prehistoric
ruins, was created by the act of June 29, 1906 (34 Stat. L.,
616) which, though similar in general form to the average
park-creating law, contains a provision authorizing the Secre-
tary of the Interior to grant permits for excavation. In 1909
an attempt was made to amend this act so that the leases and
permits granted by the Secretary of the Interior in the park
should be restricted to coal mining for local use in Montezuma
county, Colorado, the revenue derived therefrom to be covered
into the Treasury without right on the part of the Secretary
to use it for park development. This act was vetoed by
President Taft on April 28, 1910. The park’s area was en-
38 THE NATIONAL PARK. SERVICE
larged by the act of June 30, 1913 (38 Stat. L., 82).
Considerable archzological research has been done in the
park by the Smithsonian Institution, and the establishment of
a school of archzology has been proposed. There is a museum
in the park for the display of pottery and other relics of the
region.
Glacier. Glacier Park comprises about 1500 square miles
in northwestern Montana adjoining the Canadian boundary,
and contains within its borders probably the finest Alpirte
scenery to be found in the United States outside of Alaska.
It was created by the act of May 11, 1910 (36 Stat. L., 354).
It directly adjoins the Waterton Lakes Park of the Canadian
park system, on the north.
Appropriations for this park have been regular and fairly
liberal from the date of its foundation, and it has been de-
veloped into one of the most important and popular parks of
the entire system. Much credit for the development and ad-
vertising of the park is due the Great Northern Railway, which
has expended between two and three million dollars in the
creation of a system of hotels and chalets.
All park activities have been in civilian hands from the first,
the military arm never having been called upon for either pro-
tection or road construction.
Acceptance from Montana of exclusive jurisdiction was
effected by the act of August 22, 1914 (38 Stat. L., 699), and,
as in the case of all the other parks, save Platt, in which juris-
diction has been ceded, penalties for violations of the laws and
regulations were prescribed, and provision made for a United
States Commissioner with jurisdiction over offenses committed
within the park.
The act of July 3, 1916 (39 Stat. L., 342) provided that cer-
tain homesteaders who had entered upon lands in the park
area before the park was created should be protected in their
rights, but that in the event of the non-perfecting of the en-
tries the lands covered thereby should revert to the park.
By the act of March 3, 1917 (39 Stat. L., 1122) the Secre-
HISTORY 39
tary of the Interior was authorized to exchange for private
lands held within the park, matured timber of an equal value
located either on Government land in the park or in the ad-
jacent national forest in Montana.
Rocky Mountain. Rocky Mountain Park was created by
the act of June 26, 1915 (38 Stat. L., 798), the law being sim-
ilar to the standard park-creating law save for an inhibition
upon appropriations of more than $10,000 in any one year ex-
cept by special Congressional authorization. This proviso
was repealed by the act of March 1, 1919 (40 Stat. L., 1271).
The park’s boundaries were enlarged by the act of February
14, 1917 (39 Stat. L., 916), giving it a total area of about
400 square miles. It is located in north central Colorado.
Hawaii. Hawaii Park is unique for several reasons, one
being that it was created on the initiative of Congress by the
act of August 1, 1916 (39 Stat. L., 432), the act varying from
the standard park law only in that it provided that no appro-
priation should be made until proper conveyance had been
made to the United States of rights of way over private lands
to secure access to the park. By the act of February 27,
1920 (41 Stat. L., 452) the Governor of Hawaii was author-
ized to acquire, at Hawaii’s expense, all private lands lying in
the park boundaries and all necessary rights of way, etc., there-
over. Provision was therefore made by an appropriation of
$10,000 in the act of March 4, 1921 (41 Stat. L., 1407) for
the necessary administration and protection, which can be ef-
fected with a superintendent, clerk, and two rangers. It is the
expectation of the National Park Service that this park
will speedily become very popular and a good producer of
revenue.
Lassen. This park, located in northeastern California,
comprises the territory surrounding Mount Lassen, the only
active volcano within the limits of the continental United
States. It was created by the act of August 9, 1916 (39 Stat.
L., 442) which contains an inhibition on appropriations of
more than $5,000 without express authorization. Two appro-
40 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
priations have been made, one of $2,500 by the act of June
5, 1920 (41 Stat. L., 918) ; the other, of $3,000 by the act of
March 4, 1921 (41 Stat. L., 1407), arrangements for the ex-
penditure of which sum in the construction of roads and trails
have been made with the Forest Service. Forest Service
employees of the neighboring Lassen National Forest are giv-
ing the park what protection they can. A movement insti-
tuted in 1919 to have the park abolished and restored to the
forest reserve proved abortive.
Mount McKinley. Mount McKinley Park was created by
the act of February 26, 1917 (39 Stat. L., 938). The act
does not differ from the other park acts save in that it specif-
ically continues in force the mineral land laws as regards the
park area and limits appropriations to $10,000 per annum. No
appropriations were made nor anything done to protect the
park until March 4, 1921 (41 Stat. L., 1407), when $8,000
was appropriated for its protection. A ranger with one assis-
tant was sent into the park in the Spring of 1921, and a start
has thus been made toward protection of the great game herds,
which in recent years have been seriously harried by poachers.
It is believed that this territory will become as great a game
preserve as the Yellowstone.
Grand Canyon. The act of February 26, 1919 (40 Stat.
L., 1175) created the Grand Canyon National Park out of a
portion of Grand Canyon National Monument in northern
Arizona, which had in turn been created by the Presidential
Proclamation of June 11, 1908 (35 Stat. L., 2175). The act
creating the park is, in general, of the usual form, but con-
tains two unusual provisions: one authorizing the Secretary
of the Interior to conduct negotiations with the authorities
of Coconino county, ‘Arizona, with a view to the purchase of
the Bright Angel Trail, a toll road in the park owned and main-
tained by the county; the other providing that all concessions,
leases, privileges, etc., granted in the park shall be sold at
public auction to the highest bidder. It also provides that
prospecting is to be allowed in the park at the Secretary’s
HISTORY 4I
discretion when not calculated to interfere with the park’s
primary purpose.
Since the park’s establishment, appropriations have been
made as follows : July 19, 1919 (41 Stat. L., 204), $40,000;
June 5, 1920 (41 Stat. L., 918) $60,000; and March 4, 1921
(41 Stat. L., 1407), $100,000. A clause in the 1920 and
1921 acts provides that no parts of the respective appropria-
tions are to be used for the improvement of any toll road or
toll trail, a provision undoubtedly aimed at the Bright Angel
Trail. All three appropriations are for “administration, pro-
tection, maintenance and improvement” and the first one is for
“development” as well. The second, in addition to the ob-
jects mentioned, is also for “acquisition of road and trail
rights.”
Negotiations held so far with Coconino County have come to
nothing. The county charges one dollar per person for the
use of the trail, and claims that its value based on its earning
power is $100,000. The National Park Service, on the other
hand, has ascertained that a new trail can be built for $30,000.
Lafayette. This park, comprising some 5000 acres in Mt.
Desert Island, off the Maine coast, is notable in being the first
park to be established on the Atlantic seaboard. It was first
set aside as the Sieur de Monts National Monument by the
Proclamation of July 8, 1916 (39 Stat. L., 1785), and later
obtained park status by the act of February 26, 1919 (40
Stat. L., 1178), the act being very brief and merely stating
that the park was created and was to be administered by the
National Park Service. The acts of July 19, 1919 and June
s, 1920 (41 Stat. L., 204 and 918) carried appropriations for
Lafayette Park of $10,000 and $20,000, respectively, both
for “administration, maintenance, protection and improve-
ment.”
Zion. The area included in Zion Park in southwestern Utah
was originally set apart as Mukuntuweap National Monument
by Proclamation of July 31, 1909 (36 Stat. L., 2498). The
Proclamation of March 18, 1918 (40 Stat. L., 1760) enlarged
42 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
this monument and changed its name to Zion ‘National Mon-
ument, which, in the following year, by act of November 19,
1919 (41 Stat. L., 356) became Zion National Park. The act
provided that the park should be administered by the National
Park Service and maintained by an allotment of funds from
the appropriations for the monuments until an independent
appropriation should be made. Two appropriations have been
made by the acts of June 5, 1920 and March 4, 1921 (41 Stat.
L., 919 and 1408), in the respective amounts of $7,500 and
$10,000 for “administration, protection, maintenance and im-
provement.”
Hot Springs. Hot Springs Park is unique not only as the
“Great American Spa” but as being at once the oldest and
the youngest member of the park system. It was reserved
many years before any other member of the park system,
April 20, 1832 (4 Stat. L., 505), but did not finally receive
the name of park until March 4, 1921 (41 Stat. L., 1407).
Because of its nature its history has been different from that
of every other member of the system. It is a health resort
rather than a “pleasure ground.” It is only fair to add, how-
ever, that the development of Hot Springs in recent years, its
equable climate, and the beauty of the surrounding region com-
bine to make it a far from unattractive place to visit.
The act of June 11, 1870 (16 Stat. L., 149) authorized suit
in the Court of Claims by any one claiming title to any land
in the reservation, and for a receiver to take charge of the
lands in case of decision in favor of the United States. Final
decision was so rendered by the Supreme Court in October,
1875.1 By the act of March 3, 1677 (io Stat, LL. 377) a
commission was created to lay off the reservation into lots and
streets, to set apart Hot Springs Mountain as a permanent res-
ervation and to condemn the buildings thereon, to determine
upon the rights of claimants to take lots at appraised values,
and to sell the lots not so taken. Hot Springs Mountain was
placed in charge of a superintendent to be appointed by the
+“Hot Springs Cases,” 2 Otto, 608.
HISTORY 43
Secretary of the Interior. Proceeds from the sale of lots and
receipts from water rents were to be devoted to the reservation.
The act of December 16, 1878 (20 Stat. L., 258) authorized
the Secretary of the Interior to execute leases on the perman-
ent reservation, and directed the superintendent, out of the
rentals, to provide free baths for the indigent. The act of
June 16, 1880 (21 Stat. L., 288) added the other undivided
mountainous districts to the permanent reservation, and ceded
the streets and thoroughfares not in the permanent reservation
to the town of Hot Springs, a municipal corporation of the
State of Arkansas.
The Government Free Bath House was authorized in 1878,
and has been enlarged from time to time. In 1920 construc-
tion of a new free bath house was begun. Besides the free
bath house, there are nineteen pay bath houses in Hot Springs
receiving hot water from the park, the rates charged for baths
being fixed in each instance by the Secretary of the Interior.
Under governmental authority a free clinic was organized in
April 1916 in connection with the free bath house.
The act of June 30, 1882 (22 Stat. L., 121) appropriated
$100,000 for an Army and Navy Hospital to be erected on
the reservation and to be subject to such rules, regulations,
and restrictions as might be provided by the President of the
United States.
Acceptance was made by act of April 20, 1904 (30 Stat.
L., 187) of cession by the State of Arkansas of exclusive juris-
diction over a portion of the permanent reservation on the
Hot Springs Mountain. This act was amended by the acts of
March 2, 1907 (34 Stat. L., 1218) and March 3, 1911 (36
Stat. L., 1086) so as to make more definite the provision re-
garding a United States Commissioner.
The National Monuments. Individual sketches of the na-
tional monuments would be superfluous. They received no
appropriations prior to 1917. Since then, appropriations
general and specia] have totalled $75,500. They were placed
44 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
in charge of officers of the Department of the Interior in the
vicinity—General Land Office employees, etc. In a few cases
custodians have been employed at nominal salaries, and in the
case of Muir Woods custodian service has been paid out of the
appropriation for protecting public lands. Many of the monu-
ments—for example, The Devils Tower in eastern Wyoming—
will need no custodians, being practically injury proof. In
the case of monuments like the Southwestern Ruins and the
Petrified Forest, which are vulnerable to the vandal and de-
spoiler, it is the policy to provide protection. A ranger has
recently been placed in the Petrified Forest.
The principal facts relating to the individual monuments
are set forth on pages 45 and 46:
Parks and Monuments not Administered by the National
Park Service. Although this monograph is concerned pri-
marily with the National Park Service and the parks and
monuments under its jurisdiction, brief mention should be
made of a number of national parks and monuments under
other control. A complete list of them is contained in the
tables on pages 47 and 48:
In addition to the parks listed in these tables, there was for-
merly another national park under the War Department. A
portion of Mackinac Island, Michigan, possessed that status
from 1875 to 1895, when it was turned over to Michigan for
use as a state park.
Of the monuments in these tables, those under the Agricul-
ture Department are all located within the bounds of forest re-
serves, that being the determining factor which placed them
under the Agriculture Department instead of the Interior De-
partment at the time of their creation. A monument may be
transferred from the Agriculture Department to the Interior
Department at any time by simply revoking the forest reserva-
tion covering its area. The military monuments, by the same
token, are located on military reservations.
Growth of Popular Interest in the Park System. In 1908
45
HISTORY
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THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
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HISTORY 49
visitors to the parks numbered 69,018, as against 919,504 in
1920. Twelve of the national monuments were visited by
54,227 persons ir} 1919; by 138,951 the following year.
These figures illustrate very graphically the steady increase in
popular interest in the nation’s playgrounds. A number of
factors have contributed to this. A combination of the “See
America First” movement and conditions of European travel
brought about by the World War has caused more people to
consider native resorts, in the planning of their vacations.
The development of good roads and the automobile have
played a part, as well as the great increase in recent years in
the outdoor cult. Finally, the parks are better advertised
than they used to be, not only by the Government but by pri-
vate agencies which have discovered that advertising the parks
in connection with their own business is not only good adver-
tising from the standpoint of attractiveness but from that of
increased returns as well. In addition to this, articles about
the parks and their wonders have of late enjoyed a tremen-
dous vogue in the popular magazines. The result of all this
has been that hundreds of people are familiar with the parks
to-day as compared with scores a few years ago. There is
every reason to believe that this interest now solidly estab-
lished will increase rather than diminish, that the parks will
be visited by increasing throngs year by year; and that the
visitors will be not alone from America but from other parts
of the world as well, as a knowledge of what these priceless
reservations contain becomes more widespread.
CHAPTER II
ACTIVITIES
In the preceding chapter the functions of the National
Park Service—the supervision, management, and control of
the various parks and monuments—have been pointed out; and
some indication has necessarily been given of the activities
of the Service in the performance of those functions. In
considering the activities in detail it will simplify matters to go
back for a moment to what may be termed the first principles
of the Service, and note once more that the ‘National Park
Idea,’ as expressed in the organic laws of the Service, the
Yellowstone and the National Park Service acts, emphasizes
two things: the retention of the parks, their scenery, natural
wonders, forests, waters, etc., in their original state; and,
the public enjoyment of the things and places thus conserved.
The work of the National Park Service consists in the further-
ance of these two objects, and all of its activities are con-
cerned with either the conservation of the parks and monu-
ments or the promotion of their use and enjoyment by the
people. In discussing the Service’s activities, therefore, at-
tention will be given, first to conservational ‘activities, and,
then, to promotive activities.
Conservation of Physical Features. Conservational activ-
ities of the National Park Service are concerned with two
kinds of conservation. First, there is the preservation in
their natural states of the actual, physical parks themselves,
their formations, their forests, and their waters. Then there
is the protection of the wild life in the parks to the end that it
may be preserved from extermination and given a chance to
increase freely and develop in natural surroundings.
50
ACTIVITIES By
Natural Wonders. The formations about the Yellowstone
geysers and hot springs and rock and other formations in all
the parks and monuments possess special attractions for the
initial-cutting vandal and the souvenir-hunter. During the
tourist season an important part of the work of the rangers
consists in preventing depredations of this sort. Warning
signs and printed regulations are also used. At the more im-
portant monuments, custodians are on duty, with a ranger or
two in some instances to assist them in the summer months.
Ruins and Historic Structures. Before coming under Gov-
ernment protection many of the prehistoric cliff dwellings of
the Southwest were being seriously injured by depredations
of pottery and relic hunters and persons who, from sheer
wantonness, injured and defaced the ruins. The ravages of
time and the elements were also making inroads, and an
unchecked deterioration was setting in. Most of these ruins
and structures are located in monuments, though one import-
ant park, Mesa Verde, is chiefly notable because of the ruins
it contains. The Service not only protects these places with
resident custodians, printed warnings, and where possible,
ranger patrol, but, as far as its funds will permit, performs
considerable work of restoration. The Tumacacori Mission,
for instance, a fine example of the Early Spanish mission
architecture, is gradually being restored to its original con-
dition. A rather novel expedient was adopted in the matter
of the protection of Inscription Rock, in the El Morro Monu-
ment. This rock, which bears engraved upon its face many
inscriptions of historic value, placed there by the early Span-
ish explorers, was becoming a target for the initial-carver,
until a thick plantation of the spiny southwestern cactus and
kindred plants was established around its base, creating an
effectual chevaux de frise which renders the rock inaccessible
without in any way interfering with its legitimate examina-
tion. An attempt is also being made, with the codperation
of the Bureau of Standards of the Department of Commerce,
to cover the face of the rock with some transparent substance
52 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
that will withstand the wear and tear of the elements.
The Service, with the codperation of the Smithsonian In-
stitution, also regulates the excavating and study of the ruins
by legitimately interested persons and institutions. It also
is gradually performing considerable work in excavation of
the ruins along its own lines.
Forests and Plants. Protection of the forests and of the
plant life of the parks constitutes one of the largest problems
of the National Park Service, and a large part of the work
of the ranger forces, especially during the dry months, which
coincide with the tourist season and consequently with the
season of camp fires, is directed toward this end. Fire is the
greatest menace. It is guarded against by a strict supervi-
sion of camp fires, constant patrolling, frequently along strate-
gically constructed fire trails, and observation from elevated
stations connected by telephone with headquarters and with
ranger stations. Close codperation is maintained with the
Forest Service in this connection, national forests adjoining
most of the larger parks. The Service has long urged the
appropriation of a large fund for use in fire emergencies,
$100,000 being suggested to the Appropriations Committee
by the Director at the 1920 hearings. In the act of March
4, 1921 (41 Stat. L., 1406) $25,000 was appropriated for that
purpose, with the proviso that it be not used precautionarily
and only after the expenditure has actually been incurred.
Live stock is a lesser menace to the forest and plant life, but
the ranger forces exercise a strict supervision over the grazing
of such herds as are permitted to enter any of the parks. All
grazing is forbidden in the Yellowstone. Cattle, but not
sheep, are allowed to graze in the other parks upon special
permit from the Secretary of the Interior. Once in the parks
they are kept by the ranger forces in certain designated areas.
Constant watchfulness is also maintained by the ranger and
scientific forces to detect trees which have become infected with
insect parasites, thus constituting a menace to the surrounding
timber. The general policy is to remove no timber, but some-
ACTIVITIES 53
times protection against the spread of parasitic infection ren-
ders such a course imperative. When this is done it must be
in accordance with plans of the Landscape Engineer of the
Service. Timber removed for use in the parks or because of
maturity is removed under the same restrictions. Codperation
with the Bureau of Entomology of the Department of Agri-
culture is maintained in connection with protection against
insect parasites.
Little difficulty is experienced in connection with wood steal-
ing by campers and others. The practice, as well as the taking
of wild flowers, is prohibited, and the regulation is enforced
by the rangers.
Lakes and Streams. ‘About the only direct activity of the
Service in lake and stream conservation consists in the guard-
ing against pollution of the waters. Water power in the
parks is not utilized by private individuals, although the Serv-
ice, in a number of instances, notably in the Yosemite, has
erected power plants for the creation of light and power for its
own use, and the use of some of its concessionaires. In codp-
eration with the Geological Survey some stream gaging is done,
readings being taken by the park rangers.
Conservation of Wild Life. Hunting is not allowed in
any of the parks,’ and rigid restrictions are placed about the
possession of fire-arms. The park rangers are continually on
the lookout for poachers. Predatory animals, such as wolves,
coyotes, and mountain lions are also hunted by the rangers,
and efforts looking to their extermination are constantly going
on. Many are trapped and sent away to zoos and menageries.
Hard winters are the greatest menace to the game herds, how-
ever, especially in the Yellowstone, the country’s greatest
game preserve. In severe winters feeding of the elk, buffalo,
and antelope becomes necessary. Hay is grown and cured
1Mount McKinley is an exception to the general rule. There,
miners and prospectors are allowed to kill game to supply them-
selves with food. See Section 8 of act of February 26, 1917; 39
Stat. L., 938.
54 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
in the Yellowstone for winter feeding, the work being done
on contract. Efforts are also made to keep the animals free
from disease, codperation being had with the Bureau of Ani-
mal Industry of the Agricultural Department for this purpose.
An expert of this bureau vaccinates the tame buffalo herd of
the Yellowstone each year. Close codperation in the matter
of game protection is maintained with the Bureau of Biologi-
cal Survey, which maintains game preserves in Wind Cave and
Sullys Hill parks, as well as in the Jacksons Hole country
south of the Yellowstone. By virtue of an appropriation in
the act of March 4, 1921 (41 Stat. L., 1407), the Service’s
_ activities in game,protection have been extended to Mt. Mc-
Kinley Park in Alaska. A minor activity of the Service in
connection with wild life conservation is the distribution each
year, particularly from the Yellowstone, of surplus animals
from the elk, buffalo, and antelope herds. These animals are
distributed either to other parks and monuments or to states
and municipalities for placing in the local parks and zodlogical
gardens.
All of the parks are bird refuges, and birds are protected
from hunters and predatory animals while in the parks just
as are the game herds. Many migratory birds find the parks
safe stopping places each year on their passages back and forth
between their breeding places in the north and their winter
homes in the south. :
Fishing with hook and line is permitted in the parks under
regulations enforced by the park authorities, which regula-
tions may be suspended by the Superintendent at any time
and fishing absolutely prohibited in certain waters if in his
judgment such action is advisable. The daily catch is lim-
ited, and a limit is also placed on the smallness of the fish
to be taken. Codperation is maintained with the Bureau of
Fisheries, which maintains three hatcheries in Yellowstone
Park and one in Glacier. There is also a state fish hatchery
in Rocky Mountain Park; and a state hatchery which Cali-
fornia has hitherto maintained in the Yosemite may be taken
ACTIVITIES 55
over by the Bureau of Fisheries. During the 1920 season
2,000,000 trout and grayling fry from the Yellowstone hatch-
eries were planted in the park waters. The Glacier hatchery
planted 1,500,000 in Glacier Park.
Improvement. The Civil Engineering Section of the Serv-
ice is charged with the planning of all road and trail extensions
in the parks, as well as with the formulation of plans for all
general engineering projects. Under the general supervision
and control of this department the work of extending the
roads and trails in the several parks is constantly going for-
ward, depending upon the funds available for construction
purposes.
The construction of bridges and culverts is also handled
by this section, as are the preparation, and the equipment with
conveniences, of camping and automobile parking sites. Other
important activities of this section are the preparation of
standard designs for such things as log bridges, timber and
corrugated metal culverts of various sizes, and concrete arch
culverts of standard widths. Standard specifications are also
prepared for the purchasing of all sorts of construction equip-
ment and miscellaneous supplies and tools. Drawings are
prepared for standard ranger cabins and administrative build-
ings; plans and estimates of proposed work in different parks
are reviewed, and engineering studies are made of the prob-
lems confronting the several parks in improvement matters.
In the prosecution of all its improvement activities the Serv-
ice endeavors, through its Section of Landscape Engineering,
to make each improvement undertaken blend harmoniously into
a carefully considered scheme, in order to secure a maximum
of beauty and convenience with a minimum of interference
with natural conditions. This scheme is had in mind in the
planning of vista cuttings, the removal of dead and down
timber, the location of trails, roads, and bridges, and the lo-
cation and construction of buildings for the administrative
and codperative units of the parks. It is an invariable rule
56 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
that no structure of importance, whether for the Service or the
public operators, can be erected until the approval of the Land-
scape Engineer has been secured, both as to location and de-
sign. The Landscape Engineering Section also devotes con-
siderable attention to the removal of snags and dead timber
from lakes and streams.
In a number of the parks the Service has established light
and power plants, to supply both its own needs and those of
the concessionaires, to whom light and power are sold at fixed
rates. The most important of these plants was completed in
the Yosemite in 1917 at a cost of $150,000. Water supply
systems are also maintained by the Service at the principal
parks, the water being piped to the free camping sites as well
as to the buildings of the Service and the hotels of the public
operators. :
Sewer systems and sanitary control schemes are also main-
tained by the Service with the codperation of the United States
Public Health Service, which details experts to study the prob-
lems involved and to make recommendations.
The activities mentioned above are all direct activities. A
large amount of improvement work has also been done in the
parks indirectly, through the medium of public operators or
concessionaires. The system of hotels established in Glacier
Park by the Great Northern Railway has already been men-
tioned. The Yosemite National Park Company, composed of
citizens of Los Angeles and San Francisco, is performing
a similar work in the Yosemite. A Seattle-Tacoma syndi-
cate is spending large sums in the creation of a hotel system
in the Mt. Rainier Park. The policy of the Service with re-
gard to concessions is to grant a monoply of all principal serv-
ice requirements, such as hotel service and transportation, to
one responsible concern, retaining the right to supervise the
rates charged. It has been found that the elimination of com-
petition has given the public a better grade of service.
Rate supervision extends also to the regulation of charges
for gasoline, groceries, oil, etc. The superintendents fre-
ACTIVITIES 57
quently check up the prices charged, and it is the belief of the
Service that rates are reasonable, considering the distance of
the parks from the regular centers of distribution.
In the Yosemite a system of parcel post delivery of grocer-
ies, etc., in the trucks of the Post Office Department, has been
started, deliveries being made to campers every day. The plan
has worked well, and it is proposed to extend it to other parks
at an early date.
Maintenance. Service activities along the lines of mainten-
ance involve such operations as the resurfacing of roads, the
repairing of bridges and culverts, the painting and general
repair of buildings, the keeping clean of trails, the overhaul-
ing and repair of equipment—in short, the maintaining of that
constant vigilance against deterioration without which no en-
terprise can hope to remain “fit.” A large part of the annual
appropriations for the parks are on account of maintenance.
Protection Service. There is little disorder in the parks to-
day, particularly in those in which national jurisdiction is
complete. Persons rendering themselves obnoxious are
warned, and removed from the park in which they happen to
be if the warning does not suffice. If the offense is more
serious they are arrested and brought before the United States
Commissioner for trial or commitment. Every effort is made
by the ranger forces to protect the law-abiding tourist from the
carelessness or wantonness of the law-breaking element. For
a camp fire left burning or garbage undisposed of, a party is
liable to be brought back a distance of several miles to per-
form the unfulfilled duty. Traffic regulations are also en-
forced by the rangers in order to lessen the liability of ac-
cident by collision or otherwise. Sanitary regulations are
enforced as a precaution against disease. Protection of
tourists against exploitation through overcharging has already
been mentioned.
An important indirect protective activity is the furnishing
of medical service and hospital facilities to park vistors, park
58 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
employees and their families, and concessionaires and their
employees. There is no standardized plan with regard to the
supplying of this service; but in general it may be said that.
the park surgeons are themselves concessionaires, giving a stip-
ulated service in return for agreed-upon privileges. Thus,
in the Yellowstone and Grand Canyon an arrangement has
been made in codperation with the U. S. Public Health Serv-
ice, which pays the surgeon a fixed salary as its local repre-
sentative. In addition the surgeon is allowed to practice in the
park and to charge for his services according to a scale of
prices fixed by the National Park Service. In the Yosemite,
a surgeon is employed on a contract which calls for the supply-
ing, by the surgeon, of medical services within certain pre-
scribed limits to employees, concessionaires, etc. In return
the surgeon is allowed to sell his services to tourists at a fixed
rate, and, in addition, is paid a lump sum by the Service, the
agreed amount being provided by deducting from the monthly
ACTIVITIES 59
ments, thus complementing its activity of bringing the people
to the parks by means of its informative literature. The
Service’s supply of such material is about worn out, and no
provision is being made for its renewal. Further applications,
therefore, are not being encouraged. Funds were provided
originally through private donation.
CHAPTER III
ORGANIZATION
The organization of the National Park Service comprises
five principal sections as follows:
(a) Administration
(b) The Field Service
(c) The Editorial Section
(d) The Law Section
(e) The Publications Section
With the exception of the Field Service the above sections
of the central organization are located in Washington, in the
Interior Department Building, on the block bounded by E
and F, 18th and roth Streets, N.W.
Administration. The Director is responsible under the Na-
tional Park Service act for the supervision, management, and
control of the parks and monuments, subject to the general
direction of the Secretary of the Interior. The office of the
Director, therefore, is the apex of the Service’s administra-
tion, exercising a general supervision over it and deciding all
questions of policy arising which cannot be delegated and which
are not of sufficient importance to be submitted to the Secre-
tary of the Interior.
Two other offices are connected with the work of the admin-
istration,—the office of the Assistant Director and the office
of the Chief Clerk.
The functions of the Assistant Director in matters of ad-
ministration are twofold: to relieve the Director of matters
of general administrative detail; and to act in the Director’s
stead during his absences in the field.
60
ORGANIZATION 61
Direct responsibility for routine matters of administration
is centered in the office of the Chief Clerk. This office con-
tains the followng units: Accounts, Stenographic, Person-
nel, Files, Messenger Service.
The Accounts Unit has charge of bookkeeping, property
accountability, etc.; primarily with respect to the Service as
a whole; secondarily as regards supervision of the accounts
of the several parks and monuments.
The Personnel Unit deals with appointments, records of em-
ployees, etc. The duties of the other units are sufficiently de-
scribed by their titles.
Field Service. The Field Service includes all of the
National Park Service not permanently employed in the na-
tional capital. From this has developed the frequently .em-
ployed arrangement of classifying the Park Service into two
principal branches—the Service in the District of Columbia,
and the Field Service. The latter comprises all those park
superintendents, monument custodians, engineers, rangers and
subordinate employees whose work lies away from Washing-
ton and directly in and with the parks and monuments them-
selves. In other words, they constitute the line of the Na-
tional Park Service; the Washington organization, the staff.
The organization of the Field Service in general is gone into
in some detail in the paragraph below entitled “Individual Park
Organization,” and additional comment upon it is unnecessary,
save in one particular. This has to do with the Civil Engi-
neering and Landscape Engineering Sections, commonly re-
ferred to collectively as the Field Service At Large.
This most important part of the Field Service is referred
to as “At Large” partly because its work lies everywhere
throughout the system, not being confined to any park or sec-
tion of the country; partly, and primarily, because of the
method of its creation. No direct appropriations have ever
been made for its personnel, and the fund for salaries is ob-
tained by deducting a percentage from the various park appro-
62 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
priations for improvement and maintenance. This system
was adopted in 1914 by the late Secretary Lane after securing
a favorable opinion as te its legality from the Comptroller of
the Treasury.
Under the general supervision of the Director and Assist-
ant Director the Field Service At Large is engaged in the va-
rious engineering activities carried on in the parks and monu-
ments, which activities have been sufficiently described in the
preceding chapter. As a general rule both the Civil and the
Landscape Engineers make their headquarters in the parks
wherein, for the time being, they are actively engaged. It
sometimes happens, however, that one of them may be super-
vising projects in several parks at the same time; in which
case a temporary headquarters may be established at some
central point, equally convenient to all the places where work
is going on. Thus, when one of them has work going on
simultaneously in the California Parks, Crater Lake, Rainier
and Yellowstone, he establishes an office in Portland, Oregon,
and from there directs the work, going out to the several op-
erations from time to time.
Editorial Section. The preparation of all Service publica-
tions, such as the annual reports, books of rules and regula-
tions of the various parks and monuments, special bulletins,
etc., is entrusted to the Editorial Section, subject to the
general direction of the Director and Assistant Director.
In addition to preparing the text of all publications, this sec-
tion also prepares, through its drafting force, all maps, graphic
charts, etc., to accompany publications and all blue prints,
charts, etc., required by the Director for the general use of the
Service. The section also edits all park publications, such as
scientific monographs, etc., prepared elsewhere.
Law Section. The work of the Law Section of the Service
covers a wide range. All legal questions arising within the
organization are referred to it, as are similar questions pro-
+H. doc. 515 64 Cong., 1 sess., pp. 18-19.
ORGANIZATION 63
pounded to the Service by the park superintendents and field
men. It prepares leases and contracts in connection with the
working of the concessionaire system in the parks and passes
upon similar documents submitted to the department. All
of the title work in connection with lands presented to or pur-
chased by the Government for park uses is likewise done by the
Law Section. Besides the work mentioned above there -are
contracts for the construction of buildings and bridges to be
drawn and let, all legal correspondence of a general nature to
be handled, and advice to be given concessionaires as to what
they can legally do in varying situations and states of fact. In
addition this section keeps informed regarding all legislation
affecting the parks and advises the Director in regard thereto.
Publications Section. As soon as a Service publication
has been prepared for the printer the responsibility of
the Editorial Section in connection with it ceases, and it passes
into the jurisdiction of the Publications Section. This sec-
tion has full charge of the distribution of the Service publica-
tions, answering all inquiries in regard thereto, keeping the
mailing lists of the Service up to date, and, in general, per-
forming all work pertaining to the Service’s publications
not of a preparatory or editorial nature.
Individual Park Organization—the Yellowstone. No
ent and an assistant superintendent into ten sections which
may be described as the sections of Administration, Informa-
tion, Protection, Transportation, Light and Power, Communi-
cation, Sanitation, Painting, Machinery, and Engineering.
This ‘characterization is necessarily rough and does hot tn
every case fully describe the work of the unit.
64 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
Administration. “The general office management detail is
about evenly divided between the Assistant Superintendent,
who is in general charge, and the Chief Clerk. The former
handles monthly and special reports, the collecting and record-
ing of revenue, appointments, leaves of absence, and em-
ployees’ compensation; he also has general supervision of the
officers’ mess and the headquarters labor mess, the telephone
and telegraph office, the park files and records, the upkeep of
offices and grounds, and the force of night watchmen and
janitors. ;
The Chief Clerk has direct charge of the disbursement of
funds, the recording of allotments, the purchase of supplies,
the preparation of vouchers, cost accounting, and the prepara-
tion of inventories, pay rolls, and financial statements for the
Superintendent. He also has charge of the collection and dis-
tribution of all park mail and receives all time reports and
reports regarding material or supplies used and applied to
specific work.
Information. The Park Naturalist is in charge of this sec-
tion, and his duties, in addition to supervising the information
service and museum, include the gathering of park specimens
and data, the editing of park publications, the scientific in-
spection of forests for tree parasites and diseases, the super-
vision of wood cutting, the designation of trees to be cut for
building purposes, the care of the park library and photo-
graphic files, and the handling of special assignments, J
Protection. The Chief Ranger is the protector in chief of
the park, and is charged with its general policing, all fire
prevention and control, the protection of wild life, the destruc-
tion of predatory animals, the winter feeding of animals, the
operation of buffalo and hay ranches, the control of grazing
of milch cows and horses of concessionaires, the planting of
fish, the keeping of records for the Weather Bureau, and
the gaging of streams for the Geological Survey. He also
has full control of all automobile traffic, including the regis-
tration of cars and the collection of fees.
ORGANIZATION 65
Transportation. The Steward and Master of Transporta-
tion is in charge of this unit, which has the custody and
control of all motor equipment, except passenger cars assigned
to park officers by the Superintendent; and all horses, horse
equipment, forage, and supplies. { All automobile and motor
truck drivers and freighting teamsters are under this unit.
Other duties with which it is charged include the care of all
park property, except equipment, stationery, and supplies in the
Superintendent’s office; the operation and maintenance of the
commissary and storehouse, and the control of the distribu-
tion in the park of all equipment and supplies.
Light and Power. This section, in charge of the Chief
Electrician, maintains and operates power houses and power
lines, looks after the lighting of buildings, and has control of
all electrical equipment except telephone equipment and sup-
plies.
Communication. The telephone and telegraph systems of
the park are maintained and operated by this section under the
supervision of the Chief Lineman. The Chief Lineman also
inspects and reports upon the telephone and telegraph lines of
public utilities and has custody of all telephone and telegraph
equipment.
Sanitation. The Master Plumber is charged with all work
in connection with sanitation and water supply. This in-
cludes the inspection of all sewer and water systems of hotels,
camps and stores as well as the provision of sanitary and
water supply systems for public automobile camps. The sec-
tion is also charged with the custody and maintenance of
fire-fighting equipment, sprinkling tank fixtures, and all
plumbing and store supplies.
Painting. All painting of buildings, signs, automobiles,
and equipment is done by this section under the Master
Painter. The section also inspects the paint work of con-
cessionaires and has custody of all park paint and glazing
stores.
Machinery. The Master Mechanic, at the head of this sec-
66 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
tion, has charge of all shops and machinery therein, and cus-
tody of all shop parts and supplies. General blacksmithing
and horseshoeing and the upkeep and repair of automobiles,
motorcycles, road machines, and fire-fighting equipment are
in charge of this unit.
Engineering. The Park Engineer has charge of the con-
struction, improvement, maintenance, and repair of all roads,
bridges, and trails, and of all buildings, fences, formation
walks, steps, and platforms except the fences of the buffalo
and other ranches. He inspects contract work and the build-
ing operations of concessionaires. He gives technical advice
to other park departments and makes technical investigations
of park shops. He also has the custody and is charged with
the upkeep of the park’s files of plans, maps, charts and
engineering data, and the surveying, drawing, and other en-
gineering instruments.
APPENDIX 1
OUTLINE OF ORGANIZATION
ExprLanatory Note
The Outlines of Organization have for their purpose to
make known in detail the organization and personnel possessed
by the several services of the national government to which
they relate. They have been prepared in accordance with the
plan followed by the President’s Commission on Economy
and Efficiency in the preparation of its outlines of the organi-
zation of the United States Government.1. They differ from
those outlines, however, in that whereas the Commission’s
report showed only organization units, the presentation
herein has been carried far enough to show the personnel
embraced in each organization unit.
These outlines are of value not merely as an effective means
of making known the organization of the several services.
If kept revised to date by the services, they constitute ex-
ceedingly important tools of administration. They permit
the directing personnel to see at a glance the organization and
personnel at their disposition. They establish definitely the
line of administrative authority and enable each employee to
know his place in the system. They furnish the essential basis
for making plans for determining costs by organization divi-
sion and subdivision. They afford the data for a considera-
tion of the problem of classifying and standardizing personnel
and compensation. Collectively, they make it possible to de-
termine the number and location of organization divisions of
any particular kind, as, for example, laboratories, libraries,
1 House Doc. 458, 62d. Congress, 2nd Session, 1912, 2 vols.
67
68 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
blue-print rooms, or any other kind of plant possessed by the
national government, to what services they are attached and
where they are located, or to determine what services are main-
taining stations at any city or point in the United States.
The Institute hopes that upon the completion of the present
series, it will be able to prepare a complete classified state-
ment of the technical and other facilities at the disposal of
the government. The present monographs will then furnish
the details regarding the organization, equipment, and work
of the institutions so listed and classified.
OUTLINE OF ORGANIZATION
THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
ae July 29, 1921
Organization Units; Number Annual
Classes of Employees Salary Rate +
1. Washington Office
1. Office of the Director
Director I $4,500
Clerk I 1,800
2. Office of the Assistant Director
1. Office Proper of the Assistant
Director
Assistant Director I 2,500
Clerk I 1,800
2. Legal Section:
Law Clerk I 2,000
3. Editorial Section:
Editor I 2,000
Draftsman I 1,800
4. Publication Section:
Clerk I 1,400
3. Office of the Chief Clerk
1. Office Proper of the Chief Clerk
Chief Clerk I 2,000
Clerk I 1,200
I 1,020
I goo
Messenger I 600
2. Personnel Section:
Clerk I 1,600
3. Accounts Section:
Accountant I 1,800
Clerk I 1,600
4. Files Section:
Clerk I 1,600
1 Net, or without the temporary “bonus” or additional compensation of
60 per cent on classes below $400, of $240 on classes of $400 to $2500,
and of an amount necessary to make the total compensation $2740 on
classes of $2500 to $2740. This is subject to minor exceptions in special
cases.
69
70 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
2. Field Service
Chief Civil Enginee~
Landscape Engineer
Assistant Landscape Engineer
Assistant Engineer
Office Engineer
General Foreman
Clerk-Stenographer ;
3. Parks and Monumerts,
1. General Grant National Park,
Kaweah, Calif,
Acting Superintendent
Chief Park Ranger
Park Ranger i
‘2... Glacier National Park, Belton,
Montana
Superintendent
Clerk and Assistant Superintendent
Assistant Engineer
Clerk
Stenographer and Typist
Clerk-Stenographer
General and Mill Foreman
Teamster
Carpenter and Park Ranger
Chief Park Ranger
First Assistant Chief Park Ranger
Assistant Chief Park Ranger
Park Ranger
¢. Grand Canyon National Park, Grand
Canyon, Ariz.
Superintendent
General Construction Foreman
Chief Park Ranger
Park Ranger
Stenographer and Typist
Park Ranger
Stenographer and Typist
8 Quarters furnished.
> Temporary
© When actually employed.
i]
a ee ee)
HRN PAN HHH HHH eR aM wae
HR OM H RH
goo
4,000
2,400 ®
2,000 8
2,100
(per month) 200°
(per month) 175%
(per month) 175%
(per month) 150
, 1,920
1,400
1,400 ©
1,500
(per month) 85>
(per month) 85°
3,000 ®
2,000 ®
2,400 ®
1,400 ®
1,200
(per month) 100%
1,400
1,080
(per month) 105°
1,500 *
1,440
1,300
1,200
(per month) 100>
(per month) 1002
(per diem) 1
3,000
1,800
1,500
1,200
1,600 ®
(per month) 100
1,200 >
1,020 ®
OUTLINE OF ORGANIZATION
4. Hot Springs National Park, Arkansas
Superintendent
Chief Clerk and Assistant to
Superintendent
Clerk-Stenographer
Consulting Engineer
Policeman
Foreman
Manager Free Bath house
Head Male Attendant
Attendant
Laborer
5. Lafayette National Park, Bar Harbor,
Maine
Superintendent
Clerk-Typist
Stenographer and Typist
Ornithologist
Chief Park Ranger
Park Ranger
Botanist
6. Mesa Verde National Park, Mancos,
Colorado
Superintendent
Park Ranger
7. Rocky Mountain National Park,
Estes Park, Colorado
Superintendent
Clerk-Stenographer
Clerk
Park Ranger
8. Sullys Hill National Park, Ft.
Totten, N. D.
Acting Superintendent ?
g. Platt National Park, Sulphur,
Oklahoma
Superintendent
Clerk
Laborer
a Quarters furnished.
b Temporary
La
Seu p yp tHe
4
wWOhA
I
HN HH RA
be
i
HORN HHH
See oe
(per month)
(per month)
2,400
1,320
75
3,000
1,500
1,200
1,200
960
80>
1,200 »
1,500
1,200 ®
780
720
480
2 Supervised by the principal of the Indian School at Fort Totten,
N. Dak., who serves without salary.
72
THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
Park Ranger
10. Crater Lake National Park, Medford,
Oregon
Superintendent
Clerk-Typist
Park Ranger
11. Yosemite National Park, Yosemite,
Calif.
Superintendent
Assistant Superintendent
Park Supervisor
Assistant Park Supervisor
Engineer
Clerk
Storekeeper and Property Clerk
Stenographer and Typist
Clerk-Stenographer and Typist
Clerk
Clerk-Stenographer
Stenographer and Typist
Forester
Master Mechanic
Power Station Operator
Assistant Mechanic
General Blacksmith
General Painter
General Plumber
Chief Electrician
Electrician
Line Foreman
General Carpenter
Carpenter
Head Teamster
Skilled Laborer
Telephone Operator
Telegraph Operator
Naturalist
Chief Park Ranger
Park Ranger
8 Quarters furnished.
Temporary
© When actually employed.
I 660
I 2,000
I 1,320
6 (per month) go?
3,600
2,220 ®
2,040 #¢
1,680 ©
2,400 ®
1,500 ®
1,200
1,200 ®
1,200 ®
1,080 ¢
1,080
(per month) 75
1,800
1,800 ¢
1,200
1,200 ©
I (per month) 1008
1,360
1,200
1,200
1,320 ©
1,800
1,320
1,200 ©
1,320
1,200 ¢
1,200
1,140
ee Bee ee on ie ae
720°
(per diem) 2.40>
(per month) 100»
1,500
1,800
1,200
1,350
1,200
1,200 >
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
2 720
2(per month) 60°
I
2
3
1
I
I
I
I
4
2 (per month) 100*
APPENDICES 73
I (per month) go>
7 (per month) 75°”
I (per month) 75°
; ; I 1,200 ©
12. Wind Cave National Park, Hot
Springs, S. D.
Superintendent I 1,800 *
Park Ranger 1,080
I
; 2 (per month) 100°
13. Zion National Park, Springdale,
Utah
Chief Park Ranger and Acting
Superintendent I 1,300
Park Ranger I 960
; I (per month) 75°
14. Mount Rainier National Park, Ashford,
Washington
Superintendent I 3,000
Clerk I 1,500
Warehouse Clerk I (per month) go?»
Clerk-Telephone Operator 2 (per month) 70°?
Stenographer I (per month) 9go®
Chief Park Ranger I 1,500
Park Ranger I 1,200
1 (per month) 90
Ir (per month) go>
15. Sequoia National Park, Kaweah,
Calif.
Superintendent I 2,400 ®
Clerk I 1,400 ®
Assistant Chief Park Ranger I 1,500
I 1,350
Chief Park Ranger I 1,500
Park Ranger I 1,100 ©
I 480
I (per month) 852
2 goo °
3 (per month 75°
I (per ae 85 be
1 (per month) 75°°
16. Yellowstone National Park, Yellowstone,
Wyoming
Superintendent I 4,000
Assistant Superintendent I 2,500
Assistant Engineer I 2,400 ®
Surveyor 1 (per month) 150
8 I,200 #°¢
5 1,200 ¢
a Quarters furnished.
b Temporary
© When actually employed.
THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
Purchasing Clerk
Clerk
Stenographer and Typist
Stenographer
Park Naturalist
Steward and Master of Transportation
Master Mechanic
Auto Mechanic
Carpenter
Electrician
Assistant Electrician
Chief Lineman
Watchman
Blacksmith
Master Painter
Master Plumber
Foreman
Telegraph Operator
Telephone Switchboard Operator
Chief Buffalo Keeper
Assistant Chief Buffalo Keeper
Buffalo Herder
Handyman
Laborer
Chief Ranger
First Assistant Chief Park Ranger
Assistant Chief Park Ranger
Park Ranger
17. Casa Grande National Monument,
Blackwater, Ariz.
Custodian
8Quarters furnished.
> Temporary.
© When actually employed.
I 2,100
I 1,440
I 1,320
1 (per month) 110
I 1,320 4
I 1,200 *
I (per month) 100%
I 1,500 &
I 1,680 #
I 1,680 4
2(per month) 120%
2 1,320 ®
I 1,200 #
I 1,200
I 1,500
I (per month) go*#>
I 1,320 4
I 1,500 8
I 1,500 8
2 1,800 8
2 1,680 #
I 1,560
I 1,320 ®
I 1,200
2 (per hour) .35>¢
I
I
I
I
I
I
3
I
I
I
I
4
6
8
5
3
I
2
12 (per month) 100°
26 (per month) 808
I 1,320
OUTLINE OF ORGANIZATION 75
18. Montezuma Castle National Monument,
Camp Verde, Ariz.
Custodian I 12
19. Navajo National Monument, Kayenta,
Ariz.
Custodian I 12
20. Papago Saguaro National Monument,
Tempe, Ariz.
Custodian I 12
21. Petrified Forest National Monument,
Adamana, Ariz.
Custodian I 12
22. Tumacacori National Monument,
Blackwater, Ariz.
Custodian I 12
23. Muir Woods National Monument, Calif.
Custodian I 12
24. Colorado National Monument, Grand
Junction, Colo.
Custodian I 12
25. Sitka National Monument, Alaska
Custodian I 12
26. Scotts Bluff National Monument,
Gering, Nebraska
Custodian I 12
27. Capulin Mountain National Monument,
Folsom, N. Mex.
Custodian I 12
28. El Morro National Monument, Ramah,
N. Mex.
Custodian I 12
29. Verendrye National Monument, Sanish,
N. Dak.
Custodian I 12
30. Devils Tower National Monument,
Hulett, Wyoming
Custodian I 12
8 Quarters turnished.
¢ Temporary. :
Note.—No showing is made above for Lassen, Hawaii, or Mt. McKinley
National Parks, the reason being that lack of appropriations has until
recently: made it impracticable for the Service to employ a regular
staff for the guardianship of these areas. Under the 1922 appropriations,
however, it will be possible to take this step in the cases of Hawaii
and Mt. McKinley. The former will be looked after by a superintendent,
a clerical assistant, and two rangers. A ranger and an assistant will
take care of Mt. McKinley. Lassen, as heretofore, will be guarded by
the forest rangers from the neighboring Lassen National Forest.
APPENDIX 2
CLASSIFICATION OF ACTIVITIES
ExpLANATORY NOTE
The classifications of activities have for their purpose to
list and classify in all practicable detail the specific activities
engaged in by the several services of the national government.
Such statements are of value from a number of standpoints.
They furnish, in the first place, the most effective showing
that can be made in brief compass of the character of work
performed by the service to which they relate. Secondly,
they lay the basis for a system of accounting and reporting that
will permit the showing of total expenditures classified accord-
ing to activities. Finally, taken collectively, they make pos-
sible the preparation of a general or consolidated statement of
the activities of the government as a whole. Such a statement
will reveal in detail, not only what the government is doing,
but the services in which the work is being performed. For
example, one class of activities that would probably appear in
such a classification is that of “scientific research.” A sub-
head under this class would be “chemical research.” Under
this head would appear the specific lines of investigation under
way and the services in which they were being prosecuted.
It is hardly necessary to point out the value of such infor-
mation in planning for future work and in considering the
problem of the better distribution and codrdination of the
work of the government. The Institute contemplates attempt-
ing such a general listing and classification of the activities of
the government upon the completion of the present series.
76
CLASSIFICATION OF ACTIVITIES
CLASSIFICATION OF ACTIVITIES
Conservation
1. Natural Wonders
2. Prehistoric Structures
3. Historic Ruins and Structures
4. Forests and Plant Life
5. Lakes and Streams
6. Scenic Effects
7. Animals
8. Birds
9. Fish
Construction and Maintenance
1. Roads,
2. Trails
3. Bridges
4. Vistas
5. Camping Grounds
6. Administrative Buildings
Protection
1. Sanitation
2. Policing
3. Accident Prevention
Compilation of Statistics
1. Stream Flow
2. Weather Records
3. Use of Parks
4. Animal Increase
Scientific Research
1. Tree Inspection
2. Specimen Collecting
3. Animal and Bird Study
4. Archeology
77
APPENDIX 3
PUBLICATIONS
The National Park Service publishes, (1) historic and scien-
tific pamphlets; (2) rules and regulations; (3) maps and man-
uals; (4) panoramic views; (5) reports and proceedings. A
complete list of these publications, together with all necessary
information as to how they may be procured, may be found
in the annual report of the Director.
Historic and Scientific Pamphlets. These publications, of
which there are twenty-six in all published, range in size from
twelve to 260 pages. Three of them are free. The others
cost from five cents to one dollar, depending upon the size
and elaborateness of the publication.
Rules and Regulations. These booklets, attractively pre-
pared, with illustrations and maps, have been published for
fourteen of the parks, including all of the most important
ones. For three of the remaining parks they have been got
out in mimeographed form without illustration. Besides the
rules and regulations, they contain a great deal of valuable
information regarding hotels, points of interest, etc. These
publications are all free.
Maps and Manuals. Besides a general map showing all
the parks and monuments administered by the Service, auto-
mobile road and trail maps are published for the eight most
important parks. A handy manual for motorists, in small
pamphlet form, is also published containing the most impor-
tant features of the Rules and Regulations and special in-
formation and advice for motorists. The maps and manuals
are free.
Panoramic Views, These have been prepared for seven
78
PUBLICATIONS 79
of the parks and are sold at twenty-five cents a copy. They
are based on accurate surveys and average in size about
18 x 20 inches, the scale being from one to three miles to the
inch. They are printed in four colors.
Reports and Proceedings. The annual report of the Di-
rector does not differ essentially from that of the ordinary
executive. It isa complete summary of the work of the Serv-
ice during the fiscal year. It is free. At present the reports
for 1918, 1919, 1920, and 1921 are available for distribution.
The Proceedings of the four ‘National Park Conferences are
on sale at from fifteen cents to twenty-five cents a volume.
APPENDIX 4
LAWS
(A) InpEx to Laws
jministration, etc.
Of monuments, appropriations for 41
Of parks, appropriations for 41
nerican Antiquities
2unishment for destruction of 34
1imals
May be destroyed when 39
ypropriations :
Administration, protection, maintenance, and im-
provement of parks 41
Administration, protection, maintenance, preser-
vation, and improvement of monuments 41
Blackfeet Reservation Road, repairs to 41
Bridges and Culverts, Yellowstone 41
Buffalo in Yellowstone, care of 41
Community Centers, Yellowstone 41
El] Portal Road, construction of 41
Federal Power Commission, limitations on use of 41
Fighting Forest Fires 41
Fire Lookout Station, Yellowstone 41
Forest fires—not to be used precautionarily 41
Forest fires—to be allotted by Secretary of the
Interior 41
Motor-driven vehicles—maintenance, etc., of
National Park Service in the District of Colum-
bia
41
41
Ranger Stations, Yellowstone and Rainier 41
Replacement of Burned Buildings 41
Rest House, Yellowstone 4I
Rights of Way in Grand Canyon—acquisition of 41
Roads in Glacier ; 41
Roads in Yellowstone
I
Roads in Yosemite of
Salaries of Officers 39
40
n
co
ey
Pe ia
.
<
ng
f o peo
PROP CrSrer
<3 F< ose se se ee