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Titles included in this collection are listed in the volumes published by the Cornell University Press in the series The Literature of the Agricultural Sciences, 1991-1996, Wallace C. Olsen, series editor. THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE ITS HISTORY, ACTIVITIES AND ORGANIZATION THE INSTITUTE FOR GOVERNMENT RESEARCH Washington, D. C. _The Institute for Government Research is an association of citizens for codperating with public officials in the scientific study of government with a view to promoting efficiency and economy in its operations and advancing the science of ad- ministration. It aims to bring into existence such informa- tion and materials as will aid in the formation of public opin- ion and will assist officials, particularly those of the national government, in their efforts to put the public administration upon a more efficient basis. To this end, it seeks by the thoroughgoing study and exam- ination of the best administrative practice, public and private, American and foreign, to formulate those principles which lie at the basis of all sound administration, and to determine their proper adaptation to the specific needs of our public adminis- tration. The accomplishment of specific reforms the Institute recog- nizes to be the task of those who are charged with the respon- sibility of legislation and administration; but it seeks to assist, by scientific study and research, in laying a solid foundation of information and experience upon which such reforms may be successfully built. While some of the Institute’s studies find application only in the form of practical codperation with the administrative of- ficers directly concerned, many are of interest to other admin- istrators and of general educational value. The results of such studies the Institute purposes to publish in such form as will insure for them the widest possible utilization. Officers Robert S. Brookings, Frank J. Goodnow, Chairman Vice-Chairman James F. Curtis, Frederick Strauss, Secretary Treasurer Trustees Edwin A. Alderman Edwin F. Gay Charles D. Norton Robert S. Brookings Frank J. Goodnow Martin A. Ryerson James F. Curtis Jerome D. Greene Frederick Strauss R. Fulton Cutting Arthur T. Hadley Silas H. Strawn Frederic A. Delano Herbert C. Hoover William H. Taft Henry S. Dennison David F. Houston Ray Lyman Wilbur George Eastman A. Lawrence Lowell Robert S. Woodward Raymond B. Fosdick Samuel Mather Felix Frankfurter Richard B. Mellon Director W. F. Willoughby Editor F. W. Powell INSTITUTE FOR GOVERNMENT RESEARCH SERVICE MONOGRAPHS OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT No. 11 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE ITS HISTORY, ACTIVITIES AND ORGANIZATION BY JENKS CAMERON D. APPLETON AND COMPANY NEW YORK LONDON 1922 COPYRIGHT, 1922, BY THE INSTITUTE FOR GOVERMENT RESEARCH PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERIOA PUBLICATIONS OF THE INSTITUTE FOR GOVERNMENT RESEARCH STUDIES IN ADMINISTRATION The System of Financial Administration of Great Britain By W. F. Willoughby, W. W. Willoughby, and S. M. Lindsay The Budget By René Stourm T. Plazinski, Translator; W. F. McCaleb, Editor The Canadian Budgetary System By H.-G, Villard and W. W. Willoughby The Problem of a National Budget By W. F. Willoughby The Movement for Budgetary Reform in the States By W. F. Willoughby Teacher’s Pension Systems in the United States By Paul Studensky Organized Efforts for the Improvement of Methods of Ad- ministration in the United States By Gustavus A. Weber The Federal Service: A Study of the System of Personal Administration of the United States Government By Lewis Mayers The System of Financial Administration of the United States (In Preparation) PRINCIPLES OF ADMINISTRATION Principles Governing the Retirement of Public Employees By Lewis Meriam Principles of Government Purchasing By Arthur G. Thomas Principles of Government Accounting and Reporting By Francis Oakey, C. P. A. Principles of Personnel Administration By. Arthur W. Procter SERVICE MONOGRAPHS OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT The Geological Survey The Reclamation Service The Bureau of Mines ace The Alaskan Engineering Commission The Tariff Commission ‘ ; The Federal Board for Vocational Education The Federal Trade Commission | The Steamboat-Inspection Service The National Park’ Service The Public Health Service The Weather Bureau : aa The Employee’s Compensation Commission FOREWORD The first essential to efficient administration of any enter- prise is full knowledge of its present make-up and operation. Without full and complete information before them, as to existing organization, personnel, plant, and methods of oper- ation and control, neither legislators nor administrators can properly perform their functions. The greater the work, the more varied the activities en- gaged in, and the more complex the organization employed, and more imperative becomes the necessity that this informa- tion shall be available—and available in such a form that it can readily be utilized. Of all undertakings, none in the United States, and few, if any, in the world, approach in magnitude, complexity, and importance that of the national government of the United States. As President Taft expressed it in his message to Con- gress of January 17, 1912, in referring to the inquiry being made under his direction into the efficiency and economy of the methods of prosecuting public business, the activities of the national government “are almost as varied as those of the en- tire business world. The operations of the government affect the interest of every person living within the jurisdiction of the United States. Its organization embraces stations and centers of work located in every city and in many local sub- divisions of the country. Its gross expenditures amount to billions annually. Including the personnel of the military and naval establishments, more than half a million persons are re- quired to do the work imposed by law upon the executive branch of the government. “This vast organization has never been studied in detail as one piece of administrative mechanism. Never have the foundations been laid for a thorough consideration of the re- lations of all its parts. No comprehensive effort has been made to list its multifarious activities or to group them in such a way as to present a clear picture of what the government is doing. Never has a complete description been given of the agencies through which these activities are performed. At wu viii FOREWORD no time has the attempt been made to study all of these activ- ities and agencies with a view to the assignment of each activ- ity to the agency best fitted for its performance, to the avoid- ance of duplication of plant and work, to the integration of all administrative agencies of the government, so far as may be practicable, into a unified organization for the most effective and economical dispatch of public business.” To lay the basis for such a comprehensive study of the or- ganization and operations of the national government as Pres- ident Taft outlined, the Institute for Government Research has undertaken the preparation of a series of monographs, of which the present study is one, giving a detailed description of each of the fifty or more distinct services of the government. These studies are being vigorously prosecuted, and it is hoped that all services of the government will be covered in a com- paratively brief space of time. Thereafter, revisions of the monographs will be made from time to time as need arises, to the end that they may, as far as practicable, represent current conditions. These monographs are all prepared according to a uniform plan. They give: first, the history of the establishment and development of the service; second, its functions, described not in general terms, but by detailing its specific activities; third, its organization for the handling of these activities; fourth, the character of its plant; fifth, a compilation of, or reference to, the laws and regulations governing its operations ; sixth, financial statements showing its appropriations, expen- ditures and other data for a period of years; and finally, a full bibliography of the sources of information, official and private, bearing on the service and its operations. : In the preparation of these monographs the Institute has kept steadily in mind the aim to produce documents that will be of direct value and assistance in the administration of public affairs. To executive officials they offer valuable tools of ad- ministration. Through them, such officers can, with a min- imum of effort, inform themselves regarding the details, not only of their own services, but of others with whose facilities, activities, and methods it is desirable that they should be fa- miliar. Under present conditions services frequently engage in activities in ignorance of the fact that the work projected has already been dome, or is in process of execution by other services. Many cases exist where one service could make ef- fective use of the organization, plant or results of other serv- FOREWORD ix ices had they knowledge that such facilities were in existence. With the constant shifting of directing personnel that takes place in the administrative branch of the national government, the existence of means by which incoming officials may thus readily secure information regarding their own and other serv- ices is a matter of great importance. To members of Congress the monographs should prove of no less value. At present these officials are called upon to legislate and appropriate money for services concerning whose needs and real problems they can secure but imperfect infor- mation. That the possession by each member of a set of monographs, such as is here projected, prepared according to a uniform plan, will be a great aid to intelligent legislation and appropriation of funds can hardly be questioned. To the public, finally, these monographs will give that knowledge of the organization and operations of their gov- ernment which must be had if an enlightened public opinion is to be brought to bear upon the conduct of governmental affairs. These studies are wholly descriptive in character. No at- tempt is made in them to subject the conditions described to criticism, nor to indicate features in respect to which changes might with advantage be made. Upon administrators them- selves falls responsibility for making or proposing changes which will result in the improvement of methods of adminis- tration. The primary aim of outside agencies should be to emphasize this responsibility and facilitate its fulfillment. While the monographs thus make no direct recommenda- tions for improvement, they cannot fail greatly to stimulate efforts in that direction. Prepared as they are according to a uniform plan, and setting forth as they do the activities, plant, organization, personnel and laws governing the several serv- ices of the government, they will automatically, as it were, reveal, for example, the extent to which work in the same field is being performed by different services, and thus furnish the information that is essential to a consideration of the great question of the better distribution and codrdination of activi- ties among the several departments, establishments, and bu- reaus, and the elimination of duplications of plant, organiza- tion and work. Through them it will also be possible to sub- ject any particular feature of the administrative work of the government to exhaustive study, to determine, for example, what facilities, in the way of laboratories and other plant and x FOREWORD equipment, exist for the prosecution of any line of work and where those facilities are located; or what work is being done in any field of administration or research, such as the promo- tion, protection and regulation of the maritime interests of the country, the planning and execution of works of an engineer- ing character, or the collection, compilation and publication of statistical data, or what differences of practice prevail in re- spect to organization, classification, appointment, and promo- tion of personnel. To recapitulate, the monographs will serve the double pur- pose of furnishing an essential tool for efficient legislation, ad- ministration and popular control, and of laying the basis for critical and constructive work on the part of those upon whom responsibility for such work primarily rests. Whenever possible the language of official statements or re- ports has been employed, and it has not been practicable in all cases to make specific indication of the language so quoted. CONTENTS OHAPTER PAGE Foreworp I. History I The National Park System a Development of the a ca Park Idea” . . ee i

ood ek Ruins and Historical Structures . 2 2. we. 51 Forests and Plants . .- . - «+ + + + + + 52 Lakes and Streams - - - - + + + + + + + 83 Conservation of Wild Life. . . . - - - «© + + 53 Improvement . . . - © © e+ © © e+ © ee + 55 Maintenance . . - - ee te te te ee Protection Service - - - + + © © »+ - © + + 53 Publicity 5. as 58 xii CONTENTS OHAPTEE PAGE III. OrGanization 60 Administration . . . . 0.0. + ee e « + + 60 Field Service. . 2. 2 1. ee ee ee ee SF Editorial Section. . . . 1. 1. ee ee eee 662 Law Section . . . 2... ee ee ee ee «62 Publications Section. . x4 4 63 Individual Park Organization—The Yellowstone... 63 APPENDIX 1. Outline of Organization . . . . . . .. . .. & 2. Classification of Activities. . . . . . . . «. «© . 76 3: Publications: . «w+ @ we w w we = «) a 38 Be AWS? se. Ge ie. GP aS eS i eo ve a ce BO 5. Financial Statements . . . . . . . . . . . 131 6. Statistics of Visitors . . . . . . 2. . « « « « 137 7. Bibliography ao. vies. OE, Soe RP BP GE GP See Ge) Gh A Tndex sy se sh Gi BRS WS Be AS ey ee: > ae a: ce Se EO THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE: ITS HISTORY, ACTIVITIES AND ORGANIZATION CHAPTER I HISTORY The National Park Service is a bureau of the Department of the Interior, being the ninth bureau to be established in that department. It is engaged in the supervision, manage- ment, and control of those national parks and monuments which are under that department’s jurisdiction. It was created by the act of August 25, 1916 (39 Stat. L., 535), but did not be- gin to function until after the approval of the deficiency ap- propriation act of April 17, 1917 (40 Stat. L., 20) which pro- vided funds for its establishment. The National Park System a Development of the “National Park Idea.” Though the National Park Service is of recent origin the system of national parks of which it is an out- growth dates back half a century to the creation, in 1872, of the Yellowstone National Park, the first true national park established in the United States. Inasmuch as the creation of the Yellowstone was the result of a conception of the con- servation of natural wonders which has come to be known as the “National Park Idea,” it will be proper at this point to discuss briefly, first the events leading up to the inception of the idea; and, second, its subsequent development. The existence of the natural wonders which occur in such profusion in the upper Yellowstone country had been known ; ‘ 2 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE early in the last century to a few wandering hunters and trap- pers who visited the region in search of beaver. John Colter, a hunter who had accompanied Lewis and Clark on their expe- dition to the Pacific, visited the park region in 1807, and was probably the first white man to see the curiosities it contained. Lewis and Clark themselves, in 1806, skirted the region, and just missed becoming its discoverers by about fifty miles. During the heyday of the fur trade a few other trappers found their way into the neighborhood, and in the era of gold-hunting which went on over the entire mountain country after 1849, some prospectors also visited it. Practically all of these men, from Colter down, brought back accounts, some truthful, some exazgerated, of the won- ders they had seen in the shape of geysers, hot springs, etc. These accounts, however, were almost universally disbelieved, Colter’s being hailed with especial derision, and the thermal region he described coming to be known popularly as “Col- ter’s Hell.” The persistency of these hunters’ tales, however, and their essential agreement resulted eventually in the arousing of curiosity. In Montana especially there developed a desire to settle definitely the truth or falsity of the rumors of amaz- ing phenomena around the upper reaches of the Yellowstone. This resulted, in 1869, in the first expedition which had for its definite object the exploration of the much-talked-of area. This expedition, consisting of David E. Folsom, C. W. Cook, and William Peterson, spent a month in the park region in September-October, 1869, during which time they investi- gated a considerable number of the principal phenomena which it contains. Mr. Folsom afterwards wrote an excellent nar- rative of the party’s exploration which was first published in the “Western Monthly” of Chicago, and subsequently (1894) published in pamphlet form by Hon. N. P. Langford, the first superintendent of the Yellowstone Park, who added an interesting preface. In the following year, Mr. Langford was a member of the HISTORY 3 second exploring expedition to enter the region, the Wash- burn-Doane expedition, so-called from its being led by General Henry D. Washburn, Surveyor-General of Montana, and Lieutenant G. C. Doane of the United States Army, who com- manded a military escort detailed by the War Department. This expedition spent about a month in the region, but ex- plored it somewhat more thoroughly than the Folsom party had done. The published reports of these two expeditions aroused in- tense interest throughout the entire country, and had much to do with the sending out of a government expedition in 1871 under the joint auspices of the Geological Survey and the Engineer Corps of the Army, well equipped for the mak- ing of precise scientific observations. This expedition made a large collection of accurate data concerning the entire region and took a great many photographs. From the standpoint of exact information obtained it was the most important of the three expeditions. For a less ponderable but far more momentous reason, when viewed in the light of its effect upon subsequent events, the Washburn-Doane expedition, nevertheless, must be given first place among these pioneer explorations of the Yellowstone region. It was on this expedition that expression was first given to the thought which has been responsible for the crea- tion and development of the Country’s system of national parks. At a camp fire of this expedition, on September 19, 1870, the members were discussing the wonders they had seen and the certainity of the remarkable area becoming a mecca for tourists. This led to the suggestion by several that it would be a “profitable speculation” to take up land surround- ing the principal phenomena and exploit them as commercial enterprises. Objection to this point of view was expressed by Cornelius Hedges, a member of the party, to the effect that the recently discovered wonderland should never be al- lowed to pass into private ownership, but should be set aside for the use and enjoyment of all the people. The other 4 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE members of the party at once fell in with this higher concep- tion of the matter, and all agreed to unite in an endeavor to make it an accomplished fact. This was the beginning of the “National Park Idea.” “. So widespread was the popular interest resulting from the publication of articles by various members of the several ex- peditions; and so vigorously was the project for the erection of the Yellowstone Country into a public park pushed by sev- eral leading members of the Washburn-Doane expedition and by Dr. F. V. Hayden of the Geological Survey, one of the leaders of the Government expedition of 1871, that in less than two years after Mr. Hedges made his novel proposition the Act of Dedication creating the Yellowstone National Park, received the signature of President Grant (Act of March 1, 1872: 17 Stat. Li, 32.) ~ The text of this measure will be found in the appendix. At- tention will be called at this point to its three outstanding features: The setting aside of the Yellowstone region “as a public park or pleasuring-ground” ; A provision making mandatory “the preservation, from in- jury or spoliation, of all timber, mineral deposits, natural curiosities, or wonders within said park, and their retention in their natural condition” ; ‘A provision making mandatory the protection of the fish and game in the park area against “wanton destruction” or “cap- ture or destruction for the purposes of merchandise or profit.” The law also provides that the Secretary of the Interior shall have exclusive control of the park, and it charges him with the making of rules and regulations necessary for the carrying out of its provisions. The national park system began with the passage of this law, the large significance of which is well expressed by Gen- eral Hiram M. Chittenden: It was, a notable act, not only on account of the transcend- HISTORY 5 ent importance of the territory it was designed to protect, but because it was a marked innovation in the traditional policy of governments. From time immemorial privileged classes have been protected by law, in the withdrawal, for their exclusive enjoyment, of immense tracts fori forests, parks and game preserves. But never before was a region of such vast, extent as the Yellowstone Park set apart for the use of all the people without distinction of rank or wealth.? It is proper, at this point, to make a slight digression in order to make clear a somewhat anomalous situation that has long existed with regard to the qyestion—if it be a question— as to what park of the present national park system was the first to be established. The Yellowstone has been referred to above as the first true national park. As has just been pointed out, its establishment was the direct result of the birth of the national park idea. Nevertheless there is another park of the system, the Hot Springs National Park, which was set aside almost forty years to a day before the creation of the Yellowstone (Act of April 20, 1832; 4 Stat. L., 505) and which is frequently referred to as the first national park. To refer to it thus is incorrect, although it might be proper to call it the oldest member of the national park system. The confusion has arisen through the fact that at the time of the creation of the Yellowstone the Hot Springs Reserva- tion in Arkansas was being administered by the Secretary of the Interior, not as a national park, because up until that time such a thing as a national park in the sense we understand it to-day was not dreamed of, but merely as a portion of the public domain which for certain reasons had been withdrawn from settlement or sale. Those reasons pertained to the me- dicinal springs which the area contained. Their curative prop- erties becoming widely known throughout the country, a fear arose that they might pass into private ownership and be pri- vately exploited. To prevent this was the purpose of the Act of 1832. This law merely states that the area containing 1 Chittenden, The Yellowstone Nationa] Park, p. 79. 6 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE the springs “shall be reserved for the future disposal of the United States,” and makes no mention of the preservation of natural curiosities in their original state, the protection of wild life, the public pleasure-ground feature, or of any of the elements of the national park idea; and as a matter of fact Congress had no such idea in mind when it set the Hot Springs area aside. Reservation to prevent private exploita- tion was its only thought. It may be argued that this was precisely the thought back of the setting aside of the Yellowstone. But there was this difference: Hot Springs represented mere reservation, Yel- Jowstone represented reservation plus development toward a particular end,—the working out of the national park idea. After the Yellowstone was established the two areas were administered together in the office of the Secretary of the Interior. As other parks were established from time to time— fourteen ? were created betweef the founding of the Yellow- stone and the establishment of the National Park Service in April, 1917—they were grouped for administrative pur- poses with Yellowstone and Hot Springs, and they came to be spoken of collectively as the National Parks and the Hot Springs Reservation. They continued to be so referred to even after the creation of the National Park Service in 1916, Hot Springs being called a reservation until the passage of the sundry civil appropriation act for 1921, in which a clause was inserted providing that it should thenceforth be known as “Hot Springs National Park” (Act of March 4, 1921; 41 Stat. L., 1407). As a matter of fact, the real status of Hot Springs, until the time at least of the creation of the Yellowstone, was less that of one of the national parks than of one of the national monuments, of which there are at present twenty-four in the national park system, twenty of which had been created prior to the organization of the National Park Service. Detailed reference to the monuments is made below. ? Including one park, Casa Grande, which was later given monu- ment status. HISTORY 7 To summarize, the Yellowstone was the first national park, and the system of parks and monuments—including Hot Springs—of which it was the beginning was the direct result of the conception of the National Park Idea. Distinction between Parks and Monuments. The act of June 8, 1906 (34 Stat. L., 225), entitled “An act for the preservation of American antiquities,” gave the President discretionary power to set aside by proclamation any lands owned or controlled by the United States containing “historic landmarks, historic or prehistoric structures, and other ob- jects of historic or scientific interest” as “national monuments.” Provision was made also for the punishment by fine or im- prisonment of persons injuring the monuments, and juris- diction over the monuments was given to the Secretary of the Interior, the Secretary of Agriculture, or the Secretary of War, depending upon which department had jurisdiction over the areas in which the monuments were severally located. Section 4 of the act provides that the-secretaries of the three departments—Interior, Agriculture, and War—shall make uniform rules and regulations for the purpose of carry- ing out its provisions. Secretaries Hitchcock, Wilson, and Taft promptly complied by promulgating—Dec. 28, 1906—an appropriate set of rules which are still in effect without change. The passage of this act was the culmination of an organ- ized movement by a group of archeologists, scientists, and others, to put such safeguards about the unique archeological treasures which the country possesses in the ancient pueblos and cliff dwellings of the Southwest as would prevent their spoliation and ultimate destruction. Their protection by the creation of additional park areas had been found impractic- able because a special congressional enactment was necessary in each case, and because Congress was unwilling to create a great number of parks, many of which would be, necessarily, of very limited area. The original idea had been to protect ancient ruins only, but the act was broadened so as to include 8 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE within its scope other objects of historic or scientific value, natural as well as artificial. The first monument created, as a matter-of-fact, was the Devils Tower, in Wyoming, a natural formation. Some confusion has arisen as to the difference between parks and monuments. It has been asked, for example, why, of two reserved areas, the basic reasons for the reservation in each case being the preservation of a natural wonder, one should be a park and the other a monument. The simplest way to answer this question is to say what has been said above in speaking of the setting-aside of Hot Springs. The object of a monument is the preservation from destruction or spoliation of some object of historic, scientific, or other interest. The object of a park is that and something more; namely, the development of the area reserved for its more complete and perfect enjoyment by the people. It might be said that a monument is park raw material, because many of the existing monuments, in all probability, will receive park status when their development as parks is practicable. Sev- eral of the present parks of the system originally had monu- ment status, notably Grand Canyon, Lafayette, and Zion Parks. The Parks and Monuments Prior to 1916. From the set- ting-aside of the Yellowstone Park in 1872 until 1890 no new parks were added to the park system. Sequoia, Yosemite, and General Grant parks were added in 1890, and by the time the National Park Service was created in August, 1916, the system totalled sixteen parks and eighteen monuments. This includes the Hot Springs Reservation, and one park, Casa Grande, which was given monument status in 1918. The history of the parks and monuments during this period is almost altogether a history of individual rather than group development. New parks and monuments were created from time to time and became, thereupon, so many new individual problems rather than parts of a general problem. No note- worthy legislation of a general nature applying to the park HISTORY 9 system in common was enacted during this period except the act for the preservation of American antiquities. There was, Moreover, no such thing within the Department of the Interior as a section or division charged with the administra- tion of the park system to the exclusion of everything else. The Patents and Miscellaneous Division, in the office of the Secretary, already occupied with an abundance of other duties, gave such attention to the parks as time could be found for. It cannot be said that such a thing as a park system existed, if the word system be used in the sense of a disciplined, codr- dinated unit. Every park was in a very real sense a law unto itself, and the parks were more of a conglomeration at this time than a system. When the Secretary’s office was reor- ganized in 1907, the miscellaneous duties of this division were given to the Miscellaneous Section in the Secretary’s office, and the former chief of division was placed in charge of the section as Assistant Attorney. The work of this section embraced, be- sides the management of the parks and monuments, the ad- ministration of Alaska and Hawaii, the care of several elee- mosynary institutions, etc. A series of national park conferences held in 1911, 1912, and 1915 at the Yellowstone, Yosemite, and Berkeley, Cali- fornia, respectively, and participated in by all the park super- intendents and many of the department officers concerned in park administration, had much to do with bringing about an improved system of park control in the department. * The first step in this direction was made in 1913, when Secretary Lane placed the Assistant to the Secretary in gen- eral charge of park administration. This was followed, June 5, 1914, by the appointment of a General Superintendent and Landscape Engineer of the national parks, to reside at San Francisco and have general supervision over all the park super- intendents. Thereafter a still further advance was made when he. 3A fourth conference, held in Washington, January 2-6, 1917, was in the nature of a celebration of the success of the movement for a national park service. 10 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE the urgent deficiency appropriation act of February 28, 1916 (39 Stat. L., 23) conferred authority upon the Secretary to employ a General Superintendent in the District of Columbia and in the field, the salary of the new officer and other neces- sary expenses of administration to be taken from the appro- priations and revenues of the several parks on a pro rata basis. Under this authority the office of the General Superintendent was moved to Washington. In the sundry civil appropriation act of July 1, 1916, (39 Stat. L., 309) authorization was given for the employment of a General Superintendent, to- gether with such clerical or other assistants, not exceeding four persons, as the Secretary might determine. In December 1913, a piece of legislation was enacted which, while it directly affected but one park, the Yosemite, was of indirect effect upon the entire system by reason of the pre- cedent which it established. This was the law (Act of Dec- ember 19, 1913; 38 Stat. L., 242) giving to the City of San Francisco the right to use certain lands in the Yosemite Park, specifically the Hetch Hetchy Valley, for the construction of a reservoir to supply the city with water and to generate electric power. This legislation was only enacted after a struggle extend- ing over the better part of a decade. It was fought by many civic organizations of standing and was strongly opposed by naturalists of note like John Muir and by many citizens, who believed that that part of the national park idea which called for the preservation of the parks in their original state should be rigidly lived up to. The city, on the other hand, claimed that the water to be obtained from the project was essential to the city’s life in the years to come, and that it was impracticable to obtain it from any other source. Its point of view finally triumphed. As to whether this triumph was a rightful one; and as to whether it will be a precedent for commercial raiding of the parks, or an example constituting a warning against that danger are questions for the future to answer. HISTORY II The Movement for the Establishment of the National Park Service. A number of years before Secretary Lane in- troduced the reforms in park administration which have been described in the preceding section, a feeling had been growing up among friends of the parks that they should be admin- istered by a special bureau devoting its time to park affairs and nothing else. Secretary Lane’s innovations were hailed as strides in the right direction, but it was felt that they did not go far enough. Secretary Ballinger had recommended the creation of a “bureau of national parks and resorts under the supervision of a competent commissioner” in his annual report for 1910. The American Civic Association, a society which has always been active in any movement for park betterment, took up the cause of a park bureau at about the same time. It is not too much to say that the untiring zeal of this organization in keep- ing up interest in the project, both in and out of Congress, by meetings, publications, and influence brought to bear through the most powerful press organs, had more to do with the final successful issue of the movement than any other one factor. Sentiment in general was in favor of the creation of the bu- reau, but it was not organized and was largely passive. But for the life the American Civic Association put into the movement it is to be doubted if Congress could have been induced to create a new bureau to do work that had been getting done somehow for so long a time without it. Another important factor in this movement was the series of national park conferences already referred to. At these meetings of practical park men, with a practical understanding of park problems, the park bureau project found many cham- pions. What may be termed the “Canadian Argument” was much used by proponents of the bureau idea throughout the move- ment. It was pointed out that Canada had already established a bureau of parks which was functioning with brilliant suc- cess. Secretaries Fisher and Lane were both in favor of the 12 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE creation of the bureau and recommended it in their reports. President Taft thought well enough of it to address a special message to Congress on the subject. This was afterwards in- corporated in a bulletin of the American Ciyic Association and given wide publicity. President Taft said in part: I earnestly recommend the establishment of a bureau of national parks. Such legislation is essential to the proper management of those wondrous manifestations of nature. Every consideration of patriotism and the love of nature and of beauty and of art requires us to expend money enough to bring all these natural wonders within easy reach of our people. The first step in that direction is the establishment of a responsible bureau which shall take upon itself the burden of supervising the parks and of making recommenda- tions as to the best methods of improving their accessibility and usefulness. The work of the Division of Publications in the Secretary’s office was also of material assistance in the bureau campaign. Its annual circulars on each park were widely distributed, and as a knowledge of what the country possessed in the parks became disseminated, sentiment in favor of their more effi- cient management was crystallized. The issuance by the divi- sion in 1916, of an elaborate illustrated brochure entitled The National Parks Portfolio, in an edition of 275,000 copies, aroused popular interest in the parks, and copies of the publica- tion were eagerly sought. The result of this well-directed campaign was the introduction of a number of bills in Congress providing for the creation of a national park service. Hear- ings were held before the Public Lands committees in 1912, 1914, and 1916, and on August 25, 1916, the National Park Service Act became a law (39 Stat. L., 535). The National Park Service Since 1916. The text of the National Park Service law will be found in the appendix. The law as originally enacted is in force to-day except for two slight amendments. The first of these is a mere proviso in the act of February 26, 1919 (40 Stat. L., 1175), creating HISTORY 13 the Grand Canyon National Park, to the effect that the pro- vision of the original law with regard to the granting of priv- ileges, leases, and permits shall, in the case of the Grand Canyon Park, be so construed that such privileges, leases, etc., “shall be let at public auction to the best and most re- sponsible bidder.” The second amendment is part of the act of June 2, 1920 (41 Stat. L., 731), accepting, on the part of the National Government, the cession by the State of Cali- fornia, of jurisdiction over Sequoia, Yosemite, and General Grant Parks. A clause of that act makes a change in the pen- alties provided in the original act for violation of rules and regulations established by the Secretary of the Interior. Since the creation of the service in August, 1916, four new parks and five new monuments have been added to the sys- tem, which now totals nineteen parks and twenty-four mont- ments, with a total area of 12,674 square miles. A table of all the parks, together with a map, will be found near the end of this section. A table of the monuments is given with the sec- tion on the national monuments. One of these new monuments, Casa Grande, originally had the status of a park, as has been mentioned above. The reason for making the change cannot be better explained than by quoting from the report of the Director of the National Park Service for 1918, as follows: When the National Park Service was organized we had 17 national parks and 21 national monuments. We now have 16 national parks and 24 national monuments. The explanation is that one of the national parks of 1916, Casa Grande ruin, has been withdrawn from that classification and been made a national monument, and two other national monuments have been created. . . . The Casa Grande ruin had been reserved # and became loosely classed with Hot Springs and Yellowstone as a national park, notwithstanding that it possessed none 4By an Executive Order of June 22, 1892, authorized by a clause in the sundry civil act of March 2, 1889 (25 Stat. L., 961) which also appropriated $2000 for the restoration of the ruin. A proclamation by President Taft, Dec. 10, 1909 (36 Stat. L., 2504), correcting Casa Grande’s boundaries refers to it as a “reservation.” 14 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE of the accepted qualities of parkhood. . . . President Wil- son’s proclamation of August 3, 1918 (40 Stat. L., 1818), declaring it a national monument, does little more than con- firm one of several opinions. Projects are now on foot looking to the creation of several additional parks. Prominent among these proposed parks are the region including the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky, a large area in the sand dune region of Indiana bordering on Lake Michigan, and the region in Utah surrounding Bryce Can- yon. It is also proposed to enlarge the Yellowstone by taking in a large territory south of the park—the famous country of the Three Tetons and Jackson’s Hole—and Sequoia by an- nexing the contiguous area, which contains the canyons of the King and Kern rivers and about seventy miles of the crest of the Sierra Nevada. This region is notable for scenic gran- deur and for the location within its confines of Mount Whit- ney, the highest peak in the continental United States. It is also the only known habitat of a unique and peculiarly “game” species of trout recently named after the late Presi- dent Roosevelt. This project is regarded by the National Park Service as the most meritorious of all the projects for park enlargement so far put forward. By Executive Orders of July 8, 1918 (No. 2905) and Jan- uary 28, 1921 (No. 3394), the area of the proposed addition to the Yellowstone was set aside and reserved from settlement un- der authority of the act of June 25, 1910 (36 Stat. L., 847), as amended by the act of ‘August 24, 1912 (37 Stat. L., 497). This prevents the acquisition of any private interests in the tract reserved—except mining claims. The total area with- drawn covers 844,800 acres, of which only slightly over 5000 acres are patented or in process of being patented. The National Park Service Act constitutes the organic law of the park system. The policy of the National Park Service operating under it was set forth on May 13, 1918, by the late Secretary Lane in a letter to Director Mather, in which he said; HISTORY 15 The National Park Service has been established as a bureau of this Department just one year. During this period our efforts have been chiefly directed toward the building of an effective organization while engaged in the performance of duties relating to the administration, protection, and improve- ment of the national parks and monuments, as required by law. This constructive ‘work is now completed. The new Service is fully organized; its personnel has been carefully chosen; it has been conveniently and comfortably situated in the new Interior Department Building; ‘and it has been splendidly equipped for the quick and effective transaction of its business. For the information of the public, an outline of the ad- ministrative policy to which the new Service will adhere may now be announced. This policy is based on three broad principles: First, that the national parks must be maintained in absolutely unimpaired form for the use of future genera- tions as well as those of our own time; second, that they are set apart for the use, observation, health, and pleasure of the people; and third, that the national interest must dictate all decisions affecting public or private enterprise in the parks. Every activity of the Service is subordinate to the duties imposed upon it to faithfully preserve the parks for posterity in essentially their natural state. The commercial use of these reservations, except as specially authorized by law, or such as may be incidental to the accommodation and enter- tainment of visitors, will not be permitted under any cir- cumstances. In all of the national parks except Yellowstone you may permit the grazing of cattle in isolated regions not, fre- quented by visitors, and where no injury to the natural fea- tures of the parks may result from such use. The grazing of sheep, however, must not be permitted in any national park. In leasing lands for the operation of hotels, camps, trans- portation facilities, or other public service under strict Gov- ernment control, concessioners should be confined to tracts no larger than absolutely necessary for the purposes of their business enterprises. You should not permit the leasing of park lands for sum- mer homes. It is conceivable, and even exceedingly . prob- able, that within a few years under a policy of permitting the establishment of summer homes in national parks, these res- 16 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE ervations might become so generally settled as to exclude the public from convenient access to their streams, lakes, and other natural features, and thus destroy the very basis upon which this national playground system is being constructed. You should not permit the cutting of trees except where timber is needed in the construction of buildings or other improvements within the park and can be removed without injury to the forests or disfigurement of the landscape, where the thinning of forests or cutting of vistas will improve the scenic features of the parks, or where their destruction is necessary to eliminate insect infestations or diseases common to forests and shrubs. ‘In the construction of roads, trails, buildings, and other improvements, particular attention must be devoted always to the harmonizing of these improvements with the landscape. This is a most important item in our program of develop- ment and requires the employment of trained engineers who either possess a knowledge of landscape architecture or have a proper appreciation of the esthetic value of park lands. All improvements will be carried out in accordance with a preconceived plan developed with special reference to the preservation of the landscape, and comprehensive plans for future development of the national parks on an adequate scale will be prepared as funds are available for this purpose. Whenever the Federal Government has exclusive jurisdic- tion over national parks, it is clear that more effective meas- ures for the protection of the parks can be taken. The Fed- eral Government has exclusive jurisdiction over the national parks in the States of Arkansas, Oklahoma, Wyoming, Mon- tana, Washington, and Oregon, and also in the territories of Hawaii and Alaska. We should urge the cession of ex- clusive jurisdiction over the parks in the other States, and par- ticularly in California 5 and Colorado. There are many private holdings in the national parks, and many of these seriously hamper the administration of these reservations. All of them should be eliminated as far as it is practicable to accomplish this purpose in the course of time, either through Congressional appropriation or by ac- ceptance of donations of these lands. Isolated tracts in im- portant scenic areas should be given first consideration, of course, in the purchase of private property. 5 See act of June 2, 1920, p. 104 infra. HISTORY 17 p . d at—~best satisfies the individual taste. Automobiles and Tmotorcytles permi in all of the national parks; in fact, the ae will be kept_accessible by any means practicable. (All outdoor sports which may be maintained consistently with the observation of the safeguards thrown around the national parks by law will be heartily endorsed and aided wherever possible. Mountain climbing, horse-back riding, walking, motoring, swimming, boating, and fishing will ever be the favorite sports. Winter sports will be developed in the parks that are accessible throughout the year. Hunting will not be permitted in any national park. ® ° 2 The educational, as_well as the recreational, use of the national parks should be encouraged in every practicable way. University and high school classes in science will find special facilities for their vacation period studies. Museums con- taining specimens of wild flowers, shrubs, and trees, and mounted animals, birds, and fish native to the parks, and other exhibits of this character, will be established as authorized. "3 Low-priced camps operated by concessioners should be maintained, as well as comfortable and even luxurious hotels wherever the volume of travel warrants the establishment of these classes of accommodations. In each reservation, as funds are available, a system of free camp sites will be cleared, and these grounds will be equipped with adequate water and sanitation facilities. «% -As_concessions in the national parks represent in most in- stances a large investment, and as the obligation to render service satisfactory to the Department at carefully regulated rates is imposed, these enterprises must be given a large measure of protection, and generally speaking competitive busi- ness should not be authorized where a concession is meeting our requirements, which, of course, will as nearly as possible coincide with the needs of the traveling public. Y All concessions should yield revenue to the Federal Govern- ment, but the development of the revenues of the parks should not impose a burden upon the visitor. c, Automobile fees in the parks should be reduced as the vol- ume of Wrotor travel increases. For assistance in the solution of administrative problems in 6 But see p. 53, infra. 18 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE the parks relating both to their protection and use, the scien- tific bureaus of the Government offer facilities of the highest worth and authority. In the protection of the public health, for instance, the destruction of insect pests in the forests, the care of wild animals, and the propagation and distribution of fish, you should utilize their hearty codperation to the utmost. You should utilize to the fullest extent the opportunity af- forded by the atitoad daca nieeaeon appointing a com- mittee of western railroads to info the traveling public how to comfortably reach the national parks; you should dil- igently extend and use the splendid codperation developed dur- ing the last three years among chambers of commerce, tourist bureaus, and automobile highway associations fag the purpose of spreading information about our national parks and facili- tating their use and enjoyment; you should keep informed of park movements and park progress, municipal, county, and State, both at home and abroad, for the purpose of adapting, whenever practicable, the world’s best thought to the needs of the national parks. You should encourage all movements looking to outdoor living. In particular you should maintain close working relationship with the Dominion Parks Branch of the Canadian Department of the Interior, and assist in the solution of park problems of an international character. The Department is often requested for reports on pending legislation proposing the establishment ‘of new national parks or the addition of lands to existing parks. Complete data on such parks projects should be obtained by the National Park Service and submitted to the Department in tentative form of report to Congress. In studying new park projects, you should_seek to find scen- ery of supreme and distinctive quality or some natural feature so extraordinary or umique as to be of national interest and im- portance. You should seek distinguished examples of typical forms of world architecture; such, for instance, as the Grand Canyon, as exemplifying the highest accomplishment of stream erosion, and the high, rugged portion of Mount Desert Island as exemplifying the oldest rock forms in America and the lux- uriance of deciduous forests. The national park system as now constituted should not be lowered in standard, dignity, and prestige by the inclusion of areas which express in less than the highest terms the partic- ular class or kind of exhibit which they represent. : HISTORY 19 It is not necessary that.a national park should have a large area. The element of size is of no importance as long as the park is susceptible of effective administration and control. You should study existing national parks with the idea of improving them by the addition of adjacent areas which will complete their scenic purposes or facilitate administration. The addition of the Teton Mountains to the Yellowstone Na- tional Park, for instance, will supply Yellowstone’s greatest need, which is an uplift of glacier-bearing peaks; and the ad- dition to the Sequoia National Park of the Sierra summits and slopes to the north and east, as contemplated by pending legis- lation, will create a reservation unique in the world, because of its combination of gigantic trees, extraordinary canyons, and mountain masses. In considering projects involving the establishment of new national parks or the extension of existing park areas by de- limination of national forests, you should observe what effect such delimination would have on the administration of adjacent forest lands, and wherever practicable you should engage in an investigation of such park projects jointly with officers of the Forest Service, in order that questions of national park and national forest policy as they affect the lands involved may be thoroughly understood. The fundamental purpose of the park system is stated in the National Park Service Act to be the conservation of the scenery and natural and historic objects and wild life of the parks in such manner as will leave them unimparied for the enjoyment of future generations. This thought was empha- sized by Secretary Lane in his statement of policy quoted above. It is the gist of the national park idea. Particular attention is drawn to this matter here because in the few years since the Service has been established events have occurred which indicate that it will be the center about which will be refought, on a much larger scale, the struggle which occurred over the Hetch Hetchy, referred to in the pre- ceding section. Proponents of power, irrigation, and water supply projects want to get in the parks, claiming that local needs along these lines should outweigh other considerations. 20 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE In his most recent report Director Mather draws attention to the fact that no less than five extensive irrigation power projects proposing to utilize the waters of Yellowstone lakes and rivers by impounding them within the park itself have been vigorously furthered by Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming in- terests since 1919, and that one of them had got before Con- gress and secured a favorable vote in the Senate. It is the opin- ion of the Director, after careful investigations, that any one of these projects, if completed, would seriously mar the beauty of the park. A. still more serious menace to the National Park Idea was contained in the Federal Water Power Act, signed by Presi- dent Wilson on June 10, 1920 (41 Stat. L., 1063). This act, when submitted to the National Park Service in tentative form, safeguarded the parks and monuments from commer- cial invasion for water power or irrigation purposes; but as finally passed by Congress it contained a provision specifically opening up all the parks and monuments for water power devel- opment. Upon protest being made, the bill was signed with the understanding that amendatory legislation would be pre- sented and passed at the next session of Congress excluding the parks and monuments from the scope of the act. This action was taken, and an act repealing so much of the Federal Water Power Act as authorized the use of existing parks and monuments for power projects was signed on March 3, 1921 (41 Stat. L., 1353). The parks were further safeguarded from the operation of the act by the inclusion of a clause in the sundry civil act of March 4, 1921 (41 Stat. L.,, 1380), providing that no part of the appropriation for the Federal Power Commission should be used for any expense connected with the leasing of water power facilities in any national park or monument. Between the passage of the Water Power Act and its amend- ment several applications were made to the Federal Power Commission for licenses for water power rights in the Sequoia, Yosemite, and Grand Canyon parks. The commission, how- HISTORY 21 ever, at the solicitation of the Secretary of the Interior, agreed not to consider applications for licenses within the parks until Congress had an opportunity to enact the promised amen- datory legislation. The successors of the late Secretary Lane have taken a like stand with regard to park exploitation. One of the last ut- terances of Judge John Barton Payne before relinquishing the Secretaryship of the Interior was the following: In my view the greatest assets, stated with reasonable lim- itations, of the country are such national monuments and parks as the Yellowstone, the Grand Canyon and other national parks which the Congress from time to time has set aside. If those parks may be encroached upon for a commercial pur- pose, sooner or later they will be destroyed, in my view. It ought not to be a question of utility. Congress presumably considered that when it set a park aside. No one feels more keenly than I the wisdom of conserving water for reclamation and power purposes, but that should not be done at the cost of any of our national parks or monuments. And where the question is one even for debate, every doubt should be resolved in favor of the integrity of the national parks. The water never remains in the park, and in the final analy- sis it is a question of expense, because without exception, so far as I know, there is always opportunity of using the water after it leaves the park. Now, on the Yellowstone project, I gave a hearing to gentle- men when I was in the Yellowstone last July, and we had a perfectly frank dicussion of the subject, and it finally came to the proposition that the project could not afford the cost un- less the free lands in the park could be used for that purpose; that to buy the land for a storage reservoir, and pay the dam- ages incident thereto, would make a burden on the reclamation project which it could ill afford to bear. I said that that should not be a question for debate. If the project cannot afford to bear the expense of acquiring new lands and pay the damages, then the project should be abandoned, if the con- verse of the proposition was the possible injury and destruc- tion of a national park. The Yellowstone is worth more to this country, it is worth more to Montana and Idaho and Wyoming than any utilitar- 22 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE ian use to which it may be applied. It is not only an asset for those adjacent states but for the whole country, and will attract people to that section always, and Congress and the people in the country should do everything in their power to preserve it in the best possible state as a national asset. And what I feel about Yellowstone is my view about all these parks. Secretary Fall on June 1, 1921, wrote as follows to the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Irrigation and Re- clamation : I am in receipt of your request for report upon S. 274 and 275, proposing to authorize the State of Montana, or irriga- tion districts authorized by the State, to build a dam across Yellowstone River at a point not more than three miles below the outlet of Lake Yellowstone, for the regulation of the waters of the Lake for irrigation purposes. This construction would be within the limits of the Yellowstone National Park. I can not favor the enactment of the measure. I do not believe it would be advisable for Congress to permit private interests to develop irrigation or power sites within the limits of existing national parks. These parks were created by Con- gress for the preservation of the scenery, forests, and other ob- jects of beauty and interest in their natural condition, and they are created and maintained for general and national purposes as contradistinguished from local development. If cases be found where it is necessary and advisable in the public interest to develop power and irrigation possibilities in national parks, and it can be done without interference with the purposes of their creation, I am of the opinion that it should only be permitted to be done, whether through the use of private or public funds, on specific authorization by Con- gress, the works to be constructed and controlled by the Fed- eral Government. Local feeling on this question is illustrated by the action taken by the Idaho legislature at its 1921 session. For many years the park officers both in Washington and at the several parks, have urged state legislation creating large game pre- * Idaho Senate Bill 173, approved March 1, 1921. HISTORY 23 serves immediately adjoining several of the parks, which from their size and location, are especially important wild-life re- fuges. This applied with especial force to the Yellowstone. The desirability of such legislation is apparent. Certain protected animals, especially the elk and buffalo herds of the Yellowstone, are prone to wander at certain seasons beyond the park boundaries, seeking fresh grazing grounds, and fre- quently they have been met by hunters and indiscriminately slaughtered. Serious depletion of the park’s herds has resulted. At the last session of the Idaho legislature a game preserve was created approximately seven miles wide, and running from nearly opposite the southwest corner of the park north- ward to the Continental Divide and the Idaho-Montana line. The act, however, contains the proviso that the preserve shall not be closed to hunting and actually made a sanctuary until the National Government certifies that the southwest corner of the park is made available for irrigation reservoirs, or until the boundaries of the park are so revised as to eliminate the south- west corner and thus make it available for irrigation projects. The other states bordering on the Yellowstone, Wyoming, and Montana, also passed game preserve legislation at their 1921 legislative sessions. In both states new fish and game commissions were created with broad powers, including the authority to establish game preserves in any parts of their re- spective states, whenever, in their judgment, such action is advisable. The Montana law, however, is practically nulli- fied by the provision that the commission cannot establish a game preserve unless the same is petitioned for by 75 per cent of the actual property owners of the district proposed to be set aside as a preserve. A large game preserve was created by the State of Colorado in 1919, enclosing the Rocky Mountain Park on three sides, the fourth being closed by the Continental Divide. The State of Washington has passed a law somewhat sim- ilar to the Montana and Wyoming laws. Under its provisions county game commissioners can set aside as game preserves 24 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE any state, school, or granted lands, certain designated waters, private lands (with the consent of the owners), and national forest areas (with the consent of the Chief Forester of the United States). An important bit of park legislation was enacted June 5, 1920 (41 Stat. L., 917) in the shape of a general authoriza- tion to the Secretary of the Interior to accept for the National Government, in his discretion, gifts of patented lands or other lands, buildings or other properties within the various national parks and monuments, and moneys which may be donated for the purposes of the national park and monument system. This provision supersedes several clauses in the sundry civil act of June 12, 1917 (40 Stat. L., 152), authorizing accep- tances by the Secretary of gifts in Glacier, Mt. Rainier, Mesa Verde, Rocky Mountain, and Crater Lake, as well as gifts of lands etc., including the upper slopes of Grandfather Moun- tain, near the Boone National Forest in Western North Car- olina, a region which after having been under consideration for park purposes for several years has been rejected as unsuitable after a careful examination by the National'Park Service. Under this authorization a number of gifts: have been made to the nation within the past year, the latest being a square mile of forest land in the Sequoia Park, the last redwood stand there which had been privately owned. This was se- cured and handed over to the Nationa! Park Service at a cost of $55,000 through the instrumentality of the National Geo- graphic Society. Another important event having to do with privately-owned land within park boundaries was the termination, in the Gov- ernment’s favor, of long-drawn-out litigation over some min- ing claims in the Grand Canyon. The decision of the United States Supreme Court in this case * established the proposition that the Government can, in the public interest, examine min- ing claims in the national parks and monuments with a view to determining their validity, and, in the event of their prov- * Cameron et al vs, United States; 252 U. S., 450 HISTORY 25 ing to be non-mineral, declare them invalid, thus preventing the “holding of lands within a park on the pretext that they are mineral-bearing. By act approved June 2, 1920 (41 Stat. L., 731), Congress accepted the cession by the State of California of exclusive jurisdiction of the territory within Yosemite, Sequoia, and General Grant Parks. The state act was passed April 15, 1919. This was an important step toward complete national jurisdiction in all the national parks, which consummation will alone create a satisfactory situation throughout the park sys- tem with regard to the enforcement of the regulations. In the parks over which the laws of the state in which they are lo- cated obtain, great difficulties in administration are at times encountered, owing to the fact that the department has no jurisdiction to punish offenses in violation of the regulations relating thereto, and particularly in the matter of preventing depredations on the game. Exclusive national jurisdiction now exists in nine parks Yellowstone, Yosemite, Sequoia, General Grant, Platt, Glacier, Mount Rainier, Crater Lake, and Hot Springs. Penalties for the violation of the laws and regulations have been prescribed for all these parks, and commissioners appointed for the trial of offenders in each one of them except Platt. The period since the creation of the National Park Service is also notable for the assumption by the Department of the Interior of complete control of all activities connected with the park system. This was brought about by the final re- linquishment by the War Department of police duties which it had performed for a considerable period in the California parks and in the Yellowstone, and by the withdrawal of the Corps of Engineers from all connection with park road and trail construction. The last detachment of soldiers to gar- rison Fort Yellowstone was withdrawn from the park on October 31, 1918, and the Corps of Engineers was relieved of further duty in connection with the road work on July Ist of the same year. On July roth of the following year the en- 26 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE gineers were withdrawn from Crater Lake, and the control of the park service was at last complete throughout the entire system. These changes were effected by transference of ap- propriations in the sundry civil acts of 1918 and 1919 (40 Stat. L., 634, and 41 Stat. L., 163). This finally ended what had always been an anomalous situation, involving a duplica- tion and even a triplication of control. For example, in the Yellowstone the Superintendent reported to the National Park Service and had no control over the commandant of the troops engaged in patrol work or the engineer officer in charge of road construction. The commandant reported to the Western Military Department at San Francisco, and the engineer officer to the Chief of Engineers of the Army. It was thus neces- sary to maintain at the park three distinct offices, three office forces, and separate warehouses for equipment and sup- plies. A word is in order here as to how this cumbersome system grew up. The organic acts creating the Yellowstone Park and the three parks in California (17 Stat. L., 32; 26 Stat. L., 478, 650) gave the Secretary of the Interior power to make rules and regulations, but no means of enforcing them. Considerable disorder and license resulted, and Congress met the situation by including in the act of March 3, 1883 (22 Stat. L., 626) a clause authorizing the Secretary of the In- terior to call upon the Secretary of War for details of troops for protection of the Yellowstone. A similar clause was in- corporated in the act of June 6, 1900 (31 Stat. L., 618) with regard to the Sequoia, General Grant, and Yosemite parks in California. The same act (31 Stat. L., 625) in making ap- propriations for the Yellowstone Park under the War De- partment provided that thereafter road extensions and im- provements in the park should be made under, and in har- mony with, a plan to be approved by the Chief of Engineers. Engineer troops and officers came to be employed in some of the other parks, notably Crater Lake and Mount Rainier, simply by the making of appropriations for road construction HISTORY 27 work under the War Department instead of the Interior De- partment. This system was probably unavoidable in the early days of the parks, and probably saved the Yellowstone from injury. But as time went on it became more and more apparent that a system of civilian control was to be preferred. Then, too, it was most unjust to the Army. Vast appropriations charged to the War Department were really expended for the benefit of the Department of the Interior. Secretary Garrison on May 1, 1914, called this to the attention of Secretary Lane in a letter reviewing the matter, and suggested that the time had come for the Department of the Interior to take over the complete handling of the parks. The military forces were withdrawn from the Yellowstone in October, 1916, and a special ranger force created to take over the work. A year later, however, Congress concluded that the park should be guarded by soldiers, and by making Interior Department funds non-available for protective pur- poses through legislation in the act of June 12, 1917 (40 Stat. L., 151) made necessary the recall of the cavalry to the park. The troops were withdrawn definitely from the California parks in 1913. With the final withdrawal from the Yellow- stone in 1918 all military control ceased, and all the parks are now protected by civilian rangers. The system of ranger control is described in the chapter on Organization. Other events of importance in recent park history have been an inspection trip of a number of members of the House Com- mittee on Appropriations to six of the leading northern parks in the summer of 1920, and the formal establishment and designation of a great connected highway between the major parks of the Far West to be known as the National Park-to-Park Highway. Mention of this highway leads naturally to mention of the automobile, the basic motive for the creation of the road being the desire for the establishment of a trunk line for motor vehicles that will take the auto tourists to every one of the 28 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE greater parks of the Far West. The proposal has the approval of the American Automobile Association and the support of the National Park Service. There was much argument, pro and con, before the automo- bile was permitted to enter the parks in the early years of Secretary Lane’s incumbency: Those opposed to its admis- sion held that to do so would be a violation of the National Park Idea in that it would be an essential ignoring of that part of the “Idea” which contemplated the retention of the parks in their original condition. It was argued on the other hand, that the admission of the auto would render the parks more accessible to the people and thus make of them to a much fuller extent “public parks and pleasuring-grounds.” There seems to be no question that a great and ever-increas- ing number of people are visiting the parks in this manner, as an examination of the statistics in the appendix will disclose. Moreover, the automobile has been a most important revenue- producer. Director Mather stated at the sundry civil hearings of December 16, 1920, that about 60 per cent of the revenue collected in the parks during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1920, came from this source. In the construction of this highway it is proposed that the eleven states concerned build those sections passing through well-settled portions of their respective territories, and that the National Government assist in constructing those sections traversing thinly populated regions. The sundry civil act of June 12, 1917 (40 Stat. L., 153) provided that after July 1, 1918, all revenues from national parks except those from Hot Springs should be covered into the Treasury to the credit of miscellaneous receipts. Previous to that time the revenues had been expended in the parks in which earned. The relation of these revenues to the amounts granted by Congress forms an interesting study. The total appropriations for 1920 totalled $907,070.76 and the revenues for the same period totalled $316,877.96, or approximately 35 per cent of the cost of maintenance. The total appropria- A D A _—— oe as qs oe oe hk ‘ 1 Devils Lak ie Te LLYSW/LL PARK ao TEERIOR > Gran Crookston S = % Forks <_von Ry, fey %, Far; . Cad es 60 son 5 Le i / ~28toy, i, ¢/ of] Superior me OL, berdeen x N¥ ¢ Aberdeen She a ' = rs Heh Od K ju NN oO < 1s uo? 2 Gl yo 2 j. an a as FW Cy fy — iF) wy Madi = Ta i % A ison J tinrN (a ll Cy Seo Milwaukee =o] ND J - Norfol \ i 7k eg MOINES: Scale pon mahi cma ys V/| ' <= : incowy S u Sf athe Peoria} \o £4 /D = ~X Y Yao IL L Fi 1é Scandia Ka % “Bpsingiie } o NSas MABASH %, 500 aa Op eke a. AV gy ! Ea; A FE 2 EABU: a N mente” me fl MO a(S S : i Wichits : Oe 8s y yy aes easy \Carthage/* ‘ Sf wh r 4 KY a Zs aro git on EP eS aS r z RY i Ox <7 iY . 4 eee C] ge” e i 1pot Kenny * TENN K aa — y Memphis =| Davie sO |] Hon sPRings Jie Rstk 77 PAR ( Ff PARK & 7 ! ar Fait 7 ? uf es Benton ( as 5 YS os OAL. , r 3/7 ¢/flesarkana=s le oe! forth 7 anol? Shreveport f < pA " por ) lj Dallas \ 1 Pdackson | f{ a A e \ Nes : Mae \ : » wa (3 Temo! > Vt 0 een, oe 7 4 ot wy § Tr ANO as fn ea) ass ake GharlesSSaSe Of an inio = 4. ‘ Wallis a rlieans CG”, es WN ONAL PARK SERVICE. Fold out 29 HISTORY NATIONAL PARKS, ADMINISTERED BY THE NATI [NumBgEr, 19; TOTAL AREA, ONAL PARK SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 10,859 SQUARE MILES; CHRONOLOGICALLY IN ORDER OF CREATION] Area Private «os Name : When Statute Refer- Area Visitors om Location established ence L, sae (acres, i 1920 r é f re Hot Springs........+.!Middle Arkansas ...... {i ab ce ee 21 Stat bs. 1% 911.63 None 2 162,850 ....]Wyoming, Montana, and 41 Stat. L., 1407 ‘sean iaasisoblgibins dahovcs-sengrtecrte Mar. 1, 2872] 17 Stat La'3% 33,.] 13.348 | aynga.720 None 79.777 Sequoia (sé-kwoi’4)...|Middle eastern California Sept. 25, 1890 ee L., 478, 5 161,597 2,04 3155 26 Stat. Yosemite (y6-sém’-i-té)].......... do ..........] Oct. 1, 1890 33 ek 1,125 719,622.4 10,000 68,906 34 Stat. General Grant.......[..-0.00+-. dO essay a do .....] 26 Stat. 4 2,536 160 19,661 Mount Rainier (ra-]West central Washing- 2, 1899] 30 Stat. 324 207,360 18.2 56,491 NOL) ccsamtane-cesimovsyel, COM, Saw otenas % cenamens Crater Lake Southern Oregon ....... 22, 1902] 32 Stat. 249 159,360 2,458.11 20,135 sa[ South Dakota « canes «sas 9, 1903] 32 ee Las 7684 17 10,899.22 None 27,023 32 tat. ...JSouthern Oklahoma .... a Tabs 655 : 1% 848.22 None 2 38,000 " 33 Stat. L., ..}North Dakota . ‘ 27, 1904] 33 Stat 1% 780 None 9,341 323, 34 Stat. pice Verde (ma’sa-|Southwestern Colorado .. ae oe a Stat. L., 82, 83 77 48,966.4 993 2,890 MEPIE) swe x caw 4 vat J ie waves Glacier (gla’sher) ....{Northwestern Montana .. 11, 1910] 36 Stat. L 1,534 981,681 16,508.1 22,449 Rocky Mountain .-|North middle Colorado .. o aoe - otal. 397% 254,327 2 20,693 2 240,966 Hawaii para’) «....{ Hawaiian Islands . I, 1916} 39 Stat. 118 75,295 2 41,000 (3) Lassen Volcanic (las’-}Northern California 9, 1916] 39 Stat. 124 79,501.58 2,955 2 2,000 OS) 454 weesss Kaw ee McKinley .....]South central Alaska ... Feb. 26, 1917] 39 Stat. 2,200 1,498,000 Neue (3) Jan. 12, 1908 —_. Grand Canyon4 .,..|North central Arizona .. oe 26, 1919 is ee 958 613,120 732.16 67,315 Lafayette5 ..........,|Maine coast ............ at Ps tong a ea 8 $,000 | None 2 66,500 July 31, 1909/) 36 Stat. Zioné ............+.,.;Southwestern Utah .....]4 Mar, 18, 1918] }4o Stat. 120 _75,800 9,817.72 3,692 Nov. 19, 1919!) 41 Stat. iabaciace 1In Wyoming, 3,114 square 2 Estimated. 3 No record kept. miles; in Montana, 4 Formerly Grand Canyon National Monument. 5 Formerly Sieur de Monts National Monum 6 Formerly Zion National Monument. ent; donated to the United States. 198 square miles; in Idaho, 36 squere miles, THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE 30 *489Ja3US O1UVDS pur Aynevaq 38233 JO—sem snozdioazd yw 4993 OO’ 03 00g wI0I3 YIdep ‘(UOAUE B0IZ) 93103 JusoyuzeW ‘pursy 34080q, yUNO;_ wodn sulEUNOW azIUeIZ Jo dnos3 ayy ‘pisom ay ur apoezveds suNyqns ysow 94} pue UoISOIa yo ajdwIexd 3s9}2953 OY] “‘pljom ur ulezunoUs 39430 Aue ueq} A1juN0D Zurlpunosins saoqe IJ9YyZIq sosrY—(j293 OOf‘oz opine) eysWy YON Ul ulezUNOUT 3s9y3IT ‘sjsal0y SUI Y—Sayxe] SNosauMp—suodued oijsaley[—seaeo vo[—s1asha3 pny—ssulsds OP—3993 64g'9 ‘au0g JapuIj—epnyye ur 93 Sobor ‘yead uassey—sadoid 893831 PEHU Ul OULDIOA dAT}Oe 4[UQ ‘ofe sivaé coz paydnsa {saaeo eael pue ‘saaoi3 Auoseyeur ‘s}sas0z jedtdos} snoa3io03 ‘souos Auew surezu0s ‘daap yaaz ooo'f pue ssO1De sSo]IU g YWUNS UI IIs SMOpuauIss, YIM ‘y31y 4@2z OCO‘or ‘mepY UO ‘eTexEae_ {WeMexY uo 21e—(apeoap Asoaa Buydns9 ‘pom 3q} Ul OUTD[OA @aI}oe yseBse]) SZo'€1 opnyyye ‘eo7] euney pue ‘£1njuao Joy aAyjoe A[snonuued ‘vane[ry—z :sease gt 2 “porta yeses Jo spsooas arqeyxseway—opnyyye 39x OSz‘br 0} ooo‘I syvod ‘eBuer Amoug—seyooy 4} JO JOH “Surysy yn033 aur7 —AYYENPIAIpUl payrem jo Alauaos euonesuas ysourpyy—daep 399} yO sp q rdissigq—siaisey3s [pews og—Aynesq o1UeWIOL Jo saxe] paz-so1oe|s oSz—sayzoe1eYo auidjy pessedinsun jo woiZei ureyunow pesany *pitom ayy ur Jou FT ‘sa3eIg PaiUuQ ut ssajaMp Yryo ss0ystqosd paasasosd jsaq pue s]qejou ysoW ‘aataseid [BuUE-ppiM jueyOdu ue ST—aye] & pue ‘seers ‘spoom qyM yYred [EUS ‘anjea jeulsipaw SZurssassod sZurids saq}0 pue Inydins Aue] “*SUOIJEWIIOJ JerNoed Aueul ZururezWos ozis a[qesepisuod yo ssaquieyo snosaummu pue satra[[es zo sepia Aueus Suraey wsaaey “Burysy aur 5 ape Dee earl 8urysa193}Ul—q31y 3223 000'r sapris—zayyno ou ‘4yayur ou ‘ouBsT[OA yOUT}Xe Jo JazeIO Ul ON[q AJEUIPIOeI}ZXS JO SHE] ‘Spay JaMOY-P[IM suldyeqns jnj1apuo~q—yoIy? 3997 00S 03 Of ‘la1eE[s Jo Say arenbs gh—ezis aB1e, jo suios ‘s1a1oe[3 gz—uldysAs Id19E]S yeoad a[Zuis a[qisseose ysoss1e'] “Hae, yeuoneN Blonbag wlosy sapiw g—sdjowEIp ul Jaoy SE ‘vary, JUeIH [eJaUay pozesqaysa 9y} VAIaseId 07 parent “BUIYSy jNOl} poon—s[[eq [eeyMsozeAy—syeed Amous JO sease 931eJ—SIII} Bq jo saao0id €—jyBiay AIeUIpsOeIyxd Jo S[[eJII}eAA—sSEysia BpweuOYy—syrjo Ao I—Ajneaq poulejz-pjiom jo AaleA “Burysy 3no1} sUly—azis a[qesepisuod yo aaegj—saoidysasd Zuljie}G—sosues uleyunoW BZuriaMol,— JoyWeIP Ul Jaz OE 0} SZ auOS ‘JazaWIEIP UI 499j¥ OF J9AO $991} EIONbas O00‘zI—yIeg feuopen sail Big ey + “ppjom ur aAsasaid jewiue pue PsIq PIM ysazeaIN—‘oja ‘daays uleyunow ‘1e9q ‘adojajue ‘asoour ‘uosiq ‘ya ‘soap Aq pazIqeyur ssausapyia WEA—S][efIIIVM—Soye, Bre T—Burs0joo snvasi03 303 aqeyseuss ‘auojsmoyjax 24} JO uokueD pueiy —s}$a10J payujag—seoursjoa pny(—sBurids Zuiplog—say}eS0} pjiom jo 4yso1 [fe Ul ueyy ssashas as0W *Josyuos orpqnd sJapun sasnoyyyeq oz—sasnoy Buipreoq pue sjazoy Auepl—satjsedosd aayeino Surssessod Uputads pas oF di were eee 9 WOIZ i. g aHIAejeT] steeeeeeeceeeees 5 uokuBD pues se eeeeeeeseeres KIUIYDAT JUNOPL soee* (ua se[) 1UBIJOA UasseT ene ceee “1 (@ya-eq) emer ee ee ee “+ (2P,aga es,2ur) Sps9a eso Pee Pgs esto tere OARS Held et ee steteeees aypy saqesg sreeeeees Cagu-ps) Jarurey yunoyy tt eeeeeneeeereeees queiy pesauan seeeeeees (pn mgs-04) a}Was0 teeeeseeerees (promo-as) eronbag see teeeseeeeseeesees au0ysMO[[ax seeeeeeeeeecererees sRuridS JOHT sorjsisazoerego perads amen HISTORY 31 tions for 1921 were $1,058,969.16, with a corresponding rev- enue of $396,928.27. The sources of park revenue are four in number: taxes on concessions; public utilities, such as water, telephone, or power systems; natural resources, i.e., sales of dead timber, stone, hides of predatory animals, etc.; and automobile and motorcycle permits. The system of taxing concessions varies in the different parks. Tables of statistics showing appropriations for the several parks and monuments are given in the Appendix. The Several Parks. In the pages that follow individual sketches of the parks in the national system are given in some detail. Yellowstone. The creation of the Yellowstone National Park and the legislation authorizing the same have already been referred to. For more than a decade after its creation little was done for its protection or development. The ap- propriations were not large, and the lack of support made it impossible for the early superintendents to accomplish much that was genuinely constructive. The first superintendent was the Hon. N. P. Langford, who, as mentioned above, had been a member of fhe Washburn-Doane expedition. He received no salary, and his hands were so securely tied by lack of funds and lack of means for enforcement of the regulations that he was practically powerless. He was nevertheless severely criti- cised for his administration. Civilian administration during these early years proving unsatisfactory, the act of March 3, 1883 (22 Stat. L., 626) made some radical changes. It provided for a civilian superin- tendent and ten assistants, but the protection of the park was entrusted to a detail of troops which the Secretary of the In- terior was authorized to request of the Secretary of War, and the development of roads and bridges was entrusted to the Corps of Engineers of the Army. The act of August 4, 1886 (24 Stat. L., 240), by making no 32 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE provision for a superintendent or assistant, threw the entire administration and protection of the parks into the hands of the military, there being nothing for the Secretary of the In- terior to do but call on the Secretary of War for a detail of troops. This practice was thereupon continued from year to. year, and the commanding officer of Fort Yellowstone was des- ignated as acting superintendent reporting to the Secretary of the Interior. The soldiers, thereafter, were used not merely for purposes of protection but for general administrative pur- poses, serving practically as rangers. After 1888, up to and including 1901, the park appropria- tions were made directly through the War Department, but expenditures from the park revenues were made by the Secre- tary of the Interior. After the act of March 2, 1895 (28 Stat. L., 945), under which the War Department appropria- tions covered protection as well as improvement, expenditures from the revenues could be made for managerial purposes only. Beginning with the act of March 3, 1g01 (31 Stat. L., 1169), small appropriations were again made through the Interior Department for administration and protection, out of which clerical help was furnished to the acting superintendent and a few scouts and other additional employees paid. But the great landmark in Yellowstone legislation, second only to the organic act, was the act of May 7, 1894 (28 Stat. L., 73) which put teeth into the earlier law and enabled the park authorities to enforce the regulations and give the park and its wild life a protection never enjoyed before. The pas- sage of this act was brought about by the capture of a poacher who slaughtered several buffaloes, well knowing that if caught, removal from the park would be the extent of his punishment. This resulted in immediate action by Congress, which passed a law that provided, among other things, for the appointment of a resident United States Commissioner with power to try for misdemeanors, and to issue process and commit in the case of felonies; for summary arrest in case of open violation of _ the regulations ; for the erection of a jail; and for the appoint- HISTORY 33 ment of a resident deputy United States marshal. This act was amended and made more practicable by the act of June 28, 1916 (39 Stat. L., 238), which, by modifying the punish- ments prescribed, made it possible to treat violations as mis- demeanors and thus do away with the necessity of formal in- dictment. A fact not generally known is that the entire Yellowstone area is not under National jurisdiction. The act of July to, 1890 (26 Stat. L., 222), admitting Wyoming into the Union retained national jurisdiction over the park area. This law does not apply to the strips of the park located in Montana and Idaho. These strips, however, are of very slight extent, being only a few miles wide. The greater part of the park, fully 95 per cent of the total area, is in Wyoming. _ The situa- tion, however, is one which contains many possibilities for con- flict, especially in regard to game protection, attention to which was called by the Chief Forester in his 1916 report. In the Yellowstone region, comprising the park and adjacent national forests, the game in the park, i.e., in the Wyoming portion of it, is under national jurisdiction, while the game in the forests and in the Idaho and Montana park strips is under state jurisdiction, there being three states with differing laws to reckon with. That provision of the organic act creating the National Park Service which gives the Secretary of the Interior author- ity to permit grazing at his discretion in the parks and monu- ments does not apply to the Yellowstone. No grazing is per- mitted there. As has been stated above, the military were finally with- drawn from the Yellowstone in 1918, and entire control since that time has been in the hands of the National Park Service. Yosemite. Yosemite’s history as a park dates back to be- fore the days of the Yellowstone, the valley proper and the Mariposa Big Tree Grove having been granted to the State of California for use as a state park by the act of June 30, 1864 (13 Stat. L., 325). The whole of this park area was 34 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE surrounded by, but not included in, the area set apart by the act of October 1, 1890 (26 Stat. L., 650) for a national park under the Secretary of the Interior. The act of April 28, 1904 (33 Stat. L., 478) directed the Secretary of the Interior to ascertain what part of the area set aside by the act of 1890 was not necessary for park pur- poses and could be returned to the public domain. In the fol- lowing year, accordingly, certain lands were excluded from the area originally set aside, and the remaining reservation was named the Yosemite National Park (act of February 7, 1905; 33 Stat. L., 702). It was provided, however, that revenues accruing from the lands excluded should go to the park. With the formal acceptance by the United States (Joint resolution of June 11, 1906; 34 Stat. L., 831) of the recession by California of the lands given for a state park in 1864 (California Session Law, March 3, 1905) the crea- tion of the Yosemite as a national park was complete, the lands receded being included in the national park created in 1890. Beginning with the season of 1891 troops were detailed to guard the park, and this system continued except for short intervals until 1914, when they were withdrawn by agreement. The act of June 6, 1900 (31 Stat. L., 618) directed the Sec- retary of War to make troop details on request of the Secre- tary of the Interior. As in the case of the Yellowstone, the commander of the troops was acting superintendent. The troops did not remain in the park during the winter, however, and no permanent post was established. The act of December 19, 1913 (38 Stat. L., 242) granted the city and county of San Francisco the right to create a reservoir in the Hetch Hetchy Valley in the Yosemite Park for the purpose of supplying the city with water. The act of June 2, 1920 (41 Stat. L., 731) accepted, on the part of the United States, exclusive jurisdiction in the Yosem- ite, Sequoia, and General Grant Parks. Sequoia and General Grant. The acts of September 25, HISTORY 35 and October 1, 1890 (26 Stat. L., 478 and 650) set aside, with the usual conditions as to control by the Secretary of the Interior, the making by him of rules and regulations, and the granting of leases, etc., two park areas in California which received the names, respectively of Sequoia and General Grant. The history of these two parks between 1891 and 1914 cor- responds exactly to that of the Yosemite during the same pe- riod. By the act of July 1, 1916 (39 Stat. L., 308) there was ap- propriated the sum of $50,000, which was added to $20,000 contributed by the National Geographic Society, and the whole used to purchase some private holdings in Sequoia Park, which included parts of the Giant Forest. Since then other gifts by the National Geographic Society and certain citizens, to- talling over $80,000, have resulted in over a thousand acres of privately owned land in this park being returned to public possession. As these parks are only a short distance apart, and as the General Grant Park is very small, being only four square miles in extent, they are administered together under one superin- tendent. Mount Rainier. This park, which includes within its bound- aries the mountain after which it was named and the adjacent territory, was created by the act of March 2, 1899 (30 Stat. L., 993) which differs from the ordinary park-creating act in that it.provides for the extension of the mineral land laws to the territory set aside. This provision was nullified, how- ever, by the act of May 27, 1908 (35 Stat. L., 365) which prohibited the location of further claims. A concession for transportation was allowed in 1902, and the park placed under the supervision of the Forest Supervisor of the State of Washington. Protection has been provided by means of civilian rangers from the first opening of the park, although much of the original road construction was per- formed by army engineers. Cession by the State of Washington of exclusive jurisdic- 36 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE tion was accepted by the act of June 30, 1916 (39 Stat. L., 243). oe Lake. Crater Lake National Park, comprising about 250 square miles in Southwestern Oregon, surrounding the lake of the same name, was created by the act of May 22, 1902 (32 Stat. L., 202). This act corresponds in general to the other park acts, but makes no provision for use of park revenues in the development of the park, as do the acts creating the parks heretofore noticed. Administration and protection have always been performed by civilians, but until 1919 road building was in charge of Army engineers. Cession of exclusive jurisdiction by Oregon was accepted by the United States by the act of August 21, 1916 (39 Stat. L., 512). Wind Cave. This park, which includes some 10,000 acres in Southwestern South Dakota, was created by the act of Jan- uary 9, 1903 (32 Stat. L., 765). By the act of August 12, 1912 (37 Stat. L., 293) part of the park area was constituted a game preserve, and the Secretary of Agriculture was author- ized to purchase necessary adjoining lands and enclose and protect the preserve. Several tracts of privately owned land which were inside the park boundaries at the time the park was created have since been acquired by the National Govern- ment. The game preserve is in charge of the Bureau of Biological Survey and includes some 4000 acres, well fenced, on which are maintained herds of buffalo, elk, antelope, and deer. An Executive Order of July 14, 1920, temporarily with- drew 2%4 sections of public land adjoining the park to con- serve a water supply for the animal herds. Platt. This park, known as Sulphur Springs Reservation until the name was changed by joint resolution of June 20, 1906 (34 Stat. L., 837), was created by the act of july 1, 1892 (32 Stat. L., 641, 655). This act confirmed an agree- ment made with the Choctaw and Chickasaw Indians, and by its provisions a tract of land, to be designated by the Secretary HISTORY 37 of the Interior, was relinquished to the United States. By act of April 21, 1904 (33 Stat. L., 220), additions were made to the park, which now comprises approximately 850 acres just outside the town of Sulphur, Oklahoma. The park contains several unique mineral springs and is of considerable natural beauty. It also has a well-fenced game preserve containing several buffaloes and elk. The Enabling Act of June 16; 1906 (34 Stat. L., 267) and the Oklahoma Constitution adopted July 16, 1907 provided for the retention of National jurisdic- tion over the park area. Sullys Hill. In the Presidential Proclamation of June 2, 1904 (33 Stat. L., 2368), under the act of April 24, 1904 (33 Stat. L., 319), throwing open the Devils Lake Indian ‘Reservation to settlement, there is incorporated a clause ex- cepting some 780 acres on the south shore of Devils Lake “for public use as a park to be known as Sullys Hill Park.” No provision was made for administration, and except for one small appropriation—$500—to determine its mineral or non- mineral qualities, no appropriations have been made for the park through the Department of the Interior. It has become an important game preserve of the Bureau of Biological Sur- vey, however, and has received fairly liberal appropriations for that purpose. Its park uses are mostly in the nature of a local picnic ground. Mesa Verde. Mesa Verde Park, notable for its prehistoric ruins, was created by the act of June 29, 1906 (34 Stat. L., 616) which, though similar in general form to the average park-creating law, contains a provision authorizing the Secre- tary of the Interior to grant permits for excavation. In 1909 an attempt was made to amend this act so that the leases and permits granted by the Secretary of the Interior in the park should be restricted to coal mining for local use in Montezuma county, Colorado, the revenue derived therefrom to be covered into the Treasury without right on the part of the Secretary to use it for park development. This act was vetoed by President Taft on April 28, 1910. The park’s area was en- 38 THE NATIONAL PARK. SERVICE larged by the act of June 30, 1913 (38 Stat. L., 82). Considerable archzological research has been done in the park by the Smithsonian Institution, and the establishment of a school of archzology has been proposed. There is a museum in the park for the display of pottery and other relics of the region. Glacier. Glacier Park comprises about 1500 square miles in northwestern Montana adjoining the Canadian boundary, and contains within its borders probably the finest Alpirte scenery to be found in the United States outside of Alaska. It was created by the act of May 11, 1910 (36 Stat. L., 354). It directly adjoins the Waterton Lakes Park of the Canadian park system, on the north. Appropriations for this park have been regular and fairly liberal from the date of its foundation, and it has been de- veloped into one of the most important and popular parks of the entire system. Much credit for the development and ad- vertising of the park is due the Great Northern Railway, which has expended between two and three million dollars in the creation of a system of hotels and chalets. All park activities have been in civilian hands from the first, the military arm never having been called upon for either pro- tection or road construction. Acceptance from Montana of exclusive jurisdiction was effected by the act of August 22, 1914 (38 Stat. L., 699), and, as in the case of all the other parks, save Platt, in which juris- diction has been ceded, penalties for violations of the laws and regulations were prescribed, and provision made for a United States Commissioner with jurisdiction over offenses committed within the park. The act of July 3, 1916 (39 Stat. L., 342) provided that cer- tain homesteaders who had entered upon lands in the park area before the park was created should be protected in their rights, but that in the event of the non-perfecting of the en- tries the lands covered thereby should revert to the park. By the act of March 3, 1917 (39 Stat. L., 1122) the Secre- HISTORY 39 tary of the Interior was authorized to exchange for private lands held within the park, matured timber of an equal value located either on Government land in the park or in the ad- jacent national forest in Montana. Rocky Mountain. Rocky Mountain Park was created by the act of June 26, 1915 (38 Stat. L., 798), the law being sim- ilar to the standard park-creating law save for an inhibition upon appropriations of more than $10,000 in any one year ex- cept by special Congressional authorization. This proviso was repealed by the act of March 1, 1919 (40 Stat. L., 1271). The park’s boundaries were enlarged by the act of February 14, 1917 (39 Stat. L., 916), giving it a total area of about 400 square miles. It is located in north central Colorado. Hawaii. Hawaii Park is unique for several reasons, one being that it was created on the initiative of Congress by the act of August 1, 1916 (39 Stat. L., 432), the act varying from the standard park law only in that it provided that no appro- priation should be made until proper conveyance had been made to the United States of rights of way over private lands to secure access to the park. By the act of February 27, 1920 (41 Stat. L., 452) the Governor of Hawaii was author- ized to acquire, at Hawaii’s expense, all private lands lying in the park boundaries and all necessary rights of way, etc., there- over. Provision was therefore made by an appropriation of $10,000 in the act of March 4, 1921 (41 Stat. L., 1407) for the necessary administration and protection, which can be ef- fected with a superintendent, clerk, and two rangers. It is the expectation of the National Park Service that this park will speedily become very popular and a good producer of revenue. Lassen. This park, located in northeastern California, comprises the territory surrounding Mount Lassen, the only active volcano within the limits of the continental United States. It was created by the act of August 9, 1916 (39 Stat. L., 442) which contains an inhibition on appropriations of more than $5,000 without express authorization. Two appro- 40 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE priations have been made, one of $2,500 by the act of June 5, 1920 (41 Stat. L., 918) ; the other, of $3,000 by the act of March 4, 1921 (41 Stat. L., 1407), arrangements for the ex- penditure of which sum in the construction of roads and trails have been made with the Forest Service. Forest Service employees of the neighboring Lassen National Forest are giv- ing the park what protection they can. A movement insti- tuted in 1919 to have the park abolished and restored to the forest reserve proved abortive. Mount McKinley. Mount McKinley Park was created by the act of February 26, 1917 (39 Stat. L., 938). The act does not differ from the other park acts save in that it specif- ically continues in force the mineral land laws as regards the park area and limits appropriations to $10,000 per annum. No appropriations were made nor anything done to protect the park until March 4, 1921 (41 Stat. L., 1407), when $8,000 was appropriated for its protection. A ranger with one assis- tant was sent into the park in the Spring of 1921, and a start has thus been made toward protection of the great game herds, which in recent years have been seriously harried by poachers. It is believed that this territory will become as great a game preserve as the Yellowstone. Grand Canyon. The act of February 26, 1919 (40 Stat. L., 1175) created the Grand Canyon National Park out of a portion of Grand Canyon National Monument in northern Arizona, which had in turn been created by the Presidential Proclamation of June 11, 1908 (35 Stat. L., 2175). The act creating the park is, in general, of the usual form, but con- tains two unusual provisions: one authorizing the Secretary of the Interior to conduct negotiations with the authorities of Coconino county, ‘Arizona, with a view to the purchase of the Bright Angel Trail, a toll road in the park owned and main- tained by the county; the other providing that all concessions, leases, privileges, etc., granted in the park shall be sold at public auction to the highest bidder. It also provides that prospecting is to be allowed in the park at the Secretary’s HISTORY 4I discretion when not calculated to interfere with the park’s primary purpose. Since the park’s establishment, appropriations have been made as follows : July 19, 1919 (41 Stat. L., 204), $40,000; June 5, 1920 (41 Stat. L., 918) $60,000; and March 4, 1921 (41 Stat. L., 1407), $100,000. A clause in the 1920 and 1921 acts provides that no parts of the respective appropria- tions are to be used for the improvement of any toll road or toll trail, a provision undoubtedly aimed at the Bright Angel Trail. All three appropriations are for “administration, pro- tection, maintenance and improvement” and the first one is for “development” as well. The second, in addition to the ob- jects mentioned, is also for “acquisition of road and trail rights.” Negotiations held so far with Coconino County have come to nothing. The county charges one dollar per person for the use of the trail, and claims that its value based on its earning power is $100,000. The National Park Service, on the other hand, has ascertained that a new trail can be built for $30,000. Lafayette. This park, comprising some 5000 acres in Mt. Desert Island, off the Maine coast, is notable in being the first park to be established on the Atlantic seaboard. It was first set aside as the Sieur de Monts National Monument by the Proclamation of July 8, 1916 (39 Stat. L., 1785), and later obtained park status by the act of February 26, 1919 (40 Stat. L., 1178), the act being very brief and merely stating that the park was created and was to be administered by the National Park Service. The acts of July 19, 1919 and June s, 1920 (41 Stat. L., 204 and 918) carried appropriations for Lafayette Park of $10,000 and $20,000, respectively, both for “administration, maintenance, protection and improve- ment.” Zion. The area included in Zion Park in southwestern Utah was originally set apart as Mukuntuweap National Monument by Proclamation of July 31, 1909 (36 Stat. L., 2498). The Proclamation of March 18, 1918 (40 Stat. L., 1760) enlarged 42 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE this monument and changed its name to Zion ‘National Mon- ument, which, in the following year, by act of November 19, 1919 (41 Stat. L., 356) became Zion National Park. The act provided that the park should be administered by the National Park Service and maintained by an allotment of funds from the appropriations for the monuments until an independent appropriation should be made. Two appropriations have been made by the acts of June 5, 1920 and March 4, 1921 (41 Stat. L., 919 and 1408), in the respective amounts of $7,500 and $10,000 for “administration, protection, maintenance and im- provement.” Hot Springs. Hot Springs Park is unique not only as the “Great American Spa” but as being at once the oldest and the youngest member of the park system. It was reserved many years before any other member of the park system, April 20, 1832 (4 Stat. L., 505), but did not finally receive the name of park until March 4, 1921 (41 Stat. L., 1407). Because of its nature its history has been different from that of every other member of the system. It is a health resort rather than a “pleasure ground.” It is only fair to add, how- ever, that the development of Hot Springs in recent years, its equable climate, and the beauty of the surrounding region com- bine to make it a far from unattractive place to visit. The act of June 11, 1870 (16 Stat. L., 149) authorized suit in the Court of Claims by any one claiming title to any land in the reservation, and for a receiver to take charge of the lands in case of decision in favor of the United States. Final decision was so rendered by the Supreme Court in October, 1875.1 By the act of March 3, 1677 (io Stat, LL. 377) a commission was created to lay off the reservation into lots and streets, to set apart Hot Springs Mountain as a permanent res- ervation and to condemn the buildings thereon, to determine upon the rights of claimants to take lots at appraised values, and to sell the lots not so taken. Hot Springs Mountain was placed in charge of a superintendent to be appointed by the +“Hot Springs Cases,” 2 Otto, 608. HISTORY 43 Secretary of the Interior. Proceeds from the sale of lots and receipts from water rents were to be devoted to the reservation. The act of December 16, 1878 (20 Stat. L., 258) authorized the Secretary of the Interior to execute leases on the perman- ent reservation, and directed the superintendent, out of the rentals, to provide free baths for the indigent. The act of June 16, 1880 (21 Stat. L., 288) added the other undivided mountainous districts to the permanent reservation, and ceded the streets and thoroughfares not in the permanent reservation to the town of Hot Springs, a municipal corporation of the State of Arkansas. The Government Free Bath House was authorized in 1878, and has been enlarged from time to time. In 1920 construc- tion of a new free bath house was begun. Besides the free bath house, there are nineteen pay bath houses in Hot Springs receiving hot water from the park, the rates charged for baths being fixed in each instance by the Secretary of the Interior. Under governmental authority a free clinic was organized in April 1916 in connection with the free bath house. The act of June 30, 1882 (22 Stat. L., 121) appropriated $100,000 for an Army and Navy Hospital to be erected on the reservation and to be subject to such rules, regulations, and restrictions as might be provided by the President of the United States. Acceptance was made by act of April 20, 1904 (30 Stat. L., 187) of cession by the State of Arkansas of exclusive juris- diction over a portion of the permanent reservation on the Hot Springs Mountain. This act was amended by the acts of March 2, 1907 (34 Stat. L., 1218) and March 3, 1911 (36 Stat. L., 1086) so as to make more definite the provision re- garding a United States Commissioner. The National Monuments. Individual sketches of the na- tional monuments would be superfluous. They received no appropriations prior to 1917. Since then, appropriations general and specia] have totalled $75,500. They were placed 44 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE in charge of officers of the Department of the Interior in the vicinity—General Land Office employees, etc. In a few cases custodians have been employed at nominal salaries, and in the case of Muir Woods custodian service has been paid out of the appropriation for protecting public lands. Many of the monu- ments—for example, The Devils Tower in eastern Wyoming— will need no custodians, being practically injury proof. In the case of monuments like the Southwestern Ruins and the Petrified Forest, which are vulnerable to the vandal and de- spoiler, it is the policy to provide protection. A ranger has recently been placed in the Petrified Forest. The principal facts relating to the individual monuments are set forth on pages 45 and 46: Parks and Monuments not Administered by the National Park Service. Although this monograph is concerned pri- marily with the National Park Service and the parks and monuments under its jurisdiction, brief mention should be made of a number of national parks and monuments under other control. A complete list of them is contained in the tables on pages 47 and 48: In addition to the parks listed in these tables, there was for- merly another national park under the War Department. A portion of Mackinac Island, Michigan, possessed that status from 1875 to 1895, when it was turned over to Michigan for use as a state park. Of the monuments in these tables, those under the Agricul- ture Department are all located within the bounds of forest re- serves, that being the determining factor which placed them under the Agriculture Department instead of the Interior De- partment at the time of their creation. A monument may be transferred from the Agriculture Department to the Interior Department at any time by simply revoking the forest reserva- tion covering its area. The military monuments, by the same token, are located on military reservations. Growth of Popular Interest in the Park System. 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Twelve of the national monuments were visited by 54,227 persons ir} 1919; by 138,951 the following year. These figures illustrate very graphically the steady increase in popular interest in the nation’s playgrounds. A number of factors have contributed to this. A combination of the “See America First” movement and conditions of European travel brought about by the World War has caused more people to consider native resorts, in the planning of their vacations. The development of good roads and the automobile have played a part, as well as the great increase in recent years in the outdoor cult. Finally, the parks are better advertised than they used to be, not only by the Government but by pri- vate agencies which have discovered that advertising the parks in connection with their own business is not only good adver- tising from the standpoint of attractiveness but from that of increased returns as well. In addition to this, articles about the parks and their wonders have of late enjoyed a tremen- dous vogue in the popular magazines. The result of all this has been that hundreds of people are familiar with the parks to-day as compared with scores a few years ago. There is every reason to believe that this interest now solidly estab- lished will increase rather than diminish, that the parks will be visited by increasing throngs year by year; and that the visitors will be not alone from America but from other parts of the world as well, as a knowledge of what these priceless reservations contain becomes more widespread. CHAPTER II ACTIVITIES In the preceding chapter the functions of the National Park Service—the supervision, management, and control of the various parks and monuments—have been pointed out; and some indication has necessarily been given of the activities of the Service in the performance of those functions. In considering the activities in detail it will simplify matters to go back for a moment to what may be termed the first principles of the Service, and note once more that the ‘National Park Idea,’ as expressed in the organic laws of the Service, the Yellowstone and the National Park Service acts, emphasizes two things: the retention of the parks, their scenery, natural wonders, forests, waters, etc., in their original state; and, the public enjoyment of the things and places thus conserved. The work of the National Park Service consists in the further- ance of these two objects, and all of its activities are con- cerned with either the conservation of the parks and monu- ments or the promotion of their use and enjoyment by the people. In discussing the Service’s activities, therefore, at- tention will be given, first to conservational ‘activities, and, then, to promotive activities. Conservation of Physical Features. Conservational activ- ities of the National Park Service are concerned with two kinds of conservation. First, there is the preservation in their natural states of the actual, physical parks themselves, their formations, their forests, and their waters. Then there is the protection of the wild life in the parks to the end that it may be preserved from extermination and given a chance to increase freely and develop in natural surroundings. 50 ACTIVITIES By Natural Wonders. The formations about the Yellowstone geysers and hot springs and rock and other formations in all the parks and monuments possess special attractions for the initial-cutting vandal and the souvenir-hunter. During the tourist season an important part of the work of the rangers consists in preventing depredations of this sort. Warning signs and printed regulations are also used. At the more im- portant monuments, custodians are on duty, with a ranger or two in some instances to assist them in the summer months. Ruins and Historic Structures. Before coming under Gov- ernment protection many of the prehistoric cliff dwellings of the Southwest were being seriously injured by depredations of pottery and relic hunters and persons who, from sheer wantonness, injured and defaced the ruins. The ravages of time and the elements were also making inroads, and an unchecked deterioration was setting in. Most of these ruins and structures are located in monuments, though one import- ant park, Mesa Verde, is chiefly notable because of the ruins it contains. The Service not only protects these places with resident custodians, printed warnings, and where possible, ranger patrol, but, as far as its funds will permit, performs considerable work of restoration. The Tumacacori Mission, for instance, a fine example of the Early Spanish mission architecture, is gradually being restored to its original con- dition. A rather novel expedient was adopted in the matter of the protection of Inscription Rock, in the El Morro Monu- ment. This rock, which bears engraved upon its face many inscriptions of historic value, placed there by the early Span- ish explorers, was becoming a target for the initial-carver, until a thick plantation of the spiny southwestern cactus and kindred plants was established around its base, creating an effectual chevaux de frise which renders the rock inaccessible without in any way interfering with its legitimate examina- tion. An attempt is also being made, with the codperation of the Bureau of Standards of the Department of Commerce, to cover the face of the rock with some transparent substance 52 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE that will withstand the wear and tear of the elements. The Service, with the codperation of the Smithsonian In- stitution, also regulates the excavating and study of the ruins by legitimately interested persons and institutions. It also is gradually performing considerable work in excavation of the ruins along its own lines. Forests and Plants. Protection of the forests and of the plant life of the parks constitutes one of the largest problems of the National Park Service, and a large part of the work of the ranger forces, especially during the dry months, which coincide with the tourist season and consequently with the season of camp fires, is directed toward this end. Fire is the greatest menace. It is guarded against by a strict supervi- sion of camp fires, constant patrolling, frequently along strate- gically constructed fire trails, and observation from elevated stations connected by telephone with headquarters and with ranger stations. Close codperation is maintained with the Forest Service in this connection, national forests adjoining most of the larger parks. The Service has long urged the appropriation of a large fund for use in fire emergencies, $100,000 being suggested to the Appropriations Committee by the Director at the 1920 hearings. In the act of March 4, 1921 (41 Stat. L., 1406) $25,000 was appropriated for that purpose, with the proviso that it be not used precautionarily and only after the expenditure has actually been incurred. Live stock is a lesser menace to the forest and plant life, but the ranger forces exercise a strict supervision over the grazing of such herds as are permitted to enter any of the parks. All grazing is forbidden in the Yellowstone. Cattle, but not sheep, are allowed to graze in the other parks upon special permit from the Secretary of the Interior. Once in the parks they are kept by the ranger forces in certain designated areas. Constant watchfulness is also maintained by the ranger and scientific forces to detect trees which have become infected with insect parasites, thus constituting a menace to the surrounding timber. The general policy is to remove no timber, but some- ACTIVITIES 53 times protection against the spread of parasitic infection ren- ders such a course imperative. When this is done it must be in accordance with plans of the Landscape Engineer of the Service. Timber removed for use in the parks or because of maturity is removed under the same restrictions. Codperation with the Bureau of Entomology of the Department of Agri- culture is maintained in connection with protection against insect parasites. Little difficulty is experienced in connection with wood steal- ing by campers and others. The practice, as well as the taking of wild flowers, is prohibited, and the regulation is enforced by the rangers. Lakes and Streams. ‘About the only direct activity of the Service in lake and stream conservation consists in the guard- ing against pollution of the waters. Water power in the parks is not utilized by private individuals, although the Serv- ice, in a number of instances, notably in the Yosemite, has erected power plants for the creation of light and power for its own use, and the use of some of its concessionaires. In codp- eration with the Geological Survey some stream gaging is done, readings being taken by the park rangers. Conservation of Wild Life. Hunting is not allowed in any of the parks,’ and rigid restrictions are placed about the possession of fire-arms. The park rangers are continually on the lookout for poachers. Predatory animals, such as wolves, coyotes, and mountain lions are also hunted by the rangers, and efforts looking to their extermination are constantly going on. Many are trapped and sent away to zoos and menageries. Hard winters are the greatest menace to the game herds, how- ever, especially in the Yellowstone, the country’s greatest game preserve. In severe winters feeding of the elk, buffalo, and antelope becomes necessary. Hay is grown and cured 1Mount McKinley is an exception to the general rule. There, miners and prospectors are allowed to kill game to supply them- selves with food. See Section 8 of act of February 26, 1917; 39 Stat. L., 938. 54 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE in the Yellowstone for winter feeding, the work being done on contract. Efforts are also made to keep the animals free from disease, codperation being had with the Bureau of Ani- mal Industry of the Agricultural Department for this purpose. An expert of this bureau vaccinates the tame buffalo herd of the Yellowstone each year. Close codperation in the matter of game protection is maintained with the Bureau of Biologi- cal Survey, which maintains game preserves in Wind Cave and Sullys Hill parks, as well as in the Jacksons Hole country south of the Yellowstone. By virtue of an appropriation in the act of March 4, 1921 (41 Stat. L., 1407), the Service’s _ activities in game,protection have been extended to Mt. Mc- Kinley Park in Alaska. A minor activity of the Service in connection with wild life conservation is the distribution each year, particularly from the Yellowstone, of surplus animals from the elk, buffalo, and antelope herds. These animals are distributed either to other parks and monuments or to states and municipalities for placing in the local parks and zodlogical gardens. All of the parks are bird refuges, and birds are protected from hunters and predatory animals while in the parks just as are the game herds. Many migratory birds find the parks safe stopping places each year on their passages back and forth between their breeding places in the north and their winter homes in the south. : Fishing with hook and line is permitted in the parks under regulations enforced by the park authorities, which regula- tions may be suspended by the Superintendent at any time and fishing absolutely prohibited in certain waters if in his judgment such action is advisable. The daily catch is lim- ited, and a limit is also placed on the smallness of the fish to be taken. Codperation is maintained with the Bureau of Fisheries, which maintains three hatcheries in Yellowstone Park and one in Glacier. There is also a state fish hatchery in Rocky Mountain Park; and a state hatchery which Cali- fornia has hitherto maintained in the Yosemite may be taken ACTIVITIES 55 over by the Bureau of Fisheries. During the 1920 season 2,000,000 trout and grayling fry from the Yellowstone hatch- eries were planted in the park waters. The Glacier hatchery planted 1,500,000 in Glacier Park. Improvement. The Civil Engineering Section of the Serv- ice is charged with the planning of all road and trail extensions in the parks, as well as with the formulation of plans for all general engineering projects. Under the general supervision and control of this department the work of extending the roads and trails in the several parks is constantly going for- ward, depending upon the funds available for construction purposes. The construction of bridges and culverts is also handled by this section, as are the preparation, and the equipment with conveniences, of camping and automobile parking sites. Other important activities of this section are the preparation of standard designs for such things as log bridges, timber and corrugated metal culverts of various sizes, and concrete arch culverts of standard widths. Standard specifications are also prepared for the purchasing of all sorts of construction equip- ment and miscellaneous supplies and tools. Drawings are prepared for standard ranger cabins and administrative build- ings; plans and estimates of proposed work in different parks are reviewed, and engineering studies are made of the prob- lems confronting the several parks in improvement matters. In the prosecution of all its improvement activities the Serv- ice endeavors, through its Section of Landscape Engineering, to make each improvement undertaken blend harmoniously into a carefully considered scheme, in order to secure a maximum of beauty and convenience with a minimum of interference with natural conditions. This scheme is had in mind in the planning of vista cuttings, the removal of dead and down timber, the location of trails, roads, and bridges, and the lo- cation and construction of buildings for the administrative and codperative units of the parks. It is an invariable rule 56 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE that no structure of importance, whether for the Service or the public operators, can be erected until the approval of the Land- scape Engineer has been secured, both as to location and de- sign. The Landscape Engineering Section also devotes con- siderable attention to the removal of snags and dead timber from lakes and streams. In a number of the parks the Service has established light and power plants, to supply both its own needs and those of the concessionaires, to whom light and power are sold at fixed rates. The most important of these plants was completed in the Yosemite in 1917 at a cost of $150,000. Water supply systems are also maintained by the Service at the principal parks, the water being piped to the free camping sites as well as to the buildings of the Service and the hotels of the public operators. : Sewer systems and sanitary control schemes are also main- tained by the Service with the codperation of the United States Public Health Service, which details experts to study the prob- lems involved and to make recommendations. The activities mentioned above are all direct activities. A large amount of improvement work has also been done in the parks indirectly, through the medium of public operators or concessionaires. The system of hotels established in Glacier Park by the Great Northern Railway has already been men- tioned. The Yosemite National Park Company, composed of citizens of Los Angeles and San Francisco, is performing a similar work in the Yosemite. A Seattle-Tacoma syndi- cate is spending large sums in the creation of a hotel system in the Mt. Rainier Park. The policy of the Service with re- gard to concessions is to grant a monoply of all principal serv- ice requirements, such as hotel service and transportation, to one responsible concern, retaining the right to supervise the rates charged. It has been found that the elimination of com- petition has given the public a better grade of service. Rate supervision extends also to the regulation of charges for gasoline, groceries, oil, etc. The superintendents fre- ACTIVITIES 57 quently check up the prices charged, and it is the belief of the Service that rates are reasonable, considering the distance of the parks from the regular centers of distribution. In the Yosemite a system of parcel post delivery of grocer- ies, etc., in the trucks of the Post Office Department, has been started, deliveries being made to campers every day. The plan has worked well, and it is proposed to extend it to other parks at an early date. Maintenance. Service activities along the lines of mainten- ance involve such operations as the resurfacing of roads, the repairing of bridges and culverts, the painting and general repair of buildings, the keeping clean of trails, the overhaul- ing and repair of equipment—in short, the maintaining of that constant vigilance against deterioration without which no en- terprise can hope to remain “fit.” A large part of the annual appropriations for the parks are on account of maintenance. Protection Service. There is little disorder in the parks to- day, particularly in those in which national jurisdiction is complete. Persons rendering themselves obnoxious are warned, and removed from the park in which they happen to be if the warning does not suffice. If the offense is more serious they are arrested and brought before the United States Commissioner for trial or commitment. Every effort is made by the ranger forces to protect the law-abiding tourist from the carelessness or wantonness of the law-breaking element. For a camp fire left burning or garbage undisposed of, a party is liable to be brought back a distance of several miles to per- form the unfulfilled duty. Traffic regulations are also en- forced by the rangers in order to lessen the liability of ac- cident by collision or otherwise. Sanitary regulations are enforced as a precaution against disease. Protection of tourists against exploitation through overcharging has already been mentioned. An important indirect protective activity is the furnishing of medical service and hospital facilities to park vistors, park 58 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE employees and their families, and concessionaires and their employees. There is no standardized plan with regard to the supplying of this service; but in general it may be said that. the park surgeons are themselves concessionaires, giving a stip- ulated service in return for agreed-upon privileges. Thus, in the Yellowstone and Grand Canyon an arrangement has been made in codperation with the U. S. Public Health Serv- ice, which pays the surgeon a fixed salary as its local repre- sentative. In addition the surgeon is allowed to practice in the park and to charge for his services according to a scale of prices fixed by the National Park Service. In the Yosemite, a surgeon is employed on a contract which calls for the supply- ing, by the surgeon, of medical services within certain pre- scribed limits to employees, concessionaires, etc. In return the surgeon is allowed to sell his services to tourists at a fixed rate, and, in addition, is paid a lump sum by the Service, the agreed amount being provided by deducting from the monthly ACTIVITIES 59 ments, thus complementing its activity of bringing the people to the parks by means of its informative literature. The Service’s supply of such material is about worn out, and no provision is being made for its renewal. Further applications, therefore, are not being encouraged. Funds were provided originally through private donation. CHAPTER III ORGANIZATION The organization of the National Park Service comprises five principal sections as follows: (a) Administration (b) The Field Service (c) The Editorial Section (d) The Law Section (e) The Publications Section With the exception of the Field Service the above sections of the central organization are located in Washington, in the Interior Department Building, on the block bounded by E and F, 18th and roth Streets, N.W. Administration. The Director is responsible under the Na- tional Park Service act for the supervision, management, and control of the parks and monuments, subject to the general direction of the Secretary of the Interior. The office of the Director, therefore, is the apex of the Service’s administra- tion, exercising a general supervision over it and deciding all questions of policy arising which cannot be delegated and which are not of sufficient importance to be submitted to the Secre- tary of the Interior. Two other offices are connected with the work of the admin- istration,—the office of the Assistant Director and the office of the Chief Clerk. The functions of the Assistant Director in matters of ad- ministration are twofold: to relieve the Director of matters of general administrative detail; and to act in the Director’s stead during his absences in the field. 60 ORGANIZATION 61 Direct responsibility for routine matters of administration is centered in the office of the Chief Clerk. This office con- tains the followng units: Accounts, Stenographic, Person- nel, Files, Messenger Service. The Accounts Unit has charge of bookkeeping, property accountability, etc.; primarily with respect to the Service as a whole; secondarily as regards supervision of the accounts of the several parks and monuments. The Personnel Unit deals with appointments, records of em- ployees, etc. The duties of the other units are sufficiently de- scribed by their titles. Field Service. The Field Service includes all of the National Park Service not permanently employed in the na- tional capital. From this has developed the frequently .em- ployed arrangement of classifying the Park Service into two principal branches—the Service in the District of Columbia, and the Field Service. The latter comprises all those park superintendents, monument custodians, engineers, rangers and subordinate employees whose work lies away from Washing- ton and directly in and with the parks and monuments them- selves. In other words, they constitute the line of the Na- tional Park Service; the Washington organization, the staff. The organization of the Field Service in general is gone into in some detail in the paragraph below entitled “Individual Park Organization,” and additional comment upon it is unnecessary, save in one particular. This has to do with the Civil Engi- neering and Landscape Engineering Sections, commonly re- ferred to collectively as the Field Service At Large. This most important part of the Field Service is referred to as “At Large” partly because its work lies everywhere throughout the system, not being confined to any park or sec- tion of the country; partly, and primarily, because of the method of its creation. No direct appropriations have ever been made for its personnel, and the fund for salaries is ob- tained by deducting a percentage from the various park appro- 62 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE priations for improvement and maintenance. This system was adopted in 1914 by the late Secretary Lane after securing a favorable opinion as te its legality from the Comptroller of the Treasury. Under the general supervision of the Director and Assist- ant Director the Field Service At Large is engaged in the va- rious engineering activities carried on in the parks and monu- ments, which activities have been sufficiently described in the preceding chapter. As a general rule both the Civil and the Landscape Engineers make their headquarters in the parks wherein, for the time being, they are actively engaged. It sometimes happens, however, that one of them may be super- vising projects in several parks at the same time; in which case a temporary headquarters may be established at some central point, equally convenient to all the places where work is going on. Thus, when one of them has work going on simultaneously in the California Parks, Crater Lake, Rainier and Yellowstone, he establishes an office in Portland, Oregon, and from there directs the work, going out to the several op- erations from time to time. Editorial Section. The preparation of all Service publica- tions, such as the annual reports, books of rules and regula- tions of the various parks and monuments, special bulletins, etc., is entrusted to the Editorial Section, subject to the general direction of the Director and Assistant Director. In addition to preparing the text of all publications, this sec- tion also prepares, through its drafting force, all maps, graphic charts, etc., to accompany publications and all blue prints, charts, etc., required by the Director for the general use of the Service. The section also edits all park publications, such as scientific monographs, etc., prepared elsewhere. Law Section. The work of the Law Section of the Service covers a wide range. All legal questions arising within the organization are referred to it, as are similar questions pro- +H. doc. 515 64 Cong., 1 sess., pp. 18-19. ORGANIZATION 63 pounded to the Service by the park superintendents and field men. It prepares leases and contracts in connection with the working of the concessionaire system in the parks and passes upon similar documents submitted to the department. All of the title work in connection with lands presented to or pur- chased by the Government for park uses is likewise done by the Law Section. Besides the work mentioned above there -are contracts for the construction of buildings and bridges to be drawn and let, all legal correspondence of a general nature to be handled, and advice to be given concessionaires as to what they can legally do in varying situations and states of fact. In addition this section keeps informed regarding all legislation affecting the parks and advises the Director in regard thereto. Publications Section. As soon as a Service publication has been prepared for the printer the responsibility of the Editorial Section in connection with it ceases, and it passes into the jurisdiction of the Publications Section. This sec- tion has full charge of the distribution of the Service publica- tions, answering all inquiries in regard thereto, keeping the mailing lists of the Service up to date, and, in general, per- forming all work pertaining to the Service’s publications not of a preparatory or editorial nature. Individual Park Organization—the Yellowstone. No ent and an assistant superintendent into ten sections which may be described as the sections of Administration, Informa- tion, Protection, Transportation, Light and Power, Communi- cation, Sanitation, Painting, Machinery, and Engineering. This ‘characterization is necessarily rough and does hot tn every case fully describe the work of the unit. 64 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Administration. “The general office management detail is about evenly divided between the Assistant Superintendent, who is in general charge, and the Chief Clerk. The former handles monthly and special reports, the collecting and record- ing of revenue, appointments, leaves of absence, and em- ployees’ compensation; he also has general supervision of the officers’ mess and the headquarters labor mess, the telephone and telegraph office, the park files and records, the upkeep of offices and grounds, and the force of night watchmen and janitors. ; The Chief Clerk has direct charge of the disbursement of funds, the recording of allotments, the purchase of supplies, the preparation of vouchers, cost accounting, and the prepara- tion of inventories, pay rolls, and financial statements for the Superintendent. He also has charge of the collection and dis- tribution of all park mail and receives all time reports and reports regarding material or supplies used and applied to specific work. Information. The Park Naturalist is in charge of this sec- tion, and his duties, in addition to supervising the information service and museum, include the gathering of park specimens and data, the editing of park publications, the scientific in- spection of forests for tree parasites and diseases, the super- vision of wood cutting, the designation of trees to be cut for building purposes, the care of the park library and photo- graphic files, and the handling of special assignments, J Protection. The Chief Ranger is the protector in chief of the park, and is charged with its general policing, all fire prevention and control, the protection of wild life, the destruc- tion of predatory animals, the winter feeding of animals, the operation of buffalo and hay ranches, the control of grazing of milch cows and horses of concessionaires, the planting of fish, the keeping of records for the Weather Bureau, and the gaging of streams for the Geological Survey. He also has full control of all automobile traffic, including the regis- tration of cars and the collection of fees. ORGANIZATION 65 Transportation. The Steward and Master of Transporta- tion is in charge of this unit, which has the custody and control of all motor equipment, except passenger cars assigned to park officers by the Superintendent; and all horses, horse equipment, forage, and supplies. { All automobile and motor truck drivers and freighting teamsters are under this unit. Other duties with which it is charged include the care of all park property, except equipment, stationery, and supplies in the Superintendent’s office; the operation and maintenance of the commissary and storehouse, and the control of the distribu- tion in the park of all equipment and supplies. Light and Power. This section, in charge of the Chief Electrician, maintains and operates power houses and power lines, looks after the lighting of buildings, and has control of all electrical equipment except telephone equipment and sup- plies. Communication. The telephone and telegraph systems of the park are maintained and operated by this section under the supervision of the Chief Lineman. The Chief Lineman also inspects and reports upon the telephone and telegraph lines of public utilities and has custody of all telephone and telegraph equipment. Sanitation. The Master Plumber is charged with all work in connection with sanitation and water supply. This in- cludes the inspection of all sewer and water systems of hotels, camps and stores as well as the provision of sanitary and water supply systems for public automobile camps. The sec- tion is also charged with the custody and maintenance of fire-fighting equipment, sprinkling tank fixtures, and all plumbing and store supplies. Painting. All painting of buildings, signs, automobiles, and equipment is done by this section under the Master Painter. The section also inspects the paint work of con- cessionaires and has custody of all park paint and glazing stores. Machinery. The Master Mechanic, at the head of this sec- 66 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE tion, has charge of all shops and machinery therein, and cus- tody of all shop parts and supplies. General blacksmithing and horseshoeing and the upkeep and repair of automobiles, motorcycles, road machines, and fire-fighting equipment are in charge of this unit. Engineering. The Park Engineer has charge of the con- struction, improvement, maintenance, and repair of all roads, bridges, and trails, and of all buildings, fences, formation walks, steps, and platforms except the fences of the buffalo and other ranches. He inspects contract work and the build- ing operations of concessionaires. He gives technical advice to other park departments and makes technical investigations of park shops. He also has the custody and is charged with the upkeep of the park’s files of plans, maps, charts and engineering data, and the surveying, drawing, and other en- gineering instruments. APPENDIX 1 OUTLINE OF ORGANIZATION ExprLanatory Note The Outlines of Organization have for their purpose to make known in detail the organization and personnel possessed by the several services of the national government to which they relate. They have been prepared in accordance with the plan followed by the President’s Commission on Economy and Efficiency in the preparation of its outlines of the organi- zation of the United States Government.1. They differ from those outlines, however, in that whereas the Commission’s report showed only organization units, the presentation herein has been carried far enough to show the personnel embraced in each organization unit. These outlines are of value not merely as an effective means of making known the organization of the several services. If kept revised to date by the services, they constitute ex- ceedingly important tools of administration. They permit the directing personnel to see at a glance the organization and personnel at their disposition. They establish definitely the line of administrative authority and enable each employee to know his place in the system. They furnish the essential basis for making plans for determining costs by organization divi- sion and subdivision. They afford the data for a considera- tion of the problem of classifying and standardizing personnel and compensation. Collectively, they make it possible to de- termine the number and location of organization divisions of any particular kind, as, for example, laboratories, libraries, 1 House Doc. 458, 62d. Congress, 2nd Session, 1912, 2 vols. 67 68 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE blue-print rooms, or any other kind of plant possessed by the national government, to what services they are attached and where they are located, or to determine what services are main- taining stations at any city or point in the United States. The Institute hopes that upon the completion of the present series, it will be able to prepare a complete classified state- ment of the technical and other facilities at the disposal of the government. The present monographs will then furnish the details regarding the organization, equipment, and work of the institutions so listed and classified. OUTLINE OF ORGANIZATION THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ae July 29, 1921 Organization Units; Number Annual Classes of Employees Salary Rate + 1. Washington Office 1. Office of the Director Director I $4,500 Clerk I 1,800 2. Office of the Assistant Director 1. Office Proper of the Assistant Director Assistant Director I 2,500 Clerk I 1,800 2. Legal Section: Law Clerk I 2,000 3. Editorial Section: Editor I 2,000 Draftsman I 1,800 4. Publication Section: Clerk I 1,400 3. Office of the Chief Clerk 1. Office Proper of the Chief Clerk Chief Clerk I 2,000 Clerk I 1,200 I 1,020 I goo Messenger I 600 2. Personnel Section: Clerk I 1,600 3. Accounts Section: Accountant I 1,800 Clerk I 1,600 4. Files Section: Clerk I 1,600 1 Net, or without the temporary “bonus” or additional compensation of 60 per cent on classes below $400, of $240 on classes of $400 to $2500, and of an amount necessary to make the total compensation $2740 on classes of $2500 to $2740. This is subject to minor exceptions in special cases. 69 70 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE 2. Field Service Chief Civil Enginee~ Landscape Engineer Assistant Landscape Engineer Assistant Engineer Office Engineer General Foreman Clerk-Stenographer ; 3. Parks and Monumerts, 1. General Grant National Park, Kaweah, Calif, Acting Superintendent Chief Park Ranger Park Ranger i ‘2... Glacier National Park, Belton, Montana Superintendent Clerk and Assistant Superintendent Assistant Engineer Clerk Stenographer and Typist Clerk-Stenographer General and Mill Foreman Teamster Carpenter and Park Ranger Chief Park Ranger First Assistant Chief Park Ranger Assistant Chief Park Ranger Park Ranger ¢. Grand Canyon National Park, Grand Canyon, Ariz. Superintendent General Construction Foreman Chief Park Ranger Park Ranger Stenographer and Typist Park Ranger Stenographer and Typist 8 Quarters furnished. > Temporary © When actually employed. i] a ee ee) HRN PAN HHH HHH eR aM wae HR OM H RH goo 4,000 2,400 ® 2,000 8 2,100 (per month) 200° (per month) 175% (per month) 175% (per month) 150 , 1,920 1,400 1,400 © 1,500 (per month) 85> (per month) 85° 3,000 ® 2,000 ® 2,400 ® 1,400 ® 1,200 (per month) 100% 1,400 1,080 (per month) 105° 1,500 * 1,440 1,300 1,200 (per month) 100> (per month) 1002 (per diem) 1 3,000 1,800 1,500 1,200 1,600 ® (per month) 100 1,200 > 1,020 ® OUTLINE OF ORGANIZATION 4. Hot Springs National Park, Arkansas Superintendent Chief Clerk and Assistant to Superintendent Clerk-Stenographer Consulting Engineer Policeman Foreman Manager Free Bath house Head Male Attendant Attendant Laborer 5. Lafayette National Park, Bar Harbor, Maine Superintendent Clerk-Typist Stenographer and Typist Ornithologist Chief Park Ranger Park Ranger Botanist 6. Mesa Verde National Park, Mancos, Colorado Superintendent Park Ranger 7. Rocky Mountain National Park, Estes Park, Colorado Superintendent Clerk-Stenographer Clerk Park Ranger 8. Sullys Hill National Park, Ft. Totten, N. D. Acting Superintendent ? g. Platt National Park, Sulphur, Oklahoma Superintendent Clerk Laborer a Quarters furnished. b Temporary La Seu p yp tHe 4 wWOhA I HN HH RA be i HORN HHH See oe (per month) (per month) 2,400 1,320 75 3,000 1,500 1,200 1,200 960 80> 1,200 » 1,500 1,200 ® 780 720 480 2 Supervised by the principal of the Indian School at Fort Totten, N. Dak., who serves without salary. 72 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Park Ranger 10. Crater Lake National Park, Medford, Oregon Superintendent Clerk-Typist Park Ranger 11. Yosemite National Park, Yosemite, Calif. Superintendent Assistant Superintendent Park Supervisor Assistant Park Supervisor Engineer Clerk Storekeeper and Property Clerk Stenographer and Typist Clerk-Stenographer and Typist Clerk Clerk-Stenographer Stenographer and Typist Forester Master Mechanic Power Station Operator Assistant Mechanic General Blacksmith General Painter General Plumber Chief Electrician Electrician Line Foreman General Carpenter Carpenter Head Teamster Skilled Laborer Telephone Operator Telegraph Operator Naturalist Chief Park Ranger Park Ranger 8 Quarters furnished. Temporary © When actually employed. I 660 I 2,000 I 1,320 6 (per month) go? 3,600 2,220 ® 2,040 #¢ 1,680 © 2,400 ® 1,500 ® 1,200 1,200 ® 1,200 ® 1,080 ¢ 1,080 (per month) 75 1,800 1,800 ¢ 1,200 1,200 © I (per month) 1008 1,360 1,200 1,200 1,320 © 1,800 1,320 1,200 © 1,320 1,200 ¢ 1,200 1,140 ee Bee ee on ie ae 720° (per diem) 2.40> (per month) 100» 1,500 1,800 1,200 1,350 1,200 1,200 > I I I I I I I I I I I 2 720 2(per month) 60° I 2 3 1 I I I I 4 2 (per month) 100* APPENDICES 73 I (per month) go> 7 (per month) 75°” I (per month) 75° ; ; I 1,200 © 12. Wind Cave National Park, Hot Springs, S. D. Superintendent I 1,800 * Park Ranger 1,080 I ; 2 (per month) 100° 13. Zion National Park, Springdale, Utah Chief Park Ranger and Acting Superintendent I 1,300 Park Ranger I 960 ; I (per month) 75° 14. Mount Rainier National Park, Ashford, Washington Superintendent I 3,000 Clerk I 1,500 Warehouse Clerk I (per month) go?» Clerk-Telephone Operator 2 (per month) 70°? Stenographer I (per month) 9go® Chief Park Ranger I 1,500 Park Ranger I 1,200 1 (per month) 90 Ir (per month) go> 15. Sequoia National Park, Kaweah, Calif. Superintendent I 2,400 ® Clerk I 1,400 ® Assistant Chief Park Ranger I 1,500 I 1,350 Chief Park Ranger I 1,500 Park Ranger I 1,100 © I 480 I (per month) 852 2 goo ° 3 (per month 75° I (per ae 85 be 1 (per month) 75°° 16. Yellowstone National Park, Yellowstone, Wyoming Superintendent I 4,000 Assistant Superintendent I 2,500 Assistant Engineer I 2,400 ® Surveyor 1 (per month) 150 8 I,200 #°¢ 5 1,200 ¢ a Quarters furnished. b Temporary © When actually employed. THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Purchasing Clerk Clerk Stenographer and Typist Stenographer Park Naturalist Steward and Master of Transportation Master Mechanic Auto Mechanic Carpenter Electrician Assistant Electrician Chief Lineman Watchman Blacksmith Master Painter Master Plumber Foreman Telegraph Operator Telephone Switchboard Operator Chief Buffalo Keeper Assistant Chief Buffalo Keeper Buffalo Herder Handyman Laborer Chief Ranger First Assistant Chief Park Ranger Assistant Chief Park Ranger Park Ranger 17. Casa Grande National Monument, Blackwater, Ariz. Custodian 8Quarters furnished. > Temporary. © When actually employed. I 2,100 I 1,440 I 1,320 1 (per month) 110 I 1,320 4 I 1,200 * I (per month) 100% I 1,500 & I 1,680 # I 1,680 4 2(per month) 120% 2 1,320 ® I 1,200 # I 1,200 I 1,500 I (per month) go*#> I 1,320 4 I 1,500 8 I 1,500 8 2 1,800 8 2 1,680 # I 1,560 I 1,320 ® I 1,200 2 (per hour) .35>¢ I I I I I I 3 I I I I 4 6 8 5 3 I 2 12 (per month) 100° 26 (per month) 808 I 1,320 OUTLINE OF ORGANIZATION 75 18. Montezuma Castle National Monument, Camp Verde, Ariz. Custodian I 12 19. Navajo National Monument, Kayenta, Ariz. Custodian I 12 20. Papago Saguaro National Monument, Tempe, Ariz. Custodian I 12 21. Petrified Forest National Monument, Adamana, Ariz. Custodian I 12 22. Tumacacori National Monument, Blackwater, Ariz. Custodian I 12 23. Muir Woods National Monument, Calif. Custodian I 12 24. Colorado National Monument, Grand Junction, Colo. Custodian I 12 25. Sitka National Monument, Alaska Custodian I 12 26. Scotts Bluff National Monument, Gering, Nebraska Custodian I 12 27. Capulin Mountain National Monument, Folsom, N. Mex. Custodian I 12 28. El Morro National Monument, Ramah, N. Mex. Custodian I 12 29. Verendrye National Monument, Sanish, N. Dak. Custodian I 12 30. Devils Tower National Monument, Hulett, Wyoming Custodian I 12 8 Quarters turnished. ¢ Temporary. : Note.—No showing is made above for Lassen, Hawaii, or Mt. McKinley National Parks, the reason being that lack of appropriations has until recently: made it impracticable for the Service to employ a regular staff for the guardianship of these areas. Under the 1922 appropriations, however, it will be possible to take this step in the cases of Hawaii and Mt. McKinley. The former will be looked after by a superintendent, a clerical assistant, and two rangers. A ranger and an assistant will take care of Mt. McKinley. Lassen, as heretofore, will be guarded by the forest rangers from the neighboring Lassen National Forest. APPENDIX 2 CLASSIFICATION OF ACTIVITIES ExpLANATORY NOTE The classifications of activities have for their purpose to list and classify in all practicable detail the specific activities engaged in by the several services of the national government. Such statements are of value from a number of standpoints. They furnish, in the first place, the most effective showing that can be made in brief compass of the character of work performed by the service to which they relate. Secondly, they lay the basis for a system of accounting and reporting that will permit the showing of total expenditures classified accord- ing to activities. Finally, taken collectively, they make pos- sible the preparation of a general or consolidated statement of the activities of the government as a whole. Such a statement will reveal in detail, not only what the government is doing, but the services in which the work is being performed. For example, one class of activities that would probably appear in such a classification is that of “scientific research.” A sub- head under this class would be “chemical research.” Under this head would appear the specific lines of investigation under way and the services in which they were being prosecuted. It is hardly necessary to point out the value of such infor- mation in planning for future work and in considering the problem of the better distribution and codrdination of the work of the government. The Institute contemplates attempt- ing such a general listing and classification of the activities of the government upon the completion of the present series. 76 CLASSIFICATION OF ACTIVITIES CLASSIFICATION OF ACTIVITIES Conservation 1. Natural Wonders 2. Prehistoric Structures 3. Historic Ruins and Structures 4. Forests and Plant Life 5. Lakes and Streams 6. Scenic Effects 7. Animals 8. Birds 9. Fish Construction and Maintenance 1. Roads, 2. Trails 3. Bridges 4. Vistas 5. Camping Grounds 6. Administrative Buildings Protection 1. Sanitation 2. Policing 3. Accident Prevention Compilation of Statistics 1. Stream Flow 2. Weather Records 3. Use of Parks 4. Animal Increase Scientific Research 1. Tree Inspection 2. Specimen Collecting 3. Animal and Bird Study 4. Archeology 77 APPENDIX 3 PUBLICATIONS The National Park Service publishes, (1) historic and scien- tific pamphlets; (2) rules and regulations; (3) maps and man- uals; (4) panoramic views; (5) reports and proceedings. A complete list of these publications, together with all necessary information as to how they may be procured, may be found in the annual report of the Director. Historic and Scientific Pamphlets. These publications, of which there are twenty-six in all published, range in size from twelve to 260 pages. Three of them are free. The others cost from five cents to one dollar, depending upon the size and elaborateness of the publication. Rules and Regulations. These booklets, attractively pre- pared, with illustrations and maps, have been published for fourteen of the parks, including all of the most important ones. For three of the remaining parks they have been got out in mimeographed form without illustration. Besides the rules and regulations, they contain a great deal of valuable information regarding hotels, points of interest, etc. These publications are all free. Maps and Manuals. Besides a general map showing all the parks and monuments administered by the Service, auto- mobile road and trail maps are published for the eight most important parks. A handy manual for motorists, in small pamphlet form, is also published containing the most impor- tant features of the Rules and Regulations and special in- formation and advice for motorists. The maps and manuals are free. Panoramic Views, These have been prepared for seven 78 PUBLICATIONS 79 of the parks and are sold at twenty-five cents a copy. They are based on accurate surveys and average in size about 18 x 20 inches, the scale being from one to three miles to the inch. They are printed in four colors. Reports and Proceedings. The annual report of the Di- rector does not differ essentially from that of the ordinary executive. It isa complete summary of the work of the Serv- ice during the fiscal year. It is free. At present the reports for 1918, 1919, 1920, and 1921 are available for distribution. The Proceedings of the four ‘National Park Conferences are on sale at from fifteen cents to twenty-five cents a volume. APPENDIX 4 LAWS (A) InpEx to Laws jministration, etc. Of monuments, appropriations for 41 Of parks, appropriations for 41 nerican Antiquities 2unishment for destruction of 34 1imals May be destroyed when 39 ypropriations : Administration, protection, maintenance, and im- provement of parks 41 Administration, protection, maintenance, preser- vation, and improvement of monuments 41 Blackfeet Reservation Road, repairs to 41 Bridges and Culverts, Yellowstone 41 Buffalo in Yellowstone, care of 41 Community Centers, Yellowstone 41 El] Portal Road, construction of 41 Federal Power Commission, limitations on use of 41 Fighting Forest Fires 41 Fire Lookout Station, Yellowstone 41 Forest fires—not to be used precautionarily 41 Forest fires—to be allotted by Secretary of the Interior 41 Motor-driven vehicles—maintenance, etc., of National Park Service in the District of Colum- bia 41 41 Ranger Stations, Yellowstone and Rainier 41 Replacement of Burned Buildings 41 Rest House, Yellowstone 4I Rights of Way in Grand Canyon—acquisition of 41 Roads in Glacier ; 41 Roads in Yellowstone I Roads in Yosemite of Salaries of Officers 39 40 n co ey Pe ia . < ng f o peo PROP CrSrer <3 F< ose se se ee “pazeunsa q ‘syUsUINUOU peUOTyeNT EL 39qy}O JO¥ SpiOIeI ON » Steet nent nner e erence eereeseneeseeesrers TeIOT 19b‘hOr TISO6*QEL erry: theses eeeteeeeeeeeees y yeI ‘WOT 000‘! q eByo,eq YWoN ‘eAupusi3A 000'S q sees? BuozZUYy ‘IsooBOeUN Ty, 0009 q ce) BxSBIqIN ‘YN[_ 833095 ool'zbq * Buoziy ‘sa107 peyliyag 000'f q euozuy ‘o1enzeg osedeg S9 seeeees euoziy ‘ofeaeyy 00rZ8 q trees erulozyes ‘spoom sJINpT 008F q Buozliy ‘s]}stQ 2uInzoyUOP 000'€ q reree* OOKOL MON ‘OTOP. [A o000'Z gq ‘* BurmokAq ‘IIMOT s[tAsq o00S'S gq 00z'I gq . o seeesets opeszojoy ‘opesojoa 96z‘9 ozd'Z teveeeeceseeses BuOZIW ‘apuein esed o00't q o0z'€ q seeeees OOIXOPT MAN “UTeJUNO,; UlpndeED 1z61 oz6r 6161 owen w OZ-6161 NI SINANNNOJ IVNOILVN’ AHL 40 ANOS OL SHOLISIA APPENDIX 7 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 Exptanatory Note The bibliographies appended to the several monographs aim to list only those works which deal directly with the services to which they relate, their history, activities, organization, methods of business, problems, etc. They are intended pri- marily to meet the needs of those persons who desire to make a further study of the services from an administrative stand- point. They thus do not include the titles of publications of the services themselves, except in so far as they treat of the services, their work and problems. Nor do they include books or articles dealing merely with technical features other than administrative of the work of the services. In a few cases explanatory notes have been appended where it was thought they would aid in making known the character or value of the publication to which they relate. After the completion of the series, the bibliographies may be assembled and separately published as a bibliography of the Administrative Branch of the National Govern- ment. BIBLIOGRAPHIES U. S. Dept. of the interior. Government publications on . national parks [Washington, Govt. print. off., 1916— A two-page list of goverment publications has been 1 Compiled by M. Alice Metre. 14 142 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE issued (1916) for each of the following national parks: Crater Lake, Glacier, Mesa Verde, Mount Rainier, Rocky Mountain, Sequoia and General Grant, Yellowstone and the Yosemite. These lists are issued primarily for distribution to tourists in the parks. List of national park publications. [Washing- ton, Govt. print. off., 1912] 27 p. incl. map. Bibliography of each park is in 3 sections: government publications; books ; magazine articles. Magazine articles on national parks, reservations and monuments. [Washington, Govt. print. off., 1911] I5 p. National park publications. (Jn its Progress in the development of the national parks . . . Washington, Govt. print. off., 1916. p. 36-9) National park service. Bibliography of books and mag- azine articles on national park subjects. (Jn its Report, 1917, p. 231-49; 1918, p. 249-60; 1919, p. 335-47) National park publications. (Jn its Report, 1920. PP. 394-99) Superintendent of documents. Geography and explor- ations, natural wonders, scenery and national parks: list of publications relating to above subjects for sale by Sup- eriptendent of documents. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1921. 19 p. (Price list 35, 6th ed.) OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS Uniform rules and regulations prescribed by the Secretaries of the interior, agriculture, and war to carry out the pro- visions of the “Act for the preservation of American an- tiquities,” approved June 8, 1906. [ Washington, Govt. print. off., 1906] 3 p. U. S. Biological survey. National reservation for the pro- tection of wild life. By T. S. Palmer. [Washington, Govt. print off., 1912] 32 p. (Jts Circular no. 87) BIBLIOGRAPHY 143 “Of the 16 national parks, 10 may properly be considered game refuges.” Bibliography : National game preserves and other refuges ; National bird reservations, pp. 21-9. Report of the chief of the Bureau of biological survey, 1906—Washington, Govt. print. off., 1907. [Contains annual review of the progress of game protection in the national parks and elsewhere] Bureau of fisheries. Report of the commissioner. . . Washington, Govt. print. off., 1873 The Bureau of fisheries codperates in stocking the streams and lakes in the national parks. Fish hatcheries are main- tained in some of them. Congress. House. Committee on appropriations. Sun- dry civil appropriation bill, 1922. Hearings . . . Wash- ington, Govt. print. off., 1920. “National park service,” pp. 1928-2058. Committee on military affairs. Mammoth Cave national park. Hearing ...on H. R. 1666, estab- lishing the Mammoth Cave national park [Feb. 1, 1912] Washington, Govt. print. off., 1912. 26 p. Committee on public lands. (Hearings and re- ports, arranged chronologically] Hearings. . . . January 11, 1905, for pres- ervation of prehistoric ruins on the public lands. Creation of the Pajarito cliff dwellers national park in New Mexico and the Mesa Verde national park in Colorado, also full text of each bill as reported by the Committee, the same being S. 5603, H. R. 7269 and 5986. . . . Washington, Govt. print. off., 1905. 39 p. Prehistoric ruins on public lands. Report to accompany S. 5603 [for preservation of historic and pre- historic ruins, monuments, archaeological objects and other antiquities] Jan. 19, 1905. Washington, Govt. print. off., 144 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE 1905. 10 p. (58th Cong., 3d sess. House. Rept. 3704) Serial 4761 To authorize Secretary of the interior to make temporary withdrawal of land containing such ruins . . . and to have care and custody of same. Bibliography: p. 8-10. Preservation of American antiquities. Re- port to accompany H. R. 11016. Mar. 12, 1906. [Wash- ington, Govt. print. off., 1906] 8 p. (s9th Cong., Ist sess. House. Rept. 2224) Serial 4906 [Contains a list of ruins grouped in various districts, which were thought of sufficient historic and scientific interest and scenic beauty to warrant their organization into permanent national parks] ... Glacier national park... Report [To accompany S. 5648] [Washington, Govt. print. off., 1909] 6 p. (60th Cong., 2d sess. House. Rept. 2100) Serial 5384. San Francisco and Hetch Hetchy reservoir, hearings Jan. g—[21] 1909, on H. J. R. 223 [to allow city and county of San Francisco to exchange lands for reservoir sites in Lake Eleanor and Hetch Hetchy valleys in Yosem- ite national park, etc.] Washington, Govt. print. off., 1909. 426 p. ... Glacier national park, Mont... . Report. [To accompany S. 2777] . . . [Washington, Govt. print. off., 1910] 6p. (61st Cong., 2d sess. House. Rept. 767) Serial 5592. . . . Glacier national park, Mont. . . . Re- port. [To accompany H. R. 1679] [Washington, Govt. print. off.,1912] 11p. (62d Cong., 2d sess. House. Rept. 812) Serial 6132. Establishment of a National park service. Hearing . . . on H. R. 22995, a bill to establish a national park service, and for other purposes, Wednesday, April 24, 1912. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1912. 34 p. Tioga road in Yosemite national park. BIBLIOGRAPHY 145 Hearings before the subcommittee... . March 18, 1912, on H. R. 21718 and 21719. Statements by Hon. John B. Curtin... and Mr. Aldis B. Browne . . . Washington, Govt. print. off., 1912. 19 p. Western boundary of Yosemite national park. Hearings... March 20, 1912 on H. R. 21954. Statement of Hon. John B. Curtin, of Sonora, Cal. Wash- ington, Govt. print. off., 1912. 13 p. Yosemite national park. Hearing on 21535 ... March 20, 1912. [Washington, Govt. print. off., 1912] 6p. National park service. Hearing ... on H. R. 104, a bill to establish a National park service and for other purposes. April 29, 1914. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1914. 81 p. Rocky Mountain national park. MHear- ing . . . on S. 6309, a bill to establish the Rocky Mountain national park in the State of Colorado, and for other pur- poses. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1915. 75 p. .. . Rocky Mountain national park, Col- orado ... Report. [To accompany S. 6309] [Wash- ington, Govt. print. off., 1915] 48 p. (63d Cong., 3d sess. House. Rept. 1275) Serial 6766 . .. Lassen volcanic national park... Report. [To accompany H.R. 348] [Washington, Govt. print. off., 1916] 24 p. (64th Cong., Ist sess. House. Rept. 749) Serial 6905 National park in the territory of Hawaii. Hearing .. . on H. R. 9525... Feb. 3, 1916. Wash- ington, Govt. print. off., 1916. 30 p. National park service. Hearing .. . on H. R. 434 and H. R. 8668, bills to establish a national park service and for other purposes, April 5 and 6, 1916. Wash- ington, Govt. print. off., 1916. 186 p. ... National park service. . . . Report [To accompany H. R. 15522] [Washington, Govt. print. 146 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE off. 1916] 7p. (64th Cong., 1st sess. House. Rept. 700) Serial 6904 Mt. Baker national park, Washington. .Re- port to accompany H. R. 9805. [Washington, Govt. print. off., 1917] 8 p. (64th Cong., 2d sess. House. Rept. 1372) Serial 7110 Mt. McKinley national park, Alaska. Re- port to accompany S. 5716. [Washington, Govt. print. off., 1917] 2 p. (64th Cong., 2d sess. House. Rept. 1273). Serial 7116 Sawtooth national park, Idaho. Report to accompany H. R. 6799. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1917. 11 p. plates. (64th Cong., 2d sess. House. Rept. 1350) Serial 7110 Grand Canyon national park. Report to accompany S. 390, Oct. 18, 1918. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1918. 10 p. (65th Cong., 2d sess. House. Rept 832) Serial 7308 Change name of Sequoia national park to Roosevelt national park. Report to accompany S. 2021. [Washington, Govt. print. off., 1919] 6, 7 p. (65th Cong., 3d sess. House. Rept. 1063) Serial 7455 Lafayette national park. Report to accom- pany S. 4957. [Washington, Govt. print. off., 1919] 5 p. (66th Cong., 3d sess. House. Rept. 932) Serial 7454 Zion national park. Report to accompany S. 425. [Washington, Govt. print. off 1919] 3 p. (66th Cong., 1st sess. House. Rept. 262) Serial 7593 National redwood park. Report to accom- pany H. Res. 159. [Washington, Govt. print. off., 1920] 2p. (66th Cong., 2d sess. House. Rept. 871) Serial 7656 Senate. Committee on public lands. . . . Pres- ervation of historic and prehistoric ruins, etc. Hear- ings before the subcommittee of the Committee on public lands . . . consisting of Senators Fulton (chairman), BIBLIOGRAPHY 147 Bard, and Newlands, on the bill (S. 4127) . . . and the bill (S. 5603) . . . April 28, 1904—Washington, Govt. print. off., 1904. 30 p. (58th Cong., 2d sess. Senate. Doc. no. 314) Serial 4592 . . . To establish Glacier national park in Montana . . . Report. [To accompany S. 5648] [Wash- ington, Govt. print. off., 1908] 5 p. plates, fold. map. (60th Cong., 1st sess. Senate. Rept. 580) Serial 5219 Hetch Hetchy reservoir site, Hearing [Feb. 10, 12, 1909] on S. J. R. 123, to allow city and county of San Francisco to exchange lands for reservoir sites in Lake Eleanor and Hetch Hetchy valleys in Yosemite national park [etc.] Washington, Govt. print. off., 1909. 160 p. . . . Glacier national park in Montana . Report. [To accompany S. 2777] ... [Washington, Govt. print. off., 1910] 5 p. 10 pl. fold, map. (61st Cong., 2d sess. Senate. Rept. 106) Serial 5582 Bureau of national parks. Hearing... on S. 3463, a bill to establish a bureau cf national parks and for other purposes. April 17, 1912. . . . Washington, Govt. print. off., 1912. 9 p. [Statement of Walter L. Fisher, Secretary of the Interior] Bureau of national parks. Report. To accompany S. 3463. [Washington, Govt. print. off., 1912] 6p. (62d Cong., 2d sess. Senate. Rept. 676) Serial 6121 . . . Lassen volcanic national park... . Report. [To accompany H. R. 348] [Washington, Govt. print. off., 1916] 23 p. (64th Cong., Ist sess. Senate. Rept. 536) Serial 6899 Appended is House report no. 749, 64th Cong., Ist sess. Report to accompany H. R. 348. ... National park service. . . . Report. 148 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE [To accompany H. R. 15522] [Washington, Govt. print. off., 1916] 4 p. (64th Cong., Ist sess. Senate. Rept. 662) Serial 6899 Grand Canyon national park, Arizona. Re- port to accompany S. 8250. [Washington, Govt. print. off., 1917] 3 p. (64th Cong., 2d sess. Senate. Rept. 1082) Serial 7106 Grand Canyon national park. Report to ac- company S. 390. . . . [Washington, Govt. print off., 1918] 3 p. (65th Cong., 2d sess. Senate. Rept. 321) Serial 7304 Lafayette national park. Report to accom- pany S. 4957. [Washington, Govt. print. off., 1918] 1 p. (65th Cong., 2d sess. Senate. Rept. 576) Serial 7304 Mount Desert national park, Me. Report to accompany S. 4569. [Washington, Govt. print. off., 1918] 2p. (65th Cong., 2d sess. Senate. Rept. 503) Serial 7304 Sequoia national park. Report to accom- pany S. 2021. [Washington, Govt. print. off., 1919] 4 p. (65th Cong., 3d sess. Senate. Rept. 647) Serial 7452 Zion national park, Utah. Report to ac- company S. 425. [Washington, Govt. print. off., 1919] 2p. (66th Cong., 1st sess. Senate. Rept. 22) Serial 7590 Acceptance of cession of jurisdiction of Yosemite, Sequoia, and General Grant national parks, Calif. Report to accompany H. R. 12044. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1920. 1 p. (66th Cong., 2d sess. Senate. Rept. 590) Serial 7649 Roosevelt national park. Report to accom- pany S. 1391. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1920. 4 p. (66th Cong., 2d sess. Senate. Rept. 452) Serial 7649 Dept. of the interior. [Publications relating to national parks in general] BIBLIOGRAPHY 149 --— Annual reports of the Department of the inte- rior . . . [with accompanying documents] Washington, Govt. print. off., [etc.] 1849-19—plates, ports, maps (part fold.) fold. plans, fold. tables. Up to 1915 these reports included the annual reports of the superintendents of the various parks. In 1915 the report of the General superintendent and landscape engineer pre- ceded the reports of the superintendents. In 1916, ex- cerpts from reports of supervisors of national parks were printed with the first annual report of the Superintendent of national parks. Annual report of the Superintendent of national parks to the Secretary of the interior for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1916. 89 p. [The Superintendent of national parks was the successor of the General superintendent and landscape engineer of national parks] Improvement and management of national parks. Letter from the Secretary of the treasury, transmitting a copy of a communication from the Secretary of the interior relating to the administration of the appropriations for the improvement and management of national parks, and sub- mitting an item of legislation relating thereto. [Wash- ington, Govt. print. off., 1916] 22 p. incl. tables. (64th Cong., Ist sess. House. Doc. 515) Serial 7098 National park conference, 1st, Yellowstone national park, Sept. 11-12, 1911. Proceedings of the first National park conference . . . Washington, Govt. print. off., 1912. 209 p. [This conference was called by Walter L. Fisher, Secretary of the interior, and was made up of departmental officials, superin- tendents of parks, representatives of railroads, and others. Ways were sought of improving and popularizing the great playgrounds of America. As a result of the conference numerous illustrated pamphlets were published] ; _ National park conference, 2d, Yosemite national park, Oct. 14-16, 1912. Proceedings of the second National park 150 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE conference . . . Washington, Govt. print. off., 1913. 144 p. [Consists mainly of a discussion regarding the advisability of ad- mitting automobiles to the national parks] National park conference, 3d, Berkeley, Cal., Mar. 11-13, 1915. Proceedings of the third National park conference. .. . Washington, Govt. print. off., 1915. 166 p. Discussion of national park problems by officers of the gov- ernment and others. National park conference, 4th, Washington, D. C., Jan. 2-6, 1917. Proceedings of the fourth National park confer- ence. . . . Washington, Govt. print. off., 1917. .100 (?) p. National park pictures collected and exhibited by the Department of the interior. [Washington, Govt. print. off., 1911] 15 p. “This collection of pictures has been assembled for free exhibition at public libraries and other institutions.” cf. p. I. National park service in the District of Columbia . . communication from the Secretary of the interior sub- mitting an estimate of appropriations for the administration in the District of Columbia of the National park service created by the act of Congress, approved Aug. 25, 1916. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1916. 2 p. (64th Cong., Ist sess. House. Doc. no. 1349) Serial 7102 National parks portfolio. Department of the in- terior. [New York, C. Scribner’s sons, 1916] 9 p. nine illustrated pamphlets with 4 pages of introductory text, in portfolio, describing the various national parks. — Procedure in matters relating to the national parks and the Hot Springs reservation. [Washington, Govt. print. off., 1911] 3 p. Progress in the development of the national parks, by Stephen T. Mather, assistant to the Secretary of the in- BIBLIOGRAPHY 151 terior. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1916. 39 p. incl. illus. (map) tables. Regulations governing rangers in the national park. Washington, Govt. print. off., 191 5. 3 ?—p. Report of the general superintendent and land- scape engineer of national parks to the Secretary of the in- terior . . . 1915. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1915. 31 p. — Report of the Secretary of the interior . . . Wash- ington, Govt. print. off., 1849—— Prior to 1907, these reports included information concern- ing minor parks and national monuments, and summaries of reports on the several parks. Beginning in 1907, only a general review of Park affairs has been included. Rules, regulations and instructions for the infor- mation and guidance of officers and enlisted men of the United States army, and of the scouts doing duty in the Yellowstone national park . . . Washington, Govt. print. off., 1907. 35 p. Use of automobiles in national parks. Letter from the acting secretary of the interior, transmitting in- formation in response to Senate resolution of March 9, 1912. [Washington, 1912] 7 p. {Publications relating to individual parks] General information regarding Casa Grande ruin, Arizona . . . [Washington, Govt, print. off., 1913] 31 p. incl. plans. “This circular is an abstract of a detailed report by J. W. Fewkes, published in the Twenty-eighth annual report of the Bureau of American ethnology.” cf. p. [1] Proceedings before the secretary of the interior. In re applications of A. H. Ward and the Mariposa electrical power company of California for right of way under the regulations prescribed under the act of February 15, 1901 (31 Stats., 790), over government lands in the Yosemite 152 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE national park. Jn re James D. Phelan, applicant, for rights of way in Hetch Hetchy Valley and Lake Eleanor in the Yosemite national park. Petition for review by the city and county of San Francisco. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1903. 71 p. fold. diagr. Report on Sullys Hill park, Casa Grande ruin; the Muir woods, petrified forest, and other national monu- ments, including list of bird reserves. 1915. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1915. 65 p. Report on Wind Cave, Crater Lake, Sullys Hill. Platt, and Mesa Verde national parks and Casa Grande ruin. 1907. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1908. 12 p. Report on Wind Cave, Crater Lake, Sullys Hill, and Platt national parks, Casa Grande ruin and Minnesota national forest reserve. 1908. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1909. 20 p. 2 pl. Rules and regulations for the government of all bath houses receiving hot water from the United States reservation at Hot Springs, Ark. . . . December 14, 1909. [ Washington, Govt. print. off., 1909] 4 p. —— Engineer dept. Reports of the Chief of engineers, U. S. army . . . Washington, Govt. print. off., 1Ig— [These contain reports of officers in charge of road work in parks] Forest service. Annual report of the Forester. Wash- ington, Govt. print. off., 1888 —— Information concerning codperation in park service. National forests and national parks. United States, Alaska, and Porto Rico. [map, with insets] 1907. 17.5 X 28.5, 5x 6.8, 2.1 x 4.7 in. —— General land office. Report of the Commissioner, 1848- Washington, Govt. print. off., 1849- [Includes information concerning surveys and disposition of public lands out of which national parks and monuments are reserved] Geological survey. Folios of the geologic atlas of the United States. BIBLIOGRAPHY 163 Folios have been published of the Yellowstone national park, Lassen peak, and others. Water analyses from the laboratory of the United States Geological survey .. . Washington, Govt. print. off., 1914. 40 p. (Water supply paper 364) Published also as House document 1082, 63d Congress, 2d session. [Gives analyses of waters of mineral springs in various parts of the country, including Yellowstone national park] Judge-advocate-general’s dept. (Army) United States military reservations, national cemeteries, and military parks. Title, jurisdiction, etc.... Rev. ed.: 1916. Washington, Govt. print. off. 1916. 544 p. (War dept. doc. no. 496) Laws, statutes, etc. [Laws and regulations] An act to establish a National park service, and for other purposes. Approved Aug. 25, 1916. (Stat. L. ch. 408, p. 535) Laws and regulations relating to the Crater Lake national park, Oregon . . . Washington, Govt. print. off., 1908. 13 Pp. Laws, regulations, and general information re- lating to Glacier national park, Montana. 1910. Wash- ington, Govt. print. off., I91I. 10 p. map. Laws and regulations relating to the Hot Springs reservation, Hot Springs, Ark. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1908. 44 p. Laws and regulations relating to the Mesa Verde national park, Colorado . . . Washington, Govt. print. off., 1908. 16 p. Laws and regulations relating to the Mount Rainier national park, Washington. . . Washington, Govt. print. off., 1908. 22 p. —— Laws and regulations relating to the Platt national park, Oklahoma . . . Washington, Govt. print. off., 1908. 15 p. 154 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Laws and regulations relating to the Sequoia and General Grant national parks, California . . . Washington, Govt. print. off., 1908. 14 p. Laws and regulations relating to the Wind Cave national park, South Dakota . . . Washington, Govt. print. off., 1908. 14 p. Laws and regulations relating to the Yellowstone national park, Wyoming . . . Washington, Govt. print. off., 1908. 22 p. Laws and regulations relating to the Yosemite na- tional park, California. . . . Washington, Govt. print. off., 1908. 23 p. National park service. Report of the director of the National park service to the Secretary of the interior, 1917- Washington, Govt. print. off., 1917— General information regarding Casa Grande na- tional monument, Arizona. Washington, Govt. print. off., I9I9. 31 p. General information regarding Crater Lake na- tional park, season of 1912-1919. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1912-19. 8 v. Continued by Rules and regulations, Crater Lake national park, 1920- General information regarding Glacier national park. Season of 1912-1919. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1912-19. 8v. Continued by Rules and regulations Glacier national park, 1920- General information regarding the Hot Springs of Arkansas. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1919 14 p. Continued by Rules and regulations governing Hot Springs reservation, I919Q— General information regarding Mesa Verde na- tional park, season of 1912-1919. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1912-19. 8 v. BIBLIOGRAPHY 155 Continued by Rules and regulations Mesa Verde national park, 1920- General information regarding Mount Rainier na- tional park. Season of 1912-1919. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1912-19. 8 v. Continued by Rules and regulations Mount Rainier national park, 1920- General information regarding Sequoia and Gen- eral Grant national parks. Season of 1912-1919. Wash- ington, Govt. print. off., 1912-19. 8 v. Continued by Rules and regulations Sequoia and General Grant national parks, 1920- General information regarding Wind Cave na- tional park. Season of 1915-1919. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1915-19. 5 v. Continued by Rules and regulations, Wind Cave national park, 1920- General information regarding Yellowstone na- tional park. Season of 1912-1919. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1912-19. 8 v. Continued by Rules and regulations Yellowstone national park, 1920- General information regarding Yosemite national park. Season of 1912-1919. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1912-19. 8v. Continued by Rules and regulations Yosemite national park, 1920— General information regarding Rocky Mountain national park. Season of 1916-1919. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1916-19. 4 v. Continued by Rules and regulations, Rocky Mountain na- .tional park, 1920— General information regarding the national monu- ments, set aside under the act of Congress approved June 8, 1906. Washington, Govt. print. off. 1917. 80 p. 156 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE The national parks portfolio. [3d ed.] Wash- ington, Govt. print. off., 1921. 266 p. Report on the proposed Sand Dunes national park, Indiana. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1917. 113 p. [Appendices include hearings on the project held at Chicago, Oct. 30, 1916, miscellaneous letters, resolutions and other documents] Report on Platt and Wind Cave national parks, Sullys Hill park, Casa Grande ruin, Muir Woods, Petrified Forest, and other national monuments, including list of bird reserves. IQII—... Washington, Govt. print. off., 1912—- Rules and regulations, Grand Canyon national park, 1920- Washington, Govt. print. off., 1920- Rules and regulations, Lafayette national park, 1921— Washington, Govt. print. off., 1921- Statement of appropriations 1879-1918, inclusive, for national parks and national monuments under the juris- diction of the Secretary of the interior. Comp... by Mae A. Schnurr. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1917. 20 p. Office of public roads. Report of the director. Wash- ington, Govt. print. off., 1897— [Information regarding road surveys in national parks] —— Superintendent of Crater Lake national park. Report. 1903-1906, 1910-1915. Washington, Govt. print off., 1903-1915. 10 v. Reports for 1907-1909 are included in the Report[s] on Wind Cave, Crater Lake, Sullys Hill, Platt and Mesa Verde national parks . . . 1907-1909. [During 1916 the administration of the national parks was assigned to the Superintendent of national parks, who in his report to the Secretary of the Interior for 1916, included excerpts from the re- ports of officers in charge of national parks. In April, 1917, the United States national park service was organized and since 1917 full reports of officers in charge of national parks will be found in the reports of the national park service] —— Superintendent of Glacier national park. Report... IgII-1915. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1911-15. 5 v. BIBLIOGRAPHY 169 —— Superintendent of Hot Springs reservation. Report ; . 1877-1915. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1877-1915. 26 v. —— Superintendent of Mesa Verde national park. Report. 1908-1915. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1908-15. 8 v. Superintendent of Mount Rainier national park. Re- port. I909/10-1915. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1910- 15. Ov. Superintendent of national parks. Annual report. See U. S. Dept. of the interior, Annual report of the Superintendent of national parks . . . 1916. —— Superintendent of Platt national park. Report. 1913- 1915. Washington, Govt. print. off., IQ14-15-3 v. Earlier reports concerning this park were made by the Dept. of the interior. (Before 1906 the park was called Sulphur Springs reservation ) Superintendent of Sequoia and Gen. Grant national parks. Report... 1892-1915. Washington Govt. print. off., 1892-15. Superintendent of Wind Cave national park. Report. 1913/14- Washington, Govt. print. off., 1914-15. Superintendent of Yellowstone national park. Report. . . 1872-1915. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1873-15. 39 V. For reports of 1873-1874 see Annual report of Secretary of the interior. Apparently no reports were printed in 1875 and 1884. —— Superintendent of Yosemite national park. Report . 1891-1915. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1899-15. 23 V. —— Wear dept. New roads in Yellowstone national park. Letter from the acting Secretary of war, transmitting infor- mation, in response to Senate resolution of April 2, 1912, relative to the cost of constructing new roads in the Yellow- stone national park. . . . Washington, Govt. print. off., 1912. 27 p. 158 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE —— Regulations for the national military parks and the statutes under which they were organized and are ad- ministered. 1914. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1914. 41 p. Stationing of troops of the regular army in na- tional parks. Letter transmitting copy of a letter from ex- secretary Garrison in regard to stationing troops of the regular army in national parks. June 4, 1917. Washing- ton, Govt. print off., 1917. 5 p. (65th Cong., Ist sess. House. Doc. 174) Serial 7300 Yosemite park commission. Report of Yosemite park commission. Letter from the Secretary of the interior, transmitting the report of the Yosemite park commission appointed to ascertain what portions of said park are not necessary for park purposes, and also at what place a sub- stantial road can be built from the boundary of said park to the Yosemite Valley grant, together with maps, etc. . . . [ Washington, Govt. print. off., 1904] 51 p. plates, fold. maps, fold. tab. (58th Cong., 3d sess. Senate. Doc. 34) Serial 4764 Yard, Robert S. Glimpses of our national parks 3d ed... . Washington, Govt. print. off., 1920. 72 p. illus. (incl. map) UnorFiciAL Pusrications: Books AND PAMPHLETS Allen, Edward F. ed. A guide to the national parks of America . . . Rev. ed. New York, McBride, Nast & Com- pany, 1918. 338 p. American civic association. Dept. of national and state parks. National parks: President Taft on a national parks bureau, address to the American civic association. National parks —the need of the future, address by Ambassador Bryce. The need for a bureau of national parks, addresses by Hon. Walter L. Fisher . . . Are national parks worth while? Address by Mr. J. Horace McFarland . . . Washington, D. C., Dept. of national and state parks, American civic association [1912] 30 [2] p. (American civic association. BIBLIOGRAPHY 159 [Pamphlets] series II, no. 6, Dec. 1912) Includes addresses on the subject delivered at the 1911 and 1912 conventions of the American civic association. Branson, Isaac R. Yosemite against corporation greed; shall half of Yosemite national park be destroyed by San Fran- cisco? A thesis against it, by I. R. Branson. Ex-Secre- tary of the interior Garfield’s decision review . . . Aurora, Neb., I. R. Branson, 1909. [30] p. Bryce, James Bryce, viscount. National parks—the need of the future. (In his University and historical addresses). New York, 1913. p. 391-406. [Praises the national park system, advises against the use of automobiles in national parks, and recommends creation of ad- ditional parks] Chittenden, Hiram M. The Yellowstone national park, his- torical and descriptive. New enl. ed. Cincinnati, Stewart, IQI5. 350 p. [Contains chapters on discovery and later explorations, the na- tional park idea, administrative history of the park, etc.] Gauss, H. C. National parks. (In his American govern- ment. New York, 1908. p. 693-705) Gleason, H. W. National parks and monuments. Address ... Jan. 3, 1917. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1917. Il p. Hall, Ansel F. ed. Handbook of Yosemite national park. New York, Putnam, 1921. 347 p. Mills, Enos A. Your national parks . . . with’ information to tourists, by Laurence F. Schmeckebier. Boston, Hough- ton Mifflin company, 1917. 531 p. Muir, John. Our national parks. New and enl. ed., fully illustrated. Boston and New York, Houghton Mifflin com- pany, 1909. 382 p. Palmer, T. S. National monuments as wild-life sanctuaries. Address . . . Jan. 4, 1917. Washington, Govt. print. off., 1917. 20p. 160 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Senn, Nicholas. Our national recreation parks .. . With fifty illustrations. Chicago, W. B. Conkey company, 1904. 3p. 1, 11-147 p. Yard, Robert S. The book of the national parks. New York, Scribner, 1913. 420 p. PERIODICAL ARTICLES Beauty of use: water power resources essential to Pacific states limited by proposed enlargement of national parks. Electrical world, Dec. 18, 1920, v. 76: 1201-3. Bryce, James Bryce, viscount. National parks—the need of the future. Outlook, Dec. 14, 1912, v. 102: 811-5. [Commends the management of some of our national parks, and recommends creation of additional parks] Chamberlain, A. Scenery as a national asset. Outlook, May 28, I9Q10, v.95: 157-69. [Urges that the government use the national parks as a money- producing asset as Switzerland does] Claudy, C. H. Our national parks, playgrounds for the people unsurpassed in the world. Scientific American sup- plement, Nov. 11, 1916, v. 82: 312-13. [Reports the passage of the National parks service bill and em- phasizes the need for such a service in caring for our parks. In- cludes tabular statements concerning the national parks and monu- ments, administered by the Interior, Agricultural and War de- partments] Controversy over use of water of national parks. Engineer- ing news, May 5, 1921, v. 86: 777-8. Curtis, W. E. Our national parks and reservations. Ameri- can academy of political and social science. Annals, March, IQIO, V. 35: 231-40. [Reserves described are of national forests, national parks, national game preserves, national monuments and small game preserves. ] BIBLIOGRAPHY . 161 Cutler, J. E. Nation’s playgrounds. Suburban life, June, 1913, v. 16: 445-6. [Descriptive article concerning the national parks] Dean, W. H. Advertising America. Outing, Aug., 1916, v. 68: 461-9. [“Uncle Sam telling his people about their national parks in language they can understand.” Account of the work of Stephen be Mather, assistant secretary of the interior, in giving publicity to America’s great playgrounds. Description of the descriptive booklets and portofolios of the national parks] —— Our national parks— a seven reel feature [photographs by Herford T. Cowling] Sunset, June, 1916, v. 36: 19-23, 69-70. [How the photographs and moving picture films are secured by Mr. Cowling for use in the “See America first” campaign, in- augurated by Stephen T. Mather, assistant secretary of the in- terior] De Boer, S. R. Landscape architecture in our national forests and parks. American forestry, Nov. 1919, v. 25: 1459- 64. Debt to the people [need of larger appropriations for National park service] Saturday evening post, Jan. 31, 1920, v. 192: 28-29. Eldridge, M. O. Touring Yellowstone park on government highways. World to-day, Nov. 1910, v. 19: 1263-72. There are 416 miles of government roads in the Yellowstone Park and adjacent national forests; and 150 miles of horseback trails for use of tourists and for troops and scouts who patrol the park. How the roads are located and constructed. Fall, Albert B. Value of our national parks. American forestry, June, 1921, v. 27: 359-70. Graves, H. S. Crisis in national recreation. American for- estry, July, 1920, v. 26: 391-400. Grinnell, J. and Storer, T. R. Animal life as an asset of na- tional parks. Science, Sept. 15, 1916, n. s. v. 44: 375-80. 162 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Johnson, R. U. Dismembering your national park. Outlook, Jan. 30, 1900, v. 91: 252-3. [Protest against giving water privileges within the Yosemite to San Francisco] Koch, F. J. Protecting national parks against poachers. Overland monthly, Feb. 1915, n. s. v. 65: 117-22. [Descriptive of the work of Uncle Sam’s poacher-catchers in the Yellowstone Park, a garrison of 400 men for service in sum- mer and winter] Lazenby, Mary E. Luring the people to their playgrounds; what the government is doing to introduce the glories of the national park system to its owners. The Nation’s busi- ness, June, IQI7, v. 5: 37-0. [The work of the National park service, and its superintendents, list of publications of the service, and prices of those for sale.] Lane, Franklin K. National parks as an asset. American forestry, Jan., 1916, v. 22: 22-3. Lewis, H. H. Managing a national park. Outlook, Aug. 29, 1903, V. 74: 1036-40. [Tells how the Yellowstone park is administered by the govern- ment] Lockwood, J. A. Uncle Sam’s troopers in National parks of California. Overland monthly, April, 1889, 2d ser., v. 33: 356-68. [Objects in sending troops to the national parks are to preserve the timber and vegetation, and protect game and fish] Mather, S. T. Do you want to lose your parks? A message from the United States government to the American people. Independent, Nov. 13, 1920, v. 104: 220-21. National parks on a business basis. American Review of reviews, April, 1915, v. 51: 429-31. [An instructive letter from the new Director’ of national parks regarding their management for the public welfare] BIBLIOGRAPHY 163 Mills, Enos A. Exploiting our national parks. New republic, Nov. 10, 1920, v. 24: 272. Muir, J. Endangering valleys: the Hetch Hetchy valley. Century, Jan., 1909, v. 77: 464-9. [Editor believes that an unfortunate precedent has been estab- lished in the diversion of a large part of the Yosemite national park from the use of the whole public to the service of a city] National park amendments to water power bill introduced in Congress. Electrical world, Dec. 11, 1920, v. 76: 1181. National park improvements. Nation (N. Y.) Feb. 1, 1919, v. 108: 157. National park service. Independent, May 29, 1916, v. 86: S21. National park service. Outlook, Feb. 3, 1912, v. 100: 246. [Favors establishment of a National park service.] National parks: a conference. Outlook, Sept. 30, 1911, v. 99: 255-6. [Report of National park conference in the Yellowstone, at which the necessity for creation of a Federal park bureau was conceded] National parks of the United States. Bulletin of the Pan- American union, Sept., 1916, v. 43: 372-86. [Description of the parks, well illustrated] National parks versus National forests. American forestry, Jan. 1917, v. 23: 48-49. New national parks and their administration. American for- estry, June, 1916, v. 22: 366. Nolen, John. Parks and recreation facilities of the United States. American academy of political and social science. Annals, March, 1910, v. 35: 218-20. [Calls attention to the need for a better balanced system of national parks—for creation of parks in the East and other sections of the country as well as in the West] Our national parks in great danger [provision in water-power 164 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE bill... to grant water-power concessions in national parks] Bird lore, Jan-Feb., 1921, v. 23: 64-65. Our new national parks. World’s work, July, 1920, v. 40: 281-88. Preparedness and the national park. Country life, June, 1916, v. 30: 48-9. [A plea for the creation of a national park service to aid in meeting needs of tourists who will visit our national parks while the “War of the nations’ makes European travel impossible] Protecting the tourists in the national parks. Outlook, June, 28, 1916, v. 113: 450-I. [Reference to hold-ups in Yellowstone park and need of guarding tourists more efficiently. The government forbids tourists in national parks from carrying firearms for self protection] Report on the national parks situation [as affected by the Water power act] editorial. Bird lore, March, 1921, v. 23: III-13. Rhoda, Jean. Uncle Sam in the Yosemite. Overland, June, 1913, n. s. v. 61: 590-4. {During the months from May to November, two troops of U. S. cavalry protect the Yosemite from fires, and enforce restrictions regarding hunting and fishing, etc.] Saving the Yosemite park. Outlook, Jan. 30, 1909, v. 91: 234-6. [Protest against using the Hetch Hetchy valley by San Francisco] Schmeckebier, L. F. National parks from the scientific and educational side. Popular science monthly, June, 1912, v. 80: 530-47. [Attention is called to publications and maps issued by the scien- tific bureaus of the government and various learned societies re- garding the parks. The contemplated issue by the Department of the interior of short publications describing the phenomena in the various parks and forces that have produced them. An instruc- tive, well illustrated article, in which a bureau of national parks is recommended] BIBLIOGRAPHY 165 Our national parks. National geographic magazine, June, 1912, v. 23: 531-79. [A beautifully illustrated article on the different national parks] Smith, G. O. Nation’s playgrounds. American review of reviews, July, 1909, v. 40: 44-8. The Director of the Geological survey urges creation of additional mountain parks, which John Muir has termed “fountains of life.” Taylor, G. R. Washington at work: the nation’s playgrounds. (illus.) Survey, Jan. 1, 1916, v. 35: 390-3. [Some account of the national parks, their administration under the Department of the Interior and a plea for the creation of a national parks bureau] Trench, J. D. W. The forest and the army. Garden and forests, Feb. 22, 1893, v. 6: 95. [If the care of the forests in the national parks and reservations is to be assigned to a portion of the Army, the author believes the War department should include a study of forest conditions in its larger scope of instruction] United States will capitalize its scenery. Engineering record, Nov. 6, 1915, v. 72: 568-70. (“Newly adopted policy of opening up our national parks in the West should bring the country $50,000,000 annually.’ Vestal, A. G. Recreation engineering in our national forests. Illustrated world, Sept., 1921, v. 36: 77-78. Wanted, a national park service. Outlook, Mar. 1, 1916, v. 112: 491. Waugh, Frank A. Landscape architecture in the forests. American forestry, March, 1921, v. 27: 142-6. —— A national park policy. Scientific monthly, April, 1918, v. 6: 305-18. Technical problems in national park development. Scientific monthly, June, 1918, v. 6: 560-67. Yard, R. S. Director of the nation’s playgrounds, what a 166 THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE practical enthusiast is doing to make our national parks known to the people. Sunset, Sept., 1916, v. 37:27. [The work of Stephen T. Mather, Secretary Lane’s Assistant in executive charge of national parks] National parks peril. Nation (N. Y.) Aug. 21, 1920, v. III: 208-9. INDEX Accounts, 61. Act for Preservation of Ameri- can Antiquities, movement for enactment of, 7; scope of, broadened, 7-8; gist of, 17; text of, 84. Activities of Service subordinate to park preservation, 15; as- sumption of complete control over, 25-26; descriptive sketch of, 50-59 classification of, 76- 77: Act of Dedication of Yellow- stone, outstanding features, 4. Administration, an anomaly in, 26; Park Service, 60 Yellow- stone, 64. American Automobile Associa- tion, 28. American Civic Association, work of, 11; bulletin, 12. Animal industry, Bureau of, co- Operation with, 54. Antelope, in Wind Cave Park, 36. Appropriations, for general su- perintendent, etc., 10; trans- ferance of, 26; War Depart- ment, for parks, 26-27, 32; committee on, visits parks, 27; Interior Dept., for Yellowstone, 32; Agricultural Dept., for Sullys Hill, 37; for Hawaii, limitation on, 39; for Rocky Mountain, do, 39; limitation on expenditure of, in Grand Can- yon, 41; for monuments, 43; for fire-fighting emergencies, 52; for maintenance, 57; in- direct, for Service at Large, 61-62; for 1922, text of act, 90-93. Archeology, proposed school of, in Mesa Verde, 38. Army, U. S., use of in parks, 25-27, 31-32, 34. Army and Navy Hospital, Hot Springs, 43. Assistant Director, 60. Automobile, fees, 17; revenues from, 28; controversy, 28. Ballinger, Secretary, favors creation of park bureau, 11. Biological Survey, Bureau of, management of game preserves by, 36, 37, 54. Birds, protection of, 54. Boone National Forest, 24. Bright Angel Trail, 40-41. Bryce Canyon, Utah, proposed park in, 14. Buffalo, Yellowstone, 23, 32; Wind Cave, 36; Platt, 37; win- ter feeding of, 53; vaccination of, 54. California, cession of park juris- diction by, 13; use of army in parks of, 26-27; recession of Yosemite by, 34. Camps, concessioners’, 17; free sites for, equipment of with sanitary facilities, etc., 17, 55-56. “Canadian Argument,” the, 11. Canadian Park Service, 18, 38. Casa Grande, change in status of, 6 n., 13-14. Chickasaw Indians, 36. 167 168 Chief Clerk, 60-61. Chief of Engineers, U. S. A, park road construction directed by, 26. Chittenden, General Hiram M., quoted, 4-5. Choctaw Indians, 36. Civil Engineering Section, work of, 55, 61. Cliff Dwellings, 7, 51. Coconino County, Arizona, toll negotiations with, 40-41. Colorado, creation of game pre- serve in, 23. Colter, John, discovers Yellow- stone, 2. Communication Section, Yellow- stone, 65. Concessions, must produce reve- nue, 17; highest bidder ob- tains, in Grand Canyon, 40; general policy regarding, 56. Congress, civilian control opposed by, 27; Hawaii Park created by, Conservation of wild life, 53-55. Cooperation, necessity for em- phasized, 18. Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., Yellowstone exploration of, 3; withdrawal from parks of, 25- 26; in Yellowstone, 31; in Crater Lake, 36. Crater Lake National Park, his- tory, 36; laws, 108-109. Devils Lake, 37. Devils Tower, distinction of, as first monument, 8; invulner- ability of, 44. Director, functions of, 60. Division of Publications, telling work of, 12. Doane, Lieutenant G. C. See Washburn-Doane expedition. Editorial Section, 62. INDEX Education facilities, furtherance of, in parks, 17. Elk, various park herds of, 23, 36, 37: Olympic variety of, 48; winter feeding of, in Yel- lowstone, 53. Engineering Section, stone, 66. Entomology, Bureau of, codpera- tion with, 53. Yellow- Fall, Secretary, letter of, 22. Federal Power Commission, re- striction on appropriation for, 20; refusal of, to grant licenses in parks, 20-21. . Federal Water Power Act, parks menaced by original, 20; par- tial repeal of, 20. Fisher, Secretary, advocates park bureau, 11. Fisheries, Bureau of, codperation with, 54-55. Fishing, regulation of, 54. Field Service, 61. Field Service at Large, 61-62. Forester, Chief, 24, 33. Forests, protection of, 52-53. Forest Service, codperation with, 19, 40, 52. Folsom, David E., 2. Fort Yellowstone, 25, 32. Game preserves, need for, 22-23; recent legislation on 23-24, 36; in Platt, Wind Cave, and Sully’s Hill Parks, 36-37; Mount McKinley, 40; Yellow- stone, 53; Jacksons Hole, 54. Garrison, Secretary, letter of, 27. General Grant National Park, his- tory, 34-35; laws, 106-107. See also Sequoia. General Superintendent Landscape Engineer, 9-10. Geological Survey, Yellowstone and INDEX explorations of, 3; codperation with, 53, 58, 64. Gifts to parks, general authoriza- tion for acceptance of, 24. Glacier National Park, home- steaders’ rights in, 38; history, 38-39; laws, 113-116. Government Free Bath House, as Grand Canyon National Monu- ment, 40. Grand Canyon National Park, leases in, 12-13; history, 40; laws, 120-121. Grand Canyon Park Act, unusual provisions of, 40. Grandfather Mountain, 24. Grant, President, Act of Dedica- tion signed by, 4. Grazing, regulation of, 15, 33, 52. “Great American Spa,” the, 42. Great Northern Railway, activi- ties of, in Glacier Park. 38, 56. Hawaii National Park, history, 39; laws, 118. Hayden, Dr. F. V., urges crea- tion of Yellowstone, 4. Hedges, Cornelius, originator of “National Park Idea,” 3. Hetch Hetchy Valley, 10, 19, 34. Hitchcock, Secretary, 7. Homesteaders, rights of, in parks, 38. Hospital facilities, 57-58. “Hot Springs Cases,” 42 n. Hot Springs Mountain, 42-43. Hot Springs National Park, crea- tion, 6; unique nature of, 42; history, 42-43; laws, 122-130. Hot Springs Reservation, setting aside of, 5; confusion regard- ing status of, 5-6; exception re- garding revenues, 28. Hunting, prohibition of, 17, 53; 169 Mount McKinley an exception, 53 n. Idaho, curious Jaw enacted in, 22-23. Information stone, 64. Inscription Rock, protection of, SI. Irrigation and power projects, park land hunger of, 21-23. Irrigation and Reclamation, Senate committee on, 22. Section, Yellow- Jacksons Hole, 14, 54. Jurisdiction, federal, desirability of, 16; present extent of, 25; acquisition of, in California, 25, 34; all of Yellowstone not under, 33; acquisition of in Oregon and Washington, 36; in Oklahoma, 37; in Montana, 38; in Arkansas, 43; makes for order, 57. Lafayette National Park, history, 41; laws, 121. Landscape, improvements must harmonize with, 16. Landscape Engineer, 53, 56. Landscape Engineering Section, 55-50, 61. Lane, Secretary, 9, II, 27, 62. Langford Hon. N. P., 2-3, 31. Lassen Volcanic National Park, history, 39-40; laws, 118-119. Law Section, 62-63. Lewis and Clarke, skirting of Yellowstone region by, 2. Light and Power Section, Yel- lowstone, 65. Machinery Section, Yellowstone, 65-66. Mackinac Island, former park on, 44. Maintenance, 57. 170 Mammoth Cave, proposed park to include, 14. Mariposa Grove, 33. Medical Service, 57-58. Mesa Verde National Park, per- mits to excavate in, 37; his- tory, 37-38; ruins in, 51; laws, 112-113. Mining claims, acquisition of in Greater Yellowstone area per- missible, 14; Supreme Court decision regarding, 24-25; further location forbidden in Mount Rainier, 35; discretion- ary allowance of in Grand Can- yon, 40; no restrictions on in Mount McKinley, 4o. Montezuma County, Colorado, 37: Motion pictures, 58-59. Motor vehicles, 17. Mount Desert Island, 41. Mount Lassen, 39. Mount McKinley National Park, history, 40; laws, 119-120. Mount Rainier National Park, U. S. Engineers in, 26, 35; his- tory, 35-36; hotel system in, 56; laws, 107-108. Mount Whitney, Greater Sequoia area includes, 14. Muir, John, opposes Hetch Hetchy project, 10. Muir Woods, 44. Mukuntuweap National Monu- ment, 41. Museums, establishment of directed, 17; Mesa Verde, 38. National Geographic gifts of, 24, 35. National Monuments, power of President to create, 7; distinc- tion between parks and, 8; factor determining administra- tion of, 44; under Dept. of Interior, 43-46; under War De- Society, INDEX partment, 47; under Dept. of Agriculture, 48. National park, the first, 5-7. National park conferences, 9, II. “National Park Idea,” the, origin of, 2-3; gist, 19; menaced, 19- 20; versus the automobile, 28; determines Service’s activities, 50. National Park Service Act, amendments to, 12-13; text of, 87-88. National park system, beginning of, 1, 4; oldest member of, 5; result of the “National Park Idea,” 7; prior to 1916, - 8-9. National Park-to-Park-Highway, 27-28. National parks, projects for ad- ditional, 14, 18-19, 24; list of, 29-30; individual sketches of, 31-43; growth of interest in, National parks portfolio, 12. Oklahoma, constitutional provi- sion of regarding federal juris- diction, 37. Painting Section, Yellowstone, 65. Patents and Miscellaneous, Divi- sion, 9. Payne, Secretary, opposition of, to park exploitation, 21-22. Personnel, 61. Petrified Forest, 44. Platt National Park, history, 36- 37; laws, IIO-III. Poaching, 32, 40, 53. Post Office Department, parcel post deliveries by, in Yosemite, 57: President of the United States, the, discretionary power of, to create monuments, 7; rules for INDEX Hot Springs hospital to be made by, 43. Private holdings, objections to, 16; elimination of, in Sequoia, 24, 35; in Wind Cave, 36; ex- change of timber authorized for, in Glacier, 39. Privileges, leasing of, 15. “Profitable Speculation,” a, 3. Prospecting, Secretary may allow, in Grand Canyon, 40. Protection service, general, 57; Yellowstone, 64. Publications, 62, 78-79. Publications Section, 63. Publicity, 58, 78-79. Public Health Service, 56, 58. Public lands committees, hear- ings before, 12. Railroad Administration, 18. Rangers, civilian force of created, 27; soldiers used as, 32; in Mount Rainier, 35. Recreation, encouragement of, in parks, 17. Revenues, expenditures from, 10; must not impose burden, 17; sources of, 31; comparison of, with appropriations, 28; change in disposition of, 28; provision regarding in Yosemite, 34. Roads and trails, work on, by U. S. Engineer Corps, 25-26; maintenance of, 57. Rocky Mountain National Park, history, 39; laws, 116-118. Roosevelt, President, 14. San Francisco, water supply for, 10. Sand Dunes, Lake Michigan, pro- posed park including, 14. Sanitation, 57, 65. Scientific bureaus, codperation with, enjoined, 17-18. Secretary of Agriculture, co- 171 operation of, in making monu- ment rules and regulations, 7. Secretary of the Interior, to con- trol Yellowstone, 4; Hot Springs administered by, 5-6; monument regulations made by, 7; office of, reorganized, 9; al- luded to, 13, 26, 32. Secretary of War, monument rules and regulations to be made by, 7; alluded to, 26, 32. Sequoia National Park, proposed enlargement of, 14, 19; elimi- nation of private holdings in, 24, 35; history, 34-35; laws, 104-106. Sieur de Monts National Monu- ment, 41. Smithsonian Institution, archzo- logical researches of, in Mesa Verde, 38; codperation with, 52. Standards, Bureau of codpera- tion with, 51. Sullys Hill National Park, his- tory, 37; laws, II1-112. Sulphur, Oklahoma, 37. Sulphur Springs Reservation, 36. Taft, President, urges estab- lishment of parks bureau, 12; on Casa Grande, 13 n.; vetoes Mesa Verde amendment, 37. Taft, Secretary, 7. Three Tetons, the, 14, 19. Timber, restrictions on cutting of, 16, 53; exchanges of, authorized, 39. Toll roads, 41. Transportation Section, Yellow- stone,, 65. Tumacacori Mission, restoration of, 51. United States Commissioners, 25, 32, 38, 43; 57. 172 United States Marshals, 33. Vandals, 44, 51. War Department, Washburn- Doane escort furnished by, 3; relinquishment of park protec- tion by, 25-26. Washburn, General Henry D. See Washburn-Doane Expedi- tion. Washburn-Doane Expedition, 3, 4, 31. Water power, utilization of, in parks, 53, 56. Waterton Lakes Park, 38. Weather Bureau, codperation with, 64. “Western Monthly,” the, 2. Wilson, President, 13-14. Wilson, Secretary, 7. Wind Cave National Park, his- tory, 36; laws, 109-110. Yellowstone National Park, crea- tion of, 1; first superintendent of, 2; Act of Dedication of, 4; distinction of, as first na- tional park, 4; proposed en- INDEX largement of, 14, 19; proposed construction of reservoir in, 21-22; army activities in, 25- 26; appropriations for, under War Dept., 26; withdrawal of troops from, 27, 33; civilian administration of, 31, army ad- ministration of, 32; history, 31- 33; landmark in legislation for, 32; grazing forbidden in, 33; organization, 63; laws, 93-98. Yellowstone Region, early ac- counts of derided, 1-2; first ex- pedition to, 2; Washburn- Doane Exploration of, 3; Geological Survey—Engineer Corps exploration of, 3; pro- ject for erection of into park, Yosemite National Park, con- struction of reservoir in, 10; history, 33-34; army activities in, 34; laws, 98-104. Yosemite National Park Com- pany, 56. Zion National Monument, 42. Zion National Park, history, 41- 42; laws, 121.