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AMERICAN POMOLOGY.
APPLES.
BY
DOCT. JOHN A. WARDER,
PRESIDENT OHIO POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY; VICE-PRESIDENT AMERICAN
POMOLOGJCAL SOCIETY, ETC,
290 ILLUSTRATIONS.
NEW YORK:
ORANGE JUDD AND COMPANY.
245 BROADWAY.
“CORNELL
UNIVERSITY
\ LIBRARY
»
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by
ORANGE JUDD & CO.,
A‘ the Clerk’s Office of the District. Court of the United States for the Southern
District of New York.
Lovrsoy & Son,
Electrotypers and Stereotypers,
45 Vandewater St., N.Y.
PREFACH.
ee
All patriots may realize a sense of pride, when they
consider the capabilities of the glorious country in which
we are favored to live; and while fostering no sectional
feelings, nor pleading any local interests, yet, as Americans
and as men, we may be allowed to love our own homes,
our own neighborhoods, our States and regions; and we
may be permitted to think them the brightest and best
portions of the great Republic to which we all belong.
Therefore the writer asks to be excused for expressing a
preference for his own favored Northwest, and while claim-
ing all praise for this noble expanse, he wishes still to be
acknowledged as most devotedly an American CiT1IzEN,
who feels the deepest interest in the prosperity of the
whole country.
His fellow-laborers in the extensive field of Horticul-
ture, who are scattered over the great Northwest, having
called upon him for a work on fruits which should be
adapted to their wants, the author has for several years
devoted himself to the task of collecting materials from
which he is preparing a work upon AmzRican Pomotocy,
of which this is to be the first volume.
The title has been adopted as the most appropriate, be-
cause the book is intended to be truly American in its
character, and, though it may be especially adapted to the
wants of the Western States, great pains have been taken
Iv PREFACE.
to make it a useful companion to the orchardists of all
portions of our country.
When examining this volume, his friends are asked to
look gently upon the many faults they may find, and they
are requested also to observe the peculiarities by which
this fruit book is characterized. Much to his regret, the
author found that it was considered necessary to the com-
pleteness of the volume, that the general subject of fruit-
growing should be treated in detail, and, therefore, intro-
ductory chapters were prepared; whereas, he had set out
simply to describe the fruits of our country. To this
necessity, as it was considered by his friends, the author
yielded reluctantly, because he felt that this labor had al-
ready been thoroughly done by his predecessors, whose
volumes were to be seen in the houses of all intelligent
fruit-growers. From them he did not wish to borrow
other men’s ideas and language, and therefore undertook
to write the whole anew, without any reference to printed
books. But, of course, it is impossible to be original in
treating such familiar and hackneyed topics as those which
are discussed at every meeting of horticulturists all over
the country, and which form the subject of the familiar
discourse of the green-house and nursery, the potting-shed
and the grafting-room, the garden and the orchard.
After the introductory chapters upon the general or
leading topics connected with frvit-culture and orcharding,
the reader will find that especial attention has been paid
to the classification of the fruits under consideration in
this volume. Classification is the great need of our po-
mology, and, indeed, it is almost a new idea to many
American readers, The author has fully realized the dif-
PREFACE, Vv
ficulties attendant upon the undertaking, but its impor-
tance, and its growing necessity, were considered sufficient
to warrant the attempted innovation. It is hoped that
American students of pomolovy will appreciate the efforts
which have been made in their behalf. The formul which
have been adopted may not prove to be the best, but it is
believed that they will render great assistance to those
who desire to identify fruits; and that, at least, they may
lead to a more perfect classification in the future.
On the contrary, with these simple formule, under
which the fruits are arranged, the student has only to de-
cide as to which of the sub-divisions his specimen must
be referred, and then seek among a limited number for the
description that shall correspond to his fruit, and the iflen-
tification is made out.
In the systematic descriptions of fruits, the alphabetical
succession of the names is used in each sub-division. An
earnest endeavor has been made to be minute in the de-
tails without becoming prolix. A regular order is adopt-
ed for considering the several parts, and some new or un-
usual characters are brought into requisition to aid in the
identification. Some of these characters appear to have\
been strangely overlooked by previous pomologists,
though they are believed to be permanent and of consid-
erable value in the diagnosis.
In deciding upon the selection of the names of fruits, the
generally received rules of our Pomological Societies have
been departed from in a few instances, where good reasons
were thought to justify differing from the authorities.
Thus, when a given name has been generally adopted over ©
a large extent of country, though different from that used
VI PREFACE,
by a previous writer, it has been selected as the title of
the fruit in this work.
To avoid incumbering the pages, authorities for the
nomenclature have not been cited, except in a few in-
stances, nor have numerous synonyms been introduced.
Such only as are in common use have been given, and
those of foreign origin have been dropped.
The attention of the reader is particularly directed to
the catalogue of fruits near the close of the volume, which
also answers as the index to those which are described in
detail. This portion of the work has cost an immense
amount of labor and time, and, though making little dis-
play, will, it is hoped, prove very useful to the orchardist.
In it the names of fruits are presented in their alphabeti-
cal order, followed by information as to the average size,
the origin of the variety, its classification, from which are
deduced its shape, flavor and modes of coloring; next is
noted its season, and then its quality. This last character
18, of course, but the result of private judgment, and the
estimate may differ widely from that of others; the qual-
ity, too, it should be remembered, is here intended to be
the result of a consideration of many properties besides
that of mere flavor.
This catalogue will furnish a great deal of information
respecting the fruits it embraces. Unfortunately, it is not
so full nor so complete as it should be, but it is offered as
the result of many years’ observations, and is submitted
for what it is worth.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—It is but an act of common jus-
tice for an author to acknowledge his indebtedness to those
who havo~ad_him i in his, labors, especially where, from
PREFACE, vn
the nature of the investigations, so much material -has to
be drawn from extrinsic sources. Upon the present occa-
sion, instead of an extended parade of references to the
productions of other writers, which might-be looked upon
as rather pedantic, it is preferred to make a general
acknowledgment of the important assistance derived from
many pomological authors of our own country and of
Europe. Quotations are credited on the pages where they
occur.
But the writer is also under great obligations to a host
of co-laborers for the assistance they have kindly rendered
him in the collecting, and in the examination and identifi-
cation of fruits.. Such friends he has happily found wher-
ever he has turned in the pursuit of these investigations,
and there are others whom it has never been his good for-
tune to meet face to face. To name them all would be
impossible. The contemplation of their favors sadly re-
calls memories of the departed, but it also revives pleasant
associations of the bright spirits that are still usefully en-
gaged in the numerous pomological and horticultural asso-
ciations of our country, which have become important
agencies in the diffusion of valuable information in this
branch of study.
To all of his kind friends the author returns his sincere
thanks.
With a feeling of hesitation in coming before the pub-
lic, but satisfied that he has made a contribution to the
fund of human knowledge, this volume is presented to the
Horticulturists of our country, for whom it was prepared
by their friend and fellow-laborer,
Aston, January 1, 1867. JNO. A. WARDER.
INTRODUCTION.
IMPORTANCE OF ORCHARD PRODUCTS—GOVERNMENT SsTATISTICS ~
GREAT VALUE OF ORCHARD AND GARDEN PRODUCTS — DELIGHTS
OF FRUIT CULTURE — TEMPERATE REGIONS THE PROPER FIELD FOR
FRUIT CULTURE, AS FOR MENTAL DEVELOPMENT — PLANTS OF CUL-
TURE, PLANTS OF NATURE— NOMADIC CONDITION UNFAVORABLE
FOR TERRA-CULTURE — NECESSITIES OF AN INCREASING POPULA-
TION A SPUR—HIGH CIVILIZATION DEMANDS HIGH CULTURE —
HORTICULTURE A FINE ART, THE POETRY OF THE FARMER’S LIFE
— MORAL INFLUENOES OF FRUIT-CULTURE — SINGULAR LEGISLATION
RESPECTING PROPERTY IN FRUIT—INFLUENOE UPON HEALTH —
APPLES IN BREAD-MAKING; AS FOOD FOR STOCK — SOURQES AND
ROUTES OF INTRODUCTION — AGENCY OF NURSERYMEN — INDIAN
ORCHARDS — FRENOH SETTLERS — JOHNNY APPLE-SEED — VARIETIES
OF FRUITS, LIKE MAN, FOLLOW PARALLELS OF LATITUDE — LOCAL
VARIETIES OF MERIT TO BE CHERISHED— OHIO PURCHASE — SILAS
WHARTON Ss THE PUTNAM LIST.
Few persons have any idea of the great value and im-
portance of the products of our orchards and fruit-gardens.
These are generally considered the small things of agri-
culture, and are overlooked by all but the statist, whose
business it is to deal with these minutiz, to hunt them up,
to collocate them, and when he combines these various de-
tails and produces the sum total, we are all astonished at
the result.
1*
10 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.
Our government wisely provides for the gathering of
statistics at intervals of ten years, and some of the States
also take an account of stock and production at interme-
diate periods, some of them, like Ohio, have a permanent
statician who reports annually to the Governor of the
State.
Our Boards of Trade publish the amounts of the lead-
ing articles that arrive at and depart from the principal
cities, and thus they furnish us much additional informa-
tion of value. Besides this, the county assessors are
sometimes directed to collect statistics upon certain points
of interest, and now that we all contribute toward the ex-
tinction of the national debt, the United States Assessors
in the several districts:are put in possession of data, which
should be very correct, in regard to certain productions
that are specified by act of Congress as liable to taxation.
By these several means we may have an opportunity of
learning from time to time what are the productions of
the country, and their aggregate amounts are surprising
to most of us. When they relate to our special interests,
they are often very encouraging. This is particularly the
case with those persons who have yielded to the popular
prejudice that cotton was the main agricultural production
of the United States; to such it will be satisfactory to
learn that the crop of corn, as reported in the last census,
is of nearly equal value, at the usual market prices of each
article. Fruit-growers will be encouraged to find that the
value of orchard products, according to the same returns,
was nearly twenty millions, that of Ohio being nearly one
million; of New York, nearly three and three-quarters
millions; that the wine crop of the United States, an in-
INTRODUCTION. ll
terest that is still in its infancy, amounted to nearly three
and one-quarter millions; and that the valuation of mar-
ket-garden products sums up to more than sixteen millions
of dollars’ worth. It is to be regretted that for our present
purpose, the data are not sufficiently distinct to enable us
to ascertain the relative value of the productions of our
orchards of apples, pears, peaches, quinces, and the amount
and value of the small fruits, as they are termed, since
these are variously grouped in the returns of the census
takers, and cannot now be separated. Of their great
value, however, we may draw our conclusions from sep-
arate records that have been kept and reported by indi-
viduals, who assert the products of vineyards in some
cases to have been as high as three thousand dollars per
acre; of strawberries, at one thousand dollars; of pears,
at one hundred dollars per tree, which would be four
thousand dollars per acre; of apples, at twenty-five bush-
els per tree, or one thousand bushels per acre, which, at
fifty cents per bushel, would produce five hundred dollars.
But, leaving this matter of dollars and cents, who will
portray for us the delights incident to fruit-culture? They
are of a quiet nature, though solid and enduring. They
carry us back to the early days of the history of our race,
when “the Lord God planted a garden eastward in Eden
..-... and out of the ground made the Lord God to grow
every tree that is pleasant to the sight, and good for
food...... and the Lord God took the man and put him
into the garden of Eden, to dress it and to keep it.” We
are left to infer that this dressing and keeping of the gar-
den was but a light and pleasant occupation, unattended
with toil and trouble, and that in their natural condition
12 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.
the trees and plants, unaided by culture, yielded food for
man. Those were paradisean times, the days of early in-
nocence, when man, created in the image of his Maker,
was still obedient to the divine commands; but, after the
great transgression, everything was altered, the very
ground was cursed, “thorns and thistles shall it bring
forth to thee, and thou shalt eat of the herb of the field.
In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread.”
that day to the present hour it has been the lot of man to
struggle with difficulties in the cultivation of the soil, and
he has been driven to the necessity of constant watchful-
From
ness and care to preserve and to improve the various
fruits of the earth upon which he subsists. In the tropics,
it is true, there are many vegetable productions which
are adapted for human food, even in a state of nature, and
there we find less necessity for the effort of ingenuity and
the application of thought and labor to produce a subsist-
ence. Amid these productive plants of nature, the na-
tives of such regions lead an idle life, and selddém rise
above a low scale of advancement; but in the temperate
regions of the globe, where the unceasing effort of the
inhabitants is required to procure their daily food, we find
the greatest development of human energies and ingenui-
ty—there man thinks, and works; there, indeed, he is
forced to improve the natural productions of the earth—
and there we shall find him progressing. As with every-
thing else, so it is with fruits, some of which were natur-
ally indifferent or even inedible, until subjected to the
meliorating influences of high culture, of selection, and
of improvement. Here we find our plants of culture,
which so well repay the labor and skill bestowed upon them.
INTRODUCTION. 13
In the early periods of the history of our race, while
men were nomadic and wandered from place to place,
little attention was paid to any department of agricultural
improvement, and still less care was bestowed upon hor-
ticulture. Indeed, it can scarcely be supposed that, un-
der such conditions, either branch of the art could have
existed, any more than they are now found among the
wandering hordes of Tartars on the steppes of Asia. So
soon, however, as men began to take possession of the
soil by a more permanent tenure, agriculture and horticul-
ture also, attracted their chief attention, and were soon
developed into arts of life. With advancing civilization,
this has been successively more and more the case; the
producing art being obliged to keep pace with the in-
creased number of consumers, greater ingenuity was re-
quired and was applied to the production of food for the
teeming millions of human beings that covered the earth,
and, as we find, in China, at the present time, the greatest
pains were taken to make the earth yield her increase.
High civilization demands high culture of the soil, and
agriculture becomes an honored pursuit, with every de-
partment of art and science coming to its assistance. At
the same time, and impelled by the same necessities, sup-
ported and aided by the same co-adjutors, horticulture
also advances in a similar ratio, and, from its very nature,
assumes the rank of a fine art, being less essential than
pure agriculture, and in some of its branches being rather
an ornamental than simply a useful art. It is not admit-
ted, however, that any department of horticulture is to be
considered useless, and many of its applications are emi-
nently practical, and result in the production of vast quan-
14 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.
tities of human food of the most valuable kind. This
pursuit always marks the advancement of a community.
—As our western pioneers progress in their improvements
from the primitive log cabins to the more elegant and sub-
stantial dwelling houses, we ever find the garden and the
orchard, the vine-arbor and the berry-patch taking their
piaces beside the other evidences of progress. These
constitute to them the poetry of common life, of the
farmer’s life.
The culture of fruits, and gardens also, contributes in
no small degree to the improvement of a people by the
excellent moral influence it exercises upon them. Every-
thing that makes home attractive must contribute to this
desirable end. Beyond the sacred confines of the happy
hearthstone, with its dear familiar circle, there can be no
more pleasant associations than those of the garden,
where, in our tender years, we have aided loved parents,
from them taking the first lessuns in plant-culture, gather-
ing the luscious fruits of their planting or of our own;
nor of the rustic arbor, in whose refreshing shade we have
reclined to rest and meditate amid its sheltering canopy
of verdure, and where we have gathered the purple ber-
ries of the noble vine at a later period of the rolling year;
nor of the orchard, with its bounteous supplies of golden
and ruddy apples, blushing peaches, and melting pears.
With such attractions about our homes, with such ties to
be sundered, it is wonderful, and scarcely credible, that
youth should ever be induced to wander from them, and to
stray into paths of evil. Such happy influences must have
a good moral effect upon the young. If it be argued that
such luxuries will tend to degrade our morals by making
INTRODUCTION. 15
us effeminate and sybaritic, or that such enjoyments may
become causes of envy and consequent crime on the part of
those who are less highly favored, it may be safely assert-
ed that there is no better cure for fruit-stealing, than to
give presents of fruit, and especially of fruit-trees, to your
neighbors, particularly to the boys—encourage each to
plant and to cherish his own tree, and he will soon learn
the meaning of meum and tuum, and will appreciate the
beauties of the moral code, which he will be all the more
likely to respect in every other particular.
Some of the legislation of our country is a very curious
relic of barbarism. According to common law, that
which is attached to the soil, may be removed without a
breach of propriety, by one who is not an owner of the
fee simple; thus, such removal of a vegetable product
does not constitute theft or larceny, but simply amounts.
to a trespass: whereas the taking of fruit from the ground
beneath the tree, even though it be defective or decaying,
is considered a theft. An unwelcome intruder, or an un-
bidden guest, may enter our orchard, garden, or vineyard,
and help himself at his pleasure to any of our fruits,
which we have been most carefully watching and nursing
for months upon trees, for the fruitage of which we may
have been laboring and waiting for years, and, forsooth,
our only recourse is to sue him at the law, and our only
satisfaction, after all the attendant-annoyance and expense,
is a paltry fine for trespass upon our freehold, which, of
course, is not commensurate with our estimate of the value
of the articles taken: fruits often possess, in the eyes of
the devoted orchardist, a real value much beyond their
market price.
16 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.
Were I asked to describe the location of the fabled
fountain of Hygeia, I should decide that it was certainly
situated in an orchard; it must have come bubbling from
earth that sustained the roots of tree and vine; it must
have been shaded by the umbrageons branches of tbe
wide-spreading apple and pear, and it was doubtless ap-
proached by alleys that were lined by peach trees laden
with their downy fruit, and over-arched by vines bearing
rich clusters of the luscious grape, and they were gar-
nished at their sides by the crimson strawberry. Such at
least would have been an appropriate setting for so valued
a jewel as the fountain of health, and it is certain that the
pursuit of fruit-growing is itself conducive to the posses-
sion of that priceless blessing. The physical as well as
the moral qualities of our nature are wonderfully pro-
-moted by these cares. The vigorous exercise they afford
us in the open air, the pleasant excitement, the expecta-
tion of the results of the first fruits of our plants, tend-
ing, training and cultivating them the while, are all so
many elements conducive to the highest enjoyment of
full health.
The very character of the food furnished by our or-
chards should be taken into the account, in making up our
estimate of their contributions to the health of a commv-
nity. From them we procure aliment of the most refined
character, and it has been urged that the elements of
which they are composed are perfected or refined to
the highest degree of organization that is possible to occur
in vegetable tissues. Such pabulum is not only gratefully
refreshing, but it is satisfying—without being gross, it is
nutritious. The antiscorbutic effects of ripe fruits, espe-
INTRODUCTION. 17
cially those that are acid, are proverbial, and every fever
patient has appreciated the relief derived from those that
are acidulous. Then as a preventive of the febrile affec-
tions peculiar to a miasmatic region, the free use of acid
fruits, or even of good sound vinegar made from grapes
or apples, is an established fact in medical practice—of
which, by the by, prevention is always the better part.
Apples were esteemed an important and valuable ar-
ticle of food in the days of the Romans, for all school
boys have read in the ore rotundo of his own flowing
measures, what Virgil has said, so much better than his
tame translator :
“ New cheese and chestnuts are our country fare,
With mellow apples for your welcome cheer.”
But in more modern times, beside their wonted use as des-
sert fruit, or evening feast, or cooked in various modes, a
French economist “has invented and practiced with great
success a method of making bread with common apples,
which is said to be very far superior to potato-bread.
After having boiled one-third part of peeled apples, he
bruised them while quite warm into two-thirds parts of
flour, including the proper quantity of yeast, and kneaded
the whole without water, the juice of the fruit being quite
sufficient; he put the mass into a vessel in which he al-
lowed it to rise for about twelve hours. By this process
he obtained a very excellent bread, full of eyes, and ex-
tremely light and palatable.” *
Nor is this class of food desirable for man alone.
Fruits of all kinds, but particularly what may be called
* Companion for the Orchard. —Phillips.
18 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.
the large fruits, such as are grown in our orchards, may
be profitably cultivated for feeding our domestic animals.
Sweet apples have been especially recommended for fat-
tening swine, and when fed to cows they increase the flow
of milk, or produce fat according to the condition of these
animals. Think of the luxury of eating apple-fed pork !
Why, even the strict Rabbi might overcome his preju-
dices against such swine flesh! And then dream of enjoy-
ing the luxury of fresh rich milk, yellow cream, and golden
butter, from your winter dairy, instead of the sky-blue
fluid, and the pallid, or anotto-tinted, but insipid butter,
resulting from the meager supplies of nutriment contained
in dry hay and fibrous, woody cornstalks. Now this is
not unreasonable nor ridiculous. Orchards have been
planted with a succession of sweet apples that will sus-
tain swine in a state of most perfect health, growing and
fattening simultaneously from June to November; and
the later varieties may be cheaply preserved for feeding
stock of all kinds during the winter, when they Will be
best prepared by steaming, and may be fed with the great-
est advantage. Our farmers do not appreciate the benefits
of having green food for their animals during the winter
season. Being blessed with that royal grain, the Indian
corn, they do not realize the importance of the provision
of roots which is so great a feature in British husbandry ;
but they have yet to learn, and they will learn, that for us,
and under our conditions of labor and climate, they can
do still better, and produce still greater results with a
combination of hay or straw, corn meal and apple, all
properly prepared by means of steam or hot water. Be-
sides, such orchards may be advantageously planted in
INTRODUCTION. 19
many places where the soil is not adapted to the produc-
tion of grain.—The reader is referred to the chapter on
select lists in another part of this volume, in which an at-
tempt will be made to present the reader with the opinions
of the best pomologists of various parts of the country.
It were an interesting and not unprofitable study to’
trace the various sources and routes by which fruits have
been introduced into different parts of our extended coun-
try. In some cases we should find that we were indebted °
for these luxuries to the efforts of very humble individu-
als, while in other regions the high character of the or-
chards is owing to the forethought, knowledge, enterprise,
and liberality of some prominent citizen of the infant com-
munity, who has freely spent his means and bestowed his
cares in providing for others as well as for his own neces-
sities or pleasures. But it is to the intelligent nurserymen
of our country that we are especially indebted for the uni-
versal diffusion of fruits, and for the selection of the best
varieties in each different section. While acting separate-
ly, these men were laboring under great disadvantages,
and frequently cultivated certain varieties under a diver-
sity of names, as they had received them from various
sources. This was a difficulty incident to their isolation,
but the organization of Pomological Societies in various
parts of the country, has enabled them in a great measure
to unravel the confusion of an extended synonymy, and
also by comparison and consultation with the most ivtel-
ligent fruit-growers, they bave been prepared to advise
the planter as to the best and most profitable varieties to
be set out in different soils and situations.
Most of our first orchards were planted with imported
20 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.
trees. The colonists brought plants and seeds. Even
now, in many parts of the country, we hear many good
fruits designated as English, to indicate that they are con-
sidered superior to the native; and we are still importing
ckoice varieties from Europe and other quarters of the
globe.
The roving tribes of Indians who inhabited this coun-
try when discovered and settled by the whites, had no or-
chards—they lived by the chase, and only gathered such
' fruits as were native to the soil. Among the earliest at-
tempts to civilize them, however, those that exerted the
greatest influence, were efforts to make them an agricul-
tural people, and of these the planting of fruit-trees was
one of the most successful. In many parts of the coun-
try we find relics of these old Indian orchards still remairi-
ing, and it is probable that from the apple seeds sent by
the general government for distribution among the Cher-
okees in Georgia, we are now reaping some of the most
valuable fruits of this species. The early French settlers
were famous tree-planters, and we find their traces across
the continent, from the St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mex-
ico. These consist in noble pear and apple trees, grown
from seeds planted by them, at their early and scattered
posts or settlements. These were made far in advance of
the pioneers, who have, at a later period, formed the van
of civilization, that soon spread into a solid phalanx in its
march throughout the great interior valley of the continent.
On the borders of civilization we sometimes mect with
a singular being, more savage than polished, and yet use-
ful in his way. Such an one in the early settlement of
the northwestern territory was Johnny Apple-seed—a sim-
INTRODUCTION. 21
ple-hearted being, who loved to roam through the forests
in advance of his fellows, consorting, now with the red
man, now with the white, a sort of connecting link—by
his white brethren he was, no doubt, considered rather a
vagabond, for we do not learn that he had the industry to
open farms in the wilderness, the energy to be a great
hunter, nor the knowledge and devotion to have made
him a useful missionary among the red men. But Johnny
had his use in the world. It was his universal custom,
when among the whites, to save the seeds of all the best
apples he met with. These he carefully preserved and
carried with him, and when far away from his white
friends, he would select an open spot of ground, prepare
the soil, and plant these seeds, upon the principle of the
old Spanish custom, that he owed so much to posterity,
so that some day, the future traveler or inhabitant of
those fertile valleys, might enjoy the fruits of his early
efforts. Such was Johuny Apple-seed—did he not erect
for himself monuments more worthy, if not more endur-
ing, than piles of marble or statues of brass? :
In tracing the progress of fruits through different por-
tions of our country, we should very naturally expect to
find the law that governs the movements of men, apply-
ing with equal force to the fruits they carry with them.
The former have been observed to migrate very nearly on
parallels of latitude, so have, in a great degree, the latter;
and whenever we find a departure from this order, we
may expect to discover a change, and sometimes a deteri-
oration in the characters of the fruits thus removed to a
new locality. It is true, much of this alteration, whether im-
provement or otherwise, may be owing to the difference of
22 AMERICAN POMOLOGY
soil. Western New York received her early fruits from
Connecticut, and Massachusetts; Michigan, Northern Illi-
nois, and later, Wisconsin and Iowa received theirs in a
great degree from New York. Ohio and Indiana received
their fruits mainly from New Jersy, and Pennsylvania, and
we may yet trace this in the prevalence of certain leading
varieties that are scarcely known, and very little grown on
different parallels. The early settlement at the mouth of
the Muskingum river, was made by New England-men,
and into the “ Ohio-purchase,” they introduced the lead-
ing varieties of the apples of Massachusetts. Among
these, the Boston or Roxbury Russet was a prominent
favorite, but it was so changed in its appearance as
scarcely to be recognized by its old admirers, and it was
christened with a new name, the Putnam Russet, under
the impression that it was a different variety. Most of
the original Putnam varieties have disappeared from the
orchards, Kentucky received her fruits in great measure
from Virginia ; Tennessee trom the same source apd from
North Carolina, and these younger States sent them for-
ward on the great western march with their hardy sons
to southern Indiana, southern Illinois, to Missouri, and to
Arkansas, in all which regions we find evident traces in
the orchards, of the origin of the people who planted them.
Of course, we shall find many deflections from the pre-
cise parellel of latitude, some inclining to the south, and
many turning to the northward. To the latter we of the
West are looking with the greatest interest, since we so
often find that the northern fruits do not maintain their
high characters in their southern or southwestern migra-
tions, and all winter kinds are apt to become autumnal in
INTRODUCTION. 293
their period of ripening, which makes them less valuable;
and because, among those from a southern origin, we
have discovered many of high merit as to beauty, flavor,
and productiveness—and, especially where they are able
to mature sufficiently, they prove to be long keepers, thus
supplying a want which was not filled by fraits of a north-
ern origin. There may be limits beyond which we can-
not transport some sorts to advantage in either direction,
but this too will depend very much upon the adaptability
of our soils to particular varieties.
In every region where fruit has been cultivated we find
local varieties grown from seed, many of these are of suf-
ficient merit to warrant their propagation, and it behooves
us to be constantly on the look out for them; for though
our lists are already sufficiently large to puzzle the young
orchardist in making his selections, we may well reduce
the number by weeding out more of the indifferent fruit,
at the same time that we are introducing those of a supe-
rior character. It has been estimated that there may be
as many as one in ten of our seedling orchard trees that
would be ranked as “good,” but not one in a hundred
that could be styled “best.”* Certain individuals have
devoted themselves to the troublesome though thankless
office of collecting these sunttered varieties of decided
merit, and from their collections our pomological societies
will, from time to time, select and recommend the best
for more extended cultivation. Such devoted men as
H. N. Gillett, Lewis Jones, Reuben Ragan, A.H. Ernst,
who have been industriously engaged in this good work
for a quarter of a century, are entitled to the highest com-
* Elliott—Western Fruits.
24 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.
mendation; but there are many others who have con-
tributed their full share of benefits by their labors in the
same field, to whom also we owe a debt of gratitude. Two
of the chief foci in the Ohio valley from which valuable
fruits have been distributed most largely, were the settle-
ment at the mouth of the Muskingum, with its Putnam
list given below; and a later, but very important intro-
duction of choice fruits, brought into the Miami country
by Silas Wharton, a nurseryman from Pennsylvania, who
settled among a large body of the religious Society of
Friends, in Warren Co., Ohio. The impress of this im-
portation is very manifest in all the country, within a
radius of one hundred miles, and some of his fruits are
found doing well in the northwestern part of the State of
Ohio, in northern Indiana, and in an extended region
westward.
There are, no doubt, many other local foci, whence
good fruits have radiated to bless regions more or less ex-
tensive, and in every neighborhood we find the name of
some early pomologist attached to the good fruits that he
had introduced, thus adding another synonym to the nu-
merous list of those belonging to so many of our good
varieties,
A. W. Putnam commenced an apple nursery in 1794, 9
few years after the first white settlement at Marietta, Ohio,
the first grafts were set in the spring of 1796; they were
obtained from Connecticut by Israel Putnam, and were the
first set in the State, and grafted by W. Rufus Putnam.
Most of the early orchards of the region were planted
from this nursery. These grafts were taken from the or-
INTRODUCTION. 25
chard of Israel Putnam (of wolf-killing memory) in Pom-
fret, Connecticut. In the Ohio Cultivator for August 1st,
1846, may be found the following authentic list of the va-
rieties propagated : —
“4, Putnam Russet, (Roxbury).
. Seek-no-further, (‘Westtield.)
2.
3. Early Chandler.
4. Gilliflower.
5. Pound Royal, (Lowell).
6. Natural, (a seedling).
7. Rbode Island Greening.
8. Yellow Greening.
9, Golden Pippin.
16. Long Island Pippin.
j1. Tallman Sweeting.
. Striped Sweeting.
. Honey Greening.
. Kent Pippin.
. Cooper.
. Striped Gilliflower.
. Black, do.
. Prolific Beanty.
. Queening, (Summer Queen ?)
. English Pearmain.
. Green Pippin.
. Spitzenberg, (Esopus ?)
Many of these have disappeared from the orchards and
from the nurserymen’s catalogues.”
2
CHAPTER II.
HISTORY OF THE APPLE.
DIFFICULTIES IN THE OUTSET—-APPLE A GENERIC TERM, AS CORN IS
FOR DIFFERENT GRAINS; BIBLE AND HISTORIC USE OF THE WORD
THERBFORE UNCERTAIN — ETYMOLOGY OF THE WORD — BOTANICAL
CHARACTERS —IMPROVABILITY OF TIE APPLE-—NATIVE COUNTRY
—CRUDE NOTIONS OF EARLY VARIETIES—PLINY’S ACCOUNT EX-
PLAINED —CHARLATAN GRAFTING — INTRODUCTION INTO BRITAIN —
ORIGINAL SORTS THERE—GERARD’S LIST OF SEVEN—HE URGES
ORCHARD PLANTING — RECIPE FOR POMATUM — DERIVATION OF THE
WORD —VIRGIL’S ADVICE AS TO GRAFTING—PLINY’S EULOGY OF
THE APPLE; WILL OURS SURVIVE AS LONG ?-— PLINY’S LIST OF
29— ACCIDENTAL ORIGIN OF OUR FRUITS — CROSSING — LORD Ba-
CON’S GUESS— BRADLEY'S ACCOUNT — SUCCESS IN THE NETIER-
LANDS — MR. KNIGUT'S EXPERIMENTS — UYBRIDS INFERTILE —
LIMITS, NONE NATURAL— LIMITS OF SPECIES — HERBERT'S VIEWS
— DIFFICULTIES ATTEND CROSSING ALSO — NO MULES — KIRTLAND'S
EXPERIMENTS AND RESULTS OF— VAN MONS’ THEORY — ILLINOIS
RESULTS— RUNNING OUT OF VARIETIES.
In attempting to trace out the history of any plant that
has long been subjected to the dominion of man, we are
beset with difficulties growing out of the uncertainty of
language, and arising also from the absence of precise terms
of’ science in the descriptions or allusions which we meet
26
HISTORY OF THE APPLE. 27
respecting them. As he who would investigate the history
of our great national grain crop, the noble Indian maize,
which, in our language, claims the generic term corn, will
at once meet with terms apt to mislead him in the English
translation of the Bible, and in the writings of Europeans,
who use the word corn in a generic sense, as applying to
all the edible grains, and especiaily to wheat—so in this
investigation we may easily be misled by meeting the
word apple in the Bible and in the translations of Latin
and Greek authors, and we may be permitted to question
whether the original words translated apple may not have
been applicd to quite different fruits, or perhaps we may
ask whether our word may not originally have had a more
general sense, meaning as it docs, according to its deriva-
tion, any round body.
The etymology of the word apple is referred by the
lexicographers to abhall, Celtic; avall, Welch; afall or
avall, Armoric; aval or avel, Cornish; and these are all
traceable to the Celtic word ball, meaning simply a round
body.
Worcester traces the origin of apple directly to the
German apfel, which he derives from cepl, apel, or appel.
Webster cites the Saxon appl or appel ; Dutch, appel ;
German, apfel ; Danish, ble; Swedish, aple ; Welsh,
aval; Irish, abhal or ubhal; Armoric, aval ; Russian,
yabloko.
Its meaning being fruit in general, with a round form.
Thus the Persian word wdhud means Juniper berries, and
in Welsh the word used means other fruits, and needs a
qualifying term to specify the variety or kind.
28 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.
Hogg, in his British Pomology, quoting Owen, says,
the ancient Glastonbury was called by the Britons Ynys
availac or avallon, meaning an apple orchard, and from
this came the Roman word avallonia, from this he infers
that the apple was known to the Britons before the ad-
vent of the Romans. We are told, that in 973, King
Edgar, when fatigued with the labors of the chase, laid
himself down under a wild apple tree, so that, it becomes
a question whether this plant was not a native of England
as of other parts of Europe, where in many places it is
found growing wild and apparently indigenous. Thorn-
ton informs us in his history of Turkey, that apples are
common in Wallachia, and he cites among the varieties
one, the domniasca, “‘ which is perhaps the finest in Eu-
rope, both for its size, color, and flavor.” It were hard
to say what variety this is, and whether it be known to us.
The introduction of this word apple in the Bible is at-
tributable to the translators, and some commentators sug-
gest that they have used it in its general sense, and that
in the following passages where it occurs, it refer’ to the
citron, orange, or some other subtropical fruit.
“Stay me with flagons, comfort me with apples.” —
Songs of Solomon ii, 5.
“As the apple-tree (citron) among the trees of the
wood, * * * I sat me down under his shadow with great
delight, and his fruit was sweet to my taste.”—Sol. ii, 2.
* * * “T raised thee up under the apple-tree.”—Solo-
mon viii, 5.
“ A word fitly spoken, is like apples of gold in pictures
of silver.”—Prov. xxv, 11.
WISTORY OF THE APPLE, 29
The botanical position of the cultivated apple may be
stated as follows: — Order, Rosacew ; sub-order, Pomee ;
or the apple family and genus, Pyrus. The species under
our consideration is the Pyrus Malus, or apple. It has
been introduced into this country from Europe, and is
now found in a half-wild state, springing up in old fields,
hedge-rows, and roadsides; but, even in such situations,
by their eatable fruit and broad foliage, and by the ab-
sence of spiny or thorny twigs, the trees generally give
evidence of a civilized origin. It is not that the plant
has changed any of its true specific characters, but that
it has been affected by the meliorating influences of cul-
ture, which it has not been able entirely to shake off in its
neglected condition. Sometimes, indeed, trees are found
in these neglected and out-of-the-way situations, which
produce fruits of superior quality—and the sorts have
been gladly introduced into our nurseries and orchards.
Very early in the history of horticulture the apple at-
tracted attention by its improvability, showing that it
belonged to the class of culture-plants. Indeed & is a
very remarkable fact in the study of botany, and the pivot
upon which the science and art of horticulture turns, that
while there are plants which show no tendency to change
: from their normal type, even when brought under the high-
est culture, and subjected to every treatment which human
ingenuity can suggest, there are others which are prone
to variations or sports, even in their natural condition,
but more so when they are carefully nursed by the prudent
firmer or gardener. These may be called respectively the
plants of nature and the plants of culture. Some of the
former furnish human food, and are otherwise uscful to
30 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.
man; but the latter class embraces by far the larger num-
ber of food-plants, and we are indebted to this pliancy,
aided by human skill, for our vari-ties of fruits, our escu-
lent vegetables, and the floral ort, ments of our gardens.
The native country of the apple, though not definitively
settled, is generally conceded to be Europe, particularly
its southern portions, and perhaps Western Asia: that is,
the plant known and designated by botanists as Pyrus
Malus, for there are other and distinct species in America
and Asia which have no claims to having been the source
of our favorite orchard fruits. Our own native crab is
the Pyrus coronaria, which, though showing some slight
tendency to variation, has never departed from the
strongly marked normal type. The P. baccata, or Siberi-
an crab, is so distinctly marked as to be admitted as a
species. It has wonderfully improved under culture, and
has produced some quite distinct varieties; it has even
been hybridized by Mr. Knight, with the cultivated sorts
of the common Wilding or Crab of Europe, the P. Malus.
Pallas, who found it wild near Lake Baikal and in Daouria,
says, it grows only 3 or 4 feet high, with a trunk of as
many inches diameter, and yields pear-shaped berries as
large as peas.
The P. rivularis, according to Nuttall, is common in
the maritime portions of Oregon, in alluvial forests. The
tree attains a height of 15 to 25 fect. It resembles the
Siberian Crab, to which it has a close affinity. The fruit
grows in clusters, is purple, scarcely the size of a cherry,
and of an agreeable flavor; swectish and sub-acid when
ripe, not at all acid and acerb as the 2. coronaria.*
* North American Sylva, Nuttall [f, p. 25.
HISTORY OF THE APPLE. 31
Among the early writers upon the subject of pomology,
we find some very crude notions, particularly in regard
to the wonderful powers of the grafter, for this art of im-
proving the Wilding by inserting buds or scions of better
sorts, and thus multiplying trees of good kinds, was a
very ancient invention. Pliny, the naturalist, certainly
deserves our praise for his wonderful and comprehensive
industry in all branches of natural history... In regard to
grafting, which seems to have been well understood in his
day, he says, that he had seen near Thulie a tree bearing
all manner of fruits, nuts and berries, figs and grapes,
pears and pomegranates ; no kind of apple or other fruit
that was not to be found on this tree. It is quaintly noted,
however, that “this tree did not live long,”—is it to
be wondered that such should have been the case ? Now
some persons may object to the testimony of this remark-
able man, and feel disposed to discredit the statement of
what appears so incredible to those who are at all ac-
quainted with the well-known necessity for a congenial
stock into which the graft should be inserted. But a
more extended knowledge of the subject, would explain
what Pliny has recorded as a marvel of the art. The
same thing has been done in our own times, it is a trick,
and one which would very soon be detected now-a-days
by the merest tyro in horticulture, though it may have
escaped the scrutiny of Pliny, whose business it was to
note and record the results of his observations, rather
than to examine the modus of the experiment. By the
French, the method is called Charlatan grafting, and is
done by taking a stock of suitable size, hollowing it out,
and introducing through its cavity several stocks of dif-
82 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.
ferent kinds, upon each of which may be produced a dif-
ferent sort of fruit, as reported by Pliny. The needed
affinity of the scion and stock, and the possible range that
may be successfully taken in this mode of propagation, with
the whole consideration of the influence of the stock upon
the graft, will be more fully discussed in another chapter.
Though it be claimed and even admitted that the wild
apple or crab was originally a native of Britain, and
though it be well known that many varieties have origi-
nated from seed in that country, still it appears from their
own historians that the people introduced valuable vari-
eties from abroad. Thus we find in Fuller’s account, that
in the 16th year of the reign of Henry VIII, Pippins
were introduced into England by Lord Maschal, who
planted them at Plumstead, in Sussex.
After this, the celebrated Golden Pippin ws . originated
at Perham Park, in Sussex, and this variety has attained
a high meed of praise in that country and in Europe,
though it has never been considered so fine in this coun-
try as some of our own seedlings. Evelyn says, in 1685, at
Lord Clarendon’s seat, at Swallowfield, Berks, there is an
orchard of one thousand golden and other cider Pippins.*
The Ribston Pippin, which every Englishman will tell
you is the best apple in the world, was a native of Rib-
ston Park, Yorkshire. Hargrave says: “ This place is re-
markable for the produce of a delicious apple, called the
Ribston Park Pippin. The original tree was raised from
a Pippin brought from France.{ This apple is well-known
in this country, but not a favorite.
* Diary.
t History of Knaresborough, p. 216.—Companion of the Orchard, p. 34.
HISTORY OF THE APPLE, 33
At a later period, 1597, John Gerard issued in an ex-
uusive folio his History of Plants, in which he mentions
seven kinds of Pippins. The following is given asa sam-
ple of the pomology of that day : —
“The fruit of apples do differ in greatnesse, forme,
colour, and taste, some covered with red skin, others yel-
low or greene, varying infinitely according to soil and
climate; some very greate, some very little, and many of
middle sort; some are sweet of taste, or something soure,
most be of middle taste between sweet and soure; the
which to distinguish, I think it impossible, notwithstand-
ing I heare of one who intendeth to write a peculiar vol-
ume of apples and the use of them.” He further says:
“The tame and grafted apple trees are planted and set in
gardens and orchards made for that purpose; they delight
to growe in good fertile grounds. Kent doth abounde
with apples of most sortes; but I have seen pastures and
hedge-rows about the grounds of a worshipful gentleman
dwelling two miles from Hereford, so many trees of all
sortes, that the seruantes drinke for the.moste parte no
other drinke but that which is made of apples. * * *
Like as there be divers manured apples, so is there sundry
wilde apples or crabs, not husbanded, that is, not graft-
ed.” He also speaks of the Paradise, which is probably
the same we now use as a dwarfing stock.
Dr. Gerard fully appreciated the value of fruits, and
thus vehemently urges his countrymen to plant orchards:
“ Gentlemen, that have land and living, put forward, * *
* * * oraft, set, plant, and nourish up trees in every cor-
ner of your grounds; the labor is small, the cost is noth-
ing, the commoditie is great, yourselves shall have plentie,
9x
34 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.
the poor shall have somewhat in time of want to relieve
their necessitie, and God shall reward your good minde
and diligence.” The same author gives us a peculiar use
of the apple which may be interesting to some who never
before associated pomatum with the products of the or-
chard. He recommends apples as a cosmetic. ‘ There is
made an ointment with the pulp of apples, and swinc’s
grease and rose water, which is used to beautify the face
and to take away the roughness of the skin; it is called
in shops pomatum, of the apples whereof it is made.” *
When speaking of the importance of grafting to increase
the number of trees of any good variety, Virgil advises to
*« Graft the tender shoot,
Thy children’s children shall enjoy the fruit.”
So high an estimate did Pliny have of this fruit, that he
asserted that “there are apples that have ennobled the
countries from whence they came, and many apples have
immortalized their first founders and inventors. Our best
apples will immortalize their first grafters forever; such
as took their names from Manlius, Cestius, Matius, and
Claudius.”—Of the Quince apple, he says, that came of a
quince being grafted upon the apple stock, which “smell
like the quince, and were called Appiana, after Appius,
who was the first that practiced this mode of grafting.
Some are so red that they resemble blood, which is caused
by their being grafted upon the mulberry stock. Of all
the apples, the one which took its name from Petisius,
was the most excellent for cating, both on account of its
* Our lexicographers give it a similar origin, but refer it to the shape in which
it was put up. Others derive it from poma, Spanish, a box of perfume.
HISTORY OF THE APPLE. 35
swectness and its agreeable flavor.” Pliny mentions
twenty-nine kinds of apples cultivated in Italy, about the
commencement of the Chistian Era.
Alas! for human vanity and apple glory! Where are
now these boasted sorts, upon whose merits the immortal-
ity of their inventors and first grafters was to depend?
They have disappeared from our lists to give place to new
favorites, to some of which, perhaps, we are disposed to
award an equally high meed of praise, that will again be
ignored in a few fleeting years, when higher skill and
more scientific applications of knowledge shall have pro-
duced superior fruit to any of those we now prize so high-
ly; and this is a consummation to which we may all look
forward with pleasure.
In this country the large majority of our favorite fruits,
of whatever species or kind, seem to have originated by
accident, that is, they have been discovered in seedling or-
chards, or even in hedge-rows. These have no doubt,
however, been produced by accidental crosses of good
kinds, and this may occur through the intervention of in-
sects in any orchard of good fruit, where there may
chance to be some varieties that have the tendency to
progress. The discoveries of Linnzus, and his doctrine
of the sexual characters of plants, created quite a revolu-
tion in botany, and no doubt attracted the attention of
Lord Bacon, who was a close observer of nature, for he
ventured to guess that there might be such a thing as
crossing the breeds of plants, when he says: — The com-
pounding or mixture of kinds in plants is not found out,
* Phillips’ Companion, p. 32.
36 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.
which, nevertheless, if it be possible, is more at command:
than that of living creatures; wherefore it were one of
the most noteable experiments touching plants to find it
out, for so you may have great variety of new fruits and
flowers yet unknown. Grafting does it not, that mendeth
the fruit or doubleth the flowers, ctc., but hath not the
power to make a new kind, for the scion ever overruleth
the stock.” In which last observation he shows more
knowledge and a deeper insight into the hidden mysteries
of plant-life than many a man in our day, whose special
business it is to watch, nurse, and care for these humble
forms of existence.
Bradley, about a century later, in 1718, is believed to
have been the first author who speaks of the accomplish-
ment of cross-breeding, which he describes as having been
effected by bringing together the branches of different
trees when in blossom. But the gardeners ot Holland
and the Netherlands were the first to put it into practice.*
The following extract is given to explain the manner in
which Mr. Knight conducted his celebrated experiments
on fruits, which rewarded him with some varietics that
were highly esteemed:—“ Many varieties of the apple
were collected which had been proved to afford, in
mixtures with each other, the finest cider. -A tree of each
was then obtained by grafting upon a Paradise stock,
and these trees were trained to a south wall, or if grafted
on Siberian crab, to a west wall, till they afforded
blossoms, and the soil in which they were planted was
made of the most rich and favorable kind. Each blos-
* Phillips’ Companion, p. 41.
HISTORY OF THE APPLE, 37
som of this species of fruit contains about twenty chives
or males (stamens,) and generally five pointals or fe-
males (pistils,) which spring from the center of the cup or
cavity of the blossom. The males stand in a circle just
within the bases of the petals, and are forined of slender
threads, cach of which terminates in an anther. It is
necessary in these experiments that both the fruit and seed
should attain as large a size and as much perfection as pos-
sible, and therefore a few blossoms only were suffered to
remain on each tree. As soon as the blossoms were nearly
full-grown, every male in each was carefully extracted,
proper care being taken not to injure the pointals; and
the blossoms, thus prepared, were closed again, and suf-
fered to remain till they opened spontaneously. The
blossoms of the tree which it was proposed to make the
male parent of the future variety, were accelerated by be-
ing brought into contact with the wall, or retarded by be-
ing detached from it, so that they were made to unfold at
the required period; and a portion of their pollen, when
ready to fall from the mature anthers, was during three or
four successive mornings deposited upon the pointals of
the blossoms, which consequently afforded seeds. It is
necessary in this experiment that one varicty of apple
only should bear unmutilated blossoms; for, where other
varieties are in flower at the same time, the pollen of these
will often be conveyed by bees to the prepared blossoms,
and the result of the experiment will in consequence be
uncertain and unsatisfactory.” * * *
In his Pomona Herefordiensis, he says: — “It is neces-
sary to contrive that the two trees from which you intend
to raise the new kind, shall blossom at the same time;
38 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.
therefore, if one is an earlier sort than the other, it must
be retarded by shading or brought into a cooler situation,
and the latest forwarded by a warm wall or a sunny posi-
tion, so as to procure the desired result.”
We must distinguish between hybrids proper and crosses,
as it were between races or between what may have been
erroneously designated species, for there has been a great
deal of looseness in the manner of using these terms by
some.xwriters. A true hybrid * is produced only when the
pollen of one species has been used to fertilize the ovules
of another, and as a general rule these can only be pro-
duced between plants which are very nearly allied, as be-
tween species of the same genus. Even such as these,
however, cannot always be hybridized, for we have never
found a mule or hybrid between the apple and pear, the
currant and gooseberry, nor between the raspberry and
blackberry, though each of these, respectively, appear to
be very nearly related, and they are all of the order
Rosacee.
.
In hybrids there appears to be a mixture of the ele-
ments of each, and the characters of the mule or cross
will depend upon one or the other, which it will more
nearly resemble. True hybrids are mules or infertile, and
cannot be continued by seed, but must be propagated by
cuttings, or layers, or grafting. If not absolutely sterile
at first, they become so in the course of the second or
third generation. This is proved by several of our flow-
ering plants that have been wonderfully varied by ingeni-
ous crossing of different species. But it has been found
* Balfour’s Manual.
HISTORY OF THE APPLE, 39
that the hybrid may be fertilized by pollen taken from
one of its parents, and that then the offspring assumes
the characters of that parent.*
Natural hybrids do not often occur, though in diecious
plants, this seems to have been the case with willows
that present such an intricate puzzle to botanists in their
classification, so that it has become almost impossible to
say what are the limits and bounds of some of the species.
Ilybrids are, however, very frequently produced by art,
and particularly among our flowering plants, under the
hands of ingenious gardeners. Herbert thinks, from his
observations, “that the flowers and organs of reproduc-
tion partake of the characters of the female parent, while
the foliage and habit, or the organs of vegetation, re-
semble the male.”
Simply crossing different members of the same species,
like the crossing of races in animal life, is not always
easily accomplished ; but we here find much less difficulty,
and we do not produce a mule progeny. In these experi-
ments the same precautions must be taken to avon the
interference of natural agents in the transportation of
pollen from flower to flower; but this process is now so
familiar to horticulturists, that it scarcely needs a mention.
In our efforts with the strawberry, some very curious re-
sults have occurred, and we have learned that some of the
recognized species appear under this severe test to be-
well founded, as the results have been infertile. Where
the perfection of the fruit depends upon the development
of the seed, this is a very important matter to the fruit-
grower; but fortunately this is not always the case, for
* Balfour’s Manual.
40 . AMERICAN POMOLOGY.
-certain fruits swell and ripen perfectly, though containing
not a single well developed seed. It would be an interest-
ing study to trace out those plants which do furnish a well
developed fleshy substance or sarcocarp, without the true
sceds. Such may be found occasionally in the native per-
simmon, in certain grapes, and in many apples; but in the
strawberry, blackberry, and raspberry, the berry which
constitutes our desirable fruit, never swel!s unless the
germs have been impregnated and the seeds perfect. In
the stone-fruits the stone or pit is always developed, but
the enclosed seed is often imperfect from want of impreg-
nation or other cause—and yet the fleshy covering will
‘sometimes swell and ripen.
Onc of the most successful experimenters in this coun-
try is Doctor J. P. Kirtland, near Cleveland, Ohie, whose
efforts at crossing certain favorite cherries, were crowned
with the most happy results, and all are familiar with the
fruits that have been derived from his crosses. The details
of his applying the pollen of one flower to the pistils of
another are familiar to all intelligent readers, and have
been so often set forth, that they need not be repeated
in this case—great care is necessary to secure the desired
object, and to guard against interference from causes that
would endanger or impair the value of the results.
Van Mons’ theory was based upon certain assumptions
and observations, some of which are well founded, others
are not so firmly established. He claimed correctly that
all our best fruits were artificial products, because the
essential elements for the preservation of the species in
their natural condition, are vigor of the plant and perfect
seeds for the perpetuation of the race. It has been the
HISTORY OF THE APPLE. " 41
object of culture to diminish the extreme vigor of the
tree so as to produce early fruitage, and at the same time
to enlarge and to refine the pulpy portion of the fruit.
He claimed, as a principle, that our plants of culture had
always a tendency to run back toward the original or wild
type, when they were grown from seeds. This tendency
is admitted to exist in many cases, but it is also claimed,
that when a break is once made from the normal type,
the tendency to improve may be established. Van Mons
asserted that the sceds from old trees would be stifl more
apt to run back toward the original type, and that “the
older the tree, the nearer will the seedlings raised from
it approach the wild state,” though he says they will not
quite reach it. But the seeds from a young tree, having
itself the tendency to melioration, are more likely to pro-
duce improved sorts.
He thinks there is a limit to perfection, and that, when
this is reached, the next gencration will more probably
produce bad fruit than those grown from an inferior sort,
which is on the upward road of progression. IIe chims
that the seeds of the oldest varieties of good fruit yield
inferior kinds, whereas those taken from new varicties of
bad fruit, and reproduced for several generations, will cer-
tainly give satisfactory results in good fruit.
He began with secds from a young seedling tree, not
grafted upon another stock; he cared nothing for the
quality of the fruit, but preferred that the variety was
showing a tendency to improvement or variation. These
were sowed, and from the plants produced, he selected
such as appeared to him to have evidence of improvement,
(it is supposed by their less wild appearance), and trans-
42 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.
planted them to stations where they could develop them-
selves. When they fruited, even if indifferent, if they
continued to give evidence of variation, the first seeds were
saved and planted and treated in the same way. These
came earlier into fruit than the first, and showed a greater
promise. Successive generations were thus produced to
the fourth and fifth, each came into bearing earlier than
its predecessor, and produced a greater number of good
varieties, and he says that in the fifth generation they
were nearly all of great excellence. He found pears re-
quired the longest time, five generations; while the apple
was perfected in four, and stone fruits in three.
Starting upon the theory that we must subdue the vigor
of the wilding to produce the best fruits, he cut off the
tap roots when transplanting and shortened the leaders,
and crowded the plants in the orchard or fruiting grounds,
so as to stand but a few feet apart. He urged the “regen-
erating in a direct line of descent as rapidly as possible
an improving variety, taking caré that there be no in-
terval between the generations. To sow, re-sow, to sow
again, to sow perpetually, in shért to do nothing but sow,
is the practice to be pursued, and which cannot be de-
parted from; and, in short, this is the whole secret of the
art I have employed.” (Arbres Fruitiers.)
Who else would have the needed patience and persever-
ance to pursue such a course? Very few, indeed—es-
pecially if they were not very fully convinced of the cor-
rectness of the premises upon which this theory is found-
ed. Mr. Downing thinks that the great numbers of fine
varieties of apples that have been produced in this coun-
try, go to sustain the Van Mons doctrine, because, as he
HISTORY OF THE APPLE - 43
assumes, the first apples that were produced from seeds
brought over by the early emigrants, yielded inferior
fruit, which had run back toward the wild state, and the
people were forced to begin again with them, and that
they most naturally pursued this very plan, taking sceds
from the improving varieties for the next generations and
soon. This may have been so, but it is mere assumption
—we have no proof, and, on the contrary, our choice va-
rieties have so generally been conceded to have been
chance seedlings, that there appears little evidence to
support it—on the contrary, some very fine varieties have
been produced by selecting the seeds of good sorts pro-
miscuously, and without regarding the age of the trees
from which the fruit was taken, Mr. Downing himself,
after telling us that we have much encouragement to ex-
periment upon this plan of perfecting fruits, by taking
seeds from such as are not quite ripe, gathered from a
seedling of promising quality, from a healthy young tree
(quite young,) on its own rvot, not grafted, and that we
“must avoid Ist, the seeds of old trees; 2d, those of
grafted trees; 3d, that we must have the best grounds for
good results ”’—still admits what we all know, that “in
this country, new varictics of rare excellence are some-
times obtained at once by planting the seeds of old grafted
varieties ; thus the Lawrence Favorite and the Columbia
Plums were raised from secds of the Green Gage, one of
the oldest European varicties.”
Let us now look at an absolute experiment conducted
avowedly upon the Van Mons plan in our own country,
upon the feriile soil of the State of Illinois, aud sce to
what results it led :--
44 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.
The following facts have been elicited from correspond-
ence with H. P. Brayshaw, of Du Quoin, Illinois. The
experiments were instituted by his father many years ago,
to test the truth of the Van Mons’ theory of the improve-
ment of fruits by using only the first seeds.
Thirty-five years ago, in 1827, his father procured twen-
ty-five seedling trees from a nursery, which may be sup-
posed to have been an average lot, grown from promiscu-
ous seed. These were planted, and when they came into
bearing, six of thera furnished fruit that might be called
“good,” and of these, “ four were considered fine.” One
of the six is still in cultivation, and known as the Zdlinois
Greening. Of the remainder of the trees, some of the
fruits were fair, and the rest were worthless, and have
disappeared.
Second Generation. — The first fruits of these trees
were selected, and the seeds were sown. Of the resulting
crop, some furnished fruit that was “good,” but they do
not appear to have merited much attention.
Third Generation.—From first seeds of the Above, one
hundred trees were produced, some of which were good
fruit, and some “
even fine,” while some were very poor,
“four or five only merited attention.” So that we see a
retrogression from the random seedlings, furnishing twen-
ty-five per cent. of good fruit, to only four or five per cent.
in the third generation, that were worthy of note.
Fourth Generation.—A crop of the first seed was again
sown, producing a fourth generation; of these many were
“good culinary fruits,” none, or very few being of the
“ poorest class of seedlings,” none of them, however, were
fine enough “ for the dessert.”
HISTORY OF THE APPLE. 5
’ Fifth Generation.— This crop of seedlings was de-
stroyed by the cut-worms, so that only one tree now re-
mains, but has not yet fruited. But Mr. Brayshaw ap-
pears to feel hopeful of the results, and promises to
continue the experiment.
Crops have also been sown from some of these trees,.
but a smaller proportion of the seedlings thus produced
were good fruits, than when the first seeds were nsed—
this Mr. Brayshaw considers confirmatory evidence of the
theory, though he appears to feel confidence in the va-
rictics already in use, most of which had almost an ac-
cidental origin.
He thinks the result would have been more successful
had the blossoms been protected from impregnation
by other trees, and recommends that those to be experi-
mented with should be planted at a distance from orchards,
so as to avoid this cross-breeding, and to allow of what
is called breeding in-and-in. If this were done, he feels
confident that “the seedlings would more nearly resemble
the parent, and to a certain extent would manifest the ten-
dency to improvement, and that from the earliest ripened
fruits, some earlier varietics would be produced, from
those latest ripening, later varieties, from those that
were inferior and insipid, poor sorts would spring, and
that from the very best and most perfect fruits we might
expect one in one thousand, or one-tenth of one per cent.,
to be better than the parent. This diminishes the chance
fur improvement to a beatifully fine point upon which to
hang our hopes of the result of many generations of seed-
lings occupying more than a lifetime of experiments.
Mr, Brayshaw, citing some of the generally adopted
46 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.
axioms of breeders of animals, assumes that crosses, as of '
distinct races, will not be so likely to produce good results,
as a system of breeding in-and-in, persistently carried out.
This plan he recommends, and alludes to the quince and
mulberry as suitable species to operate upon, because in
them there are fewer varictics, and therefore less liability
to cross-breeding, and a better opportunity for breeding
in-and-in. IIe also reminds us of the happy results which
follow the careful selection of the best specimens in gar-
den flowers and vegetables, combined with the rejection
of all inferior plants, when we desire to improve the char-
acter of our garden products, and he adopts the views of
certain physiologists, which, however, are questioned by
other authorities, to the effect that violent or decided
crosses are always followed by depreciation and deteriora-
tion of the offspring.
The whole communication referring to these experiments,
which are almost the only ones, so far as I know, which
have been conducted in this country to any extent, to
verify or controvert the Van Mons’ theory, is very inter-
esting, but it is easy to perecive that the experimenter,
though apparently very fair, and entirely honest, has been
fully imbued with the truth and correctness of the propo-
sition of Van Mons, that the first ripened seed of a nat-
ural plant was more likely to produce an improved va-
riety, and that this tendency to improvement would ever
increase, and be most prominent in the first ripened seeds
of successive generations grown Trom it.
The theory of Van Mons I shall not attempt in this
place to controvert, but will simply say that nothing
which has yet come under my observation has had a ten-
HWISTORY OF THE APPLE. 47
dency to make me a convert to the avowed views of that
great Belgian Pomologist, while, on the contrary, the
rumors of his opponents, that he was really attempting to
produce crosses from some of the best fruits, as our gar-
deners have most successfully done in numerous instances,
in the beautiful flowers and delicious vegetables of modern
horticulture, have always impressed me with a color of
probability, and if he were not actually and intentionally
impregnating the blossoms with pollen of the better vari-
cties, nataral causes, such as the moving currents of air,
and the ever active insects, whose special function in many
instances appears to be the conveyance of pollen, would
necessarily cause an admixture, which, in a promiscuous
and crowded collection, like the “school of Van Mons,”
would at. least have an equal chance of producing an im-
prevement in some of the resulting seeds,
The whole subject of variation in species, the existence
of varieties, and also of those partial sports, which may
perhaps be considered as still more temporary variations
from the originals, than those which come through the
seeds, is one of deep interest, well worthy of our study,
but. concerning which we must confess ourselves as yet
quite ignorant, and our best botanists do not agree even
us to the specific distinctions that have been set up as
rharacters of some of our familiar plants, for the most
eminent differ with regard to the species of some of our
romminon trees and plants.
RUNNING OUT OF VALIETIES.
It has been a very generally received opinion among in-
tellixent fruit-growers, that any given variety of fruit can
48 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.
have but a limited period of existence, be that longer or
shorter. Reasoning from the analogies of animal life this.
would appear very probable, for it is well known that in-
dividuals of different species all have a definite period of
life, some quite brief, others quite extended, beyond which
they do not survive. But with our modern views of vege-
tation, though we know that all perennial plants do even-
tually die and molder away to the dust from whence they
were created, and that many trees of our own planting
come to an untimely end, while we yet survive to observe
their decay, still, we can see no reason why a tree or parts
of a tree taken from it, and placed under circumstances
favorable to its growth from time to time, may not be sem-
piternal. Harvey has placed this matter in a correct
light, by showing that the true life and history of a tree
is in the buds, which are annual, while the tree itself is
the connecting link between them and the ground. Any
portion of such a compound existence, grafted upon an-
other stock, or planted immediately in the ground itself
and established upon its own roots, will produce a new
tree like the first, being furnished with supplies of nour-
ishment it may grow indefinitely while retaining all the
qualities of the parent stock—if that be healthy and vig-
orous so will this—indeed new life and vigor often seem to
be imparted by a congenial thrifty stock, and a fertile soil,
0) that there does not appear to be any reason why the
variety should ever run out and disappear.
The distinguished Thomas Andrew Knight, President
of the London H-e .+*-{tural Society, was one of the lead-
ing advocates of the theory that varieties would neces-
sarily run out and disappear as it were by exhaustion.
HISTORY OF THE APPLE, 49
In his Pomona IIcretordiensis, he tells us that “those ap-
ples, which have been long in cultivation, are on the de-
cay. The Redstreak and Golden Pippin can no longer
he propagated with advantage. The fruit, like the parent
tree, is xflected by the debilitated old age of the variety.”
And in his treatise on the culture of the apple and pear,
he says: “The Moil and its successful rival, the Red-
streak, with the Must and Golden Pippin, are in the last
stage of decay, and the Stire and Foxwhelp are hasten-
ing rapidly after them.” In noticing the decay of apple
trees, Pliny probably refers to particular trees, rather than
the whole of any variety, when he says that “apples be-
come old sooner than any other tree, and the fruit be-
comes smaller and is subject to be cankered and worm-
eaten, even while on the trees.’—Lib. XVI, Chap. 27.
Speechly combated the views of Mr. Knight, and says :
“It is much to be regretted that this apparently visionary
notion of the extinction of certain kinds of apples should
have been promulgated by authors of respectability, since
the mistake will, for a time at least, be productive of sev-
eral ill consequences.”
Some of the old English varieties that were supposed
to he worn out or exhausted, appear to have taken a new
lease of life in this country, but we have not yet had a
long enough experience to decide this question. Many of
the earlier native favorites of the orchard have, for some
reason, disappeared from cultivation—whether they have
run out, were orisinatly deficient in vigor, or have merely
heen superseded ly more acceptable varieties, does not
appear
Mr. Phillips, in his Companion, states “that in 1819, he
eo
50 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.
observed a great quantity of the Golden Pippin in Covent
Garden Market, which were in perfect condition, and was
induced to make inquiries respecting the health of the
variety, which resulted in satisfactory replies from all
quarters, that the trees were recovering from disease,
which he thought had been induced by a succession of un-
propitious seasons. He cites Mr. Ronald’s opinion, that
there was then no fear of losing this variety ; and Mr.
Lee, who thought that the apparent decay of some trees
was owing to unfavorable seasons. Mr. Harrison in-
formed him that this variety was very successfully grown
on the mountains of the island of Madeira, at an elevation
of 3000 feet, and produced abundantly. Also that the va-
riety was quite satisfactory in many parts of England, and
concludes that the Golden Pippin only requires the most
genial situation, to render it as prolific 1s formerly.”
It is quite probable, as Phillips suggests, that Mr.
Knight had watched the trees during unfavorable seasons
which prevailed at that period, and as he found the disease
increase, he referred it to the old age of the variety, and
hased his theory to that effect upon partial data.
Mr. Knight’s views, though they have taken a strong
hold upon the popular mind, have not been confirmed by
physiologists. For though the seed would appear to be
the proper source whence to“dcrive our new plants, and
certainly our new varieties of fruits, many plants have, for
an indefinite period, been propagated by layers, shoots or
scious, buds, tubers, etc., and that the variety has thus
been extended much beyond the period of the life of the
parent or original seedling, Strawberries are propagated
and multiplied by the runners, potatoes by tubers, the
IUSTORY OF THE APPLE. 51
Tiger Lily by bulblets, some onions by proliferous bulbs,
sugar cane by planting pieces of the stalk, many grapes by
horizontal stems, and many plants by cuttings, for a very
great length of time. The grape vine has been continued
in this way from the days of the Romans. A slip taken
from a willow iu Mr. Knight’s garden pronounced by him
to be dying from old age, was planted in the Edinburgh
Botanic Garden many years ago, and is now a vigorous
tree, though the original stock has long since gone to de-
cay.*
® Balfour's Manual, p. 284.
CHAPTER. III.
PROPAGATION.—SECTION I.
ALL GROWTH IS DEPENDANT UPON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CEILS — IHE
SEED AND THE BUD; THEIR RESEMBLANCE— THE INDIVIPUALI-
TY OF BUDS — THE BASIS OF ALL PROPAGATION — BUDS ARE DEVEL-
OPED INTO TWIGS ; HAVE POWER OF EMITTING ROOTS — IMPORTANCE
OF THE STUDY OF CELL-GROWTH —— BY CUTTINGS: PREPARATION
AND SELECTION — HEEL-CUTTINGS — SOFT WOOD— HARD WOOD —
SEASONS FOR EACH — FALL PLANTING — THE CALLUS, OR DEVELOP-
MENT OF CELL-GROWTH — BOTTOM HE/™; WHY BENEFICIAL — WHY
SPRING CUTTINGS FAIL —STIMULUS OF LIGHT UPON THE BUDS,
CAUSES THEM TO EXPAND, AND THE LEAVES EVAPORATE TOO FREE-
LY— ROOT CUTTINGS ; DIFFERENT drorrs THUS PROPAGATED ——
BY SUCKERS: OBJECTIONS TO ANSWERED— SUCKER ORCIIARDS ;
BEAR EARLY — SUCKER TREES APT TO SUCKER AGAIN ——BY LAY-
ERS: A NATURAL METHOD — HOW PERFORMED — THE RASPBERRY
AND THE GRAPE— ILLUSTRATIONS OF NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL
METHODS — QUINCE STOCKS — ADJUVANTS TO LAYERING, NOTCHING,
ETC-——BY SEEDS: HOW IT DIFFERS FROM THE OTHERS — APPLE
SEEDLINGS — THEIR TREATMENT, SEPARATING, AND PREPARING THE
SEED — APPARATUS — SPROUTING — SOWING — CULTIVATION — SEED-
LINGS — TREATMENT — SORTING — PACKING.
All propagation of plants must depend upon the devel-
opment of sceds or of buds, and all will arise from the
growth and extension of cells. The seed and the bud are
much more nearly related than a casual observer would at
PROPAGATION. 53
first sight suppose. The early phylologists thought they
discovered that in the seed was enwrapped the image of
the future tree—a dissection of the seed would appear to
demonstrate this. It is composed of separate parts which
are capable of being developed into the root, stem, and
appendages, but they have yet to be so developed; the
several parts that we find in the seed are merely the repre-
sentative parts. But the seed has the future of the tree
within itself, it has certain qualities of the future tree im-
pressed upon it in its primary organization, within the cap-
sule of the fruit of the parent plant, so that in a higher
sense the image of the future tree does exist within the
seed. Within the bud, still more plainly and more dis-
tinctly visible, is the future tree manifest, and we may pro-
duce a tree from a bud as certainly as we do from a seed.
Subjected to circumstances favorable for growth, the bud,
as well as the seed, will emit roots, will form its stem,
branches and appendages, and will become a tree; differing
from the product of the seed only in this, that in thé lat-
ter the resulting organism constitutes a new individual
which may vary somewhat from its parent, in the former
it is only a new development of a part of a previously ex-
isting organization. The similarity existing between the
two is exceedingly close, and is a matter of great impor-
tance in horticultural operations. Dr. Lindley, in the
Gardener’s Chronicle, says very truly, that “every bud
‘of a tree is an individual vegetable, and a tree, therefore,
is a family or swarm of individual plants, like the polype
with its young growing out of its sides, or like the branch-
ing cells of the coral insect.” Similar opinions, more or
less modified, have been expressed by subsequent physiol-
54 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.
ogists, and are familiar to men of science in every country
and, we may add, are also universally accepted as true by
all who claim a right to express an opinion upon the sub-
ject.—Men of science recognize the individuality of buds.
—Nobody doubts the individuality of buds.—In a garden-
ing aspect, the individuality of buds is the cardinal point
upon which some of our most important operations turn ;
such, for example, as all modes of propagation whatever,
except by seed. If this be not fully understood, there is
no possible explanation of the reasons why certain results
are sure to follow the attachment of a bud, or the insertion
of a graft, or the planting of a cutting, or the bending of
a layer, or the approach of a scion, or the setting of an
eye—our six great forms of artificial multiplication.” In
his Elements of Botany, the same writer says; “An em-
bryo is a young plant produced by the agency of the sex-
es, and developed within a seed—a leaf bud is a young
plant, produced without the agency of the sexes, enclosed
within the rudimentary leaves called scales, and devel-
oped on a stem.” “An embryo propagates the species,
leaf-buds propagate the individual.” He shows each to
be “a young plant developing itself upwards, downwards
and horizontally, into stem, root, and medullary system.”
Dr. Schleiden thus beautifully expresses his views of their
individuality: ‘‘ Now the bud essentially is nothing more
than a repetition of the plant on which it is formed. The
foundation of a new plant consists equally of a stem and
leaves, and the sole distinction is that the stem becomes
intimately blended at its base with the mother plant in its
growth, and has no free radical extremity like that exhib-
ited by a plant developed from a seed. However, this
PROPAGATION. 55
distinction is not so great as at the first glance it appears.
Every plant of high organization possesses the power of
shooting out adventitious roots from its stem, under the
favoring influences of moisture; and very frequently, even
plants that have been raised from seed, are forced to con-
tent themselves with such adventitious roots, since it is
the nature of many plants, for instance the grasses, never to
develop their proper root, although the radicle is actually
present. We are, it is true, accustomed to look upon the
matter as though the buds must always be developed into
twigs and branches, on and in connection with the plant
itself; and thus in common life, we regard them as parts
of a plant, and not as independent individuals, which they
are in fact, although they, like children who remain in
their paternal home, retain the closest connection with the
plant on which they were produced. That they are at
least capable of becoming independent plants, is shown
by an experiment frequently successful when the neces-
sary care is taken, namely the breaking off and sowing of
the buds of our forest trees. The well-known garden
operations of grafting and budding are also examples of
this, and layering only differs from the sowing of the
buds, in that the buds on the layers are allowed to acquire
a certain degree of maturity before they are separated from
the parent plant. All here depends upon the facility with
which these bud plants root as it is called, that is develop
adventitious roots, when they are brought in contact with
moist earth, * * * Nature herself very often makes
use of this method to multiply certain plants in incalculable
numbers. In a few cases, the process resembles the arti-
ficial sowing of buds, as when the plant spontaneously
56 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.
throws off the perfect buds at a certain period; an in
stance of this is afforded by some of our garden Lilies,
which throw off the little bulb-like buds which appear in
the axils of the lower leaves. The more common mode
of proceeding is as follows: Those buds which have been
formed near the surface of the soil, grow up into shoots
provided with leaves; but the shoots are long, slender
and delicate, the leaves too are stunted into little scales;
in their axils, however, they develop strong buds, which
either in the same or in the following year take root, and
the slender shoot connecting them with the parent plant,
dying and decaying, they become free independent plants.
In this manner the strawberry soon covers a neglected
garden.” *
Upon the development of a cell in any living tissue, and
its power of reproducing other cells, and upon its function
of communicating by endosmosis and exosmosis with other
like cells, depend all our success in propagating vegeta-
bles, whether from seeds or buds, and parts containing
these. We must study the circumstances that favor the
development of cells, if we would be successful in prop-
agating plants. Each bud being considered an individu-
al, and capable, under favorable circumstances, of taking
on a separate existence, we can multiply any individual
variety indefinitely, and be sure of having the same quali-
ties of foliage and fruit that we admire in the original,
and that we may desire to propagate. This applies
equally to a group of buds, as in cnttings, grafts and
layers, etc.; but, more wonderful still, there are cells
capable of developing buds where none existed before, and
* The Plant, a Riography: M. J. Schleiden, p. 68.
PROPAGATION. 57
even in tissues or parts of a plant where we do not usually
find buds—hence we have a mode of propagation of many
woody plants, by root cuttings, and by leaves, and even
parts of leaves.
Propacation By Cutrines.— Many fruits are multi-
plied by this means. Healthy shoots of the previous
year’s growth are usually selected and taken when the
parent is in a dormant state, or still better, when it is ap-
proaching this condition. Sometimes a small portion of
the previous year’s growth is left with the cutting, making
a sort of heel ; when this is not to be had, or not prefer-
red, the slip is to be prepared for planting by cutting it
smoothly just below a bud, as this seems to be the most
favorable point in many plants for the emission of roots.
Some plants will throw out radicles at any point indif-
ferently along the internodes or merithalls. The prefer-
ence for heel-cuttings depends upon the fact, that near
the base of the annual shoot there are always a great num-
ber of buds, many of which, however, being imperfectly
developed, are inconspicuous, but though dormant, they
seem to favor the emission of rootlets. Cuttings may be
made to grow if taken at any period of their develop-
ment, but when green and soft, they require particular
conditions of heat and moisture in the soil, and atmosphere,
that are only under the control of the professional gardener.
They are usually taken in the dormant state, because they
are then susceptible of being made to grow under the or-
dinary conditions of out-door gardening. If cut early in
the season, on the approach of autumn, after the wood-
growth has been perfected, they may be planted at once
with good prospect of success, or they may be put into the
3*
58 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.
soil, out of doors, in the cellar, or in a cold frame or pit,
and a very important step in the progress of their growth
will commence at once. The leafless sticks are not dead,
and whenever the temperature will admit of the quiet in-
terchange of fluids among their cells, this curious function
will go on, and will be accompanied by the development
or generation of new cells that soon cover the cut surfaces,
constituting what the gardeners call the callus, This is
the first step toward growth, and it most readily occurs
when the earth is warmer than the air; hence the value of
fall planting, whether of trees or of cuttings, if done be
fore the earth has been chilled, and hence also, the impor-
tance of bottom heat in artificial propagation. If on the
contrary the air be warm and the ground cold, the buds are
often stimulated to burst forth, before the rootlets can
have started. The expanding foliage which so delights
the tyro in propagation, offers an extended surface for
evaporation, the contained juices of the cutting itself are
soon exhausted, no adequate supply is furnished, and the
hopeful plant soon withers, or damps off, and dies.* The
cutting, like the seed, must have “first the root, then the
blade.” The length of time that is allowed for cuttings to
prepare for rooting, if they are designed for spring plant-
ing, should be as great as possible, and the circumstances
under which they are kept should be such as to favor the
development of the cells, so that roots may form frecly
with the breaking of the buds, if not before.
._ Root-cuttings should be made in the spring, just before
the usual period of the bursting of the buds in the plant
to be propagated. The tendency to develop buds appears
* Because it had no root, it withered away. Mat. 13, 6.
\
PROPAGATION, 59
to be then most active. Gentle bottom heat, though not
‘essential, is still very desirable, and will conduce to the
success of the operation. Some plants are best prop-
agated by this means, and those too, which never. natur-
ally produce suckers, may often be successfully grown by
sections of the roots. All plants do not equally admit
of propagation by division as cuttings, some woody
tissues refusing to emit roots under almost any circum.
stances.
Nobody thinks of propagating the stone fruits, such as
the cherry, plum, peach, or apricot, by attempting to plant
cuttings, and yet some of these will emit roots very free-
ly, as we may often observe when the shoots or trimmings
are used as supports for plants in the green-house. The
plum free is exceedingly apt to form new roots when
planted too deeply, and upon this fact depends the success
or failure of the finer varieties when worked upon certain
varieties of the wild stock. Ifthe young trees are earthed
up in the nursery, and set rather deeply in the orchard,
they will soon establish a good set of roots of their own,
emitted above the junction of the scion and stock, which
is very preferable to the imperfect union and consequent
enlargement that often results from using uncongenial
stocks. The raspberry and blackberry do not grow so
well from cuttings of the wood, which is always biennial
in this genus, as they do from root-cuttings.
In some parts of the country, peaches are mainly pro-
duced, or,the favorite varieties are multiplied, by planting
the sprouts that come from the base of the trunk of the
trees; these have little or no roots when taken off with
the mattock, but they soon establish themselves and make
60 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.
good trees, bearing fruit like their parents, in soils and
climate that are well adapted to this fruit.
Refined and scientific horticulture has been extensively
applied to the multiplication of the grape, which is now
produced in immense numbers, from single eyes, or buds.
Formerly our vineyards were formed by planting long
cuttings at once in the field in the stations to be occupied
by the vines, or by setting them first in a nursery, whence
they were transplanted to the vineyard, when one or two
years old. Only the most refractory kinds, which would
not grow readily in the field, or such as were yet rare, were
propagated from cuttings, by using the single eye and
artificial bottom heat. Now, however, the appliances of
our propagators are called upon for the production of
grape-vines by the million, and they find it advisable to
multiply all the varieties in this manner. The propagation
of the grape by using single eyes affords the most beanti-
ful illustration of the subject of the individuality of buds,
and though denounced by some as an unnatural; steam-
forcing process, it is really an evidence of the advance of
horticulture, since every step is supported by a philosoph-
ical reason, and the whole process, to be successful, is de-
pendent upon the application to practice of well established
scientific truths.
It has already been stated that the first effect of cell-
growth upon a cutting, is the production of a callus.
This callus may form upon any cut surface, or even where
the bark has been abraded. It is the first effort of nature
to repair an injury by the reproduction of new parts; it
is most generally found at the base of the cutting, but un-
der favorable circumstances, it will be seen also at the up-
PROPAGATION. 61
per end of the shoot if this has been placed in contact
with the earth. Cuttings will sometimes be set up-side
down, when we find the callus upon the smaller end, and
roots will be emitted from that portion whence we should
have expected to see the branches issue. Upon this fact,
and to multiply the chances of living, has becn based the
French method, as it is called, or that of inserting both
ends of the cuttings. The common mode, (fig. 1), is to.
- _
77 Fe
Y jj Wil) Vi
Fig. 1.—FRENCH AND COMMON MODES OF SETTING CUTTINGS.
set the cuttings in a slanting direction in the ground, so
placed that the upper eye or bud only shall reach the sur-
face. Formerly there was a preference for long cuttings,
and these were often made eighteen inches or more in
length. The practice with most of our cultivators has
been modified in this particular, and they have reduced
the length of the slips to six and eight inches, so as to
have in grape wood about three or four cyes. Some have
gone still further, and use but two, even for out-door
planting of the grape, and some have been very success-
ful when using but a single joint. The Germans have ad-
vocated longer cuttings, upon the theory that there was a
retroaction in the pith of the internodes and in all the
buds of the cutting, upon the lower point, enabling it to
push roots more strongly from a long than from a short
62 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.
cutting. This theory has for its support the fact, that
there is in such a cutting a larger Amount of organizable
matter to be developed into the new parts to be produced,
and certainly, if neglected, short cuttings will be very apt
to suffer from drought, but in practice, it is found that
the short cutting plants have better roots, which are near
the surface, and even those plants, grown from single eyes,
are better furnished than long cuttings produced upon the
old plan, which placed the roots deep in the soil.
Fig. 2.—ONE-EYE CUTTINGS OF THE GRAPE.
There are various methods of preparing the single-eye
cuttings, some of which are represented in fig. 2.
Among our cultivated fruits there is but a limited num-
ber that need to be propagated by cuttings, though, where
it becomes necessary, many of them may be grown in this
manner, to which procedure there are no serious objec-
tions, though there are some of a theoretical nature. The
currant and the gooseberry are increased almost exclusively
PROPAGATION. 63
from cuttings, they strike root very readily, and are multi-
plied to any extent; their seeds are sown only to produce
new varieties. The grape is propagated very extensively
by cuttings; the slips are often planted in the field and
in the stations where the vines are wanted for the vine-
yard; but some varieties are so unsatisfactory in their re-
sults, that other more elaborate and scientific means must
be taken for their propagation. Among the larger fruits,
those constituting our trees, we do not depend upon cut-
tings, except in the quince, which is not only grown for
its fruit, but is also largely produced as a stock for the
dwarfed pear, and is extensively propagated from cuttings.
The Paradise apple, a dwarf stock, is multiplied in the
same way. Pears and apples may be grown from cuttings,
. but this plan is not pursued with them to any extent.
Those that are root-grafted, or budded very low, especi-
ally the pear on quince stocks, will often produce roots if
favorably situated, but there is a great difference in var
rieties, some rarely produce a root, while others are very
prone to do it; from observations of this fact, a new
phase of dwarf:pear culture has been inaugurated.
SuckEers.—One of the simplest methods of multiplying
varieties consists of increasing and encouraging the suck-
ers thrown up by the roots; these are separated and set
out for trees. We have been told by some physiologists
that there was an absolute difference in structure between
the root and the stem, that they could not be substituted
the one for the other; and yet the oft quoted marvel of the
tree which was planted upside down, and which produced
flowers and leaves from its roots, while its branches emit-
ted fibres, and became true roots, is familiar to every one.
64 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.
Here, as in other cases, our teachers have led us into er-
ror by attempting to trace analogy with animal anatomy
and physiology, and by directing our attention to the cir-
culation of plants, as though they, like the higher animals,
possessed true arterial and venous currents of circulating
fluids. The cell circulation is quite a different affair, and
can be conducted in either direction, as every gardener
knows who has ever layered a plant, or set a cutting upside
down. So with the roots—they are but downward ex-
tensions of the stem; under ordinary circumstances they
have no need for buds, but these may be, and often are
developed, when the necessity for their presence arises.
Buds do exist on roots, especially upon those that are
horizontal and near the surface, and from them freely
spring suckers, which are as much parts of the parent tree
as ‘its branches, and may be planted with entire certainty
of obtaining the same fruit, just as the twigs when used
as cuttings, or scions, when grafted,-will produce similar
results. “
Whole orchards are planted, in some sections of the
country, with the suckers from old trees; apples, pears,
plums, and even peaches, as well as raspberries and black-
berries, are multiplied in this primitive way. There are
some varieties of apples that have been so propagated for
half a century, and extended for hundreds of miles in this
way by the pioneer emigrants, without ever having been
grafted, until their merits have at length accidentally be-
come known to the Pomological Societies and nurserymen,
when the propagation of them by grafting soon super-
cedes the more primitive method. Sucker trees are ob-
jected to upon the grounds that they are not healthy and
PROPAGATION. 65
thrifty, that they do not have good roots. Inherent dis-
ease of the parent tree will of course be transmitted with
its other peculiarities, but I cannot imagine that this would
be any more likely to occur in a sucker than in a layer, or
cutting, or graft. As to the roots, they may be more de-
veloped upon one side than another in the young tree, and
this state of things may continue in the adult; we often
observe the same condition in the stumps of the monarchs
of our forests, which were never suspected in the day of
their glory and pride of having such a fault. But such a
condition of roots is not essential to the sucker, which
may be made to have as fine a system of lateral roots, and
as evenly and regularly distributed as those of a seedling
tree. Another objection to this mode of propagation has
much truth and some force; that is, that suckers are very
apt to produce suckers again. This is particularly
the case with the Morello cherry, which is a favorite
stock, upon which to work many of the choice va-
rieties. As an offset to this it may be urged, that the
small fibrous roots, which are supposed to conduce to
early fruitfulness, abound in trees propagated by this
means, and this may be the reason why the fruit trees
that have been thus multiplied, are very generally re-
markable for their precocious fruiting. Some of the
apples that have been long increased in this manner, bear
so early, and so bountifully, as to prevent them from ever
forming very large trees; they often have a stunted ap-
pearance, and not infrequently present a peculiar inequal-
ity upon the bark, portions being swollen or enlarged
like warts—from which, in some cases, it is easy to force
out shoots or sprouts; they are indeed true gemmules like
66 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.
those of the old olive trees, and like them might be used
for the propagation of the variety; a similar condition,
no doubt, exists in the roots, whence the tendency to
sucker. The common Morello cherry; the Damson; the
Chickasas, and other varieties of plum; the blackberry,
and many raspberries, are multiplied almost exclusively in
a similar manner.
Layers are portions of the branches of a plant that
have been induced to throw out roots, and which can thus
set up an independent existence if removed from the parent
tree. This mode of propagation is a very natural one,
and was probably an accidental discovery. In its traits,
it is the reverse of the mode we have just been consider-
ing. Here the branch emits roots, instead of the root
emitting branches, as in the case of the sucker. Layering
is frequently resorted to as a mode of propagation, it ise
very simple, easily performed, and, with some species, very
certain in its results. Some plants will root readily if
merely placed in contact with the ground, or very slightly
covered with soil; others require some artificial interfer-
ence, such as ringing, or twisting, or slitting. “The rasp-
berry, known as the Rubus occidentalis, or Black-cap, be-
longs to the first class, and it even places itself in contact
with the soil by recurving its branches so as to bring the
tips to the earth, where they strike root, and make new
plants. The grape comes under the second category,
needing only a little assistance, and it is multiplied to a
considerable extent in this manner. In the spring, the
vines are laid out in a little shallow trench, and pegged
down closely; as the buds burst, they throw up shoots
which are trained vertically by tying them to sticks, and
PROPAGATION. 67
as soon as these shoots have acquired a certain degree
of maturity and firmness, the mellow earth is drawn up
to them and they emit a beautiful system of roots, and by
the fall they form very fine plants, (fig. 3). The layered
Fig. 3.—PROPAGATING THE GRAPE BY LAYERING.
branch is then taken up and the several plants are separat-
ed, when it will be found that the best roots are chiefly
from the lower joints of the new wood, rather than from
the old canes that were laid down in the spring.
Fig. 4.—LAYERING THE QUINCE,
Quinces are considerably increased by a sort of layer-
ing, as the twigs emit roots very freely ; they are often bent
down, slightly twisted, or not, as the case may be, and
covered with mellow soil, when they readily emit roots,
68 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.
become firmly established, and may be set out by them-
selves, (fig. 4). There is, however, another method of lJay-
ering, much practiced in the multiplication of the quince;
that called propagation by stools. The plants are set in
open rows, four feet wide, and three or four feet apart in
the rows; they should be
so planted as to stand be-
low the general surface,
that is in trenches. When
cut off at the ground in
the spring, they throw up
a great number of shoots,
and the earth is gradually
worked up to these to en-
Fig. 5.—STOOL LAYERING THE
QUINCE. courage their rooting, (see
figure 5), which is often sufficient for removal the first
season ; if, on inspection, the roots are not found to be
sufficiently large or abundant, the earthing is continued
until the autumn of the next year, when they arevremov-
ed, the stools trimmed of their lower roots, and reset in
new trenches. The plants, thus raised from stools, are cut
back severely, and are then ready to set out in nursery
rows for budding. With the quince, cultivated in this
manner, nothing is required but to accumulate the mel-
low earth about the shoots; but in many plants it is
necessary to notch the wood by splitting, or cutting it for
an inch or two, (as in fig. 6), making a tongue that sepa-
rates from the lower portion of the shoot, and from which
the roots are emitted. This slit should be commenced just
below a bud, and the knife is drawn upward, cutting half.
way through the wood. If commenced at one side instead
PROPAGATION. 69
of at the depending portion, the tongue is more sure to be
separated from the stock, to which it might otherwise
reunite. To insure rooting, some persons insert a little
stick or chip between the separated portions, to prevent a
re-union of the parts. The shoot, after being notched,
is fastened down, and fine soil or compost is brought
about it to encourage the development of roots. Few of
the hard wooded fruit trees have been extensively prop-
St oe
ie -
“4 Cae NN
Fig. 6.—MANNER OF CUTTING AND PEGGING DOWN A LAYER
agated by means of layers; they might be so produced,
but it has not been found profitable nor necessary.
A very common opinion prevails that layering exhausts
the mother plant, or vine, which is used in this mode of
prepagating. If properly conducted, there is no reason
why this should be; but if the whole top of any plant is
bent down and made to take root, and to form independent
roots, there can be little or no return from the branches to
the original stock to strengthen it. A certain amount of
healthy growing wood should always be left in its natural
position, and no danger to the plant need be apprehended.
The wood growth of the strawberry, when allowed to
70 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.
take its natural bent, is directed into the stolons or run-
ners, which form natural layers. Their production de
tracts from the central wood-growth of the plant, and
exhausts its strength to such a degree, that it often dies,
whereas, by a constant removal of the runners, as fast as
they appear, we practice a sort of summer pruning or
pinching, which results in the production of a large.branch-
ing stool, with many points or centers for the production
of foliage and flowers, and thus insure the greatest abun-
dance of fruit. The strawberry, like one species of the
raspberry, and many other of our native plants, offers il-
lustrations of natural layering.
Sreps.—The most common as well as the most natural
mode of multiplying the individual plants of most of our
fruit trees, is by sowing the seed; from this source we
procure stocks upon which are worked, by budding or
grafting, the several varieties we may desire to propagate.
As an illustration of this process, I propose to speak of
apple seedlings. .
The almost universal means of increasing the number
of apple trees, is by sowing the seed. This is generally
selected and separated from the fresh pomace left on the
press in cider-making. The old and slow process of hand-
washing has given way, in this age of labor-saving ma-
chinery, to more economical methods. The most approved
Apparatus is constructed upon the principle of separating
the seeds from the pulp by means of their greater specific
gravity; it is, indeed, much like a gold washer, being a
series of boxes or troughs through which a current of wa-
ter is made to flow; this carries the lighter portions away
from the seeds, the contents of the boxes being agitated
PROPAGATION, 71
from time to time. At the close of the process, the clean
seed is found in the bottoms of the boxes, whence it is re-
moved and carefully dried, by putting it in an airy place,
and stirring it frequently to prevent mildew and fermen-
tation. Well prepared seed is plump and bright, and
should feel col to the hand. When the pips are broken,
they should be white and clear within ; but the best test of
their quality, is to sprout a portion, and count the-plants
produced by a given number of seeds.
Sowrne.—The seeds may be put into the ground, either
in the fall, or spring. The soil having been well prepared,
and deeply pulverized, is thrown up in beds a few feet
wide, and the seed sown in close drills across; or without
the beds, it may be sown in broad drills, by hand, or with
a machine, the rows at such a distance as to allow of cul-
ture by horse-power. It is desirable, in either case, to get
an early start and a good stand; the weeds must be
kept under from the very first, and not allowed to have the
mastery for a single day. Thorough culture during the
season, upon a deeply tilled soil, of such a character as
to retain moisture, will be found highly advantageous
in the production of this crop, and will insure immunity
from leaf-blight and other adversities. Some recommend
sprouting the seed a little before planting. If it have
been kept during the winter mixed with its bulk of sand,
which is a good plan, the whole may be subjected toa
gentle heat as in a hot-bed, for a few days, just before
planting. During this time the mass must be stirred and
turned every day, to prevent fermentation and to secure
~ an even start. Whenever the germ makes its appearance
at the points of the seeds, which is called pipping, the
72 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.
sowing must begin, and should be done as quickly as pos-
sible; the covering is to be slight, and the earth should
be friable and not disposed to bake. The depth at which
the apple seed is to be covered will depend upon the pres-
ent and prospective state of the weather, lighter if moist,
heavier if dry, for a continued drouth might be fatal to
sprouted seed, if it were planted too near the surface; but
when.the weather is not dry, it is advised that the
shallower the seed is sown, the better. The objection.has
been made to sprouting, that if the process have advanced
too far, the seedlings will be apt to have a crook at or
near the collar, instead of the straight fusiform appear-
ance they should possess when presented to the grafter.
These seedlings furnish the stocks upon which to work
the finer varieties of the apple. They are taken up in the
autumn with their long clean roots, which are often longer
than their tops, the leaves are stripped off, and they are
assorted; the larger are packed away in earth or saw-dust
in the grafting department, or heeled-in out of daors, and
covered in such a way as to be accessible at any time they
may be needed during the winter. The smaller stocks
are heeled-jn for spring planting in nursery rows for bud-
ding, or they may be left in the original rows for another
year’s growth as seedlings. If the plants have been well
grown and not too thick, so that the majority are of suffi-
cient size, it will be better to take them all up at once and
assort them as just indicated, otnerwise the largest only
may be drawn separately when the ground is soft with
autumnal rains, leaving the smaller seedlings for another
year’s growth. In assorting and selling the stocks, nurs--
erymen make about three classes. The very largest, as
PROPAGATION. 3
thick as a lead-pencil, are called extra, or two-year old,
and command a higher price. The next size, called 1st
class stocks, are large enough for co-aptation to the aver-
age scions, and long enough to make two cuts each for
grafting ; and those that fall below this requisition are
considered second class, and are either thrown aside or set
out for budding, and for stock or collar-grafting in the
rows. 4
PROPAGATION.—SECTION II.—GRAFTING.
A MODIFICATION OF CUTTINGS— SUCCESS DEPENDANT UPON CELL-
GROWTH — FORMING A UNION WITH THE STOCK-— LIMITS TO GRAFT-
ING DEPENDANT UPON THE ANATOMY OF THE PLANT — PHYSIOLOGI-
CAL BOUNDS - SUCCESS IS IN PROPORTION TO THE AFFINITY —
SEVERAL SPECIES AS STOCKS — DISTINCT GENERA -— NARROW LIMITS
— REQUISITES — EFFECTS OF UNCONGENIAL STOCKS — NATURAL
GRAFTING 18 INARCHING—GRAFTING BY APPROACH — VARIOUS
METHODS OF GRAFTING — WHIP, CLEFT, SADDLE, SIDE, ETC — ILLUS-
TRATIONS — TYING, WAXING, ETC — RE-GRAFTING OLD ORCHARDS —
RENEW SUCCESSIVE PORTIONS OF THE TREE; TOP FIRST — GRAFTING
MACHINES — ROOT-GRAFTING — PREPARATION OF THE SCIONS — OF
THE ROOTS — PRESERVATION OF THE GRAFTS — DiVISION QF LABOR
—DIFFEKENT PORTIONS OR SECTIONS OF TIE ROOTS — STOCK-
GRAFTING — GRAFTING-WAX — SEASONS FOR — PRULONGED — SELEC-
TION OF SCIONS— TIME FOR CUTTING— MODE OF PRESERVING —
TREATMENT OF GRAFTS.
GraFtine is but a modification of propagation by cut-
tings. The scion is a cutting of the variety we wish to
propagate, which, instead of being committed to the
ground to emit its own roots, is placed in contact with
tissres of a nature similar to its own, through which it is
to forma connection with the roots and the soil. The
success of the operation depends upon the formative cell
in this instance also, as in the cutting; new cells arc
PROPAGATION. .
formed upon the cut surface, and the intercommunication
takes place through them. Hence we have anatomical
limits to grafting; there are physiological bounds beyond
which we cannot pass, in our combinations of scion and
stock, Our success is in the direct ratio of the affinity
that exists between them ; thus apple grows best on apple,
and even among these we find the closest union and the
best results, where there is a similiarity between the style
of growth, and probably in the character of the cells.
We say, as a general rule, that stone fruits must be
grafted upon stone fruits, those bearing seeds, upon seed
fruit ; but there are limits even here which confine us up-
on one hand, and give us more latitude upon the other.
Thus the cherry may be worked upon the wild cherry
(Prunus Virginiana,) but it forms a very poor union; the
pear will grow upon the thorn, which has a very different
seed, but the union is very imperfect and the tree is short-
lived; the apple would appear to be much nearer of kin,
since it belongs to the same genus, but though the pear
will grow vigorously upon this stock, it is no more per-
manent than upon the thorn: either of them will answer
when graftéd low, or in the root, to start the cutting, as
the scion may then be considered, and to sustain it until
it shall have supplied itself with roots. In top-grafting
the pear upon a tree of either species, it is found essential
to success, and it conduces to the greater durability of the
tree, for some branches of the original stock to be left in-
tact to secure the circulation of the trunk, as the union of
the dissimilar cells is so imperfect that it does not furnish
sufficient vent for the sap. In the case of the cherry we
find that the varieties appear to have a greater affinity
76 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.
for those of their own race; thus the Dukes and Morellos
do well when grafted upon the Morello stocks, whereas
the Hearts and Biggarrean sorts do not make a good union’
upon these stocks, but prefer the Mazzard, which has a
freer growth more like their own. Most varieties will do
well upon the Mahaleb stock, which is used as a means of
dwarfing this fruit, though not a dwarf. Upon the wild
cherry, which belongs to quite a different section of the
genus, the cultivated varieties will grow, but they form
a very imperfect union.
The peach may be worked upon the plum stock,
and is claimed to be somewhat dwarfed by it, and to
produce superior fruit. This stock is more congenial
to the apricot, which is frequently propagated upon it.
Both plums and apricots may be worked upon the peach
stock, and they will grow very vigorously, as they will
upon the wild plum, but they soon over-grow, and are
very apt to break off. When either of these species is
used as a stock for the plum or apricot, they should be
considered merely as a nursing mother, like the apple or
thorn to the pear, which may be wanted to help the cut-
ting until it shall be prepared to stand alone, and feed it-
self from its own roots. In other words, they should be
grafted, not budded, into these uncongenial stocks, and
the operation should be performed in the collar or below
it, in the root, so that the growing scion may be earthed
up, and enaouraged to furnish itself with a good system
of roots of its own. The success will then depend upon
the ability of the scion to emit roots freely.
We must never forget that in grafting, we are confined
to very narrow limits. Our scion must be of a similar
PROPAGATION. att
nature with the stock, each must have cells of a similar
character, capable of transmitting their nutritious fluids
from one to the other. We must recollect likewise, that
the parts must be so co-apted that the cells of wood
growth shall be brought into as close connection as pos-
sible, in both scion and stock; these cells are found in the
layer, called the cambium, which is between the wood and
the bark. The crude sap from below will often pass from
cell to cell, when the elaborated sap of the cells in the
scion is wholly unfitted for the formation of wood cells in
the stock below it; of course the union in such a case
must be very imperfect, and the product of such a graft-
ing will be subject to accident, and will be short-lived,
though the result in fruit, while the union continues, may
be very precocious, abundant, and of superior flavor.
Natural grafting may often be observed by the student
of nature when wandering among his favorites of the
sylvan shades. There can be no doubt that the first hint
was thus communicated to the early gardeners. Innature
we always find the grafting to be inarching, or grafting
by approach; two limbs or even two trees approximating
closely, have abraded one another, and have afterward
united their tissues most firmly together. This is gener-
ally a union of two trees of the same variety or species ;
but such is not always the case; sometimes trees of very
dissimilar natures unite in this manner, but when we ex-
amine them we find only a dove-tailing, only a mechanical
union, but no vital action subsists between them. The
ancients give us some fancy sketches of the unions by
grafting of very dissimilar trees, and some moderns who
have no higher claim tv poetry than their romancing, tell
vis) AMERICAN POMOLOGY.
us that we may graft the peach upon the Willow and But-
tonwood, and form other equally impossible unions.
The different methods of performing the operation of
grafting vary with the character and size, and
condition of the stocks to be worked; thus we
have splice grafting, whip, cleft, saddle, and side
grafting with modifications, and also grafting
by approach, which is generally called inarching
—though sometimes also practiced where we
desire to renew the roots of a tree that are un-
healthy, or to restore those
sat that have been removed by §
accident or by the erosion
fH of some rodent animals.
| Seuice Grarrine is the
\@ simplest process, and is appli-
M] cable only where the size of
] the stock and of the scion cor-
respond pretty nearly; the
two are cut with a sloping curve, each
of which being made at the same angle,
will cvincide with the other when they
are applied together, as represented
in the engraving, fig. 7.
Wuir Grartine is a modification of
Fig. eee crarr- the above. Each portion is cut in a slop-
ING. ing manner as in the splice grafting, but
each is also split with a thin-bladed knife, as represented
in fig. 8. The object in this is to give a firmer union
to the two portions, and also to present a more extended
surface for the effusion of the new cell tissue that is to
PROPAGATION. 9
form the bond of union in cementing them together. In
both these methods, byt especially in the first, the parts
must be held together in co-aptation by some kind of
bandage; this is generally composed of grafting wax,
spread upon cloth or paper, or even, as now extensively
practiced, upon fine thread. Cotton yarn No. 3 is drawn
through melted grafting wax, and as it cools, it is wound
Fig. 9.—DIFFERENT STEPS IN CLEFT GRAFTING. A, SCION PREPARED
FOR SETTING. B, THE CLEFT OPENED BY A WEDGE. C, THE SCION IN-
SERTED. D, SECTION OF STOCK AND SCION TO SHOW THE CO-APTA-
TION OF THE PARTS OF THE TWO.
upon a reel at the other side of the room, whence it is
drawn as wanted by the grafter or tyer. Tying or wrap-
ping is always a good precaution, and when the splice or
cleft. graft is not very close, it becomes necessary; but
thousands of grafts will unite equally well where the
parts are covered with earth, without any such appliance.
Cierr GraFtine is generally done when the stock is
larger than the scion, and also where the operation is per-
80 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.
formed at a point above the ground. The stock is split
downward, after having been cut oft at the point where
the grafting is to be done. The knife should be sharp,
and the bark should be cut through first, to avoid its being
torn, and so that the sides of the cleft shall be smooth.
A wedge is inserted to keep the cleft open for the inser-
tion of the scion, which is cut on each
side like a fine wedge; but the two
planes not being parallel, the bark will
be left on one side to the very point of
the wedge, while on the other it will be
removed a part of the way, making a
feather edge, A, fig. 9. The object of
this is to have the pressure of the cleft
greatest upon the outer side, where the
union is to be effected. It is well to have
a bud on the strip of bark left between
the two cuts used in forming the graft,
this should be near the top of the cleft.
One or two grafts may be inserted into
a cleft, or more clefts may be made, in
Fig. 10.—cLEFT Jarge stocks, or in re-grafting the large
GRAFTING WITH
potu gcrons 1x- limbs of an old tree, but usually one is
CLINED INWARD. sufficient to leave growing; and in the
young tree, only one should ever be allowed to remain.
When the scion is nicely set into the cleft, so that the in-
ner bark of the stock and graft shall coincide, or rather
cross a very little, (sée fig. 10,) the wedge, whether of
hard wood, or of iron, should be gently withdrawn, and
then the elasticity of the stock will hold the scion firmly
to its place; this pressure should not be too severe. In
PROPAGATION. 81
this kind of grafting, if the pressure be sufficiently firm,
and if the operation have been performed below the sur-
face of the ground, it may not be nec-
essary to make any other application
than to press the moist earth about the
parts, and cover all but the top of the
graft with soil, and place a stick to in-
dicate the plant and protect it from in-
jury. If, on the contrary, the pressure
of the cleft be not sufficient to hold the
scion firmly, as in small stocks, the
graft must be tied. For this a piece of
bass matting, or cotton twine, may be
used; and if the operation chas been
performed above ground, the whole
must be covered
Fig. 11.—s1DE GRAFT- with grafting
"ING. wax, applied, ei-
ther hot with a brush, or cold, after
having been worked with the hands,
or by wrapping with strips of mus-
lin or paper previously spread with
the wax. In old times grafting
clay was used, and applied with the
. hands as a lump around the june-
tion; but this disagreeable and
clumsy appliance has given way
to more elegant and convenient
arrangements. Fig, 12.—srpe GRAFTING—
THE STOCK NOT CUT BACK.
Swe Grartine is performed in two ways. In one it is
a modification of cleft grafting in which there is no cleft,
4*
82 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.
but the bark is started from the wood, and the scion, cut
as shown in figure 11, is pressed down between the wood
and bark. This can only be done late in the spring, after
the sap has begun to flow in the stock, so that the bark
will run; it is indeed more like budding than grafting.
The other modification is done without cutting off the
stock. The knife is applied to the side of a stock of me-
dium size, and a cut is made downward and extending to
Fig. 18. — Two FoRMS OF SIDE GRAFTING. — A, B, THE SCION AND
STOCK FOR THE RICHARD SIDE GRAFT. 0, STOCK FOR THE GIRARDIN
SIDE GRAFT. .D, SCION, AND Z, FRUIT BUD FOR THE SAME.
one-third the diameter, fig. 12; the scion is cut as for
cleft grafting, and inserted so as to have the parts well
co-apted, and then secured as usual. This plan is useful
where there is danger of too free a flow of sap from the
roots. Two other kinds of side graft are shown in fig. 13
The left-hand figures show the Richard side graft, in which
PROPAGATION. 83
an arched branch, A, is used. This is inserted under the
bark of the stock, B ; above the graft an incision is made
in the stock down to the wood, to arrest the flow of sap.
After the insertion, the wound is covered with grafting
wax. The Girardin side graft is illustrated at the three
right-hand figures. A fruit bud, Z, or a graft with a
terminal fruit bud, D, is inserted under the bark of the
stock, C, in August, or whenever
suitable buds can be obtained and
the bark will run. The wound is
tied and covered with wax, as be-
fore. The object of this grafting
is to secure immediate fruitage.
Another kind of side grafting con-
sists in plunging a dirk-shaped
knife directly through the tree, in-
clining the point downward, into
this opening the graft is insgrted;
the object being to establish a limb
on a naked portion of the trunk.
SappLeE GRaFTine is used only
with stocks of small size; it is per-
a gs ae oe formed by making a double slope
upon the stock, and by opening a corresponding space in
the graft, by cutting two slopes in the scion, from below
upwards, so that they shall meet in the centre, as seen
in fig. 14. Some merely split the scion.
GraFtine BY APPROACH, or as it is generally termed,
inarching, is often practiced where there is difficulty in
making the scion unite with the stock; it is not often
needed in the culture of our orchard fruits, but may be
84 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.
here described. The stock upon which we wish to graft
the scion, must be planted near the variety or species to
be increased. A small twig of the latter, which can be
brought close to the stock, is selected for the operation ;
a slice of bark and wood is then removed from the twig,
and another of equal size from the stock, so managed, that
these cut surfaces can be brought together and secured
in that position until they have united, after which the
twig, that has been used as a scion, is cut from its parent
tree, and the top of the stock is carefully reduced until
the scion has sufficiently developed itself to act as the top
of the ingrafted tree, which may afterward be transplanted
to its proper station.
A modification of this grafting by approach, is, howev-
er, sometimes of great service, where we have a valuable
tree that has suffered from disease in the roots, or from in-
jury to them. It consists in planting some thrifty young
stocks, with good roots, about the base of the tree, after
having prepared the ground by thorough digging, und by
the addition of good soil if necessary. These stocks are
then inserted upwards into the healthy portion of the
trunk, by the process of side grafting reversed or invert-
ed, or by the usual method of inarching.
Rine Grarrine of Bark GRAFTING is not much used,
and in small stocks it is rather a kind of budding, for then
aring of bark is removed at the proper season of year,
generally about midsummer, and it is replaced by a similar
ring of bark from a shoot of the same size, taken from a
tree of the variety to be propagated; this ring of bark
must be furnished with a healthy bud. This method has
little to recommend it, and can only be applied when both
PROPAGATION, 85
the stock and the scion are in a growing condition, so that
the bark will run freely; care also must be exercised to
avoid injuring the eye of the bud, in peeling off the ring.
A modification of bark grafting may be applied with great
advantage, however, to an old tree, that has met with
an injury to a portion of its bark. The injured part,
should be pared smoothly to the sound bark and wood.,
This may be done with a sloping cut, or.
the edge may be made abrupt and,
square with a chisel and mallet; a piece
of fresh wood and bark is then to be
cut from a healthy tree and fitted pre-
cisely to the fresh wound, and secured
in its place with bandages, and graft-
ing clay or wax is then applied, thus
making what the surgeons would call a
sort of taliacotian operation. Instead
of a single piece of wood and bark, a
number of young shoots may be used
“to make the communication coniplete;
vy. these are set close together and secured
si 6 Ai ~ in the uswal manner; see fig. 15.
vase
Fie 13 aoe GR Re-crarmne OLrp Orcuarps. — Old
ine, TO REParn an OFchards of inferior fruit may be entire-
INJURED TREE. ly re-made and re-formed by graft-
ing the limbs with such varieties as we may desire. A
new life is by this process often infused into the trees,
which is due to the very severe pruning which the trees
then receive; they are consequently soon covered with a
vigorous growth of young healthy wood, which replaces
the decrepid and often decaying spray that accumulates
in an old orchard, and the fruit produced for several
86 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.
years by the new growth is not only more valuable in
kind, according to the judgment used in the selection of
grafts, but itis more fair, smooth and healthy, and of bet-
ter size than that which was previously furnished by the
trees. Certain varieties are brought at once into bearing
when thus top-grafted, which would have been long in de-
veloping their fruitful condition if planted as nursery
trees. Others are always better and finer when so worked,
than on young trees. Some of the finest specimens of the
Northern Spy apple, exhibited at the fairs, have been pro-
duced by grafts inserted into the terminal branches of old
bearing trees. There is a theory held by some orchard-
ists, that the further the junction of the graft with the
stock is removed from the root, the better will be the
fruit. This, however, is not well supported, and the cir
cumstance, when observed, is probably dependent upon
other causes.
In renewing an old orchard by grafting its head, it will
not be a good plan to attempt the whole tree at once; the
pruning would be too severe, and would be followed by a
profusion of succulent shoots breaking out from the large
branches, such as are called water-sprouts. Those who
have practiced most, prefer at first, to remove about one-
third of the limbs for grafting, and those should be
selected at the top of the tree. The new growth thus has
an open field for its development, and the lower limbs
will be invigorated, while they tend also to preserve the
equilibrium of the tree in a double sense, physically and
physiologically. The next year anotffer third of the limbs
may be grafted, and the remainder the year following, as
practiced by Mr. Geo. Olmstead, of Connecticut, who, on
PROPAGATION. 87
the sixth year from the first grafting, harvested 284 bush-
els of choice apples from a single tree that was 75 years
old, and which before only produced inferior fruit. J. J.
. Thomas recommends, “to give a well-shaped head to such
newly formed trees, and to prevent the branches from
shooting upward in a close body near the centre of the
tree; that the old horizontal boughs should be allowed to
extend to a distance in each direction, while the upright
Saee sat,
CEN, tas
Fig. 16.—RENEWAL OF THE TOP OF AN OLD TREE.
ones should be lopped ;” see fig. 16. The same writer also
advises, “instead of cutting off large branches and graft-
ing them at once, it is better to prune the top in part,
which will cause an emission of vigorous shoots. These
are then. budded, or grafted. * * * And as the grafts
gradually:extend by growth, the remainder of the top
may, by successive.excisions, be entirely removed.”
GRaFTInG IN THE NoursEry is either done at or near the
collar of the stock, or it is performed in-doors upon the
88 AMERICAN POMOLOG
roots or sections of roots of young stocks. The latter
may be first described, as it constitutes the most extensive
means of multiplying fruit trees. It is a sort of ma-
chinery, with division of labor, and appliances, that enable
the operators to turn out immense numbers. Machinery
has indeed been applied to the business; we have grafting
apparatus to facilitate the work. The Minkler machine
consists of a frame or guage which regulates the angle of
the slope, which is cut with a broad chisel that reduces
the roots and scions to a condition for putting them to
gether; by its use an immense number of grafts can be
cut, and another hand binds them together with the waxed
thread, without any tie. Mr. Robey’s machine consists
of a complicated shears to cut the slope and tongue at one
operation, preparing the pieces for whip grafting. Mr. S.
8S. Jackson, of Cincinnati, has also invented an apparatus
for this purpose, which proves to be very useful.
Roor Grarrme.—The methods of performing the opera-
tion vary somewhat, but all agree in the object to be attain-
ed: the co-aptation of the scion with a piece of root. Some
grafters use only the upper portion of the root, thinking
the original collar of the seedling stock the only point at
which the most perfect and successful union between the
aérial and terrestrial portions of trees should or can be
effected — theoretically this may be very well, but the
practice constantly pursued, in myriads of cases, abun-
dantly proves that the grafting need not be restricted to
this part, and that a perfect union may be effected at any
point of the root, and that this may even be inverted.
The very common practice has been to take two or more
cuts from the root, when it is of sufficient size and length;
PROPAGATION, 89.
and though some of our best propagators restrict them-
selves to two cuts from each, others, who have experi-
mented carefully, insist that the third section will average
as well as the others. this is a good and dis-
tinguishing character of a
limited number of fruits,
( both apples and pears. The
Fig. 50.—cavity LIPPED. cavity is also brown or
“russeted” in some fruits, and, though this character is
quite variable in its depth, amount and extent, we may
consider the brown or russeting about the stem quite
reliable in both pears and apples.
The stem has its place of insertion in the region we
have just been considering. It is the peduncle of bota-
nists, and in some specics it separates from the fruit by a
joint—in others it remains attached and separates from
the twig, when it is considered a part of the fruit itself,
as in the apple and pear. The shape, average length,
thickness, and other characters, and especially sits mode
of attachment to the carpos* in the pear, give us some
important characters, but these are always somewhat un-
certain and variable; hence they are rather relative than
positive traits. In apples, stems may be long, fig. 47,
short, fig. 48, or medium, according to their projection
beyond or concealment within the cavity, being called me-
dium when they simply reach the contour of the outline.
They are slender, fig. 47; medium or thick, fleshy, knobby or
clubbed, fig. 49, according to the amount of their substance
and its arrangement. They are curved or straight, and
direct and axial, or inclined, according to their direction
* From «xap7o¢, Greek, for fruit.
CHARACTERS OF FRUITS. 363
and relation to the axis of the fruit; and in pears, they
often have a peculiarity of the insertion dependent upon
their being more or less fleshy ; in both plums and pears,
this fullness is often arranged in rings surrounding the
base of the stem. °
Some pomologists have taken great pains to measure
the length of the stems, which they report in inches and
lines. As above stated, this is an uncertain quantity, and
therefore of little value, except when taken in relation to
other measurements by way of comparison; hence I have
preferred to use the above-mentioned terms only in their
relation to the axial diameter in describing the apples, un-
less where their extension is unusual. The variable length
of this organ in some varieties is remarkable, and we often
find the smallest fruits having the longest stems.
When we come to examine the interior portions of a
fruit, if it be an apple or pear, we make a vertical section
through the axis from basin to cavity. This exposes the
internal structure and enables us to judge of the color,and
other characters of the fleshy pericarp, the length of the
axis, the size of the core and carpels, and the number and
appearance of the seeds. These characters are possessed
of value, and are quite reliable; in many fruits the seeds
furnish distinctive indications, and this is particularly the
case with the stone fruits, many of which are readily iden-
tified by the form and markings of the stones or pits, the
endocarps of botany.
In the apple particularly, we first have our attention
drawn to the Axts, which is sometimes very short, so that
in some decidedly oblate specimens, with deep basin and
cavity, there is scarcely room between them for the
364 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.
core, which is shortened to correspond with the oblate
character of the fruit. This is illustrated by many of the
outlines given in Class I. It is well also to observe and
note whether the axis be inclined. The form of the core
is not very reliable, but it has characters that are perma-
nent and peculiar to certain varieties. Thus it is always
open in some, and always closed in other sorts of the ap-
ple. In the pear it is gritty in some varieties, and sur-
rounded with fine grained flesh in others. The core is
large, medium, or small, and these distinctions are perma-
nent. Its outline, embracing the group of carpels, may
be regular or irregular, long or short, cordate, wide or com-
pressed ; it may reach the eye or otherwise, and it fre-
quently clasps that portion.
The SEEps are numerous or otherwise; they are long or
short, acuminate or rounded, flat, angular, imperfect, or
plump, large or small ; they may be pale, even yellow, or
brown, dark, and nearly black ; and these shades are dis-
tinctive, often enabling the pomologist to decide upon the
variety when other characters are less marked. The pe-
culiarities of the stones of peaches, plums and cherries,
and of the seeds of the grape, had better be described in
immediate connection with those species of fruit.
In the Fresu of fruits we find characters that most
pomologists, even the amateurs, are generally pleased to
have under practical consideration. They are also very
reliable, for if the fruits be in good condition, they are al-
ways the same in any given variety. In its consistency,
this tissue is either firm and compact, or spongy ; it is
Jine grained, granular, gritty. fibrous, or breaking, on the
one hand, or tender, buttery and melting, on the other;
CHARACTERS OF FRUITS. 365
the flesh is either dry or juicy, and tinted with various
shades of color. In some we find a satisfying richness,
while others are thin and poor. Some have a fine aroma,
while others have an unpleasant flavor or are scentless.
So intimately associated are our organs of taste and
smell, that it is difficult to separate and distinguish the
impressions we receive through these senses. For
our present purpose it will be best to consider all under
this head, whether really belonging to one or the other
sensation; and the lexicographers themselves admit the
commonalty of taste and smell in the word flavor. These
qualities of a fruit depend upon so many accidents of sea-
son, culture, and especially of the condition of ripeness,
that they are of comparatively little value in descriptions,
except in their broadest expressions of acidity and its op-
posite, which indeed are sufficiently pronounced to be used
in the classification of fruits.
With regard to their FLavor, fruits may be said to be
vinous, sub-acid, acid, and very acid, or sugary, sweet,
very sweet, and honey sweet ; they may be flat and insipid,
or highly flavored, mild, or astringent; and as to fra-
grance, in which they may remind us of many other agree-
able odors, they may be said to be perfumed and aro-
matic, or otherwise.
In deciding upon the quality of the fruit that has thus
been subjected to this series of tests, and to this thorough
examination, we shall find that the decision will depend
upon the individual tastes, the likes and dislikes of those
who are called upon to render judgment, and that, at
best, the result must be arbitrary. The terms expressive
of this division are inferior, good, very good, aud best.
CHAPTER XVI
CLASSIFICATION.
NECESSITY FOR—BASIS OF — CHARACTERS — SHAPE -—ITS REGULARITY
— FLAVOR — COLOR — THEIR SEVERAL VALUES — THOMAS’ CLASSIFI-
CATION — GERMAN WRITERS— DIEL’S SEVEN CLASSES — MODIFICA-
TIONS BY DOCHNAL— ROBERT HOGG’S MODIFICATION BASED UPON
SEASON — DIBL’8 CONSPECTUS OF CLASSIFICATION — DOCHNAL’'S —
THE AUTHOR’S CLASSIFICATION EXPLAINED — EXPLANATION OF
TERMS — TOPICS COMBINED — CONSPECTUS OF CLASSIFICATION USED
IN THIS WORK.
The need of some classification grows more and more
pressing, as our fruit lists have become more extended,
and they now reach many hundreds. A good and reliable
systematic classification has become absolutely necessary,
and has received a great deal of consideration.
‘ Upon what principle shall this classification be founded ?
The common alphabetical arrangement of most text books
may be very convenient for a mere dictionary of fraits,
but is utterly useless to the novice who does not know
the name of his specimen. The arrangement by season
366
. CLASSIFICATION. 367
and size has its difficulties in the uncertainty and varia-
tion of these characters in the different soils and climates
of our extended country, and a sub-division and group-
ing of fruits by their quality of excellence is not only un-
reliable, but is altogether arbitrary, and subject to the
greatest diversity of opinion arising from -the various
tastes of different individuals. We must look to some
marked and reliable characters that are always present,
easily recognized, and permanent or fixed. Among these
shape or figure stands pre-eminent, notwithstanding the
acknowledged fact that some varieties are almost protean.
The shape of the general outline appears to be the best char-
acter for the broad divisions of a classification. A sub-
division may again be made, which is to be based npon
the regularity or irregularity of the shape.
The next character, and one of considerable value, is
that dependent upon flavor in its broadest characters of
sweet and sour, which, though sometimes giving rise to
a puzzling question, is, in most varieties, sufficiently
marked to constitute the basis of a minor sub-division.
Color, which is notoriously the poorest character and least
esteemed by botanists in their descriptions, on account of
its liability to variation, is, however, of sufficient import-
ance in pomology to take a high rank and to appear very
prominently in fruit nomenclature. Still it should be re-
served for the lowest sub-divisions of a classification.
Among our American writers, who deservedly stand
prominent as pomologists, the most satisfactory attempt
at classification is found in the little work prepared by J.
J. Thomas. No one who has realized the advantages to
be derived from the simple and clear sub-divisions made
368 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.
by this author, will ever be satisfied with a fruit-book that
is not arranged upon the basis of some classification.
Thomas, in his excellent work, makes three great divisions
of apples according to their period of ripening, as the
Summer, Autumn, and Winter fruits, to which some of
us would desire to add Spring, or long-keepers. Each of
these he has divided into two classes—those characterized
by their flavor as sweet apples, and those possessed of
more or less acidity; and each of these classes is subdi-
vided into two sections, according to their color, as striped
with red and not striped; so that in this arrangement we
have eighteen groups, and, with specimen in hand, this
synopsis enables us at once to decide in which of these
groups of moderate dimensions we may look for the de-
scription we desire; and, if it be contained in the book,
it may readily be found. The labor of searching through
the whole list is thus obviated.
The Germans have made many attempts at the classifi-
cation of fruits. Christ, Diel, Dochnal, Manger and
Sickler, have been engaged in this work; and Diel’s Sy-
nopsis, though far from perfect, has been generally adopt-
ed. He makes seven classes, with orders under each.
Dochnal, a later writer, has modified this by making two
sections according to the shape, whether angular or sphe-
rical, and four classes also based upon their form,
Robert Hogg, in his British Pomology, which is an ex-
cellent account of the apples cultivated in England, has
given a modification which answers a good purpose for
classification. He makes three great sections, according
to season, Summer, Autumn, and Winter. Each of these
is divided into two classes, according to shape: ‘Ist,
CLASSIFICATION. 369
Round, roundish, or oblate; and 2nd, Oblong, conical,
oval, or ovate. These again are grouped according to
their colors: A, pale; B, striped ; C, red; and D, russet.
As a matter of interest I will give Diel’s classification.
CLASS I.—RIBBED APPLES.
1. They are furnished with very prominent, but regular
ribs around the eye, extending also over‘the fruit, but
which do not render it irregular.
2. Having wide, open, and very irregular cells.
ORDER I—TRUE CALVILLES.
1, They taper from about the middle of the fruit to-
ward the eye.
. They are covered with bloom when on the tree.
They have, or acquire, by keeping, an unctuous skin.
. They are not distinctly and purely striped.
. They have light, spongy, delicate flesh.
. They have a strawberry or raspberry flavor.
> OUP 09 99
ORDER IL—SCHLOTTER ASPFEL.
1, The skin does not feel unctuous,
2. They are not covered with bloom.
3. They are either of a flat, conical, cylindrical, or taper-
ing form. .
4. They have not a balsamic, but mostly a sweetish or
sourish flavor.
5. They have a granulous, loose, and coarse-grained
nee ORDER IU.—GUELDERLINGE.
1, They are not balsamic, like Order I., but of an aro-
matic flavor.
2. They have a fine flesh, almost like that of the Rei-
nettes.
8. They are either of a conical or flat shape.
4, They are most prominently ribbed around the eye.
CLASS IL—ROSENZIPFEL—ROSE APPLES.
-1, They are covered with blue bloom when on the tree.
2. They have not unproportionally large, but often only
regular cells,
16*
370 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.
3. They emit a pleasant odor when briskly rubbed.
4, The skin does not feel unctuous.
5. They are handsomely and regularly ribbed around
the eye, and often also over the fruit.
6. They have a tender, loose, spongy, and mostly fine
grained flesh.
7%. They have a fine rose, fennel, or anise flavor.
8. They are mostly of short duration, and are often
only summer or autumn apples.
9. They are mostly striped like a turnip.
ORDER I.—FRUIT TAPERING OR OBLONG.
ORDER IL—FRUIT ROUND OR FLAT.
CLASS II—RAMBOURS.
1. They are all large apples, and comprise the largest
sorts.
2. They have mostly, or almost always, two unequal
halves—namely, one side lower than the other.
3. They are constantly furnished with ribs around the
eye which are broad, rismg irregularly, one above the oth-
er, and extending over the fruit so as to render it irregu-
lar in its shape; they are also compressed, and have one
side higher than the other. :
4. They are constantly broader than high, and only
sometimes elongated.
5. They have all a loose, coarse grained and often very
pleasant flesh.
ORDER L—WITH WIDE CELLS.
ORDER I.—WITH NARROW CELLS.
CLASS IV.—REINETTES.
1. They have a fine grained, delicate, crisp, firm flesh.
2. They are mostly the ideal of a handsomely shaped
ares in them the convexity.or bulge of the middle of
the apple towards the eye is the same as that towards
the stalk, or not much different.
3. They are all gray dotted, or have russety patches, or
completely covered with russet.
4, They have rarely an unctuous skin.
CLASSIFICATION. 371
5. They have all the rich, aromatic, sugary, and brisk
flavor, which is called the Reinette flavor.
6. They decay very readily, and must, of all apples,
hang longest on the tree.
7. The really sweet and at the same time aromatic apples
belong to the Reinettes, only as regards their shape, their
character, and their fine and firm flesh.
8. Apples with fine, firm, crisp flesh, which cannot of
themselves form a distinct class; for instance, the Pippins
belong to this class.
ORDER I.—SELF-COLORED REINETTES.
1. Having a uniform green ground color, which changes
to the most beautiful golden yellow.
2. Having no lively colors or marks of russet on the
side next the sun, except those that are very much expos-
ed, and which assume a slight tinge of red.
3. Having no covering of russet, but only slight traces
of russety stripes.
ORDER I.—RED REINETTES.
Having all the properties of the self-colored Reinettes,
but of a pure red on the side next the sun, without any
mixture of russet.
.
ORDER II.—GRAY REINETTES.
1. The ground color is green, changing to dingy dull
yellow.
2. The coating of russet, or the russety patches, spread
over the greater part of the fruit, are very conspicuous.
3. The side next the sun is often dull brownish or ochre-
ous red.
ORDER IV.—GOLDEN REINETTES.
J. On the side next the sun they are washed or striped
with beautiful crimson. j
2. The ground color changes by keeping to a beautiful
deep yellow. :
3. Over the ground color, and the crimson of the ex-
posed side, are spread light thin patches, or a complete
coat of rnsset.
372 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.
CLASS V.—STREIFLINGE—STRIPED APPLES.
1. They are all, and almost always, marked with broken
stripes of red.
2. These stripes are found either over the whole fruit,
or only very indistinctly on the side exposed to the sun.
3. The stripes may be distinct—that is to say, truly
striped; or between these stripes on the side next the sun
the fruit is dotted, shaded, or washed with red; but on
the shaded side the stripes are well defined.
4. The cells are regular.
5. They are of a purely sweet, vinous, or acid flavor.
6. They have not the same flavor as the Rose apples.
7. They do not decay, except when gathered before
maturity.
ORDER I.—FLAT STREIFLINGE.
1. They have the bulge at the same distance from the
eye as from the stalk, and are broadly flattened.
2. They are constantly half an inch broader than high.
ORDER Il.—TAPERING STREIFLINGE.
1. They are broader than high.
2. They diminish from the middle of the apple towards
the eye, so that the superior half is conical or pyramidal,
and not at all similar to the inferior half.
ORDER II.—OBLONG OR CYLINDRICAL STREIFLINGE.
1. The hight and breadth are almost equal.
2. They diminish gradually from the base to the apex.
3. Or from the middle of the truit they gradually di-
minish toward the base and apex equally.
ORDER IV.—ROUND STREIFLINGE.
1. The convexity of the fruit next the base and the
apex is the same.
2. The breadth does not differ from the hight, except
only about a quarter of an inch.
8. Laid in the hand, with the eye and stalk sidewise,
they have the appearance of a roundish grape.
CLASSIFICATION. 373
CLASS VI—TAPERING APPLES.
1. They have the cells regular.
2. They are not covered with bloom.
8. They are not striped, and are either of a uniform
color, or washed with red on the side next the sun.
4, Constantly diminishing to a point towards the eye.
5. They are sweet or vinous, approaching a pure acid,
6. They do not readily.decay.
ORDER I—OBLONG, CYLINDRICAL OR CONICAL.
Characters the same as Order III. of the Streiflinge.
ORDER I.—TAPERING TO A POINT.
Characters the same as Order IL of the Streiflinge.
CLASS VIIL—FLAT APPLES.
1, They are constantly broader than high.
2. They are never striped.
8. They are either of a uniform color, or, on the side
ne to the sun, more or less washed or shaded with
red.
4, They have regular cells.
5. They are not unctuous when handled.
6. They do not readily decay.
7. Flavor purely sweet, or purely sour.
.
ORDER I—PURELY FLAT APPLES,
1. The difference is obvious to the eye.
2. The breadth is constantly half an inch more than the
hight.
ORDER I.—ROUND-SHAPED FLAT APPLES.
1. The eye cannot easily detect a distinction between
the breadth and hight.
2, The breadth rarely exceeds the hight by a quarter
of an inch. ct :
3. The fruit, cut transversely, exhibits almost or quite
two equal halves.
874 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.
DOCHNAHL’S CLASSIFICATION.
SECTION I.—PLEUROIDEA.—AnNeuLar on RIBBED.
Having sharp or flat ribs, which extend over the length
of the fruit and are most prominent around the eye, where
they are most generally situated.
CLASS L—MALA CYDONARIA—QuINCE-sHAPED.
ORDER I.—CALVILLES.
1. They have large heart-shaped cells, open towards the
axis, or often entirely torn; the cells extend very often
from the stalk even to the tube of the calyx.
2. They diminish from about the middle of the fruit, or
a little above it, towards the eye.
3. They are regular, and provided generally with fine
tibs, which do not disfigure the fruit.
4. On the tree, the fruit is covered with bloom.
5. They are never distinctly striped.
6. Their fiesh is soft, loose, fine and light, of a balsamic
flavor, similar to that of strawberries or raspberries.
7. The eye is frequently closed. ;
8. Many of them acquire by keeping an oily or unctu-
ous skin.
Group I.—Fruit red, almost entirely covered with red.
Grovp I].—Fruit parti-colored; yellow; very much
striped or washed with red.
Grovr III.—Fruit yellow; of a whitish, greenish, or
golden yellow.
ORDER I.—PSEUDO-CALVILLES.
1. The cells are almost the same as the true Calvilles—
very large and open.
2. The calycinal tube is wide and generally very short.
3. They are slightly narrowed toward the eye, and flat-
tened toward the stalk.
4, Their ribs are very prominent, especially around the
eye.
"5 They are aromatic, and have not the balsamic flavor
of the true Calvilles.
CLASSIFICATION. 3875
G. Their flesh is fine, opaque, a little succulent, and al-
most equal to the Reinettes.
Groups I., IL, IIL, as above.
CLASS IL—MALA PYRARIA—PEaR-8HAPED.
Their flavor is neither balsamic nor aromatic; they are
purely sweet or acid; their flesh is granulous and loose.
ORDER IL—TREMARIA—SEEpDs Loose.
1. They are almost always large apples, the skin of
which is neither unctuous nor covered with bloom.
2. They are also furnished with ribs; but they are not
so recular as in the Calvilles.
3. The cells are very large, irregular, widened, and gen-
erally open.
4, The calycinal tube is most generally widely conical,
and does not extend to the cells.
5. They are of a flattened, conical, cylindrical or point-
ed shape.
6. Their flesh is loose, more often a little coarse, and of
a slightly balsamic flavor.
7. The leaves of these trees are very large, rather deeply
dentated, and less downy than those of the Calvilles.
Grove L — Unicolores— Green, greenish, yellow, or
golden yellow, and slightly tinged with red.
Group II.—Bicolores—Yellow or green, and distmetly
striped or washed with red.
ORDER Il.—RAMBURES.
‘1. They are all very large.
2. They have almost always the two halves unequal.
3. They are constantly broader than high, and appear
sometimes higher than they are.
4, They are not furnished with ribs, except around the
eye; these are often irregular in numbers, and frequently
form broad projections on the fruit.
5. They do not decay, but shrivel when they have
passed maturity.
6. The flesh is coarsely granulous, rarely aromatic, nev-
ertheless often very agreeable.
Group ae heh amplis—Wide cells.
Group II.—Capsulis angustis—Narrow cells.
376 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.
SECTION II,—SPHEROIDZ—Sruericat.
They have sometimes prominences on the fruit and
around the eye, but never true ribs.
CLASS II.—MALA MESPILARIA—MED.LAR. sHAPED.
Their flavor is sweet, aromatic, similar to that of the
Rose, fennel or anise.
ORDER L—APIANA, or RosE APPLES.
Their flesh is soft, loose, marrowy, very fine grain, and
of a snow white color.
2. The cells are almost always regular and closed.
8. They are regularly ribbed around the eye, and often
also over the fruit, but sometimes not at. all ribbed.
4, They have a balsamic flavor, accompanied with a
very agreeable odor.
5. They emit a pleasant odor when briskly rubbed.
6. When on the tree they are frequently covered with
a blue bloom, und striped like a Tulip.
7. The fruit is mostly small, or middle sized.
8. They are mostly of short duration, and lose their
good flavor the same year.
Group L— Oblonyi—Oblong fruit. .
Group IL—Spherici—Round or flattened.
ORDER I.—REINETTA—REmeErres.
1, These are apples which generally have the most regu-
lar and handsome shape, having the bulge in the middle,
at the same distance trom the eye as from the stalk.
2. All are dotted, clouded, or entirely covered with
russet. ;
3. They are very rarely inclined to be unctuous, but
generally rough when handled.
4, They all decay very readily; (they must therefore
be left as long as possible on the tree.)
5. Their flesh is fine grained, crisp, firm, or fine and
delicate.
6. They are all charged with only a balsamic, sugary
acid, which is called Reinette-flavored.
CLASSIFICATION, 377
Group I. — Unicolores.—1. Having uniform green
ground color, which changes to the most beautiful golden
yellow.
2. Having no lively colors or marks of russet on the
side next the sun, except those that are very much expos-
ed, and are slightly tinged with red.
3. Having no covering of russet, but only slight traces
of russety stripes.
Group IL—Rubri—Fruit red; having all the proper-
ties of the selt-colored Reinettes; but on the side next the
sun they are of a red color, with a mixture of russet.
Group II.—Ravi—Russcted.
1, Their ground color is green, changing to dingy, dull
yellow.
2. The coatings of russet are very conspicuous.
3. The side next the sun is often dingy, brownish, or
ochreous red.
4, They all decay very readily.
Group IV.—Aurei—Yellow or golden fruit, Golden
Reinettes.
1. On the side next the sun they are washed or striped
with beautiful crimson.
2. The ground color changes, by keeping, to beautiful
deep yellow.
3. Over the crimson there is alight thin trace, or a com-
plete covering of russet.
CLASS IV.—MALA MALARIA—PeErRFect on PurE APPLE-
SHAPED.
They are of a perfectly sweet or vinous flavor, approach-
ing to pure acid.
ORDER I.—STRIOLA, or SrRrrep.
1, They are almost always marked with broken stripes
of red.
” 2, These are either over the whole fruit, or only indis-
tinctly on the side exposed to the sun.
3. The stripes may all be distinct—that is, clearly and
finely striped ; or between these stripes, on the side next
the sun, the fruit is dotted, shaded or washed with red;
but on the shaded side the stripes are well defined.
378 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.
4, The cells are regular.
5. The fruit does not decay, except when gathered be-
fore maturity, or after the period when it has been prop-
erly ripened.
Grovur I—Depressa—F lat.
1. They have the bulge at the same distance from the
eye as from the stalk, and are broadly flattened.
2. They are always half an inch broader than high.
Grove IIl.—Acuminati—Pointed.
1. They are broader than high.
2. They diminish from the middle of the apple toward
the eye, so that the superior half is conical, and is not at
all similar to the inferior half.
Group IL.— Oblongi—Oblong or cylindrical.
1. The hight and breadth are almost equal.
2. They diminish gradually from the base to the apex.
3. Or, trom the middle of the fruit they gradually di-
minish toward the base and apex equally.
Group IV.—Spherici—Round.
1. The convexity of the fruit next the base and the
apex is the same.
2. The breadth does not differ from the hight, except
only about a quarter of an inch.
3. When laid on their side they present a spherical
shape.
.
ORDER I.—CONTUBERNALIA—Srorina APPLES.
1. Having the cells regular.
2. They are not striped, and are either of a uniform
color or washed with red on the side next the sun.
3. They do not readily decay.
4, They are not unctuous when handled.
5. They are never covered with bloom.
Group l.—Acuminati—Tapering, diminishing toward
the eye. ;
Group IL — Depressi—Flat. These are constantly
broader than high.* :
After.a long and careful consideration and study of
this subject, I have prepared the following formula for the
* As translated for R. Hogg’s British Pomoiogy.
CLASSIFICATION. 379
CuassiFicaTion oF Apries. It consists of four classes
that are based upon the general figure of the fruit; with
two orders, that are distinguished by a modification of the
form, causing the fruit to be regular, or irregular, and
angular. The characters upon which the classes are
founded are exemplified by a vertical section through the
length of the axis of the fruit. Those by which the Or-
ders are distinguished are shown by a transverse section,
made at right angles to the axis, or by holding the fruit
with the blossom end toward the eye.*
Each of these Orders may contain twe Sections, charac-
terized by their flavor as sweet and sour; and each of
these may again be sub-divided into three Sub-sections,
that are based upon color.
Crass I.—Optate or Fat, having the axis shorter
than the transverse diameter.
OrpEer L—Recvrar.
Orper I.—IRrrEcurar.
Sxcrion 1.—Sweet. ‘
Section 2.—Sour.
Sup-secrion 1.—Pale or blushed, more or less, but self-
_colored and not striped.
Sus-szcrion 2.—Striped or Splashed.
Sup-sercrion 3.—Russeted.
Cuass II.—Comtcaz, tapering decidedly toward the
eye, and becoming OvatE when larger in the middle and
tapering to each end, the axial diameter being the shorter.
Orps«rs I and II.
Sxctions 1 and 2.
Supsrctions 1, 2, and 3.
—_——
© Figures 36 to 46, pp. 355 to 356.
380 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.
Crass III.—Rovunp, Guiozunar or nearly so, having
the axial and transverse diameters about equal, the former
often shorter by less than one-quarter of the latter. The
ends are often so flattened as to look truncated, when the
fruit appears to be cylindrical or globular-oblate.
Orpers, SEcTIONS, and SUB-SECTIONS, as above.
Crass IV.—Ostone, in which the axis is longer than
the transverse diameter, or appears so. These may also
be truncate or cylindrical.
Oxpzrs, Sxcrions, and Suz-sEcTIons, as above.
DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THEIR CLASSIFICATION ALPHABETICALLY,
UNDER EACH DIVISION.
CLASS L—FLAT APPLES.
ORDER I.—REGULAR IN FORM.
SECTION 1.—SWEET.
SUB-SECTION 1.—SELF-COLORED, NOT STRIPED.
Camack Sweet.
This newly introduced sort is said to have originated in
North Carolina or Georgia. The trees cultivated in the
Fig. 51.—caMACK SWEET.
Northern States are yet too young for us to judge of their
characteristics, but they appear to be healthy and vigor-
ous.
381
2
382 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Fruit medium to large, flat, regular.
Surface smooth, greenish-white, rarely blushed with red.
Basin broad, shallow, and regular or wavy; Eye medi-
um, open.
Cavity deep, acute; Stem rather long; Flesh yellowish,
firm, rather tough, but juicy, rich and sweet.
This variety keeps well, lasting until May. Not: yet
sufficiently tested in the North.
Campfield.
NEWARK SWEETING.
Tree vigorous, spreading, ange This fruit is
especially valuable for cider, but it may be used also in
the kitchen; being a long keeper and often beautifully
Fig. 52.—caMPFIELD.
colored at maturity iu the spring, it is often exposed on
the fruit-stands, where it attracts purchasers by the great
beauty of its brilliant colors.
Fruit always fair, bnt its figure is variable, being some-
times globular or conical. The characteristic form is
round-oblate, regular; Size medium.
CLASS I1.—FLAT APPLES.—I. I. I. 383
Surface very smooth, of a dull green, often suffused
with a faint blush on the exposed side; but at maturity,
bright lemon yellow, shaded with carmine; Dots minute,
gray and indented.
Basin shallow, regular; Eye rather large, closed; Seg-
ments of medium length.
Cavity regular, with medium width and depth; Stem
medium, rather stout.
Core wide, regular, closed, meeting the eye; Seeds nu-
merous, plump; Flesh white, firm, tough; Juice very
sweet and rich at maturity, making excellent cider.
Season, December until March.
Dillingham.
This variety was found in an old orchard of D.C.
Richmond, near Sandusky, Ohio.. Tree productive, and
sufficiently vigorous.
Fig. 58.—DILLINGHAM.
Fruit round-oblate rather than flat, generally regular
and of medium size; Surface rough, yellowish-green, and
bronzed, or shaded with a purplish tint; Dots numerous
russet.
384 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Basin wide, folded; Eye small, closed.
Cavity rather deep, wide, regular, wavy, brown; Stem
sometimes long, of medium size, red.
Core small and closed, mecting the eye; Seeds numer-
ous, large, brown.
Flesh yellow; Flavor sweet, juicy; Use, good for bak-
ing; Season, November to February. Not highly
esteemed nor largely cultivated, though its productiveness
and sweetness would render it desirable for stock-feeding.
Ene’s Winter Swect.
From J. 8. Downer, Elkton, Kentucky; a southern fruit
of some merit.
Fruit, medium, flat, regular; Surface roughish, uneven,
greenish-yellow, blushed and russeted; Dots numerous,
minute, russet veined.
Basin abrupt, regular, leather-cracked ; Eye large, open.
Cavity wide, wavy, brown; Stem medium.
Core round, closed, clasping ; Seeds numerous, angular,
imperfect; Flesh yellow, fine grained ; Flavor very sweet,
rich; Quality quite good; Use, table; Season, December.
Fig. 54.—GREEN SWEET.
CLASS I.—FLAT APPLES.—I. I. I. 385
Green Sweet.
HONEY GREENING.
Tree vigorous and productive in most situations where
cultivated, but is not much planted in the West.
Fruit rather small, regular, and usually flat, though
sometimes conical; Surface smooth, green; Dots whitish,
with green bases.
Basin rather shallow and wavy; Eye large, closed.
Cavity wide, regular and brown; Stem long and stout.
Core closed, regular, meeting the eye, containing nu-
merous angular, acuminate brown seeds; Flesh greenish-
white, breaking, tender, juicy and fine grained ; very sweet,
and valued for baking and market; those who do not ad-
mire sweet apples would hardly consider it second rate.
Season from December to February, or March.
Haskell’s Sweet.
Found in the orchard of Dr. Geo. Haskell, at Rockford,
Tllinois. ;
Fruit large, flat, regular; Surface green, bronzy; Dots
numerous, large, white.
Basin deep; Eye small, closed.
Cavity deep, acute, wavy; Stem short. .
Core closed; Seeds numerous, plump; Flesh yellow,
juicy ; Flavor sweet, rich; Quality very good; Use, bak-
ing ; Season August, September.
A practical test at the table of mine host must convince
any one that either the apple or the cook, or both, are
eminently deserving. This is supposed to be the Massa-
chusetts variety of the same name.
Hay Boys.
I do not know where this summer apple was produced,
or christened with its peculiar cognomen ; Specimens re-
‘eived from H. N. Gillett, Lawrence Co., Ohio.
Fruit large, oblate, regular or slightly angular; Surface
pale yellow; Dots numerous, dark, prominent.
Basin wide, abrupt, wavy ; Eye medium, closed.
17
336 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES,
Cavity wide, folded, green; Stem long.
Core very wide, fiat, open, clasping the eye; Flesh yel-
low, fine grained, breaking; Flavor sweet; Quality good,
to very good; Use, table and baking; Season, August.
Lancaster Sweet.
Origin unknown, grown in Central Ohio, where it is
much admired for baking and apple butter.
4
(© /
goreng,
a we.
Fig. 55.—LANCASTER SWEET.
Fruit medium, regular, oblate, slightly conical; Surface
green; Dots scattered, dark, minute.
Basin medium, regular; Eye small, closed; Segments
of calyx long and reflexed.
Cavity wide, wavy; Stem very short and small,
Core medium, regular, closed, meeting the eye; Seeds
numerous, dark, plump; Flesh greenish-white, tender, fine
grained, juicy, rich; very sweet.
Quality not first rate, except for cooking; Season Sep-
tember and October.
CLASS I.—FLAT APPLES.—I. I. I. 387
London Sweet.
This vigorous, upright, and productive tree is supposed
to have had its origin near Dayton, Ohio, whence it has
been largely disseminated, giving entire satisfaction to all
of its planters. Foliage abundant, and quite dark
colored. . :
Fruit always fair, regular, flat, and of large size; Sur-
face smooth, pale yellow, with scattered. dots that are of-
ten colored.
Fig. 56.—LONDON SWEET.
Basin abrupt, regular, often having concentric cracks;
Eye small and closed.
Cavity wide, regular; Stem short, rather thick. :
Core medium width and closed, clasping the eye; Axis
very short; Seeds variable, some being plump and some
imperfect; Flesh yellowish-white, breaking, rather dry,
but very sweet; Quality good; and considered by some
persons the very best baking apple of its season, which is
from November to January or later.
388 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Mountain Sweet.
MOUNTAINEER.
From Pennsylvania; exhibited by Joel Wood, before
the Ohio Pomological Society.
Fruit large, beautiful, but too delicate for transporta-
tion, oblate; Surface smooth, light, yellow; Dots minute.
Basin wide, wavy; Eye small, closed.
Cavity deep, acute, wavy ; Stem short, slender.
Core wide, open, dark, clasping the eye; Seeds numerous,
pointed ; Flesh white, breaking, very tender, fine grain-
ed, juicy; Flavor sweet; Quality good to very good;
Use, table, baking; Season, December.
A rival of Broadwell or Ladies’ Sweeting.
—
Fig. 57.—MUNSON SWEET.
Munson Sweet.
ORANGE SWEET.
This New England variety is considered quite promis-
ing in its new western homes, where, however, it is not
yet widely known or tested. Tree vigorous, spreading,
CLASS IL—FLAT APPLES.—I. I. 1L 389
and productive when established; said to be a regular
bearer. :
Fruit medium, flat; Surface smooth, green, becoming
yellow; Dots minute.
Basin small, abrupt, often folded or plaited; Eye me-
dium, closed. ;
Cavity wide, wavy, green; Stem medium or short.
Core small, closed ; Seeds plump; Flesh yellowish-white,
fine grained, tender, juicy; Flavor very sweet; Quality
nearly first rate; Valuable for baking; Season early
winter. :
i} ne
yer
{
Fig. 58.—SNEPPS’.
Snepps’.
INO. SNEPPS’.
This fine apple is beliéved to have originated at Edin-
burgh, Indiana, and was brought to the notice of the State
Society by the orchardist whose name it bears, and by
whom it has been distributed. As it appears to be distinct
from any known fruit, it is here described. Tree vigor-
ous and sufficiently productive.
390 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES,
; Fruit above medium, almost large, flat, generally regu-
ar.
Surface nearly smooth, of a dull green, becoming pale
yellow, with numerous dark dots, that often give it a gray
appearance.
asin rather shallow, sometimes folded or wavy; Eye
large and closed; Segments of the calyx coarse.
Cavity acute, regular, rather deep; Stem medium to
short, stout.
Core large but closed ; Seeds numerous, pointed, brown;
Flesh yellowish, breaking, fine grained, juicy ; Flavor very
rich, and agreeably sweet when ripe; Use, fine dessert
. fruit, and good for cooking ; Season, December to March.
Superb Sweet.
This variety is worthy of more attention than it has
received ; native of Massachusetts, where it is a vigorous
and productive tree. Its period of maturity makes it less
valuable than it would otherwise be.
Fruit above medium, roundish; Surface smooth, of a
pale yellow color, often shaded with red.
Basin rather shallow, broad; Calyx large, open.
Cavity regular, deep; Stalk long.
Flesh white, fine grained, tender, juicy; Flavor rich,
sweet. .
‘Cole gives its season as September and October, in
Massachusetts.
Trumball Sweet.
FENTON 8WEET.
This is another fine white sweet apple, originating in
Ohio, which, notwithstanding its beauty, is less esteemed
on account of its season, but its productiveness makes it
valuable for stock-feeding. Tree vigorous, spreading,
productive, and an early bearer.
Fruit above medium, regular, flat ; Surface very smooth,
pale yellow, or white, resembling ivory; Dots scattering,
minute.
Basin deep, regular; Eye large, rather open.
Cavity deep; Bien short.
Core closed; Seeds numerous, plump; Flesh white, fine
CLASS I1—FLAT APPLES.—I. I. I. 39L
grained, breaking, juicy ; Flavor very sweet ; Quality very
Bo08 ; Use, baking and stock; Season September and Oc-
tober.
CLASS I—FLAT APPLES.
ORDER I.—REGULAR.
SECTION 1.—SWEET.
SUB-SECTION 2.—STRIPED.
Baltimore.—[Of Hliott.] :
FLUSHING SPITZENBERG, OF NORTHWEST.—CABLE’S GILLIFLOWER.—
ROYAL PIPPIN IN ILLINOIS.
The origin of this very satisfactory second rate fruit is
unknown, though it is extensively cultivated in western
Fig. 59.—BALTIMORE.
orchards, especially in the lake country, for it is scarcely
known within the Ohio river fruit region.
Tree thrifty, sufficiently vigorous but with slender
growth, very productive, spreading.
Fruit medium, regular, oblate, almost round in some
specimens, Surface smooth, red, striped with deep red and
often covered with whitish or gray markings that give it
392 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
a blue appearance like a bloom; Dots scattered, large,
yellow or fawn color.
Basin shallow, regular; Eye small, closed.
Cavity wide, regular, brown; Stem short to medium.
Core large, closed; Seeds numerous, plump; Flesh yel-
low, fine grained, juicy, almost sweet, aromatic, lacking
character; Of second quality, but valuable for market ;
December and January; Not disposed to rot, does not
show bruises.
Butter.
FULKERSON’S.
The origin of this fruit has not been definitely traced,
and though not very widely diffused, it is a prime favorite
with its acquaintances, and the lovers of rich apple-butter.
Fruit small, very regular, oblate; Surface very smooth,
and so covered with mixed red as rarely to show the yel-
Fig. 60.—suTTER.
low ground color; upon this are laid darker stripes of
deep red ; Dots minute and inconspicuous.
Basin medium, regular, or folded; Eye rather large,
closed.
Cavity acute, regular, brown; Stem of medium thick-
ness, rather long.
CLASS I—FLAT APPLES.—I. L IL 393
Core wide, large, closed; with large, plump, pointed
seeds; Flesh yellow, tender, fine grained, juicy; with a
sweet, rich and -aromatic flavor. Valuable for stock and
for apple-butter ; Season, October to January.
Conant’s Red.
This variety is cultivated in southern Ohio and adjacent
regions, to which it has been distributed by the venerable
Pomologist, H. N. Gillett, of Quaker Bottom, to whom
the author is under many obligations for valuable informa-
tion connected with the fruits of that productive region.
Fig. 61.—cONANT’S RED.
Fruit full medium, regular, oblate, and sometimes
nearly round.
In appearance this apple is not very prepossessing, as
the surface is rough, the yellow ground is obscured by
mixed red, upon which are red stripes and streaks of rus-
set; dots are numerous, minute, indented, yellow or fawn
colored.
Basin rather deep, abrupt, regular or wavy; Eye small,
closed.
Cavity wide, wavy or regular, green; Stem medium to
long, slender.
17*
394 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Core large, regular, closed; Seeds numerous, some are
imperfectly developed ; Flesh yellow, fine grained, juicy ;
flavor sub-acid to sweet, very aromatic, agreeable, fitting
it admirably for a dessert fruit, as which it is nearly first
rate, Season from September to December.
Connett Sweet.
The tree grows vigorously, is upright and productive,
bearing early. Its origin I have not learned, but procured
the specimens from my valued friend, Jno. C. Teas, ot
Raysville, Indiana.
ruit of good size, regular, flat; Surface rather rough,
dull red, with indistinct stripes; Dots few, dark, sunken.
Fig. 62.—CONNETT SWEET.
Basin not deep, wide, regular; Eye rather large, closed.
Cavity wide, regular, brown; Stem medium to long.
Core wide, closed; Seeds of medium size; Flesh com-
pact, yellow, fine grained; Flavor very sweet; Quality
very good; Season, December to March.
Granniwinkle.
This is supposed to be the famous cider apple of New
Jersey, described by Coxe, except that the form is differ-
CLASS I.—FLAT APPLES.—L I. II. 395
ent; it has as good qualities for making a rich cider;
specimens obtained from W. C. Hampton.
Fruit small, oblate, regular; Surface dull red, striped
purple; Dots numcrous, yellow.
Basin wide, regular; Eye large, open.
Cavity wide, regular, brown; Stem long, inclined.
Core medium, round, regular, closed, meeting the eye;
Seeds numerous, angular, plump; Flesh yellowish-white,
firm, tough; Flavor sweet; Use, cider; Season, winter.
Jersey Sweet.
AMERICAN.
In some parts of the country this is a favorite baking
apple, but its great productiveness renders it small, and
makes it rather a stock apple. Tree vigorous, round-
headed; Shoots short-jointed and red; Foliage abundant,
Sy
Fig. 63.—JERSEY SWEET.
Fruit medium, regular, globular-oblate, sometimes rath-
er conical, (according to Elliott & Downing, roundish-
ovate, but the drawing given by the latter is globular);
396 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Surface smooth, yellow, nearly covered with red, mixed,
striped and splashed carmine, more or less distinctly ; Dots
generally minute.
Basin medium to wide, regular; Eye small, generally
closed.
Cavity wide, regular or wavy, rather deep, brown, and
in Michigan often green; Stem medium to long, green.
Core wide, regular, partially open in some specimens, but
generally closed; Seeds numerous, wide, pointed, plump;
flesh pale yellow, tender, fine grained, juicy ; Flavor very
sweet, aromatic and rich; Use, the dessert, for those whe
like sweet apples, but especially valued for baking and for
feeding stock. Season August to October.
Moore’s Sweeting.
RED SWEET PIPPIN.—BLACK SWEET.
This valuable winter sweet apple is much cultivated
throughout the West on account of its productiveness,
‘
f
i
\
Fig. 64.—MoorE’s SWEETING.
and the amount of nutriment it furnishes to both man and
CLASS L—FLAT APPLES.—I. I. II. 397
animals. Tree vigorous, healthy, spreading, round, with
branches sufficiently open; Shoots dark olive; Foliage
large, dark green.
Fruit medium to large, globular-oblate, regular; Sur-
face smooth, greenish-yellow, covered with dull red in
confused stripes and shaded with gray that gives the fruit
a purple hue; Dots minute and few; Skin thick.
Basin wide, wavy or tolded; Eye medium, closed.
Cavity wide or acute, deep, green or brown; Stem
short, rather stout.
Core smill, closed ; Seeds numerous, plump, pale; Flesh
yellow, dry, firm; Flavor very sweet ; Quality inferior, for
the dessert; Use, baking, market, stock, cider; Season
from December to March and later, keeping very sound.
Putnam Sweet.
Originated near Marietta, Ohio.
Fruit large, flat, regular; Surface smooth, mixed, splash-
ed and striped deep red; Dots numerous, large.
Basin wide, shallow, regular; Eye small, closed.
Cavity wide, regular; Stem short.
Core roundish, flattened, open, clasping the eye; Seeds
numerous, pointed, pale; Flesh tender; Flavor sweet;
quality very good; Use, kitchen, stock; Season Atigust,
September.
Richmond.
Described by F. R. Elliott, author of American Fruit
Growers’ Guide, and named for our mutual friend, D. C.
Richmond, near Sandusky, Ohio, who found it in an old
seedling orchard with several other good varieties. The
seeds were supposed to have been brought from the old
French orchards of Canada. Tree large, vigorous, pro-
ductive, and would appear to have been hardy.
Mr. Elliott says:
“Fruit large; Form roundish, occasional specimens have
one side a little enlarged; Color light yellow ground,
mostly or quite overspread with light and dark red stripes,
many dots or specks of light russet ; Stem varying, mostly
short, slender; Cavity deep, open, regular, a little brown-
398 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
ish at bottom; Calyx large, segments long; Basin deep,
open, uniformly furrowed ; Flesh white, tender, juicy, deli-
Fig. 65.—RICHMOND.
.
cate, sweet ; Core medium; Seeds large, full; Season Oc-
tober to December.”
Sweet Vanderverc.
This is another western favorite with the admirers of
sweet apples. Tree sufficiently vigorous, Peal and
productive; twigs slender, like those of the true Vander-
veres.
Fruit of good size, from full medium to large, regular,
oblate, and resembling the Pennsylvania Vandervere;
surface very smooth, yellow, shaded with mixed red, and
striped with dull or dark red; Dots yellow, scattered, in-
dented.
Basin abrupt, wide, deep, regular; Eye small, closed.
Cavity sometimes wide and regular, or acute; Stem
long, slender.
CLASS I.—FLAT APPLES.—I, I. III. 399
Core regular, heart-shaped, closed; Seeds medium to
long, angular; Flesh firm, breaking, yellow; Flavor sweet,
Fig. 66.—SwEET VANDERVERE.
pleasant; Quality not first rate, valued for baking and for
stock; Season December and January.
CLASS I.—FLAT APPLES.
ORDER IL—REGULAR.
SECTION 1.—SWEET.
SUB-SECTION 3.—RUSSET.
: None.
400 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
CLASS IL—FLAT APPLES.
ORDER I.—REGULAR.
SECTION 2.—SOUR.
SUB-SECTION 1.—SELF-COLORED.
Better Than Good.
JUICY BITE.
. Like our standard authority, I am obliged to quote from
the American Pomological Society’s Transactions. Origin
uncertain, (Elliott says from Pennsylvania) ; Tree thrifty,
rather slender, very productive.
Fruit medium, oblate; Skin pale yellow, with a few
brown dots.
Basin large and open; Calyx closed.
Cavity broad; Stem short.
Flesh yellowish, very tender, juicy; Flavor mild,
pleasant, sub-acid; November to January.
Bohanon.
This apple was brought into notice by Lewis Sanders,
that veteran agriculturist of Kentucky, who was equally
é
|
1
!
\
\
A
x -
Fig. 67.—BoHANON.
CLASS I.—FLAT APPLES.—1I, IL I. 401
remarkable as a planter of choice fruits, and breeder of
fine cattle. Mr. Elliott thinks this variety may have had
its origin in Virginia. Tree moderately vigorous and
productive. .
Fruit full medium, regular, oblate, rarely inclined to be
angular, sometimes slightly conical; Surface very smooth,
whitish, or waxen, occasionally blushed with pale car-
mine, making it very beautitul; Dots minute.
Basin abrupt, narrow, folded, wavy and irregular; Eye
closed ; Segments reflexed.
Cavity acute, brown; Stem rather long.
Core regular, small, pyriform, closed, clasping the eye;
Seeds small,compressed ; Flesh white, breaking, fine grain-
ed, juicy, sub-acid ; Quality very good and preferred as a
dessert fruit to the Maiden’s Blush, which it much resem-
bles without having the peculiar flavor of that variety.
Cornfield.
A southern variety received from J. S. Dewner & Son.
Fruit medium, roundish-oblate or cylindrical, truncate,
regular; Surface smooth, yellow, covered with mixed deep
red, striped; Dots numerous, minute.
Basin deep, abrupt, regular, leather-cracked ; Eye small,
open.
* Cavity wide, acute; Stem short. :
Core round, regular, closed, hardly clasping ; Axis short;
Seeds numerous, plump ; Flesh yellow, fine grained, tender,
rather dry; Flavor sub-acid; Quality good; Use, table ;
Season, December.
Cracking.
This variety had its origin in the eastern part of Ohio.
The tree is a strong grower and productive.
Fruit large, oblate, somewhat uneven and irregular, but
handsome; Surface smooth, greenish-yellow until ripe,
when it is often tinged with red; Dots numerous, minute,
indented and green.
Basin wide, folded; Eye medium, closed.
Cavity acute, wavy, brown; Stem short, rather stout.
Core wide, open, clasping the eye; Seeds large, point-
ed, dark; Flesh yellow, breaking, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid ;
402 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Fig. 68.—cRACKING.
quality nearly first rate; Use, kitchen and table; Season
September and October.
.
Cranberry Pippin.
This is a beautiful apple which originated near Hudson,
New York. Tree vigorous, very productive.
Fruit large, flat, regular; Surface very smooth, bright,
clear yellow, with a shining scarlet cheek ; Dots minute.
Basin wide, regular or wavy; Eye small, short, closed.
Cavity wide, wavy; Stem medium,
Core small, oval, just meeting the eye; Axis short ; Seeds
numerous, long; Flesh white, breaking, juicy ; Flavor mild,
sub-acid; Quality very good for cooking, not for dessert ;
Season November to February in New York.
Dalton.
Specimens from Mr. Warren, of Massachusetts. Origin
and history unknown.
CLASS .I—FLAT APPLES.—I. Il, 1. 403
Fruit medium, flat, uneven; Surface smooth, yellowish-
green, becoming greasy; Dots scattered, green.
Basin medium, folded; Eye medium, closed.
Cavity deep, pointed; Stem mediuin.
Core medium, wide, closed, clasping the eye; Seeds
large; Flesh greenish-white, tender, juicy; Flavor sub-
acid ; Quality good; Use kitchen, table ; Season September.
Not particularly desirable.
Early Harvest.
This American apple has long’ been a prime favorite in
the orchard, especially when planted for family use, since
it is of excellent quality for table as well as in the kitchen.
For the commercial orchard, however, it is falling into dis-
co
ee,
od
Fig. 69.—EARLY HARVEST.
favor with the market men, because of its uncertainty, and
its proneness to be defective on some soils. ;
Tree spreading, healthy and vigorous; the limbs are
very strongly attached to the trunk by a woody enlarge-
ment at their base, and the pale olive twigs are remark-
404 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
able for their peculiar mode of production in twos and
threes from a common origin.
Fruit medium, regular, oblate, sometimes almost round,
as described by Downing, but this is rare in the West, where
the oblate form prevails. Surface smooth, clear, waxy
yellow, very rarely blushed ; Dots numerous, minute, green.
Basin regular, narrow, abrupt; Eye small, closed.
Cavity wide, regular; Stem short.
Core round, closed, not meeting the eye; Seeds large,
pointed; Flesh tender, breaking, juicy, acid to sub-acid,
agreeable; Of first quality for table or kitchen during the
month of July.
Faust.
This very nice apple, received from 8. W. Westbrooke,
of Greensboro, N. C., deserves the commendation of' its
southern admirers.
Fruit regular, globular-oblate, of medium size; Surface
Fig. 70.—Faust.
smooth, yellow, with a white bloom and sunken white
dots.
Basin shallow, folded; Eye small, closed.
Cavity wide, greeti; Stem medium, to long.
CLASS 1.—FLAT APPLES. — 1. JI. | 405
Core wide, closed, scarcely meeting the eye; Seeds an-
gular; Flesh yellow, fine grained ; Flavor sub-acid, aroma-
tic, and first quality for table or dessert use, in November
or later.
Finley.
ABBOTT ?
This fine fruit originated in Kentucky and is cultivated
to some extent in Soutlern Indians, where it is considered
entitled to the meed of excellence, and preferred to the
Early Harvest on the one hand, and to the Maiden’s Blush
Fig. 71.—FINLEY.
on the other; and in its season, it competes with both, be-
ing useful in July for the kitchen, and ripening gradually
until September. ; ;
Tree large, spreading, vigorous and productive.
Fruit large to very large, regular, globular-oblate,
slightly conical; Surface smooth, greenish-yellow, becom-
ing a clear lemon yellow at maturity ; Dots minute, gray,
scattering.
406 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Basin rather wide, wavy; Eye small, closed; Segments
reflexed.
Cavity acute, medium to deep, regular, brown; Stem
long, yellow.
Core heart-shaped, regular, closed, clasping the eye;
Seeds few, large, plump, and some imperfect ; Flesh yellow,
breaking, fine grained, juicy, acid, almost first quality;
Valuable for kitchen and market; Season August and
September.
Fink.
FINK’S SEEDLING.
This long keeper was brought before the notice of the
Ohio Pomological Society many years ago by Mr. Clarke,
of Somerset, Ohio. Mr. Elliott considered it the same as
Tewksbury Winter Blush, and introduces Fink’s Seedling
as a synonym of that variety. Others think it a different
fruit, among whom is that practical Pomologist, the Secre-
tary of that association, M. B. Bateham, Mid, who has
propagated and planted the trees extensively. It was de-
scribed as Fink’s Seedling in the Ohio Cultivator, May,
1847. At the meeting of 1854, the merits and claims of
this variety were freely discussed, and the Society named
it the Fink, after admitting that it was an original seed-
ling, as stated by- Mr. Fink, in whose seedling orchard it
had originated. :
Tree of strong upright growth, a profuse and annual
bearer.
Fruit small, regular, roundish-oblate; Surface very
smooth, polished, greenish-yellow, blushed with brownish-
red ; Flesh whitish, breaking, juicy, mild sub-acid ; remark-
able for its keeping qualities, remaining sound until the
second season, and has been shown in “May after having
been kept over two winters.
Fulton.
Origin, Canton County, Illinois, Tree large, vigorous,
productive, annual bearer.
Fruit large, globular-oblate, often oblique or unsymme-
trical; Surface smooth, greenish-yellow, with a carmine
blush; Dots minute, indented.
Basin abrupt, deep, folded; Eye medium to large, open.
CLASS I.—FLAT APPLES,—I: Il. I. 407
Cavity deep, narrow or acute, green and brown; Stem
rather long and slender.
Core small, round, clasping; Seeds numerous, small,
short and plump; Flesh yellow, tender, fine grained, juicy ;
flavor sub-acid and aromatic; First quality for table; In
Fig. 73.—FULTOoN.
November and December. Our Illinois orchardists do
not commend it so highly as when first introduced; not
fully satisfactory where planted in Ohio on limestone
clays.
Golden Seedling.
Said to have originated with Mr. Riehl, of St. Louis,
cultivated and distributed by Geo. Husmann, of Hermann,
Mo., in whose orchard I gathered it.
Fruit large, handsome, regular, and oblate; Surface
smooth, greenish-yellow, and blushed; Dots scattered,
minute.
Basin wide, regular; Eye medium, closed.
Cavity wide, wavy; Stem short.
408 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Core medium, regular, meeting the eye, closed; Seeds
Fig. 73.—GOLDEN SEEDLING.
numerous,angular, pale; Flesh yellow, juicy, rich; “ Very
good,”
Green Crank.
I have received this southern apple from Kentucky,
Tenn., and also from Georgia, but have not yet fruited it.
Tree moderately thrifty ; Shoots brown; Foliage small.
Fruit medium to large, flattened somewhat, conical,
regular; Surface green to yellow, sometimes bronzed;
dots small, gray.
Basin medium, regular; Eye medium, closed.
Cavity wide, deep, acute, brown; Stem medium, green,
thick.
Core wide, medium, closed, not clasping the eye; seeds
numerous, plump, short, dark; Flesh yellow, firm, fine
grained, juicy; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic, rich; Quality
good to very good; Use table, kitchen; Season Decem-
ber to March.
g (LASS L—FLAT APPLES.—I. Il. 1. 409
r
:
'
1
’
1
‘
Ay
+10 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Hawley.
Originated in Columbia County, New York. Tree
vigorous, with a round spreading head ; Shoots stout, olive.
Fruit large, regular, oblate or slightly conic; Surface
waxy yellow, rarely shaded or blushed, becomes oily or
greasy when kept.
Basin rather wide, wavy ; Cavity wide, sometimes fold-
ed; Stem short, medium and long.
Core regular, closed, scarce'y clasping the eye; Seeds
generally imperfect; Ilesh yellowish-white, very tender,
fine grained, juicy; Flavor very pleasant, mild -sub-acid,
rich; Season August to September; an amateur’s fruit.
Fig. 76.—nAWTHORNDEN.
Hawthornden.
This famous Scotch fruit appears to do very well in this
country, but it must yield the palm to its American cousin
and representative, the Maiden’s Blush, which possesses
all its good qualities as a market and kitchen fruit, with
attractive appearance.
Tree spreading, vigorous and productive: an early
bearer.
CLASS I.—FLAT -APPLES.—I. II. I. 411
Fruit large, regular, and very fiat; Surface perfectly
smooth, always fair, and of a beautiful white, very rarely
and faintly blushed; Dots minute.
Basin shallow, narrow, regular; Eye small, closed.
Cavity wide, wavy, green; Stem medium.
Core wide, regular, somewhat open, meeting the eye;
Seeds numerous, angular, imperfect, brown; Flesh green-
ish-white, breaking, fine grained, juicy; Flavor acid, aro-
matic; of second quality for table, but first rate for cook-
ing; Uses, kitchen and market; Season October.
Junaliska.
This apple originated in the Cherokee country, where it
is highly esteemed, and fruited in Ohio and Kentucky this
year.
Fruit large, roundish or flattened, slightly conic, regu-
lar; Surface smooth, yellgw, with some russet, chiefly
about the apex; sometimes blushed; Dots minute, gray.
Basin rather small, regular; Eye small, long, closed.
Cavity deep, acute, brown; Stem quite short, knobby.
Core wide, heart-shaped, regular, closed; Axis short;
seeds few, short, plump; Flesh yellow, breaking, granular ;
flavor sub-acid, spicy, rich; Quality good; Use, table and
kitchen ; Season November, and through the winter.
It may be destined to supply the place of the Rhode
Island Greening, where that variety does not succedd.
Kane.
CAIN.
Origin, Delaware. Tree upright, sufficiently vigorous.
Has been confounded with the Bohanon, but is distinct.
Fruit small, regular, oblate, somewhat conic; Beautiful
for the dessert; Surface very smooth, waxen yellow,
blushed with bright crimson; Flesh whitish, crisp, juicy,
acid and pleasant; October and November.
Lady.
API PETIT, ETC.
This beautiful little French apple has been fully natur-
alized in our country, and has received the enthusiastic
admiration of the American people. The fruit needs to
412 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
be entirely perfect to meet with favor as an ornament to
the table, for which use it is especially adapted; unfor-
tunately it is often overgrown and irregularly developed.
Wherever produced in proper size and color, it is one of
the most profitable varieties, commanding fancy prices at
the period of Christmas decorations. In the rich soils of
the West it is apt to be too large, and has generally failed
to meet the requisitions; but it succeeds well in Michigan,
and the neighboring region of Indiana.
Tree of medium size, very close and upright, healthy
and productive; Shoots very dark; the foliage small,
crowded, curled, and very dark.
Fruit very small, quite flat, very regular; Surtahce very
smooth, shining or polished, of a pale waxen yellow, near-
ly covered with bright carmine, which contrasts finely
with the ground color, wherever the fruit has been shaded
by a leaf; Dots minute.
Basin medium, rather abrupt; Eye small, closed.
Cavity acute, deep, regular; Stem short.
Core regular, wide, closed; Seeds numerous; Axis very
short; Flesh white, breaking, tender and juicy when ripe;
with a mild sub-acid flavor; Use ornament and dessert;
Season December until March.
Maiden’s Blush.
This beautiful and profitable fruit has received the un-
* qualified approbation of thirteen out of the eighteen States
that have reported io the American Pomological Society.
It is a native of New Jersey, and is still held in high
repute there as a market apple. The tree is hardy, vigor-
ous, spreading and productive, beginning to bear quite
early.
Fruit medium, to large, regular, flat and very handsome;
Surface very smooth, polished, of a pale waxen yellow and
blushed with bright carmine; Dots minute. -
' Basin shallow, regular or wavy; Eye small, closed.
Cavity wide, wavy; Stem medium to short.
Core regular, closed, meeting the eye; Seeds numerous,
brown; Flesh white, breaking, fine grained, juicy ; Flavor
acid, aromatic, and to most palates not agreeable at the
dessert, but very good when cooked, and requiring but
ashort time to be reduced to a delicious pulp of light
_ CLASS I.—FLAT APPLES,—I. II. I. 413
color. This apple is also used for drying and makes a
very light colored product, that is much admired by deal-
ers. Season September and October, but may be used in
the kitchen during August.
Fig. 77.—MAIDEN’S BLUSH.
Bachelor’s Blush appears to be a variety of the above;
found in Burlington County, New Jersey, and exhtbited
before the American Pomological Society at the Rochester
meeting in 1864, by Wm. Parry, as a valuable and dis-
tinct variety. Having examined the trees as they grew
together in the orchard, the resemblance to Maiden’s
Blush was very apparent. The fruit is larger, and for
market purposes is considered more profitable. The two
may be different, but are very much alike.
Pickard’s Reserve.
Grown in Parke County, Indiana, from seed brought
from North Carolina. This apple was first brought to
my notice by Jno. C. Teas, of Raysville, Indiana. Con-
siderably grown in that State. Tree hardy; the onginal
is still standing in Rockville.
Fruit large, flat, somewhat unequal; Surface smooth,
pale yellow; Dots scattered, minute.
414 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Basin abrupt, regular, rather deep; Eye quite small,
closed.
Cavity deep, wavy, brown; Stem short to medium.
Core irregular, closed, scarcely clasping the eye; Seeds
Fig. 78.—PICKARD’S RESERVE.
numerous, angular, dark brown; Flesh whitish-yellow, fine
grained, tender, juicy, with a sub-acid, aromatic flavor,
making this a fruit of first quality for table or kitchen use;
Season December and January.
Rhode Island Greening.
From its name this apple would appear, like the Peck’s
Pleasant, to have come from the sea-girt State. It isa
universal favorite, and is found to succeed well in a great
many situations; but there are some portions of the West
where it has failed to give satisfaction, being slow to come
into bearing, becoming an autumn instead of a winter fruit,
and falling badly from the trees before picking time. In
sandstone soils, however, even in Southern Indiana and II-
linois, it does better than on the limestone clays; the fruit
CLASS I.—FLAT APPLES.—1I. IL. I. 415
attains an enormous size, but matures too early for a win-
ter apple.
Tree very vigorous, crooked, spreading, productive ;
Shoots stout, dark, with dark foliage. :
Fruit large to very large, varying in shape from globu-
lar or round to flat, which is the prevailing and character-
istic form. Surface smooth in the North, somewhat rough
ind often quite russeted in the South, a dull green, becom-
ing yellow at maturity; Dots grey, irregular, numerous.
Fig. 79.—RHODE ISLAND GREENING.
Basin regular, small and russeted to a greater or less
extent, sometimes extending half way down the sides of
the fruit; Eye small to medium, closed.
Cavity wide, regular; Stem medium to long, curved,
often reddish.
Core roundish-oval, regular, closed, clasping the eye;
seeds numerous, angular, dark; Flesh very yellow, break-
ing, tender, juicy, with a rich, acid flavor, making it a
superior cooking apple, and very fine for the dessert when
fully ripe; Quality almost first rate; Season October to
December—in the North, keeping until March.
416 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Tewksbury Winter Blush.
This long-keeping variety was described by Coxe as
having its origin in New Jersey. It has already been
named in connection with the Fink, which resembles it
very closely, and, like it, the chief excellence of this vari-
ety consists in its superior keeping qualities.
The tree is vigorous, upright, productive, and holds the
apples well.
Fruit small, regular, flat; Surface smooth, yellow, blush-
ed; Flesh yellow, breaking, juicy, well flavored, and retains
its characters for a long time.
Virginia Greening.
This apple is supposed from its name to have originated
in Virginia. It is cultivated chiefly in the Southern
Fig. 80.—virGinia GREENING.
States, and in those parts of the Northwest to which
Southerners have migrated. Its chief merit is its long
keeping. Tree large, spreading, productive.
CLASS I.—FLAT APPLES.—I. Il. I. 417
Fruit large, regular, flat to roundish, generally the
former; Surtace smooth, dull green and often bronzy, nev-
er blushed; Dots scattered, large, white or gray, with
whitish rings around them.
Basin regular, wide, shallow; Eye small, open.
‘Cavity wide, regular, green; Stem long to medium.
Core regular, turbinaie, closed, meeting the eye; Seeds
numerous, long; Flesh white, firm, breaking, sub-acid ; Fit
only for the kitchen; A long keeper; March and April;
often subject to Bitterrot.
White Fall Pippin.
FALL PIPPIN OF LOUISVILLE.
This handsome fruit is seen in quantities in the Louis-
ville market every fall. Its cultivation does not appear
to have been widely extended, nor has its origin been
traced. It has been thought to resemble the Spanish Rei-
nette, with which I have not had an opportunity to com-
pare it.
Fruit very large, slightly uneven, roundish-flattened or
globular-oblate; Surface smooth, pale yellow, not bronzed
or blushed, but having a whitish striping toward the
stem end; Dots scattered, minute, dark. ;
Basin abrupt, narrow, deep and folded; Eye small, long,
closed. -
Cavity wide, wavy; Stem very short.
Core wide, regular, somewhat open, clasping the eye;
Seeds numerous, angular; Flesh yellowish-white, breaking,
juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic and rich; Useful for cook-
ing, drying, and table; Season October.
White Juneating.
JUNEATING, Coxe.—YELLOW JUNE.—EARLY MAY ?
Downing thinks this a very old variety, mentioned by
Evelyn in 1660, and by Ray in 1688. It has long been
known in the West and South as a very early apple, and
valued on this account, though quite small. The tree re-
sembles that of the Early Harvest in the color and ar-
rangement of its twigs.
Fruit fiat, regular; Surface smooth, pale yellow.
18*
418 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Basin not deep, slightly folded; Eye small, closed.
Cavity wide, shallow; Stem long, slender.
Flesh breaking, whitish, juicy till over-ripe, when it is
dry ; Flavor sub-acid ; Use table and market ; Season June.
Winter Pippin.
WINTER PIPPIN OF GENEVA.
This very handsome fruit was received from T. T. Lyon,
of Plymouth, Michigan, marked as having been received
‘from Western New York. The same fruit was a very
strong competitor for the Greeley prize before the Commit-
tee of the American Institute, and is believed to be the
same as that described by Downing as the Winter Pippin
of Geneva.
Tree thrifty, branches spreading ; Said to be productive.
Fruit large, oblate, regular, or slightly unequal; Surface
smooth, pale yellow, with a bright crimson cheek; Dots
numerous, minute, ‘
Basin wide, wavy, or plaited; Eye meditim, closed.
Cavity regular, green, rather deep; Stem long.
Core medium, regular, closed, clasping the eye; Seeds
numerous, plump; Flesh yellowish-white, fine grained,
‘juicy, sub-acid; Season January until May. A limited
acquaintance does not justify me in giving such high
praises as those bestowed upon this fruit by Mr. Downing.
Yellow Foster.
This apple is a favorite with that worthy pioneer Po-
mologist of Southern Ohio, H. N. Gillett, of Lawrence
County, to whom I am under obligations for this and many
other varieties. Pe
Fruit medium to large, regular, oblate; Surface smooth,
greenish-yellow ; Dots scattered, minute green.
Basin of medifim depth and size, regular; Eye small,
closed. ee
Cavity acute, regular; Stem of medium size and length.
Core medium, wide, closed, not meeting the eye; Seeds
not numerous, medium ; Flesh yellow, fine grained, tender,
juicy ; Flavor sub-acid and aromatic; Of first quality for
table; During October.
CLASS I.—FLAT APPLES.—I. II. Il. 419
Fig. 81.—YELLOW FOSTER.
CLASS [I.—FLAT APPLES.
ORDER I.—REGULAR.
SECTION 2.—SOUR. °
SUBSECTION 2.—STRIPED.
Abram.
FATHER ABRAHAM, Of Illinois, not that of Coxe.
This little southern favorite is not extensively cultivated
in the North, except where southern settlers have intro-
duced it. It is found in Illinois, Indiana and Missouri.
Origin believed to have been in Virginia, whence I have re-
ceived specimens and trees. In Kentucky it is found to
be a hardy drooping tree, holding the fruit well; an-
nually productive, valued for cider, and keeping till July
of next year.
Fruit medium, globular-oblate, uneven; Surface not
smooth, yellowish green, mixed, red, with stripes and
splashes; the whole presenting a gray appearance; Dots
minute, scattered.
420 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES,
Basin shallow, wide, wavy; Eye small, closed.
Cavity acute, regular; Stem long, inclined.
Core medium, regular, closed; Seeds numerous, short,
plump, pale; Flesh greenish-yellow, fine grained, juicy ;
flavor mild sub-acid, rich; almost first quality; keeping
until May or later.
American Pippin.
GRINDSTONE.
This fruit is chiefly valued for keeping very late into the
summer. Coxe commends it for its cider, rating it as
nearly equal to the Grey-House; he says that fourteen
bushels are required to make a barrel of cider. The ap-
ples hang well to the tree, and will bear a considerable
amount of freezing. They are so firm as to suffer little from
bruising, and are not disposed to rot when thus injured. A
fruitman once said of their ability to withstand rough
usage, that the apples might be whipped off the tree with
a hoop-pole, shoveled into a cart, dumped upon the ground,
and have some dirt thrown upon them,-and that they
would keep until next July ; but, he added, they are then
as good as dried apples; so lightly are they esteemed for
table use.
The tree is thrifty, with a low, spreading head and de-
pending branches; very productive; notwithstanding the
fruit is dry and deficient in flavor, it is considered profit-
able, because so easily kept until May and June, when it
commands the highest price, because of the rarity of green
fruit at that season.
Fruit medium, regular, very flat; Surface rough, some-
times vein-russeted, dull green, covered with mixed red,
and shaded with stripes of brick-dust color ; Dots numer-
ous, large; gray.
Basin very shallow, wide, regular or plaited; Eye quite
small, open.
Cavity regular, brown, this color extending over the
base of the fruit; Stem medium, often thick and knobby.
Core wide, irregular, closed; Seeds numerous, plump,
brown; Flesh yellow, breaking, dry, very firm ; Flavor mild
sub-acid; Quality poor; Uses kitchen and market, which
last means that it may be sold to those who do not appre-
ciate the summer fruits of May and June.
CLASS I.—FLAT APPLES,—I. II. IT. 421
Baldwin.
This celebrated apple of New England has been widely
distributed over the country, but has not met with uni-
versal favor in the West and South; first, because it is
apt to become a fall or early winter fruit, instead of a keep-
ing apple; and secondly, because it is not. well adapted to
our palates ; moreover, the tree has been considered tender,
having suffered extensively during the cold winters; this
is especially true in the nursery. Its productiveness and
fair quality will, however, always make the Baldwin a
favorite over a large portion of our country, and the New
England settlers must have this variety.
Fig. 82.—BALDWIN.
Tree robust, spreading, very productivé; Foliage large,
dark, on shoots that are stout and have a rich brown bark.
Fruit large, frequently round, and sometimes almost
conical, but generally inclined to be flattened, so as to be
classed by measurement as oblate; large specimens in
southern latitudes are very apt to be unequal, and to have
422 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
their axis inclined, or to be what is called lop-sided ; sur-
face smooth, rich yellow where shaded, but the exposed
parts quite covered with deep red, which is mixed so as to
conceal the ground color,-and also to obscure the stripes
of deeper red that prevail; this fruit is also frequently
marked with veined russet, overlying the red color, or ex-
cluding it; Dots minute, and yellow, or gray where the
red prevails.
Basin deep, often abrupt and narrow, generally waved,
folded or plaited, and these marks are quite characteristic ;
Eye large and open, from the shortness of the calyx. On
this account the variety is considered very subject to the
attacks of the Codling-moth.
Cavity wide, regular or wavy, generally brown; Stem
medium to long, often curved or inclined, sufficiently
stout.
Core medium, regular, closed, meeting, sometimes clasp-
ing the eye; Seeds numerous, long, angular, imperfect ;
flesh yellow, breaking, frequently coarse-grained, juicy,
sub-acid, rich; some northern specimens 4re fine-grained
and almost first quality; those from the South are coarse,
poor and scarcely second-rate for table use, but are good
for eooking; Season October to January, occasionally
keeping later.
Fig. 83,—BETHLEMITE.
CLASS L—FLAT APPLES:—I. II. II. 423
Bethiemite.
This apple has frequently been exhibited before the Ohio
Pomological Society, by friends Lipsey, Morris and Bene-
dict, of Morrow County, to which region its cultivation
appears to have been confined. The origin of the fruit is
obscure.
Tree thrifty, hardy, productive, upright.
Fruit mediun, flat, or oblate-globular, regular; surface
smooth, dull red or bright red, mixed, on yellow, with
broken splashes of crimson; Dots distinct, large, gray and
yellow.
Basin wide, deep, regular or folded, leather-cracked ; Eye
medium, closed.
Cavity rather wide, regular, brown; Stem medium to
short.
Core regular, neat, closed, just meeting’ the eye; Axis
short ; Seeds numerous, short, very plump, pale ; Flesh yel-
lowish-white, breaking, juicy, sub-acid, aromatic ; Quality
good, for table and cooking ; Season December.
Fig. 84.—BLONDIN.
424 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Blondin.
This fine fruit originated with the veteran Pomologist
of Indiana, Reuben Ragan.
Fruit very large, oblate, unequal; Surface rough, green-
ish-yellow, splashed and striped with red; Dots numerous,
large, gray.
Basin abrupt, folded; Eye small, closed.
Cavity acute, deep, brown; Stem short, rather slender
inclined.
Core medium or small, regular, closed, clasping the eye;
Seeds plump, pointed, brown; Flesh greenish-yellow, fine-
grained, tender, juicy; Flavor sub-acid ; almost first rate
for table and market; Season October and November.
Blooming Orange.
Mr. Waring considers this the handsomest apple. In
1839 he brought a large number of sorts from the famous
Herefordshire apple orchards of England, of which this is
the only one he retains as fully adapted to the mountain
region of Pennsylvania.
Tree a very strong, free, handsome grower, and an im-
mense bearer, after six or eight years’ growth.
Fruit very large, fair, beautiful, roundish-oblate, regular ;
surface dark, richly clouded with claret and mahogany, on
yellow ground; Eye open; Flesh crisp, juicy, acid at first,
pe this merges into a rich, penetrating, very agreeable
avor.
Itjs of the Ribston Pippin, or Dutch Mignonne type of
fruit.—[Mr. G. Waring’s MS. ]
Bouum.,.
MAGNUM BONUM.
This delicious southern fruit originated in Davidson
County, North Carolina. The tree is vigorous, very pro-
ductive and bears early. I received specimens from 8S. W.
Westbrooke, Greensboro’, North Carolina. Introduced
to the American Pomological Society at the Philadelphia
meeting, 1860, by Walter Steele, of Rockingham County,
North Carolina, and highly recommended.
CLASS I.—FLAT APPLES.—1I. IL IL 425
Fruit large, oblate, rezular; Surface smooth, yellow,
covered with mixed red, and striped ; Dots distinct, large,
ellow.
‘ Basin medium, regular; Eye large, closed.
Cavity deep, regular, brown; Stem long, not’ thick,
green.
Core oval, small, closed, scarcely meeting the eye; Axis
Fig. 85.—Bonum.
short; Seeds large, plump; Flesh yellow, firm, breaking,
fine-grained, juicy; Flavor rich, sub-acid ; first quality for
the dessert ; in September.
Brandywine.
This apple was ‘found on the edge of the prairie, east of
Quincy, Lllinois, in the orchard of K. K. Jones, Esq.,
where it was supposed to have been brought from the
State of Delaware. ,
Tree large, vigorous, spreading and productive.
Fruit medium, oblate, roundish, slightly conic, regular ;
surface smooth, greenish, covered with confused stripes of
dull red; Dots scattered, white.
Basin shallow, abrupt, regular; Eye small, closed.
426 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Cavity acute, regular, green; Stem very short.
Core small, round, closed, clasping ; Seeds imperfect ;
Fig. 86.—BRANDYWINE.
Flesh greenish-white, fine-grained, tender, juicy ; Flavor
sub-acid, aromatic; Quality only good; Use table, kitchen ;
Scason January, February.
Buchanan’s,.
Origin near Cincinnati, Ohio, in the orchard of Robert
Buchanan, Esq., a gentleman _long devoted to pomology.
It also closely resembles the Brandywine, as grown in Iili-
nois, already described.
This variety is much like the Minkler, which originated
in INinois, and both may have come from seeds of the Gil-
pin, which they resemble.
Tree vigorous and productive.
CLASS I.—FLAT APPLES.—I. II. 1. 427
Fruit medium, oblate, regular ; Surface smooth, yellow,
covered with mixed red and striped bright red ; Dots scat-
tered, minute.
Basin medium, folded or plaited ; Eye large, closed.
Cavity wide, regular, green; Stem short or medium.
Core flattened, close, clasping the eye; Seeds numerous,
plump, dark; Flesh greenish-yellow, firm, breaking; Flavor
sub-acid; Quality scarcely second rate, but useful for cook-
ing, and keeps sound until May.
Carolina Baldwin.
This nice southern apple was received from S. W. West-
brooke, of Greensboro’. Of the tree I know nothing.
Fruit medium, oblate, regular; Surface yellow-green,
with mixed red and stripes; Dots numerous, large, white.
Basin abrupt, regular; Eye large, closed.
Cavity wide, regular; Stem, medium to long.
Core small, regular, heart-shaped, closed; Seeds pointed ;
Flesh yellow, fine-grained, juicy ; Flavor, sub-acid ; good
for table'in November.
Cheese.
This fruit was received from Lewis Sanders, of Grass
Hills, Gallatin County, Kentucky, by whom it was grown
and esteemed.
Fruit medium to small, oblate, regular; Surfate smooth,
yellowish-green, striped purple red, splashed deep red;
dots scattered, gray and purple.
Basin shallow, regular, or abrupt and deep, in different
specimens ; Eye small, closed.
Cavity wide, regular, brown; Stem long, slender.
Core regular, closed; Axis long; Seeds plump, pointed,
dark ; Flesh yellow, tender, fine-grained, juicy ; Flavor sub-
acid, agreeable; Quality good for the table in December
and January.
Colvert.
Fruit large, roundish-oblate, slightly conic, regular, often
unequal ; Situs smooth, yellowish-green, mixed, striped,
light red ; Dots scattered, distinct, white.
Basin deep, abrupt, regular, folded; Eye medium.
428 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES,
Cavity rather deep, acute, brown; Stem medium.
Core round, flattened, slightly open, meeting the eye;
Seeds numerous, long, pointed, imperfect; Flesh white,
breaking, fine-grained, juicy; Flavor sub-acid; Quality
scarcely good; Use, market chiefly ; Season October, No-
vember.
Cooper.
This delicious apple was introduced into the West with
the cions that were brought to the early Putnam nursery
at the mouth of the Muskingum river in 1796. Though a
general favorite from its beauty, its fine texture, and ex.
Fig. 87.—COoPER.
quisite flavor, this variety does not appear to have been so
widely spread as others very inferior to it. Though occur-
ring on the original Putnam list, and therefore an eastern
variety, it does not appear to have been recognized by cul-
tivators in the older States, and there are those in the West
who claim that it is of French origin.
The tree has a stout, upright growth, which becomes
spreading with age, when the limbs stand at a right an-
CLASS L—FLAT APPLES.—I. II. IL 429
gle with the trunk ; they are frequently defaced witn marks
of diseased section that are called canker, The twigs are
‘ie and rather slender ; the leaves are pale green, large,
road,
_ Fruit large, globular-oblate, regular, sometimes unequal,
light; Surface smooth, pale waxen-yellow, with a little
mixed scarlet and very distinctly marked carmine; Dots
scattered, minute.
Basin regular, abrupt, deep ; Eye small, closed.
Cavity wide, regular, green; Stem medium, green.
Core small, closed, just meeting the eye; Seeds numer-
ous, plump, short, dark; Flesh pale yellow, fine-grained,
tender, almost melting, juicy; very mild sub-acid, aromat-
ic; of first quality for table, kitchen or market (too good
for drying, but makes a superior article of snits) ; Season
September and October.
Dr. Watson.
AUTUMN SEEK-NO-FURTHER OF INDIANA.
This delicious and beautiful dessert apple is much grown
in Central and Eastern Indiana, particularly among the
Friends. It was for a long time a puzzle to the pomolo-
gists. In the meanwhile it must have a name, and without
waiting for the decision of the learned, the people in dif-
ferent sections, without consultation, called it the Autumn
Seek-no-further. Finally the Horticultural Societies de-
cided that it was an old sort named Doctor Watson, though
upon what authority does not appear. The fruit has not
been recognized by our Eastern friends, nor by the Ameri-
can Pomological Society, to which it was referred in 1860.
Tree large, spreading, very productive; Twigs slender,
foliage small, pale green; in the nursery it is a poor
grower.
Fruit medium to large, unless when too crowded, regu-
lar, oblate, sometimes unequal; Surface smooth, mixed pale
and red on waxen-yellow, beautifully splashed with scar-
let; Dots minute.
Basin abrupt, rather deep, wide, regular, sometimes
cracked ; Eye medium, open.
Cavity wide, regular or wavy, brown; Stem medium to
short.
430 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES,
Core medium, regular, closed, just meeting the eve;
Axis short ; Seeds plump; Flesh yellow, fine-grained, very
tender and juicy, almost melting, with a rich, aromatic,
Fig 88.-—pR. WATSON.
sub-acid flavor ; Quality best, for table and kitchen, from
September to November; also valuable for stock feeding.
Homine.
Supposed to be a native of this country; origin un-
known. Tree very thrifty, making long, stout, brown
shoots, which branch from the ends, and form spurs along
their sides, so that the tree has a straggling, open head, and
bears its fruit crowded along the smaller branches. It is
‘hardy, upright, vigorous snd productive. Foliage large
and long, with a peculiar curl or folding upwards, so as to
show the underside of the leaves. ;
Fruit large, flat, regular, sometimes mnequal; Surface
yellowish-green, nearly covered with mixed red, and striped
indistinctly with carmine, often vein-russeted; Dots scat-
tered, yellow and gray, large.
Basin rather shallow, folded or plaited ; Eye medium to
small, closed.
CLASS IL—FLAT APPLES.—I. U. LL 431
Cavity wide, wavy, brown; Stem medium to long, slen-
der at its insertion into the fruit, and easily separated from
it, but holding firmly to the tree; hence care is needed in
picking the fruit.
Core regular, somewhat open, scarcely meeting the eye;
Fig. 89.—DOMINE.
Axis often short ; Seeds numerous, pointed, plump ; Flesh
light yellow, breaking, tender, juicy; flavor slightly sub-
acid, rich; good, for table, kitchen, or market; Season
December and January, keeping until spring in the North.
Duchess of Oldenburgh.
This very beautiful striped apple is from Russia, and
has proved one of the hardiest apples in our trying climate.
Reports from the Northwest are entirely satisfactory as to
its hardiness.
Tree medium size, round-headed, sufficiently vigorous
and perfectly hardy.
432 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLEs.
Fruit medium, regular, roundish-oblate ; Surface smooth,
waxen-yellow, partially covered with distinct and regular
stripes and splashes of brilliant red and carmine; often
having a light bloom, such as is found on most Russian
apples.
Basin regular, pretty wide; Eye large and closed.
Cavity regular, acute; Stem medium to long, rather
slender.
Flesh white, tender, juicy; Sour and suitable for cook-
ing. Though attractive to the eye, it is unsuited for the
dessert.
By Dr. Jno. A. Kennicott, the pioneer cultivator of
Northern Illinois, this apple was considered the ne plus
ultra for that and higher latitudes.
Equincetelee.
BACHELOR—BYERS—IOLA (Berckmans’ M.S.) son. caRTEE (Downing.)
This fine southern apple has its origin traced to Yancey
County, in North Carolina. It has not yet been sufficiently
Fig. 90.—EQUINETELEE.
tested in the Northern States, but is considered one of the
CLASS I—FLAT APPLES,—I. II. II. 433
best in the South, and is looked upon as having great pro-
mise M our northern orchards, where it is somewhat in-
troduced. Berckmans says: “ The finest of the late fall and
winter apples.”
The trees bear a strong resemblance to those of the
Buckingham.
Fruit large, oblate, sometimes oblique; Surface light
‘yellow, mostly covered with bright crimson, obscurely
striped ; Dots small, white.
Basin deep, narrow, irregular; Eye medium, closed.
Cavity wide, deep; Stem short.
Flesh pale yellow, very tender, juicy, melting; Flavor
very mild sub-acid, making it a very superior table fruit,
from November to January in Georgia, according to
Berkmans.
Evening Party.
This excellent dessert fruit originated in Berks County,
Pennsylvania, and was brought into notice by the late la-
Fig. 91.—EVENING PARTY.
mented Dr. Brinkle, of Philadelphia, in his ad-interim re-
ports, and also in Hoffy’s Fruits. It has been tested with
entire satisfaction by J. D. G. Nelson, President of the
Indiana Horticultural Society, who always has admirers
19
4384 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES,
of the fruit exhibited by him at the winter meetings. This
apple takes the place at mid-winter which is occupied in
summer by the Early Joe, and in autumn by the Jefferies,
Dr. Watson and Cooper.
Fruit medium to small, regular, quite flat; Surface
smooth, mixed red, and carmine stripes on waxen-yellow
ground; Dots numerous, distinct, gray.
Basin abrupt, regular deep; Eye small, closed ; Seg-
ments long. .
Cavity wide, deep, regular, brown ; Stem medium, green,
slender.
* Core small, regular, closed, touching the eye; Axis short ;
Seeds short, wide, dark; Flesh light yellow, very fine-grain-
ed, tender, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic; first quality,
or very best, for the dessert, or the evening party, during
December and January.
Fall Wine.
Origin unknown, A great favorite in the West asa
table truit ; little grown in the Eastern States, whence it was
brought. Downing supposes this is because the fruit is
there defective. In virgin soil it is remarkably fair and
handsome.
Tree of medium size, rather slender, but healthy, spread-
ing, and annually productive. ,
Fruit medium, oblate, handsome; inclined to crack open
if left on the tree till ripe; Surface very smooth, waxen-
yellow, almost completely covered with bright, and often
deep red, upon which it is indistinctly striped ; Dots
minute.
Basin abrupt, wide, regular or wavy ; eye small, closed ;
Calyx reflexed. :
avity wide, regular, uniformly green; Stem long,
slender.
Core medium, regular, closed, meeting the eye ; Seeds nu-
merous, angular or plump; flesh yellow, breaking, tender,
fine-grained, juicy ; flavor mild sub-acid,and very aromatic ;
Quality best, for table and market, during September and
October or later
CLASS I.—FLAT APPLES.—I. II, II. 435
Fig. 92.—FaLL WINE.
Garden.
GARDEN ROYAL.
This fine apple has been received from quite distant
points, Chillicothe, Ohio, and Salem, Indiana. It is quite
distinct in season from the Beefsteak or Garden of Down-
ing, but in description corresponds very closely with the
Garden-Royal of Elliott, which fruit I have not seen.
Origin unknown.
Fruit pretty large, roundish, flat, regular; Surface
smooth, yellowish-green, slightly shaded red, scattered
stripes, carmine; Dots minute, black.
Basin wide, regular, small, closed.
Cavity déep, acute, regular, green; stem short to me-
dium, sometimes knobby.
Core wide, closed or open, regular, clasping the eye;
seeds small, pointed, brown; flesh pale yellow or whitish,
tender, fine-grained, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic, sac-
charine, agreeable ; Quality very good to best; Use des-
sert, kitchen, market ; Season August to October; worthy
of cultivation.
436 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Fig. 93.—GaRDEN.
Golay.
This fruit originated near Vevay, Indiana, and is sup-
posed to be a seedling of the Janet, which it somewhat
resembles.
Fruit medium, oblate, somewhat conic, truncated, regu-
lar; Surface smooth, yellow, mixed, striped, purplish-red ;
Dots minute, gray, scattered, indented.
Basin wide, regular; Eye small, closed.
Cavity wide, regular; Stem short.
Core very small, pyriform, closed, clasping ; Seeds num-
erous, large, plump, brown; Flesh yellowish-white, break-
ing, tender, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, rich ; Quality good to
best; Use, table; Season, January to May.
Harvest Redstreak.
This old variety is valued only as an early cooking apple,
for which it has been found very profitable, by those who
attend market. Origin unknown. Introduced into the
West by Silas Wharton, from the neighhorhood of Phila-
delphia, where it was cultivated largely. Not recognized
among the varieties described by Coxe.
CLASS I.—FLAT APPLES.—I. II. IL 437
Tree spreading, open, round-headed; Twigs stout;
Leaves small, mealy.
Fruit medium, roundish-oblate, regular; Surface smooth,
greenish-yellow, striped and splashed with red, more or
less mingled ; Dots minute, dark, and a light bloom.
Basin medium, folded; Eye medium, closed.
Cavity acute, regular, often brown; Stem medium,
thick. .
Core regular, closed; Seeds angular; Flesh whitish,
breaking, coarse, juicy, becoming dry; Quality inferior,
except for cooking ; Season July.
High-Top.—([Lewis songs. ]
This handsome apple is supposed to have originated in
Wayne County, Indiana, and was brought into notice by
Lewis Jones.
Fruit large, flat, roundish, regular; Surface smooth,
Fig. 94.—HIGH-TOP.
mixed dull red, striped carmine; Dots scattered, minute.
Basin wide, medium, folded; Eye medium, closed.
Cavity wavy, brown, acute; Stem short, green.
Core regular, closed, or wide and open, clasping ; Seeds
numerous, short, plump, pale; Flesh pale yellow, fine-
grained, tender, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic ; Quality
438 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
good to very good; Use table, kitchen, market; Season,
December, January ; reminds one somewhat of Domine.
Hocking.
This variety has only been found in western orchards,
and has not been mentioned by name in any fruit book
with which I have met. At the second meeting of the
Nortk western Fruit Growers’ Convention, it was reported
as having been brought from Fairfield County, Ohio; its
resemblance to Townsend was also observed, but it was
declared to be different in wood and buds. These apples
may yet prove to be identical, but as the question is not
settled, both will be described. :
Tree thrifty, vigorous, produetive—an early bearer.
Fruit medium to large, globular-oblate, regular; Surface
smooth, yellow, covered with mixed red, and splashed car-
mine; Dots minute, yellow.
Basin medium, regular; Eye medium to large, closed.
Cavity medium, regular, green; Stem medium to long.
Core small, closed ; Seeds large, brown; Flesh light yel-
low, breaking, juicy; Sub-acid; Quality good; Market
and kitchen ; September.
Hunt.
Another of Lewis Jones’ apples, supposed to be a seed-
ling of Eastern Indiana; productive.
Fruit medium, roundish-oblate, regular ; Surface smooth,
yellow, mixed, striped bright red; Dots numerous, yellow.
Basin rather wide, abrupt, folded; Eye small, closed.
Cavity wide, regular; Stem medium, slender.
Core small, roundish, flattened, closed, not meeting the
eye; Seeds numerous, angular; Flesh yellow, breaking,
fine-grained, juicy ; flavor sub-acid, aromatic; Quality good
to very good; Use table, markét ; Season December and
January.
Indiana Favorite.
This fruit resembles the Pennsylvania Vandervere, from
which it may have sprung. Origin believed to be Fayette
County, Indiana. It is considerably cultivated in the
eastern part of the State, where I procured specimens ex-
hibited at the Richmond Horticultural Society.
CLASS 1.—FLAT APPLES.—I. IL. Il. 439
Tree vigorous, spreading, productive.
Fruit medium, globular-oblate, regular; Surface very
smooth, bright red, striped with darker red; Dots numer-
ous, star-shaped, yellow.
Basin wide, regular, abrupt; Eye small, closed.
Fig. 95.—INDIANA FAVORITE. %
Cavity acute, regular, green or brown; Stem medium to
long, red.
Core regular, closed, clasping the eye; Seeds numerous,
angular, imperfect ; Flesh pale yellow, breaking, fine-grain-
ed, juicy; Mild sub-acid; Good to very good, for table
and market, from January to March.
Jarminite.
This new fruit originated on the farm of Jarmin Ballard,
in Highland County, Ohio, where it was grown from the
seed of Gilpin.
The tree is very vigorous, and only too productive.
Fruit medium, regular, oblate, or roundish ; Surface
smooth, green, partially covered with mixed and striped
dull red.
Basin regular, wide; Eye medium, closed.
‘440 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Cavity regular, acute; Stem slender, medium to short.
gin! ‘otinycsWe SSS
Fig. 96.—JARMINITE.
Core regular, closed, clasping ; Seeds few, large, dark ;
flesh breaking, firm; Mild sub-acid, almost sweet; Decem-
ber until March.
.
Jefferies.
This delicious autumn apple originated in Chester Coun-
ty, Pennsylvania, and was first described by the ad-in-
terim committee of the Pennsylvania Horticultural So-
ciety; also in the Farm Journal, for 1853, by David
Townsend, of Westchester, Pa.
Tree healthy, sufficiently vigorous, shoots slender, foli-
age bright green; productive, early bearer.
Fruit full medium, oblate, regular; Surface smooth, yel-
low, mixed and splashed crimson; Dots large, scattered,
ellow.
Basin wide, regular; Eye small, closed.
Cavity medium, regular, brown; Stem medium to long.
Core small, closed, regular, clasping ; Seeds numerous,
large, brown; Flesh yellow, breaking, fine-grained, juicy ;
flavor sub-acid, aromatic, delicious ; Quality very good, for
table and market, during August, September and October.
CLASS IL—FLAT APPLES,—I. II, I.
i edlOS
Fig. 97.— JEFFERIES.
Kentucky King.
Received from J. 8S. Downer & Son, Elkton, Kentucky.
Further history not known.
/
?
ri
H
f
'
Hi
H
1
‘
«
‘
t
‘
Fig. 98.—KENTUCKY KING.
19*
442 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Fruit above medium, flat, regular ; Surface smooth, yel-
low, with mixed and striped carmine; Dots scattered,
minute.
Basin medium, regular; Eye medium, open.
Cavity medium, regular, brown and green; Stem me-
dium to long.
Core medium, round, closed, clasping ; Seeds numerous,
angular, pointed, dark; Flesh yellow, breaking, fine-
grained, juicy; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic; Quality good to
very good; Use table, kitchen; Season December, Feb-
ruary.
Klaproth.
Another Pennsylvania apple, introduced by my friend
Dr. J. K. Eshleman. Tree vigorous, large, productive.
wy
“dle Miah SSS
. Fig. 99.—KLAPROTH.
Fruit medium, regular, oblate ; Surface dull yellow, more
or less covered with red stripes; Dots numerous, light.
Basin wide, regular; Eye closed, small ; Calyx reflexed.
Cavity deep, regular, brown ; Stem short to medium.
Flesh white, breaking, tender, very juicy ; Flavor acid,
to sub-acid when ripe; Good; August till October.
CLASS I.—FLAT APPLES.—I. II. IL 443
Lewis.—0Of Ragan.
Originated in Putnam County, Indiana, as one of the
many seedlings produced by my old friend Reuben Ra-
gan.
Tree thrifty and productive.
Fruit medium, regular, oblate ; Surface smooth, deep red
on yellow; Dots, numerous, large, yellow.
Basin medium, regular, not deep; Eye small, closed
Cavity wide, regular, brown; Stem short.
Core wide, regular, closed, meeting the eye; seeds
numerous, plump; Flesh yellow, tender, fine-grained, juicy ;
flavor sub-acid, aromatic ; Quality nearly first-rate for ta-
ble; Season, October.
Lacker.
This old Pennsylvania apple is cultivated to some ex-
tent in the Western States for its beauty. Specimens from
Henry Myers, South Bend, Indiana, from his beautiful col-
lections shown at the State Fairs. :
Fruit full medium to large, very handsome, oblate, reg-
ular; Surface smooth, highly polished, bright red on pale
yellow, striped dark red; Dots numerous, pale.
Basin wide, wavy ; Eye small, closed; Segments short.
Cavity deep, narrow, wavy ; Stem short to medium.
Core small, roundish or oval, closed, clasping ; Seeds
numerous, plump; Flesh whitish, breaking, fine-grained,
juicy ; Flavor mild sab-acid, aromatic, tine; Quality goud ;
use table, market ; Season January to March.
McDaniel.
This is a seedling of Green County, Ohio, to which was
awarded a premium at the State Fair in 1855.
Fruit full medium, regular, oblate; surface very smooth,
ellow, well covered with rich crimson, indistinct stripes ;
Sos scattered, light gray.
~ Basin medium, regular; eye medium, closed.
Cavity narrow, regular; stem short.
Core medium, regular, closed ; seeds plump, dark; flesh
rich yellow, solid, juicy; flavor sub-acid, rich, piquant,
like a Spitzenberg ; October, November.
%
444 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Minkler.
Produced by 8. G. Minkler, of Kendall, Illinois.
This variety very closely resembles that described as
Buchanan, though their origin is entirely distinct. The
Minkler also bears a very close resemblance to an apple
found at Quincy, Llinois, and known as the Brandywine.
Tree very thrifty, spreading, branches strong, forming
a large angle.with the stem.
Fruit medium to large, regular, globular-ovate; Surface
Fig. 100.—MINKLER.
smooth, greenish-yellow, covered with mixed red, and
stripes of dark dull red; Dots scattered, minute, yellow.
Basin wide, shallow, regular; Eye small, closed.
Cavity acute, rather deep, brown; Stem medium.
Core large, closed, meeting the eye; Seeds numerous,
long, pointed ; Flesh yellow, or greenish-yellow, fine-grain-
ed, breaking, juicy ; Sub-acid ; Second quality ; Use mar-
ket and cooking; from March until May.
CLASS I.—FLAT APPLES.—I. I. 0. 445
Newtown Spitzenberg.—([coxz.]
VANDERVERE, OF NEW YORK (Downing)—OxX-EYE—JOE BERRY, ETC.
Origin, Newtown, Long Island.
Tree sufficiently vigorous, not of the largest size, spread-
ing, compact, round head, foliage rather small, curled,
showing the whitish underside. Productive.
Fruit medium to large, regular, globular-oblate, often
inclined or lop-sided when overgrown in young orchards,
apt to be scabby and defective on old trees, and falls badly ;
Surface smooth, deep red, miged and striped, on rich yel-
low ground, often over-spread with whitish, giving the
fruit a gray appearance; Dots numerous, minute, fawn
color on dark specimens.
Basin medium, regular; Eye small, closed.
Cavity regular, medium, brown; Stem short.
Core regular, wide, somewhat open, meeting and some-
times clasping the eye; Seeds numerous, angular; Flesh
rich, yellow, very fine-grained, very tender, juicy; Flavor
rich sub-acid and saccharine, aromatic, eminently satisfy-
ing; Quality best, for table and kitchen, in December.
Nickajack.
SUMMEROUR—JACKSON RED—BIG HILL—CAROLINA, AND MANY OTHERS.*
This southern apple, which has extended more widely
northward than most of its congeners, is believed to be a
native of Macon County, Georgia. :
Tree robust, spreading, large, very productive, young
shoots stout and red.
The following description is that of a specimen sent by
my friend, R. Peters, of Atlanta, Georgia, but it corres-
ponds in all important particulars with those of fruits ob-
tained from a dozen different sources in our own latitude:
Fruit large, globular-oblate, regular, not handsome; sur-
face even but not smooth, mostly covered with mixed
brick-dust red, striped indistinctly with dark red, some
stripes very distinct ; dots scattered, yellow.
Basin shallow, regular, even; eye small, closed.
* Vide Horticulturist for 1861 p. 40.
446 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Cavity acute, regular, yellow and brown; Stem medium
slender.
Core closed ; Seeds numerous, large, plump ; Flesh green-
Fig. 101.—nickagsack.
ish-yellow, breaking, firm, coarse; Flavor sub-acid, not
rich; Quality only good, amarket fruit, keeping well ; Sea-
son March until May.
Nyack.
NYACK PIPPIN.
Origin New York; specimen obtained from Mr. E. H.
Warren, of Chelmsford, Massachusetts.
Fruit medium, flat, uneven; Surface smooth, greenish-
yellow, mixed, striped, splashed bright red; Dots numer-
ous, distinct, yellow, indented.
Basin shallow, folded; Eye small, closed; Axis short.
Cavity wide, deep, wavy, brown; Stem short, thick,
knobby.
Core rather wide, closed, rather clasping ; Seeds large ;
Flesh white, firm, juicy ; Flavor acid, rich; Quality pretty
good; Use table, market ; Season December.
CLASS 1.—FLAT APPLES.—I. II. Il. 447
Ohio Nonpareil.
MYER’S NONPAREIL—WESTERN BEAUTY.
This fine fruit originated with Mr. Myers, near Massil-
lon, Ohio.
It_was described in the Western Horticultural Review
for February, 1853.
Tree vigorous, healthy, spreading, limbs straight, stout
Fig. 102.—oHI0 NONPAREIL.
and compact, not liable to break with the weight of fruit.
The original tree had borne annual crops of even sized
fruit for twenty years.
Fruit large to very large, regular, oblate, very hand-
some; Surface smooth, yellow, covered with bright red;
Dots scattered, gray.
Basin medium, wide, regular; Eye large, closed.
Cavity deep, acute, regular; Stem short, small.
Core regular, somewhat open; Seeds numerous, me-
dium ; Flesh yellowish, tender, fine-grained, juicy; sub-
448 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
acid, rich ; First quality, for table, market, cooking or dry-
ing; Season September to December. Compared with
some of the best dessert apples of the season, such as
Hawley, Fall Pippin, Fall Wine, Rambo, and others, this
variety was declared to be “better than the best.”
Osceola.
Originated in Indiana, brought into notice by that earn-
est horticulturist, Henry Ward Beecher, who did much to
stimulate the culture of fine fruits when a resident of that
State.
Fruit medium, flattened, sometimes unequal, regular;
Fig. 103.—oscroua.
Surface smooth, slightly colored red, and striped with the
same ; Dots scattered, irregular, more frequent and minute
about the apex, few and larger at base of the fruit,
Basin wide, regular; Eye small, closed,
Cavity medium, acute ; Stem short.
CLASS I.—FLAT APPLES.—I. II. IL. 449
Core small, round, closed, clasping ; Seeds numerous,
plump, dark; Flesh yellowish, firm, rich, juicy ; Flavor sub-
acid, mild; Quality good; Use table and market; Season
January to March.
This variety does not seem to have won its way into
public favor to the extent that was expected for it some
years ago.
Pennock.
PENNOCK’S RED WINTER—ROMANITE—BIG ROMANITE.
This fruit, of Pennsylvania origin, is not introduced
into this collection on account of its excellence, but be-
cause it is so universally cultivated in nearly all parts of
the country.
Tree vigorous, large, spreading, very productive, bear-
ing some fruit every year.
Fruit larve to very large, form variable, but character-
istically it is conic-oblate, often unequal, and lop-sided ;
Surface greenish-yellow, covered with mixed and striped
red; Dots large, irregular and round, gray.
Basin wide, rather deep, uneven or wavy; Eye large,
open.
"Cavity wide, deep, regular; Stem short.
Core irregular, closed, meeting the eye; Seeds numer-
ous, angular, plump; Flesh yellow, breaking, coarse-grain-
ed; Flavor sub-acid, poor; third quality; for cooking and
market only; Season December; very much disposed to
bitter rot.
Pennsylvania Wandervere.
VANDERVERE (Coxe and Downiny)—LITTLE VANDERVERE—GRAY VAN-
DERVERE—STAALCUBS, ETC.
This old kitchen favorite, of Pennsylvania, has migrated
westward until it has reached every State and county on
its appropriate parallels of latitude, 39° to 42°.
Mr. Downing gives Delaware as its origin, on the au-
thority of Coxe. In accordance with common acceptance
in the regions where it is best known, I have adopted the
above name, which was given to distinguish it from sev-
eral other Vanderveres, and especially from the Newtown
Spitzenberg, to which the name Vandervere had been ap-
450 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
plied in New York and westward on that parallel. Coxe
describes the fruit in question under the name Vandervere.
Tree vigorous, healthy, large, spreading, very twiggy
and drooping, with abundant fruit on the ends of the spray ;
Foliage bright yellowish-green, shining, pointed, the whole
aspect of the tree peculiar and characteristic in summer
or winter.
Fruit medium or less, oblate, or globular-oblate, regu-
lar; Surface smooth, but having raised hemispherical warts
of a yellow russet color, yellow, mottled, and striped light
red, often a gray appearance over the whole exterior; Dots
arge, yellow, indented.
Basin wide, regular, not deep; Eye small, closed.
Cavity wide, regular; Stem long, slender.
Core regular, closed, meeting and clasping the eye;
seeds numerous, pointed, plump; Flesh yellow, breaking,
granular, juicy; Flaver highly aromatic, acid; Quality for
table third, for kitchen first, for cider Coxesays very good,
yielding a heavy must; Season December and January.
The fruit is subject to bitter rot, and does not keep
well, but may be used for cooking as soon as any other
apple, making good sauce in July, when not half grown.
Pottinger.
BIG RED.
.
This large market fruit is found chiefly in regions set-
tled by immigrants from the South, and it may prove to
be the same as some other southern apple. Specimens
first received from my friend J. B. Orange, in Southern
Illinois, afterwards from several other points.
Tree vigorous, large, branches upright, shoots purple,
warty, buds long, pointed.
Fruit large, regular, oblate; Surface not smooth, dull
red, shaded and striped, covering the yellow ground; Dots
small, prominent, with some roughness.
Basin regular, wide, not deep; Eye small, closed.
Cavity wide, regular, green and brown; Stem medium
to short.
Core closed, or nearly so, meeting and partially clasping
the eye; Axis short; Seeds numerous, plump, angular ;
Flesh yellow, breaking, granular, juicy; Flavor sub-acid,
——_—_
CLASS 1.—FLAT APPLES.—I. II. IL. 451
aromatic; Quality only good ; Useful for kitchen and dry-
Fig. 104.—POTTINGER.
ing; Season December and January; keeps well.
Press Ewing.
This Kentucky apple was sent me by J. 8. Downer,
from whom trees were also procured which have already
borne fruit.
Tree vigorous, healthy, and early productive.
Fruit resembles Smokehouse, medium, roundish-oblate,
regular ; Surface smooth, bright red, mixed, striped, and
splashed, on greenish yellow; Dots numerous, brown and
yellow.
Basin wide, wavy, regular, rather deep; Eye medium,
open; calyx reflexed.
Cavity wide, wavy, brown ; Stem long, slender.
Core medium, closed, meeting the eye; Axis short;
Seeds numerous, angular, pointed ; Flesh yellow, fine-grain-
452 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
ed, tender, melting, juicy; Flavor rich sub-acid ; Quality
Fig. 105.—PRESS EWING.
nearly first rate ; Use for table in December and January.
Powers.
This beautiful table apple was first brought to public
notice by Geo. Powers, of Perrysburgh, Ohio. He exhib-
ited specimens at the Toledo meeting of the Ohio Pomo-
logical Society in January, 1864, but the fruit was over
ripe; at the State Fair at Dayton, Ohio, October 16th, it
was shown in perfection of beauty and excellence, and
-was then examined by the Society, who commended it
highly, and being satisfied that it was an original seedling,
its local name, Miller’s Apple, was then changed to Pow-
ers, in honor of the pomologist who had brought it into
notice.
The tree appears to have been an accidental seedling,
which sprang up in the town of Perrysburgh, where it
grew almost without care until it fruited a few years ago,
and attracted the attention of Mr. Powers.
The fruit is large and fair, round, somewhat flattened,
and sometimes rather conic, generally regular, but large
CLASS 1.—FLAT APPLES.—I. Il. II. 453
specimens are slightly angular ; the surface is very smooth,
a greenish waxen ‘yellow, more or less shaded with mixed
light red, upon which are laid numerous stripes and broken
splashes of rich, dark carmine; Dots minute, scattered,
gray.
Basin abrupt, regular, or folded ; Eye small, closed.
Cavity deep, regular, sometimes brown ; Stem medium
or short.
Core medium or wide, regular, closed, meeting the eye ;
Seeds numerous, plump, sometimes imperfect ; Flesh white,
Fig. 106.—POWERS.
very tender, juicy; Flavor mild sub-acid, quite aromatic,
very agreeable; Use especially for the table, as a highly
ornamental dessert fruit, for which its extreme delicacy
adapts it, while the same quality unfits it for general mar-
ket purposes; Quality very good ; in its season of ripen-
ing, in its beautifully white and tender flesh, and in its
perfumed flavor, this fruit resembles the Fameuse, from
which it may have been produced.
454 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Prolific Beauty.
This showy fruit is one of the original Putnam list of
Washington County, Ohio; it is somewhat singular that
so few choice sorts are traceable to the seeds of these first
good orchards of the West. Rome Beauty is almost the
only one of great notoriety that is referable to this source,
Fruit large, sometimes quite large, oblate, somewhat
conic, regular ; Surface smooth, yellowish-green, partially
covered with stripes of red; Dots minute, gray.
Basin medium, wide, regular; Eye small, closed.
Cavity wide, wavy, green; Stem medium.
—
Fig. 107.—PROLIFIC BEAUTY.
Core large, regular, open, clasping ; Seeds numerous,
plump; Flesh whitish-yellow, tender, juicy ; Flavor acid ;
quality scarcely good; Use kitchen, market; Season Sep-
tember to December.
Rambo.
ROMANITE OF NEW JERSEY—BREAD-AND-CHEESE, ETC.
This standard Eastern Pennsylvania variety is univer-
sally popular, and through the Western States it marks
CLASS L—FLAT APPLES.—I. II. If. 459
the progress of emigration from the Keystone State,
though its admirers are not confined to that class of our
population. It is a fall and early winter fruit, and some
pomologists on the southern borders of its culture object
to it that it will not keep long, and that it soon becomes
dry and mealy when put away. When grown further
north it is smaller, but more solid, and remains juicy un-
til spring. It should be gathered early, even before it is
well colored, and kept cool to make it retain its flavor and
juiciness.
Tree upright, very thrifty, very productive; shoots
dark, foliage large, light green, and thus the variety may
Fig. 108.—raMBo.
easily be distinguished in the orchard. Not very hardy ;
whole nurseries and orchards were destroyed, in 1856,
throughout the Northwest.
Fruit medium to small, when crowded upon the limbs
as they generally are upon old trees, regular, oblate, or
roundish-oblate, but sometimes unequal when overgrown;
large specimens are flattened at the ends so as to appear
truncate ; Surface striped and splashed scarlet on green-
456 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
ish-yellow, in some the stripes coalesce so as to make the
skin red, the ground color being covered; Dots numerous,
small, prominent, rich bloom.
Basin wide, abrupt, regular or plaited, sometimes quite
shallow; Eye small, closed. ;
Cavity wide, regular, always green ; Stem medium.
Core regular, closed, meeting and clasping the eye ;
seeds numerous, large, angular; Flesh greenish-white, ten-
der, breaking, granular, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic,
vinous; Quality almost first rate for table, excellent for
the kitchen ; Season October to December, and if gather-
ed early in the North, until spring.
Red Astrachan.
This Russian fruit has been perfectly adopted by our
countrymen, and has proved itself a great favorite, parti-
Fig. 109.—rED ASTRACHAN.
cularly in the North, by its hardiness and productiveness,
beauty and good qualities.
Tree vigorous, upright, productive, hardy ; Shoots red-
dish brown, foliage large, rich green.
CLASS I.—FLAT APPLES.—I. Il. II. 457
Fruit medium to large, regular, oblate; Surface smooth,
mottled, marbled and striped crimson on greenish-yellow ;
Dots minute, heavy bloom.
Basin medium, regular; Eye small, closed.
Cavity shallow, regular; Stem long, yellow.
Core regular, closed ; Seeds angular, small, dark; Flesh
yellow, breaking, juicy ; Flavor quite acid, not rich; Quality
first rate for market and cooking, poor for table; Season
July.
= Richard’s Graft.
RED SPITZENBERG—-STRAWBERRY—WINE.
Supposed to have originated in Ulster County, New
York. Tree vigorous, upright, very productive.
Fig. 110.—r1cHaRD’s GRAFT.
Fruit medium to large, regular, oblate ; Surface smooth,
greenish-yellow, mixed and splashed red; Dots numerous,
white. -
Basin medium, abrupt, folded ; Eye small, closed.
Cavity wide, regular; Stem long, red.
Core small, closed, clasping the eye; Seeds numerous,
plump; Flesh yellowish-white, fine-grained, tender, juicy ;
20
458 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLEs.
Flavor rich, sub acid; Quality best; Use for the dessert ;
Season September and October.
Downing says: “One of the best dessert apples of its
season.”
Rome Beauty.
GILLETT’S SEEDLING.
This handsome market fruit was originated in Southern
Ohio, by that sterling pioneer pomologist, H. N. Gillett,
to whose contributions f acknowledge myself under many
obligations.
Tree thrifty, hardy, round headed, very productive ;
seen"
_—
Fig. 111.—rome BEAUTY. |
shoots slender, red ; Foliage healthy ; Blossoms open late,
and thus it often escapes a late frost; early productive.
Fruit large to very large, regular, handsome, fair, said to
be scabby on old trees, regular oblate, roundish-oblate,
and sometimes rather conical ; Surface smooth, pale yellow,
atriped and mixed bright red; Dots minute, indented.
CLASS I.—FLAT APPLES.—I. IL. 11. 459
Basin wide, deep, regular; Eye quite small, closed.
Cavity wide, wavy, green; Stem long, slender.
Core wide, regular, closed, meeting the eye; Seeds nu-
merous, long, pointed; Flesh yellow, breaking, coarse-
grained ; Flavor sub-acid, not rich; Quality scarcely good ;
valuable for market, on account of its productiveness, size
and beauty, as well as for its certain bearing ; Season De-
cember to February.
Shiawassee Beauty.
This Michigan apple may well be called Beauty. It
was introduced at the meeting of the American Pomo-
Fig. 112.—sHiawassEE BEAUTY.
logical Society in 1862, by T. T. Lyon, of Plymouth,
Mich., who stated that it was a seedling of the Fameuse,
the faults of which it does not inherit, though possessing
all the good qualities of its parent, with a healthy and
productive tree. (See Michigan Farmer, Dec. 11, 1859.)
Fruit medium, very handsome, very regular, quite flat ;
Surface very smooth, pale yellow, mixed and distinctly.
striped carmine; Dots scattered, minute.
Basin wide, folded; Eye medium, closed ; Calyx reflexed.
Cavity wide, wavy; Stem short.
460 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Core wide, regular, somewhat open, meeting the eye;
seeds plump, short, dark; Flesh very white, fine-grained,
tender, breaking ; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic; Quality good
to very good; Use dessert and market ; Season October to
January.
Summer Limbertwig.
Southern; obtained from’ S. Westbrooke, Greensboro’,
North Carolina.
Fruit medium, flat, regular; Surface pale yellow, mixed
Fig. 113.—sUMMER LIMBERTWIG,
pink, striped dark red; Dots minute, gray, indented
Basin shallow, wide, regular; Eye wide, open.
Cavity acute, regular, brown; Stem long, inclined.
Core wide, regular, closed, clasping; Axis short; Seeds
numerous, plump, dark ; Flesh white, tender, fine-grained,
juicy; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic, agreeable; Quality very
good, if not best; Use table; Season August, September.
‘rownsend.,.
Having been disappointed in my trees obtained for this
variety, which proved to be Rawle’s Janet, I prefer to
quote from Mr. Downing. What I have fruited and de-
scribed as the Hocking may prove to be the same.
CLASS I.—FLAT APPLES.—I. Il. I 461
“Origin Pennsylvania. Tree healthy, vigorous, very
productive.
“Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic. Skin pale yel-
low, striped and splashed with red, and covered with a
thin bloom. Stalk rather long, slender, inserted into a
medium cavity. Calyx closed, set in a basin of moderate
depth. Flesh white, tender, very mild, agreeable, sub-
acid flavor. Ripe middle of August to middle of Sep-
tember. Hocking of the West may prove to be the same.”
Trader’s Fancy.
This peculiar looking apple originated in Washington
County, Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, healthy, spread-
ing, round-headed, very productive, bears regularly. As
a long keeper, with dark skin, that does not show bruises,
it became a favorite with shippers on the Ohio river, hence
its name, the flat-boats that stop from port to port to dis-
pose of their cargoes being called trading boats, and their
masters traders.
Fruit medium, regular, oblate; Surface very smooth,
greenish yellow, almost completely obscured with deep
urple red, mixed and striped, and covered with a white
loom.
Basin wide, sometimes folded or plaited; Eye small,
closed. .
Cavity wide, regular; Stem medium, slender.
Core medium, closed; Seeds plump; Flesh whitish, ten-
der, fine-grained ; Flavor mild sub-acid; Quality only good;
Use market and kitchen; Season January to May.
Twenty-Ounce Pippin.
Origin unknown, and the variety never should have been
distributed ; it is here named to put people on their guard
against it when they desire to purchase the Cayuga Red
treak, also called the Twenty-ounce apple.
Fruit large, flat, regular ; Surface greenish, more or less
mottled and striped dull red.
Basin, wide, regular, or wavy ; Eye small, open.
Cavity wide, regular, green; Stem short, thick.
Core large, closed ; Seeds numerous, angular; Flesh yel-
low-white, breaking ; Flavor acid, with a peculiar aroma,
462 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
not agreeable; Quality poor; Use kitchen only; Season
November to January. There are many better apples of
its season.
Vance’s Harvest.
A pretty little early apple grown in some parts of the
West. Origin unknown.
Fruit small, flat, regular ; Surface smooth, rich yellow,
shaded and splashed bright red; Dots small, scattered,
yellow.
Basin small, regular; Eye small, closed.
Cavity wide, regular, brown; Stem long.
Core wide, regular, meeting the eye; Seeds numerous,
short, plump, dark; Flesh yellow, firm, breaking, not very
juicy; Flavor acid to sub-acid; Quality pretty good; Use
kitchen and market ; Season August.
Vandervere Pippin.
LARGE VANDERVERE—WATSON’S VANDERVERE—VANDERVERE (Elliott)—
YELLOW VANDERVERE—and several others in the books.
There appears to have been much confusion in the minds
of authors who have written of this fruit, which, in some
parts of the country is very well known and much culti-
vated. I have taken the name by which it is almost uni-
versally recognized by cultivators, though it i8 adopted
only as a synonym by Mr. Elliott, who seems to have
confounded this apple with the Pennsylvania Vandervere
or Staalcubs described by Coxe.
Origin believed to have been Pennsylvania, but this is
not well established.
Tree very vigorous, large, spreading, productive, bear-
ing annually ; Twigs and leaves much like the Pennsylva-
nia Vandervere.
Fruit large to very large, regular, oblate; surface smooth,
yellow, more or less covered with marbled red, and scarlet
stripes; Dots large, yellow, indented, sometimes irregu-
larly net-veined, making it less smooth.
Basin wide, regular; Eye small, closed.
Cavity wide, regular; Stem long, medium size.
Core regular, closed, meeting and clasping the eye;
Seeds numerous, dark ; Flesh yellow, firm, breaking, gran-
CLASS L—FLAT APPLES.—L Il. I. 463
ulur, juicy, heavy; Flavor rich, acid; Quality poor fur ta-
ble, excellent for cooking ; Season December. Does not
kee} well, rather subject to bitter rot, but a great favor-
ite with house-keepers, and a useful shade tree near the
kitchen door.
Vaughan’s Winter.
This Kentucky variety was sent to me by my friend J.
8. Downer, of Fairview, Kentucky, with several other new
southern app!es of merit. Tree vigorous, hardy and pro-
ductive, bearing fruit early.
Fruit medium, regular, round-oblate; Surface smooth,
Fig. 115.—VAUGHAN’S WINTER.
greenish-yellow, mixed and splashed with bright red and
splashes of carmine; Dots small, gray and yellow.
Basin regular, abrupt, medium, and leather-cracked ;
Eye large, open; Segments reflexed.
Cavity medium, yellow and brown; Stem short.
Core small, regular, closed, meeting theeye; Seeds few,
large, brown; Flesh yellow, breaking, fine-grained, juicy ;
Flavor sub-acid, good ; December.
464 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Western Beauty.
MUSGROVE’S COOPER—BIG RAMBO—OHIO BEAUTY.
A valuable fall and early winter fruit, the origin of which
is not known; it is considerably grown in Central Ohio,
and has attracted attention under its synonyms as given.
It was at one time thought to be the Cooper. :
Mr. W. F. English, of Auglaize County, Ohio, carried
grafts into that region from Pickaway County, and in a
most disinterested manner exerted himself to distribute
Fig. 116.—wEsTERN BEAUTY.
the variety. In a communication to the Western Horti-
cultural Review, for February, 1853, he says: “ The tree
is vigorous, leaves upon young shoots are often three to
three and a half inches broad, and four or five, and even
six inches long; shoots stout, being often as large as your
little finger at the end of the summer’s growth. The form
CLASS I.—FLAT APPLES.—I. Il. I. 465
of the tree is peculiar, and its appearance beautiful; once
seen, it may be recognized anywhere by its habit.”
Having fruited this variety in my own orchard, I can
confirm the above, and add:
Tree vigorous, large, spreading, open head, productive,
an early bearer.
Fruit large, sometimes very large, beautiful, regular,
oblate, not disposed to rot, except when attacked by the
birds, which are very fond of it ; Surface smooth, pale yel-
low, partially covered with mixed red, striped and often
distinctly splashed with bright red; Dots numerous, gray,
prominent; Skin quite thin.
Basin wide, regular, sometimes cracked open; Eye large,
closed.
Cavity wide, regular, green, and partly brown; Stem
either short or long.
Core large, nearly closed, clasping the eye; Seeds num-
erous, medium, pointed; Flesh light yellow, almost white,
briftle, tender, juicy, almost melting, never water-cored ;
Flavor sub-acid, vinous, delicious, satisfying ; Quality best ;
either for table or cooking, for the latter purpose they
may be taken when half grown in the beginning of July.
In August they may be house-ripened and found good,
but the proper season is September to Christmas ; if prop-
erly cared for they may be preserved plump until March,
but lose some of their refreshing flavor. 7
Wilson.
This very nice little apple was sent to me with this
name from Western Virginia, by Julius Brace, who found
it abundant on Paint Creek. I have not yet been able to
identify it, but it may prove to be the same as some of our
new southern ‘varieties. An outline and description are
here given with its local name, in the hope that if it
should prove to be the same as the Black Annette,
of the Clinch river region of Virginia, or some other va-
riety, the identity may be the more readily traced.
Fruit small, regular, oblate, or globular-oblate; Surface
smooth, nearly covered with very deep red, in which the
stripes are anes obscured; Dots numerous, minute,
white.
20*
466 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Basin, deep, regular, plaited or folded; Eye small,
closed.
Cavity regular, acute; Stem long, red.
Core regular, closed, meeting, not clasping the eye;
Seeds small, plump; Flesh white, fine-grained, crisp, tender,
Fig. 117.—winson.
.
juicy ; Flavor mild sub-acid, agreeable ; Quality best ; Use
table; Season January.
This is different from Wilson’s of Michigan, which is
yellow.
Wine.—[Coze.]
HAYS’ WINTER—PENNSYLVANIA RED STREAK.
This handsome large apple is another index of the
source of population in a western county. It is a fav-
orite fruit with those who know it, either for market or
the kitchen, for which its size and form render it peculiarly
attractive.
Tree very large and handsome, spreading and very open
head ; leaves small, curled, and mealy, making the foliage
appear rather meagre, and displaying the splendid fruit,
which is evenly distributed.
CLASS L—FLAT APPLES.—I. II, 11. 467
Fruit large, globular-oblate, flattened or truncate, regu-
lar, occasionally unequal and lop-sided ; Surface smooth,
yellow, more or less covered with mixed and broken stripes
of red, splashed with crimson; Dots scattered, large,
gray.
Basin rather shallow, wide, abrupt; Eye small, closed,
or open from breaking of the calyx.
Cavity acute, regular, brown; Stem short, thick.
Core medium, regular, closed; Seeds numerous, large,
angular; Flesh yellow, firm, breaking, juicy ; Flavor acid
to sub-acid, rich; Quality good, for market and kitchen;
Season, November and December.
Fig. 117.—WINTER QUEEN.
Winter Queen.—((Coz.]
FALL QUEEN—KENTUCKY QUEEN—ROBERTSON’S SUPERB (of Ga.)
This is a favorite, of southern origin, and has many syn-
onims. An excellent apple for drying, for family use and
for market. Tree thrifty, upright, productive, early bear-
468 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
er; limbs long and parallel while young; shoots dark,
stout; foliage large, broad, rather pale.
Fruit large, often very large, globular-oblate, some what
conic, regular ; Surface smooth, often polished, yellow, al-
most wholly obscured with marbled dull red, and darker
stripes that are often lost in the depth of tint; Dots gen-
erally small, indented; often a slight bloom covers the
fruit, but it is easily removed, when the skin appears to be
polished.
Basin deep, abrupt, narrow, often wavy or even ribbed;
Eye medium, closed. .
Cavity deep, wide, green, wavy or regular; Stem me
dium.
Core regular, closed, meeting, not clasping the eye
axis is sometimes very short; Seeds large, plump; Flesh
greenish-white, tender, almost melting, juicy ; Flavor mild
sub-acid, agreeable ; Quality good to very good; Use des-
sert, kitchen and drying; Season October to January.
Yost.
Having been disappointed in receiving this apple, I give
Dr. W. D. Brincklé’s ad interim report:
Fruit rather large, roundish-oblate, beautifully striped,
and delicately mottled with crimson on yellow ground;
Stem short; Cavity wide, deep; Flesh yellow, tender,
juicy; Flavor pleasant; Quality very good.
CLASS I—FLAT APPLES.
ORDER I.—REGULAR.
SECTION 2.—SOUR.
SUB-SECTION 3—RUSSET,
Perry Russet.
This variety is grown to some extent in the North-west.
The specimen from which the description is made, was ex-
hibited by Mr. Utters, at a meeting of the North-western
Fruit Growers, in 1850.
CLASS I.—FLAT APPLES.—I. I. Il. 469
Fruit medium to large, oblate, regular; Surface smooth,
yellow, covered with fine russet; Dots minute, scattered.
Basin medium, regular, wavy; Eye large, closed.
Fig. 118.—PERRY RUSSET. =
Cavity medium, regular or wavy, brown; Stem medium
size and length.
Core small, closed, meeting the eye; Seeds few, plump,
brown; Flesh yellow, fine grained, juicy; Flavor acid,
rich; Quality almost best, for table or kitchen ; Season,
December and January.
Pomme Grise.
Supposed to be of French or Canadian origin. Tree
sufficiently vigorous, productive; shoots slender.
Fruit small, roundish-oblate, regular; Surface even but
hardly smooth, yellow, overspread with fine russet, rarely
blushed.
Basin wide, regular, sometimes abrupt; Eye very small,
closed.
470 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Cavity wide, regular; Stem short or medium.
Core full heart-shaped, regular, closed, scarcely meet-
ing the eye; Seeds plump, angular; Flesh firm, yellow,
)
Vr
Mri NN
Fig. 119.—POMME GRISE.
breaking, fine grained, juicy; Flavor sub-acid, rich, aro-
matic, delicious; Quality dest, for dessert ; Season, January
to March; One of the very best of the Russets.
Willis Russet.
This apple was brought from Massachusetts, by my
friend and neighbor B. ¥. Sanford, without any history of
its origin. The quality of the fruit has induced me to
give its description.
Fruit medium to small, roundish-oblate; Surface rough,
yellow, shaded with light red, covered with russet.
Basin shallow, folded; Eye long, closed.
Cavity wide, wavy; Stem long.
Core large, wide, open, clasping ; Seeds numerous, plump;
Flesh yellow, breaking, fine grained, juicy; Flavor acid or
sub-acid, aromatic; Quality almost first rate, for the table;
Season, December and January.
CLASS L—-FLAT APPLES,—IL I. IL. 471
CLASS L—FLAT APPLES.
, ORDER IL—REGULAR IN FORM.
SECTION 1.—SWEET.
SUB-SECTION 1.—SELF-COLORED.
Autumnal Sweet Swaar.
SWEET SWAAR.
The fruit is highly commended by J. J. Thomas, who
thinks it “one of the finest autumnal sweet apples.”
Tree vigorous, spreading, productive.
Fruit large, roundish-oblate, somewhat angular; Surface
Fig. 120.—aUTUMNAL SWEET SWAAR.
smooth, waxen yellow, sometimes blushed; Dots rare,
minute.
Basin wide,-shallow, plaited or folded; Eye medium,
long, closed.
472 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Cavity acute, deep, wavy, green; Stem long, inclined,
yellow and red. ‘
Core regular, globular, somewhat open, clasping; Seeds
numerous, plump, pale; Flesh white, fine grained, juicy ;
Flavor very sweet; Quality best, for baking and market ;
Season, September and October.
Challenge.
This is another of the a introduced by Mr. Elliott,
from the orchard of D. C. Richmond, near Sandusky, O.
Tree productive, hardy.
Fruit medium, globular-oblate; Surface sinooth, pale
Fig. 121.—cHAaLLENGE.
yellow; Dots black, minute, scattered, and russet spots,
becoming a rich vermillion where exposed.
Basin shallow, wide, plaited; Eye small, closed.
Cavity wide, regular, brown; Stem long, slender.
Core small, oval, regular, sometimes open, not meeting
CLASS I.—FLAT APPLES,—II. I. I. 473
the eye; Seeds large, dark; Flesh yellow, tender, fine
grained, juicy; Flavor sweet; Quality almost first rate, for
table; Season, October.
Delight.
This variety is grown in the southwestern part of Ohio;
origin unknown. :
Fruit medium to large, round-oblate, irregular; Surface
smooth, yellow, bronzed; Dots minute.
Basin narrow, folded uneven; Eye medium, closed ; Seg-
ments short.
wy
Sh
MIN SSS
* Fig. 122.—pDELIGHT.
Cavity. wide, regular, brown; Stem short, thick.
Core small, oval, closed, meeting the eye; Seeds numer-
ous, plump, dark; Flesh yellow, tender, juicy; Flavor
sweet ; Quality pretty good ; Use, market and baking ; Sea-
son, January to June.
Maverack Sweet.
Origin South Carolina.
“Fruit large, roundish-oblate, angular; Skin yellow,
474 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
mostly shaded with crimson, sprinkled with gray or green-
ish dots; Stalk short, inserted into a large cavity surround-
ed by russet; Calyx open, set in a deep, irregular basin ;
Flesh rich, pleasant, vinous, almost saccharine.” —
[Downing.
Spice Sweeting.
The specimens described were from Mr. Warren, of
Massachusetts. Others, found in Ohio and Mlinois under
this name, have a deep, abrupt basin, large or long eye,
and yellow flesh; they must Le different fruits.
An old variety ; Tree vigorous, productive.
Fruit full medium to large, handsome, flat, irregular;
Surface smooth, yellow, bronzy, crimson; Dots numerous,
reen.
= Basin shallow, folded; Eye small, closed.
Cavity acute, wavy; Stem thick, knobby.
Core very wide, open, meeting the eye; Seeds pointed,
long, dark; Flesh very white, tender, fine grained, juicy ;
Flavor sweet; Quality good; Use, kitchen, baking, stock ;
Season, September, October.
Fig. 123.—sweet AND SOUR.
CLASS I.—FLAT APPLES.—IL I. lL 4%
Sweet and Sour.
This variety is interesting as a curiosity, rather than
valuable for its good qualities. It has been suggested
that it might be a sport; no educated nurseryman will
now believe the old story of its having been produced by
the combination of the buds of two varieties, a sweet and
a, sour.
Fruit large, oblate, often unequal and Jop-sided, ribbed,
and deeply furrowed.
Surface yellow and green, the ribs being developed and
ripening have flavor, but the furrows not being developed
are flavorless and called sweet.
Sweet Sponge.
From H. N. Gillett; Origin unknown.
Fruit medium, oblate, irregular; Surface smooth, yel-
lowish white; Dots minute. ,
Basin none or extremely shallow, folded; Eye long,
closed.
Fig. 124.—SwEET SPONGE.
476 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Cavity wide, irregular; Stem short, thick.
Core wide, closed, scarce meeting the eye; Seeds numer-
ous, plunp, brown; Flesh white, tender; Flavor sweet ;
Season, July.
CLASS I.—FLAT APPLES.
ORDER II.—IRREGULAR. ‘
SECTION 1.—SWEET.
SUB-SECTION 2.—STRIPED.
Angle Sweet.
Fruit medium, round-oblate, irregular; Surface smooth,
yellow, covered with stripes and splashes of red, some
darker; Dots white.
“Flesh yellow, tender, sweet, and good, fair and hand-
some; Season, first of September.”—[Downing.
Peach Pond Sweet.
Origin Dutchess County, New York.
Fig. 125.—PEACH POND SWEET.
CLASS I—FLAT APPLES.—II. I. Il. ATT
Frnit small to medium, round-oblate, pentangular,
slightly conical ; Surface smooth, pale yellow, lightly cov-
ered with mixed and striped red, and beautifully splashed
crimson,
Basin narrow, regular or folded; Eye small, closed.
Cavity deep, acute, regular, brown; Stem medium to
long, green, sometimes knobby.
ore regular, heart-shaped, closed, meeting tbe eye;
Seeds small, short; Flesh yellow, tender, fine grained,
juicy; Flavor very swect; Quinitty almost first rate, very
good; for table or baking; Season September.
Phillips’ Sweet.
Origin believed to be Ohio; Downing says, Chotocton
County, Ohio.
Tree vigorous, healthy, growth upright, very produc-
tive. Elliott thinks it may prove to be the same with
Richmond.
Fruit roundish, flattened, slightly conical, obscurely
angular or flattened on the sides; Surface smooth, yellow,
more or less covered with red, striped crimson; Dots nu-
merous.
Basin abrupt, regular, closed; Eye closed, segments of
calyx long. :
Cavity large; Stem medium length, rather slender.
Flesh yellow, tender, crisp, juicy ; Flavor sweet, spicy,
rich: Season, November to March.
: Wing Sweet.
Tree very productive.
Fruit medium, oblate, angular; Surface very smooth,
yellow, mostly covered with red, indistinctly striped dark-
er red.
Basin wide, deep, regular or folded; Eye small, closed.
Cavity acute; Stem long.
Core small, regular, closed, scarcely touching the eye;
Seeds ovate; Flesh yellow, tender, dry; Flavor sweet and
rich; Quality good; baking; early winter.
—~oe-—
4%8 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES,
CLASS L—FLAT APPLES.
ORDER II.—IRREGULAR.
SECTION 2 —ACID.
SUB-SECTION 1.—SELF-COLORED.
Blockley.
BLOCKLEY PIPPIN, 0. POM. SOC.
Originated near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Tree mod-
erately vigorous, upright, productive.
Fruit large, round-oblate, flattened at the ends, five-
sided, angular; Surface smooth, greenish-yellow, blushed ;
Dots numerous, small, distinct, dark.
Basin wide, rather deep, wavy or folded; Eye small,
closed, or partly open.
Cavity acute, narrow, uneven, brown ; Stem quite short,
rather thick.
Core medium, heart-shaped; Seeds numerous, angular
and imperfect, dark; Flesh yellow, compact, almost melt-
ing, fine grained, juicy; Flavor rich sub-acid, sprightly ;
Quality almost best, for table ; Season, November to Janu-
ary. .
Bracken,
This variety has caused much discussion among the
Western Pomologists, on account of its resemblance to
the Early Harvest. The late Dr. Barker, one of the most
intelligent fruit-growers of the country, said it was intro-
duced as a seedling trom Kentucky in 1812. Elliott does
not mention it. in his work, but in the discussions of the
Society he is reported as having declared it the same as
Early Harvest, with which it agrees in peculiar growth
of twigs. H. N. Gillett, and others, familiar with the
fruits of southern Ohio, consider it a distinct seedling of
Kentucky. The specimen described was from that gentle-
mun.
Fruit medium, oblate, somewhat conical, irregular and
angular; Surface smooth, pale yellow; Dots scattered,
dark.
CLASS I.—FLAT APPLES.—II. I. 1 479
Basin abrupt, medium, folded; Eye small, closed.
Cavity wide, deep, irregular, brown; Stem large,
knobby.
Core irregular, closed, meeting the eye; Seeds angular,
Fig. 126.—BRaCKEN. ¢
imperfect ; Flesh white, very tender, fine grained; Flavor
mild sub-acid ; Quality good ; Use, table and kitchen; Sea-
son, June, July; earlier than Early Harvest.
Canada Reinuette.
This fine fruit does not appear to be well known to our
orchardists, and some of our writers have given the White
Pippin among its numerous synonims, and have suggested
that they might be the same, which is not so; they are
very distinct. I have omitted the synon'ms, as they can
be of little interest to our planters; they are not used in
this country. The origin of this variety is uncertain, prob-
ably European. Downing says that Merlet, a French
writer, described the fruit in the 17th century.
Tree vigorous, robust, tall spreading, productive.
480 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
The following outline and description of a specimen
presented by Irvin Jessup, of Laporte, Indiana, was kindly
made for me by my lamented friend, Geo. M. Beeler, a
short time before his death.
Fruit large, oblate, angular; Surface not smooth, yel-
low, blushed and spotted red ; Dots numerous, small, gray.
Fig. 127.—CaNaDA REINETTE.
Basin abrupt, deep, angular; Eye small, nearly closed.
Cavity medium, acute; Stem medium, inclined.
Core wide, regular, closed, clasping; Seeds plump,
angular, dark; Flesh breaking, fine grained, very juicy ;
Flavor acid to sub-acid, aromatic, rich ; Quality very good ;
Use, table and cooking ; Season, December to February, in
northern Indiana.
Culp.
Origin Jefferson County, Ohio; exhibited at the meet-
ings of the Ohio Pomological Society as early as 1855, by
8. B. Marshall, of Massillon, whose friend, 8S. Wood, had
CLASS I.—FLAT APPLES.—II. Il. I. 481
cultivated it several years; my specimens and trees are
from the Massillon nursery.
Tree vigorous, thrifty, symmetrical, spreading, very
productive, not an early bearer.
Fruit fair, sound, large, somewhat angular, oblate, in-
clined to conic, hangs well on the tree; Surface smooth,
green with bronze blush; Dots minute, with green bases.
=
Fig. 128.—cu.p.
Basin narrow, rather abrupt, regular; Eye rather large,
closed.
Cavity rather deep, regular, brown; Stem long or short.
Core long heart-shaped, regular, nearly closed, clasping ;
seeds numerous, very large, dark brown; Flesh yellowish,
compact, crisp, juicy; Flavor mild sub-acid, slightly per-
fumed; Quality good; excellent for cooking, “ compared
to Rhode Island Greening;” Season, December until
April.
21
482 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Fall Harvey.
Origin Essex County, Massachusetts. Specimen from
Zanesville, Ohio.
Fruit large, oblate, irregular; Surface smooth, yellow
or pale yellow; Dots minute, gray, distinct.
Basin wide, regular, leather-craked; Eye medium, closed.
Cavity wide, wavy, green; Stem long to medium.
Core wide or globular, regular, closed, not meeting the
eye; Seeds medium, pointed and detective; Flesh yellow,
breaking ; Flavor rich, acid; Quality only good, but valu-
able for the kitchen ; Season, October.
Garretson’s Early.
Origin supposed to be New Jersey. Tree vigorous;
an early and abundant bearer.
Fruit medium, globular-oblate, somewhat angular; Sur-
face smooth, pale yellow; Dots whitish.
Basin small, abrupt, furrowed; Eye small, closed.
Cavity shallow; Stem short, inclined. _
Flesh white, breaking, tender, juicy; Flavor pleasant
sub-acid; Quality good; Use, table; Season, July and
August.
Harris. 2
This variety was received from North Carolina, and
fruited for the first time in the North during 1866. It
was first described and figured, among other new apples,
in the Horticultural Annual for 1867. In the South it is
considered a summer and fall variety, beiag in season from
August, and continuing for a long time. For speci-
mens, I am indebted to Doctor E. Taylor, of Cleveland,
Ohio.
Fruit medium to large, oblate, angular ; Surface smooth,
yellow, faintly blushed; Dots scattered, minute, with rosy
spots, ’
PBasin deep, abrupt, folded ; Eye medium, rather open.
Cavity deep, wavy, clear yellow; Stem medium to long.
Core small, open, meeting the eye; Axis very short;
Seeds numerous, angular; Flesh light yellow, breaking,
fine-grained, juicy; Flavor acid to sub-acid, spicy, agree-
CLASS I.—FLAT APPLES.—II. 11. I. 483
able; Use table and kitchen; Season October ; Quality
good to very good.
Fig. 129,—Harris.
Loudon Pippin. .
LADY WASHINGTON ?
Origin Loudon County, Virginia. Exhibited before the
Ohio Pomological Society, by Joseph Sigler, of McCon-
nellsville, Ohio. 7
Fruit large, oblate, conic, angular; Surface beautiful,
very smooth, waxy yellow, handsomely blushed, and
bright red spots; Dots scattering, pray.
Basin wide, regular or folded; Eye large, closed.
og wide, not deep, regular, brown; Stem medium,
red.
Core heart-shaped, regular, closed, clasping the eye;
Seeds numerous, medium; Flesh yellowish, compact, ten-
der, breaking ; Flavor rich sub-avid, aromatic; Quality very
ood; Dessert; Season, December to February. A fine
uit from Washington County, shown at the same time
as the Lady Washington ; was thought to be the same.
484 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Fig. 180.—Loupon PIPPIN.
Ohio Pippin.
ERNST’S APPLE.—BUCHANAN, ETC.—SHANNON:
We owe our acquaintance with this fine large fruit to
the late Mr, A. H. Ernst, long President of the Ohio Po-
mological Society, who furnished trees to Mr. Robert
Buchanan, an enthusiastic Pomologist of Cincinnati. Both
these gentlemen were too modest to permit their names
to be attached to a fruit which they did not originate, but
which they have aided to distribute. Another focus of
distribution was the orchard and nursery of R. W. Todd,
at Madison, Indiana, and the fruit has been received mm-
der the name of Shannon, from Doctor J. A. Dibrell, of
Van Buren, Arkansas. Origin Dayton, Ohio, from whence
it was procured personally by Mr. Todd, many years ago,
and the grafts set by him are the oldest trees known.
Tree healthy, vigorous, large, spreading ; Shoots stout,
dark ; Leaves large. y
CLASS IL—FLAT APPLES.—II. Il. Il. 485
Fruit large, often very large, oblate, somewhat conic,
irregular; Surface smooth, greenish-yellow, sometimes
blushed faintly near the base; Dots small gray.
Fig. 131.—o#10 PIPPIN.
Basin wide, deep, folded ; Eye large or very large, open ;
Segments short.
Cavity wide, wavy or regular, brown; Stem short,
stout.
Core medium to large, regular, closed, meeting the
eye; Seeds numerous, medium, plump, sometimes imper-
fect; Flesh yellowish, breaking, tender, juicy ; Flavor acid
to sub-acid; Quality good; Market and kitchen, too large
for dessert , Season, December, January.
Western Spy.
Origin Jefferson County, Ohio. Tree healthy but me-
dium growth, very productive; exhibited by Joel Wood.
486 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES,
Fruit large, roundish-oblate, uneven; Surface smooth,
be blushed; Dots numerous, minute, with white
a8es,
Basin abrupt, uneven; Eye large, closed.
Cavity medium, wavy; Stem short.
Core wide, closed, not meeting the eye; Seeds numer-
ous, large, plump; Flesh yellow, breaking; Flavor acid;
quality pretty good; Use, kitchen, table; Season, Decem-
ber, January,
CLASS IL—FLAT APPLES.
ORDER II.—IRREGULAR.
SECTION 2.—ACID.
SUB-SECTION 2.—STRIPED.
Berry.
Not having enjoyed an opportunity of examining this
fruit, I quote from my friend Chas. Downing.
“Origin Virginia or North Carolina. Tree vigorous,
tak very productive, and a valuable market fruit.
‘Fruit rather above medium, obliquely depressed; Skin
striped and splashed with red, on greenish-yellow ground,
with large dots, having a dark center; Stem short, in a
generally broad, deep cavity ; Calyx open; Basin shallow,
and uneven; Flesh rather coarse, juicy, with a pleasant
sub-acid flavor; November to March.”
Buff.
For description of this fruit I take Downing’s quotation
from White's Gardener:
“Origin uncertain; Tree vigorous, erect; Fruit very
large, irregular, roundish flattened and slightly irregular ;
Skin thick, yellow, striped, and shaded with red, very dark
next the sun, marked with a few greenish russet spots;
Stem three-fourths of an inch long, in a medium cavity;
Calyx in a large, irregular basin; Flesh white, and when
fully ripened, tender and excellent, sometimes indifferent ;
November to March.
CLASS I—FLAT APPLES.—II. II. Il. 487
Dana,
From Gabriel Sleath, near Cincinnati, Ohio. The origin
of this pleasant dessert apple is not known. ‘Tree large,
productive.
Fruit small, flat, somewhat angular; Surface smooth,
rich yellow partially covered mixed red, distinctly striped
carmine; Dots pale fawn or yellow; heavy white bloom.
Basin shallow, leather-cracked ; Eye small, long, closed.
Cavity medium, regular; Stem quite long, slender.
Core wide, regular, open, clasping; Seeds numerous,
short, plump, brown; Flesh yellow, very fine grained, very
juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, sprightly, agreeable ; Quality good
to very good; Use, dessert; Season, August.
Gravenstein.
This fine European apple is said to have originated at
Gravenstein, Holstein. It has long been in this country,
where it succeeds very well.
Tree vigorous, spreading, productive ; Sheots vigorous ;
Leaves long, rolled, showing the white underside.
Fig. 182.—GravenstEm.
488 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Fruit large, globular-oblate, angular; Surface smooth,
lee partially covered with mixed and splashed scarlet ;
ots rare,
Basin medium, regular; Eye small, closed.
Cavity deep, regular; Stem short.
Core regular, globular, or pointed toward the eye, closed,
clasping ; Seeds small, pointed; Flesh yellow, fine grained,
breaking, juicy; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic; Quality best;
table and kitchen; Season, August, September.
Keiser.
Origin Jefferson County, Ohio; not widely distributed.
Tree thrifty, upright. ‘The following description was
made from fruit obtained of my friend T. 8. Humrick-
house, of Coshocton.
Fruit full medium to large, oblate, uneven; Surface
smooth, greenish-yellow, mixed and striped red; Dots
scattered, minute.
Basin wide, deep, folded; Eye small, closed.
Cavity acute, deep; Stem quite sliort.
Core very small, regular, closed, clasping ; Seeds numer-
ous, short, plump; Flesh yellow, tender, tine grained, juicy ;
Quality good to best; for table and kitchen; Season, De-
cember to January.
.
Mangum.
A first rate southern fruit. Tree thrifty, and very pro-
ductive.
Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, angular; skin yel-
lowish, striped and mostly shaded with red, thickly
sprinkled with whitish and bronze dots; Stem short and
small, inserted in a broad cavity surrounded by russet;
Calyx partially closed; Basin slightly corrugated; Flesh
yellow, very tender, juicy, mild sub acid, excellent, highly
rized in Georgia and the South; October and Novem-
er. Carter of Alabama may prove the same.”—[C.
Downing. ]
Melon.
Origin East Bloomfield, New York. Tree sufficiently
vigorous, spreading, round-headed.
CLASS L—FLAT APPLES.—II..II, II. 489
Fruit large, oblate, somewhat conical, angular ; Surface
smooth, waxen yellow, nearly covered with marbled and
mixed scarlet, striped distinctly with darker shade; Dots
minute.
Basin, wide, medium depth; Eye medium, open.
Fig. 183.—MELOoN.
Cavity deep, acute, wavy, green and brown; Stem me-
dium. .
Core regular, heart-shaped, wide, partially open, clasp-
ing; Seeds numerous, medium, angular ; Flesh yellow, ten-
der, fine grained, juicy; Flavor acid, sub-acid, aromatic,
rich ; Quality almost best; Use, table, market and kitchen ;
Season, November to January.
Muster.
This very nice apple was introduced to my attention by
my very good friend Calvin Fletcher, Jr., of Indianapolis,
in which neighborhood it grows. Its origin and history
are unknown, nor do any satisfactory responses come to
the oft-repeated question—What is this delicious apple?
Fruit Jarge, oblate, angular; Surface yellow, mostly
21*
490 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
covered with mixed red and splashes of crimson; Dots
scattering, large, yellow and gray.
Basin moderately deep, folded; Eye medium, open.
Cavity medium, regular, brown; Stem medium to short.
Core small, closed; Seeds plump, dark; Flesh yellow,
fine-grained, tender, juicy; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic;
Quality best for dessert ; Berson, August and September.
Pennsylvania Winesap.—(Local Name.)
Origin unknown; Grown in Wayne County, Indiana.
Fruit large, conical-oblate, truncated, angular.
Surface smooth, yellow, blushed, very little splashed ;
Dots scattered, minute.
Basin medium, folded, wavy; Eye medium, closed.
Cavity medium, wavy; Stem medium or short, stout,
fleshy.
Core regular, closed; Seeds few, plump; Flesh yellow-
ish-white, tender, fine-grained, juicy; Flavor sub-acid;
Quality good; Use, table; Season, December, January.
Wagener.
This beautiful and useful apple originated at Penn Yan,
Fig. 134.—waGENER.
CLASS L—FLAT APPLES.—Il. Il. D1. 491
Yates County, New York; was described and figured in
the Transactions of the State Agricultural Society.
Tree thrifty, upright, productive, and very early bearer.
Fruit large, oblate or globular-oblate, pentangular ; Sur-
face very smooth, yellow, well covered with mixed bright
red, stripes not distinct; Dots scattered, yellow.
Basin wide, abrupt, regular; Eye small, closed.
Cavity regular, brown; Stem medium, green.
Core regular, wide, heart-shaped, closed, meeting the
eye; Seeds numerous, large, angular ; Flesh yellowish-white,
tender, fine-grained, juicy; Flavor mild sub-acid; Quality
good; Uses, market, table and kitchen; Scason, Novem-
ber and December.
CLASS I—FLAT APPLES.
ORDER Il.—IRREGULAR.
SECTION 2.—ACID.
SUB-SECTION 3.—RUSSET. *
Cranberry RERusset.
This apple was introduced to the notice of the Ohio Po-
mological Society by its Vice-President, J. Austin~ Scott,
of Toledo, Ohio.
Fruit medium to large, oblate, flattened at the sides, ir-
regular ; Surface rough, russeted, blushed carmine, uneven;
Dots numerous, large, gray, prominent.
Basin shallow, uneven; Eye small, partially open.
Cavity deep, acute, green; Stem long, slender, knobby.
Core wide, regular, closed; Seeds long, angular, brown;
Flesh breaking, tender, not very juicy; Flavor quite acid;
Quality second rate, but said to be superior for cooking ;
Season, November and December.
Roxbury Russet.
BOSTON RUSSET.—PUTNAM RUSSET,.
This standard apple is perhaps as widely known and as
much admired as any other in the catalogue. It was
492 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
brought to the West by different routes—by the Ohio
River and by the lakes—and has been universally distrib-
uted. Those brought to the mouth of the Muskingum
River, and propagated by Mr. Putnam, had the name
changed to that of the Marietta and the Putnam Russet ;
and at the same time the appearance of the fruit was so
altered by increase in the russeting, that it was long
thought to be a different variety, until the question was
at length settled by interchange of grafts; and when
these fruited the identity was proved.
It is claimed that more money has been realized from
this than from any other variety, though, on the Ohio
oot eoaweg
Fig. 1385.—ROxXBURY RUSSET.
River, the Rome Beauty is considered to be equally prof-
itable. The popularity of this Russet is on the wane,
however, as it is very subject to attacks of the Codling-
moth, which makes it fall, and because it is apt to ripen
too early in the season in southern locations and on lime-
stone soils. Hence its value as a keeping apple is diminished.
Tree robust, vigorous, spreading; Shoots stout, strag-
gling, dark; Foliage gray-green.
Fruit large, oblate, often lop-sided at the West, fre-
CLASS I.—FLAT APPLES—IL IL. IIL 493
quently angular, sometimes conic and truncated; Surface
overspread with heavy brown russet in the South, but
green, often bronzed, and with partial light russet at the
north of latitude 41°; Dots minute, scattered.
Basin regular or wavy, green, often folded; Eye me-
dium, closed.
Cavity regular, pointed; Stem medium, curved.
Core regular, closed, clasping ; Seeds numerous, angular,
imperfect ; Flesh greenish-yellow, breaking, granular, often
coarse, juicy ; Flavor decidedly acid; Quality second rate ;
Use, market and cooking; Season, November to January ;
a better keeper in the North.
Whitmey Russet.
Of uncertain or accidental origin in the extensive nur-
series and orchards of my friend A. R. Whitney, of
Franklin Grove, Lee County, Illinois, where my specimens
and trees were procured.
Fruit medium or small, roundish-oblate, truncated, an-
Figg. 136.—WHITNEY RUSSET,
gular; Surface smooth, yellow, rather thinly russeted ;
Dots minute, prominent. : ;
Basin abrupt, regular, green; Eye medium, closed.
Cavity acute, deep, wavy ; Stem medium to long, slender.
494 DFSCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
~ Core medium, regular, heart-shaped, rarely open, meet-
ing the eye; Seeds very numerous, medium, plump; Flesh
greenish-yellow, breaking, very fine-grained, juicy ; Flavor
sub-acid, aromatic, rich, spicy ; Quality best; especially a
dessert apple; Season, December to February.
CLASS IL—CONICAL APPLES.
ORDER J.—REGULAR.
SECTION 1—SWEET.
SUB-SECTION 1.—SELF-COLORED.
Large Bough.
LARGE YELLOW BOUGH, ETC.
A native fruit, much admired as an early sweet apple.
Tree vigorous, compact head, rather productive.
Pot ma,
o
ener ad
Fig. 137.~—LakGE BOUGH.
CLass IIl.—CONICAL APPLES.—I. I. 1 495
Fruit round-conie, regular, very light; Surface smooth,
white or pale yellow; Dots minute, dark, indented, few.
Basin rather shallow, regular; Eye small, closed.
Cavity acute, regular, deep, sometimes brown; Stem
medium.
Core regular, nearly closed, clasping; Seeds medium,
dark; Flesh white, very soft, light, juicy; Flavor very
sweet when ripe, somewhat bitter when green; Quality
only good—by some called best; Use, market, stock and
dessert—tasteless when cooked ; Season, July and August.
Fallawater.
@ULPEHOCKEN, ETC.
A native of Pennsylvania, where it is a great faYorite ;
extensively cultivated through the West.
Fig. 188.—raLLaAwaTER.
This is essentially a market apple, having little to rec-
ommend it but its size, appearance and productiveness,
496 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Tree very vigorous, spreading, productive, not long-
lived; Shoots very stout, dark ; Leaves large. ;
Fruit large, round or oblate-conic, regular; Surface
sometimes smooth, grecnish-yellow, often blushed crim-
son—large specimens covered with whitish veined marks;
Dots numerous, gray, large, and having whitish bases.
Basin rather deep, regular; Eye large, open.
Cavity deep, regular, brown; Stem short, stout.
Core medium, closed, meeting the eye; Seeds numer-
ous, angular; Flesh whitish, often greenish-white, light,
tender, juicy; Flavor very mild sub-acid, or sweet, with
little character; Quality scarcely good; Use, market and
stock; Season, November, December, and may be kept
longer if desired.
Michael Henry.
MICHAEL HENRY PIPPIN.—[Covze.]
Origin Monmouth County, New Jersey. Extensively
Fig. 139.—mIcHAaEL HENRY.
CLASS II.—CONICAL APPLES,—I. I. I. 497
*
cultivated in the Western States, where it has many ad-
mirers. ,
Tree vigorous, not large, spreading, very productive,
early bearer; Shoots dark, foliage medium and healthy.
Fruit fair, medium to large, conic, regular; Surface
smooth, dull green, whitish stripes, pale yellow when ripe,
rarely a faint blush; Dots scattered, prominent.
Basin abrupt, or shallow, regular; Eye medium, closed.
Cavity deep, acute, brown; Stem short to medium.
Core regular, heart-shaped, clasping, closed; Seeds nu-
merous, plump, black; Flesh pale yellow, breaking, tender,
light, juidy; Flavor sweet, slightly aromatic, little char-
acter; Quality good; Use, market, kitchen; Season, De-
cember and January; keeps well.
Premium of 1858.
Found in a seedling orchard near Springfield, Ohio, and
awarded the premium in 1858,
Fig. 140,—rREm1uM OF 1858.
498 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES,
2
Fruit medium, roundish-conic, regular; Surface smooth,
pale yellow; Dots numerous, minute, white.
Basin shallow, regular, folded ; Eye large, closed or open.
Cavity wide, shallow, regular; Stem long, slender.
Core rather large, recular, open, meeting the eye ; Seeds
numerous, angular; Flesh yellow, fine grained, tender;
Flavor very sweet, rich; Quality very good; Use, baking
and stock; Season, October to December.
Shockley.
Origin Jackson County, Georgia. This long-keeper
from the South promises to be an acquisition of value for
market orchards,
unless its small size
may make an ob-
jection.
Tree vigorous,
very productive.
.Fruit medium to
small, conic, trun-
cated,regular; Sur-
face very smooth,
waxen yellow,mar-
| bled or blushed
| scarlet and crim-
son; Dots scatter-
ed, minute, gray:
Bas'n _ shallow,
plaited; Eye small,
closed.
Cavity acute,
deep, regular;
Stem slender, long.
Core long heart-
shaped, closed, meeting the eye; Seeds numerous, plump,
dark; Flesh yellow, fine grained; Flavor mildly sub-acid,
rich, saccharine, agreeable; Quality very good; Use, des-
sert; Season, March to June; a good keeper.
Fig. 141.—sHOCKELEY.
Sweet Pear.
The origin of this fruit is uncertain; the specimens were
obtained in the orchard of H. P. Kimball, and his father-
CLASS IL.—CONICAL APPLES.—I. I. 1. 499
in-law, Dr. George Haskell—zealous pomologists at Rock-
ford, Hlinois.
Fruit medium to large, round, somewhat conic, regular;
Surface smooth, yellowish-green, blushed; Dots numer-
ous, minute, gray, indented; red spots. :
Basin quite shallow, plaited ; Eye small, but long, closed.
ae
ee
1
1
'
\
1
A
‘
.
4
.
Fig. 142.—swEeEtT ‘PEAR,
Cavity deep, acute, wavy, green; Stem long, rather
slender, green.
Core small, round, somewhat open, clasping the eye;
Seeds numerous, medium, pointed; Flesh greenish-white,
breaking, fine grained, juicy; Flavor sweet, aromatic;
Quality good to best; Use, table; Season, October.
Victuals and Drink.
GREEN SWEET OF INDIANA.—POMPEY.—FALL GREEN SWEET.
This old variety has met with great favor in its western
home, though not esteemed or much cultivated in the
500 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Eastern States, unless about Newark, New Jersey, where
it originated about 1750, according to Downing.
Tree spreading, large; Branches twiggy, slender, mod-
erately productive.
Fruit large, conical, regular, but uneven; Surface some-
what rough, dull green to dull yellow, often veined rus-
set; Dots numerous, minute.
Basin medium, sometimes abrupt, regular or folded;
Eye medium, closed.
Cavity wide, wavy, green; Stem short.
Core small, regular, oval, clasping, closed ; Seeds numer-
ous, angular, imperfect, dark ; Flesh greenish-white or yel-
lowish, very tender, fine-grained, light ; Flavor very sweet,
very rich; Quality best; Use, baking, table and stock;
Season, September and October—in the North later, but is
not a housing apple.
Fig. 143.—victuaLs AND DRINK.
Virginia June.
Presented by W. P. Putnam, of Ohio, as brought from
Adams County, Mississippi
CLASS IIL—CONICAL APPLES.—I. 1. I. d0L
Fruit medium to large, oblate-conical, regular ; Surface
greenish-yellow ; Dots scattered, prominent.
Basin medium, regular, abrupt; Eye medium, open.
Cavity very wide, regular, brown; Stem very short.
y N
ONS
Fig. 144.—virera
Core heart-shaped, regular, meeting the eye, closed ;
Seeds numerous, pointed ; Flesh yellow; Flavor rich, sweet ;
Quality good; September to October, in Ohio.
This may prove to be some known variety, but it has
not yet been recognized.
The Virginia June, grown in Kentucky and Indiana, is
quite different, being round, striped and sub-acid. It is
esteemed, where known, as a household apple, but be-
comes rather dry.
502 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
CLASS II.—CONICAL APPLES.
ORDER .I—REGULAR.
SECTION 1.—SWEET.
SUB-SECTION 2.—STRIPED.
Kentucky Sweet.
This is an apple of Kentucky or southern origin, found
in many parts of the western country among the emi-
grants from Dixie Land, with whom it is a great favorite
on account of abundant fruitage and rich sweetness.
Specimens, under name, were received from the intelli-
gent southern pomologist, J. $8. Downer, of Fairview, Ken-
tucky, also from J. W. Dodge,- of Pomona, Tennessee,
Fig. 145.— KENTUCKY SWEET.
from which the description and drawing arc taken. It has
also been seen frequently in Southern Illinois.
Fruit medium, conic, regular; Surface smooth, deep red,
stripes obscured and scarcely visible, the yellow ground
color rarely seen; Dots scattered, large, yellow.
Basin regular, narrow, not deep, leather-cracked ; Eye
medium, long, open; Segments short.
CLASS Il.—CONICAL APPLES.—I, I. II. 503
Cavity acute, not deep, brown; Stem short to medium.
Core oval, regular, not meeting the eye, somewat open;
Seeds numerous, large and imperfect, brown ; Flesh yellow,
tender, fine-grained, juicy; Flavor very sweet, rich, slight-
ly perfumed ; Quality very good to best ; Use, baking, mar-
ket and stock ; Season November to January. Keeps well.
Milam.
BLaIn.—( Rarely.)
This is another little southern favorite, to be found by
almost every cabin in parts of the West. Whole orchards
have been planted with sprouts from the mother trees,
among the people to whom the art of grafting was an un-
Fig. 146.—MILaM.
heard of mystery. Now distributed by nurserymen all
over the country. ,
Tree moderately vigorous, round-headed, twiggy; shoots
reddish ; foliage rather dark. Annually productive and
an early bearer. 7
Fruit small to medium, conical, regular ; Surface smooth,
yellow, covered with marbled red, indistinct stripes ; Dots
small, gray, scattered, prominent.
504 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Basin narrow, wavy, leather-cracked; Eye medium,
closed.
Cavity regular, acute, brown; Stem long.
Core ovate, covering the eye, closed; Seeds numerous,
some imperfect; Flesh white, tender, crisp, juicy; Flavor
mild sitb-acid or sweet, agreeable and refreshing, but with-
out any decided character; Quality good; Use, dessert, n
cooking it lacks flavor; Season, December, January.
CLASS II—CONICAL APPLES.
ORDER I.—REGULAR.
° SECTION 1.—SWEET.
SUB-SECTION 38.—RUSSET.
Pumpkin Sweet.
SWEET RUSSET, Of Ohio.
Fruit was exhibited at the Ohio State Fair at Zanesville,
Fruit large, regular, roundish, conical; Surface dull
green, covered with a rough coat of russet.
Basin medium, regular; Eye medium, closed.
Cavity deep, narrow, regular; Stem long, slender.
Core medium, regular; Seeds numerous, small, plump;
Flesh spongy, light ; Flavor sweet ; Quality scarcely good’;
Use, baking, stock ; Season, autumn.
This apple has never commended itself very highly to
my notice in the limited opportunities I have had for its
examination, but it is esteemed in some parts of the coun-
try for baking and for stock-feeding.
CLASS IL—CONICAL APPLES.
ORDER I.—REGULAR.
SECTION 2.—SOUR.
SUB-SECTION 1.—SELF-COLORED.
August Tart.
Origin unknown. Specimens procured from Marietta,
Ohio.
CLASS II.—CONICAL APPLES.—I. Il. 1. 505
Fruit medium to large, regular, conical, truncated ; Sur.
face smooth, yellow-green; Dots numerous, large, yellow.
Basin medium, wavy or folded; Eye medium or small
closed. : :
Cavity wide, regular, brown; Stem long, slender.
Fig. 147.—auaust TART.
Core medium, regular, closed, clasping; Seeds numer-
ous, pointed ; Flesh greenish-yellow, breaking; Flavor acid ;
Quality poor, except for cocking; Season August.
Democrat.
_ _ Origin unknown. Specimens obtained from George
Powers, of Perrysburgh, Ohio.
Fruit medium, handsome, roundish-conic, regular ; Sur-
face yellow, blushed scarlet ; Dots minute, indented.
Basin shallow, regular; Eye small, closed.
Cavity rather deep, very acute; Stem medium to short,
slender.
22
506 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Core heart-shaped, rather open, meeting the eye; Seeds
large; Flesh yellow, breaking, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, aro-
matic, rich; Quality good to very good ; Use dessert ; Sea-
son October to December. :
Holland Pippin.
There is a strange confusion existing in some of the
books, by which this fruit has been associated with the
Fall Pippin. The Holland, as grown in Western New
York, and through the West, as derived from the former
State, is entirely different ; and as that is extensively
known, its description is here given, that it may be com-
pared with the other, which belongs to a differeut class.
Fig. 148.—HOLLAND PIPPIN.
Fruit large, regular, conic, rather oblate; Surface dull
yellowish-green, rarely bronzed; Dots minute.
Basin narrow, medium depth, regular; Eye medium,
closed.
Cavity medium, acute, regular, brown; Stem medium
to long.
Core medium, regular, closed, meeting the eye; Seeds
numerous, sometimes imperfect ; Flesh yellowish-white or
CLASS 11.—CONICAL APPLES.—I. IL 1. 507
greenish-white, breaking, coarse-grained, juicy; Flavor
quite acid, not rich, not agreeable; Quality only fair; Use
cooking only; Season, October to December at the North.
Not seen in the southern counties of the States north of
the Ohio River.
Middle.
A comparatively new fruit, from Herkimer County,
New York, found in a division fence between two neigh-
bors; hence its name. Considerably cultivated in the
Fig. 149.—MIDDLE.
neighborhood, where it is highly esteemed. Introduced
into Ohio by Mr. John Ludlow, of Springfield, in 1854,
and propagated at the Oakland Nurseries near by.
Tree thrifty and productive.
Fruit medium to large, conical or oblate-conic, regular ;
Surface rather smooth, green to pale greenish-yelfow ;
Dots small, irregular, rather abundant, gray, somewhat
prominent.
Basin shallow, nearly regular, russeted, like Rhode Isl-
and Greening; Eye small, closed.
508 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Cavity acute, sometimes lipped, wavy ; Stem long, slen-
der,
Core small, oval, regular, closed, just meeting the eye;
Seeds small, very light colored; Flesh greenish-yellow,
breaking, fine grained, tender, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, rich,
aromatic; Quality nearly first rate; Use dessert ; Season
December and January, but is said to keep until May in
New York.
White Winter Pearmain.
This favorite fruit was brought to Indiana by some of
the carly pomologists, inthe days of saddle-bag transpor-
i
Y y
+ Fig. 150.—wHItE WINTER PEARMAIN,
tation, In a lotof grafts, two varieties, having lost their
labels, were propagated and fruited without name. Being
considered Pearmain-shaped, they were called respectively
Red and White Winter Pearmains. The former proved
to be the Esopus Spitzenberg ; the latter has never yet been
identified, though believed to be an old eastern variety.
Mr. Downing suggests that it may be Winter Harvey, a
CLASS II.—CONICAL APPLES.—I. I. I. 509
description of which I have not seen. At one time this
apple was confounded with the Michael Henry by many
of us, and Mr. Elliott gives it asa synonym of that va-
riety, but they are very distinct.
Tree spreading, vigorous, productive, the bark often
marked by a kind of cariker or crack. Foliage large,
rather light green.
Fruit medium to large, handsome when fair, but often
scabby on rich limestone soils and on old trees, conical,
regular, sometimes obscurely angular; Surface smooth,
yellow, often bronzy; Dots scattered, small, dark. :
Basin abrupt, regular or shallow and folded; Eye me-
dium, closed. °
Cavity acute, wavy, brown; Stem mediom to long, of-
ten knobby and clubbed.
Core regular, closed, slightly clasping the eye; Seeds
few, pointed, pale or yellow; Flesh yellow, fine grained,
tender, crisp, juicy; Flavor mild sub-acid, very rich;
Quality best; Uses table, kitchen, market; Season De-
cember to March. ‘
Woolfolks.
This is supposed to be a Kentucky seedling. It was re-
ceived from my friend Ormsby Hite, of Louisville.
Fruit full, medium, truncated, regular; Surface very
smooth, yellow-green ; Dots scattered, gray, white bases.
Basin medium, wavy, plaited ; Eye small, closed.
Cavity wide, acute, wavy, brown; Stem short, green.
Core small, heart-shaped, regular, closed, clasping; Seeds
pointed, angular, dark; Flesh white, tender, breaking,
juicy ; Flavor sub-acid; Quality good; Use, table, kitch-
en; Season, December to March,
510 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES
CLASS II.—CONICAL APPLES.
ORDER I.—REGULAR.
SECTION 2.—SOUR.
SUB-SECTION 2.—STRIPED.
Alexander.
This Russian apple, so much admired for its size and
beauty, is not a favorite in the orchard, though some per-
sons have found it profitable in the markets.
Tree medium size, spreading, moderately productive,
early bearer.
Fruit large to very large, fair and handsome, conical,
truncated, sometimes obscurely angular; Surface smooth,
pale yellow, striped and splashed distinctly bright red,
sometimes shaded mixed red; Dots minute.
Basin medium, regular; Eye small, long, closed.
Cavity rather deep, narrow, regular, brown; Stem me-
dium to short, stout.
Core wide, regular, nearly closed, clasping ; Axis short;
Seeds large; Flesh whitish, breaking, not fine grained,
juicy ; Flavor acid, not rich; Quality scarcely good, ex-
cept for cooking ; Season, August and September. Fruit
falls badly from the tree.
Cayuga Red Streak.
TWENTY OUNCE, ETO.
I have preferred to adopt the above name for this old
Connecticut apple, to avoid the confusion arising from
another and very indifferent fruit that is still considerably
cultivated upon the same parallels with this, and known
as the Twenty Ounce Pippin.
The Cayuga is a very great favorite asa market and
family fruit in many parts of the country north of latitude
40°—being large, handsome and productive.
Tree thrifty, healthy, early productive, round-headed,
twiggy ; Shoots medium or slender, reddish brown, leaves
large,
Fruit large to very large, regular, globular-conic ; Sur-
face generally smooth, elon ere, nearly covered with
mixed red, striped and splashed scarlet; Dots minute,
scattered.
Basin regular, abrupt; Eye small, closed; Calyx long.
.
CLASS II—CONICAL APPLES.—I. I. O. 511
Cavity wide, folded, brown ; Stem short.
Core wile, large, irregular, open, meeting or slightly
clasping the eye; Seeds numerous, short, plump, pale;
Flesh whitish, breaking, granular, juicy ; Flavor sour, not
Fig. 151.—cayuea RED STREAK.
Tich ; Quality good, only for its special uses, market, cook-
ing and drying; Season, October to December.
Clarke’s Pearmain.
Origin North Carolina. Specimens from W. S. West-
brook. Tree grows slowly, but very productive.
Fruit medium, roundish-conic, truncated ; Surface yel-
low, covered bright red and bronzed: Dots numerous,
large, yellow.
612 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Basin abrupt, folded ; Eye small, closed ; Segments short,
reflexed.
Cavity,deep, acute, sometimes lipped ; Stem long, red.
Core small, pyriform, regular, closed, scarcely clasping ;
Seeds, some imperfect; Flesh greenish-yellow, fine grain-
Fig. 152.—CcLARKE’S PEARMAIN. =
ed; Flavor sub-acid, rich; Quality good to very good;
Use dessert and kitchen; Season December.
Clayton.
Believed to have originated in Central Indiana. Brought
to my notice by Z. 8. Ragan, of Clayton, Indiana; also
exhibited by the Plainfield Horticultural Society at the
meetings of the State Horticultural a
Fruit large, conical, flattened, regular; Surface smooth,
greenish-yellow, covered with dull red, striped and splash-
ed darker; Dots minute, scattered.
Basin narrow, abrupt, regular; Eye small, long, closed.
Cavity wide, acute, deep, wavy, green; Stem medium,
stout.
Core wide, regular, open, clasping; Seeds numerous,
plump, angular, short, dark; Flesh yellow, breaking, not
CLASS Il.—CONICAL APPLES.—I, IL. Il. 513
fine grained ; Flavor sub-acid ; Quality good ; Use, kitchen
and market ; Season, all winter until March.
Fig. 153.—cLayton.
Cooper’s Market.
COOPER’S REDLING.
“Fruit medium, oblong-conic; Skin yellowish, shaded
with red, and striped with crimson; Stem short, cavity
deep, narrow; Calyx closed, basin small; Flesh white,
tender, with a brisk sub-acid flavor; December to May.”—-
(Downing.)
Early Joe.
This delicious summer apple originated in Ontario Coun-
ty, New York; Tree moderately vigorous, bushy when
young, early bearer, very productive.
*
514 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Fruit small to medium, flat-conic, regular; Surface yel-
low or waxen, mixed red, splashed ¢armine ; Dots minute,
with yellow bases,
Basin abrupt, regular; Eye medium, long, closed ; Seg-
ments reflexed.
Cavity wide, acute, wavy, green; Stem medium, thick.
Core wide, closed, clasping ; Seeds plump, brown ; Flesh
light yellow, breaking, very fine grained, juicy ; Flavor
sub-acid, aromatic, spicy, rich, very satisfying; Quality
best; Use, dessert only; Season, July.
Early Strawberry.
AMERICAN RED JUNEATING.
Origin New York; Tree thrifty, very upright, while
young, spreading and large when older; Shoots dark col-
Fig. 154.—EARLY STRAWBERRY.
ored; Foliage abundant on long stems, bright green, al-
most shining, rather narrow, long, erect.
Fruit small to medium, round-conic, regular or rarely
angular ; Surface smooth, often shining, yellow, mostly cov-
CLASS IL—CONICAL APPLES.—L 1. IL 515
ered with mixed red, striped crimson; Dots rare, ve
minute ; Surface sticky or “ greasy ” when house-ripened.
Basin shallow, folded or plaited; Eye medium, long;
Segments reflexed.
avity medium, regular; Stem long, rather slender,
sometimes short, knobby.
Core regular, closed, not meeting the eye; Seeds nu-
merous, broad, plump ; Flesh whitish-yellow, breaking, fine
grained, juicy; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic; Quality good
to very good; Use, dessert, market; Season, July and
August.
Family.
This new southern variety is not yet sufficiently known
to enable me to give a full description. My trees have
not borne.
Fruit medium, conic, striped red; Season, July and
August.
Flushing Spitzenberg. ,
As some doubt has existed in the minds of many pomol-
ogists in respect to this variety, and as many have had
this name applied to the Baltimore of Elliott, I quote that
author’s description :
“ American. Tree vigorous, strong brown shoots; Fruit
medium, roundish, slightly conical, greenish-yellow, mostly
covered with warm yellowish-red; russet dots, with suffused
fawn shade surrounding ; Stem slender; Cavity narrow;
Calyx small; Basin shallow; Core rather large; Flesh
white, tinged yellow, juicy, crisp, mild, nearly sweet ;
‘very good.’?” November to February.
Gabriel.
LADIES’ BLUSH.—GARDEN OF INDIANA,
This is thought to be a southern apple, ‘but the origin
is unknown. it may yet prove to be a known variety in
cultivation.
Tree moderately vigorous, productive.
Fruit medium, conic, regular; Surface smooth, green-
ish-yellow, mixed and striped pale red; Dots minute.
516 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Basin medium, regular; Eye medium, closed.
Cavity regular, green; Stem medium, slender.
Core regular, closed; Seeds medium; Flesh tender, fine
grained, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid to sweet, aromatic; Qual-
ny almost best, for dessert; August and September, or
ater.
Limbertwig.
This well known southern apple is much cultivated in
many parts of the West as along keeping winter variety.
It is a favorite with the southern immigrants, and found
most abundant in regions occupied by them, but it has
been carried pretty far to the north. The synonym James
River, as given by Downing, is not met with among the
Fig. 155.—LImMBERTWIG.
people as applied to this apple, but the Willow Twig is
often so name
Tree thrifty, exceedingly productive; Shoots slender
and drooping with the heavy crops.
Fruit| medium to small, roundish conic, regular; Sur-
CLASS IL—-CONICAL APPLES.—I. II. I 517
face rather smooth, mixed dull purplish’ red, on green,
stripes scarcely to be traced ; Dots numerous, large, irreg-
ular, brown.
Basin medium, regular; Eye small, open.
Cavity deep, acute, brown; Stem medium, curved.
Core rather large, regular, turbinate, closed, clasping ;
Seeds numerous, small, plump, long; Flesh greenish-yel-
low, firm; Flavor sub-acid, rich, aromatic; Quality very
good ; Use, table and kitchen; Season, March and April.
Keeps very well, but wilts if exposed to the air—preserv-
ed very well in the ground.
Long Island Seek-eno-Further.
WESTCHESTER SEEK-NO-FURTHER.
This old variety still has its admirers in the Eastern
States, but is not often seen in the West. i describe
specimens from Wm. 8. Carpenter, of Westchester Coun-
ty, New York.
The tree is vigorous and productive.
Fruit rather large, oblate, conic, regular ; Surface green-
ish-yellow, splashed bright red ; Dots numerous, scattered,
russet.
Basin shallow, wavy; Eye medium, closed.
Cavity wide, regular, brown; Stem long.
Core regular, closed; Seeds pointed, angular, imper
fect ; Flesh greenish-white, breaking, juicy; Flavoy sub-
acid, aromatic; Quality good to very good; Use, table,
cooking ; Season, October, November.
e
Polly Bright.
Origin Virginia. Considerably cultivated in Eastern
hio.
“Fruit elongated, conic; Skin light yellow, shaded car-
mine, obscurely striped; Stalk of medium length, in an
acute cavity, russeted; Calyx in a small furrowed basin.
Flesh tender, juicy, with a pleasant sub-acid flavor; Sep-
tember, October.” —(Downing.)
BRawle’s Janet.
JANETTING OR GENETON—NEVER FAIL—ROCK RIMMON, ETC., ETO.
This famous southern apple has been spread throughout
the West, and even the Northwest where, however, it has
518 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
not proved hardy. It also has the faujt of over-bearing,
when the fruit is often small and insipid. In suitable soils
it is very fine and deservedly a favorite with planters, some
of whom recommend fifty trees of this variety in an or-
chard of one hundred. Origin Virginia.
Tree thrifty, not large, spreading ; Twigs brownish, foli-
age medium, rather whitish. Blossoms appear later than
other sorts, and thus they sometimes escape a spring frost.
Fruit medium, sometimes large when thinned, flattened,
Fig. 156.—RAWLE'S JANET.
conic, regular; Surface smooth, mixed and striped crim-
son on yellow and green; Dots numerous, small.
Basin wide, regular; Eye small, closed; Segments re-
flexed.
Cavity acute, deep, regular, brown; Stem long, curved.
Core regular, heart-shaped, closed, clasping; Seeds nu-
merous, plump; Flesh yellowish, crisp, breaking, fine
grained, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, vinous, refreshing; Qua-
lity good to very good; Use, dessert, kitchen, market and
cider; Season, February, March, and later.
CLASS IL—CONICAL APPLES.—I. II Il. 519
Red Winter Pearmain.
RED GILLIFLOWER—RED LADY FINGER—BUNCOMBE ? ETC.
This favorite southern apple is widely diffused through
the South and West, and its good qualities have made it
many admirers. Origin uncertain.
Tree sufficiently vigorous, upright, productive, annual
bearer.
Fruit medium to large, conic, regular ; Surface smooth,
deep red, almost purplish on yellow, stripes nearly lost in
the depth of coloring, whitish shading exteriorly, not a
bloom ; Dots numerous, minute.
Basin regular, plaited or folded; Eye long or large,
open.
E Cavite acute, regular, green; Stem medium length,
thick, knobby.
Core medium, closed, clasping ; Seeds numerous, large,
plump; Flesh yellow, breaking, juicy; Flavor mild sub-
acid, almost sweet, rich, satistying ; Quality good; Use,
table and kitchen; Season, December and January.
Fig. 157.—rosy RED.
520 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Rosy Red.
This is one of the valuable fruits which we owe to the
indefatigable efforts of that earnest pomologist and thus
philanthropist, Lewis Jones, of Cambridge, Indiana. Found
in a seedling orchard.
Fruit medium, conical, truncated, regular; Surface
smooth, bright red, generally diffused, indistinctly striped ;
Dots scattered, medium, yellow.
Basin medium, shallow, regular or folded ; Eye medium,
closed.
Cavity acute, narrow, deep, brown ; Stem medium, slen-
der, yellow.
Core wide, indistinct, partly open, scarcely meeting the
eye; Seeds few, plump and imperfect ; Flesh pale yellow,
breaking, juicy; Flavor sub-acid; Quality good; Use,
market and table; Season, December and January.
Westfield Seek-eno-Further.
This favorite Connecticut apple has been widely dis-
seminated throughout the country, and is universally ad-
Fig. 158.—WESTFIELD SEEK-NO-FURTHER.
mired by those who come from the Northern States; on
SLASS Il.—CONICAL APPLES.—L I. Il. 521
lower parallels it is less known, and not so highly appre-
ciated, nor is it so fine a fruit, being larger, but less com-
pact, more spongy, less beautifully colored and sometimes
almost a russet.
Tree vigorous, thrifty, spreading, productive. _.
Fruit medium, roundish-conic; Surface smooth dull red,
mixed and striped on yellow, in the North clear bright
red; Dots scattered, large, yellow; leather-cracked and
russeted about the apex.
Basin shallow, regular, leather-cracked; Eye small,
closed or open.
Cavity pointed, regular, brown; Stem long.
Core medium, regular, closed, meeting and clasping the
eye; Seeds numerous, small, pointed; Flesh yellowish-
white, tender, breaking; Flavor very mild sub-acid, aro-
matic, satisfying, not high flavored nor spicy; Quality
only Ao in my estimation; Use, table and market ; Sea-
son, December.
CLASS II—CONICAL APPLES.
ORDER I.—REGULAR.
SECTION 2.—SOUR.
SUB-SECTION 8.—RUSSET.
American Golden Russet.
BULLOCK’S PIPPIN, ETC.
This delicious table apple is a universal favorite with all
who can appreciate delicacy of flavor and fineness of
flesh in an apple, and yet it is not a profitable variety for
orchard planting, because the fruit is very apt to be imper-
fect. The best I have seen were from the South, and sand-
stone soils.
Tree vigorous, upright, round-headed, small; Foliage
large, healthy.
ruit small to medium, round-conic, regular when per-
fect ; Surface smooth, yellow, covered with thin russet,
sometimes faintly blushed; Dots minute.
Basin shallow, regular; Eye small, closed.
522 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Cavity acute, regular ; Stem long, slender.
Core medium, closed, meeting the eye; Seeds numer-
ous, pointed ; Flesh yellowish, very fine grained, tender,
Fig. 159.—AMERICAN GOLDEN RUSSET.
when fully ripe almost melting, like a pear, juicy,*becom-
ing dry when over ripe; Flavor sub-acid, rich, aromatic ;
Quality very best ; Use, dessert ; Season, November and
December.
Cheesborough.
This is one of the largest and one of the poorest of the
Russet apples, and unworthy of cultivation; on that ac-
count put upon record to be avoided.
Fruit large and fair, conical, regular; Surface dull green,
overspread with thin russet, or more southward.
Basin irregular, green; Eye large, closed.
Cavity pointed, regular ; Stem short.
Core large, closed, clasping ; Seeds long, pointed, angu-
lar ; Flesh green, breaking, coarse, often dry ; Flavor acid
or sub-acid, not rich; Quality poor; Use, kitchen only ;
Season, November and December.
CLASS IL—-CONICAL APPLES.—I. II. IIL 523
Egyptian Russet.
BAGBY RUSSET.
This capital dessert fruit was found in Southern Illinois
and introduced to his fellow pomologists of the State So-
ciety by Jno. M. Hunter, nurseryman, of Ashley. Its ori-
Fig. 160.—EGYPTIAN RUSSET.
gin is unknown, but supposed, like the pioneers of the re-
gion, to have come from Tennessee, or some other South-
ern State.
Tree symmetrical, moderately vigorous, productive;
Twigs slender. :
Fruit medium, regular, conical, truncated; Surface
smooth, light yellow, covered with fine russet, obscurely
striped gray. -
Basin wide, wavy, plaited, green; Eye medium to large,
open.
Carty acute, wavy; Stem medium.
Core irregular, closed, scarcely meeting the eye; Seeds
large, plump; Flesh very tender, fine grained, juicy;
§24 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Flavor sub-acid, aromatic, rich, pear-like; Quality very
best ; Use, dessert; Season, December and January, until
March. Like other russets disposed to wilt if too much
exposed to the air.
Poughkeepsie Russet.
ENGLISH RUSSET.
Origin New York; Tree tender, vigorous, upright, pro-
ductive; Shoots brown, slender; Foliage healthy.
Fruit mediun, conical or globular-conical, regular ; Sur-
face smooth, almost polished, dull ycllowish-green, often
bronzed near the base, more or less covered with fine russet.
Fig. 161.—PoUGHKEEPSIE RUSSET.
Basin shallow, regular; Eye large, closed.
Cavity pointed, wavy; Stem long.
Core closed, not meeting the eye; Seeds imperfect;
Flesh greenish, firm, inclined to be tough; Flavor acid,
poor; Quality third rate; Use, market and cooking only,
and valued because it keeps soundly for a long time; Sea-
son, December until June.
Ross’ Nonpareil.
SPICE RUSSET ? OF OHIO.
The delicious fruit about to be described is believed to
be the celebrated Irish apple mentioned by Thompson,
CLASS II.—CONICAL APPLES.—I. Il. IIL. 525
Lindley, and others; if not, we have found another choice
fruit, which deserves to be better known. It is frequently
found at the exhibitions in Ohio and Indiana, Often shown
as Spice Russet, flatter and irregular: Vide conspectus.
Fig. 162.—ross’ NONPAREIL.
Fruit medium, regular, oblate-conical ; Surface smooth,
yellowish, thin russet, rarely blushed dull carmine; Dots
minute, gray. <
Basin wide, folded; Eye medium, closed.
Cavity deep, acute, wavy; Stem long, inclined.
Core regular, open, scarcely meeting the eye; Axis
short; Seeds numerous, medium, plump; Flesh white,
breaking, fine grained, tender; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic,
rich; Quality almost best; for table; Season December.
Spafford Russet,
This apple is supposed to have originated near old Fort
Miami, in Northern Ohio, and was introduced to the notice
of the Ohio Pomological Society by its Vice-President, J.
Austin Scott, of Toledo, who cultivates the variety on the
banks of the Maumee, near the place of its supposed
origin.
Fruit medium, flattened-conical, regular; Surface
smooth, greenish-yellow, lightly russeted, rarely bronzed ;
Dots minute, green.
526 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Basin medium, abrupt, narrow, regular; Eye small,
closed.
Cavity wide, wavy, green; Stem medium.
Core small, open, regular, meeting the eye ; Axis short
Fig. 163.—sPaFFORD RUSSET.
Seeds numerous, plump, angular; Flesh white, fine grain-
ed, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, rich, aromatic, agreeable ; Qual-
ity good to very good; Use, table; Season, December
until March.
‘CLASS II.—CONICAL APPLES.
ORDER IL—IRREGULAR OR ANGULAR.
SECTION 1.—SWEET.
SUB-SECTION 1.—SELF-COLORED.
Belden Sweet.
“ Grown in Connecticut, very prolific; Freit medium
or below, conic, angular; Skin light yellow, with a warm
" CLASS II.—CONICAL APPLES,—II. I. III. 527
cheek. Stem medium, in an acute deep cavity; Calyx
closed, in a small basin; Flesh white, tender, juicy, sac-
charine, with a pleasant aromatic flavor; December to
March.”—(Downing.)
Lyman’s Pumpkin Sweet.
POUND SWEET.
Origin, the orchard of S. Lyman, Manchester, Connec-
ticut. A very handsome, large, sweet apple, valued for
baking and for stock-feeding.
Tree vigorous, spreading, drooping, rather productive.
Fruit large to very large, roundish-conical, angular; Sur-
face very smooth, pale yellow; Dots minute.
Basin deep, abrupt, regular; Eye medium, closed.
fir deep, acute, regular, brown; Stem medium or
short.
Core large, closed ; Seeds angular, dark ; Flesh yellow-
ish, breaking, juicy, often water-cored and heavy; Flavor
very sweet; Quality good; Use, baking and stock-fecd-
ing ; Season, October to December.
CLASS IL—CONICAL APPLES.
ORDER I1.—IRREGULAR. ¢
SECTION 1.—SWEET.
SUB-SECTION 2.—STRIPED.
None.
CLASS IL—CONICAL. APPLES,
ORDER II.—IRREGULAR.
SECTION 1.—SWEET.
SUB-SECTION 3.—RUSSET.
Sweet Russett of Kentucky.
This fruit. was received from J. S. Downer & Son, Elk.
ton, Kentucky,
§28 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Fruit small, conical, truncated, angular ; Surface rough,
dark russet ; Dots scattered, minute, white, prominent.
Fig. 164.—SWEET RUSSET OF KENTUCKY.
Basin shallow, regular; Eye small, closed.
Cavity very shallow, acute ; Stem short, slender.
Core large, regular, nearly closed, meeting the eye;
Seeds numerous, angular, pale; Flesh yellowish-white, fine-
grained, not tender; Flavor sweet ; Quality scarcely good;
Season, December to February.
.
Sweet Russet.
Fruit medium, conical, umeven; Surface yellow, thin
russet ; Dots numerous, small, prominent.
Basin shallow, folded ; Eye small, closed.
Cavity wide, wavy; Stem short.
Core oval, open, clasping the eye; Seeds plump; Flesh
yellow, tender, fine grained, juicy; Flavor sweet; Quality.
good to very good; Use, baking; Season, August.
S. B. Parsons of Flushing, Long Island, considers it the
best baking apple.
CLASS II,—CONICAL APPLES.—II. IL I. 529
Fig. 165..-SwWEET RUSSET.
-CLASS II.—CONICAL APPLES,
ORDER II.—IRREGULAR.
SECTION 2.—SOUR.
SUB-SECTION 1.—SELF-COLORED OR BLUSHED.
Belmont.
GATE—MAMMA BEAN, ETC.
This beautiful apple is believed to be of Virginia origin,
but was brought into public notice and notoriety in Bel-
mont County, Ohio, whenee its name. It is supposed to
be the same as the Wagen of Coxe, which that author re-
fers to Virginia,
Tree vigorous, spreading, productive, not hardy; Twigs
light olive.
23
530 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Fruit large, fair, oblate-conic, often angular; Surface
very smooth, waxen-yellow, often faintly blushed orange,
and spotted red; Dots minute, scattered.
Basin regular or wavy, not deep; Eye small, closed.
Cavity wide, wavy, brown; Stem long.
Core wide, regular, somewhzt open, clasping; Axis
short; Seeds numerous, large, flat; Flesh yellow, tender,
RN
Fig. 166.—BELMONT.
fine-grained, juicy; Flavor mild sub-acid, refreshing, very
agreeable; Quality nearly best; Use, table, kitchen, mar-
ket; Season, October to December.
Celestia.
This fine amateur fruit, which appears destined to take
the place of the Dyer, being more handsome, is a seedling
ar
CLASS IL—CONICAL APPLES.—II. II. 1 631
from the Stilheater Sweet, and was produced by L. S. Mote,
of Miami County, Ohio.
Fruit large, conical, truncated, angular; Surface some-
what uneven, smooth, waxen-yellow ; Dots scattered, dis-
tinct, gray, with green bases.
Basin narrow, folded; Eye small, long, closed.
Cavity wide, shallow, angular; Stem long or medium,
sometimes knobby.
Core small, oval, open, clasping ; Seeds numerous, long,
angular; Flesh yellow, very fine grained, very tender,
2H mays"
Fig. 167.—cELEsTIA.
juicy; Flavor sub-acid, very sprightly, and spicy, aroma-
tic; Quality very best ; Use, table and kitchen ; ’Season,
September.
his is essentially an amateur’s fruit, as its texture and
532 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES,
color disqualify it for market, while its delicious flavor
renders it very attractive.
Detroit Black.
DETROIT RED?—GRAND SACHEM.
Supposed to be of Canadian origin, in the neighborhood
of Detroit, Michigan. I have put these two names to-
ether, because the fruits presented as Black and as Red
etroit are so very much alike in all respects that it is not
worth while to consider them distinct.
Fruit large to very large, conic, angular; Surface very
smooth, shining, deep red shaded, almost black in some
specimens, no striping ; Dots, numerous, minute, indented,
gray.
Basin deep, abrupt, folded; Eye small, open.
Cavity wide, wavy; stem very short.
Core wide, closed or open, clasping the eye; Seeds nu-
Fig. 168.—pDETROIT BLACK.
merous, angular, brown; Flesh whitish, tender, breaking,
CLASS IL—CONICAL APPLES.—ll. II. I. 533
Hey; Flavor acid, poor; Quality second to third rate;
se, kitchen and drying ; Season, September and October.
The Red variety may be distinct, as it keeps later.
Fall Geneting.
Elliott says this is an old Connecticut variety. Tree
vigorous and productive.
it large, flattened-conic, angular; Surface smooth,
greenish-yellow, blushed; Dots rare, minute.
Basin shallow, plaited; Eye small, closed; Calyx re-
flexed.
Cavity deep, wide, regular, brown; Stem short.
Fig. 169.—FaLL GENETING.
Core small, regular, closed, clasping ; Seeds numerous,
plump or imperfect, brown; Flesh yellow, fine grained,
juicy, crisp; Flavor sub-acid, not very rich; Quality
good; Use, table, kitchen; Season, October.
Ferdinand.
I procured my trees from Virginia, where it originated.
Tree vigorous, upright.
534 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Fruit large, flattened-conic, irregular; Surface smooth,
pale green or yellow.
Basin shallow; Eye medium, open.
- Cavity medium; Stem stout.
Flesh yellow, tender; Flavor sub-acid; Quality good ;
Season, “November to March,” according to Mr. Sum-
mer, South Carolina.
Marrison.
This famous Jersey cider apple, from Essex County in
that State, has been carried westward over a great extent
of territory, where it succeeds admirably well, and where ,
Fig. 170.— HARRISON.
the necessities of the people have brought to light its good
properties for the kitchen as well as for the cider mill.
Tree vigorous, large, spreading, productive.
Fruit smail, round-conical, somewhat angular and irreg-
ular; Surface not smooth, yellow, rarely blushed; fre
CLASS IL—CONICAL APPLES,—II. II. 1 535
quent rose-colored spots, and marks radiating from the ca-
vity over the base of the fruit ; Dots small, distinct, gray.
Basin none, or very shallow, plaited ; Eye small, closed;
Segments long.
avity medium, regular, brown ; Stem long, red, knobby.
Core regular, heart-shaped, closed, scarcely meeting the
eye; Seeds numerous, small; Flesh yellow, compact, dry
till ripe, then juicy; flavor acid to sub-acid, very rich, sac-
charine; Quality good; Use, especially for cider, also for
cooking and for dessert in April. Keeps well.
Pound Royale.
This fine summer apple, received from H. N. Gillett, of
Lawrence County, Ohio, has long been considered one of
the very best summer apples along the Ohio River.
Fig. 17L.—pounp ROYALE.
Tree a pretty good grower, an early and constant bear-
er, very productive ; Shoots dark, foliage dark.
536 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Fruit large, conical, slightly angular; Surface smooth,
glossy, greenish ; Dots small, green, indented.
Basin medium, folded; Eye medium, closed; Segments
long, reflexed.
Cavity acute, wavy, brown; Stem medium, sometimes
knobby.
Core small, closed or slightly open, meeting the eye;
Seeds numerous, pointed, dark; Flesh white, very tender,
juicy ; Flavor very mild sub-acid, delicious ; Quality very
good to best ; Use, table, kitchen; Season, August.
Different from Pound Royal of Downing, which is a
winter-keeping fruit.
Ridge Pippin.
This fruit appears to be quite a favorite market apple in
the neighborhood of Philadelphia, where it originated.
Fruit rather large, round-conic, very irregular, ribbed ;
Surface yellow, lightly shaded and blushed with red,
and sprinkled with russet and crimson spots.
Basin abrupt, furrowed and folded; Eye small, closed.
Cavity wide, regular; Stem short.
Flesh yellow, crisp, juicy ; Flavor mild sub-acid, rich.
Season, until March and April.
.
The Cook’s Favorite.
This nice autumn apple comes to me from Oliver Albert-
son, a prominent and intelligent cultivator in Washington
County, Indiana, marked “Best.” Origin unknown.
Fruit medium, flattish-conical, angular ; Surface smooth,
whitish-yellow; Dots minute.
Basin deep, folded, ribbed ; Eye medium, closed.
Cavity wide, wavy, brown; Stem long, slender,
Core medium, roundish, closed, meeting the eye; Seeds
numerous, dark; Flesh yellow, breaking, tender; Flavor
sub-acid; Quality quite good; Use, kitchen especially—
“cooks very well;” Season, September.
Trenton Early.
This fine autumn apple has been thought to be the Hng-
lish Codling. Of its origin and history we know little,
CLASS 1L1.—CONICAL APPLES.—II. Il. 1. 532
except that it was one of Silas Wharton’s varieties, and
that 1t has been a great favorite wherever known. It was
introduced to the notice of the Ohio Pomological Society,
1852, by R. W. Steele, Esq., of Dayton, Ohio, with the
following notes: “A large, white apple, of excellent flav-
or, and is highly esteemed both for eating and cooking.
It ripens in August. The tree is a vigorous grower an
an abundant bearer. It was introduced here many years
-ago by Silas Wharton, of Warren County, to whom this
portion of the Miami Valley is largely indebted for the in-
troduction of many excellent varieties of apples and pears.”
Fruit large, conical, angular; Surface smooth, very pale
yellow or white; Dots rare, minute.
Basin narrow, folded ; Eye medium or small, closed.
Cavity wide, regular, brown; Stem medium.
Core large, rather open; Seeds numerous, angular;
Flesh white, very tender, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, pleasant ;
Quality very good; Use, dessert and kitchen; Season,
August, September.
*
CLASS IL—CONICAL APPLES.
ORDER II.—ANGULAR.
SECTION 2.—SOUR.
SUB-SECTION 2.—STRIPED.
Backingham.
BYER’S RED—FALL QUEEN (of s0me)—BLACKBURN (erroneously. )
This favorite southern apple, from Louisa County, Vir-
ginia, has worked its way northward into public favor at
rapid rate, under the influence of railways and Pomologi-
cal Societies. It was first presented to the American So-
ciety at the Philadelphia meeting, in 1860, when it was
figured and reported on by the Committee on Native
Fruits, to some of whom, as to thousands of othersin the
West, it was familiar as household words. This fruit was
brought by settlers to Southern Illinois, and thence dis-
tributed, by taking up the sprouts that formed about the
. base of the stocks, and setting them out for an orchard.
I have some of these growing, and they make nice plants.
23*
538 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
_ Tree vigorous, upright, compact while young, spread-
ing with the weight of fruit, never large; the shoots
rather slender, red, dark; Leaves medium, rather narrow,
wider towards the end, dark, footstalks red. The stems
of these trees are characterized by curious enlargements
of an irregular, mammellar form, and reddish color, and
appear to be like the knaurs of the olive tree.
hen this apple was first brought to the notice of the
Cincinnati Horticultural Society, twenty years ago, it was
Fig. 172.—BUCKINGHAM.
thought to resemble the Winter Queen of Kentucky so
closely that it was considered only a variety or sport, and
called the Striped Fall Queen, but it has since been deem-
ed a distinct sort.
’ Fruit large to very large, variable in form, but gener-
ally conical, or oblate-conic, truncated, angular ; Surface
CLASS IL—CONICAL APPLES.—Il. II. II. 539
smooth, greenish-yellow, mixed and striped pale purplish-
red; Dots scattered, prominent, yellow. :
Basin deep, abrupt, wavy; Eye large, long, open.
Cavity wide, wavy, brown; Stem short.
Core large, regular, closed; Axis very short; Seeds nu-
merous, long, pointed; Flesh yellow, tender, fine-grained,
juicy ; Flavor mild sub-acid, rich, agreeable; Quality best,
or nearly so; Use, table, kitchen, drying ; Season, October
to December.
Esopus Spitzenberg.
Origin New York, on the Hudson. This fruit has
changed its character in progressing westward and south-
ward, becoming larger and more irregular, less brilliantly
colored, less highly flavored, and less productive.
Fig. 173.—ESOPUS SPITZENBERG.
Tree vigorous, upright, thrifty, but in some regions sub-
ject to blight and unprofitable; Shoots slender.
640 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Fruit medium to large, conical, ribbed, irregular; Sur-
face smooth, yellow, covered with bright red, marbled
and mixed, striped more or less distinctly ; Dots numerous,
large, irregular, gray, always elongated near the base.
Basin deep, ribbed or folded, often leather-cracked ; Hye
small, closed.
Cavity deep, acute, regular, or wavy; Stem long.
Core large, closed; Seeds long, pointed ; Flesh rich, ye’
low, breaking, juicy at the North, more fibrous than crisp
at the South; Flavor quite acid till ripe, when it is rich,
saccharine, highly aromatic, giving the idea of the Spitz-
enberg flavor; Quality best; Use,dessert and kitchen;
Season, December to February.
Lansingburgh.
The origin of this long-keeper has not been traced. It
has been common about Cincinnati, and along the Ohio
River, for many years.
Tree upright, vigorous, brushy and thorny, looking like
a wilding. n
Fruit medium, conical, angular, oblique, often unequal ;
Surface smooth, green and yellow, bronzed and blushed,
becoming very rich yellow and carmine—an indistinct
gray-striping makes the ripe fruit “appear to be striped
yellow ; Dots minute, indented, gray, with green bases,
Basin deep, plaited or folded; Eye small, closed.
Cavity acute, irregular, rough with brown; Stem short.
Core small, oval, closed ; Seeds numerous, large; Flesh
firm, compact; Flavor mild sub-acid, negative; Quality
scarcely good; Use, market, ornamental, cooking; Season
in the kitchen all winter—ornamental and eatable March to
May, or later.
Late Strawberry.
AUTUMN STRAWBERRY.
The origin of this choice fruit, appears to be unknown.
Tree upright, productive, thrifty, leaves serrate.
Fruit medium, roundish, conical, angular, furrowed ;
Surface smooth, waxen-yellow, mixed aud striped scarlet;
Dots minute, indented.
Basin folded, irregular; Eye medium, closed.
Cavity acute, wavy, irregular; Stem slender, long.
CLASS II.—CONICAL APPLES.—II. I. II. 541
Core medium, regular, closed , Seeds large; Flesh yel-
low, very tender, fine-grained, very juicy ; Flavor sub-acid,
aromatic, refreshing, vinuus ; Quality best ; Use, dessert es-
pecially ; Season, August and September.
There is another similar fruit—the Frank or Chenango
Strawberry, which is by some preferred to this.
Northern Spy.
Origin near Rochester, New York. Tree very vigor-
ous, large, upright, spreading, when older ; shoots reddish,
Fig. 174.—NORTHERN SPY.
leaves healthy, large, dark. Tree productive when old,
put not an early bearer; needs trimming to admit light and
air to the fruit.
Fruit large, flattened-conical, angular; Surface smooth,
yellow, mixed, and splashed, scarlet, or crimson; Dots
scattered, small. a
19*
542 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Basin abrupt, regular, or folded; Eye small, closed.
Rites wide, regular or wavy, brown; Stem medium to
short.
Core large, irregular, open; Seeds numerous, small,
pointed, pale; Flesh yellowish-white, breaking, granular,
juicy ; Flavor acid, becoming sub-acid, aromatic, rich, with
the spiciness of a Spitzenberg ; Quality considered best,
but rather coarse in texture; Use, table, kitchen and mar-
ket ; Season, December until May, and in the North longer.
Bed Canada.
STEEL'S RED.
Origin New England. Tree thrifty, healthy, but slen-
der, twiggy, productive.
Fruit medium, globular-conic, indistinctly angular ; Sur-
face smooth, yellow, covered with mixed and striped
bright red ; Dots numerous, gray, indented, elongated near
the stem, as in Esopus.
Basin shallow, folded; Eye small, closed.
Cavity wide, acute, wavy ; Stem long, inclinea.
Core regular, closed, large; Seeds imperfect; Flesh yel-
lowish-white, breaking, crisp, fine-grained, tender, juicy ;
Flavor sub-acid, aromatic, delicious; Quality best, for ta-
ble ; Season, December to February.
Red Stripe.
EARLY RED MARGARET (incorrectly)—ROCKHILL’S . SUMMER QUEEN (In-
diana).
This handsome and productive early apple has been ex-
tensively propagated in parts of Indiana, under the names
above presented. It was introduced at Fort Wayne by
Mr. Rockhill, who is reported to have “ made more money
from the trees of this variety than from twice as many of
any other early apple.” Recommended for general cul-
tivation in that State.
Tree hardy in nursey and orchard, productive ; Shoots
very downy.
Bruit medium to small, long, conical, furrowed or rib-
bed; Surface polished, pale yellow, mixed and splashed
crimson.
CLASS II.—CONICAL APPLES,—II. II. I 543
Basin very shallow, plaited; Eye very small, closed,
Cavity acute, regular, browned ; Stem medium,
Core long, oval, embracing the eye; Flesh whitish, ten-
der, fine-grained, juicy; Flavor acid; Quality good; Table
or kitchen; Season, July and August.
Scalloped Gilliflower
This is supposed to be an old European variety. Its
peculiarly irregular form makes it quite a remarkable fruit.
t is sometimes called Red Gilliflower ; but that name is
also very commonly applied to quite another fruit—the
Red Winter Pearmain, described on a previous page, in
Class II., Order L, Section 2., Sub-section 2.
Fruit large, round-conic, very irregular, furrowed and
ribbed; Surface yellow, marbled and splashed scarlet.
Basin abrupt, deep, folded or ribbed; Eye medium,
closed.
Cavity deep, acute, irregular, wavy ; Stem medium.
Core regular, round, very open, meeting the eye; Seeds
numerous, plump; Flesh yellow, breaking, tender; Flavor
sub-acid, aromatic; Quality scarcely good; Use, table,
kitchen ; Season, November, December. Chiefly grown
northward.
Seager.
.
This large, handsome fruit was exhibited at the Ameri-
can Pomological Society’s meeting at Philadelphia, in
1860, by Chas. P. Davis, of Phillipsburgh, New Jersey.
The Committee reported it “ Good.”
Fruit large, roundish-conic, irregular; Surface smooth,
yellow, striped, splashed and mixed carmine; Dots scat-
tered, yellow.
Basin abrupt, narrow, folded, plaited; Eye medium,
large, closed.
Cavity wide, wavy, brown and yellow; Stem medium,
knobby.
Core roundish, open, clasping ; Seeds angular, imperfect ;
Flesh yellowish-white, breaking, fine-grained, juicy; Flavor
sub-acid, aromatic ; Quality good to very good; Use, ta-
ble, kitchen ; Season, September.
644 ° DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Stanard.
From Erie County, New York, this fruit has made its
way westward, by the Lakes, having been distributed b
Col. Hodge, of Buffalo, and brought to the notice of his
western friends by Hon. M. L. Dunlap, ot Champaign,
Illinois, who esteems it very highly. I quote from his ac-
count of it:
“This proves one of our most profitable winter apples ;
the tree bears young and constantly, but fuller on alter-
Fig. 175,—sTanarD.
nate years; fruit large and showy, shoots large and
downy; buds prominent, fruit buds large, and the earliest
in the orchard to swell; but they do not open as soon as
others. ‘Tree spreading, trunk generally crooked.” Very
hardy.
Frit large, roundish, conical, ribbed, angular ; Surface
smooth, yellowish-green, somewhat red, mixed and striped
indistinctly ; Dots numerous, minute, white.
CLASS IL—-CONICAL APPLES.—H. II. IL. 545
Basin medium, folded and plaited; Eye large, closed ;
Segments long.
Cavity wide, acute, wavy, green; Stem medium to long.
Core small, globular, regular, closed or open; Seeds
numerous, brown, angular; Flesh yellow, breaking, rather
coarse, tender; Flavor acid to sub-acid, rich ; Quality good ;
Use, market and table; Season, November to February.
Sammer Queen.
American. Tree vigorous, large, spreading, productive.
Fruit medium, round-conic, angular; Surtace yellow,
Fig. 176.—sUMMER QUEEN.
covered mixed red, striped, splashed scarlet; Dots minute,
yellow.
Basin none or very shallow, folded or plaited ; Eye me-
dium, closed.
546 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Cavity wide, regular, brown; Stem long, slender.
Core medium, regular, open; Seeds numerous, pointed,
brown; Flesh firm, yellow, breaking ; Flavor acid, very
aromatic, spicy ; Quality first rate; Use, kitchen; Season,
July, August.
Winesap.—|[Goze.]
Tree vigorous, healthy, hardy, productive, early bearer ;
Branches open, straggling ; Shoots strong, dark reddish-
brown; Foliage curled, glaucous, sparse.
Fruit medium, -conical, often obscurely angular, or
slightly ribbed; Surface rather smooth, bright or dark red,
Fig. 177.—winesaP.
mixed and obscurely striped on yellow, which is mostly
covered, often veined russet ; Dots few, minute, indented.
Basin narrow, shallow, plaited; Eye small, closed.
Cavity wide, reddish brown ; Stem medium.
Core regular, somewhat open ; Sceds large, rather light ;
Flesh firm, yellow ; Flavor rich, acid to sub-acid ; Use, mar-
ket, kitchen, cider; Season, January to March.
CLASS IL.—CONICAL APPLES.—IL I. UL 547
CLASS IL—CONICAL APPLES.
ORDER IL—ANGULAR.
SECTION 2.—SOUR,
SUB-SECTION 3.—RUSSET,
Fort Miami.
This is another of the seedling russets of the Maumee,
brought to the notice of the State Society by its Vice-
President, J. Austin Scott, of Toledo. Mr. Elliott de-
scribes it from notes taken in 1846, when he received
specimens from A. Spafford, Esq., Perrysburgh, Ohio.
Tree upright and spreading, healthy, thrifty ; Shoots
dark; not an early bearer, but productive when older.
Fig. 178.—FoRT MIAMI.
Fruit medium, roundish or oblong-conic, truncated, an-
gular, often unequal; Surface rich yellow russet, often
bronzed; Dots scattered, netted russeting.
Basin medium or shallow, folded ; Eye small, closed.
Cavity acute, wavy, green; Stem medium.
548 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Core oval, clasping the eye, regular, closed ; Seeds often
imperfect; Flesh greenish-yellow, firm; Flavor acid, rich ;
quay nearly best; Use, dessert ; Season, February to
April.
CLASS. IL—ROUND APPLES.
ORDER 1.—REGULAR.
SECTION 1.—SWEET.
SUB-SECTION 1.—SELF-COLQRED.
Blaff Sweet. «
This apple was found by G. M. Beeler on the banks of
the White river, upon a farm devoted to pomology.
" DS.
i"
H
“yy
ea v
e : ‘
v ‘,
) ;
\
'
:
:
l
Fig. 179.—BLUFF SWEET.
Fruit medium to small, regular, round ; Surface smooth,
green; Dots minute.
Basin shallow ; Eye small, closed.
Cavity shallow, regular; Stem long.
CLASS IIL-—~ROUND APPLES.—I. I. I. 549
Core small, oval, pointed; Seeds plump, brown ; Flesh
reenish-white ; Flavor sweet ; Quality good ; Use, market;
eason, July. Rather too small.
Broadwell.
* This delicious winter sweet apple originated near Cin-
cinnati, Ohio. Tree thrifty, vigorous, spreading, pro-
ductive.
Fruit large, varies from globular toward oblate, regu-
lar ; Surface smooth, pale yellow or whitish, thinly blushed
with carmine, often bronzed ; Dots scattered, minute, dark.
Fig. 180.—BROADWELL.
Basin abrupt, rarely folded or plaited ; Eye small, closed.
Cavity wide, regular brown; Stem short.
Core round, regular, closed, clasping the eye; Seeds
short, plump; Flesh yellowish, fine-grained, very tender,
juicy; Flavor very sweet, agreeable ; Quality best winter
sweet; Use, table, kitchen; Season, December.
Caleb.
“ A Pennsylvania fruit. Tree vigorous and isa hi
Fruit medium, roundish, flattened, skin yellow; Flesh
550 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
rather fine, very sweet, excellent for cooking. Last of
August and first of September ”.—[Downing.]
Danvers’ Winter Sweet.
Origin Danvers, Massachusetts. Tree very thrifty, very
productive.
Fruit large, globular, truncate, sometimes globular-ob-
late, regular; Surface smooth, uneven, greenish-yellow ;
Dots numerous, medium, prominent, with white and green
bases.
Basin abrupt, deep, regular ; Eye small, closed; Seg-
ments long.
Cavity wide, deep, brown ; Stem long, slender, knobby.
Uys.
Fig. 181.—DANVERS’ WINTER 8WEET.
Core round, regular, closed; Seeds numerous, long,
brown, pointed ; Flesh yellow, breaking, fine-grained, juicy;
Flavor very sweet; Quality good to very good; Use, bak-
ing; Season, December and January.
Fancher.
This new fruit was obtained from Mr. Thomson, at the
State Fair at Zanesville, Ohio. Origin unkown. Not
identified nor recognized.
CLASS IIl.—ROUND APPLES.—I. I. I. 551
Frait large to very large, globular, regular; Surface
smooth, yellow, blushed; Dots minute; scattered.
Basin shallow, regular; Eye small, closed.
Cavity acute, regular, green; Stem long, inclined.
Core wide, round, open, meeting the eye; Seeds numer-
ous, plump, brown; Flesh white, fine-grained, breaking,
juicy; Flavor very sweet; Quality good to very good;
se, baking ; Season, September and October.
Golden Sweet.
ORANGE SWEETING.
From Connecticut. Tree very robust, vigorous, spread-
Fig. 182.—GOLDEN 8WEET.
ing, round-head, early — productive; Shoots stout, dark,
foliage large, dark. *
Fruit large, globular, regular; Surface very smooth,
waxen to rich yellow; Dots scattered, indented, green..
552 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Basin shallow, wide regular ; Eye raedium, closed ; Calyx
reflexed.
Cavity wide, regular; Stem long, slender, yellow.
Core medium, regular, closed; Seeds numerous, small,
pointed, light brown ; Flesh yellow, breaking, fine-grained,
juicy ; Flavor very sweet, aromatic, like sassafrass ; Quali-
ty good to very good; Use, baking and market ; Season,
August.
Higby Sweet.
LADY BLUSH.
Origin Trumbull County, Ohio; introduced by Dr.
Kirtland.
Fruit large, round, truncated, regular; Surface smooth, .
greenish-yellow, blushed; Dots scattered, distinct, white
and dark.
Basin abrupt, wavy, deep; Eye medium, closed.
Cavity deep, acute, rei brown; Stem medium. -
Fig. 183.—HIGBY SWEET.
Core small, regular, heart-shaped, closed, clasping the
eye; Seeds plump; Flesh yellowish-white, tender, fine-
grained, juicy; Flavor very sweet; Quality good; Use,
baking ; Season, October.
CLASS IIl.—ROUND APPLES.—I. I. I. 553
Hightop Sweet.
SWEET JUNE.
From Plymouth, Massachusetts.
Tree vigorous, very upright, exceedingly productive and
profitable. :
Fruit small to medium, round, regular; Surface smooth,
greenish-yellow; Dots minute, black.
Basin medium, regular; Eye small, closed.
Cavity deep, narrow; Stem medium.
Core very small, oval, separate from the eye; Seeds
numerous, angular, yellow; Flesh white, or greenish-
white, fine-grained, tender, juicy; Flavor sweet; Quality
good; Use, table and kitchen ; Season, June and July.
Holston Sweet. .
Origin unknown. Not identified as sny other variety ;
received from my brother, J. T. Warder, Springfield, Ohio
Fruit medium to large, round, regular; Surface smooth
greenish-yellow, bronzy ; Dots scattered.
Basin regular, small; Eye small, closed.
Cavity shallow, wide ; Stem long to medium.
Core small, oval, regular, closed, clasping ; Seeds short,
plump, brown; Flesh whitish-yellow, very fine-grained,
tender, juicy ; Flavor very sweet, aromatic, rich; Quality
best ; Use, table, baking; Season, December to February.
‘ One of the best sweet table apples—better than Higby
noeet,
May.
may (of Myers)—RHENISH MAY (of Illinois.)
This long-keeping apple has been widely disseminated
throughout the West, and yet I do not find its history nor
origin. It has been exhibited at all our winter meetings,
cand finds favor on account of its productiveness and its
long-keeping properties. Tree healthy, vigorous and pro-
ductive—believed to be hardy. Its reputed foreign origin
is discredited.
Fruit medium, round, inclined to conical, regular; Sur-
face smooth, often shining, pale greenish-yellow, oiten
faintly blushed, or bronzed.
24
554 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Basin shallow, generally regular ; Eye small, closed.
Cavity deep, narrow, regular, brown; Stem long, rather
slender.
Core large, regular, heart-shaped, reaching the eye ; Seeds
Fig. 184.—May.
numerous, pointed, plump, brown; Flesh yellow, com-
pes fine, sufficiently juicy; Quality fair; Use market and
itchen ; Season spring and into summer,
Morton.
This undescribed fruit appears to have originated in
Clermont County, Ohio. y specimens and trees came
from my worthy friend, Wm. E. Mears, of Milford, Ohio.
Tree vigorous, healthy, round top, spreading, produc-
tive ; Shoots rather slender ; Leaves rich green, abundant.
Fruit large, round, regular ; Surface smooth, green, be-
coming yellow, with a dull bronzy blush; Dots gray and
brown.
CLASS I1l.—ROUND APPLES.—I. I, I. 555
Basin shallow, or deep and abrupt, regular or plaited;
Eye medium, closed.
Cavity acute, regular, brown; Stem rather slender, often
long.
Core very small, regular, closed, meeting the eye; Seeds
Fig. 185.—morrTon.
not numerous, flat, angular; Flesh white, tender, juicy ;
Flavor rather sweet, rich, agreeable; Season December to
January. Worthy of cultivation.
Paradise Summer Sweet.
Origin Eastern Pennsylvania. Tree upright, vigorous,
productive.
Fruit large, oblate-globular, regular; Surface greenish-
yellow; Dots numerous, large, white.
Basin shallow, wide, folded; Eye small, closed.
Cavity deep, regular, acute, green; Stem long, inclined,
yellow.
556 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Core medium, regular, round, clasping ; Seeds plump;
Fig. 186.—PARADISE SUMMER SWEET.
Flesh yellow, melting, juicy ; Flavor rich, sweet; Quality
best ; Use table and kitchen ; Season August, September.
Paradise Winter Sweet.
Origin believed to be similar to its predecessor—Lancas-
ter County, Pennsylvania.
Fruit large, globular, often unequal; Surface smooth,
yellowish-white ; Dots scattered, minute.
Basin abrupt, regular; Eye small, closed.
Cavity deep, acute, brown; Stem long, slender,
Core large, wide, open, clasping; Seeds plump and
dark ; Flesh white, tender, breaking, juicy; Flavor very
sweet; Quality good ; Use, baking and stock ; Season, De-
cember to March.
CLASS III.—ROUND APPLES.—I. L L 557
“abhi
Fig. 187.—PaRADISE WINTER SWEET.
Tallman’s Sweet.
This favorite baking apple of New England has trav-
eled from Rhode Island wherever her hardy sons have
gone westward.
Tree hardy, very productive.
Fruit medium to large, nearly round, somewhat flatten-
ed, regular; Surface smooth, yellow; Dots minute, dark ;
frequently a distinct line on one side from stem to eye.
Basin wide, regular, leather-cracked; Eye small,
closed.
Cavity rather wide, regular; Stem medium size, long.
Core heart-shaped, regular, closed, clasping ; Seeds nu-
merous, plump, pointed, dark; Flesh yellow, breaking,
firm; Flavor very sweet, rich; Quality good ; Use, baking
and stock; Season, December and January.
558 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Fig. 183.—TaALLMAN’S SWEET. -
CLASS IL—ROUND APPLES.
ORDER I.—REGULAR. :
SECTION 1.—SWEET.
SUB-SECTION 2.—STRIPED.
Bentley Sweet.
This long-keeping sweet apple was received in Eastern
Ohio from some part of Virginia, where it is supposed to
have originated.
Tree quite vigorous, upright while young, spreading,
productive—an early bearer.
Fruit medium to large, globular, truncated, slightly
flattened, regular; Surface smooth, yellow, or greenish,
covered, mixed, blotched, striped and splashed dull red,
becoming brighter when ripe ; Dots minute.
Basin medium, abrupt, regular; Eye medium, open;
Calyx reflexed.
CLASS IIL— ROUND APPLES.—I. I. Il. 559
Cavity deep, acute, regular; Stem slender, long.
Core ant flattened, regular, closed ; Seeds numerous,
plump, long; Flesh yellowish-white, firm, breaking, fine-
grained ; Flavor sweet; Quality good to very good; Sea-
son spring and all summer until September. Keeps sound.
Bowling Sweet.
From Spottsylvania County, Virginia. Tree vigorous,
very productive.
Fruit medium roundish, dull red on yellow ; Flesh rich,
juicy, sweet; Entirely free from acid; October to Janu-
ary.—[H. R. Robey, in Downing.]
Cullasaga.
Origin Macon County, North Carolina. Good grower;
a standard winter fruit for the South.
Fruit medium or large, roundish, inclining to oval, flat-
tened at base and crown, skin yellowish, mostly shaded
and striped with dark crimson, and sprinkled wih whitish
dots; Stem small and short, inserted in a deep cavity,
surrounded by russet; Calyx open, set in a shallow, corru-
gated basin; Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, with a ver
mild, rich, almost saccharine flavor. January to ‘April
—[Downing. ]
Gilpin.
OARTHOUSE:—LITTLE RED ROMANITE.
This valuable Virginia apple was cultivated and distri-
buted by Coxe, and:has found its way into the orchards
and into favor all over the country, on account of its pro-
duetiveness and early bearing.
Tree remarkably vigorous, strongly branched, spread-
ing, open, round head, very productive; shoots stout,
dark ; foliage rather sparse, somewhat curled and glaucous.
Fruit medium, small on old trees, round, truncated at
the ends, making it look cylindrical, mostly symmetrical,
but large specimens often somewhat irregular; Surface
very smooth, often polished, deep red all over, stripes in-
distinct ; Dots minute, indented.
560 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Basin wide, regular, or folded; Eye small, closed.
Cavity deep, acute, regular, brown; Stem very short.
Core medium, round, regular, closed; Seeds few, large,
plump; Flesh greenish-yellow, firm, juicy ; Flavor sweet,
rich ; Quality poor for dessert, though it is eatable in the
Fig. 189.—GILPin.
spring—valuable for its cider from the richness of the must.
eeps sound until May—bruises do not rot as in other ap-
ples. Valuable also for stock.
Its early bearing makes it very desirable in a new coun-
try, and in the prairies it has received the soubriquet of
“ Dollars and Cents.”
Hall.
HALL’S SEEDLING—HALL’S RED.
From Franklin County, North Carolina, and now being
spread throughout the Western States as a fruit of great
promise.
CLASS IIL—ROUND APPLES.—L L UL. 561
Tree medium size, sufficiently thrifty, upright, hardy,
very productive; Shoots long, rather slender, reddish,
wood firm. Introduced into the West by the venerable
R. Ragan, of Fillmore, Indiana. The specimens from
which the following description was made were sent by
J. S. Downer, of Elkton, Kentucky, from whom also my
trees were obtained. Mr. J. P. Wilson, of Olney, IIL,
Fig. 190.—HALL.
says, it originated in Saline County, of that State, with
Jonathan Hall, about forty years ago. [?]
Fruit small, round, slightly conical, regular; Surface
smooth, yellow, covered with bright red, mixed and strip-
ed; Dots numerous, large, yellow.
Basin shallow, wavy or plaited, leather-cracked 3 Eye
small, closed.
Cavity wide, regular, brown; Stem long, slender.
Core pyriform, regular, slightly open, clasping ;-Seeds
large, plump; Flesh yellow, tender, fine-grained, juicy ;
Flavor sub-acid, rich, agreeable ; Quality almost best ; Use,
table; Season, December td April.
Ladies’ Sweeting.
This prime favorite of Chas. Downing originated near
Newburgh, New York. Though having many admirers,
24
562 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
it finds strong competitors in the Broadwell, Paradise
Winter, and some others of the same season.
Tree thrifty, productive.
Fruit large, round, somewhat conic, occasionally angu-
lar; Surface smooth, light yellow, striped and splashed
with bright red; Dots distinct, large, gray.
Fig. 19.—LapIiEs’ swEETING.
Basin medium, often abrupt, folded; Eye very small,
closed.
Cavity medium or wide, regular, brown; Stem short,
or long and slender.
Core medium, round, closed or open, clasping ; Seeds
numerous (16), angular; Flesh white, crisp, fine-grained,
juicy; Flavor sweet, agreeable; Quality only good (to my
taste) ; Use, table, baking and stock feeding; Season, De-
cember.
Scarlet Sweet.
This delicate fruit was received from my good friend
Jas. Edgerton, of Barnesville, Ohio, who had exhibited
*
CLASS I1L—ROUND APPLES.—L I. I. 563
it at the State Pomological Society at different times.
Fruit medium, round, somewhat flattened, regular ; Sur-
face smooth, yellow, striped and blushed scarlet; Dots
minute.
Basin wide, abrupt, regular; Eye medium, open; seg-
ments short.
Cavity deep, acute, regular, brown; Stem medium,
slender.
Core rather wide, regular, closed, clasping the eye ;
Seeds numerous, plump, angular ; Flesh yellow, fine-grain-
Fig. 192.—scaRLET SWEET.
ed, juicy; Flavorsweet ; Quality good to very good; Uses,
table, baking and market ; Season, October to December.
This is different from the Scarlet Sweeting of Sigler,
of Morgan County, Ohio—more like Hampton’s Scarlet
Sweet, of M.S. notes.
Sweet Janet.
This is another of the fine fruits originated by Reuben
Ragan, of Indiana, from seed of Rawle’s Janet. Tree
large, healthy, vigorous, spreading ; Shoots rather stout,
brown; foliage rich green. Annually productive of fine,
fair fruits, which are well distributed and hold well.
564 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Fruit large, round, somewhat conical, regular ; Surface
smooth, covered with mch red or crimson, mixed and
striped ; Dots numerous, rather large, yellow, indented.
Basin regular or plaited; Eye medium, closed.
Cavity rather deep, very narrow, wavy; Stem quite
short.
Core medium, turbinate, regular, slightly open, clasp-
ing; Seeds numerous, angular, pointed; Flesh yellow,
Fig. 198.—SwWEET JANET.
breaking, juicy; Flavor very sweet; Quality good to very
good; Use, baking, market; Season, December and Janu-
ary. Very profitable.
Sweet Romanite.
Origin unknown. Grown in Illinois; introduced at the
State Society by the lamented Cyrus R. Overman, Presi-
dent—much esteemed by him.
CLASS IIl.—ROUND APPLES,—I. I. IL * 565
Fruit medium, round, sometimes flattened or truncate,
regular; Surface smooth, greenish-yellow, blushed, mixed
bright red and dull red, stripes indistinct ; Dots scattered,
irregular, brown or fawn on the deeper colors.
Fig. 194.—sWEET ROMANITE.
.
Basin medium, or deep and abrupt, folded, plaited ; Eye
small, closed.
Cavity deep, acute, wavy, brown; Stem medium to long,
reen.
. Core roundish, closed, clasping ; Seeds numerous, plump,
angular; Flesh yellow, fine-grained, breaking, juicy;
Flavor very sweet; Quality good to very good; Use, ba-
king, cider, table and stock; Season, December to April.
566 5 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
CLASS III.—ROUND APPLES.
ORDER I—REGULAR
SECTION 1.—SWEET.
SUB-SECTION 38.—RUSSET.
Orange Sweeting or Russet.
An eastern variety—not much cultivated.
Fruit large, very round, regular; Surface greenish-yel-
low, bronzy-orange, russeted ; Dots numerous, white, green
bases.
Basin shallow, regular, or plaited; Ey@mall, closed.
Cavity acute, lipped, wavy ; Stem short, green.
Core very large, turbinate, open, clasping ; Seeds numer-
ous, pointed, pale; Flesh green, rather tough, fine-grained,
juicy ; Flavor sweet ; Quality good—for baking especially ;
eason, December.
Pampkin Russet.
Fruit large, globular, regular; Surface covered with
coarse russeting ; Flesh spongy, light,very sweet ; Used for
baking and apple butter; Season, autumn. Not valuable,
except for stock.
.
CLASS II—ROUND APPLES.
ORDER I—REGULAR.
SECTION 2.—SOUR.
SUB-SECTION 1.—SELF-COLORED OR BLUSHED.
Ashmore.
The origin of this fine dessert fruit is not known.
Though not commonly cultivated, it is considerably scat-
tered, and has come to me from several points in the West
with different local names.
Tree vigorous, upright, with long parallel branches that
CLASS DI.—ROUND APPLES.—I. I. L 567
become spreading. Shoots rather slender, foliage rich
green.
Fruit rather large, handsome, round, frequently flatten-
ed, regular, rarely angular ; Surface smooth, polished, ve
light waxen yellow, almost wholly covered with brilliant
lively carmine, very rarely an indistinct stripe ; Dots min-
ute, gray, indented.
Basin medium, often wavy or even folded; Eye small,
closed ; Segments reflexed.
Cavity narrow, acute, regular or wavy ; Stem medium
to short.
Core indistinct, closed ; Seeds plump; Flesh yellowish-
white, crisp, tender, very fine-grained, juicy ; Flavor sub-
.
Fig. 195.—asHMORE.
acid, very agreeable; Quality best, though not rich ; Uses,
table, kitchen and market; Season, September and Octo-
ber; May be kept into winter.
There is also a Striped Ashmore, resembling this in
every respect, except in the distinct stripe. It is supposed
to be a sport from the above. Both varieties have been
propagated to some extent by suckers or sprouts.
568 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Bledsoe.
From Carroll County, Kentucky ; Sent to Ohio by Lewis
Sanders. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading, productive.
Fruit large, round, somewhat conical, flattened at the
base, regular; Surface greenish-yellow.
Basin sometimess folded ; Eye medium, closed.
Cavity deep, brown; Stem short.
Flesh white, fine-grained, crisp, juicy ; Flavor mild sub-
acid, agreeable; Quality good—Kentucky Horticultural
Society say “very good ;” Season, September to April.
Bush,
Received from W. G. Waring, Tyrone, Pennsylvania.
Supposed to bea seedling of Centre County. ‘“ Tree vigor-
Fig. 196.—nusH.
ous, hardy, thrifty, regularly productive.” —[W. G. W.]
CLASS IIL—-ROUND APPLES.—I. IJ. L 569
Fruit large, fair, round, regular ; Surface smooth, waxy
yellow, occasionally a faint blush; Dots minute, rare,
Basin wavy ; Eye medium to small, closed.
Cavity deep, wavy, brownish; Stem long, slender,
yellow.
Core medium, round, rather open, meeting the eye;
Seeds few, plump, dark ; Flesh whitish, tender, fine-grained,
juicy ; Flavor mild sub-acid, agreeable; Quality very good ;
ason August and September.
Mr. Waring considers it one of the best of the season,
in which opinion I unite.
Cornish Aromatic,
This foreign variety was imported and tested at Louis-
ville, Kentucky, by Mr. George Heinsohn, to whom I am
indebted for specimens of other European varieties.
Fig. 197.—corRNIsH AROMATIC.
Fruit medium to large, roundish, a little flattened, regu-
lar; Surface smooth, yellow, washed rich red; Dots and
spots yellow russet.
570 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Basin medium, abrupt, regular or furrowed; Eye medi-
um, closed.
Cavity medium depth, narrow; Stem medium to long,
slender. 5
Core medium, somewhat open, clasping; Seeds large,
plump, angular; Flesh yellow, breaking, juicy; Flavor
sub-acid, aromatic, spicy ; Season November to February.
Duffield Pippin.
Specimens from my friend T. T. Lyon, of Michigan,
who says it is a seedling that originated in Pennsylvania,
Fig. 198.—DUFFIELD PIPPIN.
at the beginning of the present century, with the ances-
tors of Geo. Duffield, D.D., for whom it was named, when
it received a first premium at the Michigan State Fair,
as a valuable winter varjety.
Fruit large, handsome, round, sometimes conic, regular ;
CLASS I1.—REOUND APPLES.—I. II. I. 571
Surface smooth, yellowish-green, blushed ; Dots scattered;
minute, indented.
Basin abrupt, narrow, folded; Eye small, closed.
Cavity deep, narrow, acute; Stem medium to long.
Core closed, clasping ; Seeds plump, brown; Flesh yel-
low, breaking, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid ; Quality good ; Uses
table, kitchen and market ; Season January to April.
Fall Pippin.
It is unfortunate that since the days of Coxe there
should have been a confounding of this noble and delicious
Fig. 199.—FraLL PIPPIN.
American apple with the inferior foreign kitchen variety :
the Holland Pippin.
572 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Tree exceedingly vigorous, large, wide-branching, open
head, not early bearer, moderately productive when old;
Shoots stout, dark ; Leaves large, broad.
Fruit large to very large, handsome, globular, truncat-
ed, making it cylindrical, regular; Surtace smooth, rich
yellow, rarely blushed South, frequently so North, with
skin finer; Dots minute, gray.
Basin deep, abrupt, regular, marked with concentric
rings which often crack open in large southern specimens ;
Eye large, open; Segments short.
Cavity wide, regular, or narrow, deep; Stem long.
Core large, regular, closed, meeting the eye; Seeds
pointed, often imperfect ; Flesh yellow, breaking, compact,
very fine-grained; Flavor acid, becoming sub-acid, aroma-
tic, delicious ; Quality best for dessert, kitchen, market
and drying ; Season September to December.
Fall Swaar—(Or THE WESsT.]
The origin of this apple is unknown. Like many others
of our Western fruits, which have been reeeived from vari-
Fig. 200.—FALL SWAAR.
ous sources, and often from unreliable persons, and with
wrong names, we have been obliged to re-christen this.
CLASS III.—ROUND APPLES.—I. II. 1. 573
Fruit full medium to large, round, somewhat flattened,
regular, handsome ; Surface smooth, yellowish-green, with
a bronzy blush; Dots riumerous, large, gray.
Basin medium, regular; Eye small, closed.
Cavity medium, acute, regular, green; Stem medium to
long, knobbed.
Core rather small, closed, clasping; Seeds numerous,
large, plump; Flesh yellow, breaking, juicy; Flavor mild
sub-acid, agreeable ; Quality good ; Uses table and kitchen ;
Season September.
Gloucester White.
This Virginia apple was highly prized by Coxe for its
qualities as a cider truit. Not having seen it, his descrip-
tion is quoted :
“This apple is of middling size, of a shape not very uni-
form, varying from oblong to flat; the color when ripe is
a bright yellow, with clouds of black spots; the flesh is
gellew, rich, breaking, and juicy; of a fine flavor as a ta-
le apple, and producing cider of an exquisite taste. The
stalk is of the ordinary length, inserted in a cavity of
medium depth; the crown is moderately deep. The time
of ripening is about the first of October, after which the
fruit soon falls and is fit for cider. It doesnot keep long,
but while in season is a delicious table apple. The tree is
very thrifty, hardy and vigorous, of a regular and beauti-
ful form, and very productive. It is much cultivated in
the lower counties of Virginia, from whence I procured it,
as an apple of high reputation.”
Horse.
2
Another southern favorite, much liked by its western
cultivators, especially as a useful family apple.
Fruit large, round, somewhat conical, truncated, un-
even; Surface yellow; Dots scattered, indented, large,
gray and greenish.
* Basin abrupt, fol led; Eye medium, closed.
Cavity deep, acute, wavy, brown ; Stem medium to long.
Core large, somewhat open, clasping ; Seeds numerous,
medium, plump, brown; Flesh yellow, breaking, fine, juicy ;
574 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES
Fig. 201.—Horss.
Flavor sub-acid ; Quality good; Use, kitchen, market and
drying ; Season, August, September.
Hunge.
This southern apple was received from Mr. 8S, W. West-
brooke, Greensboro’, North Carolina,
Fruit large, royid, somewhat flattened, regular ; Sur-
face smooth, greenish-yellow, blushed; Dots scattered,
white.
Basin regular, abrupt; Eye small, closed, very long;
Calyx reflexed.
Cavity wide, wavy ; Stem short, slender.
Core large, wide, irregular, open, clasping; Seeds num-
erous, angular, plump; Flesh white, fine-grained, tender,
juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, mild; Quality pretty good; Use,
table, kitchen, drying; Season, September.
CLASS II—ROUND APPLES.—t, Il. 1 575
Fig. 202.—HUNGE.
Knickerbocker.
Specimens from W. 8. Carpenter, New York. .
Fruit above medium, roundish, conic, unequal; Surfate
smooth, greenish-yellow ; Dots numerous, minute, distinct,
whitish, indented.
Basin abrupt, wavy, folded; Eye medium, closed.
Cavity wide, wavy, brown; Stem long, slender, green.
Core very wide, closed, clasping the eye; Axis short ;
Seeds angular, pee Flesh greenish-yellow, tender, fine-
rained, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, rich, very agreeable; Qua-
ity best; Use, table, kitcl:en ; Season, October.
Long Island Pippin.
Origin unknown. Specimens received from T. T. Lyon,
Plymouth, Michigan.
Fruit large, roundish, flattened, regular; Surface smooth
yellowish-green ; Dots minute, scattered.
Basin abrupt, deep, regular; Eye medium, closed.
576 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Cavity medium, regular, green; Stem medium to long.
Core large, oval, closed, clasping; Seeds numerous,
pointed, angular, pale; Flesh greenish-yellow, breaking,
fine-grained, juicy; Flavor sub-acid; Quality almost best ;
Use, table ; Season, January.
Lowell.
TALLOW PIPPIN, QUEEN ANNE, &0.
Origin unknown.
Tree vigorous, healthy, round-headed; Foliage yellow-
ish green.
Fruit large, round, slightly conic, truncated, regular ;
Surface smooth, waxy yellow, not blushed or bronzed,
becoming greasy when kept indoors; Dots numerous,
green.
Basin deep, abrupt, regular; Eye medium, closed.
Cavity medium, regular, green ; Stem long, slender.
Core medium, oval, closed, clasping; Seeds numerous,
angular, oes pale; Flesh yellow, tender, fine-grained,
juicy; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic; Quality very good;
Use, table, cooking, drying, market; Season, August, Sep-
tember.
McAdow’s JSune.—([Local Name.]
Specimens received from Chillicothe, Ohio. Thought
at one time to be Tetofski, but the descriptions.do not
correspond. :
Fruit medium to small, globular, slightly conical, regu-
lar; Surface smooth, greenish, yellow, blushed; Dots
numerous, large, white.
Basin medium, wavy; Eye small, closed.
Cavity rather wide, regular; Stem long, stout.
Core small, round, closed, not meeting the eye; Seeds
numerous, brown; Flesh yellow, tender, fine-grained, juicy;
Flavor sub-acid ; Use, kitchen, table; Quality good; Sea-
son, June, July; one of the earliest.
Pomologists have been in doubt whether this may not
be the Tetofski. Comparison should be made of the tree
characters.
Michigan Golden.
This beautiful apple was received from the accurate
pomologist, T, T. Lyon, of Plymouth.
CLASS IIl.—ROUND APPLES.—I. II. 1. 577
Fruit large, globular, slightly conic, truncated and some-
what angular; Surface smooth, becoming greasy, green-
ish yellow ; Dots minute, prominent.
Basin abrupt, folded; Eye small, closed.
Cavity wide, wavy; Stem long, inclined.
Core medium, closed, clasping; Seeds numerous, long,
Fig. 203.—MICHIGAN GOLDEN.
pointed; Flesh yellow, breaking, juicy; Flavor sub-acid ;
Quality nearly best; Use, table, kitchen; Season, Septem-
ber to November.
Monmouth Pippin.
RED CHEEK.
Fruit rather largee handsome, roundish or flattened, reg-
ular; Surface smooth, greenish yellow, blushed and
marbled; Dots minute, green.
25
578 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Basin shallow, regular; Eye large, closed.
Cavity wide, regular or wavy, brown; Stem short, thick.
Core medium, closed, clasping ; Seeds numerous, point-
Fig. 204.—MONMOUTH PIPPIN.
ed, brown; Flesh white, breaking, fine-grained, juicy ;
Flavor acid; Quality good for cooking only ; Season, De-
cember to February.
Newtown Pippin.
GREEN NEWTOWN.
This is probably the original Newtown Pippin, but by
no means the more common, which is the Yellow Newtown
Pippin, to be described in another place.
Fruit medium to large, globular, flattened, sometimes
obscurely ribbed; Surface smooth, green, becoming yel-
lowish green when fully ripe, sometimes bronzy, and al-
ways showing white irregular strie near the base when
first gathered ; Dots scattered, minute, dark.
Basin shallow, folded ; Eye small, closed.
Cavity wide, wavy, brown; Stem long, slender.
‘CLASS III.—ROUND APPLES.—I. II. I. 579
Core round, regular, closed, meeting the eye; Seeds
pointed, plump, dark; Flesh greenish white, crisp, tender,
juicy ; Flavor acid, aromatic, rich, very agreeable; Quali-
ty best; Use, dessert, cooking; Season, December to March.
Roman Stem.
Origin Burlington, New Jersey. Tree moderately vig-
orous, very productive. ;
Fruit medium, globular, regular; Surface smooth, yel-
low, often blushed ; Dots minute, dark.
Fig. 205.—RoMAN STEM.
Basin shallow, regular, or wavy, russet; Eye small,
closed.
Cavity acute, lipped; Stem long.
Core rather large, heart-shaped, regular, clasping ; Seeds
580 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
numerous, plump; Flesh yellowish white, fine-grained,
juicy ; Flavor mild sub-acid, rich; Quality good to very
good; Use, table; Season, December, January.
Royal Pearmain.
We have two different apples bearing this name, both
very promising and desirable sorts. I shall, in this place,
attempt to describe the one mentioned by Coxe, as my
specimens are traced back to his nursery, though coming
to the. West by way of Georgia.
Fruit full medium to large, globular, rather flattened,
regular; Surface not smooth, of a rich yellow, finely
blushed, with carmine more or less diffused over the fruit,
and overspread with a very thin russet; Dots medium,
prominent, brown.
Basin medium, folded ; Eye medium, closed.
Cavity acute, brown; Stem medium to long.
Flesh rich yellow, firm, juicy ; Flavor acid, sprightly ;
Quality very good; Use, table ; Season, @ctober to Feb-
ruary.
Virginia Quaker.
This very fine little apple was obtained from H. N.
Gillett, Lawrence County, Ohio. Origin not known.
Fruit quite small, globular, flattened, slightly conic,
regular ; Aurfice smooth, greenish yellow ; Dots scattered,
minute, black.
Basin shallow, plaited ; Eye small, closed.
Cavity wide; Stem medium.
Core ovate, closed; Seeds medium; Flesh yellowish
white, firm, breaking; Flavor sub-acid; Quality good,
Mr. Gillett says, best; Season, mid-summer.
Voss’? Winter.
Southern. The specimens were obtained from Mr.
Westbrooke, of North Carolina.
Fruit medium to large, globular, unequal; Surface
smooth, white, with leather-cracking, and a heavy bloom ;
Dots minute, irregular, brown.
Basin abrupt, deep, wavy ; Eye small, closed.
CLASS III.—ROUND APPLEQ—L Il. 1. 581
Cavity deep, wavy, brown; Stem long, curved.
Core small, regular, closed, clasping; Seeds irregular;
Fig. 206.—voss’ WINTER.
.
Flesh whitish yellow, firm, juicy; Flavor sub-acid ; Quality
good; Use, table and kitchen; Season, December.
White Pippin—(0Of Kentucky.]
Fruit large, globular, somewhat oblate, regular; Sur-
face smooth, green, becoming pale yellow, sometimes
faintly blushed; Dots numerous, white, rather large.
Basin small, abrupt, regular; Eye very small, long,
slender, closed.
Cavity acute, regular, green; Stem medium, regular,
knobby. %
Core round, regular, closed, clasping ; Seeds numerous,
long, pointed, angular, brown ; Flesh white, breaking, fine-
grained, juicy ; Flavor acid; Quality good; Use, market
and kitchen ; Season, December, January,
582 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES,
o
Wilson—(0f Michigan.)
Fruit large, round, slightly conic, regular; Surface
smooth, golden yellow; Dots scattered, dark.
Basin small, folded; Eye long, closed.
Cavity wide, very deep, wavy, green; Stem medium or
short, crooked. ,
Core small, globular, open, clasping; Axis short; Seeds
numerous, plump, short; Flesh very yellow, breaking,
fine-grained, juicy; Flavor sub-acid, rich ; Quality best ;
Use, the dessert ; Season, January and February.
Yellow Ingestrie.
This old English variety has been propagated pretty
extensively in the Northwest, and though too small for a
profitable market fruit, it has been tound desirable on ac-
count of its early and abundant productiveness.
Fruit small, globular, truncated, regular; Surface
smooth, lemon yellow; Dots minute..
Basin wide, shallow, folded; Eye mediam, open; Seg-
ments reflexed.
Cavity acute, brown; Stem long, slender.
Core medium, oval, regular, closed, clasping ; Seeds few, :
large, pale; Flesh whitish yellow, breaking, juicy; Fla-
vor sub-acid ; Quality barely good ; Use, cooking; Season,
September, October. .
CLASS IIL—ROUND APPLES.
ORDER I—REGULAR.
SECTION II.—SOUR.
SUB-SECTION I.—STRIPED.
American Summer Pearmain.
This delicious apple is supposed to be of American
origin, It is essentially a fruit for the amateur ; being of
slender and slow growth in the nursery, it i$ not a favorite
with the propagators, and though making a large and pro-
ductive tree in the orchard, it is not profitable as a market
variety.
CLASS I1L—ROUND APPLES.—I. I. IL 583
Fruit medium, variable in form, being oblong, round,
conic and even oblate, regular or unequal ; Surface smooth, *
greenish yellow, more or less covered with dull purplish
red, marbled, and made up of very short splashes, with
distinct stripes aud splashes of brighter red ; Dots minute.
Fig. 207.—AMERICAN SUMMER PEARMAIN.
Basin medium, regular; Eye rather large, nearly closed ;
Segments recurved.
Cavity rather deep, acute, regular ; Stem medium to long.
Core small, roundish, closed; Seeds small, pointed ;
Flesh yellow, exceedingly tender, almost melting, crisp,
fine-grained, juicy; Flavor very mild sub-acid, aromatic,
deliciously refreshing; Quality best; Use, the dessert;
Season, August and September.
Baccalinus.
Fruited by J. H. Crain, Pulaski County, Illinois, on
trees nine years old, which produced ten bushels apiece,
showing its productiveness.
584 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
This valuable Southern keeper bids fair to become a
great favorite.
Tree thrifty, very productive; Fruit small, globular,
truncated, regular, handsome; Surtace smooth, mixed
bright red, and
splashed crimson on
pale yellow; Dots
ew, minute.
Basin shallow,
wide, regular; Eye
small but long,
closed; Calyx re-
flexed.
Cavity deep, reg-
ular, brown; Stem
medium to long,
slender.
Fig. 208,—BACCALINUS. Core medium, reg-
ular, closed, or slightly open, clasping ; Seeds numerous,
angular, dark; Flesh yellow, firm, finé-grained, juicy ;
Flavor sub-acid, agreeable; Use, dessert ; Season, Decem-
ber till March or longer; Quality very good.
Beauty of Kent.
A large English apple, well adapted to the kitchen.
Tree upright, vigorous, rather productive.
Fruit large to very large, roundish, flattened, somewhat
conic, regular; Surface greenish Peace, more or less cov-
ered with bright red mixed, and splashed with a darker
hue; Dots small.
Basin quite shallow, regular; Eye very small closed.
Cavity medium, acute, wavy, green; Stem medium to
short.
Core regular, medium, ovate, slightly open, clasping
the eye; Seeds angular, imperfect ; Flesh whitish yellow,
breaking, juicy; Flavor acid; Quality only good; Use,
cooking and market, for which it is well adapted by its
size and appearance ; Season, September and Gotober,
CLASS III.—ROUND APPLES,—I. Il. II. 585
Ben Davis.
NEW YORK PIPPIN, &C.
This handsome Southern apple has attained a wonderful
notoriety within a few years, and its culture has been
greatly extended, not on account of its superlative excel-
lence, but because of its many good qualities as an orchard
tree or market fruit. It was long cultivated by Verry
¥
\
iY
‘
4
\
'
‘
4
Hy
’
/
Fig. 209.—BEN DAVIS.
Aldrich, in Bureau County, Illinois, and exhibited as
New York Pippin, which name gave an ideaof its eastern
origin, but in other localities its relations point clearly to
its source in the South. To Mr. J. 8. Downer we are in-
debted for a knowledge of its present name, and for con-
firmation of its identity under its several synonyms.
This apple may be said to have succeeded as well in the
25*
586 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
northern parts of Indiana and Illinois as in their southern
borders, where it has long been planted; though the
northern orchards are still young, they are very promising.
The fruit is modified somewhat by a cooler climate, and
will keep later than that grown in the South.
Tree remarkably healthy and vigorous, an upright,
rapid grower in the nursery, and has numerous short spur-
branches along the stem. In the orchard the limbs are set
very strongly, and the stems are marked by little mam-
millar projections or knobs, that are very characteristic.
Tree large, spreading, productive, bearsearly; Shoots
long, reddish brown, smooth; Foliage large, dark green.
Fruit large, variable in form, round, often apparently
oblong, tapering to the eye, truncated, regular, sometimes
inclined, generally very true, as though turned in a lathe;
Surface smooth, often polished, yellow covered with mixed
red, splashed bright red ; Dots minute, scattered.
Basin generally shallow, in large developed specimens
deep, abrupt, always regular; Eye large, open; Segments
reflexed.
Cavity deep, acute, wavy, brown; Stem’medium to long.
Core medium, regular, clasping the eye; Seeds large,
plump; Flesh whitish, breaking, tender, juicy; Flavor
sub-acid, not rich; Quality only good; Use, market,
kitchen ; Season, December, January and longer.
.
Blackburn,
Found in the markets at Louisville, Kentucky ; not much
seen elsewhere. Origin unknown, probably Southern.
Fruit large, round, somewhat flattened; Surface dull
looking, dull green and gray, with broken stripes of dark
dull red ; Dots large, gray about the apex.
Basin narrow, regular; Eye medium, closed.
Cavity rather deep, acute, brown; Stem medium,
curved, rather stout.
Core flattened, open, clasping ; Flesh white, crisp, juicy;
Flavor sub-acid, with a peculiar spicy, wild, rather
astringent taste, that diminishes with the maturity of the
fruit; Quality considered good; Use, family and market;
Season September, November. Blackburn is sometimes
used as a synonym of Fall Queen, a different fruit.
CLASS IIL—ROUND APPLES.—L UL. U. © 587
Capital.
A seedling of Z. S. Ragan, Clayton, Indiana.
Fruit small, globular, truncate at the ends, regular ; Sur-
face smooth, deep red on greenish yellow; Stripes and
Dots indistinct.
Basin wide, deep; Eye medium, open, elongated.
Cavity wide, acute, regular; Stem medium.
Core round, open, clasping ; Seeds numerous, pointed ;
wiv
PUP MMe)
Fig. 210.—caritTau.
Flesh yellow, breaking, juicy; Flavor sub-acid, rich;
Quality good; Use, the dessert; Season, December and
January.
Carter.—([Of Massachusetts. ]
Specimens from Luke Lincoln, of Leominster, Mass.
Fruit medium, round, flattened, slightly angular; Sur-
face smooth, yellow, mixed and splashed scarlet; Dots
rare, minute.
Basin shallow, folded; Eye small, closed.
Cavity deep, acute, wavy; Stem long.
Core rather large, regular, closed, clasping ; Seeds plump
588 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
and imperfect, pointed; Flesh yellowish white, breaking,
Fig. 211.—carqer.
juicy; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic; Quality good; Use, ta-
ble ; Season, December, January. ‘
Cary’s Summer.
This is probably an old variety, but it has not been
identified. Specimens from C. C. Cary, near Louisville,
Kentucky.
Fruit large, round, flattened, regular; Surface smooth,
rich yellow, mixed, splashed, carmine; Dots scattered,
minute.
Basin wide, wavy; Eye small, closed.
Cavity deep, narrow, wavy brown ; Stem short.
Core medium, roundish, regular, open ; Seeds numerous,
plump ; Flesh yellow, tender, fine-grained, juicy ; Flavor
sub-acid ; Quality very good ; Use, table, kitchen, market ;
Season, June to September.
CLASS I11—ROUND APPLES.—I. Il. IL 589
Cluster Pearmain,
Introduced by R. Ragan, of Indiana.
Fruit full medium, round, flattened, regular, inclined ;
Surface yellowish green, mixed and striped light red;
Dots large, numerous, gray and yellow; white bloom.
Basin deep, abrupt, regular; Eye small, closed.
Cavity wide, regular, brown; Stem short.
Core medium, pyriform, nearly closed, clasping ; Seeds
numerous, angular, dark; Flesh yellowish white, break-
See eee”
Fig. 212.—cLUSTER PEARMAIN.
ing, tender, granular; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic; Quality
good to very good; Use, table; Seascn, September, Octo-
ber. A most acceptable substitute for Rambo, as an ama-
teur’s fruit.
Coggeswell. .
Origin near Norwich, Connecticut. Tree vigorous, up-
right, productive on alternate years.
Fruit large, uniform, fair, beautiful, round, flattened,
regular; Surface smooth, striped red on yellow.
590 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Basin shallow, small; Eye small, closed.
Cavity wide, brown; Stem short. ,
Flesh yellow, tender, fine-grained, juicy; Flavor mild
sub-acid, aromatic, rich ; Quality best ; Use, table; Season,
December to March. ;
This fruit has been thought to resemble the Ohio
Nonpariel, but I think it is different.
Cropsey’s Favorite.
Pie eae with D. W. Cropsey, Plainfield, Will County,
inois.
Fruit full medium, globular, looking oblong, regular;
Surface smooth, yellow, mixed, splashed carmine; Dots few.
Basin medium, regular, russet ; Eye medium, closed.
Cavity deep, acute, wavy, green ; Stem short to medium,
Core roundish, heart-shaped, closed, meeting the eye;
Seeds medium, angular; Fiesh yellow, breaking, fine-
grained, juicy; Flavor sub-acid, rich; Quality good to
very good; Use, table, kitchen; Season, December.
Tis
Fig. 218.—DAN PEARMAIN,.
CLASS IIL—ROUND APPLES.—I. II, 1 o91
Daniel.
This delightful autumn dessert apple is grown in Henry
County, Indiana.
Fruit medium to small, round, flattened, regular; Sur-
face smooth, mixed scarlet on yellow, splashed carmine ;
Dots minute.
Basin shallow, regular; Eye medium, closed.
Core wide, regular, open; Seeds numerous, plump ;
Flesh yellow, very fine-grained, tender, juicy ; Flavor sub-
acid, aromatic, delicious; Quality best ; Use, the dessert ;
Season, September.
Dan Pearmain.
This very beautiful seedling was procured by Reuben
Ragan from near the battle-fleld of Tippecanoe, Indiana,
where it was found in a seedling orchard.
Fruit medium to small, round, flattened, regular, fair
and handsome; Surface yellow, covered with bright red,
mixed, striped and splashed ; Dots numerous, large, yel-
low, prominent. s
Basin deep, regular or plaited ; Eye small, closed.
Cavity deep, acute, regular, sometimes brown; Stem
long, slender, red.
Core small, turbinate, closed; Seeds numerous, small,
plump; Flesh yellow, breaking, tender; Flavor very mild
sub-acid, rich; Quality almost best; Use, table, kitchen,
market; on older trees too small for profit; Season, De-
cember to March.
Day.
ROYAL PIPPIN.
From Reuben Ragan. Fruit large, round, somewhat
conic, regular; Surface smooth, yellow, striped, splashed,
mottled, carmine; Dots numerous, gray, large.
Basin shallow, folded; Eye small, closed.
Cavity deep, acute, green; Stem medium, clubbed.
Core wide, pyriform, slightly open, clasping; Seeds
numerous, pointed, angular, dark; Flesh yellowish white,.
firm, breaking, granular; Flavor sub-acid ; Quality good ;
Use, kitchen; Season, January. Not destined to take a
very high rank.
592 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Doctor Fulcher.
A Southern apple of some merit. Originated in Todd
County, Kentucky. Tree thrifty, an early and abundant
bearer; Shoots slender; Foliage bright green. Received
from J. 8. Downer, of Elkton, Kentucky. ;
Fruit medium, globular, truncated, regular; Surface
smooth, yellow, marbled, splashed carmine; Dots minute.
Fig. 214.—pocTor FULCHER.
Basin shallow, wavy, russeted, cracked; Eye small,
closed.
Cavity sometimes wide, wavy, brown; Stem medium
to long.
Core large, turbinate, regular open, meeting the eye;
Seeds large, plump; Flesh yellow, fine-grained, tender,
melting, juicy; Flavor sub-acid, rich; Quality good,
Downer says “best;” Use, table; Season, December,
January.
CLASS III.—ROUND APPLES.—I. II. Il. 593
Dutch Mignonne.
REINETTE DOREE—And Several Others in Europe.
, A fine large apple from Holland. Tree vigorous, up-
right, productive.
Fruit large or very large, roundish, flattened, sometimes
conical, truncated ; Surface rough, yellow, covered with
red, splashed with bright red ; Dots numerous, prominent,
fawn-colored. ;
Basin wide, abrupt, regular; Eye short, wide, open;
Segments short.
Cavity medium, acute, regular; Stem medium to long.
Fig, 215.—DUTCH MIGNONNE.
Core small, turbinate, regular, clasping ; Seeds few, an-
gular imperfect; Flesh yellowish white, breaking, coarse-
grained, juicy; Flavor acid to sub-acid, rich; Quality
good to very good; Use, kitchen, market, drying; Sea-
son, September, October.
594 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Early Pennock.
SHAKER YELLOW—HOMONY, of the South ?
Origin unknown. Tree thrifty, upright, early bearer,
productive, not long-lived.
Fruit large, variable in form, being sometimes oval, and
conical, averaging roundish—conic, regular, handsome,
sometimes inclined in the axis; Surface smooth, yellow,
partially covered with mixed and striped scarlet, splashed
carmine—often the yellow prevails; Dots numerous, dark.
Fig, 216.—EARLY PENNOCK.
Basin shallow, plaited or regular ; Eye small, closed.
Cavity deep, regular, brown; Stem medium or short.
Core long, tapering to both ends, partially open in some,
clasping the eye; Seeds large, numerous, plump, dark;
Flesh yellow, breaking, rather coarse; Flavor acid;
Quality poor; Use, market and kitchen; Season, July
and August.
CLASS IIL.—ROUND APPLES.—I. Il. II. 595
Fameuse,
SNOW—CHIMNEY—POMME DE NEIGE.
This is a favorite Northern fruit of great beauty. Origin
uncertain—whether Canadian or French: It is greatly
valued in the North and Northwest as an early winter
apple. Tree vigorous, productive; Shoots red; Foliage
dark, abundant.
Fruit medium, round, regular; Surface pale waxen yel-
low, almost wholly covered deep red, made up of stripes
and splashes that are not always traceable in the depth
of color—absent where a portion of the apple bas been
shaded by a leaf; Dots minute.
Basin medium, regular; Eye very small, closed.
Cavity wide, wavy, green; Stem short.
Core medium, heart-shaped, closed, meeting the eye;
Seeds numerous, pointed, rich brown; Flesh snowy white,
very tender, fine-grained, juicy; Flavor sub-acid, mild,
delicately perfumed, not rich ; Quality good ; Use, dessert,
kitchen, market ; Season, October to December.
Farley Red. i
A native of Kentucky, already somewhate extended
northward. Tree healthy, moderately thrifty, very pro-
ductive, making it small.
Fig. 217.—FARLEY RED.
596 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Fruit small, round or oblong, flattened or truncated at
the ends, barrel shaped; Surface dull red stripes on yel-
low; Dots minute, indented, purplish.
Basin shallow, folded or plaited; Eye small, closed.
Cavity deep, acute, wavy, brown; Stem medium.
Core regular, turbinate, open, clasping the point of the
eye; Seeds numerous, plump, angular; Flesh yellowish
white, firm, juicy; Flavor sub-acid; Quality only good;
Use, Mr. R. Ragan finds it one of his best market fruits;
Season, March and April, keeping sound and very salable.
Glendale.
Believed to have originated near Giendale, Hamilton
County, Ohio, where I obtained it from A. A. Mullet.
Tree vigorous, thrifty, spreading, well formed head,
productive.
Fruit large, roundish, somewhat conical; Surface
smooth, bright yellow, striped and clouded with bright
red; Dots small, russet. :
Basin deep, abrupt; Eye small, closed.
Cavitygnedium, wavy, green; Stem ee
Core open; Seeds numerous, medium; Flesh yellowish,
tender, juicy; Flavor very mild sub-acid, almost saccharine,
rich; Quality good; Use, table; Season, September, Oc-
tober. hs
Hagloe.
This foreign variety has the general aspect of a Rus-
sian apple both in tree and fruit.
Excellent for cooking, highly esteemed by the market
gardeners of New Jersey, where it is much grown.
Tree healthy, vigorous, round headed, productive;
Shoots stout, blunt; Foliage large, light green.
Fruit medium to large, round, somewhat flattened ; Sur-
face pale yellow, distinctly striped and splashed bright
red or carmine, covered with white bloom.
Basin small, regular; Eye small, closed.
Cavity wide, regular ; Stem short, thick,
Flesh whitish, not fine-grained, breaking, juicy ; Flavor
acid ; Quality good; Use, kitchen and market only; Sea-
son, August.
CLASS III.—ROUND APPLES.—1I, IL Il. 597
Hannah,
AUNT’S, not AUNT HANNAH of Massachusetts.
This large and rather handsome fruit is found in many
parts of the country, but is not largely cultivated. Its
occurrence among Southern emigrants would lead us to
suspect that they might have brought it with them.
Fig. 218.—HANNad.
Fruit large, showy, round, somewhat flattened, regular,
sometimes unequal; Surface rather smooth, pale yellow,
mixed, distinctly striped and splashed crimson and car-
mine; Dots scattered, large, gray.
Basin medium, abrupt, regular, often slightly russeted ;
Eye medium but long, closed.
Cavity wide, wavy, acute, deep, brown or green; Stem
short ot very short.
Core round, flattened or wide, regular, open; Axis very
short; Seeds numerous, short, plump; Flesh light, yel-
598 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
lowish white, breaking, tender, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid,
aromatic, peculiar, not agreeable to some palates; Quality
only good; Use, kitchen, market, drying; Season, Octo-
ber to December.
Herefordshire Pearmain.
This is supposed to be an old English variety which has
reached certain portions of the Western States from the
East, though now rarely seen there, as its place has been
taken by other Pearmains of American origin and more
Fig. 219.—HEREFORDSHIRE PEARMAIN.
vigor, such as the Zong Island Pearmain, described on
another page. Tree slender and slow grower, medium
size, very productive.
Fruit small to medium, roundish, slightly conic, trun-
cated sharply ; Surface smooth, deep red, splashes dark or
maroon on rich yellow, which only shows where the fruit
has been shaded by a leaf; Dots numerous, small, yellow.
Basin wide, regular, abrupt; Eye medium,open, reflexed.
Cavity medium, regular or wavy, green; Stem mostly
short, stout, sometimes quite thick.
CLASS IIIL—ROUND APPLES.—L II. IL 599
Core wide, turbinate, closed, regular, clasping the eye ;
Seeds numerous, small, pvinted, dark, some imperfect ;
Flesh deep yellow, firm, breaking, very fine-grained, juicy;
Flavor rich, sub-acid, aromatic, vinous, spicy, very agree-
able; Quality best; Use, dessert; Season, December to
February.
Especially adapted to amateur collections.
Hewes’ Crab.
From Virginia. A famous cider apple, found in all exten-
sive and good cider orchards. ‘Tree of slender growth, but
makes a large, spreading top, immensely productive al-
ternate years, long lived; Twigs slender; Foliage sparse.
Fruit quite small, round, somewhat flattened, regular ;
Surface mixed, striped, purplish red on yellow; Dots
numerous, large, pale or fawn.
Basin shallow; Eye small, closed.
Cavity deep, regular ; Stem long, red. ‘
Core round, regular, open, clasping ; Seeds large, point-
ed; Flesh firm, yellow-
ish and greenish, juicy;
Flavor acid, rich; the
must is very heavy;
Quality best for cijler ;
Season, November to
January. Also useful
for cooking, except on
account of its small
size; the rich and piq-
uant acid makes it a
articularly desirable
ingredient in mince-
jes,
In Kentucky there
4 is a variety of this ap.
Fig. 220.—mEwas’ CRAB. ple known as Beeler’s
Crab, with fruit of similar characters, but the tree isa
better grower.
600 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Hubbardston.
HUBBARDSTON NONSUCH.
This fine apple originated in Hubbardston, Massachu-
setts, Tree vigorous, healthy, productive, early bearer,
round-leaved, branching. At one time this and the Bald-
win were confounded and mixed in some Western collec-
tions.
Fruit large, fair, handsome, round, somewhat ovate, ta-
pering both ways from the middle, regular ; Surface often
~
nih
yy
Fig. 221.—HUBBARDSTON.
‘uneven, yellow, covered with mixed red and broken stripes,
presenting arich brownish appearance; Dots scattered,
gray, prominent.
Basin abrupt, wide, regular, leather-cracked, or russet-
ed, or both; Eye medium or small, open.
CLASS I1.—ROUND APPLES,—I. Il. II, 601
Cavity wide, regular, brown ; Stem medium or short.
Core large, heart-shaped, regular, sometimes partially
open, clasping the eye; Seeds few, pointed; Flesh yel-
low, breaking, fine grained, juicy; Flavor acid, sub-acid,
rich; Quality very guod ; Use, cooking early, table when
perfectly ripe; Season, November, December.
Mrowser.
Origin Berks County, Pennsylvania, where I found it
very popular as a productive winter apple for all purposes.
Tree vigorous, healthy, large, spreading, and very produc-
tive.
Fruit medium to large, round, slightly conic, regular ;
Surface rather smooth, pale yellow, nearly covered with
red, and splashed carmine.
Basin small, folded ; Eye medium, closed.
Cavity medium; Stem short to medium.
Flesh whitish, tender, juicy ; Flavor mild sub-acid, rich,
agreeable; Use, a good market fruit; Season, December
to March. :
Large Striped Pearmain.
This choice Western apple is supposed to have originat-
ed in Kentucky—possibly further South. It is now to be
found in Eastern Ohio, Southern Indiana and Illinois, and
in Missouri. Much grown in Kentucky. In all placts it
seems to be doing well, and giving entire satisfaction, ex-
cepting that the bark bursts near the ground even in bear-
ing trees, root-grafted.
Tree vigorous, thrifty, spreading, productive; Shoots
rather slender, dark; Foliage dark green, abundant on
young trees.
Fruit large, round, flattened, regular, fair, handsome,
though not so beautifully colored as some others; Surface
smooth, mixed, splashed and striped, pale purplish red on
yellow, which shows through the shading; Dots minute,
indented, gray, so that the fruithas a general gray appear-
ance.
Basin medium, regular, sometimes cracked; Eye small,
closed.
Cavity wide, wavy, rather deep, brown; Stem short,
medium, or rather long.
26
602 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Core roundish, medium, regular, open; Seeds numerous,
large, angular, some imperfect; Flesh yellow, breaking,
somewhat coarse-grained, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid ; Quality
eps, AEN
Fig. 222.—LARGE STRIPED PEARMAIN.
quite good ; Use, market, kitchen, table; Season, Decem-
ber to February.
In the West it is more flattened than in Ohio, becom-
ing in large specimens almost a flat or oblate apple. High-
ly recommended for commercial orchards, whether for ship-
ding North or South—particularly the latter.
Lewis.
This delicious apple originated in Decatur County, In-
diana, near Greensburgh, and was introduced to my no-
tice by one of the early pomologists of the region, a nur-
seryman by the name of Lewis, from whom I obtained m
trees after he had introduced me to the original, which
CLASS III.—ROUND APPLES.—I. Il, II. 603
found to be vigorous, healthy, upright, spreading and pro-
ductive. .
The fruit was described in the Western Horticultural
Review for 1852, before I was aware that my friend Reu-
ben Ragan had an apple of the same name; nevertheless,
this, by priority of publication, will stand, unless there
Fig. 223.—LEwIs.
should prove to be another Lewis that can claim seniority
of publication. I distinguish the other apple by calling it
Lewis of Ragan; it is in another class.—[See Downing, p.
164.
Fait medium to large, round, somewhat ovate, regular ;
Surface smooth, yellow, striped and marbled scarlet ; Dots
scattered, gray and yellow.
Basin deep, abrupt, regular; Eye medium, closed.
Cavity acute, deep, regular; Stem long, slender.
Core regular, oval, heart-shaped, closed, meeting the
-eye; Seeds numerous, plump, brown; Flesh yellow, very
tender, crisp, juicy; Flavor acid to sub-acid, rich, deli-
604 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
cious; Quality best; Use, table and kitchen; Season, Au-
gust.. Marked in my notes “One of the very best of the
new apples.”
Liberty.
This valuable market variety originated near Columbus,
Ohio, where it was brought into notice by M. B. Bateham,
the excellent Secretary of the Ohio Pomological Society,
and founder of the Calunbus Nurseries.
Tree vigorous, healthy, large, spreading and productive;
believed to be entirely hardy.
Fruit full medium to large, globular, inclining to oblong
in appearance, turbinated or flattened at the ends, regu-
Fig. 224.—L1BERTY.
lar; Surface not smooth, yellow, covered with dull red
and scarlet, mixed and splashed, stripes indistinct; Dots
minute, gray, prominent.
Basin medium, quite shallow, regular, indistinctly leath-
er-cracked ; Eye small, closed.
CLASS IIL—ROUND APPLE3.—I. IL II. 605
Cavity medium, acute, wavy ; Stem medium, inclined.
Core small, oval, closed, meeting the eye; Seeds numer
ous, pointed ; Flesh yellow, breaking, rather coarse, juicy ;
Flavor acid to sub-acid; Quality good; Use, market and
kitchen or table; Season, January to March, or later.
Lyscom.
Origin Massachusetts. This pleasant dessert apple is
not generally known.
Fruit large, roundish, flattened, regular; Surface smooth,
yellowish, striped and splashed with red.
Basin large, plaited; Eye large. ~
Cavity deep, regular; Stem short.
Flesh whitish, fine-grained, tender, juicy; Flavor mild
sub-acid, agreeable ; Quality good ; Use, table and kitchen ;
Season, September to November.
Margil.
A famous old English dessert apple, rarely seen in this
country, but much better adapted for the closing of a feast
than many which are more pretentious in style and im-
Fig. 225.—MARGIL.
posing in size. Certainly much more economical to him
who provides even at a higher price per bushel than those
which are too large to be eaten, and are only cut to be left
606 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
on the table and wasted. Tree of slender growth, but very
productive.
Fruit quite small, round, somewhat conic, abruptly trun-
cated, regular ; Surface smooth, red, mixed and striped ;
Dots yellow, prominent.
Basin wide, shallow, regular; Eye small, open; Calyx
reflexed.
Cavity wide, not deep, regular, brown; Stem long.
Core turbinate, regular, closed, meeting the eye ; Seeds
numerous, pointed, long ; Flesh yellow, crisp, fine-grained,
juicy; Flavor sub-acid, rich, aromatic, very agreeable ;
Quality best; Season, November to January.
Meach.
From Vermont; Fruit large, roundish, conic; Skin
greenish-yellow, striped and mottled with light red, and
sprinkled with brown dots; Stalk long, rather slender, set
in a pretty large cavity ; Calyx closed in a corrugated ba-
sin; Flesh yellowish, rather fine, juicy, rich, mild, sub-
acid, aromatic; October and November.—[Downing. ]
Fig. 226.—m’ KINLEY.
McKinley.
Highly esteemed by Reuben Ragan, of Indiana, who
finds it profitable.
CLASS UL—ROUND APPLES.—I. Il. Il. 607
Fruit medium, roundish, flattened, slightly conic, regu-
lar; Surtace,smooth, dull red on greenish-yellow, stripes
indistinct ; Dots scattered, large, gray.
Basin regular, shallow; Eye large, closed.
Cavity deep, acute, regular, brown; Stem slender, me-
dium to short.
Core medium, ovate, regular, closed, meeting the eye;
Seeds numerous, plump, brown; Flesh breaking, very fine-
grained, very juicy; Flavor sub-acid, good; Quality good
to very good; Use, table; Season, December and Jan-
uary.
Mexico.
Origin Canterbury, Connecticut. Tree hardy, produc-
tive. Not much known in the West.
Fruit—obtained from E. Newburg, Brooklyn, Connecti-
cut—medium, round, regular ; Surface bright crimson-red,
striped darker; Dots numerous, yellow-green,
Basin shallow, regular; Eye medium, closed.
Cavity acute, regular; Stem long or medium, slender.
Core large, open, meeting the eye ; Seeds numerous,
angular, pointed ; Flesh white, tender, fine-grained, juicy ;
Flavor sub-acid; Quality best; Use, table; Season, Au-
gust and September.
Monk’s Favorite.
This large, showy apple originated in Delaware County,
Indiana, and was introduced to the public by Dr. J. C.
Helme, of the State Horticultural Society.
It was described in the Western Horticultural Review,
some years ago, a8 a promising fruit, and was favorably
noticed at the time of its introduction, but has not yet been
sufficiently known for general recommendation.
Tree vigorous, upright, spreading, productive.
Fruit large, globular, flattened, regular ; Surface smooth,
yellow, pretty well covered with stripes and splashes of
bright red ; Dots medium, ragged, gray, scattering.
Basin medium, regular; Eye medium, open.
Cavity wide, wavy; Stem medium to long, stout.
Core wide, heart-shaped, open, clasping ; Beads pointed ;
Flesh whitish, breaking, juicy; Flavor sub-acid; Quality
good; Use, kitchen, table, and promising for market; Sea-
son, November to January.
608 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES,
Mee ee nee?”
nee
Fig. 227.—MONK’s FAVORITE.
Neversink.
Not having had an opportunity of examining this fruit,
I quote the ad interim report of the Pennsylvania Horti-
cultural Society :
“Origin Berks County, Pennsylvania.
“ Fruit large, roundish, exterior of an exceedingly beau-
tiful waxen orange-yellow color, with a few russet dots,
and a delicately striped and richly mottled carmine cheek ;
Stem very short and rather stout, cavity narrow, acumi-
nate, shallow; Calyx large, basin deep, rather wide, fur-
towed; Flesh yellowish, somewhat tough, owing to the
fact of its being shriveled ;. Flavor approaches to that of a
pineapple; Quality very good; December to April.”
Newark King.
An old apple, supposed to have come from New Jerse
found in the oldest orchards of grafted fruits in South
western Ohio, seldom elsewhere in the West‘ that I have
seen.
.
>
CLASS III.—ROUND APPLES.—L IL II. 609
és ig thrifty, upright, spreading, productive; Foliage
ark,
Fruit full medium to large, roundish, flattened or trun- .
cated conic, mostly regular, sometimes ribbed; Surface
not very smooth, rich yellow, nearly covered with dull
eoesosnony,
. ~
~~,
Fig. 228.—NEWARK KING.
red mixed, and darker stripes, giving the fruit almost a
mahogany color; Dots numerous, gray, elongated at the
extremities, and coalescing into russet about the blossom
end. :
Basin deep, abrupt, folded or plaited, covered with fine
russet ; Eye small, closed.
Cavity acute, often lipped; Stem rather long, slender.
Core small, oval, closed, not _clasping but meeting the
eye; Seeds numerous, angular; Flesh rich yellow, breaking,
fine grained, juicy; Flavor acid, rich, sprightly, high-fla-
vored; Quality very good; Use, kitchen, table and cider;
Season, December, January, or longer.
610 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Patton.
OARTER of Alabama—MANGUM—ALABAMA PEARMAIN of Peters.
This is a great favorite in the South, and deservedly so,
on account of its good qualities. Specimens from Dr. Jas.
S. Blair, Limestone County, North Alabama, afford me data
for the following description. I have preferred the name
Patton because of the other Carters:
Fruit large, roundish, somewhat flattened; Surface
smooth, mixed, marbled and splashed carmine on yellow;
Dots scattered, distinct, yellow.
Basin deep, abrupt, folded; Eye medium, open.
Cavity deep, acute ; Stem long to medium, inclined, red.
Core small, regular, closed, half clasping; Seeds plump
and imperfect ; Flesh yellow, firm, breaking, juicy; Fla-
vor acid, agreeable ; Quality good; Season, November to
January.
Pomme Water.
An apple by this name is found in Northern Illinois; lit-
tle is known of its origin or history. P
Fruit full medium, globular truncate, slightly conic, re-
gular; Surface mixed, splashed scarlet on yellow ; Dots
minute, numerous, brown.
Fig. 220.— POMME WATER.
CLASS IL—ROUND APPLES.—I. IL I. 611
Basin wavy, medium ; Eye large, closed.
Cavity medium, regular; Stem short, thick, green.
Core medium, round, closed, scarcely meeting the eye;
Seeds numerous, angular, imperfect; Flesh yellow, break-
ing, fine grained, juicy; Flavor sub-acid; Quality. good
to very good ; Use, table; Season, September and October.
Specimens obtained from Henry Kimball, of Rockford,
Winnebago County, Illinois.
Ragan’s Red.
Origin Putnam County, Indiana, by R. Ragan. Tree
vigorous, productive. :
ruit large, round, slightly conic, regular; Surface
Fig. 230.—RaGAN’S RED.
smooth, bright red, splashed darker; Dots numerous,
small.
26*
612 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES,
Basin abrupt, deep, regular ; Eye small, closed.
Cavity deep, acute, regular; Stem long.
Core small, pyriform, regular, nearly closed; Seeds nu-
merous, plump; Flesh yellow, breaking, fine grained ;
Flavor sub-acid, aromatic; Quality good; Use, table and
market ; Season, October and November.
Ribston Pippin.
This famous English apple does not seem to have many
admirers among our orchardists, but on 3ome accounts it
merits a placein the amateur’s collection.
Tree productive, early bearer.
Fruit medium to large, round, truncated, regular; Sur-
face rough, splashed and mixed dull red on yellow; Dots
numerous, minute, prominent, russet.
a abrupt, plaited or regular, russeted; Eye small,
closed.
Cavity acute, wide, regular, brown; Stem long, slender.
Core regular, closed; Seeds numerous, -angular, imper-
fect ; Flesh yellow, crisp, firm, juicy ; Flavor acid, rich,
aromatic ; Use, kitchen—sevarcely for table; Season, Octo-
ber and later, but apt to wilt.
Sigler’s Red.
This very handsome apple, from near McConnellsville,
Morgan County, Ohio, was shown before the Ohio Pomo-
logical Society, at different times, by Jos. Sigler, for whom
it was named, because it was not identified as any known
variety.
Fruit medium, globular, slightly flattened, regular; Sur-
face smooth, mixed and splashed bright red ; Dots minute,
rare,
Basin shallow, regular ; Eye small, closed.
Cavity acute, wavy ; Stem short to medium, knobby.
Core wide, indistinct, closed, meeting the eye; Seeds
pointed, plump; Flesh yellow, fine-grained, juicy ; Flavor
sub-acid, aromatic, rich ; Quality almost best; Use, table;
Season, September.
A beautiful dessert fruit. Elliott gives it as synonym
to Autumn Pearmain.
CLASS -III.—ROUND APPLES.—L IL IL. 613
Small Black.
BLACK APPLE of Coxe and Downing— AMERICAN BLAOK.
This useful little apple is found in many collections
where the Jersey Black is cultivated, but it seems to be
quite distinct. Origin unknown.
Fruit medium to small, globular, sometimes nearly ob-
Fig. 231.—sMaLL BLACK.
late, regular; Surface smooth, deep red, sometimes pur-
plish, striping indistinct ; Dots numerous, indented, minute,
pink or purple.
Basin shallow, abrupt, regular or folded; Eye small to
medium, closed ; Segments reflexed.
Cavity acute, sometimes lipped, brown ; Stem long, in-
clined, red or green. ‘
Core regular, round, slightly open, clasping the eye ;
Seeds numerous, plump and angular; Flesh yellowish,
often pink, tender, fine grained; Flavor sub-acid, agree-
able; Quality good; Use, dessert; Season, November to
January.
614 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
5
Smith’s.
SMITH’S CIDER.
Origin Bucks County, Pennsylvania, where it still con-
tinues a favorite variety. Its cultivation has extended
widely to the westward, giving great satisfaction as a
market fruit, for culinary purposes, but cannot be recom-
mended for table.
Tree vigorous, hardy, productive, an early bearer;
Limbs straggling, shoots rather slender, light olive; Foli-
age large, light green.
Fruit medium to large, round, varying from flattened to
elongated, mostly regular, sometimes lop-sided ; Surface
\\\ el
Fig. 232.—sm1tH’s.
smooth, pale yellow, covered with mixed light red, splash-
ed indistinctly with bright carmine, beautiful; Dots dis-
tinct, rather large, light gray.
CLASS IlI.—ROUND APPLES.—I. Il. Il. 615
Basin shallow, wide, or more often plaited; Eye small,
closed.
Cavity acute, regular, brown; Stem medium to long,
variable.
Core wide, pyriform, open, clasping ; Seeds numerous,
plump, pointed; Flesh white, breaking, juicy; Flavor
acid, sub-acid, aromatic, not rich, peculiar, not agreeable ;
Quality good for cooking only, making very fine apple
sauce—makes much cider, but thin’ and watery ; Season,
December, January and later. :
This is essentially a market fruit, and is one of the most
profitable apples ake in Southwestern Ohio and adja-
cent counties of Indiana.
Fig. 233.—s0rs OF WISE.
Sops of Wine.
_ European. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive.
Fruit small to medium, round, slightly conic, regular ;
Surface smooth, mixed red, shaded dark red throughout ;
Dots small, scattered, yellow.
Basin shallow, plaited; Eye small, closed.
616 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES,
oe medium, wavy, somewhat browned; Stem long,
red.
Core distinctly marked with a red line, wide, oval, clos-
ed, meeting the eye; Seeds numerous, pointed, brown;
Flesh yellow, fine grained, tender, juicy; Flavor acid to
sub-acid, agreeable; Quality good to very good; Use,
dessert : Season, August and September.
Summer Janet.
Specimens received from Mr. Johnson, Louisville. Ky.
ruit medium, round, truncated, regular; Surface
smooth, pale yellow, mixed red, striped darker red; Dots
scattered, gray. «
Basin deep, abrupt, regular; Eye small, open.
Cavity shallow, regular, yellow ; Stem medium to long,
een.
a che pyriform, indistinct, closed, clasping ; Seeds point-
ed, imperfect ; Flesh yellow, tender, fine grained; Flavor
sub-acid, aromatic; Quality good; Use, market; Season,
September. °
Summer Eose.
Origin New Jersey. Tree vigorous, healthy, spreading,
productive, early bearer; Shoots stout; Foliage large,
glaucous. “
Fruit small, roundish, flattened, regular; Surface smooth
olished, very pale yellow, striped and splashed distinctly
height red and carmine; Dots minute.
Basin abrupt, wide, regular; Eye small, closed.
Cavity acute, regular; Stem medium.
Core large, regular, closed, meeting the eye; Seeds
numerous, short, plump; Flesh white, crisp, fine grained,
juicy; Flavor sub-acid, agreeable, not rich; Quality, one
of the best early apples; Use, family, table and kitchen;
Season, June to August—ripening gradually.
Sutton Beauty.
An old Massachusetts apple, occasionally found in the
West, where it attains increased size and beauty. My
specimens were from W. Hampton, with many other sorts
of interest grown by him in Northwestern Ohio.
CLASS IIL—ROUND APPLES,—I. Il. IL 617
Fruit large, handsome, globular, regular; Surface
smooth, yellow, mottled and splashed carmine; Dots scat-
tered, brown, vein-reflexed.
Basin wide, regular, russety; Eye large, open; Seg-
ments reflexed.
Cavity wide, acute, wavy, brown; Stem long, inclined,
Core medium to large, closed, clasping ; Seeds numer.
ous, pointed, angular, dark; Flesh whitish, tender, break-
Fig, 234.—suTTON BEAUTY.
ing, juicy; Flavor acid, sub-acid, agreeable; -Quality
good; Use, table, kitchen and market ; Season, December
to March.
Thought by Mr. Hamvton to be a seedling brought from
Southern Ohio.
Sylvester.
Introduced by Dr. Ware Sylvester, of Lyons, New
York.
618 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Fruit small to medium, round, regular; Surface smooth,
white, blushed and striped bright carmine; Dots scatter-
ed, minute.
Basin very shallow, plaited; Eye small, closed.
Cavity deep, acute, wavy ; Stem medium.
Core indistinct, slightly open; Seeds numerous, plump,
.
Fig. 235.—sYLVESTER.
angular, long; Flesh white, tender, fine grained, juicy;
Flavor sub-acid; Quality very good; Use, table and cook-
ing; Season, September.
Williams’ Favorite.
WILLIAMS’ EARLY.
Origin Roxbury, Massachusetts.
. Fruit small to medium, round, regular ; Surface smooth,
dark purplish red, indistinctly striped; Dots none.
Basin abrupt, folded; Eye medium, closed.
Cavity wide, shallow; Stem long, slender.
Core large, round, closed ; Seeds pointed, brown ; Flesh
whitish-yellow, streaked red, breaking, not juicy; Flavor
sub-acid, peculiar; Quality scarcely good; Season, July
and August.
CLASS I1Il.—ROUND APPLES,—L I. I, 619
ra
Willow.
WILLOW TWIG—JAMES RIVER, ETC.
This Virginia fruit has obtained a wide spread notoriety
as a valuable market apple throughout the West.
Tree very vigorous, ae productive, branching,
twiggy, thorny while young ; Shoots slender, olive brown.
ig
Fig. 286.—wILLow.
Fruit globular, truncated, looking oblong from its cyl-
indrical sides; Surface smooth, dull greenish-yellow, mar-
bled and striped dull red; Dots minute, gray.
Basin wide, abrupt, plaited; Eye medium, closed. _
Cavity wide or acute, regular; Stem long, slender, in-
clined. :
Core medium, round, regular, closed, meeting, not clasp-
ing the eye; Seeds numerous, plump, brown; Flesh green-
620 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
ish-yellow, breaking, juicy; Flavor acid; Quality only
good, but valuable for market and culinary uses ; Season,
December to April. Excellent for shipping South.
Wilson’s Volunteer.
Origin believed to be a seedling or “ Volunteer” on the
banks of the Ohio River. Received from George Sibbald.
Fruit large, globular, truncated or flattened, regular;
Surface yellow, mostly covered with mixed red, striped
darker; Dots large, gray and yellow. |
Basin deep, regular, leather-cracked; Eye medium,
closed. *
Cavity deep, acute, regular; Stem long, slender.
Core small, round, regular, closed, clasping; Seeds nu-
merous, pointed; Flesh greenish-yellow, tender, juicy;
Flavor sub-acid; Quality only good; Use, kitchen ; Sea-
son, December to February.
Fig. 237.—wRIGHT’S JANET.
Wright’s Janet.
-This fine keeping apple, received from N. J. Colman
and other zealous pomologists of St. Louis, Missouri, is
CLASS II].—ROUND APPLES.—I. IJ. I. 621
supposed to have originated in that region with Mr. W.
G. Wright.
Fruit medium to large, round, sometimes flat, regular;
Surface smooth, waxen yellow, mixed, striped and splash-
ed carmine; Dots minute, prominent, scattering.
Basin medium, regular ; Eye small, acute, closed.
oe deep, wavy, brown; Stem long, short, or very
short. ,
Core medium, regular, somewhat open, clasping; Seeds
humerous, small, plump; Flesh deep yellow, breaking,
very fine grained, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, rich, very agree-
able; Quality good to very good; Use, table, kitchen and
market ; Season, January to June and keeps until August.
Yadkin.
Southern. Received from S. W. Westbrooke, of Greens-
boro’, North Carolina.
Fruit large, round, regular; Surface red, striped dark
red; Dots large, scattered, distinct, gray.
Basin abrupt, deep, regular; Eye small, open.
Cavity acute, regular, brown; Stem medium, brown.
Core small, closed, meeting the eye; Seeds small, point-
ed, brown; Flesh white, breaking, dry; Flavor sub-acid ;
Quality only good; Season, August—and on that account
searcely worth carrying to the North.
.
CLASS IIL—ROUND APPLES,
ORDER I.—REGULAR.
SECTION 2.—SOUR.
SUB-SECTION 3.—RUSSET.
Beeler’s Russet.
Origin not known. Found in an old orchard on the
banks of White River, in Marion County, Indiana, by my
lamented young friend, Geo. M. Beeler.
Fruit medium to small, round, truncated or cylindri-
cal, inclined; Surface russeted; Dots minute, prominent.
622 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Basin abrupt, uneven, green; Eye medium, closed.
Cavity regular ; Stem long.
Core large, wide, heart-shaped, closed, clasping ; Seeds
numerous, angular; Flesh yellow, crisp, fine-grained, ten-
Fig. 238.—BEELER’S RUSSET.
der, juicy; Flavor sub-acid to acid, aromatic, spicy, very
agreeable; Quality best; Use, table, kitchen; Season,
ovember, December.
A choice dessert apple.
Columbian Russet.
The origin of this fine, long-kee ng a is aot known.
Specimens were received from H. N. Gillett, Lawrence
County, Ohio. If the tree be healthy and productive, this
variety will be a valuable addition to our orchards.
Fruit medium to small, round, truncated, lop-sided ;
Surface smooth, russeted; Dots minute, scattered, prom-
inent.
Basin medium, regular; Eye large, open.
Cavity acute, regular; Stem, long, slender.
Core medium, closed, pyriform, meeting the eye; Seeds
numerous, slender, angular, dark; Flesh very yellow,
CLASS III.—ROUND APPLES.—I. II. III. 623
breaking, fine-grained, juicy ; Flavor acid to sub-acid, rich,
aromatic ; Quality best; Use, table; Season, February to
April.
Very like the Golden Pearmain, from J.S. Downer,
which see; they may prove to be the same variety.
Court of Wyck.
This spicy English apple, which has so many synonyms
as evidences of its popularity, has not been a favorite in this
country, but occasionally succeeds well; it has little to
recommend it in its looks.
Fruit very small, round, truncated abruptly, much flat-
tened, regular; Surface yellow, covered russet.
Basin wide, very shallow; Eye small, open; Segments
reflexed. ;
Cavity rather wide; Stem long, slender.
Core small, ovate, closed, meeting the eye; Seeds
numerous, large, brown; Flesh rich yellow, firm, juicy ;
Flavor acid, aromatic, rich, spicy, sharp; Quality good in
its way ; Use, “ dessert ;” Season, December, January.
Fig. 239.—cROWNEST.
624 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Crownest.
Originated at Kelley’s Island, Ohio, in the orchard of
Chas. Carpenter.
Tree vigorous, thrifty, brushy, productive.
Fruit full medium, round, truncated or flattened, often
unequal and inclined; Surface greenish yellow, thinly
covered with russet.
Basin regular, wide; Eye large, open.
Cavity irregular, lipped ; Stem short, curved, fleshy.
Core round, regular, closed, meeting the eye; Seeds
long, pointed, angular; Flesh green, tender, breaking ;
Flavor sub-acid; Quality only good for culinary uses ;
Season, November to January.
English Golden.
RUSSET GOLDEN, of Barry.
Among the russets there has been much confusion,
which it is very difficult to clear up. The apple about to
Fig. 240.—ENGLISH GOLDEN.
be described came to the West from the nurseries about
Rochester; a very superior variety to many others that
CLASS IIL—ROUND APPLES.—I. II. III. 625
resemble it, and may be distinguished by the palate, or by
the character of the twigs.
Tree thrifty, vigorous, spreading, productive, a rather
early bearer; Shoots slender, olive, speckled.
Fruit medium, round, large ones are oblate, often cylin-
lrical, sometimes inclined, regular; Surface greenish yel-
ia with thick russet ; Dots minute, white, scat-
tered.
Basin regular, deep, leather-cracked ; Eye small, closed.
Cavity wide, regular, rough; Stem short.
Core wide, regular, closed, clasping ; Seeds small, flat ;
Flesh greenish yellow, breaking, granular, juicy ; Flavor
sub-acid, rich; Quality good to best; Use, table, kitchen ;
Season, January, February. :
A choice dessert fruit. Succeeds well in parts of Ken-
tucky.
English Russet.
Origin unknown. Procured from Mr. C. C. Cary, near
Louisville, Kentucky.
Fruit large, globular, flattened, somewhat one-sided ;
Surface uneven, green; Dots minute, russety and russet
streaks.
Basin medium, uneven; Eye small, closed.
Cavity acute, wavy, russeted ; Stem medium, green.
Core medium, heart-shaped, closed, clasping; Seeds
numerous, plump. and angular, some imperfect; Flesh
ellow, firm, breaking, juicy; Flavor acid ; Quality good;
se, kitchen; Season, December, January.
Golden Pearmain—(0f Kentucky.]
This is another very promising Southern variety, re-
ceived from J.S. Downer, of Kentucky ; Origin unknown ;
he procured it from Tennessee. ;
Tree vigorous, but tardy and shy in bearing ; Shoots
stout, dark; Foliage medium,
Fruit small to medium, globular, rather conical, trunca-
ted, lop-sided ; Surface yellow, blushed and russeted.
Basin abrupt, wide, regular; Eye large, open.
Cavity acute, regular; Stem short to medium, slender.
Core somewhat open, meeting the eye; Seeds plump
and imperfect; Flesh yellow, breaking, fine-grained ;
27
626 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Flavor acid, aromatic, sprightly ; Quality very good, al-
most best; Use, dessert; Season, December, February.
—See Columbian Russet.
Green Russet.—[N. C.]
Specimens from Reuben Ragan.
ruit quite large, globular, slightly oblate, regular;
Surface yellow, blushed dull red; Dots green, indented,
russet veined.
Basin medium, regular; Eye medium, open.
Cavity deep, acute, regular, brown; Stem medium, thick.
Core regular, wide, closed, clasping ; Axis short; Seeds
numerous, plump, dark ; Flesh yellowish white, breaking,
granular; Flavor sub-acid; Quality only good, for culin-
ary use; Season, December, January.
Hampton’s Russet.
Fruit small, globular-truncate, to flat; Surface yellow
russet, bronzed, broken russet stripes; Dots scattered,
janes yellow.
asin wide, regular; Eye large, open, green.
Cavity medium, regular, brown; Stem long, inclined.
Core medium, round, closed, meeting the eye; Seeds
numerous, pointed, brown; Flesh yellow, tender, break-
ing, fine-grained; Flavor sub-acid, rich; Quality good;
Use, table; Season, December.
‘Knox Russet.
A very nice little apple, found in the orchard of J.
Knox, ‘Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; trees obtained from
near Greensburgh, Pennsylvahia, Tree spreading, very
productive ; Shoots slender.
Fruit small to medium, globular, somewhat conic, reg-
ular; Surface smooth, yellow green, blushed, covered with
light russet.
Basin shallow, regular; Eye medium, open; Segments
reflexed.
Cavity deep, acute, regular ; Stem long, red.
Core round, regular, slightly open, clasping the eye;
CLASS U1.—ROUND APPLES.—I, II. Ill. 627
Seeds numerous, short, plump; Flesh yellow, very fine-
Fig. 241.—xnox RUSSET.
grained ; Flavor mild sub-acid, aromatic ; Quality good to
very good ; Use, dessert; Season, December, January.
Pryor’s Fed.
This southern apple, probably from Virginia, has been
carried through all the Western States, where it isa great
favorite, though there are some objectors, on account of
its having shown signs of failure in certain situations.
The fruit is singularly affected by change of soil and
climate ; thus, on the Ohio River, it is seen quite flat and
regular, with a dull green russeted skin, becoming yellow
and ruddy ; in one part of the State of Indiana, on lime-
stone, it 1s gibbous, round, often very large, and covered
with a rich cinnamon russet, while on the coal measures,
west of the center of the State, it is smaller, regular, and
distinctly striped deep red on red, with very little russet.
Specimens from Rochester, New York, have been shown
with scarcely a trace of russet, and having the stripes as
distinct and almost as beautiful as those of a Duchess of
Oldenburgh, so that no southern or western man would
have recognized it for his home favorite. The distinctive
leather-cracking about the eye was present, however, in all,
628 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Tree thrifty, growth upright, twiggy, attaining large
size, productive when old; Shoots slender, reddish olive,
speckled ; Foliage scattering, folded, grayish green; Sub-
ject to leaf-blight.
Fruit large, globular-oblate, often unequal; Surface
greenish, or dull red, striped, russeted ; Dots numerous,
large, gray.
Basin shallow, regular or plaited, leather-cracked; Eye
small, closed.
Cavity shallow, acute, often lipped ; Stem medium.
ype
Fig. 242.—pryor’s RED.
Core round, regular, closed, meeting the eye; Seeds
numerous, angular, pointed; Flesh yellow, tender, melt-
ing, fine-grained, juicy; Flavor sub-acid, rich; Quality
best ; Use, table, kitchen ; Season, December, February.
Red Russet.
Origin Hampton Falls, New Hampshire.
Tree very vigorous and productive; resembling Bald-
win in almost every particular.
CLASS III.—ROUND APPLES.—L II. IIL 629
“Fruit large, roundish, conic; Skin yellow, shaded with
dull red and deep carmine in the sun, and thickly covered
with gray dots, and an appearance of rough russet on
most of the surface; Stalk rather short and thick, insert-
ed in a medium cavity, surrounded with thin russet ; Calyx
nearly closed; Segments long, recurved, in a narrow, un-
even basin; Flesh yellow, solid, crisp, tender, with an ex-
cellent, rich, sub-acid flavor, somewhat resembling Bald-
win; Season, January to April.”—Downing.
This fruit is rarely seen in the West. It has been
thought by some to have originated as a sport from the
Baldwin.
Rolen’s Keeper.
Received from H. N. Gillett, Lawrence County, Ohio.
Origin not given.
Fruit medium, round, regular; Surface rough, splashed
red on russet; Dots scattered, small, white.
if
Fig. 243.—RoLEN’s KEEPER.
Basin shallow, regular, leather-cracked; Eye small,
closed.
Cavity deep, acute, regular; Stem long, slender.
630 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Core roundish-ovate, regular, closed, clasping ; Seeds
very numerous, short, plump; Flesh greenish yellow, fine-
grained; Flavor acid, rich; Quality good to very good;
Use, table; Season, March, April.
Very promising as a keeper.
Rustycoat Milam.
Fruit medium, globular, conic, regular; Surface russet-
2d; Dots minute, prominent.
Basin narrow, abrupt, shallow ; Eye small, closed.
Cavity acute, regular; Stem medium to long.
Core medium, regular, closed, clasping; Seeds numer-
Fig. 244.—rUsTYcoaT MILAM.
ous, pointed, plump; Flesh greenish yellow, breaking,
fine-grained, tender; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic; Quality
good; Use, table; Season, December to February.
CLASS IIIl.—ROUND APPLES.—Il. I. 1, 631
CLASS HIL—ROUND APPLES.
ORDER IL—IRREGULAR.
~ SECTION 1.—SWEET.
SUB-SECTION 1.—SELF-COLORED OR BLUSHED.
Mote’s Sweet.
This seedling from the St/loater S.cect, grown by L.S.
Mote, of Miami County, Ohio, is quite an improvement
upon its parent, which has obtained a high reputation as
Fig. 245.—MOTE’s SWEET.
a choice autumnal sweet apple. Tree round, spreading,
vigorous; Shoots pale; Foliage large, wide, finely ser-
rated, and rather pale.
Fruit large, globular, somewhat flattened, or conic-trun-
cated, rather angular; Surface very smooth, greenish yel-
low to whitish, with a rare faint blush; Dots scattered,
gray, often rosy, whitish bases.
632 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Basin medium, abrupt, wavy ; Eye medium, long, closed.
Cavity deep, wide, wavy; Stem long, yellow, curved.
Core medium, open, clasping ; Seeds numerous, angu-
lar, pale; Flesh yellow, very fine-grained, almost melting,
juicy; Flavor very sweet, pleasant; Use, table and
kitchen; Quality best; Season, September. One of the
most delicious sweet apples.
Northern Sweet.
Origin unknown; supposed to be Vermont. Tree suf-
ficiently healthy and productive. Not generally nor ex-
ronsively cultivated.
Fruit large, globular, somewhat flattened, angular or
regular; Surface smooth, very pale yellow, rarely blushed ;
Dots minute, with white bases.
Basin deep, abrupt, regular; Eye long, closed.
Cavity rather wide, regular, green; Stem medium.
Core very small, closed, almost clasping ; Seeds numer-
ous, short; Flesh whitish, breaking, juicy; Flavor very
sweet; Quality pretty good; Use, baking’; Season, Sep-
tember, in Northern Indiana and Illinois. Downing says
“rich and excellent ; September and October.” _
Swaar.
Origin on the banks of the Hudson, in New York State.
Tree vigorous, spreading, productive; Shoots stout, dark
‘colored ;: Foliage large, curled.
Fruit large, form variable, being sometimes flat, where
unusually developed, generally roundish, somewhat flat-
tened, more or less angular or flattened on the sides, but
not ribbed; Surface not smooth, often rough, greenish
yellow, bronzed, becoming a dead golden yellow when
ripe; Dots large, numerous.
Basin medium, wide, regular; Eye small, not long,
closed.
Cavity wide, regular or wavy, green; Stem long, curved,
pretty stout.
Core medium, regular, heart-shaped, closed, clasping ;
Seeds numerous, angular, pale; Flesh very heavy, yellow,
fine-grained; Flavor very mild sub-acid, or sweet, very
rich; Quality best ; Use, table and kitchen ; Season, March,
CLASS IIL—ROUND APPLES.—II. L I. 633
\ Ce dS
,
,
7
‘
git ‘
| :
g
G
t
t
'
1
‘
1
‘
‘
Fig. 246.—swaar,
CLASS TIL—ROUND APPLES,
ORDER II.—IRREGULAR.
SECTION 1.—SWEET.
SUB-SECTION 2.—STRIPED.
Bailey Sweet.
From Wyoming County, New York. Tree vigorous,
productive.
Fruit ee round, sometimes flattened, sometimes an-
gular or ribbed; Surface smooth, mottled, mixed and
striped deep red ; Dots numerous, large, gray.
Basin narrow, abrupt, regular or folded; Eye small,
closed.
27*
634 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Cavity regular, acute green; Stem long. _
Core rather large, turbinate, open, clasping; Seeds
numerous, angular, dark; Flesh yellow, tender, fine-
Fig. 247.—BAILEY SWEET.
grained, juicy; Flavor very sweet, rich; Quality good to
ines good; Use, kitchen, table; Season, October.
very valuable variety also for stock. .
Brittle Sweet.
“ Origin unknown ; good grower, and very productive.
“Fruit above medium, roundish, approaching conic,
sometimes elongated, angular; Skin greenish yellow,
shaded and splashed with crimson, sprinkled with gray
dots; Stem short, inserted in a broad, shallow cavity ;
Calyx closed, set in a small corrugated basin; Flesh - yel-
CLASS III.—ROUND APPLES.—II. I. IL 635
lowish, crisp, tender, juicy, sweet, and excellent; Season,
September, October.”—Downing.
Hull Blossom.
This is an Eastern or European variety, which I have
not seen in the West. Specimens from Rissschusetts:
Fruit small, roundish-truncate, or flattened, uneven;
Surface smooth, yellow, mixed and striped, carmine; Dots
a yellow. ;
asin shallow, folded; Eye small, closed.
® Cavity deep, wavy; Stem short.
Core small, closed, roundish, meeting the eye; Seeds
large, pale; Flesh yellow, fine-grained; Flavor sweet;
Quality good to very good; Use, table, kitchen; Season,
November.
Sweet Pearmain.
“This variety, according to Downing and Thomas, is
the English Sweeting; but, according to Manning, the
English Sweeting is the Ramsdell’s Sweetihg of Downing.
This fruit is extensively grown in Central Ohio, and
further West, suiting well the rich soils; keeping finely
all winter; highly valued for baking or eating.”
“Fruit medium size or often above; Form roundish,
slightly angular; Color dull red, rough russet dots; and
blueish bloom; Stem long, slender; Cavity deep, wide,
open; Calyx woolly; Basin medium; Flesh yellowish,
tender, moderately juicy, sweet ; Core medium, with outer
or concentric lines; Seeds ovate, pyriform, dark brown ;
Season, December to March.”—Elliott.
I am not familiar with the above, but find a very strong
resemblance in the characters to those of my Red Winter
Pearmain, Class II, I, 2, 2, from which, however, Elliott’s
outline would exclude it.
Willis Sweet.
This apple is supposed to have originated on Long
Island, where it is highly valued for baking.
Tree vigorous, productive ; Fruit medium, round, some-
what angular, striped red, very sweet and rich; Use, bak-
ing and stock,
DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES,
CLASS IIL—ROUND APPLES.
ORDER IL—IRREGULAR.
SECTION 1.—SWEET.
SUBSECTION 3.—RUSSET.
None.
636
CLASS III—ROUND APPLES.
ORDER II.—IRREGULAR.
SECTION 2.—SOUR.
SUB-SECTION 1.—SELF-COLORED.
American Golden Pippin.
GOLDEN PIPPIN, of Downing.—NEW YORK GREENING, 4&C.
Having mislaid my notes of this apple, I am obliged to
quote Mr. Downing’s description of this fine fruit, which
‘
‘
‘
‘
r
‘
1
'
4
‘
:
Fig. 248.—AMERICAN GOLDEN PIPPIN,
is believed to be American; cultivated in parts of New
York, and found to be profitable.
¢
CLASS I1.—ROUND APPLES.—II. Il. I. 637
“Growth strong, similar to that of Rhode Island Green-
ing, but less drooping, making a round, spreading head ;
does not bear young, but very productive when a little
advanced, and a popular fruit where known.”
‘Form variable, oblate, globular or conic, angular or
ribbed; Stem stout, short, inserted in a deep cavity ;
Calyx closed, set in an irregular basin; Skin fine golden
yellow, thinly sprinkled with dots, sometimes slightly
netted with thin russet; Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy,
nearly melting, with a rich, refreshing, almost vinous,
aromatic flavor; Core rather large; November to Feb-
ruary.”
Brooke’s Pippin.
“Origin, Essex County, Virginia. The original tree is
very large, bears regular and large crops of’ fruit, which
is always fair, of the largest size, keeps well till May;
Flesh fine, yellow, juicy and rich, and of the finest flavor ;
young trees grow very thriftily."—[H. R. Robey, Freder-
icksburgh, Va] .
Fruit large, roundish, inclining to conical, obscurely
ribbed, greenish yellow, faintly blushed.
Basin small, shallow, wavy, sometimes furrowed; Eye
medium, closed.
Cavity deep, wavy, brown ; Stem short, thick.
Flesh yellow, crisp, juicy, fine-grained; Flavor acid,
spicy, rich; Quality very good; Season, November to
arch.
As grown in Indiana, both tree and fruit resemble the
Newtown Pippin in appearance, and may prove identical
after further trial.
Champlain.—([Downing.]
PAPER—PAPER-SKIN.
This very delicate fruit was exhibited before the Ohio
Pomological Society by A. L. Benedict, of Morrow Coun-
ty, as the Paper apple. He obtained the cions from the
celebrated apple region, Grand Isle, Vermont, where it is
sometimes called Champlain, and where it had been intro-
duced from Rhode Island, without a name, by his friend
Macomber. My friend Benedict informs me that “ the
growth of the tree is strong and stocky, and that the fruit
638 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
never scabs nor rots on the tree. It is increasing in es
teem as it becomes better known, and is preferred to the
Red Astrachan, ripening with it. When sent to J. J.
Thomas, he thought it synonymous with the Primate, but
Jos. Newcomber, having both varieties growing side by
side, assured me they were quite unlike, and that the Pa-
per was much the better apple of the two.”
Tree medium size, vigorous, stocky.
Fruit fall medium, globular, rather conical, angular ;
Surface smooth, yellowish green, slightly blushed; Dots
minute, indented.
Basin small, abrupt, folded ; Eye small, long, closed.
Cavity acute, wavy, green ; Stem long, slender.
Core medium, round, slightly open, clasping; Seeds
numerous, angular, dark; Flesh white, tender, fine-grained,
juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic, delicate; Quality best ;
Use, the dessert especially ; Season, August, September.
Fig. 249.—pRaP D’oR,
Drap @ Or.
VRAI DRAP D’oR.—(Dahamel.]
This is an old French variety, respecting which there is
some uncertainty among cultivators.
CLASS II.—ROUND APPLES.—II. Il. I. 639
Fruit large, globular, but variable, being conical-trun-
cate to oblate; Surface smooth, pale waxen yellow, rarely
blushed.
Basin wide, plaited; Eye small, closed.
Cavity wide, wavy, brown; Stem long, inclined, yellow
or red, angular.
Core large, regular, closed, clasping ; Seeds numerous,
angular, long; Flesh pale yellow, breaking, fine-grained,
juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic ; Quality good to best ;
Use, market, kitchen, table; Season, August, September.
For the table its place is supplanted by the Primate,
Dyer and others,
Dyer, or Pomme Royale.
POMMEWATER, in Illinois.
Believed to be a French apple, but named Dyer by the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society, in the belief that it
was a seedling of Rhode Island.
Fig. 250.—pDYER, OR POMME ROYALE.
Tree of moderate vigor, spreading, not very productive.
640 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Fruit medium to large, globular, uneven, somewhat an-
gular; Surface not smooth, pale yellow, vein-russeted ;
Dots numerous, minute, dark. ;
Basin medium, shallow, folded or plaited; Eye small,
closed.
Cavity deep, acute, lipped, brown ; Stem long, slender.
Core regular, round, open or closed, clasping ; Seeds
numerous, plump, short; Flesh yellowish, very tender,
very fine-grained, very juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic,
Tich, delicate; Quality best; Use, the dessert ; Season,
September, October.
Not attractive in appearance, but very fine for the
amateur.
Ewalt.
Origin Pennsylvania. Introduced by Dr. Brinckle in
his ad-interim zeports to the Pennsylvania Horticultural
Society. Mr. Waring considers it a valuable winter ap-
ple. Tree vigorous, kandsome grower in the nursery ;
Shoots erect, dark colored; an early, regular bearer.
Fruit large, very handsome, roundish, rather angular ;
Surface smooth, yellow, with clear bright red in the sun,
not striped ; Dots numerous about the base, greenish.
Basin medium, narrow, plaited; Eye medium, closed.
Cavity medium, acute; Stem short. b
Flesh tender, fine-grained; Flavor acid, becoming mild,
aromatic, sprightly ; Quality very good; Season, Febru-
ary to April.
Golden Ball.
" = favorite Maine apple. Tree vigorous, productive,
ardy. ;
Frut large, round, ribbed; Surface smooth, greenish
yellow; Dots few, distinct, white bases.
Basin deep, abrupt, folded; Eye large, closed,
Cavity narrow; Stem medium.
Core indistinct, open, clasping ; Seeds defective ; Flesh
yellowish, tender, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, rich; Quality
good; Use, table, kitchen, market; Season, December to
rch in the North.
CLASS IIL—-ROUND APPLES.—Il. II. I. 641
Morgan White.
Origin unknown. Sent from Morgan County, Illinois,
by Professor J. B. Turner, of Jacksonville.
_Fruit large, globular, somewhat flattened, irregular,
ribbed, uneven; Surface smooth, greenish, marked with
gray striz, rarely a faint blush; Dots white, large.
Fig. 251.—MORGAN WHITE.
Basin abrupt, ribbed ; Eye small but long, closed.
Cavity deep, acute, wavy ; Stem short to medium.
Core small, very wide, open, clasping; Axis short;
Seeds numerous, plump, short; Flesh greenish white,
breaking, tender, fine-grained, juicy ; Flavor acid to sub-
acid, agreeable ; Quality good; Use, kitchen and table;
Season, September to January.
Peck’s Pleasant.
This fine fruit is credited to Rhode Island. The tree is
healthy, spreading, moderately vigorous, but productive,
and a regular bearer. This apple is said to resemble the
Newtown Pippin, but I have never been able to trace anv
642 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
resemblance, except that both are green; at any rate there
is no danger of the merest tyro in pomology confounding
the two varieties. There is, however, a remarkable diver-
sity in the fruit arising from the different soils and climates
in which it is cultivated, North and South, and while, like
many other varieties, its size is greatly developed, its
texture and flavor are depreciated in the migrations
southward.
Fruit large, flattened, globular, somewhat angular, or
flattened, sometimes having a shallow sulcus or furrow on
~ ete rte eee oe
2 SAL
Fig. 252.—PEck’s PLEASANT
one side ; Surface smooth, yellow or orange, being some-
times faintly blushed ; Duts gray, with white bases.
Basin rather shallow and folded; Eye small and open,
calycinal segments being short.
Cavity wide, but often lipped, brown; Stem short, very
thick, clubbed or knobby.
CLASS IIlL.—ROUND APPLES.—II, II. I. 643
Core large, closed, clasping the eye; Seeds numerous,
angular; Flesh yellow, tender, breaking, fine-grained ;
Flavor sub-acid and somewhat aromatic ; of first quality
in the North; Use, table, kitchen or market ; Season, De-
cember to January, or later.
Primate.
This delicious table apple has strong claims upon our
- admiration, on account of its good qualities as a dessert
fruit, for the extreme delicacy of its skin and flesh render
it unfit for market; it is therefore not profitable for the
commercial orchard.
Tree thrifty, stocky, vigorous, strongly branched, pro-
VA |
inf -) H
ame
“illo
Fig. 253.—PRIMATE.
ductive ; Shoots stout, short, light olive; Buds prominent,
foliage pale green. :
Fruit full medium, globular, angular, irregular ; Surface
smooth, greenish-yellow, becoming almost white, some-
times faintly blushed; Dots minute.
Basin abrupt, folded ; Eye small but long, closed; Seg-
ments reflexed.
644 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
ia acute, wavy, green; Stem medium to long,
thick.
Core medium, round, closed, clasping ; Seeds numerous,
angular, long, dark; Flesh greenish-white, very tender,
fine-grained, Flavor mild sub-acid, very agreeable; Qual-
ity best; Use, the dessert ; Season, July and August.
Progress. .
Not having had the good fortune to study this apple, I
quote the description given by Downing:
“A native of Middletown, Connecticut. Tree a moder-
ate grower and forms a handsome head, bears early and
very productive.
“Size above medium, rather globular, inclining to conic,
sometimes oblate, somewhat angular; Stem short, insert-
ed into a round cavity, surrounded by russet ; Calyx large,
partially closed, set in a shallow, open basin; Skin smooth,
yellow, with a sunny cheek, sometimes a few scattered,
gray dots; Flesh solid, tender, crisp, juicy, with a very
refreshing, vinous flavor. Ripe October dntil April.”
Fig. 254.—QUINCE.
CLASS III.—ROUND APPLES.—II. UW. I. 645
Quince.
COLE’S QUINCE.
This does not appear to be exactly the same as that de-
scriked by Coxe, and later by Downing. This fruit-is not
very extensively cultivated. The specimens described are
from that precise pomologist T. T. Lyon, of Michigan.
Fruit full medium, globular, angular, ribbed; Surface
smooth, greenish-yellow, pale.
Basin narrow, folded, plaited; Eye small, closed.
Cavity acute, wavy ; Stem mediun, yellow.
Core oval, closed, meeting the eye; Seeds numerous,
angular, plump, brown; Flesh yellowish-white, tender,
fine-grained, juicy; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic; Quality
good for cooking ; Season, November to January.
September.
This apple is highly esteemed by Mr. W. G. Waring,
of Center County, Pennsylvania, where it originated.
Tree hardy and vigorous, a good and regalar bearer.
“Fruit large, globular, somewhat depressed, slightly
conic, angular; Skin yellow,.slightly shaded and thinly
i with brown dots; Stalk short, inserted in a deep,
abrupt cavity, surrounded by thin russet; Calyx partially
closed, set in an open basin; Flesh yellowish, tender,
juicy, with a very agreeable sub-acid flavor; Octobér.”—
tDowning:]
Sheepnose—of Mears.
This substantial little apple was presented by Wm.
E. Mears, a zealous horticulturist of Clermont County,
Ohio, where it is considerably cultivated. Origin un-
known.
Fruit medium, round, slightly conic, irregular; Surface
smooth, greenish yellow, white strie about the base, like
White Winter Pearmain, which it resembles in some other
respects ; Dots minute.
Basin shallow, wavy; Eye long, closed.
Cavity acute, narrow, bronzed ; Stem medium, knobbed.
Core roundish oval, irregular, open, clasping ; Seeds nu-
merous, plump, dark; Flesh yellowish-white, breaking,
tender, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid; Quality good ; Use, table
and kitchen ; Season, December to February.
646 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Summer Pippin.
A favorite apple about New York—not known exten-
sively. Tree vigorous, forming a beautiful head, a regular
and good bearer. _ .
Fruit medium to large, variable in furm, sometimes ob-
long-oval, or inclining to conic, angular and irregular; Skin
pale waxen yellow, shaded with a delicate crimson blush,
Fig. 255.—sUMMER PIPPIN.
and sprinkled with green and grayish dots; Stalk varies
in length and thickness, inserted ina deep, abrupt cavity ;
Calyx closed, set in a deep, abrupt, corrugated basin ;
Flesh white, tender, moderately juicy, with a pleasant, re-
freshing sub-acid flavor ; Valuable for culinary uses; Rip-
ens in August and continues a month or more.—[Downing. ]
et *
CLASS TII.—ROUND APPLES.—II, II. I. 647
Transport.
Another of Reuben Ragan’s Indiana seedlings. Tree
poor in the nursery—good in the orchard. Very produc-
tive.
Fruit large, globular, flattened, angular; Surface
smooth, pale yellow, blushed carmine; Dots scattered,
Fig. 256.—TRANSPORT.
green, with white bases, becoming purple where exposed ;
Bloom white.
Basin medium, plaited ; Eye small, closed.
Cavity deep, acute, brown ; Stem medium to long.
Core irregular, closed, clasping ; Axisshort ; Seeds dark,
pointed, imperfect; Flesh, yellowish-white, tender, melt-
ing, fine-grained, juicy; Flavor mild sub-acid, rich; Qual-
ity good to very good; Use, table, kitchen, market; Sea-
son, December to February. Not very profitable.
White Pippin. .
The origin of this valuable fruit is entirely unknown,
and its history can only be traced to the nursery of Silas
648 “ DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Wharton, who may have brought it with him from the
East. For a time some of our leading pomologists
thought it was the Canada Reinette, but this idea has
long since been relinquished, and all agree that it is sué
generis, though it may havehad a different name. In
some of its external characters it more nearly resembles
/ iy
\
Hl H
; '
f d
' Ld
i i
1 S
‘
:
.
Fig. 257.—WHITE PIPPIN.
the Yellow Newtown Pippin than any other fruit; but,
while it lacks the high, spicy flavor of that apple, it is
found to be much more profitable in the orchard.
The tree is remarkably thrifty, vigorous and produc-
tive, upright, with very dark shoots, covered with down,
bearing large leaves that are quite downy beneath, and
deep green above.
Fruit large, variable in form, angular, sometimes lop-
sided, generally fair, free from scab ; Surface smooth, green
or greenish-white to very pale yellow when ripe; the
skin toward the base is often marked on the unripe apple
with indistinct wavy stripes of white, the interspaces are
sometimes colored by exposure, and assume a pink or pur-
CLASS IIL—ROUND APPLES.—II. Il. 1. 649
plish hue, making the fruit appear to be striped; Dots
very minute, and surrounded te green bases that are
most distinct before the fruit is perfectly ripe; these and
the white stripes are very characteristic.
Basin deep, abrupt, regular, wavy or folded ; Eye small,
closed. _
Cavity wide, deep, wavy, brown and green: Stem short,
sometimes thick.
Core small, pyriform, closed, clasping ; Seeds numerous,
angular, pale brown, pointed; Flesh white or yellowish-
white, breaking, granular, juicy; Flavor acid to sub-acid,
not spicy ; Quality good; Use, kitchen rather than table,
cooks very well; Season, December and January; not a
very good keeper; may be preserved until March.
Yellow Newtown.
The origin of this variety of the Newtown Pippin, whica
has obtained such a world-wide notoriety as the “ Ameri-
FMig. 258.—YELLOW NEWTOWN.
can Apple,” is very uncertain. The distinction between
this tt the Gren) Newtown, as described under Class III,
I, 2, 1, was well known to Coxe.
28
650 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Tree resembling that of the Green variety, slow grow-
er in the nursery, having rough bark when old, notean
early bearer, but large, spreading, and productive, and in
suitable soils profitable. From some cause, however, the
orchards of both these apples are much less satisfactory in
their results than formerly in many parts of the country.
Still it is often seen in great perfection, and I am compil-
ing this description from outlines and notes of a large
number that were very fine.
Fruit large, round, more or less modified by being cyl-
indrical, truncated, lop-sided, ribbed, and irregular, some-
times even conic; Surface smooth, yellowish-green, some-
times bronzy, becoming yellow when ripe, like the White
Pippin, it is marked with gray strie near the base while
green; Dots minute, scattered, whitish bases.
Basin large, folded, ribbed or plaited; Eye medium,
rather open.
Cavity deep, acute, brown; Stem medium or short, rarely
long.
Core medium, oval, regular, closed, megting or clasping
the eye; Seeds pointed, brown, sometimes imperfect ; Flesh
yellow, firm, breaking, juicy, not crisp like the Green va-
riety ; Flavor acid, aromatic, rich, very agreeable; Quality
best ; Use, table, kitchen, market and cider ; Season, March.
y
.
CLASS IT.—ROUND APPLES.
ORDER II.—IRREGULAR.
SECTION 2.—SOUR.
SUB-SECTION 2.—STRIPED.
Benoni.
This handsome and delicious early apple is a native of
Dedham, Massachusetts. Its good qualities have caused
its culture to be widely extended, and it appears to give
very general satisfaction; though not so early as some
other kinds, for the dessert especially, it is indispensable to
the amateur.
.
CLASS IIIL—ROUND APPLES.—II. II. I 651
Tree small, upright, close, productive, early bearer ;
Shoots slender, brown, leaves thin, long. °
Fruit small to medium, round, truncated, somewhat an-
gular, irregular; Surface smooth, yellow, covered mixed
red, striped scarlet and carmine; Dots minute.
Basin wide, abrupt; Eye large, open or closed.
Fig. 259.—BENONI. s
Cavity acute, wavy, brown; Stem medium, green, often
stout.
Core small, closed, meeting the eye; Seeds angular,
dark; Flesh yellow, fine-grained, juicy; Flavor rich, sub-
acid, spicy; Quality best; Use, dessert, kitchen and mar-
ket; Season, July and August. Delicious and profitable.
Brennaman.
This fine apple, from’ Lancaster County, Pennsylvania,
was reported on by the ad interim Cominitie: of the
Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, and was brought to
my notice by Dr. J. K. Eshleman, of Downingtown, in
whose beautiful orchard I had an opportunity of studying
the variety.
Tree large, spreading, vigorous, productive, said to be
hardy.
652
DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
face smoeth, yellow, nearly covered with stripes of bright
rich red,
Basin deep, wavy; Eye closed.
Cavity large, brown; Stem short to medium.
Flesh whitish, breaking, fine-grained, juicy; Flavor
sub-acid, agreeable; Quality good, especially for culinary
use and market ; Season, August and September.
oe
Fruit medium to large, round, somewhat angular; Sur-
Chronicle.
This is a famous long keeper of Indiana origin. The
honors of its discovery are divided between the Sigersons
and R. Ragan.
Tree vigorous, healthy, productive, said to be hardy.
Fruit full medium to large, globular, truncated, cylin-
drical, irregular, flattened at the sides or angular ; Axis
2
\
.
*
a
q
a
'
tlt LEEDS .
Fig. 260.—cHRONICLE.
inclined in some; Surface yellowish-green to
ed and striped dull red ;
dented.
ellow, mix-
ots large, peattered, yellow, in-
CLASS II.—ROUND APPLES.—Il. I. 0. 653
Basin, wide, deep, regular or wavy; Eye small to me-
dium, closed.
Cavity wide, wavy or acute, sometimes lipped, brown;
Stem medium to long, sometimes thick.
Core small, closed, meeting; Seeds numerous, pointed,
plump; Flesh greenish to yellow, firm ; Flavor sub-acid, not
spicy ; Quality scarcely good, except for culinary Use and
for market ; Season, March to May. Keeps sound even
when bruised.
Foundling.
“From Massachusetts. Tree moderately vigorous,
spreading, productive.”—[Downing. }
Fruit medium to large, round, flattened at the ends, an-
gular or uneven; Surface yellowish-green, mixed red,
splashed deep red; Dots minute, indented.
Basin wide, abrupt, folded ; Eye small, closed.
Cavity deep, acute, wavy, green; Stem short or me-
dium.
Core large, wide, open, clasping ; Seeds numerous, small,
pointed ; Flesh white, tender, fine-grained, juicy; Flavor
sub-acid, aromatic; Quality good; Use, table; Season,
September.
pecimens obtained from Mr. Warren.
Jersey Black.
BLACK APPLE of Coxe?
This admirable but unpretending fruit has extended its
way quietly through the country, along the parallels 40°
to 42°, without ever having had any extra puffing, such
as has given notoriety to some of its competitors for places
in the orchard. Nobody speaks about this apple, nor
writes about it, and yet it is everywhere to be found. This
cannot be the Black Apple of Coxe and Downing, being
quite different in some of its strong characters. Origin
unknown , supposed.to have been introduced into the West
by Silas Wharton, of Warren County, Ohio, as it is found
with the White Pippin and other favorite sorts of his in-
troduction, and is in his published list.
Tree sufficiently vigorous, but does not grow large,
spreading, often drooping when old, branches open, always
fruitful, either well distributed in a light crop, or crowded
in a full one.
654 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES,
Fruit fall medium, round, angular and irregular, some-
times ribbed; Surfice smooth, completely covered with
deep red, striped darker, giving a purp‘e, almost black
hue to the fruit, often covered with a thin bloom; one va-
riety is always lighter, stripes more distinct, and the flesh
more stained ; Dots numcrous, minute, indented, purple.
Basin mostly shallow, folded and plaited; Eye small to
medium, closed.
Cavity deep, acute, brown, often wavy or folded; Stem
short, medium or long, usually stout, sometimes knobbed.
cone eme
Fig. 261.—JERSEY BLACK.
Core medium, regular, generally closed, clasping the
eye; Seeds numerous, short, plump, pointed, dack- Flesh
yellow, crisp, fine-grained, juicy, often stained pink or red-
dish; Flavor rich, mild sub-acid, aromatic, not spicy, sat-
isfying; Quality good; Use, table, kitchen, cider and for
stock; Season, December, January; keeps sound. A good
market apple.
CLASS II.—ROUND APPLES.—IL IL I. 655
King.
KING OF TOMPKINS COUNTY.
This splendid apple, which has attracted so much atten-
tion of recent years, had its origin, as is supposed, in
Tompkins County, New York, where it has been much
cultivated.
Tree vigorous, healthy, large and spreading, an abund-
ant annual bearer.
Fruit large, handsome, globular, irregular, somewhat
i 4,
\ vi
i"
Fig. 262,—Kine.
conic, angular; Surface smooth, yellow, covered deep red,
marbled and striped ; Dots numerous, gray, large.
Basin shallow, folded; Eye large, short, closed.
Cavity wide, shallow, wavy; Stem short or long, thick
or slender, red.
Core very large, turbinate, regular, closed; Seeds im-
perfect, angular; Flesh yellowish-white, tender, breaking ;
Flavor -sub-acid, aromatic; Quality best; Use, table,
kitchen and market; Season, December and longer.
656 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Missouri Keeper.
Specimens from Norman J. Colman, Esq., Editor of the
Rural World, St. Louis, Missouri. Origin unknown.
Fruit medium to small, round, irregular; Surface
smooth, shaded, mixed, striped red ; Dots numerous, large,
white, distinct.
Basin abrupt, regular; Eye small, closed.
mee narrow, regular ; Stem medium to short, knobby,
thic
Core regular, closed; Seeds numerous, long, plump, an-
at Flesh yellow, breaking, tender, fine-grained, juicy ;
lavor sub-acid; Quality good to very good; Use, table,
market and kitchen ; Season, January to July.
Specimens cut and described on the 25th of June were
in perfect condition.
ea haa
igi I ‘
Fig. 263.—NONPAREIL.
Nonpareil.
The history and origin of this nice autumn fruit have
not been ascertained, and it may prove to be an old va-
CLASS III.—ROUND APPLES.—Il. Il. I 657
riety with a changed name—considerably grown in Nor-
thern Illinois. Specimens from Dr. Geo. eke, of Rock-
ford, are here described. :
Fruit medium to large, round, somewhat conic, angu-
lar, ribbed ; Surface smooth, waxy-yellow, splashed crim-
son; Dots minute.
Basin shallow, folded and plaited; Eye small, closed.
Cavity deep, acute, wavy, sometimes lipped ; Stem long
to medium, thick, green.
Core wide, regular, open, meeting the eye; Seeds nu-
merous, angular, brown ; Flesh white, tender, fine-grained,
juicy; Flavor acid, aromatic; Quality quite good; Use,
table; Season, September and October.
Stewart’s Nonpareil—Local Name.
This early apple is quite a favorite in Clarke County,
Ohio, and may prove to be the Tetofski, or some other
known variety, when it comes to be more thoroughly ex-
amined. Fruits received from my brother, J. T. Warder.
Fruit medjum, roundish, conical, irregular, angular ; Sur-
face smooth, yellowish-green, splashed carmine; Dots mi-
nute, scattered, indented.
Basin small, abrupt, folded ; Eye very small, closed.
Cavity deep, acute, narrow; Stem long, slender.
Core large, oval, open, clasping the eye; Seeds numer-
ous, brown; Elesh white, tender, fine-grained, juicy ; Fla-
vor sub-acid; Quality good to best; Use, table and kitch-
en; Season, July and August, in latitude 40°.
Tetofski.
This little foreigner was brought from Russia, and seems
as well adapted to our climate and tastes as are its com-
panions from the same region.
Tree vigorous, hardy, productive, upright, leaves broad,
pale or light green.
Fruit small to medium, round, fldttened, somewhat conic,
angular; Surface smooth, yellow, striped, splashed car-
mine, white bloom.
Basin shallow, folded ; Eye large, closed.
Cavity wide, wavy, or deep, acute; Stem short, yellow.
28*
658 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Core large, closed, clasping ; Seeds numerous, plump,
brown; Flesh yellowish-white, breaking, fine grained,
juicy ; Flavor acid; Quality good; Use, market, kitchen;
Season, June, July—before Harly Harvest.
CLASS IIL—ROUND APPLES.
ORDER IL—IRREGULAR.
SECTION 2.—SOUR.
SUB-SECTION 8.—RUSSET.
Golden Harvey.
BRANDY APPLE.
This highly flavored English apple is often referred to,
but is rarely seen in American collections ; but as it may
be interesting to some, I quote Downing’s brief descrip-
tion: :
“ Fruit small, irregularly round; Skin rather rough, dull
russet overa yellow ground, with a russety red cheek;
Flesh yellow, of fine texture, with a rich sub-acid flavor.
The fruit is apt to shrivel.”
Tree of slender growth.
CLASS IV.—OBLONG APPLES.
ORDER I—REGULAR.
SECTION 1—SWEET
SUB-SECTION 1.—SELF-COLORED.
Downing’s Paragon.
Originated at Canton, Illinois. Tree upright, bears an-
nually, productive.
Fruit large, round, but appearing oblong, regular; Sur-
face smooth, yellow to golden, slightly bronzed or blushed
when fully ripe; this and the dots can scarcely be seen
while the fruit is immature.
CLASS IV.—OBLONG APPLES.—I, L I. 659
e
Basin deep, abrupt, plaited ; Eye medium, closed.
Cavity deep, acute, irregular; Stem long.
Core very small, oval, closed, meeting the eye; Seeds
’
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a
‘
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ny
Fig. 264.—DOWNING’S PARAGON.
numerous, plump; Flesh very tender ; Flavor sweet, rich,
aromatic; Quality good; Use, table; September to De-
cember.
Honey.
Native of Pennsylvania. Tree very erect and an excel-
lent bearer, Fruit rather small, oblong or oblong-conical,
greenish; Flesh tender, juicy. If this apple ripened in
October (apple butter season) it would be more valuable.
—[W. G. Waring’s MS.]
Pennsylvania Sweeting.
Found in Southern Illinois. Origin and history un-
known.
660 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
e
Fruit large, oblong, regular; Surface dull greenish-yel-
low; Dots numerous, dark, distinct.
Basin deep, abrupt, regular; Eye large, closed.
Cavity deep, acute, irregular; Stem medium.
Core irregular, large, open, clasping; Seeds numerous,
Av
aN
Fig. 265.—PENNSYLVANIA SWEETING.
small; Flesh tender, melting, fine-grained ; Flavor very
sweet; Quality good; Use, baking and stock; Season,
early winter.
CLASS IV.—OBLONG APPLES.—I, I. I, 661
Wells’ Sweeting.
Origin and history unknown.
Fruit medium, round or oblong, regular; Surface
smooth, white, some blush ; Dots scattered, prominent.
Basin wide, regular, leather-cracked ; Eye large, closed.
Fig. 266.—WELLs’ SWEETING.
Cavity medium, regular, green; Stem medium.
Core pyriform, closed ; Seeds numerous, angular, plump ;
Flesh white, firm, juicy; Flavor sweet ; Use, baking and
stock; Season, October and December.
—oo—
662 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
CLASS IV.—OBLONG APPLES.
ORDER I1.—REGULAR.
SECTION 1.—SWEET.
SUB-SECTION 2.—STRIPED.
Black Gilliflower.
An old variety, which cannot be very highly praised,
for it is but an indifferent fruit, and yet, on account of its
productiveness and keeping properties, it is considered
profitable for orchard planting.
Fruit rather large, oblong-ovate, regular; Surface near-
\
Fig. 267.—BLACK GILLIFLOWER.
ly covered with stripes of very deep red that make it look
nearly black.
Basin very shallow, often plaited; Eye small, closed.
Cavity deep, acute, brown; Stem long, slender.
CLASS IV.—OBLONG APPLES.—1 I. Il. 663
Core very large, oval, regular, meeting the eye; Seeds
numerous, plump or imperfect ; Flesh whitish, dry ; Flavor
only sweet; Use, essentially market, may be valuable for
stock ; Season, November to March.
Mother.
Origin Bolton, Massachusetts.
productive.
Fruit medium to full medium, oblong, regular ; Surface
Tree rather slender, but
.
.
*
s
‘
s
4
.
,
‘
’
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i
Fig. 268.—MOTHE.
smooth, shaded red on yellow, with close, fine stripes of
red; Dots minute.
* Basin medium, regular or plaited; Eye long, small,
closed.
Cavity acute, regular or wavy; Stem long, slender.
Core medium, turbinate, regular, closed, clasping ; Seeds
numerous; Flesh yellow, crisp, very fine-grained, juicy ;
664 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Flavor sweet, very rich, vinous, aromatic; Quality best ;
Use, dessert; Season, October to January.
Ramsdell’s Red.
Origin Connecticut. Tree vigorous, upright, many
branches, productive, early bearer; Shoots slender, red-
dish ; Foliage rather light green.
Fruit medium to large, oblong, regular, truncated ; Sur-
Fig. 269.—RAMSDELL’S RED,
face smooth, yellow, hidden by bright red, mixed and
striped ; Dots numerous, yellow, distinct.
Basin rather deep, abrupt, wavy; Eyesmall to medium,
closed.
CLASS IV.—OBLONG APPLES.—L IL. L 663
ees deep, acute, wavy ; Stem medium to long, often
re
Core large, oval, closed, clasping the eye; Seeds large;
Flesh yellow, breaking, juicy; Flavor very sweet, rich;
Quality very good; Use, baking and stock; Season, Sep-
tember to December. ,
CLASS IV.—OBLONG APPLES,
ORDER I.—REGULAR.
SECTION L—SWEET.
SUB-SECTION 8.—RUSSET.
Mansfield Russet.
“ Brought into notice by Dr. Joseph Mansfield, of Gro-
ton, Massachsetts. Tree vigorous and very productive.
Fruit small, oblong, inclining to conic; Skin cinnamon
Tusset; Stem long, inserted in a deep, furrowed cavity ;
Calyx partially closed, set in an open basin; Flesh not
very juicy, rich, aromatic, saccharine, vinous; Keeps un-
til April and May.”—[Downing. ]
CLASS IV.—OBLONG APPLES.
ORDER I.—REGULAR.
SECTION 2.—SOUR.
SUB-SECTION 1.—SELF-COLORED.
Bailey’s Golden.
“Origin Kennebec County, Maine. Tree productive;
Fruit large, oblong, flattened at base and crown; Skin
yellowish, slightly russeted, with a warm cheek; Stem
short, surrounded by russet, in a broad, deep cavity ; Calyx
large and open, basin shallow; Flesh white, with a pleas-
ant sub-acid flavor; January to March.”—[Downing. |
66 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Carolina Red June.
Origin southern, though long extensively grown in the
North, and everywhere in the West a favorite early fruit.
Tree hardy, vigorous, healthy, upright, early bearer,
productive; Shoots slender, dark ; Foliage dark.’
‘.
.
.
ry
.
‘
iy
*
Fig. 270.—CAROLINA RED JUNE.
Fruit small to medium, form variable, but generally ob-
long-ovate, regular; Surface smooth, deep red on white,
nearly universal; Dots minute.
Basin shallow, folded, plaited ; Eye small, closed; Seg-
ments reflexed.
Cavity narrow, acute; Stem medium or short.
Core oval, open, meeting the eye; Seeds numerous,
small, plump ; Flesh white, very tender, fine-grained, juicy ;
Flavor sub-acid, not rich; Quality good; Use, table and
market ; Season, June and July—one of the earliest.
CLASS IV.—OBLONG APPLES.—I. Il. L 667
There is a striped variety, the Striped June, from Vir-
ginia, similar in every respect except the external mark-
ings. It is, of’ course, quite different from the Virginia
June.—(Q. vide p. 500.)
Crawford Keeper.
This fruit was received from H. N. Gillett, Lawrence
County, Ohio. ;
Fruit large, cylindrical, oblong, lop-sided; Surface
smooth, purplish red; Dots numcrous, fawn colored.
Basin wide, shallow, wavy; Eye small, closed.
Cavity acute, regular, rough, brown; Stem medium.
Core regular, open; Seeds numerous, brown; Flesh yel-
low, breaking, tender, fine-grained, juicy ; Flavor sub-acid,
rich; Quality good to very good; Use, table; Season,
February to April. Very desirable.
Na
“sbi
Fig. 271.—CUMBERLAND SPICE.
668 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Camberland Spice.
Origin New Jersey; not very extensively cultivated,
for, though sometimes excellent, it is not found to bea
profitable sort.
Fruit rather oblong, contracted toward the eye, or
ovate, regular; sometimes the Axis is inclined; Surface
pale yellow; Dots large, brown, scattered.
Basin shallow, regular or folded; Eye large, partially
closed.
Cavity deep, acute ; Stem generally long.
Core large, round, very open, not touching the eye;
Seeds numerous, large, pointed; Flesh yellow, tender,
breaking, juicy; Flavor acid to sub-acid, rich, aromatic;
Quality good to best, but uncertain; Use, table, kitchen,
not profitable; Season, October to December.
Curtis Greening.
This fruit was found in Illinois; origin uncertain.
oe
Ms,
Fig. 272.—-CURTIS GREENING.
Fruit medium to large, cylindrical, oblong, truncated ;
CLASS IV.—OBLONG APPLES.—I. II. I. 669
Axis inclined ; Surface yellow, ‘bronzy; Dots numerous,
dark, indented.
Basin abrupt, wide, regular; Eye large, open.
Cavity deep, acute, regular; Stem short. '
Core small, fig-shaped, closed, clasping ; Seeds numer-
ous, small, plump; Flesh yellow, breaking ; Flavor sub-
acid, rich ; Quality good; Use, table and kitchen; Season,
January and February. ;
Dawson’s Cluster.
From Clark County, Ohio.
Fruit full medium, oblong-truncate or ovate, regular ;
Fig. 273.—DAWSON’S CLUSTER.
Surface smooth, pale yellow, blushed lightly with brown;
Dots scattered, gray.
Basin abrupt, regular; Eye large, closed.
Cavity very acute, wavy ; Stem long, witha knob.
Core medium, heart-shaped, regular, closed, clasping ;
Seeds numerous, plump, large ; Flesh yellowish-white, fine-
670 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
grained, tender, juicy; Flavor sub-acid; Quality good;
Use, kitchen, but chiefly recommended for cider; Season,
November. An enormous bearer.
Franklin Golden.*
HUGHES’ AMERICAN GOLDEN PIPPIN.
Tree thrifty, upricht, moderately productive; Fruit ob-
long, cylindrical; Surface smooth, yellow; Dots distinct,
gray, not numerous.
Basin wide, shallow, finely plaited; Eye long, closed.
Cavity medium, greenish ; Stem long.
Core small, pyriform, regular, closed, clasping; Seeds
lump, pointed; Flesh yellow, tender, fine-grained, juicy ;
‘lavor acid, rich; Quality very good; Use, table; Sea-
son, mid-winter.
A choice dessert fruit.
Grimes’ Golden.
Another apple of similar and equally high character.
Origin, Brooke County, Virginia. Introduced to the
State Pomological Society by our zealous fellow member
ia
Fig. 274.—Grrmes’ GOLDEN.
* Fall Butter, on page 677, helongs here.
¢ CLASS IV.—OBLONG APPLES.——I. II, 1. 671
8. B. Marshall, Massillon, Ohio, who obtained it from N.
Wood, of Belmont County.
Tree vigorous, healthy, spreading, productive, bears
early ; Shoots stout, dark; Foliage abundant, dark green.
Fruit full medium, cylindrical, regular; Surface yellow,
vein-russeted ; Dots numerous, minute.
Basin abrupt, folded; Eye large, closed.
Cavity wide, regular, grcen; Stem long, curvea.
Core small, pyriform, closed, meeting the eye; Seeds
numerous, plump, brown; Flesh yellow, firm, breaking,
very fine-grained, juicy; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic, spicy,
rich, refreshing; Quality very best; Use, dessert, too
good for aught else ; those who have tried it say that it is
excellent for cooking ; Season, January to March.
Kirkbridge White.
This fruit has been pretty extensively cultivated in
some parts of the Western States, and sometimes mistaken
Fig. 275.—KIRKBRIDGE WHITE.
for the Yellow June. Tree of moderate growth, bears
early, productive. ‘
672 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Fruit small, oblong-conic, regular; Surface smooth,
pale yellow or white ; Dots minute, gray, scattered.
Basin small, shallow or abrupt, narrow, regular; Eye
small, closed ; Segments reflexed.
Cavity deep, acute, regular, brown ; Stem long, slender,
reen. :
. Core medium, pyriform, regular, open, meeting the eye;
Seeds numerous, plump, pointed, brown; Flesh white,
fine-grained, tender, juicy; Flavor sub-acid; Quality very
good; Use, table, market; Season, July, August, after
Early Harvest.
.
.
‘
’
5
i
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1
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‘
‘
:
‘
:
,
:
‘
Fig. 276.—ortTLEy.
CLASS IV.—OBLUNG APPLES.—l: I. L 673
Ortley.
WILITE BELLFLOWER, And Many Others.
This excellent New Jersey apple bas been cultivated
very satisfactorily over a great extent of our country, and
is still seen in some Western collections, exhibiting all its
peculiar beauty, but in many places where it was a great
favorite but a few years since, it has become so defective
from scab and bitter-rot that it is rapidly disappearing
from the nurseries and orchards.
Tree vigorous, healthy, upright, becoming large and
spreading, very productive; Shoots stout, dark, bearing
limbs brittle, and often broken by the fruit.
Fruit large, oblong, conic, truncated, regular; Surface
smooth, pale yellow, rarely blushed light carmine, and
red spots ; Dots minute, indented, white bases seen only
in the unripe fruit.
Basin medium, regular, plaited ; Eye small, very long,
closed.
Cavity deep, acute, regular, brown; Stem long, slender.
Core medium, oval, regular, open, meeting the very long
eye; Seeds numerous, short, plump, pointed, dark, easily
loosened, when they rattle in the large open capsules; Flesh
yellowish, tender, breaking, juicy; Flavor acid to sub-
acid, sprightly, refreshing; Quality best; Use, table,
kitchen ; Season, November to January.
The threatened failure of this fine fruit is much td be
regretted. Its tissue is so fine as to suit even the invalid
or convalescent, who could not safely partake of a more
solid apple.
Porter.
Native of Sherburne, Massachusetts. Tree vigorous,
healthy, productive. :
Fruit rather large, oblong, somewhat conic, often trun-
cated; Surface smooth, yellow, often faintly blushed ;
Dots few, sunken.
Basin abrupt, folded; Eye large, closed.
Cavity acute, wavy, brown; Stem medium,
Core medium, oval, regular, closed, meeting the eye;
Seeds numerous, plump; Flesh yellowish white, breaking,
tender, juicy; Flavor acid to sub-acid; Quality good to
very good; Use, kitchen, table, market ; Season, August
to October. *
29
674 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES,
Fig. 277.—pPorter.
9
Spark’s. ~
SPARK’S LATE,
Fruited by Jas. H. Crain, of Undulation, Pulaski County,
Mllinois, on trees received from J. W. Felt & Co., Crystal
Springs, Mississippi.
. Special origin unknown, but believed to be southern.
Tree vigorous, upright and productive ; Shoots stout.
Fruit full medium to large, oblong, conic, regular, hand-
some; Surface greenish-yellow; Dots numerous, rather
large, gray and rough,
Basin shallow, small, regular ; Eye very small, closed.
Cavity deep, acute, regular, green; Stem medium to
long.
Cr medium, oval, closed, meeting the eye; Seeds nu-
merous, plump; Flesh yellow, breaking, fine-grained,
juicy ; Flavor sub-acid, rich, very aromatic; Use, dessert
especially ; Season, December and January; Quality best.
CLASS IV.—OBLONG APPLES.—I. II. II. 675
,
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,
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Fig. 278.—sPaRk’s. .
CLASS IV.—OBLONG APPLES.
ORDER I.—REGULAR.
SECTION 2.—SOUR.
SUB-SECTION 2.—STRIPED.
Boalsburg.
“ A seedling of Center County, Pennsylvania. Large,
oblong, inclining to conical, delicately mottled, and striped
with red on yellow ground; Stem short, thick, inserted in
a deep, acuminate, russeted cavity; Basin deep, moder-
ately wide; Flesh yellow, juicy, sprightly, refreshing;
Very good; February.”—[ Ad interim Reports. ]
676 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Mr. Waring, of Tyrone, Pe:nsylvania, writes me that
the Boalsburg has not proved to be productive, and that
he has discontinued its propagation. ‘
Cannon Pearmain.
A southern apple; probably from North Carolina.
Grown to some extent in parts of the West, where it
proves a substitute for the Ben Davis, keeping longer.
fa
.
‘
3
‘
1
1
'
:
:
/
OL
A
Fig. 279,—caNNON PEARMAIN,
Tree vigorous, healthy, productive when old; Fruit
medium, round, oblong or ovate, regular; Surface smooth,
yellow, shaded red, faintly striped; Dots large, yellow,
Tay.
eota deep, abrupt, regular, rarely wavy ; Eye small,
closed.
Cavity acute, often lipped ; Stem long, slender, red.
Core medium, regular, oval, closed, clasping ;" Seeds
numerous, long, pointed; Flesh yellow, firm, breaking ;
CLASS IV.——-OBLONG APPLES.—I. II. 1. 677
Flavor mild sub-acid; Quality only good; Use, market,
kitchen, table; Season, January to April.
Cooper’s Market.
“Tree vigorous, upright, with long, slender branches;
productive and a late keeper.
“Fruit medium, oblong, conic; Skin yellowish, shaded
_ With red, striped crimson; Stem short; Cavity deep, nar-
row; Calyx closed; Basin small; Flesh white, tender,
with a brisk, sub-acid flavor; December to May.”—
[Downing. ] .
Fall Butter.—{Z. Jones.) *
There are many apples with this name, but my good
friend Lewis Jones thinks this is the only genuine kind,
and deserving the name from its adaptation to the making
of apple butter. Found in a seedling orchard of Eastern
Indiana, and a distinct sort.
Fruit large, handsome, globular; Surface smooth, green-
ish-yellow ; Dots minute, prominent. :
Basin regular, abrupt, brown; Eye medium, closed.
Cavity deep, narrow, green; Stem short.
Core medium, round, open, clasping ; Seeds numerous,
short, plump, dark; Flesh yellowish-white, breaking, fine-
grained, juicy; Flavor sweet; Quality best for table, bak-
ing and apple butter ; Season, December and January.
Hague.
Introduced by Lewis Jones, Wayne County, Indiana.
Believed to be a seedling.
Fruit large, roundish, oblong, cylindrical, truncate ;
Surface smooth, greenish yellow, shaded more or less
with red, striped and splashed deep red ; Dots numerous
or scattered, large, distinct, yellow.
Basin medium, regular; Eye medium, closed.
Cavity deep, acute, regular, brown; Stem short to me-
dium, curved.
Core large, heart-shaped, regular, closed or open, clasp-
ing ; Seeds numerous, short, pointed, plump; Flesh yel-
low, tender, fine-grained, juicy; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic,
rich; Quality very good to best; Use, table, market ;
Season, Decemher to February. Worthy of attention.
* See page 670.
678 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
AU
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H
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:
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‘
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.
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‘
\
Herman.
“ From Cumberland County, Pennsylvania. Tree vigor-
ous, spreading, quite prolific.
Fruit medium, oblong, conic; fine red, striped on green,
Flesh greenish white, tender, juicy, sub-acid, and high
flavor ; November to April.”—|Saml. Miller, in Dowuning.]
Indiana Beauty.
This beautiful Indiana seedling always attracts attention
by its external appearance, but it is not destined to be-
come a general favorite.
Fruit large, cylindrical, oblong, unequal; Axis in-
clined ; Surface very smooth yellow, partially covered
mixed scarlet, splashed carmine ; Dots numerous, small.
CLASS IV.—OBLONG APPLES.—I Il. Il. 679
Basin deep, abrupt, folded ; Eye medium to large, closed.
Cavity acute, wavy; Stem medium.
Core small, oval, closed, clasping the eye; Seeds nu-
‘
iy
e
’
.
a
ry
.
‘
\
LY
Fig. 281.—rNDIANA BEAUTY.
merous, long, pointed, imperfect; Flesh yellowish, breaking,
juicy; Flavor sub-acid, aromatic; Quality only good;
Use, market, kitchen; Season, September, November.
Jonathan.
Origin, Kingston, New York. Described by Judge
Buell. A very superior dessert fruit; good for all pur-
poses, and seems to do well everywhere. Its excellence has
caused it to be called, particularly, a gentleman’s apple,
though quite acceptable to the farmers’ boys.
Tree of rather slender growth; hence top-grafted in
the orchard and stock-grafted in the nursery to produce
680 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
early results; Spreading, rather drooping, productive ;
Shoots slender, light brown, buds small ; olings rather
sparse, grayish.
Fruit medium, round or oblong, conic, truncated, regu-
lar; Surface very smooth, waxy yellow, wholly covered
t
alfageatenn nie
Fig. 282.—soNAaTHAN.
brilliant dark red, mixed and striped; Dots minute, rus-
set-veined.
Basin deep, regular, russet-veined ; Eye small, closed,
green.
Cavity acute, deep, regular, reddish brown ; Stem long,
slender. ;
Core medium, roundish—oval, regular, closed, scarcel
clasping the eye; Seeds numerous, large, angular; Fles
whitish yellow, tender, breaking, very juicy; Flavor sub-
acid, aromatic, equal to Spitzenberg ; Quality best; Use,
dessert, cooking, &c.; December, January.
Should be in every orchard.
CLASS IV.—OBLONG APPLES.—I. Il. II. 681
Kaighn’s Spitzenberg.—[Coze.]
From Gloucester County, New Jersey. Tree spread-
ing, very productive; Shoots slender.
ruit large, handsome, oblong, slightly conic, truncated,
regular; Surface smooth, yellow, striped crimson; Dots
minute.
Basin deep, abrupt, folded or regular; Eye medium,
closed ; Segments reflexed.
Cavity deep, acute, regular, brown; Stem long, slender,
red
Core large, pyriform, regular, clasping, generally open;
Seeds numerous, plump, angular, loose; Flesh yellow,
.
sY
Bay
*
ry
4
a
1
.
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a
'*,
a
Fig. 283.—KAIGHN’S SPITZENBERG.
breaking, juicy; Flavor acid to sub-acid, rather rich;
Quality good for culinary use; Market and drying; Sea-
son, November, December.
29*
682 DESCRIPTIONS OF APPLES.
Knowles’ Early.
A favorite early apple about Philadelphia. Origin sup-
posed to be Bucks County, Pennsylvania.
Tree medium, thrifty, very productive, early bearer.
Fruit small, conical, oblong, striped dull red on yellow.
Basin shallow, plaited; Eye small, closed.
Cavity acute, regular; Stem medium to long.
Flesh yellowish, very tender, juicy ; Flavor mild sub-
acid, aromatic, agreeable; Quality good; Use, table,
kitchen ; Season, July and Ausust.
Long Island Pearmain.—[(oz.]
AUTUMN PEARMAIN, Thompson, according to Downing.—WINTER PEAR-
MAIN, Western markets.
An old variety found im all the early orchards of Ohio
and Indiana, that were within the influence of Silas Whar-
ton’s nursery. : |
Broadwell,
Golden Sweet,
Paradise Winter,
Ramedell Sweet,
Sweet June,
Sweet Nonesuch.
Sweet apples arranged in succession for stock. Those
marked 7 are also fine for the dessert ; those marked B.
are superior for baking:
Hightop, B.
Bough, 7.
Golden Sweeting, B.
Victuals and Drink, B. 7.
Jersey Sweet.
Lyman’s Pumpkin, B.
Bailey Sweet, B. 7.
Ramsdell’s, B.
Mote’s Sweet, B. 7.
Stillwater Sweeting, B.
Higby Sweet, B.
Dr. Watson, 7.
Molasses,
Fall Queen, B. 7.
Buckingham,
Baltimore,
Fallawater,
Michael Henry,
*My friends write that they would have preferred more of these sorta, and that
they planted such trees a8 were at hand at that time. ‘
t Ohio Cultivator, vol. v1, page 269.
710 AMERICAN POMOLOGY.
Broadwell, 7. B.
Sweet Bellflower,
Sweet Janet, B.
London Sweet, B.
Winter Sweet Paradise, 7. B.
Jersey Black,
Ladies’ Sweeting, 7. B.
Tallman’s, B.
Holton’s,
Moore’s Sweeting,
Gilpin,
Campfield,
Sweet Vandervere,
Red Winter Pearmain,
Swaar,
Black Gilliflower,
In giving selections of Cider Apples I will begin with
the veteran Coze’s list:
American Pippin,
Campfield, 7
Cooper’s Russeting,
Gloucester White,
Golden Reinette,
Hagloe Crab,
Harrison,
Hewes’ Crab,
House, or Gray-House,
Red Streak,
Roane’s White Crab,
Ruckman’s Pearmain,
Styre,
Winesap.
Aselect list of Cider Apples that may be found in many
collections, all good bearers :
Campfield.
Gilpin.
Harrison,
Hewes’ Crab,
Newtown Pippin,
Priestley,
Rawle’s Janet,
‘Waugh’s Crab
Winesap.
>
CATALOGUE AND INDEX OF APPLES,
0
EXPLANATION.
The first column presents the name of the apple, next its size, then its
origin; or, if in brackets, the place where the variety is cultivated and
was found. The Roman numerals indicate the Class and Order to which
it is referred, and the Arabics, the Section and Sub-section, according to
the classification adopted in this work.
After this comes the season of
maturity, Summer, Autumn, Winter, Spring, and the estimate of qual-
ity, from very best, best, very good,
good; good? meaning almost good;
poor? meaning rather so, and last plainly poor, when considered decid-
edly inferior. The names of varieties described in this volume are given
in full faced type, with reference to the pages, while synonyms
are printed in Ztalics. Abbreviations will explain themselves.
Name. Size.
Season. | Quality
akon 8 Winter Sweet salen
Alabama Winter....... well stereccyate
Allen’s Pippin..
Allen’s Sweeting.
All Summer......... | ues ee
All Summer SWASHDE:
ANum ........ceeceeee iilimed.
Amber Crab. . small
American Beauty. large
American Black..... . .. smal
American Black.............- med.
Am. Golden Pippin.... med.
Am. Golden Russet.... med.
American Marygold.......... M ateie a
American Pippin....... small
Am, Sum, Pearmain.. med.
Angle Sweet............ med.
Angju-American.............. med.
Annette....... .. small
Apple Butter. .. Small
Aromatic ... .. med.
Aromatic... . large
Ashland.... . large
Ashmore.. : med
Ashmore Striped. med.
Auguset,....... W ravanive
Augustine........... saan or ... large |Am
T11
Coneteen tien cte ant
VPN NYHNYPNYNNPNPYOPYPENE Eye PE YyPyNn
=== ere =| — | = ete =|] == ARSE
PPPPNE Vr MVP PHY NYNNNNENE NYY
falplataintalalaistatatalalalnlntalaletatala natal alatal a
ye
=
_
Winter 'good
; Spring good
L. Wint. good
utumn good
L.Wint. good
Winter good
Summ’r g5od
Autumn good
Autumn good
Winter good
rere woe
Winter good
Wint'r? good
‘Winter good
E.Wint. bes:
Spring poor
‘Summ'r best
‘Winter leood
Autumn goo
Summ’ Sitzood’
‘Winter ‘good
Autumn good
Autumn good
‘Summ’ r good
!Summ'r poor
Winter |........
Winter |........
419
1510
Autumn ........
Automn'y, good|
‘Winter ly. ‘00d|
Winter v. good/636
521
476
712 CATALOGUE AND INDEX OF APPLES.
Name. Size. | Orig. Class | Season. | Quality. P.
August Stripe................ med. 2 II. 1.2.2. |Summ'rj|good ?
August ‘Tart. - {med TI. 1.2.1. |Summ’rjgood [504
‘Ausust Vandervere.. large |(Ind.) If. 1.2.2. |Summ’r|poor
‘Aunt Anna...... .|med. |Ohio I. 1.2.2. |Autumn|good?
Aunt Hannah large |Mass.| I. 1.2.1. |Winter |gzood?
Aunt’s A) large I. 1.2.2. |E.Wint.]good?
Autumnal ugh -med, |Am. Di. 1.1.1. {|Autumnj|good
‘Autnmmal Paradise...........|.....-l....-- I. 1.1.1. [Autumnlgood
Autumn Seek-noSurther, Synonym of Dr. Watson.
Autumn Swaar, see Fall Swaar of the West
Autumnal Sweet............. large I. 1.1.1. |Autumn]good
Autumnal Sw. Swaar large ) 1.1.1.1. jAutumn z00d 41
Autumn Pearmain............ med. ? IV. 1.2.2. {Winter 00d
Autumn Sweet. , I. J.1.1. jAutumn good
Averill. ......... .| II. 0.2.2. [Spring good
Baccalinus.. {TY EST t|L-Wint|gooa —|sss
Bachelor is Equineteley.
Bachelor's Blush.......... ...(large [N. J. I. 1.2.1. |Summ’r good
Badger’s Bellflower.. large (Ohio?}/ IV. 1.2.2. |Winter j igood
Baer cise sti atcawa atin cdeeuned small |Penn.| Il. 1.2.2. |Spring |“v. gd.”
Bagby Russet, Synonym of Egyptian Russet.
Bailey’s Golden......... large Raine IV. 1.2.1. |L.Wint.'good 665
Bailey’s Spice Il. 1.2.1. |Autumn good
Bailey’s Sweet..........jlarge |N. y. UL tt i: z ‘Winter ‘good 633
Bake Apple.... 2... ccoecess I. 122 [Autumn good?
Baker......... : JIE, To 222. essex, cveeese
Baker's Sweet. TI. 1.1.1. 4E.Wint. good
Baldwin..... adiaie'eraieiaralsp as -jlarge |Mass. {or 7 = Be ‘Winter 'gooa 421
Baldwin, N. C.............08. Narge |N. C. I. 1.2.2. /Winter ‘good
Baldwin Sweet............... large |...... I. 11.2. |Winter ‘good
Baltimore, Synonym of Mammoth Pippin.
Baltimore, (Elliott)...... med. ! ? a iS - eS | |winter | good = 891
Baltzley Hidleatde aig | eshaisies bay > Eee eae Sees -| meteareie nie
Barbour. .jmed. [Penn.| I. I 2.2. - geod
Barrett med. ,Conn.| IT. 12.2. {Winter ‘good
Ts... -llarge 1R. 1. I. 1.2.2. |Summ’r good
Bartlet
Barton. aie
Basom Sw I. 1.1.1.
Bassett Swe: T. 1.1.1.
Bastard Geneton, Wright's Janet.
Battlefield......... i sanevoims [seaisizs are South Tr. 1.1.1,
Beard’s Seedling med. |Ohio | TL. II. 2. 2.
Beanfin Norfolk. med. |Engl. I. 1.2.2.
Beauty of Ken . large ‘Engl. Td. 1.2.2. |Autumn only gd.|584
Beauty of the West. . large ‘Ani. 1. 1.1.2. Wint. [poor
Bedfordshire Foundling. -jlarge |Engl.| IV. II. 2. 1. Winter \good ?
Beefsteak ............. .{med, |Mass. I. 1.2.2. [Winter |poor
Beeler’s Russet.. .|med. |—Ind.)| ID. 1.2.3. |Winter |best 621
Belle et Bonne...... -jlarge |Conn.| IV. I. 2.1. |E.Wint.|good?
Belden Sweet.. small |Conn?} If. 11.1.1. [Winter |good [526
Bellflower Pippin........... ./large |Ind. Tl. 1.2.1. |Autumn'good
Belmont........ seein eseiee large |Va. { me it e : E. Wint.|best 529
Ben or Hustis.......... -o.-...(large |Mass.| IV. 1.2.2. |E.Wint.jgood ?
Ben Davis................ large |Ky. {i - : ‘Winter |good [585
Ben Harris...... a Serotatedes aailewewne South I. 1.2.2. |Winter |........
Benonil....... ovccescoeeee- (Small |Mags. {Wy a 4 4 Summ’r|best 650
CATALOGUE AND INDEX OF APPLES. 713
Name. Size. | Orig. | Class. | Season. Quality.| P.
| , :
Bentley Sweet........... large Va. ? ue es Spring |good = [558
Berkely: REQ: cso «'s:esecoysieie:d:s:e:0 [rttene tee South Fe Bete Mees Suse lieca sieteveiase
Berry - large evan? I. IL. E.Wint. good” 486
Bethlemite.. -med. Obio {oq [ ‘Winter |v. good/493
Betsey’s Fancy.. med. | 9 ! I. 1. ‘Winter ‘good
Better tha med. Penn.) J. 1 \E.Wint. good 400
Bevan’s Favori J I 1 inane good
Beverle af Red.. siell | Cajsitens aiecosaistiay Watreeete wis linia Bieceialae
Big Hi Synonym Red.
Rambo, Synonym of Western Beanty.
Big Red Swect.. + ponte Il. 1.1.2.
Bigger’ 3 Late Red............|..... South
Birmingham..... med. |Penn?
Black, Synonym of Jerse; ck,
Black’s Annette......... med. (Ky.) 1.2.1 pore ib good
Blackburn.. slarge Ky.? Mi 3 ‘Autumn! good ?° (586
Black Canada. $ lmea Can. ? 1.2.1. |E.Wint. 'good 2
Black Coal. . --llarge — ? 1.2.2. [Winter good ?
Black Detroit................ large Can. ? 0.2.1. Autumn poor
Black Eyes, Synonym of Cheese.
Black Gilliflower...... large i 1.1.2. |Spring |poor {662
Black Jack............ -}small |Ohio 1.1. 2 inter |poor
Black Lady A ‘ ../small |Eur. 1.2.1 ‘Winter |/poor
Black of Michigan. med. |Can. ? L 2.1 ‘Winter |poor
Blackshear. ........ all arearsiass South Tey Be | ancsesteiete petenecse js
Black's Late Sweet. 5 sisrabiecetars South] .... ....... Winter |...... oi
Black Tom..... med. |M I. I.2.1. |Autumn)poor
Blakeley} .ciesivs.si,seews oereciess 4 large |Vt. I. 1.2.1. |Winter |good
Bledsoe.................... med. |Ky. { i Lt = - \ ‘Winter |good ? 568
Blenheim Orange,............/large Eng. | TTI. 1.1.2. |Autumnjgood
Blockley. ................ large |Penn. Son ae s ne \ ‘Winter |v. good/478
Blockley Pippin, Synonym of Blockley.
Blondin................... large jInd. |1 yy 1 $$ {[E-Wint.|gooa 424
Blooming Orange...... large |Eng. tor 7 a Ey { Autumn|y. good|424
Bloomington........ ........ med. |Ils. IV. 1.1.2. |Winter |good
Blue Bloom.................. med. Il. 12.2. |Autumn Zood ?
Blue Pearmain............... large ? TIL. 1.2.2. |Autumn|good ?
Bluff Sweet.............. med. |Ind. Ill. 1.1.1. [Winter lgood 548
Boalsburgh.............. large |Penn.| IV. 1.2.2. [Autumn good 675
Boas or Kelter..............--)e--eee Penn. Ti EeBide |accawcsclfescccmwa
Bohanon..... cide tavafalenaess med. |Va. I. 1.2.1. |Autumniy. good|400
Bonum.................... med. I12.2 |A iv. good|424
Boravitski...............---05 med. }Russ.} D1. 0.2.2. |Summ’rjpoor
Borsdorffer.............00.005 small |Germ. 1.0.2.1. [Winter |good
Boston Russet, Synonym of Roxbury.
Bough................ ..-..llarge |Am. { ut . i - ‘Summ'riv. good/491
Bourrassa................ large [Eur. ?|} IV. IL. 2. 3. | Winter poor 697
Bowback Sweet...............[..-05 OHIO |) ists csnsasices unin sine e|eaaeue one
BOWKER i esiis onus vesvcciee cane med. |...... I. I. 2. 1. ‘Autumn ‘good
Bowling Sweet...... med. !Va. Ul. 1.1.2. ‘Winter (good [559
Brabant Bellflower........... Jarge ‘Holl. ' I. 11.2.2. E. Wint.'good ?
Brace’s ia aie Synonym at White Seek-no-further.
Bracken................... mall .Ky. 1.1.2.1. |Summ’rjv. good/478
Bradford's Best.. wares. |eibaia-sisfissamuanalll so 22 ae = siaistoctinsis
Braudywine.. sods eenioes ;med. |Del { Or. - - | Winter good? |425
Brennaman.............. large ‘Penn. III. 11.2.2. ‘Autumn. good,651
714
CATALOGUE AND INDEX OF APPLES.
Name. | Size. | Orig. Class. Season. | Quadety. P.
Brige’s Auburn............... med. Me. I 12.1. {Antumn'v. good
Brittle Sweet............ med, ? TH. 11.1.2. |Autumn v. good/634
Broadwell............ ... large Ohio | III. 2.1.1. © [Winter :best 549
Brooke's Pippin........ large Va. Ti, I. 2.1. {Winter iv. good|637
Brown’s Superior............. large Ohio?, TIL. IL 2.2. {Winter ‘good -
Bruce ‘g ? Il. 1.1.2. |Summ’r good ?
Buchanan’s I. 1.2.2. |Spring ‘good? (426
Bucking TL. 11.2.2. {Autumn v. good 53
Buck Meadow Tl. 1.2.2. |/Winter good
eee County. I. I. 2.1. ? good
L11.2.2. |E.Wint. peor 2 \486
Aatincion’ s Eariy L11.2.1. |Summ’r .
Bush. TI. 1.2.1. |Autumny. “good 568
Bush's Beauty ed. IL. I. 2.2. {Autumn poor
Bullock's Pippin, Synonym of Aleut ‘Golden Russet.
mal) enle oF 1.1.2. |Autumn'good [3892
Ill. J.1.2. |Winter !zood
TM. 1.1.1. ‘Autumn good
Iv. 1.2.1. |Autumn:good ?
m2
Byers, Synonym of Equinetel
Cabashea........
Canada Keinette..
Cane Creek Sweeting... ....
CRIM iis) srasasninses. calalauereiein's Sait ioreisia
Canon Pearmain..
Capital
Capron’s Pleasant............
pase Sictonisore iwictnte iaie evel ndinve
arey’s Pippin...............
Carmel Sweet ofa Flaredeia tel igias. Stale .
Carolina Greening........... ‘
Carolina Horse...............
Carolina Pippin......... Wied
Carolina Red June....
Carolina Russet..............
Carolina Striped June
Caroline.. ..
Caroline Watson... .
Carpenter’s No. 1...
large
BARA BoSRe BAB Ass Bee
B.
—
slalalaipialnletalslatalalalataletalnteteleletetetststetetetellelel= (aia mer
PNY PHN NPNHYNE Hp
Pr mm ppr rp wpwy
POOP OOO MO MOMVF MOE rome pt
'L. Wint.|good
‘Summ’r|good
{ Sursimn’ r goed
pent, Vv. good
‘Summ'r/good
;Winter |good
Winter ig
‘Winter [poor
(Winter |poor
Winter |good ?
‘Winter
‘Winter |good
aeuaend Eped
\ ‘Winter |good
Sv inter enka
581
B82
676
‘Summ’r good
CATALOGUE AND INDEX OF APPLES.
Name.
, Season. | Quality.
Pan
Oheese............. ..-./med.
Cheese.......
Cheeseboro..
Cheltenham...
Cherokee Red.
Cherry Crab... -|sinall
QUE StAtC ES 5, iciscccsisia sissaicinicts: Geiciaill wsjecaease
Chester...... med.
Chester Red... ........228 foeeeee
Chillicothe.. large
Chillicothe Redstreak. - «large
Christiana........... ... -../med.
Chronicle.......... .../med.
Churchhill Greening......... large
CIA’ Seco secias satceaicicacieme ae hae
Clark's Greening.............]......
Clark’s Pearmain...... med
Claybank....... .....-.20-0- med
Clayton........... ........ large
Climb Sweet........ 0... .cceeefeeeeee
Close Set, lindeleg) hiss ssaleestarese med.
Cloth of Gold................ large
Clouds: sssisac sesciccseceneeces ee os
Cluster isjccssccee ses seek cea small
Cluster Pearmain...... med.
Clyde Beauty............ large
eee Keswick, Synonym of Keswick.
OG sccechuseaaieraisiarsiass walwispess eters» sek [wieracaie’s
Coggswell................. large
Suaaystedl iaeyaces gemnrede en LARC
Cole’s Quince. . sesoeeeeee/Mmed.
Columbia.................68 a
Columbian Russet... .|small
Columbus Red............. .-. (Med.
Colvert....... esac seayaieyla eta large
Companion................200[-eeeee
Conant’s Red............ med.
CONPTOSS iaie:c:e:e cis vies deep eines | oieciean
Connett Sweet........... med,
Conrad's Eating..............)....6+
CONWAY satis. 5 saves. Meersionss med.
Cook’s Favorite... .......... med
Cook’s Greening......... .... large
Cook’s Red. [..
Gooper.....00.000ITn
large 9"
small Md.
large
2.
1.
1.
a= |=|
Renee: Bey
|r
? E. . Wint.'good ?
~e
Bar
ppwpw
per
|
H
=
a
He
PNY PPNPNPPWN! wow
Pret ~wr:
ae ae
a *
REAR: Ae
Slaleleiainlalelate Mae!
Bebe
a= ferel=|=|
Setotatelais]
Paine
hn
ele le
RRA
pw~p~
bt nal aol sal oad
Preppy
Pale) slel stelle
Prpreyr~r
oper large”
Cooper’s Early White....... small
ere] =\~lorere)
eae poor
Autumn poor
'E.Wint.igood
‘Autumn good ?
‘Autumn good
‘Autumn good
Spring igood ?
Autumn Dest
Autumn.v. good
Autumn'good
Winter |v. good
‘Winter ‘good
E. Wint. paar
‘Winter igood
Winter peed
utaniny
rmg |goo
Winter er
a”
Winter |good
Autumn'v. goed
‘Winter |good
Autumnigood
‘Autumn'good «
Winter good
522
Autumn)y. good
[Autumnigood
‘Winter |v. good
IL. Wint.|goo
Autumn|good ?
Winter good
Summ’r good
‘Winter good?
Autumn best.
‘Summ’r good
1510
530
472
637
427
716 CATALOGUE AND INDEX OF APPI
Name. | Size. | Orig. Class. | Season. | Quality.| P.
Cooper's Market........ med. it {it PS bs ie | Winter ‘good 518
Cooper's Redling, Synonym of eoarer, 's Market.
Cooper’s Russcting. . -. small IN. ¥Y.| IV. 1.2.3. |Winter (good
Cope’s Red Sweet. smal] |jOhio | IV. L1.2. |Winter jgood
Cope'’s Sweet... small |Ohio | TH. 1.1.2. |Winter lgood ?
Cornell’s Fane: med. |Penn.! IV. 1.2.2. |Autumn good
CORNEA sogig cnpistsgreroraie-nieiciartsosaieil loses. South I, 12.1 Winter |........
Cornfiel med. |Ohio | IV. 1.2.2. {Winter |good? |401
Cornish Aroma med. |Engl.| TI. 1.2.1. [Winter |v. good!569
ornish Gilliflower. med. jEngl IL. II. 2.2. {Winter good
Corse’s Favoritescccce5 ecsceeslescawalen ova Ts. DQ. Te. |preau esas leseeests
COS voce weak aseneR 3 .-ilarge [N. Y.| TID. II. 2.2. |Winter |good
Court of Wyck.......... small |Engl. {ir 4 au Winter |good? 623
Court Pendu Plat............. med. |Eur. I. 1.2.1. |Winter |‘ gd.”
Cracking........... ...... large |Ohio { ur _ ie ; Autumn|good |401
9
Cranberry Pippin...... large \N. Y. { 4 2 - f Winter |good? |402
Cranberry Russet...... med. ‘Ohio LILI. 2. 3. ‘Winter !good ? |491
Crawford’s Keeper.....{med. Sou. ?} IV. 1.2.1. |Winter |" gd.” 667
Creighton . {small ‘Ohio I 12.2. Summ’ r]good
CH Dives evectithsuanaesanens small ‘Ohio | III. I. 2.2. |Winter |poor?
Crooked Limb, gees of Watson’s Dumpling.
Cropsey’s Favorite..... med. |Ills. { it. i 2 : ‘Winter |good [590
Crow's Egg.........0.--.065 . |Ind. IV. II. 1.2. |Winter [poor ?
Crow's Egg... SOU) nen encee wens ead eet te eee
Crownest large {Ohio | III. I. 2, Winter jgood {624
Cullasaga..... —...... med. |S. C. Ti. 11. Winter |good 559
Cullawhee............ aadisnerouese(llaieisiners South} III. II. 2.
el aitieiat. aeaeere in Tale pesetatn [eenledaicin South; I. 1.2. ?
Mespienitia Gs ge wanarenarenie' ... {large [Ohio | IIL. II. 2. EB. Wint. good ? 7
Guecerigua Spice...... large |N. J. | IV. 1.2. Winter |good = |668
Curtis Greening......... med. Ills. Iv. 1.2. Winter jgood = |668
Curtis Pippin................. med, |Tle. Iv. 1.2. ‘Winter |good
Curtis Sweet................. large 2 IV. II. 1. Autumn|gzood
Dahlonega. i ieee coessers|oeecee South] TV. 1.2.2 |esacsvestssesaves
Dalton: 25 sisscsee 000 oe <] eoewe Ga. TT. 2515. |evcwresealleesazens 402
Dana.................-.0065 small; ? I, I. 2. ‘Summ’r|good _|487
Dauiel........ .. .....-... med. ? Til. I. 2. Autumn]y. good|591
Dan. Pearmain......... med. |Ind. Tit. I. 2. Winter good 591
Danvers Wint. Sweetllarge [Mass.| III. I. 1. Winter |good? {550
Darby Pippin................ larg .| IV. 12. Winter
parunete ssa tsagoere aiustoustea fies’ sean Penn?| Ii. I. 2. é aoe
DAVIS) siesse-cjcaersjeuaireerneitie austen ich.| IV. I. ‘Winter |good
Davis’ Ortley es good
Davis . see
Daw: IV. 4 good
Day. Il. I. 2. Winter |good? {591
Deacon TIL. II. 2. Winter |good
Deal’s Red.. I. 2. Winter !good f
Dean’s Sweeting TI. I. 2. Winter |good
Defiance.........-..++ { a 2 ; Summ’r|good
Perrmchys sega wey sae |lNisieseate ws eediatetsy dete
elasure DY. Ts Qsdy- fecssccays fewsats ‘
Delight. wieors I,II.1.1. {Winter good 473
Demoerat................. i Tl. 12.1. |E.Wint.lgood [505
Demurry.......... 2.0. ee cece ee 5 see [POWEN] wicca icawiyeice Ife arsismeere|len aoasie's
Derry Nonsuch............ ++ . HY IV... 2.2. (L.Wint. good
Detroit Black.......... large |Can. ?{ II. II.2.1. |Autumnigood? |582
Detroit Red............. +. [large |Can. ?} II. 1.2.1. |Autumn|good ?
Devonshire Quarrenden...... small 'Engl. I, 1.2.2, 'Autumn good ?
CATALOGUE AND INDEX OF APPLES.
vewi
| Season. Quality.
P.
iVume. | Size. | Orig. |
DOWD sa tee cds. wpenn onesies Imed.
Dewit{, Synonym of Doctor Dewitt.
Dick’s Seedling............-.|......
Dillaways ........
Dillingham.............. 3H
Disharoon,...............0065
Doctor Dewitt....... asicciaquisade large
Doct. Fulcher............ A
Doct. Watson............
Dodge's Crim :on, Synonym of Ashinore ?
Dodge's Early....... 0.2... ‘med.
Dole’s Red... 6... eee ‘med.
BRomime................ large
Downing’s Paragor large
Downton Pippin Diogo insane
Duchess of Oldenburg large
Duckett........... large
Duffield Pipp llarge
Duling Sweet.
Dumcelow...........--.-s. 0.5: large ‘lEnel.
Durable Keeper......
Durham Winter Pearma
jarge
large
Early Joe....... oi .. med. N.Y.
Early Longstem.. small ;
Early Nonauch.. -. small
Early Pe ince: a
Early Greening... an med. Penn.
Early Red Margaret.......... ‘med. Engl.
Synonym of perc Redstreal
Earl Redstreak,
ynonym of Red
large
med.
13
HN WHS Late coca ciscwsaciana|sacoes
Emersine Swe
Emperor, see Ale
wp
‘small
BER S.8s Rize:
ABest Ae ee
Paes
_
IE. Wint.'good ?
f LE. Wint.|good
LE, Wint.|z00d.
Winter Bood
E. Wint.|v. good|4s
Summ’'r.good
Winter lgood ?
Winter ly. good
‘Winter good
Autumn \good
; Autumn v. good
Summ’'r good
Autumn ‘good
Popp: premem~p~p ppp
jarge
Summ’r good
Zane HY SRRRR:
= l= eleleleliclel a ate aleta ll
ero
Se
re
PPPYYPNPPYNE Yep:
BENE
PPVPPVPYNNY NVYVpwh;
pPNMNYNYpD!:
PNMYYPPRpD!
Pens
lal nlalalaielalalatatat al
wn
_
Summ’r,good...
Summ’r best
a learn babs
Summ’r good ?
Summ’'r good
asa Tr good ?
1
=" Summ’ T good
Summ’r|........
Summ'riv. good
Summ’r].....
Spring good?
inter 'good
[E.Wint. poor ?
Summ’r good ?
Winter good f
Winter |v. good
‘Winter ie good 5
Winter good ?
1638
514
523
718
CATALOGUE AND INDEX OF APPLES.
Fall Winesap
Farley Red.
Farrer’s Summer.
Father Abraham.............-
Favorite...
-|small
{ Til.
+A AWBSRRn RAPER 45
Autumn|good ?
Autumniy. good)
Name. Size. Orig. Class. | Season. Quality.
EMO PCTO Piss iaisioniiasiedisrect Heard suse lar; ML. L II. 2.2. Winter good
Emperor. (Dickson’s)......... eae ge ou i AN OR. acpsisyene aut
aoe Winter Sweet... med. Ky Be dade Be ,Winter good
mule PATNT Ss “Tid, “hasaesseae- sieves a
Enfield Pearmain.. > , WI L112 Winter good
English Codling... - large Engl. i TY. 1.2.1. ‘Autumn good
English Golden. PIPPUMsis ces cance Engl. ' WI 12.1 Winter good
Enel. Golden Russet... med. Engl? Ill. 1.2.3. ‘Winter v. good
English Pearmain............ large Pf I. 1.2.2. “Autumn good
English Redstreak. . large (Ind. eae a See Winter v. good
Eaglish Redstreak.. large Engl.: IIT. 1.2.2. ‘Winter good?
English Red Sweeting w/anetets Engl. | DWE Th 2e: tasics sae site: eva
English Husset.. -med. Engl? IIL. 1.2.3. ‘Winter poor
English Sweeting............ ..... Bygi? YE EAB. lccswsane nciaians oy
Ense Sweeting, Synonym of Danvers.
MODSY:
F
Slalaie
Winter good
Winter good
Winter good
: | Winter. good ?
E.Wint. good?
Winter good
Winter v. good
Winter good
Winter ‘good
Autumn good
E.Wint. good
Winter poor ?
Autnmn good
Summ’r ........
Winter good
Summ’r good
ot
=,
: i Summ’r good
ay
rt
Winter good?
Winter v. zone.
‘Autumn gor
Winter good?
Winter good
; ¢ Summ’r good
* ¢ Spring loo
Autumn good
Suamm’r poor
‘Winter i........
»
; Autumn'good
‘Winter 'poor ?
E.Wint.'good ¢
j Summ’r'good
; ‘Winter |good
Autumn/best
Autumn'good
‘Winter Sraiataceisls
‘Winter \poor
Winter |poor
L.Wint.|good
CATALOGUE AND INDEX OF APPLES,
735
Name. Size. | Orig. Class. Season. | Quality.
Twitchell Sweet............ -..fmed. |N. H.) IL 111.2. /E.Wint.|good
Union....... a 2 i I. 1.2.2. |Summ’r/poor
Uri Manly. -)} Tl. 1.2.1. {Winter |v. good
Van Buren : Ill. J.2.1. |Winter |good?
Vance’s Harvest e I. 1.2.2. |Summ’'riy. : good
Vandervere, Synonym of N ewiown Spitzenberg.
Vandervere—August.. ....... large |(Ind.) I. I. 2.2. |Summ’r|poor
Vandervere—Fail........ eRe med. |(O.) IH. 1.2.2. |Autumn|good
Vandervere—Penneylvania..../med. |Del. I. 1.2.2. |Winter good
Vandervere Pippin....jlarge |Penn. I. 1.2.2. {Winter good
Vandlyne ....... 0... cece eee large 2 DI. 1.2.1. |Autumn good
Vaughn’s Winter...... |med. |Ky. - ns : Winter |good
Veineal Russet............... small (fls.)| Ol. 1.2.3. {Autumijpoor
Vestal, Synonym of Maiden’s Blush.
Victualsand Drink.... Jarze N. J. If. 1.1.1. |Autumn|good
Vincent Sweet...... .... --(med. 40.) TH. 1.1.1. |Autumnjpoor
Virginia Greening large |Va. I. 1.2.1. [L.Wint.|/poor
Virginia June.......... med. |Va.? Il. 1.1.1. |Autumn|good
Virginia June.. med. tnd) Til. 1.2.2. |Summ’r|........
Virginia May................. small |Va. I. 1.2.1. |E. Sum. good
Virginia Quaker........ small |Va. III. 1.2.1. |Summ’r}good?
Voss’? Wimter............ large \(Va.) | III. 1.2.1. |Winter |good
Waddell Hall........ .......-]...05 outh| EV. F8.2. ewes ces [sacecees
Wagoner.................. large |N. Y. I. Il. 2.2. /Winter |good
Walker's Greening............|...... South I. 1.21. /Winter |........
Walker’s Pippin..............|...... South} III. I.2.1. |Winter |.....
Walker's Yellow............ large |Ga. Tl. 1.2.1. [Winter good
Wall, Synonym of Berry.
Wallace's Green Pippin......)...... Beye |e sissresceersanie |Winter Agape on
Walpole... ;