BekN REPORT OF THE CANADIAN ARCTIC EXPEDITION 1913-18 VOLUME VII: CRUSTACEA PART N: The Crustacean Life of some Arctic Lagoons, Lakes and Ponds By Frits Johansen SOUTHERN PARTY—1913-16 OTTAWA F, A. ACLAND PRINTER TO THE KING’S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY 1922 Issued Dec. 30, 1922 3 1924 074 095 286 © Report of the Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18. phe VOLUME I: GENERAL INTRODUCTION, NARRATIVE, ETC. Part A: NORTHERN PARTY, 1913-18. By ‘Vilhjalmur Stefansson.......,..000008+ PTs preparation). Part B: SOUTHERN PARTY, 1913-16, By Rudolph Martin Anderson... seceeeesee Gn preparation). VOLUME II: MAMMALS AND BIRDS Part A: MAMMALS OF WESTERN ARCTIC AMERICA. Rudolph: Martin Anderson......0.0.0.scesececeevevcvees Visteiegh swiss 1. (In preparation). Part B: BIRDS, OF WESTERN ARCTIC. ‘AMERICA, : ; Re M. Anderson and P. A. Taverner .......-.+-+s ees point. In the middle of July the two waterholes at Collinson point mentioned 1 See Plate V., on meridian of 144° 50’ W. longitude. Crustacean Life N7 above were much diminished in size and would plainly contain no water at all at the end of the month. Unfortunately I did not ascertain this and what became of the fairy-shrimps they contained, because we sailed eastward shortly afterwards (July 24). The typical tundra ponds or lakes are very much the same all along the arctic coast of northwest America, so it is not necessary to describe them, at any definite locality of the coast west of Mackenzie river, except on Herschel island (see later). In contrast to the beach ponds and lagoons they do not depend to any extent upon the configuration of the coastline of each particular place, because they are generally found only at a certain distance inland. There are, however, often ponds which represent a transition stage between the beach ponds or lagoons and the true tundra ponds; and such ponds are perhaps more likely than the freshwater bodies farther inland to contain Phyllopods. The photographs taken of the ponds along this coast during the expedition give a better idea of their appearance than many words of des- cription.! Those of the tundra ponds which contain water all the year round, are frozen to the bottom, unless they are more than one fathom deep, during the winter, and are generally covered with a deep layer of snow, except where the wind has removed this from spots on the ice surface. In the beginning of May (observations from Demarcation point, 1914), the power of the sun on clear, calm and warm days is so great that the ice in the very shallow ponds begins to melt, and the dark mud bottom to thaw, though the temperature of the strata (ice, mud bottom, dead leaves, etc.) on May 4 was only from 32° to 82.5° F. (air 29.5° F.), and the ground was still frozen solidly. Large hiber- nating, dipterous larve were then found in some of these ponds. The further melting of the shallow ponds at Demarcation point in 1914 was delayed until the middle of the month of May, owing to more wintry weather and cold nights, and none of the deeper ponds or lakes showed any signs of melting. On May 16 there was only a light snow layer on the tundra, and some of the shallow ponds were quite free of snow or ice, others only partly so, and often communicating with the melting water in the surrounding swamps. Their water had a temperature of 35° F. at 7.30 p.m. (air 29° F.). Then followed several days of colder weather, forming new ice on the melted ponds and snow upon the taindra, which, however, soon melted away.2__ Besides the dipterous larve mentioned above a number of other aquatic insects (other diptera, collembola, dytiscids, etc.), snails (Aplexa hypnorum),? etc., were now found in the ponds. My observations for the period from the end of May to the middle of July, 1914, are in Camden bay (Collinson point and Konganevik). On May 26 the tundra was almost impassable owing to soft or melted snow, though the vegetation and invertebrate animal life had not yet progressed much in development, and the rivers were breaking up. On the last day of the month the tundra still looked wintry, and the vegetation was far behind. The deeper ponds were mostly melted, but had ice at their bottoms for long stretches or were partly covered with ice, the latter reaching to the bottom. The overflow from the melted snow assembled in temporary pools and streams, while the higher parts of the tundra still had much snow. There were, however, large, bare stretches, especially nearest the coast. I consider it very possible, that the cold and cloudy weather at the end of May and beginning of June, 1914, delayed the arrival of the spring (summer) that year beyond the normal. The vegetable and animal life of the freshwater ponds, even if these were only partly melted, however, progressed well, as proved by the number of dipterous larve and imagines, copepods, (Cyclops magnus and C. vicinus) YT See Plate IV in Vol. III, Part K of these reports. ; 2On May 21 the thermometer stuck into the mud of a shallow pond (water about one inch deep) showed 55,5°F. at 5 p.m. (Air about 35° F.), which indicates how warm the water in these ponds can become even so early in the spring. 3 See Vol. VILI., Part A, this series of reports. 8N Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1918-1918 dytiscids, trichopterous larve, water mites, snails (A plexa hypnorum) , oligochaete worms (Lumbriculus sp.), protozoa, etc., which were secured in the beginning of June from them. From the middle of June most of the tundra ponds are free of ice, except where this is found in the bottom of the deepest ones, and contain a rich animal life. Thus a partly dried-up pond surrounded by swamp on the coastal tundra at Collinson point had a water temperature at 10 a.m. of 53° F. (air 40° F.), and contained a number of mosquito larve, hemiptera, water mites and dipterous imagines. Another pond situated on the tundra at Konganevik also contained some bright red Hydra species! attached to the water plants, when examined at the end of June; its marginal water had a temperature of 54° F. at 2 a.m. on June 27 (air about 30° F.). When I reached Konganevik (June 25) the smaller tundra ponds on the costal plain were already dried up or nearly so (steaming), while the large inland lakes were only partly melted and had ice in their middle and deeper water- layers. There are half a dozen of these large lakes, situated about a mile inland and surrounded by extensive swamps with many ponds through which an outlet? finds its way to the sea (see p. 6n), at their easternend. Their general direction is east and west, paralleling the coast; and while tundra bluffs face them for longer stretches on their north and south sides, the low land surrounding and separating them from the sea at their east and west side indicates that they represent a former sound found here at a time when the coast had a lesser elevation. I could not then ascertain their depths; but it is possible they contain salt water in their deeper layers. Their general appearance is well shown by the photograph that is given (Plate I, fig. 1); it will be seen that a rich vegeta- tion of Cyperaceae, etc., extended far out into them, thus indicating a broad belt of shallow, marginal water. In this latter I secured a great number of invertebrates, including many insects (perlids, trichoptera, diptera, dytiscids, etc.), water mites, copepods (Cyclops capillatus), “‘winter eggs’’ of Daphnia pulezx, snails (Aplexa), oligochaete worms (Lumbriculus), etc. In the beginning of July many of the ponds or brooks containing melting water are dried up completely or only have a small waterhole in the deeper part of the bed, while the deeper ponds are ice-free, and the melting of the ice in the large lakes progresses rapidly. The large creeks and rivers contain far less water than earlier in the summer. The animal life inhabiting the bodies of freshwater is much the same all the time, but at the beginning of July is supplemented by the young Cladocera (Daphnia pulex) which hatch several weeks after the nauplii of the fairy shrimps (Branchinecta paludosa) emerge from the eggs (see p. 6N).? In the beginning of August I had the opportunity of examining a part of Icy reef, which stretches along the coast between Martin point and Demarcation point. The reef or sandspit is broader and longer than the spits forming Martin point and its gravelly places are larger and composed of bigger stone fragments, and the vegetation is far better developed. As is the case everywhere else along this coast much driftwood is scattered around, filling up smaller bays or bights on the south side, where also occur marshes, the latter often continued out into the shallow sound or lagoon separating the reef from the mainland. The sandspit also contained several closed-in lagoon ponds or beach ponds, mostly dried up, and containing so far as I observed not nearly so varied and rich a life as those at Martin point. No phyllopods were seen. Herschel island reaches an elevation of 558 feet and represents a tundra island wholly made up of sand, mud, clay and a few boulders, while the ground- ice crops out here and there and may help supply some of the smaller creeks with 1 See Vol. VIII., Part I, (Hydroids) in this series of reports. 2 Shallow swamp in its upper course and deep tundra holes in its lower course. : 3 The less conspicuous and common nauplii of Lepidurus arcticus probably also hatch in the middle or end of June. Crustacean Life nN 9 water. The island, according to O’Neill,! may perhaps be considered a raised delta formation, and is mostly well covered with a luxurious vegetation, except . on the steep northern side and on the higher hills. Half a dozen ponds are scattered over the island from the beach to its highest elevation; they are some- times deep, and mostly situated in the swamps which form the upper part of the creek-gullies, on the divide between the streams flowing north and south on the island.? They are therefore generally much filled with vegetation (grasses, Carex, Hippuris, etc.). I examined several of them in July-August, 1914 and 1916. The smaller ones had a teeming life of aquatic insects, water mites, snails (Aplexa hypnorum), cladocera (Daphnia pulex and Eurycercus glacialis), copepods (Eurytemora, Diaptomus, Heterocope), turbellaria, etc.; while the larger ponds contained the common phyllopods (Branchinecta paludosa), of both sexes and unusually large (over 2 inches long), and certain of the largest ponds a number of the arctic freshwater amphipods (Gammarus limnaeus). It was interesting to note the extremely rich and varied invertebrate? life in the various ponds upon this island; water birds visiting it from the mainland during the summer have perhaps something to do with this. Ill. Vicinity of Bernard harbour, N.W.T. It is fortunate that we have for this area a detailed topographical map (scale 2,000 feet to the inch) made by Messrs. Chipman and Cox of the southern party of the Canadian Arctic Expedition during 1914-164 The map takes in the coast from the 2nd point (peninsula) northwest of our winter- quarters, to the coast and small island opposite the east end of Chantry island, including the latter. The map also shows the topography of the country inland for some miles, immediately east and south of the station, including the eastern parts of the two large lakes up the valley with the large creek (see below). The three largest lakes were sounded, also the sounds and bays between Chantry island and the mainland coast, from the inner harbour at the station to the bay in which the large “fishing creek”? about four miles southeast of the station comes out. The smaller pools and ponds, generally formed by the melting of the snow in the spring, are illustrated in Plate IX, Part K, Vol. III; Plate III, Part A, Vol. IV; Plate V, Part J, Vol. VII; and Plate IV, Part E, Vol. VIII of these reports; a few more are reproduced here. (Plate II). When the warm weather comes in earnest (May-June) much melting water ‘ is formed from the snow and accumulates in the many depressions on the snow- free part of the tundra. Soon the overflow finds its way to the sea or helps to increase the size of the various ponds and lakes, as the ice of these melts from the margin out. The small, shallow ponds become free of ice about the middle of June, and in the first days of the next month the rivers and larger creeks have broken up, and the deeper ponds are free of ice.’ By the middle of July the ice on the large lakes had been carried out to sea through their creek outlets, or had been dissolved in the lakes. As the land was now practically free of snow the heavy flow of water down the slopes had stopped, which fact, coupled with the lack of further overflow of the various ponds and lakes, makes these attain their maximum size at this time of the year, and decrease from now on, under the influence of the warm weather in the latter half of July and in August. The freezing of the ponds and lakes depends very much upon what time in the fall the winter weather sets in permanently; some times it takes place as early as the beginning or middle of September; in other 1 Summary Report Geol. Surv. Canada, 1915, p. 236. 2 See Plate I, fig. 2. 3 Particularly crustacea. 4 Plate VI. . : 6 Except for a layer in their bottoms. 10 N Canadian Arctic Expedition, 19138-1918 years not until a month later. During the winter the freshwater ice may attain a thickness of almost ten feet, from which it follows that all the ponds and lakes shallower than that freeze to the bottom. Owing to their size, currents and the influence of the winds the large deeper lakes do not freeze over permanently until a week or two after the ponds. As the large creeks forming the outlets are all shallow in this vicinity, they also quickly freeze to the bottom. It should be remembered however, that occasional low temperatures, generally at nights, both in the spring and the fall cause the surface of ponds and of the more quiet bights of the lakes to be covered with new ice which may, or may not, according to succeeding temperatures, melt away the same year. To illustrate these general remarks about the influence of the weather upon the freshwater bodies the following field observations may be of interest. May 22, 1915, was clear and unusually warm (from 24° to 62° F.). The melting snow formed temporary, stagnant, small pools, both on the sea ice, where there were accumulations of sand, and upon land. The largest of these pools was found in a depression on top of a ridge; it had free water six by two feet wide. The two big lakes inland west of the station had the snow upon their ice melted away at many places, but no water was to be seen. The different ponds at the harbour were all covered by snow. About the same date next year the spring was more advanced. Thus on May 21 the weather was clear and warm (max. temp. 59° F.), Thermometer lying in a water accumulation (melted snow, dark bottom) on the tundra showed 54° F., while the air was only 43° F. (noon). Even on the lowland (tundra or swamp) the snow was disappearing fast; there were many and extensive melting ponds on top of the lake ice, and the latter was soft and wet. Much melting water was coming down in the big creek, and also in smaller, temporary streams. May 24, 1915, was clear or cloudy, with temperatures from 20° to 45° F. Where there were, on land or on the sea ice, accumulations on top of the snow, the snow had melted, forming a hole with the sand in the bottom; the snow protruding as an icy brim over the north side of the hole, while the south side was open, and gently sloping outwards. At the bottom of such a hole upon the land the thermometer showed, when sheltered from the wind, 33-5° F., at noon, while the air was 27-3° F. Another stretch close by had the snow melted away to a considerable extent, so that the bare tundra was exposed, showing stagnant melting water pools in the depressions. This melting water had at noon a temperature of 48-8° F. (thermometer lying in the bottom), while the bare ground around it (thermometer lying on the ground) was 50° F. On the last day of May, 1916, the land was all free of snow, except for patches upon the slopes. All the ponds at the harbour were also free of ice (apart from new ice formed at night) and snow, and had their maximum extension. The big lake in the valley west of the station was still covered with ice in its southern part, while the north part was open, with the water streaming to the outlet, along which cakes of ice were carried down to the sea. On June 16, 1915, one of the ridges at the harbour was largely free of snow even upon its north side; and about half way to the top a broad terrace showed melting water in the depressions in the form of temporary smaller ponds or water-holes with gravel bottom. On the swamp below, south of the ridge, a few of the true tundra ponds with detritus mud bottoms were open, and there was stagnant water in the other depressions. The swamp itself was now mostly free of snow, but the mud flats through which it merges into the sandy beach, only partly so. The ponds now drained off through several small temporary streams to the bay. Two days later the snow was melting rapidly, and the small streams coming down the slopes formed temporary pools here and there, and merged into lakes or creeks. The thermometer lying upon the bottom of such a pool showed 56° F., in flowing melting water close Crustacean Life N 11 by 37-7° F., and on melting snow here 33-8° F., at 3 p.m. In the larger, more stationary pond upon the swamp west of the house the snow had not yet melted from its higher north side. Thermometer lying in the shallow (about one inch deep) water here showed 48-8° F., while the air was 35° F. (5 p.m.): This pond has no greater depth than one half foot, and its bottom consists of brown organic detritus mud and algae. Walking inland from the station five days later it was somewhat difficult to get past the many water holes, ponds and streams upon the low, swampy tundra. The ground was now practically free of snow, only a little still remaining upon the slopes of higher hills (ridges), and on the larger lakes, which were only partly melted. The whole lower country was one vast swamp, with an immense amount of streaming or stationary melting water, connecting and extending the lakes and ponds, often running under the snow, or digging canals through it. The smaller ponds were all free of ice, but the larger ones had often patches of ice in their bottoms, or the ice still covered their surface at one end. The larger lakes showed no open water, apart from certain places where streams of melting water came down; so that a belt of free marginal water, corresponding in size to that of the brook, was formed. Apart from these places, over the rest of the lake, the ice was still thick, but had many cracks; and (where it was not covered by soft and wet snow) was honeycombed (ruffled), and had many melting pools upon the surface. In the middle of July, 1915, the big lake west of the station was free of ice, apart from a little in its west end. Only the bigger creeks had water, the temporary streams on slopes and tundra and also the swamps having dried up. Lakes and ponds were much diminished in size, by their having dried up along the margin, and apart from the big lakes (especially inland) which still had quite a little ice in their middle, were quite ice-free. It will be seen that the spring came earlier in 1916 than in 1915. Thus while the big lake southwest of the station a week into June, 1916, had open water only along its shore, at the east end, all the three big lakes at the harbour were free of ice 3-4 weeks later the same year, a fortnight earlier than in 1915. In the first week of August, 1915, many of the shallower ponds at the harbour had dried up, and the smaller lakes also were much reduced in size, by evaporation. The large creek at the harbour only contained water in the form of pools here and there, at the deeper places, or as streams intersecting the gravel bed and swamps. While no Notostraca (Apodidae) were observed in the ponds I examined on Chantry island, fairy shrimps were found there (June 17, 1916), in the shape of nauplii and metanauplii of the common, circumpolar form, Branchinecta paludosa. They occurred in several ponds on the lower parts of the west end of the island (probably also in the other ponds) and in sufficient numbers to warrant the belief, that their presence upon this island was not accidental. As none of the islands between Chantry island and the mainland contain any ponds, no Entomostraca were found on them. On the mainland here Notostraca (Lepidurus arcticus) was only observed in certain large ponds or lakes, but two species of Anostraca were found. One of these (Artemiposis stefanssoni) I observed at only one place, namely the three large ponds! on top of the ridge southwest of the station. The metanauplii were found here on July 3, 1916, while copulating males and females were observed and collected in the same ponds on October 6 in the preceding year. The other branchipod was Branchinecta paludosa. It was observed to be common, also, in certain of the large ponds or smaller lakes inland, particularly in shallow ponds in the valley of the large creek and on the adjoining slopes. Some of these ponds dried up completely during the summer, others almost completely; it is therefore perhaps small wonder that this species of fairy shrimps 1 Elevation about 100 feet, one foot deep; became free of ice in the end of June. 12N Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1918-1918 was not observed in the locality in question from September to May inclusive. The growth of Branchinecta paludosa from the nauplius to the mature male or female is sufficiently rapid (about a month) to allow the species to deposit the fertilized eggs before the complete drying up of the pond in which it is found, and long before its freezing up later in the fall. While the shallow ponds at Bernard harbour are very similar to the others occurring all along the arctic coast the small, brackish pond on the south side of the outlet of the large creek just west of the station presents some peculiar and interesting features. The pond is situated on gravel and sand flats at only a few feet elevation and surrounded by vegetation composed almost exclusively of a minute Carex (C. subspathacea). When the snow is melting rapidly it receives some additional freshwater from the slopes behind, and the overflow has excavated a fairly deep and wide channel between the pond and the beach nearby. During the summer and until the snow falls the outline of the pond is however well defined (see Plate II). The pond consists of a deeper (up to one fathom) hole in the middle, bottomed with a thick layer of black, stinking mud, and very shallow (a few inches deep) marginal water, extensive in the early summer, but rapidly drying up under the influence of the sun later. It contains a rich animal life, composed of Entomostraca (Branchinecta paludosa, Daphma pulex and copepods), aquatic insects, etc., more or less restricted to the masses of green filamentous algae found in the water. The bottom of the marginal water area of the pond is covered with light brown detritus mud.! It has been mentioned above, that the brackish nature of the water in this pond had little influence upon its content of invertebrates; this is further emphasized by _my finding the same Entomostraca, etc. (except Daphnia pulex), in a much smaller, shallow, brackish pool near the coast a little further west and north in the middle of July, 1916. The saline nature of the water in this latter pool was shown by its taste and the presence of certain marine algae (Fam. Ulvaceae), besides the common green filamentous algae, typical of freshwater. In this case the distance from the beach was so insignificant, and the pool so small and shallow, that its formation is to be attributed to a slight, and fairly recent, raising of the sea shore. The three larger lakes situated west and south of our winter quarters at Bernard harbour have already been referred to. The two most westerly ones of these are the biggest, though only their east ends are shown on the detail map. The most northerly is situated about 35 feet above sea level some distance inland, and has an outlet to the sea through the large creek already mentioned. Another creek flows into the south side of the lake, carrying the overflow from the lakes and ponds situated inland there, and probably also from the west end of the large lake described just below. The large lake in question may be considered merely a widening of the creek coming into and out from it, and is almost entirely surrounded by swampy tundra, thus resting in an extensive valley, bounded here and there by lowridges. In the beginning of October, 1915, I took a number of soundings from the 9-10 inches thick fall ice across the middle of the lake, from the big boulder near its south shore to a grassy point opposite, on the north shore. The result is given in the following table (maximum depth in italies) :— (1) 134% inches water.......... .. .. ..Bottom brown sand (2) 203 “ OO ot lee Rete, oe 2 is ‘ (3) 24 ce iz9 a Zale ane om ae de “ec “cc (4) VAL “ce ce “ce ce (5) 20 Oo Galea! ‘ « (6) 18 [79 ce 73 (74 (7) 19 cc (<3 “ec “ 1See Part A, Vol. IV of these reports. Crustacean Life n 13 (8) 17 inches water............0.00000. Bottom brown sand (73 (z3 6c “c aha (11) 80 * OO) haha ota nay wath clement es Bottom black mud, cover- (12) 28 6 eeeceeeseeeeeti... ed by brown sand. Hole (1) was 25 paces from the boulder, and (12) 100 paces from the other shore; holes (1) to (9) were 25 paces apart and (9) to (12) 100 paces apart. Tt will thus be seen, that the maximum depth of the lake is less than three feet; and by walking along the middle of it for its whole length and being able to see the bottom through the ice all the way I definitely proved this. In spite of this there were more open water and recently frozen over lanes in the middle of the lake and near its north shore! on this date than in the two other large lakes men- tioned below. This is probably because there is a certain amount of circulation in the large, shallow lake, until the deep part of its outlet, right at the lake, freezes to the bottom, while the two other lakes have no flowing water in their outlets in the fall. No trouts were observed in it, but sticklebacks (Pygosteus pungitius), snails (Aplexa, Lymnaea, Valvata), aquatic insects, etc., were common in this large, shallow lake. The east end of the second big lake is also partly shown on the detail map of Bernard harbour. It lies about 65 feet above sea level, in close proximity to the large, shallow lake (at only half that elevation) mentioned above and only separated from it by a gravel ridge about 125 feet high, and in the spring emptying some of its overflow into it, through the creek mentioned before. Towards the east there is an old, forked creek bed, which in the spring carries melting water from the slopes to the sea, passing through the small brackish pond at the mouth of the large creek already described. This large lake is bounded on its west and north sides by the steep slopes of the gravel ridge just referred to, and on its south and east sides by lower tundra slopes which form a sandy beach with or without aquatic vegetation (Carex, Juncus, etc.) here and there (see Plate III, fig. 1). While the two other large lakes at Bernard harbour are more or less rounded-oval in outline, this one is bottle-shaped, having a long, almost cylindrical, eastern part connected with the wide, rounded, western part by a narrow sound, about 175 paces wide, about midway down the lake. On September 23, 1915, I took a line of soundings from the ice across this narrow place with the following result (maximum depth in italics) :— (1) 45 inches water............... Bottom stones and sand. (2) 76 inches water......... 0 ..... Bottom sandy mud. (3) 80“ CO Fatcop tate e Bet us ele dee ne Bottom as (2). (4) 41 “ SO A an see a anecasier ang ui giaee Sac y Bottom as (1). The ice was 7 to 9 inches thick. Hole (1) was 25 paces from the south shore hole (4) 45 paces from north shore; soundings 25 paces apart. The next day I took another line of soundings across the eastern part of the same lake, about half way between the soundings of the preceding day and the shore at the east end of the lake. The result follows (maximum depth in italics) :-— (1) 63 inches water........ ....... Bottom brown sandy mud (2) 87 =O Le eet ee « 3) 150“ RES “Stam, “grieve = o 160 =“ 7 i eee nd aren brown (3) or dark- (5) 157“ EGO Sis. Aue doa + green (4), (5), sandy (6) 151“ RO cogs. Mee Gren stcn mud with thin ice- (7) 148“ ee dice edule cee layer and green algae. 8) 100 “ HES ifn Benteby cated 8) 60 BY auf’ SON, Satan Stones and sand. 1Where the lake is deepest. 14N Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1918-1918 Hole (1) was 25 paces from south shore; hole (9) the same distance from north shore; holes (1) to (3) 25 paces apart; holes (3) to (7) were 123 paces apart; and (7) to (9) were 25 paces apart. The distance from this line of soundings to the east shore of the lake was 475 paces. The ice was 7 to 8 inches thick, but only 3 to 4 inches near the north‘shore. Two days later I took a third line of soundings across the wide western part referred to above, so far as I could judge, at the place where the lake was widest hereabout, about halfway between the soundings of September 23, 1915, and the west end of the lake. I found the following depths (maximum depth in italics). The ice was 64 to 83 inches thick, at certain places only 4 inches. (1) 44 inches water............... Bottom stones and sand. (2) 58 « OS sh Mace codices se (3) 68 « ae Be), Seva