Q NS cal - re REPORT _ OF THE e° » CANADIAN ARCTIC EXPEDITION 1913-18 VOLUME VII: CRUSTACEA PART G: EUPHYLLOPODA By FRITS JOHANSEN OTTAWA FLA. ACLAND PRINTER TO THE KING’S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY 4 1922 & Issued May 10, 1923 wdc Report of the “Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18. nae VOLUME I: NARRATIVE OF THE EXPEDITION Part A: “NORTHERN ‘PARTY, 1913-18. By Vilbjalmur’ Stefansson... ‘ Part B: | SOULHERN PARTY, 1913-16. By Rud Iphy Martin Anderson... . : VOLUME I: MAMMALS AND ‘BIRDS ne % Jat A: MAMMALS OF WESTERN ARCTIC AMERICA. | By Rudolph Martin Fite voor ‘ asin: talnpaiiad call oche usin coef gly SG cial aee meget joa eto ce BV RA Teas Pek ume RR ay “(In preparation). Part B: BIRDS OF WESTERN ARCTIC AMERICA, /By R. M. Anderson and P. A,. Taverner. Ad n Biches i n preparation). an nas karts cis aan a van vagace aM owe tonsa avevalteans yowate leiond OBOE desc crease paseo oedant Cea Un preparation). Lot te - VOLUME Il: INSECTS ; : INTRODUCTION, “By Cc. Gordon’ Hewitt. Be aialoaea savnsh ok Lereeaee Patel December. 10, 1920). Part A: COLLEMBOLA. ‘By Justus W. Folsom! 2.00. ...8.. ate ey ite AME (Issued Fuly 10, 1919).: . Part B! NEUROPTEROID INSECTS. By Nathan eA ic Bicesie comes yrcnaa a ty - (Issued July 11, 1919). 5 “Part. C: DIPTERA. aan, Grane-flies. By Charles P. i oaeten: . : Be. 2 Y @ % i Mosquitoes. By Harrison G. D ; Diptera (excluding Tipulidex ‘and Culicide). By J.R, Malloch........ Usted July 1 4, 1919). - Part D: gl eee AND ANOPLURA. oa Mallophaga. ° By eS W. Baker. . ne : § Anoplura. By G.F . Ferris, and G. i. F. Nuttall bia ry ets Bis sisters (Issued. September 12, 1919): ~ Part E: ‘COLEOPTERIA, , Forest Insects} faclnding Tide, Ceramabycide, and Buprestide, By JOM, Swaine., ak ‘Carabide and § Silphide. 4 fpopolneliide, 6 Elaterides, Chrysomelide and Rhynchophora tecdaitne Iyidea), y C. W. Leng Dytise idw. By J. D. Sherman, Jr..2..... ES NEE Na (Issued Hee 12, 1919). uk aE Fs wee By Edward P..V. aNDUZee......s sess veecls A cones avn gy daca ( Issued July 11, ek Part G: HYMENOPTERA AND PLANT GALLS. Sawflies. (Tenthredinoidea). By Alex. D. MacCillivray. ze : : yy ' Parasitic Pe iieag ag By Charles T. Brues. . ae i i Wasps and Bees. By ¥F. W. L. Sladen. F a i al ® a “Plant Gallia. By BE. Porter Felt. :.. vee crcciouerecnsneaee convened (Issued November 8, 1919). - Part a SPIDERS, MITES AND MYRIAPODS. se : es ee 4 : Spiders. By J.'H. Emerton. : Pres hie ‘By Nanthan Banks. - 2S Po. ‘ yriapods. By Ralph V. Chambetlin............ paomesnrie poet: dopa teat July 14, 1910). ‘Part. I. LEPIDOPTERA. ‘By_ Arthur Gibson. . anh ..,, Issued January 10, 1920). . ‘Part; Ji: ORTHOPTERA.’ By E. M. Walker.........0....-.- cc cece cece ee en (. ssued September 4, 1920). ‘Part. E: INSEC1 LIFE ON THE’ WESTERN ABET COAST ‘OF "AMERICA. By Frits Johansen. Sovinnlanees Peso asiyeas snake CURL Yas ee eR Usage November 7, 1921). VOLUME IV: BOTANY ~~ Part. A: _ FRESHWATER ALGAE AND. PRESEWV ATER DIATOMS. Sv Charlize’ w Lowe ). a ee. oe n press Un preparation), Part B: ‘MARINE. ALGAE, By F-S Part C: FUNGI. By-John Dearness.. ..CUn preparation). Part D: LICHENS. By G. K. Merrill. acceso (In prepanason Part. BE: MOSSES. as R.S. Williams. .. ; ke teense ne GEN ocucwne ion gs Senate G sued 1 February 8 renee VOLUME V: BOTANY ' Part A: VASCULAR PLANTS, By Jamés M. Macoun and Theo. Holm ..... (Issued Oetober 14, 1921 - Part B: CONTRIBUTIONS TO 1 HE MORPHOLOGY, SYNONYMY AND GENERAL\DISTRL... - BUTION OF ARGTIC PLANTS. “By *Lheo. Holm... . Issued February 10, 1922.) Bart C: GENERAL NOTES ON ARCTIC VEGETATION. By Frits Johansen. ; "(n preporation). . VOLUME VI: FISHES, TUNICATES, ETC. = = BO : Part A: FISHES. | By F; so} ANSEN chery exeesee na napa asas inden Seva edn penguins Part B: ASCIDIANS, ET By A. G. Huntsman........... se Ok. @omye cnieesds eden oie (Un prep) ar “VoLUME vi: CRUSTACEA ' : Part A: _DECAPOD CRUSTACEANS. . By Mary J. Rathbun :..:.. wee peat (Issued. August 18, 1919 Part’ B: “SCHIZOPOD CRUSTACEANS. By Waldo “e Schmitt Bei Gaieoatasiand (Issued September 22, ae Part C: CUMAGEA. By W.T. Calman..... ee et ee (Issued October 15, 1990), ~ Part D: ISOPODA. By P. L. Boone....0...0............05 Pectead (Issued November 10, 1920). ° Part E: AMPHIPODA. By Clarence R. Shoemaker F .. (Issued Septerhber 7, 1980); - Part F: PYCNOGONIDA.. By Leon I; Colessiswgss canis aig exscwn ys wets... Ussued January 8, 11990). Part G: EUPHYLLOPODA.' By F. OMADSONG 5 aseiciscssasde Riaueysscy outhags tvagine iecgremtine tcc he esata emeetore's Un press). Part’ H: CLADOCERA.: By Chancey ‘Juday...’ ‘ (Issued June 23,' 1920)... Part e OSTRACODA. By R. W. Sharpe...(..0...cccccccsecsevececcseccttetceccehs (In preparation). Part. J: FRESHWATER COPEPODA. By C. Dwight Marsh. - Ussued April 21, 1920) >" Part ra MARINE COPEPODA. “By A. Willey...0....02.% 2.0.2... : . (Issued June 28, 1920). Part, L: PARASITIC. COPEPODA, By Charles 3. Wilson SOeN etre pateeees ( ssued: Augist 6, 1920). . Part. M: CIRRIPEDIA. By H. A. Pilsbury hits wre eianevas WEG AaeNG a tetete ties eae «(In ‘Breparation), REPORT OF THE CANADIAN ARCTIC EXPEDITION 1913-18 VOLUME VII: CRUSTACEA PART G: EUPHYLLOPODA By FRITS JOHANSEN OTTAWA : F. A. ACLAND PRINTER TO THE KING'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY 1922 Issued May 10, 1922 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924074095344 Euphyllopod Crustacea of the American Arctic. By Frits JOHANSEN. With many text-figures. INTRODUCTION. The areas examined for freshwater crustacea during the Canadian Arctic Expedition in the years 1913-16, were the south side of Seward peninsula, Alaska (Nome and Teller); the north coast of Alaska and Yukon Territory from Camden bay to Herschel island; Cape Bathurst; and the south side of Dolphin and Union strait, from Young point to Cape Krusenstern. At Cape Bathurst of the Entomostraca only Copepods, Cladocera and Ostracods were found. Besides these Canadian Arctic Expedition specimens I have been able to examine many of the Euphyllopods formerly collected in the American Arctic (Point Barrow and Pribilof islands, Alaska; Fullerton, west side of Hudson bay; Labrador, Ungava, Ellesmere island), and to compare them with specimens from Greenland. Among the records of these older collections (some of which are here recorded for the first time), I include the additional data given by Baird, Packard, Sars, Daday de Dées, etc. The present report thus aims to be a fairly complete account of the Euphyl- lopod Crustacea now known from the American Arctic (excluding Greenland). They comprise one! species of Notostraca, three of Anostraca, one of which is described as new; and one species of Conchostraca. For a description of the various lagoons, lakes, and ponds, etc., examined during the Canadian Arctic Expedition I refer to Part N, in this volume. IT am indebted to the officials of the United States National Museum, Washington, D.C., for an examination of the arctic Euphyllopoda deposited there; to Prof. G. O. Sars of Christiana, Norway, for certain information about the specimens recorded by him; to Prof. A. 8. Pearse of the University of Wis- consin, Madison, for assistance of various kinds, and to Dr. A. G. Huntsman of Toronto University, for many helpful suggestions on the manuscript of this report.’ 1 _ QO. Sars advises me to omit from this report reference to specimens of Lepidurus apus Ae nee Pe the Second Norwegian Arctic Exped. on Grinnell Island and recorded by him (1911). (See Canadian Field-Naturalist, Vol. 35, p. 47.) 2Tn the fall of 1921 the author had the opportunity to examine arctic Euphyllopoda in tie collections in Scandinavia. The data secured of importance to this report have been inserted during the printing of it. Similar specimens in British Museum of Natural History, London, were also examined. 26549—14 4a. Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918 Order FuyLuopopa. Suborder Norostraca. Family APODIDAE Burmeister. Genus Lepidurus Leach. Lepidurus arcticus (Pall.)! ’ Monoculus arcticus. Pauuas, 1793, App. (p. 679), p. 39. Apus glacialis, KRoyER, 1847, p. 481; Grusr, 1853, p. 150; REINHARDT AND ScuiopTe, 1857, p. 35, 73; LittyEBore 1872, p. 843; VANHOFFEN, 1897, p. 175; JonansEn, 1911, p. 333; SrEPHENSEN, 1917, p. 284. Lepidurus glacialis, BatrD, 1852, p. 6, Tab. XXII, fig. 2; Packarp, 1873, p. 619; and 1883, p. 316, Plates 16, 17, 21; LitusgeBoreG, 1877, p. 11; Murpocu, 1885, p. 149; Simon, 1886, p. 429; GueRNE AND RicuarD, 1889, p. 631; WesENBERG-LuND, 1894, p. 87, and 1896, p 135; Sars, 1874, p. 88; 1886, p. 70; 1891, p. 27; and 1896, p. 68, Plates XI-XIII; Ricuarp, 1897, p. 194, and 1898, p. 327-33; Linxo, 1901, p. 66; HaBerBoscu, 1916, p. 134. Lepidurus arcticus, Sars, 1897, pp. 470-3; 1911, p. 15; LittyEBore, 1900, p. 3; ORTMAN, 1901, p. 145; Exman, 1905, p. 14; Zyxorr, 1905, p. 342; Breu, 1911, p. 306, Pl. 18; Oxorsson, 1918, p. 383, fig. 18-19; JonHansEn, 1921, p. 47, (“Can. Field-Nat.’’). EXPEDITION REecorps Lake (lagoon) at Teller (Port Clarence), Alaska, July 25, 1913, 3 females. Lagoon-pond at Martin point, Arctic Alaska, July 26, 1914, 40 females. Lake inland at Bernard Harbour Northwest Territories, August 10, 1915, 11 females. Pond on ridge at Bernard harbour, Northwest Territories, August 16, 1915, ~42 females, 2 males. Pond on ridge at Bernard harbour, Northwest Territories, October 6, 1915, ‘2 females. Pond on ridge at Bernard harbour, Northwest Territories, July 3, 1916, 30 ‘specimens (immature). OTHER RECORDS. Tundra pools at Point Barrow and Ooglamie, Alaska, July 10, 21, 1882. J. Murdoch coll. (Murdoch, 1885, p. 149), 65 females. Ponds on coastal plain of Arctic ocean at lat. 69° 40’ N., long. 141° W., July 25, 1912, J. M. Jessup coll. 10 females, 6-15 mm. long. Cape Krusenstern, Northwest Territories, August 19, 1849, J. Rae coll. (Baird, 1852, p. 6). Four males (?) about 10 mm., 9 females 11 to 20 mm. long? Prof. G. O. Sars tells me in a recent letter (April, 1921), that this species was also secured by the ‘‘Gjéa’’-Expedition (Amundsen), at Gjéa-Havn, south side of King William island, on the following dates: August 12, 23, 1904; August 6, 1905. The specimens are very many, and measure from 5 to 20 mm. in length. 1 Prof. G. O. Sars tells me in a recent letter that the proper specific name is arcticus, and not glacialis, because it is now definitely established that Monoculus arcticus Pallas (1793) is the same as A pus glacialis ee acailes specimens are in poor condition; the 8 largest (15-20 mm.) females carry winter- eggs. Euphyllopoda G.5 An unusually large (33 cm. to cercopods) female from St. Paul island, Pribilof islands, Alaska. March 7, 1911. W. L. Hahn coll.! 9 females (12 to 24 cm. long) with eggs. Northumberland island, North- west Greenland, 1899. Princeton Expedition (Ortman, 1901, p. 145). 16 specimens (¢ to 24 cm. long; females with ripe eggs) Lake on Northumber- land island, Northwest Greenland. August 7, 1901. R. Stein coll. Beside these I have examined a great many specimens from Greenland, Iceland, Spitsbergen, Scandinavia, Baeren island, and arctic Eurasia in various museums (see footnote ? on p. 9). GENERAL DisTRIBUTION The species is already known from Cape Rutherford, Grinnell land (Sars, 1911), and a number of localities on the north, west and east coasts of Greenland (see Stephensen, 1917), Spitsbergen (Lilljeborg, 1877), Iceland (Kroyer, 1847), Baeren island (Lilljeborg, 1877), mountains of Norway (Sars, 1874, etc.), and Sweden (Lilljeborg, 1877), Archangelsk (Linko, 1901), Novaja Zemlya (Lilljeborg, 1877), and Arctic Siberia (between longitudes 120° and 150° E. (Sars, 1897). It is thus a truly circumpolar form, though in America it has so far not been recorded from between King William island and Labrador and from the western- most of the islands composing the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. (I can find no definite records of it from Labrador.) BIoLoGy The species has been well described and figured, mainly by Sars (see above) who secured fairly young stages (2.2 mm. long) of it. Also Brehm (see biblio- graphy) described still younger stages collected by myself in northeast Greenland, and similar young specimens were collected by Olofsson on Spitzbergen (1918, p. 384.) Two larvae (metanauplii) of the same length (about 1-5 mm.) collected on Novaja Zemlya, June 23, 1875, are in the Riksmuseum, Stockholm. In a former paper (1911) I have recorded my observations made in Greenland on the biology of this species, and similar data were obtained during the Canadian Arctic Expedition, except that no stages between the ripe, deposited eggs and young individuals 3 mm. long were found. I have formerly (1911) stated that the nauplius stage seems to be suppressed, or of exceedingly short duration? in this species; so all the stages from the egg to the full-grown individuals of both sexes may therefore be considered known. It is a well-known fact, that the vast majority of the specimens observed of this species have been females (see also the records above); the males only attain half the size of the females and seem only to appear later in the summer (August), and in very small numbers (see bibliography, Sars, Brehm.). At least in Greenland the females reach a length of 33 em., exclusive of the 3 em. long cercopods (Lilljeborg, 1877).* Fretp Notes AND DeEscrIPTION OF MATERIAL Of the 3 specimens from Teller, Alaska, the largest was only a fragment, but the two others were females, both 12 mm. long to end of telson (supra-anal plate), while the cercopods (caudal filaments) were 9 mm. long. I give here an outline (magnified about 50 times) of the shape of telson (dorsal view) of one of the 12 mm. long specimens; a comparison of this figure (text figure la) with the succeeding, similar ones mentioned below shows the great variation in this 1It shew as if the occurrence on islands tends towards increasing the size at which nature specimens of both this species and of Branchinecta paludosa (see p. 19) are generally found in the Arctic. 2The genus Apus has a well defined nauplius-stage (see Claus, Baird). 3 In the Zoological Museum, C‘openhagen, is a 34 mm. long specimen from Iceland, collected on August 28, 1906, and in Uppsala Museum a 36 mm. long specimen from Godhavn (Disco), West Greenland. 6a Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918 regard inside the same species and sex, and according to age (see Sars (1896), p. 71, Tab. XII). EXPLANATION OF TEXT-FIGURES (All the figures, except 1d, c, are original, freehand drawings after alcoholic specimens, viewed under the microscope. ) Fig. 1. Telson of Lenidurus arcticus Pall. (see also Olofsson, 1918, figs. 18-19.) a. Dorsal view. About x 50. Animal (female) 12 mm. long. Teller, Alaska. b ‘Tn natural position and spread out. About x 50. Animal (female) 8} mm. long. Martin point, Alaska. a ee “Outline of telson, without the spines. About x 50. Animal (female) 18 mm. long. Martin Point, Alaska. d. ~ “ Telson ca pretoapaus of about 13 mm. long, larva from N.E.-Greenland (after Brehm). e. = Aelson aC cercopod of about 2 mm. long larva from Filefjeld, Norway (after Sars). if “ —Telson and cercopod of 3} mm. long larva from Bernard harbour, N.W.T., July 3, 1916. About x 100. About. ee Animal (female) 7 mm. long. Bernard harbour, N.W.T., August 16, 1915. h. th «About x ae Animal (female) 121mm. long. Bernard harbour, N.W.T., October 6, 1915. S Euphyllopoda G7 The specimens from the vicinity of Point Barrow, Alaska, collected by Mur- doch in 1882 were all females and measured from 1 to 21 cm. to end of telson. The great majority of the 50 specimens from July 21, carried almost ripe eggs (except the youngest individuals), but none of the 15 specimens (1-12 em. long), from July 10 had any eggs. Murdoch (1885) notes, that in 1882 they were first observed on July 8, but the next year ten days later;! and these early specimens were probably less than 1 cm. long, and the brood of the year. Armature and shape of telson are as in the Canadian Arctic Expedition specimens of corre- sponding sizes. The specimens from Martin point, Alaska, measured from 84 to 18 mm. to end of telson; I give here (text figures 1b, c) outlines of the shape of telson of the two extremes of size of these animals. The armature of spines on telson of the 18 mm. long specimen was as in the 12 mm. long specimen from Teller, Alaska (see above), while its cercopods were 10 mm. long. Only three of the 40 specimens were less than 11 mm. in length; the others had shape and armature of telson as in the 18 mm. long specimen or as in the two specimens from Teller. When seen in the water the carapace of the living animals was spotted light and dark brown (coloured like the mud-bottom of the lagoon-pond they occurred in), with the paired eyes blue, lined with purple. Head and tail coloured like carapace, but certain places (‘‘snout’’ and underside of free tail end) with rose- purple. Cercopods brown. Inner side of carapace rose-brown. Foliaceous legs brown-green with pale appendages, the 11th pair of legs (female) darker green and with rose, big eggs. Telson pale greenish-blue, with base of cercopods dark. These Lepidurus were swimming around very actively in the shallow lagoon-pond, making by movements of the foliaceous legs their characteristic long, winding furrows in the mud surface; or burying themselves in the latter, so that their trails were more obscure, with an animal at one end of each. Their food con- sisted of the still smaller invertebrates (Daphnia pulex, Copepods, midge-larvae, etc.) present in great numbers here. As I collected practically all the Lepidurus I saw in this pond their size indicates that they all belong to the brood of the year (1914), and thus were almost two months old. The specimens from Bernard harbour July 3, 1916, measured only from 3 to 10 mm. in length, with cercopods from 14 to 5 mm. long. As mentioned p. 5 these are the youngest individuals secured during the expedition, and I give here (text figure If) an outline (dorsal view) of telson and its armature of the smallest specimen. A comparison with text figures 1b, g, will show that the outline of telson is more rectangular than triangular, and runs out into three long spines and a very short one, while the older stages (more than } cm. long) have only two larger spines here, between which (with specimens more than 1 cm. long) are found a few smaller spines. From the many American specimens I have examined this seems to be a constant and characteristic armature of the telson even in very big (up to 3 cm. long) individuals, while the row of tiny spines on the middle of the dorsal side of telson vary in numbers from two to four, as also the number of still smaller spines? between the terminal end of telson and the cercopods. In individuals less than 3 mm. long the shape of the telson is also more rectangular than triangular, and according to Sars (1896) and Brehm (1911)? ends in only two well-defined spines (points). From the text figures la, 6, c, g, h, and Olofsson’s account (1918, p. 384-86, figs. 18-19), it will also be seen how the outline of telson from rectangular becomes triangular, and in the older individuals almost spatulate, though they do not reach the maximum development in the latter direction (which seems to be accompanied by a reduction in length of the spines) shown by specimens from Norway (Sars, 1896, Tab. XIJ).* In color even the smallest 1 From the narrative of the expedition, it appears that the summer came later in 1883 than in 1882. 2 These spines seem to be absent with individuals less than about 4 mm. long. 3 See text figures Id, e (copies). 4 Data about the growth of the cercopods are given by Olofsson (1918). 8G Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918 of the specimens from Bernard harbour, July 3, 1916, had the greenish lustre typi- cal of this species, the youngest ones being most transparent, but without the orange main colour characteristic of the still earlier stages (Sars, 1896, Johansen, 1911), except for the intestine. A photograph of a part of the pond in which they octurred is given on p. 7 in the report on Cladocera (Part H) in this volume; they were not found in the north-end of the large pond, perhaps because a stony shoal separates it from the deep part of the pond, where we may assume the animals take refuge when the new ice begins to form in the fall, nor in the other adjoining, large pond. I did not notice many individuals, and their place of occurrence was limited to the shallow bights filled with water mosses and detritus bottom along the grassy margin of this part of the pond. Their behaviour was quite as described on p. 7 and it is fair to assume that they represent the brood of the year (1916), and thus are about one month old. The specimens from a lake inland at the same locality, August 10, 1915, had a length of from 8 to 15 mm. (carapace 6 to 103 mm.). Only the biggest one had a few almost ripe, rose-purple eggs in the pouch (11th leg pairs), while the others had unripe, whitish eggs. I kept them alive for a while, and noticed how they devoured the fairy shrimps (Branchinecta paludosa) found in the same lake. The latter was a typical large tundra pond or lake situated on the lowland, with a stony or muddy (detritus) bottom with many bights with Carez-vegeta- tion. Its depth was not ascertained, but probably less than one fathom. The specimens from August 16, 1915, were secured in the same pond as those from July 3, 1916 (see above), and measured from 7 to 15 mm., the largest specimens having the cercopods 9 mm. long. Two of the 15 mm. long (cercopods 7-8 mm.) specimens I consider to be males (after an examination of their 11th pair of legs), though Sars states (1896, p. 76), that the male attains a length of only 13 mm. They are the only males I observed with certainty during the expedition, though it is of course possible, that some of the younger individuals (say less than one centimeter in length) secured, are males. Their occurrence at Bernard harbour in the middle of August agrees with what is known from Norway (Sars, 1896) and Greenland (Brehm, 1911), as mentioned p. 5. I give here an outline (text figure 1g) of the shape and armature of telson in the youngest (7 mm. long) specimen, and refer tomy remarks, pp. 5-7. Only afew of the 40 females secured (August 16, 1915) had a couple of eggs in the pouch (compare p. 7), so perhaps they had been largely deposited now, on water- plants, ete. The pond in which these were found had on October 6, 1915, ice 7 inches thick over a water depth of 9 inches. Frozen into the ice I noticed many Lepi- durus arcticus of all sizes, often found around air-bubbles enclosed in the ice at varying depth. By chopping them free and later thawing out I ascertained that all the animals were dead, but the full-grown females all had in each leg pouch (11th pair) at least one, dark-purple, ripe egg (14 mm. in diameter). I placed these eggs to rearing, and collected more in the beginning of June next year, but though kept until next July they did not hatch. I also cut a hole through the ice about in the middle of this pond and secured two females Lepi-. durus, 10 and 12 cm. long, which were swimming actively around under the ice, though there were only a few inches of water here (temperature 33° F., air 24° F., 1.30 p.m.). None of them had any eggs in the leg pouch, and the larger specimen was shedding its skin, the abdominal half of the animal having already grown a new cuticula. I give here (text figure 1h) an outline of the shape and armature of the telson of both individuals (see pp. 5-7). The only Lepidurus I could find at Bernard harbour in June were a few, dead, full-grown females with ripe eggs in the leg-pouch collected on June 6, 1916, in the same pond? as where I had collected them before (see above). 1 Cercopods half the body-length. ° Now already free of ice. Euphyllopoda G9 This seems to indicate that the hatching of the nauplius (metanauplius) does not take place in this vicinity much before the middle of June, even if the spring comes so early as was the case in 1916. HIBERNATION From the above, it will appear that this species, perhaps to a still greater degree than Branchinecta paludosa is exceedingly erratic in its occurrence, for I succeeded in finding it only in a few large ponds and lakes, though looking for it everywhere during three years. Nor is it known definitely whether any of the grown up animals hibernate in deeper lakes, or all die in the fall. Accord- ing to Sars (1896, p. 82), however, it is found, in Norway, mainly in rather deep mountain-lakes; so we may perhaps suppose, that wherever the lake in which they occur'is deep enough so as not to freeze to the bottom, some individuals hibernate there.! I have formerly (1911) expressed this opinion with reference to their occurrence in East-Greenland; and the large specimen from St. Paul Island, Alaska, secured in March, 1911, seems to point conclusively to this, if the collecting date is rightly given. On the arctic coast of this continent the species has not yet been found in deeper lakes, though the latter have been only little investigated; the occurrence, however, particularly at Point Barrow (see p. 7) in July, of specimens up to 23 mm. long, seems to make it impossible that the oldest (say above 10 mm. long) of these can have attained such a size during the little more than a month which has passed since the eggs hatched. It is a well known fact, illustrated also by the measurements of the specimens given on pp. 4-8, that there is often a great difference in size between the Lepidurus occurring together at a particular date in the same pond or lake. The specimens from Northumberland island, Northwest Greenland, August 7, 1901 (see p. 5); from Point Barrow, Alaska, July 21, 1882 (see p. 7), and from Martin point, Alaska, July 26, 1914 (p. 7), are cases in point. Even allowing (see above) for a certain number of those occurring during the summer being hibernating females, the fact that all intermediate sizes between the smallest and the largest individuals are found, seems to prove that the eggs do not all hatch simultaneously when the ice melts in the spring, and that the rate of growth of the members of the new brood is different, according to the amount of food each one is able to secure.? According to Scharff (History of European Fauna, London, 1899, pp. 94, 167) and Wesenberg-Lund (1895) this species is known from arctic, pleistocene strata in Scotland and Denmark, as also in southern Sweden (Nathorst.) 1 Prof. Sars tells me in a recent letter that he thinks this is not improbable. He also informs me,that besides the lakes given in ‘‘Fauna Norvegica’’ it has later been found at many other places in southern Norway, but only in mountain lakes situated at high elevation (about 2000 to 4000 feet; see also Sars, 1891, p. 27.) Olofsson’s statements (1918) about its biology in Spitsbergen, outside the summer-months, are not founded upon actual observations. 2 To make these points more clear I have recently taken the trouble to measure the approximate lengths (to end of telson) of all the specimens from Greenland and Eurasia (found in the museums in London, Copenhagen, Christiania, Uppsala, Stockholm and Gothenburg) which have definite dates of collecting given upon their labels. The following is a summary of the results of this, to which should be added the (very, little) information given by various authors. West Greenland. Beginning of July: 5-15 mm. Middle and End of July: 10-23 mm. West Greenland. Beginning and Middle of August: 15-30 mm. North Greenland. Beginning of July:10mm.; Middle and End of July: 10-20 mm.; Beginning of August: 8-23 mm. East Greenland. Middle of June: 1 mm.; End of June: 1} and 5-10 mm.; Beginning of July: 10-15 mm.; Middle of July: 5-15 mm.; End of July: 3-25 mm.; Beginning of August: 10-25 mm.; Middle of August: 10-25 mm.; End of August and Beginning of September: 10-30 mm. Iceland. Beginning of August: 5-15 mm.; End of August: 25-35 mm. Spitsbergen. Beginning of August: 5-15 mm.; Middle of August: 7-23 mm.; End of August: 8-20 mm. Baeren island. Middle of July: 10 mm.; End of July: 10-20 mm.; Middle of August: 8-14 mm. Norway and Sweden. Middle of July:15mm.; End of July: 5-20mm.; Beginning of August: 10-20 mm.; End of August: 25 mm. Novaja Zembla. End of June: 13 mm.; Middle of July: 7-10 mm. Siberia. End of August: 15 mm.; Beginning of September: 30 mm. 106 Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918 Suborder ANosTRACA. FAMILY POLYARTEMIIDAE Simon. Genus Polyartemiella Daday de Dées. Polyartemiella hazeni (Murdoch). Polyartemia hazent Murpocu, 1884, p. 522; 1885, p. 150, pl. II; Exman, 1902, p. 5, figs. 1-5. Polyartemiella hanseni Dapay DE D&ss., 1910, p. 106, fig. 2; Pearse, 1913, p. 2; 1918, p. 666. Polyartemiella hazent JOHANSEN, 1921 p. 25. (“Can. Field-Nat.’’) This species was first described and named by the collector, John Murdoch. Ekman and Daday de Dees later amplified Murdoch’s description, giving some far better figures of both sexes but Daday apparently misread the specific name as hanseni, a mistake later followed by Pearse. While the southern party of the Canadian Arctic Expedition stayed at Teller (Port Clarence), near Bering strait, Alaska, in 1913, I found specimens of both sexes of this species in two different tundra-ponds here.! Two males were secured in the brackish pond, between the large lagoon lake and Port Clarence bay, on August 3, 1913. I give here (text figure 2) an outline of the head and tail-ends (dorsal and ventral views) of one of these males. The total length (from tip of A2 to end of cercopods) is 12 mm., A2 being 3 mm. and tail 2 mm. long including the short (3 mm.) cercopods. Murdoch states, that with his specimens the body (probably exclusive of A2) is double the length of the abdomen (tail); but from an examin- ation of my specimens this applies more to the female (see below) than to the male where its body length is three or four times that of the abdomen. The colour of the living animal is, according to Murdoch, a pale iridescent green; in addition to this I find, however, that the accessory claspers (see below), the mouth parts and the protruding genitalia are more brownish (cuticula), and the contents of the intestine dark green, as also the paired eyes have a brilliant purplish- black colour, bordered with red. The number of foliaceous legs are 18, while the females from August 6, 1913, have only 17 pairs, a sexual difference already noted by Murdoch. As seen on text figure 2c the front-end of the head runs out anteriorly into a broad, coniform and thorny “lamellar process’? behind which the small, black nauplius-eye is situated. The first pair of antennae are more obscure, being more or less hidden by the enormously developed second pair of antennae (A2). The latter are, with my two males much swollen and antler-like, being divided into three branches, of which the lower one is the longest (and biggest) with three joints; the next shorter and with two joints; and the terminal one a stubby, single joint. The whole of the inner (under) side of these claspers (A2), from their base to the tips of the branches is covered with small spines, particu- larly extensive on the middle part of the clasper. At the base of each clasper is inserted, ventrally, a much shorter, truncate appendage tapering off at the free end, and also with small spine-hooks on the inner side, from the base to the terminal point. I propose to call these the “accessory claspers.’”’ They are only about one-third the lengths of the large claspers (A2), but distinctly set off from 1 A comparison of the description and figures of P. hizeni, from Teller, Alaska, given in this. report, with Murdoch’s and Ekman’s (the latter copied by Daday, 1910) descriptions ane figures, shows certain differences in the male classers and in the genital region of both sexes. Prof. A. S. Pearse, of Madison, Wisconsin, however prononnces the specimens from Teller, seat to him for examination, to be P. hanseni, Part I: 1. URBELLARIA. By A. Hassell. ..... ag suas & este deans ee ee eee (In preparation). Part J: GORDIACEA. ee. Part K: NEMERTINI, By Ralph v: Chamberlin. OP edocs Banos shresct Cg atid ba (In preparation). Part L: SPOROZOA,. By J. V. Mavor../...0....0::.lcccte ec cece re eneceenens \.....Un preparation). Part M: FORAMINIFERA, By J. A. Cushman... 21s oan G +++ issued February 6, 1920). ae VOLUME X: PLANKTON, HYDROGRAPHY, TIDES, ETC. ae sy . { ‘Bee A: PLANKTON: By Albert Nearer: yak wud cameee O84 ae red emai h weeds CmRAY Heew Dees (In preparation). , Part. B: MARINE: DIATOMS. By L. W. Bailey.......,.....ccccceeeeusshevereelenns Un ae tek Part C: TIDAL OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS, ‘By W. Bell. Dawson ii October 1, 1920 et D:: ee dasa es fe rie fae ew seas i Pies egep thaliana s cae salde sd (In preparation). \ - > : a ‘ paste re VOLUME XI: GEOLOGY AND: GEOGRAPHY | # ar - Part A: THE GEOLOGY OF THE’ ARCTIC COAST OF CANADA, WEST OF THE KENT: PENINSULA. By J.J. O'Neill... ooo c ccc un eee seceeeen (UIn-preparation). . Part. B: MAPS AND GEOGRAPHICAL "NOTES. By Kenneth Ga. Chipman and_John R.-Cox. t é In preparation). : es A ' VOLUME XH: LIFE. Or THE, COPPER ESKIMOS foe ae A aes : os “THE LIFE OF THE COPPER ESKIMOS.: . By D. Jéiness.. (sued January 12, 1922). VOLUME. XI: PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND TECHNOLOGY OF THE , Ms re F WESTERN AND CENTRAL ESKIMOS Sor Spe, A: THE eee CHARACTERISTICS’ OF THE WESTERN AND) COPPER ESKIMOS. : To ee ee eee eee ee ree In preparation): " B _Part B: OSTEOLOGY OF THE WESTERN AND CENTRAL ESKIMOS. By, John Cameron.’ (Ready for press.). Part C: ‘TECHNOLOGY OF THE COPPER ESKIMOS. Lvetctearna fevganeed Soe Aa cte pRe (To be prepared.) VOLUME XIV: ESKIMO FOLK-LORE AND LANGUAGE Part A: ESKIMO MYTHS AND TRADITIONS FROM ALASKA, THE MACKENZIE DELTA, AND CORONATION GULF. By Jenness.... be . (Ready for press). Part I B: COMPARATIVE .GRAMMAR AND Oy CABULAR “THE ESKIMO DIALECTS OF POINT BARROW, THE MACKENZIE. DELTA, AND Kor! CULE. n preparation me ‘ ; By a ‘Jenness wt REY, VOLUME XV: ESKIMO STRING FIGURES AND. SONGS - iy toy Part A: STRING FIGURES OF THE ESKIMOS.’ “By D. " Jeanoss gies abeui-cerae'y : (Ready for ibe Part B: SONGS OF THE COPPER Se ‘By pfelen H. Roberts and D. Vewhesa, eS ‘ iin prepanasan), l VOLUME XVE: ARCHAEOLOGY. CONTRIBUTIONS TO. THE ARCHABOLOGY OF WESTERN ARCTIC AMERICA. a ce ee ion teed Peas naa 6, Suietak ie ale nines Pavan hua G cinage tons ola olaMern gee 6 (To be. prepared). am . : : ae, ' eh ‘3 n a a uy 4