Cdl REPORT OF THE CANADIAN ARCTIC EXPEDITION 1913-18 VOLUME IV: BOTANY PART D: LICHENS By G. K. MERRILL SOUTHERN PARTY---1913-16 OTTAWA F. A. ACLAND PRINTER TO THE KING’ MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY 1924 Issued July 16, 1924 r wu ‘Report of the Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18. ‘VOLUME I: GENERAL INTRODUCTION, NARRATIVE, ETC. Part A: NORTHERN PARTY, 1918-18...........ccccccccccccecseeccteeseeteeteees (To be prepared ) Part B: SOUTHERN PARTY, 1913-16: By Rudolph Martin Anderson.....,.-.-.+++ (In preparation) VOLUME Ul: MAMMALS AND BIRDS Part A: ee oe OF WESTERN ARCTIC AMERICA. Rudolph Martin: Anderson.........0.0ccccece cc cee cet ee et enesneeees (In preparation). Part B: BIRDS OF WESTE RN ARTS, AMERICA. . y R. M. Anderson and P. A. Taverner .........0... cece ence ec ee eee eees (In preparation). VOLUME II: INSECTS INTRODUCTION. By C. Gordon Hewitt....... (Issued December 10, 1920). Part A: COLLEMBOLA. By Justus W. Folsom............. - Ussued July 10, 1919). Part B: NEUROPTEROID INSECT, By Nathan Banks head ance ianraaieleg ... (issued July 11, 1919). Part C: DIPTERA. Crane-flies, By Charles PR: Mezander, La a a By Harrison G. Dyai Diptera (excluding Tipulid’ and Culicide. ’ By J. R. Malloch.......(Issued July 14, 1919). Part D: MALLOPHAGA AND ANOPLURA Malonbeets, By A. W. Baker. oplura. By G. F. Ferrisand G. H. F. Nuttall................ (Issued September 12, 1919). Part E: COLEOPTERA. Forest Insects, including Ipide, Corea atte and Buprestide. By J. M. Swaine. Carabid@ and Silphide. By H.C. Fal ee Elateridx, ivy cacti: and Rhynchophora (excluding Ipide). . Leng. Dy tiscidee. By J.D. ShGrmnariedl hoe cenraspereseris eneemnmarcecionrs (Issued December 12, 1919). Part F: HEMIPTERA. By Edward P. VanDuzee.............0.cccece ee eeceeee (Issued July 11, 1919). Part G: HYMENOPTERA. AND PLANT GALLS. Sawflies. (Tenthredinoidea). By Alex. D. MacGillivray. Parasitic Hymenoptera. a, Charles T. Brues. Wasps and Bees. By F. W. L. Sladen. Plant Galls. By E. Porter: Felt... savese sue vavienwneaderenae sense (Issued November 8, 1919). Part H: SPIDERS, MITES AND MYRIAPODS. . : Spiders. By J: H. Emerton. Mites. By Nathan Banks. ' Myriapods. By Ralph V. Chamberlin...........0.0 cc ccceeecceceeees (Iasued July 14, 1919). Part I: ‘LEPIDOPTERA. By Arthur Gibsons s.ci2 0 pesaaws de waeaad acetic. (Issued January 10, 1920). Part J: ORTHOPTERA. By E. M. Walker...............ccccecceceeeccees ieued September 4, 1920). Part K: INSECT LIFE ON THE WESTERN ARCTIC COAST OF AME BYE Teribs eV O RANSOM erasers evi eeacceareieienaversvaracareatouhavedy “alasbte ia atekedddvatitelaraewts oe E toeenibier 7, 1921) x Part Lr GENERAL. TN D Bix is.occstes aie sighed Pdisieige vita susie w:avarpiasanavesque-svemievas (Issued December , 1922), VOLUME IV: BOTANY Part A: FRESHWATER ALGAE AND FRESHWATER DIATOMS. By Charles W- Lowe. se ee ga aieh aula wt pias la Reaplie ile cam said pall ls Rawk Me te WGA AERPs (. Issued February 20, 1923). Part B: MARINE ALGAE. By FS. Collins..........c. cc ccccacccaccccecccuneceuces (In preparation). Part C: FUNGI. By John Dearhess................ AMER RAT hee Gtoasaetscanssd ‘sesnee- (Issued June 1, 1923.) Part D: LICHENS. By G. K. Merrill............ .cccucecececeae ee (Issued July 16,. 1924). Part E: MOSSES. By R. Ss Wallan Bis easvegeceneee ts jaissaias, sve-oce Siete esecareierece anieonarerwave (Issued February 8, 1921). Part F: MARINE DIATOMS. By Albert Mantis socanenaeeainc ios western ds (In preparation). VOLUME V: BOTANY TRIBUTION OF ARCTIC PLANTS. By Theo. Holm...... (Issued February 10, 1928). Part C: GENERAL NOTES ON ARCTIC VEGETATION. By Frits Johansen..:..... (In "prese). ‘ VOLUME YE FISHES, TUNICATES, ETC. Part A: FISHES. By F. Johansen..... ‘git aerogenes vines MU RIS WTS hie oS Simian evapo nae (In preparation). Part B: ASCIDIANS, ETC. By A.G. ritaieen sidistale aveeiaervenanagyoremnis means +. (Issued November 29, 1922). VOLUME VI: CRUSTACEA Part A: DECAPOD CRUSTACEANS. By Mary J. Rathbun.............. (Issued August 18, 1919). Part B: SCHiIZOPOD CRUSTACEANS. By Waldo L. anes Ee auebantvedags (Issued September 22, 1919). Part C: CUMACHA. By W. T. Calman............cccccececcscleceeces . (Issued October 16, 1920). Part D: ISOPODA. By P. L. Boone........... esc e cee ceeceueceuseueceus Issued November 10, 1920). Part E: AMPHIPODA. By Clarence R. Shoemaker...........0.cccceacuae (Issued September 7, 1920). Part F PYCNOGONIDA. Leon J. Cole...........ccccecvecueccnsecceaneces (Issued January 8, 1921). Part G: EUPHYLLOPODA. By F. Johansen..............0..0.cucaecucecsuccuces (Issued May 10, 1928). Part us CLADOCERA. By’Chancey Juday............cceecsecececers fesitsaccuttrers (Issued June 23° 1920). Part I: OSTRACODA. By R. W. Sharpe............. ccc cece ceccceeeeccueccsaneceeus (In preparation). Part J: FRESHWATER COPEPODA, “soe. Dwight Marsh esha sioansrode - (Issued April 21, 1980). Part K: MARINE COPEPODA. By A. Willey femoe nar . (Issued June 26, 1920). Part L: PARASITIC COPEPOD A. By Charles B. Wilson ; , " Ussued August 6, 1920). Part. M; GIRRIRBDIA.. By HA. Pilsbry cic osscesicmswia come anedems onde tated oho x (In Preparation). Part N: THE CRUSTACEAN LIFE OF soe ARCTIC LAGOONS, LAKES AND PONDS. . f By F. Johansen....... sas es its tan cheer airs ea eelacw arenas REGENT Set (Issued December 30, 1922), REPORT OF THE CANADIAN ARCTIC EXPEDITION 1913-18 VOLUME IV: BOTANY PART D: LICHENS By G. K. MERRILL SOUTHERN PARTY---1913-16 OTTAWA F. A. ACLAND PRINTER TO THE KING'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY 1924 Issued July 16, 1924 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924074095476 Lichens Collected by the Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18 By G. K. MERRILL, Rockland, Maine The Lichens collected by the Canadian Arctic Expedition of 1913-1918 were from points on the arctic coast along the 70th parallel. Exploration extended inland from Camden bay, Alaska, for a distance of thirty miles, and for about the same distance in the region of the Coppermine river. Otherwise, the lichens were taken from islands adjacent to the coast, or from the mainland near the sea. Rocks, beach pebbles, old bones, driftwood, and tundra formations supported the coast lichens; but, on the Coppermine river, a few were from the dead branches of living trees. The lichens found inland are to be considered elements of a continental flora; but it remains to be established if there is a distinctive strand flora. The terms alpine and arctic as applied to lichen distribution must ever remain elastic. There are so many cosmopolites among lichen species, that the flora of any continental arctic area may show the floral elements of great land surfaces predominating. Twelve alpine or arctic lichens enumerated in the accompanying list are found in the State of Maine, some of them descending to the sea level; on the other hand, the list contains the names of fifty species of general distribution at low altitudes in Maine and, indeed, all New England. Of the five hundred and five lichens credited to the arctic by Darbishire, one hundred and ninety- nine have been collected in Maine. The mean annual temperature of the Maine coast varies but little from 45° Fahr. The mean for that period of the year in which the sun is visible on the arctic coast should be relatively low, just how low I have no means of knowing. It would seem, however, that the lichens of temperate regions are less intolerant of low temperatures than are arctic and alpine ones of warmth. Three species only of the list seem to be exclusively arctic, so far as North America is concerned, namely: Cetraria chrysantha, Polyblastia scotinospora, and Verrucaria striatula forma dealbata. Dactylina arctica, Duforea ramulosa, Duforea madreporiformis, and a few other high northern lichens may be observed on many of our western mountains in alpine situations. The mountains and general region of Alberta and British Columbia may be counted on to furnish duplicates of every lichen in our list except Cetraria chrysantha, Poly- blastia scotenospora, and Verrucaria striatula. If one may judge by the appearance of the foliaceous and, to a certain extent, the fruticose material from the arctic coast, conditions have not been favourable for development and growth. Infertile, dwarfed, and atypical ex- hibits are almost the rule. The crustose forms, however, find conditions more to their liking and well developed, fertile thalli are common and so abundant that the rocks everywhere are covered. Caloplaca miniata and C. elegans are everywhere profusely developed, particularly the first mentioned, and the con- jecture seems warranted that the species is a pioneer. Climatic conditions are unfavourable for rock disintegration or decay of any sort, and for this reason crustose lichens tend to persist. It is easily conceivable that a well identified plant of any crustose species might be found in its original station after the lapse of one hundred years, and, in the case of those of slow growth, compara- tively unaltered. In the Swiss alps, a plant of Rhzzocarpon geographicum was watched by three generations of observers and its diameter had increased by 3 77238—2 4p Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18 two centimeters only. Growth is exceedingly slow, and the likelihood of mechan- ical injury remote. Bones decay very slowly and there is no evidence that the lichen covering is contributive. Driftwood thrown beyond the reach of the water soon becomes covered with a varied lichen growth, the wood merely weathering and not decaying. The tundra formations furnish an interesting study because of the many generations of musci and lichens that go to make up the mass of tussock or expanse. In many places through the Barren Ground region and the Alaskan peninsula, the ground is covered to the depth of a foot or more with the debris of successive generations of lichens and mosses of which only the uppermost layer is living. From an ecological point of view, with the rock lichens there are two pioneers, Caloplaca miniata preferring smooth stones, and Rhizocarpon geographicum preferring the rough ones. Both smooth and rough stones if beyond the action of the waves eventually become covered with an indiscriminate coating of Lecidea, Lecanora, Biatorella, and other closely adherent species. A peculiarity noticed in the course of my examination of the crustose forms is the great number of vagrant apothecia interspersed with the better developed lichens. These apothecia were without trace of visible thallus, and belonged for the most part to the genera Caloplaca, Rinodina, Lecanora, and Buellia. Darbishire found in his examination of the Fram lichens that old bones bore Lecanora Hageni, L. varia, Rinodina turfacea, and Buellia parasema. No Lecanora varia occurs on the bones of our material, nor has it been observed on any other support. Buellia parasema was not detected, but Buellia myriocarpa was noticed. On driftwood Darbishire found Caloplaca cerina, C. citrina, C. junger- manniae, Lecanora epibryon, and Buellia myriocarpa. Caloplaca citrina was not present in any of our material, but the other species were observed. A rather curious fact may here be noted, that Lecanora polytropa or L. polytropa intricata were not to be found on either rocks or bones. A comparison of results, in number of lichens collected by the Canadian Arctic expedition (93) and herein listed, with the accomplishment of other expeditions in adjacent regions may be of interest.! Professor John Macoun visited the Yukon region in 1902 and from his material 103 species and varieties were separated. It is found that 33 are com- mon to both districts. Sir John Richardson visited the Mackenzie valley in 1826 and his lichens were identified by Leighton. One hundred were enumerated, and 27 are com- mon to both regions. The Second Norwegian Polar expedition of 1898-1902 visited Greenland, Ellesmere and King Oscar lands. The number of species differentiated by Darbishire is 161, and the number common to both regions does not exceed 40. Alaska has been variously explored and nearly all of the lichens enumerated in this list have been found on its mainland or islands. From Greenland 338 lichens have been listed, and 60 are common to Greenland and the region covered by Canadian Arctic Expedition. Labrador possesses 21 species in common, and Newfoundland 30. 1The lichens of the Canadian Arctic Expedition were collected by Mr. Frits Johansen, unless other- wise stated. When not otherwise stated the localities given are in Northwest Territories, Canada. For exact position of localities see Vol. V. part A, pp. 5-6. Lichens 5 D VERRUCARIACEAE Verrucaria striatula Wahl. in Ach. Method. Suppl. p. 21 (1803). On beach pebbles, sandspit of Hulahula river, Alaska; on beach pebbles, Icy reef, Alaskan arctic coast. This lichen is so rare in America it is thought best to describe it. Thallus brown, greenish-brown or black, gelatinous, of diverging, radiate ridges, or these irregularly or dendritically arranged. Perithecia seated on the ridges, centrally situated, minute, with a large central pore, perithecial wall dimidiate. Spores 8, colourless, ellipsoid, 8-9 x 4-5. Known from one locality in the United States, on pebbles bordering a river in Weymouth, Mass. Verrucaria striatula Wahl. forma dealbata f. nov. Thallus aut omnino aut in parte dealbatus, vel denique obsoletus, peri- theciis persistentibus. In hoc statu perithecia dealbata vel solitaria vel in lineas breves disposita sunt. Sporae ut in specie. Forma dealbata cum planta typica videtur. ‘ Distinguished from the species by the thalline ridges becoming partly or wholly dealbate, or the thallus at length obliterated with only the perithecia persisting. In this condition the perithecia may be solitary or arranged in definite short lines, and wholly dealbate. The spores are identical with those of the species, and the dealbate form is to be found accompanying the typical plant. Polyblastia scotinospora (Nyl.) Hellb. in Vet. Akad. Férh. p. 478 (1865). On rocks, Sadlerochit river, 20 miles inland from Camden bay, Alaska. Probably new to North America. SPHAEROPHORACEAE Sphaerophorus coralloides Pers. in Ust. An. I: p. 23 (1794). On tundra, Collinson point, Alaska; tundra, between Port Clarence bay and Teller, Alaska. The distribution of this species is peculiar. It is found as far south as Oregon on the west coast, and at the sea level at Eastport, Maine; but in our eastern mountains it is an alpine plant. LECIDEACEAE Lecidea contigua (Hoffm.) Fr. Lich. Eur. p. 298 (1831). On rocks, Wollaston peninsula, Victoria island. Lecidea Wulfenii Koerb. Parerg. Lich. p. 246 (1860). Over mosses, Bernard harbour, Dolphin and Union strait. Not appearing in the Cummings List. Lecidea aglaea Sommerf. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. p. 144 (1826). On rocks, Bernard harbour. Lopadium pezizoideun (Ach.) Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. p. 210 (1855). Heterothecium, Tuck. Syn. Over mosses, Collinson point, Alaska. Rhizocarpon alboatrum (Hoffm.) Th. Fr. Arctoi, p. 237 (1861). Buellia Tuck. Syn. On dead branches of living white spruce, Coppermine river; driftwood and old logs, Collinson point, Alaska. 6 D Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18 Rhizocarpon alboatrum (Hoffm.) Th. Fr. var. epipolium (Ach.) A. L. Sm. Brit. Lich. II: p. 189 (1911). : On rocks, near Murray point, Wollaston peninsula. Rhizocarpon confervoides DC. Fl. Franc. II: p. 565 (1805). Buellia petraea Tuck. Syn. pro parte. On rocks, 500-foot hill, 30 miles inland from Camden bay, Alaska. Common and varied in the Arctic. Rhizocarpon geminatum (Flot.) Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. p. 279 (1855). On rocks, Sadlerochit river, 25 miles inland from Camden bay, Alaska. Rhizocarpon geographicum (L.) DC. Fl. Franc. II: p. 365 (1805). On beach pebbles, Richardson island, Coronation gulf; on rocks, Bernard harbour; on rocks, Wollaston peninsula; on rocks, 30 miles inland from Cam- den bay, Alaska. Ever present in arctic and alpine regions, on boulders, pebbles, and even sticks. It is the Buellia geographica of Tuck. Syn. CLADONIACEAE Cladonia sylvatica (L.) Hoffm. var. sylvestris Oed. in Fl. Dan. III fase. 9 (1770). On earth, Chantry island, Bernard harbour. Cladonia sylvatica (L.) Hoffm. forma sphagnoides Flk. Clad. Comm. p. 168 (1828). On earth, south coast of Coronation gulf. J. R. Cox and J. J. O’Neill. Cladonia bellidiflora (Arch.) Schaer. Lich. Helv. Spicgl. p. 21 (1823). Tundra hummocks, Collinson point, Alaska. Cladonia bellidiflora (Ach.) Schaer. var. coccocephala (Ach.) Wain. Mon. Clad. I: p. 204 (1887). Tundra hummocks, Collinson point, Alaska. Cladonia coccifera (L.) Willd. Fl. Berol. p. 361 (1787). Tundra, Demarcation point, Alaska; tundra, Cockburn point, Dolphin and Union strait. Cladonia coccifera (L.) Willd. var. pleurota (Flk.) Schaer. Lich. Helv. Spiclg. p. 25 (1828). Over mosses, Cockburn point; on tundra, Collinson point, Alaska. Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Fr. var. neglecta (Flk.) Mass. Sched. Crit. p. 82 (1855). On earth, cape Bathurst. Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Fr. var. Pocillum (Ach.) Flot. Linnaea, 19 (1843). Tundra, Demarcation point, Alaska; tundra, Bernard harbour. Cladonia carneola Fr. Lich. Eur. Ref. p. 233 (1831). Tundra hummock, Collinson point, Alaska. Stereocaulon tomentosum Fr. Sched. Crit. p. 20 (1826). On earth, Camden bay, Alaska. GYROPHORACEAE Gyrophora anthracina (Wulf.) Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. p. 99 (1855). Umbilicaria, Tuck. Syn. On rocks, mouth of Rae’s Mackenzie river, Wollaston peninsula. - A plant of common occurrence on all rock specimens from the region, but in an immature condition. Lichens 7D a anthracina (Wulf.) Koerb. var. reticulata Schaer. Spiclg. p. 104 1823). Umbilicaria, Tuck. Syn. On rocks, Bernard harbour. Gyrophora proboscidea (L.) Ach. Method. Lich. p. 105 (1803). Umbilicaria, Tuck. Syn. On rocks, 30 miles inland from Camden bay, Alaska. All of our plants intermediate between the typical condition and the var. arctica of Tuckerman’s Syn. ACAROSPORACEAE Biatorella testudinea (Ach.) Mass. var. coracina (Sommerf.) Th. Fr. Lich. Seand. II: p. 403 (1874). Lecidea morio coracina, Tuck. Syn. On rocks, Bernard harbour. Biatorella testudinea (Ach.) Mass. var. pallens (Mont.) Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. II: p. 403 (1874). On rocks, Bernard harbour; on same substratum, Wollaston peninsula. Acarospora molybdina (Wahl.) Mass. Symmict. p. 21 (1855). Lecanora, Tuck. Syn. On rocks, Bernard harbour. COLLEMACEAE Collema crispum Ach. Syn. p. 311 (1814). On mosses in crannies of rocks, on river, 30 miles inland from Camden bay, Alaska. PANNARIACEAE Psoroma hypnorum (Hoffm.) Nyl. Scand. p. 121 (1861). Pannaria, Tuck. Syn. On mosses, Collinson point, Alaska. PELTIGERACEAE Peltigera canina (L.) Hoffm. forma sorediata Schaer. Enum. p. 20 (1850). On mosses, 30 miles inland from Camden bay, Alaska. Peltigera spuria (Ach.) Nyl. Syn. I: p. 325 (1860). Crevices of rocks, on river, 30 miles inland from Camden bay, Alaska. Peltigera aphthosa (L.) Hoffm. Fl. Germ. II: p. 107 (1795). Tundra, 25 miles inland from Camden bay, Alaska. LECANORACEAE Lecanora chrysoleuca (Sw.) Ach. var. rubina (Vill.) Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. I: p. 224 (1871). On rocks, 500-foot hill, 50 miles inland from Camden bay, Alaska. Lecanora badia (Pers.) Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 407 (1810). On rocks, Bernard harbour. 8D Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18 Lecanora frustulosa (Dicks) Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 405 (1810). On dolomite, Sutton island, Dolphin and Union strait. Thallus degraded and apothecia discoloured. Lecanora epibryon Ach. Syn. p. 155 (1814). " Sate mosses in tundra, Demarcation point, Alaska, and over mosses, Bernard arbour. Lecanora umbrina (Ehrh.) Nyl. Bull. Soc. Bot. XIII: p. 369 (1866). On driftwood, Spy island, Alaskan arctic coast. Lecanora Hageni Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 367 (1810). ; On old bone, Bernard harbour; same substratum, Icy reef, Alaskan arctic coast; on driftwood, Spy island, Alaskan arctic coast. Lecanora subfusca (L.) Nyl. Emend. Flora p. 250, note 2 (1872). On old bones, Young point. Lecanora cinerea (Ach.) Sommerf. Suppl. Fl. Lapp. p. 99 (1826). On stones, 50 miles inland from Camden bay, Alaska. Lecanora gibbosa (Ach.) Nyl. Lapp. Orient. p. 137 (1867). On beach pebbles, Richardson island, Coronation gulf; on rocks, 50 miles inland from Camden bay, Alaska. Lecanora verrucosa (Ach.) Laur. Teste Nyl. Scand. p. 159. On stones, Bernard harbour. Ochrolechia tartarea (L.) Mass. Ricerche, p. 30 (1852). Lecanora, Tuck. Syn. On earth and over mosses, Ross point, Wollaston peninsula; Young point; on mosses, small island at entrance to Bernard harbour. Candelariella vitellina (Ach.) Mull. Bull. Herb. Boiss. II: append. 47 (1894). Placodium Tuck. Syn. On stones, Bernard harbour. Candelariella cerinella (Flk.) Zahl. Engler and Prantl, Pflanzenf., p. 207 (1907). Placodium vitellinum aurellum Tuck. Syn. Caloplaca subsimilis Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. Gyalolechia subsimilis Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. On old bones, Young point. PARMELIACEAE Parmelia physodes (L.) Ach. Method. Lich. p. 250 (1803). On dead branches of living white spruce, Coppermine river. Parmelia physodes (L.) Ach. forma fuscescens Cromb. Grevill. XV: p. 75 (1887). _ On dead branches of living white spruce, Sandstone rapids, Coppermine river. Parmelia physodes (L.) Ach. var. vittata Ach. Syn. p. 218 (1814). Collinson point, Alaska. Parmelia fraudans Nyl. Scand. p. 100 (1861). On boulders in tundra, Camden bay, Alaska. Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Ach. Method. Lich. p. 204 (1803). Tundra, Bernard harbour; on mosses, Uloksak’s island, Bernard harbour; on big boulders in tundra, Camden bay, Alaska. Lichens 9D Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Ach. var. omphalodes (L.) Fr. L. E. p. 62 (1831). On big boulder in tundra, Camden bay, Alaska. Parmelia conspersa (Ehrh.) Ach. Method, Lich. p. 205 (1803). On rocks, 50 miles inland from Camden bay, Alaska. Parmelia incurva (Pers.) Fr. Nov. Sched. Crit. 31 (1826). On rocks, 50 miles inland from Camden bay, Alaska. Parmelia centrifuga (L.) Ach. Method. Lich. p. 118 (1803). On rocks, 50 miles inland from Camden bay, Alaska. Parmelia olivacea (L.) Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 462 (1810). On dead branches of living white spruce, Coppermine river. Parmelia stygia (L.) Ach. Method. Lich. p. 203 (1803). On rocks, Bernard harbour; on rocks, 30 miles inland from Camden bay, Alaska. Cornicularia lanata (L.) Gray, Nat. Arr. I: p. 405 (1821). Parmelia, Tuck. Syn. On rocks, Bernard harbour. Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach. Method. Lich. p. 293 (1803). _ Tundra, Collinson point, Alaska; on earth, Sandstone rapids, Coppermine river. Cetraria cucullata (Bell.) Ach. Method. Lich. p. 293 (1803). On earth, Herschel island, Y.T.; cape Bathurst; Basalt island, Coronation gulf; 30 miles inland from Camden bay, Alaska; Sandstone rapids, Coppermine river; and on tundra between Port Clarence bay and Teller, Alaska. Cetraria nivalis (L.) Ach. Method. Lich. p. 294 (1803). On earth, Herschel island, Y.T.; Sandstone rapids, Coppermine river. Cetraria chrysantha Tuck. Suppl. Am. Journ. of Sci. and Arts XXV: p. 423 (1858). On stones, 50 miles inland from Camden bay, Alaska; in tundra between Port Clarence bay and Teller, Alaska. Cetraria juniperina (L.) Ach. var. terrestris Schaer. Spiclg. p. 249 (1823). Over mosses, Chantry island, Bernard harbour. Cetraria fahlunensis (L.) Schaer. var. polyschiza (Nyl.) Th. Fr. Lich. Spitsb. p. 11 (1867). Platysma, Nyl. On rocks, 30 miles inland from Camden bay, Alaska. USNEACEAE Letharia thamnodes (Flot.) Hue Lich. Ex. Eur. Suite I: p. 58 (1901). Evernia prunastri pro parte, Tuck. Syn. Chantry island, Bernard harbour. Probably the form esorediosa (Nyl.) Hue. Duforea madreporiformis Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 524 (1810). Cetraria, Tuck. Syn. On earth, Chantry island, Bernard harbour. Duforearamulosa Hook. In appendix to Parry’s second voyage, p. 414 (1824). Cetraria, Tuck. Syn. te ; On earth,{mouth of Rae’s Mackenzie river, Wollaston peninsula, 10 p Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18 Dactylina arctica (Hook.) Nyl. Syn. I: p. 286 (1860). Cetraria, Tuck. Syn. On earth, small island, Camden bay, Alaska; also at Bernard harbour. Alectoria ochroleuca (Ehrh.) Nyl. prod. p. 47 (1857). On dead branches of living white spruce, Coppermine river; on earth, Bernard harbour. Alectoria chalybeiformis (L.) Gray Nat. Arr. I: p. 408 (1821). Alectoria jubata chalybetformis, Tuck. Syn. On dead branches of living white spruce, Coppermine river. Alectoria nigricans (Ach.) Nyl. Lich. Scand. p: 71 (1861). On earth, 30 miles inland from Camden bay, Alaska. Usnea ceratina Ach. Lich. Univ. p. 610 (1810). On dead branches of living white spruce, Coppermine river. Thamnolia vermicularis (Sw.) In Linn. fil. Method. Muscorum p. 119 (1781). On earth, 30 miles inland from Camden bay, Alaska; Bernard harbour. CALOPLACACEAE Blastenia ferruginea (Huds.) Koerb. Syst. Lich. Germ. p. 184 (1855). Placodium, Tuck. Syn. On driftwood, Spy island, Alaska, and Collinson point, Alaska. Blastenia ferruginea (Huds.) Koerb. var. pollinii Mass. Sched. Crit. p. 57 (1855). Placodiwm, Tuck. Syn. On rocks, Bernard harbour; on rocks, 50 miles inland from Camden bay, Alaska. Caloplaca miniatum (Hoffm.) Lichen miniatus Hoffm. Enum. 62 (1784). Caloplaca murorum miniatum (Hoffm.) Th. Fr. Lich. Seand. I: 170 (1871). ala miniatum Hoffm. Darbishire, Sec. Arct. Exp. of the Fram, p. 30 (1911). On rocks, Richardson island, Coronation gulf; Bernard harbour; Chantry island, Bernard harbour; Dolphin and Union strait; 30 miles inland from Camden bay, Alaska; on beach pebbles, sand spit of Hulahula river, Alaska; near Murray point, Wollaston peninsula; Icy reef, Alaskan arctic coast. Caloplaca elegans (Link) Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 168 (1871). Placodium, Tuck. Syn. On boulders, Bernard harbour; top of cliff, mouth of Rae’s Mackenzie river, Wollaston land; on dolomite, Lady Franklin point, Wollaston land; on rocks, Coronation gulf. Caloplaca elegans (Link) Th. Fr. var. tenuis (Wahl.) Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 168 (1871). On rocks, Bernard harbour; on dolomite, Dolphin and Union strait. Caloplaca jungermanniae (Vahl.) Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 179 (1871). Placodiwm, Tuck. Syn. Over mosses, Ross point, Wollaston land. Caloplaca cerina (Ehrh.) Th. Fr. Arctoi, p. 118 (1860). Placodium, Tuck. Syn. On old bones, Icy reef, Alaskan arctic coast. Lichens ll pb Caloplaca cerina (Ehrh.) Th. Fr. var. stillicidiorum (Hormen.) Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 174 (1871). In moist places, island southeast of Lady Franklin point, Coronation gulf. Caloplaca nivalis (Koerb.) Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. I: p. 191 (1871). Placodium, Tuck. Syn. On old bones, Bernard harbour, THELOSCHISTACEAE Xanthoria lychnea (Ach.) Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 146 (1871). Theloschistes, Tuck. Syn: On old bones and dead wood in ti tundra, Collinson point, Alaska. Xanthoria lychnea (Ach.) Th. Fr. var. pygmaea (Bor.) Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. p. 146 (1871). Theloschistes, Tuck. Syn. On driftwood, Spy island, Alaska; tundra, Demarcation point, Alaska; Rae’s Mackenzie river, Wollaston peninsula; driftwood, Collinson point, Alaska; on big boulder in tundra, Camden bay, Alaska. BUELLIACEAE Buellia spuria (Schaer.) Koerb. Parerg. Lich. p. 183 (1860). On rocks, 500-foot hill, 30 miles inland from Camden bay, Alaska. Buellia alpicola (Wahl.) Kremp. Lich. Fl. Bayern. p. 200 (1861). On rocks, small island near Richardson islands, Coronation gulf. Buellia papillata (Sommerf.) Tuck. Syn. II: p. 94 (1888). Tundra, Young point; over mosses, Uloksak’s island, Bernard harbour. Buellia myriocarpa (DC.) Mudd. Man. p. 217 (1861). On driftwood and logs, Collinson point, Alaska; Spy island, Alaskan arctic coast. : Rinodina exigua (Ach.) Th. Fr. Lich. Scand. I: p. 201 (1871). On dead branches of trees, Coppermine river. Rinodina turfacea (Wahl.) Th. Fr. Arctoi, p. 126 (1861). Tundra, Bernard harbour; in moist places, island southeast of Lady Frank- lin point, Coronation gulf; on old bones, Bernard harbour and Young point. PHYSCIACEAE Physcia pulverulenta (Schreb.) Nyl. Syn. I: p. 419 (1860). On driftwood, Collinson point, Alaska; same support, Young point. Physcia pulverulenta (Schreb.) Nyl. var. muscigena (Ach.) Nyl. Syn. I: p. 420 (1860). Over mosses, mouth of Rae’s Mackenzie river, Wollaston peninsula. Physcia tenella (Scop.) Nyl.forma leptalea (Ach.) Lynge. Norweg. Physciaceae,, p. 43 (1916). Physcia hispida, Tuck. Syn. On old bones, Young point. Physcia tribacia (Ach.) Tuck. Syn. I: p. 75 (1884). On boulders, Bernard harbour. 12 Dd Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18 BIBLIOGRAPHY Arnold, Dr. F. 1896. Labrador. 1896. Newfoundland. Babington, Churchill. 1852-7. Botany of the Voyage of H.M.S. Herald by Seaman. Branth, J. 8. Deichman. 1887-1892. Groenlands Lichen Flora. Cummings, Clara E. 1902. List of Labrador Lichens. 1906. The Lichens of Alaska. Darbishire, Otto V. 1909. Lichens collected during the second Norwegian Polar Expedition. Fries, Th. M. 1860. Lichenes Arctoi. 1867. Lichenes Spitsbergenses. 1871-1874. Lichenographia Scandinavica. 1877. Polyblastia Scandinaviae. 1879. Lichens collected during the English Polar Expedition. Greely, Lieut. A. W. Report on Botany of the Lady Franklin Bay Expedition. Hooker, Sir Wm., Jackson and Arnott, G. A. Walker. 1841. Botany of Beechey’s Voyage to the Pacific and Behrings Strait. Hue, A. 1886-1888. Addenda nova. 1888. Lichens de Miquelon. 1892. Lichenes Exotici. 1901. Lichenes Extra-Europaei. Hulting, J. 1896. Bietrige zur Flechtenflora Nordamerikas. Kumlien, Ludwig. 1879. Howgate Polar Expedition. Lichens by Tuckerman. Koerber, G. W. 1855. Systema Lichenum Germaniae. 1860. Parerga Lichenologica. Low, A. P. 1906. Cruise of the Neptune. Leighton, W. A. 1865. Notes on Lichens collected by Sir John Richardson in Arctic America. Lindsay, W. Lauder. | 1862. Contributions to the Lichen-Flora of Northern Europe. 1869. The Lichen Flora of Greenland. 1869. Observations on Lichens collected by Dr. Brown in West Greenland. Merrill, G. K. 1908. Yukon Lichens, collected by J. Macoun. Macoun, John. ; 1902. Catalogue of Canadian Plants, Part 7. Nylander, William. : : 1858-60. Synopsis Methodica Lichenum. 1861. Lichenes Scandinaviae. sates 1888. Enumeratio Lichenes Freti Behringil. Rothrock, J. T. 1867. Flora of Alaska. Stizenberger, EB. ; 1876. Index Lichenum Hyperboreum. 1892. Die Alectorienarten. Tuckerman, Edward. : ; ; 1882-1888. A synopsis of North American Lichens. Wetherill, Dr. H. E. ; 1894. List of plants obtained on the Peary Auxiliary Expedition. Wainio, Edw. ; , 1887, 1894, 1897. Monographia Cladoniarum. Report of the Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18. VOLUME VIII: MOLLUSKS, ECHINODERMS, COELENTERATES, ETC. Part A: MOLLUSKS, RECENT AND PLEISTOCENE. | By William H. Dall. ee September 24, 1910) Part B: CEPHALOPODA AND PTEROPODA. Cephalopoda. By S.S.. jane Pteropoda. By W: F, Clapp,.... ..... Eide ohaucay natn leee reeryy = = Ul n preparation). Part C: ECHINODERMS. By Haat ed Clarkicccessawes ex eee rer "T(issued April 6, ee ' Part D: BRYOZOA. By R.C. Osburn.... ......... Pepniuiw ine ee ” (Iss d February 20, 1928), Part E: ROTATORIA. 2 H. K. Harring............ TD ecaislclnisteipleieicucseai’ :. (Issued December 31, 1921). ° Part Be CHAETOGNATHA. ‘By A.G. Huntsman FiGhideihiae ine et arenes J eusueces (In preparation). Part G: ALCYONARIA AND ACTINARIA.’ By A. of Verrilt 2000000, s+. (ssued April 28, 1922), Part oe MEDUSAE AND CTENOPHORA. By H.B - Bigelow A dys ahs ... (Issued June 30, 1920). Part I: HYDROIDS:. By C. McLean Fraser..i........0.0eseeeee rere ee (Issued August 24, 1922), ‘Part J: PORIFE RA. By A. Dendy.............- pr eieeeeneneees reality gad ustionavobaabve ovae iaiece lias ouirSas (In pee). VOLUME TX: a ans PARASITIC aE ESEE » PROTOZOANS, ETC. Part A: OLIGOCHAETA. — ~ ise? Lumbriculide. ' By Frank Smith. : ‘ : _ _Enchytralide.’ By Paul 8. Welch..,....4... sacedis Ay ayeeaianer sean eace eta -Uasued eu nremibiar 29, , 1919) Part’ B: POLYCHAETA. | By Ralph V. Chamberlin. eee ee eee! (Issued November 16, 1920). Part C: HIRUDINEA.. By J. P. Moore. ....0.. 0.0. ccc cece ceeeeececvieeee es (Issued February 4, 1921). Part D: GEPHYREA. ‘By Ralph V. Chamberlin.............0.0006 i cascseiacs tions (Issued June 10, 1920). Part E: ACANTHOCEPHALA. By H.J. Van Cleavé........... seegesare seeeees (Iasued April 7, 1920). Part F: NEMATODA. By N.A. Cobb. ..... 00. cecceesececaccnceeneeneeeeeenenaeens (In preparation). Part G-H: TREMATODA. AND CESTODA. By.A. R. Cooper... eeeseeas (Issued February 4, 1921). Part I: TURBELLARIA. By A. MSO eosin gxaearesevavarasigyave sta aaboaranecatidinrasagavars wtaioraio (In preramiee Part J: GORDIACEA. . ‘ Part K: NEMERTINI._ By Ralph V. Chamberlin ee ee re eT (In ‘ preparation). Part L: SPOROZOA. Py J. W. Maver dab inh vei lovesie vsti barocohoaminbacestseed Neasantoanecroa urs (In preparation). Part M FORAMINIFERA. By J.A . Cushman. uate emeseiaeaes Jeeeee (Issued February 6, 1920). VOLUME X: PLANKTON, HYDROGRAPHY, TIDES, ETC.. Part C: “TIDAL OBSERVATIONS AND: RESULTS. By w. Belt Dawson... (Issued October 1, 1920). Part D: ce ma aaa Le Se ae ata ienieaie auarnsnee oltonin Biisresdiijoesieleseselnreiecassern wea Gh preparation). atl VOLUME XI: GEOLOGY AND GEOGRAPHY INSULA.. (By J.J. OUNGI ica cns.s mage aincraraurh sje sterinaye sincera (Issued July 8, 1924). Part B: MAES AND GHOGHAPHIOAL NOTES. “By oa tabi G. oni and John R. Cox. ere ee er ee ee CE er eT er ee (Issued July 8, , 1924). VOLUME XII: THE COPPER ESKIMOS. Part A: THE LIFE OF THE COPPER ESKIMOS. By D Jenness.. . Tesued January 14, eo Part B: THE PHYSICAL Se oan OF THE WESTERN AND COPPER ESKIMOS. By D. Jenness.......0:. 0.00 6ee ice b gence es peeeneeenees (Issued May 23, 1923). Part C: TEE OSTEOLOGY OF THE WESTERN AND CENTRAL ESKIMOS. By John GATT OTOH sain sangre clea scares le ts mueieis Bleue Gas URN cdierageiies acoiteas eens aware (June 28, 1923), } * Na \ VOLUME xm: ESKIMO FOLK-LORE ‘ Part A: ESKIMO MYTHS AND TRADITIONS, FROM ALASKA, THE MACKENZIE DELTA, ND CORONATION GULF. : By D. Jenness....0.:.cccecsseeecsecescseren .(In preas).” Part‘ B: STRING FIGURES OF THE ESKIMOS. By D. Jemess. bis Sys ss hsuase Feiss gaat (In press). . VOLUME XIV: ESKIMO SONGS Part A: SONGS OF THE COPPER ESKIMOS. “By Helen H. Roberts and D. Jenness Ciineh ee Ree eS '.. (Ready for press). VOLUME XV: ESKIMOS LANGUAGE AND TECHNOLOGY Part A: COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY OF THE ESKIMO DIALECTS Br foe rane a THE MACKENZIE DELTA, AND CORONATION GULF. er ee eee (In preparation). Part B: TECHNOLOGY OF. THE COPPER ESKIMOS.................0005 ‘eee (To ue prepared). 5 VOLUME XVI: ARCHAEOLOGY CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE. ARCHAEOLOGY OF WESTERN ARCTIC AMERICA . Snesenwecat nes tebe ene e eee eteee ens cte eens ereresscesrserereetesesses (To be prepared) : , . iy 1 Index issued with last number of each sane :