vel REPORT OF THE “* CANADIAN ARCTIC EXPEDITION 1913-18 VOLUME XII: THE COPPER ESKIMOS PART B: Physical Characteristics of the Copper Eskimos By D. Jenness SOUTHERN PARTY—1913-16 bg OTTAWA F. A. ACLAND PRINTER TO THE KING'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY 1923 Issued May 23, 1923 Rear VOLUMEI: GENERAL INTRODUCTION, NARRATIVE, ETC. 5 vis. dy NORTHERN. PARTY, 1913-18. ' By Vilhjalmur Stefansson........-0066 re Un preparation) ‘ , ed B: SOUT HERN PARTY, "1913-16, By Rudolph aa Anderson... — sia teeieian ua preparatio VOLUME I: MAMMALS AND BIRDS > . ; "Part A MAMMALS OF. WESTERN ARCTIC AMERICA. By Rudolph ‘Martin Anderson. ae a In Preparation). Peat B: BIRDS: oF WESTERN ARCTIC AMERICA. By R. M adeyeon and P. A. Taverner. ; seeeee (In repartion). INT RODUCTION. By CG. Gordon ‘Heit. snapiassaharcsiadsasisip eis IED (fanued d December io ane uy -Part B: NEUROPTEROID INSECTS. ‘By. Ne athan SB AIMS eo cccois sternrannicssions cieet 08 ae inenied, he 11; 1919). ‘Part C: DIPTERA. - Crane-flies.- By Charles P. Alexander. ; . : se a al By Harrison G. Dya: : a a Diptera (excluding Tipulids and Culicids). By J. R. Malloch.. ..--/ (Issued ety un, 1919). ' 1 D: MALLOPHAGA AND ANOPLURA. 3 *"“Mallophaga. By A. W. Baker. Anoplura. wy G. F. Ferris and G. H. F. Nuttall... ei Ieaied Septernber 18, . 1918.) ‘Part E: COLEOPTE Forest. eee, including Ipide, Cerambycide and Pinerests, ‘By J. M. Swaine. Carabide and Silphide. By H.C. Fall. et Coccinellide, ‘Hlateride, a sacri and Rhynchopora, (excluding Tide, yC.W w, a ! eng. “Dytiscids. By J. D. Sherman, Jr. v. (Issued foetie. 12! 1919). . Ussued July 11, 1919). : Part F: HEMIPTERA. By Edward P. VanDuzee........--- weeenpeoe Part G: HYMENOPTERA AND PLANT GALES. er ie ‘ Sawflies. (Tenthredinoidea). By Alex. D. MaeGillivray. a4 c Parasitic Hymenoptera. By'Chas. T. Brues. ; ; : mo ee, one and Bees. By F. W. L. Sladen. . “e ant Galls. By E. Porter Felt............ meats saad aisrere sidisie stasoistaiy osued November a, 1919). ‘Part H: SPIDERS: MITES ZAND MYRIAPODS. , - § viders, By J. H. Emerton. x e : Oe - ~‘Mites. By Nathan Banks. |" - o ~~ Myriapods. By Ralph V. Chanberiie , Part I: LEPIDOPTERA. By Afthur Gibson... E Part J: ORTHOPTERA. By E.M. Walker: .... . Part K: cas LIFE ON THE WESTERN ARCTIC COAST OF Frits Johansen:.............. ce — November 7, 1981). - ’ Part L: GENERAL TEE re y .-.. (Issued December, 1922). ze theses July 14, 1919). : ... (Issued January 10, 1920). (seued September Ail 920). ny VOLUME IV: BOTANY ‘ Part A: PRESHWATER ALGAE AND Stpcaapmbilais ec ah DIATOMS. By Gharieae W. Lowe. «__ aeaei nme mwar ssa 's tar eamlenate ame nay cia ale gael sale Meda seieRua tnne wal A In press). : Part B: MARINE ALGAE. By Ff. S. Collins Faves dh : : -e. (In ceri Part C: FUNGI. By John Dearness : : .... (Un preparation).:: “Part D: LICHENS. By ¢ LD se 08 cd chads sareses te rrdlaatsveskoscol vate esharayersteceleraape ns atene (In Alo testi S “Part E: MOSSES. By R. s. Wi lia; (Issued, February 9, 1921). ‘Part F: MARINE DIATOMS. By y Albert Mann ip cine ac tetova ongeorntes fia eiaiaiele asa :Cn Preparation). = x : VOLUME V: BOTANY so - Part A: VASCULAR PLANTS. ‘By James M. Macoun and Theo. Ho Im.. .(Iesued October dfs (1981). Part B;: CONTRIBUTIONS TO MORPHOLOGY, BENON yay AND GEOGRAP PHICA. ; DISTRIBUTION OF ARCTIC P* TS. y Theo. ‘Holm..: . Issued February. ‘6, 1982). Part C: GENERAL NOTES ON- ARCTIC VE ETATION. By Frits Johansen, (In preparation). *, we VOLUME VI: FISHES, TUNICATES, ETC. Part A: FISHES. By F, Johansen. .......00ccccccccecsseucccsceeceneceeceueeusensecs, Part B: ASCIDIAN' 8S, ETC, By. A. G. Huntsman..............00000- dieicnelll sued sonbor VOLUME VII: CRUSTACEA é Patt A: DECAPOD CRUSTACEANS.: By Mary J. Rathbun.................. Issued A t 7 -Part B: SCHIZOPOD CRUSTACEANS. ‘By Wally L. Pelethipe i ARTERIES -gglnih iu: a 1910). _PartC:CUMACEA. By W.T. Calman an dian Seyeeorss dete Mk Sade th parone aane sae veseessea. (Issued October 16, 1920). ‘Part D:SISOPODA. By P. L. Boone..............0 005, Be Blas iyi staratal Tssued Ni _ Part E: AMPHIPODA. By Clarence i. Shoemaker. . a bese vataseges fee aoe Seton geo: Part F: PYCNOGONIDA. LeonJ. Cole............cceceeeeee ne veut ... Issued January 8, 1921). _ Part G: EUPHYLLOPODA. By F. Token corsa iene uD es -..(Zssued May 10, 1922), ‘Part H: CLADOCERA. By Chauncey Juday......... eves : Issued_June‘23, 1920). Part I: OSFRACODA. By R. W. Sharpe.,..........: P csol'e sebvaits ster SORGIYE dl ece eres avaigsace ste (In preparation). j Part J: ea COPEPODA, Bar i abies en d .. (Issued April 21, 1920). tin seyed Jame 25, 1920). Part M: CIRRIPEDIA. By HA. Pisbry.ccus-cecccetesearesagenoe i tags oe ON DS. REPORT OF THE CANADIAN ARCTIC EXPEDITION 1913-18 VOLUME XII: THE COPPER ESKIMOS PART B: Physical Characteristics of the Copper Eskimos By D. Jenness SOUTHERN PARTY—1913-16 OTTAWA F. A. ACLAND PRINTER TO THE KING’S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY . 1923 Issued May 23, 1923 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924074096482 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION.... Section J—Fretp Data— Descriptions of individuals measured......... Tables of measurements... .. Section I]—Discusston— A. General description of the Copper Eskimos B. Measurements...... CONCLUSION..... 50932—1} INTRODUCTION! The Canadian Arctic Expedition, after leaving Esquimalt, British Colum- bia, in June, 1918, sailed up the north-west coast of the American continent into the Arctic Ocean. A short call of about two hours was made at Point Hope, in northern Alaska, and a number of Eskimos boarded our vessel, the Karluk. Thirteen of these natives were hastily gathered into a little deck cabin and measured for stature, head length and head breadth. The MS. containing this information was sent ashore at Barrow a few days later to be mailed to Ottawa, most fortunately, because the Karluk was caught in the ice soon after- wards and subsequently crushed. My anthropometric instruments went down with the vessel, and a year elapsed before a new set could be procured from Ottawa by way of the Mackenzie river. We were then sailing towards Corona- tion gulf, in which vicinity we spent the two years from 1914 to 1916. During this period my work lay exclusively among the Copper Eskimos, and the only physical measurements I was able to obtain from other groups were derived from two Eskimos, both men, from the inland region west of Hudson. bay, and five Eskimos, four men and one woman, from the Mackenzie river region. This paper then will deal mainly with the Copper Eskimos, but the information obtained from other regions will be used for comparative purposes, together with such data as can be found in the scattered literature concerning the Eskimos. The instruments used were the portable anthropometric set that is sold by Messrs. P. Herman of Zurich. The anthropometer was the least satisfactory, for, even with the aid of a plummet, it was difficult to maintain the rod abso- lutely perpendicular while the measurements were being read; moreover there was no level platform for the subject to stand on, and firm level floors are seldom found in the north. Routine difficulties of this kind were increased in the case of the Copper Eskimos owing to the climate of the region and the manner of life of its inhabitants. Only during the winter months do they congregate in large settlements; in summer they are scattered into small parties: of two or three families each, that wander day by day from one place to another. The anthropometric work, therefore, had to be done indoors during the winter and spring. The headquarters of our expedition at Bernard harbour consisted of but one room 18’ by 15’ in which six men had to sleep and carry on their scientific work. It will be readily understood that after the sleeping quarters, tables, shelves and fire-place had been arranged and set in place, there was very little room for the admission and examination of the Eskimos. Hence by far the greater number of the measurements were taken in snow huts, generally in the dance-houses of the settlements, since the ordinary dwelling was rarely high enough to allow the anthropometer to be held perpendicular. The light was always very indifferent, on certain days in fact quite insufficient for the mere reading of the figures; moreover the temperature inside the snow but was either somewhere around freezing or considerably below it. In addition to these physical disadvantages the dance-houses were generally filled with jostling if good-humoured crowds of on-lookers who had no conception of the purpose of the investigations but were always ready to tender advice and assistance, and to provoke a little merriment by jesting remarks at the expense of the investigator or his subjects. In spring the light was much better, and it was found possible to examine more of the natives at headquarters; consequently, while the actual measurements taken were the same as in the winter, fuller 1In the pay grouping of the various parts of the reports of the expedition, the present report was assigned to Volume XIII, Part A. For greater convenience in binding and issuing, it has been found advisable to publish it as Part B of Volume XII, of which the first part, The Life of the Copper Eskimos, by the same author, was issued January 12, 1922. : 6B Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18 details could be given concerning the individual features. Every possible care was taken to ensure accuracy, but the difficulties were so great that laboratory standards of exactness should not be applied to the results. — . d Generally speaking I tried to follow the instructions contained in Notes an ' Queries on Anthropology, 4th Ed., published by the Royal Anthropologica Institute of Great Britain and Ireland in 1912. The measurements taken were:— 1. Stature—The subject was made to stand erect, his eyes fixed on where the horizon would be if visible, knees straight, heels together and toes pointing outward. It was not possible to measure the natives bare-footed on account of the snow floor, so a deduction of 7 mm. has been made in every case, an average arrived at by actually measuring the thickness of a normal set of foot-gear. 2. Head Length—The maximum distance from the glabella to the farthest point behind in a straight-line. The glabella was seldom prominent, seeming to depend a great deal on the shape of the forehead, for the bridge of the nose was often greatly sunken and the glabella, instead of protruding, was almost hollow, the forehead sloping down in an even curve to the bridge. In such cases I assumed the glabella to be the point where the line of the eyebrows inter- sected the median line down the nose. 3. Head Breadth—The maximum diameter transversely to the head above the plane of the ear-holes, the points of the callipers being kept at the same horizontal level. _ No deduction was made for the thickness of the hair, but the callipers were inserted as far as possible through the hair directly against the skin. 4. Head Circumference.—The tape passed over the glabella, above the ears and over the remotest point on the back of the head, no deduction being made for the thickness of the hair. ; 5. Total Face Length—From the nasion to the lower edge of the chin in the middle line, the subject holding the mouth closed in a natural manner. The nasion was a point of some difficulty to determine. It is defined in Notes and Queries as the ‘‘most depressed point at the root of the nose.”’ This is usually marked by a wrinkle, but in many cases there were two and even three wrinkles between which it was extremely difficult to choose. In such cases I was guided to some extent by the relative positions of the eyes, but undoubtedly another observer might quite well have fixed upon some other point than that which was actually adopted and the resultant figures would show some divergence in consequence. 6. Upper Face Length.—From the nasion, as defined above, to the alveolar point. 7. Face Breadth.—The greatest width obtained while moving the callipers at right angles to the face along the zygomatic arches. 8. Nose Height.—From the nasion to the subnasal point. 9. Nose Breadth The maximum distance between the alae, which were only lightly touched by the callipers. 10. Nose Depth.—F rom the sub-nasal point to the highest point on the nose. This was a very unsatisfactory measurement, as it was not easy to determine the highest pomt; moreover it does not give the absolute degree of prominence of the nose, as this depends also on the shape. 11. Jaw Breadth—Taken between the corner angles. The fleshiness of the subject seemed to make a considerable difference in this measurement. Except in the case of the Alaskan natives the ages that are given are approxi- mate only. In conclusion I should like to acknowledge the very great assistance I have received in preparing this paper from Dr. F. Boas, of Columbia University, and from Dr. E. A. Hooton, of Harvard University, both of whom furnished me ' with many valuable suggestions and criticisms, although they are not responsi- ble in any way either for the form in which the paper is presented or for any statements that are made in it. SECTION I DESCRIPTIONS OF INDIVIDUALS MEASURED COPPER ESKIMOS Mauss A. Akuliakattak group, Dolphin and Union strait. 1. Iettsie, 45 years (Plate II). Hair: black, almost straight, cut close on crown, but falling to shoulders on sides; eyebrows: black and medium thick; moustache and beard: black, short and sparse. , Forehead: medium high and slightly receding. Eyes: dark brown; traces of fold, slits medium wide, lids slightly concealed. Nose: bridge low, leading straight to tip. lips: thick and everted, the lower more than the upper. 2. KALLUPIK, 28 years. Hair: black, straight, but curving slightly at the ends, cut close on crown, falling to chest; eyebrows: black and medium thick; moustache: black but slight; beard: faint traces only. Forehead: rather low but straight. soa a brown; a well-marked fold, slits rather narrow, lids almost con- cealed. Nose: bridge low, leading straight to tip; nostrils widely distended. Lips: thick and everted, the lower more than the upper. 3. NAVLUALUK, 30 years. Hair: black, slightly wavy at ends, cut close on crown, falling to shoulders on sides; eyebrows: black and medium thick, almost meeting; mous- tache: black but slight; beard: faint traces only. Forehead: moderately high and straight. Eyes: dark brown; a well-marked fold, slits rather narrow, lids almost concealed. Nose: bridge low, leading straight to tip. Lips: medium thick and everted, the lower more than the upper. Remarks: weight, January, 1915, 1634 lbs. 4, ATORNAQ, 22 years. Hair: black, slightly wavy, cut close on crown, reaching to shoulders on sides; eyebrows: black and medium thick; moustache: traces only; beard: none. Forehead: straight; supra-orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. Eyes: light brown; a slight fold, slits medium wide, lids not concealed. Nose: bridge low and medium broad, leading straight to a slightly hooked tip. Tins: upper, medium thick and not everted; lower, thicker and everted. Ears: no detached lobes. 8B Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1918-18 5. Unogsaa, 35 years. Hair: black, straight, cut close on crown, falling to shoulders on sides; eyebrows: black and medium thick; moustache and beard: black tinged with brown, both sparse. ; Forehead: high and almost straight; supra-orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. : Eyes: light brown; traces only of fold, slits medium wide, lids not concealed. Nose: bridge low, medium broad, leading straight to a rather snub tip. Lips: upper, medium thick and not everted; lower, somewhat thicker and everted. Ears: \obes slightly detached. Remarks: head high and narrow, sloping back to a peak, then cut away from peak to inion; cheek bones not very prominent; weight, May, 1916, 1973 Ibs. 6. Kuxaa, 45 years. Hair: black, slightly wavy, cut close on crown, falling to shoulders on sides; eyebrows: black and scanty; moustache and beard: black with a brownish tinge; a few hairs on sides of face. Forehead: medium high, slightly receding, sloping away at sides; supra- orbital ridges and glabella fairly prominent. Eyes: dark brown; no fold, slits medium wide, lids not concealed. Nose: bridge high and medium broad, leading in a concave curve to a moder- ately high tip. Lips: upper, medium thick and not everted; lower, somewhat thicker and everted. Ears: no detached lobes. : Remarks: high, narrow, scaphoid head, sloping back to a peak; face oval, with broad cheeks and jaw. B. Noahogniq group, Dolphin and Union strait. . Kamineaoa, 35 years. Hair: very dark brown, almost black, straight, but curving slightly at ends, cut close on crown; eyebrows: black and scanty; moustache: brown; beard: on chin alone, black, short and sparse. Forehead: moderately high and somewhat receding. Eyes: dark brown; slight fold, slits medium wide. Inps: both rather thick and somewhat everted, the lower more than the * upper. . AYALLIK, 55 years (Plate VII). Hair: black, straight, cut close on crown; eyebrows: black but scanty ; beard: black and rather short. : Forehead: rather low and receding. Eyes: dark brown; slight fold. Lips: both rather thick and somewhat everted. . AKSIATAQ, 30 years; son of Female No. 10 (Plate IV). Hair: black and slightly wavy, cut close on crown ; eyebrows: black but scanty; only slight traces of a moustache and no beard. Forehead: medium high and slightly receding. Eyes: dark brown; slight fold. Nose: rather narrower than usual. Lips: rather thick, the lower slightly everted. Physical Characteristics of the Copper Eskimos B9 10. Anavyruk, 50 years (Plate VII). Hair: black, straight, cut close on crown; eyebrows: black but scanty; beard: black, about 1’’ long, rather sparse. Forehead: medium high and receding. Eyes: dark brown; slight fold. Nose: very low bridge. Lips: thick and everted. Remarks: The flat face, low bridge to the nose, receding forehead, thick everted lips and rather prominent glabella gave this man a low “Aus- tralian” appearance. 11. Hrreoe, 40 years; brother of Female No. 10 (Plate VI). Hair: black, slightly wavy, cut close on crown, but reaching to shoulders on the sides; eyebrows: black but very scanty; moustache: black but short; beard: very scanty. Forehead: low and receding. Eyes: dark brown. Nose: rather low bridge, the nose itself being narrow. Lips: not very thick and only slightly everted. 12. Tapruna, 45 years. Hair: black (turning grey), somewhat wavy, cut close on crown but reaching to shoulders on sides; eyebrows: brownish-black and medium thick; moustache: brownish-black and medium thick; beard: very scanty, and only on chin. Forehead: medium high and straight, slightly bombé in middle, supra- orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. Eyes: light brown; no fold, slits medium wide, lids not concealed. Nose: bridge medium high and narrow, leading to a narrow hooked tip. Lips: medium thick but not everted. Ears: lobes slightly detached. Remarks: this man’s features seemed to resemble an Indian type. 13. NogaLuaq, 30 years. Hair: black, slightly wavy, cut to 14’’ on crown, reaching to chest on sides; eyebrows: black and thick; moustache: black, medium long but sparse; beard: black but very scanty. Forehead: straight; supra-orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. Eyes: light brown; slight fold, slits medium wide, lids half concealed. Nose: bridge very low and narrow, leading straight to a broad, low tip. Lips: both thick, the lower somewhat everted. Ears: no detached lobes. 14. Kutrana, 45 years. Hair: black, slightly wavy, cut close on crown, reaching to shoulders on sides; eyebrows: black but scanty; moustache and beard: both black, but sparse. Forehead: somewhat receding; supra-orbital ridges and glabella not prom- inent. Eyes: light brown; no fold, slits very narrow, lids half concealed. Nose: bridge low and very narrow, leading with a small hump to tip. Lips: upper, medium thick but not everted; lower, thicker and everted. 15. Qicraxk, 40 years. Hair: black and straight, cut close on crown, falling to shoulders on sides; eyebrows: black but scanty; moustache: black and medium thick; beard: black, medium thick; a few hairs on the cheeks. Forehead: low and straight; supra-orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. 108 Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1918-18 Eyes: light brown; slight fold, slits medium wide, lids half concealed. Nose: bridge rather low, leading straight to a rather broad tip. Lips: both medium thick, the lower slightly everted. Ears: no detached lobes. Remarks: face block-shaped; chin pointed and not receding; cheekbones high but not prominent; temperature, February, 1916, 99° F. 16. AYALLIK, 50 years. Hair: black, straight, cut close on crown, falling to shoulders on sides; eye- brows: black but scanty; moustache and beard: both black but scanty. Forehead: low and slightly receding; supra-orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. Eyes: light brown with milky blue rim around the iris; slight fold, slits medium wide, lids almost concealed. ‘Nose: bridge low and narrow, leading in a concave curve to a rather narrow, snub tip. Lips: medium thick and not everted. Ears: no detached lobes. Remarks: rather long face, broad and square, with high prominent cheek- bones. 17. Panaxtaag, 40 years. Hair: black, straight, cut close on crown, falling well below shoulders on sides; eyebrows: black and medium thick; beard and moustache: both black with a slight brownish tinge and both sparse. Forehead: medium high and slightly receding, sloping away on sides; supra- orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. Eyes: dark brown suffused with a milky blue tinge; slight fold, narrow slits and lids concealed. Nose: bridge medium high, leading straight to a rather pointed tip. Tips: medium thick and not everted; the mouth rather small. Ears: no detached lobes. Remarks: scaphoid head; cheekbones rather high and prominent. C. Walliaq group, Coronation gulf. 18. AnERAQ, 50 years; father of Male No. 37. Hair: black, straight, cut close on crown, where there were signs of baldness, reaching to chest on sides; eyebrows: black tinged with brown and medium thick; beard and moustache: black tinged with brown, both sparse. Forehead: slightly receding; supra-orbital ridges and glabella slightly prom- inent. Eyes: light brown; slight fold, slits medium wide, lids half concealed. Nose: bridge low, very narrow, leading with a hump to a rather pointed, slightly hooked tip. Lips: somewhat thick, the lower being slightly everted. Remarks: this man’s face seemed to resemble an Indian type. 19. Marra, 25 years; brother of Male No. 25 (Plate III). Hair: black, straight, clipped all over to about 1”; eyebrows: black but scanty; moustache and beard: traces only. Forehead: rather low and slightly receding, the hair beginning well back on the a ; Supra-orbital ridges moderately prominent, glabella not prom- inent. Eyes: light brown; slight fold, slits rather narrow, lids concealed. Nose: bridge very low, leading straight to tip. Physical Characteristics of the Copper Eskimos Bll Ips: upper, medium thick and not everted; lower, somewhat thicker and slightly everted. Remarks: cheekbones somewhat high and prominent; temperature, Novem- ber, 1915, 98° F. 20. KANMUARYUK, 25 years. : Hair: black, straight, uncut, falling to chest; eyebrows: black but sparse; moustache: traces only, apparently black; beard: none. Forehead: low and straight, sloping away at sides; supra-orbital ridges and glabella fairly prominent. Eyes: light brown; slight fold, slits narrow, lids half concealed. Nose: bridge low and narrow, leading straight to a broad tip. Lips: medium thick, the lower slightly everted. Ears: no detached lobes. Remarks: round, flat face; cheekbones high and rather prominent. 21. Havaeag, 55 years. Hair: black, straight, cut close on crown, falling to shoulders on sides; eye- brows: black but sparse; moustache: brownish-black but sparse; beard: black and sparse. Forehead: medium high and slightly receding, sloping away on sides; supra- orbital ridges and glabella fairly prominent. Eyes: light brown with a milky-blue fringe around the iris; slight fold, slits rather narrow, lids concealed. Nose: bridge medium high and very narrow, leading straight to a rather pointed tip. ; Lips: medium thick and not everted. Remarks: scaphoid head; face oval; cheekbones high and rather prominent. 22. Azzun, 32 years. Hair: black with a brownish tinge at the ends, straight, uncut, reaching to chest; eyebrows: very scanty, colour uncertain; moustache: faint traces only; beard: none. ’ Forehead: low and straight; supra-orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. Eyes: light brown; slight fold, slits medium wide, lids half concealed. Nose: bridge medium high, but broad and flat, leading straight to a rather. pointed tip. Lips: upper, medium thick and not everted; lower, somewhat thicker and slightly everted. Ears; lobes slightly detached. Remarks: head flat, low and broad; face square; cheekbones high but not very prominent. 23. Katyuina, 25 years. Hair: black with brownish tinge, straight, uncut, reaching to waist; eye- brows: black and medium thick; moustache: traces only; beard: none. Forehead: medium high, almost straight; supra-orbital ridges and zlabella fairly prominent. Eyes: light brown; slight fold, slits medium wide, lids half concealed. Nose: bridge medium high and narrow, leading straight to low tip. Lips: medium thick and not everted. Ears: lobes slightly detached. Remarks: long, oval face with regular features; cheekbones neither very high nor prominent. ‘ 128 Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18 24. Arvra, 20 years. Hair: black with faint brownish tinge, straight, uncut, falling to chest; eyebrows: black and medium thick; moustache and beard: none. Forehead: rather low and straight, sloping away at sides; supra-orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. ; : Bye light bowie edt fold, slits medium wide, lids half concealed. Nose: bridge rather low and narrow, leading straight to tip. Lips: rather thick, the lower slightly everted. Ears: lobes moderately detached. ; ; Remarks: face straight, with chin not receding; cheekbones high and prom- inent; temperature, March, 1916, 97.2° F. 25. ANaRvIK, 40 years; brother of Male No. 19. Hair: black, straight, cut close on crown, falling to chest on sides; eyebrows : black and medium thick; moustache: black with brownish tinge, 7 long, sparse; beard: black, 3’ long, also sparse; a few hairs on the cheeks. ; Forehead: medium high, slightly receding, sloping away on sides; supra- orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. ; ae R Eyes: light brown, but with marked blue fringe on upper rim of iris; slight fold, slits medium wide, lids not concealed. ; Nose: bridge rather low and narrow, leading straight to tip. Lips: rather thick and both slightly everted. Ears: no detached lobes. . Remarks: face broad above, pointed below, with the chin slightly receding; cheekbones high and prominent; temperature, March, 1916, 97-9° F. D. Asiak group, Coronation gulf. 26. UtrogEra, 40 years. Hair: black, slightly wavy, cut close on crown, falling to chest on sides; eyebrows: black and thick; moustache: black, fairly thick; beard: black, about 1’ long, rather sparse. Forehead: medium high and slightly receding; supra-orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. Eyes: greyish-brown; no fold, slits medium wide, lids half concealed. Nose: bridge rather low and medium wide, leading straight to broad tip. Lips: medium thick and both slightly everted. 27. QoESuUK, 40 years. Hair: black, straight, cut to 14” on crown, falling to shoulders on sides; eyebrows: black and thick; moustache: brownish-black, sparse; beard: brownish-black, 14”’ long, sparse. Forehead: straight; supra-orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. Eyes: brown with a green tinge; slight fold, slits medium wide, lids nearly concealed. ‘ Nose: bridge low and narrow, leading straight to tip. Lips: rather thick and slightly everted, the lower more than the upper. Ears: lobes slightly detached. Remarks: weight, March, 1915, 175 lbs. .28. QoHoaTAQ, 25 years (Plate V). Hair: black, straight, uncut, falling almost to waist; eyebrows: black and medium thick; moustache: black, but small; beard: none. Forehead: rather,low and slightly receding, the hair beginning well back; supra-orbital ridges slightly prominent, glabella not prominent. Eyes: dark brown; slight fold, slits rather narrow, lids half concealed. / Physical Characteristics of the Copper Eskimos B13 Nose: bridge rather low, leading straight to a rather pointed tip. Lips: rather thin and not everted; the lower a trifle thicker than the upper. Ears: no detached lobes. Remarks: face long; cheekbones high and prominent; chin rather pointed and projecting slightly; temperature, November, 1915, 98-4° F. 29, KautaHuk, 50 years. Hair: black, slightly wavy, cut close on crown, falling below shoulders on sides; eyebrows: black. and medium thick; moustache and beard: black, but turning.grey; afew hairs on the cheeks. Forehead: medium high and slightly receding, sloping away at sides; supra-orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. Eyes: light brown with a milky blue fringe around the iris; medium fold, slits narrow and lids concealed. Nose: bridge low and narrow, leading with a slight hump to a rather pointed tip. Lips: medium thick, the lower slightly everted. Ears: lobes slightly detached. Remarks: high, scaphoid head; face straight, the chin not receding; cheek- bones rather high and prominent; temperature, March, 1916, 98-8° F. 30. Tiasaq or Aratroa, 55 years. Hair: black, slightly wavy, cut close on crown, falling below shoulders on sides; eyebrows: black and medium thick; moustache: brown turning white; beard: black on chin, brown, turning white, on lower lip. Forehead: medium high, almost straight; supra-orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. Eyes: very light brown, with a grey fringe around the iris; slight fold, slits narrow, lids concealed. Nose: bridge low and rather broad, leading straight to tip. Lips: medium thick and not everted. Ears: lobes slightly detached. Remarks: face rather flat and square; chin scraight; cheekbones high but not prominent; weight, May, 1916, 189 lbs. E. Pingangnagqtok group, Coronation gulf. 31. Kanuyavyaq, 25 years; son of Male No. 36, Female No. 18. Hair: black, straight, uncut, falling just.below shoulders on sides; eyebrows: black and medium thick; moustache: traces only, colour uncertain; beard: none. ‘ Forehead: medium high and straight; supra-orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. Eyes: light brown; slight fold, slits medium wide, lids not concealed. Nose: bridge low, leading in a concave curve, with a small hump, to a ' rather narrow tip. Lips: medium thick, the lower slightly everted. Ears: lobes slightly detached. Remarks: cheekbones high, but not very prominent; temperature, Novem- ber, 1915, 98-8° F. 32. TAHLIQ, 22 years. ‘ Hair: black, straight, uncut, falling to chest; eyebrows: black and medium thick; moustache: traces only; beard: none. Forehead: medium high and slightly receding; supra-orbital ridges and glabella moderately prominent. Eyes: light brown; slight fold, slits medium wide, lids almost concealed. 148 Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18 Nose: bridge rather low, leading in a concave curve, with a small hump, to a medium broad tip. ‘Lips: rather thick, the lower slightly everted. Ears: lobes slightly detached. ; Remarks: cheekbones high, but not very prominent; temperature, Novem- ber, 1915, 99° F. 33. Hiraaq, 40 years. Hair: black, straight, cut close on crown, falling to shoulders on sides; eye- brows: black, medium thick; moustache: black tinged with brown; beard: black and scraggy. Forehead: low and almost straight; supra-orbital ridges moderately prom- inent, glabella not prominent. Eyes: dark brown; no fold, slits medium wide, lids not concealed. Nose: bridge low, leading in a concave curve to a rather pointed tip. Lips: medium thick and not everted. Ears: no detached lobes. Remarks: face round and flat; cheekbones high and prominent; tempera- ture, February, 1916, 98-6° F. 34. Iroaana, 40 years. Hair: black, straight, cut close on crown, falling to shoulders on sides; eye- brows: black and sparse; moustache: black and sparse; beard: black, 2” long, but sparse; few hairs on cheeks. Forehead: low and straight; supra-orbital ridges moderately prominent, glabella not prominent. Eyes: dark brown; very slight fold, slits medium wide, lids half concealed. Nose: bridge low and narrow, leading with a small hump to a rather pointed tip. Lips: medium thick and not everted. Remarks: face block-shaped, with pointed chin; cheekbones high and prom- inent; head sloping back to a point with a hollow furrow down the back; temperature, February, 1916, 98-4° F. 35. Iroa, 50 years. Hair: black, slightly wavy, cut close on crown, falling nearly to shoulders on sides; eyebrows: black and medium thick; moustache: black and medium thick; beard: black, about 1’’ long and medium thick. Forehead: low and slightly receding; supra-orbital ridges and glabella moderately prominent. | Eyes: light brown with a milky fringe around the iris; no fold, slits medium wide, lids not concealed. Nose: bridge low and broad, leading straight to a medium broad tip. Inps: medium thick and not everted. Remarks: head markedly scaphoid; face rather flat and wedge-shaped; cheekbones high and prominent; temperature, February, 1916, 98-4° F. 36. AticiryuaAQ, 50 years; father of Male No. 31. Hair: black, straight, cut close on crown, falling below shoulders on sides; eyebrows: black with brownish tinge, and thick; moustache and beard: both black with a brownish tinge and both sparse. Forehead: medium high and straight; supra-orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. Eyes: light brown with a greyish-blue fringe around the iris; slight fold slits medium wide and lids almost concealed. : : Nose: bridge low and narrow, leading with a pronounced hump to a medium broad tip. Physical Characteristics of the Copper Eskimos B15 Lips: medium thick and not everted. Ears: no detached lobes. Remarks: face long and wedge-shaped, with pointed chin; cheekbones high but not prominent. F. Kilusiktok group, Coronation sulf. 37. ULogsaag, 30 years; son of Male No. 18 (Plate I). Hair: black, slightly wavy, cut close on crown, falling to chest on sides; eyebrows: black and medium thick; moustache: black but small; beard, none. Forehead: medium high and slightly receding; supra-orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. Eyes: light brown; slight fold, slits medium wide, lids concealed. Nose: bridge rather low and narrow, leading straight to a high, rather hooked tip. Iips: upper, medium thick and not everted; lower, a little thicker and everted. Ears: no detached lobes. Remarks: the features of this man showed resemblances to an Indian type. 38. NAHUGALUAQ, 25 years. | Hair: black, straight, uncut, falling to shoulders on sides; eyebrows: black, rather scanty; moustache: black but small; beard: traces only. Forehead: medium high and straight; supra-orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. Eyes: dark brown; very slight fold, slits medium wide, lids not concealed. Nose: bridge low and narrow, leading straight to tip. Lips: medium thick and not everted. Ears: no detached lobes. Remarks: cheekbones rather high and prominent. 39. Kautaa, 35 years. Hair: black, straight, uncut, falling to shoulders on sides; eyebrows: black, medium thick; moustache and beard: both black and thick. Forehead: medium high and straight, sloping away at sides; supra-orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. Eyes: light brown; slight fold, slits medium wide, lids concealed. Nose: bridge medium high and rather narrow, leading with a small hump to tip; a big coarse nose. ‘ Lips: medium thick and not everted; mouth very small. Ears: lobes very slightly detached. Remarks: scaphoid head; face flat and square; cheekbones high but not prominent. 40. AYALLIK, 25 years. Hair: black, straight, cut close on crown, falling below shoulders on sides; eyebrows: black and sparse; moustache: traces only; beard: none. Forehead: rather high and almost straight; supra-orbital ridges and glab- ella moderately prominent. fj Eyes: dark brown; well-marked fold, slits narrow, lids half concealed. Nose: bridge medium high, leading with a slight hump to tip. Lips: rather thick; the upper everted very slightly, the lower more. Ears: lobes slightly detached. Remarks: head high and ovoid in shape; cheekbones not prominent. 16B Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18 41. ANAUTALIK, 30 years. Hair: black with a faint brownish tinge, almost straight, uncut, falling to shoulders; eyebrows: black and thick; moustache: very scanty, appar- ently black; beard: none. : . Forehead: medium high and almost straight; supra-orbital ridges and glab- ella not prominent. Eyes: light brown; slight fold, slits medium wide, lids almost concealed. Nose: bridge medium high, leading with a hump to a broad tip. Lips: medium thick, the lower slightly everted. Ears: lobes moderately detached. Remarks: face almost straight, with the chin slightly receding; cheekbones rather high but not prominent; temperature, March, 1916, 97-1° F. 42. OgaLuuK, 40 years. Har: black, straight, cut close on crown, falling to shoulders on sides; eye- brows: black and sparse; moustache and beard: both black and sparse. Forehead: medium high and slightly receding; supra-orbital ridges and glab- ella slightly prominent. Eyes: dark brown with a blueish fringe around the iris; medium fold, slits narrow, lids concealed. Nose: bridge low and narrow, leading straight to medium wide tip. Lips: a medium thick and not everted; lower, somewhat thicker and everted. Ears: lobes slightly detached. Remarks: face straight, chin not receding; cheekbones high and prominent; temperature, March, 1916, 97-4° F. 43. IvatstaqQ, 50 years (Fig. 61, The Life of the Copper Eskimos, p. 215). Hair: black, turning grey, slightly wavy, uncut, falling to shoulders; eye- brows: black and thick; moustache: black with brown tinge; beard: white, but black at roots; a few hairs on cheeks. Forehead: medium high and slightly receding; supra-orbital ridges moder- ately prominent, glabella not prominent. Eyes: greyish-brown with a light blue fringe around the iris; slight fold, slits medium wide, lids not concealed. Nose: bridge medium high and narrow, leading straight to a somewhat pointed, slightly hooked tip. Lips: medium thick and not everted. Ears: lobes slightly detached. Remarks: face straight, wedge-shaped, and not at all flat, with the chin pointed; cheekbones high and very prominent owing to the face being thin; two tattoo marks on bridge of nose. 44, Azzun, 30 years (Plate VII). Har: black with faint brown tinge at tips, straight, cut close on crown falling to chest on sides; eyebrows: black and medium thick: moustache: black and rather sparse; beard: none. : ; Forehead: low and slightly receding, sloping away at sides; supra-orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. Eyes: dark brown; slight fold, slits medium wide and lids nearly concealed. Nose: bridge low and narrow, leading with a hump to a pointed tip Inps: medium thick and not everted. : Ears: no detached lobes. Remarks: scaphoid head; face oval and straight, with chin not receding. Physical Characteristics of the Copper Eskimos B17 45. Ogormia, 35 years. Hair: black, somewhat wavy, cut close on crown, falling to shoulders on sides; eyebrows: scanty, colour uncertain; moustache and beard: both very scanty but appareritly black. Forehead: low and straight, sloping away at sides; supra-orbital ridges moderately prominent, glabella not prominent. Eyes: dark brown; very slight fold, slits medium wide, lids not concealed; eyes sunk considerably i in the head. Nose: bridge low and very narrow, leading with a hump to a slightly hooked __ tip. Lips: medium thick and not everted. Ears: lobes slightly detached. © Remarks: head scaphoid; face flat, with the chin pointed and slightly pro- jecting; cheekbones high but not very prominent. 46. AMARERNIQ, 35 years. Hair: black, straight, uncut, falling below shoulders on sides; eyebrows: black and sparse; moustache: brownish-black and sparse; beard: brown- ish-black and sparse. Forehead: medium high and straight; supra-orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. Eyes: dark brown; slight fold, slits medium wide, lids concealed. Nose: bridge moderately high and narrow, leading straight to a rather pointed tip. Lips: medium thick and not everted. Remarks: face square and somewhat flat; cheekbones not very prominent. 47. ANGIVRANA, 35 years (Fig. 64, The Life of the Copper Eskimos, p. 223.) Hair: black, straight, cut close on crown, falling to shoulders on sides; eye- brows: black and medium thick; moustache: black with brownish tinge and sparse; beard: black and sparse. Forehead: medium high and almost straight, sloping away at sides; supra- orbital ridges and glabella moderately prominent. Eyes: light brown; slight fold, slits medium wide, lids half concealed. Nose: bridge rather low and very narrow, leading straight to a medium broad tip. Lips: upper, medium thick and not everted; lower, thicker and everted. Ears: lobes very slightly detached. Remarks: face long and narrow, oval in outline; cheekbones high but not very prominent. G. Asiak group, east of Kent peninsula. 48. Haveun, 30 years. Hair: black, straight, cut close on crown, falling to chest on sides; eye- brows: black and medium thick; moustache: black and sparse; beard: traces only. Forehead: rather low and almost straight, sloping away at sides; supra- orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. Eyes: dark brown; slight fold, slits medium wide, lids concealed. Nose: bridge somewhat low, leading straight to a low tip. Lips: medium thick and not everted. Ears: no detached lobes. Remarks: scaphoid head; cheekbones high and prominent; chin pointed. 50932—2 1838 Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18 49. KarraLuxaaq, 35 years. Hair: black, straight, uncut, falling to chest; eyebrows: black and thick; moustache: black and scanty; beard: traces only. Forehead: low and slightly receding; supra-orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. . : Eyes: dark brown; slight fold, slits medium wide, lids nearly concealed. Nose: bridge low and medium broad, leading straight to tip. ; Lips: upper, medium thick and not everted; lower, somewhat thicker and everted. Ears: lobes slightly detached. : Remarks: face round and broad; chin receding slightly; cheekbones hig and very prominent; temperature, March, 1916, 99-2° F. : 50. Arrava, 30 years; brother of Male No. 51 (Plate VI). Hair: black, slightly wavy, clipped all over to about 5’; eyebrows: black and sparse; moustache: black and sparse; beard: traces only. Forehead: medium high and almost straight; supra-orbital ridges and glab- ella not prominent. Eyes: light brown; slight fold, slits narrow, lids almost concealed. . Nose: bridge low and medium broad, leading straight to a rather pointed tip. Lips: medium thick and not everted. Ears: no detached lobes.’ Remarks: face straight, long and square; chin straight; cheekbones high and fairly prominent; temperature, March, 1916, 99-4° F. 51. ANARVILLUK, 20 years; brother of Male No. 50 (Plate VI). Hair: black, almost straight, uncut, falling to chest; eyebrows: black and sparse; moustache: traces only; beard: none. Forehead: medium high and straight, sloping away at sides; supra-orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. Eyes: dark brown; marked fold, slits narrow, lids almost concealed; the slant of the eye was unusually noticeable. Nose: bridge low and narrow, leading straight to a broad, rather flat tip. Lips: medium thick. and not everted. Ears: lobes slightly detached. Remarks: face long, flat and wedge-shaped; chin pointed and not receding; ‘cheekbones high but not prominent. H. Kanghiryuaq group, Prince Albert sound. 52. Kunana, 40 years (Plate IV B, The Life of the Copper Eskimos, p. 257). Hair: black, slightly wavy, cut close on crown, falling to shoulders on sides; eyebrows: brownish-black and medium thick; moustache: brownish-black, medium thick; beard: brownish-black and sparse. Forehead: rather low and receding; supra-orbital ridges and glabella mod- erately prominent. Eyes: light brown, slight fold, slits rather narrow, lids half concealed. Nose: bridge low, leading straight to tip. Lips: medium thick, the lower slightly everted. Ears: no detached lobes. Remarks: cheekbones high and fairly prominent; head scaphoid. 53. NiueaQ, 35 years (Plate IV/B, The Life of the Copper Eskimos, p. 257). Hair: black, straight, cut close on crown, falling to shoulders on sides; eyebrows: black with brownish tinge, medium thick; moustache: brownish-black and scanty; beard: brownish-black, short and sparse. Physical Characteristics of the Copper Eskimos B19 Forehead: rather low and slightly receding; supra-orbital ridges and glab- ella not prominent. Eyes: light ereyish-browsy very slight fold, slits medium wide, lids not concealed. Nose: bridge low and narrow, leading straight to tip. Lips: medium thick and not everted. Ears: no detached lobes. Remarks: cheekbones high and rather prominent. 54. Imurag, 20 years. Hair: black, straight, cut close on crown, falling just below shoulders on sides; eyebrows: black tinged with brown, moderately thick; moustache: traces only; beard: none. Forehead: medium high and straight; supra-orbital ridges moderately prom- . inent, glabella not prominent. Eyes: dark brown; marked fold, slits medium wide, lids not concealed. Nose: bridge low, ‘leading i in a concave curve to tip. Lips: medium thick, the lower very slightly everted. Ears: no detached lobes. Remarks: cheekbones high and prominent. J. Hanerak group, South-west Victoria island. 55. Turtsrx, 30 years. Hair: black, slightly wavy, cut close on crown, falling below shoulders on sides; eyebrows: black, medium thick, almost meeting; moustache and beard: both black but very scanty. Forehead: medium high and straight, a trifle bombé; glabella not prominent. Eyes: dark brown; well-marked fold, lids half concealed. Nose: bridge extremely low, leading straight to a low tip. Lips: medium thick, the upper slightly everted, the lower more so. 56. Kausina, 40 years. Hair: black, slightly wavy, cut close on crown, where there were signs of baldness, falling to chest on sides; eyebrows: ‘black and very scanty; moustache: brown and sparse; beard: brown and sparse. Forehead: medium high and straight, a trifle bombé; supra-orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. Eyes: dark brown; no fold, slits rather wide, lids half concealed. Nose: bridge low, medium broad, leading straight to tip. Lips: thick and everted, the lower more than the upper. Ears: lobes slightly detached. 57. Kieruna, 40 years (Plate IV). Hair: black, slightly wavy, cut close on crown, falling to shoulders on sides; eyebrows: almost none; moustache: brownish-black and sparse; beard: -brownish-black, about 1” long but sparse. Forehead: medium high and slightly receding; supra-orbital ridges and glab- ella moderately prominent. Eyes: dark brown suffused with a milky tinge; slight fold, slits medium wide, lids not concealed. Nose: bridge medium high and narrow, leading with a slight hump to tip. Lips: medium thick, the lower slightly everted.. Ears: lobes slightly detached. Remarks: slight suggestion of an Indian type. 50932—23 20B Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18 J. Puivliq group, South-West Victoria island. 58. Kaneyog or Maqarvik, 25 years. Hair: black, straight, cut close on crown, falling to shoulders on sides; eyebrows: black but scanty; moustache: black and short; beard: very scanty, colour uncertain. Forehead: low and receding. Eyes: dark brown; no fold. Nose: bridge very low, leading straight to tip. Lips: thick and everted, the lower more than the upper. 59. Kuineavix, 55 years; father of Male No. 61, Females Nos. 34 and 37. Hair: black, wavy, cut close on crown, falling to shoulders on sides; eye- brows: almost none; moustache: black and short; beard, black and scanty; few hairs on cheeks. Forehead: low and receding. Eyes: dark brown; slight fold. Nose: bridge low and narrow; nose itself big and broad. Tips: thick and everted, the lower more than the upper. 60. Uruatux or Tarpana, 20 years; brother of Male No. 63. Hair: black, straight, cut close on crown, falling to shoulders on sides; eyebrows: black and scanty; moustache: traces only; beard: néne. Forehead: moderately high and slightly receding. Eyes: dark brown; slight fold. Nose: bridge low. Lips: thick, the upper slightly everted, the lower considerably. 61. Haviag or Hurutaun, 35 years; son of Male No. 59. Hair: black, straight, but at ends slightly wavy, cut close on crown, falling below shoulders on sides; eyebrows: black and scanty; moustache and beard: black and short. Forehead: low and receding. Eyes: dark brown; marked fold, lids almost concealed. Nose: bridge low. Inps: thick, the lower slightly everted. 62. AYALIGAQ, 22 years. Hair: black, straight, but wavy at ends, cut close on crown, falling below shoulders on sides; eyebrows: black and scanty; moustache and beard: none. Forehead: moderately high and slightly receding. Eyes: dark brown; slight fold, lids partly concealed. Nose: bridge low. Lips: thick, the lower slightly everted. 63. Haviuyag, 25 years; brother of Male No. 12. Hair: black, straight, uncut, falling below shoulders; eyebrows: black and moderately thick; moustache and beard: black but scanty. Forehead: moderately high and straight. Eyes: dark brown; marked fold, lids almost concealed. Nose: low bridge. ‘ Lips: moderately thick, the lower slightly everted. Physical Characteristics of the Copper Eskimos B21 64. Karvorana, 45 years; father of Male No. 68, Female No. 43. Hair: black, wavy, uncut, falling to shoulders; eyebrows:. black and med- ium thick; moustache and beard: black, short and scanty. Forehead: moderately high and slightly receding. Eyes: dark brown; marked fold, lids concealed. Nose: bridge low. Lips: thick, the lower greatly everted. Remarks: head high and markedly scaphoid. 65. QincaALOogaNna, 55 years; father of Female No. 41. Hair: black, straight, but wavy at ends, cut close on crown, falling nearly to shoulders on sides; eyebrows: black but very scanty; moustache and beard: black and moderately thick. Forehead: moderately high and straight. Eyes: light brown; slight fold, slits narrow. Left eye blind. Nose: bridge low, nose itself big and almost hooked. Lips: moderately thick, the lower slightly everted. 66. WiIKx14Q, 30 years; son of Male No. 71. Hair: black, straight, cut close on crown, falling to shoulders on sides; eyebrows: black and moderately thick; moustache: black and scanty; beard: none. Forehead: rather low and almost straight. Eyes: brown; slight fold, lids almost concealed. Nose: bridge ‘low, but the nose itself big and broad. Lips: upper, somewhat thick but not everted; lower, thicker and consider- ably everted. 67. IrogaNa or QUGLUALUE, 20 years. Hair: black, slightly wavy, cut close on crown, but falling below shoulders on sides; eyebrows: black and moderately thick; moustache: traces only; beard: none. Forehead: moderately high and straight, slightly bombé. Eyes: dark brown; marked fold, slits narrow, lids concealed. Nose: bridge low and rather broad. Lips: upper, medium thick and not everted; lower, somewhat thicker and slightly everted. 68. QAVYEKTOK, 24 years; son gi Male No. 64, Female No. 31. Hair: black, slightly wavy, cut clos2 on crown, falling below shoulders on sides; eyebrows: black and moderately thick; moustache: traces only; beard: none. Forehead: moderately high and straight, slightly bombé. Eyes: dark brown; marked fold, slits narrow, lids almost concealed. Nose: bridge low. Lips: thick; the upper slightly everted, the lower considerably. 69. QrepaK, 20 years; son of Female No. 33. Hair: black, straight, cut close on crown, falling below shoulders on sides; eyebrows: plack and moderately thick; moustache: traces only; beard: none. Forehead: low and somewhat receding. Eyes: dark brown; marked fold, slits narrow, lids concealed. Nose: bridge low. Lips: upper, medium thick and not everted; lower, semnearhuit thicker and slightly everted. & 228 Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18 70. AcLuAQ, 24 years. Hair: black, slightly wavy, cut close on crown, falling to shoulders on sides; eyebrows: black and rather scanty; moustache and beard: black, short and sparse. . Forehead: moderately high and almost straight. ; Eyes: dark brown; marked fold, slits rather narrow, lids almost concealed. Nose: bridge low. ; Lips: upper, medium thick and not everted; lower, thicker and everted. 71. Icuaq, 60 years; father of Male No. 66. Hair: black, straight, cut close on crown, falling to chest on sides; eye- brows: almost none; moustache and beard: black, but both very scanty. Forehead: high and slightly receding. Eyes: dark brown; slight fold, slits rather narrow, lids almost concealed. Right eye blind. Nose: bridge very low and broad. ; Lips: upper, medium thick and slightly everted; lower, thicker and greatly everted. 72. PANGNARYUAQ, 24 years. Hair: black, straight, but slightly wavy at ends, cut close on crown, falling to shoulders on sides; eyebrows: black and medium thick; moustache:: very slight, colour uncertain; beard: traces only. Forehead: moderately high and straight, slightly bombé. Eyes: dark brown; well-marked fold, slits rather narrow, lids almost con- cealed. Nose: bridge low, leading with a slight hump to tip. Lips: medium thick and slightly everted, the lower more than the upper. 73. KiLuGoa, 30 years. Hair: black, straight, cut close on crown, falling almost to shoulders on sides; eyebrows: black and medium thick; moustache: black but very small; beard: a tiny black goatee only. Forehead: moderately high and straight, slightly bombé. Eyes: dark-brown; well-marked fold, slits narrow, lids almost concealed. Nose: bridge low, leading straight to an almost hooked tip. Lips: medium thick, the lower slightly everted. 74. IkpaKHuagQ, 40 years (Frontispiece, The Life of the Copper Eskimos;) brother of Male No. 16. Hair: black, slightly wavy, cut close on crown, but falling below shoulders on sides; eyebrows: black and thick; moustache and beard: black, short and sparse. Forehead: medium high and slightly receding. Eyes: dark brown; slight fold, slits medium wide and lids not concealed. Nose: bridge low, leading straight to tip. Lips: medium thick and not everted. Ears: no detached lobes. sea weight, May, 1916, 178 lbs.; temperature, November, 1915, 98° F. 75. AvRANA, 30 years (Fig. 43, The Life of the Copper Eskimos, p, 135); son of Female No. 1. Hair: black, straight, cut short all over; eyebrows: black and medium thick; moustache and beard: black, short and scanty. Forehead: medium high and slightly receding; supra-orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. Physical Characteristics of the Copper Eskimos B23 Eyes: light brown; medium fold, slits medium wide, lids half concealed. Nose: bridge low, leading straight to tip. Iips: thick and everted, the lower more than the upper. 76. Togattuag, 40 years (Plate V). Hair: black, wavy, cut close on crown, falling to shoulders on sides; eye- eee almost none; moustache and beard: very slight, apparently ack. Forehead: medium high and slightly receding, slightly bombé; supra- orbital ridges heavy but not prominent, glabella not prominent. ‘Eyes: dark brown; slight fold, slits rather narrow, lids concealed. Nose: bridge low and broad, leading straight to low broad tip; a ‘snub’ nose. Lips: somewhat thick and everted, especially the lower. Ears: no detached lobes. Remarks: features very gross and heavy, face very short; weight, May, 1916, 180 lbs. 77. SINIsIaQ, 35 years (Plate VII). Hair: black, straight, cut close all over; eyebrows: black, the right medium thick, the left sparse; moustache and beard: black with brown tinge around the lips, both clipped with scissors; few hairs on cheeks. Forehead: rather low and almost straight, sloping away at sides making the front appear bombé; supra-orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. Eyes: light brown; slight fold, slits medium wide, lids slightly concealed. Nose: bridge rather low and narrow, leading straight to tip. Lips: medium thick; the upper not everted, the lower slightly. Ears: lobes slightly detached. Remarks: face square and rather flat; chin slightly receding; cheekbones high but not very prominent; weight, May, 1916, 167 lbs. 78. Katyaryux, 40 years. Hair: black, straight, cut close on crown, falling to shoulders on sides; eyebrows: black and somewhat sparse; moustache: black; beard: black, but with tinge of brown, slight. Forehead: medium high and straight, the hair starting well back on brow; supra-orbital ridges slightly prominent, glabella not prominent. Eyes: dark brown; slight fold, slits rather narrow, lids concealed. Nose: bridge rather low, leading straight to tip. Lips: both rather thick and everted. — Ears: no detached lobes. Remarks: cheekbones medium high and rather prominent; temperature, November, 1915, 96-8° F. K. Nagyuktok group, South Victoria island. 79. EqsIuHINA, 35 years. Hair: black, somewhat wavy, 2” long on crown, falling to chest on sides; eyebrows: black tinged with brown, medium thick, almost meeting; moustache and beard: brownish-black, about 1” long, but sparse. Forehead: medium high and slightly receding; supra-orbital ridges and glabella moderately prominent. _ ; ; Eyes: dark brown; marked fold, slits medium wide, lids concealed. Nose: bridge very low and medium broad, leading straight to a rather snub tip. Lips: medium thick, the lower slightly everted. Ears: lobes very slightly detached. 248 Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1918-18 80. EqsrvHina, 45 years. Hair: black, slightly wavy, clipped all over; eyebrows: black and sparse; moustache: black with brownish tinge and thick; beard: black, short and thick; few hairs on cheeks. . Forehead: medium high and almost straight; supra-orbital ridges and glab- ella moderately prominent. Eyes: light brown; no fold, slits medium wide, lids not concealed. Nose: bridge medium high and narrow, leading straight to tip. | Lips: upper, medium thick and not everted; lower, somewhat thicker and everted. Ears: lobes very slightly detached. : Remarks: head markedly scaphoid; face straight with pointed chin; cheek- bones high and prominent. 81. Eqsiuntna, 50 years. Hair: black, straight, cut close on crown, falling to shoulders on sides; eye- brows: black with slight brown tinge, medium thick; moustache and beard: black with brown tinge, both sparse. Forehead: rather low and almost straight, sloping away at sides; supra- orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. Eyes: dark brown; slight fold, slits medium wide, lids not concealed. Nose: bridge medium high and very narrow, leading straight to tip. Lips: upper, medium thick and not everted; lower, somewhat thicker and slightly everted. Ears: no detached lobes. Remarks: face rather wedge-shaped; cheekbones high and prominent. L. Kigliniq group, South Victoria island. 82. QERNET, 25 years. Hair: black, slightly wavy, uncut, falling to chest on sides; eyebrows: black and medium thick; moustache and beard: traces only. Forehead: medium high and slightly receding, sloping away at sides; supra- orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. Eyes: light brown; marked fold, slits medium wide, lids concealed. Nose: bridge rather low, leading in a concave curve to tip. Lips: medium thick and not everted. Ears: lobes very slightly detached. Remarks: face not markedly flat; cheekbones high but not very prominent; temperature, March, 1916, 98-9° F. COPPER ESKIMOS FEMALES A. Akuliakattak group, Dolphin and Union strait. 1. Tagru or Hieraa, 45 years (Frontispiece, The Life of the Copper Eskimos); mother of Male No. 75. Hair: black, slightly wavy, falling to chest; eyebrows: very scanty, colour uncertain. Forehead: rather low and slightly receding. Eyes: dark brown; slight fold, slits narrow, lids concealed. Nose: bridge low. Ips: upper, medium thick and not everted; lower, somewhat thicker and slightly everted. aes temperature, November, 1915, 97-8° F.; weight, May, 1916, 183 s. Physical Characteristics of the Copper Eskimos B25 2. AnGorpaana, 18 years. ‘Hair: black, straight, very thick, falling to chest; oe black and rather scanty. Forehead: moderately high and very bombé. Eyes: dark brown; marked fold, slits rather narrow, lids concealed; eyes appeared unusually sunken at outer extremities. Nose: bridge low, leading straight to rather broad tip. Lips: medium thick, the lower slightly everted. 3. ATUGYUK or TuPirToa, 40 years. Hair: black, straight, falling below the shoulders; eyebrows, black and medium thick. Forehead: moderately high and almost straight; glabella rather prominent. Eyes: dark brown; well-marked fold, lids half concealed. Nose: bridge low, leading straight to medium broad tip. Inps: medium thick and very slightly everted. 4. MituxatTtak, 24 years. Hair: black, straight, reaching to chest; eyebrows: black and rather sparse. Forehead: medium high and almost straight; supra-orbital ridges and glab- ella not prominent. Eyes: dark brown; medium fold, slits rather narrow, lids almost concealed. Nose: bridge very ‘low, leading straight to a broad low tip. Lips: medium thick and both slightly everted. Ears: no detached lobes. Remarks: cheekbones high but not very prominent; temperature, July, 1915, 97° F., November, 1915, 95-6° F. 5. QuNeITTOQ, 45 years. Hair: black, straight, falling below shoulders; eyebrows: black and scanty. Forehead: low and slightly receding; supra-orbital ridges and glabella fairly prominent. Eyes: dark brown; slight fold, slits medium wide, lids not concealed. . Nose: bridge low, leading with slight hump to a pointed tip. Lips: upper, medium thick and not everted; lower, thicker and somewhat everted. Ears: no detached lobes. Remarks: face rather flat; chin not receding; cheekbones high and prom- inent; temperature, February, 1916, 98-4° F. 6. IeLoryuAQ or ATIGIRYUAQ, 35 years. Hair: black, straight, falling to chest; eyebrows: black and medium thick. Forehead: medium high and straight, rather bombé; supra-orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. Eyes: light brown; slight fold, slits medium wide, lids slightly concealed. Nose: bridge medium high, leading straight to tip. Lips: upper, medium thick and not everted; lower, rather thicker and slightly everted. Ears: no detached lobes. Remarks: face straight, with chin rather pointed; cheekbones high and prominent. B. Noahogniq group, Dolphin and Union strait. 7. KALYUTARYUN, 25 years (Plate X). Hair: black, slightly wavy, falling a little below the shoulders; eyebrows: black and scanty. Forehead: medium high and straight. Eyes: dark brown with a slight fold. Iips: medium thick and very slightly everted. 268 Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18 8. Kaumaa, 45 years. Hair: black, wavy, barely falling to shoulders; eyebrows: black and scanty. Forehead: medium high and slightly receding. Eyes: very dark brown. Lips: medium thick and very slightly everted. 9. Nia, 25 years (Plate XI). Hair: black, straight, falling well below shoulders; eyebrows: black and scanty. : Forehead: rather low and slightly receding. Eyes: dark brown. Lips: somewhat thick and slightly everted. 10. Ievae, 45 years; mother of Male No. 9, sister of Male No. 11 (Plate X). Hair: black, wavy, falling a little below the shoulders; eyebrows: black and very scanty. Forehead: low and slightly receding. Eyes: brown. Iips: medium thick and not everted. y C. Walliaq group, Coronation gulf. 11. Ka.iun, 28 years. Hair: black, straight, falling to waist; eyebrows: black and medium thick. Forehead: medium high and straight, bombé; supra-orbital ridges and glab- ella not prominent. Eyes: dark brown; marked fold, very narrow slits, lids concealed. Nose: bridge low and medium broad, leading straight to tip. Lips: rather thick and slightly everted. Ears: no detached lobes. 12. AvaLLUK, 65 years. Hair: black, but for the most part turned grey, slightly wavy, falling just below shoulders; eyebrows: black, turning grey, and very scanty. Forehead: straight and slightly bombé; supra-orbital ridges moderately prominent, glabella not prominent. Eyes: dark brown; slight fold, slits narrow, lids half concealed. Nose: bridge very low and narrow, leading straight to tip. Lips: medium thick and not everted. Ears: no detached lobes. 13. Manicyorina, 22 years (Platé XI). Hair: black, straight, falling nearly to waist; eyebrows: black and scanty. Forehead: medium high and straight; supra-orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. Eyes: dark brown; very slight fold, slits medium wide, lids half concealed. Nose: bridge rather low, leading in a concave curve to tip. Lips: somewhat thick, and very slightly everted. Ears: lobes slightly detached. Remarks: chin not receding; cheekbones high but not prominent; temper- ature, November, 1915, 98° F. 14, AMERERNIQ, 60 years. Hair: black, straight, falling to shoulders; eyebrows: black and scanty. Forehead: medium high and slightly receding; supra-orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. Eyes: dark brown; slight fold, slits medium wide, lids not concealed. Physical Characteristics of the Copper Eskimos B27 Nose: bridge low and narrow, leading straight to a pointed tip. Itps: medium thick, the lower slightly everted. Ears: no detached lobes. Remarks: face long and narrow; cheekbones high but not very prominent; temperature, February, 1916, 97° F. : 15. OqorviILvK, 40 years. Hair: black, straight, falling to chest; eyebrows: black and medium thick. Forehead: medium high and almost straight; supra-orbital ridges and glab- ella not prominent. Eyes: dark brown; no fold, slits medium wide, lids not concealed. Nose: bridge very low, leading straight to rather pointed tip. Iips: medium thick and not everted. Ears: no detached lobes. ' Remarks: face rather flat and narrow; chin not receding; cheekbones high and prominent; temperature, February, 1916, 97-8° F. 16. Manryuk, 45 years. Hair: black, straight, falling to shoulders; eyebrows: black and scanty. Forehead: medium high and straight, somewhat bombé; supra-orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. Eyes: light brown with greyish tinge; fold slight, slits rather narrow, lids half concealed. Nose: bridge rather low and medium broad, leading in concave curve to a medium broad tip. Lips: medium thick, the lower slightly everted. Ears: lobes slightly detached. Remarks: face straight, with chin not receding, broad and round; cheek- bones fairly high but masked by fleshiness; temperature, March, 1916, 97-8° F. D. Asiak group, Coronation Gulf. 17. ARQULUE, 45 years. Hair: black, straight, falling almost to waist; eyebrows: faint traces only. Forehead: medium high and slightly receding, sloping away at sides; supra- orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. Eyes: light brown, slight fold, slits rather narrow, lids not concealed. Nose: bridge low, flat, and medium broad, leading straight to tip. Lips: upper, medium thick and not everted; lower, somewhat thicker and slightly everted. Ears: lobes slightly detached. Remarks: face unusually long and narrow, rather flat; chin straight; cheek- bones high and prominent; weight, May, 1916, 186 lbs. E. Pingangnaqtok group, Coronation gulf. 18. Hatrorina, 45 years; mother of Male No. 31, Female No. 19. Hair: black, straight, falling to below shoulders; eyebrows: black and medium thick. Forehead: medium high, and slightly receding: supra-orbital ridges slight, glabella moderately prominent. ; Eyes: dark brown; slight fold, slits medium wide, lids almost concealed. Nose: bridge medium low, leading in a concave curve to a medium broad tip. Lips: medium thick, the lower slightly everted. Ears: no detached lobes. Remarks: face rather long and not very broad; cheekbones medium high and prominent; temperature, February, 1916, 97-8° F. 28B Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18 19. EqqerHoag, 18 years; daughter of Female No. 18. Hair: black, straight, falling to chest; eyebrows: black and scanty. Forehead: medium high and almost straight; supra-orbital ridges and glab- ella not prominent. Eyes: dark brown; slight fold, slits rather narrow, lids almost concealed. Nose: bridge low and broad, leading straight to a rather broad tip. Lips: medium thick, the lower slightly everted. Ears: no detached lobes. Remarks: face round and not very flat; chin straight; cheekbones hardly noticeable; temperature, February, 1916, 98° F. 20. Acaa, 45 years. Hair: black, straight, falling almost to waist; eyebrows: black and scanty. Forehead: low and straight; supra-orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. Eyes: dark brown; faint traces of fold, slits medium wide, lids not con- cealed. Nose: bridge very low, leading straight to a rather pointed tip. Lips: medium thick and not everted. Ears: lobes slightly detached. Remarks: face straight and a little flat, chin not receding; cheekbones rather high and prominent; temperature, February, 1916, 97° F. 21. OqarTToa, 40 years. Hair: black, straight, falling to chest; eyebrows: black and scanty. Forehead: medium high and straight, sloping away on sides; supra-orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. Eyes: light brown; slight fold, slits medium wide, lids concealed. Nose: bridge low, leading straight to a snub tip. Lips: medium thick, the lower slightly everted. Ears: lobes slightly detached. Remarks: face straight and fairly broad; chin not receding; cheekbones high and prominent; temperature, March, 1916, 98-3° F. E. Kilusiktok group, Coronation gulf. 22. Hutorag or ARNAUN, 40 years. Hair: black, straight, falling to waist; eyebrows: black and scanty. Forehead: medium high and straight, rather bombé; supra-orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. Eyes: dark brown; slight fold, slits medium wide, lids not concealed. Nose: very low bridge. Lips: medium thick, the lower slightly everted. Ears: no detached lobes. Remarks: face round and flat; chin not receding; cheekbones high and rather prominent; temperature, March, 1916, 99-4° F. 23. KuKILUKAQ, 25 years (Plate XI). Hair: black, straight, falling nearly to waist; eyebrows: black and scanty. Forehead: medium high, straight, slightly bombé; supra-orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. Eyes: light brown; marked fold, slits rather narrow, lids concealed. Nose: bridge very low, leading straight to tip. Lips: rather thick and slightly everted, the lower more than the upper. 24. Pacuig, 30 years; daughter of Male No. 43, Female No.40 (Plate IX). Hair: black, straight, falling to chest; eyebrows: black and rather scanty. Forehead: medium high and straight, sloping away at sides; supra-orbital ridges and glabella fairly prominent. Physical Characteristics of the Copper Eskimos B29 Eyes: dark brown; slight fold, slits medium wide, lids half concealed; eyes ‘deeply sunken in head. Nose: bridge moderately high, leading straight to pointed tip. Lips: upper, medium thick and not everted; lower, thicker and everted. Ears: lobes very slightly*detached. —_ Remarks: face narrow, rather pointed below, with the chin slightly receding; cheekbones high but not very prominent. 25. AQana, 35 years. Hair: olack, straight, falling to chest; eyebrows: black and very scanty. Forehead: medium high and slightly receding, sloping away at sides; supra- orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. Eyes: dark brown; traces of fold, slits medium wide, lids slightly concealed. Nose: bridge low, flat and rather narrow, leading straight to pointed tip. - Lips: both rather thick and slightly everted, the lower a little more than the upper. Ears: lobes very slightly detached. Remarks: face rather flat and long, sloping from the broad zygomatic arches to a rather pointed chin; chin straight but cut away below; cheekbones high but not very prominent. F. Kanghiryuaq group, Prince Albert sound, Victoria island. 26. UMALLUK, 45 years. Hair: black, rather wavy, falling to shoulders; eyebrows: very scanty, apparently brownish-black. Forehead: medium high and slightly receding; supra-orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. Eyes: dark brown; slight fold, slits medium wide, lids concealed. Nose: bridge rather low, leading in concave curve to tip. Lips: medium thick and not everted. Ears: lobes slightly detached. 27. Uruatyoa, 35 years. Hair: black, straight, falling a little below shoulders; eyebrows: very scanty, apparently brownish-black. - Forehead: medium high and slightly receding; supra-orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. Eyes: light brown; slight fold, slits rather narrow, lids half concealed. . Nose: bridge low and narrow, leading in a concave curve to tip. Lips: medium thick and both slightly everted. Ears: lobes very slightly detached. Remarks: cheekbones high and rather prominent. 28. Narexsina, 40 years. Hair: black with brownish tinge, slightly wavy, falling a little below shoul- ders; eyebrows: almost none. Forehead: medium high and somewhat receding; supra-orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. ; Eyes: light brown; slight fold, slits rather narrow, lids not concealed. Nose: bridge very low, leading in concave curve to tip. Lips: rather thin and not everted. Ears: lobes moderately detached. Remarks: cheekbones high and very prominent. 308 Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18 G. Puivliq group, South-West Victoria island. 29. Prncoatna or APATTOQ, 30 years. Hair: black, straight, falling to chest; eyebrows: very scanty, colour un- certain. . Forehead: rather high and straight. Eyes: brown; moderate fold, slits narrow, lids concealed. Lips: upper, medium thick and not everted; lower, thicker and somewhat everted. 30. Karyorana or Pupik, 30 years (Plate IX). Hair: black, straight, falling to chest; eyebrows: black and scanty. Forehead: medium high and straight. Eyes: dark brown; medium fold, slits narrow, lids concealed. Nose: bridge rather low. Lips: upper, medium thick and not everted; lower, thicker and slightly everted. 31. QrepaK, 40 years; mother of Male No. 68, Female No. 48. Hair: black, straight, falling to waist; eyebrows: black and scanty. Forehead: medium high and straight. Eyes: dark brown; medium fold, slits narrow, lids concealed. Nose: bridge low and broad. Lips: upper, medium thick and not everted; lower, somewhat thicker and slightly everted. 32. UNGAHAQ, 30 years. Hair: black, straight, falling almost to waist; eyebrows: black and scanty. Forehead: moderately high and straight. Eyes: dark brown; medium fold, slits narrow, lids nearly concealed. Nose: bridge low. Lips: upper, medium thick and not everted; lower, somewhat’ thicker and slightly everted. 33. Kimaryoa, 45 years; mother of Male No. 69. Hair: black, straight, falling to chest; eyebrows: very scanty, colour un- certain. Forehead: medium high and slightly receding; supra-orbital ridges and glabella moderately prominent. Eyes: dark brown; medium fold, slits narrow, lids concealed. Nose: bridge low, leading straight to tip. Inps: medium thick, the lower slightly everted. Ears: no detached lobes. 34. KautivagQ, 30 years; daughter of Male No. 59, sister of Female No. 37. H coli black, straight, falling to waist; eyebrows: very scanty, colour un- certain. Forehead: medium high and straight; supra-orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. Eyes: dark brown; medium fold, slits narrow, lids concealed. Nose: bridge very low, leading straight to tip. Lips: medium thick and not everted. Ears: no detached lobes. 35. IroQana, 26 years. Hair: black, straight, falling to chest; eyebrows: black, medium thick and widely separate. Forehead: high and straight, somewhat bombé. Physical Characteristics of the Copper Eskimos B31 Eyes: dark brown; medium fold, slits narrow, lids concealed. Nose: bridge exceedingly low, leading straight to tip.. Lips: medium thick, the lower slightly everted. . Ears: lobes very slightly detached. Remarks: face seemed exceptionally long and narrow, the cheekbones being very little prominent. 36. KuxrEoq, 40 years. Hair: black, straight, though curving round at ends, falling to chest; eye- brows: black and scanty. i Forehead: medium high and slightly receding. Eyes: dark brown; no fold, slits medium wide, lids not concealed. Nose: bridge exceedingly low, leading straight to tip. Lips: medium thick and not everted. 37. It1icaGyuaNa, 25 years; daughter of Male No. 59, sister of Female No. 34. Hair: black, straight, falling to chest; eyebrows: brownish-black and rather scanty. Forehead: rather high and straight; supra-orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. Eyes: light brown; marked fold, slits medium wide, lids almost concealed. Nose: bridge very low and medium broad, leading straight to slightly snub tip. ' Lips: medium thick and not everted. Ears: no detached lobes. 38. Hupo, 30 years. Hair: black, slightly wavy, falling to waist; eyebrows: black and very scanty. Forehead: medium high and straight; supra-orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. Eyes: dark brown; slight fold, slits medium wide, lids slightly concealed. Nose: bridge low and medium broad, leading straight to tip. : Lips: medium thick and not everted. Ears: lobes moderately detached. 4 39. PissuaQ, 25 years. Hair: black, straight, falling to chest; eyebrows: black tinged with brown. Forehead: medium high and straight; supra-orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. Eyes: light brown; slight fold, slits medium wide, lids half concealed. Nose: bridge very low, leading with slight hump to somewhat hooked tip. Lips: medium thick and slightly everted, the lower more than the upper. Ears: lobes very slightly detached. H. Nagyuktok group, South Victoria island. 40. Eqaryux, 50 years; mother of Female No. 24. Hair: black, straight, falling to chest; eyebrows: black and thick. Forehead: medium high and slightly receding; supra-orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. Eyes: dark brown; medium fold, slits narrow, lids almost concealed. _ Nose: bridge low, flat and broad, leading in concave curve to broad, flat tip. Lips: upper, medium thick and not everted; lower, thicker and somewhat everted. ; Ears: lobes moderately detached. Remarks: face rather thin; chin receding and cut away below; cheekbones high and prominent. 32B Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18 I. Kigliniq group, South Victoria island. 41. Uvitiog, 35 years; daughter of Male No. 65. Hair: black, straight, falling to just below shoulders; eyebrows: right, black and scanty, left, none. : . Forehead: medium high and straight; supra-orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. . : : Eyes: dusty brown with blue fringe around the iris; marked fold, slits medium wide, lids concealed. ! Nose: bridge extremely low, leading in a concave curve to tip. Lips: medium thick and not everted. Ears: lobes moderately detached. ; ; Remarks: face straight, father square and flat; chin not receding; tempera- ture, March, 1916, 98-8° F. J. Saningaiyog group, Backs river. 42. Nia, 30 years. Hair: black, straight, falling to shoulders; eyebrows, black and scanty. — Forehead: medium high and straight, sloping away at sides; supra-orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. Eyes: light brown; slight fold, slits medium wide, lids not concealed. Nose: bridge rather low and narrow, leading straight to a medium broad tip. Lips: medium thick and slightly everted. Ears: no detached lobes. Remarks: face straight, not very broad; chin slightly receding; cheekbones high and prominent; temperature, March, 1916, 97-4° F. The two women described next, Nos. 43 and 44, were doubtfully adult. While their descriptions and measurements are included in this portion, they are excluded from the tables of frequencies in Section 11. 43. Haqunecaa, 16 years. Puivlik group, daughter of Male No. 45 and Female No. 40. She had been married about one year. Hair: black, slightly wavy, falling to chest; eyebrows: black and very scanty. Forehead: high and straight, rather bombé. Eyes: dark browo; marked fold, lids concealed. Nose: bridge low, leading straight to tip. Lips: medium thick, the lower slightly everted. 44, Qormiq, 15 years, Pingangnaqtok group. Hair: black, straight, falling to chest; eyebrows: black and scanty. Forehead: medium high and slightly receding; supra-orbital ridges moder- ately prominent, glabella not prominent. Eyes: dark brown; medium fold, slits medium wide, lids concealed. Nose: bridge very low, leading straight to tip. Ears: lobes very slightly detached. Inps: medium thick and not everted. Remarks: face straight and narrow; cheekbones hardly noticeable; temper- ature, February, 1916, 98-4° F. Physical Characteristics of the Copper Eskimos . B33 HUDSON BAY ESKIMOS 1. Atqaq, 22 years; from the Akiliniq or Thelon river. Hair: black, straight, clipped all over to about 3”; eyebrows: black and medium thick; moustache: traces only; beard: none. Forehead: medium high and slightly receding, sloping away at sides; supra- orbital ridges and glabella moderately prominent. Eyes: dark brown; slight fold, slits medium wide, lids not concealed. Nose: bridge rather low and narrow, leading in’ a concave curve to tip. Lips: medium thick, the lower considerably everted. Remarks: face fairly round; chin somewhat pointed; cheekbones high and moderately prominent. 2; ie ra 40 years; from the district of Palliq, on the west coast of Hudson ay. Hair: black, straight, clipped all over to about 5’; eyebrows; black and medium thick; moustache: brown and scanty; beard: very scanty, colour uncertain. Forehead: rather low and straight; suprd-orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. Eyes: light brown; slight fold, slits medium wide, lids not concealed. Nose: bridge medium high and very narrow, leading with hump to tip. Lips: medium thick and not everted. Ears: no detached lobes. Remarks: face generally narrow and rather wedge-shaped; cheek-bones high and somewhat prominent. MACKENZIE RIVER ESKIMOS! Ma.ss 1. Agoyaag, 30 years. Hair: brownish-black, straight, cut close all over. Eyes: dark brown. 2. SEPUTAITTOQ, 35 years. Hair: black, straight, cut close all over. Eyes: dark brown. 3. AryaKa, 25 years. Hair: black, straight, cut close all over. Eyes: dark brown. 4, Patatyaq, 21 years; brother of Female No. 1. Hair: black, straight, cut close all over; eyebrows: black and medium thick; moustache: none; beard: traces only. Forehead: medium high and straight; supra-orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. ; ; ; Eyes: ligt brown; medium fold, slits medium wide and lids concealed. Nose: bridge low, leading straight to tip. Lips: medium thick, the lower slightly everted. Ears: lobes very slightly detached. Remarks: weight, January, 1915, 144 lbs. FEMALE 1. Unauina, 28 years; sister of Male No. 4. Hair: black, straight, falling to chest; eyebrows: black and scanty. 1A]] these Mackenzie river Eskimos were natives of Kitigaryuit village, in the delta of the river. 50932—3 34B Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18 Forehead: medium high and straight, rather bombé; supra-orbital ridges and glabella not prominent. . Eyes: dark brown; medium fold, slits medium wide and lids half concealed. . Nose: bridge low and flat, leading straight to medium broad tip. Lips: medium thick and not everted. Ears: lobes slightly detached. ; Remarks: face straight, oval in outline; cheekbones high and rather prom- inent. ALASKAN ESKIMOS Mates ANGoTITSsAQ, 22 years. Born at Point Hope. Hair: black, straight, cut close all over; eyebrows: black and rather scanty; moustache and beard: none. Forehead: medium high and straight, slightly bombé; supra-orbital ridges and glabella moderately prominent. Eyes: brown; medium fold, slits medium wide and lids partly concealed. Nose: bridge somewhat low; leading straight to tip. Lips: medium thick, the lower slightly everted. Ears: lobes very slightly detached. Remarks: weight, January, 1914, 164 lbs. PayuRaG, 29 years; father and mother from Point Hope. Hair: black and straight; beard: none. Forehead: medium high and slightly receding; supra-orbital ridges well developed. Eyes: very dark brown; slight fold. Nose: bridge low. Lips: medium thick and moderately everted. Remarks: cheekbones high and prominent; chin slightly receding. . ASETSAQ, 22 years; father and mother from Point Hope. Hair: black and straight; beard: none. ; Forehead: rather high and slightly receding; supra-orbital ridges well developed. Eyes: very dark brown; slight fold. Lips: medium thick and moderately everted. Remarks: cheekbones high and prominent; chin straight. . Dozara: adult; father and mother from Point Hope. . MivvuK.va, adult; father and mother from the Noatak river, SE. of Point Hope. Ataneana, adult; father from the Kivallinak river, SE. of Point Hope, mother from Point Hope. Yxpog, adult; father and mother from the Kivallinak river. . Kunoag, adult; father and mother from the Noatak river. UKPEKSON, adult; father and mother from the Kivallinak river. . Neaqva, adult; father from Oturkaq, mother from Napaqtok. . Aguag, 20 years; father from the Noatak river, mother from Kangeq. . KepmMErox or QrururaQ, adult; father and mother from Kigittaruk, Kot- zebue sound. . Nanmagq, adult; father from the Noatak river, mother from Kivallik, at the head of Kotzebue sound. . Urritrrog, 15 years; father and mother from the Noatak river.! 1This man is omitted from the discussion in Section II owing to his youth. Physical Characteristics of the Copper Eskimos B35 COPPER ESKIMOS Mass 3 4 =| 12 1518 Hudson bay.................. 44 1620 | Point Barrows. os. cas cones 30 1521 Mackenzie delta (Jenness)..... 4 1622 | SE. Greenland............... 23 1529 NE. Greenland............... 31 1647 | Iglulik................00. ie 20 1537 Coronation Gulf............... 82 1648 | NE. Greenland.... “6 15 1551 Fr lulike wscas cacaxd vas agent gine 20 1660 | Noatak river...... 8 § 1555 Point Hope..................- ig 1665 | Coronation gulf.............. 42 1564 Mackenzie delta (Stone)....... 12 1675 Noatak river................. il. 1682 Let us consider first the statures of the men. Except for Smith Sound, the lowest are from SW. Greenland and Labrador, precisely the places which have been longest in contact with European culture. There is a slight increase in SE. Greenland and Hudson bay, where the contact has been more limited. NE. Greenland (Ammassalik), Coronation gulf and Iglulik, all three places the homes of presumably pure Eskimos, show a close correspondence; in all three the mean statures are higher than among the part-Europeanized Eskimos, but lower than in the three western places, Point Hope, Mackenzie delta and Noatak river, where there are strong suspicions of Indian intermixture.? Turning to the women, the gradation seems less marked, but still not altogether absent. Thus the places where European influence have been most in evidence, viz., Labrador, SW. Greenland and Hudson bay, all show distinctly low means, while the Noatak river women are surpassed in stature only by the women of Coronation gulf. The table shows certain anomalies; on the other hand, that seem to militate against the theory that contact with Europeans has resulted in a decrease in stature, while admixture with the northern Indians has produced an increase. The most serious is the lowness of the statures in Smith sound and at Point Barrow. Both these places, as far as we know, were inhabited by unmixed Eskimos at the time the measurements were taken, yet in both the statures are not only lower than among other pure Eskimo tribes, but even lower than among tribes that have long been in contact with European culture. The Point Barrow figures strike one as very anomalous when compared with the statures of their neighbours at Point Hope and on the Noatak river, and also with Boas’ averages, men 1658 mm., women 1551 mm., for Alaska as a whole.’ Beechey, it may be remarked, estimated the average stature of Eskimo men in the neighbourhood of Seward peninsula at 5’ 74’, ie., 1715 mm.,‘ and although this estimate is almost certainly exaggerated, it at least indicates that the natives in that region were not below the medium height. It should be remarked that two of the Point Barrow women measured by Ray’s party were dwarfs, having statures of only 4’ 03” and 4’ 14” respectively. If these two are elimin- ated the mean stature for women would be 1536 mm., which would at once 1The figures for Labrador are from Duckworth and Pain. Boas (Zeitschrift fir Ethnologie, 1905, p. 375) gives 1575 mm. for men and 1480 mm. for women. F eee high piaturs cl the Stent reas Hy ence by Bape measurements, which give 1663 mm. as the mean o: oucheux men, mm. for ahltan men, and 1603 mm. for 3 Tahlt: . Bull. A.M.N.H., Vol. XIV, p.'57). pearls eras aia 5Boas, Zeitschrift fir Ethnologie, 1895, p. 375. In the Annual Archaeological Report, Ontario, 1905, p. 88, the same writer states that the average height of Eskimo men west of the Mackenzje is 1680 mm., and of women 1580 mm. ‘ ‘Beechey, Voyage to the Pacific and Beering’s Strait, London, 1831, Vol. 2, p. 570. Physical Characteristics of the Copper Eskimos B51 _bring them on a level with the pure-blood Eskimos farther east. This will still leave the stature of the men unaccountably low. A study of the graphs given below throws a little more light on the problem. There it will be seen that the polygons representing the statures at Point Barrow differ considerably from those for Coronation gulf and East Greenland. The rise to the peak is slower and less regular, and the interval between the sexes is less. In the case of the Point Barrow men there is very little decline after the peak is reached, which would indicate that the series of measurements from which the figure is con- structed is inadequate. Altogether one is left with the impression that a more complete series might have ironed out some of the peculiarities in these graphs and brought the statures at Point Barrow into closer approximation with those of the eastern natives. The case of the Smith sound Eskimos is somewhat similar, for they too are considerably shorter than their neighbours on either side. It might be con- jectured in their case that the tallest and strongest Eskimos were farther north with Peary at the time Steensby measured the group; but while this might. reasonably explain the low stature of the men, it could hardly account for the equally anomalous stature of the women. However we can lay very little stress on the means for this group, since they are derived from only 18 individuals, 8 men and 10 women. A larger series of measurements might raise the means considerably. . The same uncertainty appears in the figures for the Mackenzie delta, since they also are based on a very inadequate number of cases. One point that can be noticed here is that whereas the difference between the statures of men and women among Eskimos is normally around 100 mm., Stone’s averages of 12 Mackenzie delta men, 1,675 mm., and of 6 women, 1,515 mm., give a difference of 160 mm. My own measurements of 4 men from the same region make the average stature only 1,622 mm. It is clear that these means are far from satis- factory. A much larger series of measurements is required, but unfortunately these can no longer be obtained owing to the influx of new settlers into the Mackenzie delta and the rapid decline of the old inhabitants. The stature of the women in Coronation gulf seems unusually high, their mean being 13 mm. above that of th NE. Greenland women, and 27 mm. above that of the women of Iglulik. These means, however, give a less true idea of the situation than graphical representations. The polygons below depict the statures in East Greenland (NE. and SE. Greenland combined), Coronation gulf and Point Barrow, the only places within the whole Eskimo area from which we have the data necessary for their construction. A glance shows that the polygons for East Greenland and for Coronation gulf are remarkably alike. The somewhat greater stature of the Coronation gulf women comes out very clearly, but, what the means failed to show us, the men also incline to be taller than their East Greenland kinsmen. Now the East Greenland natives are considered by Hansen to be a pure and unmixed Eskimo tribe. Are we then to attribute the slightly greater stature of the Coronation gulf natives to an infusion of Indian blood, as in the case of Alaska? It would seem that the resemblance between the stature polygons for Coronation gulf and East Greenland is so close that their slight differences in position might reasonably be ascribed to differences in the local conditions and modes of life, in which case, unless other evidence is forthcoming, any theory of Indian admixture is unnecessary. The increased height in Coronation gulf, however, need create no difficulty in our theory as to the effects of European and Indian contact on Eskimo stature. 50932—43 —-—-—-— MOWUV EG LNIOg HIOX) NOLLYNOUOD ——— — GNVINGEED Isvq “day NI SMIVNG] ‘NOVI NI SHIVA ‘MOUUVG INIOg GNV ATND NOWMVNOYOD ‘GNVINGEUD ISVY NI SIUNLvEg “] Havuy OO8!I-0S21 OSzI-0021 Q0L-OS91 90¢91-0091 0091-0SS1__0S91-00S1 00S1-0S¢1 OGtl-O0bl OH 1 -OS<1 OGEt-00E1 00g -OS2) 24-0021 5 | A “| = i Lj Ris 7. =A Sh \ y, b°* ai NY y, ay 7| ~ a 4 4 4 Fy x IN 7 a 1 a a5 7 r " z r %OL a A ° N \ Se "4 V4 7 AE Tos del al call beds nd ns A ri V7’ a +V ly R WN "4 od Hd ‘ N L A 7 y \ ACTS id Fd 4 \ N A ri \ N N NEAR f \ nN WA an y Ay 402 N K 79 aur 4 K * E if = R , # nN s. “ i P+ A IN [7 h Bh} yr” iy z ‘ # N tH 202 ZA 2 men t y \ , f if N 4 Hr 200 20S I HdVuod Physical Characteristics of the Copper Eskimos CEPHALIC MEASUREMENTS B53 Under this heading will be grouped the length and: breadth of the head,. and the cephalic index. I shall give first the frequency tables for Coronation gulf and Point Hope. HEAD LENGTH Coronation Gulf Point Hope * Millimetres Men Women Men 1 1 Ulnceanneg so eee wanes a 2 1 3 2 1 2 1 10 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 3 1 Seca sac ae 1 1 1 heer ieteen 1 82 42 13 195-9 190-0 192-8 + 5-9 + 5-8 Probable error of Mean....... 06. c eee eee eee eee nett e eee rete + 0-44 + 0-60 Probable error of St. Dev........+++++ io uldols Heike aig Ss RE HHS +0-31 + 0-48 3-0 3-0 Coefficient of variation.............5. cece etree eee e etree eee tees 543 Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18 HEAD BREADTH Coronation Gulf Point Hope pullers Men Women Men eoee eon ts 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 Fs 1 1 1 42 13 145-8 150-6 +3-0 +0-31 +0-22 2-0 CEPHALIC INDEX Coronation Gulf Point Hope Index Men Women Men B beaiyg pas onto 1 ice eat ea af Oo Wmv eveiets eam 3 1 3 5 7 6 2 12 8 2 6 3 iL 17 8 1 12 5 2 10 3 3 2 1 ao Legees pede ob 1 eM exeueinteceaiseitieds 2 This Iiepee oe anysees : CS Bieabil. cs sae nt cc lhateienatcauecsaghecest » 2 Number of cases....... 00.0. cece ete ence enc ee secevensucesecnnenes 82 42 13 CAD cccaisamins yawns sinahs« cataaten ty mine aig a 77-6 76-7 78-3 Standard deviation.....................0085 + 2-6 + 2-4 Probable error of mean...................0.04 + 0-19 + 0-25 Probably error of St. Dev.................0.. + 0-13 + 0-17 Coefficient of variation............... 0c c eee cee cece cece ees 3:3 3-1 Physical Characteristics of the Copper Eskimos B55 Comparative data for the cephalic measurements are less ample than in the case of the stature, but what there are may be tabulated thus:— 4 HEAD LENGTH Men Women Place Cases Length Place Cases Length Noatak river 11 189-0 || Noatak river 5 181-0 Labrador......... 11 191-15|| NE. Greenland............ ei - 187.0 NE. Greenland... - 192-0 || Smith sound................. 10 187-6 Hudson bay BO 192-4 || Mackenzie delta............ is 6 187-8 Point Hope................... 13 192-8 || Coronation gulf.............. 42 190-0 Mackenzie delta (Stone)....... 12 195-2 || Labrador................2005 10 190-25 Coronation gulf............... 82 195-9 , Smith sound................ ay 8 196-25 Mackenzie delta (Jenness)..... 4 196-8 HEAD BREADTH Men Women Place Cases | Breadth Place 1 Cases | Breadth ‘Mackenzie delta (Stone) . 12 144-0 | NE, Greenland.............. - 141-0 NE Greenland. - 147-0 || Mackenzie delta se 6 141-5 Labrador...... 11 147-65]| Labrador..:.... 10. 141-8 Hudson Bay............. 35 148-5 || Noatak rive 5 142-6 Mackenzie delta (Jenness) 4 149-8 || Smith sound. . uted 10 144-9 Point Hope.... 13 150-6 |) Coronation gulf.............. 42 145-8 Coronation gulf 82 151-8 Smith sound... ass 8 152-75 Noatak river..........-...-5- 11 154-5 CEPHALIC INDEX Men 2 Women Place Cases Index "Place Cases Index Mackenzie delta (Stone)....... 12 73-9 | Labrador............0.00000 10 74.5 SE. Greenland..............-- 22 75-7 || SE. Greenland............... 23 75-0 Mackenzie delta (Jenness)..... 4 76-1 || Mackenzie delta............. 6 75-2 Labrador............000ee eres 11 77-0 || NE. Greenland.............. 15 76:5 Hudson bay............5-055- 4 35 77-2 || Coronation gulf...