2 (1 O° re ae, REPORT Me OF THE CANADIAN ARCTIC EXPEDITION © “ 1913-18 VOLUME XIII: ESKIMO FOLK-LORE - PART A: MYTHS AND TRADITIONS FROM NORTHERN ; ALASKA, THE MACKENZIE DELTA AND COR- _ ONATION GULF. By D. JENNESS SOUTHERN PARTY, 1913-16 OTTAWA F, A. ACLAND PRINTER TO THE KING'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY 1924 Issued November 15, 1924 : Report of the Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913- 18. : VOLUME I: GENERAL INTEODUCTION: NARRATIVE, ETC. ° Part A: NORTHERN PARTY, 1913-18, dissing « aio-sisis bleu 8 sisibi nid A waa'e Bigletmiele eres + + (To be pre pared). Part B: SOUTHERN PARTY, 1913-16. By Rudolph Martin Andergon........ees0- (in peel) ; a VOLUME I: MAMMALS AND BIRDS Part A: MAMMALS OF WESTERN ARCTIC, AMERICA. cele ere te bes ar cee OPA pata IN a deste tend mn Esco eta sgusiasihasaaie S aincpraneratia: Part B: BIRDS,OF WESTERN ARCTIC, ‘AMERICA. : re obese accosted ys by Un aap VOLUME II: INSECTS INTRODUCTION: By C. Gordon Hewitt............08 ee ee ee 1920). Part A: COLLEMBOLA. By Justis W. Folsom..........6.-ceseeeeneencceeares (Leaued July 10, 1919). ‘Part B: NEUROPTEROID INSECTS., By- Nathan Banks... nee Ease ee (Issued vel 11, 1919). Part C: DIPTERA. : Crane-flies. ‘By. Charles P. guosandles. ats : BMonaniose, ‘By Harrison G. Dya: eras (excluding Tipulide and Galicia). By J. R. Malloch.. MEhe: caribous spellnwiis ociaantsGaeacclcks seek tac anew eee demersal 47 & 22. ‘The black bear's ‘spellow.sg sine +s swe eee Lees 954 DEREK Aw EE REE EES 47 a 23. The duck wit@s ios cxaeess@a deve eeds dag eeee aed Wa ee Fae Re hea Seek 49 a DA. “The 1oOns rid 68 sive so Ban argen avaresaeczreseiees 8 ae Spee etbaiie dan anes exSlaare Sarre a 52 az 25. The black bear’s foster-child............ 0.0 ccc eee eee eee eee t eens 53 A 26... Lhe: CamIDOW WOMB esi caccce sie seis cue aceon tea wrece Hae See Gear a at aw aden be aes 56 A 27. The mouse-woman’s Coat.......... cece cece eee cece ete seeeeeeseees 58 As 28) The. caribou Mai. s 9:24 sa Sais oa els) en Sage ts Mon ah Gre an ELE SEOs TER 58 & 29. ‘The boy and thé walruse SARA EES T3A 52. The rough seal and the wolf......... 2... cece cece ete nae 73 A 8 a" Ther Wl bvyestensoenesard seesah weaunae oF Bee ema ee hoa Gua tighten oases Mahlon fu.) TBA B. Man and the Animal World— , 54; The man-and the squirrels. ....0s.cnnagaaines ae-ba sre neh Saath hee See 744 55. The caribou and the hunter...........0.0 0.00 cca ete eee T4 A 56. “Lheswhale.and its wite.vseces as gwen etme ieaea ees awnmn sada ween 74a Sf. "The caterpillar husband 'y52002 8% cesiday eras zea HER eG Ming =e SeE a ees 75 A 58. The snow-bunting and her husband.............-. cee eee e eee eens T5 A 59.. The:shaman’s pets.....0.00..000200000en ss scmibeane ceed deserenevea: TOA GO): DHE AWOL =PCO ple). d a.coscareeoais fst x AUN scene teens hunhaen Hadas napgctad nag ene Suetibn is sees 76 A Gillis NGO XE WOMAN sic ocr cecccn ac guia. 5 Heenan a asa genau bade Stadio as as epebadod Fete od 764 62. "The béarshushand asicccrccscrsieradneveane deck enenen aucacn es oare Dau ea Raigane Noi 764 63. The woman and the polar bears............ 00.0 e eee ee eee 764 64, ‘The e00seswilen acmiexctinns sey eset Sewer ae ewes peNig EEG es Bards 77 A 65.. "The: eaglevand its wife...so so casicn kee aaa NSE ME TORO ROS EL ew OTA T7A GG LAG Stan SH a ieie aiden A akan tuainctneladednaeduts d alarinendi aad aun stil gn steepness aainS 78 A C. Aetiological Myths— GZ Pheri sin Oh Cai nscemaw caves doe oh pangs Hane aOE Re Makes eRe 78 A 68. Theorigin of the-cloudsisiseadssisgis onveudemwae aa weraaervaneetd ow wens 79 A 69. "The-origin: of death. cs ccso9nescenax ee ee wa eee ee ee EOE LER a ORS 804 70. The origin Of Caribou... 164 640204 ov keads SENATE RE DEOL ASE aSe TEES eQOA Ae PS OTTe A OL ISH, 2 coc see: i eaestsngreeas b ines dasnscsee: Giga ul diss lanes wep cheatin Res Ra moma &0 a 12. THecOrigin ol mankind. .c aig coca emcees aaunh owas wu quand session ti dubwimots 804 D. Quasi-historial Traditions— Woe The: ‘wold emsag es. is. Uh syn ane nr mais eines unis walang onliae oaaHe s Glgreriala aye 81a 74. Raids by white Mets cn2s.e vee eahs oh oek Ret as See EeeE EMO Pa Se TEE 81a 75. The ravages of the brown bear 824 76. The destruction of the Kilusiktok Eskimos...............0... 00000 ee 824 E. Giants and Dwarfs— ‘ 77. Nahamgalag, oo -scceas once ncnies en nned Rs sheate anaes ramen, Benita Semanal 83 A 78. The giant and his dwarf companion........... 0... 0s eee eee cece es 83a 79: Theversin band the: Hisham) ain) seis ewes oe dese Awe ENDS cea ReneS 83 A $0: The giant's: reventesas vicane onges eee ae eae WEY aE BODE EERE GN 83.4 81. Ahungahungaq.......... Ss Gace gaiadatyt SURE A AREA ARG MGB miele Ad Oh eae 844 BD TG HUM CLG AM. sacs aceuss ound tits ets auace domed AGdicebsceusin ce lacasd Mun SAD aeaooarguerteumue dees 84a BoE SSW ALL Ss cyucsterastast ack Ave lant Beene ee gente aataciete evdes Gace Gaines DA SORTA eR Ra SS 84a F, Shamanism— 84. The shaman and his wife................. 0.00 ccs eeee Metirertetatcerm terete 84a 85. Theceontest-ot the shamans. .\: oan s candae wn ge aoe eae AEE OS tone 85 A 86.. The girl's: braidic ccc s occa aws ous APPR eS ERE PASSE REE aed ae wwe 85a Foc RSIS USED YA casts ava ins hes oh BOR ORR eg ove as aro cared date & Gel cbesduaddrecget BsDveaw aye’ 85 4 G. Miscellaneous Tales— 88. A cannibal PeOplé x. ic: ccsws ar ews sav aae eae senontiod So hae yew salwuns 864 89. The punishment of the cannibals............ 0... c cece eee eee 86 A 90. The man who deserted his Wives.......... 0... cece eee e eee cece ee eae 87 A Ot. The mardoned »acaceaa nose ees wees here Be eS gud erciencds arene wud aavacn essed 87 A OD AHS! DOYS PO VOM BO gecesi ian ce sce edeay Sect Subp ee Grtespce esac’ Aspe sae'Sed ew Ste salah 88 A 93. Strange people................ eee e eee eee Usd seater tone Soe aoe tctentanens eects 89 a G4. Wh StS Ck MAN vsecectacee anes anes coielann. ceave ant casera Sak Byna aed wml aesententen eee, 89a Myths and Traditions from Northern Alaska, the Mackenzie Delta and Coronation Gulf. By D. Jenness Victoria Memorial Museum, Ottawa, Canada INTRODUCTION. The myths and traditions that are contained in the present volume were collected along the Arctic coast between December, 1913, and June, 1916. They are divided into two parts; the first comprises the Alaskan stories, with which are included one story from the Siberian coast and four others from the Mackenzie river delta; the second comprises the tales collected among the Copper Eskimos, from the regions of Dolphin and Union strait and Coronation gulf. Even a surface examination will show that there is a great difference in the tales from the two regions. The Alaskan stories are more sophisticated, as a rule; they are longer and more detailed, and have a definite beginning and ending. The various incidents, too, are placed in their proper setting with just the descriptive touches required to give them an air of reality. The Copper Eskimo tales, on the other hand, have the appearance of disjointed fragments without any setting, and lacking both beginning and ending. They were never told straightforwardly, as in Alaska, but had to be drawn out of the natives piecemeal, word by word and sentence by sentence, with many repetitiors and digressiors by way of explanation. The English translations tend to gloss over their crude and disjointed character, which is far more noticeable in the original Eskimo. This difference in the tales from the two regions seems to have its origin in a difference of mentality. In Alaska story-telling is one of the most favourite pastimes wherever three or four natives are gathered together, especially in the long evenings of winter. The old tales and traditions are repeated again and again in semi-stereotyped forms to never-wearying audiences, until they become almost as familiar to the young men of twenty as they are to the old men of fifty and sixty years. There are special ‘‘raconteurs,”” men who are famous for their knowledge of the old tales and traditions, and these men are welcomed in every household. Many of the stories are so long that two or three evenings are re- quired for their narration. Among the Copper Eskimos, on the other hand, there appears to be very little interest in the old traditions. A shaman will occasionally refer to some story in the dance-house, and those natives who are ignorant of it will be en- lightened by their neighbours; but for the most part the traditions are told by the parents to their children, or by a hunter to his companions, on various odd occasions, without any special cause or ceremony. There are no professional story-tellers, and no prestige to be gained by a knowledge of the old traditions. Consequently a man may live to old age and die without ever learning more than half a dozen of the tales that have been handed down by his forefathers. Many natives seem to have a smattering of a few stories without knowing one of them perfectly. 1 2A Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1918-18 It is possible of course that the sketchiness and incompleteness of the Copper Eskimo mythology is rather more pronounced in this collection than it should be, owing to the difficulty I experienced in inducing the natives to impart their knowledge. Even those Eskimos with whom I had lived in the closest association for over a year were reluctant to tell me anything for fear that their fellow-countrymen might disapprove. Towards the end of our stay, indeed, as more natives became gradually involved, they were more communicative, and their reluctance will doubtless rapidly disappear with the influx of white men and western natives into their territory. It may then be found that the traditions known to these Eskimos are considerably more numerous and complete than would appear from this collection. : : The original stock of mythological tales and traditions that were the inherit- ance of the Eskimo race before its diffusion has probably undergone more change in Alaska than among the eastern tribes, partly by reason of the contact that the Alaskan Eskimos have had with the Indiars of the interior and with the Ural-Altaic races of northeast Siberia, partly also owing to the very passion of the Alaskan natives for stories, a passion that has led to the creation amongst them of a vast wealth of romantic tales and pseudo-historial traditions of which we have as yet only a fragmentary knowledge. It is unfortunate that no large collection of tales has been published from the Mackenzie river Eskimos, so that we could discover whether the same development has taken place in that regon also. In Coronation gulf, as I have already mentioned, the mine of mytho- logical lore is very much poorer. The tales that are current there show a far greater affinity with the tales recorded from Hudson bay and Baffin land than with those of Alaska; they seem to indicate that the Copper Eskimos have had closer relations with the tribes south-east of them than with those to the west. A list of the mythological themes common to the various regions would make this point more clear, but I have not considered it worth while to attempt such a list for a small and isolated portion of the American continent, and folk-lorists have not as yet compiled a systematic and comprehensive list that would em- brace a wider area. No distinctions are made by the Eskimos, as far as I am aware, in the types of stories that are current among them; all alike bear the same name, onipkat, from Point Hope in North Alaska to as far east as Coronation gulf. It is very difficult to say how far they are regarded as true records of past events. The more sophisticated Eskimos of Alaska appeared to consider the animal stories somewhat in the light of fairy-tales, but they still retained an absolute belief in those that recounted shamanistic miracles or the activities of ghosts and other ‘supernatural beings. Among the Copper Eskimos, on the other hand, all the tales seemed to be regarded as equally true. In the absence, then, of any dis- tinctions made by the natives themselves, I have arranged the stories in this collection according to their subject-matter, both as a convenient method of grouping and to give greater ease of reference. PHONETIC SYSTEM VowELs— as in father. as in fat. like the a in fate. like the e in let. as in pique. as in pit. as in note. like the o in not. as in rule. like the wu in but. a short indefinite vowel like the a in soda. wR Svoudsaev.gM7 oS Eskimo Texts 3A Consonants— Back Front Dorsal Bi- Velar palatal palatal (alveo- Dental labial lar) Stop q k ty re i, d Nasal y y nY n m Voiced spirant Y ¥ vy j v(w) Voiceless spirant x x x” c Lateral nN l Trilled r Aspirate h AccENTs— ee period, indicates a lengthening of the preceding consonant or vowel. ’ after a vowel, indicates the main stress. ’ indicates a glottal stop. ESKIMO TEXTS Text I dna luyck envumialyit: cuk tkiyaymi tayium Grandmother and grandchild | they made their home | at Tikiraq | of the sea | cenant kic-emuk enYuat aulagtut nunamunlu kavuyalu at its edge | they alone | the people | went away | both inland | and to the N.E. | kucugugvuyek dna‘lua nequyugpaktog tutkan leaving them two alone | his grandmother | she used to procure food | her grand- cumin” —_ neqryogtilaya ndluya acn” tautukpak-a child | whence | her procuring of the food | he did not know it | but | he used to eyAuraymuk cikdtant ——kdtcimaroaq see her | a certain small house | outside it | one that was covered with earth | andyan unvut cdvayniyit twturu qav'vyhu his grandmother | the people | their workings | both caribou skins | and wolverine | dmayon'u kakivak-at hdtur-uyet thatcryun and wolf | she used to sew them together | putting them together | into a bundle tu-tulu dmayon'u gavir'u po ydtamun anayan of them | both caribou | and wolf | and wolverine | into a bag | his grandmother | tkovak' at iteyanuk anayan she used to store them away | when they rose in the morning | his grandmother | tautuk-ar cua makwa tutu calumayaroag gav'ig she saw them | behold | these | caribou skins | having been cleansed | the wolver- calumayaroayNu amayon'u kicitaman'a ine skins | having been cleansed also | the wolf skins also | well then | they ukumatiyugpuk kictaman'a aulagtoar obtained bedding and clothing (?) | well then | those who had gone away | gatrut dna luyk umidliyoqcimaruk qavvyhu they came | grandmother and grandchild | they had grown rich | both wolverine amayon'u tutulu invuyiageimarut envuut skins | and wolf skins | and caribou skins | had become abundant | the people | umidliyinutiyar wmapak nulragtag umidlyum he was made the leader among them | the orphan | he married | of a rich man | 4a Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18 panidnk acin4 aquveyit gqaimata umiryikeog a daughter of him | well | whales | when they came | he made a fine boat | when umiayamek aquvagtut tdrx-umdnik gayyuymata : they sailed the boat | they captured whales | five | when they brought | his andyan autcagtotiyiye envuknun kuctaman'a grandmother | she distributed them around | among the people | well then | qituyivuk nukdtpiayuymuk andyan cun"qdtiutrya ; they had a child | a boy | his grandmother | she took him for a sleeping-com- ayhiman ignuyak andya togoyamt panion | when he grew up | their son | his grandmother | when she died | she muiyogtag invuniaydluayamik ayayugagtuk, changed to an eider-duck | when they lived on for a time | they became old | anak tdvraptauq his parents | finished also. Text IT teckerik-yoq culumun'in dneqtoaq ukpiryum A squirrel, the story goes | from its hole | which went out to play | an owl | ulak-a tarmulaymant ieugtag tcvryman dnitqoagerya. went over to it | when it went over to it | it entered | when it entered | it called it out | ukpiyum teckerck dnieqeualuk kiayoya teckeruk ; ogagtag the owl | squirrel | come out and play | the sun is warm | the squirrel | said | cdpiniarimapta ki anieqcualuk dniraq dnuyman we shall be blocked out | come | come out and play | it went out | when it went cdpiya ukpiyum cépem-ant teckeruk — ogalaktaq out | it blocked it | the owl | seeing that it had blocked it | the squirrel | said | mumiriniaktuya dto-tuya ukpik — dtogtaq tekerik I am going to dance beautifully | sing for me | the owl | sang | the squirrel | this one | its hole | Ihave blocked it| . . if ckid-u yeyag tei = tet ~— tergedluagtoqyog | tei | tei | though it tried to enter, they say | it tent ag ukpik ogalaktsga — cucaktutpit naka failed to enter | the owl | said | ah | what art thou trying to get | not at all | mana iiydtciaq picaqtertya teckeruk ogaqtag kit aloqg this | small blade of grass | I went to get it | the squirrel | said | come | cousin | avlaitayakpak:avit ; dto-tuya cigonerigcan utiy when thou hast spread wide apart thy legs | sing for me | closing thine eyes una cicant cduruyiya yeyaq cukidu yeyaq ; kuintruya ; pamiumayran nuvutciayanun tightly | I am covered with backfat | right up to my tail | to its tiny end | I ugeyvyugagtuya ukpiyum dtotiagciya avlataklunilu possess fat | the owl | began to sing for it | both spreading out its legs | and closing cigonerigceaqlunilu tcikeruk una cicant = cdvrvytya yeyaq its eyes tightly | the squirrel | this one | its hole | Ihave blockedit| ..... | cokudu yeyaq cukidu yeyag teckerik una pea Mle; eck. dre Gahan et, [lly . . . | the squirrel | this one | c.can ter ter ter teugtag tekeruk pamiuyan kician kiydluaya its hole | tci | tei | tei | it entered | the squirrel | its tail | it alone | though it bit it | Eskimo Texts. 5A dmia = pigdwyo amiuyan nuvoa keeian — ay iciya vyhume its skin | tearing it off Pte tail | its tip | it alone | it took it home | in the house | gilanun = muegaya — teckervk ge ciuleqcoqg nutagant — tekeruyum to the ceiling | it hung it | the squirrel | began to weep | its children | the squirrel | tiliyait ukpuymun pamiumt nuvoa aitgovduyo aulagtut sent them | to the owl | of its tail | its tip | asking him to give it | they went | vyhum cthatanun tukunvamuy dtoqtut a‘kamayoq of the house | to its outside | when they reached | they sang | my mother she says | pamiogotua nuvugotua aiyiyaryoq vymunik piu her long tail | its long tip | she sends for it she says | herself | let her get it | the nutagqet a‘kamuynun avrut thieynikyog piuy akdydt children | to their mother | they returned | thyself he says | get it | their mother | ogalaktog oyayaq tryuvduyo uv ayo tyigeyaya nutagat oyayaq said | a stone | picking it up | here she said | an eye for it | the children | the tvyumiagruyo aulatqugcut cult dtogtut tarmatun stone | taking hold of it | they went away again | again | they sang | in the same cule a‘kamayoq pamiogotua nuvugotua aryiyayoqg way | again | my mother she says | her long tail | its long tip | she sends for it wa tyigeyan qattka:yoq oyayaq tyaucuydluyo she says | here | an eye for you | he gave it, it is related | the stone | thinking it taimakiaq an eye | really finished. Text III envumyog — tuluyaq dperiya tuluyaq culianiaqgpit A man, it is related | a raven | asked it | raven | what art thou going off to dtata quyucykoa ainiarvya neniayran do | grandfather | his piece of neck | I am going to take back to him | where to | patitag § ayyoaynt kinami dtatdn ugaciyaq patitaq | on the windward side | who pray | thy grandfather | the thirker | kiname aynan upeyautaginag kinami anatcran takuyuvayyoa who pray | thy mother | the dog-trace | who pray | thy grandmother | big old fre kimuyma thavit ptrarivalin tynryileyan tk pirartyaya by what pray | thee | do they name thee | by the name poor little thing | they cult dto-ta gaqtoq name me | also | its song | exists | tuluyaluyyuag dnavymk wuunilk the big raven | having flesh | tuluyaluyyuagq dnanymk uunrilk the big raven | having flesh | qemueg qumug dtaucg itivduyo hill | hill | one | go to the other side of it | ailuta yarluta let us return | let us return | naunupkwa cwoaktdtin taukcedx ayn kuydatcdmnik where are those | thy head-bands | let me buy them | with a flint knife | putcauyan its case | 6a Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18 dmamank dénaya yonder | my feces | dmamank dnaya yonder | my feces | eyidterdt akunyant gagoligtayiau the low hills | in between them | go and devour | qya qya qya Kra | kra | kra | Text IV unvukyoq una pic ualagmt tucaroq dtogtudmk | A man it is related | this one | walking along | heard | something singing | tcku mana avdtagmayo iyiyitaya = qidautayiyag the ice | this one | when it came along the shore | I looked at it | his big drum | nipakin*gcaqyog taina cule _ bucayayrya kucema it was a low sound, it is said | thus | again | he kept hearing it | at last | he stopped nalakeithyitepaq cuayoqg camna nipanysyaqioaq : ; again to listen | behold, it is said | down there | that which kept making the noise | anmn%t nivakmayo cuayog. : una kaneyuq beneath him | when he dug it up | behold it is said | that one | a sculpin |the dtoqtoaq togotugn”gqruyo. one that was singing | finding it to be killed. TExtT V untuk invungceuk aynata kamisyayrya Two people | were living | his wife | was always making boots for him | ayotat acun® qayvyagnigcog kucema aynata her husband | however | was continually making arrows | finally | his wife | tuydrculigpa kamiayaytydluayamuy desired to steal after him | because she was constantly making him new boots | tumatca cdneyanucryun maliyinya gar tkamiuy his tracks | on one side of them | she followed him | when she drew near him | tautuk-a ayryy umnamun picktagtoag an-osyamilu she saw him | her husband | against a cliff | repeatedly shooting | his clothes also | ayikniye aitgdtnilu kamiknilu dtoyont acn¥ he rubbed them | both his mittens | and his boots | singing | however | when aylocagamiuy piciyayiya ugpryam qayayant ugpryam he finished it | he kept shooting it | the small willow | on its branch | the small gayayant aya uyt yaya yt yaya'a ~— tautudnikamiuy willow | on its branch | anga | ingi | yanga | ingi | yanga-a | after she had seen airag ayonnun¥ cwvoant aiman acun¥ him | she returned home | her husband | before him | when he returned | however | dndgaqytlagmuy umnaluyagcirag dto-tank they whiling away the evening | she began to murmur | his song | when he gayeqgciyamiuy ayotata cudk-a nakin® idetpiuy recognized it | her husband | he scolded her | whence | didst thou learn it | aynata kioya tamaya nunamn4 potragimaya his wife | answered him | hither | from the ground | while it came up to me | intkiya I learned it Eskimo Texts vie. Trext VI inturk invuniqcuk kurkmi tu'tugagtuamt Two people | had their dwelling-place | on a river | on one possessing caribou | kucema nege-qlivut ogayaqtuk nuliayk finally | they began to lack food | they two repeatedly said | husband and wife | gitunyatik nequgcyain“iagnuruyt? piyacunk gitunyaqagngcuk tu'tunk their children | commencing to lack food | three | children they two had | caribou | pagetccMaqman nuliayik nivya tuliqcuk when one could find by hunting | the husband and wife | proceeded to set snares _ pavyaqtut tapkwa qitunyayit? niyale-qeainaliqcuk again | they used to stay at home | those | their children | they failed at last to acun’ wunoagmayo awvdutek unoaqtitaligmaynik snare any more | well | when it was night | they two returning | when they were tapkwa parruat dniyaqtut very late at night | those | who stayed at home | went outside frequently | ayayugakica omuktotiyaliyait tant niyanuynukamuy their parents | closed the door tightly on them | on one occasion | when they went aiyitcuk tapkwa neqaigamiy to set their snares | they two did not return | those | because they lacked food | tun*ionmiynin® apaiyaydta neyipqayaytyatk their own bed-skins | their eldest brother | used to give the two of them to eat | taimana __ nevyilavdutry tun"ionuynn4 kicema nuyuvut that one | they eating for a time | their own bed-skins | finally | they were used tun”“otiyit omktoteyamiruat nege qcut up | their bed-skins | those who were kept confined | they were without food | apayaydta ogautiyayiyik nukakna their eldest brother | he kept saying to the two of them | his younger brothers | toqgotaunwhuyik taina geaydluayamy dtoaqcirut that those other two were dead | so | when they had wept for a while | they began nukagvxium tuyria dtogtag cuxduyatog cuxruyatog to sing | of the younger ones | the second | sang | being what he said | being what dnxdayalt garyoqtoyognuyatog dnaxreyalt he said | let me go out pray | changing myself into a red fox he said | let me go maq qgatyogtayogxunt aciun” dniroqg nukagnuqg acn? out | mag | changing into a red fox | well | he went out | the youngest | then | Gto'liyit'coq cuxduyatog cuxzduyatog __ Gmarayali ; sang again | being what he said | being what he said | let me go out | changing tuluyayoquuyatoqg dnixrayalt kr-r-r kr-r-r_ tuluyayogduniyoq myself into a raven he said | let me go out | kr-r-r | kr-r-r | changing into a raven dniroqg apavyayak wcumaydluayame ; it is said | he went out | their eldest brother | when he had pondered a while | dmaryoyogxunt wumagqeirag ayoniayacuydluyiklu changing himself into a wolf | he came to the conclusion | believing that he would wumarog dtogtogli cuxduyatog cuxhuyatog overtake the two also | he decided | he sang | being what he said | being what he éniarayalt dmayoyoq\uyatog dnitrayala said | let me go out | changing myself into a wolf he said | let me go out | 8A Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1918-18 mu hu dmayoyoqdunt aan’ dnirog oqautiyk mu | hu | changing himself into a wolf | then | he went out | he told those two | nukatciakni méliyinviayagouunt — aulagamey his younger brothers | telling them to keep following him | when they departed | gatyaqtaq onitckak acn” télidrutik : : the red fox | they two left it behind | well | they two disappearing from sight | kuyrktuamun nuiman cua kana twtulanikneyont to a highhill | when he cameinto view | behold | down below | a caribou that had been. apa.yaya tulukam neyiyikle dluk acun# killed by | his eldest brother | the raven | ate them | its intestines | while | gaiyoqtum tunuk tlan acunY amaqum tuyoa the red fox | the two halves of its backfat | all by itself | while | the wolf | its liver | taina tdvra unvunragtut thus | thereafter | they continued to live. Text VII nut iunvuniagnigeut tayium cenvant acun” opunyageyagq- People | had their dwelling-place | of the sea | on its edge | well | when spring mayo kwk-un nunamun aulayayukniqeut : ; acun¥ came | along a river | inland | they were in the habit of going away | well | tutuctayotuy okiaqgmayo cult uliyotuy ntukla they havirg hunted caribou | when winter came | again | they returning | two tdvrant munvigqcuk dtautemuk quunyagrutry aynamuk people | there | were dwelling also | just one | child they possessing | a woman | Gd dmuk ayonmuk apaiyaqaydluagnigcuagq togonigcag aynag another one | a male child | one that was older however | was dead | the girl | tamna su” Avyacuyoqman ayotut nuliayuk: dluayat this one | when she was believed to be marriageable | men | though they wished piculartkar unmidliyumlu ayn¥eytca to marry her | she did not want them | a rich man also | his sons | although nuliayuk:dluayat picuyit kar kucema apayan they wished to marry her | she did not want them | finally | her father | wishing ayitcugruyo oqautiyidligpa akayan tyitcuyitckdluaya to turn her out | he began to speak to her of it | her mother | although she did not apdyan tyitcuk a ayayugqakica wish to turn her out | her father | wished to turn her out | her parents | took aulautiyak tyitcukluyo kwk-un tdtpauya her away | wishing to abandon her | along a river | into the interior | taking utwruyo manityayalukmun aulautiyak dtautamik utkuteryagtut her back | to the tundra | they took her away | only one | pot they possessed | tukinvamiyuy umigtagtitcayak aynayugakica when they reached it | they sent her to procure water | her parents | when she aulagcaqgman a‘kayan aitcaya = uluyolukmuk gtkamiqyugrunt went for it | her mother | gave her | a wretched little knife | she wishing to make umiyikcudmuk waqlgrunt acn! haste | some water that was good | occupied in looking for | well | when she emiqcualuk: amiuy utigtag kuk dldtgaqmayo had obtained the water | she returned | the river | after she looked from afar at it | Eskimo Teats 9A cua ukwak ayuyanikniqnutik gearaq tavrant geacugami behold | those two | already fleeing far away | she wept | then | when she fin- : : uluyolukmek maniyayakun ished weeping | with her wretched little knife | through the tundra | beginning cuciluwdunt cnktag — itugamt taina ayliyayiya to make a cave | she slept | when she got up | in the same manner | she kept ope. kucema tupiugpayoqpa atigamt uvraugman making it larger | finally | she made a tent of it | when she got up | when it was ; eyminvun oqalaktaq paneqniakluya uni twrakniuyagraya light | to herself | she conversed | I shall starve | here | let me go out continually ; ogalagagvunt tayium cenvanun and seek drift on the shore | after conversing with herself | the sea | to its edge| aulagtaqg = tukin¥ame tautuk-a cutliqa qopilyothu she went | when she arrived | she saw it | some odds and ends | both worms | eqdlukdthu kdtutluyit4 ay ciyat acun and small fish | putting them together | she took them home | well | when it uvrutgiqmayo kdtutcupcaliyit-coq aylikamiyut? was light again | she went and collected more | when she had amassed a great eqdlukdt cidulin"iayayageirag number of them | the small fish | she kept on looking about for dead seals | she pic'uaqtualagmt paget'oqg = nditceqnuk ay icwduyo pirak-a uluyolukmik walking along | she found | a seal | taking it home | she cut it up | with her poor ndnigcuk acn” tkitka niyonnuk cdvanun"k little knife | a make-shift lamp | then | she lit it | with a drill | one that she made itgama cihulwealiy it coq herself | when she got up | she went out again and found another dead seal | acn¥ pidad-wyo dmidn vyhua tdluliya acun® well | cutting it up | its skin | the one of them | she made a curtain of it | well | vyhua tyalalwruyo cihulun“iayapcealtyit' coq the other one | making a window of it | she went out and found another dead uyyukmik acn” pagethunt pirak-a acn’ aulatkdluaqnayo seal | a bearded seal | then | finding | she cut it up | then | not however taking it acn¥ ayyaya okiupak acn’ tapkuniya away | then | she took it home | in the winter | then | by means of these | she nequy agcrag okiagmayo tauna tautuk-a became possessed of food | when it was winter | down at the sea | she saw him | apayt uniagtuaq aun tdvrant qealayut- coq her own father | dragging a sled | well | thereupon | she wept again | she-did not taututqiyit*ka §=apayt okiupak kicuthiga tautuyayiya see him again | her father | in the winter | some one or other | she frequently saw nuliayuktuatlu tauna him | and also the men who had wanted to marry her | down at the sea | she tautuyayiya opinyaqmayo man iknayagtag frequently saw him | when spring came | she used to go out and gather eggs | in" pgagnain’man man ikn*aytayukxune dniraq whenever there was no mirage | going out wishing to seek eggs | she went out | tlant cua ukwa nénmaittwtut tautukduyitlu acn on one occasion | lo | these | packs | caribou | and seeing them | then | she carried 104 Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1918-18 ucgotili-yat neywduni aan’ tutumik twtu them home again | after eating | then | with the caribou skin | the caribou | tamna kamyiya ann’ niun% dtukdluywruyut? that one | she made trousers of it | then | its leg-skins | converting them into tapkwa wm"qamiyit? aulagcaliyit’ hunt } boots | those | when they were finished | she going out again for something | she dniraq uvrami cua acnY ukwa ndnmatt ucqgotileyut°kat went out | in the morning | behold | then | these | packs | she carried them home qoyarag apanunun payuktayacuydluni i again also | she was grateful | to her father | believing that he kept presenting tapkwa ndénmait tlaydt atiyliuya her with | those | packs | some of them | she made into a coat for herself | when mMgamiuy contkeyaitoaq she had finished it | there being no material for the bottom fringe | there was no avatikeyaitcag uvrame dmkami material for the fringe of the hood | inthe morning | when she went out | tautuk:at ndnmait «tcqotidiyit*kat aymakmayit? she saw them | packs | she.carried them home again | when she opened them | cua makwa cunkcyatlu wiqukeyatlu behold | these | both material for the bottom fringes | and material for hood te.gami cdvdliyitekat thimaculigont fringes | when she entered | she made them also | wishing to learn about it | she monayicagcrya kina makunya kina gayyimayan pam went to watch for him | who | with these | who | was bringing it | at the door | ttcunagcirag uvragman cua imna invum she was standing outside | when it was light | behold | that one | a man | his anqnya tdvrandiciag imum tiyuya lryuyini tautukamiuy breath | slightly there | a man | seized her | her captor | when she looked at him | cua una nukdtpiag dn-oyaykcuaq tavruma tamdatkumya behold | that one | a youth | wearing beautiful clothes | he | with these things | payukalantya wqe.nvacuydluyo had presented her from time to time | thinking that she was afraid of him | after nuliankamiuy ay'tcicuka aulaqtuk they were married | he wanted to take her home | they two set out | when they gantkamik tautuk-ai iqryyagpait? — tautukamiyite drew near | she saw them | big platforms | when she saw them | she did not wish tyhaucunarigcsg U“Lyan tdciog\uyo ukiutiya to go any further | her husband | taking hold of her by the hand | made her ayayugak tdvrani opicalaktuk ogalagyutik reach it | his parents | then | they were greatly amazed | frequently saying | tyen-acuydlutin ayayugaynun woumaylkdluagtuayuk having suspicions of casting you out | against your parents | yet we not think- ayotata aun” aynagtiy tuliva dn-syaqcyayin"k ing it was so | her husband | then | his own women* | sent her | alias of te own teugeut*govNuyo airankmayit® dn-ayatquqcog clothes | bidding her bring it in | when she brought them | she had beautiful tavruma nulidtciant tryumwduyo utqdtiyiyayiva clothes | he | his new wife | taking her | he always made her his companion | *There is apparently some _mistake here. Eskimo Teats lla ayoniayami ann” mdliyayiya uit lant when he went hunting | well | she always followed him | her husband | on one ; ayoniagnialaqmuk ayotata aperiya occasion | they two being out hunting | her husband | asked her | whether she ayayugagayuliyin’mayan taima piya were not longing to see her parents again | so then | she said | although she ayayugagayuliydluagtsg dtanyoyin*irog atkamik longed to see her parents again | she had become not her own mistress | when they ayayuqakica ogautivak tamna nuliaya tyniqmy returned home | his parents | said to them | that one | his wife | their son’s | ayayugqayt aynagdtiy.ywruy.k acin¥ tautuyuliyayoliqn*whuykyi her parents | being relatives | moreover | they also often longed to see them uganiayank-amuy gamyiyaqtuk again | after they had loaded their sled | they two constantly freighted ahead | cupayayat.y aulauticayatt negautitiylu nuliayk their possessions | they had them all removed | their food also | the married qanryiyaqtuk aulagtut acn gdniyiagceyaiqamy couple | continually freighted ahead | they set out | well | whenever they had fin- aulaqtut taina tydaurut gantyryaqaqnutiy ished the freighting | they set out | thus | they travelled | after freighting ahead tautunage.m:ata une tava all the time | when it was time for them to be seen | tracks | over yonder | mut pagtut gan mata tavruma aynam apayr people | came to meet them | when they drew near | she | the woman | her own trtcayry a ayotata ogautiya ayayugayik father | she was able to recognize him | her husband | told her | her parents | to untukruyit qoytruyck tukinmata apayan qun*“roaqciya kill them | not to look at them | when they arrived | her father | looked hard at pdnin trtcayiminayolu tukinvamey her | his own daughter | and not able to recognize her | when they reached | to aynagdtimin-un toqoyuk nuliayek cdvaktuk atayamk their kinsmen | they two died | the married couple | worked | incessantly | also igryyalurutckru cdvaktuk ayayugakta tlogdtuk gnviyukak building platforms | they worked | her parents | both of them | liked to gaze at trmicaythainmuruyolu uluyoluyank her | although not able to recognize her | her wretched little knife | because she neyin"iayotryilainmayo tlant ayamt clutiyotikna never used it to eat with | on one occasion | when she awakened | her two ear- uvyek apami cdva'k apayan tautukamiy.k pendants | she put them on | her father’s | his working | her father | when he saw qoyluvirag acun” troqdtik qoyviruk apaya ogalaktog kiccime them | he wept bitterly | well | both of them | wept | her father | said | he alone | qeacukNuns iyitcunit kdluagnuwrAuyo cdvaktaqg tamna wishing to weep | though he had not wanted to cast her out | she worked | she aynag acn® taina cdvakayuknuwduyolu geayagtuk: kucema the woman | well | thus | she striving to work | they continually wept | at last | aynnt togrugpa = dtganuk dtctutenikaya ; apatyani her own son | called her | her name | that he had bestowed on him | her elder 124 Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1918-18 toqoyaroaq togrugmayo thetouyiruk ; brother | who was dead | when he named her | they believed they recognized | pdnkmeknik acn” dperiya aynagant cumin” pagunmayan their own daughter | well | he asked him | his kinsman | whence | he had found acun” ogalautiya iyn%gminun pagen"wwyo togduyayak ; her | well | he told him | due to his son | finding her | they continually addressed aan” pdrnktk dtgonagyutik acn” tdvrant ; her | then | their daughter | telling her to give her name | well | thereafter | in dtautamt invuvdutey one place | they continuing to live. Text VIII mut mt uyiakit-cuat kurkmi unvunigeut People | were dwelling in small numbers | on a river | they had their dwel- dna luyk tdvrannmin*iqceuk tutitciaya twtunk ling | a woman and her grandson | were living there also | her grandson | caribou | qayyumata ulayayryat neqeqeyayanik when they brought in | he used to go over to them | some of its meat | they aitcayayryat attcogmant adn dnun aulayagtag used to give him | when one gave him | to other people | he used to go | when nequgcyanik- ama avyagtag nukayek dtaniyimatun kik he had obtained food | he would return home | two brothers | like chiefs | were | tapkunuya ieqman nuliayan ayiyuamk aitcryayuk-a to those two | when he entered | his wife | a large piece | usually gave him | they aitcupacdlrayat aitcuptalegmant did not give him so much | when one had really ceased to give him anything | tapkunuya nukayunvun aciryagtag tavruma aynam to those two | to the two brothers | he continually entered | she | the woman | aitcota ganoyinicutcut cihalit? aitcotegdicain- gave him | how should they begin not to | the people outside | at last beginning agnutiy kucema attcoleqpat iciyaydluagamt to stop giving | finally | they ceased to give him | although he continually aitcoyin¥mant tapkunuya nukayunvun entered | when one gave him nothing | to them | to the two brothers | he con- teryaqtaq attcogmant atyaqtoq tinually entered | when one gave him something | he used to return home | on alant __ tapkunuya veugman aynam aitcoya nequmuk one occasion | to them | when he entered | the woman | gave him | some meat | tiyulegaya _ tyn"yan gitcutun ik kuyyaviam he was beginning to take hold of it | her son | with a scratcher | a duck-hawk | teiyen"k qitcuk-a nequg liyumiydluagamiuy with its claws | he scratched him | the food | although he was just catching hold pinitka tavruma a'kayan tautuyit ka dniraqg of it | he let it drop | she | his mother | did not see him | he went out | with vyAuank gitcunait- cuank tiyuvrwyo geacautiyiragmt the other one | with the unscratched one | taking hold of it | being made to cry aniroq tegont = =acn® geayagmi analuknunvun a little | he went out | entering | then | in a state of crying | to his grandmother | Eskimo Texts 134 dna-luan apervya cumun pimayan tynuyanun tokomun his grandmother | asked him | whither | did he get it | to his son | to Tokok | he piniyoq = andyan tamuyaleg ova uvrugman answered | his grandmother | told him not to go there | when it was light | when pulayaydluagami tapkunuya icthiyit-caq iceqgman he nevertheless kept visiting | to them | he entered again | when he entered | aynam attcogcalryit°ka nequmik tuyumayo the woman | gave him a little again | some meat | when he took hold of it | the nukdatpidm qitcuk-a tiyumiydluagamiuy young man | scratched him | when nevertheless he had caught hold of it | he piritka pimutmaye piya nukdtpidm wmapaluyaq let it drop | when he dropped it | he took it | the young man | the orphan | being geacautiyitAaqmt dmiroq dnuman akdyan tautukamiuy made to cry a little | went out | when he went out | his mother | when she saw tyninn oqautiya ora uma rdapakuk nayikeyainviagpat nukdtpiaq it | her son | she said to him | alas | you | orphans | do they not pity | young man | trhiapaknik unvuklugagrutin inYunniantrayluagoatin ciutin orphans | you having become an adult | ? | ? | nukdtpidm cugotvynittka a‘kana nalawyaqen: aqtog the youth | paid no heed to her | his mother | he remained lying on his back in uvraugman dna‘luyck spite of it | when it was day | the woman and her grandson | when they itkunviakamuk pulayagqeilit:coq aitcoynmani were going to breakfast | he went again on his round of visists | when one gave tapkunuya icgman taina pinyit'ka him nothing | to them | when he entered | in the same way | he treated him airman dna‘luan oqalautiya tutalun again | when he returned | his grandmother | said to him | her grandson | they nayliyiricyainmunutin taima dto-nmik tdricautiqagruyo have no pity again on you | well | a song | she having first taught him | she told ditoyiagoya logeyoqnt cumuk acun” olegpan him to go and sing it | in the passage-way | something | then | when he dreaded | egcigoyt“AUyo uvrutqgman aulagtog tamuya acnt telling him not to fear | when it was light again | he went | thither | and | into togeyoqnun qgopcukyunt dtogtaqg dtoyueyamr the passage-way | crouching down | hesang | when he had finished singing | ogalaktaq dt-a: cunuk oluyin¥mayan he said | beware | something | whether he had not made a mistake | he had not oluyin”ir9q aun’ taina dtogtunwyo uytaqluatun made a mistake | well | in the same way | while he was singing | as if things npiqagtuatun cuakdluayat tapkwa fighting | there being sounds, as it were | though they scolded him | those people nukdtpiag togon"iaqnuwrutin tucanagemata iMapaluyaq boy | you going to die | when the people were listening intently | the orphan | cukacirag qaimaynuk tapkwak uyiagpdluktaqtuak went faster | when they two came | those two | that were perhaps frequently 72753—2 144 Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18 ar-akdluayat neqautimuynin” dlatun ; fighting* | though they told him to stop | from their food | like a relative | he neyin"iagnwrwyo cugotryryit*kat ; teugmaynuk going to eat | he continued to pay no attention to them | when they two enter- tiMapaluyag dnirag pagnuyek taigam:a nipatkdluayamuy ed | the orphan | went out | meeting them two | outside | although they had been nipegcut en¥uct tdvrant itkdluayamey making a noise | they were silent | the people | there | although they stayed | pdnegotiy togoyagtut acn” dna'lua itiytayoqtag they starving | died one after the other | well | his grandmother | changed to a acn” tutalua dmaryoyoguunt weasel | and | her grandson | changing to a wolf. Text IX inYut-yog envumiagtut kwyum payane ; People, it is said | were dwelling | a river | at its mouth | going away from twtulialavdutry opinyami acn¥ okvagmaryo ; time to time after caribou | in the summer | and | when it was winter | re- uligruty dna luyk tdvrani aulalain"qceuk tutalua turning home | a woman and her grandson | there | never went away | her grand- nukdtpiaqyuk dnalukmi an-oyayink dtwdunt anvyam son | a mere boy | his grandmother | her own clothes | putting on | when he went gandtyun dniqcuayayukniqceaqg nukdtpidtyoq out | through the ceiling | he was in the habit of going out to play | the young ayoniagtuat alant ayiliyalait: cut men, they say | who went out hunting | sometimes | frequently failed to return tapkwa inYut mddyokmk umidliqagtul ayayukhq peyacunk home | those | people | two | rich men they had | the elder | three | sons he pos- tynvigagnigcrg acn¥ nukaghig maédyoknk pryayugqagrutk aynamk tapkwak sessed | but | the younger | two | they two having a third | a girl | they two | iyn"yit® atayamik aivyayuknigcut tamna idMapaluk inYuknit their sons | invariably | used to return home | he | the poor orphan | his people | novegcuayukniqcog nequgcyagqniagvaunt gayryimun tccgman he used to visit continually | going for food | into the dance-house | when he nukagium umidliyum kiluvag oyayukniya entered | the younger | chief | would always tell him to go to the back wall | acn® gayiyimioyuat payukmatiyct? those who were staying in the dance-house | when they brought presents aitcugxuyo negugcyayank ayayukhMium tyhuanun of fcod to them | giving him | some food for himself | the elder chief’s | to his ic.qgman iyn"yica tlandta ogalautiyayiya house | when he entered | his sors | one of them | would frequently tell him | he kamniyotcaqniwrwyo ayoniaqtiqalayitcumlu quickly making himself bootless | and not possessing anyone to hunt for him | tamani acn” neyiokdluayami — dnw\unm = nukaghuum here | well | when he waited in vain | going out | the younger chief | when he * There is evidently some mistake in this passage. Eskimo Texts 15 a eyuanukman attcwlayayiya attcogmant entered his house | would frequently give him something | when one gave him | gomukduyut? : advanun wydunun aulayagtag tainaceyagrunt putting them under his clothes | to other | houses he would go | being thus con- ; nequgcyaniyaqtaq acn’ ayicuduyet? stantly supplied | he constantly obtained his food | and | taking them home | to dnalukminvun tant umidliyum tynya aiynYwrwyo tucayamt his grandmother | once | the rich man | his son | failing to return | when he tMapaluyag ana'nt dpeqcyoagerya nvuknik heard | the poor orphan | his grandmother | he kept asking her | some people | nélumayan dna‘lua ndluniyagtoq tutalua she not knowing them | his grandmother | always was ignorant | her grandson | ogalaktag unvut = — pti yutculaco nukdtpiat aulattcuat said | the people | never do anything (?) | the young men | that never go away | analuan kioya piniyourt® tapkunaya nukdtpian- his grandmother | answered him | are you stronger than | those eae men | en¥ tutaludn piya tuynyauyit cuamun her grandson | said to her | against one that is not an evil spirit | against one tautuknaqtuamun toqotiniayit'cuya tutaludn taina dpeqcyogvxuyo who can be seen | I will not be made to die | her grandson | thus | repeatedly ndlunilugtogont kucema qoliaqpoq asking her | she saying falsely that she did not know | at last | she said | his dna‘lua inyuraqru dtiraq tamna inYut grandmother | whether he lives | it makes no difference | he | people | on an: qkiqtami nYuqaqnailagaqtuat kivanmun — tyhiqrutin island | who have a man named Inuqaqnailaq | to the east | you travelling | a gicuk tautukniay.n — thapaluk pirigtag 1% aulagtog water sky | you will see it | the poor orphan | replied | oh | he went away | the umidliyum cyudta tuyanun umidlk tyn pick pircya chief | his house | towards it | chief | your son | he who killed him | although J gayitcuk dluayiya dnoyageyait'cuya = =umidlyum = kiulaiteka want to discover him | I have no clothing | the chief | he did not answer him | umidlk geanigcog nukaqghq atyn*qcrg the chief | was in a state of weeping | his younger son | had not returned home | tucagnit' coq tevyonilu taina dpeqeyotqugcagruyo _ kiwema he did not hear | his entering even | so | asking him again about it | finally | kiova pdny dn-oyaqceyayin"k gakumna qaitciuy he answered him | daughters | some articles of clothing | from without | bring tegman umidlyum péniin aiteoxya nutank dnioyank him | when she entered | the chief | his daughter | gave him | some new | clothes | attcuaneqgmant piniyit' cog iqgaitcuank cult after she had finished giving him | he said again | some soft ones | also | he dn-oyaqayopcaliy.t- cag umidliyum neyicgo-ydluaya tnapaluyaq wanted to have more still | the chief | although he asked him to eat | the orphan] neyicuyit coq nayagnik acnY = pdnymunvun did not wish to eat |,some fawn-skin clothing | then | to his daughter | he said dn-oyaqceyutcqoya aitcuaneqgmant on, ; aulaqtaq to give him the clothing | after she had finished giving him | he went away | 72753—2} 164 Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18 unuylagtuams — tiyumiayat dn-syaluyant unoapak towards night | he proceeded to carry them | his old clothes | in the night | he tyhaurog tlant ogtoyagtog uvrugmayo uvrupak travelled | once | he kept spying out his route | when it was light | in the day | zydaurag unuyiaqman intut tumigink ; he travelled | when it grew towards night | people | some tracks of theirs | he tautularag caonmun g“en"qman tautuktag queuktun. saw one after the other | seawards | when he gazed | he saw | like a water-sky | u-uanuk dna: lukme oqauta ugagamiuy : something being | his grandmother | her saying | after he remembered it | aulagiag tuyanun taina iyhauvrdunt nuna tautukamiuy iqattcuantk he went | towards it | so | travelling | the land | when he saw it | some of the soft datiraq ogoqtuat aan’ tamauya ont luryut clothing | he put on | that were warm | well | to that place | leaving them be- aulaqtag gad‘ipayagame ayuktaqtuanik ; tucaraqg hind | he went | when he drew near | some who were playing football | he heard | dnoyaluyant — ditiryar enYuct agpanuk gairut avwdutiylu his old clothes | he put them on | the people | running | came | and hallooing | prqtut intuk tava agpanuk qatrut imMapalum tuyanun — they shouted | a man | yonder | running | they came | the orphan | towards him | ganumata tamdy'a civudiungcrg acn® tavanipaqyrq when they were near | that one | had become in front | well | he was far behind | untuk culi tukinYami ogalaktaq aulaq octuma a man | also | when he arrived | he said | the traveller | we were mistaken about | una untuk ndlainY taina culi untuk tkinYami ogalaliyit cag this | man | rascal | so | also | a man | when he came up | he said in turn again | envut taina ogalayagtut imMapaluyaq agpatoq un*uct the men | thus | spoke one after the other | the poor orphan | ran | the men | pic uagirn uyut? untuk qaikami ogalakiog yaht culiapayukpit: while they walked | a man | when he came | said | well | what did you come here unvuyuyagtuatin geqitun "tckdluagpatin for | you who possessed the means of life | yet it was not freezing you, was it | culiagpin kioya tmapaluyam umidlyum tyn*ya what did you come for | he answered | the poor orphan | the chief | his son | cumun picthaya tmitcurinvuyayiya through what | his not returning | I wanted to go and enquire about it fully | tavruma kioya tkpageyagamg toqgotka inYugaqnailam he | answered him | the other day | he killed him | Inuqaqnailaq | while they ogagtir-wyut® unYuct atrut aimata were speaking | the people | reached home | when they reached home | the iMapaluyaq dinayatgugcoq tgattcuank dn-ayaqaqtuaqlik poor orphan | had beautiful clothes | soft ones | a person possessing clothes | una umidlukmin® dr-ayagcyailikudtka aulaqakama he | from the chief | I obtained possession of the clothes | when I was leaving | neyiyagtualakumayutin ayiya trtapaluyam pray will you proceed over to the house and eat | he assented | the poor orphan | tegmaynik cua -kumna aynagq avyutroaq when they two entered | lo | up there | a woman | who was cutting up | some Eskimo Texts 17 Aa maktaknk acn’ neyipqaya neyipqaqruyo untuk oqalaktuk whale-skin | and | she gave him to eat | after his eating | two men | said to him | invugagnailam thapaluyaq tautuyuk-a ayiya acn” ayotk Inuqaqnailaq | the poor orphan | wishes to see him | he assented | and | the two tapkwak qonuyak aulaydluagiun: ayo tdtqayma oqalaktuk men | those two | pitied him | yet before his going | outside | they two said | kike iMapaluyam tavruma aniya tMapaluyam tautuktuayiak beware | the poor orphan| he | assented | the poor orphan | simply watched qovcueqcaqtud-uyo tapkwak icqtuk ieqami them two | while he went to one side | they two | entered | when he entered | pam cdneyant makitarag ndteqmt unYugaqnailaq the door | at the side of it | he stood erect | on the floor | Inuqaqnailagq | was nalanigcoq cdukpaklu dmigcyamitdrunt invugaqnatlag ogalaktag lying on his back | and Savikpak | being on skins | Inuqaqnailaq | said | what octuma una tydaq ndlain¥ cuna icumaywduyo a mistake we made | this | traveller | a rascal | what | having come to think of it | gatvin¥ tmapaluyam kiovya umidlyum iynya cumun do you come | the orphan | answered him | the chief | his son | through what } picihaya qayegcicukduyo invugagnailam kioya his not returning | he seeking to know it | Inuqaqnailaq | answered him | qu mil? neyraniakat umidlyum tyn"ya neyiyicimiyatin the dogs | they have already eaten him | the chief | his son | they are going to qvmit? — uliptik = tyn4irintlu neyiniayatik = ryhagq emant eat you | the dogs | you two | your son also | they will eat you | the traveller | ayiyoayagerydluagniqcag tnapaluct® in this way | would however become a rather fine person | orphans | they trrtgociyat qain¥ §=ganigpin¥ tkayuriciyatun imapaluyam tell them to learn it | come | your mouth | will need to help you | the orphan | cuplya tyn*"ya invugagnailam tuyanun — thogdituk cdvium breathed on him | his son | Inugaqnailagq | towards him | they both | the knife | tuyanun aulaqiruk vyn"ya avalagami wwapaluyam towards it | began to go | his son | when he screamed | the orphan | he however kinatak: dluayik trogaktun kicema nucatyotivuk kept them back | ? | finally | they two became deprived of their ogautiydluaya invugaqnatlag kicrema goyuingprq hair | he spoke to him however | Inuqaqnailaq | finally | he began to weep | imapaluyam cuakdluaya wyn*ya togoniaqnwruyo the orphan | scolded him however | his son | saying that he would kill him | ganiman apayan tyuya acn¥ avyog\uyo : when he approached | his father | caught hold of him | but | cutting him to - tdtapaluyam piyuwruyo caukmun niaqgotra pieces | the orphan | pushing him | towards the knife | cut off his head | hewing avyoghuyolu unYuct qoveaculigcut tMapaluyag aicagtog him to pieces too | the people | rejoiced again | the orphan | went home early | néeyiydluagamunune pinryonigcrg tMapaluyag un¥ut eating shortly before however | he had become very strong | the orphan | people | ganinyalait*kdthuni tarmant picayoagniqcrq not being able to approach him | in this case | he used only a little of his strength] 18 4 Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1918-18 tukut-cog tlamunvun gayicumiyun umidlik ryneptet? : he reached | to his relatives | along his own tracks | chief | your son | his togot.ya qu mut? neyiyiyat umidlyum pdnkmink murderer | the dogs | have eaten him | the chief | one of his own daughters | nuliageyu ka acn” cakirayan nakoayiya ; ; she married him | well | his brother-in-law | had enduring gratitude to him | wmapaluyag umidliyotiyat ikpagcyayo tapkwa un%ut garrut the orphan | they made him chief | a few days later | those | people | came | aun’ dtautems envunragtut tdiapaluyam andya well | in one place | they continued to dwell | the orphan | his grandmother | eyAUumUNEN aulayit cog from her own house | did not go out. Text X invukyoq ukwak dtauteemk mikdgtoqgaqtuak — unYunigcuk Two people, it is said | these | only one | child possessing | had their dwel- tayium cenvant intukmik ndélungceut . ling-place | the sea | on its edge | mankind | they were in a state of ignorance | cumiunin inunigcut kicimiy tdurdni acun® about | where being | they had their dwelling-place | they alone | there | well | taina inYuvlutiy pdniak uU"trvyacuyognugcrg under these circumstances | they living | their daughter | grew to the state of tlant utidiyenYami dna‘ kmi cnktr-uyik womanhood | once | when she rose again as usual | her parents | while they still dniroq cumunliqa qnvrydluayamt tautuktag slept | she went outside | everywhere | when she gazed for a while | she saw | mayagtuamuk kilumeyna gn"“iydluayamiuy something that was black | over inland from her | when she had gazed at it for ulakervya tikinYamiuy tautuk-a tutu a while | she went over to it | when she reached it | she saw it | a caribou | toqotqgamuqcag aiwarune ogalautiyagtoyuk ayayugakni one recently killed | returning | she went over to tell them | her parents | that qxiunvivnunt tutumik acn¥ apayan piya she had discovered a carcase | a caribou | then | her father | said to her | pany gnimayutin ldtpam'a makin-amik chogagmuy daughter | you have found a carcase | up there | when they two rose | all of them| ulak:at ann’ pidayageirut nequnagqirut went over to it | then | they proceeded to cut it up | they had it for food | ‘ tavrumani = uvhumi Gndgaqyiydluagamy on that | day | when they had passed away the evening for a while | they cigolvyut cut cn*knialaqgnuy pdnidk wiagerag went to bed again as usual | they sleeping | their daughter | she began to wake umata kaukeagpakyxunt quwiagtqami up | her heart | beating fast | when she turned her head repeatedly to look | tautuk-a cumkiaq pamiuya dmaqum pamiuyatun ut-waq she saw it | something or other | its tail | a wolf | like its tail | that it was | ciqgotqilryut'coq taututquyit*ka tavrumant wunoami uvrupakru she went to sleep again | she did not see it again|on that | night | and by day | Eskimo Texts 19a taututquyrt?ka dndgaqytydluagamiy she did not see it again | when they had passed away the evening for a while | cigonagcim:an tutaloyit- cut taina =cn"knialaqmuy when it was bed-time | they lay down again as usual | thus | they sleeping | utiageilryit coq panidk umata kaukagpakhuni she began to waken again | their daughter | her heart | beating fast | being in anvuyagaunt — quvtagtugtag tarmdnatun a sleepy state | she was repeatedly turning her head around to look | like that cult dmaqum pamiuyatun ud-uaq cult tautuliyiteka one | also | a wolf | like its tail | that it was | also | she saw it again | she was anoniciliyiuttka culi —_cigolaliyit-coq not able again to catch it | again | she went to sleep again for the second time (?) | acn’ tautuknagetgugminvanilu utegamt dna‘ kni well | she not being able to see it again | when she rose | her parents | while centktirwyek tcugtaleyit'caq gnydluayami they were sleeping | she went outside again to look around | when she looked canmun qiviagtog cua kana about for a time | out to sea | she turned her head to look | lo | down there | mayagtoag aan’ ulakciya tukintamiuy something that was black | well | she proceeded to go over to it | when she trutcry1ya ndtceqg togoyaroag nutag reached it | she definitely recognised it | a seal | that was dead | newly | she airaq ayayugaknit ogalautryk ndtceqmuk toqgoyayoqnwrunt returned home | her parents | she told them | a seal | she finding a dead one | apayan prya pany toqoyaysqniqcutin gayiciyagtoruy her father | said to her | daughter | you have found a dead animal | go over and pdnmidn aryanymayo apayan prrak-a bring it here | his daughter | when she had brought it home | her father | cut it ndtegceuliyit:cut tavrumant dndqaqytydluagamy up | they ate seal meat again | on that day | when they had passed away the cigonagcim'an cigoluy it: cut taina evening for a while | when it was bed-time | they went to bed again | thus | cn"k dluayamiy pamak iti dtyet coq umata when they had slept for 4 while | their daughter | awoke again | her heart | was kaukegpaliyinn"qceog quiagniwyagvunt in the condition again of beating a little fast | turning her head slowly to look | quiagtirryut' cag cua acn” pamiog ayoliydlualiyitcka she brought herself to look again | lo | then|a tail | although it almost es- mana dmaqum pamiuyann dd auvaligcog caped her again | this one | a wolf | from its tail | was a little different | a qav'iumyog pamiuyatun «tpaligcrg makut game wolverine they say | like its tail | it was a little | when she made herself rise | ndniroyeqrunilu dniroq cumuk taima tautukmuntanilu and taking the lamp-stick | she went out | anything | thus | she not seeing again | sumik, tctdryit cog uvrupakru cumuk tautuyut coq taina anything | she went inside again | by day too | anything | she did not see | so dndqaqy:pqaqghuyut® untuk — tdtgayma quqryagtagtoag after they passing the evening | a man | outside there | who was tramping on 20 a Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1918-18 acun” rcigtag uk weyman cua una snow repeatedly | well | he entered | when the door opened | lo | he | a nukdtpiag dmagonk cniliyank dnoyalik wceyamt tavruma young man | with wolf | fringes | having clothes | when he entered | he | urinvyacum akianun agovitiog agovitanck-amt ogalakisg | apama the maiden | opposite | sat down | when he was seated | he said | my father | tulimaya gairuya ogalatqyaunayo = en*uk cult tdtqayma because he sent me | I came | he not speaking again | a man | also | outside | tucaliy.t*kat taina cult icidryit'cog they heard him call again | in the same way | also | he entered too | when the uk-weyman cua una nukdtpiag dtiquluydtcvagtoaq ; ; door opened |lo |he | a young man| who had beautiful caribou-skin boots | gav'iknik canliyank dn-ayay.ptaug goviknuk = cenugagmuyrqeuat with wolverine | fringes | his clothes also | wolverine skin | having also for tavruma nukdtpiam cineyanun agovitog gavilinyayagtoaqg fringes | he | the young man | beside him | sat down | he who wore wolverine ogalaktaq train Yaq civudigniy.yma ; skin | said | is it so indeed | you have managed to precede me | I am going nuliayiniaytya naumte pinvanitckin tdvrant to marry her | not at all | shall you have her | thereupon | when the two were gap.qtailiydluaqmaynk tavruma nuviagcerdm apayan ogalautiyik wrangling together for a time! he | the maiden | her father | said to them | she maqotauniaywruyo pane acn” tdvra not being something to fight about | the daughter | well | then | they again be- magonialeymiukhu dmd-uyrk pitqoyek dniruk acun¥ gan to fight | going out | he told them to do it | they went out | well | tdtqayma — rcayotimaynnik gigryagtagpdluag outside | when they were told to go out | loud continuous stamping | they tucaqnacuyasyuktuk dnimaynik mdlktatt:-cuk cuyoyegamuk believed they heard | when they went out | they did not follow | when they fin- ; qaryayak nipakdicainagrunt NUYUTIG ished whatever it was | their stamping | at last gradually disappearing | it fin- dndgagyiydluagamuy cigolayit cut ished | when they had idled away the evening for a while | they went to bed again | atiyamuy paniak ttcugtaliy it cog when they rose | their daughter | went outside again as usual to look around | tautuk-e: tapkwak = tumink tyAua dmaqum tumaicun acun¥ she saw them | those two | their tracks | the one|a wolf | like its tracks | but | vyAuaptaug gavium tumaicun tavyayar the other also | a wolverine | like its tracks | she followed them | those that were auqolagnugcuat taina = tavyaqnialaica tautuk-a greatly stained with blood | thus | proceeding to follow them | she saw it | mayaqtoag acun” ulakcrya tukun¥mayo cua something black | well | she proceeded over to it | when she reached it | lo | una gav'k togoyaroaq taina = q