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’ 


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A 12 


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Newall, R. S., Esq., Ferndene, Gateshead. 

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Newton, Professor Alfred, M.A., F.R.S., Magdalen College, Cambridge. 
Norfolk and Norwich Literary Institution, Norwich. 

Norman, Rev. A. Merle, Burnmoor Rectory, Fencehouses, Durham. 
Nottingham Literary and Philosophical Society, Nottingham. 


Ogilvie, Dr. J, F., Newton House, Traquhar road, Upper Norwood, S.E. 
Owen’s College, Manchester. 
Oxford Magdalen College, Oxford. 


Paisley Philosophical Society, Paisley. 

Parker, W. K., Esq., F.R.S., 36, Claverton street, S.W. 

Pascoe, F. P., Esq., F.L.S., 1, Burlington road, Westbourne park, W. 
Peckover, Algernon, Esq., F.L.S., Wisbeach, 

Peel Park Library, Salford, Lancashire. 

Penny, Rev. C. W., Wellington College, Wokingham. 

Penzance Public Library, Penzance. 

Phené, J. 8., Esq., F.R.G.S., 5, Carlton terrace, Oakley street, S.W. 
Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. 

Pitchford, E, Beaumont, Esq., 5, Belsize square, N.W. 


13 


Plymouth Athenzeum, Plymouth. 

Power, Dr. J. A., 52, Burton crescent, W.C. 

Preston, Rev. T. A., M.A., The College, Marlborougli. 
Pumphrey, C., Esq., 33, Frederick road, Edgbaston, Birmingham, 
Pye-Smith, Dr. P. H., 31, Finsbury square, E.C. 


Quekett Club, University College. 


Radcliffe Library, Oxford. 

Ramsay, Professor A., F.R.S., Museum of Economic Geology, 8.W. 

Ratcliff, C., Esq., F.G.8., Wyddrington, Edgbaston, Birmingham. 

Rawson, W. H., Esq., Mill House, near Halifax. 

Reader, Thomas, Esq., 39, Paternoster row, E.C. 

Rideout, W. J., Esq., 51, Charles street, Berkeley square, W 

Rigby, Samuel, Esq., Bruch Hall, near Warrington. 

Ripon, Marquis of, F.R.S., F.L.S., 1, Carlton gardens, 8.W. 

Ritchie, Charles, Esq., Ladoga lodge, Musselburgh, Midlothian. 

Robinson, Enoch, Esq., Dukinfield, Ashton-under-Lyne. 

Robinson, Rev. George, Tartaraghan, Loughgall, Armagh. 

Rolleston, Professor, M.D., F.R.S., Oxford. 

Roper, F. C. 8., Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S., Palgrave House, Eastbourne. 

Rothery, H. C., Esq., M.A., F.L.S,, 94, Gloucester terrace, Hyde park, W. 

Rowe, J. B., Esq., F.L.S., Local Secretary, 16, Lockyer street, Plymouth. 

Royal Society, Burlington House, London, W. 

Royal Institution, Albemarle street, W. 

Rylands, T. G., Esq., F.LS., Local Secretary, High Fields, Thelwall, 
near Warrington. 


Sabine, Sir Edward, Pres. R.S., 13, Ashley place, Westminster, S.W. 

Salter, Dr. S. J. A., F.B.S., Treasurer, 1, Plowden buildings, Temple, 
E.C. 

Salvin, Osbert, Esq., F.L.S., 16, The Grove, Boltons, 8.W. 

Sanders, Alfred, Esq., F.L.8., 34, St. Julian’s road, Kilburn, N.W, 

Sanford, W. A., Esq., F.G.8., Nynehead Court, near Wellington, 
Somersetshire. 

Sclater, P. L., Esq., M.A., Ph.D., F.L.S., R.S., 11, Hanover square, W. 

Scott, Dr. Wm., Lissenderry, Aughuacloy, Ireland. 

Shapter, Dr., Exeter. 

Sharp, L, Esq., F.G.S., Culverden hill, Tunbridge Wells. 

Sheffield Literary and Philosophical Society, Sheffield. 


14 


Shrapnel, F. K., Esq., F.R.M.S., 2, The Avenue, Peckham Rye. 

Sion College Library, London Wall, E.C. 

Slack, H. I., Esq., F.G.8., Ashdown Cottage, Forest row, Sussex. 

Sladen, Rev. E. H. M., The Gore, Bournemouth. 

Slatter, Rev. John, The Vicarage, Streatley, Reading. 

Sloper, G. E., Esq., Devizes. 

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Smith, Basil Woodd, Esq., F.R.A.S., Branch hill, Hampstead, N. W. 

Smith, Capt. R., Frankfort Avenue, Rathgar, Dublin. 

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Spicer, Messrs., Brothers, 19, New Bridge street, Blackfriars, E.C. 

Spragge, W. K., Esq., The Quarry, Paignton, South Devon. 

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St. Andrew’s University Library, St. Andrew’s. 

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Stebbing, Rev. T. R. R., Tor-crest hill, Torquay. 

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Stephenson, J. W., Esq., Equitable Assurance Office, Mansion-house 
street, E.C. 

Stewart, C., Esq., F.L.S., St. Thomas’s Hospital, Newington, S.W. 

Stockholm Royal Academy, Stockholm. 

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Tatham, John, Esq., Settle, Yorkshire. 

Taunton Archeological and Natural History Society, Taunton. 
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15 


Tristram, Rev. Canon H. B., M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., The Close, Durham. 

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Wakefield Mechanics’ Institution, Secretary of, Wakefield. 

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West Kent Natural History Society, Lewisham, 8.E. 

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Wheldon, J., 58, Great Queen street, W.C. 

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park, Lewisham, London, 8.E. 

Wollaston, G. H., Esq., The Cottage, Clifton, Bristol. 


16 


Wollaston, T. V., Esq., F.L.S., 1, Barne Park terrace, Teignmouth. 
Wood, E., Esq., F.G.8., Richmond, Yorkshire. 

Woodd, B. 'T., Esq., Conyngham Hall, Yorkshire. 

Wright, Professor E. P., Local Secretary, Trinity College, Dublin. 


Yeoman, T. P., Esq., 1, Bridge street, Whitby. 
York Philosophical Society, York. 
Young, Dr. J., Local Secretary, College, Glasgow. 


Zoological Society, 11, Hanover square, W. 


PRINTED BY J. FE. ADLARD, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE, 


THE 


RAY SOCIETY. 


INSTITUTED MDCCCXLIV. 


This Volume is issued to the Subscribers to the Ray Society for 
the Year 1874. 


LONDON: 


MDCCCLXXIY. 


q 5971 D 13 


A MONOGRAPH 


OF TILE 


BRITISH SPONGIAD At. 


BY 


J. S. BOWERBANK, LL.D., 


F.BS., F.LS., F.G.S., F.Z.S., F.B.AS., 


MEMBER OF THE ENYOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON; OF THF ROYAL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY 
OF LONDON; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE DUBLIN UNIVERSITY 
ZOOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL ASSOCIATION; OF THE PLYMOUTH INSTITUTION, AND 
DEVON AND CORNWALL NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY, ETC. KIC, 


VOL. III. 


LONDON: 
PRINTED FOR THE RAY SOCIETY. 


MDCCCLXXIV. 


AK, iso at 


PRINTED BY J. BE. ADLARD, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE. 


INTRODUCTION. 


Wuen I first undertook the history of the British 
Spongiade I did not contemplate giving figures of 
each species, believing that form and colour in these 
protean. animals were frequently so much varied in 
each as to render them of but very little service in the 
discrimination of species, and [ still, after much addi- 
tional experience, remain of the same opinion as regards 
these two characters. But, as my knowledge of these 
animals became extended, I saw that the discrimination 
of nearly allied species might be considerably facili- 
itated by magnified figures of the peculiarities of their 
organic structures, such as those of the dermal mem- 
brane, the skeleton, and: especially of the forms and 
proportions of the spicula. Under these circumstances 
it became advisable, for the convenience of naturalists, 
to give figures of the most characteristic forms of 
each species accompanied by those of the spicula and 
the most striking portions of their organization, when 
necessary, for the determination of the species. In 
thus figuring the spicula, an average-sized adult one of 
each form that occurs on the sponge is given, alone 
with the figure of the species, and where nearly allied 
ones have the forms of their spicula closely resembling 
each other, but varying to some extent in size, they 
are each figured of the same linear power for com- 
parison. 

When I have had a choice of specimens of any parti- 


vi INTRODUCTION. 


cular species I have made a point of not choosing 
exceptionally fine ones for figuring, but those repre- 
senting about the average size and form, as best illus- 
trating the general characters of the species. 

The carrying out of this design necessitated a com- 
plete review of the structural peculiarities of the whole 
of the British species, and theaccomplishment of this re- 
examination of them has led to the discovery of several 
errors of generic and specific determinations in Vol. II, 
of this work, and to their rectification in the present 
volume. Some of these errors have originated in the 
dilapidated condition of the single type-specimen that 
was the subject of examination and description, while 
in other cases generic and specific alterations have 
naturally arisen from an extended and more critical 
acquaintance with the British Spongiade. 

The following is a list of the alterations in the 
genera and species that have been effected. 

Hymeniacidon lingua, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiadz,’ Vol. 
II, page 187, is now Raphiodesma lingua, Plate XXVIT, 
Vol. III. 

Hymeniacidon floreum, Vol. II, page 190, is now 
Raphiodesma floreuwm, Plate XXXVII, Vol III. 

Hymeniacidon jecusculum, Vol II, page 198, is now 
Microciona jecusculum, Plate LXXXIII, Vol. IIT. 

Hymeniacidon Bucklandi, Vol. II, page 226, is now 
Battersbyia Bucklandi, Plate XCII, Vol. ITT. 

Hymemacidon plumosa, Vol. II, page 133, is now 
Microciona plumosa. 

Microciona carnosa, Vol. II, page 133, is now Micro- 
ciona plumosa. 

Halichondria Hyndmani, Vol. II, page 264, is now 
Isodictya Hyndmani, Plate XLVI, Vol. ITI. 

Chalina seriata, Vol. II, page 376, is now Ophlita- 
spongia seriata, Plate LXV, Vol. III. 

Isodictya robusta, Vol. Il, page 347, is no longer to 
be considered a species, as it was founded on a fragment 
of Desmacidon Jeffreysii before my ultimate acquaint- 
ance with more perfect specimens of that specics. 


INTRODUCTION. vil 


Professor O. Schmidt, when he visited me to inspect 
my collection of British sponges, very kindly presented 
me with 33 small portions of specimens of his Adriatic 
sponges for examination and comparison with our 
British species. Of the species presented to me there 
were 6 of his genus Reniera, 3 of Esperia, 2 of Stel- 
letta, 2 of Cacospongia, 2 of Clathria, 2 of Suberites, 
and 2 of his Axinella. Of the rest there was one 
specimen of each of the following genera: Spongelia, 
Gumina, Hircinia, Taguillia, Aplysina, Sarcotragus, 
Vioa, Tapiliato, Caminus, Spongia, Stegxella, Raspailia, 
and Cribella. 

The whole of these genera were established by either 
Nardo or Professor O. Schmidt. Of Nardo’s species 
Dr. Gray, in ‘ Proceedings’ of the Zoological Society 
for 1867, page 495, justly observes, “almost all the 
species mentioned as belonging to the genera are new 
and not described in this paper (‘ Ausug aus einem 
neuen der Spongiarien Isis,’ 1833), so that it is impos- 
sible to determine what they are except for such per- 
sons as have specimens named by the Author.” In 
truth, Nardo’s species described in Professor O. 
Schmidt’s ‘ Die Spongien des Adriatischen Meere’ and 
the two supplements may be considered rather as those 
of Schmidt than of Nardo. They may be conveniently 
consulted by reference to Dr. Gray’s paper in the 
‘ Proceedings ’ of the Zoological Society for 1867, page 
497. 

Dr. Schmidt does not found his genera and species 
on any definite anatomical principle, and in many cases 
they are so loosely constructed that the descriptions 
would embrace almost an unlimited series of very dis- 
crepant species. Thus in his description of Hircinia, 
we have “sponge of a lax texture, skin less dense.” 
Of Dysidea, a remarkably distinct and well-characterised 
sponge, by the peculiarities of its skeleton structure, 
we have the following very indefinite generic character. 
“ Sponge massive, skeleton irregular, netted.” This 
loose mode of description may possibly serve the 


Vill INTRODUCTION. 


purpose of the authors of such systems with com- 
paratively few species to describe, but they can never 
convey correct information to the minds of their pupils 
and followers in an extensive course of studies. On the 
contrary, if we base our genera on the skeleton struc- 
tures of the sponges, in accordance with the systems 
generally adopted by naturalists in their arrangements 
of the higher classes of the Animal Kingdom we have 
a permanent and invariable source of generic charac- 
ters, however variable the species or individuals may 
be in size, form, or stage of development, so that the 
genus may be readily determined by even a minute 
fragment of the subject under consideration. 

With these preliminary observations we will now 
compare the results of my examinations of the 
Adriatic sponges, presented to me by Professor 
Schmidt, and named by him in accordance with his 
own system of arrangement ; with the genera to which 
they would have been referred according to the 
system of natural arrangement by means of the 
anatomical mode of structure of their respective 
skeletons. 

The following are the results of the microscopical 
examination of the skeleton structures of the six 
species of Reniera that I received from Professor O. 
Schmidt. 


Renrera Narpo. 


R. digita, Schmidt. A Halichondria with rather 
short acuate spicula. 

Ri. aqueductus, Schmidt. Halichondria with acerate 
spicula. 

R. semitubuloas ?Schmidt. Isodictya spicula acerate. 
This specimen is in a bad state for examination. 

R. mgrescens, Schmidt. Halichondria with acuate 
spicula, with a stout and regularly constructed skeleton 
rete. 

Rk. palmata, Schmidt. Isodictya with short, stout 
acerate spicula. A very distinctly developed skeleton. 


INTRODUCTION. 1X 


R. dwra ov densa Nardo. A Desmacidon, in the 
structure of its skeleton rete, but of a closer and more 
compact arrangement than in any of our British 
species. 

I received specimens of two species of Cacospongia 
Schmidt, C. Mollior, and C. Scalaris. The former 
proved to be a true spongia, with the slender, sohd 
fibrous texture of the Turkey sponge of commerce, 
while the latter was an undoubted Verongia with the 
strikingly characteristic large inflexible canaliculated 
fibres so distinctly illustrative of that genus. The 
shiehtest microscopical examination of their structural 
peculiarities would have served at once to distinguish 
them as anatomically distinct genera. 

In six species of Reniera therefore, we have three 
distinct types of organisation. Halichondria with the 
irregular and indefinite spiculo-reticulate structure of 
its first division. Isodictya with its regular scalari- 
form spicular reticulation, and the widely separated 
skeleton of Desmacidon, composed of spiculo-fibrous 
structure. If this amount of structural discrepancy 
occurs in the examination of six specimens said to 
belong to the same genus, we may readily imagine the 
amount of confusion of structural character that we 
might expect to find in a more extended examination 
of the species referred to the genus Renicra by 
Professor Schmidt. 


The three species of Esperia of which I received 
small portions all proved to belong to my genus 
Raphiodesma, 

Hj. tunicata, Schmidt. Has acuate spicula and is 
closely alhed to the British species Jt. lingua, but 
differs from it in having a profusion of small stout 
acerate tension and defensive spicula immediately 
beneath the dermis. 

ff. Bowerbankii, Schmidt. Has also acuate spicula. 

H. Indian Ocean. Is not named. It is a very 
strongly characterised species. 


x INTRODUCTION. 


Of the two species of stelletta, O. Schmidt, S. 
pumex, a very small fragment, is apparently a Tethea, 
from the radiating structure of the skeleton, and the 
numerous porrecto-ternate external defensive spicula 
at the dermal surface. 

S. discophora. Is a pachymatisma with all the 
characteristic irregularity of the skeletons of that 
genus. 


The two species of clathria Schmidt are both 
members of the same genus. 

C. oroides, is a very distinct ophlitaspongia, appa- 
rently of a slender cylindrical form, with short stout 
smooth acuate internal defensive spicula. 

C. coralloides is a densely compacted ophlitaspongia 
with internal defensive spicula of verticillately spimed 
acuate form, very numerous. 


The two Suberites Nardo. 

S. massa is a Hymeniacidon with spinulate spicula, 
very closely resembling in structure our British 
species, H. suberea. 

S. domunculus, is a Hymeniacidon with small 
spinulate spicula. In general structure it bears a 
close resemblance to our British species, H. Carnosa. 


Of the two species of Axinella, Schmidt. 

A. verrucosa, is a Halichondria with large acuate 
spicula ; the skeleton structure is much confused. 

A. polypodoides is a well-developed Isodictya, the 
primary lines of the skeleton bi-, or trispiculous ; 
secondary lines rarely more than unispiculous, spicula 
acerate. 


Of the Adriatic sponges, of which I received only one 
specimen of each genus— 

Npongelia pallescens, Nardo, is a true spongia. Its 
fibrous structure and its mode of arrangement is pre- 
cisely the same as that of the best Turkey sponge of 
commerce. Its membranous and sarcodous structures 


INTRODUCTION. x1 


are the same as those of the Turkey sponges in 
the state they come from the sea. 

Gumina evandata, Schmidt, apparently not a sponge. 
It is a dense cartilaginous substance without spicula, 
keratose fibre, or any other attribute of the spongiada. 

Hireinia variabilis, Schmidt, undoubtedly a species 
of Stematumenia. The skeleton fibres, many of them 
having the central line of arenaceous and other extra- 
neous matters, and the membranes abounding with the 
slender flexuous fibrille that characterise the genus 
Stematumenia. 

Taguilla nigricans, Schmidt. A Hymeniacidon with 
spinulate spicula. 

Aplysina aerophoba, Nardo. A Verongia, the keratose 
fibres having large central canals and the sarcodous 
structures being as dark and dense as those of Dr. 
Grant’s “ spongia fistulosa, which I have from the 
West Indies fresh as it came from the sea. 

Sarcotragus spinulosus, Schmidt. A true spongia ; 
the solid flexible fibres surrounded by an abundance 
of sarcode. 

Tapiliata suberea ? Schmidt. A Hymeniacidon with 
spinulate spicula. Very closely allied to Taguilla 
migricans, Schmidt, if not the same species. 

Caminus vulcanit, Schmidt; undoubtedly a pachy- 
matisma. 

Spongia nitens, a true spongia with a few extraneous 
spicula entangled amid its tissues. 

Stegerella saccea, Schmidt. A very delicately con- 
structed species of Isodictya. Primary lines rarely 
more than bispiculous. 

Cribrella hamigera, Schmidt. An Isodictya with a 
coarse open structure; primary lines multispiculous 
and numerous minute equi-anchorate spicula on the 
dermal membrane. 


If we refer the specimens of Adriatic sponges I 
received from Professor Schmidt to the genera 
founded on anatomical principles adopted in this work, 


Xi INTRODUCTION. 


the following would be the order in which we should 
have to dispose of them. 

Our genus Hymeniacidon would receive the follow- 
ing very discrepant genera Taguilla, Tapiliata, and 
Suberites. 

Halichondria will contain Reniera and Axinella. 

Isodictya would receive Reniera, Axinella, Stegilla, 
and Cribrella. Desmacidon will receive a Reniera, 
Spongia would receive a Cacospongia, Spongelia, and 
Sarcotragus. 

Pachymatisma will receive Stelletta, Caminus would 
be referable to Pachymatisma, Verongia receives Caco- 
spongia, Gumina, and Aplysina. 


With this distribution of species with, apparently, no 
well-defined genera to receive them, it would scarcely 
be possible for any student to follow Professor 
Schmidt’s description of his species of Adriatic sponges 
with any probability of identifying them. 

If all these numerous discrepancies in the assign- 
ment of species to genera occur in thirty-three species 
examined, we may well imagine the confusion that 
would arise from the examination of the whole of Dr. 
Schmidt’s Adriatic species of sponges. 

The great amount of discrepancy and indetermi- 
nation exhibited by the comparisons of the systems of 
Nardo and Schmidt, with that of the arrangement in 
accordance with anatomical structure, renders a further 
description of the principles of arrangement adopted 
in this work necessary to the full and complete com- 
prehension of the mode adopted to arrive at a success- 
ful determination of genera and species. 

The difference of the systems of arrangement pro- 
posed by Professor O. Schmidt, and that adopted in 
this work is—that the genera, in the former case, are 
based principally on form and external characters, while 
in the latter they are founded purely on anatomical 
structure. 

I have always believed that it is, not that nature 


INTRODUCTION. xin 


does not establish genera, but it is, that man does 
not always clearly comprehend them, and then wanting 
industry to work out the problems, he substitutes his 
own crude ideas in place of nature’s arrangement. 

It appears that a genus should always have a struc- 
tural foundation by which we are at once enabled 
by positive and negative evidence to circumscribe our 
field of examination, and to arrive all the more specdily 
and certainly at our specific discriminations, and Iam 
the more confirmed in this opinion, as we have many 
instances among the British sponges of natural genera 
so striking in their structural characters as to be at once 
recognised as such, by the most hasty observer, and 
amongst the most obvious examples we may name 
those of Dysidea, Ciocalypta, Geodia and Tethea. 

The course that I have pursued in working out the 
species of the British sponges is just such as would be 
adopted by a botanist desirous of working out the 
specific history of a plant. The great division, whether 
calcareous, siliceous, or keratose, must first be deter- 
mined, and this is readily and easily to be known. The 
genus is next to be ascertained, and as the generic 
characters are strictly confined to the organic struc- 
tures of the skeleton and their mode of arrangement 
in the body of the animal, a patient examination of a 
section of the sponge made at right angles to its 
surface, and mounted in Canada balsam, seldom fails 
to lead to a correct determination of the genus ; but it 
must be observed that the immersion of the slice of 
the sponge under examination in Canada balsam is 
essential to a successful result, as it is frequently the 
case, that the large amount of sarcode, in specimens 
immersed in water, renders the slender skeleton tissues 
nearly or entirely invisible or so indistinct as to inevit- 
ably lead to indecision or positive error, while the 
mounting of the specimen in Canada balsam renders 
the whole transparent, and enables us to discern with 
certainty the structural peculiarities on which the 
generic characters are founded. The genus being 


X1V INTRODUCTION. 


correctly determined, and the division of the genus to 
which the specimen under examination being ascer- 
tained we, at once, circumscribe the field of an exami- 
nation within, comparatively, a very narrow compass. 
The characters now called into action for specific 
determination are principally the spicula, a series of 
organs as variable in sizes, forms, and modes of 
combination and of disposition in the sponge, as the 
leaves, stipule, &c., are in botany, and in truth they 
are quite as important to specific discrimination in the 
sponge, as the leaves areinthe plant. In some sponges 
we find a single form of spiculum only to prevail, but 
in two such closely allied species having the same 
form they frequently differ so greatly in their size, 
proportions, and mode of disposition, as to afford 
perfectly distinct and reliable specific characters. 
And here the student must be warned that Canada 
balsam and close examination with high powers mustnot 
be neglected, as many species, and especially so among 
the Geodias and Tetheas, are only to be distinctly deter- 
mined by the peculiarities of form of some of the 
minutest of their spicula, the retentive ones. All these 
minute forms of spicula are as constant in their struct- 
ural forms, and as reliable as specific characters as the 
larger forms of spicula are, and in many cases of nearly 
allied species in which the skeleton and defensive 
spicula very closely resemble each other, the retentive 
ones are so strikingly different as to render the dis- 
crimination of the species readily and certainly. It is 
frequently the case that these minute organs in a 
specimen immersed in water, embedded in the sarcode 
coating the dermal or interstitial membranes, are per- 
fectly invisible with any amount of microscopic power, 
and it is only when mounted in Canada balsam that 
they become visible in siti, but even then their minute 
structural peculiarities are not always to be distinctly 
determined; and it therefore becomes a necessary 
course of proceeding to ensure the success of our 
examination that a small portion of the sponge, includ- 


INTRODUCTION. xv 


ing a piece of the dermal membrane, should be boiled 
in nitric acid in a test tube, and carefully washed with 
distilled water and the spicula mounted in Canada 
balsam. Then the minutest of them will be rendered 
accurately to the eye of the student, when sufficient 
power is employed in the investigation, and in this 
operation 600 or 700 linear is frequently necessary to 
success. In the investigation of spicula thus mounted, 
a caution is necessary, as there are frequently extraneous 
spicula present which have either been incorporated in 
the substance of the sponge, or attached to its surface, 
and these are very liable to be mistaken for those of 
the species under examination. It is therefore, a good 
rule, never to consider a few such spicula present in 
the slide under consideration as belonging to the sponge, 
without the same forms can be detected in siti in the 
slice of the sponge mounted in Canada balsam. Other 
specific characters are used in the discrimination of 
species, but those derived from the spicula, are by far 
the most constant and reliable. It matters not 
whether the sponge be young or old, perfect, or a mere 
fragment, as long as these organs are present they 
always exhibit their normal forms and proportions and 
may be safely depended on in characterising either a 
known species or in determining a new one, as in the 
case of Desmacidon incognitus and some others. On 
the contrary, form, size and colour of the sponge as 
specific characters, excepting in a very few cases, are 
perfectly deceptive, and although I have myself now 
had nearly half a century’s experience in the observa- 
tion of British and exotic sponges, I frequently found 
myself utterly unable to determine the species of a 
mass of sponge put into my hands, but a slice from it 
placed beneath the microscope frequently, at once, 
solves the mystery. The student therefore, must not 
attempt to jump to conclusions that the nature of the 
subject renders morally impossible, but as a consola- 
tion, I may venture to say that with the same degree 
of care and steady investigation that he would exert in 


Xvl INTRODUCTION. 


the specific determination of an unknown plant, he 
will as certainly determine the species of the sponge, 
as he would the species of the plant. 
Among nearly allied species of sponges, as with 
plants, there is frequently to be found a prominent 
character, an individual structure or organ that at 
once distinguishes it from every other, however closely 
allied it may be in form or colour; thus Hymeniacidon 
ficus which cannot be separated with certainty by its 
form, habit, or colour from H. carnosa or H. suberea, 
is at once discriminated by the vast number of minute 
inflato-cylindrical spicula in its dermal membrane. 
These prominent characters are rarely found in the 
skeleton or in any of the external characters, but they 
must be sought for among the auxillary organs, and 
especially among the external and internal defensive 
spicula and the retentive ones also. All these minute 
organs are remarkably constant to the species, and the 
presence of one form only is frequently determinative 
of the species; in other cases the combination of two 
or more of these forms lead us to the same results. 
Viewing the spongiadz as a whole they have every 
appearance of being a separate and especial creation, 
a peculiar class of creation distinct from every other 
living group, but combining within themselves all the 
strongly contrasted variety of form and structure that 
are so strikingly exhibited throughout the whole 
extent of the vegetable and the animal kingdoms. 
The forms and varieties of skeleton structure are as 
numerous and eccentric, if I may be allowed the term, 
as those of the whole of the higher animals; they vary 
in the earthy bases of their skeleton from calcareous 
to siliceous matter, intermixed with keratode (or 
cartilage) or to the possession of a keratose skeleton 
without the admixture of either earth, and in the 
auxiliary portions of their solid structure, their 
spicula rival the leaves of plants in the extreme 
variety of their forms, and yet amidst all this amazing 
multitude of varied forms each one can by a practised 


INTRODUCTION. xvi 


naturalist be referred with almost certainty to the 
part of the sponge whence it was derived. The 
immense variety of forms and parts are all, as much in 
unison with each other, as the varied and numerous 
parts of plants are in the vegetable creation, or the 
numerous and varied forms of the bones in the higher 
animal creation. 

In concluding, I must beg leave to return my 
sincere thanks to the friends who have kindly assisted 
me during the progress of this volume. I am deeply 
indebted to my friend the Rev. A. M. Norman, for the 
kind and liberal manner in which he has rendered me 
most essential service by having placed at my disposal 
for description and figuring, the whole of his extensive 
and valuable collection of British sponges. My best 
thanks are also due to Captain Marshall Hall, and Mr. 
W. Saville Kent, for having placed at my service, 
several rare and beautiful specimens of British 
sponges acquired during their cruise in the British 
Channel in Captain M. Hall’s yacht Norna. To my 
friend Mr. Henry Lee, and to Mr. Parfitt of Exeter, 
my thanks are due for specimens of new species that 
are figured in this volume. To Mr. Higgin of 
Huyton near Liverpool, and Mr. Moore of the Free 
Library and Museum of Liverpool, I am indebted for 
much valuable information, and some new species 
from their neighbouring localities. 

I am deeply indebted to my old friend Mr. W. Lens 
Aldous the artist, for the minutely faithful and 
beautiful representations of the British sponges, of 
their natural size, and of the highly magnified repre- 
sentations of their structural and microscopical cha- 
racters. It is an astonishing fact that at the age of 
eighty-two, when he did the drawings on stone of 
Plates XCI and XCII, the work is as minutely 
beautiful as the earlier plates that he executed for the 
volume. 


Plate I 


Grantia 


\ 
compressa. 


W. West & C° imp 


PLATE I. 
GRANTIA COMPRESSA, Fleming. 
Vol. ii, p. 17, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade,’ and vol.i, pl. xxi, figs. 312—314. 


Fig. 1.—A group of three fine specimens from near 
the hard at Walton-on-the-Naze figured in the con- 
dition in which they came from the sea. Natural 
size. 

Figs. 2, 3, 4, 5.—Varieties of form from the rocks 
forming the sides of the great cavern of St. Katherine’s 
Island, Tenby, figured in the condition in which they 
came from the sea. Natural size. 

Fig. 6.—Specimens parasitical on a fucus from the 
Guliot Caves, Island of Sark, from a dried specimen. 
Natural size. 

Fig. 7.—An equiangular triradiate skeleton spiculum 
from the side of one of the large cells of the sponge. 
x 150 linear. 

Fig. 8.—An elongo-equiangulated triradiate skeleton 
spiculum from the partial division in the middle of 
one of the large skeleton cells. > 150 linear. 

Figs. 9 and 10.—Two of the spiculated triradiate 
defensive spicula from the sides of the cloaca; No. 
9 with the defensive ray passing from the eye, and No. 
10 with the defensive ray projected towards the eye. 
x 150 linear. 

Figs. 11 and 12.—T wo of the flecto-clavate external 
defensive spicula of the sponge; No. 11 the normal 
form, No. 12 an extreme variation. X 150 linear. 

The sinuous line occupying a large space in the plate 
represents the form and size of the largest known 
specimen, from the River Orwell, described in page 18, 
vol. ii, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 

1 


) PLATE I, 


The foliated forms of this species are well repre- 
sented in Dr. Johnson’s ‘History of the British 
Sponges,’ plate xx, fig. 1. 

In the ‘ Transactions’ of the Microscopical Society, 
vol ii, illustrating my paper ‘On the Ciliary Action 
in the Spongiade,” there is figured on plate ix, fig. 
1, a section of a small specimen of G. compressa at right 
angles to the axis of the sponge exhibiting the ciliated 
cells in sit’; and fig. 2in the same plate represents 
a portion of the inner surface of the sponge; the 
central group of three diaphragms (a) exhibits the 
appearance of the cilia when slowly in motion within 
the diaphragm. Fig. 3 represents detached tessellated 
cells, and fig. 4 detached tessellated cells and cilia. 


Plate II 


PLATE II. 


GRANTIA CILIata, Fleming. 
Vol. ii, p. 19, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 1.—A large-sized specimen from the River 
Orwell, figured of the natural size, and in the condi- 
tion in which it came from its natural locality, having 
been preserved in a saturated solution of salt and 
water. 

Fig. 2.—A large-sized specimen, with a small one at 
its base, from the same locality as No. 1, figured of the 
natural size in the dried condition. 

Fig. 3—A longitudinal section of a large-sized dried 
specimen from the River Orwell, showing the origin of 
the cloacal cavity at the proximal end of the sponge, 
and its gradual expansion until it reaches its distal 
extremity. Natural size. 

Fig. 4.—A group of specimens of about the usual 
size of the species figured in the condition in which 
they came from the sea at Plymouth, of the natural 
size. 

Figs. 5, 6.—Short varieties of the sponge, of the 
natural size and in the dried state, from Guernsey, by 
the late Mrs. Buckland; 5 with the excurrent orifice 
expanded, No. 6 with the orifice contracted. 

Fig. 7.—A nearly spherical specimen, of the natural 
size in the dried state, from Guernsey, by Mrs. Buck- 
land. 

Fig. 8.—A longitudinal section of the sponge, repre- 
sented by fig. 7, exhibiting the cloacal cavity and the 
spicula of the excurrent orifice. Natural size. 

Fie. 9.—A_ portion of a long attenuated-acerate 


4 PLATE Il. 


spiculum from the ciliary fringe of the mouth of the 
cloaca. X 80 linear. 

Fig. 10.—An acerate spiculum, from the defensive 
cone of the inhalent system. X 80 linear. 

Fig. 11.—One of the large fusiformi-acerate spicula 
supporting the base of the ciliary fringe of the mouth 
of the cloaca. X 80 linear. 

Fig. 12.—A rectangulated triradiate spiculum, from 
near the base of the ciliary fringe of the mouth of the 
cloaca. X 80 linear. 

Fig. 138.— A spiculated, rectangulated, triradiate, 
defensive spiculum from the base of the ciliary fringe 
of the cloaca. X 80 linear. 

Fig. 14,—An equiangular triradiate spiculum of the 
skeleton. > 80 linear. 

Fig. 15—A spiculated, equiangular, triradiate, de- 
fensive spiculum from the interior surface of the 
cloaca. X 80 linear. 


GRantTIaA ENSATA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 25, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 16.— Representations of three specimens of 
G. ensata. Natural size. 

Fig. 17.—Two young specimens of the same species 
based on a fragment of shell. Natural size. 

Fig. 18.—A portion of the surface of oue of the 
specimens of G. ensata exhibiting the mode of disposi- 
tion in the direction of the long axis of the sponge, of 
the large fusiformi-acerate defensive spicula. x 50 
linear. 

Fig. 19.—One of the spiculated, equiangular, trira- 
diate internal, defensive spicula from the cloaca of 
G. ensata, the spicular ray being very long and ensiform. 
x 80 linear. 

Fig. 20.—Represents one of the equiangular trira- 
diate skeleton spicula of G. ensata. xX 80 lnear. 


PLATE II. 5 


GRANTIA TESSELLATA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 26, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Figs. 21, 22.— Represent two specimens of G. 
tessellata based on fy aements of shells. Natural size. 

Fig. 23. —Represents a longitudinal section of G. 
tessellata exhibiting the compact disposition of the cells 
of the skeleton and the length and form of the cloacal 
cavity. Natural size. 

Fig. 24.—-A view of the external surface of the cor- 
responding half of the sponge represented by fig. 23. 
Natural size. 

Fig. 25.—A maenified view of a portion of the 
internal surface of the specimen represented by fig. 23, 
exhibiting a portion of the oscular areas opening into 
the cloaca at (a); the form, structure, and arrange- 
ment of the cells of the skeleton, and the compact 
corymbose bundles of small acerate defensive spicula of 
the external surface of the sponge. X 50 linear. 

Fig. 26 agnified view of a portion of the 
external surface of the specimen represented by fig. 
24, exhibiting the tessellated appearance produced by 
the compact disposition of the corymbose bundles of 
the minute acerate external defensive spicula. x 80 
linear. 

Fig. 27.—One of the stout equiangular triradiate 
spicula of the skeleton. > 123 linear. 

In vol. i, Plate XVII, fig. 286, ‘Mon. Brit. Spon- 
giadee,’ there is represented a portion of the inner sur- 
face of the cloaca of G. tessellata, showing the form and 
mode of disposition of the ensiform, spiculated, equi- 
angular, triradiate, internal, defensive spicula, and their 
curvature towards the mouth of the cloaca. x 108 
linear. 


Leucosolenia botryoides 1-4. L.contorta 5—10. 
li. coriacea ll-14, 


W LensAldous del ct th ad nat W. West & C° ump 


ap 


PLATE ITI. 
LEUCOSOLENIA BOTRYOIDES, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 28, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade,’ and vol. i, pl. xxvi, figs. 347-348. 


Fig. 1.—A specimen of LD. botryoides from Shetland, 
in which the fistulee are much more developed than is 
usual with the species. Natural size. 

Fig. 2.—A specimen of LD. botryoides parasitic on a 
slender fucus, in which the fistula are small and 
scattered along the stem. This form is the usual one 
under such circumstances. Natural size. 

Fig. 83.—One of the equiangular triradiate spicula of 
the skeleton of LD. botryoides. 150 linear. 

Fig. 4.—One of the spiculated, equiangular, tri- 
radiate, internal, defensive, spicula of L. botryoides. 
x 150 linear. 

Vol. i, Plate XXVI, fig. 348, represents the fistulze 
clustered in a group, as “they are frequently found in 
Weymouth Bay and at Tenby. Natural size. Fig. 
347 in the same plate represents two of the fistulae. 
x 50 linear. 


LEUCOSOLENIA conToRTA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 29, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 5.—A small specimen of JL. contorta from 
Guernsey, magnified to illustrate the contort arrange- 
ment of the fistulae. x 150 linear. 

Fig. 6—The specimen represented by fig. 5. 
Natural size. 

Fig. 7 represents one of the largest specimens of L. 
contorta that I have yet seen. Natural size. 

Fig. 8.—One of the slender, equiangular, triradiate, 
internal, defensive spicula of the skeleton of [. contorta. 
x 150 linear. 


8 PLATE III. 


Fig. 9.—One of the spiculated, equiangular, tri- 
radiate, internal, defensive spicula of L. contorta. xX 
150 linear. 

Fig. 10.—One of the procumbent, acerate, spicula 
of the exterior surface of L. contorta. x 150 linear. 


LEUCOSOLENIA CORIACEA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 34, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 11.—A specimen of ZL. coriacea from the Guliot 
Caves, Sark. Natural size. 

Fig. 12.—A second specimen of L. coriacea from the 
Guliot Caves, exhibiting the tortuous fistule of the 
sponge. Natural size. 

Fig. 13.—A magnified view of a portion of the 
surface of the specimen represented by fig. 12. 
x 12 lnear. 

Fig. 14.—One of the skeleton spicula of L. coriacea. 
x 123 linear. 

After the plate containing the illustration of LD. 
coriacea was printed, I found a specimen of that sponge 
preserved in spirit with several other small specimens 
from Shetland, which were sent to me for examina- 
tion by the Rev. A. M. Norman. On examining it 
microscopically I found it contained an abundance of 
gemmules. They were exceedingly numerous on the 
inner surface of the dermal membrane. Their form 
was either spherical or shghtly oval; they were of a 
nut-brown colour, and filled with numerous spherical 
molecules, which were distinctly visible with a power 
of 700 linear. One of the largest of the gemmules 
measured yz 75 Inch in diameter, and the molecules 
within it did not exceed zs}oo inch in diameter. This 
gemmule had all the appearance of being in a fully 
developed condition. The greater portion of the other 
gemmules were much smaller; one of about the average 
size measured 77 s5 inch in diameter. 


Leucosolenia lacunosa 


Varvara ae 


W hens Aldous del eb Ur con rat 


PLATE IV. 


LEUCOSOLENIA LacuNOosA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 32, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.,’ 


Fig. 1.— A magnified view of a fine specimen of 
DL. lacunosa from deep water at the Turbot Bank, 
Belfast, preserved in spirit in the condition in which 
it came from the sea by Mr. George Hyndman, of 
Belfast, exhibiting the rotund form of the sponge, 
and the tortuous mode of disposition of the fistulee. 
xX 12 linear. 

Fig. 2.—The same sponge. Natural size. 

Fig. 3.—A small specimen of the same species, and 
of the same form, as that represented by figs. 1, 2 
from deep water off Larne, near Belfast, dredged by 
Mr. G. Hyndman, and preserved in spirit in the state 
in which it came from the sea. Natural size. 

Fig. 4.—A compressed specimen of DL. lacunosa 
from Scarborough, by Mr. Bean. It is remarkable 
from the breadth of its body being much greater than 
its height. Natural size. 

Fig. 5 represents a portion of one of the fistulae of 
a specimen mounted in Canada balsam, exhibiting the 
mode of the disposition of the equiangular, triradiate, 
skeleton spicula, the more or less elongation of the 
ray of the spiculum parallel to the long axis of the 
fistula. > 123 linear. 

Figs. 6, 7.—Two of the skeleton spicula from the 
surface of the portion of the specimen represented by 
fig. 5. 123 linear. 

Fig. 8.—One of the acerate spicula from near the 
base of the body of the sponge. X 123 linear. 

This species is figured by Dr. Johnston in his 
‘ History of British Sponges,’ plate xx, figs. 2, 3. 


Leucont 


vl ith ad 


Whine Aldous wee 


11 


PLATE V. 


L&UCONIA NIVEA, Grant. 
Vol. ii, p. 36, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade;’ vol. i, pl. xxviii, figs. 351, 352. 


The external characters of this species vary to a very 
considerable extent in different localities. Hxposed to 
the full action of the sea on the under surfaces of thin 
ledges of rock, as at the neighbourhood of Scarborough, 
it appears as a thin coating sponge, with the orifices of 
the cloacee scarcely elevated above the common surface 
of the sponge, as represented by fig. 1, of the natural 
size, in the present volume. In more sheltered situa- 
tions it has still more or less of a coating form, but is 
furnished with a series of irregular ridges or crests, on 
which the excurrent orifices of the cloace are situated, 
as represented by fig. 2, Plate V, of the present 
volume, of the natural size. In caves or other well- 
sheltered localities it assumes the form of congregated 
lobular masses, as represented by fig. 352, vol. 1, ‘ Mon. 
Brit. Spongiade,’ of the natural size, and by fig. 351 
in the same plate, which represents a longitudinal 
section of one of the mammez form, portions exhibiting 
one of the cloacal cavities of the sponge and its internal 
defensive spicula. Xx 50 linear. 

Figs. 3, 4, 5 represent the large, stout, equi- 
angular, spiculated, triradiate, internal, defensive 
spicula. X 80 linear. The basal radii of fig. 5 are pro- 
jected backward in tripodal fashion. Very minute 
specimens of this form are also found in the lining 
membrane of the cloaca, one of which, X 660 linear, is 
represented by fig. 89, plate iv, vol. i, ‘Mon. Brit. 
Spongiadee.’ 

Figs. 6, 7 represent two of the equiangular, triradiate, 
skeleton spicula. X 80 linear. 

Fig. 8.—One of the unicurvo-cruciform, tension 


12 PLATE V. 


spicula of the lining membrane of the cloaca. X 130 
linear. 


LEUvCcONIA FISTULOSA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 39, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 9.—A specimen of L. fistulosa from Plymouth. 
Natural size. Dried specimen. 

Figs. 10, 11.—Two specimens of L. fistulosa from off 
Saints’ Bay, Guernsey. Natural size. Dredged by 
the Rev. A. M. Norman. From dried specimens. 

Fig. 12.—One of the large fusiformi-acerate, ex- 
ternal, defensive spicula. x 80 linear. 

Fig. 13.—An equiangular, triradiate, skeleton spicu- 
lum of the normal form. x 123 linear. 

Fig. 14.—An equiangular, triradiate, skeleton spicu- 
lum of an abnormalform. X 123 linear. The elonga- 
tion of the third ray is variable, and usually in the 
direction of the long axis of the sponge. 

Fig. 15.—One of the spiculated, equiangular, tri- 
radiate, ternal, defensive spicula. > 123 linear. The 
spicular ray is in the downward direction. 

Fig. 16.—One of the slender, rectangulated, triradiate 
spicula. x 128 linear, from near the mouth of the 
cloacal cavity. 


—, 
= 


= 


Leucoima pumila 1-5 Leucogypsia Gossei 6-8. 


W hens Aldous adel et Uth ad nat 


WWest &C? unp 


13 


PLATE VI. 


Levconia pomiLta, Bowerbank. 


Vol. ii, p. 41, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Figs. 1, 2, 3.—Leuconia pumila. Natural size. 

Fig. 4 represents a portion of the surface of a 
specimen of Leuconia pumila exhibiting the great 
variety in the size of the skeleton spicula, the space 
between the extreme points of the largest triraciate 
spiculum being very little short of that of the diameter 
of the sponge. 80 linear. 

Fig. 5.—A portion of a longitudinal section of LD. 
pumila representing a space extending from the external 
surface of the sponge to the surface of the cloacal 
cavity, and the mode of the disposition of the skeleton 
spicula (a) being the external surface. xX 80 lnear. 


Levcocyrsia Gossrl, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 42, ‘ Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Vol. ii, plate xxvi, fig. 350, represents a very 
characteristic specimen of L. Gossei of the natural size. 

Fig. 349, in the same plate, represents a section at 
right angles to the surface of the sponge, exhibiting 
the ir reoular interstitial structure, with the large fusi- 
formi-acerate spicula, disposed at various angles to the 
surface. X 50 linear. 

Fig. 6, vol. iii. —One of the large fusiformi-acerate 
spicula. > 123 linear to show the size as compared 
with the other spicula of the sponge. 

Fig. 7.—One of the equiangulated, triradiate spicula 
of the skeleton. X 123 linear. 

Fig. 8.—A Pate equiangulated, triradiate, 
internal, defensive spiculum. X 123 linear. 


Plate VIL. 


c 


Zetlandic 


Geodia 


W, Lens Aldous del. et Lith ad not 


15 


PLATE VII. 


Gropta ZETLANDIOA, Johnston. 
Vol. ii, p. 45, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 1.—Sectional view of the type-specimen 
(Cydonium Mulleri, Fleming) exhibiting the radiated 
structure of the specimen. Natural size. 

Fig. 2.—View of the external surface of the same 
specimen. Natural size. 

Fig. 3.—A sectional view of the specimen of the 
same species of sponge which I received from Mr. J. 
de C. Sowerby. Natural size. 

Fig. 4.—View of the external surface of the same 
sponge as No. 3. Natural size. 

Fig. 5.—One of the fusiformi-acerate skeleton 
spicula from the type-specimen. x 80 linear. 

Fig. 6.—One of the attenuato-patento-ternate, con- 
necting spicula from the type-specimen.  X 80 linear. 

Fig. 7.—An attenuato-recurvo-ternate spiculum 
from the type-specimen. X 80 linear. 

Fig. 8.—A porrecto-ternate spiculum from the type- 
specimen. X 80 linear. 

Fig. 9.—A large and a small attenuato-stellate 
spiculum from the interstitial membranes of the type- 
specimen. X 250 linear. 

Fig. 10.—A fully-developed ovarium from the type- 
specimen, with the foramen in its centre. 250 
linear. 

Through the kind intervention of my friend Dr. 
McBane, of Edinburgh, I have been favoured with the 
loan of the highly interesting and valuable type-speci- 
men of Geodia Zetlandica, Johnston, by Dr. Andrew 
Fleming, of Seagrove, son of the late eminent Pro- 
fessor Fleming, of Edinburgh, to whom I am much 
indebted for the opportunity of figuring a specimen 
regarding which there has been so much discussion. 
No other specimens of this interesting species than 
the two figured have yet been found im any collection 
of British sponges. 


Plate VII. 


“2 a 


5 a 
Pachymatisina Wdohnstonia 1 --7 
Meronemia ponderosa 8-15 


Wena Aldous del elit on ins We West eC map 


PLATE VIII. 


PacHymatisma Jonunstonia, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 51, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 1.—Represents the type-specimen of P. John- 
stonia m the state in which it came from the sea, having 
been preserved in spirit. Natural size. A portion of 
the oscula are more or less open, while others are in a 
closed condition. 

Figs. 2, 3.—Two of the numerous varieties of form 
and size of the skeleton spicula. X 80 linear. 

Fig. 4.—One of the connecting spicula. x 80 
linear. These spicula are very variable in form and 
proportions. 

Figs. 5, 6—Two of the incipiently-spinous  at- 
tenuato-stellate, retentive spicula. Xx 250 linear. 
Showing the variations in the size and number of their 

‘radii. 

Fig. 7.—A group of tuberculated fusiformi-cylin- 
drical, retentive spicula. X 250 lnear. 

This sponge afforded me a considerable number of 
type forms of spicula to illustrate vol. 1, treating on the 
‘ Anatomy and Physiology of the Spongiade.’ si must, 
therefore, refer the student to those figures for the 
more complete illustration of the anatomy of this very 
interesting specimen. 

ee i, plate xxvn, fig. 553, represents a section of 

», Johustonia at right angles to the surface exhibiting 
ae irregularity of the skeleton structure directly 
beneath the dermal crust. > 50 linear. 

In plate xxiv, figs. 330, 331, 332 in the same 
volume there are fioures of the ovaria in progressive 


stages of development. 
3 9 
ot 


18 PLATE VIL. 


In plate i, figs. 15, 17, 20, and 21 represent varieties 
in form of the skeleton spicula. 

In plate ii, figs. 45 and 46 represent varieties of 
form of the connecting spicula. 

In plate vi, figs. 158 and 159, the stellate retentive 
spicula are represented, with a power of 660 linear. 

Plate iv, fig. 93, represents one of the tuberculated, 
fusiformi-cylindrical retentive spicula. x 660 linear. 


EcIoNEMIA PONDEROSA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 56, ‘ Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fie. 8.—H. ponderosa, in the dried state, from the 
type-specimen in the cabinet of the Rev. A. M. Norman. 
Natural size. 

Fig. 9.—One of the skeleton spicula of H. ponderosa. 
X 80 linear. 

Fig. 10.—One of the furcated attenuato-expando- 
ternate connecting spicula. x 80 linear. 

Fig. 11.—A direct view of the apex of one of the 
same spicula, showing the broad and strong proportions 
of its structure. X 80 linear. 

Figs. 12, 13.—Two of the small attenuato-stellate, 
retentive spicula. > 666 linear. These spicula vary to 
a very considerable extent in size. 

Fig. 14.—T wo of the minute, elongo-stellate, reten- 
tive spicula. X 666 linear. These spicula are also very 
variable in size. 

Fig. 15.—Two of the doliolate, cylindrical spicula. 
x 123 linear. 


Polymastia ornata 13—16 


W Whaet © 118 vane 


= 
Eicionemia compres 


W Lens Aldous del cb Wl) ade not 


PLATE IX. 
ECIONEMIA COMPRESSA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 55, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 1—The type-specimen of H. compressa. Natu- 
ral size. 

Fig. 2.—One of the skeleton spicula. x 80 linear. 

Kig. 3.—An _ attenuato-patento-ternate, connecting 
spiculum of the normal form. x 80 linear. 

Figs. 4, 5.—Two abnormal forms of the connecting 
spicula. X 80 linear. 

Fig. 6.—One of the inflato-acerate, incipiently- 
spined, tension spicula. X 250 linear. 

Fig. 7.—An inflato-acerate, incipiently-spined, ten- 
sion spiculum. X 250 lnear. This form is of com- 
paratively rare occurrence. 

Figs. 8, 9.—Two of the largest attenuato-stellate, 
retentive spicula, showing the variety that occurs in 
the number of their radi. X 250 linear. 

Figs. 10, 11.—T wo of the minute, elongo-attenuato- 
stellate, retentive spicula, showing the variation in 
their size. X 250 linear. 

Fig. 12.—A doliolate, cylindrical, retentive spiculum. 
x 250 linear. 

During a searching examination of the spicula for 
figurine I found a few doliolate spicula very similar to 
those in H. ponderosa. One of these I have figured, 
and we must, therefore, add to the specific character 
of the species under consideration in the description 
of the spicula of the interstitial membranes “and 
doliolate cylindrical spicula, few in number.” 


20 PLATE IX. 


Potymastia orNATA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 58, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 18.—P. ornata. The type-specimen natural 
size. A portion of the proximal end of the sponge has 
been torn off, exhibiting an interior view of the primary 
fasciculi of the skeleton and their spiral mode of 
arrangement. 

Fig. 14.—One of the large acerate spicula of the 
primary lines of the skeleton. X 23 linear. 

Fig. 15.—One of the short, stout, acerate, external, 
defensive spicula. xX 123 linear. 

Fig. 16.—A portion of the distal termination of a 
specimen of P. ornata, sent to me by the late Mr. 
Barlee. > 36 linear. This specimen exhibits the 
excurrent orifices of the cloaca of the sponge under 
consideration in a very satisfactory manner, and it also 
forms an excellent illustration of the general form and 
arrangement of the tissues in the excurrent organs of 
this genus of sponges. 

The terminal excurrent orifices of the fistulae in 
Polymastia are precisely similar to the corresponding 
organs in Alcyoncellum, but they differ m the nature 
of the structure of the reticulation surrounding each 
of them. In the latter genus it is always composed of 
more or less solid siliceous fibre; in the former it 1s 
always formed of interlacing fasciculi of spicula. The 
design of the skeleton structure is the same in both 
genera, but the modes in which it is carried out are 
different, and the same modifications of the structural 
materials exist in all parts of the skeleton structures 
of the various species of the two genera. 

There is also another distinctive character of great 
value in the separation of the two genera, and that is 
the total absence in Polymastia of the numerous, large, 
stout, rectangulated, hexradiate, interstitial spicula that 
are so abundant in Alcyoncellum around every one of 
the inhalent areas of that sponge. 


PLATE 1X. 21 


In all the species I have described the pores have 
been designated as ‘‘ inconspicuous,” and in many of the 
specimens first examined they were in a closed state 
and not amenable to the power applied to them. 

In several of the specimens subsequently acquired 
and examined I have found them in an open condition 
as represented by fig. 6, Plate X,in P. robusta, and 
also in P. bulbosa, fie. 2,in the same plate. Ina speci- 
men of P. brevis mounted in Canada balsam they are 
also rather indistinctly visible. In all these cases they 
are congregated above the porous areas of the parietes 
of the fistule, and they do not appear to exist on any 
other portion of those bodies. It will therefore be 
advisable for the future to consider this arrangement 
of the pores as the correct description of those organs 
to be added to the specific descriptions of the species 
recorded in vol. 1, ‘ Mon. Brit. Spongiadee.’ 


Plate X. 


3 
9 nares ~ pote a it eeercnre i Seep 
4) oe 


Povobusta 5-8. 
Wilsnedlidloa stele (thi aeb nae Weick 


Polymastin bulbosa L— 4 


PLATE X. 
PoLyMASTIA BULBOSA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 61, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 1.—The type-specimen of P. bulbosa from the 
wet preparation, and of the natural size. (a) A young 
specimen of Dictyocylindrus growing from near the 
base of P. bulbosa on the same fragment of shell. 

Fig. 2.—Represents a small portion of the bulbous 
body of the sponge exhibiting one of the porous areas 
with two open pores, and a small portion of one of the 
large primary fasciculi of the skeleton at (a). x 80 
linear. 

Fig. 3.—One of the large fusiformi-acerate spicula of 
the skeleton. 150 linear. 

Fig. 4.—One of the minute spinulate, external, 
defensive spicula. Xx 150 linear. 


POLYMASTIA ROBUSTA. 
Vol. ii, p. 62, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Vie. 5.—P. robusta of the natural size from the dried 
specimen presented to me by Prof. Wilham King, of 
Queen’s College, Galway. 

Fig. 6.—A view of a portion of the inner surface of 
the great cloacal cavity of a specimen of P. robusta 
dredged by the Rev. A. M. Norman off the coast of 
Northumberland. The specimen is mounted in Canada 
balsam. It exhibits in a very satisfactory manner 
portions of two of the primary skeleton fasciculi, with 


24 PLATE X. 


the transverse interlacing secondary parts of the 
skeleton, in the intervals between which are seen the 
pores in an open state, congregated in the porous areas 
of the dermal membrane. > 150 linear. 

This specimen, in conjunction with that from the 
distal end of the cloaca of P. ornata, Plate IX, fig. 16, 
exhibiting the nature and structure of the excurrent 
organs, afford us a most satisfactory view of the mode 
of the general structure of the sponges of this interest- 
Ing genus. 

Fig. 7.—One of the large superfusiformi-acuate, 
skeleton spicula. X 80 linear. 

Fig. 8.—One of the spinulate, external, defensive 
spicula. X 150 linear. 

The porous areas of P. bulbosa are somewhat different 
from those of P. robusta. The dermal membrane is 
much more delicate in its structure, and the number of 
pores in each are less. Those represented by fig. 2 are 
from the bulbous portion of the sponge. 


Plate Xl. 


Polymastia brevis1-9.P spinula lO-13 
: ; ‘ 
PF raciosa J4—1e 
WilvwaAlanis dala tun a vnt = / = W.West &C° mp 


PLATE XI. 


POLYMASTIA BREVIS, Bowerbanh. 
Vol. i, p. 64, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 1.—Represents the largest specimen of the 
species hitherto known, from the cabmet of the Rev. 
A. M. Norman, who obtained it at Shetland. Natural 
size. The form of this specimen is somewhat ab- 
normal, arising, probably, from age and accidental 
Tepdauon. 

Figs. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.—Represent specimens of about 
the usual size, selected from among those sent to me 
by the late Mr. Barlee, illustrating the usual amount 
of deviations from the normal form that obtain among 
the spongiade. Natural size. 

Fig. 7—A longitudinal section of a specimen of the 
normal form with an expanded base, exhibiting a view 
of the interior of the sponge. Natural size. 

Fig. 8.—A large super-fusiformi-acuate spiculum 
from one of the primary longitudinal fasciculi of the 
skeleton. xX 123 linear. 

Fig. 9.—One of the acuate, external, defensive spicula 
from the surface of the sponge. Xx 123 linear. 

By an error of the compositor and an oversight in 
the correction of the press the spicula, in the deseri Ip- 
tion of the specific character of this species in p. 64, 
vol. u, have been designated acerate instead of acuate. 

Fig. 358, pl. xxix, vol. i, represents a small portion 
of the side of one of the large cloac, exhibitmeg the 
structure and mode of disposition of the primary longi- 
tudinal fasciculi of the skeleton, with a view of the 


26 PLATE XI. 


secondary spicula of the interlacing portion of the 
structure.  X 25 linear. 

In the “Last Report on Dredging among the 
Shetland Isles,” ‘British Association Reports’ for 
1868, p. 329, the Rev. A. M. Norman proposes to 
make this species the type of a new genus, and to 
designate it Quasillina, and he thus characterises the 
genus : 

‘« Sponge consisting of a single, clavate, hollow body, 
widening upwards from the base, and rising at once 
from the surface of the stone to aback it is attached, 
without any expanded basal mass. Skeleton, beauti- 
fully reticulate, primary fasciculi ascending in parallel 
straight lines from the base, and in diverging, radiating 
lines from a central mammeform projection at the 
summit of the sponge; secondary fasciculi at right 
angles to the primary ones. Spicula fusiformi- 
acuate.” 

I cannot concur in the idea of separating this species 
from the rest of those comprised in the genus Polj- 
mastia, and with which it is in perfect accordance with 
every one of their common anatomical characters. 
The inhalent and exhalent organs occupy the same 
relative positions in the sponge, and even the forms 
and position of the spicula are the same as those of 
the greater number of species of Polymastia. The 
author of the proposed new genus does not, in the 
characterisation of Quasillina, show the slightest ana- 
tomical difference from Polymastia; and the only 
difference between them, on which he grounds his 
reason for making P. brevis into a new genus, is that 
the “sponge consists of a single, clavate, hollow body, 
widening upwards from the base, and rising at once 
from the surface of the stone to which it is attached 
without any expanded basal mass.” These characters 
founded on external form apply correctly enough to 
the single, outsized, abnormal specimen on which his 
descr iption is based, but they do not apply with equal 
correctness to the series of ordinary-sized specimens 


PLATE XI. 27 


of the same species as exhibited in the forms of those 
represented in pl. x, figs. 2—7, accompanying the one 
(fig. 1) on which the author bases the characters of 
his proposed new genus. 

Independent of the well-known and universally- 
acknowledged protean habits of the spongiadz, which 
renders form one of the least valuable characters either 
specific or generic, it is in the genus Polymastia more 
than usually inappropriate. Thus, in P. ornata, bul- 
bosa, and radiosa, we have hitherto known but one 
fistular projection forming the sponge; and even in 
P. mammellaris itis not an uncommon circumstance to 
find young specimens with but one cloacal projection, 
as represented in pl. xi, fig. 2, while in mature ones 
they are much too numerous to be readily counted. 
The mammeeform projection on the summit in Mr. 
Norman’s specimen is evidently an abnormal structure, 
ag it is not to be found in any other specimen of the 
species with which I am acquainted; it is, therefore, 
perfectly inadmissible in a generic description. 


POLYMASTIA SPINULA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 66, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 10.—A fully-developed specimen of the species 
with six fistule dredged in from forty to fifty fathoms 
from five to seven miles off Balta, by the Rev. A. M. 
Norman. Natural size. 

Fig. 11.—A skeleton spiculum from one of the 
primary, longitudinal fasciculi. x 123 linear. 

Fig. 12.—One of the spimulate, external, defensive 
spicula. X 123 lnear. 

Fig. 13.—A specimen of P. spinula, from the Moray 
Frith, presented to me by the Rev. Walter Gregor, 
deseribed in p. 67, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ Natural 
size. 

Since the figures described above were drawn I have 
received from my friend the Rev. A. M. Norman a 


28 PLATE XI. 


Specimen of this species for examination, labelled 
*“5—6 miles east of Balta Shetland, 1867.” This 
specimen has thirteen fistulae on an irregular mass of 
old shells, &c., about one inch in diameter. Some of 
these organs are long and slender, like that represented 
in fig, 18, pl. x; but “the greater number of them were 
comparatively very much ‘shorter and stouter in their 
proportions. This specimen has the largest number 
of cloacal fistule that I have yet seen on one basal 
mass, and this fact, in combination with the shorter 
and stouter proportions of those organs, causes it 
strongly to resemble a specimen of P. mammellaris ; 
and it is only by a microscopical examination that it 
can be separated with certainty from that species. 


PoLyMASTIA RADIOSA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 68, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiadee.’ 


Figs. 14, 15.—The two type-specimens of P. radiosa. 
Natural size. 

Fig. 16.—Represents a portion of the surface of 
fig. i, exhibiting the large radiating groups of external 
defensive spicula. x 80 linear. 

Figs. 17, 18.—T wo of the spicula from the radiating 
groups of external, defensive spicula. > 123 linear. 

On January 15th, 1870, I received two more speci- 
mens of this pretty little species, both attached side by 
side, but separate from each other on the inner surface 
of a triangular fragment of a bivalve shell scarcely 
exceeding a superficial square half inch. These two 
specimens were very little different from those figured ; 
one of them was nearly of the same size and propor- 
tions of fig. 14, pl. x. The other was of about the 
sane leneth, but broader in its proportions. Both 
were attached to the shell for the whole of their length, 
confirming in this respect the singular habit of the first 
two specimens. Neither of these Specimens exhibited 
the beautiful radiose structure of the surface repre- 


PLATE XI. 29 


sented by fig. 16, the specimens having apparently 
suffered by attrition from other bodies; in this respect 
they coincided with the sponge represented by fie. 14. 
In every other structural character they agreed with 
the type-specimens. These specimens were dredged 
at the Hebrides by Mr. J. G. Jeffreys, and were pre- 
served for me by my indefatigable friend Mr. Peach in 
1866. On the box containing them is written “ Taken 
out of sand.” This note may probably account for 
the destruction of the radiating fasciculi of their 
surfaces. 


Plate AIL. 


LI 


| 


vmimillaris 


up 


ede 


31 


PLATE XII. 
POLYMASTIA MAMMILLARIS, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 71, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 1.—A remarkably-fine adult specimen of P. 
mammillaris from Larne Lough, Ireland, in the state in 
which it came from the sea, having been preserved in 
spirit. Natural size. 

Fig. 2.—A young specimen of the same species with 
one fistula only partially developed, in the dried state. 
Natural size. 

Figs. 3, 4.—Young specimens of the same sponge, 
with the fistulae in a more advanced stage of develop- 
ment, but still imcomplete, from dried specimens. 
Natural size. 

Figs. 5, 6—Two of the fusiformi-spinulate, skeleton 
spicula. X 123 linear. 

Fig. 7.—The basal portion of one of the fusiformi- 
enormi-spinulate, skeleton spicula. X 250 linear. 

Fig. 8.—The basal portion of a bispinulate, skeleton 
spiculum. X 250 linear. 

Fig. 9.—One of the skeleton spicula in an early stage 
of development, showing the prominent spinulation of 
its base. X 250 linear. 

Fig. 10.—A portion of the external surface of one of 
the adult fistula near its distal termination, exhibiting 
portions of two of the primary fasciculi of the skeleton, 
the transverse bands of secondary skeleton spicula, 
and the radiating fasciculi of external defensive spicula, 
from a specimen in Canada balsam. 80 linear. 

Fig. 11.—One of the small, fusiformi-spinulate, 
external defensive spicula. 123 linear. 


32 PLATE XII. 


The character of the spinulation of the skeleton 
spicula is best exhibited in those from the basal mass 
of the sponge, and in those with a power of 108 linear, 
in consequence of the attenuation of the shaft towar ds 
its basal portion, they are not strikingly demonstrated. 
To obtain a satisfactory view of them they should be 
seen with a power of about 200 linear. The spinulate 
character in the skeletons of the cloace are rarely 
visible. The spinulation of the spiculum is not purely 
so, and the enormi-spinulate form is of most frequent 
occurrence. Sometimes the spinulation is very close 
to the basal end of the spiculum, and at other times it 
is at two or three times the diameter of the spiculum 
from the base, and occasionally, but rarely, there is a 
second inflation on the shaft of the spiculum eight or 
ten diameters above the primary one, as represented by 
fig. 8, pl. x1. In young and immature skeleton spicula 
the spinulation is more strikingly displayed than in the 
adult one, as represented by fig. 11, x 123. As the 
spicula arrive at maturity the inflation becomes lessened 
in its proportions as compared with the diameter of the 
shaft, as in figs. 5 and 6. 

Polymastia. mammillaris is found in Larne Lough 
attached to stones at low-water mark, and can only 
be obtained at unusually low spring tides. The 
specimen figured was obtained by Mr. W. Darragh, 
March 25th, 1849. When alive and in the water he 
says it is of a yellow colour. 


Plate XII. 


Halyphysema vramulora 1, Ciocalypt: 


When Aldous del ef (i ve ates 


pemeilhis 2 


RO se, 
ELC ump 


Cy 
Le 


PLATE XIII. 
Hatyruysema Tumanowiczi, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 76, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


A fine specimen of this sponge based on a portion of 
the stem of a zoophyte, * 175 linear, is represented 
by fig. 359, plate xxx, vol. 11, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


HALYPHYSEMA RAMULOSA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 79, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 1.—Represents a portion of the only specimen 
that has yet been found, and which is in the cabinet of 
the Rev. A. M. Norman. The sponge figuredis from a 
preparation in Canada balsam. X 36 linear. 


CIOCALYPTA PENICILLUS, Bowerbank. 
Vol. 11, p. 81, ‘ Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 2.— Represents the second fine specimen of 
this sponge that I obtained from the Diamond Traw- 
ling Ground, off Hastings. It is described in p. 82 of 
the volume quoted above. The external characters of 
the specimen are in a finer state of preservation than 
those of the one first described in p. 81. 

Figs. 3, 4.—Represent two of the skeleton spicula. 
x 80 linear. 

The spicula are all of the same form, but they vary 
in diameter from exceedingly slender to rather stout. 

Fig. 360, plate xxx, vol. u, represents a longitudinal 
section through the central axis of one of the elongate 

3) 


34 PLATE XIII. 


cloacal appendages of the sponge, exhibiting the cen- 
tral column with the small cylindrical pedicles or short 
fasciculi of closely packed spicula, each terminating at 
the inner surface of the dermis of the sponge of the 
natural size, taken from the largest of the two speci- 
mens described. 

Fig. 361 in the same plate is from a section of the 
specimen represented by fig. 360 at about the middle 
of the cloacal column, exhibiting the mode of the 
radiation of the distal ends of the small pedicles on the 
inner surface of the dermis. X 25 linear. 

I have two other specimens of this sponge beside 
those previously described. One of them has the base 
two inches in length by ten lines in width. It is three 
and a half inches in height, and has four large penicillate 
organs, which have their origin within half an inch of 
the base of the sponge. The other specimen has a flat 
base, two inches in length by one and a half inch in 
width. It has fifteen small penicillate organs on its 
upper surface, none of which exceed eight lines in 
height and about one line and a half in diameter. The 
ereatest height of the sponge does not exceed ten lines. 
In every anatomical character the last two sponges are 
in perfect accordance with the former two. 

The species C. penicillus is the only British one 
known, but there is another species from Port Eliza- 
‘beth, Australia, two specimens of which are in the 
cabinet of my friend Captain Charles Tyler. They so 
closely resemble the British species in their external 
characters and in the mode of the arrangement of their 
skeleton structures as to render it quite impossible to 
distinguish the one from the other excepting by the aid 
of the microscope. The skeleton of the British species 
is then seen to be composed of stout, fusiform, acuate 
spicula, while that of the Australian species is formed 
of acerate spicula ; excepting this important character, 
they certainly could not be separated from each other. 


Isodicty 


Or 


oS 
~ 
2 
& 


ethea 


gous 


PLATE XIV. 


TwrHna CRANIUM, Lamarck. 
Vol. ii, p. 83, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiadw.’ 


Fig. 1—Represents an average-sized specimen of 
the sponge parasitical within an incomplete cup-shaped 
specimen of Isodictya infundibuliformis. Natural size, 
drawn from the specimens in the condition in which 
they came from the sea, having been preserved in a 
saturated solution of salt in water. 

Fig. 2.—From young specimens of the same two 
sponges, represented by fig. 1, in the condition in 
which they came from the sea. Natural size. 

This parasitical habit of Tethea craniwin, locating 
itself within the cup of I. infundibuliformis, is by no 
means of uncommon occurrence. 

Fig. 3.— An ovate form of T. cranium from a 
specimen in the condition in which it came from the 
sea. Natural size. 

Fig. 4.—A section of a specimen of T. cranium at 
right angles to its long axis, exhibiting the mode of 
disposition of the skeleton fasciculi and numerous 
gemmules embedded amid the tissues. Natural size. 
From a wet specimen. 

Fig. 5.—A group of minute, sigmoid, bihamate 
spicula from the sarcodous membranes of the sponge. 
x 1166 linear. 

These remarkable spicula eminently characterise the 
species. There is a sponge of the same genus from 
the Antarctic regions, 7. simillima, Bowerbank, MS., 
which very closely resembles the anatomical struc- 
tures of T. cranium, but differs from it in the total 
absence of the sigmoid bihamate spicula. 


36 PLATE XIV. 


Fig. 6.—One of the skeleton spicula. 80 linear. 

In vol. i, plate xxxi, fig. 362 represents a section at 
right angles to the surface of a specimen of T’. cranium, 
exhibiting the radiating defensive fasciculi of spicula and 
other interesting points in the anatomy of the sponge. 

In the same volume, plate xxv, fig. 343 represents 
the two sorts of gemmules that are found in adult 
specimens of T. cranium, and fig. 344 a gemmule of 
the largest description in its natural state, as seen by 
direct heht. x 25 linear. 

In the same volume, plate iv, figs. 77 to 82, the 
porrecto-ternate and recurvo-ternate defensive spicula 
are represented and described. 

This sponge is subject to much variation in size in 
different localities. 

Mr. Barlee sent me twelve specimens in the dried 
state, which he dredged at the Isle of Arran, Galway. 
None of them exceeded the size of a large dried pea. 
On making a vertical section of one of them I found all 
the characteristic spicula of the species, but not so fully 
developed as in the larger specimens from Shetland. 


99 
aa 
ume 


e XV. 


Ly 


Plat 


is 


chmidtit 10-16 


S 


Ot 


>. T. Lyneurium 17— 


apatera 


T. sptnulasna 


rlienemt1 


He 


W.West & C° 


Ur ac ove 


ne] 
= 
rR AN 
Q 
eer Q 
s secre IL —— 


eo 
aJ 


PLATE XV. 
Ternna Conninesu, Dowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 87, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiadee.’ 


Fig. 1—Represents the specimen found by me in 
the second of the Gulot caves at Sark, in the condi- 
tion in which it came from off the roe between high 
and low-water marks. Natural size. 

There are the basal portions of several small Balani 
firmly attached to its surface, indicating that it was 
probably several years old. 

Fig. 2.— A fusiformi-acerate skeleton spiculum. 
x 80 linear. 

Figs. 3, 4.—Muinute, acerate, tension spicula of the 
dermis. X 80 linear. 

Fig. 5.—A large, attenuato-stellate, retentive spicu- 
lum from the dermal membrane. xX 320 linear. 

Fig. 6.—One of the small, attenuato-stellate, reten- 
tive spicula of the dermal membrane. X 320 linear. 

Fig. 7.— A fully-developed, geniculated, recurvo- 
patento, ternate, connecting spiculum. x 80 linear. 

Fig. 8.—The head of one of the geniculated, recurvo- 
patento, ternate, connecting spicula, not completely 
developed. X 80 linear. 

Fig. 9.—One of the geniculated, recurvo-patento, 
ternate, connecting spicula, in an early stage of deve- 
lopment. xX 80 linear. 

The immature spicula represented by figs. 8 and 9 
are very numerous, and every possible intermediate 
form between figs. 7 and 9 oo be observed. 

In vol. 1, plate ii, fig. 48, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiadee,’ 
there is a fioure of one of the fully developed con- 
necting spicula of this species as the type of a “* genicu- 
lated, expando-ternate,” connecting spiculum. This 


38 PLATE XV. 


specimen has one of the ternate radii bifurcated, a 
variation not uncommon among the adult spicula of 
this form in Tethea Collingsir. 


Teruca Scumiptiu, Bowerbans. 
Vol. ii, p. 89, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 10.—Represents the specimen I received from 
my late friend Mrs. Buckland. It was relaxed from 
the dried condition by immersion in cold water, and 
by that means it attained as nearly as possible its 
natural proportions and appearance. Natural size. 

Fig. 11.—A second specimen of the same species 
which I found in the Gulot caves. It was drawn 
from the sponge as it came from the sea, having been 
preserved in spirit. Natural size. 

This specimen has small Balani parasitical on its 
surface, indicating that it had probably existed several 
years, 

Fig. 12.— A fusiformi-acerate skeleton spiculum. 
xX 80 linear. 

Fig. 13.— A _ fully-developed, attenuato-recurvo, 
patento-ternate, connecting spiculum. % 80 linear. 

Fig. 14.—A spinulate tension and external defensive 
spiculum from the dermal membrane.  X 80 linear. 

Fig. 15.—One of the large, attenuato-stellate, reten- 
tive spicula from the dermal membrane. xX 320 
linear. 

Fig. 16.—One of the minute, cylindro-stellate, reten- 
tive spicula from the dermal membrane. x 320 
linear. 


Teraba Lyncurium, Johnston. 
Vol. u1, p. 92, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 17—Represents a specimen preserved in spirit 
as it came from the sea at Plymouth. Natural size. 
Fig. 18.—A second specimen from the same locality, 


PLATE XV. 39 


preserved in spirit as it came from the sea. Natural 
size. 

This specimen is based on the remains of a fucus, 
and partially so to a small pebble on one side of it. 

In consequence of their immersion in spirit the 
corymbose terminations of the skeleton fasciculi are 
distinctly visible in both specimens, but they are not 
projected beyond the surface as it is usual in dried 
specimens. 

Hig. 19.—One of the fusiformi-acuate skeleton 
spicula. > 80 linear. 

Fig. 20.—One of the slender, fusiformi-acerate, ten- 
sion spicula of the interstitial membranes. x 80 
linear. 

Fig. 21.—A large, sub-sphero-stellate spiculum, 
with acutely conical radii from the dermis. xX 320 
linear. 

Fig. 22.—One of the minute, cylindro-stellate, reten- 
tive spicula from the inner surface of the dermal mem- 
brane. > 320 linear. <A large number of these 
spicula have the radii more or less acutely termi- 
nated. 

In vol. 1, plate xxv, fig. 342, ‘ Mon. Brit. Spongiadee,’ 
there is flour ed one of “the external eemmules of this 
species from the base of a specimen found at Plymouth 
by my late friend Mr. Thomas Howard Stewart. 
x 50 linear. 

Mr. Peach has also found this species in Fowey 
Harbour. 


TETHEA SPINULARIA, Bowerbans. 
Vol. ii, p. 94, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 23.—Represents the largest specimen of this 
species that I have yet seen. It was dredged at 
Shetland by the Rev. A. M. Norman, in whose pos- 
session it remains. It was relaxed im salt water pre- 
viously to being figured. Thirteen distinct mammil- 


40 PLATE XV. 


lated oscula are visible on its surface, and five of them 
have the central orifice more or less open. Natural 
size. 

Figs. 24, 25, 26— Three smaller specimens from 
the same locality, for which I am indebted to my friend 
Mr. Norman. ‘These three specimens expanded by 
immersion in water to a much greater proportional 
extent than the larger ones represented by fig. 23. 
They all exhibited the same mammillated oscula that 
are so abundant on the largest specimen. Natural 
size. 

Fie. 27.—One of the sub-fusiformi, ovo-spinulate, 
skeleton spicula. X 80, linear. 

Fig. 28.—One of the minute acerate spicula from the 
fasciculi of the dermal membrane. X 80 linear. 

Fig. 29.—One of the short, stout, fusiformi-ovo- 
spinulate, external, defensive spicula. > 80 linear. 

Fig. 30.—One of the small, sub-fusiformi-ovo- 
spinulate, tension spicula of the interstitial membranes. 
x 80 lnear. 


Haticnemia Patera, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 96, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 31.—Represents the upper or convex side of 
the specimen I received from my late friend Mr. 
Barlee in the dried state and of the natural size. 

Fig. 832.—Exhibits the concave or under surface of 
the same specimen in the dried state. Natural size. 

In vol. i, plate xxxu, fig. 363, a portion of a section 
of this specimen is represented, exhibiting the mode of 
the disposition of the spicula of the skeleton. x 25 
linear. 

Fig. 364 in the same plate represents a portion of 
the same section. > 108 linear. 

In the same volume, plate x, figs. 228 to 233 repre- 
sent various forms of spinulate spicula from the same 
specimen. 


Plate XVI. 


6-12. 


€ 


= 


Mo sa 


Dictyocylindrus ventilabrum | 


WienaAidouws deb-eb Wiad nab 


W West &C° imp 


41 


PLATE XVI. 
DicrvocyLinDRuSs. VENTILABRUM, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 100, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Vig. 1.—Represents the sponge half the natural 
size in its dried state. 

Fig. 2.—An acuate skeleton spiculuam. X 80 linear. 
The same figure will suffice to represent one of the 
external defensive spicula. 

Fig. 3.—One of the flexuous acerate skeleton 
spicula. X 80 linear. 

Fig. 4.—A fusiformi, acuate, tension spiculum from 
the interstitial membranes. x 80 linear. 

Fig. 5.—An internal defensive spiculum, entircly 
but minutely spinous. X 250 linear. 


DictyocyLinpRus RAMOsUsS, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 6.—Represents a dried specimen of D. ramosus 
of about the average size, and in a living condition 
when it was found, and is a fine specimen of the 
normal branching form of the species. Natural size. 

Fig. 7.—Exhibits the palmate form that frequently 
occurs to more or less extent in this species. This 
sponge is one of the most purely palmate specimens 
that I have yet seen. Natural size. 

Fig. 8.—Represents a small palmate specimen, which 
exhibits the mode by which the palmate form is effected 
by the branches coalescing laterally. Natural size. 

Fig. 9—One of the ‘acuate spicula of the axial 
column of the sponge. X 80 linear. This figure also 
represents one of the radial spicula equally well. 

Fig. 10.—Represents one of the cylindrical skeleton 
spicula from the axial column. > 80 linear. 

Fig. 11.—One of the attenuato-acuate, sub-spinu- 
late internal defensive spicula. x 250 linear. 

Fig. 12.—A slender acuate tension spiculum from 
the interstitial membranes.  X 80 linear. 


Plate XVII. 


CPR ee 


earn asters 


a eee 


— Sa Se A 
I P. 
Ney ne ee 


2% sripionnasd pert eee am Z 
“heseecge sittin alae SS << 


hispidus 


Dictyocylmdrus 


W West & C° ump 


W. Lens Aldous del etlith ad nat 


i) 
Ae 


PLATE XVII. 
Dicriocyninprus Hisprpus, Bowerbank. 
Vol. u, p. 108, § Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 1.—Represents a specimen from the Diamond 
Trawling Ground, off Hastines, im the condition in 
which it came from the sea. It is more than usually 
branched, and has probably originally been two 

specimens united by approximation, and it has evidently 

been separated for a considerable period from its 
natural base. This species occurs in every variety of 
form from a single stem with one or two branches only 
up to the complex- branching specimen figured. In 
this specimen the hispidation 1 is very slightly apparent, 
while in dried specimens it is abundantly visible. 
Natural size. 

Fig. 2.—Represents a singular variety of the species 
dredged by Mr. Jonathan Couch, of Polperro, off the 
Dodman in forty fathoms, October, 1866. Numerous 
other similar specimens were obtained in the same 
locality at the same time. Mr. Couch kindly sent 
me three of the specimens, and in neither of them 
could I detect any appearance of a basal attachment. 
One of the epeeHien> is considerably longer than that 
represented by fig. 2, but the diameter “of the whole 
were as nearly as possible the same, and in the hving 
state they were as flexible as a piece of soft wet string. 
Very slight indications of hispidation were visible: 
although | so different in external character, thei in- 
ternal structures were in perfect accordance. Natural 
size in the wet state. 

Fig. 3.—One of the skeleton spicula from the 
central axis of the sponge. X 80 linear. 

This spiculum also represents one of the external 
defensive spicula. 

Fig. 4.—One of the internal defensive  spicula. 

320 linear. 

Fig. 5.—One of the tension spicula from the inter- 
stitial membranes. X 80 linear. 


TW West & C2 ump 


Plate XVII. 


Dictyocyhndrus fascicularis. 


et bdth 


W Lens Aldous del 


PLATE XVIII. 
DicryocyLInprus FascicuLaRtis, Bowerbaink. 
Vol. u, p. 110, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 1.—Represents the finest and most perfect 
specimen I have yet seen from the Diamond Trawling 
Ground, off Hastings, in the condition in which it came 
from the sea, and of the natural size. Jn its wet and 
natural state the branches were cylindrical and of a 
rich amber yellow colour, and no spicula were projected 
through the dermal membrane. 

Fig. 2.—Is from a portion of a dried specimen from 
the same locality as that represented by fig. 1. It 
exhibits the contracted aspect of the sponge from 
drying ; the sarcodous external portions assuming the 
form of longitudinal angular ridges. Natural size. 

Fig. 3.—One of the skeleton spicula from the axial 
column of the sponge. X 80 linear. 

Fig. 4.—Represents four of the minute stellate 
spicula of the sarcode of the interstitial membranes 
from the specimen represented by fig. 1. x 530 
linear. From this specimen I obtained a more satis- 
factory view of these minute organs than I had pre- 
viously, and I found the radii in the greater portion of 
them more or less furcated. These spicula are 
strikingly illustrative of the species. 

The development of more than one principal branch 
from the base is not singular in the specimen figured. 
I have another specimen which has two perfect stems, 
and the remainder of a third one from the same base. 


Plate XIX. 


« 


Dictyocylmdrus stupesasl—7. D. Howsei€ 


D stumilae 19 % Pinte DAL. d ‘4. 


W.Lers Aldous delet lth W. West &C°& ip 


PLATE XIX. 
DicryocyLinprus srurosus, Bowerbant. 
Vol. ii, p. 116, ‘Mon, Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 1.—Represents a fully-developed specimen of 
the species from Shetland in the cabinet of the Rev. 
A. M. Norman. The sponge had been dried, but 
previous to being drawn it was immersed in water for 
about twelve hours, which restored it to, as nearly as 
possible, the condition in which it came from the sea. 
Natural size. 

Fig, 2.—A young specimen in the condition in which 
it came from the sea at Shetland, having been preserved 
in a saturated solution of salt in water. Natural size. 
This specimen is attached by its natural base to a 
pebble. 

Fig. 3.—One of the large attenuato-acuate external 
defensive spicula radiating from the surface of the 
axial column of the sponge. X 80 linear. In the 
living state these spicula project very shghtly beyond 
the dermal surface, but in dried specimens they are 
frequently projected to the extent of half or two thirds 
of their length in consequence of the contraction of 
the abundant sarcode of the sponge. 

Fig. 4. —Represents an average-sized, attenuato- 
sphero-stellate, retentive spiculum from the dermal 
membrane. X 530 linear. 

Fig. 5.—One of the rather short cylindrical skeleton 
spicula from the axial column. %X 80 linear. 

Fig. 6.—One of the slender moe teusion spicula 
of the interstitial membranes. Xx 80 linear. 

Fig. 7.—A slender acuate tension spiculum from 
the interstitial membranes. x 80 linear. 


48 PLATE XIX. 


Dictyocytinprus Howser, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 106, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 8.—Represents a specimen of the species from 
Douglas Bay, Isle of Man, expanded by immersion in 
water to as nearly as possible its ving condition. 
Natural size. I received this specimen from Mr. 
Howse. 

Fig. 9.—A second specimen of the same species from 
Douglas Bay, Isle of Man, expanded in water to nearly 
its living condition. Natural size. In the cabinet of 
the Rev. A. M. Norman. 

Fig. 10.—A sub-fusiformi-acuate skeleton spiculum. 
x 80 linear. This figure also represents the ex- 
ternal defensive spicula. 

Fig. 11.—Represents the basal portion of one of 
skeleton spicula with a sub-spinulate base. x 80 
linear. 

Fig. 12—An acuate slender tension spiculum. 
Xx 80 linear. 

Fig. 13.—One of the entirely spined, subclavated, 
attenuato-acuate internal defensive spicula from the 
specimen presented to me by Professor Dickie. 
xX 250 linear. 


DictyocyLinprus vircuLtosus, Bowerbank. 
Vol. u, p. 113, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 14.—Represents three specimens of D.virgultosus 
from Shetland in the cabinet of the Rev. A. M. Norman. 
Natural size. The specimens were immersed in water 
to restore them as nearly as possible to their conditions 
before they were drawn. 

Fig. 15.—An acuate skeleton spiculum. x 80 linear. 
This “figure e also represents the large external defensive 
spicula “radiating from the axial skeleton. 

Mig. 16. —One of the slender fasciculated external 


PLATE XIX. AQ 


defensive spicula. x 80 linear. These spicula are 
exceedingly numerous. 

Fig. 17.—An average-sized, subclavated, internal, 
defensive spiculum. » 150 linear. 

Fig. 18.—One of the large-sized, internal, defensive 
ue profusely but minutely spinous. x 150 
inear. 


DictyocyLinprus pumitus, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 114, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 19.—Represents the specimen I obtained at 
Tenby. Natural size; dried state. The stone on 
which the specimen is based is larger than represented 
in the figure. 

For the spicula of this species see Plate XXI, figs. 
1, 2,3, and 4. 


Plate XX. 


emt rey etry, 
iene orate mae yaar pe 


iF) 


su 


Dictyocylindrus rugosus.1-4&. D. radio 


W Lens Aldova del et Lith 


ump 


W West £C° 


PLATE XX. 
DictyocyLinprus ruGcosus, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 119, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiades.’ 


Fig. 1. —Repre: sents an average-sized specimen in 
the Come iion in which it came ord the sea at Shet- 
land, having been preserved in spirit. Natural size. 

The specimen figured is larger than the ereater 
number of the species that I Tau in my callechen: 
The largest I have seen is in the cabinet of the Rev. 
A.M. Norman. When dried this Species appears very 
coarsely hispid. 

Fig. 2.—One of the flexuous cylindrical spicula from 
the axial column of the sponge. 80 linear. 

Fig. 3.—One of the acerate aaa of the skeleton. 
x 80 linear. These spicula vary considerably in form 
many of them being sub-fusiform or inequi-acerate. 

Fig, 4.—An external, defensive, acuate spiculum 
from the termination of one of the radial fasciculi. 


DictTyocYyLINDRUs RADIOSUS, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 105, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 5.—Represents the sponge in its dried state. 
Natural size. 

Fig. 6.—One of the acuate skeleton spicula from the 
axial column of the sponge. This figure also represents 
the external defensive spicula, the only difference being 
that they slightly exceed those of the axial column in 
size. X 80 linear. 

Fig. 7.— An acerate skeleton spiculum from the axial 
column. They are usually rather more slender in their 


52 PLATE XX. 


proportions, and more flexuous than the acuate ones. 
x 80 linear. 

Fig. 8.—One of the very slender, acerate, tension 
spicula from the dermal membrane. X 80 linear. 

Fig. 9.—An attenuato-acuate, entirely-spined, in- 
ternal, defensive spiculum. ™X 250 linear. 

When I first examined this species of sponge I did 
not detect this form of spiculum. They are very few 
in nuinber, and had I not subsequently detected two 
of them 7 sit I should have been inclined to have 
attributed the presence of one of them in the spicula, 
prepared by nitric acid and mounted in Canada balsam, 
to an accidental occurrence. We must, therefore, add 
to the specific description in vol. ii, p. 105, the following 
description of them : 

Internal defensive spicula attenuato-acuate, entirely 
spined, minute, very few in number. 


LX 


Plate 


Co sacs 


watt ky So 


pu 


veylindrus 


a 
L 


JiCky 


W West &C° omnp 


sta 13-17. 


i 


robu 


Ph 


D3 


PLATE XXTI. 
DicryocyLinprus PumMILus, Bowerbank. 
Vol. u, p. 114, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


See pl. XIX, fig. 19, vol. iii, for a representation of 
the sponge. Tn consequence of the great number of 
the spicula required to illustrate the other three species 
represented in that plate, those belonging to D. 
pumilus were forced to be given in another “plate. 

Fig. 1.—A large, acuate, skeleton spiculum from the 
axis of one of the columns. X 80 linear. 

Fig. 2—The basal portion of a spinulate skeleton 
spiculum. X 80 hnear. 

Fig. 3.—A slender, acerate, tension spiculum. > 80 
linear. 

Fig. 4.—One of the internal defensive spicula. x 250 
linear. 


DictyocyLinprus acuLEatus, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 109, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Figs. 5, 6.—Represent specimens dredged off Scar- 
borough by Mr. Bean. 

Fig. 7.—A larger and more fully-developed specimen 
of D. aculeatus dredged off the Northumberland coast 
by Mr. Albany Hancock, to whom I am indebted for 
this very illustrative specimen. This sponge was 
soaked in water for some hours before it was drawn, 
to restore it as nearly as possible to the condition in 
which it was when in the living state. Natural size. 
The spicula of this species are from the type-specimen 
of the species presented to me by my late highly- 
esteemed friend Mr. Bean, of Scarborough. 


DA PLATE XXI. 


Figs. 8, 9.—Acuate spicula from the axis of the 
sponge. The larger ones (fig. 8) usually form the 
external defenses, while the smaller (fig. 9) more 
especially appertain to the skeleton; but both forms 
occur intermixed in the axial column. X 80 linear. 

Fig. 10.—One of the fusiformi-acerate, tension 
spicula of the interstitial membranes. X 80 linear. 

Fig. 11.—One of the internal defensive spicula. 
x 80 linear. 

Fig. 12.—An internal defensive spiculum. x 250 
linear, to exhibit their exceedingly minute spination. 

Since the description of this species in vol. u, p. 109, 
‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade,’ I have received a specimen 
from Newcastle from Mr. A. Hancock, and another 
from the coast of Northumberland by the Rev. A. M. 
Norman, in 1865. Both these specimens were in the 
dried state, and were very similar in their external 
characters to the specimens I received from Mr. Bean. 
Mr. W. Saville Kent dredged two specimens off Guern- 
sey in 1870, and preserved them in spirit in the state 
in which they came from the sea. The colour in this 
condition was a dull olive green. The largest of the 
two did not exceed eight lines in height; they were 
irregularly cylindrical, and about two lines in diameter. 
Their surfaces were very hirsute, the external defensive 
spicula projecting beyond the dermal surface for a half 
or two thirds of their length. 


PHAKELLIA RoBUSTA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 120, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 13.—A specimen of the sponge in the wet 
condition. Natural size. 

This is not the type-specimen described in vol. ii, 
p- 120, but another one that I subsequently received, 
with many others of the same species, from my friend 
Mr. Peach. They are all very nearly of the same size. 
The one figured was sclected in consequence of its fine 


PLATS XXL. +3) 


state of preservation, and for affording a good view of 
both surfaces of the sponge by the large natural 
folding of the expanded surface of the sponge. The 
Rev. A. M. Norman has a specimen of this species 
formed of two sponges which have grown together at 
their margins, and each of these has a folding of thei 
proximal margins so, as it were, to avoid touching each 
other as much as possible. The width of the double 
Specimen is seven inches, and the height of the largest, 
one four inches. 

Figs. 14, 15.—T wo of the skeleton spicula from the 
axial column. X 80 linear. 

Figs. 16, 17.—An acerate and an acuate spiculum 
from the ranuli. xX 80 linear. 

These two forms of spicula are common to the 
dermal surface as well as to the ramuli. 


Plate XXII. 


vemtila brim. 


Phakelha 


W West & C° ump 


W Lens Aldous del ef Lith 


SJ 


PLATE XXII. 
PHAKELLIA VENTILABRUM, Bowerbank. 
Vol. 11, p. 122, ‘ Mon. Brit. Spongiadee.’ 


Fig. 1.—Represents an expanded cup-shaped speci- 
men of the species of the natural size from the Haaf 
Banks, Shetland, in the wet condition as it came from 
the sea. 

Fig. 2—A smaller sized cup-shaped specimen, the 
cup being naturally cleft to the base of the sponge, 
natural size; in the wet condition. From the Haat 
Banks. 

Fig. 3.—An irregularly fan-shaped specimen, natu- 
ral size, and in the wet condition. From the Haaf 
Banks. 

Fig. 4.—A small, cup-shaped specimen of the 
natural size, from a dried specimen. From the 
Hebrides. I have received numerous specimens from 
that locality, the greater portion being cup-shaped, and 
some of them not. exceeding half an inch in height. 

Fig. 5.—A skeleton spiculum frota one of the axes 
of the sponge. X 80 linear. 

Figs. 6 and 7.—Two of the spicula from the ramuli. 
x 80 linear. 

The greater number of these sponges are more or 
less cup-shaped, and I have therefore selected that 
form to illustrate the species; figuring No. 3 as 
affording an idea of the irregular fan-shaped speci- 
mens. ‘The species vary to as great an extent in size 
as they do in form; some of the cup-shaped ones mea- 
sured more than ten inches in diameter at their distal 
margins, and one of the rate a specimens in my 
ae ‘base upward, measures ninet een “inches in height, 
and nineteen inches in breadth, near its distal entre. 
mity. The larger specimens are usually in a more or 
less dilapidated “condition. 


Plate XXII. 


TW.West &C® imp 


“> = 


M. fallax 12-16. M.armata 17-24. 


Microciona fictitia 1=6.-M. lewis 7— IL. 


W Lenn Aldous del et Lith 


59 
PLATE XXIII. 
Microciona rrovitia, Borwerbank. 
Vol. u, p. 124, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 1.—Represents the type-specimen in the cabinet 
of the Rev. A. M. Norman. Natural size. 

Fig. 2.—A skeleton spiculum. x 150 hnear. 

Fig. 3.—One of the basally-spined, attenuato-acuate, 
external, defensive spicula. X 150 linear. 

Fig. 4.—One of the entirely spined attenuato-acuate 
internal, defensive spicula. > 150 linear. 

Fig. 5.—The basal portion of one of the internal 
defensive spicula, to exhibit variety in the basal portion. 
« 250 linear. 

Fig. 6.—One of the equi-anchorate, retentive spicula. 
x 530 linear. 

Since the completion of this plate I have obtained a 
very much larger and finer specimen of this species, which 
is figured in the supplemental Plate LX XIX of this 
volume. 


Microciona Lavis, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 127, ‘ Mon. Brit. Spongiadz.’ 


Fig. 7.—The type-specimen of M. levis from Shet- 
land. Natural size. 

Fig. 8.—One of the attenuato-acuate, tension spicula 
of the dermal membrane. xX 150 linear 

The tension spicula of the dermal membrane in the 
specific description of the sponge in vol. u, p. 122, 
has been printed in error as “‘ attenuato-acerate,’ 
whereas it should have been attenuato-acuate. 

Fig. 9.—One of the tricurvo-acerate tension spicula 
of the dermal membrane. X 250 linear. 

Fig. 10.—An attenuato-acuate skeleton spiculum. 
x 80 linear. 

Fig. 11.—An attenuato-acuate, entirely spined, inter- 
nal de fensive spiculum. X 150 linear. 


60 PLATTE XXILI. 


Microctona raLLax, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 128, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 12.—Represents the type-specimen from the 
Diamond Ground, off Hastings, im the dried condition. 
Natural size. 

Fig. 13.—One of the long, slender, acuate, tension 
spicula from the dermal membrane. % 250 linear. 

Fig. 14.—A skeleton spiculum. X 250 linear. 

Fic. 15.—The basal portion of one of the skeleton 
spicula. X 320 linear, to exhibit the minuteness of 
the spination. 

Fig. 16.—One of the internal, defensive spicula. 
x 250 linear. 


Microctona ARMATA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 129, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 17.—Represents the ty pe-specimen from 
Strangford Lough, by Dr. Dickie, in the dried condi- 
tion and of the pa al size, 

Fig. 18.—A specimen of JM. armata., surrounding a 
Caryophyllia Snithii from Guernsey, by the Rev. ao 
M. Norman. In the dried comfton and of the 
natural size. 

Fig. 19.—An attenuato-acuate, tension spiculum 
from the dermal membrane. Xx 123 linear. 

Fig. 20.—One of the anguloid, tricurvato-acerate, 
retentive spicula from the dermal membrane. xX 
250 linear. 

Fig. 21.—A dentato-palmate, equi-anchorate, reten- 
tive ‘spiculum from the dermal membrane. x 1000 
linear. 

Fig. —A_ bidentate, equi-anchorate, retentive 
Pee ae the dermal Heinesen, x 10 OO linear. 

Fig. 23.—An attenuato-acuate, basally-spined, skele- 
ton spiculum, x 123 hnear. 

Fig. 24.—An  attenuato-acuate, entirely 


spined, 
internal, defensive spiculum. 123 linear, 


6 


al 
anguinea 


Ay 
( 


Mss 


Sprulen 


M. ate 


Microciona 


W hens Aldoiwa del ef loth 


61 


PLATE XXIV. 
Microctona spINULENTA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. u, p. 182, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


tig. 1.—Represents a valve of Pecten opicularis 
covered with a thin coat of M. spinulenta, all the dark 
portions between the ribs of the shell having the 
appearance of the wet pile of a brown cotton velvet. 
The white patch on the middle of the valve is Celle- 
pura pumicosa. The specimen is from Weymouth 
Bay, near the wreck of the Abergavenny. Natural 
size. 

Fig. 2.—From one of the sub-clavate, cylindrical, 
tension spicula of the dermal membrane. x 250 
linear. 

Fig. 3.—An attenuato-acute, entirely spined, skeleton 
spiculum ; the base being profusely spinous. x 250 
linear. 

Fig. 4.—One of the short attennato-acuate, entirely 
spined, internal, defensive spicula. > 250 linear. 

Fig. 5.—One of the bidentate, inequi-anchorate, 
retentive spicula. X 1250 linear. 

Fig. 6.—An unipocilate, retentive spiculum. > 1250 
linear. 


Microciona prumosa, Bowerbank. 


Spongia plumosa, Montagu. 

Halichondria plumosa, Johnston. 

Hymeniacidon plumosa, Bowerbank. ‘Mon. Brit. Spong.,’ 
vol. ii, p. 195. 

Microciona carnosa, Bowerbank. ‘Mon. Brit. Spong.,’ 
vol. i, p. 133. 

The sponges described by me in vol. 1, pp. 195 and 
133, are decidedly the same species, and both belong 
to the genus Microciona. 

I have fallen into this error through having examined 
and described the first specimens of this sponge 


62 PLATE XXIV. 


sent to me by Mrs. Griffiths in MS. long before I was 
acquainted with the specimens of Microciona carnosa, 
vol, i, p. 133, Mon. Brit. Spongiadze, which I subse- 
quently found at Sennen Cove, and it was not until I 
re-examined the British species of Hymeniacidon for 
figuring in the present volume that [ detected the 
error I had fallen into in my early description of the 
specimens sent to me by Mrs. Griffiths; and as Mon- 
tagu’s, specific name of plumosa has precedence of that 
of carnosa, the species must hereafter be designated 
Microciona plumosa; the description of the sponge 
under the designation of M. carnosa being received as 
that of J. plumosa. 

The general aspect of the species is so different in 
its living state to what it is in its dried condition, that 
when I found it alive at Sennen Cove I am not sur- 
prised that I did not recognise it as the same as the 
dried sponges sent to me by Mrs. Griffiths, and I 
accordingly described it at that time without reference 
to those specimens. 

Fig. 7.—A specimen of M. plumosa from Guernsey by 
the Rev. A. M. Norman. Natural size. From the 
dried specimen. 

Fig. 8.—The type-specimen from Sennen Coye, 
Land’s End, Cornwall. Natural size, in the driec 
state. 

Fig. 9.—A fusiformi-acerate spiculum, from the 
dermal membrane. ™X 250 linear. 

Fig. 10.—One of the sub-attenuato-acuate, skeleton 
spicula, entirely spned. X 250 linear. 

Fig. 11.—One of the internal, defensive, attenuato- 
acuate, entirely spined spicula. x 250 linear. 

Fig. 12.—One of the bidentate angulated equi-an- 
chorate, retentive spicula, from the interstitial mem- 
branes. > 1250 hnear. 

Fig. 13 —Represents a small portion of one of the 
long, slender, and flexuous columns of the skeleton of 
M. plumosa. X 150 linear. 

This species presents a great variety 1m its aspect. 


PLATE XXTV. 63 


Some of the specimens [ have from the Diamond 
Grounds, off Hastings, very thinly coat the stones on 
which they are based, while from the same locality I 
have one specimen that is five inches in length and 
three inches at its greatest breadth, and the thickness 
and surface characters very like the specimens 
figured. I have figured a portion of one of the long 
slender, skeleton columns of this sponge, not only to 
illustrate the anatomical structure of the species, but 
also in strong contrast with the remarkably short 
skeleton columns of M. atrasanguinea, represented by 
fi. 269, plate xxxiv, voli, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Mtcroctona ATRASANGUINEA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. 11, p. 188, ‘ Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 14.—Represents a specimen of M. atrasanguinea 
from the small cave on the north side of St. Kathe- 
rine’s Island, Tenby. 

Fig. 15.—One of the long, slender, tension spicula, 
from the dermal membrane. > 150 linear. 

Fig. 16.—A tricurvate, acerate, tension spiculum, 
from the dermal membrane. X 250 linear. 

Fig. 17.—One of the skeleton spicula from the 
skeleton column. X 150 linear. 

Fig. 18—One of the terminal, skeleton spicula, 
elongated to act as an external defensive spiculum. 
< 150 linear. 

Fig. 19.—A sub-spinulo-acuate, entirely spined, inter- 
nal defensive spiculum. X 250 linear. 

For further illustrations of this species see vol. 1, 
plate xxxiu, fig. 368, for a single skeleton column in a 
fully developed condition, x 175 near ; and also fig. 
369, plate xxxiv, in the same volume, for a sectional 
view of the sponge at right angles to its surface. 
108 linear. 

I received some thin flakes of this sponge from Mr. 
Parfitt, of Exeter, on the 1st of March, 1872, who stated 
that he had scraped it off the shell of one of the 
recently imported American oysters. 


Plate XXV. 


Microciona ambiqua. 
Lens Aldous deb eb itv ad nat W. West &C° unp 


PLATE XXV. 
Microctona amBiaua, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 186, ‘Mon. Brit. Sponges.’ 


Fig. 1.—Represents the type-specimen on a portion 
of the shell of Pinna i ingens? Natural size. 

The sponge is so thin that, although it extends in 
one unbroken sheet over the surface of the shell, it 
does not conceal the small parasitic shells beneath it 
which were previously deposited on the large one. 

Fig. 2.—One of the attenuato-acuate basally-spined, 
skeleton spicula. > 80 linear. 

Fig. 3.—The basal portion of one of the skeleton 
spicula. 250 linear, to show the minuteness of their 
Spination. 

Fig. 4.—One of the slender acerate, tension spicula 
of the dermal membrane. x 250 linear: 

Fig. 5.—One of the attenuato-acuate, entirely spined, 
internal defensive spicula. 250 linear. 

Fig. 6.—One of the sub-attenuated, cylindrical, 
entire ly-spined, tension spicula of the interstitial mem- 
branes. 

The forms of the spicula are various and frequently 
much distorted. > 250 linear. 

Fig. 7.—One of the angulated, bidentate-equian- 
chorate, retentive spicula. > 530 linear. 

Fig. 8.—One of the bidentate, palmate, equianchorate, 
retentive spicula. X 530 linear. 

Fig. 9.—A section of the sponge at mght aneles to 
its erence: >< 80 linear. 

The arched appearance of the basal outline of the 
section is caused by the projecting ridges of the shell 
on which it is seated. 


4) 


Hymeraphia  veriniculata | 
H. clavata 4-9, 


W Lens Aldous del. et Lith 


eee 
SPOR 


sae op ynpmey tees 


W West & CS ump 


67 


PLATE XXVI. 


HYMERAPHIA VERMICULATA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 141, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 1—A portion of the sponge exhibiting the 
basal membranes covered with its characteristic in- 
equiacerate, vermiculoid spicula with the proximal ends 
of numerous long acuate skeleton spicula projecting 
from it at various angles to its surface, and one of the 
same description of spicula recumbent at a xX 80 
linear. 

Fig. 2.—A small angular pebble from the deep sea, 
Shetland, by Mr. Barlee, having the whole of the upper 
surface (a) encrusted with the thin yellow sponge. 
Natural size. 

Fig. 3.—Half of a bouldered pebble with a thin 
circular patch of the sponge upon it, from the same 
locality as No. 2. Natural size. 

Vol. i, Plate I, fig. 5, represents one of the inequi- 
acerate vermiculoid spicula. X 175 linear. 

I am indebted to my friend Mr. Peach for many 
other specimens of this interesting sponge. The 
species appears to be by no means rare on pebbles and 
dead shells. 


HYMERAPHIA CLAVATA, Bowerbans.. 
Vol. ii, p. 143, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 4.—A microscopical view of a portion of a 
sponge exhibiting the external surface and a portion 
of the basal membrane through an osculum. x 80 
linear. 

Fig. 5.—A sponge covering a portion of the outer 


68 PLATE XXVI. 


surface of a valve of Astarte scotica at aa. Natural 
size. 

Fig. 6—A sponge encrusting the greater portion 
of a small angular pebble, a a being the sponge. 
Natural size. 

Fig. 7—One of the large subclavate skeleton and 
external defensive spicula. x 250 linear. 

Figs. 8 and 9—T'wo of the attenuato-clavate, en- 
tirely-spined internal defensive spicula. > 250 linear. 
These spicula differ exceedingly in size, some of them 
being larger than the one represented by fig. 8. 


Plate XXVIL. 


Hvymeraphia verticillatal-3. 
H. stellifera 4-6 


PLATE XXVII. 
HYMBRAPHIA VERTICELLATA, Doiwerbans. 
Vol. ii, p. 145, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 1.—Magnified view of a small piece of 
the type-specimen of the sponge exhibiting the 
numerous fusiformi-cylindrical, verticillately spined 
spicula of the dermal membrane with a portion of the 
shaft of a very large skeleton spiculum. 250 linear. 

Fig. 2.—Represents the basal end of one of the 
large attenuato-clavate skeleton spicula. X 250 
linear. 

Fig. 3.—Represents the type-specimen of the sponge 
of the natural size. 

Vol. i, Plate X, fig. 238, represents an adult verti- 
cillately-spined spiculum of the dermal membrane of 
the largest size. X 183 Imear; and fig. 239 re- 
presents the incomplete development of the verti- 
cillately-spined spiculum in its mormiiform - state. 
> 183 linear. 

Fig. 240 in the same plate exhibits the incissurate 
termination of one of the auxiliary skeleton spicula of 
H. verticellata. x 660 linear. 

I received a small pebble from my friend Mr. Peach 
in a bottle with spirit, part of the results of bis 
dredging at Shetland in the year 1864. On the top 
of the stone there was a small conical sponge, ap- 
parently a very young specimen of Hymeniacidon 
suberea, and on the side of the stone a thin patch of 
sponge very little exceeding the eighth of an inch in 
diameter. On removing this and mounting it in 
Canada balsam it proved to be a very young state of 
Hymeraphia verticillata. The remarkable spiculous 


70 PLATE XXVIT. 


dermal membrane was well produced, but the rest of 
its organisation was scarcely developed sufficiently to 
characterise the species in a satisfactory manner. 


HYMERAPHIA STELLIFERA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 146, ‘ Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 4.—A microscopical view of a portion of a 
sponge exhibiting the skeleton and external defensive 
spicula projected at various angles from the basal 
membrane and numerous internal, defensive, clavate, 
attenuato-cylindrical, internal, defensive spicula with 
stellately spinous apices, 77 sit. > 80 linear. 

Fig. 5—A portion of the columella of a Fusus 
completely encrusted by the sponge. Natural size. 
Deep sea, Shetland. 

Fig. 6.—A small patch of the sponge on the inner 
surface of a valve of Docinia lincta. Natural size. 
Deep sea, Shetland. 

Vol. i, Plate I, fig. 34, represents one of the clavato- 
attenuato-cylindrical, apically spimed internal defensive 
spicula. X 260 linear. 

Plate xxxiv, fig. 370, in the same volume exhibits 
a section at right angles to the basal membrane of a 
specimen of H. stellitera, with all its spicula in siti. 
x 108 linear. 

My indefatigable friend, Mr. Peach, when he ac- 
companied Mr. J. G. Jeffreys in one of his North Sea 
dredging expeditions, obtained a considerable number 
of specimens of this sponge. It is by no means un- 
common on dead shells and pebbles from 70 to 100 
fathoms deep. 


Plate XXVIII. 


el ef lith 


AA. stellata 5-8. 


W.West & C° ump 


PLATE XXVIII. 


HyMppesMiA rApiata, Bowerbank. 
Vol. u, p. 149, ‘ Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 1—A magnified view of a small portion of a 
sponge exhibiting the radiatmg groups of skeleton 
spicula i sit. X 80 lnear. 

Fig. 2.—The basal portion of one of the long and 
slender attenuato-acerate, skeleton spicula. > 128 
linear. 

Fig. 3.—One of the largest of the clavated attenuato- 
acerate, incipiently-spined, internal, defensive spicula. 
x 150 linear. 

Fig. 4.—One of the smallest of the same description 
of spicula as that represented by fig 3. x 150 
linear. 

For a representation of the sponge of its natural 
size, see Plate XVIII, fig. 8, of the present work. 

This specimen exhibits the largest encrusted surface 
of this tribe of sponges that I have yet seen. The 
specimen was obtained among the deep sea dredgings 
at Shetland by my friend Mr. C. W. Peach in 1865. 


HyYMEDESMIA STELLATA, Bowerbank. 


Vol. u, p. 150, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiads.’ 


Fig. 5.—A portion of the type-specimen of H. 
stellata in the cabinet of the Rev. A. M. Norman, 
exhibiting the dermal membrane crowded with its 
minute cylindro-stellate spicula. 123 linear. 

Fig. 6.—A group of three of the cylindro-stellate 
spicula. X 530 linear. 


(2 PLATE XXVIII. 


Fig. 7—The basal portion of one of the ovo-spinu- 
late skeleton spicula.  X 150 linear. 

Fig. 8.—A view of the type-specimen of the sponge 
of its natural size, the darkly-shaded portion repre- 
senting the sponge. 

Since the description of this species in vol. 11, ‘ Mon. 
Brit. Spongiade,’ p. 150, I found two more specimens 
of this species among some small shells and fragments 
of shells sent to me by my indefatigable friend Mr. C. 
W. Peach, as the refuse of his Shetland dredging in 
1866. The best of the two specimens coated a space 
a little exceeding two lines in diameter, of the inner 
surface of a valve of a Pectunculus not exceeding 5 
lines in diameter. The portion of the specimen 
mounted in Canada balsam agreed in its structure, in 
every respect, with the type-specimen dredged by the 
Rev. Mr. Norman at Guernsey. 

The second specimen was on a small flat fragment 
of shell. The sponge did not exceed a line and a half 
in diameter, and was evidently in an early stage of 
development. Both specimens were of a light fawn 
yellow colour in the dried state like the type one. 


XE MTTST 


BUCS ALATA, 


Hymedesstuis Zetlancdien 1-7. H radiata & 


Wobens Aldous det ef ith 


W. West & C& ona 


PLATH XXIX. 
Hymepesura Zerpanpica, Bowerbank. 
Vol. i, p. 152, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 1.—Represents a portion of the sponge from the 
Specimen represented by fig. 6, exhibiting the fasci- 
culated condition of the bi-clavated skeleton spicula, 
and of the simple bihamate groups, and the rest of the 
spicula, aw sit. > 123 hnear. 

Fig. 2.—One of the attenuato-acuate, entirely-spined 
internal, defensive spicula. Xx 320 linear. 

Fig. 3.—One of the tridentate, equi-anchorate, re- 
tentive spicula. > 530 linear. 

Fig. 4.—A bidentate, equianchorate, retentive spicu- 
lum. X 530 linear. 

Fie. 5.—A group of simple bihamate retentive 
spicula. > 530 linear. 

Fig. 6—A valve of Docina evolita, having two 
patches of the sponge on its inner surface ata a. 
There are also two small crania attached to the shell. 
Natural size. 

Fig. 7.—A small pebble nearly covered by the en- 
crusting sponge represented by the lightest tinted 
portion of the figure. Natural size. 

Fig. 8.—Represents the specimen of Hymedesmia 
radiata described in page 149, vol. u, ‘Mon. Brit. 
Spongiade.’ The large light-coloured patch opposite 
« being the sponge; the smaller light-coloured patches 
to the left hand in the specimen being calcareous. 
Natural size. 

For the anatomical structures see Plate XXVIIT in 
this volume. 


Hymeniaciden Thomasill—3. H.coccinea 4-6. 
H.Brettu 7-9. H.fragihs 10-12. 


Lens Aldous del et de 


PLATE XXX. 


HyMeEnracipon THomast, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 155, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 1.—Represents the type-specimen of the sponge 
in the dried state. Natural size. 

Fig. 2.—One of the skeleton spicula. 150 linear. 

Fig. 3.—One of the slender acerate spicula of the 
interstitial membranes. > 150 linear. 


HyYMENIACIDON coccINEA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. u1, p. 156, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 4.—Represents the type-specimen of the species 
from Salcombe Bay, Devonshire, in the dried state. 
Natural size. 

Fig. 5.—A larger specimen of the species from 
Jersey ; in the cabinet of the Rev. A. M. Norman. In 
the dried state. Natural size. 

Fig. 6.—One of the subfusiformi-acerate spicula of 
the skeleton. X 150 linear. 


Hymentacipon Brettir, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 158, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 7.—The type-specimen of the species figured 
from the dried sponge. Natural size. 

Fig. 8.—One of the fusiformi-acerate, skeleton 
spicula.  X 150 linear. 

Fig. 9.—A slender acerate spiculum of the dermal 
membrane. X 150 linear. 

Since the description of the type-specimen I have 


76 PLATE XXX. 


acquired three others which were found by Mrs. Brett 
at the same locality as the type one. One of them is 
one inch and two lines in length, and nine lines in 
breadth; the second one is rather less in size, and the 
third one about the size of the figured specimen. The 
oscula are more numerous in all the three, and are 
rather more elevated above the dermal surface of the 
sponge. In every other respects they agree very 
closely with the type. specimen. 


HyYMENIACIDON FRAGILIS, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 159, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 10.—Represents an average-sized specimen of 
the sponge in the dried state of the natural size. 

Fig. 11.—One of the slender fusiformi-acerate spicula 
of the dermal membrane. > 150 linear. 

Fig. 12.—A fusiformi-acerate, stout, skeleton spicu- 
lum. X 150 linear. 

This species appears to be very local in its habits. 
I found it near the mouth of the Dart about twenty- 
five years since, and I have never seen or heard of a 
specimen having been found in any other locality. 


15 

PEO in, Y 
Cre 

Se — 


Hymeniacidon reticulatus1-3.H. fallaciosus 4-5. 
H.albescens, 6-10. H.pevarmatus ll-16. 


W Jiens Aldous del ef With W West &C° Unp 


v7 


PLATE XXXI. 


HYMENIACIDON RETICULATUS, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 159, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiads.’ 


Fig. 1—Represents the type-specimen of the species 
on the surface of a portion of a flat bouldered stone at 
a, the remainder of the surface being covered with 
small shells and other matters. Natural size. 

Fig. 2.—A small piece of the reticulated dermal 
membrane. X 123 linear. 

Fig. 3.—One of the stout, acerate, skeleton spicula. 
x 150 linear. 

The Rev. A. M. Norman dredged a specimen of this 
sponge at Jersey, and sent it to me for examination. 
It was preserved in spirit as it came from the sea. It 
consisted of two small sponges which had grown 
together at their bases. One was an inch in length by 
half an inch in width, and the other three quarters of 
an inch in diameter, and each about half an inch in 
height ; and they had apparently been based on a rock 
or large stone. The colour was dull, ochreous yellow, 
with a tint of green. In the wet state no minute 
reticulation was visible on the surface. Each of them 
had three or four oscula on the upper surface, with 
slightly elevated margins varying from a line to a line 
and a half in diameter. The anatomical characters 
were in perfect accordance with those of the type- 
specimen, and the same variations in the perfect 
development of the beautiful dermal reticulation were 
visible. F 

Mr. W. Saville Kent dredged twelve specimens of 
this species off Guernsey in 1870; the largest did not 
exceed an inch and a half in length, and the greater 


78 PLATE XXXI. 


number were much smaller. In one of them the basal 
membrane is in a fine state of preservation. It is 
abundantly furnished with spicula, which are not 
arranged in a reticulation, as they are in the dermal 
membrane, but are thickly and irregularly felted 
together. 


HyYMENIACIDON FALLACIOsUs, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 160, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 4.—Represents the type-specimen in the collec- 
tion of the Rev. A. M. Norman. Natural size. 

Fig. 5.—One of the stout acerate spicula of the 
skeleton. 

Since the first publication of this species I have 
received a small specimen of it of an irregular, massive 
form, about half an inch in diameter. It was found 
by my friend Mr. C. W. Peach in, I believe, Fowey 
Harbour. I have also received five specimens in a 
bottle from Mr. Norman, labelled “ Strangford Lough, 
tidemarks, October 8th, 1869.” Among the five there 
was one undistinguishable by its external characters 
from the others, which proved, on microscopical exa- 
mination, to be a specimen of Hymeniacidon fallaciosus. 
It was parasitical on the stems of a Fucus, embracing 
and binding four or five of the branches together into 
a mass irregularly cylindrical in shape, about an inch 
in length, and rather more than half an inch in dia- 
meter. The whole of the structural characters were 
in perfect accordance with those of the type-specimen. 


HYMENIACIDON ALBESCENS, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 161, ‘ Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 

Figs. 6, 7.—Specimens of the species from the 
Guliot Caves, Sark, with the basal sponge, whence the 
virgultose portion springs. Natural size. 

Figs. 8, 9.—Specimens from Roundham Head, 


PLATE XXXI. 79 


Torbay, collected by Mr. Gosse. Fig. 8 represents the 
branching variety. Occasionally, but very rarely, 
there are as many as three branches. Natural size. 

Fig. 10.—One of the large fusiformi-acerate spicula 
of the skeleton.  X 150 linear. 


HYMENIACIDON PERARMATUS, Bowerbank. 
Vol. 1, p. 164, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 11.—Represents the type-specimen in the col- 
lection of the Rev. A. M. Norman of the natural size. 
The front of the stone is covered by the sponge, ex- 
cepting the angular space at (a). At nearly the middle 
of the sponge a few of the slightly elevated oscula are 
apparent as represented. 

Figs. 12, 13.—Two of the large, acerate, skeleton 
spicula. x 150 linear. 

Figs. 14, 15.—Two of the eqwanchorate, tridentate, 
retentive spicula, X 320 linear, representing about the 
largest and the smallest of these spicula. 

Fig. 16.—An average-sized, attenuato-clavate, en- 
tirely-spined, internal, defensive spiculum. > 150 
linear. They vary maak in size, some being nearly 
twice the length of the one fioured, while others are 
not above half the length of the figured one. 


Plate XXXIL. 


Hymeniacidon caruncula |— 4. H.sanquinea 5-8. 
H. lactea 9-10. H. membrana l1—-12. 


W. West & C° ump 
W Lens Aldour del ef tith 


81 


PLATE XXXII. 
HYMENIACIDON CARUNCULA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ui, p. 166, ‘ Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 1.—An average-sized specimen of the species 
from St. Katherine’s Cave, Tenby, from a dried 
specimen. Of the natural size. 

Fig. 2.—One of the slender acuate spicula, from 
the dermal membrane. x 250 linear. 

Fig. 3.—A large-sized skeleton spiculum. & 250 
linear. 

Fig. 4.—A small-sized skeleton spiculum. > 250 
lmear. The greater portion of the skeleton spicula 
are intermediate in size between figures 3 and 4. 


FLYMENIACIDON SANGUINEA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ui, p. 168, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 5.—Represents a specimen of the species from 
the Island of Boffin, Connemara, sent to me by the 
Rev. Robert Hudson. It is of about the average size 
and in the dried condition. Natural size. 

Fig. 6.—One of the slender, acuate spicula, from 
ee dermal membrane. 250 linear. 

Figs. 7 and 8.—Two of the skeleton spicula. « 250 
linear. The spicula vary in size in every degree 
between the two figured ones. 

I have also received a small specimen of this species 
from my friend Mr. C. W. Peach, who found it in 
Fowey Harbour in 1847. 

6 


82 PLATE XXXII. 


Hymeniacipon Lactea, Bomerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 163, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 9.—Represents the type-specimen of the species 
from the Moray Frith, on a portion of an old Pecten 
shell. The patches of the sponge are represented by 
the hghter portions of the figure opposite the letter (a). 
Natural size. 

Fig. 10.—One of the large acerate skeleton spicula. 
x 250 linear. 

Since the description of the type-specimen in p. 163, 
vol. ui, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiadz,’ I have acquired a very 
much larger and better developed specimen of the 
species. It covers by far the greater portion of the 
surface of the type-specimen of Isodictya obscura 
represented by fig. 1, plate Ixxiv, vol. i, ‘ Mon. Brit. 
Spongiade.’ Although developed to so much greater 
an extent than in the type-specimen, the sponge still 
exhibits the same thin paper-like structure that cha- 
racterises the type one, and the milk white colour in the 
dried state is hke that of the small patches of the 
sponge in the type-specimen. The anatomical struc- 
tures of the two specimens are also in perfect accord- 
ance in all their essential characters, and the only 
difference is that in the larger specimen the interstitial 
structures are slightly more developed than in the type 
one, and therefore they exhibit the generic characters 
of the species in a more satisfactory manner. 


HYMENIACIDON MEMBRANA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 165, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 11.—Represents the type-specimen of the 
species in the cabinet of the Rev. A.M. Norman. The 
specimen is spread out on, and is adherent to, a piece 
of paper. Natural size. 

Fig. 12.—One of the acerate, skeleton spicula. x 
250 linear. 


Plate XXXII. 


H.macilenta7—18. 


H.viridan 


‘6. 


H.consimilis 5 


mammeatal— 4. 


Hymeniacidon 


19-22 


W West 


-34-) Tl Fallax 15-18. 


20 
OA 


Ho variantia 14, (see Plate XIV. 


del of Lith 


Von 


W hens 


83 


PLATE XXXIII. 


HyMeEniacipon MAMMEATA, Powerbank. 
Vol. 11, p. 170, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 1.—Represents the type-specimen in the 
cabinet of the Rev. A. M. Norman. Natural size. 

Wig. 2.-—One of the large, fusiformi, acuate, skeleton 
spicula. x 150 linear. 

Fig. 3.—A slender, acuate, tension spiculum, from 
the dermal membrane. x 150 linear. 

Fig. 4.—A  fusiformi-acuate, external, defensive 
spiculum. x 150 linear. 

Since the publication of this species, p. 170, vol. u, 
I have obtained a fine specimen of it from the Diamond 
Ground, off Hastings. It is in the form of a com- 
pressed dried fig, two inches in diameter and half an 
inch in thickness at its distal portion, from which 
numerous mamme are projected, varying in height 
from three to five lines, and about one line and a half in 
diameter near the base. The sponge is attached by 
about two thirds of its under surface to the external 
surface of a fragment of Pecten maximus. 


Hyuenractpon consimtnis, Bowerbans. 
Vel. ii, p. 172, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 
Fig. 5.—Represents the type-specimen of the species 
from Belgrave Bay, Guernsey. In the collection of 


the Rev. A. M. Norman. Natural size. 
Fig. 6.—-One of the skeleton spicula. 150 linear. 


84 PLATE XXXII. 


HyMenicipon MactLenta, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 7.—Three specimens of the species from the 
Island of Herm, by the Rev. A. M. Norman. Natural 
size. 

By an oversight of the artist the skeleton spiculum 
of this species has been omitted in the Plate, but it so 
happens that the skeleton spiculum of Hymeniacidon 
fallax, represented by fig. 17 in the same plate, is of 
the like form and proportions as that of H. macilenta. 
I must therefore refer to that figure as a sufficient 
representative of the skeleton spiculum of the species 
in course of description. 

Fig. 8.—One of the sub-clavate, acuate, slender, 
dermal, tension spicula. x 150 linear. 

Fig. 9.—One of the slender, tricurvato-acerate, 
tension spicula of the dermal membrane. x 150 
linear. 

Figs. 10 and 11.—Two of the contort-bihamate reten- 
tive spicula. x 150 linear. 

Fig. 12.—One of the inequi-dentato-palmate reten- 
tive spicula of the dermal membrane. x 530 linear. 

Fig. 13.—An inequi-bidentate, retentive, spiculum 
from the dermal membrane. x 530 linear. 


HYMENIACIDON VARIANTTIA, Dowerbank. 
Vol. 11, p. 174, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 14.—Represents the type-specimen of the 
species. Natural size. 

The spicular illustrations required more space than 
could be assigned to them in the plate in which the 
sponge 1s flour ed in the order in which it is arranged 
in vol. ii. T hey will be found as follows in plate XLV 
of this volume. 


PLAT XXXII. 85 

Fig. 32.—A skeleton spiculum of the normal form 
and of the largest size. X 123 linear. 

Fig. 33.—A smaller sized skeleton spiculum, exhibit- 
ing one of the very common forms of contorsion, 
which prevails among the smaller skeleton spicula. 

123 linear. 

Mig. 34.—Represents a small portion of the dermal 
membrane with its spicula i sit with loosely fascicu- 
lated, minute, acuate, tension, spicula, and the large 
and small bihamnata, retentive  spicula, irregularly 
dispersed. 320 linear. 


HyMENIACIDON FALLAX, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 177, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiad.’ 


Fig, 15.—Represents the type specimen of the 
species which I received from Mrs. Griffiths. Natural 
size. 

ig. 16.—One of the spicula of the dermal mem- 
brane. & 150 hnear. 

Fig. 17.—A skeleton spiculum. > 150 linear. 

Fig. 18.—One of the slender, flexuous, tension spi- 
cula of the interstitial membranes. > 150 linear. 


HyMENTACIDON VIRIDANS, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ul, p. 178, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiadw.’ 


Fig. 19.—Represents the type-specimen of the 
species in the Cabinet of the Rev. A. M. Norman. 
Natural size. 

Fig. 20.—A specimen of the same species and from 
the same locality, for which I am indebted to Mr. 
Norman. Natural size. 

Since the description of the type-specimen in vol. ii, 

178, I have had the opportunity of examining 
several other specimens of the species. They appear 
to vary to a very considerable extent in size, form, and 


86 PLATE XXXUI. 


colour. In fig. 19 it will be observed that the oscula 
are very slightly elevated above the dermal surface, 
while in the sponge represented by fig. 20 the entire 
surface is crowded with excurrent cloace. In fact the 
species appears to be almost as variable in form as that 
of Halichondria panicea. 

Fig. 21.—One of the skeleton spicula. x 150 
linear. 

Fig. 22.—An acuate, slender spiculum, from the 
interstitial membranes. X 150 linear. 

Mr. C. Stewart has also found this species rather 
thinly coating small boulders of stone at Plymouth. 


Plate XXXIV. 


GO 


ermistiaila 3- 


l 


ial pachyderia 1O°N, Hoavinaturedia 


Nadous del elle 


i 
lt 


Hy mentaciden perlevisl > o 


W hene 


PLATE XXXIV. 
TfyMENIACIDON PERLEVIS, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 179, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 1.—Represents the specimen of the species 
presented to me by the late Mrs. Griffiths, who ob- 
tained it from a Torbay fisherman. Natural size. 

Fig. 2.—One of the skeleton spicula. x 156 
linear. 


HyMentacrpon crustuba, Bowerbank. 
Vol. u, p. 185, ‘ Mon. Brit. Spcngiadee.’ 


Fig. 3.—Represents the largest and finest specimen 
of the species that I have seen, dredged on the 
Diamond Ground, off Hastings. It exhibits the deep 
depression in which numerous oscula are congregated. 
Natural size. 

Fig. 4.—One of the large fusiformi-acuate skeleton 
spicula. x 150 linear. 

Fig. 5.—A slender fusiformi-acuate, tension spiculum. 
x 150 lnear. 

Fig. 6.—One of the fusiformi-acuate spicula from 
the dermal crust of the sponge. > 150 linear. 


Hymeniacipon aurea, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ti, p. 181, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 7.—Represents one of the specimens which I 
obtained at Tenby, covering the greater portion of the 
surface of the shell and its parasites. Natural size. 


88 PLATE XXXIV. 


Fig. 8.—One of the sub-fusiformi-acuate skeleton 
spicula. x 150 linear. 

Fig. 9.—One of the slender flexuous tension spicula 
of the dermal membrane. 150 linear. These spicula 
assume every imaginable form of flexuousness. 

I am indebted to Professor Dickie, of Aberdeen, for 
six specimens of this sponge from Lough Larne. They 
agree in all their structural peculiarities with the speci- 
mens previously described. 


Hymeniacipon PAcHYDERMA, Bowerbans. 
Vol. ii, p. 184, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fic. 10.—Represents the type-specimen of the 
sponge presented to me by Mrs. Griffiths. Natural 
size: 

Fig. 11.—One of the skeleton spicula of the sponge. 
x 150 linear. 


Hymenractpon ArMatTuRA, Bowwerbank. 
Vol. u, p. 185, ‘ Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 12.—Represents the type-specimen from Strang- 
ford Lough. Natural size. 

Fig. 13.—One of the acuate skeleton  spicula. 
x 250 linear. 

Fie. 14—One of the cylindrical spicula from the 
dermal membrane. X 250 linear. 

Fig. 15.—One of the attenuato-acuate, entirely- 
spined, internal, defensive spicula. > 530 linear. 


Plate XXXV. 


20d 


5 


S 


virgultto 


Hymeniaeidon 


mup 


W.West & C° x 


lel et Lith 


Alois 


W hens 


89 


PLATE XXXV. 


HyYMENIAGIDON virnGuLTOsA, Bowerbans. 
Vol. ii, p. 193, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


In vol. ii I have described this species of sponge as 
parasitical on Zoopbytes or Fuci Since then I have 
received more than a dozen fine specimens from Mr. 
Cullen of Scarborough, none of which exhibited any 
signs of Zoophytes or Fuci within them. 

I have also received a specimen of the species from 
Mr. Jonathan Couch in the form of a flat mass 3} 
inches long, 2 inches wide, and not exceeding half an 
inch in thickness. In external appearance it is so like 
H. suberea that it is only by a microscopical exami- 
nation that it can be separated from that species. 

Fig. 1.—Represents a specimen in the wet condition 
as it came from the sea. It has quite a fleshhke soft- 
ness and is very flexible, and there are no signs of an 
attachment at its smaller or basal end. It is probable 
that it had been accidentally detached from its natural 
base, and had been floating freely about for some time 
before it was dredged up. Natural size. 

Vig. 2.—Is a smaller specimen of the species based 
on a small bivalve shell. The figure is from the 
sponge in the wet condition as it came from the sea, 
fleshy and flexible as the larger one. Natural size. 

Fig. 3 a and 6.—Represents the basal and distal 
extremities of the same specimen, which is 39 inches 
in length ; the 25 inches not represented in the plate 
possess precisely the same characters as the figured 
portions of the stem, gradually attenuating from the 
distal termination of the basal portion to the proximai 
end of the distal portion of the spenge. This very 


90 PLATE XXXV. 


remarkable specimen is in a fine state of preservation, 
and it is probable that the species is of rapid growth as 
the shell, Fusus Islandicus ? 1s in as fresh a state as if the 
animal had but recently been living in it; the peri- 
ostracum being in a perfect state of preservation. 
The spoon-shaped expansion of the distal extremity 
of the sponge is the only instance of the assumption 
of such a form among the species that I have yet seen. 
The figures are from the dried specimen of the natural 
size. 

Fig. 4.—One of the skeleton spicula. x 250 
linear. 

Fig. 5.—A group of three of the inflato-cylindrical 
spicula of the dermal membrane. X 530 linear. 


Ch 


a 


Hymeniacidon suberea l— A. He 


carnosa 5-9 
Wena Aldous cel. et lith H, fiews 10-— 17. 


W Waet 0 Nov 


2 


Plate XXXVI. 
HYMENIACIDON SUBEREA, Dowerlank. 
Vol. ii, p. 200, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiadw’ 


Fig. 1.—Represents a specimen of the sponge from 
Shetland, dredged in about 70 fathoms. The shell, 
about one inch and a half in leneth, is entirely ecn- 
veloped by the sponge. Natural size. 

Fig. 2.—A_ fully-developed skeleton  spiculum. 
x 150 linear. 

Fig. 3.—A smaller and less developed skeleton 
spiculum.  X 150 linear. Every variety in size may 
be seen between the spicula represented by figs. 2 
and 3. 

Fig. 4.—Represents a very slender and early stage 
of development of a skeleton spiculum in which the 
spinulate base is doubled. Numerous other abnormal 
productions of the spmulate base are of frequent oc- 
currence in the young and immature spicula of this 
species. 


HyMenracrtpon canNnosa, Bowerbank, 
Vol, ii, p. 203, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 5.—Represents the specimen from Plymouth 
presented to me by Mr. J. H. Stewart. There are four 
specimens of the sponge on the Pecten shell, two 
comparatively large and two very young ones on 
the grooves of the shell opposite (a). There is no 
indication of pedestals to either of the four specimens. 
Natural size. 

Fig. 6.—A specimen from Strangford Lough, Ireland, 
ona dead shell of cerithium elevated on a contorted 
pedestal, the base of which embraces about two thirds 
of the circumference of the shell. Natural size. 

Fig. 7.—A specimen from Orkney Islands, pre- 
sented to me by Mr. McAndrew. This specimen has 


92 PLATE XXXVI. 


an elongated pedestal and has apparently been sepa- 
rated from its basal attachment while alive. Natural 
size. 

Fig. 8.—-One of the long slender skeleton spicula. 
x 150 hnear. 

Fig. 9.—One of the small slender spinulate spicula 
of the interstitial membranes. »X 150 linear. 


Hymentactpon Ficus, Bowerbanr. 
Vol. ii, p. 206, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 10.—A very fine mature specimen of the species 
on the outer surface of half of an old bivalve shell. 
I dredged it in Gilter Sound, near Tenby; it is of a 
compressed form lke that of a dried fig, not ex- 
ceeding about five eighths of an imch in thickness. 
Natural size. 

Fig. 11.—A small specimen which has apparently 
been based on a univalve shell which it has entirely 
enveloped from the Island of Harris, Hebrides, by 
Captain Thomas, R.N. Natural size. 

lig. 12.—A specimen entirely enveloping a small 
univalve shell from the coast of Scotland by Mr. C. 
W. Peach. Natural size. 

Fig. 13.—A spinulate, skeleton spiculum. x 150 
linear. 

Fig. 14.—An acuate, skeleton spiculum. x 150 
linear. 

Fig. 15.—A sub-attenuato, acuate, slender spiculum 
of the interstitial membranes. > 150 linear. 

Fig. 16.—One of the minute inflato-cylindrical 
spicula of the dermal membrane. & 150 linear. To 
give an idea of the relative size of these spicula as 
compared with those of the skeleton. Xx 150 linear. 

Fig. 17.—The same spiculum. X 530 linear. 


Plate XXXVI. 


mt AMON a OTE eR ey em 


ee aaa 


5 


Hymeniacidon sulphurea 1— 3. H.paupertas 4-8. Hsubclavatad-18 
9 


Raphiodesina floreum|14—19. Hymemacidon clavigera 20-— 


00 


WheneAldous del oe ‘ih 


PLATE XXXVII. 
HyMenracipon suLpuurua, Bowerbauk. 
Vol. 1, p. 208, ‘ Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 
Hig. 1.—Represents the type-specimen presented to 
me by Mr. Bean, of Scarborough. Natural size. 
Fig. 2.—One of the skeleton spicula. x 250 
linear. 


Fig. 3.—A tension spiculum of the dermal mem- 
brane. > 250 linear. 


HyYMENIACIDON pAUPERTAS, Bowerbans. 
Vol. 11, p. 223, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 4.—Represents the type-specimen in the cabinet 
of the Rey. A. M. Norman. Natural size. 

Fig. 5.—One of the sub-fusiformi cylindrical spicula 
of the dermal membrane. xX 250 linear. 

Fig. 6.—An attenuato-clavate, basally-spined_ skele- 
ton spiculum. X 250 linear. 

Fig. 7.—One of the attenuato-clavate, internal, 
defensive spicula. > 250 linear. 

Fig. 8.— An expando-tridentate, equi-anchorate, 
retentive spiculum. > 530 linear. 


HyMENIACIDON SUBCLAVATA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 209, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiadee.’ 


Fig. 9.—Represents the type-specimen of the species 


from Tenby. Natural size. 
Fig. 10.—One of the slender fusiformi-subclavate 
spicula from the dermal membrane. » 250 linear. 
Fig. 11.—One of the skeleton spicula. x 250 


linear. 
Fig. 12.—A contort, bihamate, retentive spiculum. 


x 530 linear. 
Fig. 18.—One of the minute, bidentate, inequi- 


anchorate, retentive spicula. x 530 hnear. 


94, PLATE XXXVI. 


RapHIODESMA FLOREUM, Bowerbank. 


Hymeniacidon florewm. Vol. ii, p. 190, ‘Mon. Brit. Spon- 
giadee.’ 

Fie. 14.—Represents the type-specimen from Hast 
Loch, Tarbet Harris, N.B., presented to me by Capt. 
F. W. L. Thomas, R. N. Natural size. 

Fig. 15.—One of the skeleton spicula. x 250 
linear. 

Fig. 16.—A subclavate, fusiformi-acerate, tension 
spiculum from the dermal membrane. X 250 linear. 

Fig. 17.—One of the large dentato-palmate, inequi- 
anchorate, retentive spicula. »X 530 linear. The 
mode of the congregation of these spicula is repre- 
sented in vol. i, plate xviii, fig. 297, as they occur in 
Hymeniacidon lingua of that volume. 

Fig. 18.—One of the bidentate, inequianchorate, 
retentive spicula. X 530 linear. 

Fig. 19.— A large contort, bihamate spiculum. 
x 530 linear. 

This sponge was figured among the Hymeniacidons 
before 1 had established the genus Raphiodesma for 
the reception of Lt. lingua and R. sordida, to both of 
which species R. jlorewm is closely allied by its struc- 
tural peculiarities. 


HYMENIACIDON CLAVIGERA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ui, p. 211, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 20.—Represents the type-specimen in the 
cabinet of the Rev. A. M. Norman. Natural size. 

Fig. 21.—One of the large, attenuato-clavate, or 
spinulate, skeleton spicula. x 80 linear. 

Fig. 22.— An attenuato-clavate, entirely-spined, 
internal, defensive spiculum. ~ x 250 linear. The 
spination of the shaft of this spiculum has been acci- 
dentally omitted. 


Plate XXXVIIL. 


on 


oF 
lAcer 
ene 
os 
@ | 
Ps) 
ao 
0 5 
ee 
te 
Fes 
Ho 
has 
Pakenl 
a 
=e 
cules 
40 
ok 
gh 
Sa 
o 
AS 
BS 
a 
Cp 
U2 
eee 
oo 
a op 
@ 
= 
i 
nay 
om 


Wiens Aldous del et ith 


95 


PLATE XXXVIII. 
Hymentractpon Dusarpinu, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 224, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiadz.’ 


Fig. 1.—Represents the specimen found about two 
miles north of Scarborough. Natural size. The dark 
front surface represents the sponge; the upper white 
surface is Nullipora polymorpha. 

Fig. 2.—One of the skeleton spicula. x 250 
linear. 

Fig. 3.—One of the internal defensive spicula. 
x 250 linear. 

Fig. 4.—A valve of Pecten varius, the greater 
portion of which is covered with H. Dujardinii. From 
Tenby. Natural zize. 


HyMBENIAcIDON CELATA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ui, p. 212, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 

Fig. 5.—Represents a small boulder of limestone 
from Tenby, with innumerable perforations, each of 
which is occupied by H. celata. Natural size. 

Fig. 6.—An average-sized skeleton spiculun. > 350 
linear. 

HALICHONDRIA GELATINOSA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 222, ‘ Mon. Brit. Spongiadze.’ 


Fig. 7—Represents the type-specimen from Dourie 
Voe, Shetland. Natural size. 

Fig. 8—A full-sized spinulate skeleton spiculum. 
xX 123 lnear. 


HyMenractpon Bucknanpiy Bowerbank. 
Vol. ji, p. 226, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiada.’ 


Fig. 9.—Represents the specimen from the rocks of 
Figs 9: 


96 PLATE XXXVIII. 


Abbey Bay, near Torquay, in its natural condition, as 
preserved in salt and water. Natural size. 

Fig. 10.—One of the minute, entirely spined, cylin- 
drical spicula from the dermal membrane. X 1050 
linear. 

Fig. 11.—A spiculated triradiate spiculum from the 
skeleton. X 80 linear. 

Fig. 12.—One of the attenuated biangulated skeleton 
spicula. x 80 linear. 


Plate XXXIX. 


Halichondria panicea 


W hens Aldous del el Lith W.West & C° onp 


PLATE XXXTX. 
HALIcHONDRIA PANICEA, Johnston 
Vol. ii, p. 229, ‘ Mon. Brit. Spongiadee.’ 

I have devoted two plates to the illustration of this 
remarkably protean sponge, not only because it varies 
in its form and habit to an extraordinary extent ac- 
cording to differences in the nature of its localities 
and other circumstances attending its growth and 
development, but also as a general illustration of the 
little dependence that can be placed on the characters 
of form and colour in the specific descriptions of these 
extraordinary animals. 

The variations in form influence also other impor- 
tant specific and anatomical characters. Thus, in fies. 
1 and 2, Plate XXXIX, the anatomical and physiolo- 
gical characters are modified in accordance with its 
peculiarities of form. 

The oscula, which, in its massive forms, are on its 
external surface as in figs. 3, 4, and 5, are in figs. 1 
and 2 within the large cloacal tubes, and this appears 
to be always the case where the sponge puts forth such 
organs. This necessarily modifies the arrangement of 
interstitial canals and cavities. Such an extreme 
variation in form and structure, forcibly illustrates the 
futility of depending on external form in the discrimi- 
nation of species, and teaches us, that our only safe 
guides are to be found in their anatomical structures. 

This great range of variation of form necessarily 
leads to a simulation of other sponges of a totally dif- 
ferent anatomical structure, and this is well illustrated 
by a comparison of fig. 4 in Plate XXXIX with that 
of Lsodictya Corres Plate LI, fig. 2, in the present 
volume, and of Ophlitaspongia papillata, Plate LXXXT, 
fir, dl 

Fig. 1.—Represents a specimen which has developed 
itself in the form of a singular large fistula with a few 


— 


( 


98 PLATE XXXIX. 


irregular nodular masses near its base. The oscula of 
the large fistula are disposed on its inner surface, a few 
minute ones are discernible on the basal nodules. The 
sponge has apparently been based on a fucus, part of 
which remains at (a). The figure is half the natural 
size. 

Fig. 2.—Another case in which the sponge has 
assumed the fistulous form and developed two fistulee 
in conjunction. Natural size. 

Fig. 3.—A case in which the sponge, based on a 
small univalve shell (b), is developed in a massive 
state in the form of an irregular upright column, 
the oscula, as usual in the massive forms of the 
sponge, being dispersed on the external surface. 
Natural size. 

Fig. 4.—A specimen based on a solid irregular sur- 
face; small nodular masses are projected from the 
upper surface, on each of which one or more oscula are 
developed. Natural size. 

Fig. 5.—An irregular nodular mass pendant from a 
slender stem of a fucus (c), which it entirely surrounds, 
the nodules being developed equally on all sides, each 
being supplied with one or more simple oscula. 
Natural size. 

Fig. 6—Two of the skeleton spicula x 80 linear, 
exhibiting their variation in size, the larger one being 
the most numerous. 


Plaie XL. 


panicea 


alichondria 


é 


n 


99 


PLATE XI. 


HALICHONDRIA PANICEA. 
Vol. ii, p. 229, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiadee.’ 

Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, are all from St. Catherine’s Cave 
at Tenby. The varieties in their form illustrate in a 
very striking manner the sheht differences in position 
even in the same locality that appears to determine 
their modes of development. Figs. 1, 3, and 4, are 
each uniform in the development of their oscular 
organs, but fig. 2 is remarkable as combining so many 
forms of their development, proving that position alone 
will not determine them to a uniformity of develop- 
ment. 

Fig. 5.—Represents the remarkable variety in form 
of the species that is described by Ellis in his ‘ History 
of Zoophytes,’ p. 186, and which was published by him 
in the ‘ Philosophical Transactions,’ vol. 55, p. 228, 
Tab. 4, fg. G, under the designation of Cockscomb 
sponge, and which he states “grows in the rocks to 
the eastward of Hastings, in Sussex. The common 
size of it is about three inches long and two inches 
high.” The specimen figured is from the locality 
named by Ellis. 

The reader must not imagine that the numerous and 
singular varieties of form that have been figured in 
the two plates illustrating the species are the whole 
that might have been represented; numerous others 
intermediate between those that have been figured are 
readily to be found where the species abounds, and in 
truth it may be said that it has no definite specific 
form. 

In vol. 1, Plate XIX, fig. 300, a section at right 
angles to the surface is figured showing the intermar- 
ginal cavities immediately beneath the dermal surface 
and the irregular disposition of the skeleton, and in 
fig. 303 in the same plate a portion of the dermal 
membrane is represented with the reticulations and 
pores in the areas in an open condition. 


Plate XLI. 


ae 
= é 
oS 
aN 
@ 
1) 
st 
ae 
OF 
aC 
oO 
= ke 
4 
ifa 
[o@) é 
ph 
eS 
ae 
Ble) 
eo 
2 
3 
mo 
gS 0 
og 
ae 
OH 
| — 


oy 
a 


Halichondria glabra 1 
H.inconspicua | 


WWest &C° imp 


del et th 


) 
dois 


W. Lene Al 


101 


PLATE XLII. 
HALICHONDRIA GLABRA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ui, p. 282, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 1.—A specimen of the species from Scar- 
borough. Natural size, the lighter and upper por- 
tion of the figure representing the sponge. 

Fig. 2.—A fully-developed skeleton spiculum. x 
250 linear. 

Fig. 3.—An immature skeleton spiculum. x 250 
linear. Intermediate sizes between figs. 2 and 3 are of 
frequent occurrence. 


HAticHonpria ANGULATA, Bowerbank. 


Q 


Vol. ii, p. 233, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 4.—Represents the type-specimen from 
Guernsey in the cabinet of the Rev. A. M. Norman. 
Natural size. 

Fig. 5.—A small piece of the dermal membrane, 
exhibiting the structure of its unispiculous network. 
x 80 linear. 

Fig. 6.—One of the skeleton spicula. ™ 250 
linear. 

Fig. 7.—A small and slender acerate, tension spi- 
culum. X 250 linear. 

Fig. 8.—One of the subangulated, tricurvate 
acerate, tension spicula. x 530 linear. 


Haticnonpria capuca, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 234, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 9.— Represents the type-specimen from the 
northern side of St. Catherine’s rock, at Tenby, in the 
dried state. Natural size. 

Fig, 1L0.— Represents two larger and more fully 
developed specimens preserved in spirit from Guernsey. 
In the cabinet of the Rev. A. M. Norman. Natural 


102 PLATE XLI. 


size. The two specimens are connected by the fibres 
of the Zoophyte on which they have grown. 

Fig. 11.—A skeleton spiculum.  X 250 linear. 

The Rev. A. M. Norman found this species at 
Strangford Lough, October 8th, 1869. The specimens 
were preserved in spirit as they came from the sea. 
They were of a dark-green colour, and were remark- 
ably soft and flexible. 


HaicHonpria inconspicua, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 236, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 12.—Represents {the type-specimen from St. 
Catherine’s Rock, at Tenby. Natural size. 

Fig. 13.— One of the skeleton spicula. x 250 
linear. 

Fig. 14.—A tension spiculum from the interstitial 
membranes. X 250 linear. 


HaticHonpria INcERTA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. 11, p. 237, ‘ Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 15.— Represents the type-specimen from 
Guernsey thinly coating a balanus. In the cabinet of 
the Rev. A. M. Norman. Natural size. 

Fig. 16.—One of the acerate, skeleton spicula. 
x 250 linear. 

Fig. 17.— One of the slender, acerate, tension 
spicula, from the dermal membrane. xX 250 linear. 


HALICHONDRIA COALITA, Johnston. 
Vol. ii, p. 288, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 

Fig. 18.—Represents the specimen from Sheppey 
presented to me by Dr. Grant. Natural size. 

Fig. 19.—One of the skeleton spicula. x 250 
linear. 

Fig. 20.—One of the subfusiformi, acerate spicula, 
from the dermal membrane. x 250 linear. 


AS SS ick 


103 


PLATE XUII. 


HaticHonpria pistorta, Bowerbank. 
Vol. 11, p. 240, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 1.—Represents the specimen presented to me 
by Mrs. Griffiths, obtained from the Brixham Trawler. 
Natural size. 

Fig. 2.—From a small portion of the dermal mem- 
brane, exhibiting the polyspiculous network of that 
organ. > 80 linear. 

Fig. 3.— An average-sized acerate spiculum, from 
the skeleton. x 80 linear. 

Fig. 4.—An average-sized acuate, skeleton spiculum. 
x 80 linear. 


Plate XLII. 


Halichondria corrugata |— 6. 
H.forcipis 7-13. H.subdola 14-16. 


W. liens Alolous delet Lith 


sey 


aes 


13 


Reve kwewens 


aes 


tte 


seer ae seers pe Be TA 


RoR 


FL; LE SAAMI ARES B ONT SSNS SRLS 


W. West & C° ump 


ae 


g, 


ee coon 
oer 


105 


PLATE XLIII. 


Haticnonpria corrucata, Bowerbank. 
Vol. 11, p. 242, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fies. 1, 2.—Represent the two living specimens [ 
obtained from the Diamond Ground, off Hastings. The 
figures are from the specimens in the dried state ; 
fir. 1, the sponge enveloping a branching zoophyte ; 
fic, 2, the specimen nearly covering the fan-shaped 
Desmacidon wgagropila, the fibrous skeleton structure 
of which is distinctly represented at the base of the 
figure. Natural size. 

Fig. 3.—Represents a portion of the strongly reti- 
culated dermal membrane of the sponge, with the open 
inhalent pores in its areas. X 36 linear. 

Fig. 4.—A skeleton spiculum. Xx 150 linear. 

Fig. 5.—A spiculum from the interstitial membranes 
in an immature state of development. Xx 150 linear. 

Fig. 6.— One of the contort, bihamate, retentive 
spicula, from the interstitial membranes. x 250 
linear. 


HALicHonpRIA ForcIPIS, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 244, ‘ Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 7.—Represents one of the three specimens 
dredged at Shetland in 1864. Natural size. 

Fig. 8.—One of the skeleton spicula. x 250 
linear. 

Fig. 9.—A_ subclavated, cylindrical, tension spi- 
culum, from the dermal membrane. 250 linear. 

Fig. 10.—One of the large, bidentate, equi-anchorate, 


106 PLATE XLIII. 


retentive spicula, of the dermal membrane. X 530 
linear. 


Fig. 11.—A tridentate, equi-anchorate, retentive 
spiculum, from the dermal membrane. X 530 linear. 


Fig. 12—A simple, bihamate, retentive spiculum, 
from the dermal membrane. x 530 linear. 


Fig. 13.—One of the forcipiform tension spicula, 
from the interstitial membranes. x 250 linear. 


HALICcHONDRIA SUBDOLA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 247, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 14.—Represents the type-specimen from Vazon 
Bay, Guernsey, of the natural size, and in the dried 
state. In the cabinet of the Rev. A. M. Norman. 

Fig. 15.—One of the slender acuate spicula, from 
the dermal membrane. > 150 linear. 


ig. 16.—A skeleton spiculum. x 150 linear. 


Plate XLIV. 


ets ae my 
se 


‘ 


s 


Ae 


qa 


Halichondria Thom psonil—5. Isodictya simplex 6.&Pl.L. fig 18. 
Halichondria incrustans 7 —12. H. candida l3—16.H iwregularis 17-21 
W. Lens Aldous del ot lith W.West &C? imp 


107 


PLATE XLIV. 


Hauicuonpria THompsoni, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 243, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Figs. 1 and 2.— Represent the largest two of 
three specimens obtained by the Rev. A. M. Norman, 
at Jersey, 1867. The specimens were preserved in 
spirit ; but they are figured in the dried state, of the 
natural size. The original of No. 1 is in the cabinet 
of Mr. Norman; that of No. 2 he kindly presented 
tome. The third specimen in the possession of Mr. 
Norman is less in size than the one represented by 
No. 2. 

I applied through my friend Mr. Robert Patterson 
to the Museum of Belfast for the loan of the type- 
specimen, that it might be figured, but I regret to 
say that it could not be found. 

Fig. 3.— One of the skeleton spicula. 150 
linear. 

Fig. 4.— A tension spiculum, from the interstitial 
membranes. X 150 linear. 

Fig. 5.— One of the bidentate, equi-anchorate, 
retentive spicula, from the dermal membrane. 
x 530 linear. 


Isopictya sIMPLEX, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 294, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 6.—Represents the largest specimens of the 
species that I have seen in the condition in which it 
came from the sea, having been preserved in spirit 
by the Rev. A. M. Norman, who dredged it in 
Strangford Lough, Ireland, October 8th, 1869. It 
is attached to a small pebble (a), and some minute 
fuci are partly enveloped in its substance at (0). 
Natural size. Specimen in the cabinet of the Rev. 
A. M. Norman. 


108 PLATE XLIV. 


Many other specimens of this species of less size 
were obtained from Strangford Lough when the one 
represented by figure 6 was taken by Mr. Norman. 

For the figure of the spiculum of this species I 
must refer the reader to Plate L, fig. 18, of the 
present volume. 

The figure of Isodictya simplex was drawn on the 
stone and printed through an error of mine, instead 
of that of Halichondria simplex, and the mistake was not 
discovered until it was too late to remedy it otherwise 
than has been done above. 


HALICHONDRIA INCRUSTANS, Johnston. 
Vol. ii, p. 249, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 7.—Represents a fine specimen of the species 
dredged on the Diamond Trawling Ground, off 
Hastings. Natural size. 

Fig. 8.—One of the cylindrical mucronate spicula of 
the dermal fasciculi. x 250 linear. 

There is a considerable variation in the amount of 
the development of the mucronate character in these 
spicula ; in some it is scarcely apparent, while in others 
it is very distinctly produced. 

Fig. 9.— A large, contort, bihamate, retentive 
spiculum, from the dermal membrane. > 530 linear. 

Fig. 10.— One of the small, simple, bihamate, 
retentive spicula from the dermal membrane. x 530 
linear. 

The small, simple, bihamate spiculum is not an 
undeveloped one of the larger description, but a form 
separate and distinct from it; and it appears to be 
quite as numerous as the larger ones. 

Fig. 11.—A_ bidentate, equi-anchorate spiculum, 
from the dermal membrane. > 530 linear. 

Fig. 12.—An average-sized skeleton spiculum of the 
normal acuate form. 250 linear. 

I have never succeeded in finding this sponge on the 


PLATE XLIV. 109 


rocks between high and low water mark, in the neigh- 
bourhood of Hastings, although it is by no means un- 
common in such localities at Tenby. It is of very 
common occurrence among the sponges brought in 
from the Diamond Ground, by the Hastings trawlers, 
and some of the specimens exceed the figured one in 
size. 

From a more extensive acquaintance with this species 
it appears almost to rival Halichondria panicea in the 
variety of forms it assumes. I have it parasitical on 
small branching fuci, embracing the stem, and forming 
with them an irregular mass, thinly coating the valves 
of Pecten opercularis, in small thick masses on the 
Tenby Rocks between tide marks, and in irregularly- 
shaped masses, without any indications of an attach- 
pene having apparently been floating freely about in 
the sea. 


HALICHONDRIA CANDIDA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. u, p. 251, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 13.—Represents the finest and best developed 
specimen of the species. In the cabinet of the Rev. A. 
M. Norman. Natural size. 

Fig. 14.—One of the dermal spicula. x 250 linear. 

Fig. 15.—A contort, bihamate, retentive spiculum, 
from the dermal membrane. X 530 linear. 

Fig. 16.—One of the skeleton spicula. 250 
linear. 


HALICHONDRIA IRREGULARIS, Dowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 251, ‘ Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 17.—Represents the type-specimen in the dried 
state, and of the natural size. 

Fig. 18.—One of the sub-fusiformi acerate spicula, 
from the dermal membrane. X 250 linear. 


110 PLATE XLIV. 


Fig. 19.—A bidentate equiangulated retentive spicu- 
lum from the dermal membrane. X 530 linear. 

Fig. 20.—One of the attenuato-acuate, basally and 
medially-spined, skeleton spicula. X 250 linear. 

Fig. 21.—An attenuato-acuate, entirely-spined, in- 
ternal, defensive spiculum. X 250 linear. 


Plate XLV. 


R t . 
a 6 phe bhd A 
aay J 
it a oe a ps BEY 


aN Ng eee te Me 
ij : 


Pa a 


we - er 


34: 
34: 


HL. scandensl4:-20 


olor 


Halichondvia Dickier 1-6. H.granulata 7 
ricans 25—31. Hymeniacidon variantia 32- 
(& PUXXXIIE fug. 14.5 are 


H.albula al-24. Henig 


W. Lens Aldous deb et ith 


111 


PLATE XLV. 


Hauicnonprra Dicker, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 253, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 1.—Represents the type-specimen received from 
Dr. Dickie. Natural size. 

Fig. 2.—A mucronato-cylindrical spiculum, from the 
dermal membrane. xX 250 linear. 

Fig. 3.—One of the subclavate, hastate spicula, 
from the dermal membrane. > 250 linear. 

Fig. 4.—An acuate, entirely-spined spiculum, from 
the skeleton. x 250 linear. 

Fig. 5.—One of the large, bidentate, equi-anchorate, 
retentive spicula. 530 linear. 

Fig. 6.—A large, tridentate, equi-anchorate spiculum, 
from the inner surface of the dermal membrane. 
x 530 linear. 


HALICHONDRIA GRANULATA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 262, ‘ Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 7.—Represents the type-specimen received from 
the late Mr. Joshua Alder. Natural size. 

Fig. 8—One of the submucronate cylindrical spicula, 
from the dermal membrane. xX 250 linear. 

Fig. 9.—A large, bidentate, equi-anchorate, retentive 
spiculum, from the dermal membrane. x 530 linear. 

Fig. 10.— A small, tridentate, equi-anchorate, re- 
tentive spiculum, from the dermal membrane. x 530 
linear. 

Fig. 11.—One of the acuate, entirely and incipiently- 
spined skeleton spicula. X 250 linear. 

Figs. 12 and 13——Two of the attenuato-acuate, 
entirely-spined, internal, defensive spicula. x 250 
inear. These spicula differ greatly in size. The two 


112 PLATE XLY. 


figured are neither the largest nor smallest of their 
kind, but those sizes, and the intervening ones, which 
appear to be the most numerous in the sponge. 


HALicHONDRIA SCANDENS, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 259, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 14.— Represents the type-specimen of the 
species, in the cabinet of the Rev. A. M. Norman. 
Natural size. 

Fig. 15.—One of the large, fusiformi-cylindrical, 
tension spicula, from the dermal membrane. xX 250 
linear. 

Fig. 16.—A simple, bipocillated, anchorate spiculum, 
from the dermal membrane. x 530 linear. 

Fig. 17.—One of the dentato-palmate, inequi-an- 
chorate, retentive spicula, from the dermal membrane. 
x 530 linear. 

Fig. 18.—A bidentate, imequi-anchorate, retentive 
spiculum, from the dermal membrane. x 530 linear. 

Fig. 19.—A skeleton spiculum, basally and apically 
spined. x 250 linear. 

Fig. 20.—One of the short, stout, entirely-spined, 
internal, defensive spicula. Xx 250 linear. 


HALICHONDRIA ALBULA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 268, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 21.—Represents the type-specimen which I 
received from my late friend, Mr. Barlee. Natural 
size. The sponge occupies the light portion of the 
shell at a. 

Fig. 22.—One of the large, acuate, entirely and 
profusely spined spicula, from the dermal membrane. 
x 530 linear. 

Mig. 23.—A skeleton spiculum. xX 530 linear. 
Many of these spicula are more or less flexuous. 


PLATE XLV. 113 


Fig 24.— One of the bidentate, equi-anchorate, 
retentive spicula. » 530 linear. 


HALICHONDRIA NIGRICANS, Bowerbank. 
Vol. 11, p. 266, ‘ Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 25.—Represents the type-specimen received 
from Mr. McAndrew. Natural size. 

Fig. 26.—One of the terminally spined, subfusiform, 
cylindrical spicula, from the dermal membrane. 
x 250 linear. 

Fig. 27.—A palmato-inequi-anchorate spiculum, from 
the dermal membrane. X 53 linear. 

Fig. 28.—A dentato-inequi-anchorate spiculum, from 
the dermal membrane. X 530 linear. 

Figs. 29 and 30.—Two of the inequi-bipocillated 
spicula, from the interstitial membranes. x 530 
linear. 

Fig. 31.—An acuate, entirely but minutely spined, 
skeleton spiculum. X 250 linear. 


HYMENIACIDON VARIANTIA, Bowerbawh. 
Vol. ui, p. 174, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 32.—A skeleton spiculum of Hymeniacidon 
variantia, of the normal form and of the largest size. 
x 123 linear. 

Fig. 33.—A smaller sized skeleton spiculum of the 
same species, exhibiting one of the common forms of 
contortion, which prevails among the smaller sized 
skeleton spicula. x 123 linear. 

Fig. 34.— Represents a small portion of the dermal 
membrane, with its spicula a sit, with loosely fascicu- 
lated, minute, acuate, tension spicula, and the large 
and small bihamate retentive spicula irregularly dis- 
persed. X 320 linear. 


Plate XLVI. 


4 


f 
I: 
j 
i. 


Halichondria Pattersonil-6.H.Hyndmani 7~—15. H. pulchella 16-19. 


29. 


25- 


4. H. Batei 


me) 
yan 


galli 20- 


FL Inc 


W. West &C° unp 


et th 


W. Lens Aldous del 


PLATE XLVI. 


Hauicnonpria Parrersoni, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 255, ‘ Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 1.—The largest specimen of the species that I 
have seen. It is in the cabinet of the Rev. A. M. 
Norman; it was labelled from the Minch, 1866. 
Natural size. 

Fig. 2.—Represents three small specimens of H. 
Pattersoni parasitical on a small stem of a zoophyte, 
for which I am indebted to the Rev. A. M. Norman, 
who obtaiued it at the Minch in 1866. Natural size. 

Fig. 3.— One of the incipiently spined, tension 
spicula, from the dermal membrane. ™X 250 linear. 

Fig. 4.—An acuate, entirely spined, skeleton spi- 
culum. X 250 linear. 

Fig. 5.—A dentato-palmate, inequi-anchorate, reten- 
tive spiculum. > 530 linear. 

Fig. 6.—A_ bidentate mequi-anchorate spiculum, 
from the interstitial membranes of the sponge, repre- 
sented by fig. 1. I did not obtain any of this form in 
the type-specimen. It was not in nearly so fine a state 
of preservation as the specimens obtained by Mr. 
Norman at the Minch. X 530 linear. 


Hauticnonpria Hyrnpmant, Bowerbans. 
Vol. ii, p. 264, ‘ Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 7.—Represents a fine specimen of the species 
on a shell of Pecten opercularis, from the Diamond 
Ground, off Hastings, (aa) the sponge, (4) a patch of 
Cellepora pumicosa. Natural size. 

Fig. 8.—Represents a fine detached mass of H. 
Hyndmani from the Diamond Ground. It is in a fine 
state of preservation, and exhibits the surface charac- 


116 PLATE XLVI. 


ters of the sponge ii a very satisfactory manner. 
Natural size. 

Fig. 9.—One of the semi-spinous, attenuato-acuate, 
skeleton spicula. X 250 linear. 

Fig. 10.—An attenuato-acuate, entirely-spined, in- 
ternal, defensive spiculum.  X 250 linear. 

Fic, 11.—One of the slender, cylindrical, tension 
spicula. X 250 linear. 

Fig. 12.—A bidentate, inequi-anchorate, retentive 
spiculum, from the dermal membrane. x 930 
linear. 

Fig. 13.—-A dentato-palmate, inequi-anchorate, re- 
tentive spiculum, from the interstitial membranes. 
x 530 linear. This form of spiculum was not ob- 
served in the specimen of the sponge first examined. 
In the specimen figured they are about equal in 
number to the bidentate spicula. 

Figs. 14, 15.— Bipocillated anchorate, retentive 
spicula, from the interstitial membranes. x 530 
Imear. These singular forms of spicula are repre- 
sented on a larger scale from the same species of 
sponge in plate v, fies. 123—127, vol. i, ‘Mon. Brit. 
Spongiadee.’ 

Since the first publication of H. Hyndmani I have 
received numerous specimens on the shells of Pecten 
opercularis, but it is only on comparatively a few of 
them that the sponge is developed mm the massive 
state represented at aa, fig. 7. On by far the 
greater number of the shells it forms only a thin crust, 
as represented covering the remaining portions of the 
shell. 


HALiICHONDRIA PULCHELLA, Bowerbanh. 
Vol. 1, p. 256, ‘Mon, Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 16.— Represents the type-specimen in the 
cabinet of the Rev. A. M. Norman. Natural size. 
Fig. 17.—One of the subfusiformi, cylindrical, ter- 


PLATE XLVI. 117 


minally incipiently spinous spicula, of the dermal 
membrane. xX 250 linear. 

Fig. 18.—One of the subfusiformi-acuate skeleton 
spicula. X 250 linear. 

Fig. 19.—A simple, bihamate, retentive spiculum, 
from the interstitial membranes. x 530 linear. 


Hauicnonpria Incauut, Bowerbank. 
Vol. 11, p. 258, ‘ Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 
Vig. 20.—Represents the type-specimen in the dried 
state. Natural size. 
fig. 21.—A slender, subfusiform, cylindrical spi- 
culum, from the dermal membrane. xX 250 linear. 


Fig. 22.—One of the attenuato-acuate, basally- 
spined, skeleton spicula. x 250 linear. 
Fig. 23.—One of the malformed, bihamate, retentive 


spicula, from the dermal membrane. X 530 linear. 
Fig. 24.—An angulated, inequi-anchorate, retentive 
spiculum, from the dermal membrane. ™X 530 linear. 


Hauicuonpria Barret, Bowerbank. 
Vol. 11, p. 261, ‘Mon, Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 25. ee the type-specimen as described 
in p. 261, vol. nu. Of the natural size; (a) is the 
sponge H. Batei, ()) a portion of a young specimen 
of Dictyocylindrus rugosus rising above it. The 
whole of the cup of Isodictya infundibuliformis has 
not been figured, as it would have occupied too great 
an amount of space in the Plate. 

Fig. 26.—One of the obtusely pointed, acuate, ten- 
sion spicula, of the dermal membrane. x 250 linear. 

Fig. 27.—One of the stout, acuate, entirely spined, 
skeleton spicula. x 250 linear. 

Fig. 28.—A large, bidentate, equi-anchorate, reten- 


118 PLATE XLVI. 


tive spiculum, from the interstitial membranes. x 530 
linear. 

Fig. 29.—One of the small series of bidentate, equi- 
anchorate, retentive spicula, of the interstitial mem- 
branes. x 5380 linear. 

The great comparative size of the spicula of this 
little sponge is very characteristic of the species. 


Plate XLVIL. 


Halichondria moratws aay. 
EL. simplex 5~—7. Raphiodesma lingua 8. 


W Lens Aldous del ck lth W. West & Coimp 


119 


PLATE XLVI. 


HALICHONDRIA INoRNATUS, Dowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 271, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 1—Represents the type-specimen sent to me 
by Mr. Peach, with the type-specimen of Halichondria 
simplex, fig. 5, closely incorporated with it, on the 
upper part of the specimen. Natural size. 

Fig. 2.—An average-sized, skeleton  spiculum. 
x 150 linear. 

Fig. 3.—A young spiculum, from the interstitial 
membranes of the sponge. X 150 hnear. 

Fig. 4.— A simple, bihamate, retentive spiculum, 
from the dermal membrane. ™X 530 linear. 


HALICHONDRIA SIMPLEX, Bowerbans. 
Vol. ii, p. 246, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 
Fig. 5.— Represents the type-specimen of the 


species, incorporated with the mass of Halichondria 
inornatus, fig. 1, sent to me by Mr. Peach. Natural 


size. 
Fig. 6.—A skeleton spiculum, of the normal form. 


x 80 linear 
Fig. 7.—One of the flexuous skeleton spicula. 


x 80 linear. 


RAPHIODESMA LINGUA, Bowerbank. 


Hymeniacidon lingua, Bow. ee a Spongiade,’ vol. ii, 
p- 

A portion of the skeleton of the specimen repre- 
sented by fig. 1, Plate LXXV, illustrating the faggot- 
like fasciculation of the skeleton structure, on which 
the genus is founded. x 60 linear. 


Plate XLVII 


Isodictya cinereal—5. J]. Peachu 6-8 


lL. permolhs 9-10. lsimulo W183. T.varians 14-16. 


W fens Aldous del el Lith W. West & Ce 


im 


PLATE XLVIII. 
IsopIcTYA CINEREA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 274, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 1.—Represents a specimen of the species in a 
fine state of preservation from Fowey, Cornwall, by 
Mr. C. W. Peach. Natural size. 

Fig. 2.—One of the type-specimens of the species 
in the Johnstonian collection in the British Museum 
marked 17°. Natural size. 

Fig. 3.—Another specimen of the species in the 
Johnstonian collection in the British Museum marked 
17°. Natural size. 

Fig. 4.—A skeleton spiculum, from the specimen 
represented by fig. 2. x 250 linear. 

Fig. 5.—One of the tension spicula, from the inter- 
stitial membranes of the specimen represented by fig. 2 
x 250 linear. 

I regret that I have been unable to figure the type- 
specimen of this sponge. I applied to my friend 
Professor Grant for the loan of it for that purpose, 
but unfortunately, although diligently searched for, it 
could not be found. When I wrote the description of 
this sponge, in vol. 11, p. 275, of the ‘Mon. Brit. 
Spongiade,’ I believed it to be a rare species, but 
since that time I have obtaimed numerous specimens 
from various localities exhibiting considerable varia- 
tions in form. Very few of them exceeded the figured 
specimen, Plate XXXVII, fig. 1, in size; but since 
then J have examined a specimen I obtained from the 
Diamond Ground off Hastings that greatly exceeds any 
of those previously acquired in its dimensions, and 
which, unlike any of them, appears to have risen from 
a sessile base and to have assumed a rudely compressed 
fan-like form, two and three quarters inches high and 


122 PLATE XLVIII. 


the same at its greatest breadth, a little above half its 
height. The distal end is one and a quarter inch 
thick, and has three short mammiform cloace pro- 
jecting from it, about five lines high and of about the 
same diameter, their terminal orifices varying from one 
and a half to two lines in diameter. The proximal or 
basal end is one and a half inch in breadth and five 
lines in thickness; it has not the natural basal surface, 
but it appears to have been torn off immediately above 
it. The colour and surface characters of the sponge 
are in perfect accordance with the other well-known 
specimens, but the size and mode of its development 
is different from any of those previously acquired. 
The specimen represented by fig. 1 1s very character- 
istic of the general aspect of the sponge; it was 
obtained at Fowey, Cornwall, and was presented to me 
by my indefatigable friend Mr. C. W. Peach. This 
specimen is parasitical on a small tubular zoophyte, 
and following its course it has assumed a lobular form ; 
bus this is not the case in many other specimens. In 
a fine one in the cabinet of the Rev. A. M. Norman the 
sponge has apparently been based on a flat surface, and 
is spread out evenly for two inches in length by one 
inch in breadth, and of the uniform thickness of about 
one eighth of an inch; in this space there are three 
simple oscula at about equal distances from each other, 
and each about a line in diameter. The same flat 
thinly-spreading character is apparent in other speci- 
mens which I possess or have seen, and when in good 
condition the same nut-brown colour prevails in all of 
them in the dried state. In addition to the habitats 
previously given I may state Fowey, Cornwall, by Mr. 
Peach; Bantry Bay and Tobermory, Rev. A. M. 
Norman, and I have received several specimens from 
the Diamond Ground, off Hastings; besides the large 
one described above | have two specimens from the 
Diamond Ground, which are based on the carapaces of 
two Pisa Gibbsu, and also a specimen from Shetland 
on the root of a fucus. This species, therefore, 


PLATE XLVI. 123 


appears to be very widely distributed, and to be by no 
means so rare as it was at first imagined to be. 


Isopicrya Pracuit, Bowerbank. 


4 


Vol. ii, p. 276, ‘ Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 6.—Represents a specimen of the species from 
Guernsey in a fine state of preservation. In the 
cabinet of the Rev. A. M. Norman Natural size. 

Fig. 7.—One of the skeleton spicula. x 250 
linear. 

Fig. 8.—One of the tension spicula, from the inter- 
stitial membranes. x 250 linear. 


TgopicTyaA PERMOLLIS, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 278, ‘ Mon. Brit. Spongiadee.’ 


Fig. 9.—Represents a specimen of the species from 
Scarborough sent to me by Mr. Bean. Natural size. 

Fig. 10.—A skeleton spiculum. x 250 linear. 

The Rey. A. M. Norman obtained a specimen of this 
species from Strangford Lough, October 5th, 1869. It 
was of a ight brown colour. The anatomical structure 
was identical with that of the type-specimen, and the 
dermal membrane was in a fine state of preservation. 
A small piece mounted in water exhibited the pores in 
an open condition, from one to three occupying the 
areas of the network produced by the terminations of 
the distal ends of the skeleton tissue immediately 
beneath the dermal membrane. 


Isopictya stuuLo, Bowerbank. 
Vol. u, p. 279, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 11.—Represents the type-specimen of the 
species in the cabinet of the Rev. A. M. Norman. 
Natural size. 


124. PLATE XLVIII. 


Fig. 12.—A skeleton spiculum. X 280 linear. 
Fig. 13.—One of the dermal tension spicula. x 250 
linear. 


IsopicTyA VARIANS, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 281, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig 14.-——- Represents the type-specimen of the 
species in the Johnstonian collection in the British 
Museum, marked 17°, and labelled Halichondria cinerea. 
Natural size. 

Fig. 15.—A skeleton spiculum. X 250 lnear. 

Fig. 16.—One of the short, stout, acuate spicula. 
« 250 linear. 


Plate XLIX. 


pales 


L parasitica 6-8. L MS Andrew 


= 


Isodictya 


eleq ans | 


l.aindefinita 15-17. 


—l4. 


Oo 
4a 


l. rosea | 


W here Aldous del ot ithe 


ce 


st&CP 


WWe 


PLATE XLIX. 


IsopIcTYA ELEGANS, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 283, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Figs. 1, 2, 3, —Represent three portions of the 
type-specimen of the species in the cabinet of the 
Rev. A. M. Norman. Natural size. 

Fig. 4.—A skeleton spiculum. x 250 linear. 

Fig. 5.—One of the tension spicula, from the inter- 
stitial membranes. X 250 linear. 


Isopictya parasitica, Bowerbank. 
Vol. i, p. 287, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 6.—Represents the specimen in the Johnstonian 
collection in the British Museum, designated Hali- 
chondria fucorum, and marked 51, 7, 25—225, from 
Dundee, by Mr. Gardner. The portions of sponge 
opposite aaaaare I. parasitica; those opposite 46 
I. Clarkei. For a description of the latter species I 
must refer the reader to page 330 of vol. u, ‘Mon. 
Brit. Spongiadee 

Fig. 7.—One ‘of the subfusiformi skeleton spicula. 
x 250 linear. 

Fig. 8.—A tension spiculum. X 250 linear. 


Tsopictya McAnprewil, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 284, ‘ Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 
Fig. 9.—Represents the type-specimen presented to 


me by Mr. McAndrew. Natural size. 
Fig. 10.—One of the stout, short, skeleton spicula. 


x 250 linear. 


126 PLATE XDIX. 


Fig. 11.—A tension spiculum, from the interstitial 
membranes. 250 linear. 


Isopictya RosEA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 282, ‘ Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 12.—Represents a characteristic specimen of 
the species based on a fragment of the Rock from one 
of the small caves of St. Catherine’s Rock, Tenby. 
Natural size. The mass of sponge occupies nearly the 
middle of the fragment of stone. 

Fig. 13.—A skeleton spiculum. X 250 linear. 

Fig. 14.—One of the tension spicula, from the in- 
terstitial membranes. X 250 linear. 


IsopIcTYA INDEFINITA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 286, ‘ Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 15.—Represents the type-specimen sent to me 
by Mrs. Griffiths. Natural size. 

Fig. 16.—One of the spicula of the skeleton. 
xX 250 linear. 

Fig. 17.—A tension spiculum, from the interstitial 
membranes. X 250 linear. 


Plate L. 


R <a OP RRR TE ac SE re 
tiattit esse 


eee ey are ee 
a a 


nD 


7. I. pallida 8-10 


I. simplex 18. 


5 — 


densa 


IL 
T.Greqorit 15-17. 


I-14. 


anomala ]-4. 


gosa 


ju 
ct lith 


1 


ois del 


lsodicttya 


W. West & CS imp 


W Lens Ald 


PLATE L. 
TsopIctYA ANOMALA, Bowerbans. 
Vol. ii, p. 293, ‘ Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 1.—Represents the type-specimen of the species 
from Torbay, by Mrs. Griffiths. Natural size. 

Fig. 2.—One of the large, stout, acerate, skeleton 
spicula of the primary lines of the skeleton. x 250 
linear. 

Fig. 3.—An inflato-fusiformi, acerate spiculum, from 
the secondary lines of the skeleton. X 250 linear. 

Fig. 4.—A slender, acerate, tension spiculum, from 
the interstitial membranes.  X 250 linear. 


Tsopictya pENsA, Bowerbank. 

Vol. ii, p. 292, ‘ Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 
Fig. 5.—Represents the type-specimen of the species 
in the cabinet of the Rev. A. M. Norman. Natural 


size. 
Figs. 6 and 7.—T wo spicula from the skeleton of 


the sponge. X 250 linear. 
There is a small specimen of Microciona plumoga, 
adhering to the specimen at (a), figure 5. 


TsopicTYA PALLIDA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 297, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 
Fig. 8.—Represents a large and very fine specimen 


of the species, from the Diamond Ground, off Hastings. 
Natural size. 

Fig. 9.—One of the skeleton spicula. x 250 
linear. 

Fig. 10.—A slender, fusiformi-acerate, tension 


128 PLATE L. 


spiculum, from the interstitial membranes.  X 250 
linear. 


Isoprorya sucosa, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 296, ‘ Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 11.—Represents the type-specimen of the 
species from Shetland, in the cabinet of the Rev. A. 
M. Norman. Natural size. 

Fig. 12.—A skeleton spiculum. Xx 250 linear. 

Fig. 13.—One of the tension spicula, from the inter- 
stitial membrane.  X 250 linear. 

Fig. 14.—A simple bihamate spiculum, from the 
dermal membrane. X 530 linear. 


Isopiotya Gregori, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 301, ‘ Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 15.—Represents the type-specimen of the 
species from the Moray Frith. Natural size. . The 
sponge coats the inner surface of the shell for nearly 
half the inner portion towards the hinge of the shell. 

Fig. 16.—A skeleton spiculum of about the average 
size. X 250 linear. 

Fig. 17.— One of the tension spicula of the inter- 
stitial membranes. »X 250 linear. 


Tsopictya stmpLEx, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 294, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


For the figure of this species I must refer the reader 
to Plate XLIV, fig. 6, of the present volume. 

Fig. 18.—Represents one of the skeleton spicula. 
x 250 linear. 

In January, 1870, I received five specimens of 
sponges for examination from the Rev. A. M. Norman, 
who found them at low water mark in Strangford 


PLATE L. 129 


Lough, in 1869. They were preserved in spirit in the 
state in which they came from the sea. All of them 
were parasitical on small fuci. The largest of them did 
not exceed two inches in length, and the colour of all 
of them was that of a dirty h¢ht green, with a tint of 
light brown. In their wet condition they were soft to 
the touch, and by no means attractive to the eye. 
Two of them proved to be Isodictya simplex. On 
mounting portions of the specimens in Canada balsam 
their structural characters, as described in vol. 1, page 
295, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiadz,’ were in perfect accord- 
ance with those of the type-specimen. 


\ 
y 
. Y 


4.1. simulans 5—¢ 


Isodictya indistincta | 
]. mammeatia 7-9. 1. fallax 10-13. 
W. West £ Camp 


I, 


W hens Aldous adel ct ith 


131 


PLATE LI. 


Tsovicetya mnpistincta, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ui, p. 290, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Vig. 1.— Represents a large specimen from the 
Diamond Ground, off Hastings. Natural size. It is 
remarkable for the large size of the oscular orifices. 

Fig. 2.—Represents a specimen dredged off Guernsey 
by Mr. W. Saville Kent in 1870. Natural size. 

Fig. 3.—A skeleton spiculum. X 250 linear. 

Fig. 4.—One of the tension spicula, from the inter- 
stitial membranes. X 250 linear. 

I received five specimens in a bottle with spirit from 
the Rev. Mr. Norman labelled, ‘‘ Strangford Lough, 
October 8th, 1869.” Among them I found a specimen 
of I. indistincta, of an irregular massive form, nearly 
one inch in length and about eight or nine lines in 
diameter. It was solid in substance, but very soft and 
compressible, and of a dark olive-green colour. A few 
small branches of a slender fucus were projected from 
its surface, and it is probable that it was parasitical on 
the plant in the living state. It agreed precisely in its 
anatomical characters with the type-specimen. 

The specimen represented by fig. 2 is remarkable 
from its great similitude in form to Ophlitaspongia 
papilla. It affords an admirable illustration of the 
little dependence to be placed on form, size, and colour, 
in discriminating the species of sponges. 

Mr. Peach has also found this species in Fowey 
Harbour in 1847. 


Tsopictya simunans, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 808, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 5.—-A finely-developed specimen of the species, 
from off Hastings. Natural size. 


132 PLATE LI. 


Fig. 6.— One of the skeleton spicula. Xx 250 
linear. 


A small piece of the dermal membrane of this species 
is figured in Plate LXXVI, fig. 5. x 123 linear, in 
contrast with the dermal membrane of I. Ingalli. 


IsopictyA MAMMEATA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 306, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 7.—Represents a specimen of the species from 
the Diamond Ground, off Hastings. Natural size. 

Fig. 8.—One of the skeleton spicula. » 250 
linear. 

Fig. 9.—A tension spiculum, from the interstitial 
membranes. X 250 linear. 


Isopictya FALLAX, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 302, ‘ Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 10.— Represents the type-specimen of the 
species in the cabinet of the Rev. A. M. Norman. 

Fig. 11.—A skeleton spiculum. x 250 linear. 

Fig. 12.—One of the tension spicula, from the 
dermal membrane. xX 250 linear. 

Fig. 13.—A tricurvate, acerate, tension spiculum, 
from the dermal membrane. > 530 linear. 


Plate LID. 


Isodietya palmata 
WI, Aldous lel et lth aud nal 


W West €C° amp 


133 


PLATE LIL. 


Isopictya PALMATA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 311, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 1.— Represents the specimen of this species 
designated as the “ Mermaid’s Glove’ sponge, dredged 
at the Orkney Islands, by Mr. McAndrew, in 1851. 
Half the natural size. 

Fig. 2.—A small portion of the reticulated skeleton 
of the sponge, illustrating its structural peculiarities. 
x 80 linear. 

Figs. 3, 4, 5.—Three of the remarkable equi-ancho- 
rate, retentive spicula, with flexuous terminations. 
x 666 linear. 

Fig. 6.—One of the minute equi-anchorate retentive 
spicula, with siliceo-membranous terminations. * 666 
linear. 

Fig. 7.—One of the skeleton spicula. 


Isodictya ramusculus 1-3. Lpocillum 4-6. 


IL clava 7-11. 


W.Lens Aldous del.el th 


I. dichotoma 12-14 I. fistulosal5-I7. 


W Weet & 0° ump 


PLATE LITI. 


TsopictyaA RAMUSCULUS, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 314, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 1.—Represents the type-specimen presented to 
me by Mr. Gosse. Natural size. 

Fig. 2.—One of the skeleton spicula. x 250 
linear. 

Fig. 3—A tension spiculum, from the interstitial 
membranes. > 250 hnear. 


Isopictya POcILLUM, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 305, ‘ Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 4.—Represents the type-specimen in the cabinet 
of the Rev. A. M. Norman. Natural size. 

Fig. 5.—One of the skeleton spicula. 250 
linear. 

Fig. 6—One of the slender, attenuato-acerate, intcr- 
stitial spicula. x 250 linear. 


Igopictya cLAvA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 316, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Figs. 7, 8, 9.—Three specimens of the species from 
the Moray Frith sent to me by the Rev. Walter Gregor. 
Natural size. 

Fig. 10.— One of the skeleton spicula. x 250 
linear. 

Fig. 11.—A tension spiculum, from the dermal mem- 
brane. x 250 linear. 


136 PLATE LILI. 


Isopictya.picHotoma, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 309, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 12. —Represents the type-specimen of the 
species brought up by the trawl about a mile off 
Hastings. Natural size.. 

Fig. 18.— One of the skeleton spicula. x 250 
linear. 

Fig. 14.—A tension spiculum, from the interstitial 
membranes. X 250 linear. 


Isopictya FistuLosa, Bowerbans.. 
Vol. ii, p. 299, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 15.—Represents the type-specimen in the 
cabinet of the Rev. A. M. Norman. 

Fig. 16.— One of the skeleton spicula. x 250 
linear. 

Fig. 17.—A tension spiculum, from the dermal mem- 
brane.  X 250 linear. 

Since fig. 15 was drawn I have found among some 
unexamined sponges from Shetland, by Mr. Barlee, a 
specimen of this species one and three quarters of an 
inch in length, rather less than an inch in breadth, 
and about half an inch in thickness. It agrees with 
the type-specimen in both external appearance and 
internal structure. 


Plate LIV. 


W. West &C° imp. 


ibuliformis. 


infund 


Iso dictya 


W Lens Aldous del et lith. 


137 


PLATE LIV. 


IsoDICTYA INFUNDIBULIFORMIS, Bowerbansh.. 
Vol. ui, p. 317, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 1.— Represents a remarkable specimen com- 
posed of two individuals of the ordinary funnel-like 
shape of this species, which have united by marginal 
contact in their young state, and have continued their 
development in this singularly conjoined condition, 
admirably illustrating the natural law that when two 
sponges of the same species come in contact with each 
other they unite and ultimately form one sponge. 
The specimen is in the dried condition, and the inner 
surface of each cup exhibits innumerable minute oscula. 
Natural size. 

I am indebted to my kind friend Mr. Peach for this 
fine specimen. 

Fig. 2.—An abnormous form of, apparently originally, 
a cup-shaped specimen; such distorted forms are of 
frequent occurrence. Figured from a specimen in the 
condition it came from the sea. Natural size. Shetland. 

Fig. 3— <A small cup-shaped specimen, from the 
Hebrides, preserved in spirit as it came from the sea. 
Natural size. 

Fig. 4.— A small cup-shaped specimen, from Loch 
Fine, preserved in spirit as it came from the sea. 
Natural size. 

Fig. 5.—A small fan-shaped specimen, preserved in 
salt and water as it came from the sea at Shetland. 
Natural size. The fan-shaped specimens are of fre- 
quent occurrence, and are sometimes of considerable 
size. 

Fig. 6.—A remarkably narrow cup-shaped specimen, 


138 PLATE LIV. 


based on a black pebble, from Shetland, preserved in 
salt and water as it came from the sea. Natural size. 

The oscula are rarely to be seen in specimens in the 
wet condition. 

Fig. 7.—Two of the attenuato-acuate spicula, of the 
primary lines of the skeleton. 80 linear. 

Fig. 8.—Two of the acerate spicula, of the secondary 
lines of the skeleton. 80 linear. 

The two sizes of spicula represented by figs. 7 and 8 
are about the largest and smallest of each form. The 
intermediate sizes are the most numerous. 

Fig. 1, Plate XIV, in the present volume, exhibits a 
specimen of I. infundibuliformis containing a fine 
specimen of Tethea cranium. The sponges are in the 
condition in which they came from the sea, having been 
preserved in a saturated solution of salt in water. In 
this specimen the oscula are not so distinctly visible as 
in the dried one. 


thar 55 8982 ‘M ‘ O[- 8 STUr£LOFTUNL ZE “UAL PP VACp|Yy suaT Vy 
‘Loy saodned ~ ~¢-]T siprwisstp eALOTP OST 


AT Seeley 


139 


PLATE LY. 
TsopicTya DISsIMILis, Dowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 318, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 

Fig. 1—The type-specimen in the cabinet of the 
Rev. A. M. Norman. Natural size. 

Fig. 2.—A spiculum, from the primary lines of the 
skeleton. x 250 linear. 

Fig. 3.—A spiculum, from the secondary lines of 
the skeleton. x 250 linear. 

Since the first publication of this species I have 
received two other specimens; one from Mr. Win. 
Thompson, of Weymouth, five inches high and three 
broad, and the other from Mr. W. Saville Kent, who 
dredged it in 1870, off Guernsey ; this specimen is 
four inches high and three broad. All the specimens 
agree in having a short pedicel, and in the fan-lke 
disposition of its branches. The external characters 
of the species appear to be tolerably constant and 
reliable. 


Isoprctya PAUPERA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 328, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 

Fig. 4.—Represents four of the specimens of the 
species received from Mrs. Griffiths, of Torquay. 
Natural size. 

Fig. 5.—One of the minute, bidentate, equi-anchorate, 
retentive spicula, from the dermal membrane. x 530 
linear. 

Fig. 6.—A skeleton spiculum. X 250 linear. 

Fig. 7.—One of the slender, fusiformi-acerate, tension 
spicula of the interstitial membranes. Xx 250 linear. 


IsopICTYA UNIFORMIS, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 329, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 
Fig. 8.—Represents the type-specimen in the 
cabinet of the Rev. A. M. Norman. Natural size. 
Fig. 9.—One of the tension spicula of the dermal 
membrane. X 250 linear. 
Fig. 10.—A skeleton spiculum. X 250 linear. 


Plate LVI. 


Isodictya Normani 1-5. I pygmea 6-10. I. Clarkei I-15. 
I. fucorum 16-19. T. Alderi 20-26. 


W. Lene Aldous delet lth. W.West & Co ump 


141 


PLATE LVI. 


Isopictya Normant, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 320, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 1.—Represents a specimen of the species from 
off St. Martin’s Point, Guernsey, in the cabinet of the 
Rev. A. M. Norman. Natural size. 

Fig: 2.—Represents a specimen of the sponge 
growing amidst the roots of a large fucus from Moray 
Frith, presented to me by the Rev. Walter Gregor, of 
Aberdeen. a «a a are the masses of the sponge. 
Natural size. 

Fig. 3.—One of the stout, acuate spicula of the 
skeleton.  X 250 linear. 

Fig. 4.—A long slender, tension spiculum of the 
dermal membrane. X 250 linear. 

Fig. 5.—A palmato-equi-anchorate, retentive spicu- 
lum, from the dermal membrane. x 1000 linear. 


Isopictya PYGMEA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 313, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 6.—Represents the largest specimen of the 
species that I have yet seen. It was presented to me 
by my late friend Mr. Bean, of Scarborough. Natural 
size. 

Figs. 7 and 8.—Two other specimens of the same 
species from Scarborough. I have several others of 
about the same size, which appears to be the average 
size of the species. Natural size. 

Fig. 9.—A skeleton spiculum. X 250 linear. 

Fig. 10.—One of the slender tension spicula of the 
interstitial membranes. X 250 linear. 


142 PLATE LVI. 


Tsopretya Crarnet, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ui, p. 330, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 11.—Represents two specimens of the species 
on the stem of a slender sertularia, from North Shields, 
by Dr. W. B. Clarke. Natural size. 

Fig. 12.—Another specimen from the same locality, 
parasitical on a different species of sertularia. Natural 
size. 

Fig. 13.—One of the tension spicula, from the inter- 
stitial membranes. X 250 linear. 

Fig. 14.—A dentato-inequi-anchorate, retentive spicu- 
lum from the dermal membranes. xX 530 linear. 

Fig. 15.—A skeleton spiculum. X 250 linear. 

Another specimen of this sponge is represented in 
Plate XLIX of the present volume, at the basal portion 
of figure 6 at 6 4. The specimen of sertularia on 
which it is parasitical was collected by Mr. Gardener, 
at Dundee, and it now forms part of the Johnstonian 
collection of British sponges in the British Museum. 


Isopictya rucorum, Bowerbans. 
Vol. ii, p. 322, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Vig. 16.—Represents a fine specimen of the species 
found by the late Mr. Thomas Ingall at Shoreham, 
near Brighton. Natural size. 

Fig. 17.—A slender tension spiculum, from the 
dermal membrane. X 250 linear. 

Fig. 18—One of the skeleton spicula. x 250 
linear. 

Fig. 19.— An inequi-palmato-anchorate retentive 
spiculum. X 580 linear. 

Very few of these spicula are found among the 
simple bihamate ones of the dermal membrane. 

The specimen represented by figure 16 is unusually 
free from the entanglements of the stems of the fucus 


PLATE LVI. 143 


on which itis parasitical. Most frequently the sponge 
is very nearly concealed amidst the numerous branches 
of the plant. 


Tsopictya ALDERI, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 323, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 20.—Represents the largest of three specimens 
of this sponge found at Salcombe Bay, and sent to me 
by Mr. Alder. Natural size. 

Figs. 21 and 22.—Represent two specimens which 
I found at Mill Bay, near the Landsend, Cornwall, in 
May, 1859. A third specimen, which I obtained at the 
same locality, very closely resembles the one repre- 
sented by figure 20. Natural size. 

Fig. 23.—One of the skeleton spicula. x 250 
linear. 

Fig. 24.—A slender, acuate, tension spiculum, from 
the interstitial membranes. X 250 linear. 

Figs. 25 and 26—Two of the dentato-palmate, 
equi-anchorate, retentive spicula, from the dermal 
membrane. 


rte LVII. 


S 


Pi 


Barleei 


Isodictya 


y 
a) 


ens Aldous 


WL 


145 


PLATE LVII. 


Isoprerya Barer, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 333, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade:.’ 


Fig. 1.—Represents a specimen of the species in the 
dried state, of the natural size, from the same locality 
as the previously described ones. I am indebted to 
my friend Mr. C. W. Peach for this very illustrative 
specimen. 

Fig. 2.—Represents a small portion of a section at 
right angles to the surface of the sponge. x 80 
linear. 

Fig. 3.—One of the slender, acuate, tension spicula 
of the dermal membrane. > 80 linear. 

Fig. 4.—One of the skeleton spicula. x 80 linear 


Plate LVI. 


we er a ein mena 


a eee 
: ac ° 7 Se, 


dwardi 15-18. 
cis 23-26. L. lurida27- 32 


4 


Lfimbriata 7-14.1 FE 


anit 1-6 
_lobata 19- 


W Lens Alduus del et lith 


Be 


a 


Tsodicty 


1 PA 


lear 


dO 
ou 


roy 
a 
W,West &C° 


uw 


147 


PLATE LVIII. 


Tsopictya Brant, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 334, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 1—Represents the specimen I received from 
Mr. Bean. Natural size. 

Fig. 2.—A slender, attenuato-acuate, tension spicu- 
lum from the dermal membrane. x 250 linear. 

Fig. 3.—One of the slender, tricurvate, tension 
spicula from the dermal membrane. X 530 linear. 

Fig. 4.— A minute, equi-anchorate, retentive 
spiculum from the dermal membrane. ™X 530 linear. 

Fig. 5.—One of the subfusiformi-acuate skeleton 
spicula from the primary lines. 250 linear. 

Fig. 6.—One of the acuate, entirely spined, short, 
skeleton spicula from the secondary lines of the 
skeleton. 250 linear. 


IsopIcTYA FIMBRIATA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 337, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Figs. 7, 8, 9, 10.— Represent specimens of the 
sponge, for which I am indebted to my friend the Rey. 
A. M. Norman, who dredged them at Shetland. 
Natural size. No. 8 is based on the remains of a small 
bivalve shell. 

Fig. 11.— An acuate tension spiculum from the 
dermal membrane. > 250 linear. 

Fig. 12.—One of the large, tridentate, bifimbriated, 
equi-anchorate, retentive spicula from the dermal 
membrane. X 530 linear. The fimbriation of these 


148 PLATE LVIII. 


spicula varies to some extent in the form of its develop- 
ment. Fig. 150, Plate VI, in vol. i of this work, 
represents one of these spicula in which the character 
of the fimbriation is somewhat different to that of fig. 
12 in the present plate ; both are from the same sponge. 
x 660. 

Fig. 13.—A small, tridentate, equi-anchorate, reten- 
tive spiculum from the dermal membrane, without any 
trace of fimbriation. x 530 linear. 

Fig. 14.— An entirely but  incipiently-spined 
skeleton spiculum. x 250 lear. 


Tsopictya Epwarpi, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 325, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 15.— Represents the type-specimen of the 
sponge in the cabinet of the Rev. A. M. Norman. 
Natural size. 

Fig. 16.—One of the long and slender acuate tension 
spicula from the dermal membrane. X 250 linear. 

Fig. 17.—A bidentate, equi-anchorate, retentive 
spiculum from the dermal membrane. > 630 linear. 

Fig. 18.—One of the skeleton spiculae xX 250 
linear. 


Isopictya LoBaTa, Dowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 326, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 19.—Represents the specimen of the species I 
received-from Mrs. Griffiths. Natural size. 

Fig. 20.—A slender, acuate, tension spiculum from 
the dermal membrane. xX 250 linear. 

Fig. 21.—One of the skeleton spicula) X 250 
linear. 

Fig. 22.— An inequi-dentato-palmate, retentive 
spiculum from the interstitial membranes. X 530 
linear. 


PLATE LVIIT. 149 


IsopIcoTYA GRACILIS, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 331, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 23.— Represents the type-specimen of the 
species. Natural size. 

Fig. 24.—One of the skeleton spicula x 250 
linear. 

Fig. 25.—An acuate, slender, tension spiculum 
from the interstitial membranes. > 250 linear. 

Fig. 26.—One of the minute, bidentate, equi- 
anchorate, retentive spicula from the interstitial mem- 
branes. 430 lnear. 


Isoprotya LuRIDA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. u, p. 336, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 27.—Represents a small specimen of the species 
in a fine state of preservation, from Dunstanborough. 
In the cabinet of the Rev. A. M. Norman. Natural 
size. 

Fig. 28.—A tension spiculum from the dermal 
membrane, submucronate at one termination. x 250 
linear. 

Fig. 29.—A tension spiculum from the dermal mem- 
brane, with hastate terminations. xX 250 linear. 

Fig. 30.—One of the long, slender, acuate, tension 
gpicula. X 250 linear. 

Fig. 31—A skeleton spiculum, basally and apically 
spined. X 200 linear. 

Fig. 32.— A tridentate, equi-anchorate, retentive 
spiculum from the interstitial membranes. X 530 
linear. 

The spicula of this description are frequently biden- 
tate only. 


Platte. WES. 


2, 
hii sats, 


Spongilla fluviatilis 
W. Lens Aldous del el lith W West & C° up 


151 


PLATE LIX. 


SPONGILLA FLUVIATILIS, Johnston. 
Vol. ii, p. 339, ‘ Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 1.—Represents a specimen from the floating 
timber in the West Country Dock, near Rotherhithe, 
London, 8.E. The surface has assumed a somewhat 
fohated appearance. Natural size. 

Fig. 2.—A specimen from the same locality as that 
represented by fig. 1. The upper and the lower por- 
tions have been two distinct specimens which have 
united by approximation. This specimen, represents 
the usual massive character of the species. Natural 
size. 

Fig. 3.—Represents an average-sized skeleton spi- 
culum. X 250 linear. 

Plate XXII, fig. 317, vol. i, ‘ Mon. Brit. Spongiadee,’ 
represents an ovarium of this species in its natural 
state, exhibiting the foramen. X 83 linear. 

Fig. 318—Represents a perfect skeleton of one of 
the ovaries, prepared with nitric acid. > 183 linear. 

Fig. 319.—Exhibits a section at right angles to the 
surface of a fragment of the skeleton of one of the 
ovaries, prepared by nitric acid, showing the relative 
positions of the rotulate spicula in the ovarium; (a) a 
detached spiculum from the same specimen. xX 308 
linear. 

Plate IX, fig. 217, in the same volume, represents 
one of the rotule irr ‘egularly and deeply dentate. x 
660 linear ; fig. 218 in the same plate is a view of the 
external surface of one of the rotule. X 660 linear. 


Plate Lix.. 


a 
Rtee, 


Sreseent 


el 
sear scne 


lacustris 


a 


Sponaill 


W West © Coun» 


W. Lens Aldous, delet Lith 


153 


PLATE LX. 


SPONGILLA LACUSTRIS, Johnston. 
Vol. 11, p. 342, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 1.—Represents a specimen obtained from the 
Thames at Cookham, where such complex masses of 
the sponge are by no means uncommon. Natural size. 
Dried state. 

Fig. 2.—A simple branching specimen from the same 
locality. Natural size. Dried state. 

Fig. 3.—A skeleton spiculum. > 250 linear. 

Fig. 4.—One of the fusiformi-acerate, entirely 
spined, tension spicula, from the dermal membrane. 
x 250 lmear. Another of these spicula, x 660, is 
represented by fig. 90, Plate IV, vol. i, ‘Mon. Brit. 
Spongiade.’ 

Fig. 5.— Three of the subarcuate, acerate, entirely 
spined spicula from the envelope of the ovary of this 
species, showing the great variations in form to which 
they are subject. 250 linear. Another of these 
spicula is represented by fig. 203, Plate IX, vol. i, 
‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ x 660 lnear. 

Fig. 320, Plate XXII, in the same volume, repre- 
sents an ovarium of 8S. lacustris, prepared by nitric 
acid so as to exhibit these spicula im sit”. > 183 
linear. 


ae, ee eee 


PLATE LXI. 
Desmacipon erouticosa, Bowerbaih:. 
Vol. ii, p. 845, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiadw.’ 


Hig. 1.—Represents a fine specimen of the specie, 
based on a large pebble from the Diamond Ground, off 
Hastings. Half the natural size. 

Fig. 2.—An average-sized skeleton spiculum. x 
250 linear. 

Fig. 3.—One of the tension spicula of the dermal 
membrane. x 250 linear. 

Fig. 4.—A_ large-sized, contort, bihamate, retentive 
spiculum from the dermal membrane. X 530 linear. 

Fig. 5.—A small-sized, simple, bihamate, retentive 
spiculum from the dermal membrane. X 530 linear. 

Fig. 6.—A large, bidentate, equi-anchorate, reten- 
tive spiculum from the dermal membrane. xX 53 
linear. 

Fig. 7.—One of the small, equi-anchorate, retentive 
spicula from the dermal membrane. x 530 linear. 


Desmacidon Jeflpeysit 
W fens Aldous del et lith W. West & C2 imp 


PLATE LXII. 
DesmacIpon JEFFREYSIL, Bowerbank. 


Vol. ii, p. 347, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 
Isodictya robusta, vol. ii, p. 304, ‘ Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 
Oceanapia Jeffreysti, Rev. A. M. Norman, ‘ Rep. Brit. Asoc.,’ 
1868, p. 334, 

Fig. 1.—One of the most perfect specimens of the 
species that has been obtained. It was dredged by 
the Rev. Mr. Norman at Shetland in the summer of 
1868. It is firmly attached to a small fragment of 
stone by five stout, root-like, prehensile organs. 
Natural size. 

Fig. 2.—A small specimen of the species, without 
any portion of the base. Natural size. 

Fig. 3.—A portion of one of the large, terminal, 
cloacal organs, having a branch projecting from its 
side. The wart-like bodies opposite a, a, a, are Zoai- 
thus sulcatus ? Gosse. On the large cloace of two of 
the specimens sent to me by Mr. Norman the number 
of these parasites is very considerable. 

Fig. 4.—A portion of the distal extremity of a large 
specimen of the species from among the fragments 
sent to me by Mr. Peach, with the remains of eleven or 
more projecting cloace. 

Fig. 5.—One of the acerate skeleton spicula. x 250 
linear. 

The general description of this species, p. 347, vol. i1, 
‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade,’ is correct as far as it goes, 
but the recent acquisition by the Rev. A. M. Norman 
of several nearly perfect specimens, and repeated ob- 
servations of the numerous fragments sent to me by 
Mr. Peach, have enabled me to add further informa- 


158 PLATE LXII. 


tion regarding its external form and its anatomical 
structure to the description I have given of it in the 
first instance. 

The form in the five nearly perfect specimens with 
which I am acquainted is, as stated by Mr. Norman, 
very like that of a Swede turnip, and as far as our 
knowledge of the species extends it appears to be a 
constant character. 

Mr. Norman, in his description of his proposed new 
genus Oceanapia, p. 334, ‘ British Association Reports’ 
for 1868, describes the sponge as follows :— 

“The sponge consisting of a HOLLOW sphere FILLED 
with sarcode, surrounded bya hard spongeous crust of 
a very close and compact nature ;”’ and subsequently in 
p. 335, the author writes, ‘“‘ My largest specimen con- 
tained nearly a pint of sarcode in the interior. This 
sarcode is of a deeper colour than is usual among the 
sponges, and when the dried Oceanapia is cut open the 
sarcode will be found lyme on that side which had 
been downwards when drying, shrunk into a deep 
brown or almost black mass, having somewhat the 
appearance and consistency of cobbler’s wax.” 

The simplest form of this species is that repre- 
sented by fig. 2. I received this specimen from my 
friend Mr. Peach among the numerous fragments of 
probably several specimens of the sponge from Shet- 
land in 1864. I have described it in p. 348, vol. u, 
‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade,’ as an abnormal form of one 
of the cloacal fistule, but the acquisition of four 
nearly perfect specimens of the sponge by my friend 
the Rev. Mr. Norman has so enlightened us regarding 
the natural form of the species that I feel convinced 
that fig. 2 really represents a small but nearly perfect 
specimen of the species. The fact that it has but one 
large terminal cloacal appendage does not militate 
against this idea, as in two other specimens obtained 
by Mr. Norman, the bulbs of which were two and a 
half inches in diameter, each had a large, central, 
apical, cloacal appendage, about nine lines in diameter, 


PLATE LXII. 159 


near its base, and a smaller one about one inch from the 
base of the large central one, not exceeding three lines 
in diameter, which had apparently been subsequently 
developed as the sponge had increased in size, and the 
same mode of the development of the cloacal appen- 
dages appears to have obtained in the specimen repre- 
sented by fig. 1, while in the largest specimen obtained 
by Mr. Norman the greatest horizontal diameter was 
four and a quarter inches, and the perpendicular 
diameter of the bulbous body was three and _ five 
eighths inches. The base of this specimen had the 
remains, apparently, of three or four large prehensile 
projections, and the summit of the bulb was furnished 
with eleven small fistular cloace, some of them in quite 
a rudimentary state, none of them exceeding an inch 
in height. Itis therefore apparent that the number, 
size, and form of the penicillate cloacae vary to a 
ereat extent. The largest one I have seen exceeded 
five inches in height, and was nine lines in diameter. 
In nearly every instance their distal extremities were 
more or less open by fracture, but in one well-pre- 
served specimen three and a half inches in height the 
distal termination is in the form of a blunt cone, very 
thin, and rather coarsely reticulated. In none of these 
organs have I ever found any of the glutinous sarcode 
that is so abundant in the body of the sponge. 

The external crust of the largest sponge at its 
ereatest diameter varies in thickness from one to four 
lines. In the smaller specimens, not exceeding two 
and a half inches in diameter in many parts, it did not 
exceed a quarter or one third of a line in thickness. 

On one fragment of the sponge apparently 
from the curve of its expansion, of much greater 
size than the largest of Mr. Norman’s specimens, 
there was on a surface about two and a half inches 
square aS many as seventeen of the remains of 
small fistule, varying in their diameter from three to 
six lines. 

One of the largest of the detached fistular projec- 


160 PLATE LXII. 


tions from the apex of the sponge, rather exceeding ten 
lines in diameter, had probably been not less than four 
inches in height. 

The habit in this species of discharging the fecal 
streams by means of large cloace is quite in accord- 
ance with that of the nearly allied British species D. 
fruticosa. 

This species is one of the very few sponges in which 
a section at right angles to the surface in the dried 
state does not give a good illustration of its structure ; 
a portion of the longitudinal run of the skeleton affords 
a much more correct idea of its anatomical characters, 
and these are very much more developed in the thick- 
ened base and apex of the bulb of the sponge, and in 
the stout prehensile and cloacal organs. 

Sections of the dried mass of interstitial membranes 
and sarcode that had subsided within the outer crust 
of the sponge during its drying afforded but very little 
information regarding its mode of disposition and 
structure ; but from one of the large fragments sent to 
me by Mr. Peach I obtained sections at right angles to 
the surface of the sponge, which presented every indi- 
cation of the tissues having retained their natural 
characters and positions. 

There was every indication of the membranes haying 
been arranged in lines radiating from the centre to the 
circumference of the sponge, the greater portion of 
the n merous tension spicula assuming that direction, 
with comparatively a few others dispersed among them 
at various angles. There were also innumerable gem- 
mules in a fine state of preservation evenly dispersed 
on the membranes. These organs with a linear power 
of 700 are distinctly seen to be filled with minute 
granules. The average diameter of the gemmule was 
zso00 Inch. Amidst these were also an abundance of 
minute, simple, and contort, bihamate retentive spicula, 
exceedingly minute, and very liable to escape observa- 
tion amidst the sarcode unless examined with a power 
of about 1000 linear. The length of one of the 


PLATE LNIT, 161 


largest of these spicula was y;'zgz inch, and its greatest 
thickness at the middle of the shaft did not exceed 
SEoo0 inch. 

The dermal membrane from the same piece of the 
sponge was also abundantly furnished with the minute, 
bihamate, retentive spicula. 

It is a singular but very characteristic fact that the 
same forms of retentive spicula are abundant in all the 
seven other species of British Desmacidon with which 
T am acquainted. 

The additional information regarding the external 
characters and the anatomical peculiarities requires an 
amended specific character ; I therefore propose to sub- 
stitute the following one in place of that in p. 847, 
vol. 11, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiadee.’ 

In the ‘ Report of the British Association’ for 1868, 
p. 334, “On Dredging among the Shetland Islands,” 
the Rev. Mr. Norman has proposed to separate Des- 
macidon Jeffreysii and make it the type of a new genus 
under the designation of Oceanapia, from the similarity 
in form of the bulbous mass of the sponge to a Swede 
turnip; but unfortunately for the propriety of this 
character as the foundation of a genus there are nu- 
merous other sponges of a similar form, both British 
and exotic, which vary so greatly in their anatomical 
structure as to render it quite out of the question that 
they should be grouped together in the same genus. 
On the contrary, if anatomical similarity of structure is 
to be assumed as the natural basis of generical arrange- 
ment, the sponge under consideration cannot with 
propriety be referred to any other genus than Desma- 
cidon. The striking peculiarity of this genus is such, 
that when a proper section of it is submitted to micro- 
scopical examination, it is immediately referable to its 
proper position in the generic arrangement. The 
essential character is, that the skeleton is entirely 
composed of multispiculated keratose fibres, which in 
all the known British species of the genus form irre- 
gularly reticulated skeletons. 

il 


162 PLATE LXII. 


DESMACIDON JEFFREYSII. 


Sponge massive, more or less spherical, externally, 
crustaceous; internally, a mass of interstitial mem- 
branes abundantly furnished with spicula; basally 
attached to rocks or stones by stout, prehensile, root- 
like organs; apically furnished with large and small 
penicillate tubular cloacee. Surface smooth. Oscula 
within the cloace. Pores inconspicuous. Dermal 
membrane pellucid, furnished with a unispiculous reti- 
culation. Spicula same as those of the skeleton ; 
retentive spicula bihamate, simple and contort, abun- 
dant and very minute. Skeleton stout, coarse, and 
elongately diffuse; spicula acerate, rather short and 
stout. Interstitial mass, membranes abundantly spi- 
culous, without admixture of spiculo-fibrous structure ; 
spicula of the membranes same as those of the ske- 
leton; retentive spicula, simple and contort bihamate, 
very abundant, exceedingly minute. Gemmules mem- 
branous. 

Dried.—Light buff colour, 

Hab.—Shetland ; Mr. C. W. Peach and Rev. A. M. 
Norman. 

Heamined.—tIn the dried state. 


Plate LX]. 


Desmacidon Peachu | —7. 
Wittens Alaing dosenien D. seqaqropila 8-14. 


W. West & C2 ump 


163 


PLATE LXIII. 


Desmacipon Pracuu, Bowerbail:. 
Vol. ii, p. 349, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 1—Represents the type-specimen received 
from Mr. Peach. Natural size. 

Fig. 2.—A skeleton spiculum of about the average 
size. X 80 linear. 

Fig. 8.—A long and very slender acerate tension 
spiculum from the interstitial membranes. X 530 
linear. The normal form of these spicula is very 
slightly curved, but they are frequently more or less 
sinuous, and sometimes curved at one of their ex- 
tremities, as represented in the figure. 

Fig. 4.—One of the short and somewhat stout ten- 
sion spicula of the dermal membrane. > 530 linear. 
These spicula are also very abundant on the interstitial 
membranes. 

Fig. 5.—A large and somewhat contort, bihamate, 
retentive spiculum from the interstitial membranes. 
x 530 linear. 

Fig. 6.—A. large, reversed, simple, bihamate, reten- 
tive spiculum from the interstitial membranes. xX 
530 linear. 

Fig. 7.—One of the smallest bihamate, retentive, 
spicula from the interstitial membranes. X 530 
linear. 


DESMACIDON HGAGROPILA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 352, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 8.—Represents a specimen of the species on a 
slender-branching Fucus from Brighton. Natural 
size. 


164 PLATE LXIII. 


Fig. 9.—A specimen from Strangford Lough, Ireland, 
sent to me by Prof. Dickie. Natural size. 

Fig. 10.—A full-sized skeleton spiculum. x 250 
linear. 

Fig. 11.—A tension spiculum from the dermal 
membrane. X 250 linear. 

Fig. 12.—One of the contort, bihamate, retentive 
spicula from the dermal membrane. ™X 530 linear. 

Fig. 13.—A reversed, bihamate, retentive spiculum 
from the dermal membrane, x 580 linear. 

Fig. 14.—A dentato-palmate, inequi-anchorate, re- 
tentive spiculum from the dermal membrane. x 530 
linear. 

In vol.i, Plate XIII, figure 264, there is a fibre of the 
skeleton of this species represented. x 108 linear. 


Pee SOB ISAM M 


G-Trsuygieg = snakydey 


{1 
| 
14 
| : 
| 
id 
| 4 
| i 
Wa \4 
ia 
14 , 
it | 
| | 
i| ; 
i} i 
i } 
i | 
{ 
\ 
iy 


AI'T 881g 


YI 1? Jap SNOPTY SMe 


165 


PLATE LXIV. 
Rapayrus Grirritusi, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 354, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 1.—Represents a specimen seated on the shell 
of a large oyster, which it overlaps on every side. 
The whole of the sponge is thickly studded with in- 
halent areas, while at the upper portion of the figure 
there are a number of large oscula in an irregularly 
curved line. Natural size. 

Figs. 2 and 3.—Spicula of the skeleton. x 250 
linear. 

Figs. 4and 5.—Spicula of the interstitial membranes. 
x 250 linear. 

Vol. i, Plate XIII, fig. 265, represents a portion of a 
small skeleton fibre composed of innumerable spicula, 
irregularly mixed. X 175 linear. 


Plate LXV. 


Oph} itasponqia 
Sponqronella 
Aldous cel et ith i 


seriata ]-4 
W. Liens 


muchella 


oO 
eth 


L67 


PLATE LXV. 


OPHLITASPONGIA SERIATA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 376, ‘ Mon. Brit. Spongiadee.’ 
Chalina seriata, Bowerbank. 


A reconsideration of the structure of the skeleton 
of this sponge has convinced me that its proper place 
is in the genus Ophlitaspongia. The fibres of its 
skeleton are exterspiculate, while those of every 
species of British Chalina are interspiculate, an im- 
portant anatomical difference that naturally assigns 
them to different genera. 

Fig. 1.—Represents a fine specimen based on a piece 
of rock, from one of the small caves of St. Katherine’s 
Rock, Tenby. Natural size. 

Fig. 2.—One of the subfusiformi, acuate, slender 
tension spicula of the dermal membrane. x 250 
linear. 

Fig. 3.—A slender, tricurvate, acerate tension spi- 
culum from the dermal membrane. x 530 linear. 

Fig. 4.—One of the large, internal, defensive 
spicula based on the skeleton-fibre of the sponge. x 
250 linear. 

In vol. i, Plate XVII, fig. 287, a portion of a thin sec- 
tion of the sponge at right angles to the surface, x 108 
linear, illustrating the form of the Keratose skeleton, 
and the mode of disposition of the internal defensive 
spicula on its fibre. 

I have received from Mr. C. W. Peach a specimen of 
this species from Fowey ; it surrounds the stem of a 
Fucus for seven inches of its length. 


SPONGIONELLA PULCHELLA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 359, ‘ Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 
Fig. 5.—Represents the type-specimen of the species 


168 PLATE LXV. 


from the coast of Ireland, by Mr. Robert Brown, 
figured in Sowerby’s ‘ British Miscellany,’ xlii. The 
specimen is now in my possession. Natural size. 

Figs. 6, 7, and 8.—Three small specimens of the 
species from 70 fathoms, Shetland. Natural size. 

Vol. 1, Plate XXXVII, fig. 380, represents a portion 
of a section of the sponge from the type-specimen at 
right angles to the surface. x 50 linear. 


Plate LXVI. 


Chalina oculata 


W. Lens Allous del eb Lith W. West & Co ony 


169 


PLATE LXVI, 


CuHaAuina ocuLata, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 361, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 1.—Represents a fine specimen of the species 
from the Diamond Ground, off Hastings, received in the 
living state, but drawn from the dried specimen very 
slightly reduced in size. 

Fig. 2.—A skeleton spiculum. x 580 linear. 

Fig. 3.—A tension spiculum from the dermal mem- 
brane. X 530 linear. The tension spicula of the 
interstitial membranes are precisely the same in size 
and form as those of the dermal membrane. 

I have seen this sponge in rock caverns between high 
and low water in a living state, usually in a pendulous 
position, but I have two specimens based on the flat 
upper shell of two large Pecten maaimus, four or five 
inches in height, which I received in the living con- 
dition, full of sarcode, and they maintained the upright 
position as rigidly as if they were sprigs of wood. In 
the skeleton state, with the sarcode removed by mace- 
ration in the sea, as we so frequently find it thrown up 
on the beach, it is familiar to us all as especially soft 
and flexible, 

In vol. i, Plate XIII, fig, 262, the spiculous Keratose 
fibre of this species is represented. ™ 175 linear. 


CG 


Ccervicornnis 


Chaline 


gracilenta 4-6. 


lLimbata 


GC 


coup 


W West & Ce 


bel et ith 


W hens Aldous, 


PLATE LXVII. 


CHALINA CERVICORNIS, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 364, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 

Fig. 1.—Represents a specimen found at Torquay 
by Mr. Gosse, who kindly presented it to me in the 
dried state. Natural size. 

Fig. 2.—A skeleton spiculum from the specimen 
represented by fig. 1. 530 linear. 

Fig. 3.—A spiculum from the skeleton fibre of the 
type-specimen in the Johnston Collection of British 
eee in the British Museum. Figured in Plate V, 
fi, 1, ‘Johnston’s British Sponges.’ x 530 linear. 

Sine figured specimen is apparently younger than the 
type one in the British Museum, and in consequence 
of the presence of a quantity of sarcode the colour is 
different ; it is of a full orange-yellow. The spicula, on 
an average, are rather less stout than those of the type- 
specimen, but there is so much variation in that 
character that those represented by figs. 2 and 3- 
might readily be found among the spicula from either 
specimen. 


CHALINA GRACILENTA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 372, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 4.—Represents the type-specimen on Codium 
tormentosum, from the cabinet of the late Mrs. Griffiths. 
Natural size. 

Fig. 5.—Represents a specimen from North Devon 
in the cabinet of the Rev. A. M. Norman. Natural 
$1ze. 

Fig. 6.—A skeleton spiculum from the type-speci- 


? 


men. X 530 linear. 


172 PLATE LXVII. 


CHALINA LimBaTa, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 373, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Figs. 7, 8, 9, and 10.—Various forms of the species 
from the coast of Cornwall. Natural size. 

Fig. 11.—A specimen of the species on a Terebratula 
from Fowey, by Mr. C. W. Peach. Natural size. 

Fig. 12.—One of the slender dermal spicula. x 530 
linear. 

Fig. 13.—A skeleton spiculum. x 530 linear. 


Plate LXVIIL. 


a) 


Beri Cds = TENT a aad 


Chalina Flemingii L-2, ie Montagun Sa 5 
C. Grantii 6. 7. 


W.Lens Aldous del. et lith W West &C° ong 


173 


PLATE LXVIII. 


Cuatina Fieminet, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 370, ‘ Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 
Fig. 1.—Represents the type-specimen parasitical on 
a slender Fucus. Natural size. 


Fig. 2.—A full-sized spiculum from the fibre of the 
Sponge. x 530 linear. 


Caatina Montacui, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 366, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 
Figs. 3 and 4.—Specimens obtained at Brighton by 
Mr. Thomas Ingall. Natural size. 
Fig. 5.—A spiculum from the fibre of the sponge. 
x 530 linear. 


Cuatina Grantil, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 375, ‘ Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 
Fig. 6.—Represents the type-specimen found by 
Mr. Thomas Ingall at Brighton. Natural size. 
Fig. 7.—One of the spicula from the skeleton fibre. 
x 530 linear. 


Plate LXIX. 


Dysidea fragilis 


Ce? ump 


W. West § 


oa 


W. Liens Aldous del et Lith 


175 


PLATE LXIX. 


DYSIDEA FRAGILIS, Johnston. 
Vol. ii, p. 381, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 1—A fine specimen of the sponge from the 
Diamond Ground, off Hastings. Natural size. 

Fig. 2.—A specimen located on the back of appa- 
rently Pisa Gibbsii, Leach. The sponge is in a very 
fine state of preservation. Natural size. 

Fig. 3.—A small well-developed specimen from the 
rocks off Hastings. Natural size. 

Vol. i, Plate XIV, fig. 271, represents a few fibres 
of the sponge from a Hastings specimen, exhibiting 
the mode of the embedment of the sand amid the fibres. 
x 108 lnear. 

Fig. 272 in the same plate represents a single young 
fibre of the skeleton from the same sponge, exhibiting 
the manner in which the Keratose fibre picks up and 
incorporates the single grains of sand in forming its 
skeleton of extraneous materials. 


Ww 


Ophlilaspongia papillata l-4 Halichondria farinaria 5-8 


Verongia YZetlandica 9-1. Diplodemia vesicula 12-14 
W Lena Aldous det ef lth I’ Weer @ 0 


PLATE LXX. 


OPHLITASPONGIA PAPILLA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 378, ‘ Mon. Brit. Spongiadz.’ 


Fig. 1.— Represents the type-specimen, in the 
cabinet of the Rev. A. M. Norman. Natural size. 

Fig, 2.—A small piece of the skeleton fibre with its 
spicula im sitd. > 250 linear. 

Fig. 3.—One of the fusiformi-acuate tension spicula 
of the dermal membrane. x 250. 

Fig. 4.—A tricurvate, acerate, tension spiculum 
from the dermal membrane. > 250 linear. 


HALicHonpria FARINARIA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 269, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 5.—Represents a fine specimen of the species 
from Strangford Lough coating a valve of Pecten oper- 
cularis. Natural size. 

Fig. 6.—One of the slender spinulate spicula of the 
dermal membrane. X 250 linear. 

Fig. 7.— An inflato-cylindrical tension spiculum 
from the dermal membrane. X 530 linear. 

Fig. 8.—A skeleton spiculum. X 250 linear. 


Veroncia ZeTLANvica, Bowerbauk. 
Vol. ui, p. 380, ‘ Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 9.—Represents the largest and best developed 
specimen of the species from Shetland, in the cabinet 
of the Rev. A. M. Norman. Natural size. 

Fig. 10.—A smaller specimen from the same locality. 
Natural size. 

Fig. 11.—A small portion of the fibre exhibiting the 

12 


178 PLATE LXX. 


central canal and three gemmules attached to the 
skeleton fibre. x 250 linear. 

In a specimen examined since the publication of the 
description of this sponge in vol. u, p. 380, ‘Mon. 
Brit. Spongiade,’ I have observed numerous gem- 
mules attached to the fibres of the skeleton and to the 
inner surface of the dermal membrane. They are 
membranaceous and aspiculous, oval or spherical, and 
they vary considerably in size, some of them being not 
more than half the diameter of the largest ones. Their 
general appearance is very lke that of the greater 
number of the gemmules of the Halichondraceous 
sponges. 


DIPLODEMIA VESICULA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 357, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 12.— Represents the type-specimen of the 
species on the fragment of a valve of a pecten. <A 
group of the ovaries is to be seen opposite (q). 
Natural size. 

Fig. 13—One of the spicula in the fibrous part of 
the skeleton. x 250 linear. 

Fig. 14.—A spiculum from the reticulated part of 
the skeleton. X 250 linear. 

In vol. i, Plate XXXVI, fig. 377, a portion of the 
compound reticulate skeleton is represented exhibiting 
the intermixture of the spiculo-reticulate skeleton with 
the hetro-spiculate fibrous one. X 108 linear. 

In Plate XIV, fig. 273, the same volume, there is a 
small piece of the hetro-spiculated keratose fibre of 
the skeleton figured. Xx 175 lnear. 

In Plate XXIII, fig. 324, two of the ovaria are 
represented. x 83 linear. 


SUPPLEMENT 


TO 


VOL. II, ‘MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH SPONGIADZ.’ 


Tue following portion of the work is descriptive and 
illustrative of new species of British Sponges that have 
been discovered since the publication of vol. 11, and also 
of a few species that were published in that volume 
which it has been thought advisable, upon a reconsi- 
deration of their structures and of the characters 
first assigned to them, to remove to other Genera, with 
which their anatomical peculiarities were more closely 
in accordance. ‘To these alterations of Genera the 
descriptions of the respective plates will readily lead 
the student. 


Plate LXX[. 


{ 
i 
i a 
| \ 
i | 
{ 
} 4 
i , 3 
' 
1; { 
‘Bi it 
i i 
i Li 
1] ee 
t ae | 
it tf 
i i | 
14 [ 
44 . 4 
I | 
' ty 
i = 
if 
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fo) 


Hymeniacidon foliatus 1-2. Desmacidon constrictus 3-10 
W hems Aldous lel. ot ith W West & Co ump 


181 


PLATE LXXI. 
HyMENIACIDON FoLIATUS, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 1.—Represents a portion of the skeleton of the 
type-specimen, exhibiting the mode of the arrangement 
of the skeleton structure. > 123 linear. 

Fig. 2.—A fully-developed spmulate skeleton spi- 
culum.  X 250 linear. 


DeEsmacipon constrictus, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 350, ‘ Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 3.—Represents a portion of the skeleton struc- 
ture of the type-specimen of the species, exhibiting the 
large size of its multi-spiculous skeleton fibres, and a 
portion of the imterstitial membrane and its dispersed 
tension spicula. > 36 linear. 

Fig. 4.—One of the subfusiformi-acuate skeleton 
spicula, exhibiting its basal constriction. 250 
linear. 

Fig. 5.—The basal portion of another skeleton 
spiculum showing a still greater amount of constric- 
tion. 250 linear. 

Fig. 6.—Another basal portion of a skeleton spi- 
culum with a hastate basal termination. x 53 
linear. This form of the base prevails in a more or 
less degree in a considerable number of the skeleton 
spicula. 

Fig. 7.—A small dentato-palmate inequi-anchorate 
spiculum. X 530 linear. 

Fig. 8.—One of the large dentato-palmate inequi- 
anchorate spiculum. X 530 linear. 

Fig. 9.—A large bidentate inequi-anchorate spicu- 
lum. > 530 linear. This form often occurs along 
with the dentato-palmate ones. 

Fig. 10.—Two of the contort, bihamate, retentive 
spicula. xX 530 linear. 


182 PLATB LXXI. 


HymeniAcipon Fouiatus, Bowerbank. 
Plate LXXI. 


Sponge sessile, basal portion comparatively large 
and spreading; elevated portion folious; surface 
smooth. Oscula and pores inconspicuous. Dermal 
membrane pellucid, thin, aspiculous. Skeleton. Spi- 
cula more or less spinulate, of nearly equal size, very 
abundant, loosely and irregularly disposed. 

Colowr.—Cream white in the wet state. 

Habitat.—Shetland ; Mr. C. W. Peach. 

Hxamined.—In the wet state from spirit. 

I received a single specimen of this species with 
several other sponges in spirit from my kind and inde- 
fatigable friend Mr. C. W. Peach, who obtained it at 
Shetland in 1864. Itis seated on a small pebble not 
quite eight lines long by about five limes wide. The 
basal mass of the sponge spreads comparatively to a 
considerable extent over one end of the stone, and the 
folious portion rises from it in the form of a thin, 
pointed, and somewhat curved leaf-like plate, about 
two and a half lines in greatest breadth, rather less 
than four lines in height, and of a thickness not 
exceeding that of a stout sheet of writing paper. It is 
very probable that hereafter considerable modifications 
both as regards size and form may be found to exist in 
this species, but as far as we can see at present it 
cannot, by its structural peculiarities, be referred to 
any of the British Hymeniacidons with spinulate 
spicula with which we are acquainted. 

The sponge though so small is apparently not in an 
early stage of development ; as there are, in the small 
piece removed for microscopical examination, not ex- 
ceeding two lines in diameter, six for: aminiferous shells, 
some of them containing their own animal matter, and 
there are others observable in the folious portion of 
the sponge. 

I could not detect oscula or pores either on the piece 


PLATE LXXI. 183 


mounted in Canada balsam or on the general mass of 
the sponge. 

The dermal membrane is aspiculous closely enve- 
loping the mass of the sponge. 

The whole substance of the sponge is composed of a 
loosely and irregularly disposed stratum of spicula, 
lying to a great extent in the same plain, but crossing 
each other in every imaginable direction. The spicula 
are of nearly the same size, and of but one form, all 
being more or less spinulate. In some of them the 
spinulation i is fully and completely developed, while in 
others it is quite in an incipient condition, and every 
eradation of development between the two extremes 
may be observed. 

The interstitial membranes are very translucent, 
and without the assistance of the minute molecules of 
extraneous matters upon them would scarcely have 
been detected. 


DESMACIDON constRIcTUS, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 350, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


I have unfortunately mislaid the type-specimen of 
this species described in vol. i, p. 350, ‘Mon. Brit. 
Sponges,’ but a figure of it is, in truth, but of little 
consequence in regard to its future recognition, as its 
structural peculiarities are so strongly marked as to 
render its discrimination an easy task. 

A re-examination of some minute fragments of it has 
produced two forms of retentive spicula that I had not 
seen in the previously examined portions of the spe- 
cimen. I found in one mounting of the spicula seven 
specimens of the small dentato-palmate inequi-ancho- 
rate form represented by fig. 7, Plate LXXI, all 
agreeing in size and proportions ; two of the large 
description of dentato-palmate inequi-anchorate ones 
represented by fig. 8, and one large bidentate inequi- 
anchorate spiculum represented by. fig. 9. 


184 PLATE LXXI. 


I have no doubt that both these forms will be found 
in much larger quantities in future specimens of this 
sponge in a better state of preservation. 

The presence of these forms of retentive spicula 
should therefore be added to the specific description of 
the species in vol. ii, p. 350 of ‘Mon. Brit. Spon- 
giades.’ 


Hymeniacidon firmus | 


Medous del of lth 


©) 


H plumiger 10-12. 


Platte ILXXIL. 


H. radiosa 3-4. H placentula 5-9. 
Polymastia conigera 13-16. 
W West & C° ump 


185 


PLATE LXXII. 
HyMeEntactpon Firmus, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 1.— Represents the type-specimen, in the 
cabinet of the Rev. A. M. Norman. Natural size. 

Fig. 2.—One of the skeleton spicula. x 250 
linear. 


HyMENIAcIDON RADIOSA, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 3.—Represents the type-specimen, in the cabinet 
of the Rev. A. M. Norman. Natural size. 

Fig. 4.—An average-sized skeleton  spiculum. 
x 250 linear. 


HYMENIACIDON PLACENTULA, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 5.—Represents the type-specimen of the species. 
Natural size. 

Fig. 6.—A skeleton spiculum. x 80 linear. This 
figure also represents the large acerate tension spicula 
of the dermis. 

Fig. 7.—A large equi-angulated spiculated triradiate 
spiculum from the dermis. X 123 linear. 

Fig. 8.—One of the inflato-acerate, incipiently tuber- 
culated tension spicula of the dermal membrane. 
x 530 linear. 

Fig. 9. — An attenuato-elongo-stellate retentive 
spiculum from the dermal membrane. » 530 linear. 


Hymenracipon pLumicer, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 10.—Represents the type-specimen, in the 
cabinet of Mr. W. Saville Kent. Natural size. 


186 PLATE LXXII. 


Fig. 11.—One of the spicula from the dermal 
featherly fasciculi. x 250 linear. 

Fig. 12.— An average-sized skeleton spiculum. 
x 250 linear. 


PoLyMASTIA CONIGERA, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 13.—Represents the type-specimen, in the 
cabinet of the Rev. A. M. Norman. Natural size. 

Fig. 14.—One of the large external basal defensive 
spicula. x 123 lnear. This fioeure also represents 
the skeleton spicula of the basal mass and the fasciculi 
of the cloacee. 

Fig. 15.—One of the smaller skeleton spicula from 
between the primary skeleton fasciculi of the basal 
mass. X 123 linear. 

Fig. 16—One of the secondary defensive spicula 
from the surface of the cloacee. x 250 linear. 


Hymentacipon rirmus, Bowerbank. 
Plate LXXIT. 


Sponge massive, parasitical, firm and fleshy. Surface 
smooth and even. Oscula simple, dispersed few in 
number. Pores inconspicuous. Dermis strong and 
tough, abundantly spiculous ; spicula acerate, stout, 
strong and very thickly felted together, with porous 
areas sparingly dispersed amid the felted spicula, 
which are the same in size as those of the skeleton; 
dermal membrane translucent. Skeleton.—Abundantly 
spiculous, closely and compactly constructed im all 
its parts; spicula acerate, all stout and strong, closely 
and irregularly disposed. Interstitial membranes trans- 
lucent. Sarcode very abundant. 

Colouwr.—In spirit, dull ochreous yellow. 


PLATE LXXI. 187 


Habitat.—Jersey ; Rev. A. M. Norman. 

Heamined —From spirit. 

I have seen only one specimen of this species. It 
was dredged at Jersey in 1867 by the Rev. A. M. 
Norman. It is parasitical on a slender fucus which it 
envelopes entirely. It is two and a quarter inches in 
leneth, ten lines in breadth, and its greatest thickness 
ig seven lines. The surface is smooth, and the mass 
of the sponge very firm and fleshy. There are several 
oscula on each of the broad surfaces of the sponge, 
none of them exceed a line in diameter. 

The spicula in the dermis are so abundant and so 
closely felted together as to render their form in sitié 
undistinguishable. In some parts of the dermis the 
porous areas are tolerably numerous, while in other 
parts there are few, and the intervening spaces are 
considerable. 

In the skeleton the same profusion of spicula that so 
strongly characterises the dermis 1s observable; they 
cross each other in every possible direction, and from 
their stoutness and great number they render the 
sponge almost as firm and solid as either H. suberea, 
jficus, or carnosa. This strength and solidity of cha- 
racter renders this species readily distinguishable from 
any of the other British species among their congeners 
in the first section of the genus Hymeniacidon. 

In many species of Hymentacidon, although the 
whole of the spicula are of the same form a great 
number of them are much more slender than the others, 
and represent the tension spicula on the interstitial 
membranes in other sponges, but this is not the case 
in the species in course of description, in which the 
whole of them are of the same degree of length and 
stoutness. 


HyYMENTIACIDON RADIOSA, Bowerbank. 
Plate LXXIT. 


Sponge massive, sessile, firm and fleshy, surface 


188 PLATE LXXII. 


smooth and even. Oscula simple and dispersed, few 
in number. Pores inconspicuous. Dermal membrane 
tough and strong, spiculous; spicula very abundant, 
irregularly and thickly felted together, acuate, same 
size and form as those of the skeleton. Skeleton.— 
Radiating confusedly towards the dermal surface in 
very loosely compacted fasciculi; spicula acuate, 
very abundant. 

Colour.—In spirit, pale ochreous yellow, with a shade 
of green. 

Habitat.—Jersey ; Rev. A. M. Norman. 

Heamined.—F rom spirit. 

The specimen described is the only one I have yet 
seen. It is one and three quarters inch broad, one 
inch high, and half an inch thick at its base, whence 
it becomes gradually thinner, until at the distal margin 
it does not exceed one eighth in thickness. Both the 
broad surfaces are slightly undulating with a few 
shallow depressions. The oscula are small, very few 
exceeding half a line in diameter. The dermal mem- 
brane is remarkably abundant in spicula, and they are 
closely felted over each other in every direction. The 
most striking specific character is in the singular 
arrangement of the skeleton tissues which present a 
compact radiating structure throughout the whole of 
its substance; the like of which I have never observed 
in any other species belonging to the same section of 
the genus Hymeniacidon ; but in the following section 
of the genus with spinulate spicula this radiating mode 
of the spicula arrangement may be observed in H. 
suberea and carnosa, to a certain extent beneath the 
dermal surfaces, while in the deeper seated parts of 
the sponges the usual forms of the characteristic 
structures of the genus may be observed. The size 
and form of the skeleton spicula are so like those of 
several other nearly allied species that they are of very 
little use in discriminating the species. 


PLATE LXNXII. 189 


HYMENIACIDON PLACENTULA, Bowerbanh. 
Pilate LXXIT. 


Sponge compressed, flat, sessile. Surface smooth. 
Oscula simple, depressed. Pores inconspicuous. Der- 
mis smooth, abundantly spiculous ; tension spicula 
large, acerate, same as those of the skeleton, and 
large equi-angulated attenuato-triradiate, radu fre- 
quently distorted, few in number; also sub-inflato 
acerate, incipiently-tuberculated, dispersed, minute, 
and very numerous. Retentive spicula, attenuato- 
elongo-stellate, very minute and numerous. Skeleton 
diffused, spicula sub-fasciculated, acerate, rarely 
acuate, large and long. Interstitial membranes _pel- 
lucid ; tension spicula sub-inflato-acerate, incipiently- 
tuberculated, very numerous. Retentive  spicula 
attenuato-elongo-stellate, very minute and numerous. 

Colour.—In the dried state, cream white. 

Habitat.—The Hebrides, J. G. Jeffreys, Esq. 

Heamined.—In the dried state. 

I am indebted to my friend Mr. J. G. Jeffreys for 
two specimens of this sponge. They are in form like 
an irregularly made biscuit-cake; each of them from 
three to five lines in thickness; one of them is four 
and a half inches long by three in breadth, and the 
other, two inches long by one and a quarter broad. 
The edges are more or less thick and obtuse. I could 
not detect a basal attachment on either of them. 
The oscula on the larger specimen are abundant on 
one of the two broad surfaces, while very few are 
apparent on the other one; they are numerous and 
very equally dispersed, and vary from half a line to 
about a line in diameter. On some parts of the 
same surface the pores are visible by the aid of a lens 
of two inches focus. The dermal membrane is 
thin and very pellucid and is crowded with its 
various spicula. A few, comparatively, of the large 
skeleton spicula are embedded on its under sur- 


190 PLATE LXXII. 


face, and the large attenuato-triradiate spicula are 
also few in number. They are remarkable for the 
frequent contortions of their radii; a few of them are 
spiculated, the spicular ray most frequently passing 
outward. The inflato-acerate spicula are by far the 
most abundant of the tension ones, and in some parts 
they are thickly felted together, especially around the 
areas of the pores. These spicula are singular in 
their structure, and are very characteristic of the 
species. They are very variable in their characters ; 
the central inflation is well produced in some, while in 
others it 1s scarcely visible or entirely absent; the 
incipient tuberculation is also variable; in many 
of them, it has the appearance of hemispherical nodules, 
while in others it is so slightly produced as to assume 
the form of a very early stage of incipient spination, 
and in all of them it is more or less apparent on every 
part of the spiculum when viewed with a power of 
about 800 linear. The attenuato-clongate stellate 
retentive spicula are also abundantly dispersed on all 
the membranes, and especially so on the inner surface 
of the dermal one. They are minute, variable in size, 
and very irregular in form, requiring a power of about 
800 linear to demonstrate them in a satisfactory 
manner. 

The structure of the skeleton is open and diffused, 
and occasionally a few of the spicula are fasciculated, 
but these fasciculi are not continuous for more than 
twice or thrice the length of a spiculum. The tension 
and retentive spicula of the interstitial membranes are 
not quite so abundant as in the dermal membrane. 
The interstitial membranes are so thin and pellucid 
that they would scarcely be visible if it were not for 
the numerous spicula they contain. 

The colour and general aspect of the sponge in its 
dried condition is so like many flat and imperfect 
specimens of Phakellia ventilabrum that it might 
readily be mistaken for one of that species when mixed 
with them. 


PLATE LXXT. 191 


HyYMENIACIDON PLUMIGER, Dowerbank. 
Plate LXXIT. 


Sponge sessile, coating. Surface even, smooth, or 
slightly corrugated. Oscula slightly elevated and 
conical; margins thin, dispersed. Pores imconspi- 
cuous. Dermal membrane abundantly  spiculous ; 
spicula disposed in flat featherly elongated bundles, 
curving irregularly ; spicula of the fasciculi numerous, 
acuate, not quite so long as those of the skeleton. 
Skeleton abundantly spiculous; spicula acuate, long, 
and rather slender, very variable in diameter. 

Colowr.—In spirit dark olive-green. 

Habitat Off Guernsey ; Mr. W. Saville Kent. 

fvanined.—From spirit, in the condition in which 
it came from the sea. 

IT am indebted to Mr. W. Saville Kent for my know- 
ledge of this sponge, which he obtained while dredging 
off the Island of Guernsey in the yatch Norma in the 
summer of 1870. The dimensions of the specimen 
are one and a quarter inch in length, an inch in 
breadth, and three lines in thickness. The oscula are 
about ten in number, and nearly at equal distances 
from each other; they are shghtly conical, and their 
margins are very thin and somewhat irregular. 

The dermis of this sponge affords the most valuable 
distinctive characters. ‘lhe dermal membrane is thin 
and translucent. It is abundantly furnished with 
numerous, slightly-curving, fasciculi of continuous 
series of spicula; from the surfaces of the bundles, spi- 
cula are projected at shght angles towards their distal 
extremities, where they radiate more or less in a fan- 
shaped manner, giving to the flat fasciculi an appear- 
ance very like that of a small wet feather. 

The skeleton is abundantly spiculous. The spicula 
are regularly acuate, of the same form as those of the 
dermis, but longer in their proportions, and, although 
nearly all of equal length, they vary to a considerable 


192 PLATE LXXII. 


extent in their diameter, some of them being of ex- 
treme tenuity. The spicula of this species and those 
of H. consimilis and H. perlevis are nearly of the same 
form and proportions; but in the former of the two 
species not only is the external form of the sponge 
distinctly different, but in the dermal membrane, 
although abundantly spiculous, they are irregularly 
dispersed instead of being arranged in fasciculi, and in 
H. perlevis the dermal membrane is aspiculous. 

I subsequently found a second specimen of this spe- 
cies among the sponges dredged off Guernsey by Mr. 
Kent. It was about the same size as the type-speci- 
men, and very closely resembled it in all its external 
and internal characters, with this difference only, that 
in a piece of the dermal membrane examined one por- 
tion of it very closely resembled that of the type- 
specimen, while immediately adjoining that spot the 
fasciculi assumed a reticulated character; and in 
another part of the same piece they were indiscrimi- 
nately felted together. As a precaution to naturalists 
who attach value to external characters I may mention 
that the two specimens of this species were mixed with 
several others of Hymeniacidon reticulatus, and that 
the two species were so much alike in external charac- 
ters that I could not separate them without micro- 
scopical examinations. 


PoLyMasTIA CoNIGERA, Bowerbank. 
Plate LXXII. 


Sponge sessile, coating. Surface strongly hispid. 
Oscula terminal, inconspicuous, congregated on short, 
stout, smooth, conical, cloacal fistule ; apices of the 
fistulae obtuse ; dermis coriaceous, armed profusely with 
densely packed, minute fusiformi-spinulate  spicula. 
Pores inconspicuous. Skeleton of cloacal fistula. 
Fasciculi polyspiculous, large, and numerous; spicula 
super-fusiformi spinulate, basal portions frequently 


PLATE! LXXII. 193 


bi- or tri-spinulate. Skeleton of basal mass. Fasci- 
culi polyspiculous, irregularly disposed ; spicula same 
as those of the cloacal fistule. Primary external de- 
fensive system. Spicula as large and as long, and of 
the same form as those of the skeleton; projected 
beyond the dermal surface for the greater portion of 
their length; very numerous; secondary defensive 
system the same as that of the surface of the cloace. 
Interstitial membranes. Tension spicula, minute fusi- 
formi-spinulate. 

Colowr.—In spirit, light fawn-yellow. 

Habitat.—Shetland ; forty to fifty fathoms; Rev. 
A. M. Norman. 

Hxamined.—In the wet state from spirit. 

The specimen under consideration is fifteen lines in 
length, five lines in breadth, and rather exceeding two 
lines in thickness, but I do not believe this to be its 
natural dimensions but rather that it is a portion of a 
larger specimen, as what there remains of it has all the 
characters of a fully-developed sponge, and there are 
no indications of basal membrane to lead us to a cor- 
rect knowledge of its thickness. It is furnished with 
two, large, well-developed, cloacal fistula, of nearly 
equal size; the largest of them is five lines in height 
and four lines in breadth at the junction with the 
basal mass ; each of them is compressed so that their 
thickness from back to front at the base does not 
exceed two lines. 

The strikingly hirsute character of the basal mass 
contrasted with the smooth and even surfaces of the 
cloacal fistule readily leads to the discrimination of 
this sponge ; the spicula are very numerous, aud many 
of them exceed the sixteenth of an inch in length, so 
that the strikingly smooth mammeeform fistulz even to 
the unassisted eye appear to spring as it were out of a 
basal bed of large long spines. When a section of the 
sponge at right angles to its surface is examined in 
Canada balsam with a power of one hundred linear the 


secondary system of external defensive spicula are 
13 


194 PLATE LXXIi. 


seen to be also very numerous, and their apices are 
scarcely projected beyond the dermal surface ; but this 
is not the case when they appear as the sole defensive 
organs of the fistula. They are then projected through 
the dermal membrane for the greater portion of their 
length, and are extremely numerous, and are closely 
packed together in such a manner as to resemble wet 
fur on the skin of an animal membrane, lying in 
patches without any definite direction. 

The mammeform fistula rise from a well-defined 
ring; up to the outer margin of which they are sur- 
rounded by the dense crop of large external spicula, 
which are of the same form and size as those of the 
skeleton fasciculi of the basal ring, whence they spring. 
Within this basal ring not a single large spiculum 1s 
seen to be projected from the base of the spicula, which 
to the unassisted eye appears as strikingly smooth as 
all without the circle appears abundantly and coarsely 
hispid. This remarkable structural character serves 
admirably to distinguish this species from its closely 
allied congeners. 

The fasciculi of the skeleton in the basal mass are ir- 
regularly dispersed; they are rather loosely constructed, 
and their distal terminations radiate slightly as they 
approach the dermis, through which they are projected, 
thus forming the abundant hispidation of the basal 
dermal surface. 

The skeleton fasciculi of the cloacal fistule are large 
and numerous, the interspaces between them being 
not more than about half the width of one of the bun- 
dles. 

The spicula, of which all the parts of the skeleton 
are formed, are large and long; the shaft of the spi- 
culum is strikingly fusiform, but the spinulation is by 
no means strongly produced. Their most remarkable 
character is, that the greater portion of them are bi- 
or tri-spinulate, and in some cases the spinulate infla- 
tions on the basal portion of the shaft are as many as 
four or five at nearly equal distances from each other. 


PLATE LXXIIL. 195 


There are but two among the known species of 
British Polymastia with which the species under con- 
sideration is hable to be confounded by a hasty observer, 
and these are P. robusta and P. mammillaris. The 
short conical fistula and the abundant hispidation of 
its basal surface, contrasted with the smooth basal 
mass and the elongate fistulae of the first-named spe- 
cies of the two will readily distinguish them, indepen- 
dant of the more decisive character arising from the 
difference in form of their respective skeleton spicula. 
It may also be readily separated from P. manumillaris 
by the difference in the forms of their skeleton spicula 
and the smoothness of the basal surface of the last- 
named species. 

Since the above description was written I have re- 
ceived two more specimens of the species from Mr. 
Norman. One is rather less than that which is figured. 
It has two conical fistula, but one of them is very 
much smaller than the other, but the general resem- 
blance is very close to that of the type-specimen. The 
other specimen is about half the size of the figured 
one, and it has but one conical fistula, but is a complete 
and perfect specimen. 


H.requiaris lO-ll. 


3a 6-9. 


Hl.edu 


oe 


Halichondria foliata |- 


M 


W West 


et bith 


oel 


W Lens Aldous 


Way 


PLATE LXXIII. 
HanicHonpria FouaTta, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 1—Represents the finest and best-developed 
specimen from Shetland in the condition in which it. 
came from the sea. Natural size. 

Fig. 2.—Is from a small, but well-developed speci- 
men from Scarborough in the dried state. Natural 
size. 

Fig. 3.—One of the slender, acuate, tension spicula 
from the dermal membrane. X 250 linear. 

Fig. 4.—A skeleton spiculum. X 250 linear. 

Fig. 5.—One of the tricurvate-acerate, tension 
spicula from the interstitial membranes, Xx 250 
linear. 


HALICHONDRIA EDUSA, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 6.—Represents the type-specimen of the species 
in the wet condition. In the cabinet of the Rev. A. 
M. Norman. Natural size. 

Fig. 7.—A small portion of the dense polyspiculous, 
dermal reticulation. x 180 linear. 

Fig. 8.—An acerate skeleton spiculum. X 250 
linear. 

Fig. 9.—A tension spiculum from the interstitial 
membranes. X 250 linear. 


HALICHONDRIA REGULARIS, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 10.—Represents the type-specimen from Sark. 


Natural size. 
Fig. 11.—One of the skeleton spicula. x 250 


linear. 


198 PLATE LXXIII. 


Hauicnonpria Coucui, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 12.—Represents the type-specimen from Mr. 
Jonathan Couch. Natural size. 

Fig. 13.—A skeleton spiculum. 250 linear. 

Fig. 14.—One of the minute, slender, acerate, tension 
spicula from the dermal membrane. x 250 linear. 

Fig. 15.—One of the contort, bihamate, retentive 
spicula from the dermal membrane. X 530 linear. 


MIcROCIONA SIMPLICIMA. 


Fig. 16.—Represents the type-specimen of the 
species in the cabinet of Rev. A.M. Norman. Natural 
size. 

Fig. 17.—One of the skeleton columns. x 60 
linear. 

Fig. 18—A skeleton spiculum. » 123 linear. 

Fig. 19.—One of the long, flexuous, cylindrical, 
spicula of the dermal membrane.  X 123 linear. 


HALICHONDRIA FOLIATA, Bowerbank. 
Plate LXXITI. 


Sponge branching, branches thin and leaf-like, ex- 
panding in the same plane. Surface even, coarsely 
reticulated, minutely hispid. Oscula simple, dispersed. 
Pores inconspicuous. Dermal membrane thin, pellucid, 
spiculous; tension spicula acuate, long, and very 
slender, dispersed; retentive spicula dentato-palmate 
equi-anchorate, and bidentate equi-anchorate, very 
minute, rather numerous, dispersed. Skeleton.—Rete 
very large and irregular, multispiculous ; spicula flecto- 
acuate, large, and stout, but short in their proportions. 
Internal and external defensive spicula, same as those 
of the skeleton. Interstitial membranes thin and 
pellucid, tension and retentive spicula same as those 


PLATE LXXIII. 199 


of the dermal membrane and also, tricurvato-acerate 
ones, long, slender, and abruptly looped in the middle ; 
terminal curves nearly obsolete, nearly straight. 

Colowr.—Olive-green in the wet state, brown when 


dried. 

Habitat—Haaf Banks, Shetland; seventy fathoms ; 
Mr. Humphreys, Scarborough; Mr. Peter, Cullen. 

Hxamined.—In the wet condition. 

I received two specimens of this sponge from the 
Shetland fishermen through their agent Mr. Hum- 
phreys. The largest specimen is seven and a quarter 
inches high, but very narrow and unshapely in its form. 
The basal portion of the sponge is very little larger 
than the distal one. It is rather stout, but irregular 
in its shape, but as the stem progresses upward, it 
gradually becomes compressed; the distal portions 
expand laterally, and assume a thin and leaf-like form. 
The whole of the branches are in nearly the same 
plane. 

I have also received specimens of this species from 
Scarborough, said to have been brought up by the 
fishermen or trawlers on the Dogger Bank. They vary 
in size and form considerably from the figured speci- 
mens. One of them is seven inches in height, branch- 
ing very irregularly, but terminating in three fan-like 
flat branches, approaching somewhat in form to the 
smallest of the two-figured specimens. Others of them 
were smaller, but all possessed more or less of the 
general external characters. 

The reticulations of the skeleton are large and coarse, 
and the fibre in some parts is constructed of more 
spicula than can be readily counted, while in other 
parts it consists of but one or two spicula cemented 
together. The dermal membrane in all the specimens 
has been nearly entirely destroyed, a few minute patches 
of it only remaining, but on these small portions the 
spicula peculiar to it are in a good state of preserva- 
tion. In consequence of the very general absence of 
the dermal tissue the nature of the oscula cannot be 


200 PLATE LXXItt, 


determined with precision, but there is every appear- 
ance that they have been small and simple in their 
structure. The skeleton structure in the interior of 
the sponge is quite as large and coarse as it is at the 
surface. The spicula forming the fibre are large and 
stout, and nearly all are more or less flecto-acerate. 
The areas of the network of the skeleton are large and 
irregular in form, and single skeleton spicula are fre- 
quently projected into their spaces as internal defensive 
spicula, at right angles to the fibres forming their 
parieties. The external defensive spicula are also 
projected from the surface-fibres in like manner, and 
the minute hispidation of the surface is not visible to 
the unassisted eye, but in sections at right angles to 
the dermis when mounted in Canada balsam they are 
very distinctly demonstrated. The interstitial mem- 
branes are very delicate in their structure. They are 
abundantly supplied with the same forms of spicula- 
that are found in the dermal membrane. The delicately 
slender tension spicula are not so numerous as the 
anchorate ones. The latter forms are especially charac- 
teristic of the species; they are exceedingly minute, 
being barely visible when separated from the sarcode 
by boiling in nitric acid, by a linear power of 200, but 
to define them in a satisfactory manner they require a 
power of about 700 linear. Although so minute, they 
are fully and completely developed. A large-sized 
palmato-anchorate one measured yqoq inch in length, 
and one of the bidentate equianchorate ones tg/yg inch 
in length. Their length very slightly exceeding the 
diameter of a skeleton spiculum, the latter being 
Tso weh. 

The tricurvato-acerate, tension spicula are also very 
characteristic of the species; they are very long and 
slender, and are not readily to be detected amid the 
tissues. The angular flexure in the middle of the 
shaft varies considerably in its form, and occasionally 
it assumes that of aloop. The shaft from the middle 
to either extremity is usually very nearly straight. 


PLATE LXXIII. 201 


HALICONDRIA EDUSA, Bowerbank. 
Plate LXXTII. 


Sponge massive, parasitical on fuci. Surface tu- 
berculated, smooth. Oscula simple, small, and few in 
number. Pores inconspicuous. Dermal membrane 
strong and tough; furnished with a dense polyspiculous 
rete, each area containing a single pore, or, in parts 
with a densely-felted layer of spicula, apparently with- 
out pores. Skeleton irregular, rather dense; spicula 
sub-fusiformi acerate, somewhat variable in length, 
rather stout. Interstitial membranes, tension spicula 
few in number, slightly less, and more slender than those 
of the skeleton. 

Colour.—Dark fawn-yellow in spirit. 

Habitat.—Jersey ; Rev. A. M. Norman. 

Hxamined.—From spirit. 

I received this specimen for examination from the 
Rev. A. M. Norman; it has been preserved in spirit in 
the state in which it was taken from the sea. It is a 
small, rudely pear-shaped mass, parasitical on the 
slender stem of a fucus. It is ten lines in length and 
seven at its greatest diameter. The surface is smooth, 
but strongly tuberculated, and so tough that it was 
with difficulty that I could get clean sections with a 
sharp knife from out of the back part of the sponge for 
examination. The oscula are small and few in number, 
and are scarcely to be seen without the aid of a two- 
inch lens. The most striking specific character is in 
the dermal structure, but it is visible only when 
mounted in Canada balsam, the quantity and density 
of the sarcode when viewed in its natural condition 
entirely obscuring its anatomical characters. When a 
section from the dermal surface was mounted in balsam 
and viewed with a microscopical power of 108 linear, 
the strikingly characteristic nature of the dermal 
tissues were beautifully displayed. The greater por- 
tion of the surface was covered by a dense reticulation, 


202. PLATE LXXIII. 


the rete, composed of numerous spicula, being broad 
and flat, occupying as much space as the enclosed 
porous areas. This reticulation obtaims over the 
greater part of the surface, but occasionally there are 
small patches where the network and its areas are 
entirely covered over by a dense felting together of 
spicula of the same size and proportions as those of 
the rete and of the skeleton. The structures of the 
dermal surface when thus rendered distinctly visible 
by immersion in Canada balsam are strikingly charac- 
teristic of the species; but in almost every other 
anatomical character of the sponge it might be readily 
mistaken for Halichondria caduca. The structure of 
the skeleton very closely resembles that of the last- 
named species, but on a close comparison it appears to 
be rather more dense and more abundant in spicula. 
The skeleton spicula of the two species also agree very 
closely together, in both form and size, and the only 
difference seems to be that those of H. edusa are in a 
slight degree more fusiform than those of H. caduca. 


HALICHONDRIA REGULARIS, Bowerbank. 
Plate LXXIITI. 


_ Sponge massive, sessile. Surface smooth and even. 
Oscula simple, dispersed, Pores minute, congregated. 
Dermal membrane aspiculous, translucent. Skeleton. 
—Rete very regular and uniform inits structure’; areas 
triangular or quadrangular—unispiculous or bi- 
spiculous—rarely exceeding the width of one spiculum ; 
spicula acerate short and stout, uniform in size. 

Colowr.—In the dried state, milk white. 
. Habitat.—Sark; Mrs. Collings. 

Exanvined.—In the dried state. 
. [received this interesting little specimen from my 
indefatigable friend Mrs. Collings, the lady of the 
Seigneur of Sark. It is an inch in length, nine lines 
in breadth, and not quite three lines in thickness. 


PLATE LXXIII. 203 


The under surface is traversed by a straight thin stem 
of, apparently, a zoophyte, so that in its living state it 
was probably parasitical. The surface on which this 
stem is situated is nearly flat, and it does not present 
any very striking characters. The opposite surface 
which has apparently been the upper one, is slightly 
rounded, the thickest portion being near the middle. 
This surface presents the most striking characters. 
When examined by direct light with a power of fifty 
linear we observe a number of rather indistinctly 
defined areas, in each of which are numerous minute 
pores closely congregated. These little areas are not 
amenable to an ordinary hand-lens, but by the aid of 
the power I have named above, they afford prominent 
and very distinct specific characters. The general 
structural peculiarities of the skeleton are strikingly 
different from any others that I have described in the 
division of the species of Halichondria to which it 
belongs. The reticular structure of its skeleton is 
much more regular, and the component spicula are very 
much smaller than those of any of the nearly allied 
species, and at the first glance at its anatomy it has, 
from the regularities of its structure and the smallness 
of its spicula, very much of the general aspect of an 
Tsodictya ; but on a closer investigation we fail in 
detecting the slightest indication of the radial structure 
of the skeletons of the sponges belonging to that genus. 
The spicula are purely acerate in form, and are but 
very slightly curved; an average sized one measured 
zis inch in length and gyyo imch at its greatest 
diameter. 


Haricnonpria Coucat, Bowerbank. 
Plate LXXITI. 


Sponge massive, compressed, sessile. Surface even, 
smooth. Oscula simple, dispersed, minute. Pores 
inconspicuous ; dermal membrane pellucid, reticulated ; 
spicula of the rete same as those of the skeleton ; 


204 PLATE LXXIII. 


tension spicula acerate, minute, and very slender, few 
in number; retentive spicula simple and contort, 
bihamate, minute and slender, not very numerous. 
Skeleton.—Reticulations regular and distinct, rete 
rarely more than unispiculous ; spicula acerate, rather 
stout. Interstitial membranes pellucid, spiculous ; 
tension and retentive spicula same as those of the 
dermal membrane, few in number. 

Colowr.—Dried, light gray. 

Habttat.—Coast of Cornwall; Mr. Jonathan Couch. 

Heamined.—In the dried state. 

I am indebted to Mr. Jonathan Couch for my 
knowledge of this species. The specimen is half an 
inch in height, three lines ia breadth, and about half a 
line in thickness, and is of an elongo-ovate shape, the 
basal extremity being the largest end. The oscula 
are very small and scarcely visible without the aid of a 
lens of about half an inch focus. 

The reticulations of the dermal membrane are coin- 
cident with those of the skeleton beneath. The 
tension and retentive spicula are very few in number 
and so minute as to require a power of 400 linear to 
define them accurately. The structural characters of 
this species, as regards the skeleton, are very similar 
to those of the corresponding parts of Halichondria 
angulata, but the spicula of the latter are longer in the 
proportion of about three to two than those of the 
former, and they are also more slender in their pro- 
portions; but on a minute examination the presence of 
the bihamate spicula and the total absence of the sub- 
angulated tricurvate acerate tension spicula of H. 
angulata readily separate the two species. 


MIcROCIONA SIMPLICIMA, Bowerbank, 
Plate LXXIII. 


Sponge coating, surface irregular. Oscula simple, 
dispersed. Pores inconspicuous. Dermal membrane 


PLATE LXXIII. 205 


pellucid, spiculous ; spicula cylindrical, long, slender, 
and very flexuous; rarely acerate, irregularly dis- 
persed, numerous. Basal membrane stout, abundantly 
spiculous; spicula like those of the dermal mem- 
brane, very numerous, and closely matted together. 
Skeleton.—Columns short and stout; spicula acuate, 
not more than half the length of those of the dermal 
and basal membranes, but rather stouter. 

Colowr.—Milk white in the dried state. 

Habitat—Shetland, 96 fathoms; Rev. A. M. 
Norman. 

Heanined.—In the dried state. 

This specimen was dredged at Shetland in 1867. 
It is a nearly circular flat patch of sponge five lines in 
diameter, and its greatest thickness is about a line and 
half. It has apparently been scraped off a stone or an 
old shell. The surface is very uneven and rugged, 
apparently from the shrinking inward of the dermal 
tissues, so that the distal extremities of the skeleton 
columns are projected in the form of miniature 
hillocks. 

The most remarkable character in this species is the 
simplicity of its organization. The columnar structure 
of the skeleton is very indistinctly produced. The 
spicula of which it is composed are all acuate or sub- 
attenuato-acuate, their divergence from the column is 
at a very slight angle until they attain the surface 
where they spread out and form an irregular plain of 
support to the dermal membrane and its spicula. The 
spicula of the dermal membrane are few in number 
as compared with those of the basal one. They are 
alike in every respect in the two membranes, and are 
at least twice as long as those of the skeleton, and are 
rather less in their diameter. In the basal membrane 
they are very numerous, and are closely felted together. 
A very few comparatively short acerate spicula are 
occasionally found among them. No internal defensive 
or retentive spicula could be detected in any part of 
the sponge. 


Plate LXXIV. 


Halichondria faleula I-3. Fo mutada 4-8. H. expansa 9-13. 
I] ambiqgua I-15. Hymeniacidon teqelecula L6~17 


W Levin Addo. cel et Ue WF UF. oe 


PLATH LXXTV. 
HALICHONDRIA FALOULA. 


Fig. 1.—Represents the type-specimen in the cabinet 
of the Rev. A. M. Norman. Natural size. 

Fig. 2.—A skeleton spiculum. %X 250 linear. 

Fig. 3.—One of the trenchant, contort, bihamate, 
retentive spicula, 250 linear. 


HALICHONDRIA MUTULA, Bowerbank. 


Fig 4.—Represents the type-specimen in the cabinet 
of the Rev. A. M. Norman. Natural zize. 

Fig. 5.—A skeleton spiculum. » 128 linear. 

Fig. 6.—One of the slender, acuate, tension spicula 
x 123 linear. 

Fig. 7.— A tricurvato-acerate tension spiculum. 
x 123 linear. 

Fig. 8.—One of the minute, dentato-palmate, equi- 
anchorate, retentive spicula. X 530 linear. 


HALICHONDRIA EXPANSA, Bowerbank. 


_ Fig. 9.—Represents the type-specimen from the Isle 
of Skye. In the cabinet of the Rev. A. M. Norman. 
Natural size. 

Fig. 10.— One of the long, slender, incipiently- 
spinous, tension spicula of the dermal membrane. 
x 250 linear. 

Fig. 11. —A skeleton spiculum, entirely and in- 
cipiently spinous. 250 linear. 

Fig. 12.—One of the bi-dentate, inequi-anchorate 


208 PLATE LXXIV. 


retentive spicula from the dermal membrane. X 530 
linear. 

Fig. 13.—A dentato-palmate, inequi-anchorate spicu- 
lum from the dermal membrane. 530 linear. 


HALICHONDRIA AMBIGUA, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 14.—Represents the type-specimen in the cabinet 
of the Rev. A. M. Norman. Natural size. 

Fig. 15.—One of the acerate skeleton spicula. 
X 123 linear. 


HYMENIACIDON TEGETECULA, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 16.— Represents the type-specimen in the 
cabinet of the Rev. A. M. Norman. Natural size. 

Fig. 17.—One of the skeleton spicula. 250 
linear. 


HALICHONDRIA FALCULA, Bowerbank. 
Plate LXXIV. 


Sponge massive, sessile; surface uneven, minutely 
spinous and reticulated. Oscula simple, dispersed. 
Pores inconspicuous; dermal membrane pellucid, fur- 
nished with a stout, irregular, polyspiculous net- 
work: pores dispersed amidst the areas. Skeleton.— 
Rete polyspiculous, very irregular and diffused ; spicula 
fusiformi-acuate, slender and long. Interstitial mem- 
branes. Tension spicula same as those of the skeleton, 
but smaller, few in number. Retentive spicula, 
trenchant contort bihamate, stout and large, very few 
in number. Gemmules membranous, aspiculous. 

Colowr.—In the dried state, cream white. 

‘Habitat.—Shetland ; Rev. A. M. Norman. 

Examined.—In the dried state. 

The general appearance of this sponge is much like 


PLATE LXXI1V. 209 


that of the nodulous amorphous specimens of Hali- 
chondria panicea, when it is parasitical on slender 
branching fuci and it may readily be mistaken for that 
species ; and especially if we view its surface by the 
aid of a two-inch lens, when it presents to the eye very 
much the same minute reticulation that is so charac- 
teristic in A. panicea. A section at right angles to the 
surface from the dried specimen exhibits a slight 
degree of hispidation arising from the protrusion of the 
terminations of some of the fasciculi of the skeleton 
through the dermal membrane, but it is very probable 
that that character would not be perceptible in a 
living specimen. The difference in the forms of the 
spicula at once separates the two species. 

The rete of the dermal membrane is very like that 
of Hal. panicea, but the network appears to contain a 
greater number of spicula of the same size and form as 
those of the skeleton. In the specimen in course of 
description the pores were abundant, and in an open 
condition. 

The trenchant contort bihamate retentive spicula, 
are among the most remarkable of the specific charac- 
ters of this sponge. They are usually attached at the 
back of one of the hooks to the rete of the skeleton 
structure, while the other end is projected into its in- 
terstices. The cutting edges of the trenchant parts 
of the spiculum appear to be exceedingly sharp. They 
very closely resemble those of Hymedesmia Johnsoni 
represented in Plate v, fig. 112, vol. 1, ‘Monograph of 
British Sponges,’ both in size and form. They are 
exceedingly few in number, and may easily escape the 
notice of a hasty observer, and they are most readily 
detected in a preparation of the spicula by boiling in 
nitric acid. 


HALICHONDRIA MUTULA, Bowerbank. 
Plate LXXIV. 


Sponge sessile, massive. Surface openly reticulated. 


210 PLATE UXXIV. 


Oscula simple, very numerous. Pores inconspicuous. 
Dermal membrane gpiculous; tension spicula acuate, 
slender, very nearly as long as those of the skeleton, 
few in number; also tricurvato-acerate, very long and 
slender, nearly straight, sometimes flexuous; central 
curve abruptly angulated or looped, rather numerous ; 
retentive spicula dentato-palmate, equianchorate, very 
minute and symmetrical, few in number. Skeleton, 
equably reticulate; rete stout and polyspiculous ; 
spicula sub-attenuato acerate, stout and strong, mode- 
rately long. Interstitial membranes pellucid; fur- 
nished with the same forms of spicula as the dermal 
membrane, but more sparingly. 

Colouwv.—In the dried state, light brown. 

Habitat.—Shetland, ninety-six fathoms. Rey. A. 
M. Norman. 

Heamined.—In the dried state. 

I received two small pieces of this sponge 
from Mr. Norman. The largest was two inches in 
length, and at the thickest end slightly exceeded half 
an inch in average diameter. The smaller piece was 
not quite an inch in length, and of about the same 
diameter as the larger one; both of them appear as if 
they had been scraped off from a large shell or 
stone, and probably had formed parts of the same 
sponge. 

The surface is strikingly characteristic. It has the 
appearance of an irregular and very open network, the 
areas of which are many of them nearly a line in 
diameter. 

These areas have every appearance of being the oscular 
orifices of the sponge, no other such organs being appa- 
rent. The rete of this open network of skeleton tissue 
is formed of the ordinary reticulate skeleton of the 
sponge, covered by a delicate transparent dermal 
membrane, containing the appropriate spicula of that 
organ; and these spicula are also strikingly charac- 
teristic of the species. The slender acuate tension 
spicula are often two thirds or three fourths of the 


PLATH LXXIV. 211 


length of the skeleton ones, but their diameters are 
not more than one seventh or one eighth of those of 
the skeleton. The most characteristic of these 
spicula is the tricurvato-acerate form. They are nor- 
mally long and nearly straight, but they are frequently 
more or less flexuous or distorted; the middle curve 
is mostly short and angular, like that of the printer’s 
bracket used to equalise two or moro names. Some- 
times the limbs of the middle angle are so distorted as 
to assume the form of a round or oval loop. These 
spicula are very slender, but they are often twice the 
length of a skeleton spiculum. They occur in con- 
siderable numbers in the dermal membranes, and are 
most frequently grouped in loosely constructed fascicull. 

The retentive spicula are beautiful, but very minute 
objects; they are rather long, with two equal sized 
well developed and very symmetrical palms. They 
are so small as to require a power of five or six 
hundred linear to demonstrate their forms correctly. 
They are dispersed rather sparingly on the membranes, 
and are not readily detected wm, situ. 

The comparative measurements of these spicula 
afford some very characteristic pomts for the dis- 
crimination of the species. Thus, the diameter of 
an adult skeleton spiculum is zj'g3 inch; and this 
measurement is exactly that of the length of a full 
sized palmato-anchorato retentive spiculum. The tri- 
curvato-acerate tension spicula are frequently nearly 
twice the length of a skeleton spiculum, but while the 
latter has a diameter of ys'ss inch, that of the former 
does not exceed the zsgo5 inch, or about 7; part of 
the stouter form. 

The interstitial membranes were abundantly supphed 
with the dark amber-coloured sarcode of the sponge ; 
but a close examination of them, aided by a strong 
light displayed a sparing distribution on their surfaces 
of each of the forms of spicula that have been dee 
scribed as appertaining to the dermal membrane. 


bo 
— 
bo 


PLATE LXXIY. 


HALIcHONDRIA EXPANSA, Bowerbank. 
Plate LXXIV. 


Sponge compressed, expanding laterally ; parasitical. 
Surface smooth and even. Oscula simple, minute, 
dispersed. Pores inconspicuous. Dermis furnished 
with a stout, irregular network; rete composed of 
broad, flat, polyspiculous fasciculi; spicula fusiformi- 
cylindrical; terminations incipiently spinous, spines 
very minute; tension spicula acerate, long and slender, 
frequently flexuous; basal terminations incipiently 
spinous, few in number; retentive spicula bidentate 
inequi-anchorate and dentato-palmate inequi-ancho- 
rate, minute, and few in number. Skeleton rather 
compact ; rete variable, containmg from one or two to 
five or six spicula. Spicula fusiformi-acuate, rather 
short and stout, incipiently entirely spinous, base, pro- 
minently spinous. Interstitial membranes pellucid ; 
tension and retentive spicula same as those of the 
dermal membrane, few in number. Gemmules mem- 
branous, aspiculous. 

Colowr.—In the dried state dark brown. 

Habitat.—Skye; Rev. A. M. Norman. 

Ewvanined.—In the dried state. 

The form of this sponge is very like that of a longi- 
tudinal section of an hour-glass, with a conical base in 
addition. It is one inch and three quarters in height, 
and three quarters of an inch at the two points of 
greatest expansion, and in no part does it exceed the 
eighth of an inch in thickness. It is parasitical on the 
remains of a small sertularia. The oscula are very 
minute, and they appear to be nearly, if not all, on one 
of the broad surfaces of the sponge, and the pores 
appear to occupy the other surface. The two sur- 
faces, therefore, vary considerably in their reticular 
characters; that of the oscular surface being very 
much more diffuse and irregular than the porous one. 
The broad flat rete of the latter one is very character- 


PLATE LXX1Y. 213 


istic, so also are the spicula of which it is composed ; 
they are distinctly fusiform but very indistinctly spi- 
nous at their terminations, requiring a microscopical 
power of at least 300 linear to define this character in 
a satisfactory manner. The tension spicula are fre- 
quently quite as long as those of the skeleton, but very 
slender, and a power of 400 or 500 linear igs required 
to define their basal spination. The skeleton spicula 
are stouter than those of the dermal rete, but they are 
frequently less in length; the spination of the base is 
rather abundant and much more strongly produced 
than that of the remainder of the spiculum, which is 
sometimes almost destitute of spines, and in all cases 
they are in a very incipient state, requiring a power of 
300 or 400 linear to render them distinctly visible. 
The two forms of retentive spicula are also very minute, 
requiring a power of not less than 400 linear to define 
their structures correctly ; the bidentate imequi-ancho- 
rate form is the most numerous of the two, but both of 
them are, comparatively speaking, of rare occurrence. 

The only species with which this sponge is likely to 
be confounded is Halichondria iigricans, but the total 
absence of bipocillated spicula, and the striking differ- 
ences in the forms and degrees of spination of the 
spicula will readily distinguish them. 


HALIcHONDRIA AMBIGUA, Bowerbank. 
Plate LXXIV. 


Sponge parasitical on fuci, firm and fleshy. Surface 
smooth and even. Oscula simple, large, few in 
number. Pores imconspicuous. Dermal membrane 
tough and strong; abundantly spiculous, reticulated ; 
rete polyspiculous ; areas square or rhomboidal, occa- 
sionally with a superadded stratum of dispersed spi- 
cula; spicula acerate, rather long and stout; of the 
same form and size as those of the skeleton. Skeleton 
abundantly spiculous; rete irregular or subfascicu- 


214 PLATE LXXIV. 


lated ; fasciculi polyspiculous, each forming the sides of 
several areas; spicula acerate, rather long and stout. 
Interstitial membranes aspiculous. 

Colowr.—In spirit, dull ocherous-yellow. 

Habitat.—Jersey ; Rev. A. M. Norman. 

Heamined.—From spirit. 

I have seen no other specimen of this species than 
the one under consideration. ‘There are no indications 
of a basal attachment, but strong evidence that the 
sponge has entirely enveloped a portion of a branching 
fucus. It is firm and fleshy to the feel, and the 
dermal membrane is tough and strong. There are 
two oscula about a line in diameter on the projecting 
parts of the sponge, and a few others dispersed on its 
flat portions of about the same size. The pores are 
not visible to the unassisted eye, but in portions of 
the dermal membrane mounted in canada balsam, a 
few single ones in an open state were seen in the areas 
of the dermal reticulations. 

The dermal system is very characteristic of the 
species. ‘The rete consists of numerous, more or less, 
polyspiculous fasciculi, which are disposed in nearly 
parallel lines, which are crossed at nearly right angles 
or diagonally by single spicula, or two or three loosely 
fasciculated. These secondary fasciculi seldom exceed 
a single spiculum in length, while the primary ones are 
frequently five, six, or more spicula long. The result 
of this mode of disposition of the dermal spicula is 
that a rete with square or rhomboidal areas is pro- 
duced. In some portions of the dermis this mode of 
arrangement is clearly and beautifully displayed, while 
in other parts there are so many dispersed spicula 
superadded, as to very much confuse the view of the 
dermal reticulation. 

The structure of the skeleton is also very remark- 
able. Immediately beneath the dermal surface it pre- 
sents the usual indefinite style of reticulation that 
prevails to so great an extent in the section of Hali- 
chondria to which this species belongs, but in the decper- 


PLATE LXXIV. 215 


seated portions of the sponge there appears numerous 
long fasciculi of spicula closely resembling those of the 
primary ones of the dermal system, and the skeleton 
reticulations are modified accordingly, assuming a 
degree of regularity in the deeply-seated parts that is 
not observable in those immediately beneath the 
dermal tissues; but the areas of the skeleton do not 
present the same square or rhomboidal forms that are 
so strikingly characteristic of the dermal membrane. 

The characters which I have thus described are the 
essential specific ones of the sponge. The spicula are 
of the same form in all parts of the sponge, and are 
very similar to those of H. glabra, caduca, inconspicua, 
incerta, and coalita. Compared with those of the first- 
named species they are exactly similar in size and 
form. In caduca and coalita the forms are the same 
as in H. ambigua, but the length of the latter is as 
6 to 4 in the other two. In H. inconspicua and incerta 
they are of the same form, but only half the length of 
those of H. ambiqua. 

Since the above description was written I have 
received two other specimens of the species for exami- 
nation. They were obtained by the Rev. A. M. Norman 
at Portaferry, Strangford Lough. They vary very 
much in form from the type-specimen. The largest 
one covers and closely embraces the stems of a slender 
fucus, which it binds together for the length of rather 
more than four inches in the shape of a compressed 
columnar mass rather exceeding three fourths of an 
inch at its greatest breadth, and following out the 
branches of the Fucus in several places in the form of 
small branches two or three lines in diameter, so that 
its external characters are widely different to those of 
the type-specimen. The second specimen is very 
similar in character to the larger one, but it does not 
exceed an inch in height. The structural characters 
agree in every respect with those of the type-specimen. 
The colour in the dried specimens is dirty white or 
cream colour. 


216 PLATE LXXIY. 


HYMENIACIDON TEGETECULA, Bowerbank. 
Plate LXXTV. 


Sponge parasitical on fuci, more or less fan or cup- 
shaped, firm and fleshy; margins thick and round; 
outer or convex surface smooth and even; inner or 
concave surface even, but somewhat corrugated. Os- 
cula simple, dispersed. Pores inconspicuous. Dermal 
membrane abundantly spiculous; spicula acerate, of 
the same size as those of the skeleton; collected in 
short flat fasciculi which cross each other at every pos- 
sible angle so as to present an irregular matted appear- 
ance. Skeleton compactly formed; spicula acerate, 
stout, and moderately long, rather numerous. 

Colowr.—In spirit, ight fawn-yellow; dried, nearly 
white. 

Habitat.—Jersey ; Rev. A. Norman. 

Beanined.—From spirit. 

I received several fragments of this sponge from the 
Rev. A. M. Norman for examination; two of them 
exactly fitted each other, and were evidently parts of 
the same sponge; the other fragments were also pro- 
bably parts of it, but they could not be made to fit any 
parts of the margin of the specimen formed by the two 
conjoined pieces represented by fig. 16, Plate LXXIV. 
The specimen thus reconstructed has a curve about 
equal to one third of the circumference of a cup, it 
rather exceeds two inches across, and is an inch and 
three quarters in height at the junction of the two 
pieces. From the well-defined approximation to the 
fragment of a cup-shaped sponge, I should scarcely 
have imagined it to have been parasitical on a slender 
soft fucus if it had not been that portions of the plant 
are protruded through several parts of its surface, and 
the flat bases of three young plants are just without 
tho dermis of the concave surface of the sponge, the 
stems being immersed in its substance, and no other 
evidence of attachment to any solid substance being 


PLATE LXXIV. 217 


visible on any part of the margin of the sponge. The 
specimen as it is might be readily mistaken for a por- 
tion of Isodictya infundibuliformis by a casual observer, 
but its anatomical structure at once separates it from 
that species. 

The most certain and striking specific character is 
found in its dermal membrane. When a portion of it 
is mounted in Canada balsam and viewed by trans- 
mitted heht with a power of about 100 linear, it is seen 
to be profusely spiculous; but the spicula are not 
indiscriminately felted together without any approxi- 
mation to order, but they are collected into short fasci- 
culi, each composed of from two or three to seven or 
eight spicula parallel to each other. The flat bundles 
cross each other in an irregular manner at various 
angles, and numerous single spicula are irregularly 
dispersed among them, the tissue as a whole having 
the appearance “of a very irregularly made mat of 
short, flat, bundles of spicula. “When viewed in the 
dried state by the aid of a hand lens, the dermal sur- 
face has much the same minutely reticulated appear- 
ance that is so well known in dried specimens of Hali- 
chondria panicea. 

The form and size of the dermal spicula and those of 
the skeleton are exactly the same. 

In the dried condition the sponge is firm and strong, 
and of nearly a white colour. 


219 


PLATE LXXV. 
TsopictTya LACINIOsA, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 1.—Represents the type-specimen half the 
natural size, 

Fig. 2.—One of the slender, acuate, tension spicula 
from the dermal membrane. > 250 linear. 

Fig. 3.—A retentive equi-anchorate spiculum from 
the dermal membrane. X 1000 linear. 

Fig. 4.—A skeleton spiculum. »X 250 linear. 

Fig. 5.~An attenuato-acuate, incipiently, entirely- 
spined, internal, defensive spiculum. »X 250 linear. 


IsoprcTYA LACINIOSA, Bowerbank, 
Plate LXXV. 


Sponge sessile, fanshaped, thin, Surface uneven, 
somewhat sinuous, laciniose, minutely hispid. Oscula 
and pores inconspicuous. Dermal membrane pellucid, 
spiculous ; tension spicula acuate, long, and slender, 
not very numerous ; retentive spicula dentato-palmate, 
equi-anchorate, palm rather exceeding one third of the 
leneth of the spiculum ; tooth terminally truncated, 
numerous, very minute. Skeleton very diffuse and 
open; primary lines from three to five or six spicula 
in thickness; secondary lines irregular, mostly uni- 
spiculous, occasionally containing two or three spicula. 
Spicula acuate, stout, and large. Internal defensive 
spicula attenuato-acuate, incipiently spinous, minute, 
few in number. Interstitial membranes spiculous; 
tension and retentive spicula same as those of the 
dermal membrane. 

Colowr.—In the dried state, light brown. 


220 PLATE LXXV. 


Habitat.—Shetland ; 170 fathoms; J. G. Jeffreys, 
Hsq. and the Rev. A. M. Norman. 

Heamined.—In the dried state. 

This sponge was dredged at Shetland in 1867 by 
Messrs. J. Gwyn Jeffreys and the Rev. A. M. Norman. 
Tt is fanshaped, with a sessile base of about four 
inches in length. The width of the whole sponge 
slightly above the base is ten and a half inches, and 
its greatest height seven and a half inches. The 
average thickness does not exceed half an inch. The 
primary fan is nearly in the same plane, but somewhat 
irregularly sinous, and from about the middle of its 
concave surface there is a secondary fan given off at 
nearly right angles to the primary one. In the dried 
condition the sponge is remarkably fragile. 

The surface is nearly even but not smooth, and the 
whole substance of the sponge is perforated so as to 
present the appearance of rough irregular lacework ; 
the hispidation is not visible even by the aid of a two 
inch lens, but in sections of the sponge at right angles 
to its surface it is seen to be a well produced and con- 
stant character. It is caused by the radiation of the 
terminal spicula of the primary lines of the skeleton 
fibres of the sponge. Neither oscula nor pores are 
apparent. 

The dermal membrane is pellucid and thin; it is 
rather abundantly furnished with its various spicula. 
The tension spicula are frequently as long as the 
skeleton ones, but not more than one fourth or one 
fifth of their diameter. The attenuato-acuate internal 
defensive spicula are small and slender, and appear 
more especially to belong to the membranous struc- 
tures, upon which they are lying amidst the numerous 
retentive ones. Both forms of retentive spicula are 
very minute, rarely exceeding in length the diameter 
of a skeleton spiculum; they are about equally 
numerous, aud very nearly of the same size. One 
of the anchorate form measured j;'55 inch in length, 
and an average-sized bihamate one 77/99 inch in length ; 


PLATE LXXV. 221 


they are so minute and delicate in their structure that 
they require a microscopical power of 1000 linear to 
define them in a satisfactory manner. The two forms 
are irregularly dispersed in about equal proportions 
on the inner surface of the dermal, and on both sur- 
faces of the interstitial membranes. This sponge is 
the second case of the occurrence of the simglar form 
of retentive spiculum, the bicalcarate bihamate one. 

When we compare the specific description of Lsodictya 
Norman with the species under consideration we 
observe a considerable amount of similarity in their 
organic structures, but although their organs closely 
approach each other in form they differ widely im their 
proportions. Thus the skeleton spicula of J. Norman: 
are always more or less fusiform, and are not more 
than half the length and diameter of the purely acuate 
ones of I. laciniosa, while the proportions of the bical- 
carate bihamate spicula in the two species are the 
reverse of those of the skeleton ones, those of J. Nor- 
mani being the larger of the two species. Two full- 
sized spicula of LI. Normant measured yyt¢7 and yoyz 
inch in length; but the differences in their external 
form will always readily separate the one from the 
other when in an adult state. 


Isoduetya obseuia 2) TL imitaba 32-6 | 


Wiens Aldous dt tha ©vaphtodesma  sord 


.coviacea 7-12. 


1 a) 1A 


223 


PLATE LXXVI. 
Tsopictya opscura, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 1.—Represents the type-specimen from the 
Diamond Ground off Hastings. Natural size. The 
dark parts opposite (a a) exhibit the surface of the 
sponge; the lighter parts covering the type-specimen 
are Hymeniacidon lactea. 

Fig. 2.—One of the skeleton spicula. x 250 
linear. 


Igopictya mmitata, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 3.— Represents the type-specimen. Natural 
size. 

Fig. 4.— An average-sized skeleton  spiculum. 
x 250 linear. 

Fig. 5.—One of the bidentate, equi-anchorate, re- 
tentive spicula from the dermal membrane. x 530 
linear. 

Fig. 6.—One of the minute, palmato-inequi-anchorate, 
retentive spicula from the dermal membrane. xX 530 
linear. 


Isopiotya cortacEa, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 7.—Represents the type-specimen in the cabinet 
of the Rev. A. M. Norman. Natural size. 

Fig. 8—One of the sub-fusiformi attenuato-acuate 
defensive spicula of the porous areas. ™X 250 linear. 

Fig. 9.—A tricurvate, cylindrical, tension spiculum. 
x 580 linear. 

Fig. 10.—One of the equi-anchorate, bidentate, re- 
tentive spicula. x 530 linear. 


224 PLATE LXXVI. 


Fig. 11.—An average-sized spiculum from the 
primary lines of the skeleton. > 250 linear. 

Fig. 12.—One of the inequi-cylindrical, incipiently 
spinous spicula from the secondary lines of the skele- 
ton. X 250 linear. 


RAPHIODESMA SORDIDA, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 13.—Represents the type-specimen from Jersey 
in the cabinet of the Rev. A. M. Norman. Natural 
size. 

Fig. 14.—One of the subclavate, fusiformi-acuate, 
tension spicula from the dermal membrane. X 250 
linear. 

Fig. 15.—A long and slender, tricurvate, acerate 
tension spiculum from the dermal membrane. X 250 
linear. 

Fig. 16.—One of the contort, bihamate, retentive 
spicula from the dermal membrane. X 530 linear. 

Fig. 17.—One of the small, dispersed, bidentate, 
inequi-anchorate retentive spicula. X 530 linear. 

Fig. 18.—A large, dentato-palmate, inequi-anchorate, 
retentive spiculum from one of the rosette-shaped 
groups of spicula. X 530 linear. 

Fig. 19.—One of the skeleton spicula. x 250 
linear. 


Tsopictya opscura, Bowerbank. 
Plate LXXVI. 


Sponge massive, sessile; surface even, but slightly 
rugose or papillate. Oscula simple, dispersed. Pores 
inconspicuous ; dermal membrane pellucid, aspiculous. 
Skeleton rather compactly constructed, internally 
regular ; primary lines rarely consisting of more than 
three or four spicula; secondary lines unispiculate ; 
short and stout. 


bo 
bo 
Or 


PLATE LXXVI. 


Colowr.—In spirit dull, ochreous yellow. 

Habitat—Diamond Ground, Hastings; H. Ridley. 
Jersey, Rev. A. M. Norman. 

Heamined.—In spirit. 

The simplicity of the structure of this species, and 
the close approximation of its spicula in size and pro- 
portions to those of several other species in the same 
section of the genus, renders it rather a difficult task 
to discriminate the difference existing between them. 
Although so closely approaching several congenerous 
species, I have been quite unable to assign it to any 
one of them. 

It differs from I. McAndrewti in having the spicula 
rather shorter and stouter in their proportions, and in 
having the primary lines of the skeleton more abun- 
dantly spiculous, the lines being three, four, or more in 
thickness; while those of [. McAndrewii have rarely 
more than two fasciculated in the primary lines; nor 
is the skeleton tissue in that species so compactly 
constructed. The spicula in the two species very 
closely resemble each other in form, and vary but little 
in their average length, which is greatest in I. McAn- 
drewii; the shght hispidation of its surface and the 
conical fistulous oscula of the last-named sponge also 
serve to further separate the two species. 

The form and proportions of the spicula in J. obscura 
very closely resemble those of I. cinerea, but in the 
latter species the primary lines of the skeleton are uni- 
spiculous, and there is the same disproportions in the 
comparative length and stoutness of the skeleton 
spicula that exists in I. MeAndrewit. 

In J, simplex the skeleton spicula are of the same 
shape and length as those of I, obscura, but they are 
very much more slender in their degree of stoutness ; 
and the surface of JI. obscwra has no indication of 
tuberous projections; nor is the surface minutely 
hispid as in J. simplex. 

I obtained the type-specimen of this species from 
Mr. Ridley. It was brought up by one of the 

15 


226 PLATE LXXVI. 


trawlers on the Diamond Ground, off Hastings. It is 
two and a half inches long, two inches greatest breadth, 
and one and a half inch in thickness. It has been 
located on the back of one of the spider crabs, ap- 
parently from the remains of the carapace in a deep 
depression on the underside of the sponge, Pisa 
tetraodon, Leach. Only a small portion of the external 
surface of the specimen is visible, as it is thinly coated 
over to a very considerable extent by Hyimenacidon 
lactea, for an account of which I must refer the reader 
to the description of Plate XXXII, fig. 9, in the present 
volume. 

I received a single specimen of this species from the 
Rey. A. M. Norman ; it is a small, irregularly-shaped 
mass not exceeding three lines in diameter. It was 
parasitical on a small branched fucus. The oscula are 
few in number; some of them rather exceeded a line 
in diameter. The dermal membrane is evenly spread 
over the distal terminations of the skeleton lines, and 
at the first view has the appearance of being furnished 
with a dermal network, but this appearance arises from 
its reposing immediately on the terminal portions of 
the skeleton tissues. 

The skeleton has a strong and compact appearance. 
The primary lines are usually composed of rarely less 
than three or four spicula in thickness, and in many 
of them there are more than can be distinctly counted. 
The secondary lines have rarely more than one spiculum 
each. The generic character of the skeleton struc- 
ture is well preserved in the outer portions of the 
sponge, but towards its central portions it might 
readily be mistaken for a IHalichondria. Wxternally, 
both in its wet and dried state, it might readily be 
mistaken for a specimen of Halichondria incrustans. 


Tsoprotya mItata, Dowerbank. 
Plate LXXVI. 
Sponge coating. Surface minutely hispid, even. 


PLATE LXXYVI. 227 


Oscula simple, small, numerous, rarely large. Pores in- 
conspicuous. Dermal membrane pellucid, very sparingly 
spiculous ; spicula retentive, bidentate, equi-anchorate, 
few in number, and rarely, very minute palmate inequi- 
anchorate ones. Skeleton diffused and irregular ; 
primary and secondary lines multispiculous ; spicula 
subflecto-acuate, small and slender. Interstitial mem- 
branes : tension spicula same as those of the skeleton, 
few and irregularly dispersed ; retentive spicula same 
as in those of the dermal membrane, very few in 
number. 

Colour.—In the dried state, brown with a tint of 
green. 

Habitat.— Belfast, the late Wm. Thomson, Esq. 

Heaimined.—In the dried state. 

This sponge entirely covers one valve and. partially 
so the other ef a specimen of Pecten varius, its greatest 
thickness not exceeding three lines. It is the only 
specimen of the species [ have seen, and I am indebted 
to my kind friend the late Wm. Thompson, Esq., of 
Belfast, for it. Its locality is probably Belfast 
Lough, 

The sponge is in an excellent state of preservation. 
To the unassisted eye, the surface appears indistinctly 
reticulated from the great abundance of the minute 
oscula. The hispidation is not visible until a section 
of the sponge is mounted in Canada balsam, and it is 
then seen to be produced by the projection of the 
distal terminations of the primary skeleton lines. 
Beside the numerous minute oscula there is a large one 
nearly three lines in length by two in width on the 
under side of the projecting mass of the distal margin 
of the valve which bears the largest mass of the sponge. 
The dermal membrane does not appear to possess any 
tension spicula; occasionally one or two skeleton 
spicula cross the areas formed by the skeleton tissues 
immediately beneath, but I could not detect any im- 
mediately adherent to the inner surface of the dermal 
membrane, while on many of the clear transparent 


228 PLATE LXXVI. 


areas of this tissue the retentive spicula were distinctly 
to be seen in sitdé by the aid of a power of about 500 
linear. They are very minute, and when separated by 
boiling in nitric acid and mounted in Canada balsam 
they require a microscopical power of 700 or 800 linear 
to render them distinctly to the eye. 

The skeleton is very irregular in its structure; the 
primary linear are often very tortuous, and the second- 
ary ones have frequently as many spicula in them as 
the primary ones, while at other times they are diffused 
in a series of single parallel spicula closely adjoining 
each other; so that unless a section of the sponge be 
made carefully at right angles to its surface, a very 
confused and unsatisfactory view of its structures will 
be obtained. The spicula of the skeleton vary con- 
siderably in their proportion as regards length, and 
many of them exhibit a tendency to be flecto-acuate. 
The interstitial membranes are sparingly furnished 
with tension spicula of the same form as those of the 
skeleton, and the retentive spicula are of very rare 
occurrence. 

The nearest structural alliance to this sponge in 
the genus Isodictya is I. winiforns, with which it agrees 
very closely in its skeleton structure and in the form 
of its spicula, but in their proportions they differ 
slightly. In J. witormis they are rather longer, being 
as five to four to those of [. imitata. The two sponges 
differ also in external characters; I. wniformis when 
dried being of a cream white, while I. imitata is brown, 
with a tint of green. The presence also in the latter 
of bidentate, equianchorate, retentive spicula in the 
dermal membrane ; and the absence of tension spicula in 
that organ also mark the distinction between the two 
species in a satisfactory manner. 


Tsoprcerya cortacna, Bowerbank. 
Plate LXXVI. 


Sponge coating. Surface even, minutely hispid. 


PLATE LXXVI. 229 


Oscula simple, minute, dispersed. Pores incon- 
spicuous; congregated in irregular areas. Dermal 
membrane spiculous ; defensive spicula of the porous 
areas sub-fusiformi, attenuato-acuate, basally incipiently 
spinous, few im number: tension spicula tricurvate 
cylindrical, slender, few in number ; retentive spicula 
bidentate equianchorate, very minute, few in number. 
Skeleton dense and regular; primary lines; spicula 
subfusiformi, attenuato-acuate; occasionally subflecto- 
acuate, large, long, and rather few in number; second- 
ary lines very numerous, one spiculum in width; 
spicula inequi-cylindrical, short and stout, incipiently 
spinous, terminations slightly inflated. Interstitial 
membranes, retentive spicula same as those of the 
dermal membrane, very few in number. 

Colour.—In spirit, very dark brown. 

Habitat.—Strangford Lough, Ireland; Rey. A. M. 
Norman, 1869. 

Heamined.—Preserved in spirit. 

The specimen very closely resembles a fragment of 
the upper leather of an old shoe, both in colour and 
appearance. It is one inch in length, seven lines at 
its greatest width, and does not exceed one and a half 
line in thickness. The hispidation of the surface is 
not visible to the unassisted eye, but it is strikingly 
apparent in a section at right angles to the surface 
when mounted in Canada balsam, and the oscula require 
a two-inch lens to render them distinctly to the eye. 
In a thin slice from the dermal surface the porous 
areas and the pores when mounted in Canada balsam 
and viewed with a power of about 100 linear are very 
characteristic objects amidst the bristling field of 
spicula surrounding them; each area contains two or 
three rather large pores, and the defensive spicula of 
the areas are projected from their margins into their 
clear spaces, at intervals. The retentive spicula are 
best seen im siti in the porous areas; the cylindrical 
tricurvate ones require a power of about 100 linear to 
render them distinctly visible, but the bidentate equi- 


230 PLATE LXXVI. 


anchorate spicula cannot be distinctly defined, without 
the aid of a power of 600 or 700 linear. The skeleton 
is remarkably close and dense in its stricture, not from 
the strength of its primary lines, but from the pro- 
fusion of the secondary ones, which are by no means 
always at right angles to the primary lines; but still 
the skeleton maintains a very symmetrical appearance 
in a section at right angles to the surface of the sponge. 
By a very careful examination of sections in Canada 
balsam I detected a few of each form of retentive 
spicula on the interstitial membranes, but they were of 
such rare occurrence that they might very readily 
escape the notice of a hasty observer. The remarkable 
structure of the skeleton andthe peculiarities of the 
spicula render the discrimination of the species in a very 
satisfactory manner when examined in Canada balsam, 
but without the aid of this material the dark-coloured 
and abundant sarcode obscures nearly all the most 
discriminative characters of the sponge. 

There are only two other British Isodictya, I. 
infundibuliformis and J. dissimilis, which have the spicula 
of the primary and secondary lines of different forms, 
and from both of them the species under considera- 
tion is readily distinguishable. 


RAPHIODESMA sORDIDA, Bowerbank. 
Plate LXXVI. 


Sponge coating, parasitical. Surface rugged and 
uneven. Oscula inconspicuous, simple, dispersed, 
minute. Pores inconspicuous. Dermal membrane 
spiculous; tension spicula subclavate acuate, occa- 
sionally subfusiform, of the same length and form of 
those of the skeleton, but much more slender, dispersed, 
rather numerous; rarely loosely fasciculated, and a few 
long slender tricurvate acerate ones. Retentive spicula ; 
contort, bihamate, rather numerous; also bidentate, 
inequi-anchorate, dispersed, and dentato-palmate, in- 


PLATE LXXVI. 231 


equi-anchorate ones congregated in rosette-shaped 
groups. 

Skeleton. Fasciculi polyspiculous, compact, irregu- 
larly disposed ; spicula subclavate, subfusiformi-acuate, 
stout, and rather long. Gemmules membranous. 

Colour.—Living state, dark red or orange ; pale green 
in spirit. 

Habitat.—Jersey; Rev. A. M. Norman. Ramsgate, 
on old piles at extreme low water ; Jas. ‘i’. Hillier, Esq. 

Eeamined.—In the living state and from spirit. 

The aspect of this sponge is by no means interesting 
or beautiful. It covers roughly and unequally the 
stem of a fucus for about one inch and a half, and in 
no part is thicker than about two lines. The rugged- 
ness of the surface is produced by the projection at 
various angles of the large skeleton fasciculi beneath 
the dermis, and this character obtains in the sponge in 
its natural condition as well as when mounted in 
Canada balsam. 

The oscula are not visible in its natural condition, 
but they are frequently apparent in portions of the 
dermal membrane mounted in Canada balsam, but I 
could not under any circumstances find open pores. 
The dermal membrane abounds in large tension spicula ; 
they are irregular, dispersed on its surface, and occa- 
sionally they exhibit a slight tendency to fasciculation ; 
and it frequently occurs that large skeleton fasciculi 
are disposed immediately beneath the dermal surface, 
and appear closely connected with it, but they do not 
really form any part of the dermal organization ; the 
tension spicula of the dermal membrane are ag long, 
and of the same form, as those of the skeleton, but not 
nearly so stout nor are their subclavate bases so fully 
developed. The contort bihamate, retentive spicula are 
numerous; they are all nearly of the same length, but 
differ, to some extent, in the degree of their stoutness ; 
a fully developed one measured 393 inch in length and 
its greatest diameter was zyz'z3 inch. The two forms 
of inequi-anchorate spicula are very minute; the 


232 PLATE LXXVI. 


measurement of two of each form gave an average 
length of 7}5 inch; both forms are of the same length. 
They are perfectly and beautifully developed, and 
require a linear power of about 700 to render them 
distinctly to the eye. 

The skeleton fasciculi are very irregularly disposed, 
and each fasciculus contains a great number of spicula ; 
the length of the fasciculus seldom exceeds twice that 
of a spiculum. The spicula are not mixed indiscri- 
minately ; their bases are all seen at one extremity of 
the fasciculus, while at the other end there are apices 
only visible. At each end the spicula are slightly diver- 
gent, while in the middle of the fasciculus the apices of 
one series and the bases of the other are closely cemented 
together. The skeleton spicula are all more or less 
basally clavate, and their shafts are usually distinctly 
fusiform. The interstitial membranes are abundantly 
supplied with dispersed spicula of the same size and 
form as those of the skeleton fasciculi; very few 
contort, bihamate spicula could be detected among them, 
while on the dermal membrane they are abundant. 

Very few gemmules were visible. Since the above 
description was written, I have received portions of 
three small specimens of the species dredged by Mr. 
Jas. J. Hillier, off Ramsgate. They vary in their size 
and general aspect to a considerable extent from the 
type-specimen from Jersey. Mr. Hillier in his letter 
states: “It occurs as a mere film like a little fresh 
glue on the tubes of Sabellaria;’’ and in a second note 
he adds, ‘‘I have been able to get two more specimens 
of the sponge of which I enclose pieces; they are very 
poor little things, but it seems almost impossible to peel 
off any much larger than those sent, as it is such a 
mere film on the very uneven tubes built up by Sabel- 
laria, on which only I have found it. I have now met 
with it five or six times, and in no case have I scen it 
more developed than that which I now send you;” and 
he subsequently adds, ‘‘ when a piece is stripped off its 
habitat it appears to shrink up as if elastic.’ This 


PLATE LXXVI. 233 


slow shrinking is a vital action not uncommon among 
sponges under similar conditions. 

The specimens sent to me by Mr. Hillier are each 
four lines in length by about one and a half line in 
breadth, and were not of greater substance than thin 
writing paper; both were mounted on thin elass slips; 
while in their natural state they presented the same 
rugged and uneven surface that characterises the type- 
specimen. I covered them with Canada balsam and 
thin glass, and several beautiful rosette-shaped groups 
of the palmato-anchorate spicula were at once rendered 
visible. Mr. Hillier had previously advised me of their 
occurrence in the sponge. I did not succeed on finding 
these spicula thus arranged in the type-specimen, so 
that the discovery of the groups by Mr. Hiller brings 
this interesting specific character into a closer relation 
to the type sponge of the genus, R. lingua. Although 
varying in size and substance from the type-specimen 
of the species to so great an extent, they were in 
perfect accordance in every one of their anatomical 
details. 

The specimens of this species described above were 
sent to me on the 22nd November, 1871, by Mr. Hiller, 
and on the 19th of December following, I received a 
living specimen of the sponge from him in a bottle of 
sea water. In the note accompanying the specimen he 
writes, “ We have had an exceedingly low tide, so that 
some old piles at the mouth of our Harbour were 
exposed, and my man who collects for me in winter was 
able to get some of the sponge, of which I have sent you 
a piece.” This specimen is an irregular patch of about 
two inches in diameter. It is exceedingly rugged on 
its external surface, as it has spread itself over all the 
irregular growths that previously existed on the old 
wooden pile. Its average thickness does not exceed 
that of the type-specimen from Jersey, but it differs 
from that sponge in being in the living condition 
of a dark red or orange colour, and a great portion 
of its living colour remained after immersion in 


234 PLATE LXXVI. 


spirit for more than twenty-four hours. This speci- 
men adds considerably to our knowledge of the habits 
and external characters of the species. In its ana- 
tomical character it is strictly in accordance with the 
specimens previously described. 


Rapuioprsma, Bowerbanh. 


In the course of the re-examination of the species of 
my genus Hymeniacidon for illustration in the present 
volume I was struck by the discrepancies in the struc- 
ture of the skeleton of the species that I had designated 
in vol. u, page 187, Hymeniacidon lingua, as compared 
with the skeletons of the other species of that genus. 
I had also the advantage of the examination of a series 
of specimens of the species under consideration in a fine 
state of preservation, that I had received from my 
friend Mr. Peach, and from which I felt convinced of 
the necessity of establishing a separate genus for the 
reception of sponges having the fasciculated skeleton 
structure of the one I had designated H. lingua, 
and I was the more strongly confirmed in this idea 
by the acquirement of a second species, Raphiodesina 
sordida, in which the skeleton structures are in 
perfect accordance with those of the species 1 had 
designated Hymeniacidon lingua. 

I propose, therefore, the following characters as 
those of the new genus. 


Rapuiopesma, Bowerbank. 
Plate XLVITI, fie. 8. 


Skeleton. Without fibre, composed of an irregular 
network of polyspiculous faggot-like bundles; the 
spicula of which are compactly cemented together at 
the middle, but are radiating at their terminations. 

The structure of the skeleton in this genus is very 
remarkable. It is composed of numerous fasciculi of 
spicula like elongated faggots, the central portions being 
compactly cemented together, while both terminations 
present a loosely radiating appearance. The mode of 


236 PLATE XLVII. 


disposition of the fasciculi in the skeletons is, as if they 
had been thrown carelessly together in every possible 
diagonal direction, the interstices of the skeleton form- 
ing elongated angular areas, like those of a confused 
mass of netting extended in one direction only. The 
fasciculi in the type-specimen are large and long, each 
consisting of many more spicula than it is possible to 
count. ‘The bundles are usually independent of each 
other, but occasionally they are connected laterally by 
the offset of a few spicula on a slender bundle running 
from the one to the other. The general connection is 
by the intermixture of their terminal radial spicula, or 
by single spicula disposed at nearly right angles to the 
general direction of the skeleton fasciculi. 

There are but three genera with which this one is at 
all likely to be confounded, and these are Halichondria, 
Hymedesmia and Desmacidon. Raphiodesma differs 
from Halichondria by the distinctly and compactly 
fasciculated structure of the reticulation, and by the 
apparent disconnection of the parts of the rete. It also 
differs from Hymedesmia, by the fasciculi always form- 
ing a connected though disjointed network ; while in 
the last-named genus the fasciculi are normally separate. 
The compactly fibrous structure of the middle portions 
of the fasciculi of Raphiodesma simulate very closely 
the structure of the truly continuous fibre of a Desma- 
cidon, but their universal want of continuity distinctly 
characterises them as fasciculi and not multispiculous 
keratose fibre. Figure 8, Plate XLVII, represents a 
portion of the skeleton of R. lingua exhibiting the form 
and arrangement of the faggot-like bundles of which it 
is composed, from the specimen represented in Plate 
LXXVII, fig. 1. 


LXXVIT. 


Plate 


Fig. & 


lingu 


sya 
Plate XLVI 


Raphiodes 


ump 


st &C° 


W We 


ens Aldous el ef Lith 


Wi. 


237 


PLATE LXXVII. 


RaAPHIODESMA LINGUA, Bowerbank. 


Hymeniacidon lingua, Bowerbank. Mon. Brit. Spongiada, 
vol. ii, p. 187, and vol. i, pl. vi, figs. 
144—147, also pl. xvili, fig. 297; 
and vol. iii, pl. xlvii, fig. 8. 
Fig. 1—A fine and very perfect specimen of the 
sponge from Shetland in its dried state. Natural 


size. 
Fig, 2.—Represents one of the skeleton spicula. 


x 150 lmear. 

Fig. 3.—One of the tension spicula. x 320 linear. 

Fig. 4.—A large dentato-palmate, inequi-anchorate 
spiculum from one of the rosette-shaped groups on the 
inner surface of the dermal membrane. xX 250 linear. 

Fig. 5.—One of the smaller-sized spicula of the same 
description of form as that represented by fig. 4. 
They are never congregated in rosette-shaped groups, 
but are abundantly dispersed on the inner surface of 
the dermal membrane. X 250 linear. 

Fig. 6.—A group of simple and contort, bihamate 
spicula. They are very abundantly dispersed on the 
membranous tissues. X 250 linear. 

For an account of the growth and development of 
the large dentato-palmate, inequi-anchorate, retentive 
spicula I must refer the reader to vol. i, p. 48, Plate 
vl, figs. 144—147, of ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade,’ and to 
p. 49, Plate xviii, fig. 297, in the same volume for a 
description and figure of their congregation in rosette- 
formed groups. 

In my first description of this sponge I stated that 
the large inequi-anchorate spicula are ‘‘ congregated at 
distant intervals in radiating circles.” Subsequent re- 


238 PLATE LXXVII. 


peated observations have led to the conclusion that 
under favorable circumstances the congregated groups 
are found to be anything rather than at distant intervals. 
In one specimen of a portion of dermal membrane 
from the specimen figured, in a field, with a linear 
power of 80, 7's inch in diameter, I counted as many as 
forty of these beautiful groups. They were rather 
evenly dispersed, and the intervals were crowded with 
innumerable smaller forms of the same description of 
spicula irregularly dispersed, mixed with equally nu- 
merous bihamate spicula. In some parts of the same 
piece of dermal membrane the rosette groups were 
clustered together so thickly as to form quite an irre- 
gular mass of intermixed spicula. 

The structures of the dermis of this sponge are 
strikingly characteristic. The rete is coarse and very 
stronely produced; it is formed of large and long 
fasciculi, each containing numerous closely packed sub- 
fusiformi-acuate spicula, so as nearly to resemble the 
fibre of a Desmacidon at the middle, but none of these 
bundles are continuous; they form the reticulation by 
crossing each other, usually in a diagonal direction, 
producing elongate areas like those of a net extended 
in one direction only ; the spicula are the same size as 
those of the skeleton. 

The dermal membrane is literally crowded with 
bihamate spicula, which completely conceal the nu- 
merous slender tension spicula intermixed with them; 
and occasionally, but rather rarely, a solitary inequi- 
anchorate spiculum may be seen among them, or two 
or three together, forming an immature radial group. 
The curve of the bihamate spicula is nearly semi- 
circular, and the shaft equable and very slender. The 
dentato-palmate inequi-anchorate spicula of the radial 
groups are large and well produced ; they very closely 
resemble fig. 147, Plate VI, vol. i, ‘Mon. Brit. 
Spongiade.’ The dispersed spicula of the same form are 
not so well developed, and are very much less in size. 

The general character of the reticulations of the 


PLATE LXXVII. 239 


skeleton is very like that of the dermal membrane. 
The compacted condition of the fasciculi does not ex- 
tend very far from the middle, and towards each end 
the component spicula radiate and form brush-lke 
terminations intermingling with and crossing each 
other, thus forming the reticular skeleton of the sponge. 
The forms of the skeleton spicula have rather a doubtful 
appearance, the obtuse end being frequently somewhat 
attenuated, while the opposite extremity is rather 
bluntly terminated. The interstitial membranes are thin 
and pellucid. They are as abundantly furnished with 
tension and retentive spicula as the dermal one. The 
dentato-palmate, inequi-anchorate spicula are compara- 
tively few in number, and the groups of the larger ones 
of rather rare occurrence. I found but four of them 
in five fragments submitted to examination; the most 
perfect one contained seven or eight spicula in radial 
arrangement. 

The gemmules were few in number, but in a fine 
state of preservation. 


Desmacidon columella 6-8. 


Isodietya: Ingalli 1-5 


W. Lens Aldous del et Lith, 


W. West & C° imp 


241 


PLATE LXXVIII. 
Isopictya Ineauur, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 1.—Represents one of the most characteristic 
of the three specimens in my possession. Natural size. 

Fig. 2.—A fully-developed skeleton spiculum. x 
250 linear. 

Fig. 3—A young and slender spiculum. x 250 
linear. 

Every degree of tenuity may be seen between this 
spiculum and the one represented by fig. 2, but the 
latter prevails greatly in number. 

Fig. 4.—Represents a small piece of the dermal 
membrane of L. Ingallt. > 123 lnear. 

Fig. 5.—A small piece of the dermal membrane of J. 
simulans. 123 lmear. Exhibiting the essential dif- 
ferences in the two structures. 


DESMACIDON COLUMELLA, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 6.—Represents the type-specimen from the 
cabinet of Mr. Edward Parfitt. Natural size. 

Fig. 7.—One of the fusiformi-cylindrical skeleton 
spicula. x 250 linear. 

Fig. 8.—Two of the gemmules in sit on a portion of 
the interstitial membranes. X 530 linear. 


TsopictvA IncaLur, Bowerbank. 
Plate LXXVIII. 


Sponge. Branching irregularly, hard and rigid in the 
dried state. Surface smooth. Oscula simple, slightly 
16 


242 PLATE LXXVIII. 


elevated, nearly all on one face of the sponge. Pores 
inconspicuous. Dermis strongly reticulated, rete irre- 
gular, polyspiculous ; spicula acerate, short, and stout ; 
dermal membrane aspiculous. Skeleton very regular ; 
radial lines polyspiculous ; secondary lines rarely more 
than trispiculous; spicula acerate, short, and stout, 
same size as those of the dermis. 

Colowr.—In the dried state light fawn-yellow. 

Habitat.—Southport, Lancashire? G. Graves, Esq. 

Hxanined.—In the dried state. 

I received three specimens of this species, among 
other British sponges, from the collection of my late 
friend Mr. Thomas Ingall, and accompanying them 
there was a card on which was written, ‘‘ Southport, 
Lancashire, G. Graves, Esq.’ The three specimens 
varied in size, but in every other external character 
they resembled each other very closely. The largest 
Specimen was eight and a half inches in height; the 
other two were each about five inches high. There is 
a considerable amount of resemblance between this 
species and Isodictya simulans ; they are alike hard and 
rigid when dried, and the position and general aspect 
of their oscula are the same. Their spicula are also 
as nearly as possible of the same size and form, but 
there does not appear to be any disposition on the part 
of I. Ingalli to assume the latticed form that prevails in 
I. simulans in its fully-developed condition, and the 
branches in the latter are stouter than in the former 
species ; the colour also appears to differ in the two 
species, but this character is so uncertain that very 
little reliance can be placed on it. Their external 
characters will, therefore, scarcely separate the two 
species, but fortunately their structural peculiarities 
readily and strikingly distinguish them. Tach of the 
species has a well-developed, dermal, reticulated 
system. In I. simulans the rete is unispiculate, and 
the areas mostly affect a triangular form, but this 
arrangement does not prevail in the dermis of I. 
Ingallt, and the rete so abounds in spicula that their 


PLATE LXXVIII. 243 


number can rarely be determined, while the areas are 
large and irregular, thus producing a striking and very 
characteristic specific difference between the two 
sponges. The arrangements of the skeleton structures 
of the two species would scarcely distinguish them, 
although those of I. Ingalli appear to be much more 
regular than those of L. sinwlans. 


DESMACIDON COLUMELLA, Bowerbank. 
Plate LXXVITI. 


Sponge. Massive, ascending, compressed. Surface 
smooth, uneven, with deep furrows. Oscula terminal ? 
Pores inconspicuous. Dermal membrane spiculous ; 
spicula dispersed or subfasciculated, same form and 
size as those of the skeleton. Skeleton: fibres stout, 
and compact, rete coarse and open, spicula fusiformi- 
cylindrical, long, and rather slender. Interstitial 
membranes spiculous. Spicula same as those of the 
skeleton, rather abundantly dispersed. Gemmules 
membranous, aspiculous, large, and pellucid at their 
margins, with a central nucleus more or less distinct. 

Colour.—White, with dark orange longitudinal veins 
when alive. Light brown in the dried state. 

Habitat.—Exmouth, in tidal pools; Mr. Edward 
Parfitt. 

Heamined.—In the dried state. 

I am indebted to Mr. Hdward Parfitt, of Exeter, for 
my knowledge of this interesting species of sponge. 
In form it is a slightly curved compressed column, 
decreasing in breadth from near the base to its apex. 
The half of the specimen kindly presented to me by 
Mr. Parfitt is fourteen lines high, and six lines at its 
greatest breadth near the base. Mr. Parfitt states in 
the letter which accompanied the specimen that it was 
“found at Exmouth in tidal pools, but very rare. 
When alive it was like an Ascidian, for which I took it 
when seen growing. Colour nearly white, with two or 


QAd, PLATE LXXVIIi. 


three dark orange vein-like colourings on the body of 
the sponge reaching from bottom to top.” He further 
states that there was “‘ one osculum only, and that situ- 
ated at the apex, smooth, and very slightly raised above 
the membrane.” In the half of the sponge I received 
for examination there are no indications of the osculum 
described by Mr. Parfitt. 

The dermal membrane is thin and pellucid, but 
abundantly covered with sarcode within, in which the 
tension spicula are in some parts rather sparingly and 
evenly dispersed, while in other parts they are more 
abundant, and frequently loosely fasciculated. The 
rete of the skeleton is stout, the fibres frequently anas- 
tomising, forming elongated interstices, on the mem- 
branes of which the tension spicula are rather abun- 
dantly and irregularly dispersed. 

The gemmules in this specimen form a very striking 
character. They are membranous like those of other 
species of Desmacidon, but they are strikingly different 
in their size and general appearance from those in 
either D. Jeffreysii or D. pannosus. When fully deve- 
loped they appear pellucid at their margins, while their 
central portions are completely filled with closely- 
packed, small, transparent, globular molecules. The 
gemmules are exceedingly abundant, and in some parts 
so much so as to completely obscure the tissues beneath 
them. They vary greatly in size. One of the largest 
and best developed measured yg inch in diameter, 
while a smaller one did not exceed z3455 mch in dia- 
meter, and a very considerable number of them were 
still smaller. The globular molecules within the 
largest one measured were yjz3 inch in diameter. 
When present the gemmules will always forma striking 
specific character, but the species can never be con- 
founded with any other known British Desmacidon, as 
it is the only one which has a skeleton constructed of 
fusiformi-cylindrical spicula, and a further character is 
the total absence of any other forms of spicula than 
those of the skeleton. 


Hymeraphia 
Whens Aldous delet Lith 


ance naar. 
eee 


Ma 
Ss 


coronula |-- 4. Hymedesmia inflata b- 


lymedesmia occulta 9-11. 


PLATE LUXXIX. 
Hymprarata coronuna, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 1—Represents the type-specimen on the sur- 
face of a small bivalve shell from Shetland. Natural 
size. In the cabinet of the Rev. A. M. Norman. 

Fig. 2.—A small portion of the sponge mounted in 
Canada balsam, showing the spicula in sit. x 250 
linear. 

Figs. 3 and 4.—Two of the attenuato-spinulate, en- 
tirely-spined, internal defensive spicula, exhibiting the 
peculiar circlet of spines on the basal bulb. x 550 
linear. 


HyYMmEpesM1a INFLATA, Bowerbank. 


Figs. 5, 6.—Two of the pebbles from Shetland, 
having patches of the sponge upon them at a a. 
Natural size. 

Fig. 7.—A small piece of the sponge mounted in 
Canada balsam, exhibiting the characteristic forms and 
mode of disposition of the acerate, entirely-spined 
spicula of the dermal membrane. x 250 linear. 

Fig. 8.—One of the angulated, entirely-spined, acerate 
spicula of the dermal membrane. X 530 linear. 


Hymrpesmta occunta, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 9.—Represents the type-specimen on the frag- 
ment of an old Pecten shell. Natural size. In the 
cabinet of the Rev. A. M. Norman. 

Fig. 10.—A portion of the sponge mounted in 
Canada balsam, exhibiting the mode of the disposition 
of the spicula. x 250 linear. 

Fig. 11.—One of the large, tridentate, equi-anchorate, 
retentive spicula, X 530 linear, 


246 PLATE LXXIX. 


HYMERAPHIA CORONULA, Bowerbank. 
Plate LXXIX. 


Sponge. Coating, thin. Surface uneven, both strongly 
and minutely hispid. Oscula simple, dispersed ; pores 
inconspicuous. Dermal membrane spiculous; tension 
spicula acerate, very long and slender, flexuous, dis- 
persed singly or fasciculated, fasciculi frequently poly- 
spiculous ; external defensive spicula, the larger arising 
from the projection of the distal extremities of the 
skeleton spicula through the dermal membrane; the 
smaller ones attenuato-spinulate, entirely-spined, basal 
bulb often coronulated spinuously. Skeleton: spicula 
gpinulate, very long and large, distal end usually pro- 
jected through the dermal membrane. Basal mem- 
brane pellucid: tension spicula same as those of the 
dermis, dispersed singly, few in number; internal 
defensive spicula same as those of the dermal mem- 
brane; sarcode abundant. 

Colowr.—Dried, light grey. 

Habitat.—Shetland, Rev. A. M. Norman. 

Heamined.—In the dried state. 

The sponge covers about one third of the outer 
surface of a small bivalve shell. The surface of the 
sponge is very irregular, and has numerous extraneous 
matters incorporated in it. The hispidation, when 
viewed as an opaque object, is seen to be produced to 
a great extent by the projection of the large skeleton 
spicula through the dermis, frequently to the extent of 
more than half their leng th; the smaller or secondary 
hispidation is effected by the small attenuato-spinulate, 
entirely-spined, defensive spicula, the bulbs of which 
are within the dermal membrane, and the shafts only 
appear externally ; so that when we view the internal 
surface of the dermal membrane in Canada balsam, 
with a power of about 300 linear, we observe two sets 
of these defensive spicula; one having their shafts 
projecting from the basal membrane inward towards 


PLATE LXXIX. 947 


the eye, while those of the other set are projected 
through the dermal membrane, but the bulbs of both 
sets are based on the inner surface of the basal 
membrane. The acerate tension spicula of the spinu- 
late skeleton spicula are both of them very large and 
long for so small a species of sponge. ‘The tension 
spicula are very slender and very acutely terminated, 
but they frequently exceed 35 inch in length. 

In some of the dermal fasciculi they are too nume- 
rous to be counted, while in others there are not more 
than from two to four or five together. The skeleton 
spicula frequently exceed y'y inch in length; they are 
stout and strong in their proportions, and are fre- 
quently flexuous; they rarely occur two together on 
the basal membrane, and from the mode of their 
attachment they seem to have facile powers of motion 
when variations in the direction of the shaft becomes 
necessary. 

The attenuato-spinulate, entirely-spined, defensive 
spicula are comparatively small; they rarely exceed 
zip inch in length; they scarcely ever occur together, 
but are generally disposed at about equal distances from 
each other. 

The spination of the spherical base of some of these 
defensive spicula very frequently exhibits a remarkable 
character in the form of a circular band of spines 
around its greatest circumference, while the proximal 
and distal portions of the sphere are entirely without 
spines. 

In such cases the spination of the shaft of the 
spiculum does not commence until about half or a whole 
length of its own diameter above the spherical base, 
and continues thence more or less to the distal end of 
the spiculum. The spines are acutely conical, and are 
projected at right angles to the axis of the spiculum. 

IT have a strong suspicion that the coronulated, 
attenuato-spinulate, defensive spicula are more especially 
devoted to the external defenses of the sponge, but 
although I have seen the smooth basal surface and the 


248 PLATE LXXIX. 


corona of spines of many of them embedded in the 
sarcode of the inner surface of the membrane 
while their shafts were projected from its outer sur- 
face, there has always been such an accumulation 
of semi-opaque sarcode around them as to prevent 
a clear and satisfactory view of their embedment 
and structure. The peculiarities of their spination 
would seem to favour the idea I have enunciated ; the 
circlet of spines would assist in retaining them in their 
positions, while the smooth space between the circlet 
of spines and the commencement of the spination of the 
shaft would allow not only of their closer envelopment 
by the surrounding membrane, but also of a certain 
amount of free motion to provide against external 
contingencies. 


HYMEDESMIA INFLATA, Bowerbank. 
Plate LXXIX. 


Sponge. Coating, thin. Surface even, smooth. 
Oscula simple, small. Pores inconspicuous. Dermal 
membrane, abundantly spiculous ; spicula acerate, pro- 
fusely spinous; frequently angulated, inflato-acerate ; 
spines irregularly dispersed, acute, exceedingly nu- 
merous. Skeleton fasciculi. Spicula acerate, slender, 
numerous and closely packed; occasionally large and 
long, and rarely, with a central inflation, dispersed ; 
and also very large and long, spinulate or rarely acuate 
spicula irregularly dispersed, and always prostrate be- 
neath the dermal membrane. Internal defensive spicula. 
Attenuato-spinulate, entirely and profusely spinous, short 
and stout, spinulate base largely developed; spines acute, 
frequently recurved ; spicula very few in number. 

Colowr.—Light brown in the dried state. 

Habitat—Shetland, Mr. W. C. Peach. 

Heamined.—In the dried state. 

I found three specimens of this species among a 
considerable number of small pebbles from Shetland, 
having thin patches of Hymeraphias and Hymedesmias 


PLATE LXXIX. 249 


upon them, from which they could be distinguished 
only by a microscopical examination. When a small 
portion of the sponge is mounted in Canada balsam, the 
striking character of the dermal membrane, with its 
profusion of comparatively large acerate spinous spicula 
and the great spinulate ones reposing beneath it, at 
once leads to a discrimination of the species. In two 
of the specimens examined, the characters to which I 
have alluded above were very distinctly rendered to 
the eye by a power of 108 linear, but in the third 
specimen, which appears to have been an older sponge, 
the dermal spicula were so numerous and so closely 
matted together that it required a power of 183 linear 
to render them distinctly to the eye. The structures 
beneath were not visible, and a reversal of the specimen 
became necessary to obtain a distinct view of them. 
The whole of the structures are very striking and 
remarkable. The dermal spicula vary to some extent 
in their structural characters; many of them are purely 
acerate, while others are more or less inclined to be 
fusiformi-acerate ; but all are profusely spinous, and a 
very considerable number of them are more or less 
bent angularly at the middle, and at or near the bending 
point many of them are inflated; but the latter cha- 
racter is not so frequently met with as the angulation 
of the spiculum. In the most mature of the three 
specimens the fasciculi of the smallest skeleton spicula 
were very numerous, crossing each other at all angles; 
the larger acerate spicula, which are disposed singly or 
sometimes fasciculated five or six together, were dis- 
persed in an equally irregular manner, and one in 
about five or six of them had the inflation at about the 
middle of the shaft. The great spinulate and the few 
large acuate spicula are rather abundant, but I never 
observed them to be fasciculated, nor any of them to 
be projected through the dermal membrane; these 
spicula are very remarkable for their great length and 
their stout proportions. The internal, attenuato- 
spinulate, defensive spicula are very few in number, 


250 PLATE LXXIX. 


and it was only in the oldest and most mature of the 
three specimens that I detect them. 

The only sponge that is liable to be hastily con- 
founded with this species is Halichondria albula, which 
presents a very similar dermal arrangement; but a 
careful examination will soon display the difference in 


the structure of their spicula and the other differential 
characters of the two species. 


Hymeprsmta occutta, Bowerbank. 
Plate LXXIX. 


Sponge. Parasitical coating. Surface irregular, 
abundantly hispid. Oscula simple, dispersed. Pores in- 
conspicuous. Dermal membrane abundantly spiculous ; 
tension spicula, acerate, large and long, dispersed ; 
retentive spicula bi- and tridentate equi-anchorate, 
large and stout, numerous, dispersed. Skeleton fas- 
ciculi multispiculous ; spicula very numerous, same as 
those of the dermal membrane, with an admixture of 
stout fusiformi-acerate ones. Hxternal defensive 
spicula attenuato-acuate; size various; large ones 
basally spined, smaller ones, entirely spined. 

Colowr.—Milk white in the dried state. 

Habitat—Shetland, ninety-six fathoms; Rev. A. M. 
Norman. 

Heamined.—In the dried state. 

I received this singular little sponge from the Rev. 
A. M. Norman, who obtained it by dredging in ninety- 
six fathoms at Shetland. It is based at the distal 
margin of a fragment of an old Pecten shell, and it 
occupies a space rather less than the quarter of an inch 
in length by about the eighth of an inch in breadth ; 
and it is so like in colour to the fragment of shell on 
which it is thinly spread, that it is difficult to dis- 
tineuish it from the shell surface, even with the aid of 
a lens of two inches focus. 

Viewed as an opaque object by direct light, with a 


PLATE LXXIX. 251 


power of 100 linear, the surface is seen bristling with 
numerous large, external defensive spicula, which are 
projected to the extent of half or two thirds their 
length beyond the dermal membrane, to which nume- 
rous minute grains of sand are attached that obscures 
it to such a degree as to render exceedingly doubtful 
the characters derivable from the oscula and pores; 
the former appear to be simple, dispersed, and few in 
number. 

The dermal membrane is translucent, and the large 
long tension spicula are evenly disposed singly in 
every possible direction, and it is rarely that two 
or three are fasciculated together. In the areas 
formed by this mode of disposition we find the stout, 
retentive bidentate, equi-anchorate, spicula cemented by 
the middle of their shafts to the membrane, their an- 
chorate terminations projected outwards. 

The fasciculi of the skeleton structure are very full 
of spicula, and do not appear to assume any definite 
direction in the mode of their disposition. The 
spicula of the skeleton, as well as those of the dermis, 
are mostly of a regular acerate form, but occasionally 
a few stout fusiformi-acerate ones are mingled with 
them. , 

The external defensive spicula are very characteristic 
in this sponge. They are of two descriptions; both 
of them are attenuato-acuate, but differimg from each 
other greatly in size; the larger ones being very much 
stouter than a skeleton spiculum, and half as lone 
again, and having the basal portion for about one 
fourth of the whole length abundantly spinous, and 
especially so the extreme basal portion. The smaller 
form or defensive spiculum is not more than about half 
the length of a skeleton spiculum, slender in diameter, 
and is profusely spinous from base to apex. This 
difference in size and armature between the two forms 
of defensive organs is a remarkable feature in the 
structure of the sponge. 

Although this species appears so insignificant as a 


252 PLATE LXXIX. 


whole, its parts, when viewed microscopically, are bold 
and strikingly characteristic in their structure, and are 
readily distinguishable from those of any other known 
British species of the genus. 


Plate 


» 


simplex 2-3 


Hvineraphia 


suinplreina L, 


SSTULLA 
led et lath 


Hymed. 
W Lens Aldous 


W Wes 


953 


PLATE LXxXx. 
Hymepersmia simpricima, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 1-—Represents a portion of the type-specimen 
of the species X 123 linear, exhibiting the mode of 
disposition of the skeleton fasciculi. 


HIYMERAPHIA SIMPLEX, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 2.—A portion of the type-specimen of the spe- 
cies X 123 linear, showing the skeleton and external 
defensive spicula and the attenuato-spinulate, internal, 
defensive spicula tn sit. 

Fig. 3.—Two of the internal, defensive spicula 
x 250 linear, exhibiting the variety of their forms and 
the degree of their spination. 


HYMEDESMIA SIMPLICIMA, Bowerbainh. 


Plate LXXX. 
Sponge. Coating. Surface uneven, but smooth. 
Oscula simple, dispersed. Pores inconspicuous. 


Dermal membrane pellucid, aspiculous. Skeleton fas- 
ciculi mostly multispiculous, occasionally formed of 
very few spicula. Spicula spinulate, very rarely 
acuate, large, and long, intermixed with very long, 
slender, and often sinuous ones of the same form. 

Oolowr.—In the dried state cream white. 

Habitat. —Shetland, off Balta; Rev. A. M. Norman. 

Evamined.—In the dried state. 

I received a single specimen of this sponge for ex- 
amination from the Rev. A. M. Norman, who dredged 


254 PLATE LXXX. 


it in 1867 off Balta, Shetland. It coats the surface of 
a small fragment of slate-coloured schistus not more 
than four lines square. The thickness of the sponge 
varies from not exceeding that of paper to about half 
aline. The surface is very uneven, rising in several 
places into minute hillocks, and it is in many parts 
covered with minute grains of sand which are too 
firmly adherent to be readily washed off. When not 
thus covered it is quite smooth. The oscula were not 
readily to be detected in Canada balsam, but by direct 
hight under a power of about 100 linear they were dis- 
tinctly visible; they were simple and minute. No 
pores could be detected. 

The skeleton is loosely fasciculated and very irregu- 
larly disposed; many of the bundles are multispicu- 
lous, while in other cases they contain not more than 
from two to six or seven spicula; and numerous single 
spicula cross them in every possible direction; and in 
some of the thickest portions of the sponge they are so 
numerous as to render the skeleton structures very 
like those of a Hymeniacidon, but in the thinner por- 
tions the distinction between the two modes of struc- 
ture is very apparent in consequence of the spicula form- 
ing a fasciculus, having their bases and apices always 
coincident, a mode of arrangement never met with in 
a Hymeniacidon. The spinulate spicula are large, 
long, and rather slender, and intermixed with the 
fully-developed skeleton ones are a few, exceedingly 
slender and frequently flexuous. The fully-developed 
spicula vary to a considerable extent in the degree of 
the production of their globular bases, varying from 
completely spherical down to almost purely acuate, but 
the latter form is of rare occurrence. I could not 
detect any other form of spiculum in the sponge than 
those I have described above. 


PLATE LXXX. 255 


HyMERrarnia simpLex, Bowerbank. 
Plate LXXX. 


Sponge. Coating, very thin. Surface undulating, 
strongly hispid. Oscula simple, dispersed. Pores 
inconspicuous. Dermal membrane pellucid, aspiculous. 
Skeleton and external defensive spicula attenuato-spi- 
nulate, very long and slender. Tension spicula long 
and very slender, frequently sinuous, solitary, or loosely 
fasciculated. Internal defensive spicula, attenuato- 
spinulate, entirely incipiently spinous; spines acutely 
conical. 

Colouwr.—In the dried state pale yellow. 

Habitat.—Shetland, off Balta; Rey. A. M. Norman. 

Heamined.—In the dried state. 

I received two specimens of this species from the 
Rey. A. M. Norman, who dredged them at Shetland, 
off Balta. They coated very thinly portions of the 
surface of two small fragments of slate-grey stone. 
A portion of the largest specimen is represented by the 
figure. The second one is not more than half the size 
of the figure one. 

The structures of the sponge are distinctly different 
from those of any other spinulate species of the genus 
with which I am acquainted. Hxamined by direct 
hight with a power of 100 linear it appeared strongly 
hispid by the projection of the long skeleton spicula 
through the dermal membrane ; a Sow of them were in 
an erect position, but by far the greater number were 
more or less procumbent. A few simple oscula were 
to be seen dispersed on the surface, but no indication 
of pores could be discovered. The greatest thickness 
of the sponge does not exceed that of stout writing 
paper, but the length of one of the most perfect of the 
skeleton spicula was jy of an inch, its greatest dia- 
meter being 547 inch. This spiculum was in a pro- 
cumbent position, while others, more or less erect, 
varied considerably in their height, being from half to 


256 PLATE LXXX. 


two thirds of the length of the one measured. The 
spherical bases of these spicula are well produced. 
The thickest part of the shaft is close to the base, 
whence it gradually attenuates, terminating very acutely. 
The internal defensive spicula were rather numerous, 
and were mostly ima more or less erect position, but 
many of them were procumbent. They vary con- 
siderably in size; one of the largest measured 74g inch 
in length, its greatest diameter near the base being 
sooo inch, while a small one did not exceed 345 inch 
in length. The tension spicula are long and exceed- 
ingly slender; they are mostly dispersed singly amid 
the sponge, but occasionally a few of them occur 
together in a loose fasciculus. 


ee ate el ES NB See a a eee 


TEXT eye id 


257 


PLATE LXXXI. 
Normania, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 1.—Represents the type-specimen of Normania 
crassa of the natural size. 

Fig. 2.—A small portion of a section of the sponge at 
right angles to its surface, exhibiting the irregularity of 
the structure of the fasciculi of the skeleton and of their 
mode of disposition. X 25 linear 

Fig. 3.—A portion of dermal inhalent surface from 
the exterior of the sponge, showing the ‘‘ short fasci- 
culi of siliceous spicula’’ and the disposition of the 
inhalent pores. X 36 lmear. 

Fig. 4.—A sub-fusiformi, acerate skeleton spiculum. 
< 80 linear. 

Fig. 5.—An expando-ternate connecting spiculum 
of the normal form, with a very short shaft. x 80 
linear. 

Figs. 6, 7, and 8.—Three of the various abnormal 
forms of the connecting spicula, usually found irre- 
gularly dispersed a short distance beneath the dermal 
membranes. X 80 linear. 

Fig. 9—One of the small sub-fusiformi acerate 
tension spicula of the interstitial membranes. x 80 
linear. 

Figs. 10 and 11.—Two of the large attenuato-stel- 
late, retentive spicula. x 250 linear. These spicula 
agree with each other very nearly in size but not in 
the number of their radii. 

Fig. 12.—One of the small elongo-attenuato-stellate, 


retentive spicula. X 250 linear. . 


258 PLATE LXXXi. 


Normanta, Bowerbank. 
Plate LXXXI. 


Skeleton composed at the external surfaces of short 
fasciculi of siliceous spicula; in the interior, of an irre- 
gular siliceo-spicular network. Dermis furnished with 
ternate connecting spicula. Ovaria membranous, 
aspiculous ? 

Type, Normania crassa. 

The general structure of the skeleton of the types 
specimen of this genus is very like that of Pachyma- 
tisma, but it is readily distinguished from that genus 
by the total absence of siliceous ovaria and by its thin 
and delicate dermal surface. 

The radial structure of its skeleton near the surface 
of the sponge and its dermal connecting spicula bring 
it somewhat into alliance with Ecionemia, but the total 
absence of a central axial column readily distinguishes 
it from that genus. 

Ihave named this genus after my friend the Rev. 
Alfred Merle Norman, an ardent and accomplished 
naturalist, to whom I am indebted for numerous new 
and valuable species of British sponges. 

A genus Normania was established by Mr. G. S. 
Brady in 1866, for a section of Crustacea copepoda 
(vide ‘Trans. Zool. Soc.,’ vol. v, p. 382), but that 
title cannot be adopted, as the Normania of Brady is 
identical with Lowxoconcha of G. O. Sars, which was 
founded a few months previously (vide G. O. Sars, 
‘Oversigt af Norges Marine Ostracoder,’ 1865, p. 61, 
and G.8. Brady, ‘Trans. Lin. Soc.,’ vol. xxvi, 1868, 
p. 432). ; 


Normania orassa, Bowerbank. 
Plate LXXXT, 


Sponge cupshaped, sessile P parietes stout and thick. 
Surfaces smooth, outer one minutely reticulated. 


PLATE LXXXI. 259 


Oxscula on inner surface, simple, variable in size, very 
numerous. Pores on outer surface, conspicuous, very 
numerous. Dermis thin, pellucid, outer surface 
furnished with a stout polyspiculous irregular reticu- 
lation; on the imner one with numerous dispersed 
tension spicula large and small; spicula subfusiformi- 
acerate; and also with numerous attenuato-stellate, 
and minute attenuato-elongo-stellate, retentive spicula. 
Connecting spicula expando-ternate, radii attenuated, 
very long; shafts very short. Skeleton. Fasciculi 
and reticulations stout and polyspiculous; rete open 
and irregular; spicula subfusiformi-acerate, long and 
large. Interstitial membranes. Pellucid, furnished 
abundantly with small subfusiformi-acerate tension 
spicula, and with numerous retentive spicula of the 
same form as those of the dermal membrane. Gemmules 
membranous, aspiculous. 

Colowr.—In the dried state, light grey. 

Habitat—Shetland, 110 fathoms; Rev. A. M. 
Norman. 

Hramined.—In the dried state. 

The form of this sponge is that of an irregular com- 
pressed cup with very thick parietes ; it has been torn 
from its natural attachment; the basal portion in its 
present state is three inches long by one inch in thick- 
ness, and it has every appearance of having been 
sessile. 

The specimen under consideration is composed of 
two individuals united by approximation, and both 
present a marked disposition to the cupshaped form. 
The largest of the two is four and a quarter inches in 
length at its distal portion, and the smaller one 
slightly exceeds two inches. The breadth of the 
larger one does not exceed two inches, and the height 
of each is rather more than two inches. The margins 
of the cups are irregularly rounded. The general 
aspect of the surfaces of the sponge is strikingly charac- 
teristic; the beautiful minute reticulation of the outer 
or inhalent surface is strongly contrasted with the 


260 PLATE LXXXi. 


smooth inner or exhalent one with its numerous oscular 
perforations. 

Microscopically examined, the outer and inner mem- 
branes of the surfaces of the cup are in very strong 
contrast. The former is furnished with a stout poly- 
spiculous reticulation, in the areas of which the pores 
are situated. The rete is remarkable in its structure ; 
it appears to consist of primary and secondary lines ; 
the first are stout polyspiculous bundles, sometimes 
running parallel to each other, but not always coin- 
ciding in their direction; the secondary lines are 
formed of single spicula of the same size and form, 
placed diagonally or at right angles to the primary 
fasciculi, or of groups of small tension spicula mixed 
with numerous retentive ones. Inthe exhalent surface 
we observe no such reticular structure; the whole 
surface is covered with an irregular mixture of large 
and small tension spicula, felted together as it were, 
amidst which innumerable stellate, retentive spicula 
are disposed. 

The exhalent surface of the sponge abounds in large 
intermarginal cavities immediately beneath the dermis, 
and on their dermal surfaces there are a considerable 
number of connecting spicula with their triradiate heads 
firmly cemented to the inner surface of the membranes, 
and their shafts projecting into the cavities beneath. 

The normal form of the connecting spicula is that of 
an expando-ternate one with avery short shaft, and 
greatly produced radii as represented in Plate LXXXI, 
fig. 5; but these are few in number compared with the 
sbnormal forms, which are eee, variable, a few 
of which are represented by Figs. 6, 7, and 8 in the 
same plate. 

This surface of the sponge presents a somewhat 
scattered hispidation, arising apparently from an irre- 
gular protrusion of the large dermal spicula through 
the dermal membranes ; but it is very probable that in 
the living state this character would not be observable, 
nor does it appear on the inhalent surface of the 


PLATE LXXXI, 261 


sponge. The porous surface of the sponge algo ex- 
hibits numerous intermarginal cavities immediately 
beneath the dermal membrane, but they do not exhibit 
the large and cavernous appearance that we observe 
in those of the exhalent surface; nor do the connecting 
spicula appear to be nearly so numerous. 

The oscula are exceedingly numerous towards the 
marginal portions of the inside of the cup; they are 
comparatively large and are dispersed at unequal dis- 
tances from each other; towards the bottom of the cup 
they are minute and are congregated in considerable 
numbers above the large intermarginal spaces, the 
largest of the oscula rarely exceeding a line in diameter. 
The pores are comparatively speaking very large; 
there appears to be one only in each area of the dermal 
network. They are very numerous, appearing upon 
all parts of the outer or inhalent surface of the 
sponge. 

The structure of the middle portions of the skeleton 
is that of a very open and diffused halichondroid net- 
work, the spicula being disposed in bundles of four or 
five, or singly, in various directions, forming large 
irrecular angular areas. The mode of their disposition 
is different near the surfaces of the sponge. They are 
there collected in stout polyspiculous bundles, which 
pass inwards at very nearly right angles to the surface, 
and are connected with each other by widely spread 
interstitial membranes, crowded with small tension, 
and innumerable retentive spicula; as these bundles 
pass inward they merge in the central halichondroid 
portion of the skeleton. 

The interstitial membranes are abundant and widely 
spread in the interstices of the sponge; they are fre- 
quently crossed by single large skeleton spicula, but 
their principal support is derived from a profusion of 
minute subfusiformi-acerate tension spicula, which 
cross each other in every possible direction. 

With a power of five or six hundred linear these 
spicula exhibit a very incipient state of entire spination, 


262 PLATE LXXXI. 


and the greater portion have a slight inflation near the 
middle of the shaft. The distinction in size between 
these spicula and those of the skeleton is very remark- 
able. The skeleton spicula of an average size is 7’3 inch 
in length, and sss in diameter, while a medium-sized 
tension spiculum measured ae inch in length and 
svza inch in diameter. 

The retentive spicula are of two distinctly different 
sorts. The largest form are simple attenuato-stellate 
spicula, with but few long and slender radii, and they 
are three or four times as large as the smaller ones, 
which are almost all of them elongo-attenuato-stellate 
in form, and are very much more “abundant than the 
larger ones: 

A few gemmules were found amidst the skeleton 
tissues; they were of the usual halichondroid form, 
membranous and aspiculous. 

In the course of my examination of a number of small 
sponges from 96 fathoms Shetland sent to me by Mr. 
Norman, I found one little packet containing five small 
specimens of a milk-white colour. The largest iS one 
and a quarter inch in length, half an inch in width, and 
about two lines in thickness; they all prove to be 
young specimens of Normania crassa the smallest of 
them exhibiting the characteristic structural pecu- 
liarities of the species in perfection; the general 
arrangement of the skeleton, and every form of spicu- 
lum being as fully and completely developed as in the 
type-specimen of the genus. These little coating 
specimens of the sponge are strikingly illustrative of the 
futility of the characters of form and colour in the 
descriptions of sponges. 


263 


PLATE LXXXII. 


Isopictya LuRIDA, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 336, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Fig. 1.—This specimen is a very much finer and more 
characteristic one than the type-specimen as quoted 
above. 


Desmacipon copiosa, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 2.—Represents the type-specimen of the species 
in the cabinet of the Rev. A. M. Norman. Natural 
size. 

Fig. 3.—One of the large sub-clavate, acuate skeleton 
spicula. 250 linear. This figure also represents 
the spicula of the dermal network. 

Fig. 4.—A tricurvate, acerate, tension spiculum from 
the dermal membrane. X 530 linear. 

Fig. 5.—One of the large contort, bihamate, retentive 
spicula of the dermal membrane.  X 530 linear. 

Fig. 6.—A dendato-inequi-palmate-anchorate, reten- 
tive spiculum from the dermal membrane.  X 530 
linear. 

Fig. 7.—One of the bidentate-inequi-anchorate 
spicula from the dermal membrane. X 530 linear. 

Fig. 8.—One of the slender subclavate, fusiformi- 
acuate tension spicula from the interstitial membranes. 


x 250 linear. 
DESMACIDON CAVERNULA, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 9.—Represents the type-specimen in the dried 
state. Natural size. 


264 PLATE LXXXII. 


Fig. 10.—One of the tension spicula from the dermal 
membrane. X 250 linear. 

Fig. 11.—A contort, bihamate retentive, spiculum 
from the dermal membrane. %X 250 linear. 

Fig. 12.—One of the fusiformi-acuate skeleton 
spicula. x 250 linear. 


Ectonemia coactura, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 13.—Represents the type-specimen in the 
cabinet of Mr. W. Saville Kent. Natural size. 

Fig. 14.—A subfusiform, acerate, skeleton spiculum. 
x 80 hnear. This figure also represents one of the 
large primary defensive spicula. 

Fig. 15.—One of the slender fusiformi-acerate spicula 
of the secondary external defensive series. x 80 
linear. 

Fig. 16.—One of the large patento-ternate con- 
necting spicula. X 80 linear. 

Fig. 17.—A large attenuato-stellate, retentive spicu- 
lum from the dermal membrane. X 580 linear. 

Fig. 18.—One of the minute cylindro-stellate retentive 
spicula from the dermal membranes. %X 580 linear. 

Fig. 19.—A recurvo-ternate spiculum from the inter- 
marginal cavities. x 80 linear. These spicula are of 
very rare occurrence, and their shafts are very long and 
slender. 

Fig. 20.—Microciona fictitia. 


Plate LXXXIL. 


Isodictya luvrida l. Desmacidon copiosa 2-8. D. cavernula 9-12. 


EBeionemia coactura 13-19. Microciona fictitia 20. 
Wihens Aldous el ot Lith W West & C° unp 


PLATE LXXXII. 265 


PLATES XXIII and LXXXIT, 


Microciona Frotitia, Bowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 124, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade.’ 


Since the figuring of the type-sponge from Guernsey 
sent to me by the Rev. A. M. Norman, I have acquired 
avery much more characteristic specimen of the species. 
It covers externally and internally a single deep valve 
of an old oyster shell, and the thickness of the sponge 
at some parts rather exceeds five lines, the dimensions 
of the shell being 2$ by 23 inches. The sponge in 
its dried state is of a deep flesh-red colour. The sur- 
face of the sponge on both surfaces of the shell is 
exceedingly irregular and cavernous, some of these 
deep depressions being the eighth of an inch in 
diameter, and at the bottom of several of them there is 
a translucent oscular membrane. The dermal mem- 
brane exhibits the same pustulous character that is 
observable in the type-specimen, and the structural 
mode of the skeleton is much more in accordance with 
the general characters of the genus to which it belongs. 
The remainder of the structural and anatomical 
characters are identical with those of the type-specimen. 


Desmacipon copiosa, Bowerbank. 
Plate LXXXIT, 


Sponge sessile, coating. Surface rugged and uneven. 
Oscula simple, dispersed. Pores inconspicuous. Dermis 
subcrustaceous ; dermal membrane pellucid, profusely 
spiculous ; furnished with a stout irregular network, 
rete polyspiculous; areas abundantly supplied with 
spicula; tension spicula; tricurvate-acerate, small and 
slender, equi-curvate, rather numerous; retentive 
spicula, simple contort and reversed bihamate, very 
numerous and rarely biumbonate bihamate, large and 


266 PLATE LXXXII. 


stout; also inequi-dentato-palmate anchorate, and 
bidentate inequi-anchorate, both forms very minute and 
few in number, dispersed. Skeleton. Irregular and 
very open; fibre stout; spicula sub-clavate, fusiformi- 
acuate; stout and very fusiform; areas large and pro- 
fusely spiculous ; tension spicula subclavate fusiformi- 
acuate, long and slender, exceedingly numerous and 
closely matted together ; also tricurvate acerate, small 
and slender, few in number ; retentive spicula the same 
as in the dermal membrane, but more copiously dis- 
tributed. Gemmules membranous, aspiculous. 

Colour.—In the dried state, cream white. 

Habitat.—Jersey, Rev. A. M. Norman, 1859; Mr. 
Nichols, Jersey, 1851. 

Heamined.—In the dried state. 

The type-specimen of this species is an irregular 
mass rather less than two inches in average diameter. 
It has apparently been based on the solid rock, as small 
branches of Corallina officinalis are intermingled with 
its structure; the greatest thickness does not exceed 
half aninch. The surface is exceedingly irregular and 
rugged, and where the dermis is in good preservation it 
closely resembles thin cream-coloured kid leather. This 
crustaceous appearance arises from the exceeding 
abundance of its various spicula combined with the 
stout polyspiculous network of the dermal mem- 
brane in the interstices of which numerous large open 
pores were apparent. It is rather remarkable that 
scarcely a single specimen of the long slender sub- 
clavate, fusiformi-acuate tension spicula, which are 
found in such profusion in the interstitial membranes, 
could be detected in the portions of the dermal mem- 
brane that were submitted to examination; while the 
tricurvate, acerate tension spicula were very much more 
abundant in the dermal membrane than in the inter- 
stitial ones. The minute retentive spicula were about 
equally distributed in the two descriptions of membrane. 
The interstitial spaces in the sponge are very large, and 
their membranes proportionally expanded ; the whole of 


PLATE LXXXI, 267 


their surfaces are profusely furnished with spicula, 
especially with the long slender subclavate fusiformi- 
acuate tension spicula, which in some parts are so 
numerous and so closely felted together as to nearly 
render the membrane opaque and to totally obscure the 
more delicately formed retentive spicula. The skeleton 
fibre is strongly and compactly produced. The spicula of 
which it is composed might at the first glance be mis- 
taken for those of Desimacidon constrictus ; there 1s an 
approximation to the constricted form of their cases 
like the skeleton spicula of that species, but the con- 
striction is productive rather of a slight clavation of 
the base than of the elongated constriction so remark- 
able in the spicula in D. constrictus. There is another 
character that serves at once to discriminate the two 
species, and that is, that the spicula of D. copiosa are 
very nearly of the same diameter, but not more than 
half the length of those of D. constrictus. The sub- 
clavate, fusiformi-acuate tension spicula of the iter- 
stitial membranes are as long as those of the skeleton, 
but not more than one fifth or one sixth of their 
diameter. The bihamate retentive spicula are large 
and stout, and occasionally we find a well-produced 
symmetrical inflation at the middle of the shaft; they 
are exceedingly numerous in both the dermal and inter- 
stitial membranes. The inequi-dentato-palmate ones 
are very few in number as compared with the bidentate 
inequi-anchorate ones; both forms are very mimute and 
require a power of five or six hundred linear to dis- 
tinctly define their forms. 

The number of the varieties in the forms of the 
spicula, not less than seven, and the profusion in which 
they are supplied to the tissues renders this species a 
very remarkable and instructive one. 

Since Mr. Norman’s specimen was drawn on stone I 
have found among my store of unexamined specimens 
a much finer one than that which hasbeen figured. It 
is two and a half inches in height, two in breadth, and 
one and a quarter inch thick. In its external characters 


268 PLATE LXXXIt. 


and its anatomical details itis in perfect accordance 
with the type-specimen. 


DESMACIDON CAVERNULA, Bowerbank, 
Plate LXXXII. 


Sponge massive, irregular; interior cavernous, with 
large external orifices ; surface uneven and very rugged. 
Oscula simple; few external, the greater part internal. 
Pores inconspicuous. Dermal membrane abundantly 
spiculous; tension spicula either dispersed or forming 
an irregular reticulation, acuate, nearly as large as those 
of the skeleton; retentive spicula contort, bihamate, 
rather stout, few in number. Skeleton fibre stout and 
compact; spicula fusiformi-acuate. Interstitial mem- 
branes spiculous ; tension and retentive spicula same 
as those of the dermal membrane, dispersed ; retentive 
spicula few in number. 

Colowr.—In the dried state, dark brown. 

Habitat.—Haaf banks, Shetland, Mr. Humphreys. 

Hxamined.—In the dried state. 

I received this sponge with other species from the 
fishermen at the Haaf banks, Shetland, through their 
agent Mr. Humphreys many years since, and it escaped 
my observation until very lately, when I found it among 
my numerous duplicates. Its form is that of an irre- 
gularly compressed mass. Its greatest breadth is one 
inch and a half and its average thickness about three 
fourths of an inch. There is no appearance of a basal 
attachment. The interior is one large irregular cavern 
into which there are six openings, one of them being 
eight lines in breadth and three in height. The 
cavernous interior is covered with a dermal membrane 
like that of the exterior surface, which is inflected 
through all the great openings into the interior, and 
its surface characters within the sponge are precisely 
the same as those of the external dermal membrane, 


PLATE LXXXIL. 269 


The interior space is very rugged and uneven, with 
numerous irregular conical projections. 

There are a few simple oscula on the exterior of the 
sponge, but they appear to be very much more numerous 
on the inner surface, which seems to exercise the 
function of a large irregular cloaca, receiving the oscular 
excurrent streams and discharging its fecal contents 
through the great openings on the surface. 

On the greater portion of the dermal membrane the 
tension spicula form a distinct but irregular reticulation, 
which is visible in the dried specimen by the aid of a 
lens of about two inches focus; but in other parts the 
tension spicula are irregularly and thickly dispersed on 
its surface; their form 1s more purely acuate than those 
of the skeleton. There is little danger of confounding 
this species with either D. constrictus or D. Peachii, the 
comparative size of its skeleton spicula alone sufficing 
to distineuish it, as they are only about half the size of 
those of the former species and not more than about 
one third the length of those of the latter one; and the 
comparatively short, stout, retentive spicula of D. caver- 
nula are in strong contrast with the large but delicately 
slender ones of D. Peachit. 


Ectonemia coactura, Bowerbank. 
Plate LXXXII. 


Sponge massive, unattached, collecting on its surface 
numerous small pebbles and other extraneous matters. 
Surface even, minutely granulated, and occasionally 
hispid. Oscula and pores inconspicuous. Dermis. 
Primary external defensive spicula subfusiformi-acerate, 
long and stout; secondary external defensive spicula 
fusiformi-acerate, long and very slender; terminations 
exceedingly attenuated, few in number. Dermal mem- 
brane thin and pellucid; pores numerous and large, 
congregated in the areas between the groups of termi- 
nal heads of the connecting spicula. Dermal membrane 


270 PLATE LXXXII. 


abundantly furnished with comparatively large at- 
tenuato-stellate retentive spicula; radii few in number 
and with minute cylindro-stellate spicula with numerous 
radu. Connecting ae attenuato-patento-ternate, 
very large and long; radii short and stout, sub-geni- 
culate : ‘projecting im large expanding fasciculi to the 
dermal surface where their apices are corymbose. 
Skeleton spicula sub-fusiformi acerate, long and stout. 
Interstitial membranes abundantly furnished with the 
same forms of retentive spicula as those of the dermal 
membrane, and also with a few large doliolate spicula. 

Colour.—In spirit, light green. 

Tabitat.—Off Guernsey ; Mr. W. Saville Kent. 

Heanvined.—As it came from the sea, in spirit. 

This remarkable sponge was obtained off Guernsey 
by Mr. W. Saville Kent, during his dredging expedition 
with Mr. Marshall Hall in his yacht Norna in 1870. 
It is rudely conical in form, two anda half inches high, 
anda half inch in diameter at the base of the cone, 
and half an inch at its apex. There is no trace of any 
former attachment, and it has every appearance of 
having been rolled about freely on the bottom of the 
sea. It has attached to all parts of its surface nume- 
rous small pebbles and two univalve shells ; twenty of 
these are about the size of peas and a oveat many 
more smaller ones. It is firm and very incompressible, 
and is of a light green tint of colour. Where the 
surface is free from extraneous matters it has in its 
present state, preserved in spirit, a finely granulated 
appearance and feels rough to the touch, in consequence 
of the projection of the heads of the ternate connect- 
ing and large external defensive spicula. On some parts 
of the surface protected by the attached pebbles, by 
the aid of a two-inch lens, there are indications of 
minute hispidation by the projection of the large 
external defensive spicula, which are of the same size 
and form as those of the skeleton, but this indication 
was very partial. I could not detect the oscula even by 
the assistance of a lens. 


PLATE LXXXII. O71: 


In a small shce from the surface of the sponge, 
mounted in Canada balsam, the pores were distinctly 
and beautifully exhibited in the spaces between the 
heads of the groups of the ternate connecting spicula. 
They were in an open condition and were comparatively 
of large size. The dermal surface is remarkably dense 
and strong in consequence of the abundance of the 
closely packed and numerous corymbose fasciculi of the 
connecting spicula, the terminal heads of which serve 
to a great extent as external defences. Amidst these 
fasciculi large skeleton spicula are rather sparingly 
projected for about half their length, forming the 
primary external defensive system, and amidst these 
the long and slender secondary defensive spicula are 
projected; they are not very abundant, but much more 
so than those of the primary system. The dermal 
membrane is profusely furnished with two forms of 
stellate, retentive spicula. The first one is attenuato- 
stellate with their radi few in number, long and very 
acutely terminated, and they are four or five times the 
diameter of the smaller series, which are very minute 
cylindro-stellate forms with numerous radii. They are 
indiscriminately mixed and dispersed, the smaller ones 
being very much the most numerous. 

The connecting spicula are remarkable by their 
great number as “well as by their form. They are 
large and stout with very short radii, which in the 
adult state are bent suddenly downwards near their 
distal terminations. They are disposed at the surface 
of the sponge in large closely packed fasciculi; their 
bases are closely pressed together, their shafts radiat- 
ing to such an extent as to bring all their distal ter- 
minations into the corymbose form. 

The interstitial membranes are furnished abundantly 
with the same forms of retentive spicula as those of the 
dermal membrane. The doliolate spicula are large and 
few in number. 

The habit of collecting such a profusion of small 
pebbles and other extraneous matters on its surface to 


972, PLATE LXXXII. 


protect it from attrition while freely rolling about is 
a very remarkable character, and should it prove to be 
a constant one will always readily distinguish the 
species from its congeners. 


LXXXIIT. 


Microciona jecuseulum |- 6, M. fraudator7~-Il. Chalina inornatalZ-b. 
Tethea spinosa I7-22. Desmacidon ceqagvopila 43. 
W Dens Aldous let et Lith OS ele: ss varsar 


278 


PLATE LXXXTII. 
Microctona secuscutum, Bowerdbank. 


Figs. 1 and 2.—Represent the type-specimens from 
the Island of Harris, in the dried state. Natural 
size. 

Fig. 3.—One of the slender acuate spicula from the 
dermal membrane. x 250 linear. This figure will 
also represent the external defensive spicula. 

Fig. 4.—One of the stout angulated, equi-anchorate, 
retentive spicula from the dermal membrane. x 530 
linear. 

Mig. 5.—An attenuato-acuate basally spined skeleton 
spiculum.  X 250 linear. 

Fig. 6.—An attenuato-acuate, entirely spined, in- 
ternal defensive spiculum. X 250 linear. 


Microciona FRAUDATOR, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 7.—Represents the type-specimen in the dried 
state. Natural size. 

Fig. 8—One of the skeleton spicula. ™& 250 
linear. This figure will also represent the tension 
spicula of the dermal membrane. 

Fie. 9—An attenuato-acuate, internal defensive 


spiculum. X 250 linear. 
Figs. 10 and 11.—Two of the bidentate, equi-an- 
chorate, retentive spicula from the dermal membrane. 


x 530 linear. 


CHALINA INORNATA, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 12.—Represents the type-specimen in the dried 


state. Natural size. 
18 


274 PLATE LXXXIII. 


Fig. 13.—One of the small subfusiformi-acuate 
skeleton spicula. X 320 linear. These spicula vary 
to a considerable extent in their size. The same 
figure also represents the tension spicula of the dermal 
membrane. 

Fig. 14.—One of the acerate spicula that are occa- 
sionally found amongst the others. ™ 320 linear. 

Fig. 15—One of the large acuate skeleton spicula of 
comparatively rare occurrence. X 320 linear. 

Hig. 16.—Represents a small piece of the skeleton 
fibre, exhibiting the numerous spicula in sit? x 150 
linear. 


TETHEA SPINOSA, Bowerbank. 


Hig. 17.—Represents the two fragments of the type- 
specimen of the species from Fowey Harbour. Natural 
size. 

Mig. 18.—A skeleton spiculum from the radial fasci- 
culi of the sponge. > 80 linear. 

Fig. 19.—One of the tension spicula from the dermal 
membrane. X 80 lnear. These spicula vary to a 
considerable extent in length, frequently equalling 
those of the skeleton fasciculi. 

Mos. 20, 21, and 22.—-Three of the external defen- 
sive and retentive spicula. x 530 linear. No two of 
these spicula have the same form or mode of disposi- 
tion of the spines. 


DESMACIDON EGAGROPILA, Dowerbank. 
Vol. ii, p. 352, ‘Mon. Brit. Spongiade ;’ ili, pl. Lai, figs. 8—14. 


Microciona sJEcuscuLUM, Bowerdank. 
Plate LXXXITI. 


Hymemacidon jecusculum, Bowerbank. Vol. ii, p. 198, ‘Mon. 
Brit. Spongiade.’ 


A re-examination of the type-specimens of this sponge 


PLATE LXXXIJI. 275 


has satisfied me that I was in error in describing it as 
a Hymeniacidon. It, therefore, becomes necessary to 
add slightly to the specific description of the sponge 
described as a Hymeniacidon, and the following will be 
its description as a Microciona. 

Sponge coating, surface corrugated, slightly hispid. 
Oscula simple, dispersed: submarginated, slightly 
fringed. Pores inconspicuous. Dermal membrane 
pellucid, abundantly spiculous; spicula acuate, long 
and slender; inner surface furnished with numerous 
stout angulated, equi-anchorate, retentive spicula. 
Skeleton. Columns long, slender, and flexuous, occa- 
sionally branching: spicula attenuato-acuate, basally 
spined, long and stout, occasionally subclavate ; spines 
rather stout and small. Internal defensive spicula 
attenuato-acuate, entirely spined; short, occasionally 
subclavate ; spines largeaud long. Hxternal defensive 
spicula acuate, like those of the dermal membrane. 
Spicula of interstitial membranes acerate, long and 
slender, sometimes flexuous, numerous. Retentive 
spicula angulated, bidentate, equi-anchorate, rarely 
tridentate, large and stout, exceedingly numerous. 

For the general description of the sponge I must 
refer the reader to vol 11, page 198, ‘ Mon. Brit. Spon- 
glade.’ 


Microctona FRAUDATOR, Bowerbank. 
Plate LX XXIII. 


Sponge massive, sessile, parasitical on fuci, Or ZO00- 
phytes, surface uneven, pustulous. Oscula simple, dis- 
persed. Pores inconspicuous. Dermal membrane 
abundantly spiculous; tension spicula same as those 
of the skeleton, irregularly fasciculated or dispersed ; 
fasciculi broad and flat, multispiculous; retentive 
spicula bidentate equi-anchorate, minute, not very 
numerous. Skeleton, columns diffuse, long and very 
irregular ; spicula fusiformi-acerate, short and stout. 
Internal defensive spicula attenuato-acuate, variable 


276 PLATE LXXXIII. 


in length, very numerous, rather short, entirely spined; 
spines large and strong. Interstitial membranes 
abundantly spiculous ; tension spicula same as those of 
the skeleton, intermixed with internal defensive spi- 
cula; retentive spicula same as those of the dermal 
membrane. 

Colowr.—Dried, brown, with a tint of yellow. 

Habitat.—Polperro; Mr. Jonathan Couch. Fowey 
Harbour ; Mr. C. W. Peach. 

Heanuned.—In the dried state. 

This sponge, for which I am indebted to Mr. Couch, 
is an elongately ovoid mass one and three quarters of 
an inch in length and nearly an inch at its greatest 
diameter. It has apparently been parasitical on a 
fucus or zoophyte, the remains of which are to be seen 
at the largest end. The surface is pustulous, the eleva- 
tions are usually flat at their apices; occasionally an 
osculum appears on their summits ; but more frequently 
these organs are situated in the spaces between them. 

In these external characters this species very closely 
resembles IM. fictitia, and its internal organs are also 
in form nearly hike those of that species ; but although 
thus far agreeing in form their proportions are so dis- 
tinctly different as to render their separation as species 
in a perfectly satisfactory manner. The dermal mem- 
branes of both species are about equally abundantly 
supplied with tension spicula, and they also agree very 
closely in their mode of disposition ; but in the propor- 
tions of their length and diameter they vary exceedingly, 
the spicula of M. fraudator not bemg more than half 
the length of those of M. fictitia, while they are quite 
equal to them in diameter. The form of those of the 
latter species are purely acerate, while in the former 
they are distinctly fusiformi-acuate. Similar differences 
exist in the retentive spicula of the dermal and inter- 
stitial membranes of the respective species ; those of 
M. fictitia being at least twice as stout as those of 
M. fraudator. 

The like discrepancies also obtain in their internal 


PLATH LXXXIII. O77 


defensive spicula; those of M. fraudator being much 
stouter, and their spination very much more strongly 
produced, than in M. fictitia. 

The differences in the forms of the skeleton spicula are 
sufficiently marked by those of WM. fictitia being purely 
acerate, long and slender, while those of AZ. fraudator 
are stout and fusiformi-acerate ; the latter are not more 
than half the length of the former. It is essentially 
necessary in the discrimination of the two species that 
these differential characters should be carefully noted, 
as the general structure and the habits of the two are 
so much alike; and especially as the singular habit 
described in the history of M. fictitia of the spreading 
of the distal terminations of the skeleton columns on 
the inner surface of the dermal membrane obtains in 
both species. 

I have also received a specimen of this species from 
Mr. C. W. Peach, who found it im Fowey Harbour. 
The sponge is not perfect. It is well represented by 
the lower half of the figured specimen, but the diameter 
is somewhat greater and there is a hole through it in a 
longitudinal direction, indicating that, like the figured 
specimen, it has grown surrounding the stem of a 
fucus. 


CHALINA INORNATA, Bowerbank. 
Plate LXXXITI. 


Sponge massive, sessile. Surface uneven. Oscula 
and pores unknown. Dermal membrane sparingly 
spiculous; spicula acuate, small and slender; rarely 
the same form large and stout. Skeleton. Rete 
rather coarse and open, irregular, abundantly spiculous, 
spicula subfusiformi-acuate, very rarely acerate, small 
and slender, numerous; and the same form large and 
long, few in number, near the circumference of the 
fibre. Interstitial membranes sparingly spiculous; 
spicula same as those of the dermal membrane. 

Colour.—Nutbrown in the dried state. 


278 PLATE LXXXIII. 


Habitat—Parasitical on stems of large fuci, Mounts 
Bay, Cornwall; J. 8. Bowerbank. 

Hzamined.—In the dried state. 

The sponge coats, irregularly and thickly, the remains 
of the stem of a large fucus. It is two and a quarter 
inches long and one and a quarter broad, and has several 
branches of Plumularia pennatula growing through its 
substance. Unfortunately it has suffered so much by 
maceration that the external characters are very nearly 
obliterated. The dermal membrane is nearly entirely 
gone, small portions only remain; these fragments are 
sparingly furnished with the smaller description of 
acuate spicula, with an occasional intermixture of the 
larger and stouter ones. The position of the oscula 
are indicated by a few large orifices in the substance of 
the surface of the sponge. No trace of pores could be 
detected on any of the fragments of the dermal mem- 
brane. The external form of the sponge is exceedingly 
irregular and unprepossessing, but the internal cha- 
racters are amply sufficient to determine the species. 

The skeleton is remarkable in its structure, the fibre 
is furnished abundantly with spicula disposed in a 
central line; these spicula are small and slender, and 
are much too numerous and too closely packed together 
to be counted, and it is only occasionally near the outer 
portion of the fibre that the large and comparatively 
long spicula of the skeleton are found disposed singly ; 
and it is rarely that they are found intermixed with the 
central line of slender spicula. This mode of structure 
is very singular, and I do not remember to have observed 
it before in any species of chalina. It therefore forms 
a very prominent character in the discrimination of the 
species. 

The respective differences of the two sizes of spicula 
in C. inornata as compared with each other may be best 
expressed by their average measurements. Thus the 
larger ones were 7$p Ich long and greatest diameter 
guys inch; while the smaller ones were gyq inch long 
and their greatest diameter gy'z5 Inch, 


bo 
Ay 
Oo 


PLATE LXXXIII. 


TETHEA SPINOSA, Bowerbank. 
Plate LXXXITII. 


Sponge massive, round or oval, sessile. Surface 
smooth and even. Oscula and pores inconspicuous. 
Dermal membrane thin, pellucid, abundantly spiculous; 
tension spicula acuate, as long as those of the skeleton, 
but more slender, abundant, irregularly disposed ; 
external defensive and retentive spicula attenuato- 
cylindrical rarely or acuate, variable im size and form, 
strongly spinous ; spines acute, few in number, irre- 
gularly disposed, frequently longer than the greatest 
diameter of the spiculum. Skeleton. Fasciculi multi- 
spiculate, spicula acuate, long and slender. Interstitial 
membrane sparingly spiculous ; spicula same as those 
of the dermal membrane. Internal defensive spicula 
the same as the external defensive ones. 

Colowr.—In the dried state, light ochreous yellow. 

Habitat—Fowey Harbour, Mr. C. W. Peach. 

Evanviined.—In the dried state. ; 

I am indebted to my kind friend Mr. C. W. Peach 
for the two fragments of the sponge which are figured ; 
they are the only specimens of the species with which 
Tamacquainted. From the direction of the converging 
fasciculi of the skeleton from the external surface in- 
wards, in both the fragments, they have the appearance 
of having belonged to a spherical or oval mass rather 
exceeding two inches in diameter, and the curvature of 
what remains of the dermal surface is in favour of the 
same idea; and as the prevailing form of the other 
known species of Tethea are in accordance with similar 
shapes, 1 have taken the characters of form in this 
species as granted; but whether this supposition be 
correct, or the contrary, 1s of very little importance, as 
the structural characters are so distine tly different from 
those of any other known species of Tethea, t that a 

careful examination of them cannot well fail of leading 
the student to a correct discrimination of the species. 


280 PLATE LXXXIII. 


To the unassisted eye the surface of the sponge 
appears quite smooth, nor even when portions of it 
are mounted in Canada balsam, and examined with a 
power of 100 linear, are there any projecting spicula 
visible. When thus examined the numerous long, 
slender acuate tension spicula are seen crossing each 
other in every possible direction in the same plane, 
and in their irregular interstices there are numerous 
external defensive and retentive attenuato-cylindrical 
spinous spicula in arecumbent position. No two of them 
are precisely alike in form and size, and the variation 
in the size and disposition of the spines upon them is 
equally remarkable ; they are slender and acutely ter- 
minated, and are frequently twice the length of the 
diameter of that part of the spiculum whence they 
spring. Occasionally the distal extremity of the spicu- 
lum terminates with one of these large spines, and the 
spiculum then assumes the attenuato-acuate form. 
These remarkable spicula constitute the prominent 
character of the species and when separated by boiling 
nitric acid and mounted in Canada balsam they require 
a power of about 200 linear to render their peculiarities 
of structure distinctly to the eye. Whena thin section 
of the sponge at right angles to the dermal surface is 
mounted in Canada balsam, their position amid the 
tissues is different from what it is when attached to 
the dermal membrane; there they appear always to be 
recumbent, performing the offices of both retentive and 
defensive spicula, but within the interstices of the skele- 
ton they are almost always projected at nearly right 
angles from the sides of the skeleton fasciculi, and in 
this position they are purely internal defenses; occa- 
sionally, but very rarely, a recumbent one may be 
observed on the interstitial membranes; these spicula 
and the long slender tension spicula so abundant on 
the dermal membrane are both of comparatively rare 
occurrence in the interstitial ones. 

I could not detect any other form of spiculum in the 
sponge than those which I have described, 


LXXXIV, 


A 
a Le 


can 
c 


Pl 


1 


rectanguus 


Tandrus 


Mictyo ey 


W. West & C° imp 


Jueves Aldous deter lr! 


PLATE LXXXIV. 
DICTYOCYLINDRUS RECTANGULUS, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 1—Represents the type-specimen in the cabinet 
of the Rev. A. M. Norman of the natural size. The 
detached piece near the top of the plate with the x at 
its base is a continuation of the main stem of the 
sponge from the spot at the top indicated by a corre- 
ponding mark. 

Fig. 2.—One of the large acuate external defensive 
spicula. 80 linear. 

Fig. 83—One of the long and very slender acuate 
tension spicula of the dermal membrane. x 80 
linear. 

Fig. 4.—An average-sized acuate spiculum from the 
axial skeleton of the sponge; occasionally they attain 
the size of the external defensive ones represented by 
figure 2. xX 80 linear. 

Fig. 5.—A cylindrical skeleton spiculum. xX 80 
linear. 

Fic. 6.—Anacerate skeleton spiculum. X 80 linear. 
The spicula represented by figures 5 and 6 are of com- 
paratively rare occurrence. 

Fig. 7.—One of the entirely spined, attenuato-acuate, 
internal defensive spicula, X 250 linear, 


DIcTYOCYLINDRUS RECTANGULUS, Bowerbank. 
Plate LXXXIV. 


Sponge ramous, slender; branches regularly cylin- 
drical; primary branches dividing dichotomously or 
trichotomously ; secondary branches at right angles to 
the primary ones; surface hispid. External defensive 


282 PLATE LXXXIV. 


spicula acuate, large and long, disposed in slightly 
radiating fasciculi. Oscula and pores inconspicuous. 
Dermal membrane pellucid, abundantly spiculous; 
spicula acerate, long and very slender, frequently 
flexuous ; irregularly disposed. Skeleton. Compact ; 
spicula acuate, large, long, and frequently flexuous, 
rarely acerate or cylindrical. Internal defensive spicula 
entirely spined, attenuato-acuate, short and stout; 
spines acutely conical. 

Colowr.—In the dried state, light fawn yellow. 

Habitat.—Shetland, Rev. A. M. Norman. 

Heamined.—In the dried state. 

I am indebted to my friend the Rev. A. M. Norman 
for the loan of this interesting specimen. It was 
dredged by him at Shetland in 1863. It is eight and 
three quarter inches in height and its greatest lateral 
expansion is about four inches. The whole of the 
branches are in nearly the same plane and its mode of 
growth is remarkable, the primary branches being 
projected upwards, dividing dichotomously or tr ichoto- 
mously, while the secondary ones are projected at right 
angles from the primary ones; a peculiarity of orowth 
that may well be accepted as a specific character. The 
branches are all nearly uniformly cylindrical. When 
relaxed in water the portion so treated exhibited 
scarcely any traces of the external defensive spicula, and 
in its hving condition the surface would probably 
appear quite smooth. In the dried state the surface is 
distinctly but minutely hispid. When a portion of 
the surface mounted in Canada balsam is viewed as a 
transparent object with a power of about 100 linear, it 
presents a remarkable appearance. It is deeply and 

rather irregularly pitted, the boundaries of the pits being 
formed by ‘lines of fasciculi of lar ee external defensive 

spicula, each bundle consisting of f om tivo to five or six 
slightly diverging spicula, the lines of fasciculi being 
connected by elevated ridges of dermal tissue; this 
deeply pitted character exhibiting the mode of disposi- 
tion of the defensive fasciculi ina very striking manner, 


PLATE LXXXIV. 283 


serving exceedingly well as an auxiliary specific cha- 
ractcr. There is a considerable amount of irregularity 
in the size and form of the skeleton spicula ; by far the 
ereatest number are acuate, but the acerate and cylin- 
drical forms are of frequent occurrence among them. 
The acuate external defensive spicula are scarcely dis- 
tinguishable from those of the same form in the skeleton, 
a slight increase of size being the only difference. The 
tension spicula of the dermal membrane are felted 
irregularly together, and their extreme tenuity is in 
strong contrast with the large and long spicula of the 
skeleton ; nearly all of them are more or less flexuous. 


Isodictya filamenta 1-4. I. luteosa 5~—7. Linvalida 8-10. 
Mymeniacidon medius 11-13. Desmacidon incognitus 14-16. 
W. Lens Aldous del, et ith W. West &C° ump. 


285 5 


PLATE LXXXV. 
IsopicTyA FILAMENTA, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 1.—Represents the sponge, mounted in Canada 
balsam. Natural size. 

Fig. 2.—A portion of the sponge at about (a figure 
1) X 80 linear. 

Fig. 3.—One of the slender acerate spicula from the 
dermal membrane. x 250 linear. 

Fic. 4.—An  average-sized skeleton spiculum. 


x 250 linear. 


Isopictya LuTEOsA, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 5.—Represents the type-specimen of the species. 
Natural size. 

Fig. 6.—One of the skeleton spicula. x 250 
linear. 

Fig. 7.—A tension spiculum from the interstitial 
membrane. X 250 linear. 


TsoprctyA INVALIDA, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 8.—Represents the type-specimen. Natural 
size. 

Fig. 9.—An average-sized skeleton spiculum. X 250 
linear. These spicula vary considerably in their 
length. 

Fig. 10.—An acerate spiculum from the skeleton. 
x 250 linear. This form of spiculum occurs very 
rarely among the normal acuate ones. 


286 PLATE LXXXV. 


HyYMENIACIDON MEDIUS, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 11—Represents the type-specimen based on a 
rolled pebble. Natural size. 

Fig. 12.—An average-sized acuate skeleton spicu- 
lum. X 250 linear. 

Fig. 13.—One of the tension spicula of the dermal 
membrane. X 250 linear. 


DEsMACIDON INCOGNITUS, Bowerbank. 
Fi 


size. 

Fig. 15.—An average-sized, acuate, skeleton spicu- 
lum. %X 250 linear. 

Fig. 16.—One of the tension spicula of the dermal 
membrane. X 250 linear. 


ele) 


. 14.—Represents the type-specimen. Natural 


IsopIcTyA FILAMENTA, DBowerbank. 
Plate LXXXYV. 


Sponge. Branching, ascending from a slightly ex- 
panded base. Surface smooth. Oscula and pores 
inconspicuous. Dermal membrane spiculous; spicula 
acerate, rather slender, very numerous, dispersed or 
subfasciculated. Skeleton, Primary lines radiating 
from the base of the sponge upwards; bi- or tri- 
spiculous; secondary lines uni-spiculous; rete rarely 
more than one spiculum wide. Sarcode abundant. 

Colow.—In the dried state, dark green. 

Habitat.—Shetland; Mr. C. W. Peach. 

Heamined.—In the dried state. ~ 

This interesting little species was dredged at Shet- 
land in 1866 by Mr. Peach. It had grown on a frag- 
ment of a dead shell 9 lines in length by 4 lines in 
width. The sponge is 5 lines in height, and does not 
exceed an ordinary sewing thread in thickness, and it 


PLATE LXXXV. 287 


springs from a thin base not exceeding a line in length 
and about half a line in width. When examined in 
water the whole of the sponge was nearly opaque, and 
it was not until it was mounted in Canada balsam that 
its structural character could be determined. 

It is nearly of the same diameter from its base to its 
apex. There are no indications of hispidation on any 
part of either the base or the ascending portion of the 
sponge. The dermal membrane closely invests the 
sponge for about two thirds of its length upwards from 
the base; but that portion of the column is so opaque 
that the spiculation of its dermal membrane is but very 
indistinctly to be seen; but at a portion of the thin 
margin of the base its characters were distinctly 
demonstrable ; and the spicula were there seen to be 
closely packed together either in broad parallel groups or 
irregularly dispersed. They are of the same form as 
those of the skeleton, but rather less in length and 
diameter. 

At a few small spots on the column they were also 
rather indistinctly visible, and they appeared to be 
there disposed in parallel groups in lines coinciding 
with the long axis of the sponge. The primary lines 
of the skeleton vary from two to three or four spicula 
in thickness, and they all run parallel to each other in 
accordance with the long axis of the sponge. ‘The 
secondary lines of the skeleton appear all to be uni- 
spiculous, and the interstices of the rete are most 
frequently square. 

From the general appearance of the structures of 
the sponge, it appears to be in an adult state, and if 
the specimen under consideration be of its usual size it 
will be readily distinguished from its nearest allies in 
the group of species to which it belongs. ‘There are 
only two species with which it is likely to be con- 
founded—lIsodictya vamusculus and I. clava. 

The former has the skeleton spicula shorter but 
much stouter than those of I. filamenta, and it differs 
also in the unispiculous structure of the skeleton. In 


288 PLATE LXXXV. 


the latter the spicula closely resemble those of J. fila- 
menta, but the open arrangement of the rete of the 
skeleton and the hispid surface of the sponge will 
readily distinguish it from the species under de- 
scription. 


Isopictya LuTEosA, Bowerbank. 
Plate LXXXYV. 


Sponge parasitical on small fuci. Surface smooth, 
but somewhat corrugated. Oscula simple, dispersed. 
Pores inconspicuous. Dermal membrane aspiculous, 
abundantly minutely granulated; granules pellucid, 
evenly and very closely disposed. Skeleton. Very 
irregular; primary lines multispiculous, tortuous ; 
secondary lines very irregularly disposed; varying 
from unispiculous to multispiculous. Spicula acerate, 
small and short. Interstitial membranes sparingly 
spiculous; spicula of the same form as those of the 
skeleton, but shorter and more delicate in form 

Colow.—Slate-grey or mud colour. 

Habitat.—Portaferry, Strangford Lough; Rey. A. 
M. Norman. 

Heamnined.—In the dried state. 

This is certainly the most unprepossessing sponge 
that I have ever examined. In its external character 
it very closely resembles an elongate mass of the 
fibrous stems of a small fucus cemented together by 
dried mud. 

Although thus repulsive in its outward appearance, 
its internal structures are in an excellent state of pre- 
servation, but m a most puzzling condition for ex- 
amination. At the first view, with a low power, ata 
thin slice mounted in Canada balsam, it has much of 
the aspect of a very irregular Hymeniacidon, but a 
closer acquaintance with its skeleton with higher 
powers reveals unmistakably its character as an 
Isodictya. 

The primary lines of the skeleton near the dermal 


PLATE LXXXV. 289 


surface, where they are usually in the most re- 
gular condition, are exceedingly irregular and_tor- 

tuous in their course, and towards the mner portion of 
the sponge they may be seen assuming every possible 
direction. The secondary lines connecting the primary 
ones with each other partake of the same irregularity ; 
sometimes, but rarely, they are more or less multi- 
spiculous, but the more usual mode of their dis- 
position is in single spicula closely adjoining each 
other, and frequently at different angles ; and they are 
so numerous as to greatly complicate and confuse the 
structures. 

The spicula of the primary lines are rather larger 
and stouter than those of the secondary ones. An 
average-sized one from the primary lines measured 
zz7 lunch in length, with greatest diameter soo0 
inch, and the largest spiculum I could find measured 
te7 inch in length. 

The dermal membrane, although aspiculous, affords 
the most distinctive character of the species when 
mounted in Canada balsam, and viewed with a power 
of about 400 linear. It is then seen to be abundantly 
supplied with minute pellucid granules, uniform in 
their form and size, and closely packed together ; but 
it must be remembered that they are visible only 
when the membrane is mounted in Canada balsam. 


TsopictyA INVALIDA, Bowerbank. 
Plate LXXXV. 


Sponge parasitical on slender zoophytes, &c. Sur- 
face smooth and even. Oscula simple, dispersed, 
minute. Pores inconspicuous. Dermal membrane 
thin, pellucid, aspiculous. Skeleton.—Rete very open, 
and cavernulous ; 3 primary lines in accordance with the 
long axes of the sponge, multispiculous, very tortuous ; 
secondary lines varying from unispiculous to multi- 
spiculous, irregularly disposed; spicula acuate, small 


290 PLATE LXXXV. 


and slender. Interstitial membranes thin and delicate, 
aspiculous. 

Colow.—In the dried state, light gray. 

Habitat.—Plymouth ; Mr. C. Stewart. 

Heamnined.—In the dried state. 

I am indebted to my friend the Rev. A. M. Norman, 
for my knowledge of this species which he obtained, 
with other sponges from Plymouth, of Mr. C. 
Stewart. 

This sponge covers and closely embraces the stems 
of a slender zoophyte for two and a quarter inches of 
its length. It does not envelop the whole into one 
mass ; but it assumes the form of a branching sponge, 
the branches being about three lines in diameter with 
two or three smaller ones thrown off laterally. It is ex- 
tremely tender and fragile in structure. ‘The primary 
lines of the skeleton run in the direction of the long axes 
of the sponge, and this istheir normal course in a branch- 
ing species; in other species of Isodictya, where the{habit 
is more decidedly parasitical, they are often based on 
the body on which they are located and their direction 
is then from the centre to the circumference of the 
mass; so that it would appear that the sponge under 
consideration was normally a branching species. Very 
few of the oscula could be detected in consequence of 
nearly the whole of the dermal membrane being absent. 
The few patches of the dermal membrane remaining 
were thin and pellucid and apparently aspiculous. The 
skeleton rete isveryopen andcavernulous. The primary 
lines, rather distant from each other, meander in a very 
tortuous mode in a longitudinal direction, and this 
necessarily produces great irregularity in the dis- 
position of the secondary lines of the skeleton, but 
although irregular to this extent, the normal structural 
peculiarities of an Isodictya are unmistakably apparent. 
The spicula of the primary lines of the skeleton are 
rather larger and stouter than those of the secondary 
ones; but the whole of them are small and very slender. 
One of the largest of them measured 735 inch in 


PLATE LXXXvV. 291 


length and go5p in diameter. The interstitial mem- 
branes are very thin and pellucid. 

This sponge is not a very attractive species, but it 
is interesting from the irregularity and singularity of its 
structure. 

I subsequently found among the sponges sent to me 
by the Rev. A. M. Norman another specimen of this 
species. It presents the same branching habit as the 
one first described, and, like it, is parasitical on the 
slender stems of a small zoophyte combined with 
branches of Saliconaria farciminoides. The surface of 
this specimen appears to bein a rather better condition 
than that of the first one, and a greater number of 
oscula are seen dispersed on its surface. Internally 
the structures of the two specimens are in perfect 
accordance. 


HyMENIACIDON MEDIUS, Bowerbank. 
Plate LXXXYV. 


Sponge sessile, massive. Surface smooth, but 
slightly corrugated. Oscula simple, dispersed. Pores 
inconspicuous. Dermal membrane pellucid, abun- 
dantly spiculous; spicula acuate, or sub-fusiformi acuate, 
slender, rather less than those of the skeleton, closely 
and irregularly felted together. Skeleton cavernulous ; 
spicula sub-fusiformi acuate, long, and slender. 

Colour.—In the dry state, ochreous yellow. 

Habitat.—Plymouth ; Mr. C. Stewart. 

Examined.—In the dried state. 

This sponge was found at Plymouth by Mr. C. 
Stewart, and was presented by him to my friend the 
Rev. A. M. Norman. It is based upon three small 
bouldered pebbles, which it has cemented together. 
It is of extremely simple structure; it contains but 
one form of spiculum. Its nearest allies are Hymeni- 
acidon mammeata on the one side, and A. pluniger on 
the other; but it differs from the former in the total 
absence of the mammee-form projections on its surface, 


292 PLATE LXXXV. 


and in the size and proportion of its skeleton spicula. 
The two species have the same open, cavernulous, 
skeleton structure and the same form of the spicula, 
but their size and proportions vary to a considerable 
extent. Those of H. medius being much more slender, 
and a fully developed one measured but 7; imch in 
length, while a fully developed one of H. manvmeata 
measured zg inch in length, and the diameter was 
increased proportionally. 

The comparison witk H. plwmiger was the reverse 
of that with H. mammeata. The spicula of H. plumiger 
are purely acuate, and one of the largest measured 
but yoo inch in length, and the skeleton structure is 
not nearly so cavernulous, and is very much more 
delicate in its construction. The two species also 
differ materially in the characters of their dermal 
membranes. 

There is no other British species of Hymeniacidon 
with which the species under consideration is likely to 
be confounded. 


DrsMAcIDON INcoGNITUS, Bowerbank. 
Plate LXXXYV. 


Sponge: a fragment only. Surface rough and open. 
Oscula unknown. Pores inconspicuous. Dermal 
membrane spiculous; tension spicula acuate, long, 
and slender, rather numerous, dispersed, with an 
admixture occasionally of stout acuate spicula. Skele- 
ton.—Reticulations irregular, rather wide; fibre slender, 
rather sparingly spiculous; spicula acuate, variable in 
size, long, and slender, with an admixture of large 
stout acuate ones. Interstitial membranes spiculous, 
the same as those of the dermal membranes, and about 
ag numerous. Gemmules membranous, aspiculous. 

Colowr.—In the dried state; brown. 

Habitat.—Fowery Harbour; Mr. C. W. Peach. 

Lixamined.—In the dried state. 


PLATE LXXXV. 293 


The sponge which is the type of this species is a 
mere fragment, about an inch in length, by a little 
more than half an inch in breadth, and it presents no 
external characters by which it could have been recog- 
nised as a species; but its internal structural characters 
are distinctly different from those of the only other 
British species of Desmacidon, D. constrictus, with 
which it is possible to confound it. The oscula and 
pores are not available, but there is fortunately a small 
fragment or two of the dermal membrane in a good 
state of preservation. It is pellucid, and rather abun- 
dantly supplied with tension spicula, and occasionally 
with afew of the stouter acuate spicula intermixed 
with them. The tension spicula of the dermal and 
interstitial membranes are slightly less than those of 
the skeleton fibre, but when separated by boiling in 
nitric acid they are not to be distinguished from each 
other, but the difference between them and the larger 
auxiliary acuate spicula is very distinct. An average- 
size skeleton spiculum measured was 3$g inch in length, 
and yy¢ar7 mech greatest diameter, while one of the 
large auxiliary spicula measured y75 inch in length by 
sobo0 inch diameter. In contrast with these measure- 
ments, a skeleton spiculum of D. constrictus measured 
+5 inch in length, and g3'3g inch diameter, a difference 
so great as to at once render apparent the specific 
difference of the two species; and in addition to the 
discrepancy in size, there is not the slightest indication 
of the constriction at the basal portion of the skeleton 
spiculum of D. incognitus, that is so distinctive a 
character in D. constrictus. The intermixture of the 
large, acuate, auxiliary spicula with those of the 
skeleton fibre is of rare occurrence, but they may 
be frequently observed cemented to the external sur- 
face of the fibre. The admixture of these larger 
spicula in the skeleton fibre and in the membranous 
structures is an unusual event. Generally speaking the 
skeleton spicula would be the largest and strongest in 


294 PLATE LXXXvV. 


the sponge, but in this case they are not so, as will be 
seen by the measurements already given. 

The gemmules are rather numerous. They are 
membranous and round, or oval in form, and very 
similar to those found in other species of the genus. 
They vary considerably in size; the largest and best 
developed ones are attached to the inner surface of the 
dermal membrane. One of the largest measured 
s¢e inch in diameter. 


Cioealypta Leei 1-4, Spongilla Parfitti 5-14, 
WhensAldous del et lith . Sceptrifera 15 —17, 


W West & C° onp. 


295 


PLATE LXXXVI. 
Ciocatypta Lert, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 1—Represents the type specimen based on a 
small stone. Natural size. 

Fig. 2.—A view of a fractured section of the interior 
of the sponge, near the base of the penicillate organ, 
at right angles to its long axis, exhibiting the poly- 
spiculous fasciculi radiating from the central axis to 
the circumference of the sponge. X linear. 

Fig. 3.—Represents a portion of the dermal surface 
of the penicillate organ with its polyspiculous network 
and porous areas. 80 linear. 

Fig. 4.—An acuate skeleton spiculum. x 80 linear. 


Sponaitta Parritt1, Bowerbank., 


Fig. 5.—Represents the type specimen of the species, 
from the river Exe. Natural size. 

Fig. 6.—A specimen of the same species from the 
Salmon Pool, Exeter. Natural size. 

Fig. 7.—A variety in form of the same species from 
Trews Weir, Exeter. Natural size. 

Fig. 8.—Represents one of the spineless, acerate, 
skeleton spicula of Spongilla Parfitti. x 250 linear. 

Fig. 9.—One of the incipiently spinous, skeleton 
spicula of S. Parfitti, x 250 linear. 

Fig. 10.—One of the largest rotulate spicula from 
an ovary of S. Parfitti, with two large spines on its 


shaft. > 530 linear. 
Fig. 11.—One of the smaller and more usual size of 


rotulate spicula from an ovary of S. Parfitt. x 530 
linear. 


296 PLATE LXXXVI. 


Fig. 12.—A view of one of the best developed rotulz 
from S. Parfittt. > 530 linear. 

Fig. 13.—Two views of a rotulate spiculum from an 
ovary of Spongilla fluviatilis for comparison with those 
of 8. Parfitti. X 530 linear. 

Fig. 14.—An average-sized spiculum from an ovary 
of Spongilla Meyeni from Mr. Carter. X 530 lear. 
Exhibiting the great difference in size as compared 
with the similar organs from 8S. fluviatilis and S. 
Parfitti. 


SPONGILLA SCEPTRIFERA, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 15.—Represents the type specimen from one of 
the Exeter reservoirs. Natural size. 

Fig. 16.— One of the acerate skeleton spicula. 
x 250 linear. 

Fig. 17.—Represents one of the minute sceptriferous 
tension spicula from the interstitial membranes. 
x 530 linear. 


Crocatyeta Lust, Bowerbank. 
Plate LXXXVI. 


Sponge sessile, thinly coated, furnished with one 
or more long, slender, pellucid, conical, penicillate 
organs. Surface smooth. Oscula simple, minute, 
dispersed on the conical penicillate organ. Pores nume- 
rous, congregated in the areas of the dermal reticu- 
lations. Dermal membrane of the basal portion abun- 
dantly spiculous ; spicula dispersed, acuate lke those 
of the skeleton ; dermal membrane of the penicillate 
organ reticulated ; rete polyspiculous, strong, and open. 
Skeleton.—Spicula acuate, rarely sub-fusiformi acuate, 
variable in size. 

Colowr.—In the dried state; white. 

Habitat.—Ilfracombe ; Mr. Henry Lee. 

Keamined.—In the dried state. 


PLATE LXXXVI. 297 


IT received this interesting and beautiful little species 
from my friend Mr. Henry Lee. It was dredged up 
off Ilfracombe. It is seated on a small mass of stone, 
which is partly enveloped by the basal membranous 
portion of the sponge that closely adheres to it; the 
remainder of the stone being covered by extraneous 
matters. On closely examining the specimen I found 
there was a fracture near the base of the conical peni- 
cillate organ of nearly the whole of its circumference, 
which enabled the upper portion to be bent down so as 
to exhibit a section of the interior of the organ by 
direct light, as represented by figure 2, with a portion 
of the slender central axis projected towards the eye, 
and the radiating fasciculi with their expanded termi- 
nations on the inner surface of the dermis, thus 
exhibiting a close approximation to the corresponding 
structural peculiarities of the type of the genus Cio- 
calypta penicillus, but on a much smaller and more 
delicate scale. The oscula are in greater numbers 
towards the distal termination of the penicillate organ, 
a few only being apparent on its proximal portion. 
The pores are abundantly distributed over the whole 
of its surface in groups, within the areas of the dermal 
network, and nearly the whole of them were in an open 
condition, as represented by fig. 3, which exhibits a 
small portion of the surface of the column by direct 
light. A fragment from the surface near the base of 
that organ, mounted in Canada balsam, was so very 
pellucid, as to scarcely allow of the pores within the 
areas of the dermal rete being visible with a power of 
80 linear. 

The thin basal membrane of the sponge, partially 
spread over the small mass on which it is seated, did 
not present the same reticulated structure that charac- 
terises the penicillate organ. The spicula were abun- 
dantly but irregularly dispersed on its surface, and I 
did not detect, on the small portion examined, either 
oscula or pores. There is but one form of spicula 
which is common to all parts of the sponge, but they 


298 PLATE LXXXVI. 


vary to a considerable extent in size. The smaller 
ones are purely acuate, but the larger and longer ones 
frequently exhibit a tendency to the fusiform shape. 
The larger ones are often twice the length and 
diameter of the smaller ones with which they are indis- 
criminately mixed. 

As we are acquainted with but one specimen of this 
beautiful little species, I have, in describing it, stated 
that it is ‘‘ furnished with one or more conical penicil- 
late organs ;” the latter suggestion can only be verified 
by the acquisition of other specimens hereafter. 
Reasoning from the structure of C. penicillus and C. 
Tylevi, it is not improbable that the number of these 
organs in more fully developed specimens may be 
greater than in the one in course of description. 

Few men have served and advanced the cause of 
Marine Natural History more zealously and dis- 
interestedly than my friend Mr. Henry Lee, and I 
therefore have great pleasure in naming this interesting 
species after him, as a small tribute of respect for 
his scientific ardour and ability. 


Sponcintta Parriri, Bowerbank. 


Spongilla Meyeni, var. Parfitti, Carter. Ann. and Mag. Nat. 
Hist., 4th ser., vol. i, p. 247. 


Plate LXXXVI. 


Sponge massive, sessile, uneven, hispid. Oscula 
simple, dispersed, rather large. Pores conspicuous. 
Dermal membrane pellucid, aspiculous. Skeleton — 
Spicula acerate of two kinds; acerate, smooth, and the 
same form incipiently spinous; the two irregularly 
mixed in the skeleton; the latter fewer in number 
than the former. Ovaria subglobose; spicula birotu- 
late, short, more or less spinous; spines long and 
acutely terminated ; disposed in lines radiating from 
the centre of the ovarium; rotule nearly equal in size, 
deeply and irregularly dentate. 


PLAT! LXXXVI. 299 


Colowr.—Olive green or yellow. 

Habitat.—River Exe, Devonshire; Edward Parfitt, 
Hsq. 

ee ee the dried state. 

This interesting addition to the list of the British 
spongillas was discovered in the river Exe at the 
Salmon Pool near Exeter, by Mr. Edward Parfitt, who 
found large patches of it rather exceeding an inch in 
thickness on the timbers of the Wear. On carefully 
examining it he detected the differences existing be- 
tween the spicula of its skeleton and those of Spongilla 
fluviatilis, which it very closely resembles in habit and 
external appearances; and in his letter to me on the 
subject he writes, “I am strongly impressed that this 
is an intermediate form between S. flwviatilis and VS. 
Meyeni,’ and in this opinion I fully concur. Mr. Par- 
fitt sent a portion of this species to Mr. Carter, who 
has described it in the ‘ Ann. and Mae. Nat. Hist.’ for 
April, 1868, as a variety of Spongilla Meyeni, and 
designates it S. Aeyeni, var. Parfittt. Tow this British 
spongilla can be a variety of a species that does not 
exist in England, or to the best of my knowledge 
nearer than Bombay, is quite past my comprehension, 
and I have therefore described it as a distinct species 
under the title of S. Parfitt. 

The approximation of S. Parfitt: to S. Meyeni lies in 
the spination of a portion of the skeleton spicula, but 
the divergence of the two species is strongly marked in 
the structural peculiarities of the rotulate spicula of 
their ovaria, not only in the great difference in their 
respective sizes but more especially in the spination of 
their shafts. In both species the shafts of the rotulate 
spicula are frequently spineless. In S. Parfitti in the 
fully developed spiculum the shaft frequently has from 
one to three spines, and they always attenuate to an 
acute point, while in a fully developed rotulate spicu- 
lum of S. J/eyent the spines are comparatively short 
and thick, and they terminate bluntly in a figure very 
like an ace of clubs on a playing card, as represented 


300 PLATE LXXXVI. 


in fig. 14 from a specimen of the sponge from Bombay 
presented to me by Mr. Carter many years since. 
The rotulate spicula of the ovaries of S. Parfittt very 
closely resemble those of S. fluviatilis, but they are 
rather smaller; the skeleton spicula are also rather 
smaller than those of S. fluviatilis. Fig. 16 is of 
exactly the same size and form as those of the last- 
named species, so that a comparison of fig. 16 with 
figs. 8 and 9 represents the proportional differences 
existing between the two species under consideration. 

The greater number of the rotulate spicula in V8. 
Parfitti are like that represented by fig. 11, and this 
appears to be the normal form. The larger one with 
the spiculated shaft, represented by fig. 10, is of com- 
paratively rare occurrence. 


SPONGILLA SCEPTRIFERA, Bowerbank. 
Plate LXXXVI. 


Sponge massive, sessile. Surface smooth and even. 
Oscula simple, large. Pores inconspicuous. Dermal 
membrane pellucid, abundantly spiculous; spicula 
acerate, very minute, and sceptriform spicula with 
bulbous terminations; bulbs of unequal size, very 
minute. Skeleton.—Reticulations rather close and com- 
pact, but slender; spicula acerate, rather large. In- 
terstitial membranes.—Retentive spicula slender and 
very minute, few in number. Ovaria unknown. 

Colour.—Dried state, light fawn yellow. 

Habitat—On Anacharis alsinastrum in one of the 
Exeter reservoirs ; Mr. Edward Parfitt. 

Hvamined.—In the dried state. 

We are indebted to the acute discrimination of Mr. 
Edward Parfitt, of Exeter, for our knowledge of this 
interesting addition to the hst of our British spon- 
gillas. He found one specimen only growing on 
Anacharis alsinastrwm, the one represented by fig. 15, 


PLATE LXXXVI. 301 


Plate LXXXVI. There is but a single large oscular 
orifice, beneath which is a cavity of considerable size, 
into which other orifices apparently discharge the feecal 
streams of the sponge previous to their ultimate ejec- 
tion from the large external one. Very little of the 
dermal membrane remains on the sponge, but on a 
small fragment of it mounted in Canada balsam the 
characteristic sceptriform tension spicula were rather 
abundant. They are so slender and minute that with- 
out the aid of a microscopic power of five or six hun- 
dred linear they would most probably elude observa- 
tion. The minute acerate tension spicula are the most 
abundant of the two forms, and they are very much 
more slender and minute than the sceptriform ones. 
Both forms of spicula are mixed together and irregu- 
larly distributed over the inner surface of the dermal 
membrane. The structure of the skeleton is more com- 
pact than that of Spongilla lacustris, but the spicula of 
which it is composed are quite as large as those of the 
last-named species, so that the two may be readily mis- 
taken for one species by a hasty observer. 

A few of the skeleton spicula have a slight central 
inflation, but this is of such rare occurrence as scarcely 
to be considered as a specific character. 


Pte eee e tee 
D (GSEnS es 


pO Recor ne 


W. West 2 CS imp 


Plate LXXXVII. 


mia indistincta 1-10. Isodictya obscura ll. 


Hymedes 
W. Lens Aldous del et ith 


OE eee 


PLATE LXXXVII. 
Hymepnsmia inpistincta, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 1.—Represents the fragment of a bivalve shell 
nearly covered by the thin coating of the sponge. 
Natural size. 

Fig. 2.—A small piece of the sponge mounted in 
Canada balsam. » 150 linear. 

Fig. 3.—One of the long, slender, acerate tension 
spicula from the dermal membrane. x 250 linear. 

Fig. 4.— A bidentate, equi-anchorate, retentive 
spiculum from the dermal membrane. X 530 linear. 

Fig. 5.—One of the dentato-palmate equi-anchorate 
retentive spicula from the dermal membrane. x 530 
linear. 

Fig. 6.—One of the long, slender, attenuato-acuate 
skeleton spicula. x 150 linear. 

Fig. 7.—The basal portion of one of the skeleton 
spicula. x 250 linear. Exhibiting the mode of its 
basal spination. 

Fig. 8.—One of the cylindrical entirely spined ten- 
sion spicula of the basal membrane. x 250 linear. 
These spicula are frequently of unequal diameter. 

Figs. 9 and 10.—T'wo of the acuate, entirely, but 
incipiently, spined internal defensive spicula from the 
basal membrane. X 250 linear. 


Isopictya opscura, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 11.—Represents the best and most satisfactory 
specimen of the species that I have yet seen. 

In the type-specimen of this species, represented in 
Plate LXXVI, a small portion of the species only is 


304 PLATE LXXXVIt. 


visible, as the greater part of its surface is covered by 
a thin coating of Hymeniacidon lactea. On the 5th 
February, 1873, I fortunately obtained from Miss 
Oliver, a dealer in objects of natural history at 
Hastings, a fresh specimen of the species very nearly 
enveloping a small crab, probably Pisa Gibbsii, and for- 
tunately without any spongeous envelopment. When 
in the fresh condition it was of a dark purple colour, 
very soft to the touch, and it shed an abundance of 
fluid scarcode. In the living state the surface was 
quite smooth in appearance, but as it dried it became 
rough and uneven, and it retained its dark purple 
colour. In all its structural characters it was in per- 
fect accordance with those of the type-specimen. 


HyMIpEsMiA INDISTINCTA, Bowerbank. 
Plate LXXXVII. 


Sponge coating, surface smooth, rather uneven. 
Oscula simple, minute, dispersed. Pores inconspicuous. 
Dermal membrane spiculous ; tension spicula acerate, 
long and slender, abruptly pointed, dispersed, or 
loosely fasciculated ; retentive spicula; bidentate equi- 
anchorate, and dentato - palmate equi - anchorate. 
Skeleton.—Fasciculi loosely and irregularly con- 
structed ; frequently composed of not more than two 
or three spicula, irregularly disposed. Spicula at- 
tenuato-acuate, long and slender, variable in size; 
basally, incipiently spinous. Basal membrane abun- 
dantly furnished with cylindrical entirely spined ten- 
sion spicula, fasciculated or dispersed singly, rather 
stout and large; and also with numerous internal 
defensive spicula, acuate, entirely but incipiently 
spinous ; retentive spicula same as those of the dermal 
membrane. 

Colowr.—Light brown in the dried state. 

Habitat—Shetland; Rev. A. M. Norman. 

Ewvamined.—lIn the dried state. 


PLATE LXXNVLL. 305 


I received this sponge preserved in spirit from my 
friend the Rev. A. M. Norman, who dredged it at 
Shetland in 1867. It covers nearly the whole of the 
surface of the fragment of a bivalve shell, and it does 
not exceed about the fourth part of a line in thick- 
ness. 

At the first examination of a piece of this sponge 
mounted in Canada balsam with a power of about 150 
lnear the spicula appear to be confusedly mixed 
together, and it is not until after a close and careful 
examination with a still higher power that the appa- 
rent confusion becomes comprehensible and the mixed 
mass of spicula can be assigned to their respective 
offices, and the abundance of the dark amber-coloured 
sarcode in which they are embedded increases the 
apparent confusion. 

The tension spicula of the dermal membrane are 
purely acuate in their form, the diameter being equal 
throughout the whole of the length until very near 
each termination, when they are rapidly contracted 
and terminate acutely. A few of them are dispersed 
singly, but their mode of disposition is usually in 
loosely formed fasciculi, which appear either isolated 
or crossing each other irregularly. 

Their mode of disposition is not very readily dis- 
tinguishable, even when a portion of the sponge has 
been mounted in Canada balsam, in consequence of the 
abundance of deeply coloured sarcode, and of the 
numerous and confused mass of spicula immediately 
beneath them. Under these circumstances they 
require a power of about 250 linear to render them 
‘distinctly visible. The two forms of retentive spicula 
in the dermal membrane, are very minute and delicately 
formed, they are few in number, and it is rarely that 
they can be detected in siti. 

The skeleton fasciculi are loosely constructed, and 
very irregularly disposed, and interspersed with them, 
there is a considerable number of single spicula of the 
same form, some of which are twice the diameter and 

20 


306 PLATE LXXXVII. 


length of those composing the fasciculi. The whole of 
the skeleton spicula agree in the mode of the attenua- 
tion of their forms, it commences very near the base 
and continues to the slender and acute distal termina- 
tion. Their basal terminations vary considerably in 
shape ; some are more or less inclined to be spinulated ; 
in others they are slightly attenuated, while the greater 
portion are purely acuate. In some the spination of 
the basal extremity is so incipient as scarcely to be 
visible, while in others it is more distinctly produced ; 
but it never seems to extend much beyond the base of 
the spiculum. 

The cylindrical, entirely spined, tension spicula of 
the basal membrane are very numerous; they vary 
somewhat in their forms, many of them being inequi- 
cylindrical to such an extent as to closely approach the 
acuate form ; but the normal form is cylindrical. ° 

Their mode of disposition is very irregular; occa- 
sionally they are fasciculated, three or four together ; 
but the greater portion of them are irregularly dispersed 
over the surface of the membrane. 

The retentive spicula are the same as those of the 
dermal membrane, and as in that organ they are rather 
few in number. 

The internal defensive spicula are numerous; they 
are projected from the basal membrane at about right 
angles to its plane, and they pass through the substance 
of the sponge to very near its external surface. They 
all agree in form, but vary to a considerable extent in 
length. 


Plate LXXXVII. 


ANS . 


& 


Vari 


Isodictya 


W West & Ce unp 


W. Lens Aldous kel et lth 


307 


PLATE LXXXVIII. 
Tsopictya VARIANS, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 1.—A well-developed specimen of the species. 
Natural size. In the collection at the museum of the 
Public Free Library, Liverpool. 

Fig. 2.—A small portion of the skeleton of the 
sponge exhibiting the mode of the disposition of the 
spicula and the variations in the structure of its primary 
lines. x 127 linear. 

Fig. 3.—Represents a small fragment of the skeleton 
projecting from a section at right angles to its surface, 
showing the mode of the intermixture of the various 
forms of spicula in its reticulated structure. Xx 250 
linear. 

Fig. 4.—One of the sub-fusiformi-acerate skeleton 
spicula. > 250 linear. 

Figs. 5 and 6.—T'wo of the acuate spicula occasionally 
mixed with the normal acerate, one in the skeleton 
structures of the sponge. 250 linear. 


Isopictya VARIANS, Dowerbank. 
Plate LXXXVITI. 


The type-specimen of this sponge in the Johnston 
collection of British sponges in the British Museum is 
a small fragment only of a larger specimen, and I 
have much “pleasure in fiouring a very much more 
satisfactory one which I obtained through the kind 
assistance of Mr. T. Higein, of Liverpool, and Mr. 
Moore, of the Free Public Library and Museum of 


Liverpool. 
Mr. Higgin informs me that the species has been 


308 PLATE LXXXVIII. 


found in considerable numbers at one locality at the 
mouth of the Mersey, and that the largest he has seen 
was eight inches in height with a lateral spread of 
about six inches; and among other specimens sent 
to me from the Liverpool Muscum for examination 
there was a specimen of J. varians of a rudely palmate 
form rather less than two inches in height and 
rather exceeding half an inch in breadth. No two of 
the larger specimens that were sent to me were alike 
in Tort, and one of them eight imches in height had 
no appearance of the compact clustered form exhibited 
by the figured one, but consisted of numerous slender 
ascending branches dividing dichotomously at intervals, 
and the greatest lateral spread did not exceed two 
inches. ‘This species appears to be quite as variable in 
the mode of the disposition of its branches, as Chalina 
oculata, which it closely resembles, but whatever their 
height and size may be, they always appear to be very 
much more slender and delicate than those of (. 
oculata, for which they might otherwise be very readily 
mistaken if judged only by their external characters, 
and this crror is the more hkely to occur as the 
disposition of the oscula in both species is alike. In 
structural characters, whatever may be the size of the 
specimens, they all agree with those of the httle type 
one in the British Museum. 

In the description of the specific characters of the 
type-specimen, page 281, vol. 11, I have stated “ surface 
smooth and even.” In these better preserved speci- 
mens the surface is minutely hispid by the prolonga- 
tion of the primary lines of the skeleton. 

The increased knowledge that we have obtained of 
the structural peculiarities of this sponge renders it 
necessary that we should reconstruct its specific cha- 
racters, and [ propose that. ae should be sub- 
stituted for those in vol. ii, page 281, ‘Mon. Brit. 
Spongiadas.’ 


PLATE LXNXVIL. 309 


Tsopictya VARIANS, Bowerbantk. 


Halichondria cinerea, Johnston. Mon, Brit. Spongiadie, vol. 
ui, p. 281. 


PLATE LXXXVIII. 


Sponge ramose, pedicle short, branches slender, cylin- 
drical, terminating hemispherically, dividing dichoto- 
mously or trichotomously; surface even, minutely hispid. 
Oscula small, shehtly elevated, usually arranged in lines, 
on one side of the branch. Skeleton symmetrical ; 
primary lines rarely more than unispiculous ; secondary 
lines unispiculous ; rete rarely more than one spiculum 
wide; spicula sub-fusiformi-acerate, short and stout, 
with a few short and stout acuate and cylindrical 
ones intermixed with them. Interstitial membranes, 
spicula sub-fusiformi-acerate, rather slender. 

Colowr.—In the dried state ; light ochreous yellow. 

Habitat. — Shetland: Mr. Bar lee, mouth of the 
Mersey, near Liverpool; Mr. T. Higein, 

Eeamined.—In the dried state. 


Desmacidon pannosus 1-2. Isodicty 


Plate LXXX1X. 


Tethea cranium 5—8. Microciona entil. 


W.Lens Aldous del et Lith 


Desmacidon similaris 14-20, 


10 


_ incerta 3-4. 
9-13. 


W. West & C° tmp. 


dll 


PLATE LXXXIX. 
Desmactpon PANNosus, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 1.—The type-specimen. Natural size. 
Fig. 2.—One of the acuate skeleton spicula. XX 250 
linear. 


Isopictya incerta, Dowerbank. 


Fig. 3.—The type-specimen. Natural size. 
Fig. 4.—One of the large acerate spicula of the 
skeleton. 250 linear. 


TeTHea cranium, Lamarck. 


Fig. 5.—Represents the most perfect of the speci- 
mens of pedicelled gemmules of 7. craniwm sent to me 
by Mr. Barlee. Natural size. 

Fig. 6.—A view of the interior of a specimen sec- 
tioned perpendicularly. Natural size. 

Fig. 7.—Represents the external surface of the 
specimen, figure 6. 

Fig. 8.— Represents a portion of the section taken 
from the inner surface of the same sponge as figure 6, 
extending from the distal margin to very close to the 
top of the pedestal, and exhibiting the continuation of 
the skeleton fascicul from the base to the apex of the 
sponge. x 36 linear. 


Microciona Kentu, Bowerbank. 


Fig 9.—Represents the type-specimen of the species, 
in the cabinet of Mr. W. Saville Kent. Natural size. 


312 PLATE LXXXIX. 


Fig. 10.—One of the fusiformi-acerate skeleton 
spicula. x 250 linear. This figure also represents 
the tension spicula of the dermal membrane and the 
external defensive spicula. 

Figs. 11 and 12.—Two of the acuate, entirely spined, 
internal defensive spicula. X 250 linear. 

Fig. 13.—A_ bidentate, equi-anchorate, retentive 
spiculum from the dermal membrane. x 530 linear. 


DESMACIDON SIMILARIS, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 14.—Represents the type-specimen in the 
cabinet of the Rev. A. M. Norman. Natural size. 

Fig. 15.—One of the skeleton spicula. x 250 
linear. This figure also represents the tension spicula 
of the dermal membrane. 

Fig. 16.—One of the slender, acerate, tricurvate, 
tension spicula of the dermal membrane. X 250 
linear. 

Fig. 17.—A simple bihamate retentive spiculum from 
the dermal membrane. xX 250 linear. 

Fig. 18.—One of the contort, bihamate, retentive 
spicula from the dermal membrane. X 250 linear. 

Fig. 19.—A dentato-palmate, mequi-anchorate, re- 
tentive spiculum from the dermal membrane. X 530 
linear. 

Fig. 20.—One of the bidentate, inequi-anchorate, 
retentive spicula from the dermal membrane. X 530 
linear. 


DESMACIDON PANNOSUS, Bowerbanh. 
Plate LXXXIX. 


Sponge massive, sessile. Surface rough, ragged 
and open. Osculaand pores unknown. Dermal mem- 
brane sparingly spiculous; spicula acuate, rather 
short and stout, very variable in diameter ; same size 
as those of the skeleton, Skeleton very open; fibre 


PLATE LXNNIX. 313 


compact, but rather slender; spicula acuate, rather 
short and stout. Interstitial membranes aspiculous or 
very sparingly spiculous; spicula same as those of the 
skeleton. 

Colour.—In spirit, hght ochreous yellow. 

Habitat.—Jersey ; Rev. A. M. Norman. 

Heamimed.—From spirit. 

This sponge in a bottle of spirit was sent to me by 
my friend the Rev. A. M. Norman, who dredged it at 
Jersey in 1867. It is based on the side of a small 
fucoid stem about one tenth of an inch in diameter. 
It is an inch in height, three fourths of an inch broad, 
and about half an inch in thickness. Its surface is 
open and very uneven and ragged in appearance ; but 
from the state of the interstitial membranes and the 
sarcode with which they are coated, it was evidently in 
a living state when taken. There is a remarkable 
paucity of structural characters. Hxcepting a few, 
evidently extraneous spicula, there was one form only 
in the structures, and that was acuate, rather short, 
and very variable in diameter. On some parts of the 
dermal membrane there were a few of these spicula 
irreeularly disposed, while other parts were aspiculous 
and the same observation apphes equally well to the 
interstitial membranes. 

Notwithstanding a very careful examination of the 
membranes tv sila and of the spicula prepared by 
nitric acid, [ could not find the shghtest trace of any 
one of the forms of retentive spicula that are usually 
found in the structures of the Desmacidons. Our dc- 
pendence for the recognition of the species rests only on 
its external characters and the form of its skeleton 
spicula, and it is fortunate that both these characters 
are very effective in its discrimination, and the spicula 
especially so; they are distinctly different in size and 
proportions to those of any other known species of 
British Desmacidon. The negative evidence of the 
total absence of the retentive spicula is also valuable in 
determining the species. 


314 PLATE LXXXIX. 


Isopictya incerTA, Bowerbank. 
Plate LXXXIX. 


Sponge sessile, more or less fan-shaped. Surface 
smooth and even. Oscula simple, minute, dispersed. 
Pores inconspicuous. Dermal membrane ‘abundantly 
spiculous; spicula irregularly reticulated ; rete uni- 
spiculate, occasionally fasciculated, same form and size 
as those of the skeleton. Skeleton very diffuse and 
irregular; primary lines multispiculous; secondary 
lines mostly unispiculous, numerous and very irregular ; 
spicula acerate, rather large. 

Colowr.—In the dried state, milk white. 

ITalitat.—lIsle of Mull, Rev. A. M. Norman. 

Heamined.—In the dried state. 

I received four of these little sponges for exami- 
nation from Mr. Norman; the whole of them were of a 
compressed or fan-shaped form, and of thickness of 
about two or three lines, the figured one being the 
largest of the four. The basal attachment in all the 
specimens was at one edge of the thin piate of sponge, 
and both the broad surfaces were evidently inhalent 
ones. Very few of the oscula were visible, and those 
were very minute. The pores were not visible to the 
unassisted eye, but in portions of the dermis mounted 
in Canada balsam they were seen to be numerous, but 
rarely more than one in any of the areas of the dermal 
reticulations. 

The reticulations of the skeleton are wide and very 
irregular. The primary lmes are multispiculous, and 
the “secondary series are so irregular and numerous 
that its structure is not readily determined unless 
under favorable circumstances, in a section carefully 
cut at right angles to the surface. There is no appre- 
ciable difference i in the size and form of the spicula of 
the skeleton and those of the dermal membrane, and no 
other form could be detected in any part of the sponge. 

The only species of known British Isodictya with 


PLATE LXXXIX. 315 


which this sponge might be confounded is I. fallaw, 
but in that species there are numerous tricurvate 
tension spicula; and the skeleton spicula are much 
smaller and more delicate in their proportions, being 
in their length as two to three in J. incerta. 

The reticulations of their dermal membranes also 
differ considerably. In J. fallaw it is rarely ever more 
than unispiculate, and very delicate in its general 
aspect; while in J. incerta it is much coarser in its 
structure. The difficulty in the discrimination of these 
two species 1s also increased by their being as nearly 
as possible of the same colour in the dried state; but a 
comparison of the size of the skeleton spicula of I. 
fallax represented in Plate LI, fig. 11 with those of I. 
incerta in Plate LXXXIX, fig. 4, will greatly assist 
their discrimination ; the spicula of both species being 
figured to the same scale. X 250 linear. 


TETHEA CRANIUM, Lamarer. 
Plate LXXXIX. 


The propagation of the genus Tethea by gemmulation 
exhibits some remarkable variations. One of the most 
striking modes of external gemmulation is that which 
obtains in Tethea lyncuriwn which I have described in 
page 149, vol. i, of the present work, and represented 
in Plate XXV, 342. In this case the young sponge 
elevated on its pedestal is constructed in a form closely 
representing the adult state, the skeleton radiating 
from its centre. In both cases described in vol. ui, p. 
93 the gemmules pullulated from near the base of the 
sponge, ~and no other mode of propagation was detected. 
Since then I have found a very similar case of gem- 
mulation in Tethew Ingalli from Australia which I ‘Lave 
described and figured in ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological 
Society of London’ for 1872, page 115, plate v, fig. 12 ; 
but differmg in having the gemmule closely adherent 
to the base of the sponge, without any indication of a 


316 PLATE LXXXIX. 


pedestal. In another species, Zethea Norvagica, we 
find numerous pedicelled gemmules springing from all 
parts of the parent sponge. 

This species is described in the same volume of the 
‘Proceedings of the Zoological Society,’ p. 121, plate 
v, figs. 18—25. 

The specimens under consideration vary more or 
less from either of the preceding cases. Although I 
have had a large number of specimens of Zethea 
eranuun through my hands, I have never observed an 
external case of gemmulation although the interior of 
the sponges abounded with those organs. The speci- 
mens under consideration were sent to me by Mr. 
Barlee from Shetland in the state in which they are 
represented, excepting that one of them was divided 
by me perpendicularly for the purpose of obtaining 
sections to exhibit its anatomical structure, and it was 
found that the skeleton, instead of radiating from the 
centre of the young sponge was based upon the distal 
extremity of the pedestal whence it radiated in every 
direction. 

The spicula obtained from a small slice of the sec- 
tioned specimen, fig. 6, were precisely of the same 
description as those taken from adult specimens of 7. 
cranium with this remarkable difference, that the 
porrecto-ternate defensive ones were some of them of 
the same size and proportions as those of the adult 
sponges, and others were as those of the gemmular 
bodies, thus indicating the transition of the external 
gemmule from the younger to the more mature stage 
of its development. Many of the recurvo-ternate ones 
were also in an immature state of development. In all 
their anatomical characters these little specimens agree 
so perfectly with the corresponding parts in the adult 
specimens as to render their identification with the 
adult unmistakable. 


PLATE LXXXIX. 317 


Microciona Kuntu, Bowerbank. 
Plate LXAXXIX, 


Sponge parasitical on fuci, sessile, massive. Sur- 
face uneven, papulous, smooth. Oscula simple, dis- 
persed. Pores imeconspicuous. Dermal membrane 
abundantly spiculous ; tension spicula fusiformi-acerate, 
rather short and stout, same size as those of the 
skeleton columns, dispersed, or occasionally irregularly 
fasciculated; retentive spicula bidentate equi-anchorate, 
rather abundant. Skeleton.—Columns slender, diffuse 
and irreeular, branching at intervals ; spicula fusiformi- 
acerate, rather short and stout. 

External defensive spicula same as those of the 
skeleton. Internal defensive spicula. Attenuato- 
acuato entirely spined, very variable in size, numerous. 
Interstitial membranes spiculous ; tension spicula same 
form as those of the skeleton but more slender, re- 
tentive spicula same as those of the dermal membrane. 

Colour.—Preserved in spirit, dull ochreous yellow, 
with a tint of green ; dried, dull ochreous yellow, 

Habitat.—Jersey and Strangford Lough; Rey. A. M. 
Norman. Guernsey, Mr. W. Saville Kent. 

Hvamined.—From spirit and in the dried state. 

This sponge was dredged off Guernsey by Mr. W. 
Saville Kent in the summer of 1870. It surrounds 
the stem of a fucus for two inches in height, and its 
ereatest diameter is about one inch. — Its substance 
is permeated in every direction by branches of Corallina 
officinalis to such an extent as to entirely conceal the 
sponge until a portion of them was removed. The 
papulous condition of the surface is produced by the 
projection of the distal ends of the skeleton columns, 
the spicula of which radiate as they approach the 
surface, but in their natural state do not appear to 
pass through the dermal membrane. — The oscula are 
simple and so small as not to be visible without the 
aid of a two-inch lens. In a specimen of the dermal 


318 PLATE LXXXIX. 


co 


membrane mounted in Canada balsam the pores were 
seen to be irregularly dispersed; they were rather 
large, comparatively, and were in an open condition. 

The dermal membrane abounds in its characteristic 
spicula. The tension ones are quite as large, and of 
the same form as those of the skeleton; and the re- 
tentive ones are also abundant. They appear to be all 
nearly equal in size, and when in sit they are attached 
by the middle of the back of the shaft of the spiculum 
so as to project both the anchorate terminations from 
the membranous surface to which they are attached. 

The skeleton columns are slender but compact in 
their structure, branching at intervals and winding 
irregularly towards the surface of the sponge. The 
internal defensive spicula, projected from the columns 
in every direction, are exceedingly numerous and many 
of them are comparatively very large and long; some 
of them are profusely spinous, the spines being stout 
and conical; while in others the spination is much 
more delicately produced. 

This species is closely allied to J/. fictitia, and might 
readily be confounded with that species by a hasty ob- 
server; but the forms of the skeleton spicula will 
always distinguish them. In JV. fictitia those organs 
are purely acerate, while in JZ. Kentii they are strikingly 
fusiformi-acerate ; they differ also in comparative size, 
their lengths are in the former to the latter as seven 
to four. The retentive spicula of the two species are 
very similar in form; but they are larger and very 
much stouter in JZ. fictitia than in I. Kentii. [have 
named this species after my friend Mr. W. Saville 
Kent, to whom I am indebted for my knowledge of it, 
and for many other interesting British sponges, the 
result of his dredging expedition in 1870 in the yacht 
Norna, with Mr. Marshall Hall. 

i have subsequently found among the sponges 
dredged by the Rey. A. M. Norman at Jersey three 
specimens of the species in a much finer condition 
than the type-one found by Mr. Kent. None of the 


PLATE LXXXTX. 319 


specimens dredged by Mr. Norman are obscured by 
Corallina, but, like Mr.Kent’s specimen they are all para- 
sitical on the stem or roots of afucus. The external 
papulous character prevails in all of them to about an 
equal extent. The largest of Mr. Norman’s specimens 
is three and a half inches high; at the base there is 
the fucus on which it has grown, about the size of a 
goose quill. At an inch above the base the sponge 
divides into finger-like masses, each from six to eight 
lines in diameter, and at the summit of each the small 
branches of the fucus are visible, and there are also on 
each summit several oscula not exceeding a line or a line 
andhalfin diameter. Thesecondspecimen is two inches 
in height, expanding upward from the basal extremity 
to the: apex, where it has a diameter of about eight lines 
terminating abruptly. The stem of the fucus on which 
it has grown has been withdrawn from this specimen ; 
but the lar ge central perforation indicating its former 
presence 18 very apparent. The third specimen con- 
tains the remains of a very slender zoophyte. It 1s 
irregularly massive, about one inch and a half in 
height, and about ihe same in diameter. Its broad 
distal end is shehtly depressed in the middle and, on 
its surface there are numerous small simple oscula, 
none exceeding half a line in diameter; on other parts 
of the sponge oscula are also observable, and some of 
them terminate the papulous projections on the dermal 
surface. Mr. Norman has also found this species at 
Portaferry, Strangford Lough, in 1869. 


DESMACIDON SIMILARIS, Bowerbank. 
Plate LXXXIX. 


Sponge sessile, coating the stems of fuci. Surface 
smooth but uneven, often papulous. Oscula and pores 
inconspicuous. Dermal membrane abundantly spicu- 
lous; tension spicula dispersed or closely felted to- 
gether, subclavate-acuate, as large as those of the 


320 PLATE MXXXIX. 


skeleton, also tricurvate, acerate, long and very slender, 
few in number; retentive spicula simple and contort 
bihamate, large and numerous; also dentato-inequi- 
palmato-anchorate, and bidentate inequi-anchorate, 
minute, and few in number. Skeleton. — Fibre 
rather stout and compact; spicula subclavate, acuate. 
Interstitial membranes spiculous; tension  spicula 
acuate, rather numerous, dispersed ; retentive spicula 
same as those of the dermal membrane. 

Colouwr.—In spirit, hght ochreous vellow. 

Habitat.—Jersey ; Rev. A. M. Norman. 

Heamined.—From spirit. 

Among the sponges dredged off Jersey by the Rey. 
A. M. Norman, I found three pieces of "thts species. 
One two and a quarter inches in length on the stem of 
a fucus three and a half inches long; another rather 
exceeding two inches in length, and the third, one 
inch in length. These three, from the exact 
similarity of the stems of the fucus, the eighth of 
an inch in diameter, and the general similarity of 
the sponge coating them, have every appearance of 
having been originally parts of the same specimen. 
The sponge completely envelops the stems, but it does 
not in any part appear to exceed about one tenth of an 
inch in thickness. The surface of the sponge is 
smooth but very uneven, and the papule are rather 
numerous, conical in form, and terminating acutely. I 
could not by the aid of a two-inch lens detect any 
oscula. In some parts of the dermal membrane there 
were spaces in which the tension spicula were rather 
thinly dispersed, and in these the bihamate spicula 
were seen 7 sift, but in other parts of the membrane 
the tension spicula were thickly felted together in such 
numbers as to entirely obscure the retentive ones 
beneath them. ‘The basal membrane of the sponge 
presented a singular fallacious appearance; although 
the sponge now loosely surrounds the stem of the 
fucus, if is evident that im the living condition of the 
plant and sponge the latter very closely embraced the 


PLATE LXXXIX. 321 


former as the basal membrane has taken an impression 
of the cellular dermis of the plant, presenting to the 
eye when mounted in Canada balsam the appearance 
of a very regular transparent reticulation which might 
readily deceive an observer into the belief that it was 
a natural character of the basal membrane. 

The form of the skeleton spicula in D. constrictus is 
nearly allied to those of this species; but they differ 
greatly in size, those of the former being to the latter 
as eight to three in length; while in the latter the re- 
tentive bihamate ones are at least three times as large 
as those in D. coustrictus. 

The skeleton spicula of D. cavernula are of the same 
size as in D. simularis, but they are stouter in their 
proportions and are fusiform, while in the latter they 
are slender and purely acuate, and no tricurvate tension 
spicula could be found in D. caveriula. The bihamate 
retentive spicula in the two species closely resemble 
each other in size and form. 

The nearest structural alliance to D. svimularis exists 
in D. copiosus, in which, with few exceptions, we find 
the same forms of spicula. But here again, although 
the skeleton spicula are similar in size, they differ in 
being distinetly fusiform; and the tricurvate tension 
spicula in D. simularis are more slender in their pro- 
portions and very much longer, being as five to two of 
those of D. copiosus. 


21 


Plate XC. 


Raphiodesma_ simplissima 1-3. Isodictya dubia 4:—7. 
Desmacidon votalis 8-14. 


W. Lens Aldous del et lth W.West & CS imp 


os 
bo 
ee 


PLATE XC. 
RAPHIODESMA STMPLISSiMA, Bowerbaik. 


Fig. 1.—Represents the type-specimen. Natural 
size. 
Fie. 2.—One of es slender acuate spicula from the 
oO" 
dermal membrane. 250 linear. 
Fig. 3.—A sae spiculum. 250 linear. 
fo) 


Tsopictya pubis, Dowerbaik. 


Fig. 4.—Represents the type-specimen dispersed on 
the surface of a large dried Ascidian, based on a valve 
of a dead shell. Natural size. (a, a, (t, @, @) portions 
of the sponge; (b,b) Ascidian; (¢) a part of the inner 
surface of the shell. 

Fig. 5.—An acerate spiculum from the dermal mem- 
brane. x 250 linear. 

Fig. 6.—One of the acuate skeleton spicula. x 250 
hnear. 

Fig. 7.—One of the bidentate, cqui-auchorate, re- 
tentive spicula from the dermal membrane. X 530 
linear. 


DeEsMAcIDON ROTALIS, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 8.—Represents the type-specimen parasitical on 
a ser ‘tulari a. Natural size. 

Fig. 9.—A small piece of the dermal membrane with 
its hexradiate confluent rotulate areas, mounted in 
Canada ee x 36 linear. 

Fig. 10.—A section of a portion of the sponge at 
right ee to its dermal surtace, showing the mode of 


324 PLATE XC. 


the terminations of the skeleton fibres on the imner 
surface of the dermis. > 36 linear. 

Fig. 11.—One of the skeleton spicula. X 250 
linear. 

Fig. 12.—One of the large bihamate retentive spicula 
from the dermal membrane. 530 linear. 

Fig. 13.—A bidentate, inequi-anchorate, retentive 
spiculum from the dermal membrane. X 530 linear. 

Fig. 14.—One of thedentato-palmate, inequi-anchorate 
retentive spicula from the dermal membrane. X 53 
linear. 


RAPHIODESMA SIMPLISSIMA, Bowerbank. 
Plate XC. 


Sponge compressed, thin, fan-shaped, sessile. Sur- 
face smooth and even. Oscula simple, minute. Pores 
inconspicuous. Dermal membrane abundantly spicu- 
lous ; spicula acuate, long and slender, closely fitted 
together. Skeleton.—Fasciculi multispiculous, variable 
in size and length, disposed irregularly; spicula 
acuate, long and stout; bases and apices of each 
fasciculus coincident. Interstitial membranes. Spicula 
same as those of the dermis, few in number. 

Colowr.—In the dried state, hght brown. 

Habitat.—Isle of Mull; Rev. A. M. Norman. 

Heanined.—In the dried state. 

I received a single specimen of this sponge from 
Mr. Norman in the spring of 1873. It is half an inch 
in height, one and a quarter in breadth, and it does 
not exceed a line in thickness. It has a torn base, 
but has every appearance of having been sessile. The 
spicula of the dermal membrane are nearly as long as 
those of the skeleton; they are purely acuate, variable 
in size, and the largest of them are frequently flexuous. 
Their mode of disposition is usually irregularly felted 

together, but sometimes they are parallel to each 
other, forming irregular patches, and occasionally they 
are more or less fasciculated. The skeleton pee 


PLATE XC. 325 


are very characteristic of the genus; but their dis- 
position is very irregular; their length is frequently 
not more than that of a large spiculum, and in all cases 
the spicula of which they are composed appear to have 
their bases and apices coincident. 

The most remarkable character in this species is a 
negative one. In every other species of the other 
British or foreign species with which I am acquainted 
the dermal membrane is furnished, more or less, with 
beautiful rosette-shaped groups of inequi-anchorate 
retentive spicula, and intermixed with them there are 
frequently numerous bihamate ones; but in this 
species those forms appear to be entirely absent, and 
no other form is present than the acuate ones described 
above. Under these circumstances, this simplicity of 
structure renders this species more difficult of dis- 
crimination than usual; but the fasciculated structure 
of the skeleton, and the coincidence of the bases and 
apices of the spicula of which they are composed 
become the most important characters in its deter- 
mination. 


Isoprctya puBiA, Bowerbaik. 
Plate XC. 


Sponge massive, sessile, nodulous. Surface minutely 
and irregularly asperated. Oscula simple, dispersed, 
minute. Pores inconspicuous. Dermal membrane 
thin and pellucid, abundantly spiculous;  spicula 
acuate, rarely acerate, same size as those of the 
skeleton, dispersed ; retentive spicula bidentate, equi- 
or slightly inequi-anchorate, minute, and very few in 
number. Skeleton.—Slender and much complicated ; 
primary lines multispiculous; secondary lines varying 
from multispiculous to unispiculous, numerous and 
very irregular ; spicula acuate, rarely acerate, variable 
in s1ze. ‘Interstitial membranes aspiculous ? 

Colowr.—In the dried state, light grey, with a tint 


of yellow. 


326 PLATE XC. 


Habitat.—Clew Bay, July, 1872; Mr. Samuel 
Archer. Liverpool Museum. 

Heamnined.—In the dried state. 

Among a series of specimens of sponges from the 
Liverpool Museum sent to me by Mr. T. J. Moore, the 
curator for examination, there was an unsightly mass of 
a large dried ascidian attached to an old valve of, ap- 
parently, a cardita, covered by minute vegetables, 
zoophytes, and other matters, and amidst them irre- 
gular patches of a soft light grey sponge closely 
adherent to the ascidian. They do not present a 
reeular even surface, but each patch assumes the 
appearance of several small sessile nodulous sponges 
united by approximation. On examining microscopi- 

cally a portion of one of those little masses I found it 
to be an Isodictya which I could not refer to any 
known British species. When examined by the aid of 
a lens of about two inches focus, the surface presents 
a somewhat asperated appearance. This is pro- 
duced by the occasional protrusion of the terminations 
of the primary lines of the skeleton at various 
angles. 

The oscula are scarcely visible without the assistance 
of a lens, and I could not, even in a portion of the 
dermis mounted in (naga balsam, detect the pores. 
The dermal membrane is very pellucid, and abundantly 
furnished with spicula of the same form and size as 
those of the skeleton; from which they can scarcely 
be separately distinguished ‘i sit’, in a portion of the 
dermis mounted in Canada balsam. The bidentate, 
equi-anchorate, retentive spicula are exceedingly few 
in number, and are very minute, requiring a power of 
seven or eight hundred linear to render them distinctly 
to the eye. 

The skeleton structures are very diffuse and irre- 
gular in the mode of their disposition. The primary 
lines are always more or less multispiculous ; and there 
is no regularity in the spaces between the secondary 
ones ; a fow of them are multispiculous. The primary 


PLATE XC. 327 


lines of the skeleton, when they reach the inner 
surface of the dermis, instead of terminating there, or 
of passing through that organ, are spread out beneath 
it to some distance in long slender lines, so that when 
viewed with a low power through the dermal mem- 
brane, they might be readily mistaken for the fibres of 
a very slender Desmacidon. This peculiarity in the 
distribution of its structures, at the first sight, com- 
plicates their characters to a very considerable extent ; 
but when once recognised it becomes a valuable dis- 
criminative character. 

From the extremely irregular construction of the 
skeleton it is rather difficult to say whether there are 
any tension spicula on the interstitial membranes ; 
and although I searched diligently for them I could 
not find any of the anchorate retentive spicula on 
them. 

The only species with which I. dubia is liable to be 
confounded is I. gracilis ; their skeleton structures are 
very similar, but in the latter the spicula of the primary 
lines are much stouter than those of I. dubia, and in 
that species the external form is massive and sessile ; 
while in J. gracilis it is ramose, and the dermal mem- 
brane is aspiculous. 


DESMACIDON ROTALIS, Bowerbank. 
Plate XC. 


Sponge parasitical on zoophytes or fuci. Surface 
even and smooth. Oscula simple, dispersed, minute. 
Pores inconspicuous. Dermis retiform, rete arranged 
in hexradiate confluent rotulate areas; radii compact 
and multispiculous ; retentive spicula bihamate, simple 
and contort, few in number, and rarely bidentate, 
inequi-anchorate, and dentato-palmate, imequi-an- 
chorate, very minute. Skeleton compact, fibres 
frequently dividing dichotomously, terminating abruptly 
on the inner surface of the dermis and dividing to form 


328 PLATE XC. 


the dermal rete; spicula subfusiformi-acuate ; bases 
occasionally sub-clavate. Interstitial membranes.— 
Tension spicula same size and form as those of the 
skeleton, dispersed, numerous ; retentive spicula same 
as those of the dermis. 

Colour.—In the dried state, light ochreous yellow. 

Habitat.—Diamond Ground off Hastings; J. S%. 
Bowerbank. 

Heanvined.—In the dried state. 

This sponge is parasitical on the branch of a sertu- 
laria, embracing it closely for about two inches of its 
height; the surface is quite smooth, and with the aid 
of a two-inch lens has much the same finely reticulated 
appearance as that of a specimen of Halichondria 
panicea, for which, under these circumstances, it might 
be readily mistaken. The oscula are few and simple 
in their structure. Ina piece of the dermis mounted 
in Canada balsam many of the triangular areas of the 
confluent rotule were furnished with from one to three 
or four open pores, while in other such spaces none 
were apparent. The most striking character in this 
remarkable sponge is in the structure of its dermis, 
which consists of a thin transparent membrane and a 
regular and beautiful reticulated structure in the form 
of a series of hexradiate confluent rotulate areas, the 
interspaces between the radu being always of a trian- 
gular form. The effect as presented to the eye by the 
outer surface of a small piece of the dermis mounted in 
Canada balsam is very remarkable. Hach of the con- 
fluent areas appears perfect in itself, while at the same 
time each of it forms, as it were, a part of a neigh- 
bouring area. The fibre of the rete is multispiculous, 
compact, and very uniform in its diameter, so that the 
whole structure presents a very regular and beautiful 
appearance. 

[have never met with this structure in the dermis 
of any other sponge; but it is a remarkable fact that 
the whole of the skeleton of the siliceo-fibrous sponge 
from Porto Rico, in the Museum of the Jardin des 


PLATE X¢. 329 


Plantes at Paris, described and figured by me in the 
‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London’ for 
1869, and designated Iphiteon panicea, is constructed 
on the same principle of confluent rotulate areas of solid 
siliceous fibres. No fragments of the expansile dermal 
system of this sponge were to be found on the 
specimen. 

The structure of the skeleton is not symmetrical like 
that of the dermis. The fibre is stout and compact, 
and in the deeply seated portions of the sponge it does 
not appear to assume any especial direction; but im- 
mediately beneath the surface the fibres take a direct 
course to the inner surface of the dermal membrane, 
upon which they terminate, dividing and spreading 
over it, and so forming its beautiful confluent rotulate 
dermal rete. 

In some parts of the interstitial membranes the 
tension spicula are very numerous, while in other parts 
they are very few in number, 


Plate XCl. 


A aad 


O. 


W. West «Ce mp. 


oO 


Sie Ie 


lel ct Lith 


% 
o 
Zz 
a6 
Vy 
s 
Oo 4 
o 
Az 
io) 
oe 
qo 
3° 
ion 
1 
0) 
2 
a Se 
ss 
w 
ete) 
ao 
[cy aan 
OS 
loa 
S74 
a 
® 
Bs 
Eras) 
o & 
@ a 
OS 
Ned 
tee 
a 


W Lens Aldous 


301 


PLATE XCTI. 
Tsopictya nucosa, Bowerbank. 
Fig 


e. 
size. 

Fig. 2.—One of the subfusiformi-acerate tension 
spicula of the dermal membrane. X 250 linear. 

Fig. 3.—A large-sized equi-anchorate retentive 
spiculum from the dermal membrane. %X 5380 linear. 

Fie. 4.—One of the largest of the simple bihamate 
retentive spicula of the dermal membrane. X 530 
linear. F 

Fie. 5.—An average-sized acuate basally-spined 
skeleton spiculum. > 250 linear. 


1.—Represents the type-specimen. Natural 


Lervconta Somes, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 6.—Represents the type-specimen in a fully- 
developed condition. Natural size. 

Fig. 7.—A very young specimen of the species, 
consisting of a congeries of fistulae only. Natural 
size. 

Fig. 8.—A young specimen in a more advanced 
stage of development, with large cloacal fistule pro- 
jected oe a basal mass. Natural size. 

Fig. 9.—One of the small cloacal fistule covered 
with ‘jong, slender, acerate, external, defensive spicula, 
from the surface of the type-specimen represented by 
fig. 6. x 36 lmear. 

“Rio 1, ain acerate defensive spiculum from the 
cloacal organ, represented by fig. 9. x 250 linear. 

Wie. re One of the largo, slender, acerate, pro- 
cumbent spicula from the large cloacal fistulz. 


« 250 linear. 


332 PLATE XCI. 


Fig. 12—One of the internal, spiculated, equi- 
angulated, defensive spicula from the interior of one of 
the large cloacal fistule. x 250 linear. 

Fig. 13.—An equi-angulated, triradiate, skeleton 
spiculum of the normal form. X 250 linear. 

Figs. 14, 15.—Two examples of the distorted forms 
of the equi-angulated, triradiate, skeleton spiculum. 
x 250 linear. 

Fig. 16.—One of the rectangulated, triradiate, 
skeleton spicula in very nearly its normal form. 250 
linear. 

Fig. 17.—A slightly distorted example of the rectan- 
gulated, triradiate, skeleton spiculum. 250 linear. 


Hauicponpr1a McIntosnu, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 18.—Represents the type-specimen. Natural 


Fig. 19.—An average-sized, acerate, skeleton spicu- 
lum. X 250 linear. 


DysipEa cortacEa, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 20.—Represents the type-specimen. Natural 


Isoprctya rugosa, Bowerbank. 
Plate XCI. 


Sponge massive, sessile, parasitical on fuci or 
zoophytes. Surface uneven, very rugose. Oscula 
simple, dispersed. Pores inconspicuous. Dermal mem- 
brane abundantly spiculous; tension spicula, sub-fusi- 
formi acerate, disposed in numerous flat fasciculi, or 
dispersed ; retentive spicula; bidentate equi-anchorate, 
very variable in size, rather numerous; and simple and 
contort bihamate, very variable in size, numerous. 
Skeleton.—Irregular, primary lines multispiculous, 
secondary lines rarely more than bi-spiculous; spicula 


PLATE XCI. 335 


acuate, basally spinous, or sparingly entirely spmous. 
Interstitial membranes. ‘Tension spicula same as 
those of dermal membrane, few in number, dis- 
persed; retentive spicula, same as those of dermal 
membrane. 

Colowr.—In the dried state, dull ochreous yellow. 

ITabitat.—Diamond ground off Hastings ; J. 8. Bower- 
bank. 

Heamined.—In the dried state. 

I received two small specimens of this sponge 
parasitical on the same slender stems of a fucus; the 
Specimens are separated from each other by about half 
aninch. In every respect they very closely resemble 
each other, the surfaces of both being remarkably 
rugged and uneven. The oscula are mostly situated 
in the deepest portions of the rugged surface; they are 
not readily to be detected without close observation, or 
by the aid of a lens. The distribution of the tension 
spicula on the dermal membrane is very irregular. On 
the sides of some of the deep depressions of the surface 
they are very regularly disposed in parallel flat bundles, 
while on other parts their disposition is quite irregular, 
but in all their conditions they are very characteristic. 
They are equal in length, but much more slender than 
the skeleton spicula, and they are perfectly free of 
spines. 

There is a great disparity in the sizes of both the 
bidentate equi-anchorate and the bihamate retentive 
spicula. Some of the anchorate spicula are remark- 
ably large and stro ong in their proportions; one of the 
largest measured 565 inch, in length and the diameter 
of the shaft was S000 inch, while one of the smallest of 
the same form was but yoloo inch in length; the 
smaller forms are very much more numerous than 
the large ones. These spicula are very puzzling 
objects, even beneath a power of five or six hundred 
linear. 

Itis very rarely that both of the teeth at each termi- 
nation of the spiculum can be distinctly defined. 


334, PLATE XCt. 


Two of the teeth, on one side of the spiculum, are 
distinctly defined while the opposite two appear obso- 
lete. This deceptive appearance apparently arises 
from the dente being very thin and flat, and as the 
spicula are rarely evenly balanced on the bow, those 
on one side present their flat surfaces to the eye 
while the thin edges of the other two are scarcely 
visible. 

The bihamate spicula vary in size to a corresponding 
degree; the length of one of the largest being ¢$> inch 
in length while many of the smaller ones did not 
exceed gogo inch in length. Among the latter de- 
scription of retentive spicula the contort form appeared 
to be quite as numerous as the simple bihamate 
ones. 

The spination of the skeleton spicula varies to some 
slight extent. The spines are strongly produced at 
the base of allof them, but the spination of the shafts 
and apices of the spicula are comparatively few in num- 
ber, and frequently they are but very sparingly pro- 
duced. 


Levconta Somesu, Bowerbank. 
Plate XCI. 


Sponge, in the young state, a congeries of thin 
fistule, like a Leucosolenta ; when adult, massive, fur- 
nished with numerous thin conical or cylindrical 
cloacal organs, very variable in size and length. Sur- 
face of the mass smooth and even. Small cloace 
furnished with numerous long, slender, acerate, ex- 
ternal, defensive spicula projected ascendingly at small 
angles to the surface ; large cloace nearly destitute of 
external defensive spicula, furnished with a few long, 
slender, acerate, procumbent spicula; internal defen- 
sive spicula of cloacw, spiculated, equi-angular, tri- 
radiate ; spicular ray slender and attenuated. Oscula 
minute, distributed on the inner surfaces of the 
cloaew. Pores unknown. Dermal membrane pellucid, 


PLATE XCI. 335 


aspiculous. Skeleton.—Spicula equi-angulated and 
rectangulated, triradiate, small and very numerous; 
radi slender and unequal in length and distorted. 

Colowr.—Cream-white, alive and dead. 

Habitat.—Brighton Aquarium; Henry Lee, Esq. 

Hzamined.—In the dried state. 

I am indebted to my friend, Mr. Henry Lee, for my 
knowledge of this species. He found it growing on 
the artificial rock work in the tanks of the Brighton 
Aquarium. He sent me six specimens of it; three in 
the young condition and three in the adult state. 
The three young ones were in progressive stages of 
development. ‘The first and second of them were 
each a congeries of rather long and slender tubuli, 
without any solid basal mass, very closely resembling 
large straggling specimens of Lewcosolenva botryoides. 
These tubuli are longer, but less in diameter than 
those of the larger description of cloacal organs on the 
adult sponges, but they are much larger in every 
respect than the numerous minute cloace, which are so 
numerous on the surface of the fully-developed 
sponges. The third one of the young specimens was 
especially interesting as it formed a complete struc- 
tural link between the first two young specimens and 
the fully-developed ones; there being in this case a 
thin, solid, basal stratum profusely furnished on its 
upper surface with the minute cloace and having also 
six of the large cloacal organs projected from its 
surface. 

My friend, in his note to me in treating of these 
young specimens and their cloacal organs, and espe- 
cially of the third one, writes, “ When the nodular 
mass is removed from the water, however gently, they 
sink down and become flaccid and do not stand out 
from the body of the sponge as they do in life.” In 
the stage of development of the third of the young 
sponges there appears to be more of the large descrip- 
tion of cloacal organs than there usually are on the 
large and fully-developed specimens. 


336 PLATE XCI. 


The other three specimens are in the adult stage. 
I divided the smallest of them longitudinally (it is 
rather more than an inch in length), and found it to be 
quite solid, without the least indication of internal 
cavities. The greatest thickness of the largest speci- 
men, the one represented by fig. 6, Plate XCI, does 
not exceed seven lines. It is exceedingly fragile and in 
the dried state it has quite a mealy feel to the touch. 
When examined in the dried state by direct ight the 
upper surface is seen to be crowded with minute 
cloacal organs among which there are a few of larger 
size and conical shape. ‘These large organs are com- 
paratively smooth, while the numerous minute ones 
are abundantly furnished with very long and slender 
acerate defensive spicula. When these organs are in 
a perfect condition these defensive spicula are so 
abundant as to completely obscure the oscular surface, 
and, in many cases, they are projected to a consider- 
able extent beyond the distal extremity of the organ, 
and they are so numerous, long, and slender as to 
cause it very closely to resemble a camel’s-hair pencil 
in a dry condition, when viewed in Canada balsam 
with a power of about 100 linear. No such defensive 
appendages appeared on any of the few larger cloacal 
organs that were observed. 

The large description of cloacez did not exceed a 
line and a half in diameter and rather more than three 
lines in length; the small ones varied from 74, inch in 
diameter to 3} inch. The long, slender, defensive 
spicula of these organs varied in length from 35 to 
too Imch, and their diameters rarely exceeded zp455 
inch. These organs do not appear to assume any 
definite direction in their procumbent state, but are 
disposed in every possible direction, overlying each 
other, frequently three or four deep. 

In one of the smaller cloace, sectioned longi- 
tudinally, the oscula were very distinctly exhibited by 
direct light with a power of 100 linear on the inner sur- 
face of the organ; those near the distal extremity being 


PLATE Xi. 337 


larger and more numerous than near the middle of the 
cloaca. The oscula can rarely be seen on the outer 
surface, the abundance of the long, slender, defensive 
spicula entirely obscuring them; those seen on the 
inner surface were in an open condition. 

The skeleton structures in this species are remark- 
ably delicate and slender. In the mass of the sponge 
and in the cloace the skeleton is composed of very 
numerous, equi-angulated and rectangulated, triradiate 
spicula, closely matted together, with an intermixture 
of the long, slender, acerate ones. In the cloacal 
organs the latter form are disposed without any 
apparent order, but in the mass of the sponge they 
frequently assume a subfasciculate mode of deposi- 
tion. 

The normal forms of the skeleton spicula are purely 
equi-angulated and rectangulated, triradiate, the 
former predominating greatly m number; but it is 
a singular fact that neither form is frequently found 
in a normal state, their radu in almost every one 
being more or less distorted, indeed the distortion 
appears to almost amount to the rule instead of the 
exception. 

The distortion of the radii of triradiate skeleton 
spicula is evidently caused by the closely felted mode 
of their disposition. The extreme expansion of two 
of them measured, was 3$5 and 345 inch. 

The spiculated triradiate internal defensive spicula 
of the large description of cloacee were of the same 
size as those of the skeleton; the spicular ray being 
straight and of about the same length as the other 
three. They did not appear to be very numerous, and 
the spicular ray is projected at about right angles, to 
the inner surface of the cloaca. 

The only other known British calcareous sponge 
with which this species is likely to be confounded is 
Leucosolenia botryoides, and then only in its young and 
immature state; but even in this condition it is, by 
careful microscopical examination, readily to be sepa- 


338 PLATE XOi. 


rated from that species. The mode of disposition of 
the skeleton spicula in the two species is strikingly 
different. In L. botryoides they very closely approach 
regularity of arrangement; while in L. Somesi, they 
appear as if felted together, so that their radii im 
crossing each other are bent and distorted in various 
directions, so that although in size’and proportions the 
spicula of the two species closely resemble each other, 
the regularity in the form of the one species and the 
distortions of the radii of the other readily discriminate 
them, even when separated from the parent sponges. 
The total absence in the skeleton of Z. botryoides, of 
the long, slender, acerate spicula, so abundant in L. 
Somesii, also greatly aids us in their discrimination. 
The spicular triradiate internal defences of the two 
species also differ essentially in form and mode of 
disposition. In LZ. Somesii, the spicular ray is com- 
paratively short and straight, and is projected at about 
right angles to its triradiate base; while in L. botryoides 
it is much longer in its proportions, and is curved in 
the direction of the terminal orifice of the sponge. 

The figure 1, Plate III, of Lewcosolenia botryoides 
representing a specimen from Shetland is so exceed- 
ingly like in its external characters to the young state 
of Leuconia Somesit, that I was induced to re-examine 
it microscopically, and I have satisfied myself that 
it is truly Lewcosolenia botryoides. This striking simi- 
larity of the young state of the former species with the 
more than usually developed condition of the last 
named one, strongly illustrates the inutility of depend- 
ing on external form as a specific character without 
careful reference to their anatomical structures. 

My friend, Mr. H. Lee, in his description of. this 
sponge in ‘Land and Water,’ for September 29th, 
1873, p. 445, gives some interesting notes regarding 
the growth, development, and decease of this species. 
He states—‘‘ the sponge above described increased in 
diameter for six months from its first appearance, and 
then gradually ceased to spread, but continued slowly 


PLATE Xt. 339 


to thicken upwards and become more convex. In 
September, I missed, one by one, the patches of it, 
which I had so long persistently observed, and sup- 
posed that they might have been rubbed off by the 
fish, or, accidentally, by the men in charge of the 
tanks. I found, however, that in all cases they 
were sloughing away and becoming disintegrated, and 
it was then exceedingly difficult to remove one entire. 
Even the act of lifting it gently from the water in a 
muslin net caused them to fall to pieces and break up 
into a creamy sediment possessing little more consis- 
tency than bread sauce. A fine specimen of Hymeni- 
acidon caruncula, which appeared in one of the tanks in 
September last year, and in the course of five months 
formed a circular patch more than a foot in diameter, 
sloughed away in a similar manner after it had ceased 
to grow. From this, and the reappearance in abund- 
ance of Leuconia Somes, at the same period this year 
as last, it seems probable that some sponges attain 
their full growth in about six months, and live no 
longer than one year.” 

It is exceedingly gratifying to find that that magni- 
ficent institution, the Brighton Aquarium, will not only 
bring us acquainted with the habits and manners of 
the finny tribes inhabiting it, but that its beneficial 
effects will in all probability be extended to greatly 
advance our knowledge of new species of other marine 
animals and the progressive development of the protozoa 
and other interesting denizens of our surrounding seas. 
My friend Mr. Henry Lee has aptly suggested that 
this, the first new highly interesting species of British 
sponge developed in the tanks of the aquarium should 
be named after the chairman of the company George 
Somes Esq., who has taken such a deep interest in 
the successful foundation and completion of that noble 


institution. 


340 PLATE XCi. 


Hauicuonpria McIntrosau, Bowerbank. 
PLATE XCI. 


Sponge: coating thin. Surface smooth and even. 
Oscula more or less elevated, dispersed. Margins 
thin. Pores imconspicuous. Dermal membrane 
aspiculous. Skeleton.—Very irregular; rete mostly 
unispiculous, occasionally bi- or trispiculous ; spicula 
acerate, short, and stout. Interstitial membranes 
aspiculous. 

Colouwr.—In the dried state, light nut-brown. 

Habitat.—St. Andrew’s, Scotland ; Dr. McIntosh. 

Hxanuned.—In the living and dried state. 

I received seven specimens of this species from 
Dr. McIntosh, four of them were wet from the sea. 
In his note accompanying the wet specimens he 
states, “It is not uncommon at St. Andrew’s on the 
under surface of stones in littoral pools; the specimens 
sent covered an area of about eight or nine inches. 
It is of a dull grey colour.” In the dried state the 
colour is hght or greyish nut-brown. 

The greatest part of the specimens did not exceed 
the eighth of an inch in thickness, but a portion of 
one small specimen, an inch in diameter, was nearly a 
quarter of an inch thick for about half its area, the 
whole of its surface was much more irregular than 
those of the other specimens. All of them had 
evidently been closely adherent to a solid surface. 
The dermal membrane in the specimen fresh from the 
sea was in an excellent state of preservation. It was 
pellucid and closely adherent to the surface of the 
skeleton beneath, but there was not the slightest indi- 
cation of any spicula peculiar to that organ. The 
characters of the oscula varied considerably on the 
different specimens in regard to their elevation. In 
some of them they were scarcely raised above the 
dermal surface, those on the specimen figured exhibit 
the greatest amount of development observed. I 


PLATE XCI. 341 


could not detect the pores in specimens of the dermis 
when mounted in Canada balsam, all of them being in 
a closed condition. The nearest alliance with the 
known species of the first section of our British Hali- 
chondria is with H. regularis. The spicula of the two 
Species are as nearly alike in size and proportions as 
possible ; but this is their only approximation to each 
other. In their other characters they differ to a 
considerable extent. The colour of H. regularis, in the 
dried state, is milk-white, while that of H. Mclntoshit 
is nut-brown; and in the latter, when viewed by 
direct light with a power of 50 linear, the pores 
appear to be irregularly dispersed, while in the former, 
under the same circumstances, they are seen to be 
congregated in minute areas. Another important 
difference is, that while the skeleton rete of JZ. 
vegularis is remarkable for its symmetry, that of 
Hf. Melntoshti is irregular to a very considerable 
extent, and it does not possess the distinct unispicu- 
lous structure that prevails in the skeleton in J/. 
vegularis. The skeleton is very irregular in its struc- 
ture and by far the greater part of it is unispiculous, 
occasionally the rete is composed of two or three 
spicula, but these stouter portions rarely extend for 
more than the length of three or four spicula. 

I have named this species after its discoverer, Dr. 
McIntosh, whose works on the British Annelida, and 
other branches of natural history, are so well known 
and so highly appreciated among naturalists. 


DysIpEA contaces, Bowerbank. 
PLATE XCI. 


Sponge massive, sessile. Surface slightly asperated. 
Oscula simple, dispersed. Pores inconspicuous. 
Dermal membrane coriaceous, rather stout, aspiculous. 
Skeleton,—Unsymmetrical ; fibres large and fistulous ; 


342 PLATE XCI. 


parietes thin, more or less arenaceous. Interstitial 
membranes stout, aspiculous. 

Colowr.—In the dried state, dark ochreous yellow. 

abitat.—Diamond Trawling Ground off Hastings ; 
J. 8. Bowerbank. 

Hzamined.—In the dried state. 

I obtained this sponge with some others from one 
of the Hastings fishermen, and did not recognise it as a 
Dysidea until I had examined it microscopically. Its 
general aspect is much more that of a Desmacidon than 
of a Dysidea. It has, in the dried state, none of the 
fragile, brittle character of D. fragilis, but bears 
handling and slight compression with perfect im- 
punity, having very much the feeling of damp leather ; 
and it is fortunate that its external characters are so 
different from those of D. fragilis, as in other respects 
many of them are scarcely separable from those of the 
last-named species. 

The dermis is well preserved in this specimen as a 
stout, and, comparatively speaking, strong coriaceous 
membrane, and the skeleton is stronger, tougher, and 
more open in its structure than that of D. fragilis ; 
in other respects the organic structures of the two 
species very closely resemble each other. 


Isodictya tumulosa |- 7. Battersbyia ’ Bucklandn 8. 


Ilymemacidon Aldousiu, 9—Il. 
Wiens ilditinsclel wb: bth W West & Camp 


343 


PLATE XCII. 
Tsoprctya tumuLosa, Bowerbank. 


‘Fig. 1.—Represents the type-specimen. Natural 
size. 

Fig. 2.—A skeleton spiculum. » 320 linear. This 
figure also represents the acuate entirely spined tension 
spicula of the porous areas. 

Fig. 3—One of the simple bihamate retentive 
spicula of the dermal membrane. X 550 linear. 

Fig, 4.—A contort bihamate retentive spiculum 
from the dermal membrane. > 530 linear. 

Fig. 5.—One of the very minute simple bihamate 
retentive spicula. x 530 linear. 

Fig. 6.—A_ bidentate equi-anchorate retentive 
spiculum of the larger size. » 530 linear. 

Fig. 7.—A spineless acerate spiculum with semi- 
hastate termination from the skeleton structure. Xx 
320 linear. 


BarrerspyiA Buckianpi, Bowerbank. 


HAymeniacidon Bucklandi. Vol. ii, p. 227, Mon. Brit. 
Spongiadee. 

Fig. 8.—Represents a section of the type-specimen 
at right angles to the external surface, exhibiting the 
mode of disposition of the skeleton spicula. x 69 
linear. 


Hymeniactpon Anpoust, Bowerbank. 


Fig. 9.—Represents the type-specimen of the species. 
Natural size. 

Fig. 10.—An acuate skeleton spiculum. X 250 
linear. This figure also represents the spicula of the 
dermal membrane. 

Fig. 11.—A very slender form of the skeleton 


344 PLATE XCIL. 


spiculum. X 250 linear that are occasionally found 
mixed with the larger ones. 


Isopictya TumuLosA, Bowerbank. 
Plate XCII. 


Sponge. Massive, sessile, furnished with tumulous 
cloace. Surface even or slightly rugose. Oscula 
within the conical cloace. Pores congregated ; porous 
areas irregular, sparingly spiculous; tension spicula 
few in number, acuate, entirely spined, same size as 
those of the skeleton; retentive spicula bihamate 
simple and contort and very minute simple bihamate ; 
also bidentate equi-anchorate, large and small dermal 
membrane pellucid, reticulated, rete irregular ; spicula 
acuate, entirely spined, same size as those of the 
skeleton. Skeleton. Primary lines multispiculate; 
secondary lines rarely more than bispiculous; spicula 
acuate, entirely spined, rather short and stout; and 
rarely spineless acerate with semi-hastate terminations. 
Interstitial membranes spiculous, spicula same as those 
of the dermal membranes, few in number. 

Colour.—Cream white. 

Habitat.—Torquay ; J. 8. Bowerbank. 

Heamined.—In the wet and dried state. 

The form of this sponge is remarkable and very 
characteristic, the whole of its upper surface is occu- 
pied by four rudely conical tumulous elevations at the 
summit of each of which there is a cloacal aperture ; 
the surface of the sponge is more or less rugose or 
papulous, and in the slightly depressed spaces the 
porous areas are seated. The sponge was preserved 
in a saturated solution of salt in water. In this state 
when portions of it were examined microscopically the 
sarcode was so abundant as to totally obscure its 
structure, but in the dried state sections of it mounted 
in Canada balsam at once revealed its true character. 


PLATE XCII. 345 


The most satisfactory view of its dermal peculiarities 
is obtained by the examination of a thin slice from its 
surface without immersion in Canada balsam, the 
areas of the pores are then distinctly and beauti- 
fully apparent surrounded by dense masses of 
spicula projected from beneath. The areas rarely have 
any tension spicula embedded on their surfaces, but 
they are abundantly furnished with the different forms 
of retentive spicula. The bihamate spicula are not 
very numerous and the larger description of bidentate 
equi-anchorate ones still less so, but the smaller 
description of the bidentate equi-anchorate ones are 
frequently abundant and especially so round the 
margins of the open pores, when the same slice from 
the dermal surface has been immersed in Canada 
balsam these characters are rendered very much less 
distinctly as the membrane becomes very translucent. 
The retentive spicula are important characters in the 
discrimination of the species, although they are very 
small, requiring a power of about 700 linear to render 
them distinctly to the eye. The bihamate ones are of 
two distinct forms, the largest are mostly contort with 
slender shafts and acute terminations, an average-sized 
one measured z3'gz Inch in length; the small descrip- 
tion of bihamate speculum appears always to be of the 
simple description, with the hami in the same plane, 
their shafts are equable in diameter and the terminations 
of the hamiare obtuse; an average-sized one measured 
sina inch in length. The bidentate equi-anchorate 
spicula were of two distinct sets, but of the same form. 
The largest were very few in number, they measured 
zssp inch in length. The smaller description of the 
same form were not very numerous, but much more so 
than the larger ones; an average-sized one did not 
exceed gz/55 inch in length. The skeleton is well 
developed and the spicula are rather short and stout 
and wellfurnished with acutely conical spines, especially 
towards the bases and apices. Intermixed with this 
form there are occasionally a few smooth acerate 


846 PLATE XCII. 


spicula with one or both terminations more or less 
hastate. This form is mostly found incorporated 
with the primary lines of the skeleton near their distal 
termination. They are as long as the acuate skeleton 
ones but not more than about half their diameter. 


BatterspyiA BucKLANDI. 


Plate XCII. 


Hymeniacidon Bucklandi, Vol. ii, p. 227; Vol. iii, plate 

xxxvili, Mon. Brit. Spongiade. 

In my description of this sponge under the above 
designations in vol. IT page 226, in the last paragraph 
page 228, I have stated that ‘‘ This sponge varies so 
widely from the ordinary structure of Hymeniacidon 
that I doubt much whether it should not have been 
made the type of a new genus.” At that time I had 
not seen any other species of sponge with a similarly 
remarkable series of skeleton spicula dispersed amidst 
its interstitial membranes, and I therefore placed it in 
the genus Hymeniacidon until further information 
should arise to enable me to assign it to its proper 
place in the systematical arrangement of our British 
sponges, and it was not until several months after the 
figure of the species was printed in Plate XXXVIII in 
the present volume, that I received a specimen of a 
second species of this remarkable genus from my friend 
Captain Charles Tyler who informed me that the 
specimen was from Florida. The British one, and the 
new species, are very different in their external charac- 
ters. The latter, although its skeleton is in perfect 
structural accordance with the British sponge, 
possesses none of the extreme solidity of that species, 
and it differs materially in its external form and in the 
forms of its auxihary spicula. I have also received 
from my friend Captain Tyler, a small fragment of 
what is apparently a third species of the same genus, 
which he received from Count Pourtalés, who labelled 


PLATE XCII. 347 


it Sphinctrella horrida, C. Schmidt, but I have not 
been able to ascertain whether it has yet been 
described or figured. I have, therefore, thought it 
advisable under all these circumstances to separate the 
British species from Hymeniacidon, and to construct a 
new genus for its reception under the designation of 
Battersbyia, in acknowledgement of the good services 
rendered to science by my friend Dr. Battersby, to 
whom I am indebted for my first knowledge of the 
British species, and I propose the following as the 
generic character. 


BarrerspyraA, Bowerbank. 


Skeleton.—A somewhat regular complication of 
spiculated triradiate, and biangulated quadriradiate 
siliceous spicula. 

The two forms of spicula are of about the same 
relative size, and they are mixed in the skeleton struc- 
ture in quite an irregular manner. From the various 
positions of the two forms in the skeleton, they are 
not always readily to be distinguished from each other, 
but as I have stated in vol. ui, p. 227, ‘they may 
always be determined by the fact that, in the spicu- 
lated triradiate form, the central canals at their 
junction at the middle of the spiculum form three 
angles of each about 120°, and three others which 
are right angles, while those of the biangulated quadri- 
radiate spiculum form four right angles only at their 
junction at the centre of the spiculum, as represented 
in Plate XXXVIII, fig. 12, in the present volume. 


Hymentactpon AxLpoust, Bowerbank. 
Plate XCII. 


Sponge massive, sessile. Surface smooth. Oscula 
simple. Pores inconspicuous. Dermal membrane 


348 PLATE XOII. 


abundantly spiculous ; spicula acuate, long and slender, 
same size and form as those of the skeleton, dispersed 
irregularly. Skeleton. Rather open and cavernous, 
spicula acuate, long and slender, evenly diffused. 
Sarcode abundant. 

Colowr.—In the dried state, ight fawn brown. 

Habitat.—Torquay ; J. 8. Bowerbank. 

Hxamined.—In the dried state. 

I obtained this sponge at Torquay, and preserved it 
in the condition it came from the sea in saturated salt 
and water, small sections in this condition were per- 
fectly impermeable to light, and its structure could not 
be determined until the sections were mounted in 
Canada balsam; the abundance of sarcode totally 
obscuring the vision. The dermal membrane is 
pellucid and abundantly spiculous, the spicula being 
dispersed as if thinly felted together on its surface, 
and no difference exists in either size or form from 
those of the skeleton tissues. A few small simple 
oscula were visible on the surface of the sponge, but 
the large orifices represented in the figure are the 
mouths of numerous membranous tubes of annelids 
that inhabited the sponge when alive, and which might 
readily have been mistaken for oscula by a hasty 
observation. The only species of Hymeniacidon with 
which there is any probability of confounding this 
species is H. carwncula and fallaz. From the former 
it would readily be distinguished by the difference of 
its external characters, and the difference of the 
spicula also readily distinguishes them, the skeleton 
spicula of H. Aldousii, being longer and more slender 
than those of H. caruncula, the length of the latter to 
the former being as 7 to 10. The spicula of H. fallaa, 
are also less than those of H. Aldousi, being as about 4 
to 5 in length, and also by being more or less fusi- 
form in shape while those of H. Aldousii are purely 
acuate, and no flexuous spicula are apparent. The 
difference in their general aspect also greatly assists in 
discriminating them. The simplicity of the structure 


PLATE XCII. 349 


in H. Aldousti, and other nearly allied species renders 
the above differential characters more than is usually 
necessary in the discrimination of the species. 

I have named this species after my old friend, Mr. 
W. Lens Aldous, who has drawn the figure represent- 
ing it on stone in the eighty-second year of his age, 
with all the accustomed beauty and accuracy that 
characterises the whole of the plates contained in this 
work. 


ADDITIONS. 


In the gradual accumulation of the material for the 
history of the British Spongiadz many of the species 
have been described and figured from single specimens 
in an imperfect state of preservation and from small 
portions or even fragments only, of the perfect sponges. 
Since the publication of the descriptions in Vol. IT, 
and also since the delineation of the figures in Vol. TT, 
I have been in the habit of receiving from various 
sources fresh specimens of rare and unique species in a 
fine state of preservation, frequently affording addi- 
tional information regarding their structure and habits, 
or strong confirmatory evidence elucidating doubtful 
points in their history. I have, therefore, thought it 
advisable in all such cases to publish the results of the 
examination of such specimens, as a supplement to the 
histories of the respective species to which they are 
related, and for the greater facility of reference. I 
have arranged these notes under the heads of their 
respective genera, rather than in the order in which 
they have been acquired. 

The following is a list of the genera and species 


thus treated on. 


Ecionemia ponderosa. 

Microciona fictitia. 

Hymeniacidon coccinea. 
— placentula, 


352 ADDITIONS, 


Halichondria glabra. 
— Patterson. 
Raphiodesma sordida. 
— lingua. 
Isodictya densa. 

— Hyndman. 

— wndistincta. 
Demacidon copiosa. 
Chalina Flemingu. 

— wtmornata. 


EcIoNEMIA PONDEROSA, Plate VIII. 


I received among other specimens from the Diamond 
trawling ground off Hastings, a very fine specimen of 
this sponge. It is rather larger than the figured one, 
and it closely resembles it in form, exhibiting the 
same disposition to divide into two large lobular 
masses. The anatomical structures are in perfect 
accordance with those of the type-specimen. There 
are no indications of a basal attachment, and it has 
apparently been freely floating about for a consider- 
able period. I have since received a small specimen, 
not quite two inches long by one inch wide, without 
the lobular projections, and lke the larger ones 
without any indication of basal attachment. 


Microctona Fictitia, Plates XXIII & LXXXII. 


Early in February, 1873, I received from Miss 
Oliver, a dealer in natural-history specimens at 
Hastings, several specimens of sponges fresh from off 
the Diamond ground. Among them was an old oyster- 
shell three inches in width, around the inside edge of 
the gibbous shell there was a thick incrustation for 
about an inch in width, and smaller patches were also 
on the margin of the inside of the flat shell. When 


ADDITIONS. 398 


alive, the colour was a deep flesh-red, and it retained 
that colour, but of a lighter tint when dried. The 
structural characters were precisely the same as those 
of the specimens previously described, with the addi- 
tion of gemmules which I had not observed in either 
of the other specimens. These organs were mem- 
branous and aspiculous, and some of them were filled 
with well-developed spherical molecules. 


HyYMENIACIDON coccINBA, Plate XXX. 


Among the sponges I received for examination from 
the Liverpool Museum, there was a specimen of this 
species, parasitical on the stems of a slender fucus, 
binding them together into an irregular elongate mass 
about three inches in length. The surface in the 
dried specimen was of the same colour as that of the 
type one and somewhat more uneven and rugged, and 
the structural characters were the’ same in both. It 
was found in Belfast Lough, in 1872, by Mr. Thomas 
Higegin, of Huyton, near Liverpool. 


FLYMENIACIDON PLACENTULA, Plate LX XII. 


Since the description of this species in the present 
volume p. 185, I have received a third specimen of 
this sponge for examination from the Rev. A. M. 
Norman, labelled “ Shetland Haaf.” It is very like 
the one represented in Plate LXXIT, fig 5, but about 
an inch less in length. In its anatomical characters 
it is precisely the same. 


HanicHonpria GLasra, Plate XLI. 


Among some other sponges obtained at Hastings, I 
found a specimen of H. glabra, parasitical on a sertu- 
laria, in the form of a thin, flat, irregularly-formed cake 

23 


354 ADDITIONS. 


of sponge, rather exceeding an inch and a quarter in 
diameter. The external surfaces of both sides were 
the same. The _ type-specimen from Scarborough 
thinly coats a mass of sandstone, and it is interesting 
and instructive to find a specimen of the same species 
under such differences of form and location. 


Haricuonpria Parrersoni, Plate XLVI. 
Raputopesma Sorpipa, Plate LXXVI. 


Among some specimens I received from one of the 
Hastings trawlers from the Diamond ground, on a 
branch of Sertularia filicula there were two specimens 
of sponges, one above the other. The upper one was 
an irregular but compact dark-brown mass, three 
fourths of an inch in its greatest diameter, of Halichon- 
dria Pattersoni; the lower one, immediately beneath 
I. Patterson, was an irregular shrivelled elongate 
specimen of Iaphiodesma sordida, exceeding an inch in 
length and about a quarter of an inch in breadth, of a 
dull, ochreous, yellow colour, in the dried state. Both 
sponges are in an excellent state of preservation, and 
in every respect they agree in their anatomical struc- 
tures with the types of their species. 


RaruiopEsMa LINGUA, Plate LXXVII. 


The Rev. A. M. Norman has informed me that he 
has a specimen of this species from Shetland that is 
eleven inches in height, six and three quarters in breadth 
near the base, four inches near the middle, and one and 
a quarter inch in thickness. Its form is irregularly 
tongue-shaped. It would thus appear that this species 
frequently attains to a considerable size. 


qo 
Or 
wr 


ADDITIONS. 


Isoptcrya pensa, Plate L. 


Among the sponges sent to me for examination from 
the Liverpool Museum, there was a box containing 
numerous fragments of this species. They were in an 
excellent state of preservation, and in every character 
were in perfect unison with the type-specimens from 
Polperro by Mr. Norman. 


IsopictyA Hynpmant, Bowerbank. 
Halichondria Hyndmani, Plate XLVI. 


From the very thin deposit of this sponge on the 
shells of Pecten opercularis, on which it is usually found, 
and from the complicated nature of its growth, it is 
very often diffcult to determine the genus, as unless 
the specimen of an Isodictya be viewed in a section at 
right angles to its surface, it is very apt to be mis- 
taken for a Halichondria, and this has been my case in 
describing this species, in the first instance, from the 
limited number of specimens in my possession. In 
re-examining a considerable number of fresh ones in a 
much finer condition than those on which I founded the 
species, Halichondria Hyndmani, I have been irresist- 
ibly led to the conclusion that the species is truly an 
Isodictya. A certain amount of alteration in the 
specific description will, therefore, be necessary, and I 
propose that the following should be substituted for 
the original one, page 264, Vol II. 


Tsopiotya Hynpuant, Bowerbans. 


Sponge.—Thinly coating or branching, and an- 
astomosing; branches issuing from small attenuated 
bases, slightly compressed, terminations corymbose. 


356 ADDITIONS. 


Surface rugose, hispid. Oscula and pores incon- 
spicuous. Dermal membrane thin, transparent, 
furnished with a few dispersed bidentate inequi- 
anchorate retentive spicula. Skeleton.—Primary and 
secondary lines nearly equally spiculous, disposition 
of the skeleton irregular and more or less con- 
fused, lines usually bi- or trispiculous. Spicula atten- 
uato-acuate, semi-spined basally, rather stout. Internal 
defensive spicula attenuato-acuate, entirely spined, few 
in number. Interstitial membranes. Tension spicula 
cylindrical, slender, and flexuous; retentive spicula 
bidentate inequi-anchorate, minute, dispersed, and 
simple and contort bi-pocillated anchorate  spicula, 
minute, dispersed. Sarcode abundant, dense and 
purple in the dried state. 

Colour. —Alive, light yellow; Rev. Walter Gregor ; 
purple; J. S. Bowerbank. In spirits, dark purple ; 
when dried, brown with a tinge of purple. 

Habitat—Strangford Lough; Messrs. G. C. Hynd- 
man and Wm. Thompson. Moray Firth; Rey. W. 
Gregor. Hastings; J. 8. Bowerbank. 

Examined. —From spirit, alive and dry. 

This sponge is usually found on shells of Pecten 
opercularis, but I have once found it parasitical on a 
slender branching zoophyte which it closely embraced 
in a thin leaf-like form, about two inches in height. 


Isopictya rnpistincta, Plate LIT. 


In examining a series of duplicate specimens of 
Halichondria incrustans, I found among them a 
specimen so different in its external characters as to 
induce me to make a microscopical examination of it, 
and it proved to be the largest specimen of Isodictya 
indistincta I had yet seen. Jt is a widely conical- 
formed mass, the apex of the cone being the base of the 
sponge. It is firmly attached to a small fragment of a 
bivalve shell, about an inch in breadth, and from this 


ADDITIONS. 357 


it gradually expands until it attains a breadth of three 
and a quarter inches at its distal extremity, a height 
of three and three quarter inches, and a thickness of 
one and a half inch. One side of the sponge is 
eibbous, and the other flat and worn as if by attrition. 
On the convex side there are numerous dispersed 
simple oscula, one only exceeding the eighth of an inch 
in diameter. In form, size, and general appearance it 
differs to a great extent from the figured specimens of 
the species represented in Vol. III, Plate LI, figs. 1 
and 2. But in its anatomical characters it is identical 
with the structures of those specimens, and strikingly 
so with the dermal peculiarities of the species; the 
large irregular aspiculous porous areas being very 
abundantly produced. 


Desmacipon coprosa, Plate LX XXII. 


Among some British sponges received from Miss 
Oliver, there was a specimen of this species two 
inches in length and rather more than one inch in 
width, and about half an inch in thickness. When 
alive it was of a dull flesh-red colour and rather firm 
to the touch, and in its structure it was much more 
solid and compact than the type-specimen represented 
in Plate LXXXII, fig. 2. I received also at the same 
time an oyster-shell encrusted with Microciona fictitia, 
and upon the shell there grew a specimen of sertularia 
filicula, parasitical, in the midst of which there was 
another specimen of D. copiosa, binding the fronds of 
the zoophyte together into a mass an inch and a half 
in length by an inch in width. This specimen in form 
was very like the type one. 


Cratina Freminer, Plate LX VIII. 


Among some old stones received from my kind 
friend Mr. C. W. Peach, I found a specimen of a 


358 ADDITIONS. 


branching sponge very like a stunted specimen of 
Chalina oculata, but with distinctive characters in its 
form, that induced me to examine it more closely, and 
on submitting sections of it to microscopical examina- 
tion im Canada balsam it proved to be a specimen of 
CG. Fleming in a very much more developed state 
than the fragment figured in Plate LXVIITI, fig. 1, as 
the type of the species with which, in its anatomical 
details, it agreed perfectly. In the type-specimen, 
which appears to me to have been but a portion of a 
more perfect specimen, the form is more or less 
latticed by inosculating branches ; but in the specimen 
now under consideration the general aspect of its form 
is very like that of Chalina oculata. It has a short 
stout pedicel an inch in height, and above this divides 
into numerous branches, dichotomously or trichoto- 
mously which frequently assume more or less of a com- 
pressed fan-like shape, and the distal terminations of 
the branches, unlike those of C. oculata, are thick 
and very obtuse; the oscula were small and simple 
and irregularly dispersed, not exhibiting any disposi- 
tion to lateral linear arrangement as in the branches 
of C. oculata. The height of the sponge is three and 
a half inches, and its greatest breadth two inches. 
These differences in the forms of the two species are 
of considerable importance in their discrimination. 


CHALINA INORNATA, Plate LXXXITI. 


Since the figuring of the type-specimen of this 
species I have received several specimens from the 
Rey. A. M. Norman who found them in Bantry Bay. 
They are about the same size as the Cornish one, and 
they fortunately had the dermal membranes in a fine 
state of preservation, thus enabling me to correct and 
complete the specific characters of the species. In the 
Bantry Bay specimens, the dermal membrane is abun- 
dantly spiculous and the spicula are nearly all of them 


ADDITIONS. 309 


of the large acuate form that I described in the struc- 
ture of the sponge, Vol. I, page 277, in treating of the 
skeleton spicula, as ‘‘ small and slender, numerous, and 
the same form, large and long.” They are irregularly 
disposed and among them there are a few bihamate 
retentive spicula, none of which were observed in the 
examination of the small fragments of the dermal mem- 
brane of the type-specimen. A few of the smaller 
descriptions of acuate spicula were intermixed with the 
larger forms in the dermal membrane, and on the 
interstitial membranes the small slender ones were 
very much more abundant than on the same tissues in 
the Bantry Bay ones. The great difference in the size 
of the tension spicula in the two forms of membrane is 
an unusual circumstance, and it thus becomes an 
important specific character in the discrimination of 
the species. The dermal membrane is rather thick, 
and in the dried state it is of a lheht fawn-yellow 
colour, and from its general appearance it is very 
probable that in the living state the surface would be 
smooth and even. Under these circumstances the 
following should be substituted for the specific 
character in page 277, of the present volume. 


Cuatina tnornata, Bowerbans. 


Sponge, massive, sessile. Surface smooth and even. 
Oscula simple, dispersed. Pores inconspicuous. Dermal 
membrane, stout, abundantly spiculous ; spicula acuate, 
large, irregularly dispersed, and a few of the same 
form small and slender, retentive spicula; bihamate, 
simple and contort, few in number. Skeleton. Rete 
rather coarse and open, irregular, abundantly spiculous ; 
spicula subfusiformi-acuate, very rarely acerate, small 
and slender, numerous; and the same form large and 
long as in the dermis, few in number near the circum- 
ference of the fibre. Interstitial membranes, abun- 
dantly spiculous, spicula small and slender. 


360 ADDITIONS. 


Colowr.—In the dried state, light fawn-yellow. 

Habitat.—Parasitical on stems of large fuci. Mounts 
Bay, Cornwall ; J.S. Bowerbank. Bantry Bay, Ireland ; 
Rey. A. M. Norman. 

Heamined.—In the dried state. 


CORRIGENDA. 


THe terminology in Volume I of this work was 
gradually constructed long before the systematic ex- 
amination of the species was effected, and during the 
latter portion of the work in Volume IL, many corvec- 
tions became necessary in the names of both genera 
and species. I have therefore thought it advisable to 
record these alterations for the information of students 
who will find all such corrections by reference to the 
series of numbers descriptive of the figures in the 
Plates of Volume III. 


VOL. I. 


No. 9, vol. i, p. 230, for Hulichondria infundibuliformis, Johnston, 
read Lsodictya infundibuliformis, Bowerbank. 

No. 44, vol. 1, p. 234, for Hymeniacodon Bucklandi, read Bat- 
tersbyia Buckland. 

Nos. 102—108, vol. i, p. 245. The sponges whence the foliato- 
peltate spicula were obtained were not known at the time of the 
publication of vol.i; since then I have had the opportunity of 
examining and describing many specimens of siliceo-fibrous sponges, 
in the ‘ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London,’ and in the 
expansile dermal system of one of them, from St. Vincent, West 
Indies, in the collection of the British Museum, which I have desig- 
nated Dactylocaly« polydiscus, ‘ P. Z.8.,’ 1869, page 96, pl. vi, figs. 10 
and 11, I have found the peltate spicula iz sit, which are evidently 
the same as those represented in vol. i,‘ Mon. Brit. Spongiade,’ 
plate iv, figs. 102 and 103, and probably fig. 108, plate v. In 
another sponge, in the collection of the British Museum, from St. 
Michael’s, Azores, presented by Robert McAndrew, Exsq., I found 
the spicula represented in plate v, figs. 104—107, ‘Mon. Brit. 
Spongiade,’ in si/d in the expansile dermal system. These spicula 
are represented in plate v, figs. 3—5, ‘ P. Z.8.,’ 1869. 

Nog. 123—127, vol. i, p. 248, for Halichondria Hyndmani, read 
Isodictya Hyndmant. ais 


362 CORRIGENDA. 


Nos. 141—148, vol. i, p. 250, for Spongia plumosa, Montagu, read 
Microciona plumosa, Bowerbank. 
No. 147, vol. i, p. 251, for Hymeniacidon lingua, read Raphiodesma 
ingua. 

Nos. 257, 258, vol. i, p. 253, for Aleyoncellum robusta, read Poly- 
mastia robusta, Bowerbank. 

No. 274, vol. i, p. 274, for McAndrewsia, Gray, read Dactylocalyz, 
McAndrewii, Bowerbank, ‘ P. Z. 8.,’ 1869, p. 86. 

No. 287, vol. i, p. 275, for Chalina seriata, read Ophlitaspongia 
seriata, Bowerbank. 

No. 297, vol. i, p. 277, for Hymeniacidon lingua, read Raphiodesma 
lingua, Bowerbank. 


VOL. II. 


Page 78, line 8, for spiculate spicula, read spinulate spicula. 

Page 172. In specifie character of H. consimilis, line 6, for 
depressed, read dispersed. 

Page 177, 4th line from bottom of page, for Hymeniacidon Alderi, 
read Lsodictya Alderi. 

Page 270, 6th line from bottom, for Chalina ficus, read Hymenia- 
cidon ficus. 

Page 198, Hymeniacidon jecusculum, line 7, for spicula acerate, 
read spicula acuate. ; 

Index. Hymeniacidon virqultosa, for page 393, read 193. 

Page 235, line 9, for fascicula, read fasciculi. 


VOL. III. 


Page 59, for Plate LX XIX, read Plate LX XXII. 
Plate LXXIV, and pp. 208 and 216, for tegetecula, read 
tegeticula. 


A LIST 
OF THE 


BRITISH GENERA OF SPONGES, 


WITH THE NUMBER OF SPECIES OF EACH FIGURED IN 
VOLUME III. 


Order 1.—CALCARBA. 


Grantia ; ; : : ~ A 
Leucosolenia : : - ? . 4 
Leuconia : : } j a 
Leucogy psia : ; ; ; ae 1a 


Order 2.—St1LtcBa. 
Geodia—Sub-order 1 
Pachymatisma 
Normania 
Ecionemia 
Polymastia 
Halyphysema 
Ciocalypta 
Tethea . 
Halicnemia 
Dictyocylindrus 
Phakellhia 
Microciona 
Hymeraphia 
Hymedesmia 
Raphiodesma : : 
Hymeniacidon—Sub-order 2 
Battersbyia . 
Halichandri Sule order 3 . 
Isodictya 5 : 
Spongilla 3 : 
Desmacidon * 4. 
Raphyrus 7 
Diplodemia 3 


a 


ia i 
PRN ER OEP NENOWNNRPOANWNMOWHHH 


ow 


a 


Or 


Order 3.—JKERATOSA. 


Spongionella—Swb-order 1 
Chalina * 3 
Ophlitaspongia i 

Verongia < 4 
Dysidea i 7 


Drew or 


bo 
eS 
or) 


LN DEX. 


The references to the pages in this Index are to the descriptions of the 
new species in the Supplement and to those in Corrigenda. The references 
to the species described in Vol. II will be found in the Index to that 
volume, and also accompanying the descriptions of the Plates in Vol. IIT. 


Battersbyia Bucklandi, xcii, p. 346 
British genera, list of, 364 


Chalina cervicornis, lxvii 
Flemingii, Ixviii, p. 357 
gracilenta, xvii 
Grantii, Ixvili 
inornata, lxxxiii, pp.277, 358 
limbata, Ixvii 
Montaguu, Ixvii 
oculata, Ixvi 

Ciocalypta Leei, Ixxxvi, p. 296 

penicillus, xi 

Corrigenda, 361 


Desmacidon egagropila, Ixiii-Ixxxiii 
cavernula, lxxxii, p. 268 
columella, lxxviii, p.243 
constrictus, lxxi, p. 183 
copiosa, Ixxxii, pp. 265, 
357 
fruticosa, lxi 
incognitus, lxxxv, p.292 
Jeffreysii, lxii 
pannosus, lxxxix, p.312 
Peachii, lxiii 
rotalis, xe, p. 327 
similaris, Ixxxix, p. 319 
Dictyocylindrus aculeatus, xXXl 
fascicularis, xvi 
hispidus, xvii 
Howsei, xix 
pumilus, xix 


Dictyocylindrus radiosus, xx 
ramosus, Xvi 
rectangulus, lxxxiv, 

p. 281 

rugosus, XX 
stuposus, x1x 
ventilabrum, xvi 
virgultosus, xix 

Diplodemia vesicula, lxx 

Dysidea fragilis, lxix 

coriacea, xci, p. 341 


Ecionemia coactura, lxxxii, p. 269 
compressa, 1x 
ponderosa, viii, p. 352 


Geodia Zetlandica, vii 

Grantia ciliata, ii 
compressa, 
ensata, ii 
tessellata, ii 


Halichondria albula, xlv 
ambigua, lxxiv, p. 213 
angulata, xli 
Batei, xlvi 
caduca, xli 
candida, xliv 
coalita, xli 
Couchii, lxxiii, p. 203 
corrugata, xl 
Dickiei, xlv 
distorta, xlii 


366 


Halichondria 


Halicnemia patera, xv 
Halyphysema ramulosa, xiii 


Hymedesmia indistincta, Ixxxvii, p. 


Hymeniacidon albescens, xxxi 


INDEX. 


edusa, Ixxili, p. 201 
expansa, lxxiv, p. 212 
falcula, lxxiv, p. 208 | 
farinaria, lxx 

foliata, lxxiii, p. 198 
forcipis, xliii 

glabra, xli, p. 353 
granulata, xlv 
Hyndmani, xlvi 
incerta, xli 
inconspicua, xli 
incrustans, xliv 
Ingalli, xlvi 
inornatus, xlvii 
irregularis, xliv 
Melntoshii, xci, p. 340 
mutula, lxxiv, p. 209 
nigricans, xlv 
panicea, xxxix, xl 
Pattersoni, xlvi, p. 354 
pulchella, xlvi 
regularis, Ixxiii, p. 202 
scandens, xlv 

simplex, xlvii 

subdola, xliii 
Thompsoni, xliv 


Tumanowiczii. Vol. I, 
p. XXX 


304 
inflata, lxxix 
occulta, lxxix 
radiata, xxviii, xxix 
simplicima, lxxx, p.253 
stellata, xxviii 
Zetlandica, xxix 


Aldousii, xcii, p. 247 
armatura, XXx1V 
aurea, XXxiV 
Brettii, xxx 
Bucklandi, xxxvili 
carnosa, XXXv1 
caruncula, xxxii 
celata, Xxxvili 
clavigera, Xxxvii 
coccinea, xxx, p. 353 
consimilis, xxxiii 
crustula, xxxiv 
Dujardinii, xxxviii 
fallaciosus, xxxi 
fallax, xxxili 

fieus, xxxvi 


Hymeniacidon firmus, Ixxii, p. 186 


foliatus, lxxi, p. 182 
fragilis, xxx 
gelatinosa, Xxxviil 
lactea, xxxii-Ixxiv 
macilenta, xxxili 
mammeata, xxxili 
medius, Ixxxv, p. 291 
membrana, xxxii 
pachyderma, xxxiv 
paupertas, xxxvii 
perarmatus, xxxi 
perlevis, xxxiv 
placentula, lxxii, pp. 
189, 353 
plumiger, lxxii, p.191 
radiosa, lxxii, p. 187 
reticulatus, xxxi 
sanguinea, Xxxli 
subclavata, xxxvii 
suberea, Xxxvi 
sulphurea, xxxvli 
tegeticula, lxxiv, p. 
216 
Thomasii, xxx 
variantia, xxxiii 
virgultosa, XXxV 
viridans, xxxili 


Hymeraphia clavata, xxvi 


coronula, lxxix 
simplex, lxxx, p. 255 
stellifera, xxvii 
vermiculata, xxvi 
verticillata, xxvii 


Introduction, v 
Isodictya Alderi, lvi 


anomala, | 

Barleei, lvii 

Beanii, lviii 

cinerea, xlvili 
Clarkei, lvi 

clava, lili 

coriacea, lxxvi, p. 228 
densa, 1 

dichotoma, li 
dissimilis, lv 

dubia, xe, p. 325 
Edwardii, lviii 
elegans, xlix 

fallax, li 

filamenta, Ixxxv, p. 286 
fimbriata, lviti 
fistulosa, li 
fucorum, lvi 


* Halichondria indefinita, xlix 


INDEX. 367 


Isodictya gracilis, lvii 
Gregori, | 
Hyndmani, xlvi, p. 355 
initata, Ixxvi, p. 226 
incerta, Ixxxix, p. 314 
indistincta, li, p. 356 
infundibuliformis, liv 
Tngalli, xxviii, p. 241 
invalida, Ixxxv, p. 289 
jugosa, | 
laciniosa, Ixxv, p. 219 
lobata, lviii 
lurida, lviii-lxxxii 
luteosa, Ixxxv, p. 288 
mammeata, li 
McAndrewii, xlix 
Normani, lvi 
obseura, Ixxvi & Ixxxvii, p. 

224 
pallida, | 
palmata, li 
parasitica, xlix 
paupera, lv 
Peachii, xlviii 
permollis, xlvint 
pocillum, ii 
pygmea, lvi 
ramusculus, li 
rosea, xlix 
rugosa, xci, p. 332 
simplex, xliv—l 
snnulans, li 
simulo, xlvii 
tumulosa, xcu, p. dL: 
uniformis, lv 
Varians, xlvii-lxxxviii, p. 
307 


Leucogypsia Gossel, vi 
Leuconia fistulosa, v 
nivea, Vv 
pumila, vi 
Somesii, xci, p. 234 
Leucosolenia botryoides, iii 
contorta, ili 
coriacea, iii 
lacunosa, 1v 
List of British genera, 364 


Microciona ambigua, xxv 
armata, Xx1 


Microciona astrasanguinea, xxiv 
fallax, xxiil 
fictitia, xxiii-lxxxii, pp. 

265, 352 

fraudator, Ixxxiii, p. 275 
jecusculum, Ixxxiii, p.274 
Kentu, lxxxix, p. 317 
leevis, xxiii 
plumosa, xxiv 
simplicima, Ixxiii, p. 204 
spinulenta, xxiv 


Normania crassa, lxxxi, p. 258 


Ophlitaspongia papilla, Ixx 
serlata, lxv 


Pachymatisma Johnstonia, viii 
Phakellia robusta, xxi 
ventilabrum, xxii 
Polymastia brevis, xi 
bulbosa, x 
conigera, Ixxi1, p. 192 
mammnillaris, xu 
ornata, ix 
radiosa, Xi 
robusta, x 
spinula, xi 


Raphiodesma floreum, xxxvii 
lingua, Ixxvii, xlvil, pp. 
237, 354 
simplissima, xe, p. 324 
sordida, lxxvi, pp. 230, 
354 


Raphyrus Griffithsii, lxiv 


Spongilla fluviatilis, lix 
lacustris, lx 
Parfitti, Ixxxvi, p. 298 
sceptrifera, lxxxvi, p. 300 
Spongionella pulchella, lxv 


Tethea Collingsii, xv 
cranium, xiv, lxxxix, p. 315 
Lyncurium, xv 
Schmidtii, xv 
spinosa, Ixxxui 
spinularia, xv 


Verongia Zetlandica, lxx 


PRINTED BY J. E, ADLARD, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE. 


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