SPECIES. “GOYERNWENT QUBENSTAND La DIDDAMS: & Lek ADELAIDE 8 TREE, & BRISBANE. 1902 CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Cornell University The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924084809247 THE QUEENSLAND FLORA: BY F. MANSON BAILEY, F.LS., COLONIAL BOTANIST OF QUEENSLAND. WITH PLATES ILLUSTRATING SOME RARE SPECIES. PART VI. ALISMACEH TO FILICES. PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE QUEENSLAND GOVERNMENT. QUEENSLAND PRINTED BY H. J. DIDDAMS & CO., ADELAIDE STREET, BRISBANE. 1902 H. J. Dippams & CO., PRINTERS, ADELAIDE STREET, BRISBANE. PREFACE TO PART VI. Tr is customary in the concluding volume, or part of publications like the present, to take the opportunity of making a few remarks with regard to features of the work which may seem to require explanation. It was my intention to have given in this Part a general index of the whole work, but as the pages have far exceeded in number what I at first anticipated, I thought it better, under the circumstances, to dispense with this very useful feature. The additions comprise all those plants which came to our know- ledge too late for inserting in their proper places during the three years the work has been in process; and also references to plates given in the first two volumes of Mr. James Britten's excellent “ Illustrated Botany of Captain ‘Cook’s First Voyage.” This work having been commenced after the Queensland Flora, references to the plates could not be made in the proper places, and not to have referred to them would have been a loss to the Flora. It will be noticed that in a few instances I have deviated from the nomenclature of the Genera Plantarum of Bentham and Hooker, but in doing this I have only followed Sir J. D. Hooker’s later work, the ‘Flora of British India.”’ However, even in this I have not adopted any change which, in my opinion, would be confusing to persons using the ‘“ Flora’”’ and other works on the plants of Queensland. Although where information has been obtained, either from persons or publications, it will be found duly acknowledged, I feel it due to Dr. W. E. Roth, the northern Protector of Aboriginals, to express my special thanks for the very great trouble he has taken to furnish me with authentic informa- ‘tion regarding the aboriginal names and uses of so many of the northern plants; thus adding to the present work a feature not to be found in any previous publication on the Australian plants. To the numerous other persons who have furnished me with similar information I have also to express my gratitude; the notes, however, in many instances, have been much abbreviated. In conclusion, I must acknowledge the loyal help which my son has rendered me during the progress of the work. [For all errors and imper- fections I crave the indulgence of all who may refer to the work for information regarding the Queensland plants. F.M.B. lst Decemser, 1902. DATES OF PUBLICATIONS. Part IV... aes a8 a ae ee ... September, 1901 a a a a ae a ee ae Part VI... i eae sah sae ah ... December, 1902 LIST OF PLATES. (Continued), To face page. Pratt LXXVIT.—Sporobolus Benthami - 1880 Prats LXXVIII.—Cynodon tenellus + 1893 Puate LXXIX.—Cynodon convergens . 1893 Prats LXXX.—Astrebla pectinata - - 1897 Puats LXXXI.— ,, “i var. triticoides - 1897 Prats LXXXII.— ,, is var. curvifolia 1897 Puate LXXXIII.— ,, o var. elymoides 1897 Puatte LXXXIV.—Eragrostis Rankingi 1907 Prats LXXXV.—Eragrostis stricta 1907 Prare LXXXVI—Heterachne Brownii 1909 Puatre LXXXVII.—Marsilea Brownii, M. angustifolia, M. hirsuta, M. Drummondii 1929 Puare LXXXVIII.—Callistemon Polandii 2003. ConsPECTUS OF THE ORDERS - Orprr CXLVII. CXLVIII. CXLIX. CL. CLI. CLIL. CLIII. CLIV. CLV. CLVI. Alismacesze Naiadese Eriocaules Centrolepidese Restiacese Cyperacese Graminee Lycopodiaces Marsileacese Filices ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS CONTENTS, Page. 1702 1704 1713 1718 1720 1726. 1807 1922, 1928 1930 1996 THE QUEENSLAND FLORA. Cuass IIT. MONOCOTYLEDONS. Serres VI. Apocarp£.—i to 2-seriate or wanting. Ovary superior, of one or more distinct 1 or more ovulate carpels. Seed exalbuminous. CXLVII. Atismacem. Flowers hermaphrodite, monccious or diwcious. Perianth regular, segments 6, 2-seriate, the outer herbacevus inner membranous. Aquatic or marsh plants, leaves most frequently radical. Embryo complicate-hippocrepic. CXLVIII. Natapacem. Flowers monecious, diccious or hermaphrodite. Perianth regular, segments 2, 3, 4, or 6, herbaceous or wanting. Aquatic or rarely marsh plants, leaves various. Embryo macropodous. ae Serres VII. Grumaces.—Flowers sessile within imbricate bracts or glumes, in heads or spikelets. Perianth nore or scarious or glume-like and usually concealed within the bracts. Ovary 1-ovulate or with 1-ovulute cells. Seeds albuminous. CXLIX. Errocautez. Flowers unisexual in head, usually androgynous. Perianth segments 6 or fewer, small and scarious or hyaline. Ovary 3 or 2-celled; ovules pendulous. CL. CenrroteripEx. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous. No perianth. Stamen 1, Ovary of 1 or 2 or more cells; ovule pendulous. Small tufted plants. CLI. Restiacez. Flowers usually unisexual. Perianth of 6 rarely fewer, glume-like segments usually exceeding the bracts. Stamens 3. Ovary 1, 2 or 3-celled; ovule pendulous. Habit that of the rushes and sedges. Leaf sheaths with free margins. CLII. Cyrzracex. Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual. Perianth none or of small scales or bristles concealed within the bracts, very rarely of 6 glume-like segments, Stamens various. Ovary 1-celled ; ovule erect. Leaf sheaths with the margins connate. CLIII. Grammvem. Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual. Perianth none. Stamens various, Style-branches usually feathery. Ovary 1-celled, ovule erect. Lesf-sheaths with free margins, Crass IV. ACOTYLEDONS. No real flowers. Fructification in the Orders mentioned consisting of spore cases enclosing spores, CLIV. Lycopopracem. Spore-cases sessile in the axils of radical or cauline leaves or bracts. CLV. Marsintace®. No true leaves. Fronds circinnate in vernation; barren ones linear or with a leaf-like lamina, fertile ones forming an urticle or closed involucre including the spore cases. CLVI. Fruices. No true leaves. Fronds circinnate in vernation (except in Ophioglossea), the fertile ones bearing the spore-cases on their under surface or margins. Part VI. B 1702 CXLVII. ALISMACEZ. OrperR CXLVIT. ALISMACEA. Flowers hermaphrodite or wunisexual, regular. Perianth when perfect of 6 segments, imbricate in 2 series, the 8 outer ones membranous or herbaceous, the 8 inner larger and petal-like, often very fugacious. Stamens 6, 9 or indefinite, hypogynous or slightly connected with the base of the segments, but when isomerous with them not usually opposite their centres ; filaments filiform or flattened ; anthers erect, with 2 parallel cells opening laterally in longitudinal slits. Ovary of 3,6 or many carpels, quite distinct or shortly connate, each tapering into a short style or with 2 sessile terminal stigma; ovules 1, 2 or few, - erect from the base of the cavity, or the funicle of the inner one shortly adnate to the inner angle, or numerous and parietal. In fruit the carpels ripen into indehiscent nutlets, or when several-seeded are variously dehiscent. Seeds erect or when several ascending or spreading, with a thin testa and inner membrane ; no albumen. Embryo either straight and of the shape of the seed, or more frequently horse-shoe shaped ; radicle inferior—Marsh or water plants. Leaves radical on long petioles. Flowering stems leafless, or rarely, in species not Australian, leafy. Flowers in terminal umbels,-racemes and panicles. eee Order is represented in the marshes, ponds, and shallow waters of most parts of the globe. : Trise I. Alismege.—Fruit of 3 or more achenes. Perianth perfect. Flowers pedicellate, paniculate, umbellate or almost racemose. Carpels 1-seeded, indehiscent, scarcely beaked. . . . . . «© » . « © 1. Arisma. Carpels 2-seeded, tapering into divaricate beaks falling off by a transverse rupture near the base Ce & we ee we a & 2. Dastssonrum: Tame Il. Butomee.—Fruit of follicles. Carpels many-seeded, dehiscent along the inner suture . . . . . . . 3. Buromorsis. 1. ALISMA, Linn. (Derived from the Celtic word for water.) Flowers usually hermaphrodite. Perianth of 6 segments, 3 outer ones membranous or almost herbaceous, 3 inner large and petal-like. Stamens 6. Ovules solitary in each carpel. Fruit-carpels indehiscent, either about 6 or numerous, arranged in a ring round the depressed axis, or (in species not Australian separated by some into a distinet genus) irregularly crowded in a globular head. Seed ovate or oblong with a horse-shoe embryo.— Aquatic herbs, erect or in species not Australian floating, with radical leaves on long petioles. Flowers either in a terminal umbel with or without whorls of pedicellate flowers below it, or in a panicle with whorled branches, each bearing a similar umbel. The genus is widely spread over the temperate and warm regions of the globe. Carpels 6 or fewer, rarely 7 or 8. Leaves deeply cordate with a narrow sinus, the outer primary veins on each side confluent in the auricles, transverse veinlets not very close and more or less connected by reticulations. Carpels about 3 lines long, hard, often muricate . . . . . =. 3. 1A; acanthocarpum. Carpels under 2 lines long, smooth or tuberculate, the pericarp not very hard . 2. A. oligococcum. Leaves broadly cordate or reniform, the primary ‘veins all distinct, transverse veinlets very numerous and closely parallel. Carpels somewhat drupaceous . . 6 1. ee ww. 8 AL reniforme. 1. A. acanthocarpum (fruit spiny), F. v. M. Fragm. i. 28, viii. 214; Benth, Fl. Austr. vii. 185. Leaves broadly ovate or orbicular, deeply cordate with a narrow sinus and angular auricles, glandular-dotted, with 11 to 17 primary nerves, the outer ones on each side confluent within the margin of the auricles, the transverse veinlets not very close and often connected by reticula- tions. Panicle usually 6 to 9in. long and broad, the branches and pedicels 3 or ‘ Alisma] CXLVII. ALISMACE As. 1708 4 in each whorl, the bracts under the whorls more herbaceous than in other species, the lowest often above lin. long and shortly connate at the base. Outer perianth-segments ovate, striate, persistent, about 1 line long; inner ones twice as large, of a pale pink, very fugaceous. Fruit-carpels usually 6 or fewer but sometimes 7 or 8, the largest of the genus, being about 3 lines long when ripe, the pericarp hard and rather thick, with 3 or 4 dorsal ribs more or less muricate, 2 or more of the prickles often conical and very prominent. Hab.: Gulf of Carpentaria, Gulliver; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy ; Mount Elliott, Iitzalan. 2. A. oligococcum (fruits few). F. rv. Mf. Fraqm. i. 28, viii. 214; Benth. Fl, Austr. vii. 185. Closely allied to A. acanthocarpum. Leaves the same, with the same narrow basal sinus glandular dots and almost pedate venation. Flowers also similar, in a‘broad panicle with the lower bracts leafy, but smaller or more slender than in that species. Carpels usually only 2 or 3 perfect 14 or rarel 2 lines long, very obtuse, the 8 or 4 prominent dorsal ribs smooth or tuberculaté but not muricate.—A. qlandulosum, Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 832. Hab.: Moreton Bay, J/. Hill, F. v. Mueller; Herbert's Creek and Gainsford, Bowman; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy ; also in Ceylon and East India. 3. A. reniforme (kidney form), Don. Prod. Fl. Nep. 22; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 186. Leaves orbictilar-cordate or reniform, 14 to 4in. long and often broader than long, very obtuse, with 18 to 17, usually 15 primary nerves, the transverse veinlets very numerous fine and closely parallel. Panicle very large, with long verticillate branches not numerous in each whorl. Outer perianth-segments nearly orbicular, many-nerved, about 2 lines long. Carpels 6 or fewer, rarely 7 or 8, thick and more or less drupaceous, with several usually 7 or 9 dorsal ribs not tuberculate, the style rather slender, adnate to the inner edge to near the summit. —Wight, Ic. t. 322. Hab.: Burnett River, F. v. Mueller; Rockhampton, O’Shanesy ; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy. The species is also common in many parts of East India. 2. DAMASONIUM, Juss. (From supposed medicinal qualities.) (Actinocarpus, R. Br.). Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth of 6 segments, 3 outer ones membranous, 3 inner larger and petal-like and very fugacious. Stamens 6. Ovules 2 ip each earpel. Fruit carpels 6 to 9 or rarely more, laterally flattened, adnate by their broad base to the convex of conical receptacle, tapering into a beak, spreading, when ripe usually breaking off transversely near the base. Seeds 2 or solitary by abortion. Embryo horse-shoe shaped.—Aquatic or marsh herbs, with the habit of the annual Alismas. - Besides the Australian species which is endemic, the genus comprises a few others from the northern hemisphere, all are closely allied to each other and possibly varieties of one. 1. D. australe (Australian), Salisb.; Kunth. Knum. iii, 155; Benth. I'l Austr. vii. 186. A tufted glabrous annual. Leaves all radical, on long petioles, from ovate-cordate to lanceolate, 1 to 2in. long with 3 or 5 primary nerves con- nected by several rather distant transverse veins and these again by numerous cross parallel veinlets. Stems leafless, Gin. to 1ft. high, flowering from about the middle, with verticillate branches either all 1-flowered and 4 to lin. long, or some of them elongated bearing an umbel of 5 to 10 flowers. Outer perianth- segments scarcely above 4 line long; inner ones rather larger but exceedingly fugacious. Carpels usually about 9, but varying from 5 to 10, breaking off when ripe by a transverse somewhat curved line, usually dropping the lower seed 1704 CXLYII. ALISMACEA. [Damasunium. and carrying off the upper one with it. Seeds oblong, tuberculate—F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 215 ; Actinocarpus minor, R. Br. Prod. 848; Alisma minus, Spreng. Syst. ii. 168. Hab.: Herbert's Creek, Bowman; North Queensland, Armit; Tambourine Mi., Rev. B. Scortechint. 3. BUTOMOPSIS, Kunth. (Butomus-like.) (Tenagocharis, Hochst.) Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth of 6 segments, 8 outer ones thinly mem- branous, reticulate, 8 inner rather larger, petal-like but very thin and transparent, fugacious. Stamens 8 or 9. Ovules numerous in each carpel. Fruit-carpels 6 or sometimes 7, slightly cohering at the base, and adnate to the flat receptacle, tapering into short spreading beaks, opening along the ventral suture. Seeds very numerous. Embryo horse-shoe shaped.-—Semi-aquatic or: marsh plant, with radical leaves on long petioles. Flowers on long pedicels, in a simple terminal umbel. . ; The genus is limited to a single species spread over tropical Asia and Africa. 1. B. lanceolata (lance-shaped), Aunth, Enum. ili. 165; Benth, I'l.sdustr. vil. 187. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or elliptical, acute or obtuse, usually attaining the length of the scape including the long petiole. Scape 4 to 8in. high under the umbel, which consists of from 8 to above 20 pedicels 14 to din. long when in fruit, surrounded by a few thin scarious bracts. Oater perianth-segments ovate or nearly orbicular, 2 to 24 lines diameter when in flower, persistent and some- times rather larger under the fruit; inner segments rather larger and very deciduous. Ripe carpels shortly exceeding the -perianth. Seeds smooth and shining, scarcely more than + line long.—Butomus lanceolatus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 315: Royle, Illustr. Him. Bot. t. 95; Yanagocharis cordofana, Hochst. in Flora, 1941, 869; F. vy. M. Fragm. x. 104. Hab.: Lagoons on Gilbert River, Armit. Orper CXLVIIL. NAIADEA. Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual, regular or very imperfect. Perianth of 6, 4 or 3 small scale-like segments or rudimentary or none. Stamens 6 or fewer; anthers erect, sessile or nearly so at the base of the segments or on the receptacle, usually 2-celled, opening outwards in longitudinal slits. Ovary of 6 ot fewer carpels, distinct or rarely more or less connate or solitary, tapering into distinct entire or branched styles or with sessile stigmas; ovules 1 or rarely several in each cell, laterally attached at or above or rarely below the middle. Fruit of 6 or fewer or single indehiscent nutlets, or rarely follicular carpels opening inwards in a longitudinal slit. Seed attached at or below the summit, straight curved or more or less coiled, with a thin .testa and no albumen. Embryo the shape of the seed or more coiled or hooked at the upper cotyledonous end, the plumula frequently prominent from a dorsal cavity.—Aquatic floating or submerged plants or rarely erect marsh herbs with radical leaves. Flowers small, usually green, in spikes heads or solitary, on axillary peduncles or radical scapes, or entirely enclosed in the sheathing bases of floral leaves or bracts. The Order, like Alismacee, is represented in the marshes, ponds, and shallow waters of most parts of the world, aud includes some exclusively marine genera as widely dispersed. The deficiency or very reduced state of the perianth and sessile anthers opening outwards readil distinguish the Order from Alismacac, which are otherwise its nearest alten. i in TapelL J uncaginez.—F lowers spicate or racemose, hermaphrodite or unisexual. Perianth (very rarely wanting) segments 6, 2-seriate, herbaceous. Stamens 6, rarely only 1, Ovary of 8. or more carpels, 1 to 2 ovulate, ovule basal erect, anatropous, CXLVII. NAIADEA. 1705 . Flowers hermaphrodite, ebracteate. Perianth-segments 3 or 6. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of segments. Carpels 3 to 6, l-ovulate. . . . . 1. Trans OCHIN. Tame I. Aponogetonezx.—Flowers spicate, hermaphrodite, bracts often white. Per- tanth none or the segments and bracts 1 to 8, coloured. Stamens 6 or more hypogynous. Carpels 3-5, 3 many-ovulate, ovules basal or subbasal. Flowers sessile in a simple or once forked spike . . . . . . « « + . 2 APoNoGuToN. Trive Ill. Potameve.—Flowers spicate, hermaphrodite, Perianth none or segments 4 herbaceous. Stamens 2 or 4 inserted on the base of the segments. Carpels 4, l-ovulate, ovule pendulous below the apex or inserted on the ventral siiture of the cell, campylotropous. Flowers 4-merous. Carpels free. 6 Re Oe ce ee Be PorkwogETor, Fruiting carpels on long stalks, at first ‘sessile Ge ve ree SP RAS Se eas A IRS. & Tire IV. Bosterezx.— Flowers unisexual, on acomplanate secund spadix. Perianth none, Male flowers with sessile 1-celled anthers, pollen confervoid. Female flowers ; carpel solitary, sessile with 1 pendulous ovule, Flowers monecious. Carpelovoid. . . . 5 6 4 + «1 + es we ew » 5 Zostera. Tre V. Naiadez.—Flowers unisecual, axillary. Perianth hyaline. Male flower with 1 sessile or 2 connate anthers, pollen globose. Female flowers; carpel solitary, l-ornlate, ovale basal, anatropous, Carpels l-seeded . . .. . . » + « « 6. Natas, Trine VI. Cynicdoces.— rons sp adalan iui Perkanth none. Male flowers. of 2 sessile anthers more or less connate by their backs, with 2 parallel cells opening outwards in longitudinal slits, pollen confervoid, Female flowers; carpels 2, l-ovulate, ovule pendulous, orthotropous, Anthers2, Garpels2. ......0. soe eee we ewe 7. Cymopocea. 1. TRIGLOCHIN, Linn. (Cycenogeton, Endl. Maundia, F. v. MW.) Flowers hermaphrodite or rarely polygamous. Perianth-segments scale-like, 3, 6 or fewer. Stamens as many or fewer, inserted at the base of the segments and falling off with them; anthers sessile, broad, the cells opening outwards in longi- tudinal slits. Caxpéls normally 6, but 8 alternate ones sometimes reduced to empty lamine, all more or less united in the axis at the time of flowering or distinct from the first, the short terminal styles or stigmas always distinct. Ovules solitary in each‘carpel, laterally attached below the middle. Fruit of 6 or 3 indehiscent deciduous 1-seeded nutlets, the 3 empty carpels of some species remaining attached to a central axis and assuming the appearance of dissepiments of acapsule. Seed erect, cylindrical or ovoid, the testa membranous ; embryo straight, the shape of the seed.—Marsh or aquatic herbs. Leaves all in radical tufts, lindar or filiform. Séapes erect, simple and leafless, bearing a terminal spike of small flowers sessile or shortly pedicellate, without bracts. The genus is spread over a great part of the globe, but mostly in a or subtropical regions. Srct. I. Butriglochin.—fruits with 3 perfect deciduous nutlets, leaving a central axil with 3 thin barren carpels resembling dissepiments. Stamens usually 8 perfect or in the terminas flower 6. Stock stoloniferous. epee usually 3in. to mearly 1ft. high. Fruit nearly orbicular. . ie ABy sige) Weg) Sse en te cen geass pal a teh Woe Ls ee SN tals Dwarf plants without stolenes. Scape usually under 3in. high. Fruit narrow, the perfect carpels wilh an angle or short spur atthe base . . . 2. 7. centrocurpa, Secr. II]. Gyenogeton. —Fruits with 3 to 6 perfect nutlets, without any barren ones or persistent axis. Stamens usually 6, rarely 4 or 5. Scapes 1 to 3ft. high. Leaves long. Carpels 6, rarely 3, more or less united, at least when in flower or varely free from the first. . . . . » 3. T. procera, Seer. IT. Maundia.— Fruits with 3 to 4 nutlets, coheri ing after flowering. Scapes tall, with a sheath at base. Jeaves linear, spongy. Nutlets almost drupaceous aoe Boe ve ee ee ee we 4 TD, Mandi. 1706 CXLVIII. NAIADEA. [Lriglochin. 1. T. striata (channelled), Ruiz. et Par. Fl. Per. ct Chil. iii. 712; Benth. Et... Austr. vii. 166. Rootstock small, stoloniferous. Leaves from narrow-linear and about 1 line broad to almost filiform, very variable in length but almost always shorter than the scape. Scape from 2 or 8in. to nearly 1ft. high, flowering from below the middle. Flowers shortly pedicellate, often very numerous. Outer perianth-segments broadly ovate, about 2 line long, the inner ones smaller and narrower or almost wanting. Perfect anthers 3 at the base of the outer segments, those at the base of the inner segments fleshy and without pollen or deficient and some flowers occasionally without any anthers. Fruits orbicular or nearly so, 1 to 14 line long, with 6 prominent angles or ribs, 3 larger ones being: perfect carpels, laterally compressed with 1 or 8 dorsal ribs and falling off at: maturity, leaving 8 thin empty carpels united to the central axis and having then the appearance of the dissepiments of a 8-celled capsule.—F. v. M. Fragm. vi. 88; 7’. decipiens, R. Br. Prod. 348; 1. jilifolium, Sieb. in Spreng. Syst. Cur. Post. 142, also of Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 579; 4’. triandrum, Mich. Fl. Bor. Amer. i. 208, Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 40; 7. monteridense, Spreng. Syst. ii. 145, Seub. in Mart. Fl. Bras. iii. part i. t. 12. Hab.: Moreton Island, Af‘Gillivray; Brisbane River, F. v. Mueller. The larger specimens with 3 prominent staminodia have usually broader leaves than the others.—Benth. ; The species is widely spread over extratropical South America and is also in North America and in New Zealand. 2. T. centrocarpa (fruit spurred), Look. Ic. Pl. t. 728; Benth. Fl. Austr, vii. 167. A dwarf slender plant usually densely tufted. Radical leaves subulate, often all under fin. rarely rather above lin. long. Scapes usually 1 to 2in. long,. or in luxuriant specimens twice as much, very slender, bearing fruits from below the middle. Flowers minute, in a short dense inconspicuous spike, which soon elongates so as to occupy half the scape. Perianth-segments from broadly ovate- acute to lanceolate and acuminate, i to } line long, from scarcely exceeding to. twice as long as the anthers, the lower flowers often with only 1 anther-bearing segment and 2 lateral empty ones, the others with 8 or rarely 6 segments, all anther-bearing, but the majority of the numerous specimens seen were in fruit. with the perianth and stamens fallen away. Fruit linear, usually about 2 lines but varying from 1 to 8 lines long, with 8 perfect cells, truncate at the top and obtuse or more or less 8-toothed with the 3 stigmas, each perfect carpel 8-ribbed on the back, the lateral ribs with either a prominent angle or a tooth or spur at the base, the 8 barren carpels sometimes as thin asin 7’. striata, sometimes as thick as the perfect ones but solid inside, and in some small specimens only one seed ripens in the whole fruit—Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 40; Endl. in Pl. Preiss, ii. 54; 7. nanum, F. v. M. in Trans. Vict. Inst. 1855, 185, and in Hook. Kew. Journ. viii. 882, Fragm. vi. 82. Hab.: Queensland, F. v. Mueller. The fruits in this species are exceedingly variable in size and position. In the rare form: figured as above they are strictly erect, almost sessile and 2 lines long. Var. calcitrapa. Fruits fully 3 lines long, the basal spurs 1 to 14 line to 2 lines long.— 1. caleitrapa, Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 781. The figure quoted gives rather an exaggerated idea of: the spur cven of the single specimen drawn.— Benth. Hab.: Queensland, I. v. M. 3. T. procera (tall), I. Br. Prod. 848; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii, 168. Wanna,” Cape Bedford, ‘“‘Anamum,” Musgrave River; Roth. Root-fibres swollen into ovoid or oblong tubers. Leaves from a terete base; linear, flat, + to above jin. broad, often several feet long when grown in deep water, the upper portion floating on the surface. Scapes 1 to several feet high, the terminal spike from 2 or Sin. to above lft. long. Flowers very numerous, nearly sessile. Perianth-segments 6 or rarely fewer, orbicular and 14 to 2 lines diameter, or narrower and not longer than the anthers. Carpels 6 or rarely fewer, united to Triglochin.] CXLVIII. NAIADEA. 1707 above the middle or sometimes at the base only, tapering into erect or recurved stigmas. Fruits exceedingly variable, from almost orbicular to narrow-oblong, 2to 3 lines long, straight or spirally twisted, the carpels themselves straight or falcate.—Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 46; F. v. M. Fragm. vi. 88; 7’. linearis, Endl. in Pl. Preiss. ii. 54; Cycnogeton Huegelii, Endl. in Ann. Wien. Mus. ii. 211, Teonogr. t. 73, and in Pl. Preiss. ii. 55 ; C. linearis, Sond. in Linnea, xxviii. 225. Hab.: Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, ft. Brown; Rockhampton and neighbourhood, O’Shanesy, Bowman; Brisbane River and many other localities, Bai'ey. Tubers eaten baked.— Roth. Var. dubia. Oarpels 3, rarely 4 or 5, curved, apparently free from the first, often stipitate when in fruit.—7'. dubium, R. Br. Prod. 343.—Cape River, Bowman; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy. 4. T. Maundii (after Dr. John Maund), F.v. M. Frag. vi. 83 ; Benth. Fl, Austr. vii. 169. Roots thick with numerous small fibres. Stems creeping. Scape erect, terete, leafless, 2ft. high or more. Leaves long, linear, 4, to lin. broad, the upper part thick and spongy, base sheathing. Spikes not dense, attaining 2 to din. when in fruit, the flowers and fruits all sessile. Stamens 4 to 6, the anther-cells very distinct but adnate to a common connective as in the rest of the genus, the subtending perianth-segments sometimes thin, sometimes very broad and thickened at the apex. Carpels usually 2 or 8, sometimes 4, connate to the truncate apex, the stigmas broad and very spreading. Fruit about 3 lines long, cylindrical, but with 2 furrows on the back of each carpel, the carpels almost drupaceous, each with a thinly cartilaginous endocarp with an acute dorsal rib, the exocarp loose, rather thick, the 2 dorsal obtuse ribs often leaving’ cell-like cavities between them and the endocarp. Seed slender, cylindrical, erect. —Maundia triglochinoides, F. v. M. Fragm. i. 28. Hab.: Still waters off Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, F. v. Mueller, W. Hill, Bailey. 2. APONOGETON, Thunb. (From apon, the Celtic for water, and geiton, neighbour, alluding to the plants being aquatic.) Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth of 2 segments one on each side, small or in species not Australian petal-like. Stamens usually 6. Carpels of the ovary usually 3, with 2 to 6 ovules in each carpel all erect from the base. Seeds ovoid or oblong, erect. Jimbryo straight, with a more or less prominent plumula in a groove on the inner face.—Aquatic herbs with erect or floating or submerged leaves usually oblong or narrow. Scapes leafless except a very deciduous mem- branous bract or spatha enclosing the young spike, but almost always fallen away before the flowering, leaving an annular scar. Flowers sessile in a terminal spike, simple in the Australian species. The genus extends over tropical Asia and tropical and southern Africa. Bulb-shaped rootstock covered with filamentous remains of leaf-sheaths and emitting roots from the base. Leaves under 6in. long. Fruit- carpels tapering into a short recurved style . . 2. 1. 1 ee ee Bulb-shaped rootstock with fewer filaments, emitting fibrous roots from the apex. Leaves above 6in. long. Fruit-carpels obtuse with the rudimentary style almost lateral . 2. 1 6 1 1 ee ew ew ee . 2- A. elongatus. 1. A. monostachyus. 1. A. monostachyus (spikes simple), Linn. jf. Suppl. 214; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 188. ‘‘ Kapabina,’’ Bloomfield River, Moth. Rootstock thickened into a hard woody bulb-shaped tuber, covered with filamentous remains of old leaf-sheaths and emitting fibrous reots from the base or lower half. Leaves mostly submerged, oblong or lanceolate, obtuse or almost acuminate, cordate or rounded at the base, mostly 3 to 4in. long and 4 to Zin. broad, with 5, 7 or rarely only 3 longitudinal nerves. Spikes simple, usually dense, 2 to 2tin. long, rarely longer more slender and interrupted. Spatha 2 or 3 lines long, falling off before the first flower expands. Perianth-segments from broadly lanceolate to obovate, 1708 CXLVIII NAIADEA. [A ponogeton. membranous, about 2 line long. Stamens shortly exceeding the perianth. Fruiting carpels ovoid, tapering into a short recurved beak. Seeds 2 to 6, erect, narrow-oblong, the outer membrane loose and almost hyaline, the inner more opaque, darker coloured and closely appressed to the embryo. —Thanb. Nov, Gen. Pl. 78, with a figure; Roxb. Corom. PI. t. 81; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 406 ; Spathium monostachywn, Kdgew. in Calcutta Journ. iii. 583, t. 16, corrected to Aponogeton monostachyus in Hook. Lond. Journ. iii, 404, t. 17. Hab.: Gilbert River, Gulliver; Rockhampton, Thozet, O’Shanesy ; Burdekin River, Herbert’s Creek and Gainsford, Bowman. The species is widely spread over tropical Asia. Roots eaten raw or baked.—Roth. . 2. A. elongatus (lengthened), Fr. M. in Herb. Hook. ; Benth. Fle Austr. vii. 188. Tuberous rootstock formed below the uppermost fibrous roots. Leaves mostly submerged, very tender, from 6in. to above 1ft. long, and 4 to 1}in. broad, contracted at the base or very rarely produced on one or both sides into a short basal auricle, with 5, 7 or 9 longitudinal nerves. Spikes simple as in 4. monostachyus but more slender and the flowers not so close. Perianth and stamens as in that species. Carpels of the ovary very short with scarcely prominent styles and in fruit they are ovoid-globular, 2 to 8 lines long, very obtuse, with the very short remains of the style almost lateral. Seeds usually 8 or 4 in each carpel, narrow-oblong, the outer membrane not striate, the inner one exceedingly delicate. Ismbryo with a narrow groove, the small plumula at the base of the groove below the middle of tle embryo. : Hab.: Brisbane River, F. c. Mueller ; Maroochie River, Bailey. 3. POTAMOGETON, Linn. (From petames, a river; and ycitun, a neighbour.) Flowers hermaphrodite. Perianth-segments 4, scale-like, small, broad, con- tracted at the base or almost stipitate. Stamens 4, inserted at the base of the segments and falling off with them; anthers sessile, broad, the cells opening outwards in longitudinal slits. Carpels 4, distinct ; styles short, terminal or the oblique stigmas sessile; ovules solitary in each carpel, laterally attached at or above the middle. Fruit of 4 nutlets or fewer by abortion, somewhat drupaceous, the exocarp membranous or slightly fleshy, the endocarp rather hard, crustaceous. Seed much incurved or horse-shoe shaped, round a clavate or obovoid projection of the endocarp; testa membranous, Mmbryo the shape of the seed.—Aquatic herbs with a perennial root-stock ; stems submerged and floating usually forked and often rooting at the lower nodes. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite, wholly submerged or with a lamina floating on the surface, dilated at the base into membranous sheathing margins or more frequently the margins more or less detached from and united within the petiole into sheathing stipules often very deciduous, Flowers small, sessile in dense spikes or heads on axillary peduncles. The genus is dispersed in the fresh or subsaline waters of the greater part of the globe. Secrion L--Leares all alternate and petiolate with floating lumina, or the lower ones submerged. Stipules connate within the petiole. ES Nutlets ovoid, scarcely beaked . . 1. ww We eee ee ww LP nattuns. Nutlets with 3 prominent keels 6. 1 1 6 1. ew ee eee 2. P. tricarinatus. Nutlets with projecting processes on the outer angles . . . . . » 38. BP. Tepperi. Floating leaves } to gin. long. Nutlets distinctly beaked. . . . . . . 4. BP, javanicus. Secrion II..—Leaves all submerged, sessile or nearly so, those under the peduncles and branches opposite, the others alternate. Stipules connate within the petiole, often very deciduous Leaves stem-clasping, ovate or almost orbicular, many-nerved . . . . . 5, P perfoliatus ‘Putamogeton.] CXLVIII. NAIADEA. 1709 iLeaves narrow-oblony or rarely linear, usually 3-nerved, very obtuse, the .. ‘margins often undulate-crisped . . . . ww ee ee ee a 6 Py crispits. -Leaves narrow-linear, obtuse or scarcely aeute, 1-nerved. Spikes gin. long or more wee a oa 6 Re ewe 4 4 De Peoblasipalinss Section Il].—Leaves all submerged, sessile or nearly so with sheathing margins but no distinct stipules. ‘Leaves narrow-linear, I-nerved. Stems repeatedly dichotomous . . . . 8. P. peetinatus, 1. PB. natans (floating), Linn; Nunth, num. iii. 127; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 170. Upper leaves or often the whole of them on long petioles, floating on the surface of the water, of a thick opaque texture, ovate or oblong, 2 to 4in. long ‘by 1 to 1$in. broad, or rarely in small varieties about half that size, usnally rounded at the base, but sometimes cordate or tapering, marked by several (5 to ‘9 or rarely 11) longitudinal nerves with a few cross veins often branched or slightly netted ; lower submerged leaves usually few or often wanting, rarely all submerged thin and narrow but always tapering at the base into a stalk and several-nerved. Stipules closely sheathing, connate, free from the petiole except ‘at the very base. Spike dense and cylindrical, often lin. long or more, on a stout peduncle. Nuts ovoid, above 1 line long, slightly compressed, nearly straight, with 1 or 3 dorsal ribs, obtuse or acute, quite entire or more or less denticulate or muricate.—R. Br. Prod. 348; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 41; F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 217; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 50; P. heteraphyllus, Hook. f. F). Tasm. ii. 41, -and of some authors, but not the true plant of Schreber. Hab.: Rockhampton, O’Shanesy, Bowman. A ccmmon species of the southern still waters. The species is one of the most common over the greater part of the area of the genus.’ ° 2. P. tricarinatus (8-keeled), J. x. /. ined. in Herb. Kew; A, Bennet in Journ. of Bot., June, 1887. The Qucensland specimens referred to by Mr. Bennett were collected at Aramac some years ago by Mr. C. W. De Burgh Birch, and were placed by me at the time with P. natans, I only noticed then that the plant had a more robust babit and larger leaves on shorter petioles ; the nuts also were prominently 3-keéled, the middle one almost wing-like and more decidedly toothed onits undulate edge. This species seems not to have been further described, and the specimens I now have are not suitable for the purpose of diagnosing the species. 3. P. Tepperi (after J. G. O. Tepper), 4. Bennett, Journ. of Bot., June, 1897. Stems lengthening as in I’. nvtans. Submerged lower leaves din. long by jin. wide, the Jamina tapering at either end; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate ; floating leaves from oval with subcordate bases. to ovate with tapering bases; 21 to 23-\eined, 8in. long by 14in. broad, coriaceous, on long yetioles enlarged gradually upwards. Spikes 2 to lin. long, dense in fruit. Fruit nearly,straight on the inner face, rounded, with three angles on the outer face, half-obovate, with a short beak forming a continuation of the inner face, with projecting processes irregularly distributed on the outer angles; embryo with its upper part incurved ‘to half its depth.—4. Benn. Le Hab.: Tooloomba Creek, Bailey. Mr. Bennett points out that this species is allied. to P. natans, Linn., and in European herbaria has been mixed with specimens from Australia of P. tricarinatus and P. natans. 4. PB. javanicus (of Java), IIussk. in Verh, Natuurk, Ver.. Ned. Ind. 1. Perhaps a variety of I’. natans, with which it is closely connected through the small Tasmanian variety of that species. Stems almost filiform. Floating leaves -oblong-elliptical or lanceolate, 2 to 1}in. long, acute at the base, few- nerved. Stipules very thin. Submerged leaves few, linear. Spikes dense, 4 to 6 lines long. Nutlets smaller than in P. natans, more distinctly rostrate and the ribs often but not always denticulate.—P. tenuicaulis, F. y. M. Fragm. i, 90, 244, viii. 217; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 171. -Hab.: Gulf of Carpentaria, F. v. Mueller; Brisbane River, Bailey ;. Moreton Bay, Leichhardt; Rockhampton, Bowman, O’Shanesy ; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy ; Mount Elliot, Fitzalan.; also in Jaya, India, and tropical Africa. , 1710 OCXLVIIL. NAIADEA. [Potamogeton. 5. PB. perfoliatus (perfoliate), Linn.; Kunth, Enum. iii, 188; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 172. Leaves all submerged, alternate except under the peduncles and. branches where they are opposite, all sessile, ovate or almost orbicular, clasping the stem with broad rounded auricles which are sometimes united on the opposite side, thin and many-nerved, } to 14in. long and often quite as broad. Stipules only on very young shoots. Peduncles longer than the leaves. Spike cylindrical, rarely above 6 to 8 lines long. Nutlets scarcely beaked.—R. Br. Prod. 348 ; F, v. M. Fragm. viii. 219; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 29. Hab.: Southern waters. 6. P. crispus (crisped), Linn.; Kunth, Fnum. iii. 188; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 172. Leaves all submerged, alternate and contracted at the base, except when under the branches or peduncles where they are opposite and stem- clasping, all linear or narrow-oblong, very obtuse, the margins usually undulate-. crisped, 1 to 2 or rarely nearly Sin. long, with a strong central nerve and a. slender one on each side at some distance from it. Stipules only seen on the young shoots. Peduncles rather long. Spikes usually 4 to 5 lines long. Fruits. rather large, distinctly beaked, the dorsal rib or ribs entire or rarely denticulate.. —R. Br. Prod. 843; F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 217; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t, 29. Hab.: Rockhampton, O’Shanesy; and many southern waters. _Common in the northern hemisphere. The typical form has the leaves very much broader: thad in P. obtusifolius and much crisped on the edges, but the narrow-leaved forms come very near to that species. 7. B. obtusifolius (leaves obtuse), Mert. ct Koch; Kunth, Enum. iii, 185 5. Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 172. Stems slender, terete, or somewhat flattened. Leaves. all submerged, alternate, except under the peduncles or branches where they are opposite, narrow-linear, entire, usually 8-nerved with a very few transverse veins, obtuse or almost acute, sessile and rounded or shortly contracted at the base, mostly 14 to 8in. long. Stipules often persistent and at length splitting into threads. Peduncles not long. Spikes usually din. or rather longer, not very. dense. Nutlets about 14 line long, with a straight or hooked beak, often, rugose, the dorsal rib and lateral angles usually obtuse and scarcely distinc but sometimes more prominent and toothed. Seed usually much curved with the upper end obliquely reflexed.—F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 216; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 25; P. gramineus, R. Br. Prod. 348; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 42 and of some others. Hab.: Common in the southern waters. The P. obtusifolius is one of the most generally spread over the area of the genus. 8. P. pectinatus (comb-like), Linn.; Kunth, Enum. iii. 187; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 178. Stems very slender, repeatedly dichotomous. Leaves all sub- merged, very narrow-linear, 2 to 8in. long, 1-nerved most of them dilated at the base into a rather long sheath, which is scarious at the edge and often projecting: at the top into 2 small scarious lobes, the sheathing stipules of the other species. wanting or rarely sheathing the base of the peduncle. Peduncies usually bearing several clusters of 2 or 3 flowers at some distance from each other, forming a slender interrupted spike, rarely reduced to a single terminal cluster. Nutlets of P. obtusifolius or rather smaller.—Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 19; P. marinus, Linn.;: F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 217; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. ¢. 18. | Hab.: Still waters, Jimbour, C, J. Gwyther. Very generally distributed over the area of the genus, in fresh and brackish waters. 4, RUPPIA, Linn. (After Henry Barnard Ruppius.) Flowers hermaphrodite, in a spike enclosed when young in the shéathing bases. of the floral leaves. Perianth none. Anthers 2, each with 2 distinct cells. Ruppia.) CXLVIII. NAIADEA. 1711 (described sometimes as 4 1-celled anthers), the cells opening outwards ; pollen- grains narrow-oblong, slightly curved, with the ends somewhat dilated. Carpels 4, at first sessile, but soon protruded on long stalks, each with 1 pendulous ovule and terminating in a short style or almost sessile broad stigma. I ruiting carpels ovoid or pear-shaped, often oblique, obtuse or more or less produced into a. slightly curved beak.—Subsaline aquatic plant, with slender much-branched stems and linear-filiform leaves. The genus is limited to a single species, common in salt and brackish lagoons and marshes. in most temperate or subtropical regions of the globe, varying much in the more or less slender foliage, in the beak of the fruit, ete., and divided by some botanists into several species.—Benth 1. R. maritima (maritime), Linn.; Kunth, Enum. iii, 128; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 174. Stems and leaves submerged, filiform, the leaves often very long, the barren ones sligh‘ly dilated at the base, the floral ones crowded several together, dilated at the base intc thin almost scarious sheaths closely imbricate: and completely enclosing the young spike, which soon emerges on a short or long and spirally coiled peduncle bringing it to the surface of the water. Flowers 2 to. about 6, sessile, at first close together, at length often distant. Anthers not + line long. Carpels at the time of flowering not exceeding the anthers, but immediately afterwards the anthers fall away, and the stalks of the carpels lengthen out to from 4in. to above lin. Ripe carpels about 1 line long or rather more.—Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 42; F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 217; Nees. Gen. Fi. Germ.; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 17. Hab.: All along the southern coast. 5. ZOSTERA, Linn. (From the resemblance of the leaf to a ribbon.) Flowers unisexual, the males and females in alternate rows on the membranous rhachis of a spike enclosed in the sheathing base of the floral leaf. Perianth none. ,Male flowers of a single sessile oblong laterally attached 1-celled anther ; pollen confervoid. Female flowers of a single carpel, laterally attached near the apex and produced above the attachment into a filiform 2-branched style. Ovule 1, pendulous. Fruit an indehiscent pendulous nutlet. Embryo with a deep longitudinal groove, forming 2 valves which fold over the long curved linear cotyledonous end.—Marine submerged plants with a creeping rhizome emitting short stems, with long narrow grass-like leaves separating from their narrow sheathing bases by a transverse line. Peduncles axillary or terminal, bearing a single spike completely enclosed in the slightly dilated but continuous sheathing base of the floral leaf or spatha, which otherwise resembles the stem- leaves. Rhachis of the spike broad and thin, with margins folded inwards and bearing the flowers and fruits only on the inner surface. The genus consists of very few species, perhaps reducible to two only, common in most seas at or near the shores. 1. Z. nana (small), Roth; Kunth. Enum. iii. 117; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 176.. Rootstock slender. Leaves narrow-linear, rarely above 1 line broad, varying in length from a few inches to 1 or 2ft., usually truncate or notched at the end, with 1 conspicuous central nerve and 1 or 2 lateral ones on each side often scarcely apparent. Peduncles $ to lin. long, the floral leaf or spatha usually rather: narrower than the others, except the sheath which is 4 to 3in. long and above a line broad, the margins quite closed over the spike but not connected, the stigmas usually protruding at the time of flowering. Rhachis of the spike thin and membranous, lining the inside of the sheath but free from it, the margins folded inwards and bearing just within the edge on each side 2 or 3 vertical plates 1712 CXLVIUI. NAIADEA. [Zostera. folded inwards over some of the flowers.—7Z%. marina, Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 44, rand R. Br. Prod.. 338 ? partly ; Z. Muelleri, Irmisch; Aschers. in Linnea, “xxxv. 168. : > = * . Hab.: Southern coast. 6. NAIAS, Linn. (A water-nymph.) (Caulinia, 1illd.) Flowers unisexual, solitary in the axils of floral leaves, sessile or shortly ipedicellate. Male flower: Anther single, 1-or 4-celled, enclosed in a thin membranous bract or perianth, irregularly lobed at the top and often splitting cand rolling back so as to‘disclose the apex of .the anther; pollen globular. Female flowers sessile. Perianth none besides the bract.. Carpel.1, tapering into -a style divided into 2, 8 or sometimes 4 stigmatic branches ; ovule 1, erect. Fruit a small indehiscent oblong or cylindrical nutlet. Seed erect, with a hard ‘testa ; embryo straight, with a prominent plumula.—Submerged fresh-water oF subsaline herbs, with slender. branching stems. Leaves linear, in pairs or ‘clusters so as to appear opposite-or verticillate, bordered by minute or prominent -acute or pungent teeth, dilated at. the base into.a membranous sheath often produced on each side into hyaline toothed or ciliate stipular lobes. The genus is widely spread over the temperate and come of the warmer regions of the pioke: ‘Leaves prominently toothed almost cola the basal sheath not a into searious stipules . . _ 1. N. major. Leaves very narrow, the teeth ver y minute, the basal sheath produced or on each | ; side into a broadly lanceolate stipular Waa ae oe iin 2 ae . 2. .N. tenuifolia. 1, N. major (greater), All.; NWunth, Enum. iii. 112; Benth. irl. Austr. vii. 181. Leaves linear, bordered by broad triangular acute very prominent teeth so as to be almost pinnatifid, 4 to nearly lin. long, dilated at the base into a very short broad toothed sheath not different in texture from the lamina nor produced into stipular lobes, aculeate on the back as well as the stem but the prickles few or so minute as to be difficult to see on the dried specimens. Flowers -dicecious. Male perianth oblong, consisting of a thin membranous sac entirely -enclosing the authers, 2 or 3-toothed and at length bursting irregularly at the top. Anther sessile, 4-celled. Female flower a single oblong carpel with 2 or ‘8 linear stigmatic lobes, the ripe nutlet about 12 line long.—F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 218; Nees. Gen. Fl. Germ. Ic. Hab.: Flinders River, F. v. Mueller; Tweed River, F. v. Mueller. The species is widely spread over the northern hemisphere. 2. N. tenuifolia (leaves thin), I?. Br. Prod. 345; Benth. Fl. Austr, vii. 181. ‘Stems slender, much branched. Leaves very narrow linear, flat and transparent, mostly about lin. long, 1-nerved, bordered by rather numerous very minute teeth ‘often only visible under a strong lens, the sheathing base very short but produced on each side into a rather long broadly lanceolate ciliate-toothed stipular lobe. Male flower stipitate, oblong, about 4 line long. Female carpel about 1 line long, oblong-cylindrical, produced into a filiform “deeply 2-branched ae as a -as the carpels. —TI. v. M. Fragm. viii. 219. Hab.: Common in the southern waters. 7. CYMODOCEA, Ken. (After a sea-nymph.) (Amphibolis, 4gardh.) Flowers wnisexual, solitary within sheathing bracts, but with the bracts ‘sometimes several ina cyme. Perianth none. Male flowers of 2 sessile anthers ‘more or less connate by their backs, with 2 parallel cells opening outwards-in Cymodocea.] CXLVIII. NATADEA, 1713: longitudinal shts. Female flowers of 2 distinct carpels, each tapering into a filiform style with 2 stigmatic branches or lobes ; ovule 1 in each carpel, laterally attached near the top. Fruit-carpels 1-seeded, indehiscent (or at length opening in 2 valves ?). Seed ovoid or oblong, testa membranous. Embryo with a short. thick radicular base, grooved at the top with a slender incurved cotyledonous end.— Marine submerged plants, with a creeping rhizome rooting at the joints, the leafy stems very short or lengthened and erect. Leaves linear, narrow and long or: rather broader and short, with a short sheathing base, in some species enclosed at the base in a long sheathing scale. The genus extends over the Old World coasts of the Atlantic and Pacific as wellas of the- Indian and Mediterranean seas, with one West Indian species. Leaves at or near the ends of rather hard stems closely marked with the annular scars of fallen leaves rounded and ciliate-serrulate at the end: no external scales he Be BE Bs Pe | Bel dee ek dbs we Sie aes TORO ait Leaves narrow on short stems, the nodes or scars rather distant, enclosed at the base in a sheathing scale. Leaves 2 to 3 lines broad Bree GS Gio By we ae Hye vs 2, C.-serrulata, Leavesltolgline broad 2... 2 1. wwe, oe + ee . 8B OC. tsoetifolia. 1. C., ciliata (ciliate), Mhrend. ; Aschers. in Linnea, xxxv. 162, and in Anleit. Wiss. Beob. 3863; Benth. Fl. Austr, vil. 178. Rhizome emitting hard almost woody stems of 3 or 4in. to nearly 1ft., marked with numerous annular scars of: fallen leaves and ending in a tuft of broad linear leaves, usually falcate, 8 to 6in. long and about 4 lines broad, rounded and ciliate-serrulate at the end, ccntracted at the base into a short brown sheath clasping the stem all round, the margins. closing at the base but not united. Fructification unknown.—C. serrulata, F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 218, but not of R. Br. Hab.: Various places along the coast from Northumberland Islands to Cape Upstart, Fitzalan.. 2. ©. serrulata (serrulate), Aschers. in Anleit. Wiss. Beob. 862; Benth. Fl. Austr, vii. 178. Leafy branches not so hard as in (’. ciliata, and the leaves or- annular scars of fallen leaves distant. Leaves broad-linear, shorter than in C, ciliata, varying from 2 to 8in. long, rounded and minutely denticulate or- almost entire at the end, the sheathing base rather longer than in (’. ciliata.. Fructification unknown.—Caulinia serrulata, R. Br. Prod. 389. Hab.: Port Denison and other tropical localities. 3. C. isoetifolia (Isoetes-leaved), Aschers. in Linnea, xxxv. 163; Benth. Fl, Austr. vii. 178. Habit of C. serrulata, but the leaves much narrower and remarkable when in fructification by the sheathing bracts, rather numerous, in a. dichotomous cyme, although each pair encloses only a single flower. Hab.: Edgecombe Lay, Fitzalan. . OrpvER CXLIX. ERIOCAULEA, Flowers unisexual, in androgynous or rarely dicecious heads, with imbricate,. scarious dry or rarely herbaceous bracts, 1 under each flower, and usually a few outer ones empty. Perianth normally of 6 or 4 hyaline or scarious small seg- ments in 2 rows, the inner ones immediately under the stamens or ovary, the outer ones lower down on the stipes or receptacle, but occasionally reduced in numbers, or those of one row more or less united, especially in the males. Stamens as many as the inner segments of the perianth and opposite to them or twice that number ; filaments short ; anthers small, 2-celled, the cells opening in longitudinal slits. Ovary of 8 or 2 lobes and cells, with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell; style single, with 8 or 2 filiform stigmatic branches. Capsules slightly enlarged from the ovary and of the same shape, the lobes opening dorsally in 2 valves. Seeds solitary in each cell, globular or ovoid, usually striate or 1714 CXLIX. ERIOCAULEA. minutely tuberculate. Albumen mealy. Embryo small, ovoid or lenticular, remote from the hilum.—Herbs mostly marsh or aquatic, either tufted with radical leaves or the stems more or less elongated and covered with old leaves, the upper ones forming a terminal tuft. Leaves linear or filiform, rarely lanceo- late. Scapes radical or peduncles terminal or in the upper axils, simple and leafless, but each one usually enclosed at the base in a sheathing scale, and bearing a single terminal head. Flowers very small, usually numerous in the head, the outer rows mostly female, the inner ones chiefly male, but the two sexes often variously intermixed, all concealed within the imbricate bracts, the tips of the stigmatic branches and sometimes the anthers slightly protcuding, the receptacle often hairy. The Order is limited in the Old World to the single genus Eriocaulon, but there are a few other genera, and one a very large one exclusively American and chiefly tropical.—-Benth. 1. ERIOCAULON, Linn. (Stamens often woolly.) Male flowers: Inner perianth at the apex of a slightly thickened stalk, of 8 or 2 teeth or short distinct hyaline segments often fringed or ciliate and usually bear- ing on their inner face a small dark gland, the segments occasionally very minute or obsolete ; outer perianth affixed lower down on the stalk, of 2 or 8 segments either distinct or variously united. Stamens 6 or 4, of which 8 or 2 opposite the inner segments and as many alternating with them or occasionally fewer by abortion. Rudiments of the ovary either 3 glands in the centre of the flower or rarely deficient. Female flower: Inner perianth at the apex of a slender stalk (sometimes very short or scarcely any) of 3 or 2 hyaline segments usually erect and sometimes with a small gland on the inner face; outer of 2 or 8 variously shaped segments affixed lower down on the stalk, or sometimes 1 or both perianth deficient. Ovary 8 or 2-lobed ; style branches 8 or 2, without alternate appen- -dages.—Annuals or perennials with the leaves in radical tufts or rarely crowded on an elongated stem. Scapes or peduncles usually longer than the leaves. The genus extends over the general area of the Order, but chiefly in the Old World, where it is the only one of the Order. Sens I,—Flowers 3-merous or rarely partially 2-merous by abortion, especially the females. Submerged stems elongated, densely covered with filiform leaves. Flower- heads pubescent, at least at first . 2... . . we. ee Scapes and radical leaves above Ift. long, loosely hairy towards the base. Flower-heads pubescent. Onter-perianth segments winged . . , ‘Scapes and radical leaves under Gin. and often much less, glabrous. Flowers-beads pubescent. Bracts with their tips incurved and appressed. Outer perianth-segments not winged. Flowering bracts broad, very ‘obtuse, fringed only with very short hairs . . ... .. 2.2... , 3. E. Smithii. Flower-heads glabrous. Bracts with their tips incurved and appressed, Outer female perianth segments, linear, 3 or fewer or none. Outer male perianth segments united in a spatha-like scale. 1. E. setaceum. we E. australe. Outer female perianth-segments linear, dilated, inner narrow erect . 4. E. nanum, Outer female perianth-segments very narrow, inner none . . . . 5. E. cinereuns Outer male perianth-segments linear or oblong-spathulate, free or nearly so. Outer and inner female perianth-segments linear. Plant not in. high, with smallleaves. . . . .. . , o oe « 6. FE. pusillum. Plant of 1 to 14in., with rather broad linear leaves - 0 oe o . 9. BE. pallidum, Outer female perianth-segments linear, inner none . . . . o + « 8 FE, nigricans. Series II,—Flowers all 2-merous. ‘Outer female perianth-segments linear or spathulate, very deciduous, not winged. Scapes 4 to 6in. high. Leaves broadly linear, many-nerved. Heads near 3linesdiameter . , 1... 7 ee eo ew bw. DE spectabile, Hriocaulon.| OXLIX. ERIOOCAULE. 1715 ‘Outer female perianth-segments complicated with a broad dorsal wing. Heads at length globular, with the outer bracts reflexed and empty. All the female flowers with outer perianth. Leaves mostly Jess than half as long as the scapes. Outer male perianth-segments broadly linear 2 2. 2. 1 1 we 1 + ew es 10. EE scariosum. Leaves more than half as long as the scape. Outer male perianth segments very marrow . 2 6 6 1 ee ee ew ew we ew we LD. EE, fistulosum. Heads broad. Outer bracts rigid, all flowering. Inner female flowers without outer perianth. ° Scapes 2 to 4in. high. Heads palecolonred . . . . . . « . © « 12. EL. depressum, Scapes 1 to 2in. high. Heads nearlyblack. . . . . . . . «© «© © 13. E. deustum. 1. E. setaceum (bristle-like), Linn.; Munth, Hnum. iii. 550; Benth, Fl. Austr. vii. 191. An aquatic plant with submerged floating stems lengthening out to 1ft, or more, covered with linear-filiform almost capillary leaves of 1 to 2in. Peduncles or scapes from amongst the upper leaves 2 to 3in. long, or in very luxuriant specimens twice as long. Flower-heads depressed or at length nearly globular, rarely attaining more than 2 lines diameter and usually smaller, white with the mealy pubescence of the bracts, becoming dark-coloured as it wears off. Bracts broad, the outer empty ones in 1 or 2 rows. Male flower: 3 outer segments obovate-oblong, slightly fringed at the apex, connate into a lateral scale or at length separate; 3 inner short, usually fringed, with a small gland. Stamens 6. Female flower: 3 outer segments at the base of the stipes nearly equal, obovate-spathulate, concave, slightly fringed; 3 inner under the ovary linear, erect. Ovary 3-merous. Hab: Recorded for Queensland without locality by F. v. MW. The species is common in E. India and the Malayan Archipelago. The Australian specimens all belong to the species as restricted by Kcernicke, Linnea, xxvii. 603, with the bracts and perianth-segments white-pubescent at the apex.—Benth. 2. BE. australe (Australian), f. Br. Prod. 254; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 192. The largest of the Australian species. Scapes and leaves usually 1 to 14ft. high, sprinkled below the middle with long loose hair, the leaves grass-like, flat or concave, varying in breadth from 1 to 8 lines. Flower-heads depressed-globular or at length nearly as long as broad, attaining 3 to 4 lines diameter, white with the mealy indumentum of the bracts which rarely wear off in the old heads. Bracts closely imbricate, broadly obovate-orbicular, a few outer empty ones glabrous and shorter than the others. Flowers in some heads mostly males, in others the females more numerous. Outer perianth-segments in both sexes complicate, more or less connate, especially in the males, the dorsal keel broadly winged ; third segment very narrow in the males, oblong-lanceolate and concave in the females. Inner segments linear and slightly fringed, short in the males, longer in the females. Stamens 6. Ovary 3-merous. Hab.: Wide Bay, Bidwill ; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy ; Stradbrook Island South to N.S.W. 8. E. Smithii (after Sir J. E. Smith), R. Br. Prod. 254; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 192. Scapes slender, 8 to 5in. long. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, usually about lin. long. Flower-heads soon globose ; outer bracts ovate, glabrous, at first very conspicuous but almost concealed under the old heads; flowering bracts thin, obovate, scarcely acuminate, glabrous on the back but the broad margins ciliate with short hairs. Male flower: Outer perianth-segments 3, oblong-linear, contracted at the base and more or less connate at first, slightly hairy at the tips; inner segments small, fringed. Stamens 6. Female flower: Outer-segments dark-coloured, oblong-spathulate, concave, incurved, one of them often defficient; inner segments erect, linear-oblong, fringed and hairy at the end with a small gland as in the males. Ovary 8-merous. Hab.: Moreton Bay, F. v, Mueller; Cape River, Bowman Springsure, Wuth, The most frequently met-with species. 1716 CXLIX. ERIOCAULEA. [Eriocaulon.. 4. EB. nanum (dwarf), R. Br. Prod. 254; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 193. Scapes. in the specimens seen } to 3in. high and the leaves mostly under 4in., linear but. not very fine. Flower-heads 1 to 14 line diameter, glabrous. Dracts searious,. oblong or ovate-oblong, the outer empty ones obtuse and pale-coloured, the- flowering ones rather more acute and darker. Male flower: Outer perianth- segments united in a broad dark spatha-like scale open on one side and shortly 3-toothed ; inner-segments scaregly prominent. Stamens 6. Female flower: 2 or 3 outer-segments linear or lanceolate and concave, dark, dilated in the middle ;: 8 inner narrow-linear, but unequal, erect, denticulate, with a small gland. Ovary: 3-merous. Hab,: Facing Island, Shoalwater Bay, R. Brown; Brisbane River, Bailey. 5. Ei. cinereum (ash-coloured), R. Br. Prod. 254; Benth. I'l. Austr. vii. 198. Scapes filiform, attaining in the larger specimens 3 to Sin. but sometimes not above 1 to 1}in. Leaves radical, linear-filiform, from under 4in. to nearly Qin. Flower-heads hemispherical, about 1 line diameter when first out, but attaining 14 line when in fruit. Bracts thinly scarious, glabrous, a few outer empty ones obovate or oblong and obtuse, the flowering ones broadly-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, with appressed tips, contracted at the base. Male flower :: Outer perianth united in an orbicular concave unilateral 3-toothed or 8-lobed scale, sometimes darker-coloured than the rest of the head and enclosing the rest of the flower; inner segments small, lanceolate, fringed, with small glands. Stamens usually 3, rarely 4 or 5; anthers pale-co'oured. Female flower: Stipes. rather long, with 8 linear almost capillary seements a little below the ovary, the inner segments deficient. Ovary 2 or 8-celled.—F. heteranthum, Benth. Fl. Hongk. 882; E. ciliiflorum, F. Muell. Fragm. i. 95. Hab.: Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, 2. Brown. The species stretches to South China. 6. EB. pusillum (small), R. Br. Prod. 254; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 194. The smallest of the known species of the genus, the scapes scarcely din. high, the loose sheathing-scales more than half as long. Leaves unknown. Flower-heads scarcely 1 line diameter. Bracts scarious, glabrous, or very slightly ciliate at the end, a few outer ones empty, the flowering ones with appressed tips. Male flower: outer perianth-segments 2, narrow, free; inner segments very small or one only longer and fringed. Stamens 3, rarely 4 or 5; anthers dark-coloured. Female. flower: Outer segments 2 or 3, linear, at the base of the stipes; inner segments. 8, linear, erect and appressed to the ovary slightly fringed. Ovary 8-celled. Hab.: Endeavour River, Banks and Solander. 7. BE paliidum (pale), R. Br. Prod. 254; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 194. Leaves in the few specimens seen broadly linear, 1 to 14in. long, tapering to a fine point. Scapes about as long. Flower-heads globular, the bracts all obtuse, scarious, glabrous and rather shining. Male flower: Outer perianth-segments 2, linear; inner segments minute or obsolete. Stamens 3. Female flower: Outer segments 2, linear, inner 8, narrow, erect, ciliate. Ovary 3-merous. Hab.: Endeavour River, Banks and Solander. 8. E. nigricans (blackish), R. Br. Prod. 254; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 194. Scapes filiform, 1 to 2 or rarely 8in. long. Leaves shorter, sometimes very short, narrow-linear, tapering to a long fine point. Flower-heads globular or somewhat. depressed, 14 or nearly 2 lines diameter. Bracts scarious, shining and silvery white at the inflexed tips, sometimes dark in the lower part, a few outer empty ones obtuse, the flowering ones ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or almost acute. Male. flower : Outer perianth-segments 8, linear, slightly dilated in the middle, all free ~ inner segments very small and glabrous or scarcely prominent. Stamens 6. Eriocaulon.] CXLIX. ERIOCAULEA. 1717 Female flower: Outer perianth-segments 1, 2, or 8, linear, at the base of the Stipes; inner segments none. Ovary 8-merous.—HM. achiton, Keern. in Linnea, XXvil. 680. Hab.: Carron Creek, Carpentaria, Gulliver; Endeavour River, Banks and Solander; various localities in the neighbourhood of Rockhampton, Bowman, O’Shanesy; Dry-beef Creek, Leichhardt. 9. E. spectabile (showy), F.v. MW. Fragm.i. 953; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 196. Scapes striate, 8 to Gin. high. Leaves more than half as long, broadly linear, tapering to a fine point. Flower-heads from a pale straw-colour to silyery-white, at first depressed but soon globular, about 8 lines diameter. Outer empty bracts obovate or almost orbicular, obtuse, almost herbaceous ; flowering bracts ovate or the inner ones lanceolate, scarious and white but glabrous. Male flower: Onter perianth-segments 2, narrow, about halfway up the stipes; inner segments minute or obsolete. Stamens 4. Female flower: Outee segments 2, linear- spathulate, falcate, concave but not winged, rather rigid, attached below the middle of the stipes but very deciduous; inner segments erect, hyaline, very narrow linear. Ovary 2-merous. Hab.: Gulf of Carpentaria, F. v. Mueller. 10. E. scariosum (scarious), R. Br. Prod. 255; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 197. Scapes slender, striate, 8 to 5in. long. Leaves thick at the base, tapering to a fine point, about lin. long. Flower-heads of a light brown colour, soon becoming globular, not above 2 lines diameter. Bracts orbicular, all scarious and glabrous, a few outer ones very obtuse and empty, the flowering ones shortly mucronate, the receptacle villous with long hairs. Male flower: Outer perianth-segments 2, linear, slightly-enlarged upwards, often slightly fringed at the end; inner segments reduced to two small teeth. Stamens 4. Female flower: Outer segments 2, falcate, concave or complicate with a broad dorsal wing; inner segments 2, erect, oval-oblong or obovate, denticulate at the end, shortly contracted at the base into a claw. Ovary 2-merous. Hab.: Queensland, F. v. Mueller. 11. E. fistulosum (pipe-like), R. Br. Prod. 255; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 197. Evidently very near I. scarioswum and most probably a variety only, with longer leaves, attaining more than half the scape, and the outer perianth-segments in the male flowers very narrow. Hab.: Endeavour River, Banks and Solander. 12. E. depressum (depressed), R. Br. Prod, 255; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 197. Scapes rigid, striate, 2 to 4in. long, Leaves as in EF. scariosum rather thick at the base, tapering to a fine point, short in some specimens, but in other specimens more than half as long as the scape. Flower-heads pale-coloured, depressed-globular or hemispherical, nearly 3 lines diameter when fully out. Bracis all orbicular, a few outer ones more rigid and very obtuse, the others thinner and mucronulate, but all flowering. Male flower: Outer perianth- segments wanting; inner segments reduced to 2 small teeth. Stamens 4. Female flower: Outer segments in the “flowers of the outer rows 2, falcate, concave. or complicate with a broad dorsal wing, more or less connate, deficient in the inner rows of flowers; inner segments erect, obovate or oblong. Ovary 2-merous.—E. heterogynum, F. v. M. Fragm. i. 98. Hab.: Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown. 13. E. deustum (of a burnt colour), R. Br. Prod. 255; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 197.—Very near E. depressum and perhaps a variety, differing only in its small stature and the very dark, almost black colour of its scapes and flower- Part VI. C 1718 CXLIX. ERIOCAULES. [Eriocaulon. heads. Scapes 1 to 2in. high, scarcely exceeding the leaves. Flower-heads and flowers of the size and structure of those of /. depressum, the outer obtuse rather rigid bracts rather more numerous, but all floriferous as in that species, and the inner female flowers similarly without outer perianth. Hab.: Endeavour River, Banks and Solander, This is the species to which Banks and Solander originally gave the MS. name of E. depressum, which Brown transferred to the preceding species.— Benth. Orper CL. CENTROLEPIDEA. Flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, sessile and solitary or several together within more or less herbaceous bracts, with or without 1, 2 or rarely 3 hyaline scales to each flower. Perianth none. Stamen 1, filament filiform, anther oblong or linear, 1-celled, versatile, opening in a longitudinal slit. Ovary 1, with 1, 2 or 8 collateral cells or 2 or more cells or carpels, superposed in 2 rows, with 1 pendulous ovule in each cell or carpel ; styles as many as cells or carpels, free or more or less united, terminating in linear stigmas. Fruits of the shape of the ovary, the pericarp membranous, the cells or carpels opening externally in longitudinal slits. Seeds 1 in each cell or carpel or fewer by abortion, pendulous and often laterally adnate to the pericarp; testa thin; albumen somewhat mealy. Embryo small, obovoid or conical, at the end of the albumen furthest from the hilum.—Small tufted plants, mostly annuals, with linear or filiform radical leaves and slender cr very short scapes. Flowers very small, in solitary terminal heads or spikes, rarely reduced to a single flowers. Only the type genus represented in Queensland. 1. CENTROLEPIS, Labill. (Spurred scales.) (Desvauxia and Alepyrum, R. Br.) Flowers hermaphrodite, several together or rarely solitary, sessile within 2 sheathing bracts, each one within 1, 2 or 8 hyaline scarious scales rarely entirely deficient. Stamen 1, filament filiform ; anther oblong-lineat, dorsally attached. Ovary of 8 or more carpels (rarely reduced to 2 or 1) laterally adnate and superposed in 2 rows to one side of a linear receptacle, each with 1 pendulous ovule; styles 1 to each carpel, all distinct or more or less united at the base, all undivided and ending in a linear-filiform stigma. Fruiting carpels slightly enlarged from the ovary and of the same shape; pericarp membranous, opening outwards in a longitudinal slit. Seed of the shape of the carpel and often laterally adnate to the pericarp; testa appressed; embryo small, obovoid or almost lenticular, in a mealy albumen, distant from the hilum.—Small tufted plants mostly annuals. Leaves linear-filiform, all radical. Scapes simple, terminating in the 2 bracts either close together or one a little distant from the other, both flowering or the lower one empty. The genus is almost limited to Australia. Spikes narrow, containing 1 to 4 flowers, the outer bracts erect and glabrous, inner scales few and narrow or none. Flowers 1 or very rarely 2 in the spike. Leaves 3 or 4 lines long. Scape usually lin. long or more. Outer bractaristate . . . 2... woe ee ew ew ew yg LO polygyna. Spikes ovate or broad, containing more than 4 flowers, the outer bracts glabrous or rarely with « few hairs erect or spreading, and 1,2 or 8 scales under each flower, usually very prominent. Leaves and scapes 4 to #in. Flowers 4 to 6 in the spike. Carpels usually more thane wo ope Ge ee EB ne ae de gh en fens Ms wh Oo Scapes usually 1 to 2in. Flowers 4 or more in each outer bract. Outer bracts with long leafy points. Carpels usually 3t06. . . . . 3. G. aristata. Outer bracts scarcely pointed. Flowers numerous. Carpels10 to 20 . 4. C. Banksii. 2. C. pusilla. , : Centrolepis.] CL. CENTROLEPIDE. 1719 Spikes usually ovate or broad, the outer bracts hispid with long spreading hairs. Inner scales prominent. Outer bracts scarcely spreading with awns usually longer than the bract, Carpels usually 8. Stylesfreeornearlyso . . . . 1... we Outer bracts spreading with short points. Carpels more than 6. Flowers very numerous . a> Se A Se ee re By ee ee 5. C. fascicularis. 6. C. exserta, 1. C. polygyna (carpels numerous), Hieron. Centrol. 96; Benth. Fl. Austr: vil. 208. Though slender and sometimes very small this species is more rigid than its nearest allies. Leaves capillary, usually 8 or 4 lines long. Scapes in the typical form usnally about lin. long, though occasionally more than twice or scarcely half as much, of a rather dark colour as well as the floral bracts which are close together, narrow, erect, rigid, glabrous, about 2 lines long, the outer one with a rigid awn at least as long and sometimes above twice as long, the inner one with a very short point. Flowers solitary or very rarely 2 together in the inner or upper bract, with a thin hyaline scale. Filament usually shortly adnate to the axis of the carpels. Carpels varying from about 6 to above 20; styles very shortly connate.—Alepyrum polygynum, R. Br. Prod. 253 ; Hook. {. Fl. Tasm. ii. 78; Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 71. Hab.: Queensland, F. v. Mueller. 2. C. pusilla (weak), Rem. ct Schult. Syst. i. 44; Benth, Fl. Austr. vii. 205. A small tufted plant with scapes and leaves of about 4in. Floral bracts close together and glabrous but somewhat spreading, obtuse or scarcely pointed, but little more than 1 line long. Flowers about 4 in the whole spike, with 1 or 2 hyaline scales to each flower rather prominent. Carpels of the ovary 6 to 7 according to R. Brown, 7 to 18 according to Hieronymus; styles free.—Hieron. Centrol. 97; Desvaucia pusilla, R. Br. Prod, 253. Hab.: Point Lookout, Banks and Solander. 3. C. aristata (awned), Ram. et Schult. Syst. i. 44; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 206. Leaves linear, sometimes very short and fine but often a few of them nearly 3 line broad and above lin. long. Scapes 1 to 2in. high, flattened under the spike. Floral bracts close together, glabrous, ovate, erect, 2 to near 8 lines long, with long leafy points, that of the lower bract often Zin. and sometimes lin. long, the, other one shorter. Flowers in each bract from 6 to about 20, intermixed with hyaline scales, some very narrow and entire, others broader and jagged at the end, always 1 under each stamen and 1 under or by the side of each ovary, with a few apparently additional ones. Carpels of the ovary few, varying from 8 or 4 to 6 or 7.—Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 76, t. 188; Hieron. Centrol. 99; Desvauria aristata, R. Br. Prod. 253. Hab.: Stanthorpe. 4. ©. Banksii (after Sir Joseph Banks), Ram. et Schult. Syst. i. 44; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 207. Very similar to C. easerta, but quite glabrous in all its parts, Leaves filiform mostly about tin. long, and scapes from that to lin. or rather more. Spike broad, the floral bracts very spreading, about 14 line long, ovate, acute or tapering into a short point. Flowers numerous in both bracts, the hyaline scales usually 2 to each flower and often as long as the outer bract. Carpels of the ovary from 10 to 20.—Hieron. Centrol. 99; Desrausia Banksit, R. Br. Prod. 253. Hab.: Endeavour River, Banks and Solander. 5. C, fascicularis (fascicled), Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. i. 7, t. 1; Benth. Fl, Austr. vii. 207. Leaves 2 to 14in. long, usually ciliate below the middle with a few long hairs. Scapes slender, 1 to 3in. high, glabrous or rarely sprinkled with a few short hairs. Floral bracts at a short distance from each other, ovate, 1720 CL. CENTROLEPIDEA. [Centrolepis. hispid with long rigid hairs, 14 to 2 lines long, with glabrous awns about the length of the bract or that of the lower bract longer. Flowers 4 to 8 in each bract, a hyaline scale under each stamen often as long as the bract and toothed at the end, and usually but not always a smaller scale under or by the side of each ovary. Carpels of the ovary 2 to 4, usually 8; styles nearly free.—Desv. in Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 1, xiii. t. 2; Endl. Iconogr. t. 49; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. it. 77; Hieron. Centrol. 102; C. cuspidigera, Rudge in Trans. Linn. Soc. x. 283, t. 12; Desrauxia Billardieri, R. Br. Prod. 252; D. longifolia, Gaudich in Freyc. Voy. Bot. 418. Hab.: Stanthorpe. 6. ©. exserta (exserted), Rem. et Schult. Syst. i. 44; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 208. Leaves shortly hairy, under lin. long. Scapes slender, pubescent or glabrous, 1 to 8in. high. Floral bracts placed near together, very spreading, ovate-lanceolate, shortly awned or mucronate, hispid, about 2 lines long. Flowers. numerous in each bract; hyaline scales usually 2 to each flower, nearly as long as the outer bract, often jagged at the end, and sometimes a third small one. Carpels of the ovary 6 to 10; styles very shortly connate. —Hieron. Centrol. 101;. Desvauaia exserta, BR. Br. Prod. 258; Guillem. Ic. Pl. Austr. t. 17. Hab.: Endeavour River, Banks and Solander. Var. rubra. A smaller plant, the most parts being of a purplish or reddish colour. Hab.: Fraser’s Island, Hon. Miss Lovell. Orper CLI. RESTIACEA, Flowers unisexual, or very rarely and exceptionally hermaphrodite, mostly dicecious, either in spikelets, with imbricate dry rigid bracts or glumes, 1 under: each flower and usually a few outer ones empty, or in 2 genera in narrow or spikelike panicles, the glumes not imbricate. Perianth of 6, rarely 5,4 or 3. glume-like or scarious erect segments in 2 rows. Male flower: Stamens 3, filaments filiform and free or united in a column; anthers oblong 1-celked and dorsally attached, or in 8 genera 2-celled with the cells dorsally attached in the. centre only, the cells always opening by a longitudinal slit, a rudimentary ovary occasionally present in the centre of the flower. Jeniale flower: Staminodia in some species 3, short or filiform with or without rudimentary anthers, in others entirely wanting. Ovary sessile or shortly stipitate, 1,2 or 8-celled with one pendulous ovule in each cell. Styles as many as cells, usually long linear or filiform and stigmatic along the inner side from below the middle or almost to. the base, all free or more or less united at the base. Fruit dry, often hard,. usually small, either 2 or 3-celled and 2 or 8-angled, opening along the angles, or 1-celled and either opening along 1-side, or an indehiscent nut. Seeds 1 in each cell, attached at or near the top, usually striate or minutely tubercular- rugose ; testa appressed ; albumen usually mealy. Embryo small, lenticular or obovoid, at the base of the albumen at the end remote from the hilum.—Herbs. usually perennial, with a rush-like or sedge-like habit, either with a tufted base- or hard horizontal or creeping rhizome usually covered with closely imbricate- scales. Stems simple or branched, erect or flexuose and variously twisted. Leaves none or few, radical and long-linear or sedge-like, but the stems usually bear at the base several closely imbricate dry scales and higher up a few sheath- ing scales the margins closed but not connate into a cylinder at least at the base, occasionally opening at the upper end and often bearing a short or lengthened point or imperfect lamina, the upper sheaths, under the inflorescence and its. branches, transformed into floral bracts, usually shorter, broader and more open. than the stem-sheaths, and sometimes the last long broad and spatha-like.. Spikelets solitary or clustered and sessile or pedicellate within each floral bract, CLI. RESTIACEA. 1721 the flowers when in spikelets sessile or very shortly pedicellate without bracteoles and concealed under the glume, or when not in close spikelets having usually but not always a pair of bracteoles at their base. The Order is almost limited to extratropical South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. Restiacer are closely allied in habit and inflorescence to Cyperacee and in the perianth to - Juncacee but readily distinguished from both by the pendulous ovules and seeds. The great dissimilarity in habit and inflorescence between the males and females of some species often renders even their generic determination very difficult or uncertain from dried specimens, where only one sex is present or the sexes are mismatched. In some cases indeed the males of Eee Peony to different genera are more like each other than these of congeneri¢ species. — Benth, Ovary 2 or 8-celled. Styles or style branches 2 or 3. Anthers 1-celled. Flowers in narrow or spike-like panicles, the glumes scarcely imbricate and usually 2 bracteoles under each flower. . . 4... 2... Flowers in spikelets with imbricate glumes, the spikelets several-flowered in both sexes or the females 1-flowered or . 2. Resrio. Ovary 1-celled with a single ovule. Styles or style branches 3. Female spikelets several-flowered as well as the males. Pericarp usually opening laterally... ie Ae eae eG i 3. Leprocarrus. Female spikelets 1-flowered. Nutindehiscent. . . ae ]. Lepyropia. . oe . « » 4 HypouEna, 1, LEPYRODIA, R. Br. (Referring to the scaly inflorescence.) Flowers dicwcious, monecious, or rarely hermaphrodite, in narrow or spike- like panicles, the glumes not closely imbricate and shorter than the perianth. Perianth-segments 6, glume-like or thin and almost hyaline. Male flower: Stamens 8, filaments free; anthers 1-celled. Female flower: Staminodia usually 38, filiform clavate or with an abortive anther. Ovary 8-angled, 8-celled; styles 3, either distinct or more or less connate at the base, linear, stigmatic from the middle or almost from the base. Capsule 38-lobed or 8-angled, opening at the angles.—Stems simple or branched, leafless except the sheathing scales. Male and female inflorescences not very different. Bracteoles under each flower within the glume usually 2, deficient however in two species. The genus is limited to extratropical Australia. Outer perianth-segments as long as or longer than the inner. Tall plant. Sheathing scales loose. Floral bracts with long points . . 1. L. scariosa. Outer perianth-segments at least in the males shorter than the inner. Sheathing scales closely appressed. Stems loosely branched. Flowers in almost sessile distant clusters along the branches . . . 1 1 1 wee ee é oe ew ew ee 2 OD. interrupta. 1. L. scariosa (scarious), R. Br. Prod. 248; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 215. Rhizome creeping. Stems erect, terete, glabrous, 1 to 2ft. high. Sheathing scales brown, loose, often above lin. long and in some luxuriant specimens 2in., the upper ones with short points. Inflorescence a narrow pale-brown thyrsoid panicle, with short unequal erect branches, the lower ones often distant, the others more crowded. Bracts under the lower branches rigid with long points, under the upper branches smaller, broader and more svarious. Flowers sessile or shortly pedicellate within scarious glumes shorter than the perianth and 2 hyaline bracteoles at the base of the pedicel, sometimes very short, sometimes almost as long as the glume. Perianth-segments in both sexes about 2 lines long, lanceolate, acute, pale brown. Male flowers with a small rudiment of the ovary, females with slender staminodia.—F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 72; J. Aermaphrodita, Nees. in Sieb. Pl. Exs. n. 51, not of R. Br. Hab.: Stradbroke Island and towards Wallangarra. 2. LL. interrupta (interrupted), F. v. il. Fragm. viii. 74; Benth. Fl. Austr. vil. 217. Stems very slender, undivided or branched, often above 1ft. long. Sheathing scales when below the branches closely appressed, rigid, with a short 1722 CLI, RESTIACE. [Lepyrodia. reflexed very deciduous point, those under the branches and clusters of flowers broad, loose, light-coloured or the upper ones scarious. Flowers in sessile elusters distant along the end of the stem, each cluster in the axil of a broad loose sheathing bract of 2 or 8 lines, the female flowers only 3 or 4 in the cluster, the male clusters more developed with more flowers. Glumes and bracteoles scarious, acutely acuminate, not much shorter than the perianths. Perianth- segments rigid, very acute, a little more than a line long, all nearly equal in the females, the inner ones longer and broader than the outer in the males. Fila- ments short in the males. Staminodia prominent in the females. Hab.: Islands of Moreton Bay, and Brisbane River, 2. RESTIO, Linn. (So named from species having been used for cord.) - (Megalotheca, F. v. Muell.) Flowers dicwcious, both sexes several together or the females solitary, in ‘spikelets with imbricate glumes and no bracteoles. Perianth-segments 4, 5 or 6, glume-like or the inner ones almost hyaline, not exceeding the glumes. Male flower: Stamens 8, filaments filiform, free; anthers 1-celled. Rudimentary ovary small or none. Female flower: Staminodia 38 or none. Ovary 2 or 8-celled ; styles 2 or 8, free from the base or very shortly connate, stigmatic almost from the base. Capsule flat and 2-celled or 8-angled and 3-celled, the. cells opening at the angles or very rarely irregularly breaking up on the sides.— Stems simple or branched, leafless except the sheathing scales which are usually persistent. Male and female inflorescences similar or very different, the male- spikelets either pedicillate and paniculate or sessile along the branches, the: females often more sessile, solitary, clustered or spicate, but sometimes paniculate- like the males. The young plants of the first year in several species have two or three of the sheaths at the base of the stem produced into short linear leaves. The genus is very largely represented in South Africa, without, however, a single species. identical with the Australian ones which are all endemic. Sect. I. Stachygynia.—Stems various. Both male and female spikelets several flowered. Spikelets (in both sexes ?) small and numerous in a dense terminal panicle. Spikelets ovoid, very shining, with fine-pointed glumes. Tropical SPECIES i, ya. ay, Poa ae a ie A oat Ce aN! ager eh A col ese oh ae a Spikelets (in both sexes ?) terminating branches or rigid peduncles or sessile along the branches, numerous. Stems slender, glabrous. . Sr ee 8 Spikelets in both sexes nearly similar, mostly erect and shortly pedicellate on a simple rhachis or in a narrow interrupted panicle. Sheathing scales obtuse and erect. Stems simple, terete. Spikelets numerous, 2 to 34 lines long. Sheath- ing seales all closely appressed. . 2 7 1 1 ww we ew ee 8 RR gracilis. Stems very flat. ©. 2. 2. ew ew ee ee ee ee eee 4 Re complanatus.. Stems terete, tall, with dense clusters of fine barren branches. Spike- lets numerous . . . .. . ot Coban Wied a ee ae . . OS. R, tetraphyllus.. 1. R. tropicus, 2. R. dimorphus. 1. R. tropicus (tropical), R. Br. Prod. 246; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 223. Rhizome not seen. Stems stout, undivided, above 2ft. high, Sheathing scales closely appressed, acute. Male spikelets very numerous in a much branched thyrsoid or pyramidal panicle of 4 to Gin., nearly sessile along the almost filiform branches all of a rather light shining brown, about 2 lines long. Glumes almost. scarious, broadly lanceolate, tapering to a fine point, 1 or 2 outer ones shorter: and empty. Perianth-segments 5, 2 outer ones narrow, acuminate, complicate, 3 inner ones shorter broader hyaline and almost obtuse. Female plant unknown. Hab.: Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown. The female plant being unknown the genus of this species must remain uncertain, it may very possibly be a Leptocarpus, the male inflorescence is, however, very different from that of any other species of either genus.—Benth. Restio.] CLI. RESTIACEA, 1723 2. R. dimorphus (2-formed), f?. Br. Prod. 216; Benth, I'l. Austr. vii. 224. Rhizome creeping, but the woolly hairs not abundant. Stems slender, 1 to 2ft. long, divided into weak branches all doriferous, often from near the base. Sheathing scales rather broad, loose and open almost from the base, spreading upwards obtuse and glabrous; floral bracts shorter than the spikelets. Male spikelets numerons, ovate, sessile or nearly so within the bract, distant along the branches or terminal, about 2 lines long. Glumes obovate or oblong, acuminate with a rather short point, not at all or scarcely ciliate, several outer ones empty. Perianth-segments 6. Filament shortly callous at the base but no rudiment of the ovary. Female plant: Spikelets fewer and more distant, all sessile and 1-flowered but with several empty glumes, inner glumes acuminate, 14 line long, with rather long points. Perianth segments 5 (or 6?), oblong, obtuse, nearly equal. Ovary 2-celled, or according to Brown 8-celled. Styles united at the base. Capsule hard, broad, opening at the sides and frequently 1-celled by abortion and then very oblique.—F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 68. Hab.: Islands of Moreton Bay. 8. BR. gracilis (slender), Ii. Br. Prod. 245; Benth. Fl. Austr, vii. 227. Stems slender, the sheathing scales closely appressed and the numerous small spikelets forming an interrupted more or less compound spike or narrow panicle of 2 to din. Floral bracts acuminate with a fine point. Male spikelets rather broad, varying from 23 to 34 lines long, nearly sessile or almost all on pedicels as long as or longer than the bracts. Perianth-segments 6, the 2 outer ones complicate. Female spikelets longer and more sessile, very narrow in some specimens, broader in others. Flowers 2-merous, no staminodia.—F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 69; R. pallens, R. Br. Prod. 245. Hab.: Moreton Island, F. v. Mueller; Brisbane, Prentice; and towards the Tweed and Wallangarra. 4. R. compianatus (compressed), Ii. Br, Prod. 245; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 228. Rhizome shori and thick with little or no wool. Stems densely tufted, erect, simple, much flattened. Sheathing scales appressed, obtuse, rather thin, 4 to Zin. long. Male spikelets rather numerous, in a narrow panicle, on filiform, pedicels, narrow-ovate, scarcely 8 lines long. Glumes shortly acuminate, slightly ciliate, the midrib produced into a fine point, one or two outer ones short and empty. Perianth often shortly stipitate within the glume, segments 4, narrow. Stamens 2. Female spikelets usually fewer and narrower than the males and sometimes longer, the glumes rather distant. Ovary sessile, 2-merous. Capsule scarcely dehiscent.—Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 71; F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 67. Hab.: Common in the southern coastal swamps. R. tetraphyllus (4-leaved), Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. ii. 77, t. 226, 227 ; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 228. Rhizome thick, densely woolly-hairy under the short broad scales. Stems erect, 2 or 3ft. high, usually bearing filiform dichotomous branches, either short and dense or longer and loose, clustered within the erect appressed sheathing scales. . Spikelets in both sexes usually rather numerous, pedicellate in a yarrow loose panicle. Male spikelets from narrow-ovate to nearly globular, 2 to 8 lines long. Glumes acuminate, with short fine points. Perianth- segments 6, 2 outer rather broad and complicate, the third narrow, 3 inner flat and hyaline, 1 broad and 2 narrow. Female spikelets usually longer and narrower, the glumes more acuminate. Perianth-segments 4, 2 outer ones complicate and lanceolate, 2 inner broader and flat, but with the margins folded in. Capsule small, flat, not usually opening at the margins but the thin sides bursting irregularly.—R. Br. Prod. 247; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 71; F.v. M. Fragm. viii. 66. Hab.: Brisbane River, Leichhardt, Bailey; Wide Bay, Sheridan; Rockhampton, Thozet ; and further north. 1724 CLI. RESTIACEA. 8. LEPTOCARPUS, RB. Br. (Fruit slender.) Flowers dicecious, both sexes in spikelets with imbricate glumes ioe bracteoles, or the females in compound spikelets with bracteoles. eee: : segments 6 or fewer by abortion, variously shaped. Male flower : Paes 0 rarely 2; filaments filiform, free, usually very short ; anthers 1-celled. Ru ner tary ovary small or none. Female flower: Staminodia 3 or none. ie 1-celled, with 1 pendulous ovule ; styles 8 (rarely 2°), filiform, free or unite a the middle, the free part, stigmatic from near the base. Fruit narrow or ovol : with a thin pericarp opening on one side, or with a thicker pericarp splitting bs the angles. Stems simple or branched, leafless except the sheathing scales which are usually closely appressed and erect. Male and female inflorescences nearly similar or very different, in some species the spikelets in both sexes = narrow panicles, in others the males pedicellate and paniculate, the females sessile and clustered or spicate. Male spikelets always several-flowered with 1, 2 or rarely 8 outer empty glumes. Females various. The genus like Restio is also represented in South Africa and New Zealand, but the Australian species appear to be all endemic. The males of some species are scarcely to be distinguished from those of some species of Restio, but the females are readily recognised.—Benth. Sect. I. Homoeanthesis.—Spikelets in both sexes very small, clustered along the branches of a long panicle. Spikelets very densely clustered along the short branches of a long dense panicle. Outer females perianth-segments erect, inner short, tomentose, closed over the sOVaTYy ee aca ee es ee A see ee TD. ramosus. Perianth-s gments all equal narrow, glabrous... we ee ee elatior. Spikelets clustered along the few narrow branches of the panicle. Perianth- segments glabrous. 7 Stem:glabrous’ is zocs ar Re, Ge ae SS a we ae spathaceus. Stem cottony-villous . . 1 1. ee ee et ee ee ew ew A DL. Shulteit. 1, L. ramosus (branching), R. Br. Prod. 250; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 236. Rhizome unknown. Stems terete, erect, divided into a few long erect branches, above 2ft. high, and sometimes the flowering branches again much divided. Sheathing scales closely appressed, shortly acute, in some specimens perhaps diseased, imbricate at the ends of the branches. Spike-like panicles dense and numerous in a long narrow interrupted panicle. Male spikelets very numerous, small and sessile in clusters along the short branches. Glumes less than a line long, acutely acuminate, almost aristate, the upper ones scarcely exceeding the lower. Perianth-segments acuminate, glabrous, the inner ones rather broader and less acuminate than the outer. The flowers examined had only 4 segments and 2 stamens in Dallachy’s as well as in Fitzalan’s specimens but they may very probably be sometimes 3-merous. Female inflorescence the same as the male, but the spikelets still smaller and more densely clustered. Glumes and 8 outer perianth-segments scarcely 4 line long, with fine points and glabrous or slightiy ciliate, 3 inner segments shorter, obtuse, densely covered with a white woolly tomentum and closed over the glabrous ovary. Style filiform, divided to the middle into 8 or sometimes 2 stigmatic branches.—F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 92. Hab.: Endeavour River, Banks and Solander; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy; Daintree River, Fitzalan, 2. L. elatior (tall), R. Br. Prod. 250; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 236. Rhizome unknown. Stems above 2ft, high, rather stout and undivided in the specimens seen. Sheathing scales closely appressed, acuminate. Male specimens not seen. Female spikelets very small and numerous, of a rich dark brown, very densely crowded on the short branches of a long panicle, the bracts under the sessile clusters and spikelets acuminate with long fine points usually exceeding the Leptocarpus.] CLI. RESTIACEA. 1725 spikelets. Spikelets about 1 line long and broad, the glumes acutely acuminate. Perianth-segments 6, under 4 line long, all nearly equal and quite glabrous or minutely ciliate. Ovary glabrous. Styles 2 or 8, free from the base or nearly so. Fruit about 4 line long, the pericarp readily splitting into 2 or 3. Hab.: Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown; Daintree River, Fitzalan. As observed in several other Restiacese some diseased inflorescences have larger flowers filled with the black granules of a fungus.—Benth. 3. L. spathaceus (spathe-like), R. Br. Prod. 250; Benth. Hl. Austr. vil. 286. Rhizome unknown. Stems erect, 2ft. high or more, divided into few rigid and erect or more numerous slender somewhat flexuose branches. Sheathing scales closely appressed, acute or shortly acuminate. Spike-like panicles narrow and not much branched, the small spikelets numerous and clustered along the branches. Males in the specimens seen too imperfect for examination. Female spikelets ovoid, about 1 line long. Glumes acutely acuminate, rather spreading. Perianth-segments 6, narrow-lanceolate, acutely acuminate, all glabrous. Style- branches 2 or 8. Pericarp thin.—L. desertus, F, v. M. Fragm. viii. 93. Hab.: Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown. The majority of specimens examined diseased with the fungus.—Benth. 4, ZL. Schultzii (after M. Schultz), Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 287. Rhizome shortly creeping, densely woolly, emitting numerous slender almost filiform much branched barren stems under lft. high, and rigid erect simple or slightly branched flowering stems attaining 2ft. or more, densely and softly cottony-villous as well as the rhachis of the panicle. Male spike-like panicle slender, narrow, not much ‘branched, the young spikelets narrow, 1} to 2 lines long. Glumeés acuminate with ‘carious margins. Perianth-segments 5 or 6, the outer ones narrow and acuminate, the inner broader, thinner; and almost obtuse. Stamens 3. Females ‘unknown. Hab.: Cape York Peninsula. 4, HYPOLAINA, R. Br. (From hypo, under, and chlaina, a cloak.) _(Calorophus, Labill. ; Calostrophus, F, v. Mueil.) Flowers dicecious, the males several together or rarely solitary, the females ‘solitary, in spikelets with imbricate glumes and no bracteoles. Male flower: Perianth-segments 6, narrow, glume-like or thin. Stamens 8, filaments filiform ; -anthers 1-celled. Female flower: Perianth-segments 6 or 4, short broad and very thin, almost hyaline. Staminodia 8 or none. Ovary 1-celled, with 1 ‘pendulous ovule ; styles or style branches 2 or 3, filiform, stigmatic from below the middle. Fruit a small ovcid or obovoid indehiscent nut.—Stems usually mucel:-branched and often flexuose, leafless except the sheathing scales which are persistent. Male spikelets either solitary or 2 together within distant bracts along the branches, or several in a terminal panicle. Females solitary or 2 or 3 ‘together at the end of the branches. Besides the Australian species of which one is also in New Zealand, there are several from ‘South Africa. Sect. I. Calorophus.—WMale spikelets solitary or 2 together, 1-sessile, the other shortly pedicellate, within distant floral bracts. Male spikelets several-flowered. Female spikelets terminal or sessile, 2 to Slineslong: 5 are ee a a 1. H. lateriflora, Sect. Il. Buhypoleena.—Wale spikelets all pedicellate in a small panicle. Female spikelets terminal solitary or in clusters of 2 or 3. ‘Style-branches longer than the entire part . 2. 1... . «+ ss . 2 Hz, fastigiata, 1726 CLI. RESTIAOEA. [Hypolena. 1. H. lateriflora (flowers lateral), Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 288. Stems slender, very much branched and flexuose, sometimes nearly erect and under 1ft., sometimes climbing to a height of 4 or 5ft. Sheathing scales closely appressed, the upper ones as well as the floral bracts or sometimes nearly all with short subulate reflexed tips or filiform lamine. Male spikelets usually 2 together within the distant floral bracts along the branches, one sessile, the other shortly pedicellate, few-flowered, with 1 or rarely 2 empty glumes. Glumes thin, acute or acuminate, often slightly woolly-ciliate. Perianth-segments 6, narrow, nearly equal, the outer ones more acute than the inner. No rudiment of the ovary. Female spikelets 2 to 8 lines long, solitary within the 1, 2 or rarely 8 uppermost bracts. Glumes few, lanceolate, acutely acuminate, rigid, about 14 line long. Perianth of 6 or 4 broadly ovate very thin and hyaline segments, the inner ones scarcely longer than the ovary, the outer gradually rather larger. Styles 3 or 2, distinct from the base. Nut ovoid-globular, sessile on a thick receptacle.— Restio lateriflorus, R. Br. Prod. 247; Calostrophus iateriflorus, F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 87; Calorophus elongatus, Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. ii. 78, t. 228, partly ; Hook. f. Fl. Tagm. ii. 75; Lepyrodia elongata, Spreng.. Syst, Cur. Post. 86; Leptocarpus squarrosus and Restio crispatus, Nees. in Sieb. Agrost. n. 38, 88. Hab.: Moreton Island, I’. v. Mueller ; Moreton Bay, Leichhardt; Brisbane River, Bailey. 2. H. fastigiata (erect), 2. Br. Prod. 251; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 289. Stems much-branched, rather slender, erect or ascending and flexuose, from under 1ft. to near 2ft. high, glabrous or with a short loose white tomentum especially in the inflorescence. Sheathing scales dark-coloured, appressed, mostly with a short erect point. Male spikelets all pedicellate in a terminal panicle, oblong-linear or at length narrow-ovate, about 8 lines long or rather more when fully out. Glumes of a rich brown, rather broad with a short point, a few lower ones empty. Perianth-segments 6, 2 outer ones complicate and. acutely keeled, the third lanceolate flat and rather acute, the 3 inner rather shorter and more obtuse. Anthers almost ssessile, dorsally attached ‘very near the base to the very short filament. Female spikelets solitary and terminal or rarely 2 or 3 clustered together, 2 to 8 lines long. Glumes much more acuminate than in the males. Perianth-segments 6, thinly scarious, very broad and only about as long as the ovary. Styles shortly connate at the base. Nut hard, sessile on a thickened receptacle-—Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 74, t. 187; F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 84; Restio clavatus, R. Br. Prod. 246. Hab.: Queensland, F’. v. MW. Orper CLII. CYPERACEZ. Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual, in little green or brown spikes called spikelets, consisting of several scale-like bracts called glumes, either distichous as in Graminee or imbricated all round the rhachis, with 1 sessile flower in the axil of each, or the lower ones and sometimes a few at the end empty. No normal perianth in the Queensland species, but replaced in some genera by 6 or fewer, rarely more, bristles or small scales. Stamens 8 or fewer or rarely 4 to 6 or indefinite ; filaments free, filiform or slightly flattened ; anthers usually exserted from the spikelet, attached by their base, oblong or linear, with 2 parallel cells. opening longitudinally, the connective usually more or less produced beyond the cells into a small point or appendage. Ovary entire, 1-celled, with 1 erect ovule : style terminal, filiform or variously thickened at the base, more or less deeply divided into 2 or 8 rarely more filiform spreading or recurved branches stigmatic and papillose or rarely shortly plumose from the base, and therefore often termed stigmas. Fruit a small seed-like nut, flattened when the style is 2-cleft, more or less distinctly 3-angled when it is 8-cleft. Seed erect, albuminous, with a smal} lens-shaped globular or ovoid embryo in its base.—Herbs often resembling in CLIT. CYPERACEA. 1727 aspect the Restiace or still more frequently the Gramines, but usually stiffer than the latter with solid or very rarely slightly hollow stems. When perennial the rhizomes often emit short stolons covered with short sheathing scales, but. rarely present in dried specimens taken at the time of flowering. Leaves chiefly at the base of the stem, the outer or radical ones dilated at the base into open sheaths or reduced to sheathing scales in continuation of those of the rhizome, the inner ones as well as the stem-leaves when present embracing the stem with closed tubular sheaths, the lamina usually narrow and grass-like, and sometiines the stems quite leafless except a few sheathing scales at the base. Spikelets either solitary or clustered and terminal or apparently lateral from the subtending erect bract apparently continuing the stem, or variously collected in simple or compound spikes umbels or panicles; when umbellate irregularly so, one spikelet cluster or partial umbel being always sessile, whilst the others are supported on peduncles or rays of unequal length. The whole inflorescence its branches and the individual spikelets almost always subtended by bracts, the lower ones often long and resembling the stem leaves, the others gradually smaller, the inner ones and sometimes all small and glume-like. A large Order, abundantly distributed all over the globe, but more especially in moist situations on the edges of waters. Tre I. Scirpez.—Spikelets solitary clustered capitate or umbellate, with several often numerous hermaphrodite flowers rarely (except in Kyllinga) reduced to 2 or 1. Empty glumes at the base usually only 1 or 2. Hypogynous bristles or scales when present filiform or flat. (Empty glumes 3 or 4 and flowers 2 or 3 in Fimbristylis cyperoides.) Spikelets clustered or spicate, the clusters or spikes solitary or in simple or compound umbels. Glumes distichous. Style not bulbous. No hypogynous bristles . . 1. CypErus. Spikelets small in a ‘dense simple or lobed head or short spike, with 1 “yarely 2 flowers. Two inner glumes enclosing the nut and falling off with it. . 2. Kyxurnaa. . Spikelet solitary. Glumes imbricate all round. Hypogynous bristles usually present. Nut crowned by the persistent dilated base of the style . . . 3. Hexzocnarts. Spikelets solitary clustered or umbellate. Glumes imbricate al] round or distichous. No hypogynous bristles. Pale thickened or bulbous at the base but articulate on the nut . . 4, FinprisTyLis. Spikelets solitary or clustered, often lateral, orina ‘compound ambel. Glumes imbricate all round. Style continuous with the nut. Hypogynous bristles present or not. . sa # « » » » « 8, Sermpus. Spikelets clustered, the clusters usually paniculate. Glumes imbricate all round, Hypogynous scales 3, flat. . . ol ee ee en oe, UO AUIREN A, Spikelets in a terminal head’ or cluster. Glumes imbricate all round. Hypogynous scales 2, flat and parallel with the glume . . . . . . 4% Lrpocarpua. (18. Scuanus has sometimes very nearly the characters of Cyperus.) Trirz Il. Hypolytrez.—-Spikelets solitary clustered or paniculate, with several usually numerous flowers all hermaphrodite or some male only. Glumes imbricate all round, several of the lowest usually empty. Flowers within the glumes flat, with 2 eee keeled hypogynous scales, and often flat linear ones within them. No flat scales within the 2 keeled ones. Stamens 8 or fewer. Spikelets capitate or paniculate . soe ee ee ew 6 68. Hyponyrrom. Four flat scales within the 2 keeled ones. Stamens 3. Nut included. Spikelets rather large (paniculate in the Australian species) . . 9. Mapanta. Several flat scales within the 2 keeled ones. Stamens 6. Nut large, v ver, y prominently ribbed and furrowed. Spikelets clustered in a dense panicle 10. ScrrPODENDRON. Two flat scales within the 2 keeled ones. Stamens3. Nut aed exserted. Spikelets small paniculate . . 11. Fxocarya. Numerous flat scales within the 2 keeled ones. Stamens 6 or more. " Spikelet solitary, lateral. Spikelet ovoid, or oblong. Glumes loosely imbricate concealing the inner scales . . 12. Luprronta. Spikelet globular or ovoid. Glumes loosely imbrieate disclosing ‘the i inner BCAICR Ys: se we ae ey » oe. es . , 13. Coortsanpra. 1728 CLII CYPERACEA. Trisz Il]. Rhynchosporeze.—Spikelets capitate spicate or paniculate, rarely solitary or umbellate, with 1 rarely 2 (in Schoenus 2 to 6) hermaphrodite fertile flowers, and sometimes 1 or more male or sterile flowers above or below. Empty glumes at the base often more than 2. Hypogynous bristles or scales when present filiform or flat. (Flowers sometimes unisexual by abortion in 24 Caustis.) ‘Spikelets small, in a dense ovoid spike or head, with 1 flower and 4 glumes, the inner one fleshy enveloping the nut. No hypogynous bristles. Low branching leafy plant. . . 2. 1 1 ee ee ee ee se A, Roope. Spikelets in a small terminal head. Stamens or staminodia 6. No hypogynous bristles or scales. 1 ww ee ee ee ee ee «15, ARTHROSTYLES. ‘Glumes imbricate all round. Style-branches 2. Nut crowned by the thickened persistent base of the style. Empty glumes several. Hypogynous bristles 6 or irregularly fewer, slender or small tone ee ee wee ww ee ee 6+ 16, ReYNcHOSPORA.. Hypogynous bristles or scales 3. Spikelets in a terminal head. . . . . 17. Musommnmna. ‘Glumes distinctly distichous. Style-branches 3, rarely 4. Flowers 2 to 6, all or the lower ones fertile. Rhachis between the flowers elongated curved or flexuose . 2. 1. 1 we eee we et Flowers 1 or 2, both fertile or the lowest male or sterile. No hypogynous bristles. Spikelets in a narrow panicle or axillary . . ...+. =. ‘Glumes imbricate all round, or when few obscurely distichous. Style- branches 3, rarely 4 or 8. Hypogynous bristles small and not thickened under the nut . ... . . 20. TRicosTULARIA, Hypogynous scales often at first minute, thickened and acuminate under the nut:..6. 03s a ee ae a a ee soe ee e @ « » 21, Leprposperma. No bypogynous bristles or scales, Spike paniculate, when 2-flowered the lowest fertile, its glumes as long as the outer empty ones, Stamens3 . . . . . . . «. . « . 22, Craprum. Spikelets paniculate, when 2-flowered the lowest sterile; flowering glumes obtuse and shorter than the outer empty ones. Stamens $10 6-2 ee eee ee Re ae Be Em i a ys 28e GARNTR, Spikelets solitary or clustered in an irregularly branched inflorescence, when 2-flowered the lowest sterile, and often unisexual. Stamens 3 to 6. Nut crowned by the ovoid or oblong base of the style . . . 24. Caustis, Trise IV. Scleriez.—Flowers strictly unisexual, in unisexual or androgynous spikelets. No utricle enclosing the females. Ovary and nut seated on a disk. Single Australian genus... . . 18. ScHa@nus. 19. KLYNANTHUS. OWE we a oe Re ow 3 QOL SchER IAS Trine V. Cariceze.—Flowers strictly unisexual, in unisexual or androgynous spikelets, the females enclosed in an utricle or perigynium. ‘Spikelets solitary, spicate or paniculate; unisexual or androgynous. Bristle within the utricle not exserted nor hooked and often deficient . . 26. Carex. 1. CYPERUS, Linn. (The derivation doubtful.) (Mariscus, Vahi.; Papyrus, IVilld.; Diclidium, Schrad.) Spikelets with several often numerous flowers rarely reduced to 3, 2, or 1, all hermaphrodite or the terminal flower rarely male. Glumes distichous, concave or navicular and keeled, all nearly equal and flowering except the lowest 2 or 1 usually smaller and empty. No hypogynous scales or bristles. Stamens 8 or fewer. Style continuous with the ovary, not thickened at the base, deciduous, ‘deeply or shortly divided into 2 or 8 filiform stigmatic branches or rarely almost -or quite entire. Nut sessile, without any hypogynous disk, flattened biconvex or triquetrous, smooth or (frequently in the same species) minutely granular.— Perennials either tufted or forming horizontal or creeping rhizomes, rarely annuals. Stems simple under the inflorescence. Leaves few at the base of the stem or rarely covering it half way up with their sheaths, long or short or some- times all reduced to the sheaths, of which the lower ones are scale-like covering the rhizome or leaving annular scars when they fall away. Spikelets in clusters ‘heads or spikes, very rarely solitary at the ends of the rays or branches of a simple ‘or compound irregular umbel, sometimes occupying the whole of the secondary rays, the central clusters or spikes always sessile in the centre of the umbel, the Cyperus.] CLIT CYPERACEA. 1729: rays very unequal and sometimes the whole inflorescence contracted into a dense sessile compound cluster or head of spikelets, the general rhachis of the inflore- scence rarely shortly produced, showing an interval between each ray. Under each ray is a persistent bract, one, two or more of the outer ones usually long and leaf-like forming an involucre round the inflorescence, the inner bracts and those which subtend the secondary rays and the spikelets usually small and scale-like, those under the spikelets rarely entirely wanting. A very large and widely spread genus, second in the Order to Carea only in point of numbers, but much more prevalent than that genus in the tropical and subtropical regions both of the. New and-the Old World where itis everywhere abundant. It is represented also by a few species in more temperate regions, but quite disappears in the extreme north and south as well as on Alpine heights. The genus differs from those groups of Scirpus which having no hypogynous bristles formed Brown’s genus Isslepis, solely in the distichous arrangement of the glumes, and this character is not constant in Cyperus pygmeus, whilst in Scirpus cyperoides, a» West Australian species, the glumes are often very nearly distichous. From Schwnus it is generally distinguished by the habit and inflorescence, the flowers more numerous in the spikelets, the flowering glumes more regularly distichous and the straighter rhachis of the spikelet, but none of these characters are absolutely constant. A few exceptional intermediates occur among the species of both genera. —Benth. Secr. I. Pycreus.—Spikelets flat with navicular keeled glumes. Style usually 2-cleft.. Nut more or less flattened, with one edge next the rhachis. Nut ovate or obovate, not exceeding half the length of the glume. . Dwarf tufted annual. Spikelets in loose clusters in an umbel of 3 to 6 rays. Keel of the asian produced into a straight or recurved point, the sides nerveless . 1. GC. pumilus. Perennial mostly under lft. Spikelets 1 to 1} line broad, in a " single loose cluster or rarely 1 or 2short umbel-rays. Glumes broad, obtuse, the sides dark or witha dark patch. . . . 2. C. eragrostis. Annual or perennial much under lft. Epikelets 1 to es line broad, few in the clusters in an umbel of few rays or all in one cluster. Glumes broad, obtuse, very pale or yellowish green . . 3. C. flarescens. Perennial, mostly under lft. Spikelets narrow, in heads or clusters all sessile or in an umbel of few rays. Glumes rather narrow, almost acute, the sides of a pale brown . . 4. C. globosus. Perennial, 1 to 2ft. Spikelets 2 lines broad, the clusters i in an umbel of few rays. Glumes broad, rather acute, shining green or yellowish 5. C. unioloides. Nut oblong, not exceeding half the length of the glume. Spikelets narrow, very numerous, in a dense sessile compound cluster, rarely with 2 or 3 elongated umbel- -rayS . sew ee e 6. CL polystachyus. Nut broad, almost as long as the glume. Tall perennial. Spikelets loosely spicate and distichous alone the rays of a lar, ange com- poundumbel ......-e+ os he » . TC. flavicomus. Sect. II. Juncellus.—Spikelets flattened but usually thick. Sse -except a few distant closed sheaths with a very small erect or spreading lamina, or sometimes only 2 or 3 sheaths at the base. Spike-like panicle short, terminal, 4 to a little more than lin. long; the subtending sheathing bract very small. Spikelets few, somewhat flattened, of a rich brown, about 2 lines long, sessile -along the short branches, each within a broad prominently 5 or 7-nerved glume- like bract, and containing a single hermaphrodite flower. Glumes almost -distichous, acute with prominent ciliate keels, the sides membranous, 2 or 3 outer empty ones shorter, the towering glume erect, and above it and enclosed within it a. small thin terminal glume, with usually a male flower. Stamens 3.. Nut obovoid, nearly as long as the glume, very obtuse.—Beockel. in Linnea, xxxvili. 287; Hook. f. Fl, Tasm. ii. 95; F. v. M. Fragm. ix. 16. Hab.: Burnett River, F. v. Mueller, and about Wallangarra. Also in New Zealand. 23. GAHNIA, Forst. (After H. Gahn.) (Morelotia, Gaudich; Lampocarya, R. Br.) - Spikelets variously paniculate, with 1 hermaphrodite flower and usually 1 male ‘flower below it. Glumes several, imbricate all round, 4 or more outer ones empty the flowering glumes shorter, broad, obtuse and closely enveloping the flowers -and nut, without any empty glume above the flower. No hypogynous bristles. Stamens 8 or more frequently from 4 to 6. Style deciduous, continuous with ‘the ovary ; stigmativ branches in the perfect flower 3 to 5 (or 3 with 1 or 2 bifid), filiform. Nut obovoid ovoid or almost fusiform, obscurely or not all 3-angled, usually smooth and shining when fully ripe, the endocarp hard, smooth or -transversely rugose inside, the exocarp but little thickened.—Perennials with a ‘hard or creeping rhizome. Stems sometimes very tall, in a few species shorter -and slender. eaves terete and furrowed along the inside or witl® involute margins so as to appear terete, always ending in long subulate points. Panicles -either large loose and drooping, or long and erect or spike-like. Spikelets black -or in a very few species brown. Filaments in some species becoming very much lengthened. Nuts in several species of a bright brown-red, in others black, grey, -or almost white, and frequently after having been cut remaining hanging to the spikelet by the filaments, persistent at their base, and retained at the other end ‘by the closely involute margins of the inner empty glumes. The genus extends to New Zealand, the Malayan Archipelago and the Pacific Islands. Srcr. I. Bampocarya.—Spikelets with a single terminal hermaphrodite flower or very rarely with w second mate-or imperfect one.—Panicle long and narrow, the spikelets in com- pound clusters or short spikelike branches, sessile or shortly pedunculate along the main rhachis. Spikelets 3 to 4 lines long. Flowering glumes broad and very obtuse. Nuts ‘about 3 lines long. Stamensusually6. . . . . 2... 1 ee Spikelets under.2 lines. Nuts 1 to 1} line long. Clusters of spikelets at first oblong. Glumes broad, shortly acuminate. Stamens 8,rarely4. 2. . 1. 2 2 ee we » +» « « 2 G. melanocarpa. Secr. I Bugahnia.—Sspikelets with u terminal hermaphrodite flower and a precocious -male or barren one below it.—Panicles loose, narrow, thyrsoid or spreading. P ‘Outer glumes numerous, short, ubtuse or slightly acuminate . . . . . 3. G. psittacorwn. 1. G. aspera. 1. G. aspera (rough), Spreng. Syst. ii. 114; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 412. Stems rigid, 2 to 8ft. high. Leaves very long, with involute scabrous margins, becoming almost terete, with long subulate points. Clusters of spikelets very -dense, in short compound sessile spikes in the axils of the upper or floral leaves, forming a dense spikelike slightly interrupted leafy panicle. Lower leafy bracts -very long, with short sheaths, the upper gradually shorter with broad lanceolate -Gahnia.] CLI. CYPERACEA. 1795 ‘bases, the inner bracts more glume-like. Spikelets mostly about 4 lines long, with a single hermaphrodite flower. Empty glumes 7 or 8, the outer ones narrow, acuminate or aristate, with rigid ciliate keels passing into a few inner ‘shorter very broad and obtuse membranous ones, the flowering glume still thinner and shorter at the time of flowering. Stamens usually 6, rarely 5 or 4. Style-branches 8, all simple or one divided nearly to the base. Nut: ovoid- -oblong to almost globular, often 8 lines long, slightly mucronate with the base of the style, very smooth, shining and brown-red when fully ripe, at first closely ‘enveloped in the 2 inner glumes, but at length forced out and remaining long suspended by the filaments persistent at the base of the nut and caught at the ‘other end in the points of the longest empty glumes.—Beckel. in Linnea, xxxvili, 344; Lampocarya aspera, R. Br. Prod. 288; Cladium asperum, F. vy. M. Fragm. ix. 12. Tab.: Keppel Bay, Broadsound and Shoalwater Bay, R. Brown; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy ; Rockhampton, O'Shanesy, Thozet ; Ipswich, Nernst’; Moreton Bay, Leichhardt. : Also the same ora very closely allied species in New Caledonia and the Fiji Islands; and ‘the Sandwich Islands, G. globosa, H. Mann, or G. mucronata, Boeckel. may also be not really -distinet. Hexalepis scabrifolia, Boeckel. in Flora, 1875, 118, from Brisbane River, Amalia Dietrich, appears to me to be that state or variety of G. aspera, in which the nuts of a straw-colour or rarely dark-brown and opaque are not yet forced out of the spikelets and remain sessile and ‘erect. In some instances specimens from Queensland with straw-coloured nuts, and others with brown shining exserted hanging nuts have been sent as belonging to this species.—Benth. 2. G. melanocarpa (black fruit), 2. Br. Prod, 239; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. -413. Stems usually several feet high. eaves very long, with involute scabrous margins, ending in long subulate points, the floral ones gradually smaller, all rigid and erect. Panicle narrow and dense, often above 1ft. long and interrupted -at the base, very compound, with erect spikelike or thyrsoid branches, the lower ‘ones 2 to 4in. long, the upper much shorter, very narrow when in flower, broader -and denser when in fruit. Smaller bracts shortly aristate, those under the spikelets almost glume-like. Spikelets very numerous, more or less clustered, ‘scarcely above 14 line long. Outer empty glumes about 8, acuminate and ‘almost aristate, 1 or 2 inner ones also empty, and the flowering glume thinly ‘membranous, almost hyaline, obtuse and closely enveloping the single her- maphrodite fiower, without any second male flower or inner empty glume. Stamens 5 or rarely 4, at length much elongated. Nut small obovoid or ovoid, black and shining when quite ripe.—Cladium melanocarpum, F. vy. M. Fragm. ‘ix. 18. Hab.: Near border of N.S.W. about Wallangarra, 3. G. psittacorum (parrot-like), Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. i. 89, t. 115; ‘Benth, Fl. Austr. vii. 418 .‘ Yerer,”” Cape Bedford, Roth. Stems stout, terete below the inflorescence, 4 to 8ft. high. Leaves long, with very scabrous involute margins, ending in long subulate points. Panicle often 1 to 2ft. Jong, very black, oblong or thyrsoid, often one-sided, very compound, the numerous branches spreading drooping or nearly erect. Lower sheathing ‘bracts produced into long subulate scabrous leaflike points or laminw, the ‘upper ones gradually smaller. Spikelets exceedingly numerous, 2 to 3 lines long. Empty glumes in the typical forms 10 to 12, very obtuse or rarely almost acute, the outer onés very small but gradually increasing in length ; flowering glumes much smaller, thinly membranous and very obtuse, the innermost one often minute. Flowers 2, but so close together as to appear -within the same glume, outer one male and very precocious, the inner -one hermaphrodite and fertile. Stamens in each 4 or rarely 5 or 6; filaments moderately or very long after flowering. Style-branches usually 4 of equal length, but one of them equally divided so as to appear 5. Nut ovoid, hard, 1796 CLIL, CYPERACEA. (Gahnia.. very smooth and shining, of a rich brown-red when quite ripe, 1 to 13 line long.—R. Br. Prod. 288; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 97; Boeckel. in Linnea, xxxviii. 345; Cladium filum and C. radula, Nees in Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 11 and 12, not of BR. Br.; Cladium psittacorum, F. v. M. Fragm. ix. 13; G. Steberiana, Kunth, Enum. ii. 382. Hab.: Rockingham Bay, Dallachy ; Moreton Bay, F. v. Mueller; and inland in swamps. The species, easily distinguished among all the large black panicled ones, by the number of short closely imbricate outer glumes, is very variable in the apex of these glumes. more or less obtuse, in the length to which the filaments protrude after losing their anthers, and especially in the size of the nuts. Leaf-buds eaten.—Roth. 24, CAUSTIS, RB. Br.. (Eurostorrhiza, Steud.) Spikelets with 1 hermaphrodite flower and often 1 male one below it, narrow,. sometimes unisexual by abortion. Glumes 3 or 4, imbricate all round the- rhachis, acuminate or aristate, 1 or 2 outer empty ones shorter. No hypogynous. bristles or scales. Stamens 3 to 6. Style slender, with a thick hard, persistent base ; stigmatic branches 38, filiform. Nut ovoid or oblong crowned by the hard ovoid or oblong base of the style, sometimes as big as itself and either continuous. with it or slightly contracted under it.—Stems from a perennial rhizome with thick fibrous roots, usually leafless except sheathing scales like those of Restiacee but closed, very rarely produced into linear subulate leaves, more or less panicu- lately branched, the branches either erect and straight or numerous ‘curved. flexuose or revolute, the short sterile branchlets and peduncles clustered within. each sheath. Spikelets sometimes unisexual by abortion, the males and females on separate stems though proceeding from the same rhizome. The genus is endemic in Australia. Some specimens assume so much the aspect of some species of Hypolena (Restiacex) as to be occasionally confounded with them in herbaria. Spikelets (constantly ?) hermaphrodite and uniform, Beak or appendage to the nut large and distinct. ; z Flowering branches erect and straight. Spikelets sessile or shortly pedunculate. Stamens usually 5 (4 to 6) Seaddt inch Cees Depa tay tis Pedicels slender, solitary or few together in clusters of curved flexuose or involute branchlets. Stamens3 . . . 1. 4 6 e+ ee + s @ e « 2 OC. flexuosa. 1. C. pentandra.. 1. C. pentandra (5 stamens), R. Br. Prod. 240; Benth. #1. Austr. vii. 420. Stems 2ft. high or more, terete below the branches, but the branches when 2 or inore in acluster flattened or excavate along the inner side with acute angles, the whole cluster terete. Flowering branches long and erect ; clusters of barren ones few and often 3 to 4in. long, erect or slightly curved. Sheathing scales. usually tapering into long points. Spikelets rather numerous, erect, usually a. sessile and pédunculate one from the same sheath, 6 to 8 lines long, all apparently equally fertile. Glumes rigid, minutely pubescent, with long subulate- points or awns. Stamens 5 in the hermaphrodite flower, often 2 or 3 only in the male one. Persistent style-base oblong, furrowed, pubescent, larger than the. nut.—Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 98; F. v, M. Fragm. ix. 19; Eurostorrhiza Urvillei, Steud. Syn. Glum. ii. 265. Hab.: Queensland, F.v, MW. ° 2. €. flexuosa (flexuose), R. Br. Prod. 239; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 421. Stems 1 to 2ft. high or even more; branches numerous, solitary within the lower sheaths, clustered in the upper ones and often several times divided, the ultimate. clustered branches filiform, 1 to 2in. long or even longer, all very flexuose or: incurved. Sheathing scales brown, with short erect points. Spikelets single, on pedicels mixed with the clustered branches and resembling them, very narrow linear, 8 to 4 lines long, all apparently equally fertile. Glumes narrow, acute,. Caustis.] CLIT, OYPERACEA. 1797 the lower empty ones shorter and more aristate. Persistent style-base brown, often as long as the nut and slightly contracted at the base, more or less pubescent at the time of flowering, usually glabrous on the ripe nut.—Kunth, Enum. ii. 806, partly ; Guillem. Ic, Pl. Austral. t. 14; F. v. M. Fragm. ix. 19; Restio crispatus, Nees in Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 87. Hab.: Islands of Moreton Bay and southern coastal swamps. 25. SCLERIA, Berg. (From skleria, hardness; alluding to the indurated fruit.) (Diplacrum, R. Br.; Sphawvopus, Backel. ) Flowers unisexnal in unisexual or androgynous spikelets, the female flowers always solitary in tho spikelet, the males usually several, placed above the female one in the androgynous spikelets. Glumes imbricate all round, 1 to3 outer ones empty. No hypogynous bristles or scales. Stamens 1 to 8. Style slender, deciduous, with 8 filiform stigmatic branches. Nut globular or ovoid, usually white, raised on a thickened entire or more or less 8-lobed single or double disk.—Perennials or rarely annuals. Stems triquetrous, leafy, the leaf- sheaths often but not always terminating in a prominent ligula opposite the lamina. Spikelets in clusters or small corymbose or oblong panicles, terminal and axillary, or in a large compound terminal panicle. The genus is generally spread over the tropical and: subtropical regions of the New and the Old World, extending also into the temperate regions of North America. Series I. Axillares.—Smail annuals. Spikelets small, strictly wnisexrual, in little avillary or terminal sessile clusters, the males with 1 to 3 flowers. Two upper glumes of the female spikelets enclosing the nut and 3-toothed 1. S. caricina. Tw) upper glumes of the female spikelets enclosing the nut and entire. , 2. S. pygmea, Senrss Il. Baxe.— Weak plants under 1ft., probably annual. Spikelets strictly uniserual, in acvillary clusters or few in loose spikes, the males with several flowers. Spikelets in axillary clusters or small cymes. Outer persistent disk broadly cupular, inner adnate, very shortly 3 lobed eo tah MELA ds Bre ary Me SRS, Spikelets few, small, in loose spikes. Outer disk scarcely prominent, inner alnate, shortly 3-lobed 2 6 6 ee eee ee ee ew A SL ier, Sens IIL Subspieatse.—Perennials. Inflorescence scarcely branched. Fertile spikelets more or less androgynous or at least with empty glumes above the female flower, Nut tubersnlate. Disk-lobes broad, membranous, spreading « « @ Se Drowul, Nut smooth and shining. Outer persistent disk, cupular, entire ; inner obsolete : Siro aect ni Bo algae Be BO Ai ted Sys Sk OS eo lap Sa Nat tubereulate or reticulate. Disk-lobes adnate, very short broad and thick . fe eee ES ES RS Bp Serres IV. Polystachyze.—Perennials. Panicles branched, axillary and terminal. Spikelets unisevual or the fertile ones androgynous. Teaf-sheaths with acute angles scarcely or not at all winged. Panicles scarcely branched. Nut tuberculate or reticulate, Disk-lobes very shortand broad «ww ee ee ee ee Panicles dense, with numerous spikelets. Nut smooth and shining. Disk-lobes broad, obtuse, entire ae Nut rugose or nearly smooth. Disk-lobes broad, denticulate at the end. . ea Be ee @ owe oe TS Grefeann. Leaf-sheaths distinctly winged ‘on the angles. Panicle loose, not much branched. Disk-lobesacute . - . 2 2 1 Panicle dense with numerous long subulate bracts. Disk-lobes broad, usually very obtuse . 6. 1 6 ee ee » . Ll. S. chinensis, 3. S. rugosa, 6. S. lithosperma, GT. S. tesselata, 7. S. tesselata. 8. S. margaritifera, 10. S. hebecarpa., Sentes V. Dioiew.— Spikelets strictly diccious, small, densely clustered. in numerous short axillary and terminal panicles. Disk-lobes broad, membranous, spreading, . « . » + + + e+ wee 12. S. sphacelata, Part VI. H 1798 CLII. CYPERACEA. [Seleria. 1. S. caricina (near a Carex), Benth, Fl. Austr. vii. 426. A diffuse branching annual, attaining 6 to 9in. but often smaller. Leaves linear or linear- lanceolate, obtuse or acute, + to 2in. long, the sheaths striate and keeled. Spikelets unisexual, under 1 line long, in little dense axillary clusters sessile or very shortly pedunculate, each spikelet in the axil of a thin glume-like bract. Male spikelet: Glumes about 3, very thin and narrow; flowers usually 2, each with 1 or 2 stamens. Female spikelet: Glumes usually 8, the two inner ones ovate-lanceolate, acute, with an acute tooth on each side shorter than the central point ; flower 1 only, without any empty glumes above it. Nut closely enveloped in the 2 enlarged several-nerved glumes, globular, reticulate and pitted, slightly hispid. Disk adnate, small, with a scarcely prominent 8-angled or 3-lobed margin.—Diplacrum caricinum, R. Br. Prod. 241; Kunth, Enum. ii. 360; Endl. Iconogr. t. 25; Beeckel. in Linnmwa, xxxviii. 484; D. tridentatum, Brongn. in Duperr. Voy. Bot. t. 26. Hab.: Endeavour River, Banks and Solander. Common in tropical Asia from Ceylon to Hongkong and the Malayan Archipelago. . 2. S. pygmeea (dwarf), FR. Br. Prod. 240; Benth. Hl. Austr. vii. 427. A dwarf branching annual, rarely exceeding 2in. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, 4 to lin. long. Spikelets unisexual, 1 to 14 line long, very numerous in little axillary and terminal sessile clusters, the inner bracts subulate-acuminate. Male spikelet: Glumes 2 or 3, very narrow and hyaline, usually enclosed in the longer subtending bract; flowers 1 or 2 each with 1 or 2 stamens. Female spikelet: Glumes usually 8, the inner ones lanceolate, acutely acuminate, finely several-nerved, quite entire but dilated below the middle, with membranous margins enclosing the fruit ; no empty glumes above the flower. Nut globular, about + line diameter, prominently 3-ribbed, tuberculate-rugose between the ribs. Disk small, adnate, with 8 slightly prominent semi-circular lobes.—F. v. M. ix. 22; Hypoporum pygmaum, Nees in Linnmwa, ix. 808; Sphaeropus pygmeaus, Backel. in Linnea, xxxviii. 486. 2 Hab.: Endeavour River, Banks and Solander ; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy. 3. S. rugosa (rough), R. Br. Prod. 240; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 428. Weak and branching, apparently annual, Gin. to 1ft. high. Leaves grass-like, the lower ones sometimes longer than the stem. Clusters of spikelets axillary and terminal sometimes almost sessile, solitary but compound, and often with 1 or 2 pedunculate clusters or flowering branches with the sessile one in the lower axils, the foliage and inflorescence either sprinkled with short hairs or quite glabrous. Male spikelets stipitate in the clusters, about 1 line long, with several flowers. Outer empty glumes usually 8, acuminate, with ciliate keels; flowering glumes very narrow and hyaline, not exceeding the outer empty ones. Stamens 1 or 2 in each flower. Female spikelets nearly sessile. Glumes usually 3, acuminate, with ciliate hirsute keels, about 14 line long. No empty glumes above the flower. Nut globular, pitted and rugose. Disk double, the external persistent one broadly cupulate and entire, the inner adnate one with an undulate or obtusely 3-lobed margin.—F. vy. M. Fragm. ix. 22. Hab,: Endeavour River, Banks and Solander ; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy. This species closely connects the preceding with the following ones. 4. S. laxa (loose), 2. Br. Prod. 240; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 428. Stems weak and slender, Gin. to 1ft. high. Leaves long and narrow, chiefly at the base of the stem, the floral ones similar but shorter. Spikelets unisexual, not numerous, in a terminal almost simple loose and interrupted spike, and a few similar spikes on long filiform peduncles in the axils of distant leafy bracts. Male and female spikelets equally sessile or nearly so, in little clusters usually of 2 males and 1 female, all under 2 lines long. Male flowers several, the glumes Seéleria.] CLI CYPERACEA. 1799 very narrow. Stamens usually 2. Glames in the female spikelet 8 or 4, broader than in the males, membranous, acuminate, no empty ones above the flower, Nut. ovoid-globular, white, reticulate. Disk adnate, with 3 short undulate lobes, at first sometimes rather acute, but thickened and obtuse with recurved sinuses under the ripe nut, the outer disk not prominent.—F. v. M. nee ix. 21; 3. Nove-Hollandia, Beckel. in Flora, 1875, 120 (from the char. given). Hab.: Rockingham Bay, Dallachy ; Brisbane River, Bailey; Port Mackay, Amalia Dietrich. 5. S. Brownii (after Dr. R, Brown), Aunth, Haum. ii. 849; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 429. Stems slender, 1 to 2{t. high. Leaves long and narrow, rather rigid, very scabrous or nearly smooth, the sheaths often. pubescent and slightly fringed at the orifice, the floral leaves or bracts similar, the upper ones shorter, but all leaf-like and distant. Spikelets androgynous or male, 2 to near 8 lines long, several together in axillary and terminal: sessile or pedunculate clusters. Outer empty glumes 2 or 8, lanceolate, acuminate, the one under the female flower much dilated, very narrow under the males. Male flowers very few above the female in the androgynous spikelets, each with 1 or 2 stamens, more numerous with 3 stamena each in the male spikelets. Nut ovoid or globular, 3-ribbed, more or less tuberculate or granular, tipped with the short base of the style. Disk with 8 broad spreading membranous obtuse or truncate lobes, and often shortly avistate within or below the lobes or both.—Beckel. in Linnea, xxXxvili. 453; F.v. M. Fragm. ix. 21; S. distans, R. Br. Prod. 240, not of Poir. Hab.: Rockhampton, O'Shanesy and others; Nerkool and Herbert's Creeks, Bowman ; Oxley’s Station, Leichhardt; Dawson and Burnett Rivers, F. v. Mueller. ; 6. S. lithosperma (nui stone-like), Willd. Kunth, Enum. ii, 849; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii, 429, -Stems slender, 1 to 14ft; high. Leaves very narrow-linear and rather long, sometimes almost filiform, sheaths acutely 3-angled, usually pubescent on the sides and slightly fringed at the orifice, the upper ones passing into distant leafy bracts gradually shorter and more subulate. Peduncles axillary and terminal, the lowest often much elongated, the upper ones very short, each bearing 1 to 4 clusters of 2 or 8 spikelets or the upper spikelet sessile and solitary within the bract. Spikelets.1} to 2 lines long, more or less androgynous or male. Outer glumes spreading, acuminate, 2 empty, the third broader with a female flower and above it several sometimes numerous narrower glumes with 1 or 2 stamens in each; in the male spikelets the glumes and flowers more numerous and the stamens often 8. Nut ovoid, smooth and shining or rarely slightly tuberculate. Outer persistent disk broadly cupular, entire, inner adnate one reduced to a brown ring or quite obsolete.—Bockel. in Linnea, xuxviii. 451; F.v. M. Fragm. ix. 21; S. capillaris, R. Br. Prod. 240; Kunth, Enum. ii. 849; Hypoporum capillare, Nees in Linnea, ix. 803; H. Sieberi, Nees in Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 97. , 3 Var. linearis. Leaves rather broader, inflorescence more branched with more numerous spikelets, but the structure and disk the same. Hab.: Brisbane River, F. v. Mueller. The species is widely spread over tropical Asia, the var. linearis corresponds nearly to Thwaites’ var. 2. from Ceylon or Boeckeler’s var. n, 1. ‘7. &. tesselata (tesselated), Willd.; Kunth, Eni. ii. 8348; Benth. Fl, Austr, vii. 480. Stems 1 to 2)ft. high, rather slender. Leaves mostly 2 to 8 lines broad, the sheaths acutely 3-angled and sometimes narrowly winged, quite glabrous, produced into a short rounded glabrous or shortly ciliate membrane or ligula. Panicles axillary or terminal, the terminal one narrow, 1 or 2in. long with few erect branches, the axillary ones few, small, distant, pedunculate, the subtending bracts leaflike. Spikelets not numerous, unisexual. Males narrow, fully 2 lines long, with numerous flowers, Glumes narrow, obtuse, closely 1800 CLIL GYPERACE. [Seleria. enveloping each other, 2 or 8 outer ones enrpty or rather shorter. Stamens 3. Flowering glume of the female spikelets broad, almost acute, 2 or 3 outer empty ones shorter, and 1 or 2 small narrow empty ones above the flower. Nut white, tuberculate or reticulate and sometimes slightly pubescent. Disk adnate, with very.short broad obtuse lobes, the outer persistent one only slightly prominent, or rarely broader and somewhat cupular.—Beeckel. in Linnea, xxxviii. 470. --. Hab.: Brisbane River, F. v. Mueller. Var. debilis. Stems weak and slender. Leaves-narrow. Panicles small, on long peduncles, Hab.: Rockingham Bay, Dallachy. The species is widely spread over tropical Asia. 8. S. margaritifera (pearl-bearing), Willd.; Kunth, Enum. ii. 841; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 480. Stems stout, 2 to 3ft. high, the angles and margins of the leaves scabrous, otherwise glabrous. Leaves long, 3 to 5 lines broad, the sheaths acutely 8-angled but not winged; in the upper part of the stem 2 or 8 leaves often close together, the others distant, the floral ones or leafy bracts.giadually smaller. Panicles axillary and terminal, loosely pyrimidal, 2 to 3in. long, forming a narrow leafy interrupted panicle of 1ft. or more. Inner bracts small. Spikelets scarcely 13 line long, unisexual, singly sessile along the brariches, the females usually nearer the base, the males many-flowered. Stamens 2 or 8. Nut nearly globular, white, smooth and shining or slightly reticulate. Disk adnate, with 8 broad obtuse lobes, the outer one not prominent.—R. Br. Prod. 240; Beeckel. in Linnea, xxxviii. 511; F. v. M: Fragm. ix. 21. Hab.: Endeavour River and Bay of Inlets, Banks and Solander; Rockhampton, Thozet; Fitzroy Island, Walter. A The species is also in the Pacific Islands, 9. S. Greeffeana (afier —. Groff), Beckel in Flora, 1875, 121 (from the char. given); Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 481. Stature and habit of S. margaritifera, the leaves similarly collected 2 or 8 together in the upper part of the stem and the sheaths not winged, but the leaves longer and narrower and as well as the angles of the stem quite smooth or scarcely scabrous. Panicles ovate-pyrimidal, dense or rather loose, the terminal one 2 or 8in, long, and 2 or 8 distant axillary ones smaller. Outer bracts leaflike; inner ones not exceeding the spikelets or here and there a subulate one rather longer. Spikelets numerous, unisexual, the males about 2 lines long. Stamens usually 2. Nut globular, white, tubercular- rugose or nearly smooth, glabrous or sparingly pubescent. Outer persistent disk at length almost cupular, inner adnate disk with 3 broad lobes denticulate at the end. Hab.: Cape York, M'Gillivray ; Cape Grafton, A, Cunningham ; Mackay, Amalia. Dietrich, 10. S. hebecarpa (fruit downy), Nees; Nunth, Enum. ii. 857; Benth. Fl Austr. vii. 481, Stems 1 to 3ft. high, glabrous as well as the foliage. Leaves 2 to 8 lines broad, the sheaths more or less winged on the angles. Terminal panicle 13 to 8in, long, not much branched, with 1 or sometimes 2 leafy bracts and a second smaller panicle on a long peduncle in the axil of a leaf much lower down. Inner bracts small and subulate. Spikelets usually 8 together in little cymes or clusters, 2 male and 1 female, the males narrow, under 2 lines long, with numerous flowers. Stamens 8. Flowering glumes of the females very broad, about 1 line long, with 2 or 3 outer empty ones. Nut globular or ovoid, white, smooth and shining but pubescent, under 1 line long. Disk adnate with 8 acute lobes.—Boeckel. in Linnea, xxxviii. 478; F. v.. M. Fragm, ix. 21; S. Dietrichie, Beeckel. in Flora, 1875, 121 (from the char. given). Hab.: Wide Bay, Bidwill; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy, Widely spread over tropical Asia, Scleria. | CLII. CYPERACEM, 1801 11. S. chinensis (of China), Kunth, Mnum. ii. 857; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 431. Stems 2 to 8ft. high, glabrous as well as the foliage. Leaves 2 to 6 lines broad, the sheaths more or legs winged on the angles, the ligula membranous, often 8 to 5 lines long, but on other leaves short. Terminal panicle dense, much branched, 2 to din. long, and 1 or 2 smaller axillary ones lower down. Outer bracts or floral leaves long and leaflike and numerous subulate acuminate bracts within the panicle protruding far beyond the spikelets. Spikelets numerous and crowded, unisexual, usually 1 female and 1 or 2 males in each cluster, the males narrow, about 2 lines long, the females with much broader glumes. Nut globular, white, regularly tuberculate-rugose and sometimes sparingly pubescent. Disk adnate, with 3 broad lobes from very obtuse.to almost acute; outer disk scarcely prominent,—Bocekel. in Linnwa, xxxviii. 486; IV’. y. M. Fragm. ix. 20. Hab.: Rockingham Bay, Dallachy ; Dank and Goold Islands, M'Gillivray ; Lower Herbert River, Herb. I’. Mueller. : Also in the Malayan Archipelago and South China. 12. S&S. sphacelata (withered), Fou. M. Mragm. ix. 20; Benth, Fl Austr. vii. 482, Stems 1} to 3ft. high, glabrous as well as the foliage. Leaves long and narrow, the recurved margins and keel scabrous, the sheaths acutely 3-angled but not winged, and no ligula. Paniclés numerous, 1 to near 2in. long, terminal and in the upper axils, the lower ones pedunculate and distant, the spikelets in the male plant very numerous and densely clustered on the short branches of the partial panicles, rather less numerous but still clustered in the female. Outer bracts or floral leaves long and distant, the upper ones gradually shorter and more approximate. Spikelets scarcely 2 lines long. Glumes in the males numerous, obtuse or nearly so, 8 or 4 outer empty ones more acute or acuminate, with dark brown margins and keels or brown all over. Stamens 8. Female spikelets rather larger, with 3 or 4 acute or acuminate glumes, and no empty ones above the flower. Nut globular, tuberculate, more or less pubescent. Disk with 8 very broad spreading membranous truncate lobes. Hab.: Suttor River, F. v. Mueller; Rockingham Bay, Dalluchy ; Rockhampton, O-Shanesy, Thozet and others; Springsure Cliffs, Wuth; Brisbane River, Batley; Archer's Creek, Leichhardt. : : : Very different in aspect as well as in character from other species. 26. CAREX, Linn. (From seiro, to cut, the leaves of some species having their margins minutely serrated.) Flowers unisexual, in unisexual or androgynous spikelets. .Glumes imbricate all round the rhachis. Stamens in the males 8 or rarely fewer, without hypogynous bristles or scales. Ovary in the females enclosed ina bottle-shaped or inflated utricle or perigynium, contracted at the top, with a small oblique or 2-toothed orifice, and at the base of the ovary within the -utricle is often a bristle (a barron pedicel) usually very small, not ‘hooked, rarely protruding from the utricle and entirely wanting in many species. Style protruding with 2 or 8 filiform stigmatic branches. Nut flattened or 3-angled, enclosed in the somewhat ‘enlarged persistent utricle——-Perennials with grass-like leaves, mostly radical or on the lower part of the stem. Spikelets either solitaryand terminal or few, one terminal the others more or less ‘distant, sessile or pedunculate, or many in a terminal panicle or compound spike. Male flowers collected together in the terminal spikelet or at the upper end rarely at the lower end of the androgynous spikelets. Floral bracts often leaflike under the lower spikelets or branches of the panicle, usually small'and glume-like under the upper one, and sometimes under all. This genus, the largest among Cyperacem, is abundant in the temperate and cooler regions of both hemispheres and in mountainous districts within the tropics, with a few species even in the hotter regions. i802 CLI. CYPERACEE (Cares. Spikelets usually few, androgynous, in a short terminal spike. Style- - ie branches 2... Spikelets 3 to ‘5, ovate, green or pale- -coloured, male at the base or sometimes wholly female. Outer bract much longer than the inflorescence . . 1. C. inversa. Spikelets 6 to 12, male at the top, the uke sometimes compound at the base . . ee et ew 2 & CL chlorantha. Spikelets numerous, androgynous, i ina long 3 narrow panicle, Panicle very narrow and spikelike, the partial spikelike branches short and erect. Style-branches 2. Stem 3-angled. Utricle ciliate on the augles, with a very short beak 3. C- paniculata. Stem 3-angled. Urticle not ciliate, with a long beak. . 4, C. declinata. ...~ Panicle narrow but loose, the short branches spreading, ‘Style ; branches 3. 5. C. jfissilis. Panicle looge. Spikelets not so numerous as in the’ preceding species ‘ and } to fin. long. Style-branches2 . , 6. C. gracilis. Spikelets 3 to 6 or rarely more, the terminal one Trial the. lower ones female or shortly male at the top and distant. Style-branches 2. Spikeless all sessile or the lowest scarcely pedunculate. Glumes mostly obtuse. Spikelets under 2in. espe Spikelets pale-coloured. Utricle abruptly contracted into a aioit os truncate beak . . 7. €, contracta. Spikelets dark- coloured. Utricle not beaked or tapering i into a ; short beak . ap es : 8. C. vulgaris. Glume acute. Spikelets mostly above 2in. oe nk ae ee a. aon Spikelets all pedunculate, narrow, dark-brown. . 10. @. lobolepis.. Spikelets 3 to 6 or rarely more, the terminal one male or female ‘at ‘the top, the lower ones chiefly female and seésile or the lowest shortly peduneulate, Style-branches 3. ae spikelet male, cylindrical. Female ones oblong or cylindrical, istant. Stems 3 to Sin. Leaves usually longer, tufted. Female spikelets mostly with a few males at the base. Utricles corky, ovoid, with short beaks, 3 lineslong. . « .° . . 11. G. pumila. Utricles not corky, ovoid, with short beaks, 14 line long . . . . 12.'C. breviculmis. Spikelets several, cylindrical, the terminal male, the lower ones females or chiefly so and mostly pedunculate. Style-branches 3. . Stenis tall. Utricle ovoid, usually dark- coloured, scarcely beaked, very prominently many- -nerved. Glues ovate or oblong, obtuse... -. 1 1 ee ew es (18. OC, maculata. Glumes narrow, acute or with long soit a a ae ~ + « « 14. GC, Brownit. ~ Utricle tapering into a distinct beak. : Peduncles’ saanlipiioug: Spikelets ¢ erect or scarcely . spreading, usually 2 or more from the same sheath.’ Glumes rather broad, acuminate oy aristate . .°. . . 15. C. longifolia. Spikelets its or Lara Glumes oan uieratek agers 1 as long poi Me a So iie Seana Se we - 16. C. pseudocyperus. 1. C. inversa (inversed), R... Bn Prod. 242; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 488. Stems in the: typical form from a few in. to above 1ft. high. Leaves shorter, narrow. Spikelets 8 to 5, all sessile in a terminal cluster or short spike, rarely reduced to a‘single one, or with an additional axillary one rather lower down, all usually androgynous, ovate, 8 to. 6 lines long. Outer leaflike bracts 1 to 8, longer than‘}the. inflorescence. Glumes very thin and almost hyaline, with a green 1 or 3-nerved keel.. Male flowers at the base of the spikelet sometimes numerous oceupying half the spikelets,.more frequently few only and sometimes quite deficient, rarely 1 or 2 males at the end of the spikelet. Female flowers usually rather numerous. Ultricle much flattened, 14 to. 2 lines long including the-beak, ovate or obovate, several-nerved, with green ciliate edges, tapering into a bifid beak short in the typical form, nearly as long as the utricle in the larger variety. Style-branches 2... Nut much flattened, nearly sesgile.—Boott, Ill. Car. iv.-151, t. 486 to 488 ; “Hook. £. Fl. Tasm. ii. 99; Boeckel. in inna xxxix. 69; PF. v. M. Fragm. viii. 252. Hab.: Brisbane and Dawson Rivers, F. v. Mueller Rockhampton; Bi Shiness: Rockingham Bay, Dallachy. -Carex.J CLI]. CYPERACES. 1803 Var, major. Stems 1} to 24ft. high. Ultvicles 2 lines long, prominently nerved, with a long eak, Hab.: Brisbane River, I’. v. Mueller, The species is also in New Zealand. 2. C. chlorantha (flowers green), I, Br. Prod. 242; Benth. bl. Austr. vii 440. Stems usually under Gin. but sometimes above 1ft. Leaves much shorter. Spikelets 6 to 12 sessile in a dense terminal spike of 4 to lin. or rarely rather longer and interrupted at the base, and then slightly compound with more numerous spikelets, the spikelets all or mostly androgynous, ovoid-oblong, 2 to 8 lines long, usually brown. Outer bracts glume-like or rarely the lowest with a subulate lamina nearly as long as the inflorescence. Glume ovate, 1 to 14 line long, acute or mucronate, the keel usually green. Male flowers few at the top of the spikelet. Utricle as long as the glume, much flattened, the edges ciliate tapering into a 2-toothed beak. Style-branches 2. Nut flat.—Hook. f. FI. Tasm. ii, 99, t. 150; Boott, Il. Car. iv. 171, t. 580, 8; F. v. M. Fragm. vili. 256. Hab.: Queensland border of N.S.W., 2. v. af. 3. C. paniculata (paniculate), Linn.; Munth, Hnum. ii, 389; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 440. Stems attaining several ft., 3-angled and often very acutely so, or when old more striate with the angles less prominent. Leaves varying from 1 to 4 lines broad, the margins very scabrous. Spikelets androgynous, very numerous in a narrow spikelike panicle, usually 3 to Gin. long, but sometimes much longer and interrupted at the base, with short erect branches or sessile partial spikes, or occasionally almost reduced to that of the compound variety of ', chlorantha. Bract at the base of the panicle small and subulate or obsolete. Spikelets varying from ovoid and scarcely 2 lines to lanceolate and 3 lines long, usually brown. Male flowers sometimes numerous occupying at least the upper half, sometimes few only. Glumes ovate, with short points. Ultricle much flattened, ovate, many-nerved, the margins more or less ciliate or denticulate, contracted into a short 2-toothed beak. Style-branches 2.—Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 228; C. appressa, R. Br. Prod. 242; Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 15; Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 94; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 99; Boott, Ill. Car. i. 46, t. 119, 120; Beckel. in Linnwa, xxxix. 99; C. virgata, Soland,; Boott, l.c. t. 121, 122, Boeckel. lc. 98; C. halmaturina, Boeckel. |:c. 100, partly. ~ Hab.: Rockhampton, O’Shanesy and others. Var. subdiaphana. “ Leaves very long and glumes pale as in C. declinata, but the utricle broad and ciliate as in C. paniculata. Hab.: Rockhampton, Thozet. 4. ©. declinata (curved downwards), Bovtt, Ill. Car. iv. 171, 6.580; Benth. Austr. vii. 441. Very closely allied to CU. paniculata, with the same triquetrous stems, scabrous foliage, inflorescence and short androgynous spikelets male at the top, but the glumes are more membranous, almost white, and the utricle narrower, much less flattened, tapering into a long beak, neither ciliate nor denticulate. Leaves often longer than the stem.—F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 257. Hab.: Brisbane River, F. v. Mueller, Bailey. 5. C, fissilis (split), Boott, lll. Car. ii. 86, t. 245; Benth. F'l. Austr. vii. 441. Stems 2ft. high or more. Leaves long, 3 to 4 lines broad. Bracts at the base of the lower branches of the panicle leaflike. Panicle narrow, loose and compound, 6 to 8in. long, consisting of 1 terminal and 3 or 4 distant partial panicles, often 2 together from the axil of the same leafy bract, all narrow. pyramidal, the rhachis ciliate on the angles. Spikelets numerous, sessile along the smaller branches but not crowded, 8 to 5 lines long, androgynous, with rather numerous male flowers at the top’ and usually 3 or 4 females at the base. 1804 CLIL CYPERACE. (Carex, Glumes membranous, ovate or lanceolate, more or less aristate, the males narrower, and 1 or 2 empty glumes at the base of the spikelet. Utricle narrow, curved, prominently striate, 14 to 14 line long including the long acuminate beak. Style-branches 3.—U. indica, F. v. M. but scarcely of Linn. Hab.: Rockingham Bay, Dallachy, and other northern localities. ; The species is also in Aneiteum (New Caledonia) whence were the specimess described and figured by Boott. PAD. C. Dietrichie, Beckel. in Flora, 1875, 122, from Mackay, Amalia Dietrich, is from the character given, probably the same species, 6. C. gracilis (slender), 2. Br. Prod. 242; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii, 442. Stems slender, 1 to 2ft. high. Leaves long and narrow. Spikelets rather numerous but narrow and 4 to #in. long, erect or scarcely spreading in a narrow simple panicle, mostly androgynous, male at the top, shortly pedunculate and clustered 2 or 3 together, the floral bracts short and subulate, or the lowest much lower down and leaflike with 2 longer peduncles in its axil, one of them bearing 2 or 8 spikelets, Glumes lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute acuminate or shortly aristate. Utricle almost sessile, flattened, ovale, very prominently many-nerved, pubescent, with a long beak.—Boott, Ill. Car. i. 59, t. 154, 155; I". vy, M. Fragm. viii. 250 Hab.: Brisbane River, Builey. 7. C. contracta (contracted), fv. ML. Bray, viii. 258; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii, 442, Stems rather slender, 1 to 2ft. long. Leaves long and narrow, the floral leaves or bracts short and subulate or the lowest long and leaflike. Spikelets 8 to 6, all rather distant, erect and sessile, or the lowest shortly pedunculate, the terminal one male, slender, 1 to 2in. long, the others usually shorter, female or rarely with a few male flowers at the top. Glumes narrow, obtuse or almost acute, thin and brown or hyaline, with a green centre or midrib. Utricle much flattened, with nerve-like margins, ovate ov elliptical, about 14 line long, shortly stipitate and contracted into a very short truncate or scarcely 2-toothed beak, with 3 or 4 prominent nerves on each face. Style-branches 2. Nut flat, nearly orbicular, much shorter than the utricle. Hab.: Stanthorpe to Wallangarra. This species should probably be better pluced as a form of C. vulgaris, from the Queensland form of which it seems principally to differ in its pale glumes and scabrous stems. 8. C. vulgaris (comion), Fries, rar. Gaudichaudiana, [oott, Ill. Car. iv. 169, t. 567; Benth. Hl. Austr. vii. 442. Stems tufted or emitting creeping stolones, from a few in. to 2 or 8ft. high. Leaves often longer than the stem and usually narrow, the outer sheaths usually without blades and sometimes split up into filaments. ~~ Spikelets 8 to 5, rarely more or fewer, all sessile or the lowest scarcely pedunculate and erect, varying from } to 14in. long, near together or more frequently rather distant, the terminal one and sometimes a second smaller one immediately under it male, the others female or sometimes with a few male flowers at the top. Glumes dark-brown or black, obtuse or very shortly mucronate, often with a green midrib. Utricle very flat, from orbicular to ovate, usually longer than the glume, more or less distinctly several-nerved, obtuse acute or tapering into a short beak. Style-branches 2.—I’. v. M. Fragm. viii, 257; C. Gaudichaudiana, Kunth, Enum. ii. 417; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 99, 1.151 A; ¢. ca@spitosa, R. Br. Prod. 242, and of most early authors. Hab.: Brisbane River, Bailey. The spesies in abundant and widely spread over the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. Its numerous varieties have been detailed at considerable length by Boott, lc. The Australian form which is also in New Zealand, though correctly reduced by Boott to the comprehensive C’, vulgaris, Fries, appears to me nevertheless to be quite as distinct from some of its northern forms as they.are from the special Scandinavian form to which Fries would limit Carex. CLIT CYPERAGEA. 1805 the C. cespitusu, Linn., and after much examination and comparison I cannot refrain from the conalusivn I had formerly come to to that the whole, after Goodenough and R. Brown and other ulder authors, ought to be reunited under the Linnean name of UC. cespilusa. —Benth. 9. C. acuta (acute), Linn. : Nunth, Him, it, 4125 Benth. Ul Austr. vii. 443. A tall species, very closely allied to the larger varieties of ('. vulgaris, the spikelets usually longer and more numerous and the glumes narrow and acute or short and aristate. Stems attaining several fect. Leaves longer and rather broad, the lower Horal ones or leafy bracts often longer than the inflorescence. Spikelets narrow, 14 to din. long, 1 to 4 upper ones inale and near together, 3 to 5 lower ones more distant and female or the upper ones with a few male flowers at the top, all erect and sessile or the lower ones shortly pedunculate. -Glumes oblong-lanceolate or linear or short and tapering toa fine point, dark with a light-coloured midrib unless when very narrow, the females more acute or aristate than the inales, Ubtricle very flat, varying as in C. vulgaris from ovate and obtuse to ovate-elliptical and very shortly beaked, more or less distinctly several-nerved.—DBoott, Ill. Car. iv. 165, t. 548 to 556; I’. v. M. Fragm. viii. 2593 CO. Cunninghamii, Boott, Ul. Car. iv. 171, . 5793 C. polyantha, F. vy. M. in Trans. Phil. Soc. Vict. i. 110, and in Hook. Kew. Journ. viii. 834, Hab.: Moreton Bay, Leichhardt. . The species is spread over Europe, Northern Asia and North America. 10. GC. lobolepis (scales lobed), I’. r. ME. Fragm. viii. 258; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 448. Stems 1 to 2ft. high, slender but rigid. Leaves sometimes as long, the sheaths bordered by a scarious membrane at length torn into shreds. Lower floral leaves or bracts longer than the inflorescence, with very short sheaths. Spikelets 4 to 6, cylindrical, narrow, 14 to nearly 2in. long, the terminal one male or with a few female flowers ‘at the top the others female or with a few males at the top or at the base, all pedunculate, at first erect, but spreading or pendulous when in fruit. Glames a rich brown, obtuse, emarginate or shortly Z-lobed, the prominent midrib often produced into a short point. Utricle sessile, ovate, flat, rather acute but not beaked, faintly several-nerved. Style branches 2. : Hab.: Border of N.S.W., near Wallangarra. 11. ©. pumila (dwarf). Uhunb.; Boott, Id. Car. iv. 217; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 445. Rhizome often creeping in the sands toa great extent. Stems 4 to Sin. high. Leaves much longer, more rigid than in C. breviculmis, tapering into long subulate points. Spikelets 3 to 6, the terminal one male, narrow, 3 to rather above lin. long with often 1 or 2 smaller male ones immediately below it, the: lower ones female or with a few male flowers at the top, distant, sessile or the lowest shortly pedunculate, 4 to 3in. long. Lower outer bracts leaflike and sometimes very long, the upper ones subulate or small. .Glumes at. the time of flowering ovate-oblong or lanceolate, usually purple, with scarious or hyaline margins, the keel prominent and more or less produced into a point, often enlarged under the fruit brown and acuminate. Ubtricle larger than in the allied species and of a thick corky substance, ovoid, nearly 3 lines long, shortly con- tracted at the base, faintly-nerved, tapering into a short bifid beak. Style- branches 3.—F. y. M. Fragm. viii. 251; C. littorea, Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. ii. 69, t. 219; R. Br. Prod. 2413; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 100. Hab.: Moreton Island, M‘Gillivray, I’. v. Mueller. Also in New Zealand, along the eastern coasts of Asia and in extratropical South America, 12. ©. breviculmis (stem short), Ii. Br. Prod, 242; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii, 445, Stems usually only afew inches high but sometimes 1ft. or more. Leaves usually longer than the stem, the lower floral bracts often very long and narrow, the upper ones or very rarely all short and subulate, Spikelets 2 to 5, narrow- 1806 CLI. CYPERACEZ. [Carex, cylindrical, mostly about din. long and rather loose, the terminal one male, the lower ones female or 1 or more of them with male flowers in the upper half, all erect and sessile or the lowest shortly pedunculate, distant or the upper ones crowded together. Glumes loosely imbricate, thinly membranous, the females with a prominent keel produced into a fine point, the males obtuse or shortly muconate. Ubtricle shortly stipitate, ovoid, usually longer than the glume but shorter than its point, very faintly or more distinctly many-nerved, glabrous or minutely pubescent, with a.rather long conical beak. Style- branches 8.—Boott, Ill. Car. iv. 181; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 101, Fl. Nov. Zel. t. 63; F.v. M. Fragm., viii. 255; C. Royleana, Boott, Tl. Car. i..6, t. 19. Hab.: Brisbane River, Dr. Chas. Prentice, Also in New Zealand, the Himalaya and Japan. 13. ©, maculata (spotted), Boott im Trans. Linn. Soe. xx, 128: Til. Car. i. 9, t. 26; Benth. hl. Austr. vii. 447. Stems long and weak. Leaves long, the floral ones or outer bracts exceeding the inflorescence, the sheaths bordered by a broad thinly scarious brown membrane. Spikelets several, 3 or 4 usually sessile in a terminal cluster, of which 1 wholly male and 1 to 3 ‘androgynous the male flowers at the top, and 2 to 4 females more or less distant and pedunculate, the lowest often far down on a long slender peduncle, but all erect, cylindrical, mostly about lin. long. Glumes ovate or oblong, obtuse or scarcely mucronate, thinly scarious, pale brown or hyaline. Utricles sessile, ovoid,’ offen compressed, rather acute or very shortly beaked, longer than the glume, very prominently several-nerved. Style-branches 3. Nut 8-angled.—C. neurochlamys, F. vy. M. Fragm. viii. 258. Hab.: Brisbanc River, Moreton Bay, FP. v. Mueller, C. Stuart, Bailey; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy. Also in Kast India, as identified by Boott. 14, C. Brownii (after Dr. R. Brown), Tuckerm. Enum, Car, 21; Benth. Austr, vii. 447. Stems 1 to 2ft. long, rather weak. Leaves tong, the ee floral ones or outer bracts often exceeding the inflorescence, the upper ones short and subulate. Spikelets usually 3 or 4, very near together at the end of the stem, erect and sessile or nearly so, but sometimes the lowest more distant and more or less pedunculate, the terminal one male, the others female all 4'to 3in. long. Glumes more or less scarious, narrow or short and acuminate, the midrib produced into » rather long point. Ubtricle ovoid, turgid or nearly globular, usually dark-coloured in fruit, rather more than 1 line long, prominently many- nerved, abruptly contracted into a very short 2-toothed beak. Style-branches 3. -—Boott, Il. Car. iv. 161, t. 6382, F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 250; C. striata, RB. Br. Prod. 248, Kunth, Enum. ii. 458, Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 16, not of Michaux. Hab.: Southern sas C. lacistoma, hi. Prod. 243; Boott, Ill. Car. t. 532, appears to have been correctly referred by F. v. Mueller, to C. Brownii, Benth. ; 15. C. longifolia (ieaves long), FR. Br. Prod, 242; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 448. Stems 2 to 3ft. high, with long rather broad leaves, the lower floral ones or outer bracts long and leaflike, with long sheaths, Spikelets 6 to 20, the terminal one male, 1 to 1fin. long, often accompanied by a cluster of shorter ones all male or partially female, the others all pedunculate and female or with a few male flowers at the base or at the top, 1 to 2in. long, the peduncles slendér and usually clustered 2 to 4 together in the axils of the long leaflike outer bracts or floral leaves, the sheaths of the lower ones long. Glumes scarious, rather broad, acuminate or obtuse and aristate, the keel usually prominent. Utricles oblong- elliptical, stipitate, prominently 8-angled, tapering into an entire or 2-toothed beak; nearly 8 lines long including the beak. Style-branches 8. Nut short, Carer.) CLI. OYPERACEAL. 1807 prominently 8-angled.—Boott, Ill. Car. iii. 108, t. 881, 8382; Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 11; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 10); F. v. M. Pragm. viii. 250; C. Brownei, Steud. Syu. Glum. ii. 209. Hab.: Upper Brisbane River, F. v. Mueller. 16. C. pseudocyperus (fulse Cyperus), Linn. ; Kunth, Wnuwn. ii. 501 ; Benth. Il, Austr. vii. 448. Stems stout, angular, 2 to 3ft. high. Leaves long, 2 to 5 lines broad. Spikelets 2 to 5, all pedunculate and at length pedulous, but usually near together at the end of the stem, cylindrical, 1 to 2in. long, the terminal one male tho others female. Outer bracts long and leaflike. Glumes very shortly ovate or lanceolate, tapering into fine points. Utricles when ripe very spreading or reflexed, ovoid-oblong at the base, strongly nerved and tapering into a long rigidly acuminate 2-cleff beak, the whole utricle including the beak varying from 2 to 8 lines, on a very short stipes.—R. Br. Prod. 248; F. v. M. Fragm. viii, 249; C. faseicularis, Soland.; Boott, Ill. Car. i. 58, t. 189; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 101. Hab.: Boyne River, Hartmann ; Stradbroke Island, Bitiley—~ . Onper CLI. GRAMINEA. Flowers hermaphrodite or unisexual, in little green or more or less scarious spikes called spikelets, consisting of several scale-like distichous bracts called glumes, the 2 or sometimes 1 or rarely 3 or more lower ones with sometimes 1 or more upper.ones empty, the other 1 or more with 1 sessile flower in the axil of each. No normal perianth, but the flower usually enclosed in a 2-nerved glume- like scale called a palea (supposed to represent the 2 bracteoles of Hypolytree or the perigynium of Caricex), and the perianth probably represented by 2 or rarely 3 small usually very thin and hyaline scales called dodicules, the palea or the lodicules, or both deficient in a few genera. Stamens usually 3, occasionally reduced to 2 or 1, in @ few genera 6 or more; filaments free, filiform; anthers usually exserted from the spikelet, versatile, ovate oblong or linear, with 2 parallel cells opening Jongitudinaliy without any prominent connective. Ovary entire, 1-celled, with 1 erect anatropous. ovule. Styles 2 or rarely 38, free or united at the base into a 2 or 3-branched style, the upper stigmatic portion or stigmas usually long, either feathery with simple or branched stigmatic hairs, or more rarely simple with the stigmatic hairs very short or reduced to scarcely pfominent papillex. I ruit a small seed-like nut or utricle, often enclosed in the palea and subtending glume, the thin membranous pericarp usually closely adnate to the seed and inseparable from it, sometimes adnate also to the enclosing palea, in a few genera free and.loosely surrounding the seed. Seed erect, albuminous, with a thin adnate testa- Tmbryo small, usually globular or nearly so, on one side of the base of the albumen.—Herbs usually, tufted or decumbent or creeping and rooting as the base, sometimes tall and branching, or in some shrubby or arborescent. Stems usually hollow between the nodes. Leaves alternate, entire parallel-yeined, usually long and narrow, sheathing the stem at their base, but the sheaths split open from the base opposite. the blade and often ending within the blade in a transverse s¢arious or ciliate appendage called a ligula. Inflores- cence terminal, rarely also from the sheaths of the upper leaves, the spikelets variously arranged in spikes, racemes, panicles or heads. Bracts occasionally but rarely subtending the branches of the panicle or single spikelets. A very latge Order, abundantly diffused over the whole world, in almost every variety of station, and supplying many of the most important articles of food and raiment, or applied to a great variety of economical purposes. oP as For the arrangenient of the Tribes and Sub-tribes I have followed that of Hooker in the- vii. vol. of the Fi. of British India. . a 1808 CLIU. GRAMINEZ. : Sznms A. Panicacésg.—Spikelets articulate on their pedicels, or "deciduous: with them, 1 to 2-flowered, upper flower alone (if 2) fruiting. | (Spikelets on their pedicels in. a few genera.) 1. Rhachis of inflorescence articulate or sub-articulate in Stenotaphrum. Vlower glumes usually coriaceous or herbaceous, Tare L Panicex.—Spikclets 2- flowered, upper flower bisecual, lower male or neutér, rarely both fertile (Spinifex is diacious). * Spikelets articulate on thety pedicels, except in Isachne and Arundinella. | Spikelets not involucellate by; bristles. § Spikelets not awned (Qnd and 8rd gluncs beaked or awned in Panicum crus-galli) see also Tricholena and Arundinella). Spikelets dorsally flattened, base not thickened; glumes3 . . 1... Spikelets with a callous annulus or cup at the base . A Spikelets sub-globose, paniculate; glumes 4, Ist and 2nd separately ‘deciduous, subequal. . . . 3. Isacine. Spikelets paniculate or spicate; glumes 4, Ist and 2nd very rarely sub- equal, 2nd and 8rd awned in P. erus-galli, 4th rarely very shortly awned 4. Paxrcuat. Spikelets of Panicum, but the 4th glume narrowed into a short fattened . PaspaLum. . Entocnnoa. Ne stipes, or with 2 appendages near the base 5. IcHNANTHUS. Spikelets paniculate, branches of panicle prodted beyond the uppermost i spikelet; lst glume minute hyaline * 4 : A ee te ee ee ee 6. CHAMZRAPHIS. Dioscious, spikelets i in dense heads. . . a peas oan ees - 2 eo 6 + 7, Spintrex. §§ Spikelets awned, except in some species of Tricholona tie Arundinella. . Spikelets. of Punicum, but the nerves of the 2nd glume eeondly fimbriate | and the palea of 3rd deeply cleft, 4th awned . . 8. Axonorus. Spikelets silky; Ist glume wanting or minute and distant from the 2ud and 3rd with usually capillary awns 9. *TricwoLamna. Spikelets solitary or fasciculate on a simple rhachis or the branches ‘of @ panicle; lst glume long.awned . . » 10. Oprismencs, Spikelets persistent on the pedicels or the “1st and "ona glumes separately deciduous, 4th deciduous ; usually awned, awn bent. » eld ARUNDINELLA. tt Spikelets each surrounded by an involucre of bristles. . 2. . . . . 12. Suvanta, “ Spikelets persistent ou their pedicels, at least the fertile, or deciduous with their ‘pedicels. ; : si Spikelets i in, tnvolucrate deciduous fascicles, Folge of numerous simple or plumose bristles completely surround- ing the spikelet . +» « 18 Puyyiseron. Invelueres of 3 or 4 unilaterally divided branches not completely ‘surrounding the spikelets . . . . . 14, PLAGIOSEIUM. Involuere of several outer bristles and inner flat lobes completely sur- rounding 1 to 3 spikelets and at length hardened - . . . « «15, Cexcurvs. Spikes of few spikelets enclosed at the base in: sheathing bracts » . . « 16, XERooHLOs, tt} Spikelets not involucrate. Spikelets 2-seriate on a flat sub-articulate rhachis . . |. 17)*SrenorarMRuM. Spikelets (at least the fertile) 1-sériate on an inarticulate flat rhachis, the upper ones male, lowerfemale . . . . . . .. . .. ©. « . 18 Tavares, Trisz Il. Oryzege.—Spikelets 1- flowered, articulate on their pedicels and deciduous from them. Paleal to 3-nerved. Stamens 6 or fewer. Spikelets 2- sexual, awned or not; glumes 4, ist and 2nd minute or, sclaceous .- we & BO es a eat w Sg. ORYZA. Spikelets 2 -soxual, awnless, glumes 2, ‘broad, thin ee & & Wow # 3s BG: bine, Spikelets 1-sexual, fruiting glume inflated, leaves broad | s + « « 21, Lepraspts, Trise II. Loysiex.— Spikelets 1-flowered, deciduous with thin pedicels, 2-sexual or some imperfect, ™ Spikelets fasciculate. Spikes solitary ; fuasioles on all sides; 3rd glumes echinate. . . . . . 22, Traeus. Spikes dense, spikelets not awned ; glumes 4, the outer one the largest . . 23. NEURACHNE. ** Spikelets solitary ; rarely 2-nate. Spikes ver ny slender ; spikelets narrow; lat and 2ndawned . . . . >. , Q4. Perrotis. Spike rigid ; spikelets appressed to the rhachis, notawned . . . .. .. ..25. Zovsn, OLIN. GRAMINEA, 1809 yr size IV. Andropogonex.—Spikelets usually 2-nate, or the. terminal in the inflorescence 3-nate, pairs homo or heterogamous. Flowering glume gmatler than the empty, hyaline, often awned or reduced to an awn, Sustarse 1, Maydesw.—Spikelets spicate, all 1-sexual; mates spikes in terminal panicles, or continuous with the female spike. S Fruiting spikelets enclosed in a stony, nut-l ke polished glume. . . | , 26, *Corx. Fruiting spikelets below the males, the glume very hard and smooth . . . 27. Poryroca. Spikelets l-seriate © 2. 6. 2. ee ee 8 *HUCHLENA. Spikelets many-seriate . . | toe ee ee ee eww 5 29, Za. Suntrive 2. Dimeries.—Spikelets homogamous, secund on a slender inarticulate rhachis, l -flowered, diandrous, . 2. 1 1 ew ee kl * 9 « «© « » #0. Diwerra, Supreme 3. Saccharea.—S pikelets homogamous, in’ compound racemes or panicles (except Pollinia) ; 1st glume not sunk in a hollow of the rhachis, * Rhachis not or rarely fragile. Sp'kelets in a cylindrical silvery thyrsus, 1-flowéred, not awned . . . 81, Iuprrata, ** Rhachis Sragile. Spikelets in geminate digitate of fasciculate spikes... . . . . . . 38 Poraanta. Svsrrize 4. Eschemeze.—Spikelets many, in solitary digitate or fasciculate spikes, usually “heteromorphous ; 1st glume mot sunk in a hollow of the rhachis (see Pollinia in Saccharers.) ; a 2 * Margins of 1st glume of sessile spikelet infleced. Spikes rarely solitary ; spikelets 2-nate,2-flowered, awned . , . , , . 33. Iscuzu0M, Spikes solitary ; spikelets 1-flowered, lst glume pectinate . . . . . . 34. EREMocHuoa. ** Margins of 1st glume of sessile spikelet not infleced.) ‘Spikes aolitary ; spikelets 2-nate, 1 to 2-flowered, 2-awned . . . , . . 35. PogonatHRrum. Spikes 2-nate or digitate; spikelets l-flowered . . . . . , . 36, ARTHRAXON. SusrarBe 5, Apludes.—Spikelets 3 on an inarticulate rhachis. . . 37, *ApruUDA. Susrnize 6. Rottboelliew,— Spikelets homo or heterogamous, 1 to 2-flowered, solitary or 2 rarely 3-nate, on the internoides of an articulate spike or raceme, not awned ; 1st glume not keeled, adnate to or sunk in a depression formed by the intermode and pedicel of the upper spikelet ; glumes of sessile spikelet 4. ; Spikelets 2-nate, Ist glume flat... . 2 2. 2. 1 ew... 88. Rovrpornnta. Spikelets 2-nate, 1st glume glébose soe eee ee ew gs 89. Mantsunrs. Spikelets 2-nate, lst glume appressed covering the cavity of tue rhachis. 40. Hemanranta, Spikelets solitary lst glume convex . . ..... «oe ee . . 41. Opnrurus, Susrrme 7. Buandropogoner.—Spilelets heteragamous, 1-flowered, 2-rarely 3-nate on the whorled articulate branches of simple or compound racemes or panicles; glumes 4, 1st not keeled, 4th usually awned. Spike densely silky-hairy; first glume of the gessile spikelet 2-lobel; pedicellate spikelet barren... wee we ee ee ee Spike single; spikelets unisexual, the awned females turned to one side ; the awnless males imbricate behind them . . . . . 0. www, Spikes solitary digitate or several nearly segsile on a simple rhachis ; seasile spikelet 1-flowered and fertile, pédicellnte one male or neuter . 44. ANDRoroaon,. * Panicle loose. ertile spikelets awned. Ist glume either membranous or narrow and rigid with 2 prominent often muricate lateral nerves. . . 2... er . 45. Corysopocon. 1st glume when in fruit hard, smooth and shining, ovate or lanceolate . 46. SorcHus. Spikelet in 2 superposed series; upper series of heterogamous pairs, and a 42. Exionurvs. 43, Herrropoaoy. 47. ANTHISTIRIA, terminal male, lower a whorl of 4 persistent males or neuter. . . . Spikelets as in Anthistiria, but male and neuter, spikelets deciduous with the female; callousnone. . . 2. 1 1 6 ee ee ew ew 6 48, Ite. Sznirs B. Poacese.— Spikelets continuous (not articulate with) their pedicels, 1 to many- flowered ; rhachilla articulate at the base and often betareen the flowering glumes; lowest flower always fruiting, upper often male or neuter. Excrrtions.—Upper flower alone bisexual in Phalaridea. Spikelets articulate on their pedicels; or 1et'and 2nd glumes separately deciduous occur in Alopecurus, 1810 CLI. GRAMINE, Tame V. Phalaridese.—Spikelets with a terminal perfect flower, and one or more tmper- fect male or neuter below it; rhachilla not produced beyond the perfect flower. Panicle contracted or spiciform; spikelets awnless; stamens3. . . . . 49. *PHALARIS. Spikelets in panicles more or less awned. Stamens 4, rarely 2 . ...,;. 50. Micronana, Tre VI. Agrostides.—Spikelets 1-flowered ; rhachilla articulate at the base, pro- duced or not beyond the flowering glume; glume 3, Ist and 2nd empty, 3rd flowering awned, Sustrize 1. Stipese.—Spikelets paniculate; rhachilla not produced beyond 3rd glume: flowering glume rigid or hard, awned. 3rd glume narrow, awn 3-branched . . . « . . OL, Antermpa. 3rd glume narrow, awn entire, at length articulate on the glume . . . . 52, -Sripa. 3rd glume narrow, awn entire, continuous with the point of the glume . . 53. SrRePracHNR. Susrawe 2. Phleoidex.—Spikelets in spiciform or subspiciform panicles, 3rd glume hyaline, loosely wrapping the grain; stigmas exserted from the top of the spikelet. 1st and 2nd glumes longer than the 3rd; panicle cylindrical. Rhachella not produced beyond the flowering glume So ah cg ae - + » 54, AnorecuRus. Suntrize 3. Huagroste £.—Spikelets usually smail, in open or contracted many flowered panicles ; glumes usually thin or membranous ; stigmas laterally exserted from the spikelet, spikelets rarely 2-flowered in Sporobolus. Spikelets 1-flowered, capitate; rhachilla continued in a small bristle ; flowering glume 3- lobed, the central lobe awned . . . . 55, Eontnopogon. Spikelets 1-flowered, capitate ; rhachis not produced above ‘the flower ; lobes of flowering glumes 3, all with points orawns ... . . « » 56, AmPHIPOGON. Spikelets and pedicels inarticulate, 1st and 2nd glumes ersistent. Glumes all awnless; Ist and 2ad 1-nerved; pericarp of grain loose. .» . 57. SporoBorts. Glumes Ist and 2nd subequal, 1-nerved, awnless, awn of the 3rd dorsal te or wanting . . 58. Agrostis. Rhachilla produced beyond’ ‘the 3rd “glume, astally penicillate with long silky hairs; 1st and 2nd glumes 3-nerved .. . . 59. Deyguxu. Rhachilla not produced keyond the flower ; awn fine near “the tip of "the ° glume. Palea more than 3 aa long as the glume. . ..., a 60. ,Dreweracase, oh “5 7 : Tring VII, Avenese.—Spikelets 2 or more flowered, pantalla very rarely spicate, or panicle subspiciform; flowering glitmes usually iy awned, awn geniculate ‘aud often daa rarely straight or wanting ; rhachilla produced or not beyond the upper flowering glume. Sustrine 1, Airesze. —Spilelets 2-Aowered ; glumes membranous ; rhachilla not radeed. 1st glume acute, many-nerved ; flowering glume long ciliate . . . » 61, Eptacnne. Spikelets 2-flowered, fruiting glumes elose together, not nue round the grain . . 8 . . . 62, Mrorama. Spikelets awnless, ‘3rd glume largest bi- sexual, 4th male ae tah Ga) BS Lopes Fe "63. CamnacHNe. Sunrriee 2. Euavenesx.~-Spikelets 2 or more-flower ed ; : rhachilla produged. Spikelets 2-flowered, lower flower - bisexual awnless, apEeE "male or neuter awned . . 64. *Hoxcus. Spikelets 2 to it: flowered ; flowering glumes awned, ‘awn subterminal or dorsal . 65. *AvENa. Spikelets 3 or more- -flowered ; flowering elume deeply y clett, awned in the clefi. . . . 66. DanrHont. Spikelets 1-flowered, lange, ‘with’ long awns ; awns "3, ‘central one long twisted and bent. . ae ae ee & a ee - 67. ANISOPOGON. Tring VII. Chlorideze.—Spikelets 1 or more flowered, 2-seriate ( sometimes very distantly ) and secund on an inarticulate spike or on the spiciform branches of a slender panicle ; flowers all or the lower only bisexual ; rhachilla produced or not beyond the upper flowering glume, * Spikes or spiciform branches digitate; racemose or paniculate (or solitary in Chloris.) Spikelets 1-flowered, awnless, in digitate spikes, the rhachis of the Bpiele not at all or minutely produced above the flower . . . . 68. Cyxopon.: Spikelets 1-flowered, awned, in a simple or in eee spikes, with 1 or more empty glumes above the flowering one. . -69. Cxttorts. Spikelets several-flowered, sessile in 2 rows on one side of 1 or 2 simple spikes. Lobes of the flowering glumes 3, the central one alone awned §. 70. ASTREBTA. Spikelets several-flowered, awnless or with long-pointed glumes, in digitate or scattered spikes. Grain or seed within the pericarp loose and rugose . 71. Exzvsine, Spikelets several or rarely 1-flowered ; awnlesa in scattered. spikes, Grain smooth, the pericarpndnate. «© ©, 5 1 1 1 ye eg we gs WR. LEPTOCHTLOA. CLHT. GRAMINEA. 1811 Trme IX. Festucace.—Spikelets 2 or more-flowered, pedicellate, rarely sessile, in effuse or contracted, rarely spiciform, panicles ; rhachilla articulate at the base and often at the base of the flowering glume, always produced bey yond the uppermost flowering glume. Susrrize I. Papppohoreze.—Spikelets few or many-flowered ; glumes many-nerved, flowering glumes many-awned or 4 to 5-lobed. Spikelets in simple of branched spikes; flowering glume. many-awned . . 78. Pappopnoru. Susrrise Il. Arundinea.—Spikelets paniculate, 2 to many-flowered ; “glumes very narrow, flowers penicillate with long silky hairs on the callus or sides or both, lowest flowering glume sometimes male or neuter. Rhachilla very short; flowering glumes glabrous, callas with long silky hase ee 4 ee Oe a oe a ee we PER AOTTIR, Sunrrinz Ill. Sesleriez.—Spikelets in spiciform panicles, ar in spicate clusters with many imperfect spikelets of imbricating glumes at the base of the spike or of the clusters, 1 or more- flowered, Spikelets very minute, in globose clusters on an elongated simple rhachis . 75. Exyrropnorus. Sunrrisz IV, Eragrostew.—Injlorescence various. Spikelets 2 to many-flowered; flowering glumes 1 to 3-nerved, entire, 3-toothed, 3-lobed or 3-awned. Panicle spiciform; spikelets 2 to 5-flowered; flowering glumes scarious, secund, mucronate or shortly awned . . . . . 76, Karri. Inflorescence various ; spikelets many- flowered ; empty glumes shorter than the lowest flowering glume, 1-nerved ; flowering glumes 3-nerved; grain minute . . . . 77. TRaarostis. Several empty awned glumes above 1 or 2 flowering ones, ‘Panicle narrow and dense or loose and spreading . . . . 78. Horrosta. Many empty glumes above 1 flowering one, ‘all awnless. Panicle contracted into a dense head or interrupted spike . . . 79, HereracHne. Spikelets several-flowered, paniculate ; flowering glume with 3 narrow awned lobes . . 80. TrirapHis. Spikelets several- flowered, panicutate ; ; ” flowering glame with 3 “anawned lobes or teeth . . 81. Triopra. Spikelets several- flowered, awnless in ‘a ‘simple or in " seattered spikes ; ; flowering glumes with a minute point between 2 small hyaline lobes . . 82. Dirnacunr. Sorrrize V. Centotheceze.— Spikelets 1 to many-flowered, 1 to 2-seriate on the rhachis of a simple spike or the long slender branches of a simple panicle, Leaves broad, tessellately nerved, Spikelets 3 or more-flowered, secund, persistent; flowering eliumien with reflexed submarginal bristles. . . . 1. 6 2. 2 we ee . + . . 83, CentorHEca. Suzrrizz VI. Bufestucesx.—Spikelets usually paniculate, 2 or more-flowered ; flowering glumes 5, many (very rarely 3) nerved, uppper empty or none; styles short. Spikelets few-flowered, in close secund clusters ; the first and second glumes shorter than the mucronate or awned flowering glume . . . 84. *Dacryrts. Spikelets ovate, in a lax pyramidal panicle, pendulous ; ; glumes: inflated, closely imbricate, many-nerved, dorsally convex . . « 85. Briza. Spikelets laxly paniculate, few- flowered ; glumes keeled, 5 nerved, awnless, nerves rarely meeting at the tip. . 86. Poa. Spikelets paniculate, many-flowered, awnless ;_ glumes obtuse, dorsally rounded, 5 to 9-nerved, lateral nerves short. . . . . 87. Giycrrta. Spikelets F aoteulats, many-flowered ; flowering glumes acute or awned, dorsally rounded, top of ovary naked or hairy. . 1... . 88. Festuca. Spikelets paniculate, 3 to many-flowered ; flowering glumes mucronate or awned, dorsally rounded, 5 to 9-nerved, top of ovary lobed villous . . 89. Bromus. Trini X. Hordew.— Spikelets 1 or more-flowered, sessile, 1 to 2 or more-seriate on the rhachis of a, simple spike, or partially sunk in cavities of the same; rhachilla usually articulate and produced beyond the flowering glumes into a naked or glumiferous br istle ; glumes awned or not, Jirst and second opposite or subcollateral, persistent or separately deciduous, the first sometimes absent or very minute. Susrripn 11 Lolieew.—Spikelets solitary at the nodes of the spike, plane of the epikelets radial to the rhachis. Spikelets 8 to many-flowered; glumes coriaceous, one absent except in terminal spikelets. . . 90. *Lonivm. Spikelets 1 to 2-flowered ; Ist glume minute or absent, “and much longer : than the hyaline 3rd ; spike cylindrical, rhachilla glabrous . oe ss. 91, Leprogvs, 1812 CLIT. GRAMINEA. Susrnine Il. Triticese.—Spikelets solitary at the nodes of the spike; plane of spikelets tangential to the rhachis, Flowering glumes 5 to 9-nerved, the lateral nerves not ie short or ending in teeth orawns . . » . 6 92, *Trivicum, Flowering glumes 5 to 7- nerved, the lateral nerves conniving ‘or confluent with the single terminalawn. . . , 93. AGRopyRUM. Svusrrize III]. Blymex ~—Spikelets 2 or more, collateral or fasciculate os the, nodes of the spike; plane of spikelets tangential to the rhachis. Spikelets 1-flowered; empty glume subulate, rigid . . . . . . . . . 94 *Honpevn.. Trinz XI. Bambusese.—Shrubby or arboreous grasses. Leaves fat, jointed on the sheath. Spikelets 1 to many-flowered ; lower 2 or more glumes empty, generally inereasing in size up to the flowering, with sometimes small terminal imperfect ones. Palea usually large, 2. heeled, Lodicules usually 3. Stamens 3,6 or none. Styles 2 to 3. Flowers of Queensland species unknown, therefore tribe doubtful. Species climbings. sc: & 5 4 0 «4% #oe oR # Roe ew wok woe a a Boy Bawpugas 1. PASPALUM, Linn. - aa (One of the Greek names for millet.) Spikelets 1-flowered, not awned, not callous at the base, in one or 2 rows along one side of slender spikes, either forming the branches of a simple panicle, or rarely solitary. Glumes 3, 2 outer ones empty, usually membranous and equal or nearly so, the third flowering of a firmer texture, Palea within the flowering glume smaller and more involute. Styles distinct, rather long. Grain enclosed in the hardened palea and flowering glume, and free from them. , A large tropical and subtropical genus, especially abundant in America, where it is also extratropical. Spikes of panicle 8 to 14, 2in. or more long. Bpueclels orbieular, with purplish hairs, about 4 line diameter : : Spikes usually 4, 3 to din. long. Spiklets ovate, acute, very hairy s Spikes 2 terminal or if 3 one placed lower down the peduncle. ‘bpikelets roundish-oval, about llinelong . . 1. 1. 1. 1 we ee Spikelets 2 to 5, usually distant. Spikelets orbicular or broadly ‘ovate, ‘obtuse, about 1 line long. oF aap eM ade 5 TO ¥ Spikes 2, close together or scarcely distant. ‘Spikelets ovate-oblong, acute 1. P. Galmarra. 2 3 4 or acuminate, 1} to2lineslong . . Ben Bate : ee 205 6 7 8 9 P. *dilatatum. . Polo. — . scrobiculatum. Spikes 2 or 3, digitate or nearly so. Spikelets ovate, about 2 line long . Spikes rather numerous, filiform. Spikelets narrow-ovate, about 2 line long. . : Spiker 2, very divergent, 4 to Gin. long. ‘Spikelets about 3 2 line Spikes about 2in. long, 2 terminal, if 3 one placed lower down the peduncle, Outer glumes with ¢ green lines: a & @ a « 3 i . brevifolium. P. minutiflorum. P. 4 P P. P. distichum. P P P. conjugqatum, P. . platycaule. 1. PB. Galmarra (after Galmarra, Jacky Jacky, Explorer Kennedy’s faith- fal aboriginal), Bail. Bot. Bull. ix. Russell River Grass. This is a very robust succulent grass, attaining even on the rocky land about Brisbane 8 or 4ft. in height, stems numerous to each stool, the lateral ones often bending down and rooting from the joints. Leaves numerous, the blade about 1ft. long and often above lin., broad, ligula short, scarious, hidden by long silky hairs, sheath loose. Panicles with many somewhat erect branches. Spikelets orbicular, about } line diameter ; glumes covered with short purplish hairs. Hab.: Russell River. One of the best fodder grasses, and has been cultivated successfully ‘bout Brisbane. It is closely allied to ane South American species, P. paniculatum, Linn. 2. P. *dilatatum (extending), Potr. Huc. v. 832; Mart. Fl. Brazil, ii., Part ii. 64. Caterpillar Grass. Rootstock shortly creeping, the radical leaves abundant ; the erect stems 2 to 4ft. high, geniculate at the base, more or less compressed, nodes glabrous, and often enlarged. Leaf-sheaths long loose .and compressed ; blade 9 to 15in. long, tapering to thread-like points, contracted and more or less hairy.at the base; ligula membranous. Spikes usually 4,3 to din, Paspalun.] CLI. GRAMINEA. 1618 long; rhachis glabrous and narrowly winged. Spikelets. imbricate in alternate pairs, the short pedicels. hairy, and one. shorter than the other. Glumes numerous, margins ciliate, 8 to 5-nerved. Anthers and stigmas purple.—-G. ovatum, Nees ; Trin. Spec. Gram. ii. t. 189, Hab.: Brazil. This is the best of the introduced species and takes kindly to our climate, 8. B. Polo (name of creek where found), Bail. Ql. Agric. Journ, i. Pt., 1. Stems few from each root, erect, somewhat flattened and slender, 1ift. high, The sheaths of the leaves on the lower part of the stems hirsute with stiff spread- ing hairs, the upper ones glabrous except for a few long hairs about the orifice ; ligula scarious, truncate, blades 5 to 6in, long, 3 lines broad, tapering to filiform points, glabrous, with nearly smooth edges. Spikes usually 2, when 8 two together at the top and the third inserted lower down, 2in. long, slightly tomentose at the base. Spikelets about 1 line long, oval-orbicular, in 2 crowded rows, on very short pedicels. Quter glumes with a prominent midrib and a faintly marked nerve on each side near the margin. Fruiting glume hard glossy- brown with no visible nerves. ' Hab.: Polo Creek, Cape York Peninsula. This may probably prove 2 useful pasture grass. - 4. RB. scrobiculatum (furrowed), Linn.; Kunth, Hnwn. i. 62; Benth: Hl. Austr. vii. 460. Ditch Millet. Erect or ascending, attaining 1 to 4ft., the Australian specimens glabrous or rarely with a few long hairs at the base of the leaf-blades. Spikes yarying from 2 to 6, alternate, spreading, usually distant; 1 to 2 or ‘rarely nearly 8in. long, the rhachis usually flat and about 1 line broad, and sometimes’ minutely pubescent at the base. Spikelets sessile or shortly pedicellate in 2 close rows or rarely in part at least of the spike crowded into 8 or 4 rows, ovoid- orbicular, obtuse, flat, about 1 line long when in fruit. Outer empty glumes thinly membranous, with a prominent midrib, sometimes minutely pubescent. Fruiting. glume similar in shape but soon hardened, very finely striate, the central nerve visibly only in the young state. Palea hardened like the flowering glume, the inflected margins dilated at the base into broad hyaline auricles enveloping the flower.—Trin. Spec: Gram. ii. t. 148; F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 156; 7. orbiculare, Forst.; R. Br, Prod. 188; P. polystachyum, and P. pubescens, R. Br. Le; P. metabolon, Steud: Syn. Glum. i. 19; Duthie Ind. Gr. Pl. i. -Hab:: Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, R, Brown; between Norman and Gilbert Rivers, Gulliver; Sweers Islands, Henne; Northumberland Islands. R. Brown; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy; Port Denison, Fitzalan; Perey Island and Port Curtis, M‘Gillivray ; Brisbane River, by v. Mueller, : Infloreagence sometimes infested with the fungus blights, Ustilago Cesatii, Waldh., and Cerehella paspuli, C. ¢ M. : Frequent in tropical and subtropical Asia and Africa, All or nearly all Australian specimens belong to the variety still distinguished by some as a species under Forster’s name orbiculare, usually a more slender plant with smaller spikelets, the rhachis often pubescent at the base, and the outer glumes scarcely or not at all serobiculate. The re ae indentures and the intermediate nerves between the midrib and the marginal ones of the typical P. scrobiculatum are chiefly prominent in cultivated varieties,—Benth. : ue tel 5. B. distichum (iwo-rowed), Linn.; Kunth, Hnum, i. 62; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 460. Water Couch. Stems often creeping and rooting in the sands to a great extent, the ascending extremities: varying from short and entirely covered . with the leaf-sheaths, to slender 1ft. long or more with the leaves distant. Leaves either linear-lanceolate and flaé or involute and almost subtilate, glabrous or with a few long hairs at the orifice of the sheath and base of the lamina. Spikes 2, close together.or thé lowest at a distance of 1 to 2 lines, quite glabrous, the rhachis not above 4 line broad. Spikelets sessile.in 2 rows, oval-obleng, acute or acuminate, flat, 14/ to’ nearly 2 lings long. Quter empty glumes equal ‘and Pant VI, q 1814 OLIIL. GRAMINEA, [Paspalum, distinctly 8-nerved. Fruiting glume hardsned and very. faintly 8-nerved or the central nerve alone perceptible.—F, v..M. Fragm. viii..156; P. littorale; R. Br. Prod. 188; Trin. Spec. Gram. i. t. 112. ; Hab.: In Queensland, this species is represented by the two following varieties. Var. *normale, A rather broad-leaved creeping grass which has been introduced and has become naturalised in many wet localities, many South Queensland fresh-water swamps being now overrun with it. It is the common grass of our town gutters; isa mu h more rank grass than the Australian form found in brackish swamps. ae a ee Var. littorale. This has much shorter running underground stems than the introduced form and also differa in its narrower leaves, erect stems, and being only met with in coast swamps, where it forms a most nutritious pasture. These two varieties keep their distinctive characters when grown side by side on damp land, or near fresh-water swamps, but this latter thrives best and is always found in brackish swamps where the. former cannot live; Bail. Ill: Mono, Gr..Q. i. ‘ . : ‘ Widely distributed over the tropical regions of both the New and the Old World. 6. BP. brevifolium (short-leaved), Fliggé; Kunth, Enum. i. 48; Benth. -Fl. Austr. vii. 461. Stems from a creeping or much-branched: base erect, slender, lft. high or rather more. Leaves short; narrow, flat, the ‘sheaths usually villous or pubescent, the ligula scarious, jagged. Spikes or panicle-branches’2 or rarely 8, digitate at the end of the peduncle, filiform, 1 to 2in. long. Spikelets scattered along one side of the rhachis, on short curved pedicels, ovate, rather obtuse or almost acute, about 2 line long, sprinkled with short fine appressed silkyghairs. Empty glumes 2, rather obtuse, nearly equal, thin, finely 5-nerved.— Panicum tenuiflorum, R. Br. Prod. 198. , Pes ee 2. .Hab.: Keppel Bay, R.. Brown ; Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, F. v..Mueller, Bailey ; Rock- kampton, O‘Shanesy; Herbert’s Creek, Bowman; Archer’s Flat, Leichhardt; Rockingham. Bay, Dallachy. a8 : An early summer grass. > re : Var. propinquum. Rather taller. Leaves rather longer, Spikes 2 to 3in. long.—Panicum propinquum, R. Br. Prod. 193. : : : : Hab.: Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown, iS The species is widely spread over tropical Asia. 7. BP. minutiflorum (flowers small), Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 17; Benth. Fl. Austr, vii. 461. A rather tall glabrous grass, closely resembling at first-sight the Panicum parviflorum, Br., but with the characters of Paspalum, and nearly allied to P. brevifolium. Leaves flat, rather long and narrow, the ligula short not ciliate. Spikes or panicle-branches rather numerous, filiform, alternate or the upper ones clustered, 8 to Sin. long. Spikelets numerous, very shortly but unequally pédicellate, narrow-ovate, rather acute, about 2 line long. Empty. glumes 2, nearly equal, prominently 8-nerved, glabrous or the margins ‘minutely ciliate. Fruiting glume acute, smooth and shining. ee , Hab.: From Brisbane River to Rockhampton, An autumn grass. ; This species and P. brevifolium, Fliigge, are placed by Hogk. in Fl, Brit. Ind. vii. 17, under P. longiflorum, Retz. : ; Widely spread over tropical Asia. 8. B. conjugatum (coupled), Berg. in Act. Helvet. vii. (1772) 129, t. 8; Hook, in Fl. Brit. Ind, vii 11.; Trin. Sp. Gram.. Ie. 102. A perennial ,creeping. grass rooting at the nodes and sending up stout or slender stems from 1} to 8ft. high. Leaves bright-green, 4 to Gin. long, } to Zin. broad, margins ciliate, points thread-like. Spikes 2, divergent; 4 to Gin. long, spikelets imbricate, pale,. plano: - apurer glumes with marginal, villous nerves, 8rd one coriaceons, apiculate, white. Hab.: Johnstone River, and otber tropical scrubs. .- Found also in tropical and subtropieal regions of both the New and the Old World., 9. P. platycaule (stem-broad), ‘Poir, Stems creeping -close to the ground : and rooting at the nodes ; internodes very short, erect: stems from each node; flat, very leafy.at the base, about 12. or 15in. high ; nodes woolly-hairy:; leaf-sheaths - 1 Paspatum.} CLIT. GRAMINEA. 1815 very flat, glabrous, with ciliate margins; ligula rather short and jagged, lamina narrow-oblong, apex blunt, hairy about the base, margins undulate and ciliate ; lower leaves 4 or Sin. long and 7 to 8 lines broad, the upper one smaller. Pedunele exceeding the upper leaf by about 2in. Spikes 2 or 8, hairy at the base ; when 8 two'at the end of the peduncle and the other din. lower; about 2in. long, rhachis slightly flexuose. Spikelets alternate, forming a single row ; outer 2 glumes marked with 2 green lines on each margin, softly hairy ; others nearly white, nerveless, with a small tuft of hairs at the apex of the third. Hab.: Cairns and along the Mulgrave road. Indigenous also in tropical Africa and America. o 2. ERIOCHLOA, Humb. and Kunth. (Woolly grass.) : iS ; (Helopus, Trin.) Spikelets 1-flowered, without protruding awns, with a callous annular or almost cuplike base, articulate on a short pedicel, in 1 or 2 rows along 1 side of the slender branches of a simple panicle. Glumes 8, 2 outer ones empty, usually membranous, equal or nearly so, the $rd or flowering glume shorter, of a firm coriaceous texture, obtuse but tipped with a point or short awn not exceeding the outer glumes., Palea within the flowering glume coriaceous and involute. Styles distinct, rather long. Grain enclosed in the hardened palea and flowering glume and free from them. A ‘small tropical genus, common to the New and the Old World. One species is probably endemic, the others have both a wide range in hot countries, Spikelets ustially above 14 line long, the rhachis of the spikes and main axis of the panicle pubescent or hirsute . . . . 2. 1 s+ oo 1. E. punctata. Spikelets, including the point, 2 lines long; pedicelhairy . .... . + 2. E. decumbens. Spikelets usually under 14 line long, the rhachis and main axis glabrous . 3. E. annulata, 1. E. punctata (dotied), Hamilt.; Kunth, Enwn, i. 72; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii: 462. “An erect glaucous grass attaining 2 or 3ft., glabrous except the inflorescence and sometimes a slight pubescence in the upper part. Leaves rather long, flat or convolute when dry. Spikes or panicle-branches about 5 to 8, distant, erect, secund, the lowest often above 2in. long, the others gradually shorter, the rhachis as well as the main axis pubescent or hairy. Spikelets all pedicellate, but often rather close, the pedicels 1 to 2 lines long, usually bearing a few long hairs, the spikelet ovoid, acute or shortly acuminate, rather above 14 line long, seated on a. thick annular or almost cupular disk articulate on the pedicel. Empty glumes membranous, broad, and usually 5-neryed, or the inner one rather narrower and sometimes only 8-nerved, both more or less hairy outside and sometimes rather densely covered with long hairs. Flowering glume much shorter, coriaceous, faintly 8 or 5-nerved, obtuse, but the midrib produced into a point or awn as long as the outer glumes as in Panicum helopus; Bail. Ill. Mono. Gr. Q. i.—Milium punctatum, Linn. ; R. Br, Prod. 188; Paspalum puncta- tum, Fliigge; Trin. Spec. Gram. t. 155. Hab.: Shoalwater Bay, Keppel Bay, Broaddound, R. Brown; Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, F,v, Mueller, Prentice; Springsure, Wuth. 2. E. decumbens (decumbent), Bail. Ql. Agric. Jown.i., Pt. 1.- A weak decumbent grass, the stems slender and branching, often geniculate, 1 to 2ft. lonig, more.or less pubescent about the nodes. Leaves 3 to 5in. long, tapering from the base to fine thread-like points, pubescent at top of sheath; the ligula reduced to cilia. Spikes or panicle-branches about 5, secund, lin. long, pedicels with numerous long hairs especially under the spikelets. Spikelets silky, inelud- 1816, CLIU. GRAMINEAE. [Eriochloay ing the long fine awn-like point 2 lines long; 2 outer glumes silky membranous with rather long awns; 8rd glume shorter, punctulate awned, somewhat coriaceous ; stigmas dark-purple. . Hab.: On rocks, Hammond Island, Torres Strait. ae ; a This grass differs from the other Australian species of the genus, principally in habit. 8. E. annulata (annular), Kunth, Enum. i. 78; Benth. Fi l, Austr. vii. 463. A smaller and more slender green grass than E. punctata, the leaves usually narrower, glabrous. Spikes slender, 1 to 12in. long, the main axis of the inflores- cence as well as the rhachis usually glabrous, the pedicels sometimes bearing a few short hairs. Spikelets narrow, tapering at the end, scarcely 14 line long, including the point, which is rather longer than in /. punctata. Empty glumes much less hairy than in that species, 8 or rarely 5-nerved. Flowering-glume the same.—Paspalum annulatum, Fligge; Trin. Spec. Gram. t. 183. Hab.: Brisbane River, F. v. Mueller, Prentice; Rockhampton, Thozet, Bowman ; Darling Downs, Law,. : ier ee! Gage 8. ISACHNE, R. Br. | (Referring to the 2 equal outer glumes.) Spikelets 2-flowered, both flowers hermaphrodite or the upper female or the: lower male, small, in loose panicles, the rhachis of the spikelet articulate above the empty glumes, glabrous and not produced above-the flowering ones. Glumes unawned, convex, faintly nerved, 2 outer empty ones nearly equal; flowering ones of a firmer consistence, closely sessile or the upper one slightly raised.- Palea as long as the glume. Styles distinct. Grain enclosed in the hardened glume and palea, free from them. ; : # A small tropical genus, common both to the New and the Old World. The Queensland species have both a wide range in tropical Asia. Leaves lanceolate. Spikelets glabrous or nearly so, nearly llinelong. . . . 1. I. australis. _. Leaves ovate, small. Spikelets hairy, about flinelong . . ... . . » . 2 JL, myosotis., 1. I. australis (southern), R. Br. Prod. 156; Benth. Fl. Austr, vii. 625. Stems. rather slender, decumbent, creeping and rooting at.the lower nodes, ascending to 1ft. or more. Leaves lanceolate, rough with a minute pubescence.. Panicle loose, spreading, ovoid in circumscription, 14 to 3in. long, with numerous filiform branches. Spikelets all pedicellate, nearly 1 line long. Quter glumes quite glabrous. Lower flower usually male, with a glabrous: glume, the upper female, shortly stipitate, with the glume usually minutely and slightly pubescent, the rhachis slightly dilated and articulate immediately under the upper glume.— Bailey’s Ill. Mono. Gr. Q.i.; Buch. Ind. Gr. N.Z. pl. xii.; Turner Il. Austr. Gr. 81; Panicum atrovirens, Trin.; Kunth, Enum. i. 127; F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 193; P. antipodum, Spreng. Syst. i. 814. Hab.: Moreton Bay, F. v. Mueller. - rae in tropical Asia from Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Malayan: Archipelago and South: ina. 2. I. myosotis (Myosotis-like), Nees in Hook. Kew. Journ. ii. 98; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 625. Slems slender, decumbent and branched at’ the base, generally short but sometimes extending to 14ft. Leaves: ovate io ovate- lanceolate; small to above lin. long, scabrous, with hairy sheaths and. ciliate margins. Panicles ovoid and loose with slender spreading branches as: in J. australis but smaller. Spikelets much smaller, rarely above 4 line long, the 2 outer glumes more or less pubescent or hirsute, sometimes very mugh 80; flowering glumes glabrous or nearly so, the upper flower female the lower. hermaphrodite.—Benth. Fl, Hongk. 415 ; Panicum myosotis, Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 96; F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 193. Hab.: Russell River, W. Hill. Also in the Malayan Archipelago and Soyth China, CLIT. GRAMINEA. 1817 4, PANICUM, Linn. (The old Latin name from the inflorescence being so frequently in panicles.) (Digitaria, Scop. ; Echinochloa, Beauv. ; Coridochloa, Nees). Spikelets with 1 terminal hermaphrodite flower and occasionally a male or rudimentary flower below it, rarely awned, variously arranged along the branches of a simple or compound panicle, rarely reduced to a simple spike, the partial rhachis very rarely produced beyond the last’ spikelet; barren awn-like branches none, or. very rarely a single one. Glumes usually 4, ‘the outer one smaller than the others, not awned, often very small, deficient only in P. gibbosum, the 2nd and 8rd very variable in relative proportions, the 8rd occasionally with a palea with or without 8 stamens in its axil; 4th or fruiting glume smaller or as long as the 8rd, of a firmer consistence, enclosing a palea and hermrphrodite ilower. Styles distinct or very shortly united at the base. Grain enclosed in the hardened fruiting glume and palea, but free from them. One of the largest genera of Gramine, abundantly represented in all tropical countries, a few species extending beyond the tropics in the Old World, and w somewhat larger number in North America. The great differences iu iaflorescence, a character adimitted as generic in most Graminew, has induced the division of Panicum into several genera more or less adopted by Nees, Kuuth and others, but there are so many intermediate species connecting the different groups or series ns I have not succeeded in giving characters spusitive enough to define them even ag sections. —Benth. Series I. Dlgitarieze.—Spikelets mostly in pairs along the outer or lower side of the simple slender branches of the panicle, one-of each pair always pedicellate, the other sessile or on a shorter pedicel, the upper ones of each branch occasionally solitary, the lower ones very rarely clustered. Outer glume usually very small. (While I have followe 1 Sir Jos. Hooker in many instances where he has differed from the Gen. Pl. of B. and H., in the placing of Series Digitariee of Panicum.in the genus Paspalum I have not done so, as I consider that to do so with the Queensland species would be confusing to the persons who will-use this Flora; where, however, an alteration affected a single species only I have followed that eminent author's excellent arrangement given in the vii. vol. of the Flora of British India.) Branches of the panicle often. numerous, the lower ones long and verti- cillate, the upper ones scattered. Lowest spikelet of each pair sessile. . Spikelets 14 to 2 lines long, more or less silky hairy . . . . . I. P. cenicolum. = Spikelets 1 to 14 line long, more or less silky hairy . . 2. P. divaricatissimun. Spikelets 1 to 14 line long, not silky, but the lateral nerves of the third glume ciliate with rigid hairs seated on tubercles. . . 3. P. macractinium. Both spikelets of each pair on long capillary pedicels, one pedicel much longer than the other. Bplkelets under 1 line long, glabrous or silky hairy . . 4. P. papposum, Branches of the panicle few, digitate or clustered ‘atthe end of ‘the peduncle. ‘Branches 3 to 8. Spikelets of each pet similar, both fertile, glabrous or softly ciliate. . . 5. P. sanguinale. Branches of the panicle scattered or ‘the upper ones approximate, "the lower ones rarely clustered and not verticillate. Branches usually 3, distant, 1 to Tee long. Spikelets ovoid, about Zlinelong . . . G. P. tenwissimum, Branches often numerous, 2 to 6in. ‘jong, Spikelets slabrous, - to ; ares : # line long, the lower ones often clustered. . . 7% PB. parviflorum. Branches often numerous, 2 to 6in. long. Spikelets narrow, nearly l line long, silky hairy . . . 8. P. Bailey. (The spikelets are usually in pairs also in P. ‘prostratum, and occasionally i in some others.) Series II. Trichachnese.— Spikelets silky hairy, or fringed with long hairs, sessile or shortly pediccllate, clustered or rarely in pairs along the rhachis of the simple spike-like panicle or of the 2 or few long erect branches. Spike single. Spikelets mostly in pairs, about 1 line long, silky hairy, - the outer glume deficient . . . 9. P. gibbosum. Spike-like branches few or spike single. Spikelets mostly plustened: 1 to 14 line long, the outer. .glume present but small and often concealed by the long silky hairs. . 6. 2. @ +e 2 ee sy LOOP hesien 1818 CLII. GRAMINEZ. [Panicum. Sentes Ill, Paspaloides.—Spikelets sessile or very shortly pedicellate, in 1 or 2 rows, very rarely in pairs, along the short simple alternate often distant spikes or apike-like branches of the panicle, rarely reduced to a single terminal spike. exits a Spikes erect, distant or single. Spikelets usually sessile. Spike single, terminal. Spikelets glabrous, singly distant or the lowest in pairs. Fruiting glume glabrous, rugose. 2. 1s 1 we ew ee we AL. PL rarum. Fruiting glume densely and softly pubescent . ... .- . . 39. P. marginatum. Spikes several, distant. Spikelets with long silvery-silky hairs. Spikelets truncate, singly distant . . . 1... . 1. + » + « 12 P. argenteum. Spikelets ovoid, often approximate . . . . . . 1. sss . 13. P. holosertceum. Spikelets several, distant. Spikelets glabrous, in 2 close rows. Spikelets oblique, 1 to 4 line long in 2 close regular rows, 2nd ; glume broad gibbous, 3rd glume flatter, with a palea initsaxil . 14. P. flavidum. Spikelets nearly straight, 1 to 14 line long, the rows not always regular and sometimes very few in the spike, 2nd and 3rd glumes ; nearly equal, both empty . . . . -. +e 2 + es + s « © 15 PB. gracile. Spikelets obtuse, in 2 irregular rows. Outer glume nearly as long as : others. 6. 1 ew ew we ee ee ww we we wt ww ww et NG, iP. judsftorum. Spikes usually approximate, erect or at length spreading. Spikelets not so closely sessile and frequently subtended by hairs or bristles. Spikelets about 1 line long, frequently in pairs. A palea in the 3rd glume. Fruiting glume obtuse, rarely tipped with a minute point 17. P. prostratum. Spikelets scarcely 2 line long, 3rd glume male or neuter, 4th glume obtuse, marginsincurved . . . . 2... ee + we. « 18. PL *muticum. Spikelets nearly 2 lines long, in 2 rows A broad palea in the 3rd glume. Fruiting glume obtuse, with an awn-like point . . . . 19. P. helopus. Spikelets nearly 2 lines long, in 2 rows. A broad palea in the 3rd a glume, which is ciliate with long hairs, Fruiting glume obtuse with ashort point. . 6 6 6 ew ee ew ee ww ee 20. Py Gilesi—-,” Spikelets nearly 2 lines long, in 2 rows. 8rd glume empty. Fruit- ie ing glume obtuse without any point. Leaveshairy . ... . 4 21. P. piligerum, (See also the first four species of the Paniculata). ie Spikes distant, at length spreading or reflexed. Spikelets alternate along the rhachis but not close and appearing almost uniseriate. Leaves glabrous. Spikelets near together on a flattened rhachis. . 22. P. distachyum. Leaves glabrous. Spikes reflexed, the rhachis flattened, ending in an awn-like point, and a rigid awn-like bristle under the lowest pea spikelep 6 1 6 6 ue ee ee ee ee ee ee - 28, PL reversum. Sznies IV. Echinochloze. —Spikelets sessile and crowded in 3 cr 4 rows or, irregularly along the simple alternate usually secund apikes or spikelet branches of the panicle. Glumes sometimes awned. Spikelets about 1 line long, never awned, densely crowded in 4 rows : along the rhachis, without hairs or bristles . . .). . . . . 24. .P. colonum, Spikelets 14 to 2 lines long, acuminate or awned, crowded and clustered along the rhachis, usually intermixed with rigid hairs or yistlesy se es ee es, ee ee sa AS em ee ee ee et DSS DS crus-galli. Sznizs V. Myuroidess. —Spikelets not silky, crowded and clustered in a dense “continuous or rarely interrupted cylindrical spikelike panicle. Spikelets ovoid, obtuse, 4 toZlinelong . . . - « « 26. P. myosuroides. Spikelets acuminate, curved, 1 to 14 line long or rather more. . . 37. ‘P. indicum, Spikelets acuminate, 2 to 3 lines long. Fruiting glumethin . . 98, P. myurus. Sens VI. Paniculate.—Pawicle-branches usually more or less divided. Spikelets all pedicellate (except sometimes the yirst four species.) Panicle-branches scarcely divided. Spikelets few, rarely more numerous, scarcely under 2 lines long. No male flowers, Spikelets nearly or sometimes quite sessile. (Species approaching | the Paspaloidee). oy Spikelets 2 to 24 line long, mostly distant along the branches . . 29. P. foliosunt. Spikelets rather under 2 lines, crowded on the lower part of the branches in a compact panicle, 2nd and 8rd glumes almost equal 6 wee ew eon ne wwe ew ge « BO. P. adspersum. Spikelets 14 line long, rather crowded on the distant branches of a long and narrow panicle. Outer glume 4, 2nd 4 as long as the Brd ee ee ee ee wh ee ew BL DP, tnerquate. Panicum.] OLII.. GRAMINES. 1819 Spikelets fow, distinotly pedicellate, in a. loose spreading panicle. Spikelets 24 to 3 lines long, sprinkled with hookedhairs. Fruiting glume close above the others . . 82. P. uncinulatum. Spikelets 2 lines long, glabrous. Fruiting glume raised above ‘the others, Panicle scarcely exceeding the floral leaves . . . 33. P. pauciflorum. Panicle narrow or spreading. Spikelets numerous, 1 to near 2 lines long. A male flower in the 3rd glume. Spikelets often numerous, shortly police peu Glumes acute or acuminate . . « 34. P. repens. Panicle large. BREE obtuse, rs line long. " Fruiting glume rugose . J ; . 85. P. *maximun.. Spikelets.4 to 3 line long. “Na male flower.” Diffuse or creeping. Panicle-branches few, spreading. Spikelets few and distant, { line long, on short pedicels. . 36. P. pygmaeum. Erect. Panicle-branches numerous, capillary. Spikelets iline tong, : on capillary pedicels . . . 3%. PB. trichoides. Ascending or erect. Paniclo narrow, vather. dense. ‘Spikelets very ; numerous, 3 line long. Fruiting glume véry gibbous. . °, . « 38. P. hermaphroditum. Spikelets usually numerous, 1 to near 2 lines long, pedicellate. No’ aos male fiower. Panicle narrow, branches usually few. Fruiting glame densely pubescent . 2 2. s - «5 « « © 0 39. Ps marginatum. Fruiting glume smooth and shining. Panicle 1 to 2in. long. Outer glume ovate, acute. Leaves pubescent . . 40. P. lachnophylluim. Panicle 1 to 2in, long. Spikelets about 1 line. Outer glume ovate, acute. Leaves glabrous . . 41. P, obseptum. Panicle 3 to 4in. long. Spikelets ‘nearly 2 lines. Outer ‘glume short, broad, truncate. Leaves glabrous. . . . . . . « 4% P. Buncei. Panicle spreading. with numerous capillary branches. a ee Bs ’ Paniéle-branches scattered, neither clustered nor verticillate. _. Spikelets: 1 line long, acute. Outer Ley acute. A aie in the 3rd glume . . . 43. P. bicolor. Spikelets 1 line long, rather. obtuse. ” Outer plume acute, No % palea.in the 3rd glume. . - : . 44. P. melananthum. Lower panicle-branches clustered but scarcely verticillate. : Spikelets numerous, pedicellate, 2 linea long. Outer glume. ' acute, 3-nerved, 2nd and 3rd 7 to 11-nerved, fruiting-glume shining . . 45. P. miliaeeum.. Very’ tall. Outer glume cearcely acute, ‘3. nerved ; and and 8rd . glumes 5-nerved . . . 46. P. Prenticeanun. Spikelets about 1 line. Outer glume acute, half as long as ‘the * “spikelet. A palea in the 3rd glume. Nodes Prommently ciliate. Ligula a ring of long cilia . . 47. P. effusum. Spikelets of P. effusum. Nodes glabrous. Ligula very ‘short. 48. P. Mitchelli. _ Spikelets about 1 line. Outer glume: short, broad, truncateor = OS mi scarcely acute, nerveless. A palea in the 3rd glume. - « « 49, P. decompositum. ist glime nearly orbicular, one-sixth to one-quarter of the 3rd; ; . 2nd ‘ovate, 9-nerved; 3rd lanceolate, 9-nerved, paleate or not ; ‘Ath ‘oblong, acuminate, ‘smooth . . . 50. P. proliferum. Lower panicie-branches verticillate. Outer glume nearly as long a 5 -. ag the others. A palea in the 3rd glume. : Ligula very.short, with a.ring of cilia . . 1 + » es « / OL P. trachyrhachis..~ Ligula ae scarious, without cilia oo © 6 eo . » OB. P. prolutum. LP. Soniesiam (growing near manure), F: v. M. in Trans. Vict. - Inst. 1855, 45; Benth. Fl, Austr, vii. 467. Stems from a knotty branching base - ascending to 1ft. or more. Leaves flat, usually. softly. pubescent or villous. Panicle of rather numerous slender simple branches,. 8 to 4in. long, at first erect, at length spreading, the lower ones verticillate, the upper ones alternate and distant, or rarely in pairs. Spikelets in pairs, 1 sessile, the other pedicellate, oblong, 14 to 2 lines long. Outer glume not exceeding } line long, the 2nd rather shorter than the spikelet, 5 or:7-nerved, the. 8rd 7-to 11-neryed;-both more, or less Silky-hairy. and: a Sune glume: smooth: acute. Tums ae Gaz..N.S. Ws.iv.-PL. xvies. wl : ops SEG 5 Hab.i Recorded for Queensland by F. vu. M. 1820 CLIII. GRAMINES. [Panicunt. 2. BR. divaricatissimum (very divaricate), R. Br. Prod. 192; Benth, #1, Austr. vii. 467. Stems from-a branching base sometimes under, sometimes much above 1ft. high. Leaves glabrous or more or less pubescent or softly villous, the ligula not prominent and not ciliate. Panicle of rather numerous rigidly. filiform simple branches 8 to Sin. long, at first erect, at length spreading, the lower ones in a dense verticil, the upper ones alternate and distant. Spikelets th pairs or rarely solitary along the branches, one sessile, the other pedicellate, 1 to 1} line long, glabrous or covered with long silky hairs spreading when in fruit. Outer glume very small, ovate, obtuse, the 2nd and. 8rd -nearly equal and both empty or the 8rd rarely with a minute rudimentary palea, the 2nd usually 3-nerved, the 3rd 5-nerved. Truiting glume ovoid, not gibbous, glabrous, smooth, acute. sone following are given as more or less distinct varieties of this species by Benth. in Fl. ustr.i— ‘ : 1, glaberrimum. Stems tall, branches of the panicle sometimes more than Sin. long, the whole plant glabrous. Spikelets 1} line long, glabrous. oe Hab.: Rockhampton and neighbourhood, Whozet, O'Shancsy ; Peak Downs, Burkitt; Darling Downs, Law. 2. normale. Voliage glabrous ov nearly so. -Panicle-branches 4 to Sin. long. Spikelets 14 line long, silky-villous, rarely nearly glabrous.—Turn. Ag. Gaz. N.S.W, iv. Pl. xx. Hab.: Keppel Bay, R. Brown. . 3. radiatum. Foliage softly villous. Spikelets small, glaurous or nearly so.—P. radiatum, R.Br. Prod, 192, Hab.: Ballandool, Lockyer; Armadilla, Barton, 3. P. macractinium (rays of the verticil long), Benth, Fl. Austr. vii. 468. Allied to P. divaricatissinum, but taller and quite glabrous. Panicle similar, the slender branches rigid, often 6 to 8in. but sometimes much longer, the lower ones in a dense verticil, the upper ones alternate and distant. Spikelets distant in pairs, one almost sessile, the other on a longer pedicel, both fertile and similar, narrow, acute, about 14 line long. Outer glume 2 to 3 line long, ovate-oblong, obtuse, the 2nd nearly as long as the 8rd, 8 or 5-nerved, the margins ciliate, the 8rd rather longer, very prominently 8-nerved, ciliate with rigid hairs proceeding from a row of promifient tubercles. Flowering glume narrow, acute. —Bail. Ill. Mono. Gr. Q. i. . Hab.: Rockhampton, O’Shanesy; Herbert's Creek, Bowmin; Warwick, Beckler; also in Leichhardt’s collection. 4, PB. papposum (fiirnished with pappus), 2. Br. Prod. 192; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 468. Stems from a woolly or silky-villous rhizome 2ft. high or more. Leaves flat, usually long and narrow, the lower ones softly pubescent, the upper’ ones more glabrous; ligula rather log, membranous. Panicle-branches numerous, slender or filiform, spreading, 6 to 8in. long, the lower ones verticillate the upper ones alternate and distant. Spikelets in distant pairs, both on capillary pedicels, one pedicel much longer than the other but both long, sometimes 1 to. 2in. at the base of the branches, the upper pedicels shorter and sometimes solitary. Spikelets scarcely 1 line long, covered in the typical form with long silky hairs spreading wheh in fruit. Outer glume minute or sometimes wanting, 2nd and 8rd equal, 3-nerved, both empty or the third with a rudimentary paled. Fruiting glume rather acute, smooth and shining. ms "Var. leiostachyam. Spikelets glabrous, otherwise quite similar.—P. autumnale, F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 196, but not of Bosc. ” ‘Hab.: Sweers Island, Henne. 5. ‘3B. sanguinale (bloody), Linn. ; Kunth, Enwn, i. 82; Benth. Fl, Austr. vii. 469. Summer Grass. Decumbent and often shortly creeping'and rooting at the base, ascending to 1 to 8ft. or rather more. Leaves flaccid, flat, usually pubescent and sprinkled with long hairs espeeially on the sheaths, but sometimes: Ranicum.] CLIU, ‘'GRAMINEA. 1821 nearly glabrous. Spikes or panicle-branches 3 to 8, crowded at the end of a long peduncle, all from nearly the same point or shortly. distant, 14 to Sin. or in some varieties about din. long, the rhachis slender but angular, flexuose, scabrous- ciliate. Spikelets in pairs, one nearly sessile the other pedicellate, oblong, rather acute, about 14 line long. Outer glume minute, rarely above } line long, 2nd glume lanceolate, 8-nerved. from 4 to 4 the length of the spikelet, 8rd glume usually 5-nerved, glabrous or ciliate,empty. Fruiting glume shorter, smooth. — Trin. Spec. Gram. t. 98, 144; Duthie Ind. Gr. viii. ix.; Vasey Ag. Gr. U.S. ; Turn. Ag. Gaz. N.S.W. ii. Pl. xxi.; Digitaria sanguinalis, Scop.; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t, 27. Hab.: Rockhamptou and neighbourhood, O'Shunesy, Bowman and others; Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, I’. v. Mueller, Bailey and others. A common weed in most warm countries. 6. PB. tenuissimum (very slender), Lenth. Fl. Austr. vii. 470. Erect, very slender, much branched at the base, often above 1ft. high.. Leaves short and narrow, quite glabrous, the ligula short scarious and jagged. Spikés or pamicle- branches few, usually 3, filiform, spreading, distant, 1 to 14in. long. Spikelets in pairs, ovoid, quite glabrous, but little more than } line long, both pedicellate,: but one pedicel twice as long as the other.. Outer glume minute, almost micros- copic, orbicular, the 2nd and 8rd nearly equal, both empty, obtuse, membranous, 3 to 5-nerved. Fruiting glume rather acute, usually slightly exceeding the empty ones. ; Hab.: Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, I’. v. Mueller ; Rockhampton, O'Shanesy. 7. B. parviflorum (flowers small), &. Br. Prod: 192; Benth. Fl, Austr. vii. 470. A tall but slender usually glabrous grass. Leaves long and narrow, the ligula scarious, often long, jagged at the end. Panicle branches from 2 to numerous, spreading, simple, filiform, 2 to din. or in some specimens 5 to 6in. long, the lower ones distant, the upper ones often crowded. Spikelets ovoid, glabrous, $ to # line long, mostly in pairs along the flexuose rhachis, one on a longer pedicel than the other; but in the lower part of the branch often clustered,. the longer pedicel bearing 2 or 8 spikelets. Outer glume very small, ovate, usually 1-nerved, 2nd and 8rd glumes nearly equal, both empty, membranous, obtuse, the 2nd usually 8-nerved, the 3rd 5-nerved. Fruiting glume as long, more acute, smooth.—Bail. Il]. Mono. Gr. Q. i., Turn. Ag. Gaz. N.S.W, ii. -Hab.: Rockhampton, O-Shanesy, Thozet; Brisbane. River. _A very common grass on the sides of Southern hills. Var. pilosa, more or less hairy. Hab.: Moreton Bay and Brisbane River, Batley. 8. B. Baileyi (after F. M. Bailey), Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 471. A glabrous tather slender grass of 14 to 2ft., with the inflorescence of P. parvisiorum, but the spikelets rather of P. divaricatissimum. Leaves flat, narrow, the ligula. shortly prominent, scarious, not ciliate. Panicle of several simple filiform branches of 3 or 4in., all distant or the upper ones rather crowded or the lower ones sometimes clustered, not verticilléte. Spikelets narrow-ovoid,. rather acute, nearly 1 line long, mostly in pairs, one on a much longer pedicel than the-other, or in the lower part of the branch the longer pedicel with 2 or 3 spikelets. Outer glume very small, ovate, 1-nerved, the 2nd and 8rd glumes nearly equal, fringed with rather long hairs spreading when in fruit, the 2nd usually 5-nerved,: the 3rd rather broader and 7-nerved. Fruiting glume acute, smooth and shining. ~ Hab.: Port Curtis, M'Gillivray ; Brisbane River, Bailey. a 9. B. gibbosum (swollen), R. Br. Prod. 198; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 471. Erect, branching at the base, 1 to 14ft. high. Leaves narrow, erect, glabrous except a few hairs at the. orifice of the sheaths. Panicle simple, spikelike; slender 1822 OLIIL,: GRAMINEE [Pantcum. but dense, 2 to Sin. long, with a flexuose rhachis, or very rarely 2. spikelike erect branches. Spikelets in pairs along the rhachis, one sessile the other pedicellate or 8 to 6 together in cluster or on short branches at the base.of the spike, all narrow, silky-hairy, about 1 line long, with a few long cilia usually at their base, or on the pedicel. Outer glume deficient; empty glumes 2, covered with long silky hairs, the lowest lanceolate, very thin and nerveless, the outer. rather longer, ovate, very thin but distinctly 8 or 5-nerved. Truiting glume hard, smooth, somewhat gibbous, at the base, with a rather prominent keel.—Kunth, Revis. Gram. t. 105; Fv. M. Fragm. viii. 155. wo Hab.: Rockhampton, O'Shanesy ; Etheridge, WV. . Armit. A variable plant scarcely to be distinguished from the simple spiked forms of P. leucophaum, except by the ‘apparently total abence of the minute outer glume, and in this respect. this- species closely connects Panicum with Paspalum. Its close affinity fo P. leuecphaum prevents its removal from the former genus.— Benth. ‘ : 10. PB. leucophceum (red colour of glume showing through light-coloured hairs), H. B. et K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. i. 973 Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 472. Stems from » branching base 1 to 2ft. high. Leaves narrow, long or short, usually: glabrous. Panicle of few long slender and -erect spikelike branches, very unequal and sometimes reduced to 2 nearly equal ones or to a single one, the longest 8 to Gin. long; secondary branches short, slender, erect, the lower ones with 4 or 6 sessile or pedicellate spikelets, the upper ones with only 1 or 2. Spikelets scarcely 14 line long, rather acute, densely covered with long silky, silvery or ‘purple hairs, often spreading when in fruit. Outer glume scarcely t line long, obtuse, 2nd and 3rd glumes nearly equal and empty, both densely hairy, the 2nd usually 3-nerved, the 8rd 5-nerved. Fruiting glume shorter, smooth, rather acute and often slightly gibbous at the base.—Bail. Tll.-Mono. Gr. Q. i.; Turn. Ag. Gaz. N.8.W. iv. Pl.i.; P. villoswn, R. By. Prod. 192; P. Brownii, Rem. and Schult. Syst. ii, 462; F.v. M. Fragm. viii. 155; P.glarea, F. v. M. in Linnwa, xxv. 445; P. laniflorum, Nees in Hook. Lond. Journ. ii. 410. Hab.: Keppel Bay and Broadsound, R. Brown; Rockhampton, O'Shanesy ; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy., Very common, ~ ‘ Fibrous under part of leaf peeled off when young, twisted and used to make twine.— Cloncurry, Palmer. © Also in tropical America and Africa. 11. B. rarum (spikelets distant), R. Br. Prod, 189; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 478. Stems slender, branching and sometimes creeping at the base, ascending to about lft. Leaves very narrow, glabrous or the lower sheaths slightly hispid. Spike simple, slender, 2 to din. long. Spikelets mostly singly sessile and distant, but sometimes in pairs at the base of the spike, one sessile the other pedicellate, all ovoid,, obtuse, 1 line long or rather more, glabrous. Outer glume broad, 8 or 5-nerved, about half as long as the gpikelet, 2nd and 8rd nearly equal,-both membranous, 5-nerved, empty. Fruiting glume acute, transversely rugose,, seated on a semi-annular cartilaginous disk.—Kunth, Rev, Gram. t. 15. Hab.: Etheridge, IY. E. Armit. 12. P. argenteum (silvery), BR. Br. Prod. 190; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 478. Stems erect, under 1ft. high. Leaves short, flat, softly pubescent. Panicle of few (8 to 6) erect slender distant branches, the rhachis almost filiform. Spikelets few, distant, erect, broadly turbinate and as it were truncate, about 1 line long, crowned by long silvery hairs. Outer glume not half the length of the spikelet, ovate, silky-hairy ; 2nd and 8rd glumes both empty and similar, very broad and almost truncate, membranous, nerveless and silky-pubescent in the lower half, several-nerved with silvery-white rather long hairs at the end, Fruiting glume ovoid-oblong, glabrous, smooth.—Trin. Spec. Gram. t. 170. Hab.: Islands of the Gulf of Carpentatia, R. Brown. The analytical details in Trinius’ plate appear to. be taken from the P. holoscriceum, they do not et all agrea with the spikelets examined of Brown’s P, argenteum—Benth., +4) Panicum.) CLIT, GRAMINEA. 1828 18. PB. holosericeum (all silky), #. Br. Prod. 190; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 473. Stems from a branching base, erect, slender, mostly under 1ft. high, more or less hairy as well a3 the foliage. Leaves short, narrow, acute, very spreading, the nerve-like margins. usually undulate. Panicle of few (4 to 6) erect simple distant branches, tho longest about in. long. Spikelets usually 5 or 6, alternate, under 14 line long but appearing longer from the long shining silvery-silky hairs with which they are covered. Outer glume acute, more than half the ‘Jength of the spike, 2nd glume acute, mucronate, 3-nerved towards the end, 8rd glume nearly similar and empty but rather longer, 5-nerved at the end, with a longer point; fruiting glume. much shorter, glabrous, distinctly 8-nerved at the end, with a short point, at length hardened and minutely striate —Kunth, Rev. Gram. t. 18; Trin. Spec. Gram. t. 178. Hab.: Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown. 14. PB, flavidum (yellow), Retz. Obs. iv. 15; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 474. Warrego Summer Grass. Stems erect, branching at the base, rather rigid, attaining 1 to 2ft. or yather more. Leaves acute, sometimes rather broad but the margins involute when dry, glabrous except a few short hairs at the orifice of the sheath. Panicle of several often numerous erect distant branches. or sessile spikes, the lowest sonictimes above 4in. long, the upper one shorter, the rhachis flexuose, slight'y dilated. Spikelets sessile in about 2 rows, in the typical farm very oblique, ovoid, about 14 line long or rather more in some specimens, Outer glume very short, broad and obtuse, the second glume the’ largest, broad, several-nerved, very concave and incurved, the third smaller, flat on the back, enclosing a palea large and broad in the typical form but no stamens. Flowering glumes usually shortly acuminate.—R. Br. Prod. 190; Duthie Ind. Gr. pl. vi.; Bail. in Mono. Gr. Q.i.; Turn. Ag. Gaz. N.S.W. iv. Pl xi; P. brizotdes, Jacq. f. Eel. Gram. 2, t. 2, Trin. Spec. Gram. t. 158. Hab.: Herbert's Creek, Bowman; Peak Downs, Burkitt; Springsure, Wuth. Var. tenuior. Spikelets rather small, not quite ao oblique, the palea within the third glume usually very small, the fruiting glume very rugose.—Turn. Ag. Gaz. N.8.W. iv. Pl. xii. Hab.: Endeavour River, Banks and Solander ; Warwick, Beckler. © 15. B. gracile (slender), H. Br. Prod. 190; Benth. Il. Austr. vii, 478. Erect, much branched towards the base, quite glabrous, usually slender, from under 1ft. to above 14ft. high, but exceedingly variable in stature and aspect. Leaves from very narrow to rather broad. Panicle usually long and slender, the branches or sessile spikes or clusters erect, distant, the lower ones 8 to 4 lines or rarely 4 to lin. long, the upper ones smaller, often reduced to short clusters or to single spikelets towards the end of the panicle, the rhachis of the branches often but not always produced beyond the last spikelet into a point sometiines as long as the spikelet. Spikelets singly sessile or In pairs, one pedicellate the other sessile along the rhachis, rarely more or less distinctly in 2 rows almost asin P. flavidum, ovoid, 1 to'1 line long, nearly straight, the outer glume, ovate acute, rather less or roore than half as long as the spikelet, the second and third neayly equal, both empty membranous and about 5-nerved, fruiting glume as. long or rather longer, minutely transversely rugose.—Turn. Ag. Gaz. N.S.W. iii. Pl. xxi. Hab.: Keppel Bay, R. Brown, an elongated form with very narrow leaves, and the spikelets irregularly arranged almost clustered on the lower branches; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy; and numerous localities in southern Queensland, O’Skanesy, Thozet, Bowman and others, and a var. with very small spikelets; Herbert’s Creek, Bowman. ai 16. B. jubiflorym (referring to the long top or inflorescence), Trin. Gram. Panic. Diss. ii. 1501 ; referred to in Flora Austr. vii. 475. This excellent fodder grass seems to hold a position between P. flavidum, Retz., and P. gracile, R. Br., and ptobably should.be placed as a named variety of the latter. It is a glabrous leafy grass, with numerous erect stems of 8 or (ft. in height, the terminal 1824 CLIT. GRAMINEA. [Panicum. inflorescence occupying about one quarter of the stems length. The spikes atranged as in P. gracile, but longer, and the spikelets larger.—P. distans, Trin. Spec. Gram. t.172. ~ : * 58 Hab.: Darr River, C.W. de Burgh Birch; Georgina River, J. Coghlan. - 17. B. prostratum (prostrate), Lam. Lllustr, i. 171; Benth: Fl. Austr. vii. 476. Stems decumbent-or creeping and rooting at the base; ascending to 1ft. or more. Leaves lanceolate, 1 to 2in. long or in luxuriant specimeris twice as long, glabrous except a few cilia at the-base of the lamina and orifice of the sheath; or sometiines with the sheath moré hairy. Panicle of 8 to 10 simple’ branches:1 fo 1din. long,’ usually crowded at the-end of the peduncle, but sometimes more distant and spreading. Spikelets rather crowded along the rhachis, but often in pairs, 1 sessile the other pedicellate, or rarely..the lower pedicels. bearing 2 spikelets, ovoid, rather above 1 line long and almost acute, glabrous but occasion- ally with a few capillary bristles on the rhachis and pedicels. Outer glume very short and broad,-obtuse or almost acute, the 2nd and 8rd nearly equal, 8 or 5-nerved, the 8rd with a large palea and sometimes a male: flower in its axil. Fruiting glunie smooth, very obtuse, but occasionally tipped-by a minute point. Trin. Spéc. Gram. t. 184, 185." i i a, 2 Hab.: Gulf of Carpentaria, Landsborough. -~ ' ce ’ Generally distributed over’ tropical Asia, it is also in Africa and the West Indies. 18. PB. “muticum (pointless), Forsk, Fl. Arg. Arab. 20. Stems: stout, elongating to 8ft. or. more,-the nodes more -or less softly bearded. Leaves 6 to 12in, long, the. sheath glabrous or. hairy ; ligula short, ciliate. Pavicle erect, 8 to 5ini long, rhachis stiff, scabrous. Spikes rather distant, stout, simple or divided. below, lower ones 2 to 4in..long, upper gradually shorter, rhachis. sub- hispid. Spikelets turgid; sometimes solitary and alternate, green. or purplish, 1st glume a $ of the 8rd, ovate, acute, 1-nerved, 2nd and 8rd subequal, 5-nerved, 3rd paleate male, 4th ellipsoid obtuse margins narrowly incurved. Hab.: Found in Java, Africa and America. Was introduced by the late Dr. Joseph Bancroft, and ig:-becoming naturalised’; yields a large quantity of fodder when growing on damp or swampy land. ; 19. PB. helopus (growing in swamps), Trin. in Spreng. Neue Entd. ii. 84; Benth, Fl. Austr. vii. 476. Stems sanity rather. tall. Leaves lanceolate, often rather broad and cordate. at the base with loose.sheaths, usually more or less hirsute especially the sheath, but sometimes nearly:glabrous. Panicle of few simple branches, sometimes 3 to 5 almost sessile above the last leaf, sometimes 6 or 7 on a rather long peduncle. Spikelets irregularly alternate in 2 rows along the rhachis, or the lower-ones-elustered and::the-upper'ones more distant, ovoid, acute, nearly 2 lines long, pubescent villous or glabrous. Outer glume : very short and broad, 8-nerved, the 2nd about 7-nerved, the 8rd about the same length but narrower, 5-nerved, with a palea in its axil but no stamens. Fruiting glume minutely rugose, obtuse, but.:the central-nerve produced into.a short awn-like point not exceeding the empty-glumes.—Trin. Spec. Gram. t. §. 188;. Duth. {ud, Gr. pl. vii.; Urochloa-pubescens, Beauy.; Kunth, Enum. i. 74; U. panicoides, Beauv. Agrost. 52, t. 11; Kunth, l.c. and Revis. Gram. &. 14. Hab.: Islands of Torres Strait; Darling Downs and other southern localities. . The species is common in tropical Asia and Africa. 20. PB. Gilesii (after Ernest Giles), Benth. I'l: Austr. vii. 477. Stems 6 to 10in. high, leafy to the top, with a few long hairs scattered on’ the leaf-sheaths, the lamina flat. Panicle of 2 or 8 simple branches, close together and half enclosed inthe uppermost ‘ leaf-sheath, umder- lin. long.’ Spikelets closely resenibling in ‘size and shape those .of P. helopts; ovoid, acute or acuminate, 14 line long-or rather more, sessile m 2*tows ona glabrous thachis.-- Outer Panicum]: CLI. GRAMINDA. 1825 glume..minute, hyaline, concealed .by the long ,hairs which coyer it; ,2nd glume. promien tly 7-nerved, acute or acuminate, shortly hairy ;.3rd about the same length, 8 or 5-nerved, bordered on, each side below the. middle by long. spreading hairs, with a broad hyaline. palea in. its axil;. fruiting glume. much shorter, coriaceous, obtuse with the point orshort awn of P. helopus. Hab : Inland localities. 21. B. piligerum (bearing hairs), F. 7. Af.; Benth, Il. Austr. vii. 477. Closely resembles some of the longer more hairy specimens of P. helopus. Leaves rather narrow, 6 to 8in. long. Panicle of 8 to 5 erect simple branches 1 to near Zin. long. Spikelets ovoid, acute, nearly 2 lines long, alternate along the rhachis but rather distant so as to appear in a.single.row, Glumes hairy, the outer one short, 8-nérved; 2nd and 8rd°glume 5-nerved, the 8rd rather narrower than the 2nd but both empty and equal in length. Fruiting glume shorter, coriaceous, obtuse, without any or only a very minute and deciduous terminal point, minutely transversely rugose. © ot re Hab,: Mackay, L. J. Nugent. "Sa", « ; 22. B. distachyum (2-spiked), Linn.; Kunth, Enum. i.91; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 478. Stems decumbent or creeping and ‘rooting at the. lower nodes, slender and ascending to 1ft. or rather more. Leaves flat, glabrous or with a few hairs’ especially at the orifice of the sheaths. Panicle-of few (usually 2 to 4 but. occasionally 6 or 7) distant simple secund branches 1 to 2in. long, at first erect, at length spreading or reflexed, the rhachis slender or slightly dilated, often” sprinkled with a few hairs. Spikelets sometimes loosely alternate along the, rhachis almost in a single row, sometimes more numerous ahd approximate in 2 distinct rows, sessile or:‘shortly stipitate, ovoid, rather acute, 14 line long, quite glabrous. Outer glume scarcely half’the length of the spikelet, thin, vary broad, the. margins overlapping each other, 21d. and 8rd glumes nearly equal, prominently 8-nerved; 2 narrow palea in the-3rd. Fruiting glume nearly-as long, very obtiise, hardened but the three nerves very visible —Bail. Ill. Mono. Gr. Q. i.; Turn. Ag. Gaz. N.S.W. iii, Pl. xlv.; P. subguadriparum, Trin, Spec. Gram. t. 186 (with a loose sparing inflorescence). Hab.: Rockhampton, O'Shanesy ; Bokhara Flatgs Leichhardt; Brisbane River. e Widely distributed over East India and the Malayan Archipelago. : a ; Bos a3 ae '§ Gh 4 gee 23. BP. reversum (reversed), F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 152; Benth. Bl...Austr. vii. 478. A weak glabrous rather ,glaucous: much-branched grass. - Leaves long: and narrow. Panicle usually. of 8 or 4 simple distant branches, at first erect but: soon spreading, and at length reflexed like those of P. distachyum, but the rhachis. generally though not always dilated, produced into a rigid point beyond the last: spikelet, and bearing under the lowest spikelet a rigid linear bristle (an abortive branch ?) as long as the spikelet. Spikelets not numerous, alternate and distant along the rhachis so as to appear in one row, ovoid-oblong, fully 2 lines long in some specimens, rather under in some others. '. Outer glume 3-nerved, obtuse, at least 2 the length of the spikelet, 2nd and 8rd glumes equal, many-nerved, usually both empty but sometimes with a palea in the 8rd. Fruiting glume hardened as in the genus.—Maid. Gr. N.8.W. 37. : Hab.: An inland grass. This species seems to show some distant approach ‘ia inflorescence ‘to the Plagiosetum refractum:— Benth. re ae age, ial “Ue oe Cee g stmt of several (about 8 or 10) simple one-sided distant and usually. erect. branches or sessile spikes, 4 to jin. long, and ‘not diminishing much upwards, Spikelets 1826 CLI. GRAMINEZ. [ Panicum. about 1 line long, ovoid, seasile and densely crowded in about 4 rows, the thachis without bristles but occasionally a few small empty scales (abortive spikelets ?) at the base of the spike. Outer glumes coarsely pubescent or nearly glabrous, the lowest nearly half as long as the 2nd and 3rd, which are nearly equal, often ending in short points but not awned; a palea in the 8rd glume. Fruiting glume smooth and shining.—Trin. Spec. Gram. t. 160; Duth. Ind. Gr. pl. iv.; Oplismenus colonum, Kunth Enum. i. 142. Hab.: On'the inland downa. Common in the tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World and in many parts of America. ; 25. B. crusegalli (Cock's-shank), Linn.; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 479. A coarse decumbent annual, ascending to 1 or 6ft., the leaves rather broad, without any ligula. Panicle dense and usually secund, of simple branches or sessile spikes, the lowest 1 to 2in. long, the upper ones gradually shorter, the whole panicle in some varieties densely hispid with the long purplish or green awns. Spikelets about 14 line long, more or less pubescent, acuminate or awned, crowded and clustered along the branches, the rhachis usually bearing numerous cilia or capillary bristles amongst or below the spikelets. Outer glume very short and broad, 2nd and 8rd glumes nearly equal and 8-nerved, usually ciliate on the margins, the 2nd produced into a rather short awn, the 8rd with an awn varying from + to lin., and a thin palea and very rarely a male flower in its axil. Fruit- ing glumes smooth and shining, Without any or only a very short point.—R. Br. Prod. 191; F. v. M, Fragm. viii. 198 ; Trin. Spec. Gram. t. 161, 162; Duth. Ind. Gr. Pl. v.; Bail. Ill, Mono. Gr. Q. i.; Vasey Ag. Gr. U.S.; Turn. Ag. Gaz. N.S.W. ii. Pl. xx.; Oplismenus :crus:galli, Kanth, Enum. i. 148; Echinochloa crus-galli, Beauv.; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 29. Hab.: Port Molle, 4. Cunningham ; Port Denison, Fitzalan; Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, F.v. Musiler and others; Rockhampton and neighbourhood, O'Shanesy and others. : A common weed in most hot and some temperate countries. : The common form in Queensland is the long-awned variety sabulicolum, which attains the height of 4 to 6ft., and is an et¢ellent fodder. The awns all long and dark-coloured on the first growth but when fed off, on the second growth the awns are often wanting. 26. B. myosuroides. (Myosurws-like), 2. Br, Prod. 189; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 480. Erect or slightly.decumbent at the base, often 2ft. high. Leaves long and narrow, glabrous. Spikelets ovoid, obtuse, 4 to $ line long, clustered and crowded in a continuous aiid dense cylindrical spike or spikelike panicle 1 to din. long ‘and not.above 2 lines diameter, often dark-coloured. Outer glume ovate, acute or acuminate, about half the length of the spikelet, 8-nerved; 2nd and 8rd glumes nearly equal, broad, 5 or 7-nerved ; a minute pales in the axil of the 8rd. —P; angustum, Trin. Spec. Gram. t, 384. Hab.: Endeavour River, Banks and Solander, Aw Cunningham ; Dawson River, F. «. Mueller, The species extends over tropical Asia and Africa, but is less common than the P. indicum, with which it is united in the Hong Kong Flora and by F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 197. It appears, however. to be constantly distinct in the very small obtuse spikelets with straight glumes very rarely and only slightly ciliate.— Benth. ; 27. B. indicum (of India), Linn.; Kunth, Enum. i. 188; Benth. Fl, Austr. vii. 480. Stems decumbent at- tlie base, ascending tu 6 or Sin. in the smaller varieties, above 1ft. high in the larger ones. Leaves narrow. Spikelike panicle cylindrical, continuous or rarely’ interrupted, $ to lin. or in some varieties Qin. long. Spikelets crowded, narrow, acuminate and more or less curved, 1 to 14 or rarely nearly 2 lines long. Outer glume 8-nerved, about 4 the length of the spikelet or rather more, 2nd glume curved and gibbous at the base, often ciliate, Panicia.} OLIT. GRAMINES. 1827 7 or 9-nerved, 8rd glumo the same length but straighter and neither gibbous nor ciliate, with a small pales in its axil; fruiting glume considerably shorter.—F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 197 ; Trin. Spec. Gram. t. 197. Hab.: Between Norman and Gilbert Rivers, Gulliver; Endeavour River, Banks and Solander ; Wide Bay and Brisbane River, Leichhardt ; Moreton Bay, C. Stuart. Widely dispersed over tropical Asia and Africa.. P. phleoides, R. Br. Prod. 189, is almost exactly the typical form represented in Herb. Linn , small, and slender, with a short spike of 4 to lin. and rather small spikelets. P. arcuatum, R. Br. lc. is the largest perhaps the most common form, with rather larger more curved spikelets, in a spike of 1 to 2in, The two run very much into each other.—-Benth, 28. P. myurus (like a rat’s-tail), Lam.; Kunth, Enum. i. 86; Benth. Fi, Austr. vii. 480. A tall grass, the lower part when under water often thick, more or less flattened and rooting at’ the nodes, the upper part erect, 2 to 4ft. high, quite glabrous, Leaves’ flat, the lower ones sometimes }in. broad. Panicle cylindrical, dense and spikelike, or.lobed and interrupted at the base, 8in to above 1ft. long. Spikelets crowded along the short erect branches. Outer glume thin and. hyaline, 1-nerved, mucronate-acute, under 1 line long, inserted (always ?) at some distance below the others; 2nd glume 2 lines long, 3-nerved, tapering to a fine point, 8rd still longer with a longer point, 8 or 5-nerved, usually with a small-palea in the axil. Flowering glume shorter, thin and hyaline at the time of flowering, slightly stiffened but not hardened round the fruit.—Bail. Il]. Mono, Gr. Q. i.; Hymenachne myurus, Beauv. Agrost, 49, t. 10, f. 8, and with some other species, Nees Agrostol, Brasil. 278; P. interruptum, Willd. ; Kunth, Enum. i. 87. — Hab.: Trinity Bay, Bailey; Mackay, L. J. Nugent. - A rather common tropical grass in the New and the Old World. ._As the water dries up in the swamps in which this grass grows, the running stems are greedily eaten by stock. ‘ 29. B. foliosum (leafy), R. Br. Prod. 191; Benth, Fl. Austr. vii. 481, Stems 1 ‘to 2ft. high, decumbent at the base. Leaves rather broad, usually pubescent, the nerve-like margins often undulate. Panicle loose, with few distant’ simple branches, the rhachis flexuose and slender, the lower branches sometimes 2 to 3in. long. Spikelets few, distant, almost sessile or distinctly pedicellate, and the lower pedicels sometimes bearing 2 spikelets, all above.2 lines lorig in the typical form, ovoid, acute, pubescent or glabrous. Outer glume about half as long as the spikelet, very broad, acute, with about 7 nerves, 2nd and 8rd glumes nearly equal, 5 or 7-nerved; a rather broad palea in the 8rd. Fruiting glume minutely rugose without the point of P. helopus and fts allies, but usually with a short callous incurved lip.—F. vy. M. Fragm. viii. 194. ‘Hab.: Bustard Bay, Banks and Solander ; Keppel Bay, f. Brown; Rockhampton, O'Shanesy, Thozet ; Moreton Bay, F. v. Mueller, Leichhardt, C. Stuart. é ; . 80. B. adspersum (scattered hairs), Zrin. Spec; Gram. t. 169; Benth. Fl. Aust, vii. 481. Stems ascending to 1ft. or rather more, glabrous except the ciliate nodés. Laaves flat, rather broad and short, the sheaths broader upwards, prominently ciliate, the lamina almost cordate at the base, with a very short ciliate ligula. Panicle narrow, rather dense, 14 to 8in. long, with several erect or slightly spreading branches, all glabrous without any or with very few small cilia under the spikelets. Spikelets ovoid, rather acute, quite glabrous, 14 to near 2 lines long, crowded or clustered in the lower part of the'branches, singly sessile towards the end. Outer glume + to 4 a3 long as the spikelet, rather acute, 1 or 3-nerved; 2nd and 8rd glumes nearly equal, the 2nd broad, usually prominently 7-nerved, the 8rd narrower, with about 5 nerves, and enclosing a long palea. Fruiting glume tipped with a minute point-and minutely transversely rngose.— Maid. Gr. N.5.W..48. , : Hab.. Recorded: for Queensland by F. yy M, 1828 OLII. GRAMINE. [Panicui, Trinius’ plant is from San Domingo in the West Indies, and if it were not on the authority of me Munro, I should have great hesitation in uniting with it this one from Central Australia, but I can find nothing to separate the specimens from these two distant regiéns, although’ Trinius’s figure represents a much looser aud less ‘copious inflorescenée than: that of the Australian plant.—Benth. 81. PB. insequale (unequal), /’. v. M. Fragm. viii. 189; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii, 482. Stems erect, 1 to 2ft. high. Leaves rather long and narrow, glabrous except a few hairs at the orifice and sometimes on the upper part of the sheaths. Panicle long and narrow, secund, the branches distant, the upper ones short-and. simple, the lower ones 4 to 2in. long, slender, simple or with a few short branches and sometimes in pairs.’ Spikelets: alternate -along: the rhachis, sessile or neatly so, quite.glabrous, about 12 line long. Outer glume about } the length ofthe spikelet, very broad and obtuse, prominently 5 or 7-nerved, the 2nd glumé about twice the length of the lowest and half the 3rd, very broad and obtuse, prominently 9 to 18-nerved; 8rd.glume many-nerved like the 2nd but more acute, grooved on the back, the margins inflexed or involute, with a large palea initsaxil. Fruiting glume shorter; acuminate, more or less curved, contracted at the base, transversely rugose. Hab.: Mackay and Dawson River, F. v. Mueller ; Herbert’s Creek, Bowman. Tu the latter specimens the rhachis of the panicle-branches is sometimes produced beyond the last spikelet into a short awn-like point almost as in Chameraphis.—Benth. © 32. PB. uncinulatum (hooked), R. Br. Prod. 191; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 482. Glabrous erect and much branched, attaining sometimes 8ft. (F. v. Mueller), the nodes often much thickened. Leaves flat, narrow, tapering into fine points. Panicle terminal, loose and-slender, consisting of few distant spreading simple or scarcely divided branches, the rhachis almost filiform. Spikelets few and distant along the branches, usually purplish, 23 to 3 lines long. Outer glume lancéolate,’ about half the, length of the spikelet, the 2nd.and 8rd nearly. equal,-acutely acuminate, 7 or, Sometimes 9-nerved, sprinkled’ with short erect rigid hooked. hairs ; a small palea in the 8rd. Fruiting glume smaller, quite smooth. “Hab. East Coast, R: Brown; Wide Bay, Leichhardt; Burnett River, F.v. Mveller ; Herbert's Creek, Bowman’; Rockhampton, C'Shanesy, Thozet ; Warwick, Bechler. 33. BP. pauciflorum (flowers few), R. Br. Prod. 191; Benth. Fl. Austrsi vii. 483. A low much-branched grass, more or less sprinkled with long spreading’ Hairs, rarely quite glabrous. Leaves narrow,.with short sheaths, the ligula-very short or scarcely prominent, ciliate. Panicles in the axils of the numerous floral leaves, often scarcely exceeding them, reduced to very few unequal spreading capillary branches, each bearing 1 to 8 spikelets, all pedicellate glabrous, acute, about 2 lines long. Outer glume broad, fully half as long as the spikelet, acute, 3 or 5-nerved ; 2nd and 8rd nearly equal, acutely acuminate, finely 5 or 7-nerved ; a-minute palea in the 8rd. . Fruiting glume oblong, rather acute, smooth and shining, not much above half the length of the other glumes, but raised above them by a stipes or prolongation of the rhachis bordered under the spikelet by a broad short hyaline membrane. : Hab.: Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Browz. . 34. B. repens (creeping), Linn.; Kunth, Enum. i..103; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 484. Stems from a creeping.and rooting base ascending to.1 or 2ft.; rather stiff, the nodes glabrous. -Leaves narrow, more or léss pubescent or ‘hairy or sometimes quite glabrous; ligula short, ciliate. Panicle!narrow, with a fet long: branches, erect or at length spreading,: the spikelets. shortly. pedicellate, irregularly crowded on short secondary. branches, with a filiform. : flexuose. rhachis. Spikelets 14 line long, glabrous or the nerves of the glumes minutely ciliolate. Outer glume less than 4 the length of the. spikelet, acute, 1-neryed; Panicum.] CLIII. GRAMINEA. 1829 2nd and 3rd glumes nearly equal, acute or acuminate, prominently 8 or 5-nerved, a male flower in the 8rd. Fruiting glume acute, smooth or minutely rugose.— P. arenarium, Brot. Phyt. Lusit. i. 15, t. 6; P. atroides, R. Br. Prod. 190. Hab.: Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown, F. v. Mueller; Sweers Island, Henne; Endeavour River, Banks and Solander. The species is common in maritime districts in southern Asia, northern Africa and southern Europe, and apparently also on the coasts of Brazil. 35. P. *maximum (from its large size), Jac. Ic. Pl. Rar. i.t. 18; Hook. in Fl. Brit. Ind. vii. 49. Guinea Grass. A perennial grass 8 to 10ft. high with branching stems. Leaves 1 to 2ft. long with long filiform points, the sheaths hairy ; ligula of long hairs. Panicle large and loose, with numerous capillary much divided branches. Spikelets numerous, all pedicellate, 14 to 14 line long, obtuse. Glumes membranous and obtuse, the outer one about 4 the 2nd and 3rd. A male flower in the 8rd. Fruiting glume acute, slightly rvgose.—P. jumentorum, Pers.; Vasey Ag. Gr. U.S. Hab.: Tropical Africa, An excellent fodder cultivated in most tropical countries. 36. P. pygmzeum (dwarfish), [?. Br. Prod.191; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 484. A small species, creeping and rooting at the nodes, ascending to about 6in. Leaves rarely above lin. long, linear or lanceolate, ciliate and usually but not always sprinkled with long hair. Panicle short and spreading, with a few capillary flexuose simple or slightly divided branches. Spikelets few and distant, scarcely 1 line long, obtuse, glabrous. Outer glume very short, broad, truncate, nerveless ; 2nd and 8rd glumes equal, 3 or 5-nerved, both empty. Fruiting glume smooth and shining.—F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 193; Maid. Gr. N.S.W., 45. _ Hab.: Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, F.v. Mueller, Bailey; Cleveland Bay, Gulliver. 37. B. trichoides (Trichodium-like), Sw.; Kunth, Enum. i. 112; Benth. £1. Austr. vii. 485. Decumbent at the base and often shortly creeping and rooting, though sometimes apparently annual, the stems slender, ascending to from 6in. to nearly 1ft. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or rarely narrow, cordate and ciliate at the base, the sheaths also often slightly hairy. Panicle at first sessile within the last leaf, but at length pedunculate, decompound with numerous capillary flexuose divided spreading branches, the lower ones clustered, the whole panicle ovate in Outline 2 to 4in. long, and often almost as broad, glabrous, or with a few long hairs scattered on the main-rhachis. Spikelets almost the smallest in the genus, ovoid, obtuse, scarcely more than half line long. Outer glume scarcely 4 the length of the spikelet, ovate, acute, 1-nerved; 2nd and 3rd nearly equal, broadly ovate, 8-nerved, shortly hirsute; a small palea sometimes but not always in the ard. Fruiting glume smooth and shining. Hab.: Found on hillsides in tropical localities. 38. PB, hermaphroditum (hermaphrodite), Stewl. Syn. Glum.i. 67; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 485. Stems creeping and rooting at the base, ascending to 1ft. or more, rather slender. Leaves spreading, lanceolate or almest linear, sprinkled especially the lower ones with rather long hairs. Panicle narrow, rather dense, 14 to 3in. long, the short capillary branches much divided, with few or many long hairs on the rhachis and branches. Spikelets very numerous, all pedicellate, usually of a dark brown, obliquely ovoid, under ? line long and broad. Empty glumes all broad and 8-nerved, the outer one more than half the length ef the spikelets, the 2nd very broad and gibbous, the 8rd rather longer and straight. Fruiting glume very hard and smooth, broad and very gibbous. Palea also hard and smooth, projecting laterally from the glume more than in any other species.—P. pilipes, Nees in Pl. Wight, Exs. n. 2343. Hab.: Daintree River and other tropical scrubs. The species is also in Ceylon, the Hast Indian Peninsula and the Malayan Archipelago. Part VI. K 1830 CLIT. GRAMINES. [ Panicum- 39. BP. marginatum (margined), R. Br. Prod. 190; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 485. A rather slender but often rigid grass, decumbent branching and often rooting at the base, ascending to 1ft. or more, glabrous except the cilia at the orifice of the sheaths, and the rhachis of the inflorescence often slightly pube- scent. Leaves flat, usually narrow, but exceedingly variable in size.. Panicle narrow, in the typical form 14 to 3in. long, of few erect or scarcely spreading simple or slightly divided branches. Spikelets irregularly crowded along the branches or sometimes almost in a single row, ovoid, obtuse, or scarcely acute, about 14 line long. Outer glume very thin, not 4 the length of the spikelet, 1- nerved or faintly 8-nerved ; 2nd and 8rd glumes nearly equal and similar, both empty membranous, 8 or 5-nerved, glabrous. Fruiting glume rather shorter, slightly hardened and densely silky-pubescent or villous as well as the exposed part of the palea.—Trin. Spec. Gram. ii. t. 209; F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 190; Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 69; Maid. Gr. N.S.W. 46. Hab.: Wide and Moreton Bays, F. v. Mueller, Leichhardt and others; Rockhampton, O'Shanesy. Var. majus. Stems tall, with broad leaves Gin. long, the lower branches of the panicle 3 or 4in. and the-spikelets above 1} line long. ‘ Hab.: Chiefly in Leichhard?’s collections.—Benth. Var. strictum. Stems slender, rigid, much branched, with very short: narrow leaves, the panicle narrow, very little branched, and sometimes reduced to a simple interrupted spike.—P. strictum, R. Br. Prod. 190; Trin. Spec. Gram. ii. t. 179; Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 71 and 90. Amid-t all its varieties which it sometimes seems difficult to unite, this species is readily known by the dense pubescence of the fruiting glume which has not been observed in any other Panicum. Some specimens seem to show thatthe P. strictumis rather an after-growth from plants that have been cut down, than a distinct variety. Benth. 40. P. lachnophyllum (leaves woolly), Benth Il. Austr. vii. 486. A low decumbent grass, with ascending branches of 6 to 8in. Leaves very spreading, rather rigid, acute, softly pubescent on both sides, the sheaths softly villous, the ligula reduced to cilia. Panicle narrow, erect, not much branched, 1 to 2in. long. Spikelets very shortly pedicellate or almost sessile, ovoid, obtuse, rather under 1 line long. Outer glume small, ovate, rather acute, 2nd and 8rd glumes nearly equal, membranous, 5-nerved, both empty. Fruiting glume smooth and shining, but tipped with a slight pubescence. Hab.: Moreton Bay. C. Stuart. 41. B. obseptum (a stoppage), Trin. Gram. Panic. Diss. ii. 149; Benth. Fl. -lustr. vii. 486. A weak glabrous grass, decumbent at the base or creeping in the mud and shortly ascending. Leaves narrow, the ligula a ring of cilia. Panicle narrow and loose, 1 to 2in. long, of few simple or scarcely divided branches. Spikelets few, all pedicellate, the upper ones of each primary branch solitary, the lower ones 2 or 8 together on short secondary branches, all narrow- ovoid, 1 to 14 line long, quite glabrous, rather obtuse. Outer glume short, broad, nerveless, truncate or shortly acute, the 2nd and 8rd equal or nearly so,. membranous, 5-nerved, both empty. Fruiting glume rather acute, smooth and: shining. Hab.: Islands of Moreton Bay to the border of N.S.W., near Wallangarra. The shape of the spikelets and glumes would suggest that this might be a very reduced form of P. decompositum, but none of the rather numerous specimens show any tendency to a further development and there is no vestige of a palea in the 3rd glume.—Benth. 42. P. Buncei (after — Bunce), F. v. MW. Herb.; Benth. Fl, Austr. vii. 487. A glabrous perennial of 1 to 2ft. Leaves long and narrow, the ligula prominent, borderel by a few hong cilia. Panicle narrow, rather loose, not much branched, 3 to 4in. long, the branches filiform and flexuose. Spikelets several’ along the smaller branches, rather acute, nearly 2 lines long. Outer glume broad and loose, thin, almost truncate, 1 or 8-nerved, + or 4 the length of the Panicum.) CLIII. GRAMINES. 1831 spikelet; second and third glumes nearly equal, membranous, 5 or 7-nerved, glabrous, the 3rd rather longer than the 2nd, with a broad acuminate rather rigid palea, but no stamens in any of the spikelets examined. Fruiting glume obtuse, about 4 the length of the outer ones, smooth and shining. Hab.: Bokhara Flats, Leichhardt. I. have some hesitation in proposing this species, which has much the aspect of a few “specimens of P. repens, but there appears to be no male flower in the 3rd glume which I have invariably found in P, repens.—Benth. 43. 2. bicolor (2-coloured), R. Br. Prod. 191; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 487. Usually a small slender tufted grass, with much the habit of some species _of Aira or Agrostis, but sometimes above 1ft. high, approaching in habit the P. vmelananthum. Leaves linear, usually very narrrow, more or less hairy especially at the orifice of the sheath, rarely quite glabrous, the ligula very skort, ciliate. Panicle usually only 2 or 8in. long, loose and slender but rather narrow, but sometimes larger and spreading, the branches capillary and flexuose, not clustered and not much divided. Spikelets all pedicellate, about 1 line long, glabrous. Outer glume acute, 3-nerved, fully 4 as long as the spikelet ; 2nd and 3rd glumes nearly equal, acute, about 5-nerved, 3rd with a palea but no stamens. Fruiting glume smooth and shining.—Turn. Ag. Gaz. N.S.W. iii. Hab.: Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, F. v. Mueller, Bailey; Rockhampton, O'Shanesy ; Herbert’s Creek, Bowman. 44. BP, melananthum (flowers dark-coloured), H. e. MM. in Trans. Vict. Inst. 1885, 47; Benth. 1, Austr. vii. 488. A glabrous grass of 2 to 4ft. or more, ‘decumbent at the base and perhaps annual. Leaves flat and rather broad, the ligula exceedingly short, ciliate. Panicle sessile or nearly so within the last leaf, Jarge and loose, with very numerous much divided capillary branches, scatiered along the main rhachis and very rarely clustered. Spikelets all pedicellate, about 1 line long, acute, glabrous, often dark-coloured. Outer glume ovate, acute, 1 or sometimes 3-nerved, nearly 4 the length of the spikelet ; 2nd and 8rd glumes nearly equal, acute, rather broad, membranous with usually 5 not prominent nerves, the 3rd quite empty without any palea. Fruiting glume smooth and shining.—Turn. Ag. Gaz. N.S.W. iii. Hab.: Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, F. v. Mueller, Bailey. 45. P. “miliaceum (Millet-like), Linn.; Spec. Pl. 58. The “ Little Millet.’’ An annual from 2 to 4ft. high. Stems stout, leafy and branching. Jieaves linear, acute, 6 to 12in. long, glabrous or hairy, margins scabrous, the sheaths loose and deeply grooved, with reflexed hairs, the ligula of long hairs. Panicle nodding. Spikelets pedicellate, ovoid, about 2 lines long, outer glume acute, 3-nerved, above half as long as the broad membranous 7 to 11-nerved 2nd and - 3rd glumes. Fruiting glume smooth and shinine. Hab.: This grass is cultivated in most hot countries and the specimens which have been sent ‘to me from time to time may have been strays from cultivation. 46. P. Prenticeanum (after Dr. Chas. Prentice), Bail. 8rd. Suppl. Sy. Qe Fi, A tall branching grass often attaining over 10ft. in height. Stems slender, hard, seldom exceeding in. diameter, often rooting from the lower nodes; upper nodes with a ring of short silky hairs. Leaves 6 to 10in. long, 4in. broad, tapering into long narrow points; midrib prominent, slightly pubescent ; sheaths very loose and pubescent, much shorter than the lamina; ligula ciliate. Panicle about 6in. long; rhachis pubescent, pedunculate above the last leaves, much branched, the branch slender erecto-patent, the lower ones often clustered. Spikelets pedicellate; about 1 line long, slightly pubescent. Outer glume scarcely acute, 4 or 2 the length of the others, 3-nerved; 2nd and 8rd glumes nearly equal 1832 CLITI. GRAMINEA. [Panicums. and more or less distinctly 5-nerved; fruiting glume hard and glossy, sometimes. showing 1 or 8 keels. Styles shortly united. Stigmas densely plumose, of a. purple colour. Hab.: Harvey’s Creek, Russell River and Tringilburra Creek. Very abundant on the rich scrub lands, attaining frequently the height of 15 or more feet. The same grass is met with in New Guinea, as would appear from fragments I received from the late Mr. C. H. Hartmann.. Although a true Panicum, this fine species much resembles an Isachne. 47. PB. effusum (panicle spread out), R. Br. Prod. 191; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii.. 488. An erect perennial, sometimes short and under 1ft. but attaining the height. of 2 or 8ft. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, scabrous and hairy as well as the sheaths, the nodes bearded with long spreading hairs; ligula very short and ciliate. Panicle much-branched, sessile within the last leaf, 3 to 4in. long when: first in flower, at length twice as long, the filiform divided branches very spreading and fiexuose, the lower ones densely clustered but not verticillate, the upper ones scattered and distant. Spikelets all’pedicellate, acute, about 1 line. long, glabrous. Outer glume acute, 1 to 8-nerved, about } the length of the- spikelet or rather more; 2nd and 8rd glumes nearly equal, 5 or 7-nerved, a palea. within the 8rd about 4 its length. Fruiting glume smooth and shining.—Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 67; Trin. Spec. Gram. t. 244; Turn. Ag. Gaz. N.S.W. iil. Hab.: Rockhampton, and many other northern localities to Cape York, Daemel; and also- common in southern localities. 48. P. Mitchelli (after Sir T. Mitchell), Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 489. An erect grass, decumbent at the base only, 2 to 3ft. high, nearly allied to P. effuswm,. but larger, quite glabrous and the nodes not bearded. Leaves often long, the short ligula rather jagged than ciliate. Panicle usually very large and spreading” with very numerous divided filiform branches, the lower ones clustered and rigid, the upper ones scattered. Spikelets all pedicellate, usually several along the- ultimate branches, rather above 1 line long, acutely acuminate, quite glabrous. Outer glume acute, nearly 4 the length of the spikelet, 1 to 3-nerved; 2nd and 3rd glumes nearly equal, acutely acuminate, about 5-nerved, a palea in the 38rd. sometimes very small, more frequently above $ the glume. Fruiting glume smooth and shining. Hab.: North-east coast, A. Cunningham; Cape York, Daemel; Port Curtis, M‘Gillivray ; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy; Rockhampton, O'Shanesy; Warwick, Beckler. A small glaucous plant with a smaller panicle and rather larger spikelets, from Cooper’s Creek, Howitt’s Expedition, appears to be a variety of this species.—Benth. ‘49. PB. decompositum (much divided), R. Br. Piod. 191; Benth. Fl. Austr yi. 489. Barley Grass. ‘‘ Tindil,”’ Cloncurry, Paliaer. A common glabrous grass, spreading, and 4 to 8ft. high. Leaves mostly long, flat and rather broad especially when growing in water, narrow in drier situations; ligula very short and broad, ciliate. Panicle 6in. to 1ft. long or even more, with numerous crowded filiform: divided branches, the lower ones clustered, at first erect and enclosed at the base within the last leaf-sheath, at length sometimes very loose and spreading to the breadth of 1ft. Spikelets all on slender pedicels, narrow, acute, 14 to 14 line long, ustmlly of a pale straw colour. Outer glume very short, broad and truncate, thin and nerveless; 2nd and 8rd glumes nearly equal, acute, thinly membranous, 5 or 7-nerved, the 8rd with a palea of + to 4% its length but no stamens. Fruiting glume very smooth and shining.—Turn. Ag. Gaz. N.S.W. iii.; @. amabile, Balansa in Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xix. 824, at least as to the W. Australian plant referred to; P. levinode, Lindl. in Mitch. Three Exped. i. 238. Hab.: Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown; Port Curtis, M‘Gillivray ; Brisbane River, Batley ; Llinders River, Sutherland ; King’s Creek, Bowman; Peak Downs, Burkitt; also in Leichhardt’s collection; Russell and Johnson Rivers, Hill. Seed ground and made into bread.—Palmer. iPanicum.] OLIT. GRAMINEA. 1833 50. BP. proliferum (proliferous), Lam. in Ineyel. iv. 7473; Hook. in Fl. Brit. Ind. vii. 50. Stems erect, 2 to 5ft. high, stout of a somewhat succulent - consistence; the lower nodes somewhat enlarged. Leaves ensiform, 6 to 12in. long, 8 to 8 lines broad, sheaths loose ; ligula of fine hairs. Panicle 6 to 12in. long, the ‘branches rather distant, scaberulous. Size of spikelets various, terete, palea of ‘8rd glume wanting or minute or linear, neuter or male or rarely hermaphrodite. "Qnd glume ovate, acuminate, 9-nerved; 8rd 9-nerved, 4th oblong acuminate .smooth.—Vasey Ag. Gr. U.S. Hab.: At one time this species was plentiful in the still waters about Brisbane. Included with P. decompositum in Fl. Austr. but of very different habit, the one being a water plant and ‘the other a most common downs species. 51. B. trachyrhachis (rhachis rough), Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 490. Coolibar ‘Grass. ‘ Oo-kin,” Mitchell River, Palmer. A tall erect stout glabrous plant, nearly allied to P. deconpositum. Leaves long and narrow, the ligula reduced to ‘a ring of cilia, the nodes glabrous. Panicle large and loose, often 1 to 1}ft. long, with numerous long slender divided branches, the lower ones usually verticillate, scabrous as well as the rhachis. Spikelets all pedicellate, nearly 14 line long. Outer glume often as long as the others, 3 or 5-nerved, tapering into a long point, sometimes ciliate at the end; 2nd and 8rd glumes nearly equal, acutely acuminate, 7 or 9-nerved, the 3rd with a palea often nearly as long. Fruiting glume much shorter, obtuse, smooth and shining.—Maid. Gr. N.S.W. 50. Hab.: Percy Islands, 4. Cunningham; Brisbane River, Bailey; Peak Downs, F. v. Mueller ; ‘Springsure, Wath. Fibre from the under surface of leaf twisted and used for making twine.— Palmer, Var. tenuior. More slender, panicle not so large and less scabrous, and the glumes less acute. 52. PB. prolutum (from growing in wet places), F. v. M. in Trans. Vict. Inst. 1855, 46; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 490. Stems from a branching base, erect, rigid, 1 to 2ft. high. Leaves rather rigid, the margins involute when dry, glabrous -and glaucous; ligula -very prominent, scarious, truncate or slightly jagged. Panicle 8 to 6in, long, of numerous slender divided branches, the lower ones -clustered, erect and enclosed at the base by the last sheath or at length exserted and spreading. Spikelets on filiform pedicels ovoid, acute, glabrous, - about 1} line long. Empty glumes rather rigid, prominently nerved, the outer one -obtuse, with scarious margins, more than 4 the length of the spikelet, 3 or 5-nerved, the 2nd and 3rd nearly equal, acute, 5 or 7-nerved, no palea in the 3rd. Fruiting glume smooth and shining.—Turn. Ag. Gaz. N.S.W. ii. Hab.: Condamine River, Hartmann ; Armidilla, Barton. The species is readily distinguished from all others of the group by the much longer not -ciliate ligula. : : 5. ICHNANTHUS, 6w. (Probably from ichnos, a vestige; and anthos, a flower.) . Spikelets 1 to 2-flowered, pedicels long, ovate or lanceolate, terete, articulate ‘(but often persistent), on their pedicels, Glumes 4, Ist, 2nd and 3rd subequal -or 2nd the longest, strongy nerved ; 3rd paleate or not, male or neuter ; 4th much the shortest, stipitate, paleate, bisexual, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, stipes with :an anticous simple or 2-fid or 2 lateral appendages. Lodicules 2, minute. Styles free, exserted apically. Stamens 3. Grain coriaceous, acute or acuminate, polished, articulate at the base of the stipes. Species all tropical. This genus differs from Panicum in the appendaged base of the 4th glume. 1. I. pallens (pale), Munro, in Benth. Fl. Hongk. 414; Hook. in Fl. Brit. Ind. vii. 60. Stems 1 to 2ft. long, weak decumbent ; loosely branched, and more- -or less pubescent. Leaves about 3in. long, and in. broad, broadly-lanceolate, 1834 CLIIL GRAMINEA. [Ichnanthus.. thin, flat, cordate-acuminate, scabrous ; base rounded or cordate, ciliate ; sheath loose; ligula more or less ciliate. Panicle narrow, unilateral, about 6in. long ; branches erect or spreading, few and slightly divided, and pedicels scaberulous. Spikelets narrow, 2 or 8 lines long, green; Ist and 3rd glumes persistent, keels scabred ; Ist more than 4 the length of the 8rd, ovate-lanceolate, subaristate,. 8-nerved, 2nd acuminate, 5-nerved; 8rd obtuse, 5-nerved, ‘palea large; 4th = } 3rd, deciduous, smooth, pale, turned half round so that the long diameter is at. right angles to the plane of the spikelets; appendages obscure. Hook. l.c. remarks that the oblique position of the grain is very peculiar.— Panicum vicinum, Bail. 8rd. Suppl. Syn. QL. FI. 82. : Haa.: Harvey's Creek, Russell River, on rich land. 6. CHAMAZRAPHIS, R. Br. (Ground-needles, referring to the awn-like point of the partial rhachis.) Spikelets with 1 terminal flower usually female by abortion and a male one below it, few and distant or solitary on the filiform branches of a simple panicle, the partial rhachis produced into a long awn-like point beyond the insertion of the upper or only spikelet. Glumes 4, the outer empty one very small, the 2nd and 8rd nearly equal, membranous or at length rigid, many-nerved, often tapering to a point but not'awned, the 8rd with a palea and 3 stamens in its axil, the 4th or fruiting glume shorter and very faintly nerved. Palea with inflected margins but not auriculate. Staminodia usually 2, very slender, with small abortive anthers. Styles very shortly united at the base. Grain enclosed in the scarious or rather rigid fruiting glume and palea, but free from them.—Semi- aquatic grasses, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves flat, the ligula short. The genus extends over tropical Asia. Panicle spreading, with distant spikelets on filiform branches. Fruiting glume short and obtuse Be stooge Wy ees cae ema, Ge de Mike Sly ese AB he Panicle spikelike but loose. the spikelets often 2 together on the lower branches. J ruiting glume acute. Outer glume 4 line long, membranous . 2. C. paradoxa. 1. C. spinescens. 1. ©. spinescens (spiny-looking), Poir. Dict. Suppl. ii. 189; Benth. FU.. Austr. vii. 498. Stems creeping at the base and when in water forming large floating masses. Leaves linear-lanceolate, flat, with loose flattened sheaths, quite ° smooth or slightly scabrous. Panicle 2 to 4in. long, with rather numerous. filiform flexuose spreading branches produced beyond the last spikelet into an awnlike point always longer than the spikelet. Spikelets few on each branch, shortly pedicellate but closely appressed in each bend of the rhachis, the pedicels and rhachis usually minutely scabrous-ciliate, the spikelet very narrow, about 8 lines long in the typical form. Outer glume about 4 line Jong, thinly membranous the 2nd many-nerved, tapering to a long point, the 8rd usually rather smaller with a shorter point and fewer nerves, enclosing the male flower, the fruiting: glume much shorter, obtuse, very thin, and remaining thin as well as the palea. over the grain, which readily falls out of them.—C. aspera, Nees in Wall. Cat. Herb. Ind. n. 8679; Panicum spinescens, R. Br. Prod. 198. Hab.: Moreton Bay, F. 7. Mueller ; East Australian lagoons, Leichhardt. Var. parvispicula, differing only in the much smaller spikelets.—Panicum abortivum, R. Br. Prod. 193; Chameraphis abortiva, Poir. Dict. Suppl. ii. 189. Hab.: Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown; between the Norman and Gilbert Rivers, Gulliver ; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy. The species is generally spread over East India from Ceylon and the Peninsula to the Malayan Archipelago and South Chini. 2. ©. paradoxa (paradoxical), Poir. Dict. Suppl. ii. 189; Benth. Fl, Austr. vii. 499. A smaller plant than C. spinescens. Leaves mostly short and spreading. Panicle almost reduced to a simple spikelike raceme, the awnlike branches mostly Chameraphis.] CLIT. GRAMINEA, 1835 bearing only a single spikelet near the base, the lower ones only occasionally more elongated with 2 distant spikelets, the rhachis always produced into a long awn exceeding the spikelet. Spikelets acuminate, 4 to 5 lines long. Outer glume broad, thinly membranous, about 4 line long, the 2nd and 8rd glumes nearly equal, striate with many nerves; fruiting glume oblong, acute, nearly 2 lines long, thin and almost nerveless.—Maid. Gr. N.S.W. 59; Panicum paradoxum, R. Br. Prod, 193; Kunth, Rev. Gram. t. 82; Gaudich. in Freyc. Voy. Bot. t. 24. Hab.: Recorded for Queensland by F. v. Di. 7. SPINIFEX, Linn. (Referring to the spine-like leaves.) Spikelets dicecious, spicate or solitary on partial rhachises collected in dense globular heads with a bract under each rhachis. Male plant: Spikelets usually several to each bract, spicate or clustered, 2-flowered. Glumes 4, nearly similar, 2 outer empty ones sometimes smaller sometimes larger than the 2 flowering ones. A perfect palea and 3 stamens within each flowering one. Fertile plant: Spikelets solitary within each bract at the base of a partial rhachis, with 1 female or hermaphrodite flower and an imperfect or rudimentary or sometimes a male flower below it. Glumes 4 as in the males, the 8rd with a more or less developed palea and sometimes 8 stamens or staminodes. Palea in the 4th glume perfect. Stamens 8, often imperfect. Styles 2, distinct, with long shortly plumose stigmas. Grain enclosed in the hardened glume and palea and free from them.—Spreading or creeping hard branching grasses, the flowering branches subtended by leafy or lanceolate and concave bracts. The genus extends to the coasts of New Zealand, New Caledonia and the sandy sea-shores of tropical Asia. Heads of spikelets several inches diameter. Male spikelets in spikes of 1toljin. Females at the base of rigid rhachises of 3 to 4in. Plant silky-pubescent or villous . . . . . ... 2...» . ss 1. SS. hirsutus. Plant glabrous ae Be Gees Be Se ee, ap oa cee ot 2. S. longifolius. Heads of spikelets not above lin. diameter. Male spikelets solitary or clustered within small bracts. Females within broad bracts, the rhachis shorter than the spikelet and sometimes minute or obsolete . . . . . 3. S. paradoxus. 1. S, hirsutus (hairy). Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. ii. 81, t. 280, 231; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 503. Stem stout, creeping in the sand, forming large tufts. Leaves often above 1ft. long with involute margins, clothed as well as the whole plant with silky or woolly hairs. Male plant: Spikes sessile or pedunculate, few or many in a terminal head or umbel and often a cluster of 2 or 8 spikes or a single spike lower down on the stem, each spike 1 to 13in. long, the rhachis produced into a point usually exceeding the spikelets and sometimes very long. Bracts under the spikes or peduncles lanceolate, acuminate, concave. Spikelets sessile in the spike or scarcely pedicellate, 5 to 6 lines long. Glumes membranous, hairy, the empty ones 5 or 7-nerved, usually as long as or longer than the flower- ing ones. Fertile plant : Spikelets very numerous in a large dense globular head, each one solitary at the base of a spine-like rhachis of din. or more, subtended by a much shorter linear-lanceolate bract, the spikelet 6 to 7 lines long, acute or acuminate. Glumes all nearly similar, with 7 or more nerves, the 2 outer ones rather the largest with more nerves than the others. A palea and sometimes 3 stamens in the axil of the 3rd, and an ovary and 3 stamens or staminodes in the terminal one.—Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 62; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 106; F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 188 ; Maid. Gr. N.S.W. 60; Buch. Ind. Gr. N.Z. vii. and ix.; 8. sericeus, R. Br. Prod. 198. ; Hab.: Abundant on the coast sands. Also in New Zealand and New Caledonia. 1836 CLIT. GRAMINES. [Spinifea. 2. S. longifolius (leaves long), BR. Br. Prod. 198; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 504. Closely resembles C. hirsutus but quite glabrous except the long cilia of the ligula and sometimes a few on the margins of the leaf-sheaths. Leaves narrow, rigid, often above 1ft. long but not so pungent as in the Asiatic S. squarrosus, of which S. longifolius may perhaps be a variety only. Male spikes usually looser than in S. hirsutus. Spikelets scarcely 5 lines long, the outer empty glumes shorter than the flowering ones. In the female spikes the outer glumes quite as long as the inner ones, and seldom if ever palea or stamens in the 8rd glume.—Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 95; F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 189; 8. fragilis, R. Br. Le. Hab.: Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown. 3. S. paradoxus (paradoxical), Benth. in Hook. Ic. Fl. t: 1248, 1244; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 504. Glabrous, divaricately branched, rigid and brittle but not so stout as the preceding species, the branches in clusters of 3 to 6 sur- rounded by short leaves with loose sheaths, the lower stem-leaves long and narrow ; the ligula a dense ring of cilia. Male plant: Spikelets in a dense cluster or head of 4 to 3in. diameter, 1 to 8 outer bracts lanceolate and about as long as the head, the inner ones much reduced, the spikelets about 3 lines long, the outer ones nearly sessile, the inner ones pedicellate and sometimes 2:on a pedicel, the pedicel or axis produced into a point. shorter than the spikelet. Outer empty glumes 2, several-nerved ; flowering glumes 2, nearly equal, longer than the empty ones, each with a palea and 3 stamens. Female plant: Heads the size of the males when in flower, but the bracts larger and broader, and when in fruit the bracts variously enlarged, 1 or 2 often becoming curved, lin. long or more, broad with hard centres and scarious margins, sometimes all scarcely changed. Spikelets almost sessile within each bract, the very short pedicel produced into a point much shorter than the spikelet, and sometimes minute or obsolete. Empty glumes prominently 7 or 9-nerved, the 2 outer. rather shorter than the 8rd, which is either empty like them or contains a small palea. Fruiting glume shorter, very acute, smooth and shining. Styles distinct.—Newrachne paradora, R. Br. in App. Sturt Exped. 26; Panicum pseudoneurachne, F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 199. Hab.: An inland species. 8. AXONOPUS, Beauv. (From aron, axis, and pous, a foot.) Perennial grasses. Spikelets 2-flowered, articulate with the pedicel, sessile or subsessile in whorls or‘digitate spikes, awned. _Glumes 4, Ist shortest, ovate, acuminate or cuspidate, glabrous, 3-nerved; 2nd ovate-lanceolate, acuminate or awned, 5-nerved, lateral nerves marginal villous; 3rd oblong, acute, 5-nerved, paleate, male, palea very short, 2-fid or 2-partite; 4th=2nd, oblong or ovate, coriaceous, 2-nerved. lLodicules cuneate. Stamens 8, anthers long. Styles distinct. Grain small, suborbicular, free within the glumes, 1. A. semialatus (half-winged), Hook. F/. Brit. Ind. vii. 64. Cockatoo Grass. Stems erect, 2 to 3ft. high, silky-pubescent about the nodes, otherwise glabrous or nearly so. Leaves narrow with involute margins or subulate, usually pubescent, the lower ones sometimes densely clothed with long silky, hairs. Panicle 3 to Gin. long, consisting of 2 to 5 long erect or slightly diverging branches, clustered at the end of a long peduncle. Spikelets 2 to 23 lines long, few together in erect clusters or short branches along the rhachis. Glumes all ending in a short subulate point, the outer one membranous, 8-nerved, about $ the length of the spikelet, the 2nd the largest, membranous, 5-nerved, fringed on each side with long pale or dark-coloured hairs spreading in fruit and connected Axonopus.] CLIT. GRAMINEA. 1837 at the base on the intramarginal nerve; 8rd glume more rigid, though thin, with @ small palea and sometimes with 8 stamens in the axil. Fruiting glume more rigid, with a rather longer point, the palea also rigid, but the inflexed margins thin with a distinct lobe at the base on each side.— Panicum semialatum, R. Br. in Fl. Austr. vii. 472; Maiden Gr. N.8.W.; Urochloa semialata, Kunth, Enum. 1. 74; Coridochloa semialata, Nees, in various catalogues, Benth. Hab.: Throughout Queensland. Dr. Lumboltz found this grass, in North Queensland, to furnish the principal food of white cockatoos. _An excellent pasture grass, producing a large amount of leafy bottom, although the -hard cane-like stems are refused by stock. 9. *TRICHOLENA, Schrad. (Clothed with hairs) Erect tufted annual or perennial grasses. Leaves narrow. Spikelets 1 to 2-flowered, articulate on their pedicels, paniculate, laterally compressed, clothed with long silky hairs, callus stipite-form. Glumes 3 or 4, 1st if present very small, often inserted much below the 8rd; 2nd and 8rd sub-equal, membranous, broadly ovate, mucronate or awned, dorsally rounded; 8rd paleate, triandrous ; 4th very thin, shining, female or bisexual. Lodicules 2, minute, dolabriform. Grain loose within the glumes. Species chiefly South African. 1. T. Teneriffee (of Teneriffe), Parlat. in Webb and Berth. Phyt. Canar. iii. 425; Fl. Bal. i. 180; Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. vii. 65. Stems numerous from an extending rhizome, geniculate slender and rigid. Leaves very slender, convolute, rigid, glabrous, sheath hairy at the orifice; ligula narrow and membranous. Panicle 4 to 5in. long, open, the branches and pedicels capillary. Spikelets about 2 lines long, purplish, silky with spreading hairs; 2nd and 8rd glumes ovate acute or mucronate, concave; 4th articulate at the base, white or brown, shining.— Panicum Tenerifig, R. Br. Prod. 189. Hab.: A North African species naturalised in many southern localities. Known in Queens- land under the name of Red Natal Grass, grows fast nearly throughout the year, but is not considered to stand close feeding. 10. OPLISMENUS, Beauv. (Awned.) (Orthopogon, FR. Br.) Spikelets with 1 terminal hermaphrodite flower and a rudimentary one below ‘it, awned, clustered along the secund disiant branches’ of a simple ‘panicle. Glumes 4, the lowest empty one not much shorter than the others and with a longer awn, the flowering glume awnless and hardened with the palea round the grain as in Panicum. A small tropical and subtropical genus common to the New and the Old World, and very ‘closely allied to some of the awned species of Panicum, to which several botanists would restore it. The inflorescence, together with the greater development and long awn of the outer empty ‘glume, may however suffice to retain it as distinct, with the limits originally assigned to it by ao and by Brown. | The Australian species are both of them of a very wide distribution. —Benth. Lower branches of the panicle } to Qin.long . . 1. ee ee ee @ 61. O. compositus. All the branches of the panicle reduced to sessile clusters . . . . . . » 2. O. setarius. 1. O. compositus (composite), Beauv. Agrostogr. 54; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 491, Usually a weak grass softly pubescent or villous, but sometimes nearly glabrous. ‘Stems decumbent or creeping and rooting at the base, ascending sometimes to -above 1ft. Leaves from linear-lanceolate to ovate-lonceolate, 4 to 5in. long in the larger specimens, but more frequently under 2in. Panicle slender consisting 1838 CLIIL GRAMINE., [Oplismenus. of 4 to 8 or rarely more distant 1-sided branches or spikes, of which the lowest slender ones are 2in. long in the most luxuriant specimens, scarcely $in. long in others, the upper ones or sometimes the greater number reduced to short clusters. Spikelets glabrous pubescent or hirsute, rather above 1 line long, in distinct clusters of 2 or 8 each along the longer branches, crowded on the shorter ones. Glumes 8, lower ones membranous, 5-nerved, the lowest not much shorter than the others tapering into a rather long smooth awn, the 2nd with a small point or short awn, or only acuminate, the 8rd rather larger, awnless, with a small. hyaline palea or rudimentary flower in its axil; flowering glume nerveless, smooth and hard as well as the palea round the grain.--Turn. Ag. Gaz. N.S.W. ii. Pl. xli.; Panicum compositum, Linn.; Trin. Spec. Gram. ii. t. 187, 188, 190; F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 199; Orthopoyon compositus, R. Br. Prod. 194. Hab.: Shoalwater Bay and Broadsound, Rf. Brown; Cape York, Daemel ; Endeavour River: A, Cunningham; Goold and Dunk Islands, M‘Gillivray ; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy. 2. O. setarius (Setaria-like), wm. and Schult.; Kunth, Enwn, i. 189 ; Benth. Fil. Austr. vii. 492. Very near the slender forms of O. compositus, and might be included in that species, but the spikes or branches of the panicle are all reduced to single sessile clusters of spikelets, or the lowest rarely slightly elongated into: 2 distinct clusters. Leaves always narrow-lanceolate.— Panicum setariwm, Lam. Must. i. 170. Hab.: Keppel Bay, R. Brown; Moreton Bay, C. Stuart. Var. emulus. Softly villous. This is the Orthopogon emulus, R. Br. Prod. 194 (Oplismenus emulus, Kunth, Enum. i. 142). ee Var. imbecillis. Glabrous or nearly so. This is the Orthopogon flaccidus and O. imbecillis, B.. Br. Prod. 194 (Oplismenus flaccidus and O. imbecillis, Kunth, Enum. i. 142; Panicum imbecille,. Trin. Spec. Gram. t. 191). , 11. ARUNDINELLA, Raddi, (From its reedy appearance.) Spikelets with 1 terminal hermaphrodite flower and ofteu a second male one below it, in a loose terminal panicle. Glumes 4, the 3 outer ones often pointed but not awned, the 8rd with a palea or a male flower in its axil; terminal flower- ing glume smaller, thinner, with a fine awn twisted in the lower part and bent back at or below the middle. Palea smaller. ‘Styles distinct. Grain enclosed in the more or less stiffened glume and palea, free from them. A tropical or subtropical genus, chiefly Asiatic. 1. A. nepalensis (of Nepaul), Trin. Spec. Gram. t. 268; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 545. An erect glabrous perennial, attaining 6 to 8ft. Leaves narrow, the ligula short, minutely ciliate. Panicle narrow, dense or loose, erect or slightly spreading, varying from 4 to Gin.in the smaller specimens to above 1ft. in luxuriant ones, the lower branches densely clustered. Spikelets all or mostly pedicellate, narrow, about 2 lines long, the 3 outer glumes usually 5-nerved, tapering to short points, the lowest rather shorter than the others, the 8rd rather thinner, with a male flower in its axil. Terminal flowering glume smaller and thinner at the time of flowering, slightly notched with minute obtuse or acute. points on each side of the awn not produced into bristles. Palea auriculate on each side near ‘the base.—A. brasiliensis, Raddi. Agrost. Bras. 37, t. i. fig. 3; Hook. in Fl. Brit. Ind. vii. 73; Acratherum miliaceum, Link, Hort. Bot. Berol. i, 280. Hab.: Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, Bailey; Dry-beef Creek, Leichhardt ; Rockhampton and! neighbourhood, Thozet, O'Shanesy; Darling Downs, Law.; Springsure, IWuth; Herbert’s Creek, Bowman; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy. A common coarse hillside grass. Widely distributed over the hilly districts of tropical Asia, extending to South Africa. CLIII. GRAMINEA. 1889 - 12. SETARIA, Beauv. (Referring to the bristly panicle.) Spikelets with 1 terminal hermaphrodite flower and sometimes a second male - one below it, crowded in a cylindrical dense or rarely interruped spikelike panicle, | not awned but surrounded by numerous awnlike barren branches, persistent on the main rhachis, the spikelets sessile near the base of the branches and falling away from them. Glumes 4, the outer one small, the 2nd usually shorter than the 3rd. A palea and sometimes 8 stamens in the axil of the 8rd. Terminal or - fruiting glume of a firmer consistence, with a perfect flower. Styles distinct. Grain enclosed in the hardened glume and palea, but free from them. The genus is generally spread over the waimer and temperate regions of the globe. Panicle dense, inclined or nodding, compound; the 1st glume sub- globose nearly smooth; . 2... wk ee ee Fruiting glume transversely rugose. Awnlike panicle-branches scabrous, with erect teeth. Panicle cylindrical, simple, 1 to 14in. long, the spikelets solitary at the 1. S. *italica. base of the awn-like branches . . 2. 2... . 1. Ww 2. S. glauca. Panicle dense or interrupted, 3'to 8in. long, the spikelets clustered near the base of the awn-like branches. . . 2. . .). . - . « . 3. S. macrostuchya.... Fruiting glume smooth. Spikelets more or less clustered. Awn-like panicle-branches scabrous with erect teeth . . 2. a. 4S. viridis. 1. S&S. *italica (Italian), Beawy. Agrost. 51. Annual. Stems 2 to 5ft. usually - branched, tufted, rooting towards the base. Leaves often long, margins retrorsely hispid, the sheath smooth, bearded at the mouth. Panicle often large and very dense, lobed, with minute spreading barbs, the bristles not numerous, 1st glume oblong or subglobose, nearly smooth. Hab.: Has escaped from cultivation. Grown as a fodder in most countries, known in Queensland as Panicum. Supposed to belong to China and Japan. 2. S. glauca (grey), Beauv.; Kunth, Enum. i. 149; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. - 492. An erect annual, of a pale-green, 1 to 2ft. high. Leaves flat, with scabrous edges and often ciliate with a few long hairs. Spikelike panicle simple, cylindrical, 1 to 14in. long, the spikelets solitary at the base of numerous awnlike branches, many of. which are barren and all scabrous with minute teeth directed upwards. Spikelets ovoid, about 14 line long. Outer glume very small, the 2nd not quite so long as the 8rd. A palea and very rarely stamens in the 8rd. Fruiting glume more or less gibbous, marked with prominent transverse wrinkles. —Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 47; Turn. Ag. Gaz. N.S.W. ii. Pl. xlii.; Panteum- giaucum, Linn.; Trin. Spec. Gram. t. 195; Pennisetum glaucum, R. Br. Prod. 195; F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 110. Hab,: In tropical Queensland this is represented by a form which seldom exceeds a foot in. height, but in southern Queensland it forms « rich fodder grass of two to three feet, and bears an abundance of seed, even though closely fed. One or other of these forms are met with- in most parts of Queensland. : ; A common weed in the Old World and some parts of America. 8. S. macrostachya (spikes long), H. B. and A. Nov. Gen. et Sp. i. 110 ;... Benth. Kl. Austr. vii. 498. Much taller and stouter than S. glauca. Leaves long, . flat, often above din. broad, the ligula short, ciliate, otherwise quite glabrous in. the typical form. Spikelike panicle 3 to 8in. long, compound, usually very com- pact and ‘cylindrical or the-lower branches longer. Spikelets numerous on the- . lower branches, few on the upper ones, in dense clusters more or less interspersed , with awnlike barren branches, ovoid, acute, fully 14 line long, glabrous. Outer: glume about 4 the length of the spikelet,:the 2nd shorter than the 3rd but. variable in proportion, all membranous with prominent nerves. Fruiting glume often oblique or gibbous, always markéd with prominent transverse wrinkles as in 1840 CLII. GRAMINEA. [Setaria. .§. glauca.—Bail. Il]. Mono. Gr. Q. i.;, Panicum macrostachyum, Nees ; Pennisetum italicun, R. Br. Prod. 195; F. v. M. Fragm. viii, 110, but not the Panicum ttalicum, Linn. Hab.: Endeavour River, Banks and Solander; Port Denison, Fitzalun; Herbert's Creek, Bowman; Rockhampton, O‘Shanesy; Brisbane and Gilbert Rivers, I’. v. Mueller, and other localities in south Queensland from various collectors. This species is common in many parts of tropical America. This grass has a much broader leaf than S. glauca, and more spreading panicles. Naturally it is met with in rich scrubs from whence it has been brought and gown on open lands with good results, proving itself worthy of field culture either for cutting for green fodder or for frazing. Of this species there are also two forms. The one most usually met with in the tropical parts of Queensland has purplish coloured awns, and a more interrupted inflorescence, -and is of weaker habit. 4. S. viridis (green), Beauv.; Kunth, Enum. i..151; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii 494. An annual with the habit of the 8. glauca, but the spikelike panicle looser? 1 to 2in. long in the typical form, but occasionally nearly twice that, the lower spikelets in distinct clusters or on short branches, the awnlike branches more irregular and often shorter, the asperities directed upwards as in S. glauca. ‘Outer glume acute, about 4 the length of the spikelet; 2nd and 8rd glumes nearly equal, broad, concave, 5 or 7-nerved. Fruiting glumes smooth and shining, the minute transverse wrinkles visible only under a lens.—Reichb. Ic. FL Germ. t. 47; Panicum viride, Linn.; Trin, Spec. Gram. t. 203; Pennisetum -viride, R. Br. Prod. 195. Hab.: Manfred Downs, Js. J. H. Moore. Widely spread as a weed in many parts of the Old World, but not so common as S. glauca, 13. PENNISETUM, Rich. (Referring to the bristles being feathery.) (Gymnothrix, Beauv). ; eee Spikelets 1-flowered, solitary or 2 or 8 together, sessile or nearly so, each one -enclosed in an involucre of several usually numerous simple or plumose bristles (probably awnlike branches of the panicle), the involucres crowded in a spike or -spikelike simple panicle, falling off from the main rhachis with the spikelet and -short peduncle. Glumes 4, the outer one shorter or sometimes minute, the 2nd and 3rd both empty. Fruiting glume usually smaller. Palea perfect. Styles -distinct or united almost to the plumose stigmas. Nut enclosed in the more or less hardened glume and palea, free from it. The genus is spread over the tropical regions of the Old World with a few American species. “Involucral bristles numerous, all simple, surrounding the spikelet in several BOWE Scrsin ve ke serosa Soe ae we coe ee ee ew ee LP. compressum, fInvolueral bristles 6 to 10, all plumose at the base, closely surrounding the spikelet em re Ge coe ee ee ew ew ww BP. arnhemicum, 1. P. compressum (flattened), R. Br. Prod. 195; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 495. Swamp Fox-tail grass. Stems 2 to 8ft. high, erect, usually very scabrous -and more or less hirsute under the panicle, glabrous and smooth lower down. Leaves long and narrow, glabrous, the ligula prominent. Involucres nearly -gessile in a simple cylindrical dense spike of 3 to 6in., consisting of numerous very uneqnal bristles, the inner more rigid ones varying from 4 to lin., the ‘outer ones much shorter and finer, mostly minutely scabrous-ciliate but none ‘of them plumose. Spikelets solitary within the involucre, narrow, terete, rather acute, about 3 lines long. Outer glume under 2? line long, orbicular, Qnd glume from + to 4 the length of the spikelet, the 8rd many-nerved, empty. Fruiting glume scarcely more rigid than the 8rd. Styles united up to Pennisetum.) CLIT. GRAMINEA. 184¥ the feathery branches.—F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 110; Turn. Ag. Gaz. N.S.W. il, Pl. xxxv; Setaria compressa, Kunth, Enum. i. 150; Gymnothrix compressa,. Brongn. in Duperr. Voy. Bot. 108, t. 9. Hab.: Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, I’. v. Mueller, Leichhardt and others ; Rockhampton and neighbourhood district, Thozet and others; and many other localities. 2. P. arnhemicum (from Arnhem’s Land), F. v. M. Fragm .viii. 109; Benth. Fl, Austr. vii. 496. Stems erect, leaves narrow, rather rigid, glabrous and glaucous, the ligula very short, split into cilia. Spike rather dense, about 4in. long, appearing weolly from the plumose bristles. Involucres almost sessile, of 6 to 10 unequal bristles, the longest about fin. long, all very densely woolly- plumose with long soft white hairs. Spikelet solitary, shortly pedicellate within the involucre, about 2 lines long, quite concealed in the wool. Outer glume about 4 the length of the spikelet, 2nd and 8rd glumes nearly equal, both empty and about 7-nerved. Fruiting glume shorter, hard, smooth and shining. Styles separate to the base or nearly so. Hab.: Some few tropical localities. 14. PLAGIOSETUM, Benth. (Alluding to the one-sided bristles like branchlets.) Spikelets 1-flowered, usually solitary between the barren branches of partial: panicles or involucres, not awned, the involucres few and distant along the- rhachis of a simple panicle and falling off with the spikelets, the branches few with unilateral bristle-like branchlets, rarely bearing a second spikelet. Glumes 4, the outer one short, the 2nd and 3rd empty. Styles distinct. Nut enclosed in the hardened fruiting glume and palea. The genus is limited to a single species, endemic in Australia. 1. PB. refractum (broken), Benth. in Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 1242; Benth. Hl. Austr. vil. 494. Apparently annual, much branched, Gin. to 1ft. high, glabrous, leafy in the lower part, the leaves narrow. Involucres few, distant along a simple terminal leafless rhachis, all pedunculate, the peduncles spreading or reflexed, 3. to 5 lines long, articulate at the base and falling off with the involucre and spikelet. Involucre not completely surrounding the spikelet, about $in. long, the. bristles not plumose; united at the base into 8 or 4 slightly flattened branches with the minor branches or bristles along their inner face, the main branch continuing the peduncle. Spikelet usually solitary on a short thick pedicel between the branches, narrow, somewhat acuminate, about 3 lines long. Outer glume 4 the length of the spikelet or rather more; 2nd and 3rd glumes both empty, equal and many-nerved. Fruiting-glume hard, apparently smooth and shining but minutely rugose under a lens.—Setaria refracta, F. v. M. Fragm. iil. 147; Pennisetum refractum, #. v. M. Fragm. viil. 109. Hab.: A few inland tropical situations. Occasionally but rarely the principal branch of the involucre is rather more flattened and ends in a second spikelet, but the articulation is below the involucre as in Pennisetum, not under each spikelet as in Setaria.—Benth. 15. CENCHRUS, Linn. (From the Eastern name of the Millet.) Spikelets with 1 terminal hermaphrodite flower and sometimes a male one below it, not awned, singly or 2 or 8 together within an ovoid or globular involucre of numerous bristles, the inner ones usually broad and flattened, connected at the base and hardened round the fruit, the involucres sessile or pedunculate in a simple spike or raceme and falling off with the spikelets. Glumes 4, the outer one much smaller, sometimes minute, the 2nd and 38rd 1842 CLIT. ‘'GRAMINEA. _[C5enchrus. ‘nearly equal or the 2nd shorter; a palea and sometimes 3 stamens in the 8rd. Fruiting glume more rigid than the others but not so much hardened as in Panicum. Styles usually very shortly united at the base. Nut enclosed in the fruiting glume and palea, free from them. The genus is spread over the warmer regions of both the New and the Old World. “The Australian species are endemic. Leaves glabrous. Involucres under 4 lines long, the inner bristles or lobes plumose at the base. Spikelets solitary . . . . «so 6 « LC. australis. “Leaves softly villous. Involueres 5 lines ee the: inner iidetles or lobes shortly ciliate. Spikelets usually 3 . . . 1. ... soe ee oe sD CO, elymoides. 1. C. australis (Australian), 2. Br. Prod. 196; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 497. A stout glabrous grass, attaining 6 to 9ft. Leaves long and flat; ligula split into ‘cilia. Spike rather dense, 4 to Sin. long, the rhachis slightly scabrous- pubescent. Involucres very shortly pedicellate, erect or at length reflexed, broadly ovoid, under 4 lines long, the inner bristles or lobes about 10, flattened and very shortly united at the base, plumose in the lower half, scabrous in the upper part with reversed asperities, one sometimes but not frequently longer than the others ; -outer bristles numerous, unequal, subulate and scabrous from the base. Spikelets solitary in the involucre and shorter than the inner lobes. Outer glume short, obtuse, hyaline, nerveless, 2nd glume acute, 8 or 5-nerved, 8rd rather longer, 5-nerved, with a palea and sometimes a male flower in its axil. Fruiting glume as long.-—Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 58; C. echinatus, var. Trin. in Mem. Acad. Petersb. ser. 6, ili. 178. Hab.: Northumberland Islands, R. Brown; Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, F. v. Mueller Bailey ; Rockhampton and neighbouring districts, Bowman, O‘Shanesy and others. 2. ©. elymoides (Elymus-like), F. r. Mf. Fragm viii, 107; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 493. Anerect grass of several feet. Leaves flat or convolute, often very long, the sheaths and under surface villous with soft hairs. Spike 4 to Gin. long. Tuvoluvres sessile, about 5 lines long, close together or rather distant along the ‘flexuose rhachis. Inner bristles or lobes about 8, flat, shortly ciliate, not inflexed; outer ones shorter, rather numerous, subulate, 1 narrow inner one -awnlike and at least twice as long as the others, all scabrous with asperities turned upwards. Spikelets usually 8. Outer glume very short and hyaline; 2nd glume nearly as long as the 3rd. A male flower in the 8rd glume of the central spikelet, often a palea only in the lateral spikelets. Terminal or fruiting glume ‘enclosing a hermaphrodite or female flower, or sometimes only a male in the lateral spikelets. Hab.: Cape York and a few other tropical localities. 16. XEROCHLOA, R. Br. (Referring to the dry nature of the grass.) Spikelets with 1 terminal hermaphrodite flower and frequently a male one below it, few in a short simple or branched spike almost enclosed in distant sheathing bracts along the main axis of the panidle, with a bract under each branch or spikelet. Glumes 4, thin, the outer one short, the 2nd longer, the 8rd the longest with a large very prominently 2-nerved palea and often 8 stamens. Terminal flowering glume shorter and very thin. Palea broad, closely enveloping the flower and fruit. Styles united almost up to the rather long plumose stigmas. ‘Grain enclosed in the thin palea, free from it. The genus is limited to Australia. Spikelets glabrous . . . 1, X. imberbis. Pedicel 2nd glume and palea of the "gra glume densely bear ded, at least in ‘the upper spikelets. . . 3. BML ee ae OR a a » . 2 X, barbata ° ee LT ee SO Verochloa.] CLIT. GRAMINEA. 1848 1. K. imberbis (glume not bearded), 2. Br. Prod. 197; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 501. Very closely allied to .V. barbata, with a similar habit and foliage. The flowering bracts rather narrower and more distant, more frequently terminating ina point or lamina. Spikes branched, with 5 or 6 spikelets on ‘each branch, but the whole not much exceeding the outer bract. Glumes and ne as in -V. larbata, except that they are all glabrous.—F. v. M. Fragm. viii. Hab.: Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, 2. Brown. 2. %. barbata (bearded), f. Br. Prod. 197; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 501° Stems from a branching base erect, usually about 1 to 2ft. high. Leaves in the lower part of the plant narrow, almost terete, erect and rigid. Inflorescence occupying the upper part of the plant. Primary bracts rather distant along the simple general rhachis, rather broad and sheathing, about in. long, erect, cartilaginous, produced into a very short obtuse or truncate erect lamina, each enclosing a simple or slightly branched spike of few spikelets often scarcely exceeding the outer bract, each spikelet on a short thick pedicel enclosed in a many-nerved glume-like bract and occasionally interspersed with smaller empty bracts. Spikelets 24 to 8 lines long; the lower ones glabrous except a few long cilia on the margin of the 2nd glume and the nerves of the palea of the 3rd, the lowest spikelet sometimes barren. In the upper spikelet the pedicel, the nerves of the palea of the male flower and the margins of the 2nd glume usually densely ciliate or bearded. Grain much shorter than the enveloping palea.-—F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 117. Hab.: Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Drown; Albert River, Henne. 17. *STENOTAPHRUM, Trin. (Alluding to the narrow trench in which the spikelets are embedded.) (Diastemanthe, Steud.) Spikelets with 1 terminal hermaphrodite flower and a male or imperfect one below it, usually 2 to £ together in very short spikes embedded in the alternate notches of the broad rhachis of a spikelike panicle, the rhachis of the partial spike usually produced into a short point beyond the insertion of the spikelets, and the common rhachis often disarticulating transversely between the notches when old. Glumes 4, the Jowest empty and very small, the 2nd empty and the largest, membranous but rigid, 8 or 5-nerved, the 8rd and 4th flowering, rather smaller, with the nerves less prominent and of a somewhat firmer texture. Palea within both glumes of a similar consistence. Styles distinct, with long plumose stigmas.’ Grain enclosed in the rather rigid but thin palea and flowering glume but free from them. A small genus dispersed over the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the New and the Old World. 1. S. americanum (of America), Schrank; Kunth, Enum. i. 138; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 500. Buffalo Grass. A glabrous rather coarse grass creeping and rooting at the base, ascending to about 1ft., the stems somewhat flattened. Leaves obtuse, flat or involute, the sheaths usually broad and flat, ciliate at the orifice. Spikes solitary and terminal, 2in. long or more, the rhachis flat and flexuose, 1 to 2 lines broad, readily disarticulating transversely between the notches when old, though continuous when in flower. Spikelets 2 or 3 together on very short flat or angular branches in the alternate notches of the ‘common rhachis, the partial rhachis continued beyond the insertion of the uppermost spikelet, but not usually exceeding it, the spikelets sessile, oval-oblong, acute or acuminate, 2 to 24 lines long, all half immersed in the notches.—F. v. 1844 CLI. GRAMINEA. [Stenotaphrum.. M. Fragm. viii. 156; Bail. Ill. Mono. Gr. Q. i; S.glabrum, Trin, Fund. Aprost. 176; Rottboellia compressa, Beauv. Agrost. t. 21, f. 8; Diastemanthe platystachys,. Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 360. Hab.: Wreck Reef, Denham; also in Leichhardt’s collections. Commonly cultivated but I know of no native Queensland habitat of this grass. 18. THUAREA, Pers. (Shortened from Microthuarea, an old name for Lolium.) (Microthuarea, Beauv.; Thouarea, Kunth; Ornithocephalochloa, Kurz.) Spikelets monecious, in a simple one-sided spike, enclosed in a spatha-like- bract, the upper (4 to 6) spikelets with 2 male flowers, the 1 or 2 lower ones with one female or hermaphrodite flower and a rudimentary or male. one below it. Glumes 4, the outer one small and hyaline (or sometimes wanting ?), flowering ones when perfect with a perfect palea. Styles distinct, slender, with very densely plumose brush-like stigmas. In fruit the bract under the spike falls. away, the lower part of the rhachis becomes much dilated, envelops the fruiting spikelet and is said to bury itself in the sand, the fruiting glume and palea. stiffened but scarcely hardened, the grain enclosed but free. _ The genus contains only a single species common on sandy sea shores from the Mascarene- to the Pacific Islands. 1. T. sarmentosa (a sea coast plant), Pers. Syn. i. 110; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii, 502. Stems creeping and rooting to a great extent, shortly ascending under the inflorescence. Leaves flat, lanceolate, broad or narrow, 1 to 2in. long,. minutely but densely or sometimes sparingly silky pubescent on both sides. ‘Spike usually about lin. long, the spikelets about 2 lines; 2nd and 8rd glumes. of the lower fertile one nearly equal, 7 or 9-nerved. Fruiting glume more rigid, but thin and glabrous. In the male spikelets the small outer glume often deficient, the 2nd hairy, the 3rd and 4th rather longer, glabrous, each enclosing a male flower.—Kunth, Revis. Gram. t. 85; Bail. Ill. Mono. Gr. Q.i; T. datifolia, T. media and T’. involuta, R. Br. Prod. 198; Ornithocephalochloa arenicola, Kurz in Trin. Journ. Bot. iv. (1875), 332, t. 171. ee Endeavour River, Banks and Solander; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy. Tropical coast: yenerauy. Tiers ayiveats to be but one species ranging from Madagascar to the Society Islands. In the- “more slender specimens, usually minutely and sparingly pubescent but never quite glabrous,. there is usually but one fertile spikelet in the spike; in the vigorous very silky ones, such as. Dallachy’s, there are usually but not always two.—Benth. 19. ORYZA, Linn. (From the Arabic name.) Spikelets 1-flowered, flat, articulate, on short pedicels or sessile along the- flexuose branches of a terminal panicle. Glumes 4, 2 outer ones small, lanceolate, 2 upper ones complicate and keeled, the outer one the largest. No 2-nerved palea. Stamens 6. Style short distinct. Grain enclosed in the hardened almost coherent upper glumes, but free from them. A genus of very few species from the warmer regions of the New and the Old World. 1. ©. sativa (cultivated), Linn. ; Kunth, Enum. i. 7; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 550. Wild Rice. ‘ Anbo-a,’’ “‘ Kwang-an,” Princess Charlotte Bay, ‘‘ Moko- murdo,” Cloncurry, “‘ Jikan,’’ Cooktown, Roth. Stems creeping or floating at the base, ascending to several ft. Leaves long and rather broad, very scabrous especially on the upper side, otherwise glabrous, the ligula prominent scarious and jagged. Panicle narrow, erect, 6in. to above 1ft. long. Spikelets ovate- oblong, 3 to 4 lines long. Outer glumes scarcely $ line long and nerveless,. Oryza.] CLIT. GRAMINEZ. 1845 upper ones very prominently nerved, the keels usually ciliate, the outer one with 1 nerve on each side besides the nerve-like margin, closely embracing and almost connate with the inner glume, which is as long but narrower with only 1 nerve on euch side near the thin margin, both glumes either shortly awned or in some cultivated varieties awnless or the outer ove with-a straight awn of 4 to 8in., and the inner with only a short point.—I’. v. M. Fragm. viii. 115; Déll. in Mart. Fl. Bras. Gram. t. 1. Hab.: Common in the Gulf country swamps. The Queensland form is the normal form of the Rice of commerce. Stockholders consider itan excellentfodder, There are probably two forms indigenous for I have received specimens with a yery dark inflorescence and some of a straw-colour. 20. LEERSIA, Swartz. (After J. D. Leers.) (Asprella, Rem. and Schult.) Spikelets 1-flowered, flat, articulate on short pedicels along the filiform branches of a terminal panicle. Glumes 2, complicate and keeled, the outer one the largest. No 2-nerved palea. Stamens 6 or in species not Australian 3 or fewer. Styles short, distinct. Grain enclosed in the slightly hardened glumes, free from them. A small genus, spread over the tropical and temperate regions of the globe, the only Australian species common to the New and the Old World. : 1. L. hexandra (6 stamens), Swartz.; Kunth, Fnum, i. 6; Benth. 41. Austr. vii. 549. Rice Grass. An erect though weak glabrous grass, attaining several feet, often rooting in the mud at the lower nodes, Leaves rather narrow, flat when fresh, mostly erect. Panicle oblong, 2 to din. long, with erect or slightly spreading filiform flexuose branches. Spikelets narrow-ovate, about 1} line long. Glumes membranous, acute, the outer one with a prominent. nerve on each side besides the marginal one; the inner glume nearly as long, but narrower, with only 1 nerve on each side near the margin. Stamens 6.—Bail. Ill. Mono. Gr. QL. 1.3; ZL. australis, R. Br. Prod. 210; Asprella australis, Roem. and Schult. Syst. ii. 267; DL. mevicana, Kunth, Rev. Gram. t. 1. Hab.: Keppel Bay, 2. Brown; Port Curtis, M‘Gillivray; Rockhampton, Thozet, O'Shanesy ; Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, F. v. Mueller, Leichhardt and others. P The inflorescence of this grass is offen infested with the blight-fungus Thecaphora inquinans, B. and Br , and the leaves with Puccinia graminis, Pers. 21. LEPTASPIS, R. Br. (Slender shielded.) Spikelets unisexual, moneecious, 1-flowered, pedicellate in a loose terminal panicle. Glumes 3, the 2 outer empty ones small, broad; 8rd or flowering glume larger, membranous, 5 or 7-nerved, ovoid or globular, open down the inner side in the males, closed in the females except a small terminal but excentrical orifice. Palea small, lanceolate, flat, 2-nerved. No lodicules. Stamens in the males 6 without any rudimentary ovary. No staminodia in the females. Style entire to the orifice of the glume with 3 exserted feathery stigmas. Grain enclosed in the utricular enlarged glume. A small genus extending over tropical Asia and Africa, the only Australian species endemic. 1. L. Banksii (after Sir Joseph Banks), R. Br. Prod. 211; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 548. Stems from a horizontal or shortly creeping rhizome 14 to 2ft. high, leafy only in the lower part. Leaves petiolate above the long narrow sheaths, lanceolate, flat, acute, 4 to 8in. long and 4 to lin. broad, glabrous or sprinkled with numerous hairs. Panicle very loose, 4 to 1ft. long, the. filiform branches Part VI, L 1846 CLIT. GRAMINEA. [Leptaspis, few, spreading, distant, more or less divided. Spikelets distant, pedicellate or 1 or 2 almost sessile on the smaller branchlets, the terminal one of each branch- let usually male, the lower ones female, Outer glumes broad and concave especially in the females, almost black when dry, the largest under 1 line long, the outer one still smaller. Flowering glume nearly globular but open in the males, rather above 1 line diameter, pubescent in the females, 1 line diameter when in flower, 2 lines when in fruit and quite closed except the minute terminal orifice.—Pharus Banksii, Spreng. Syst. ii. 114. Hab.: Endeavour River, Banks and Solander, A. Cunningham; Cape York, Daemel ; Rock- ingham Bay, Dallachy. 22. TRAGUS, Desf. (A goat.) (Lappago, Schred.) Spikelets 1-flowered, not awned, 2 or rarely 3 or 4 together on very short pedicels along the continuous rhachis of a simple spikelike panicle. Glumes usually 3, the outer one, next the rhachis, very minute and sometimes obsolete, the 2nd empty with 5 prominent nerves armed with short rigid hooked bristles, the 8rd or flowering glume and enclosed palea thin and hyaline. Styles distinct, slender. Grain enclosed in the thin palea and glume and rigid outer glume, free from them. A common weed in most tropical and temperate regions in the New and the Old World. _1. T. racemosus (panicle raceme-like), Desf. Déll. in Mart. Fl. Bras. ii., Pt. ii. ¢. 18. An annual spreading on the ground or ascending to from Gin. to lft. in height, usually glabrous except a few rigid cilia bordering the leaves. Leaves flat, with loose sheaths, the ligula small, split into cilia. Spikelike panicle or raceme 2 to 4in. long, cylindrical and narrow, the very short peduncles bearing on their end 2 sessile narrow spikelets about 2 lines long, falling off together with the peduncle as little burs, the 2nd glumes with their hooked prickles. forming the principal part of the spikelets, the acuminate almost aristate fruiting glumes remaining enclosed within them.—Duthie Ind. Gr. Pl. xiv.—Lappago racemosa, Willd ; Kunth, Enum. i. 170; Revis. Gram. t. 120; Maid. Gr. N.S.W. 64; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 506; F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 107; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 80. Hab.: Rockhampton and neighbouring districts, Bowman, O‘Shanesy and others; Warwick, Beckler ; Depot Camp, Mitchell. In several tropical specimens there is a third or even a fourth spikelet on each peduncle, but I have never seen more than two in the Australian ones.—Benth, 28. NEURACHNE, R. Br. (Referring to the nerved glume.) Spikelets with 1 terminal hermaphrodite flower, and very rarely a second male one below it, sessile along the continuous rhachis of a simple ovoid or cylindrical spike. Glumes 4, the 2nd the largest, fringed on each side at least in the lower half with long spreading cilia on the intramarginal nerve; 8rd glume smaller and thinner, usually with a small palea in its axil. Fruiting glume smaller thin and often hyaline, the palea also very thin, as long as or longer than the glume. Styles distinct. Grain enclosed in the thin palea and glume, free from them. The genus is limited to Australia. 1. N. Mitchelliana (after Sir T. Mitchell), Nees tn Hook. Lond. Journ. ii. 410; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 503. Mulga Grass. Stems from a knotty woolly branching base erect, leafy to the inflorescence or nearly so. Leaves flat, short, spreading, ciligte with a few long hairs or the lower ones woolly-hairy. Spike Newrachne.] CLIT, -GRAMINER, 1847 narrow-cylindrical, 1 io near Zin, long. Spikelets about 2 lines long, with a tuft. of hairs at their base. Outer glume as long as the others, many-nerved, ciliate, marked in the centre on the back with a transverse. callosity bearing long rigid. horizontally spreading hairs, with a broad cavity underneath it, very thin and almost hyaline, bordered by a prominent nerve on each side; 2nd’ glume broad to above the middle, pubescent on the back and densely fringed on each side by long spreading hairs, the upper part narrow and glabrous or nearly so; 8rd glume shorter, thin, faintly nerved and not ciliate, either empty or\enclosing a small palea. Fruiting glume and palea thin and almost hyaline—F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 200; Hook. Ic. Pl, t. 1240; Bail. Ill. Mono. Gr. Q. i; Turner Ag. Gaz. N.S.W. ii. Pl. ; Hab.: Morven. 24. PEROTIS, Ait. (Said to be given on account of some part of the flower being wanting.) Spikelets 1-flowered, sessile or shortly pedicellate along the continuous rhachis of a loose simple spike or raceme. Glumes 3, 2 outer empty ones linear, rigid, tapering into long terminal straight awns, the lowest the longest. Terminal flowering glume much smaller, thin and hyaline, the palea still smaller. Styles very shortly united at the base, the plumose stigmas short. Grain narrow, free, longer than the terminal glume, enclosed in the 2 rigid outer ones. The genus extends over tropical and subtropical Asia and Africa. 1. P. rara (rare), R. Br. Prod. 172; Benth. Fl, Austr. vii. 509. Comet Grass. Stems from a decumbent or branching base, slender, ascending to 1ft. or rather more. Leaves linear, with subulate points, glabrous except a few marginal cilia especially at the orifice of the sheaths; ligula ciliate. Spike or raceme in some specimens 3 to 4in., in others at least twice as long. Spikelets always numerous, at first erect at length reflexed, in some specimens almost sessile, in others on pedicels of 1 to above 4 line long, often ciliate with a few hairs; the spikelets very narrow, 2 to 8 lines long without. the fine awns which are $ to lin. long. Outer glume with a prominent keel, sometimes glabrous, in a few specimens ciliate with rather long hairs, 2nd glume similar but rather shorter and narrower.—F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 115; Maid. Ag. Gaz. N.S.W. viii. Pl. Hab.: Between Norman and Gilbert Rivers, Gulliver; Cape York Peninsula; Port Curtis and Cape Upstart, M‘Gillivray ; Port Denison, Fitzalan; Rockhampton and numerous stations in the south, Bowman,. O'Shanesy and many others; Balonne River, Jitchell; towards Cooper’s Creek, Neilson. 25. ZOYSIA, Willd. (After Baron Charles de Zoys.) Spikelets 1-flowered, not awned, nearly sessile in a close spike, not distichous, the rhachis continuous. Glumes 2, the outer one broad, complicate, keeled, the inner flowering one much smaller, thin and hyaline. Palea still smaller. Styles distinct. Grain free, enclosed in the somewhat hardened outer glume. Besides the Australian species, which is common in maritime sands of tropical and eastern Asia and New Zealand, there appear to be one or two natives of Japan or China. 1. Z. pungens (pungent), Willd.; Kunth, Enum. i. 471; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 506. Rhizome creeping in the sands to a great extent, with erect stems rarely above Gin. high, Leaves flat or convolute, with rigid subulate often pungent points, glabrous except a few cilia at the orifice of the rather loose sheaths. Spike terminal, 1 to 1}in. long. Spikelets erect, closely appressed in the notches of the rhachis, 14 to 2 lines long. Outer glume rather acute, broad, smooth and shining, the sides nerveless.. Flowering glume completely enclosed, usually much smaller thin and hyaline; but sometimes more than half the outer 1848 CLIT], GRAMINEA. [Zoysia one and rather more rigid—R. Br. Prod. 208; F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 116 ; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 418, with the synonyms adduced; Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 52; Z, sinica, Hance in Seem. Journ. Bot. 1869, 168; Buch. Ind. Gr. N.Z. Pl. xiiia. Hab.: Port Curtis and Moreton Island, M‘Gillivray ; Stradbroke Island, a sandy shore grass. 26. *COIX, Linn. (A name applied by Theophrastus to some reed-like plant.) A tall annual or perennial grass. Leaves long and and broad. Spikes numerous axillary and terminal; lower spikelets solitary, female, enclored in an at length hardened polished nut-like bract, through the apex of which the pe‘icelled male portion protrudes. Male spikelets 2 to 3-nate at.each node of the rhachis, 1 sessile and 1 or 2 pedicellate, lanceolate. Glumes 4, 1st and 2nd subequal, empty, rigid or herbaceous; 1st keeled along the inflexed margins ; 8rd and 4th hyaline, paleate, triandrous or empty. Female spikelets ovoid, acuminate; glumes 4, 1st chartaceous; 2nd to the 4th successively thinner; 4th paleate. Staminodia minute. lLodicules none. Ovary ovoid, styles 2, free slender. Grain orbicular or subcylindrical, ventrally furrowed, enclosed in the hardened globose ovoid or cylindrical involucre. Found indigenous or naturalised in tropical Asia, Africa, America and New Zealand. 1. C. lachryma=Jobi (Job's tears) Linn. Sp. Fl.; Hook. in Fl. Brit. Ind. vii. 100. Job’s Tears. Stems 3 to 6tt. high, stout, leafy, rooting at the lower nodes. Leaves 4 to 18in. long 1 to 2in. broad, undulate, cordate at the base; the sheaths smooth ; ligula very short, glabrous. Spikes 2 to 8in. long, suberect, pedunculate ; male spikelets 3 or 2 with an imperfect one, 8 lines long ; 1st glume narrowly winged. Fruit ovoid or spherical, 3 to 4 lines long, bony, bluish-grey.—Mart. Fl. Bras. ii. t. 10. * Hab.: This the typical plant of the genus is sometimes met with as a stray from cultivation. 27. POLYTOCA, R. Br. (From poly, many, and tokos, a birth.) (Chionachne, R. Br. in Fl. Austr.) Tall branching grasses, nodes often bearded ; flowering branches fasciculate, spathaceous. Leaves long, flat. Spikes solitary or paniculate, bisexual and female below, or the upper male only, rhachis jointed; spikelets geminate, a sessile and a pedicellate one. Male spikelets lanceolate, 2-flowered ; glumes 4, 1st many-nerved, 2 keeled; 2nd 5 to 7-nerved; 8rd and 4th hyaline, paleate, triandrous; anthers very long. Lodicules cuneate. Female spikelets imbricate, the pedicellate imperfect, its pedicel confluent with the rhachis; glumes of sessile spikelet 4, 1st oblong,- coriaceous, margins inflexed embracing the rhachis, at length crustaceous ; 2nd thin, acuminate; 8rd hyaline, epaleate; 4th hyaline, paleate, fertile. Staminodia and lodicules wanting. Ovary minute; styles long, stigmas slender. Grain very small, orbicular, enclosed in the hardened outer glumes.—Hook. in Fl. Brit. Ind. vii. 100. Species few, Asiatic and Australian. Stems often tall. Peduncles several in the upper leaf-sheaths. Bracts spreading under the spike. Spike lin. or rather longer, with only 1 female spikelets . . 1. P. barbata. Peduncles solitary in the leaf-sheaths, the bract closely embracing the base of the spike. Spike 3 to 4in. long, with 3 to 6 female spikelets. . 2. P. cyathopoda. Stems very slender erect, about lft.high. ©. 2... ww we : + 38. P. Sclerachne, Polytoca.] CLIII, GRAMINEA. 1849 1. P. barbata (bearded), Stapf. in Hovk. Fl. Brit. Ind. vii. 102. An erect stout branching grass, attaining several feet, but said to be annual. Leaves flat, broad or narrow, very scabrous, the sheaths usually sprinkled with rigid spread- ing hairs. Nodes glabrous or bearded. Peduncles slender but rigid, usually several in the upper axils, very unequal in length but the longest shorter than the leaf, each bearing a broadly lanceolate acuminate bract at the base of the spike, usually about lin. long, at first close and sheathing but at length opening out. Spike scarcely exceeding the bract. Female spikelet solitary at the base, ovoid-oblong, nearly 4 lines long; males 6 to 10 in pairs, 4 to 5 lines long, narrow, rather acute. Rhachis of the spike articulate above and below the female spikelets, the peduncle dilated and cup-shaped under it.—Coix barbata, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 66 and Fl. Ind. iii. 569 ; Chionachne barbata, R. Br.; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 515. Hab.: Burdekin River, Bowman; Cardwell district, Bailey. Widely spread over Hast Inlia and originally described as Coix arundinacea, Willd. Spee. Pl. iv. 203. A name preoccupied by Lamarck. 2. P. cyathopoda (bract cup-shaped), Bail. An erect grass of several feet, less branched than C. barbata. Leaves long and flat, scabrous on the upper surface, the sheaths either quite glabrous or sprinkled with rigid hairs arising from tubercles. Peduncles usually solitary within the leaf-sheaths, with a narrow sheathing bract shorter than the spike and remaining closed over its base. Spikes 8 to 4in. long with 3 to 6 female spikelets at the base, exactly superposed in a single row and closely appressed, the hard shining outer glume 4 to 5 lines long and embracing the rhachis as in C, barbata, the female part of the spike usually included in the leaf-sheath even when ripe. Male spikelets numerous in the upper part of the spike, usually turned in pairs to one side, 4 to 6 lines long, the glumes varying from obtuse to acutely acuminate.—Sclerachne cyathopoda, F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 116; Chionachne cyathopoda, F.v. M.; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 516. Hab.: Gulf of Carpentaria, Landsborough; Dawson and Comet Rivers, Leichhardt; Rock- hampton and neighbourhood, Bowman, Thozet, O‘Shanesy. Common by the northern rivers. 3. P. Sclerachne (Sclerachne-like), Bail. Stems erect, slender and leafy, from a knotty more or less woolly base, 1ft. or more high. Leaves erect, the sheath closed with rather long white silky hairs, and prominently nerved, ligula short-ciliate. lamina narrow, tapering to a fine point, more or less hairy but the hairs very short. Inflorescence axillary, very short ; on the specimens examined there were a few pedicels which probably bore male spikelets. Female spikelets nearly sessile, glumes hardened and smooth, outer 2 lines long, keeled and faintly-nerved, obtuse, margins thin, 2nd glume thick, hard, almost enclosing the rest, and about 4 line longer than the others, and bearing a blunt point; 8rd glume thinner, striate, as long as the outer; 4th glume almost hyaline. Palea narrow. Grain free, dark-brown, and about 1 line long.—Chionachne Sclerachne, Bail. Bot. Bull. 2. Hab.: Lloyd Bay, Cape York Peninsula, T. A. Gulliver; Somerset, Bailey. It is but a poor-looking wiry grass, but horses are said to be fond of it. 28. *EUCHLAENA, Bchrad. (Well glumed.) Male inflorescence terminal, paniculate. Female in axillary spikes, enclosed in the glumes like the maize, to which this genus in very closely allied. The female spikelets are, however, superposed in a single row on an articulated rhachis in a single spike. 1850 CLI. GRAMINEA. [Euchlena. 1. EB. luxurians (luxuriant), Dur. et Ascher, in Bull. Mens, Soc. Linn. Paris No. 14; Bot. Mag. t. 6414. Teéosinte. This is a tall many-stemmed grass, which is cultivated in many warm countries for fodder ; it thrives well in Queensland but although having been more or less in cultivation for the past 20 years has not found much favour with farmers. ‘Hab.: Mexico. Now and again met with as a stray from cultivation. Some have considered it the wild state of the zea (maize), which is not known in a wild state. : 29. *ZEA, Linn. (fhe Greek name of some undetermined kind of grain). A tall stout annual monecious grass. Leaves broad and flat. Spikelets unisexual, males in terminal racemose panicles; females in solitary axillary stout sheathed spikes, rhachis thick, inarticulate, spongy. Male spikelets 2-flowered, 2-nate, a sessile and a pedicellate one at each of the alternating teeth of the inarticulated rhachis ; glumes 4, acute, 1st and 2nd subequal, membranous, empty; 1st enclosing the hyaline paleate 8rd and 4th. Lodicules fleshy. Stamens 3, anthers linear. Female spikelets 1-flowered, sessile, densely crowded in many. vertical.series on the thick cylindrical rhachis; glumes 4, membranous, -Ist and 2nd very broad, obtuse or emarginate; 8rd hyaline, paleate, empty; 4th hyaline, often 2- flowered. Lodicules none, Ovary obliquely ovoid, plano-convex.; style very long, 2-fid, branches papillose. Grain large, subglobose or flattened, surrounded by the marcescent glumes. 1. Z. Ways (the native Tupi name), Linn. Sp. (rl. 976, Hook. in Fl, Brit. Ind. vii. 102. The only species, extensively cultivated in warm countries, sometimes met with asa stray from cultivation. Although usually the male inflorescence is quite distinct from the female such is not always the case for frequently one meets with scattered grains in the male inflores- cence and I once obtained a fairly well formed cob which, however, was wanting or nearly so -the clothing of glumes, and it is also not uncommon to meet with male or abortive flowers at the summit of the cob or female spike. The fungus Tilletia epiphylla, B. and Br., is sometimes found upon the leaves. 30. DIMERIA, R. Br. (Of 2 paris, alluding to the 2 spikes.) . + iil 1-flowered;-almost sessile, inserted singly on-the alternate- notehaa of slender unilateral spikes, which are either solitary or more frequently 2 or 3 together on a terminal peduncle; the rhachis not articulate, and frequently a tuft of short hairs under each spikelet. Glumes 4, 2 outer empty ones linear, rigid, keeled, not awned, the 8rd also empty but smaller, thin and hyaline ; terminal glume thin and transparent, entire or 2-lobed, with a slender awn either terminal or in the terminal notch, twisted at the base and bent back at or below the middle. Palea minute or none. Styles distinct. Grain free, narrow, enclosed in the outer glumes. 7 A small genus extending over tropical Asia. Of the three Australian species one is also in East India, the other appears to be endemic. Spikelets nearly 2 lines long, with a tuft of hairs at the base. Outer glumes rather thick. (Stamens3?) . . L. D. acinaciformia. Spikelets about 1 line long, without any or r only a very minute tuft of hairs. Outer glumes thin. Stamcns2 .. . .. . . . . . « 2 D. ornithopoda. Spikelets about 1 line long.. Outer glume setaceous. . . .-. . . . 3. D. glabriuscula, 1. D. acinaciformis (scimitar-like), 2. Br. Prod. 204; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 523. A slender annual, branching at the base, with filiform stems Gin. to lft. high. Leaves few near the base, narrow, ciliate with a few long hairs. Spikes 2, flat, the filiform flexuose rhachis 1 to 1din. long. Spikelets narrow- linear, n nearly 2 lines long, with a prominent tuft of white hairs or cilia at their Dimeria.j GLI. GRAMINEA. 1851 base. Outer glume rather thick, complicate, not bordered, the keel minutely serrate-ciliolate ; 2nd glume rather longer, nearly as thick but bordered by a thin hyaline margin, the keel more prominent at the end. Terminal flowering glume very narrow and hyaline, shortly 2-lobed, distinctly keeled, the keel produced into a capillary twisted and bent awn of about din. Stamens 8 (R. Brown). Hab.: Endeavour River, Banks and Solander. 2. D. ornithopoda (bird’s foot), Zvin. Fund. Agrost. 167, t. 14; Hook. in Fl. Brit. Ind. vii. 104. A slender branching annual, with filiform stems 6in. to 1ft. high, erect or weak and decumbent. Leaves narrow, ciliate, the sheaths sprinkled with long spreading hairs, the ligula short, truncate. Spikes 2, filiform, 1 to 1fin. long. Spikelets about 1 line long, very narrow, without any or rarely an exceedingly minute tuft of hairs at the base. Glumes thinner than in D. acinaciformis, the outer one usually sprinkled with a few hairs and the 2nd shortly ciliate on the hyaline margins, the 8rd very small, or perhaps sometimes deficient. Terminal flowering glume rather shorter than the outer ones, scarcely notched, the awn appearing quite terminal.—D. tenera, Trin. in Mem. Acad. Petersb. ser. 6, ii. 225; Bonth. Fl. Austr. vii. 523; Bail. Ill. Mono. Gr. QI. i; D. psilobasis, F. v. M. Fragm. vii. 104. Hab.: Cairns, Bailey; Tully River, J. F. Bailey. Widely spread over East India, from the Peninsula to Nepaul and Mergui. 3. D. glabriuscula (nearly glabrous), Bail. 3rd Suppl. Syn. Ql. Flora. A slender, erect, glabrous, slightly branching, annual grass, of from 9 to 18in. in height. Leaves with narrow erect lamin 1 to 14in. long, the ligula truncate, and prominent for the size of leaf and stem. Spikes 2, filiform, 1} to 2in. long ; spikelets about 1 line long. Outer glume setaceous, slightly spreading; the others with rigid keel, and broad hyaline but not ciliate margins; 8rd glume small, hyaline ; flowering glume very short, hyaline, with terminal awn about 2 lines, twisted in the lower half. Hab.: Harvey’s Creek. This species is nearly allied to the Queensland form of D. ornithopoda, Trin., but differs from that species in its more rigidly erect-growth, besides being glabrous, and wanting the cilis to the hyaline margins of the second glume. 31. IMPERATA, Cyr. (After Ferranti Imperati.) Spikelets with 1 or rarely 2 flowers, usually in pairs one sessile the other pedicellate along the slender continuous rhachis of the short branches of a long cylindrical spikelike panicle, densely silky with the long hairs surrounding and seated on the spikelets, Glumes 4, allthin hyaline and awnless, 2 outer empty ones usually hairy, the 8rd empty or rarely enclosing a flower smaller and without hairs ; terminal flowering glume still smaller. Palea usually truncate and jagged at the top. Stamens 2, or 1 only in species not Australian. Styles distinct. Grain small, free, enclosed in the outer glumes. Besides the Australian species which is widely spread over the temperate and tropical regions especially of the Old World, the genus contains others chiefly American. 1, I. arundinacea (reed-like), Cyr.; Kunth, Enum, i. 477; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 586. Blady Grass. ‘ Dirnbur,’’ Cape Bedford, Roth. A stiff erect perennial 1 to 8ft. high, glabrous except sometimes a tuft of hairs at the nodes. Leaves erect, narrow, often longer than the stem. Spikelike panicle very dense, 8 to 8in. long, regularly cylindrical, silvery white with the long silky hairs concealing the glumes, the dark-coloured stigmas and oblong-linear anthers alone protruding ; 1852 CLII. GRAMINEA. [Imperata. spikelets 14 to near 2 lines long; outer glume 5 or 7-nerved, the 2nd 8 or 5-nerved, the 8rd usually empty.—R. Br. Prod. 204; Host, Gram. Austr. iv. t. 40; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 55; Duthie Ind. Gr. pl. xv; Turner Austr. Gr. Hab.: Common in all parts where the Jand is damp, Leaves used for making dilly-bags.—Roth. it The 3rd glume is usually empty, but sometimes the 3rd and 4th glumes are nearly similar, each with a hermaphrodite flower in its axil. 82. POLLINIA, Trin. not of Spreng. (After Cyrus Pollini.) Spikelets 1-flowered, in pairs in the alternate notches of the articulate rhachis of simple spikes, one sessile or shortly pedicellate, the other on a longer pedicel, but the two otherwise similar, the spikes sessile and clustered or rarely solitary at the end of the common peduncle. Glumes 4 or 8, outer one the largest, membranous, awnless with a truncate toothed or ciliate tip, 2nd usually thinner, keeled, acute or produced into a fine straight awn, 8rd thin and hyaline or deficient ; terminal or 4th glume a twisted and bent awn, contracted and flexuose or hyaline, dilated and 2-lobed at the base as in Andropogon. Palea small and hyaline or none. Styles distinct. Grain enclosed in the outer glumes and free from them.—Habit of Andropogon, sect. (fymnandropogon, the spikes silky-villous, rufous or silvery-white as in A. sericeus and its allies, but the pedicellate spikelets are all except sometimes at the base of the spike fertile, which is never the case in Andropogon. : : The genus extends over tropical Asia and Africa. Third glume very small and hyaline or none. Awn contracted at the base into a narrow flexuose stipes. Spikes several, often numerous. Spikelets both pedicellate, 2nd glume with a fine straight awn. Awn of the terminal glume long. Annual. Spikes 14 to 2in. long i res Perennial. Spikes 3 to 5in. long Ri faces soe ssn A oa ley ek shawn BR et Spikes 2 or 3. Spikelet sessile; 2ad glume not awned. Awn of the 1. P. articulata. 2. P. irritans, terminal glume short and fine ifs eh, a sl de de ae a a eae) de Be AP ful nds, Third glume not much shorter than the 2nd, thin and hyaline. Awn with a narrow hyaline 2-lobed dilatation at the base. Spikes 3 to 4in., spikelets 1} line, awns scarcely jin. long. . . . . . . 4. P. argentea. 1. P. articulata (articulate), Zin. in Mem. Acad. Petersb. ser. 6, iii. 90; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 525. Closely allied to P. irritans, but smaller and more slender and apparently annual, Gin. to 14ft. high. Leaves very narrow, flat or filiform. Spikes usually several, sometimes numerous, slender, 14 to in. long, the rhachis articulate but not breaking so readily as in some species. Spikelets exceedingly deciduous, under 1 line long, both pedicellate but one pedicel longer than the other, the rhachis and pedicels shortly ciliate. Outer glume obtuse, rather broad, faintly nerved, ciliate, 2nd glume rather narrow, obtuse but the keel produced into a fine straight awn ; 8rd glume deficient (or very minute ?). Awn or 4th glume contracted at the base into a flexuose stipes without any hyaline dilatation, ciliate in the lower twisted part, attaining Qin, in the larger specimens. No palea—Hrianthus articulatus, F, v. M. Fragm. viii. 118; Fogonatherum contortum, Brongn. in Duperr. Voy. Bot. 99, t. 17. Hab.: Northern localities. Var, minor. Spikes 2 to 4, scarcely above lin. long. Hab.: Rockingham Bay, Dallachy; and other northern localities. The species is also in the Malayan Archipelago. 2. PB. irritans (irritating), Benth. Il. Austr. vii. 525. Stems 2ft. high or more. Leaves usually long and narrow, glabrous as well as the nodes. Spikes several, usually numerous, 3 to 5in. long, in a terminal cluster with a very short eommon rhachis, the slender rhachis of the spikes as well as the pedicels shortly Pollinia.] CLIII. GRAMINEA. 1858 ciliate. Spikelets both pedicellate but one pedicel longer than the other, about 1 line long. Outer glume rather broad, obtuse and more or less toothed ‘at the end, the nerves faint except a more prominent one near each margin; 2nd glume narrow, the keel produced into a fine straight awn, 8rd very small and hyaline. Awn or terminal glume about in. long, contracted at the base into a flexuose stipes without any hyaline dilatation, twisted and ciliate in the lower half. No palea.—Saccharum irritans, R. Br. Prod. 208; Erianthus irritans, Kunth, Enum. i. 479; F. v. M. Fragm, viii. 118. Hab.: Keppel Bay, R. Brown; Endeavour River and Cleveland Bay, 4. Cunningham; Cape York, Daemel ; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy. 8. P. fulva (tawny), Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 526. Stems either slender and 1 to 14ft. high, or stouter more branching at the base and attaining 2 to 4ft., the nodes glabrous or shortly bearded. Leaves rather narrow tapering to fine points, the orifice of the sheaths and ligula usually ciliate and sometimes the sheaths hairy. Spikes 2 or 3 sessile and near together in a terminal cluster but not quite digitate, 14 to 2tin. long, covered with silky hairs of a rich brown. Spikelets mostly about 2 lines long, but variable in size, all similar or the pedicellate ones rather narrower. Outer glume truncate or denticulate at the end, faintly nerved, 2nd nearly as long, narrower, slightly keeled, truncate, 8rd very minute or more frequently entirely deficient. Awn or terminal glume slender, rarely 4in. long, contracted into a flexuose stipes or slightly dilated at the base, hyaline and bifid. Styles very shortly united.—Turner Ag. Gaz. N.S.W. ii. Pl. xxxiv; Saccharum fuloum, R. Br. Prod. 203; Frianthus fulvus, Kuuth, Enum. i. 479; F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 118. Hab.: Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, Shoalwater, R. Brown; Rockhampton, O'Shanesy ; and various localities in South Queensland, Leichhardt and many others. 4. BP. argentea (silvery), Trin. in Bull. Sc. Acail. Petersb.i.71. Stems 2 to 8ft. high or sometimes more, the nodes not bearded. Leaves narrow, often sprinkled with a few long hairs and ciliate at the orifice of the sheaths. Spikes usually more than 3 and sometimes many, clustered at the end of the peduncle, 3 to din. long, slender, the silky hairs of the rhachis and pedicels shorter than the spikelets. Spikelets about 14 line long, the sessile and pedicellate ones similar. Outer glume membranous, truncate or 2-toothed, faintly-nerved, bordered by long cilia, 2nd narrower, scarcely ciliate, 3rd nearly as long, almost acute. Awn or terminal glume fine, scarcely din. long, the hyaline. base very narrow with small narrow terminal lobes.—Duthie In. Gr. Pl. liii; Erianthus Roxburghii, F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 117; Pollinia tristachya, Thw. Enam. Ceyl. Pl. 868; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 547. Hab.: Rockingham Bay, Dallachy. Common in East India. 83. ISCHAEMUM, Linn. (Woolly seeds of a species said to have béen used to stop blood.) (Spodiopogon, Trin. ; Meoschium, Beawv.; Hologamium, Nees.) Spikelets in pairs in the alternate notches of the articulate flexuose rhachis of simple spikes, 1 sessile with 1 hermaphrodite terminal flower and a male one below it, the other pedicellate and either similar or with only 1 hermaphrodite or 1 or 2 male flowers or reduced to empty glumes, the spikes either solitary or 2 or more, sessile or nearly so at the end of the common peduncle. Glumes in the sessile spikelet 4, the outer one the largest, awnless, truncate or 2-toothed at the ‘top; 2nd glume keeled and sometimes produced into a short straight awn, 8rd glume rather smaller, thin, enclosing a palea and 8 stamens; terminal glume a 1854 CLIII. GRAMINEA. [Ischamtim. twisted and bent awn, attenuate or hyaline and bifid at the base as in Andropogon. Palea small and thin or none. Styles distinct. Grain enclosed in the glumes but free from them. The genus is chiefly Asiatic with a few tropical African and American species. Spikelets both 2-flowered and awned. Outer glume rigid. Spikes 2 or 3, rarely 4, erect, often appressed so as to appear like 1 cylindrical spike. Nodes bearded. Stems 2 to 3ft. high. Awn exserted. : _ Spikes 8 to 4in., spikelets 4to 5 lineslong . . - - + + © se # & 1. I. triticeum. Spikes 1} to 3in., spikelets about 3 lines long 2 Bet . . & I. australe. Nodes bearded. Stems creeping or diffuse, shortly ascending. : eg Glabrous. Rhachis of the spike not ciliate. Outer glume winged at the top. Awn concealed inthe spikelet . 2. . 6 2 6 + 2 + 4 ee Sessile spikelet 2-flowered, awned. Pedicellate spikelet unawned, with a male or without any flower. ; oh Spike rigid. Articles of the rhachis and pedicels ovate, convex, smooth and shining resembling sessile spikelets . . . is - 1 2 e+ eo soe eee Spike solitary. Pedicellate spikelets lanceolate, flattened, with 2 male flowers. 6 0 ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ew ew 5 Td, 8. I. muticum. 4. I. fragile. 1. I. triticeum (Triticum-like), R. Br. Prod. 205; Benth, Fl. Austr. vii. 519. Very near J. muticum, but a coarse plant, ascending to 2 or 3ft. Leaves mostly long and broad, contracted at the base or scarcely cordate, glabrous or the lower sheaths hairy. Spikes 2 together, 8 to 4in. long. Spikelets 4 to 5 lines long, more acuminate than in 7. muticum. Outer glume smooth and shining at the base, several-nerved and often ciliate with a few hairs at the end, the wings of the lateral nerves often unequal ; inner glumes rather rigid, the 3rd with a rigid palea and male flower, the 4th under the terminal flower more hyaline, shortly 2-fid, the awn usually exserted and sometimes }in. long. Pedicellate spikelet nearly similar, but as in J. muticum rather narrower, the wings and nerves irregular, and the awn often shorter.—Andropogon triticiformis, Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 376. Hab.: Keppel and Shoalwater Bays and Broadsound, R. Brown; Endeavour, River, 4. Cun- ningham ; Cape York and Port Curtis, Ml‘Gillivray ; Moreton Bay, F. v. Mueller. 2. I. australe (Australian), R. Br. Prod. 205; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 519. Stems from a shortly decumbent base or creeping rhizome erect, 2 to 3ft. high, but not stout. Leaves rather narrow, glabrous or slightly hairy in the typical form, the nodes always bearded, the upper sheaths very long. Spikes 2 together on a long peduncle, sessile and erect, 14 to 3in. long, the rhachis and pedicels slightly ciliate. Spikelets 8 lines long or scarcely more; otherwise the same as in I. triticeum. Awn of the sessile spikelet } to 3in. long, of the pedicellate spikelet shorter or reduced to a short point.—Andropogon eryptatherus, Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 376. Hab.: Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, F. v. Mueller, C. Stuart ; also in Bidwill’s collection. The ylumes of this and other species of the genus are often infested with the fungus Cladosporium herbarum, Link. Var. villosum. Leaves more hairy and very scabrous. Rhachis and pedicels of the spikes densely ciliate with long hairs and the spikes often above 3in. long. J. villosum, R. Br. Prod. 205; Andropogon villiferus, Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 376. Hab.: Goold Island, M'‘Gillivray ; Mount Wheeler, Thozet. 8. I. muticum (pointless), Linn.; Kunth, Enum, i. 512; Benth. Fl. Austr. ‘vii. 520, Stems diffuse or creeping at the base, ascending to from 6in. to above 1ft., rather stout and leafy to the inflorescence. Leaves lanceolate, rather short, often cordate at the base, quite glabrous, the upper one reduced to a sheathing bract very near or close to the spikes. Spikes 2 together but sessile erect and closely appressed so as to appear like one thick cylindrical spike of 1 to 2in., the rhachis and thick pedicels quite glabrous. Spikelets about 8 lines long. Outer glume of the sessile one paleaceous, broad, obtuse acute or mucronate, several- nerved, the 2 lateral nerves winged towards the top, 2nd glume narrower thinner, Ischamum.] CLIT. GRAMINEA. 1855 acute, the keel winged towards the end, 3rd thin but rigid and acute, with a male flower, the 4th under the hermaphrodite flower thin and hyaline, entire and awnless or slightly notched with a minute awn. Pedicellate spikelet narrower, but containing a hermaphrodite flower.—Andropogan muticus, Steud. Syn. Glum. i, 874; FB. v. M. Fragmm. viii. 120 partly. Hab.: Rockingham Bay, Dallachy. Widely spread on the sea-coasts of tropical Asia and the South Pacific Islands. 4. I. fragile (frail), R. Br. Prod. 205; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 522. Stems slender, ascending or erect, 14 to 2ft. high. Leaves narrow, those on the stem with long. and loose sheaths, the uppermost sheath close and slender. Spike single, about 1din. long, rigid, on a long peduncle. Articles of the rhachis and pedicels of the barren spikelets similar to each other, about as long as the sessile fertile spikelet, ovate-turgid almost hemispherical, hard and shining outside, the ‘inner cavity closed by a thin membrane, the 2 assuming the appearance of 2 ‘collateral spikelets, the fertile spikelet sessile between them on the other side of ‘the rhachis, about 2 lines long, with a tuft of brown cilia at its base. Outer glume broad, rigid, faintly 5-nerved, notched at the end, with 2 prominent membranous wings, 2nd glume keeled and tapering to a fine point or very short awn, Srd thin, almost hyaline with a palea as long and not thinner and 8 stamens, 4th terminal glume very thin and hyaline, bifid, the awn twice or three times as long as the spikelet. Pedicellate spikelet smaller, reduced to 2 membranous glumes, the outer one broad and rather obtuse, the inner narrow, tapering to @ point. ; Hab.: Endeavour River, Banks and Solander ; Port Denison. 5. I. laxumi (loose), R. Br. Prod. 205; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 522. A rather slender grass of 2 to 8ft., quite glabrous. Leaves narrow, often subulate, the ligula short, ciliate. Spike single, dense, sometimes slightly curved, 2 to 4 or rarely Sin. long; rhachis and pedicels ciliate. Sessile spikelet narrow, scarcely ‘flattened, 3 to 4 lines long; outer glume acutely acuminate, with 2 rather prominent nerves and obscure ones between them; 2nd glume thin, produced into along fine straight awn; 8rd hyaline, with a male flower; terminal glume hyaline, narrow, bifid, with .a long bent awn. Pedicellate spikelet more conspicuous, much flattened.as well as the pedicel. Glumes acutely acuminate, the outer one broadly lanceolate, with 5 very prominent nerves, the 2nd_thin, scarious, faintly 3-nerved, two. flowering glumes and paleas thin and hyaline, both with male flowers or the 8rd empty.—Turner Ag. Gaz. N.S.W. ii. Pl. xxxvii; Andropogon nervosus, Rotth.; Kunth, Enum. i. 507; Hologamium nervosum, Nees in Edinb. N. Phil. Journ. xviii. 185. Hab.: Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown; Peak Downs, Burkitt; Rockhampton and neighbourhood, Bowman, Thozet, O'Shanesy ; also in Leichhardt’s collection. The species extends over tropical Asia and Africa. 34. EREMOCHLOA, Buse. (Desert grass.) Perennial grasses. Leaves more or less equitant rigid. Spikelet 1-flowered flat, secund, solitary, sessile at each internode of a terminal narrow compressed spike, with a rudimentary pedicellate one. Glumes 4, the 1st nearly flat, oblong, smooth, coriaceous, not awned, margins pectinate; 2nd ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, chartaceous, 3-nerved; 8rd hyaline, oblong, obtuse, paleate, male ; 4th smaller, hyaline, oblong, obtuse, 1-nerved, female or bisexual ; palea oblong- lanceolate. Lodiculées obliquely truncate. Stamens 38, anthers long. Stigmas short, feathery. = Species few, East Asia and Australia. : 1st glume broadly-oblong, wingsfan-shaped . - © » + + + + + « © J. EB, muricata. 1st glume elliptic subacute, wings small rounded oe bimaculata, 1856 CLIT. GRAMINEA. (Eremochloa. 1. E. muricata (rough with short tubercles), Hack. Mono. Andro. 262; Hook. in Fl. Brit. Ind. vii. 140. Quite glabrous, shortly creeping, stems compressed, 6 to 18in. high. Leaves 8 to 6in. long, 2 to 8 lines broad, tips rounded apiculate. Spike often falcate, 2 to 5in. long, linear; rhachis glabrous, brittle, not excavated. ‘Spikelets 2 lines long, 1st glume broadly ovate-oblong with 2 fan-shaped terminal wings, dorsally slightly convex, many-nerved, wings crenate; spines very many upeurved, nearly as long as the glume is broad. Pedicellate spikelet a single lanceolate acuminate coriaceous nerved glume with thin inflexed margins.— Andropogon pectinatus, Steud. Syn. Gram. 369. i, Bas Generally met with on dry ridges in southern and a few northern localities. Also in ndia. 2. E. bimaculata (2 spotted), Hack. Mono. Andro. 268; Hook. in Fl. Brit. Ind. vii. 140. Habit etc., of E. muricata, but leaves much narrower, narrowed at the obtuse tip; spikes more slender; spikelets much narrower, with fewer nerves and shorter spines, callus puberulous. First glume elliptic subacute with 2 smell low rounded terminal wings; spines shorter than the glume is broad,—Ischemum: pectinatum, Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 521. Hab.: On dry ridges. The above two species are both included in the Fl. Austr., under the name of Ischemum pectinatum. 85. POGONATHERUM, Beauv. (Probably referring to the hair-like awns.) Delicate annual or perennial grasses with capillary peduncles. Leaves erect. Spikelets 1 to 2-flowered, binate (usually a sessile hermaphrodite and pedicellate female) imbricate on the fragile rhachis of a solitary terminal capillary. spike, 2-awned ; awns capillary, often interlaced. Glumes 4, membranous ; 1st oblong, concave, tip truncate or rounded, long ciliate ; 2nd as long as the first or rather longer, tip acute or 2-toothed, awn terminal; 8rd (in the upper spikelet wanting hyaline, paleate, male; 4th hyaline, narrow, 2-fid, long awned, palea oblong, glabrous. Lodicules wanting. Stamens 1 or 2, anthers long. Stigmas slender. Grain free, oblong. 1. PB. saccharoideum (Saccharum-like), Beauv. Agrost. 56, t. ii. f. 7 A slender branching often tufted grass, the stems leafy throughout, and from-1 to 2ft. high, nodes slightly bearded. Leaves narrow, 1} to 24 inches long, tapering to fine points, sheaths slightly hairy but with long silky hairs at the top similar to the ligula. Spike from 1 to 14in. long, on a slender thread-like peduncle, the silky hairs and awns often assuming a golden hue. Spikelets about 1 line long, the 5 spreading hair-like awns 4 to 2in. long and more or less twisted. Hab.: Johnstone River, W. R. Kefford; and other tropical localities. 36. ARTHRAXON, Beauv. (Jointed at the stem.) | (Batratherum, Nees.) Spikelets 1-flowered, sessile in the alternate notches of the articulate rhachis of simple spikes, with a short pedicel in the same notch usually without any spikelet, the spikes sessile or shortly pedunculate in a simple terminal panicle. Glumes 4, the outer one the largest, membranous; several-nerved, the 2nd keeled, acute, the 8rd smaller, hyaline, all awnless, 4th or terminal glume shorter than the 2nd, hyaline but keeled, with a dorsal awn arising from the base but twisted and bent as in Andropogon. Palea very small and hyaline. Styles distinct. Grain enclosed in the outer glumes but free from them.—Stems usuall weak or slender with short broad leaves. The genus is generally spread over tropical Asia and Africa, the only Australian species apparently a slight variety of a common Indian one. Arthrawon.) OLII. GRAMINEA. 1857 1. A. ciliare (ciliate), Beawy. Agrostogr. 111, t.11, f.6; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 524. Stems slender, decumbent or creeping at the base, branching and ascending often 5 to 6ft. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, 1 to 1din. long, cordate at the base, the sheaths’ usually ciliate with long hairs. Spikes usually 8 or 4, shortly pedicellate, forming a little simple panicle of about lin., the rhachis and abortive pedicels glabrous. Spikelets few, rarely above Gin., each branch or spike about 2 lines long. Outer glume acute, with about 7 equally prominent more or less muricate nerves; keel of the 2nd glume ciliate towards the top; terminal or flowering glume obtuse entire or very shortly 2-lobed, the dorsal awn proceeding quite from the base, fine and about twice as long as the spikelet.— Patratherum echinatum, Nees in Edinb. New Phil. Journ. xviii. 181; Andropogon echinatus, Heyne in Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 882. Hab.: In southern localities, 87. APLUDA, Linn. (From the resemblance of glumes to chaff.) Spikelets with 1 fertile flower and a male one below it, sessile between 2 flattened pedicels, bearing each a rudimentary or barren spikelet, the whole embraced by a sheathing bract, the bracts clustered on the branches of a leafy panicle. Outer glume of the sessile spikelet concave, striate, awnless, 2nd glume acute, awnless, thin but stiff, 8rd very thin and hyaline, 4th or terminal glume very thin and hyaline, entire or bifid at the top, awnless or with a slender twisted terminal awn. Palea very thin ov none. Styles distinct. Grain enclosed in the outer glumes free froma them. A small genus spread over tropical Africa and Asia, the subjoined species a common one perhaps not indigenous in Australia. 1. A. mutica (pointless), Linn.; Kunth, Enum. i. 516; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 544. Stem creeping or climbing, several feet long, with erect branching flowering shoots. Leaves long, usually glabrous. Panicles loose and leafy, 1 to 2ft. long. Bracts subtending the spikelets 3 to 4 lines long, very concave, striate, with short sometimes awn-like points, in clusters of 5 or 6. Sessile spikelet shorter than the bract; pedicellate spikelets either. reduced to a rudimentary glume or more developed and protruding beyond the bract. Awns of the terminal glume very minute or scarcely deficient.—Maiden. Ag. Gaz. N.5.W. x. Hab.: Recorded for Queensland by F. v. M. without locality. 88. ROTTBOELLIA, Linn. f. partly. (After F. Rottboell.) Spikelets in pairs in the alternate notches of the articulate rhachis of a simple spike, 1 sessile and embedded in a cavity of the rhachis, with 1 hermaphrodite flower and sometimes a male one below it, the other on a closely appressed pedicel but often spreading, with a male or rarely hermophrodite flower, or reduced to 1 cr 2 empty glumes, the spike single on each peduncle above a sheathing bract and cylindrical or nearly so. Glumes in the sessile spikelet 4, the outer one coriaceous, closely covering the cavity of the rhachis, the 2nd thinner but often rigid, concave or keeled, the 8rd and 4th and palee very thin and hyaline, all awnless. Styles distinct. Grain enclosed in the glumes but free from them. The genus extends over tropical Asia and Africa with at least one American species. Of the four Australian ones, two have a wide ranye in tropical Asia, the other two are endemic.—Benth. Rottboellia was originally founded by the younger Linngus on five species which are now separated into as many genera. Brown’s proposal to restrict the name to the FR. eraltata and allied species since added has now been generally adopted.—Benth, 1858 CLIT. GRAMINEA. [ Rottboellia.. Stems scarcely branched, with single spikes of 2 to 3in., the articles of the ea spike densely ciliate at the top. Sessile spikelet 1-flowered, the outer : glome silky villous . 6 1 1 ee ee ee ee ew ee we ew LR formosa. __ Stems usually branched. Peduncles solitary in the upper sheats, with a _ spike of 3 to Gin., quite glabrous. Sessile spikelet above 2 lines long, Dtlowered sie. - see a see Say Ras ata ek es aa ay ae, ges Stems branched. Peduncles clustered in the upper sheaths, the spikes slender, under 3in., glabrous. Sessile spikelet under 2 lines long, 1-flowered. Outer glume of the sessile spikelet tuberculate at the base, the nerves scarcely winged at the top. Pedicellate spikelet barren. . . . . . Outer glume of the sessile spikelet smooth, the 2 nerves distinctly : winged atthe top. Pedicellate spikelet often fertile . . . . . « . 4 MR. ophiuroides. 1. R. formosa (beautiful), R. Br. Prod. 206; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 518, Apparently annual. Stems scarcely branched, above 1ft. long. Leaves narrow, more or less hirsute with spreading hairs. Peduncles solitary in the upper axils, bearing each a sheathing bract and a single cylindrical spike of 2 or 3in., not 14 line diameter, the rhachis exceedingly fragile and each article crowned by a ring of dense, often purplish hairs. Outer glume of the fertile spikelet broad hard and obtuse, but densely covered with appressed hairs of which the upper ones are longer giving it an acute appearance; 2nd glume broad concave and thin, 8rd and 4th smaller, very thin and hyaline, no male flower in the 3rd, the 4th alone flowering, the palea minute or deficient. Barren spikelets sessile, of a single ovate or lanceolate 38 or 5-nerved glabrous glume, with sometimes a 2nd smaller one in its axil.—Kunth, Revis. Gram. i. t. 91. Hab.: Islands of Torres Strait ; Port Denison. 2. R. exaltata (tall), Linn. f. Suppl. 114; Benth, Fl. Austr. vii. 518. Stems stout, erect, attaining 6 to 10ft. Leaves long and rather broad, scabrous, the sheaths more or less hispid. Peduneles solitary in the upper sheaths. Spikes often above Gin. long, cylindrical, 2 lines diameter when old, the upper part often slender with abortive spikelets, the rhachis and spikelets perfectly glabrous. Outer glume of the fertile spikelets ovate, rather obtuse, slightly convex, about 2 lines long, coriaceous and smooth but with many nerves more visible inside than out ; Qnd glume acute, deeply immersed, 3rd and 4th thin and almost hyaline, both with perfect paleas, the 3rd with a male the 4th with a hermaphrodite flower. Pedicellate spikelets much flatter, rather smaller, with 2 male flowers or only a palea in the 8rd glume.—Kunth, Enum. i. 466, R. Br. Prod. 206; Roxb. Corom. Pl. t. 157. Hab.: Gulf of Carpentaria. Very common in tropical Asia. 2 R. exaltata. .. 3. R. muricata. 8. R. muricata (muricate), Retz; Nunth, Enwn. i. 467; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 514, Stems branching, 4 to 6ft. high. Leaves rather broad, glabrous except a few cilia at the orifice of the sheaths, the margins scabrous. Spikes 1 to 2in. long, very brittle, clustered in the upper axils on very unequal slender peduncles, with a close sheathing bract at the base of each. Spikelets about 2 lines long ; outer glume of the sessile spikelet closely appressed, obtuse, slightly 2-winged. at the end, coriaceous, bearing at the base a few tubercles either on each side or sometimes on the back, the spikelet containing only a single hermaphrodite flower. Pedicellate spikelet either including a male flower or reduced to empty glumes.— R. glandulosa, Trin. in Mem. Acad. Petersb. ser. 6, ii. 250; Calorhachis muricata, Brongn. in Duperr. Voy. Bot. 65, t. 14. Hab.: Etheridge River, Herb. F. Mueller, (Benth.) Also in the Malayan Peninsula and Archipelago. 4. BR. ophiuroides (Ophiurus-like), Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 514. A tall, erect glabrous grass. Leaves long, often din. broad, the upper ones with long sheaths passing into sheathing bracts. Peduncles cruwded on the short erect branches of Rottboellia) - CLIT. GRAMINEA. 1859 a large terminal leafy panicle, each branch within a sheathing bract, and a narrow sheathing bract on each peduncle. Spikes slender, simple, 2 to 8in. long, quite glabrous and very brittle. Spikelets 14 to 2 lines long, both the sessile and the pedicellate ones with a hermaphrodite flower, or the pedicellate with a male flower or reduced to empty glumes. Glumes all obtuse, awnless and smooth, the outer one with the marginal nerves, and the 2nd with the keel winged at the top as in Ischemum.—Bail. Ill. Mono. Gr. Q. i. ; Ischamum rottboellioides, R. Br. Prod. 205 ; Andropogon rottboelliotdes, Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 882; F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 123 (excl. syn. Retz and Brongn.) Hab.: Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy; Broadsound, Bowman. 89. MANISURIS, Swartz. (Said to be from the inflorescence resembling a lizard’s tail.) Spikelets in pairs in the 1-sided notches of the articulate rhachis of a simple spike, 1 sessile and half imbedded in a cavity on the rhachis with 1 hermaphro- dite flower, the other on an appressed pedicel reduced to 2 empty glumes, the spike single on the peduncle above a sheathing bract. Glumes of the sessile spikelet 4, the outer one the largest, globular and hard, covering the cavity of the rhachis, the 2nd smaller, concave, thin but rigid, 8rd and 4th small thin and hyaline. Palea none (or very minute ?). Styles distinct. Grain enclosed in the hard outer glumes, free from them. The genus is now generally reduced to the single species, widely spread over the warmer regions of the New and the Old World. 1. IME. granularis (grain-like), Sw.; Kunth, Enum. i. 469; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 511. A branching leafy annual of 1ft. or more, sprinkled or villous with spreading hairs, the leaf-sheaths usually hispid, the floral leaves generally exceeding the enclosed sheathing bracts and spikes, and the narrow sheathing bracts on the separate peduncles as long as or longer than the spikes, the whole inflorescence forming an irregular leafy panicle. Spikes mostly about din. long. Spikelets scarcely more than 3 line diameter, the prominent grain-like hard and pitted outer glumes alone conspicuous, and appearing in a single row on one side of the rhachis.—Beauyv. Agrost. t. 21, f. 10. Hab.: Bowen. 40. HEMARTHRIA, R. Br. (Half-jointed ; referring to the spike.) Spikelets in pairs, in the alternate notches of a simple spike, 1 sessile and half embedded in a cavity of the scarcely articulate rhachis with 1 hermaphrodite flower, the other on a closely appressed and often adnate pedicel reduced to 2 or 8 empty glumes, the spikes single on each peduncle above a sheathing bract and often flattened. Glumes in the sessile spikelet 4, the outer one appressed and covering the cavity of the rhachis, the 2nd thinner and concave or keeled, the 8rd and 4th and the palea in the 4th thin and hyaline. Styles distinct. Grain enclosed in the glumes but free from them. A small genus of closely allied species, widely spread over the warmer regions of the globe especially on the sea-coasts of the Old World. 1. H. compressa (compressed), R. Br. Prod. 207; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 510. Stems decumbent or creeping at the base, rather rigid, ascending to lft. or rather more, slightly. branched. Leaves narrow, glabrous or the lower ones sprinkled with a few long hairs. Spikes solitary on the branches or nearly so, more or less compressed, rigid, 8 to Sin. long, often 14 line broad. Spikelets all closely appressed, 8 to 84 lines long. Outer glume many-nerved, tapering into @ very variable point, sometimes very short and straight especially in the sessile 1860 OLIII. GRAMINEZ. [Hemarthria, spikelet, sometimes elongated and fine or minutely hooked at the extremity, or in some specimens, especially towards the end of the spike, terminating in a rather long inflexed rigid hook. In the pedicellate spikelet the point of the outer glume is often longer finer and straight, but occasionally that also is hooked and more rarely the 2nd glume ends in a small hook.—Duthie Ind. Gr. PI, xviii. ; H. uncinata, R. Br. lc., Hook. f. Fl, Tasm. ii. 107; Brongn. in Duperr. Voy. Bot. t. 15. Hab.: Brishane River, Moreton Bay, F. v. Mueller, Bailey; Rackhvmpton, O'Shanesy ; Dawson River, F. v. Mueller; also in Leichhardt’s collection. On this grass is sometimes found the fungus Puccinia straminis, De Bary, 41. OPHIURUS, Br. (Snake-tailed ; resemblance of the spikes.) Spikelets singly sessile and embeded in the alternate cavities of the articulate rhachis of a simple spike, with 1 hermaphrodite or female flower and often a male one below it, the spike single on each peduncle above a sheathing bract, and. cylindrical or nearly so. Glumes 4, the outer one hard, closely covering the cavity of the rhachis, the 2nd thin but rather rigid, concave or keeled, the 8rd and 4th as well as the palea thin and hyaline, all awnless. Styles distinct. Grain enclosed in the glumes but free from them. A small tropical Asiatic and African genus, the only Australian species extending also into East India. The genus only differs from Rottboellia in the want of the pedicellate barren spikelets.—Benth, ; : 1. O. corymbosus (corymbose), Gertn.; Kunth, Enwn. i. 464; Benth. FI. Austr. vii. 512. Stems erect, branching, attaining 5 or 6ft. in height. Upper leaves few with long sheaths, quite glabrous in the typical form. Spikes rigid, 2 to 5in. long and scarcely above 1 line diameter, pedunculate and clustered in the upper leaf-sheaths, but each peduncle with a long narrow sheathing bract below the spike. Outer glume lanceolate, 2 lines long, very hard, 5-nerved and pitted or tuberculate between the nerves, 2nd glume in the deep cavity very voncave and keeled, 8rd enclosing a palea and male flower, 4th or terminal one with a hermaphrodite (or female ?) flower.—Rottboellia corymbosa, Linn. ; Roxb. Corom. P). t. 181. Hab.: Albert River, I’. v. Mueller; Endeavour River, Banks and Solander ; Kennedy district, Daintree; Rockhampton, O’Shanesy, Thozet ; Herbert’s Creek, Bowman. Widely spread over East India, also in tropical Africa. 42, ELIONURUS, Willd. (Twisted tails.) _ Spikelets in pairs, in the alternate notches of the articulate rhachis of a simple spike, 1 sessile with 1 hermaphrodite flower, the other pedicellate and barren, the. spike solitary and densely silky-hairy. Outer glume of the barren spikelet usually spreading. Fertile spikelet appressed. Glumes 4, the outer one the largest erect and 2-lobed, the 2nd shorter, thin but rigid and pointed, 8rd and 4th shorter very thin and hyaline, all without awns. Palea none (or very minute?). Styles distinct. Grain enclosed in the outer glumes, free from them. _ The genus is spread over tropical and subtropical America and Africa, extending sparingly into Western Asia. The only Australian species is endemic, ei ohie 1. E. citreus (Citron-like scent), Munro; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 510. Stems slender, 1} so 2ft. high. Lower leaves very narrow, almost subulate, with short broad sheaths; upper ones with long loose sheaths passing into: the sheathing bracts, upper one on the peduncle below the spike. Spike 8in. long, densely silky with the spreading hairs of the rhachis and pedicels, Barren spikelets on a short Elionurus.] CLUI. GRAMINEA. 1861 broad pedicel, the outer glume narrow, very acute, spreading, fringed with long cilia, the 2nd erect rather shorter, the prominent keel produced into a fine point, the 8rd small and hyaline; no flower. Sessile spikelet erect and appressed, much flattened, 5 to 6 lines long. Outer glume lanceolate, 7-nerved, the 2 lateral nerves thickened ciliate and produced into long erect ciliate lobes or thick points, 2nd glume 4 as long, finely pointed.—Andrapogon citreus, R. Br. Prod. 208. Hab.: Northumberland Islands, R. Brown. Common along the rivers in tropical localities. 43, HETEROPOGON, Pers. (Variable beard.) Spikelets 1-flowered, monecious, in pairs in the notches of the articulate rhachis of a simple 1-sided spike, the females sessile, cylindrical, turned to one side of the spike, the males lanceolate, awnless, shortly pedicellate, imbricate on the other side of the spike. Glumes in the female spikelet 4, the outer one hard convolute, the 2nd keeled, the 3rd very thin and hyaline, 4th or terminal glume a hard twisted and bent awn, attenuate and flexuose or narrow and hyaline at the base as in Andropogon. Paleas very small and thin or none. Styles distinct. Grain enclosed in the hardened glumes but free from them. A genus of several species, chiefly tropical, in the New as well as the Old World. Both the Australian species extend into tropical Asia, and one over the general area of the genus. —Benth. Spikes about 2in. long; male spikelets 3to4lines . . . . . . . . . . 1. H. contortus. Spikes 3 to Gin. long; male spikelets fin... . ». . . 1... . +. « &. HL. insignis. 1. H. contortus (twisted), Roem. et Schult. Syst. ii. 886; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 517. Bunch Spear-grass. Stems ascending or erect, 1 to 2ft. high. Leaves narrow, Ciliate with a few long hairs, the sheaths flattened. Spikes pedunculate, 1 to 2in. long without the awns. Male or barren spikelets 3 to 4 lines long, green, ciliate, closely imbricate in 2 rows along one side of the spike almost concealing the females. Female spikelets narrow, the outer glume hard, obtuse, ‘eonvolute, the 2nd narrow with a hard centre, the hairs surrounding the spikelet brown and silky. Awn protruding often to 2in. and very much twisted. —Duthie Ind. Gr. Pl. xix. ; Andropogon contortus, Linn. ; Kunth, Enum. i. 486 ; R. Br. Prod. 201; F. v. M, Fragm. vili. 120; Heteropogon hirtus, Pers. Syn. li. 583; Andropogon striatus, R. Br. Prod. 201. Hab.: Sweers Island, Henne; Keppel Bay, R. Brown; Endeavour River, Banks and Solander ; North-east coast, 4. Cunningham; Rockingham Buy, Dallachy; Moreton Bay, F. v. Mueller, Bailey, Leichhardt; Rockhampton, O Shanesy ; Springsure, Wuth. The fungus Cerebella andropozonis, Cess. is at times met with on the inflorescence of this grass. ‘ % 2. HL. insignis (remarkable), Thw. Knwn. Ceyl. Pl. 487; Benth. Hl. Austr, vii. 517. A much more robust plant than H. contortus, attaining from 8 to 10ft. Leaves narrow, with flattened sheaths, glabrous or rarely sprinkled with long loose hairs. Spikes 3 to 6in. long without the awns. Lower male or barren spikelets lanceolate, acute, about din. long, the upper ones more acuminate and contracted at the base, often in. long. Outer glume glabrous, the 2nd with inflexed hyaline ciliate margins. Female spikelets 3 to 4 lines long, brown and pubescent on a short villous brown pedicel. Outer glume obtuse, the midrib thick and prominent, with a furrow on each side. Awn 8, 4 or even Sin. long.-— Andropogon tritaceus, R. Br. Prod. 201; F. v. M. Fragm, viii. 129. Hab.: Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown; Bountiful Island, Henne ; Lord Howick’s group, F. v. Mueller; Rockingham Bay, Dalluchy ; Rockhampton, Bowman, Thozet, O'Shanesy. Also in Timor and Ceylon, Part VI, My 1862 CLITI. GRAMINEA. 44. ANDROPOGON, Linn. (Tuft of hairs on flowers supposed to resemble a man’s beard.) (Gymnandropogon, Cymbopogon and Schizachyrium, Nees). Spikelets 1-flowered or empty, in pairs in the alternate notches of the articulate rhachis of simple spikes, 1 sessile hermaphrodite (or rarely female ?) and fertile the other pedicellate and barren either male or empty, the spikes either solitary or clustered and sessile or very shortly pedunculate at the end of the common peduncle. Glumes in the fertile spikelet 4, the outer one the largest, awnless, several-nerved, but often 2 nerves near the margin much more prominent than the others; 2nd glume keeled, rarely produced into a short straight awn, 3rd much smaller, very thin and hyaline, always empty, 4th or terminal glume under the flower very slender flexuose and stipes-like at the base or if dilated very thin and hyaline, entire or bifid at the top, with an awn either terminal or from the notch, rigid and twisted in the lower part, bent back and very fine above the middle. Palea small and hyaline or none. Glumes of the barren spikelets 4 or fewer, the outer one the largest and many-nerved, the 2nd keeled, the 3rd and 4th when present small thin and hyaline, all awnless. Styles distinct. Grain enclosed in the glumes but free from them.—Grasses usually tall and often scented. simple or paniculately branched. A large genus, generally spread over the warmer regions of the globe, with a few extratropical species both in the northern and southern hemispheres. Section I. Gymnandropogon.-—Spikes 2, 3 or more, clustered at the end of a pedunele. without sheathing bracts, very rarely reduced to a single spike. Spikelets concealed or nearly so under copious long silky hairs. Spikes about 3in., spikelets about 3lineslong. . . . . . . =. . . 1, A, erianthoides. Spikes not above 2in., spikelets scarcely 2 line long. ‘ Long silky hairs on the back of the outer glumes as well as on the vrhachis and pedicels. . . . . 1... 2 ee wee 2. A. sericeus. Long silky hairs only or chiefly on the rhachis and pedicels. Glumes not pitted 2. 2. 2. 2... ee 3. A. affinis. Outer glumes marked with a pitonthe back . . . . . . . . 4. A. pertusus. Spikes silky-hairy, but the hairs not covering the spikelets. Spikes 3 or 4 in a close cluster. Outer glumes obtuse or toothed . 5. A. annulatus. Spikes numerous, the common axis elongated . ... . 6. A. intermedius. Section II. Cymbopogon.—Spikes 2 together on each peduncle within or above a sheathing bract. Spikes both sessile at the end of the peduncle. Awns slender short and glabrous or deficient. Silky hairs long, concealing the spikelets or nearly so. Spikes erect. Awns prominent. Leaves long and broad. Stemstallandstout . ....... Leaves wholly subulate or very narrow, tapering into long subulate points. Spikeletssmall. . 2... 1. 2. 1. ee ee Leaves flat, narrow. Spikes densely woolly. . . . ..... Spikes at length spreading or reflexed. Awns none or very fine and scarcely projecting . .......4 soe ee ee. 10. A. DOmdYcinus. Hairs much shorter than the spikelets. Spikes divaricate usually shortly awned . » . 11. A. Nardus. 7. A, procerus. 8. A, exaltatus. 9. A. lanatus. Hairs minute. Spikes ‘soon reflexed. ; Awns very shortor none. . . 12. A. refractus. One spike affixed lower down than the other, slightly hairy. Awns 1 to 3in. long, hairy in the lower part . . . . 1. . 1 1 1 ew 1S, A. filipendulus. Secrion III]. Schizachyrium.—Peduncles axillary or terminal, bearing each a single spike above a narrow sheathing bract. Rhachis and pedicels shortly ciliate, a small oblique bract at each notch . 14. A. fragilis. Among the following species those with densely silky-hairy spikes approach Pollinia in habit, but the pedicellate spikelet is always barren and awnless, and most frequently without even a male flower.—Benth. 1. A. erianthoides (Erianthus-like), F. 1 M. Fragm. x. 75; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 529. Satin Top. An erect glaucous grass of 2 to 5ft., glabrous except the inflorescence, the nodes not bearded. Leaves rather narrow. Spikes usually 3 Andropogon.] CLIIT, GRAMINEA. 1868 or 4, nearly sessile at the end of a peduncle without sheathing bracts, erect or scarcely spreading, about Sin. long, the spikelets concealed under the very copious long silky hairs surrounding the sessile spikelets on the pedicels and a few on the outer glumes. Sessile spikelets about 8 lines long, the outer glume nearly equally many-nerved, with a short scarious often notched tip; 2nd glume rather shorter, keeled, 8-nerved, acute, 8rd thin and hyaline; awn or terminal glume fine, not above twice the length of the spikelet, contracted at the base into a flexuose stipes, with sometimes a very slight hyaline dilatation. Pedicellate spikelet reduced to 1 or 2 empty glumes.—Bail. Ill. Mono. Gr. Q. i.: Turner Ag. Gaz. N.S.W. ii. Pl. Hab.: Peak Downs, I’. v. Mueller; Darling Downs, Leichhardt; Springsure, Wuth. 2. A. sericeus (silky), R. Br. Prod. 201; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 529. Blue Grass. Stems erect, branching at the base, usually rather slender and 1 to 2ft. high, with narrow leaves chiefly at the base, but sometimes twice that height with larger leaves, the nodes bearded. Spikes in the typical form 2 or 3 or rarely twice as many, sessile at the top of a slender peduncle without sheathing bracts, all 1 to 2in. long and densely clothed with long silky hairs on the outer glumes as well as on the rhachis and pedicels. Spikelets scarcely 2 lines long, the pedicellate one reduced to a many-nerved silky-hairy glume enclosing a second small hyaline lanceolate one. Outer glume of the sessile spikelet rather rigid, obtuse or nearly so, about 5-nerved, with long silky hairs on the back and a short scarious ciliate tip; 2nd glume keeled, acute, glabrous; 3rd very small broad © thin and hyaline; awn or terminal glume 2 to 1}in. long, without any hyaline dilatation at the base.—Bail. Ill. Mono. Gr. Q.i.; Turner Ag. Gaz. N.S.W. i. Pl; A. chrysatherus, F. v. M. in Linnea, xxv. 448; A. annulatus, F. v.-M. Fragm. vili. 128, but not of Forsk. Hab.: Keppel Bay, R. Brown ; Cape York, Daemel; Port Curtis, M‘Gillivray ; Moreton Bay, A, Cunningham, F. v. Mueller and others; Condamine River, etc., Leichhardt; Rockhampton, and other localities in the south, O‘Shanesy and others. Also in New Caledonia and the Philippines. Var. polystachyus. Tassel Blue Grass. Usually a larger plant with 10 to 30 or even more spikes of 14 to 2in., all closely sessile in a terminal head, the long silky hairs and structure of the spikelets precisely as in the ty, ical form. Hab.: Sweers Island, Henne, and many tropical localities; Port Denison, Fitzalan ; Burdekin River, Bowman; Rockhampton, O'Shanesy. 3. A. affinis (near another), K. Br. Prod. 201; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 530. Very near 4. sericeus and perhaps a variety, with the same habit, the nodes less bearded and sometimes quite glabrous. Spikes usually 3 or 4 not quite sessile, 1} to Qin. long, the spikelets rather longer and narrower than in A. sericeus and not so closely imbricate, the long silky spreading hairs only on the pedicels and at the base of the sessile spikelets, not on the backs of the glumes, the 3rd glume more developed; the awn 2 to 14in. long.—Turner Ag. Gaz. N.S.W., ii. Pl. Hab.: Keppel Bay, F. Brown; Moreton Bay, Leichhardt, C. Stuart, Bailey. 4, A. pertusus (pitted), Willd. ; Kunth. Enum. i. 498; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 530. Stems slender, 1 to 2ft. high, the nodes glabrous. Leaves chiefly at the base of the stem, narrow, glabrous. Spikes 2 to 5, sessile, or nearly so at the end of the peduncle without sheathing bracts, 1 to 2in. long, silky-hairy as in the preceding species, with long hairs on the pedicels and at the base of the sessile spikelets. Spikelets fully % lines long, rather obtuse, the outer glume marked above the middle with a small pit which assumes inside the appearance of a projecting gland. Awn slender, about $ rarely lin. long. Pedicellate spikelet usually containing a male flower.—R. Br. Prod. 201; Duthie Ind. Gr. Pl. xxv. Hab.: East Coast, R. Brown; Dawson River, F. v. Myeller; Brisbane River, Bailey ; Rockhampton, Thozet, O'Shanesy ; Darling Downs, Widely spread over tropical Asia. 1864 CLIT. GRAMINEA. [Andropogon 5. A. annulatus (ringed), Forsk.; Kunth, Enum. i. 498; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 581. Stems from a tufted base ascending to about 2ft., the nodes glabrous or slightly bearded. Leaves narrow, usually glaucous. Spikes 2 or 3, nearly sessile at the end of the peduncle without sheathing bracts, 14 to 2in. long, the pedicels and hase of the sessile spikelets much less ciliate than in the preceding species. Spikelets about 2 lines long. Outer glume of the sessile one membranous, prominently many-nerved, obtuse or 3-toothed, ciliate on the margin and with a few long hairs on the back at the top; 2nd glume thin, the midrib alone prominent, 3rd very thin and hyaline; awn or terminal glume 4 to 3in. long, without any hyaline dilatation at the base. Pedicellate spikelet nearly similar but awnless, and with a male flower or reduced to empty glumes.—Duthie Ind. Gr. Pl. xx. Hab.: Ipswich and other southern localities ; Rockhampton. Widely spread over tropical Asia and Africa. Var. monostachya. Spike single. Sessile spikelets rather longer than in the typical form, the outer glume with fewer nerves and much more ciliate with long hairs. Hab.: Nerkool Creek, Bowman. 6. A. intermedius (intermediate), R. Br. Prod. 202; Benth. F'l. Austr. vii. 531. An erect grass of 2ft. or more, branching and leafy at the base, the nodes varying with or without beards. Leaves narrow. Spikes slender, 1 to 141m. long, usually numerous, all shortly pedicellate in an oblong terminal panicle of 3 or 4in. without sheathing bracts, the common rhachis glabrous and always more or less elongated, the pedicels and base of the sessile spikelets more or less ciliate. Spikelets under 2 lines long, narrow and acute or scarcely obtuse and often purplish. Outer glume often, but not always even in the same spike, marked with a dorsal pit asin A. pertusus. Awn small and slender. Pedicel- late spikelet developed and often enclosing a male flower.—A. inundatus, F. v. M. in Linnea, xxv. 444, Hab.: Keppel Bay, R. Brown; Port Denison, Fitzalan; Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, F. v. Mueller, Bailey; Rockhampton and numerous localities in the south, J'hozet, Bowman and others. 7. A» procerus (very tall), R. Br. Prod, 202; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 532. Stems stout, erect, 3 to 5ft. high or even more. Leaves long, the lower ones 4 to $in. broad with long sheaths, all glabrous, the ligula broad and jagged. Panicle Gin. to above 1ft. long, narrow, dense, with very numerous short branches, the linear acuminate erect sheathing bracts mostly longer than the spikes. Peduneles short, erect with a sheathing bract about the middle and 2 erect spikes rarely in. long, the long white hairs concealing the spikelets. Sessile spikelets usually 8, narrow, scarcely 2 lines long; outer glume flattened on the back with 2 prominent nerves not far from the margin and usually 3 fainter ones between them; the 2nd glume narrow, keeled and pointed, 8rd short, very thin and hyaline; awn or terminal glume usually above fin. long with a narrow bifid hyaline base. Outer glume of the barren pedicellate spikelets many-nerved. Hab.: Groote Islands, &. Brown, This and the two following species are certainly very closely allied, but the differences chiefly in foliage appear to be constant. A. procerus is also remarkable for its smaller spikelets, A. lanatus for the denser wool of the spikes, all three differ from A. bombycinus in their erect spikes and much longer awns.— Benth. 8. A. exaltatus (tall), R. Br. Prod. 202; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 582. Stems erect, scarcely 1ft. high to above 3ft. Leaves very narrow, all ending in long subu- late points and in the smaller specimens subulate from the sheath, the ligula long and scarious. Nodes usually glabrous. Panicle sometimes short and dense, some- times long and interrupted. Spikes 2 or very rarely 8 together, $ to lin. long, erect, densely hairy, the common peduncles short with a sheathing bract as in the Andropogon.] CLII. GRAMINEA. 1865 allied species. Spikelets 24 to 8 lines long, the 2 prominent nerves of the outer glume almost winged, with 8 to 5 less conspicuous nerves between them. Awns 4 to lin, long.—Hook. Ic. Pl., 1869. Hab.: Thursday Island. 9. A. lanatus (woolly), R. Br. Prod. 202; Benth, Fl. Austr. vii. 588. An erect grass of 2 or 3ft. or more, with the habit inflorescence and erect spikes of A. evaltatus, bub the leaves, though narrow usually flat, and the spikes very densely woolly-hairy almost as in A. bombycinus. Awns 3 to lin. long. Hab.: Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown; Albany, F. v. Mueller ; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy; Mount Wheeler, Thozet. 10. A. bombycinus (inflorescence resembles masses of silk), R. Br. Prod. 202; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 588. An erect rigid perennial grass of 14 to 8ft., usually glabrous except a little silky pubescence on the lower leaf-sheaths, the nodes glabrous or shortly bearded. Leaves narrow, flat, rather rigid, the ligula very prominent, entire. Panicle shortly branched, 8 to 6in. long, with sheathing bracts of 1 to 2in. under the branches. Peduncles usually shorter than the bracts, bearing each a narrow sheathing bract and 2 very densely woolly-hairy spikes of 4 to lin., at first erect but soon spreading or reflexed. Sessile spikelets 2 to 5, concealed by the silvery-silky hairs. Outer glumes acute, many-nerved but the 2 lateral nerves much more prominent, especially as the flowering advances and the intermediate ones becoming almost obliterated or visible only towards the end of the glume; 2nd glume thin, with a prominent keel produced into a short point, 8rd very thin, faintly 8-nerved; terminal flowering glume very thin and hyaline, shortly bifid, with a very fine awn scarcely exceeding the spikelet, or entire without any awn. Pedicellate spikelets reduced to a single narrow many-nerved glume of 24 to 8 lines.—Bail. Ill. Mono. Gr. Q.i. Hab.: Broadsound, R. Brown; Peak Downs, Burkitt; Condamine River, Leichhardt; Spring- sure, Wuth. The densely silky-woolly spreading spikes and very short awn, readily distinguish this from the three preceding species. 11. A. Nardus (Nardus-like), var. grandis, Hack. DC. Mono. Phanero. vii. 605. Stems erect, not very stout, 2 to 5ft. high. Leaves narrow, flat, glabrous, the ligula prominent and scarious. Panicle varying from short and dense to 1 or 14ft. long and loose but narrow, the lanceolate sheathing acute bracts under each branch mostly exceeding the spikes. Peduncles solitary within the last bract, each bearing a narrow. sheathing bract and 2 sessile spikes, at first erect at length spreading, 4 to 2in. long, the rhachis and pedicels hairy, but the hairs short not covering the spikelets as in the preceding species. Sessile spikelets 3 to 5, about 24 lines long; outer glume about 5-nerved, the 2 lateral nerves very prominent towards the end; 2nd glume thin, rigid, slightly keeled, with hyaline ciliate margins, 8rd very thin, hyaline and ciliate; terminal or flowering glume very narrow, hyaline, bifid, with a fine awn about twice as long as the spikelet. Pedicellate spikelet reduced to empty glumes, the outer one many-nerved.— A. schenanthus, var. Martini, Benth. in Fl. Austr. vii. 584; Bent. and Trim. Med. Pl. +. 297. Hab.: Herbert’s Creek, Bowman; Rockhampton, O‘Shanesy. Widely spread over tropical Asia. 12. A. refractus (broken), R. Br. Prod. 202; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 534. A glabrous erect grass of about 38ft., with the narrow leaves paniculate Yoflorescence and sheathing bracts of the preceding species, and the spikes similarly 2 together about 4in. long on short bracteate peduncles, but much more divaricate, soon reflexed, and glabrous except'a small tuft of short hairs at the base of the sessile spikelets. Sessile spikelets 2 to 5, 24 to 8 lines long; outer glume acute, 1866 CLI, GRAMINEEA [Andropogon. many-nerved ; 2nd narrow and keeled, 8rd thin and hyaline ; terminal or flowering glume hyaline, narrow, either 2-lobed with an awn slightly exceeding the spikelet, or more frequently entire or nearly so and awnless. Pedicellate spikelets neuter or rarely with a male flower, the outer glume many-nerved.— Sieb. Agrostogr. n. 54; Bail. IL. Mono, Gr. Q. ii.; Turner Ag. Gaz. N.S.W. ii. Pl. Hab.: Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, C. Stuart, Bailey; Wide Bay, Bidwill; Rockhampton, O‘Shanesy ; Herbert’s Creek, Bowman; Warwick, Beckler. 18. A. filipendulus (drooping threads), Hack, in Fl. xxix. 115; Hook. in Fl. Brit. Ind. vii. 209. Stems rather slender, erect, about 2ft. high. Leaves narrow, glabrous or sprinkled with long hairs. Nodes not bearded. Panicle looser than in the preceeding species with slender but not very long brasches solitary or clustered within sheathing bracts or floral leaves. Peduncles exceed- ing the last sheathing bracts bearing each 2 spikes but not digitate, one attached lower down than the other, each 4 to 2in. long without the awns. Sessile spikelets 3 or 4, the lowest sometimes containing only a male flower, the others with a hermaphrodite flower, 2 to 24 lines long, slightly hairy. Outer glume obtuse, about 9-nerved, 2nd rather shorter, obtuse, 3-nerved, 8rd very narrow, thin and hyaline ; awn or terminal glume on a short filiform base, 1 to 2in. long, the lower part rigid and hirsute with rufous hairs. Pedicellate spikelets narrow, acute, 24 to 3 lines long, usually containing a male flower, the outer glume many- nerved, often produced into a fine point.—A. procerus, F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 121, not of R. Brown; A. lachnatherus, Benth. Fl. Austr, vii. 534. Hab.: Islands of Moreton Bay, F. v. Mueller; Brisbane River, Bailey; Rockhampton, O'Shanesy ; Nerkool Creek, Bowman. 14. A. fragilis (fragile), R. Br. Prod. 202; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 585. A slender decumbent much-branched grass, attaining sometimes 2ft. or more, usually glabrous. Leaves narrow, rather short, the upper ones passing into sheathing bracts. Panicle leafy, slender, secund, consisting of few spikes on very unequal slender peduncles, each with a narrow acute sheathing bract below the spike. Spike slender, 1 to 1in. long, with a short hyaline, obscurely cup- shaped bract enclosing each notch. Sessile spikelets about 2 lines long, very narrow; outer glume rigid but thin, faintly-nerved, the 2 lateral nerves more prominent, 2nd glume keeled, acute, 8rd very thin and hyaline ; terminal glume thin and hyaline, divided almost to the base into 2 narrow lobes, the awn between them shortly exserted. Pedicellate spikelets reduced to a single narrow empty glume, tapering into a fine awn, or sometimes in the terminal spikelets acute only. Hab.: Endeavour River, Banks and Solander, and other tropical localities. 45. CHRYSOPOGON, Trin. (Hairs under the spikelet often of a golden colour.) (Holeus, R. Br. partly.) . Fertile spikelets 1-flowered, sessile between 2 pedicellate male or barren spike- lets at the end of the filiform unequal simple or divided branches of a terminal panicle, with sometimes 1 to 8 pairs of spikelets on the branch below the terminal 8. Glumes of the fertile spikelets 4, the outer one the largest, awnless, membranous and many-nerved, or more rigid with the lateral nerves prominent and often muricate; 2nd glume narrow, keeled, pointed or produced into a fine straight awn; 3rd much smaller, very thin and hyaline; 4th or terminal glume under the flower slender, flexuose and stipes-like at the base, or dilated hyaline and 2-lobed, with a short or long awn terminal or from between the lobes, twisted in the lower half and bent back above the middle as in Andropogon. ats Chrysopogon. | CLIII. GRAMINEA. 1867 Palea very small or none. Styles distinct. Grain enclosed in the glumes, but free from them. Pedicellate spikelets awnless, with reduced glumes and usually 1 male flower. aan genus extends over the tropical and temperate regions of the New as well as the Old orld. Spikelets 3 to 5 lines long, 1 fertile and 2 pedicellate ones to each branch, 2nd glume of the fertile one awned. Awn of the terminal one long and rigid . 1. C. Gryl us. Spikelets scarcely 14 line long, 1 to 3 fertile besides the pedicellate ones on each branch, 2nd glume awnless . . . 1. 1 1 ee ew ee Spikelets 24 to 3 lines long, 8 to 5 fertile besides the pedicellate ones on each branch. Panicle narrow, usually compact. Panicle 3 to 4in. long, 2nd glume of the fertile spikelet acute awnless . 8. C. aciculatus Panicle 4.to 10in. long, 2nd glume of the fertile spikelet shortly awned . . 4. C. elongatus. 2. C. parviflorus. 1. ©. Gryllus (a cricket), Trin. Fund. Arost. 188, and in Mem. Acad. Petersb. ser. 6, li, 817; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 5387. An erect glabrous grass of 2 to 4ft. Leaves long and narrow, with a small ligula. Panicle loose and spreading, 8 to Gin. long, of numerous capillary simple branches, mostly verticillate, of very unequal length, each bearing a single hermaphrodite spikelet sessile between 2 pedicellate male ones with a tuft of hairs at the base of the sessile one and on the pedicels. Sessile spikelet narrow, 3 to 4 lines long; outer glumes rigid, acute, 5 or 7-nerved, the lateral nerves more prominent and muricate or hispid, with a few short conical or rigid hairs, 2nd glume narrow, hispid only at the end, the keel produced into a fine straight awn, 8rd thin and hyaline; awn or terminal glume long rigid and twisted in the lower part, the hyaline base narrow with short lobes sometimes obsolete. Pedicellate spikelets 8 to 5 lines long, the outer glume membranous tapering into a short fine awn, the inner one unawned.— Maiden Ag. Gaz. N.S.W., xi. Pl; Andropogon Gryllus, Linn.; Kunth. i. 504; Sibth. Fl. Gree. t. 67; F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 121; Holeus Gryllus, R. Br. Prod. 199. Hab.: Gulf of Carpentaria, Landsborough, Gulliver; Keppel Bay, R. Brown; Port Denison, Fitzalan, Dallachy ; Peak Downs, Burkitt; Rockhampton, O‘Shanesy; common in the south. Widely spread over the tropical and.warmer temperate regions of the Old World. Var. pallidus. Spikelets rather larger with longer stouter awns.—Holcus pallidus, R. Br. Prod. 199; Pollinia pallida, Reem. et Schult. Syst. ii. 829; Andropogon pallidus, Kunth, Enum. i. 505. Hab.: Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown. 2. GC. parviflorus (flowers small), Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 587. Scented Golden Beard. Stems 2 ot 5ft. high, the nodes usually but not always bearded. Leaves narrow, scabrous, glabrous or the lower sheaths pubescent or hairy. Panicle 4 to 8in. long, with very numerous capillary branches mostly clustered and divided, the ultimate branches bearing in the typical form each a single hermaphrodite spikelet between 2 pedicellate male ones, the pedicels and base of the sessile spikelet ciliate. Spikelets scarcely 14 line long. Outer glume acute, not awned, finely many-nerved. Awn capillary, 8 to 6 lines long, without any basal dilatation.—Maid. Gr. N.S.W. 85; Holeus parviflorus, R. Br. Prod. 199; Andropogon micranthus, Kunth, Enum. i. 504; Anatherum parviflorum, Spreng. Syst. i. 290; Sorghum parviflorum, Beauv. Agrost. 182; Holcus caerulescens, Gaudich. in Freyc. Voy. Bot. 411, t. 27; Andropogon violascens, Nees in Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 65, Steud. Syn. Glum.-i. 3896; Chrysopogun violascens, Trin. in Mem. Acad. Petersb. ser. 6, ii. 819; Andropogon montanus, Roxb.; Kunth, Enum. i. 506; F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 122; Chrysopogon montanus, Trin. in Spreng. Neu. Entd. ii. 98, and in Mem. Acad. Petersb. ser. 6, ii. 817. Hab.: Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown; Keppel Bay, R. Brown; Port Curtis, M'Gillivray; Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, F. v. Mueller, Leichhardt; Rockhampton, O‘Shanesy ; Herbert’s Creek, Bowman; Darling Downs, Wuth; Peak Downs, Law. Var. flavescens. This only differs in the colour of the inflorescence, the usual form being dark, somewhat purplish, while this is of a lovely pale-yellow colour. Hab.: Found on the Darling Downs. 1868 CLIT. GRAMINE®. [Chrysopogon. Var. spicigera. Ultimate branches of the panicle bearing one or two sessile spikelets below the terminal one, each accompanied by a pedicellate male. Hab.: Port Denison, Fitzalun; Brisbane River, Bailey, Prentice. The species and the varieties are easily known by the peculiar fragrance of the panicle on being rubbed. The species appears to be generally dispersed in East India and in New Caledonia. 3. C. aciculatus (needle-like), Trin. Fund. Agrost. 188 and in Mem. Acad. Petersh. ser. 6, ii. 817; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 588. Stems from a shortly creeping or decumbent root, branching, erect, about 1ft. high, with few long leaf-sheaths and short lamine, lower leaves rather rigid and erect. Panicle narrow, compact, 8 to 4in. long, with numerous unequal filiform branches, each with 2 to 4 sessile hermaphrodite spikelets accompanied by pedicellate males, the pedicels not ciliate. Spikelets narrow, 24 to 8 lines long. Outer glume of the sessile spikelets with 2 muricate nerves, and the keel of the 2nd usually ciliate. Awn short and fine with a very slight basal dilatation. Hab.: Mulgrave and Johnstone Rivers. 4. C. elongatus (elongated), Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 588. An erect glabrous grass, branching at the base and attaining 3 or 4ft. or even more, with long narrow leaves. Panicle in the typical form erect, narrow, dense, 6 to 10in. long with very numerous capillary unequal clustered branches, each bearing 3 to 5 or rarely only 1 or 2 hermaphrodite spikelets sessile between 2 pedicellate male ones, the triplets sessile or very shortly pedicellate with a tuft of hairs under each fertile spikelet. Spikelets all narrow, acute, about 3 lines long. Outer glume of the fertile spikelet rigid, with 2 prominent lateral nerves more or less muricate, the intermediate nerves often very faint, 2nd glume narrow, with a muricate or shortly ciliate keel produced into a fine point or short awn, 8rd lanceolate, very thin and hyaline, often ciliate; awn very fine, + to 4in. long, with a narrow hyaline shortly 2-lobed base. —Holcus elongatus, R. Br. Prod. 200; Andropoyon elongatus, Spreng. Syst. i. 287; F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 121. Hab.: Coen River, R. Br.; Sweers Island, Henne; Cape York, Daemel. Var. filipes. Leaves narrower, panicle looser with longer filiform branches and the whole panicle often shorter, the awns rather longer. Hab.: Endeavour River, 4. Cunningham; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy; Balonne River, Mitchell ; Rockhampton, O‘Shanesy. 46. SORGHUM, Pers. (From the Indian name.) (Holcus, R. Br. partly.) Fertile spikelet 1-flowered, sessile between 2 pedicellate male or barren ones, at the end of the simple or divided branches of a terminal panicle, with 1 to 5 pairs or triplets of spikelets below the terminal 3. Glumes on the fertile spikelets 4, the outer one the largest, awnless, lanceolate or broad, hard and shining, obscurely nerved, 2nd glume rather hard keeled and acute, 3rd glume shorter, very thin and hyaline, 4th or terminal glume very thin, hyaline and 2-lobed at the base, with an awn between the lobes twisted in the lower half bent above the middle as in Andropogon. Palea very small or none. Styles distinct. Grain enclosed in the hard and shining outer glumes, free from them. ane genus extends over the tropical and warm temperate regions of the New and the Old or. Nodes glabrous or scarcely pubescent. poe spikelets lanceolate, nearly glabrous. Awn short and fine. . . 1. S. *halepense. Nodes bearded. Fruiting spikelets lanceolate, 24 to 4 lines long, villous. Awn usually long. Ovary glabrous . . . 2. 8. plumosum. Nodes bearded. Fruiting spikelets ovoid, 2 lines long, sometimes with a short conical apex, villous. Awn not very long. Ovary glabrous . . . 3. S. fulvum. Nodes nearly glabrous. Fruiting spikelets scarcely 2 lines long, villous. Awnoverlin.long © 2 1 1 ee ee ee ee ee ee www A 8. laxifior um Sorghum.] CLIIL GRAMINEA. 1869 1, S. *halepense (of Aleppo), Pers. Syn. i. 101; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 540. Johnson Grass. Stems erect, varying from 2 or 8 to 8 or 10ft. high, arising from a creeping rootstock ; the nodes glabrous. Leaves long and flat, often rather broad, the midrib usually white and prominent. Panicle from 8 or din. to above 1ft. long, loose and often much branched. Fertile spikelets lanceolate, varying from 2 to above 8 lines long, pale coloured or scarcely purple, not rufous, with a few hairs at the base. Outer coriaceous glume faintly many-nerved, at length smooth and shining, 2nd glume rather smaller, 5-nerved, usually sprinkled with a few hairs; terminal glume hyaline, broad, ciliate, 2-lobed, the awn from the notch very fine and short, rarely nearly twice as long as the spikelet,—Maid. Gr. N.S.W. 87; Vasey Ag. Gr. U.S. Pl. 29; Holcus halepensis, Linn.; Andropogun halepensis, Sibth. Fl. Gr. i. 52, t. 68; Kunth, Enum. i. 502. A Mediterranean species, much cultivated in some warm countries, introduced and « trouble- ome weed in cultivated lands. On this grass may be seen at times the fungus Uredo sorghi, Fuckel, bearing the parasite Darluca filum, Cast. 2. S. plumosum (plumose), Beauv. Agrost. 182; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 540. A tall grass closely resembling S. halepense, but with the nodes bearded with a dense tuft of hairs and tke leaves much narrower. Inflorescence and structure of the spikelets the same, but the smaller branches, pedicels and spikelets more or less villous with hairs usually rufous, besides the dense tuft at the base of the sessile spikelets. Spikelets varying from 2} to 4 lines long, lanceolate as in S. halepense, but less flattened and usually narrower. Outer glume at first several-nerved, at length rigid, shining and apparently nerveless except 2 ciliate nerves near the top, often turning almost black when ripe. Awn often short and capillary, but usually longer and stouter than in S. halepense. Ovary glabrous.— Turner Ag. Gaz. N.S.W.i.; Holcus plumosus, R. Br. Prod. 200; Andropogon australis, Spreng. Syst. i. 287. Hab.: Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown; Port Curtis and Port Molle, M‘Gillivray ; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy; Port Denison, Fitzalan; Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, F. v. Mueller, Leichhardt and others; Rockhampton and numerous localities in the south, Bowman, Thozet and others. 8. S. fulvum (brown), Beauv. Agrost. 164; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 541. A tall not very stout grass attaining sometimes 6 to 8ft., the nodes bearded with a dense tuft of hairs. Leaves narrow, with scabrous edges. Panicle loose, 4 to 8in. long, the hairs of the pedicels and spikelets of a rich brown as in the darker specimens of S. plumosum, but the sessile spikelets only 14 to 2 lines long, ovate or shortly conical at the top, not much flattened and usually black and shining when ripe. Awn 4 to #in. long. Ovary glabrous.—Holcus fulvus, R. Br. Prod. 199 ; Andropogon tropicus, Spreng. Syst. i. 287. Hab.: Keppel Bay, R. Brown; Rockhampton, O'Shanesy ; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy. Also in tropical Asia, from Ceylon to the Archipelago, 8. China and Japan. 4. S. laxiflorum (re‘erring to the loose inflorescence), Bail. 3rd Suppl. Syn. Ql. Fl.'84. Decumbent, ascending to 2 or 8ft., glabrous except the inflorescence and a slight downiness about the nodes, stems somewhat compressed. Leaves narrow, tapering to filiform points; ligula short, scarious, but almost hidden in the longish hairs at the top of the sheath. Panicle nodding, somewhat secund, 2 or 8in. long, of few capillary branches never verticillate, solitary or in pairs and forked, each bearing usually 2 spikelets, the terminal one awned. Fertile spike- let scarcely 2 lines long, between two ciliate pedicels; outer glume densely 1870 CLIT]. GRAMINEA. (Sorghum. clothed with dark-brown or at times light-brown hairs; second glume nearly glabrous, glossy, and of a very dark colour; 8rd glume hyaline; awn over lin. long, much twisted in the lower kalf. Hab: Mulgrave River. The awns of this grass remind one of Heteropogon contortus by the manner in which they twist into knots, but it is a much more delicate grass. In inflorescence it approaches Chrysopogon, but the glumes are those of a Sorghum. 47. ANTHISTIRIA, Linn. (The Greek name for a species of grass.) (Iseilema, Anders.) Spikelets 1-flowered or empty, 7 rarely 6 in a spike or cluster, 4 male or barren, either sessile or pedicellate in a whorl at the base of the hairy rhachis, 2 or sometimes 1 pedicellate and male or barren on the top of the rhachis with an intermediate sessile fertile one. Glumes in the barren spikelets usually 2, the outer one several-nerved, the inner thin and hyaline, in the male spikelets usually a 8rd smaller hyaline one; in the fertile spikelets glumes 4, the 2 outer ones nearly equal, usually rigid and coriaceous, the outer one obscurely 5 or 7-nerved, the 2nd with 2 prominent nerves the central one very faint, 3rd glume much smaller, very thin and hyaline; 4th very narrow and thin at the base, thickened into a long twisted awn usually bent above the middle. Palea very small and hyaline, sometimes scarcely conspicuous. Styles distinct. Grain free, enclosed in the hardened outer glumes.—Erect leafy branching grasses, the spikes or clusters singly pedunculate within sheathing bracts, or sessile in the bracts and collected many together in compound clusters forming short almost cyme-like leafy panicles. The genus is spread over the warmer regions of the Old World, extending into South Africa, The 4 whorled barren spikelets sessile. Awn very long and rigid. Spikelets in dense compound clusters, sessile within the bracts. Bracts glabrous. Barren spikelets glabrous or sprinkled with long cilia. Fertile spikelet glabrous or shortly pubescent attheend. . . .. . Bracts sprinkled with long spreading hairs. Spikelets nearly of A. CHiGt@s, 18 a eo SR gee ae wa ae as Spikelets with the surrounding barren ones on slender pedicels within the sheathing bracts. Barren spikelets glabrous. Fertile one densely villous with brown hairs . 2. ee ew we ee ww ww we ee ee 8 AL tvenacen. 1. A. ciliata. 2. A. frondosa. 1. A. ciliata (ciliate), Linn.; Kunth, Enum. i. 481; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 542. Kangaroo Grass. Stems 1 to 8ft. high. Leaves narrow, glabrous or the sheaths hairy; ligula very short, sometimes ciliate. Spikes or clusters of spikelets not numerous, sessile or the lower ones pedunculate in a short terminal leafy panicle, the leafy bracts subtending each spike sheathing at the base and tapering into points longer than the cluster, the short rhachis bearded with long brown hairs. Spikelets narrow, 4 to 5 lines long, 4 male or barren sessile at the base of the bearded rhachis, 2 or 1 pedicellate at the top, glabrous or sprinkled with a few long hairs: outer glume the largest, acute, many-nerved, 2nd shorter, thin and 8 or 5-nerved, 8rd thin and hyaline. Fertile terminal spikelet glabrous or shortly pubescent at the end; outer glume broad, obtuse, rather thick, about 7-nerved, 2nd rigid, rather shorter and narrower, with 2 prominent lateral nerves and a faint central one, 3rd narrow-oblong, very thin and hyaline; awn or 4th glume very long and rigid, the attenuate base not dilated—Turner Ag. Gaz. N.S.W.i.; Bail. Ill. Mono. Gr. Q. i.; A. australis, R. Br. Prod. 200; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 107, t. 156; F. v. M. Fragm. v. 207; A. cespitosa, Anders. Monogr. Androp. 18, and, from the character given, A. cuspidata, Anders. l.c. 14. Hab.: Abundant throughout the State. Anthistirias] CLIT. GRAMINE#. 1871 There are two varieties of this. The northern form, which is probably the true 4. ciliata of Linneus, is not so tussocky, sprouts more from the joints and forms large tangled masses, and it is also very leafy. The other, A. australis, of R. Br. is an upright tussocky plant of which also there is a glaucous form with larger leaves. On the southern forms may be seen at times the fungi Ustilago bromivora, Walldk. and 8 variety of Cerebella paspali, Che. and Mass. 2. A. frondosa (leafy), R. Br, Prod, 200; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 542. Very near d. ciliata, but upon a larger scale. Stems erect and branching, from 2 or 3ft. to twice that height, frequently flattened under the lower nodes. Leaves glabrous or the upper sheaths ciliate. Leafy panicle dense, often nodding, the leafy bracts narrow, ciliate on the back with long spreading hairs, the outer ones 2 to 3in. long. Spikes or clusters as in A. ciliata, with the 4 involueral spikelets sessile, the outer glume of the fertile spikelet very rigid, scarcely nerved, obtuse, pubescent at the top with short rigid hairs. Awn as long as or often longer than in A. ciliata. Many of the spikes reduced to the 4 involucral barren spikelets surrounding a rudimentary one.—Bail. Il]. Mono. Gi. Q. i. Hab.: Etheridge and many other northern localities. This species is sometimes infested with the fungus Ustilago bursa, Berk. 3. A. avenacea (Oat-like), Fv. M. Fragm. v. 206; Benth. Bl. Austr. vii. 543. Oat Grass. Stems from a more or less silky-hairy or woolly base, 2 to 6ft. high. Leaves very narrow, glabrous, Sheathing bracts narrow, membranous, glabrous, 1 to 2in. long. Spikes or clusters all on rather long, slender, glabrous or ciliate peduncles within the last bract. Barren spikelets either reduced to a single several-nerved rigid glume with a small hyaline one inside, or more developed, enclosing a male flower, the 4 involucral ones sessile. Fertile spikelets about 4 lines long, the rigid outer glumes, especially the lowest, densely villous with brown hairs. Awn long and rigid as in the 2 preceding species.—Turner Austr. Gr. 8; A. basisericea, F. v. M. Fragm. vy. 207. Hab.: Brisbane River, Bailey ; Condamine and Gwydir Rivers, ete , Leichhardt ; Rockhamp- ton and other localities in the southern district, O‘Shanesy, Bowman and others; Peak Downs, F, v. Mueller. 48. ISEILEMA, Hack. Differs from Anthistiria in each spike being jointed below the involucral spikelets on the top of its peduncle, and falling away from it as a whole after flowering ; whereas in Anthistiria the involucrant spikelets are persistent and the rest of the spike deciduous. In the former case the dispersal of the spikelets is supposed to be by the wind bnt in the latter it is supposed to be by the callus of the bisexual spikelets becoming attached to animals. This genus is included in Anthistiria in Benth. and Hook. Gen. Pl. but retained by Hooker in the Fl, of Brit. Ind. It is well pointed out by Sir J. D. Hooker that one of the marked distinctions between Anthistiria and Iseilema is in the dispersal of seed, viz.: In the first the hermaphrodite glumes alone disarticulate, and are carried away by adhesion to the coats of animals, while in the latter the articulation being below the involucrant spikelets the whole is carried away by the wind. 1. I. Mfitchellii (after Sir Thos. Mitchell), Anders. Monogr. Androp. 24. Landsborough Grass. Quite glabrous annual grass, sometimes forming dense leafy masses from 6 to 18in. high. Leaves flat, appearing almost articulate on the short flat prominently striate sheaths. Floral leaves or bracts with coriaceous sheaths and short lanceolate laminz. Panicle small, dense, almost cyme-like as in Apluda, with very numerous small spikes or clusters, each subtended by a scarcely longer bract. Spikelets scarcely 2 lines long, glabrous, the 4 involucral ones pedicellate, the fertile one rather longer than the 2 pedicellate barren ones beside it. Glumes all thin, thé outer one acute with several green nerves, the 2nd 1872 CLIT. GRAMINEA. » [Iseilema. with 1 or 8 nerves, the awn very fine, scarcely more: than as long again as the spikelet.—A nthistiria membranacea, Lindl. in Mitch. Trop. Austr. 88; Benth. Fi. Austr. vii. 543; Bail. Ill. Mono. Gr. Q. i. Hab.: An inland grass widely dispersed. . A grass well worthy of extensive cultivation both for feeding or hay, of rapid growth when under cultivation, the stems long and weak, forming an entangled mass one to two feet deep. This grass is very brittle, but itis said that stock are so partial to it that they often lick up the broken pieces off the ground, 49. *PHALARIS, Linn. (From the brilliant shining seeds.) Spikelets 1-flowered, flat, densely crowded in an ovoid or cylindrical spike or spikelike panicle, the rhachis of the spikelet articulate above the outer glumes. Glumes usually 6, 2 outer larger ones thin, complicate, 8-nerved, the keel bordered by a scarious wing, the 3rd and 4th small lanceolate or reduced to small bristles or 1 deficient, the 5th smaller, complicate, very finely 5-nerved or apparently 4-nerved, the central nerve short and scarcely conspicuous enveloping the 6th glume which is also complicate, enclosing the flower, apparently 2-nerved, but the external angle between the nerves longitudinally ciliate. No ordinary palea. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. Grain enclosed in the 2 upper glumes. A small genus, chiefly from the Mediterranean and neighbouring regions. 1. P. canariensis (of Canary Islands), Linn.; Kunth, Enum. i. 81.; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 557. Canary-seed Grass. An annual 8 to dft. high. Spikelike panicle ovoid 2 to 3in. long and exceeding lin. broad. Spikelets 2 to 3 lines broad, the wings of the outer glumes broad and whitish, the intermediate glumes equal, lanceolate, pubescent, more than half as long as the inner ones, the inner ones villous.—Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 55; Trin. Spec. Gram. t. 74. Hab.: Naturalised in several localities. The plant is much cultivated, and is probably a native rather of Sonth Europe or North Africa than of the Canary Islands, but it has now established itself in so many places that it is difficult to say where it is really indigenous. 50. MICROL/ENA, R. Br. (From mikros, small, and chlaina, a covering ; in allusion to the small glume.) (Diplax, Hook. f.) Spikelets 1-flowered, on filiform pedicels in a narrow loose panicle, the rhachis of the spikelet articulate above the 2 outer glumes. Glumes 6, 2 outer short and persistent, 8rd and 4th long narrow and awned, 5th and 6th shorter acute unawned, all keeled. Flower terminal. No palea. Lodicules large, very thin. Stamens 4 or 2. Styles distinct. Grain enclosed in the larger glumes but free from them. ; A small genus, confined to Australia and New Zealand. 1, M. stipoides (Stipa-like), R. Br. Prod. 210; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 582. Meadow Rice Grass. Stems from a perennial rhizome erect or ascending, 1 to 2ft. high. Leaves usually rather short, flat or convolute and very acute, glabrous or slightly hairy. Panicle narrow, 8 to 6in. long, with filiform erect branches and pedicels. Spikelets narrow, 4 to 5 lines long without the awn, 2 outer persistent glumes minute; 8rd and 4th glumes narrow, rigid, with 8 prominent scabrous nerves, tapering into a fine awn, with a tuft of hairs at their base on the slightly elongated rhachis, the 4th rather longer than the 8rd and its awn sometimes much longer, 5th glume rather shorter, acute but not awned, the nerves not prominent, 6th shorter very narrow and thin but stiff. Stamens 4.— ‘Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 105; Buch. Ind. Gr. N.Z. pl. ii.; Bail. Ill. Mono. Gr. Microlena.] CLIT. GRAMINEA., 1873 Q. i.; Turner Ag. Gaz. N.S.W. ii. Pl.; Hhrharta stipoides, Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. i. 91, t. 118; F. v. M. Fragm. vii. 90; Microlena Gunnii, Hook. f. le. 105, t. 155, A. Hab.: Brisbane River, Bailey ; Darling Downs, Leichhardt. Also in New Zealand, 51. ARISTIDA, Linn. (Said to be from Arista, an ear of corn.) Spikelets 1-flowered, on filiform pedicels or nearly sessile in a terminal panicle, the rhachis of the spikelet articulate above the 2 outer glumes. Glumes 3, narrow, 2 outer usually persistent, keeled empty and unawned; terminal or flowering glume narrow, rigid, rolled round the flower, entire, with a terminal trifid awn. Palea small, enclosed in the flowering glume. Styles distinct. Grain narrow, enclosed in the hard upper glume but free from it, the whole falling off with the stipes and awn as in Stipa. All the Australian species glabrous, with convolute more or less subulate leaves. The genus is widely spread over the tropical and some temperate regions of the New and the Old World. Section I. Arthratherum.—4wn articulate on the glume, entire and spirally twisted below the branches. Flowering glume much shorter than the outer ones. 8 Awn 2 to 3in. long below the branches, which are at least aslong. . . . 1. A. hygrometrica. Awn about 13in. below the branches, which vary from 14 to 24in.. . . . 2. A. stipoides. Awn $ to 2in. below the branches, which vary from 1 to 3in. . . . . 8. A. arenaria, Section II, Chetaria.—Awn not articulate and divided to the glume into 3 branches, the glume itself when barren sometimes twisted but not the awn. Flowering glume about as long or longer than the outer ones. : Panicle shert broad and dense. Glumes jin. long. Awns long . . . . 4. A. Behriana. Panicle-branches very long, at length spreading, with few spikelets on long pedicels Glumes at least 4in. long , soe oe + eo « » . . 5, A, leptopoda. Panicle loose, at length pyramidal. Pedicels short. Outer glumes 2 to 3 lines long; flowering glume much‘longer. Awns short Zoe 6. A. vagans. Panicle narrow, rather loose. Outer giumes as long as the flowering one. Glumes scarcely 3 lines. Awns under fin. long . cane 2 a8 7. A. ramosa. Glumes 4 to 5 lines. Awns ? to lin. long . 8. A. calycina. Panicle narrow, dense. Spikelets sessile and “crowded on the short branches. Glumes 3 lines or the flowering rather longer. Awns 4 to 6 lines 9. A. Adscensionis. 1. A. hygrometrica (sensitive of moisture), R. Br. Prod. 174; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 561. A glabrous, slender, rigid but brittle grass, branching at the base, 1 to 2ft. high. Leaves subnlate, rigid, with closely appressed sheaths minutely ciliate at the orifice. Panicle narrow, scarcely branched, 6 to 10in. long without the awns. Spikelets few, on short erect pedicels. Outer glume obtuse, 8 to 9 lines long, prominently 3-nervel or sometimes 4-nerved by the doubling of the outer one; 2nd glume hard and convolute, nearly 1}in. long, acute, 1-nerved; flowering glume narrow, convolute, glabrous, about 3 lines long on a hairy stipes of 1 to 1/ line. Awn articulate on the glume, at least 2in. long below the branches, the middle branch 24 to 4in., the lateral ones as long or shorter. Palea a little more than 1 line long. Lodicules at least as long, finely striate at the base.—Beauv. Agrost. t. 8, f. 8; Trin and Rupr. Gram. Stip. 162. Hab.: Gulf country. 2. A. stipoides (Stipa-like), R. Br. Prod. 174; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 561. Habit and foliage of A. hygrometrica but more slender. Panicle long with a slender rhachis, the lower short erect branches usually bearing 2 spikelsts, the upper spikelets singly distant on short erect pedicels. Outer glume 1-nerved, about din. long, glabrous or minutely pubescent ; 2nd rigid, convolute, 3in. ; 1874 CLITI. GRAMINEA. [Aristida, flowering glume scarcely smaller than in A. hygrometrica but the awn much finer, about 14in. below the branching, the branches 14 to 2in. long.—Trin. and Rupr. Gram. Stip. 161; F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 111; Maid. Gr. N.S.W. 106. Hab.: Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown; Gilbert River, Sullivan. 3. A. arenaria (a plant of sandy land), Gaudich. in Freyc. Voy. Bot. 407; Benth. Fl, Austr. vii. 561. Very near A. stipoides and reduced to that species by F. v. Mueller, Fragm. viii. 111, but a smaller plant, the stems usually not above Gin. below the inflorescence, rarely slender leafy and nearly 1ft. long. Leaves much finer, almost filiform. Panicle narrow and spikelike, scarcely branched or more frequently reduced to a simple raceme, 8 to 4in. long without the awns. Outer glumes very narrow and fine-pointed, usually dark coloured, the lowest nearly din. long, the 2nd Sin.; flowering glume rather smaller than in A. stipoides, the awn under lin. and usually 4 to 2in. below the branching, the branches very fine, varying from 1 to 8in.—Trin. and Rupr. Gram. Stip. 163; Maiden Ag. Gaz. N.S.W. x. Pl.; Arthratherum arenarium, Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 98; Aristida contorta, F. v. M. in Trans. Vict. Inst. 1855, 44. Hab.: King’s Creek, Bowman; Brisbane River and other southern localities. 4. A, Behriana (after Dr. H. Behr), F. v. M. in Trans. Vict Inst. 1855, 44; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 562. Stems ascending, usually under 1ft. below the inflorescence. Leaves subulate at the end, somewhat dilated at the base and the upper sheaths often rather broad and loose. Panicle dense, 2 to 3in. long and almost as broad, the spikelets nearly sessile. Outer glumes nearly equal, the lowest fine-pointed, the 2nd usually rather longer than the flowering glume. Flowering glume about fin. long; with 3 nearly equal sessile awns fine and above lin. sometimes nearly 2in. long. Hab.: Recorded for Queensland by F. v. M. 5. A. leptopoda (pedicels slender), Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 562. Stems rather stout, from scarcely Gin. to 2ft. high. Leaves long and subulate, with rather broad loose sheaths. Panicle very loose. Gin. to 1ft. long, with numerous long rigidly filiform branches at first erect, at length spreading horizontally, bearing few spikelets on filiform pedicels. Outer glumes unequal, with long points, the longest usually about as long as the flowering glume. Flowering glume 6 to 8 lines long, on a very short scarcely ciliate stipes, with 8 nearly equal sessile awns 3 to lin. long. Palea small and rigid. Hab.: Brisbane River, Bailey ; Darling Downs, Leichhardt; Peak Downs, Burkitt; Kennedy District, Daintree, This and the two following species are known by the name of ‘3-awned Spear Grass.” 6. A. vagans (spreading), Cav, Ic. v. 45, t. 471; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 562. Stems slender, erect and 1 to 2ft, high, or diffuse and much branched. Leaves slender, almost filiform, usually short. Panicle 8 to 6in. long, at first narrow, at length branching and pyramidal, the pedicels very short. Outer glumes usually dark-coloured, 2 to 3 lines long, the 2nd longer than the lowest, both with 1 prominent nerve. Flowering glume always longer than the outer ones and often twice as long. Awns sessile, about 4 lines long. Palea very short.—R. Br. Prod. 173; F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 111; Maiden Ag. Gaz. N.S.W. xi. PL; A. ramosa, Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 55; A. parviflora, Steud, Syn. Glum. i. 140 (from the char. given). Hab.: Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, F. v. Mueller; Rockhampton, O‘Shanesy ; Condamine Hartmann. Var. gracillima. Stems long, slender and branching; panicle filiform. Hab.: Rockhampton, O‘Shanesy. Var. compacta. Panicle short and compact, but the spikelets and awns quite of A. vagans, Hab,: Warwick, Beckler, Nernst. ° Aristida. | CLIII. GRAMINEA. 1875 7, A. ramosa (branching), R. Br, Prod. 173; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 568. Very nearly allied to A. calycina, and almost intermediate between that and A. vagans. Panicle narrow, with erect or scarcely spreading branches and the outer glumes as long as the flowering ones or nearly so as in A. calycina, but the spikelets much smaller, the glumes scarcely above 3 lines and the awns under fin. long. Hab.: Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, F. v. Mueller, Bailey; Rockhampton, O‘Shanesy ; Herbert’s Creek, Bowman; Darling Downs, Law. Var. ? leptathera, Panicle spreading, awns lin. long, but the spikelets of 4, ramosa. Hab.: Dry-beef Creek, Leichhardt. Var. compacta. Panicle short and dense. Hab.: Gracemere, O‘Shanesy. 8. A. calycina (calyx or outer glume prominent), R. Br. Prod. 173; Benth. Fl, Austr. vii. 568. Stems tufted, erect, 1 to 2ft. high. Leaves very narrow, mostly subulate. Panicle narrow, often above Gin. long, with few short erect branches, rarely at length spreading, each bearing 1 or 2, or the lower ones several, but few sessile or shortly pedicellate spikelets. Spikelets in tho typical form 4 to 5 lines long without the awns. Outer glumes with fine points, the 2nd as long as or longer than the flowering glume. Awns slender, sessile, ? to 14in. long. Palea rather long.—Maiden Ag. Gaz. N.S.W. xi. Pl. Hab.: Keppel Bay, R. Brown; Flinders River and Nerkool Creek, Bowman; Darling Downs, Law; Peak Downs, Burkitt. Inland specimens of this and some other species I have frequently found to be infested with the blight-fungus Ustilago segetum, Bull. 9. A. adscensionis (after the island of Ascension), Linn.; Sp. Pl. 82. A very variable grass, distinguished by its narrow spikelets crowded and almost imbricate along the short erect branches of a narrow compact panicle. Stems ascending or erect, above 1ft. high. Leaves narrow, ending in subulate points. Panicle from 2 and Sin. long and spikelike, to 6 or 8in. and interrupted at the base. Spikelets sessile along the branches and often purplish. Outer glumes about 8 lines long. Flowering glumes usually longer. Awns sessile, varying from 4 to 6 lines or rather more.—A. vulgaris, Trin. and Rupr. Gram. Stip. 131 ; A. depressa, Retz.; Kunth, Enum. i. 190; Benth. Fl. Austr. 563 ; Duth. Ind. Gr. pl. xxx. and A. Hystrix, pl. xxxi. Hab.: Peak Downs, Burkitt; hill scrubs of southern localities. Widely spread over tropical and subtropical Asia and Africa and the south Mediterranean regions. 52. STIPA, Linn. (Panicles feather-like.) Spikelets, 1-flowered, on filiform pedicels or nearly sessile in a terminal panicle, the rhachis of the spikelet articulate above the 2 outer glumes. Glumes 3, narrow, 2 outer usually persistent, membranous, keeled, empty, unawned ; terminal or flowering glume narrow, rigid, rolled round the flower, with a terminal undivided bent awn spirally twisted below the bend. Palea enclosed in the flowering glume. Lodicules usually large. Anthers usually tipped with a tuft of hairs. Styles distinct. Grain narrow, enclosed in the hard upper glume but free from it.—A short continuation of the rhachis of the spikelet above the articulation forms usually a stipes to the flower and fruit, falls off with it and is usually ciliate with short hairs, the awn is more or less distinctly articulate on the flowering glume, but usually remains attached to it after it falls. The genus is widely dispersed over the tropical and temperate regions of the New and the Old World. The Australian species, however, belong to the group or section Nesostipa, Trin., which is exclusively Australian, one of them only extends to New Zealand, the remaining ones appear to be all endemic. 1876 CLITI. GRAMINEA, [Stipa. Flowering glume glabrous or slightly hairy at the end, very shortly pro- duced into hyaline lobes or entire. Palea very small or rarely half as long as the glume. Panicle branches long and plumose. Spikelets 4 to G6 lines long . . . 1. S. elegantissima, Panicle very much branched, glabrous or slightly pubescent. Spikelets scarcely l}linelong .. . 2. S. micrantha. Flowering glume silky-hairy, the margins not dilated under theawn. Palea nearly as long as the glume. Ligula elongated, not ciliate. Panicle loose. Leaves slender, filiform . 3, S. setacea. Ligula short, ciliate. Awn plumose-hairy in the lower part. Panicle dense, 6 to 10in. long. Awn 14 to 4in. long, shortly plumose-hairy all round to the bend or higherup. . . . ... Se he Aide. doe Ligula short, ciliate. Awn glabrous or slightly pubescent. Lowest glume usually slightly dilated and truncate or toothed at the end. Flowering glume narrow. Panicle dense or at Jength long and HOO8@) ewe Os a ew ae ee Se Si pubescens: Lowest glume usually 3-pointed. Flowering glume rather broad. Panicle veryloose . . . 2 1 7 1 ee ee ee Hee Lowest glume always fine-pointed. Leaves slender, glabrous or pubescent, the upper sheaths sometimes dilated. Panicleloose . . ......4.4.. woes 4. S. semibarbata. 6. S. aristiglumis. 7. S, seabra. 1. S. elegantissima (very elegant), Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. i. 28, t. 29; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 565. Stems from a horizontal rhizome erect and branching, rigid though rather slender, 2 to 8ft. high. Leaves narrow, mostly erect, convolute when dry, glabrous. Panicle very loose, 6 to 8in. long, at length broadly spreading, the rhachis and long filiform branches elegantly plumose with fine spreading hairs. Outer glumes 4 to 6 lines long, equal or the lowest much shorter, acutely acuminate; flowering glume shorter, on a short hairy stipes but glabrous, the involute margins shortly hyaline at the end and produced into a very short obtuse lobe on each side of the awn. Awn 1 to lin. long or sometimes even longer. Palea less than 4 as long as the glume.—R. Br. Prod. 175; Hook. f. Fl, Tasm. ii, 111; Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 99; F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 103. Hab.; Recorded for Queensland by F. v. M. 2. S. micrantha (flowers small), Cav.2 R. Br. Prod. 175; Benth. Kl. Austr. vii. 566. Bamboo Grass. Stems several feet high, not stout but rigid, sometimes spreading or scrambling with the branches in dense clusters, sometimes long and little-branched. Leaves very slender, the sheaths often long and loose, glabrous. Panicle loose but often narrow, from under 6in. to above 1ft. long, with very numerous capillary glabrous branches. Spikelets the smallest in the genus, pedicellate on the ultimate branches. Outer glumes linear, very thin, nearly equal, scarcely 15 line long. Flowering glume shorter, nearly glabrous, on a very short and ciliate stipes, entire at the top, the awn very slender, about gin. long. Palea not above 4 the length of the glume.—Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 64, and n. 82; S. verticillata, Nees in Spreng. Syst. Cur. Post. 80; Streptachne verticillata, Trin. and Rupr. Gram. Stip. 8; Stipa ‘ramosissina, Nees in Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 82; Trin. in Mem. Acad. Petersb. ser. 6, i. 74; F. v. M. Fracm. vii. 105 ; Streptachne ramosissima, Trin. and Rupr. Gram. Stip. 7, who refer to it Urachne ramosissima, Trin. Gram. Unifl. 173, there very insufficiently described. Hab.: Brisbane River, Bailey; Dawson River, F. v. Mueller; Darling Downs, Leichhardt; Warwick, Beckler. It appears to me probable that R. Brown was correct in identifying this plant wi : micrantha described and figured by Cavanilles Ic. v. 42, t. 467, aaoaah Byles eae have thought that Cavanilles’ description agreed better with the Dichelachne sciurea; that author, however, adds to his plate a magnified figure of a flowering glume and awn which is wholly inapplicable to the Dichelachne, but agree well with the present species, which is also well represented (in its rather poor state) by Cavanilles’ general figure. The awn is certainly articulate on the glume, and therefore not that of Streptachne.—Benth. . Stipa.] CLIT. GRAMINEA. 1877 3. S. setacea (bristly), R. Br. Prod. 174; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 568. Stems slender, 1 to 2ft. high or rarely more. Leaves fine and short, tufted at the base of the stems, those on the stem few with long sheaths; ligula elongated, not ciliate, often broken off from dried specimens. Panicle loose, 4 to 10in. long, glabrous. Outer glumes very thin, narrow, acuminate, 4 to 5 lines long. Flower- ing glume much shorter, pubescent or villous, entire at the top. Awn glabrous, very fine, 14 to above 2in. long. Palea as long as the glume, often hardened when ripe.—Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 11C, t. 157; Maid. Gr. N.S.W. 113. Hab.: Warwick to Wallangarra. 4. S. semibarbata (half-bearded), R. Br. Prod. 174; Benth. Fl. Austr. vil. 568. Stems 13 to near 8ft. high. Leaves narrow, convolute, often almost subulate, glabrous or shortly pubescent, the ligula very short and ciliate. Panicle oblong, -rather dense, 6 to 10in. long, with erect branches. Outer glumes 6 to 9 lines long, tapering into very thin long acute points. Flowering-glume silky- hairy, scarcely 3 lines long, entire at the top. Awn varying from under 2in. to near 4in. long, shortly plumose-hairy to the bend or sometimes nearly to the end. —Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 110; F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 104. Hab.: Southern Downs country. 5. S. pubescens (pubescent), R. Br. Prod. 174; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 569. Stems 2 to 8ft. high, with pubescent nodes. Leaves narrow, convolute, the ligula very short, usually ciliate. Panicle rather loose in the typicai form, very loose in some varieties. Outer glume unequal, the longest about 4in., scarious at the end.anl often but not always truncate, notched or 8-toothed, rarely very acute. Flowering glume much shorter, hairy, entire at the top. Awn above 2in. long, pubescent in the lower part or glabrous. Palea rather long. —Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 59, 66; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 110; F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 104; S. rudis, Spreng. Syst. Cur. Post. 81; S. commutata, Trin. and Rupr. Gram. Stip. 49. Hab.: Southern Downs country. 6. S. aristiglumis (outer glume pointed), F.v. M. in Trans. Vict. Inst. 1855, 48, Fragm., viii. 103; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 570. Very nearly allied to S. pubescens, and should probably be added to its varieties. Habit and foliage the same. Panicle much looser, spikelets smaller, the outer glume usually pro- duced into 1 to 8 fine points, the fruiting glume broader; awn of S. pubescens but usually glabrous. Hab.: Brisbane River, Bailey ; Darling Downs, Woolls. This is a strong-growing grass producing a large quantity of excellent fodder ; indeed it is one of the very best species found on the Downs; the seeds also are not so troublesome as some others of the genus. 7. S scabra (rough), Lindl. in Mitch. Trop. Austr. 81; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 570. Stems in the typical form slender, tufted, 1 to 2ft. high. Leaves subulate or filiform, rather short, glabrous or slightly pubescent, the upper sheath scarcely dilated; ligula very short, more or less ciliate. Panicle very loose, 6in. to above 1ft. long, with long capillary slightly spreading glabrous branches and pedicels. Outer glumes at first almost hyaline, at length, especially in western specimens, often purplish or rigid, tapering into long points, the longest about fin. long. Flowering glume about 2 lines long, silky-hairy, entire at the tip. Awn fine, glabrous, 3in. long or more. Palea nearly as long as the glume. Hab.: Southern Downs country. The species, distinguished from S. setacea by the short fine ligula, from S. pubescens by the more slender habit, the outer glumes both with long fine points, and the long fine awns, appears to be very abundant in the desert country and very variable. Part VI. N 1878 CLIT. GRAMINEA. 53. STREPTACHNE, R. Br. (Twisted glume.) Spikelets 1-flowered, on short filiform pedicels in a narrow terminal panicle, with the structure of Stipa, except that the awn is continuous with the end of the flowering glume without any articulation. The limits and area of the genus are as yet very uncertain. 1. S. stipoides (Stipa-like), R. Br. Prod. 174; Benth. Fl. Austr, vii. 572. Only known from two very imperfect specimens, one in Herb. Banks, the other in Herb. R. Brown, each consisting of the summit of the stem without leaves, bearing avery slender and loose little-branched panicle of 5 to 6in. Outer glume 4 to 5 lines long, tapering into long fine points. Flowering glume narrow, glabrous, tapering into a very fine twisted and bent awn of in. Stamens 3. Hab.: Endeavour River, Banks and Solander. 54. ALOPECURUS, Linn. (From the English name of ‘ Foxtail’’ for some species.) Spikelets 1-flowered, flat, densely crowded into a cylindrical spike or spikelike panicle, Glumes 8, 2 outer complicate, keeled, acute but not awned, 3rd under the flower shorter, keeled, with a short slender dorsal awn. No 2-nerved palea or lodicules. Stamens 8. Styles distinct. Grain enclosed in the scarcely hardened glumes, but free from them. ® A small genus, widely spread over the temperate and colder regions of both the northern and the southern hemispheres, only penetrating into the tropics as occasional weeds. 1. A. geniculatus (knee-jointed), Linn.; Kunth, Enum. i. 24, ii. t. 7; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 555. A perennial or sometimes annual only, glabrous except the spike. Stems usually procumbent at the base, bending upwards at the lower nodes, sometimes only 8 or 4in., often 1ft. high or more. Leaves narrow, the upper sheaths broad and loose. Spike 1 to 2in. long, closely imbri- cate but slender. Outer glumes hairy on the keel, scarcely pointed, usually but little more than 1 line long, free or scarcely united at the base, the hair-like awn of the flowering glume not projecting above 1 line beyond them.—Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 49; Hook. f. FJ). Tasm. ii. 109; F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 188; Turner Austr. Gr. i.; Buch. Ind. Gr. N.Z. Pl. v.; A. australis, Nees in Hook. Lond. Journ. ii. 412. Hab.: Darling and Amby Downs. Common in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, and as an introduced weed in the southern hemisphere and in some places within the tropics. Perhaps truly indigenous in Queensland but uncertain. 55. ECHINOPOGON, Beauv. (Referring to the very rough beards.) Spikelets 1-flowered, nearly sessile in a dense panicle contracted into a head or short spike, the rhachis of the spikelet articulate above the 2 outer glumes and produced into a short bristle above the flower. Glumes 3, 2 outer persistent, acute, keeled; flowering glume thin, 5-nerved, 8-lobed, the lateral lobes unawned, the central one produced into a fine straight awn. Palea narrow. Styles distinct, the stigmas very shortly plumose. “Grain enclosed in the flower- ing glume but free from it. The genus is limited to the single Australian species, which extends only into New Zealand. 1. E. ovatus (ovate), Beauv. Agrost. 42, t. 9, f.5; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 599. An erect glabrous grass, from under Ift. to above 2ft. high. Leaves flat, very scabrous, the asperities reversed on the sheath and back of the blade, erect on the Echinopogon.] CLIT. GRAMINEA. 1879 upper surface. Head or spikelike panicle on a long terminal peduncle, varying from ovoid-globular and fin. diameter to oblong-cylindrical and 2in. long. Spikelets numerous and densely crowded, about 14 line long without the awns. Outer glumes lanceolate, boat-shaped, the keel prominent green and ciliate. Flowering glume rather broad, surrounded by a tuft of hairs, the lateral lobes very short, acute, rigid at the base, the central one shortly flat at the base, tapering to an awn of 2 to 4 lines. Palea nearly as long as the glume. Bristle continuing the axis at the back of the palea usually shorter than the glume, bearing a short tuft of hairs or rudimentary glume.—Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 117 ; Sieb. Agrost. n. 89; Buch. Ind. Gr. N.Z. Pl. xiii. B.; Agrostis ovatu, Forst.; Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. i. 19, t. 21; RB. Br. Prod. 171; Cinna ovata, Kunth, Enum. i. 208; F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 106; Echinopogon Sieberi, Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 188 (from the reference to Sieber). Hab.: Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, Bailey ; head of the Gwydir River, Leichhardt. 56. AMPHIPOGON, R. Br. (Referring to the hairs round the rhachis of the spikelet.) (4gopogon, Beauv. ; Gamelythrum, Nees.) Spikelets 1-flowered, nearly sessile in a dense panicle contracted into a head or short spike, the rhachis of the spikelet articulate above the 2 outer glumes, and not continued beyond the flower. Glumes 8, 2 outer persistent, membranous, ‘8-nerved, acute or tapering to an awn-like point, rarely 3-fid; flowering glume raised on a short hairy stipes (the rhachis of the spikelet), closed round the flower, deeply divided into 8 narrow lobes tapering into straight points or awns. Palea usually as long as the flowering glume, deeply divided into 2 narrow rigid lobes or awns. Styles united at the base, free upwards. Grain enclosed in the slightly hardened upper glume.—Perennial grasses with convolute terete or subulate leaves. ; The genus is endemic in Australia. 1. A. strictus (upright), R. Br. Prod. 175; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 597- Stems from a horizontal rhizome or tufted branching base erect and slender, usually above 1ft. high. Leaves rather short, erect, subulate, glabrous. Spike- like panicle dense, oblong or cylindrical, 4 to 14in. long, but little branched. Outer glumes broad, concave, faintly 3-nerved, almost scarious, entire when perfect, the outer one about 2 lines, the inner rather longer and more acute. Flowering glume on the short hairy stipes shorter than the outer glume, with 2 short rows of hairs on the back, divided into 3 rigid ciliate linear lobes or awns longer than the entire part. Palea narrow, deeply divided to 2 rigid lobes similar to those of the flowering glume. Seed separable from the membranous pericarp. —Turner Austr. Gr. 2; Agopogon strictus, Beauv. Agrost. 122; Amphipogon caricinus, F. v. M. in Linnea, xxv. 445; A Brownei, F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 201, partly, Hab.: Barcoo River, 8. Browne. . 57. SPOROBOLUS, RB. Br. (Referring to the seeds being cast to the outside of the panicle.) Spikelets small, 1-flowered, nearly sessile or pedicellate in a narrow spikelike or loose and pyramidal panicle, the rhachis of the spikelet very short, glabrous, scarcely articulate, not continued beyond the flower. Glumes 3, persistent or separately deciduous, unawned, slightly keeled or convex and obscurely nerved, 2 outer empty ones usually unequal; flowering glume as long or longer. Palea about as long as the glume, with 2 nerves usually prominent, and readily splitting 1880 CLII. GRAMINEA. [Sporobolus. between them. Styles very short. Grain free, readily falling away from the glume, the pericarp loosely enclosing the seed or very thin and evanescent. The genus is widely spread over the tropical and some more temperate regions of both the New and the Old World. Stoloniferous, stems trailing. Inflorescence like the next . . . 1. S. Benthami. Panicle narrow, spikelike, continuous or interrupted, the short erect branches flowering from the base. Outer and flowering glumes nearly equal. Leaves usually short rigid and spreading . . is aR es ee ee eae eee ee eee 2. S. virginicus. Outer glumes unequal, shorter than the flowering one. Leaves rather long ag ae iy GUS «dak Dacah god lip Ra SG eee ibe cH ATED TSS 3. S. indicus. Panicle narrow, loose, with short spreading scattered branches . ; 4. S. diunder. Panicle loosely pyramidal, the branches spreading in regular distant whorls. Spikelets loosely pedicellate, minut+. Leaves rigidly ciliate. Glumesobtuse ...... 2... . . 5. 8. pulchellus. Leaves not at all or minutely ciliate. Glumes narrow, acute. . . 6. S. Lindleyi. Spikelets nearly sessile, crowded along the branches . . . . . . 7. &. actinocladus. 1. S. Benthamii (after Geo. Bentham, author of the “ Flora Australiensis), Bail. Bot. Bull. xiii. Stems wiry, erect or trailing; the erect stems sometimes ‘bearing adventitious tufts at the nodes, which soon disarticulate and falling upon the damp land take root and thus produce fresh plants; the trailing stems often extend a considerable distance and produce plants in a similar manner to the common Strawberry. The leaves of the erect stems are often quite filiform, but they are very thin and often 1 line broad on the trailing stems. The inflores- cence is a very narrow, loose, spikelike panicle 2 to 4in. long. Glumes narrow and nearly or quite transparent. The whole plant is pale-coloured. Hab.: About the Diamantina and Georgina Rivers, where it is considered an excellent pasture grass. Probably this and the var. minor of S. virginicus constitute the grass mentioned in Fl. Austr. vii. 621 as var.? pallida, a name that could not now be used for u species, there being one. already so named. 2. S. virginicus (of Virginia), Kunth, Enum. 1.210; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 621. Stems much branched and leaty at the base, erect or decumbent, 6 to 10in. or rarely 1ft. high. Leaves short and narrow, often very spreading, convolute- when dry, rather rigid, glabrous or ciliate at the base. Panicle rather dense, narrow and spikelike or rather more branched at the base, 1 to 14in. long, often rather dark coloured. Glumes keeled, rather acute, about 1 line long, the 2 outer. and the flowering one similar or the lowest rather smaller. Palea rather longer, the 2 nerves close together so as to represent a broad keel, but very readily splitting showing an inflexed margin between the nerves. Grain broadly obovoid, the very thin pericarp separable when soaked but undistinguishable in the dried state.—Ayrostis virginica, Linn.; Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. i. 20, t. 23; R. Br. Prod. 170: Vilfa virginica, Beauy.; Trin. Spec. Gram. t. 48. S. virginicus proper is the stout-stemmed erect grass, with erecto-patent rather harsh eaves, found on the brackish marshy lands near the coast. Var. minor, Bail., is found in similar situations, but often further from the coast. Both have dark-green foliage and more or less running underground stems. The spike-like inflorescence is usually of a somewhat dark colour. Neither of these grasses will thrive far: trom brackish water, but in such localities they form excellent fattening pasture. The species is widely spréad over the warmer regions of the New and the Old World, extend- ing into South Africa and North America. 3. &. indicus (of India), R. Br. Prod. 170; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 622. Rat’s- tail Grass. ‘‘Jilgrubari,” Cloncurry, Roth. An erect tufted grass of 1 to 2ft., glabrous except a few cilia at the base of the leaves. Leaves chiefly at- the base of the stem, narrow, ending in fine points, the upper ones few with long sheaths. Spikelike panicle narrow, 8 to Sin. or even longer, usually continuous throughout. Spikelets very numerous, crowded along the very short. PL.LXXV11. on i eg ed a Sie aa + ett a ie aE ELM Li tp, Sporobolus Benthamiy Bail. Govt Painting Orrice, BRISBANE Sporobolus. ] CLIII. GRAMINEA, 1881 erect almost imbricate or distant branches. Outer glumes almost hyaline, obtuse, 1-nerved, the lowest about 4 line, the 2nd 2 line long; flowering glume abont 1 line, of a firmer consistence, broad but almost tapering toa point, 1-nerved. Palea nearly as long, faintly 2-nerved. Grain broadly obovoid, the very thin pericarp sometimes appearing loose, though often evanescent or undistinguishable in the dried ‘state-—Kunth, Enum. i. 211; Bail. Ill. Mono. Gr. Q. i.; Turner Austr. Gr. 52; Buch. In. Gr. N.Z. Pl. xviii; Sporobolus tenacissimus, Beauy.; Kunth, Enum. i. 211; Vilfa tenacissima, Trin. Spec. Gram. t. 60; V. capensis, Beauv.; Trin. Spec. Gram. t. 56. Hab : Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, F. v. Mueller, Bailey, C. Stuart; Rockhampton and neighbouring districts, Bowman, O‘Shanesy and others; Bowen Downs, Birch. Grain used for food by Cloncurry natives.—Palmer and Roth. The inflorescence infested with the fungus Helminthosporium Ravenelii, Curt. Generally spread over tropical and subtropical America, Africa and Asia, extending also into Norfolk Island and New Zealand. Var. elongatus. Stems and leaves much more slender than the type, and the inflorescence more elongated and interrupted 9. elongatus, R. Br. Prod., S. tenacissimus, Beauv. Hab.: Same as normal form. ‘4. S. diander (2-stamens), Beauv.; Kunth, Enwn. i. 218; Benth. Fl. Austr. vil. 622. An erect forming tussacs, glabrous grass of 1 to 2 or even 3ft, Leaves chiefly at the base, narrow, the upper sheaths not covering the stem. Panicle narrow but loosely pyramidal, 6in. to above 1ft. long, the branches scattered, at length spreading. Spikelets very shortly pedicellate or almost sessile, 2 to 1 line long. Outer empty glumes very obtuse; hyaline, the upper one about 4 line, the other shorter. Flowering glume longer, slightly keeled, obtuse or almost acute. Palea broad, obtuse, faintly 2-nerved and not so readily splitting as in the other species. Stamens generally 8. Grain broadly obovoid, the pericarp not readily separable.—Turner Austr. Gr. 51; ° Bail. Ill. Mono. Gr. Q. i.; Vilfa erosa, Trin. Agrost. Vilf. 64. Hab.: A southern river-side species. Widely spread in East India. 5. S. pulchellus (pretty), R. Br. Prod. 170; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 623. Stems tufted, 6in. to 1ft. high. Leaves chiefly at the base, flat or keeled, broad or narrow, rather rigid, bordered by rigid cilia tuberculate at the base. Panicle loosely pyramidal, 2 to 5in. long, with numerous capillary spreading branches verticillate at regular intervals. Spikelets pedicellate, not 4 line long, shining. Glumes almost hyaline, rather ob-use, slightly keeled, the 2nd outer empty one and the flowering one nearly equal and similar, the lowest empty one about half as long, narrow but obtuse. Palea very readily splitting in two. Grain globular, ‘enclosed in a loose hyaline pericarp.—Kunth, Rev. Gram. t. 123 (an unusually narrow-leaved form and the remarkable cilia are not represented) ; Vilfa pulchella, Trin. Agrost. Vilf. 37. Hab.: Endeavour River, Banks and Solander; Kennedy district, Daintree; Elliot River, Bowman ; Peak Downs, Slater. 6. S. Lindleyi (after Dr. J. Lindley), Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 628. ‘ Yak-ka- berry,” Cloncurry, Palmer ; ‘‘ Unkeelyinkeela,’’ Georgina, Coghlan; ‘‘ Yakkapari,” Boulia, Roth. Nearly allied to S. puwlehellus. Leaves narrow, not at all or only very shortly ciliate. Panicle very loose, broadly pyramidal, 3 to 5in. long and broad when fully out, the branches capillary, the lower ones elongated in a dense verticil, the upper ones more scattered. Spikelets } to 2 line long. Glumes very acute, the lowest outer one very small and narrow, the 2nd also empty and the flowering glume nearly equal, usually dark coloured. Palea usually divided to the base into 2 even at the time of flowering. Seed enclosed 1882 CLUI. GRAMINES. [Sporobolus, in a loose pericarp, as in S. prudchellus—Turner Austr. Gr. 58; S. pallidus, Lindl. in. Mitch. Trop. Austr. 187, not of Nees; Vilfa Lindleyi, Stead. Syn, Glum. i. 162; S. subtilis, F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 140, not of Kunth. Hab.: Maranoa, Mitchell; Bokhara Flats, Leichhardt; Gracemere, Bowman; Curriwillighie,, Dalton. Grain used for food by Cloncurry natives.—Palmer and Roth. In general this species is very distant from S. pulchellus, both in foliage and in spikelets,, but some specimens almost connect the two. 7. S. actinocladus (branches rayed), F’. v. M. Fragm. viii. 140; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 628. ‘*Coocheramunda,” Georgina, Coghlan; ‘ Katura,’’ Boulia, Roth. Stems 1 to 2ft. high. Leaves flat, tapering to fine points, glabrous, Panicle pyramidal, 8 to 5in. long, the branches numerous, spreading, the lower ones or nearly all verticillate at regular intervals, the upper ones scattered, all capillary and shortly bare at the base, but bearing narrow dense spikelike partial panicles of 4 to lin. Spikelets sessile and crowded, nearly 1 line long. Outer glume very small, hyaline, almost obtuse; 2nd very acute, keeled, 4 to 3 line long; flowering glume similar but longer. Palea divided into 2 from the base, even at the time of flowering. Seed enclosed in a loose pericarp.—Bail. Ill. Mono. Gr. Q. i.; Vilfa or Agrostis’ actinoclada, F. v. M. Fragm. vi. 84. Hab.: A very common inland grass. Grain used for food by Boulia natives.—Roth. 58. AGROSTIS, Linn. parily. . (From agros, a field; the Greek name for a kind of grass.) (Agrostis and Trichodium, Nees.) Spikelets small, 1-flowered, pedicellate in a loose spreading or narrow panicle, the rhachis of the spikelet articulate above the outer glumes, glabrous or nearly so, not produced beyond the flower. Glumes 8, 2 outer empty ones narrow, keeled, acute, unawned. Flowering glume shorter, broad, thin, enveloping the flower, unawned or with a dorsal awn, attached below the middle, fine and twisted. Palea not above half the length of the glume, very thin and hyaline, often very minute or none. Styles very short, distinct. Grain enclosed in the glume, free from it. The genus as now limited is still very generally spread over the temperate and some warmer regions of both hemispheres. 1. A. scabra (rough), Willd. Spec. Pl. i. 870; Benth. Hl. Austr. vii. 576. Stems slender, tufted, 6in. to above 1ft. high. Leaves very narrow, almost filiform in the typical form, chiefly at the base of the stem. Panicle compound, very loose and slender, with spreading capillary branches, Outer glumes narrow, keeled, rather acute, about 2 line long. Flowering glume shorter, hyaline, broad and enveloping the flower, obtuse truncate or slightly jagged, unawned. Palea none or very minute. Stamens 3.—A. parviflora, R. Br. Prod. 170; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 118, t. 158; Buch. In. Gr. N.Z. Pl. xx. C.; A. intricata, Nees in Hook. Lond. Journ. ii. 413; Trichodium laxiflorum, Mich. Fl. Bor. Am. i. 42, t. 8; Agrostis laaiflora, Richards ; Kunth, Rev. Gram. t. 130. Hab.: Stanthorpe. This has been identified by Munro with a common North American species which has a wide range and has been published under various names, of which Willdenow’s has the right of priority, except perhaps a very inappropriate one of Fraser’s.—Benth, 59. DEYEUXIA, Clarion. (After Nicholas Deyeux.) (Bromidium, Nees, ) Spikelets 1-flowered, pedicellate or rarely sessile in a panicle either loose and spreading or narrow and spike-like, the rhachis of the spikelet articulate above the outer glumes, usually bearing a tuft of hairs round the flowering glume, and - Deyeuvia.] CLIT. GRAMINEA. 1883 usually produced beyond it in a small ciliate or rarely glabrous bristle very rarely bearing an empty glume or imperfect flower, sometimes very minute, rarely deficient. Glumes 8, 2 outer ones persistent, keeled, unawned ; flowering glume shorter and very thin, about as long or rarely longer and membranous, broad, enclosing the flower, 5-nerved, with a fine dorsal awn usually bent and twisted, rarely short and straight or very rarely deficient. Palea thin, more than half as long as the glume, faintly or prominently 2-nerved. Styles distinct, short. oie enclosed in the glume and palea and sometimes partially adhering to em. A considerable genus, spread over the warmer and temperate regions both of the New and the Old World. : Flowering glume very thin, almost hyaline, much shorter than the empty ones, Panicle loose and spreading or in smaller plants narrow. Rhachis of the spikelet produced into a hairy bristle. Spikelets 14 to 2 lines long. Flowering glume usually hairy truncate or shortly toothed, the awn about the middle. Panicle spreading. . . Panicle dense and spikelike or shortly branched. MRhachis of the spikelet produced into a glabrous or minute bristle or not continued beyond the flower. Spikelets 14 to 2 lines. Awn almost basal. Bristle of the rhachis minute or none BISON cpg a eae ee wp Flowering glume nearly or quite as long as the outer ones, membranous, often minutely scabrous or pubescent. : Panicle very loose. Awn very small and straight above the middle of the flowering glume or reduced to a small point near the summit . . . . 8. D. scabra. 1. D. Forsteri. 2. D. quadriseta. 1. D. Porsteri (after J. R. Forster), Kunth, Enum. i. 244; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 579. A common grass, very variable in habit, usually erect or decumbent, 1 to 2ft. high or rather more, with flat rather flaccid leaves, but sometimes smaller with convolute or fine almost filiform leaves. Panicle usually very loose and spreading when fully out, 6in. to 1ft. long, with long capillary divided branches in distant whorls or clusters. Spikelets very numerous. Outer glumes narrow, very pointed, 1 to 14% lines long or in some varieties nearly 2 lines. Flowering glume about half as long, thin and almost hyaline, broad, enveloping the flower, truncate or very shortly and unequally 2 or 4-toothed, sprinkled or densely covered with hairs on the back, rarely almost glabrous, surrounded by the hairs of the rhachis, with a fine twisted awn attached about the middle of the back. Palea very narrow. Rhachis produced into a bristle usually very short and ciliate with a few long hairs.—Bail. Il. Mono. Gr. Q. i. ; Turn, Ag. Gaz. N.S.W. ii.; Agrostis Korsteri, Reem. and Schult. Syst. ii. 359 ; A. emula, R. Br. Prod. 172; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 115; Buch. Ind. Gr. N.Z. Pl. xxi.; A. retrofracta, Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 94; Lachnagrostis retrofracta, Trin. Fund. Agrost. 128; L. Willdenowii, Trin. Gram. Unifl. 217; Calemagrostis emula and CU. Willdenowit, Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 192; Agrostis debilis, Poir. Dict. Suppl. i. 249 (from the descr. confirmed by Kunth) ; A. Solandri, F. vy. M. Veg. Chath. Isl. 60; A. semibarbata, Trin. in Mem. Acad. Petersb. series 6, vi. 378 (from the char. given). Hab.: Warwick, Beckler ; Darling Downs, Woolls. Very common in southern localities. This is a quick-growing grass, springing up with the slightest shower of rain, especially in winter. 2. D. quadriseta (4-bristled), Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 581. A glabrous and smooth or scabrous erect perennial, very variable in stature, usually 1 to 3ft. high. Leaves narrow, erect or spreading, flat or convolute when dry. Panicle dense and spikelike, varying from 14 or 2in. to 8 or 10in. long, when small closely cylindrical, when large more branched, but the spikelets always densely crowded from the base of the short erect branches. Outer glumes narrow, very acute, with a scabrous or minutely ciliate keel, the sides smooth, 14 to near 1884 CLIII. GRAMINEA. [ Deyeuxia. 2 lines long. Flowering glume shorter, broad hyaline and rolled round the flower, the 2 nerves on each side more or less produced into acute teeth or points. Awn attached much below the middle or close to the base, usually not much longer than the outer glumes. Palea narrow. Rhachis of the spikelet hairy round the flower, produced sometimes into a minute bristle which however appears to be generally deficient.—Avena quadriseta, Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. i. 25, ; t. 82; Agrostis quadriseta, R. Br. Prod. 171; Trin. Spec. Gram. t. 33; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 114; Buch. Ind. Gr. N.Z. xxvi.; A. lobata, R. Br. 1c; A. diaphora, Trin. in Mem. Acad. Petersb. ser. 6, vi. 366 ; Bromidium quadrisetum, Nees in Hook. Lond. Journ. ii. 416; &. lobatwm, Nees l.c. 415. e Hab.: Stanthorpe. Also in New Zealand. 3. D. scabra (rough), Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 588. Stems usually weak and decumbent, 1 to 2ft. long. Leaves flat, flaccid. Panicle loose, varying from 2 to Sin., the capillary branches short, scattered or in twos or threes, distant in the longer panicles, few in the short ones, not very spreading. Outer glumes 1 to 14 lines long, acute, keeled or the 2nd 3-nerved. Flowering glumes scarcely shorter or at length rather longer, membranous, rather stiff in fruit and minutely scabrous-pubescent, the awn minute and straight, attached far above the middle and usually not exceeding the glume. Palea almost as long, rather broad. Rhachis with few hairs and produced into a bristle minute and glabrous or longer and hairy.— Agrostis scabra, R. Br. Prod. 172; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 116; t. 160; A. rudis, Rem. and Schult. Syst. ii. 8360; Calamagrostis rudis, Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 192; A. contracta, F. v. M.; Herb. Hook. f. le. t. 161; A. decipiens, R. Br. Prod. 172; Cinna decipiens, Kunth, Enum. t. i. 207. Hab.: Condamine River, Hartmann. 60. DICHELACHNE, Endl. (Referring to the 2-lobed flowering glume.) Spikelets 1-flowered, numerous in a narrow usually dense panicle, the rhachis of the spikelet articulate immediately above the 2 outer glumes and not continued beyond the flower. Glumes 3, acute, the 2 outer ones persistent, membranous, acute, kealed. Flowering glume raised ou a short hairy stipes (rhachis of the spikelet), membranous at the time of flowering, hyaline and entire or 2-lobed at the end, with a fine scarcely twisted dorsal horn a littie below the end slightly hardened round the fruit. Palea 2-nerved. Stamens 3 or fewer ; anthers glabrous. styles distinct. Grain enclosed in the glume and palea, free from them. The genus is probably limited to the two Australian species which extend to New Zealand. Panicle very dense, the awns above lin. long, ney numerous and concealing the spikelets . . . . . oo oe wa oe Ae Dicerinita. Panicle rather loose, the awns 6 to 8 lines long oe cen oe ee é . 2. D. scturea. 1. D. crinita (hairy), Hook. f. Fl. N. Zel. i. 293, Hl. Tasm. ii. 111; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 574. Long-haired Plume Grass. Stems 2 to 3ft. high. Leaves flat, glabrous or softly pubescent, the upper ones rather long with long sheaths. Panicle very dense and spikelike, 4 to 8in. long, the spikelets imbricate on the short erect branches but concealed by the numerous long hairlike awns. Outer glumes very narrow, hyaline with a- slightly scabrous keel, nearly equal, about 24 lines long. Flowering glume shorter, glabrous, the hyaline tip entire but readily splitting. Awn dorsal, very slender, bent but scarcely twisted, above lin. long. —Buceh. Ind. Gr. N.Z. Pl. xv.; Turner Ag. Gaz. N.S.W. ii.; Bail. Ill. Gr. Q.i.; Anthoxanthun crinitum, Linn. f. Suppl. 90; Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. ii. 115, 6. '268 ; Agrostis crinita, R. Br. Prod. 170; Muehlenbergia crinita, Trin. Dichelachne.] CLIII. GRAMINEA. 1885 ‘Gram. Unifl. 198 ; M. mollicoma, Nees in Hook. Lond. Journ. ii. 414; Dichelachne Hookeriana, D. Forsteriana, D. comata and D. longiseta, Trin. and Rupr. Gram. Stip. 8 to 5 (from the descr. and references) ; also Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 86. Hab.: Moreton Bay to Darling Downs. Common. This is a quick-growing excellent pasture grass, and also makes good hay; it has the advantage over many others of producing good feed all the year round, for the least rain starts it into growth. This grass has been recommended as a substance for the manufacture of tissue and thin wrapper paper. 2. D. sciurea (squirrel-tailed), Hook. f. Fl. N. Zel. i. 294, Fl. Tasm. ii. 111, t. 158 A.; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 574. Stems densely tufted, slender, 1 to 14 rarely 2ft. high, quite glabrous, the nodes usually dark-coloured. Leaves short, ‘chiefly at the base of the stem, scabrous-pubescent or glabrous. Panicle narrower and looser than in D. crinita, 8 to Gin. long, the rhachis and filiform branches scabrous. Outer glumes very narrow, about 24 lines long, the outermost rather shorter than the 2nd. Fruiting glume rather more rigid than in D. crinita and minutely pitted-rugose. Awns 6 to 8 lines long, not nearly so crowded as in that ‘species.—Buch. Ind. Gr. N.Z. Pl. xv.; Turner Ag. Gaz. N.S.W. ii.; Agrostis sciurea, R. Br. Prod. 171; Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 68; Muehlenbergia sciurea, Trin. ‘Gram. Unifl. 198; Agrostis rara, Nees in Sieb. le. n. 70; Dichelachne Sieberiana and D. vulgaris, Trin. and Rupr. Gram. Stip. 2, 8; D. montana, aoe Prod. Fl. Norf. 20 (from the character as revised by Trinius Gram. Stip. 1). Se Ge localities. Rare. The species is also in New Zealand and in Norfolk Island. 61. ERIACHNE, R. Br. (Referring to the glumes being liairy.) Spikelets 2-flowered, usually not very numerous, in a-loose or dense panicle, ‘the flowers both hermaphrodite and similar, the rhachis of the spikelet articulate -above the outer glumes and hairy round the flowering ones. Empty glumes 2. persistent, acute or tapering into a point or short awn, many (usually 9 to 11) nerved. Flowering glumes with fewer nerves, with long spreading hairs on the back or margins, awnless or tapering into a fine straight or curved awn not twisted. Palea very flat, often hairy on the back, with 2 prominent almost Marginal nerves. Styles distinct, short. Grain more or less flattened, enclosed in the glume and palea, free from them. Besides the Australian species, which are mostly endemic, there are others in South Africa and tropical Asia. -Awos much longer than the glumes. Panicle dense. Spikelets sessile or nearly so. Palea produced into 2 fine awn-like points. Outer glumes glabrous, nearly 4 lines long. Awn above lia. long . 1. E. stipacea. Outer glumes hairy, 2 to 24 lines long. Awns scarcely lin. . 2. EH. Armitii. Palea-point short, entire or minutely notched. Nodes densely bearded. Outer glumes hairy, nearly 4 lines long. Awn about lin. ee Be aie) sehbten Sd nae fe AA Sahn ay ots 3. E. squarrosa. Nodes glabrous. Outer glumes hairy, about 2 lines long. Awn under Als Bo, ake Ae ie iw oe ee we aie 6 oe A BL glauca, -Awns much longer than the glumes. Panicle loose, with few pedicellate spikelets. Leaves narrow, hispid with spreading hairs. Outer glumes glabrous, 23 to 3 Jines long . 5. E. rara. -Awns not longer than the glumes. Panicle loose. Spikelets pedicellate usually few. Leaves narrow, hispid with spreading hairs. Small slender plants. Outer glumes 14 line, glabrous. . . . . . eee ee & & » Bo Be ciliata, Leaves glabrous. Leaves subulate. Outer glumes glabrous, about 4 lines long. Flowering glumes ciliate only . : oo mg : » oe oe we . EB. avenacea. 1886 CLIIl, GRAMINEA. [Eriachne. Leaves flat. Outer elumee hairy: about 4 lines oe ploneruer glume hairy allover. . . . . . . 8. E. aristidea. Leaves narrow. Outer shies giunvons, ssiatael lk line tong. Panicle very loose, with long branches and pedicels. . . . . . + 9. HE. pallescens. Awn none or reduced to a very small point. Panicle narrow. Spikelets pedicellate. Outer Eremnes about 3 aes long. Tall plant, with glabrous flat leaves . . . . . . 10. E. pallida. Panicle loose or reduced to 2 or 3 spikelets. Diiiei “alata aa above 2 lines long. Leaves not pungent, the upper ones distant. Spikelets about 2 lines long. Flowering glumes mucronate . . ...-. .. +. «+. © IL. EH. mucronata. Flowering glumes obtuse or scarcely acute. . . . . . . . . « « 12. E. obtusa. 1. E. stipacea (Stipa-like), F.v. M. Fragm. v. 206; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 627. Stems 2 or 8ft. high, the nodes bearded, otherwise glabrous. Leaves narrow, flat. Panicle secund, rather dense, 4 to 5in. long, Spikelets narrow, not numerons, nearly sessile along the branches. Outer glumes about 4 lines long, glabrous, tapering to a fine point and produced into a straight awn, sometimes nearly half as long as the glume. Flowering glumes shortly hairy all over, with a slender curved awn about ldin. long. Palea flat, tapering to a point divided into 2 awns nearly as long as ‘the palea itself. Hab.: Cape York, Daemel. 2. E. Armitii (after W. E. Armit), F. v. M. Herb.; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 627. Stems 6in. to 1ft. high or rather more, the nodes slightly bearded. Leaves narrow, convolute. Panicle dense, 14 to 2in. long, the rhachis slightly hirsute. Spikelets sessile on the short branches. Outer glumes 2 to 24 lines long, more or less sprinkled with spreading hairs arising from tubercles, tapering into awn-like points shorter than the glume. Flowering glumes shorter, densely hairy all over, with a fine awn usually about lin. long. Palea tapering into 2 fine awn-like points a little shorter than the glume itself. Hab.: Gilbert River, Armit; Norman River, Gulliver. 3. E. squarrosa (squarrose), R. Br. Prod. 183; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 628. Stems erect, 2ft. high or more, the nodes densely bearded with long silky hairs. Panicle dense, 2 to 4in. long. Spikelets sessile and crowded along the short erect or slightly spreading branches. Outer glumes nearly 4 lines long, tapering to a fine point, hispid with long rigid spreading hairs. Flowering glumes nearly as long, narrow, hairy outside, tapering into an awn of about lin. Palea tapering into a short entire point.—Aira squarrosa, Spreng. Syst. i. 272. Hab.: Endeavour River and Bustard Bay, Banks and Solander. 4. E. glauca (gray), R. Br. Prod. 184; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 628. Erect, 1 to 2ft. high, glabrous and glaucous, the nodes not bearded. Leaves narrow, rather long. Panicle dense, 2 to 4in. long. Spikelets sessile and crowded along the short erect or slightly spreading branches. Outer glumes about 2 lines long, more or less hairy outside, acute but not awned, faintly nerved. Flowering glumes about as long, sprinkled with hairs outside, the fine awn under }in. long. Palea tapering into an entire or slightly notched point.—Kunth, Rev. Gram. t. 64; Aira levis, Spreng. Syst. i. 278. Hab.. Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown. 5. E. rara (thinly set), R. Br. Prod. 183; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 628. Stems slender, scarcely 1ft. high, the nodes bearded. Leaves very narrow, crowded at the base of the stem, hispid with short spreading hairs. Panicle short, loose, rather secund. Spikelets few, on slender pedicels. Outer glumes acutely Eriachne.] CLUI. GRAMINEA. 1887 acuminate, 24 to 8 lines long, glabrous and dark-coloured. Flowering glume shorter, hairy all over, tapering into a slender awn nearly lin. long. Palea. tapering into a fine bifid point.—4ira rara, Spreng. Syst. i. 278. Hab.: Shoalwater Bay, R. Brown, 6. E. ciliata (ciliate), R. Br. Prod. 184; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 629. Slender: decumbent and much branched, the stems ascending to 1ft. in some specimens, under Gin. in others. Leaves chiefly at the base, short, narrow, fine pointed, spreading, more or less hirsute with rigid spreading hairs. Panicle loose, with capillary branches and pedicels. Spikelets few. Outer glumes nearly 14 line long, glabrous, thin, acute. Flowering glumes not longer, more acute, with a fine awn nearly as long as themselves, hirsute outside. Palea ciliate outside. Stamens 8. Grain much flattened.—Aira ciliata, Spreng. Syst. i. 278. Hab.: Between Norman and Gilbert Rivers, Gulliver; Broadsound, R. Brown (rather smaller, the panicle rather more dense.—Benth). 7. EB. avenacea (Oat-like), R. Br. Prod. 184; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 629.. Stems usually about lft. high, slender, the nodes slightly bearded or rarely glabrous. Leaves very fine, subulate, erect, chiefly at the base of the stem.. Panicle loose, nearly simple or with few capillary branches bearing 2 or 4 pedicellate spikelets. Outer glumes usually about 8 lines long, very acute or: shortly pointed, prominently-nerved, glabrous. Flowering glumes glabrous on. the back except at the base, the margins ciliate with long hairs, tapering into an awn much shorter than the glume itself. Palea slightly hairy, acutely acuminate.. Atra avenacea, Spreng. Syst. i, 278. Hab.: Walsh’s Pyramid and Mulgrave River, a form with the stems attaining 2ft. in height. 8. E. aristidea (Aristida-like). F.v. M. Fragm. v. 205; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 629. Stems branching and often decumbent at the base, ascending to from 4 to 14ft., the nodes usually bearded. Leaves flat, glabrous, the sheaths often: broad. Panicle loose, with few spreading branches. Spikelets shortly pedicellate.. Outer glumes usually purplish, about 4 lines long, acute, sprinkled with spread- ing hairs arising from tubercles. Flowering glumes densely silky-hairy except. at the top, tapering into an awn scarcely so long as the. glume itself. Palea. hairy, tapering into a deeply bifid awnlike point. Hab.: Bowen Downs, Birch. 9. E. pallescens (palish), R. Br. Prod. 184; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 680. Stems slender, branching, 1 to 23ft. high, the nodes glabrous. Leaves very narrow, glabrous or slightly ciliate at the base. Panicle very loose, with long capillary branches and pedicels. Spikelets scarcely 14 line long. Outer glumes glabrous, acute. Flowering glumes hairy outside and ciliate, tapering into an awn nearly as long as the glume itself. Palea entire.—Aira effusa, Spreng. Syst. i. 278; E’riachne chinensis, Hance in Ann, Sc. Nat. ser. 4, xv. 228, and in Journ. Linn. Soe. xiii. 186. Hab.: Endeavour River, Banks and Solander; Sandstone ridges near Rockhampton,. O‘Shanesy. Also in the eastern provinces of India and in South China. 10. E. pallida (pale), F. v. M. Herb.; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 681. Stems apparently about 2ft. high, slender and branching. Leaves flat but narrow, with subulate points, glabrous. Panicle loose but narrow, 2 to 4in. long, the spikelets all pedicellate. Outer glumes glabrous, about 8 lines long, tapering into fine points. Flowering glumes longer, with fine points, but scarcely awned, glabrous. on the back except near the base, the margins ciliate with long hairs. Palea. hairy, tapering to a fine bifid point. Hab.: Recorded for Queensland by F. v. M. 1888 CLIT. GRAMINEA. [Eriachne,. 11. E. mucronata (mucronate), A. Br. Prod. 184; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 632. Stems very slender but rigid, about lft. high. Leaves short, spreading, subulate, with tne points, the lower sheaths sprinkled with rigid hairs or glabrous, the upper ones distant. Panicle rather loose, 1 to 13in. long, of few spikelets closely resembling those of EF. obtusa, but rather larger, and the flowering glumes tipped with short points exceeding the outer glumes.—F. brevifolia, R. Br. l.c. ; Atra mucronata, Spreng. Syst. i. 276. Hab.: Endeavour River, Banks and Solander; Dunrobin and other localities near Rockhampton, O'Shanesy, Thozet. 3 12. EH. obtusa (obtuse), &. Br. Prod. 184; Benth. Hl. Austr. vii. 682. A variable grass, usually 1 to 2ft. high, often branched in the lower part. Leaves narrow, flat or subulate, glabrous or the lower sheaths sprinkled with rigid hairs. Panicle loose, sometimes much branched and din. long, ‘sometimes almost reduced to a raceme of half-a-dozen spikelets. Spikelets ovoid, about 2 lines long, appearing acute when young, assuming the obtuse aspect when in fruit. Outer glumes membranous, acute, with fewer nerves than most species (usually 5), sprinkled on the back and ciliate with a few long hairs, rarely quite glabrous. Flowering glumes about as long, more obtuse, rarely with @ minute point, densely ciliate to the top and sprinkled on the back with spreading hairs. Pale entire, slightly hairy. Grain much flattened.—Turner Ag.. Gaz. N.S.W. ii. : Hab.: Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown, Henne; Endeavour River, 4. Cunning- ‘ham; King’s Creek, Bowman; Springsure, Wuth. Common on Downs country. 62, MICRAIRA, F. v. M. (Small dira; resemblance of plant.) Spikelets 2-flowered, the flowers both hermaphrodite or the lower male, all small, in small loose panicles with filiform spreading branches, the rhachis of the spikelet articulate above the empty glumes and not produced above the flowering ones. Glumes awnless, 2 outer empty ones equal, membranous, broadly lanceolate, faintly nerved. Flowering glumes close above the empty ones, equal, broad, truncate many-nerved, membranous. Palea several-nerved but 2 of the nerves very prominent. Styles distinct, with short stigmas, Fruiting glumes and palea enclosing the grain but not hardened. The genus is limited to the Australian species, which is endemic. 1. ML. subulifolia (leaves awl-shaped), F. v. MW. Fragm, v. 208; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 624. Mountain Couch. A glabrous prostrate or creeping perennial, with short ascending branches, covered at the base with the short broad closely imbricate sheaths of old leaves. leaves in short dense tufts at the ends of the branches, linear-subulate, erect, under 3in. long, the ligula split into cilia. Peduncles from tbe tufts erect, filiform, 1 to 2in. long, encased at the base in 2 or 8 long narrow leaf-sheaths. Panicle broad and loose, $in. long or rather more, with capillary spreading slightly divided branches. Spikelets: pedicellate, ‘scarcely above 4 line long, usually dark-coloured, glabrous. Outer glumes as long as the flowering ones. Hab: Glasshouse Mountains, W. Hill; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy; on rocks sometimes ‘completely covering them with a dense springy turf. 68. CCHLACHNE, R. Br. (Referring to the hollow glumes.) Spikelets 2-flowered, the upper one usually female, the lower one hermaphrodite, all small in loose or narrow panicles, the rhachis of the spikelet glabrous, ‘articulate, produced between the 2 flowering glumes, but not beyond them. Celachne.] CLI. GRAMINEA. 1889 Glumes umawned, convex, 2 outer empty ones broad, faintly nerved, the 8rd or lowest flowering glume close above them and similar but larger. Terminal flowering glume raised on the slender rhachis, smaller than the 3rd. Paleas as long as the glume. Styles short, distinct, with short stigmas. Fruiting glumes and paleas scarcely hardened, not closed over the grain. A small genus, spread over tropical Asia, the only Australian species extending to the Malayan Peninsula and India 1. C. pulchella (pretty), A. Br. Prod. 187; Benth. Fl. Austr, vii. 626. A weak slender decumbent glabrous grass, rarely ascending to Gin. Leaves flat, lanceolate or almost linear, flaccid but strongly nerved, under lin. long. Panicle narrow but loose, 1 to 3in. long, the rhachis and short spreading branches filiform. Spikelets mostly pedicellate, scarcely 3 line long. Outer empty glumes almost orbicular, faintly 3-nerved, the 3rd or lowest flowering glume twice as long as the outer ones, and close above them; rhachis between the flowering glumes as long as the outer glumes. Anthers small. Grain small and narrow.—Kunth, Rev. Gram. t. 148. Hab.: Eudeavour River, Banks and Solander, A. Cunningham. 64. *HOLCUS, Linn. (Holkos, the old,Greek name of a grass.) (From the supposed power of the original plant in extracting thorns.) Spikelets 2-flowered, numerous and crowded in an open panicle, the lower flower hermaphrodite, the upper one ‘male, the rhachis glabrous and produced above the outer glumes. Outer empty glumes 2, nearly equal, complicate, keeled, awnless, enclosing the flowers. Flowering glumes shorter, the lowest awnless, the upper one with a short dorsal twisted awn. The genus is limited to two species, spread over the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere in the Old World, of which one has now become naturalised in Australia as in South Africa. 1 H. lanatus (woolly), Linn.; Kunth, Enum. i. 84; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 586. A perennial grass, with a creeping rhizome and ascending stems of 1 to. 2ft., more or less clothed as well as the leaves with a very short pubescence, which gives the whole plant a pale soft appearance. Panicle 2 to 3in. long, pale or occasionally somewhat darker coloured. Outer glumes about 2 lines long, rather obtuse, the awn of the upper flowering glume rarely reaching their length. —Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t, 105; F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 126. Hab.: Darling Downs. Naturalised. 65. *AVENA, Linn. (Derivation obscure.) Spikelets few-flowered, in a loose panicle, the rhachis articulate above the 2. outer glumes, hairy under the flowering glumes. Glumes scarious, at least at the top, the 2 outer empty ones lanceolate, tapering to a point; flowering glumes smaller, shortly 2-cleft at the top, with a long dorsal twisted awn, the terminal glume often small and empty or rudimentary. Styles distinct. Grain pubescent or hairy, frequently adhering to the palea. Seed deeply furrowed. A considerable genus widely spread over the temperate and cooler regions of the world, but. represented in Australia only by an introduced weed. 1. A. fatua (insipid), Linn.; Hunth, Enum. 1. 802; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 588. Wild Oat. An erect glabrous annual, 2 or 8ft. high, with a. loose panicle of large spikelets hanging from filiform unequal pedicels, arranged in alternate branches along the main axis. Outer glumes nearly 3in. long. 1890 CLII. GRAMINEA. (Avena. Flowering glumes 2 or 8, scarcely so long, of a firm texture at the base, and ‘covered outside with long brown hairs. Awn fully twice as long as the spikelet, ‘twisted at the base, abruptly bent about the middle. Ovary hairy. Hab.: Naturalised in many southern localities. A common weed of cultivation in all corn countries, probably a native of the east Mediterranean region. 66. DANTHONIA, DC. (After M. Danthoine.) Spikelets several-flowered, pedicellate or rarely almost sessile, in a panicle either loose or reduced to a single raceme, the rhachis of the spikelet articulate above the outer glumes, hairy round the flowering ones. Outer empty glumes 2, narrow, keeled, acute, unawned, usually as long as the spikelet. Flowering glumes convex at the back, usually 9-nerved, with 2 rigid or scarious terminal lobes more or less 1 or 3-nerved at least at the base, and a twisted and bent awn between them. Palea broad, as long as or usually longer than the entire part of the glume, obtuse or 2-pointed. Styles distinct. Ovary glabrous. Grain free. The genus extends over New Zealand, South Africa and the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, with a very few tropical species in Africa, Asia and America. Sect. I. Monachathera.—Panicle almost reduced to a raceme or very short. Flowering glumes with a broad obliquely turbinate hard base and ciliate with long hairs, the awn shorter or scarcely longer than the lobes. Spikelets distant, in an almost simple raceme. Lobes of the flowering glumes lanceolate, 2 or 3 times as long as the base . F 1. D. bipartita. Secr. II]. Budanthonia.—Flowering glume ovoid or oblong at the base, scarcely oblique, ciliate at least at the base. Awn longer than the lateral lobes, Panicle loose. Spikelets numerous. MHairs of the flowering glume marginal and scattered or in longitudinal series on the back; lateral lobes acute or scarcelyawned . . . . . 1. 1 1 yw ew ee Panicle rather dense. Flowering glumes very small, with copious long hairs, lateral lobes very short long awns. Leaves long and filiform . . 38. D. longifolia. Panicle narrow or dense. Flowering glumes oblong, with long marginal cilia but very few hairs on the back. Stems under 2ft. high. Leaves narrow. Panicle reduced toa single raceme or the lower pedicels with two spikelets . . ._. . ‘ Stems under 2ft. high. Leaves very narrow. Panicle dense . : Panicle dense or rather loose. Flowering glumes oblong, with a ring of long hairs at or below the base of the lobes. Outer glumes not much exceeding the spikelet. Leaves narrow but not setaceous . . « 6. D, semiannularis. 2. D. pallida, 4. D. racemosa, 5. D. pilosa. 1, D. bipartita (2-parted), F. v. M. Fragm.i. 160; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 592. Stems from an almost bulbous often woolly base 1 to 2ft. high. Leaves flat but narrow, glabrous or sprinkled with long hairs. Panicle almost reduced to a simple raceme of 8 to 6in. Spikelets few, on short erect distant pedicels, or the lower pedicels shortly branched, with 2 or 8 spikelets. Outer glumes herbaceous, many-nerved, 5 to 8 lines long, tapering into fine points. Flowering glumes 4 to 8, scarcely exceeding the outer ones, the oblique base a little more than 1 line long and broad, with a dense ring of long hairs under the lobes. Lobes narrow-lanceolate, very acute, unawned, 38 to 4 lines long, the central awn scarcely longer. Palea obtuse or truncate.—Monachather paradoaus, Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 247.; Turner Ag. Gaz. N.S.W.,, ii. Hab.: Southern localities. 2. D. pallida (pale coloured), R. Br. Prod. 177; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 592. White-topped Grass. Stems 2ft. high or more, often rigid but not stout. Leaves long, terete when dry, very narrow, and sometimes as slender ag in D. longifolia, the sheaths more or less ciliate at the orifice. Panicle usually Danthonia.) CLIT. GRAMINE. 1891 loosely-branched, pale-coloured, 8 to 6in. long. Spikelets rather numerous, the outer glumes under jin. long. Flowering glumes 8 or 4, not exceeding the outer ones, with long hairs on the back as well as on the margins, but scattered or in vertical lines, without the transverse ring of D. semiannularis; lateral lobes lanceolate, 8-nerved at the base, often scarious upwards, but the central nerve continued to the apex or produced into a point or a short awn.—Trin. Spec. Gram. t. 65; Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 81, 85, 92. Hab.: Southern localities. Always affording good pasture. Var. subracemosa. Panicle narrow, very little branched. Marginal hairs of the flowering glumes copious, those on the back less so than in the typical form. Hab.: Warwick, Beckler. 3. D. longifolia (leaves long), R. Br. Prod. 176; Benth, #1. Austr. vii. 598. Stems densely tufted, 1 to 2ft. high. Leaves long and filiform, often rather rigid and curved, quite glabrous, without any cilia at the orifice of the sheath. Panicle dense, pale-coloured, ovate or narrow, 8 to din. long. Outer glumes exceeding the spikelet, 4 to 6 lines long. Flowering glumes 3 to 5, very short, almost covered with soft hairs, the upper ones very long, the 2 lobes broad and short, usually with long awns, very fine as well as the longer central one.—Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 83. Hab.: Upper Brisbane River, PF’. v. Mueller ; and other southern localities. A good pasture grass, especially on rich land. 4. D. racemosa (racemose), R. Br. Prod. 177; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 594. Stems slender, 1 to 2ft, high. Leaves very narrow, almost setaceous, glabrous or sprikled with spreading hairs. Spikelets in the typical form singly and very shortly pedicellate or almost sessile and rather distant along the rhachis of a simple raceme, but sometimes more approximate and the lower pedicels with 2 spikelets. Spikelets narrow, erect, under fin. long, the outer glumes nearly as long. Flowering glumes 6 to 8, or more in some varieties, hairy at the base and margins, glabrous or with very few hairs on the back, but the hairs variable, the marginal ones sometimes long in a dense tuft on each side of the lobes, some- times in several distinct marginal tufts. Lateral lobes in the typical form broad with short fine points, but more awned in some varieties. Hab.: Darling Downs to Wallangarra. A good sheep pasture grass. Var. obtusata, F. v. M. Asmaller plant. Leaves more hairy. Lateral lobes of the flowering glumes with scarcely any points. Hab.: Inland southern localities. Var. Liaristata. Lateral lobes of the flowering glumes broad, but with rather long points or awns. Hab.: Inland southern localities. i Var. multiflora. Spikelets often 2 together and all approximate. Flowers rather numerous in the spikelet. Hab.: Inland southern localities. Hab: Warwick, Beckler ; Darling Downs and other southern localities. 5. D. pilosa (pilose), R. By. Prod. 117; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 5)4. Stems rather slender, 1 to 2ft. high. Leaves chiefly in radical tufts, very narrow, usually more or less hairy, the hairs sometimes long and spreading. Panicle narrow and dense, not much branched and sometimes almost as simple as in D. racemosa. Spikelets shortly pedicellate, about jin. long, the outer glumes about as long; flowering glumes 6 to 8 with lanceolate lobes tapering into fine awns almost as in D. semiawnularis, but hairy on the margins only, without the transverse ring under the lobes of that species, and very few hairs if any on the back except at the base.-—Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 120; Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 57; Buch. Ind. Gr. N.Z., Pl. xxxiii. Hab.: Southern localities. ; An excellent pasture grass which, like others of the genus, seeds freely, and gives good feed in early spring. 6. D. semiannularis (4-ringed), R. Br. Prod. 177; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 595. New Zealand Oat Grass. A variable plant, the stems usually 2 to 8ft, high, but sometimes much shorter. Leaves very narrow, flat or convolute, the 1892 CLIT. GRAMINEA. [Danthonia.. sheaths glabrous or hairy, more or less ciliate at the orifice. Panicle sometimes. loose and spreading, more frequently narrow and compact. Outer glumes acute, above din. and sometimes nearly lin. long. Flowering glumes usually 4 to 8, not exceeding the outer ones, the lobes lanceolate, with a broad or narrow hyaline. margin, acute or tapering into a point or rather short fine awn, the long hairs or cilia copious at the base and margins and forming a ring round the back immediately under the lobes, the twisted awn varying from 4 to lin. Palea longer than the entire base of the glume, often 2-pointed.—Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 120 ; Trin. Spec. Gram. t. 52; Buch. Ind. Gr. N.Z. Pl. xxxiv.; Turn. Ag. Gaz. N.S.W.i.; Arundo semiannularis, Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. i. 26, t. 88; D. varia, Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 108; D. setacea, Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 121, not of R. Br. ; D. eriantha, Lindl. in Mitch. Three Exped. ii. 307. Hab.: Darling Downs. e An excellent grass for pasture or hay, considered one of the most nutritious of the native grasses, producing feed during winter and early in spring. 67. ANISOPOGON, R. Br. (Unequal-bearded.) Spikelets 1-flowered, large, in a loose but scarcely branched panicle, the rhachis of the spikelet articulate above the two outer glumes and produced into a. slender bristle above the flower occasionally bearing an imperfect spikelet. Glumes 8, the two outer herbaceous; flowering glume raised on a short stipes (the rhachis of the spikelet), narrow, convolute, hard, with 3 rigid awns between 2 small hyaline terminal lobes, the central awn long twisted and bent. Palea hard, ending in a long rigid 2-nerved point. Styles distinct. Ovary crowned by a tuft of hairs. Besides the Australian species which is endemic, there is one from South Africa. 1. A. avenaceus (Oat-like), R. Br. Prod. 176; Benth. El. Austr. vii. 590. An erect glabrous grass of 2 or 3ft., branching at the base only. Leaves convolute, terminating in subulate points ; ligula very short, truncate, often ciliate. Panicle long, the large spikelets hanging from slender pedicels. Outer glumes narrow, about 9-nerved, 14 to 2in. long. Flowering glume about 4in. long, the central awn 2% to 8in. long, the lateral ones finer and not half so long. Palea longer than the entire part of the glume. lLodicules long and lanceolate. Terminal barren spikelet when present small and silky-villous.—Beauv. Agrost. t. 9, f. 8; Kunth, Rev. Gram. t. 62; Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 56; Maid. Gr. N.S.W. 132; Deyeusia avenacea, Spreng. Syst. i. 254; Danthonia anisopogon, Trin. Spec. Gram. t. 61. Hab.: Queensland, F. v. M. 68. CYNODON, Pers. (Literally ‘‘ Dog-tooth ”’; doubtful how applied.) Spikelets 1-flowered, awnless, singly sessile in 2 rows on one side of slender spikes, digitate at the end of the pedunele, the rhachis of the spikelet articulate immediately above the outer glumes, and either not produced beyond the flower or continued into a minute point behind the palea. Outer empty glumes 2, keeled, persistent or deciduous. Flowering glume broader, boat-shaped, with a prominent keel. Palea narrow or rather broad, the 2 nerves prominent, distant or closely contiguous. Grain smooth, enclosed in the glume and palea, but free from them. A genus of very few species. Flowering glume longer than the outer ones. Palea folded, with a small bristle or point behind it 1. C. dactylon. PL.LXX VIN. FEMor, Lith GovrPrinri NqOrrice, BRiscaNe. PL.LXXIX., FEI tr kite Govt PRINTING OF Fice BRISBANE Cynodon.] CLIT. GRAMINEA. 1893 1 Flowering glume much shorter than the outer ones, and no point behind it. Flowering glume pubescent, Palea with 2 prominent distant nerves. . . 2. C. tenellus Flowering glume ciliate with long hairs on the keel and margins. Palea : very narrow, the 2 nerves closely contiguous, forming a ciliate keel . . 3. C. convergeus. _l. C. dactylon (finger-like), Pers.; Kunth, Fnum. i. 259; Benth, Fl. Austr. vil. 609. Couch Grass. Stems prostrate, often creeping and rooting to a great extent, or forming running stems below the surface, the flowering branches shortly ascending or erect. Leaves short, sometimes of a glaucous green. Spikes 2 to 5, often purplish, from the numerous anthers being that colour, 1 to 2in. long. Spikelets sessile, outer glumes narrow, acute, persistent, keeled, under l'line long. Flowering glume rather above 1 line long, broadly boat-shaped, the keel usually minutely ciliate. Palea narrow. Rhachis of the spikelet produced into a point or bristle shorter than the glume, and often very minute.—R. Br. Prod. 187; F. v.M. Fragm. viii. 113; Reichb. Ic. F. Germ. t. 26; Turner Ag. Gaz. N.S.W. ii.; Panicum dactylon, Linn.; Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 60. Hab.: Port Curtis, M‘Gillivray ; Moreton Bay, I’. v. Mueller and others; Rockhampton and neighbouring districts, O’Shanesy, Thozet, Bowman. Common. A very productive pasture grass; also excellent for lawns. 2. C. tenellus (slender), R. Br. Prod. 187; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 609. Stems creeping and rooting at the base as in C. dactylon, but usually much longer. Leaves narrow, rather long. Spikes slender, 8 to 6, digitate, 3 to 4in. long. Outer glumes about 1 line long, narrow, rather obtuse, with a prominent ciliate keel. Flowering glume shorter and not broader, obtuse, pubescent, the rhachis of the spikelet not produced behind it.—C. altior, F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 113. Hab.: Gulf country. 3. C. convergens (converged), 4. v. M. Fragm. viii. 113; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 610. A decumbent or creeping grass with the habit of C. dactylon or in many specimens shortly erect, apparently without stolones, glabrous except a few hairs at the orifice of the sheaths. Spikes 3 or rarely only 2,1 to 1$in. long, the rhachis flat and rather broad; spikelets normally in 2 rows but alternately curved inwards so as to appear almost uniseriate. Outer glumes 14 to nearly 2 lines long, narrow, glabrous, the green keel prominent and sometimes bearing a narrow whitish wing, the glumes much less persistent than in the other species. Flowering glume-about half as long thin and hyaline ciliate on the keel and margins with long hairs. Palea very narrow, the two nerves closely contiguous and almost consolidated into a single one, ciliate with long hairs, the rhachis of the spikelet not produced behind it. Hab.: Norman River, T. Gulliver. Said to form good pasture. 69. CHLORIS, Linn. (Green, referring to the color of the herbage.) Spikelets 1-flowered, awned, singly sessile in 2 rows on one side of simple spikes, either solitary or digitate at the end of the peduncle, the rhachis of the spikelet articulate immediately above the outer glumes. Outer empty glumes 2, keeled, persistent, awnless. Flowering glume produced into a fine straight awn, entire or with a tooth lobe or short awn on each side of the terminal awn. Palea folded or with 2 prominent nerves. Rhachis of the spikelet produced behind the palea and bearing 1 or more empty glumes, all awned and usually with their ends on a level with that of the flowering glume. A rather large genus, widely spread over the warmer regions of the globe, Spike solitary, slender. Flowering glume narrow . . .. +. - Spikes digitate, slender. Spikelets acute. Flowering glume usually with a tooth lobe or short awn on each side of the terminal one. ae Spikes few. about lin. long. Lobes of the flowering glume awned . . 2. C. pumilio. Par? VI. O L. C. unispicea. 1894 CLIIl. GRAMINEA. [Chloris. Spikes numerous, 2 to 3in. long. Spikelets closely approximate and ' regularly pectinate. Flowering glume 2-fid, unawned, usually scabrous 3. C. pectinata. Spikes 6 to 12 or more, 3 to 6in. long. : : Spikelets rather crowded, 2 lines long. Flowering glume with a fine tooth or point on each side of the awn . . . » +». . Spikelets distant, 3 lines long. Flowering glumes tapering into the awn or very minutely toothed . . . . - .- : en 0% Spikes digitate, slender, 3 to Gin. long. Spikelets very obtuse or truncate. Spikelets cuneate, truncate, 1 to 14 line long. Flowering glume oblong, obtuse. Upper empty one broad, truncate. . . . . = - 6. C. truncata. Spikelets very obtuse, 1} to 2 lines. Flowering glume very broad, embracing the narrower empty one . ae Ser oy ae . Spikes digitate, dense, 1 to 2in. long. Flowering glume membranous, rather acute. Upper empty glume solitary, truncate . . ... .- Leite, Bete Bene ents Spikes 4 to 5in. long, fasciculate, very numerous, 3rd glume with long hairsonthe margins. . . . - + eee + ede . 9. C. *distichophylla. Flowering glume broad, rigidly scarious, ciliate. Upper empty glumes several, broad, scarious, very spreading toe ew ww es 10. OC. seariosa, 4. C. divaricata. 5. QO. acicularis. 7. C. ventricosa. 8. C. barbata. 1. C. unispicea (single spike), F. v. M. Fragm. vii. 118; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 611. A slender grass, from Gin. to above 1ft. high, glabrous except long hairs at the orifice of the sheath, branching at the base and densely tufted. Leaves short, setaceous, crowded at the base of the stem, the upper ones few and capillary. Spike single, erect, unilateral, 14 to 4in. long. Outer glumes very narrow, hyaline, acuminate, the lowest about 1} line, the 2nd at least 2 lines long. Flowering glume on a hairy stipes, narrow, thin, faintly 8-nerved, tapering at the top, nearly as long as the outer glume, entire, with a fine awn of 2 to 3 lines. Terminal empty glume narrow, with a fine awn sometimes as long as, sometimes much shorter than that of the flowering glume. Hab.: Herbert’s Creek, Bowman; near Brisbane, Dr. Chas. Prentice. 2. C. pumilio (small), R. Br. Prod. 186; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 611. A small glabrous grass, 4 to 8in. high, with the foliage of a Cynodon. Spikes 3 to 5, about lin. long. Spikelets narrow and crowded but all turned to one side, about 2 lines long without the awn. Outer glumes very narrow, fine-pointed, the longest scarcely 1 line long. Flowering glume lanceolate, scarcely ciliate, deeply divided into 2 narrow lanceolate lobes produced into awns either very short or nearly as long as the central one which varies from 14 to 4 lines long. Terminal empty glumes 2 or 3, lanceolate and awned. Hab.: Norman Creek, Gulliver. 8. ©. pectinata (comb-like), Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 612. Stems 1 to 1dft. high, with the flat leaves and loose sheatlis of C. barbata. Spikes 7 to 14, 2 to 3in. long, the spikelets very numerous, narrow, elegantly arranged in a single dense row. Outer glumes very narrow, almost subulate. Flowering glume very narrow, smooth or scabrous, scarcely ciliate, with 2 narrow lobes acute or produced into very short points, the intermediate almost dorsal awn very fine, 3 to 4 lines long. Terminal empty glume bifid, with a dorsal awn. Hab.: Cashmere, Armit, with purple awns and rather small awns. The species is intermediate as it were between C. pumilio and C. divaricata.—Benth. 4. C. divaricata (spreading), R. Br. Prod. 186; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 612. Star Grass. A glabrous erect tufted grass of 1 to 2ft. Leaves narrow, flat or convolute, the sheaths often much flattened. Spikes 6 to 12, slender, 8 to 6in. long. Spikelets very numerous, but not crowded, rarely 2 lines long without the awns. Outer glumes unequal, very narrow, finely pointed. Flowering glume Chloris.] CLIII. GRAMINEA. 1895 narrow, keeled, 3-nerved, the fine awn 3 to 6 lines long, with a point or narrow lob3 on each side. Terminal empty glume broadly linear, 2-lobed, with an awn between the lobes sometimes as long as that of the flowering glume. Hab.: Keppel and Shoalwater Bays and Broadsound, R. Brown; Rockhampton and neigh- bouring districts, Bowman, Lhozet, O'Shanesy and others; Moreton Bay, C. Stuart; Darling Downs. This grass is not in favour with some pastoralists, but nevertheless it provides a pasture for sheep during winter and ‘the early months of summer, when feed is usually scarce. It makes a very fair quantity of leafy growth prior to seeding. 5. C. acicularis (needle-like), Lindl. in Mitch. Trop. Austr. 28; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 612. A glabrous erect grass of 1 to 2ft. Leaves flat, the lower sheaths broad and flattened. Spikes 6 to 12 or even more, at first erect but at length horizontally spreading as in C. divaricata, 8 to 4in. long, slender and often purplish. Speiklets rather distant. Outer glumes narrow, keeled, tapering to fine points, the lowest 14 to 2 lines, the 2nd 3 lines long. Flowering glume about 2 lines, narrow, 3-nerved, tapering into an awn of about 4in., with some- times but not always a short point on each side at the base. Palea long, narrow, prominently 2-nerved. Terminal empty glume with an awn sometimes as long as that of the flowering glume but usually shorter.—Turner Austr. Gr. 16; C. Mooret, F. v. M. in Linnea, xxv. 444. Hab.: Southern inland localities. 6. C. truncata (truncate), R. Br. Prod. 186; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 612. A glabrous erect grass of 1 to 3ft. Leaves usually flat but narrow, with flattened sheaths. Spikes 6 to 10, slender, 3 to 6in. long, at length horizontally spreading. Spikelets numerous but not crowded, cuneate, 1 to 14 line long without the awns. Lowest outer glume very small, almost setaceous, the 2nd narrow and fine pointed, about as long as the spikelet. Flowering glume oblong, obtuse, keeled, slightly ciliate, with a fine awn of 3 to 6 lines. Terminal empty glume much shorter and broader, raised to the level of the flowering glume and flat- topped, giving the spikelet its cuneate truncate form.—Kunth, Rev. Gram. t. 178; Turner Ag. Gaz. N.S.W. ii. Pl. Hab.: Condamine River and Bokhara Flats, Leichhardt; and many other southern localities. This is a tall, good pasture grass either for sheep or cattle. It also makes excellent hay. 7. C. ventricosa (referring to the inflated spikelet), R. Br. Prod. 186; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 618. Blue Star Grass. Usually rather taller than (C. truncata, often above 2ft. high, with few flat leaves. Spikes 5 to 7 in the typical specimens, 8 to 4in. long. Spikelets cuneate and obtuse as in C. truncata, but larger, from 14 to 2 lines long, and often but not always dark-coloured. Flowering glume broad, very obtuse, embracing the much smaller terminal one, which is raised and truncate as in C. truncata, usually emarginate, the awns of both much shorter than the spikelet.—Bail. Ill. Mono. Gr. Q. i.; C. sclerantha, Lindl. in Mitch. Trop. Austr. 31. Hab.: Bokhara Flats, Leichhardt; Bowen Downs, Birch; Armadilla, Barton. A good pasture and hay grass. Var. tenuis. Stems 1 to 1}ft. high. Leaves short and narrow. Spikes 3 to 5, about 2in. Jong. Spikelets smaller with longer awns, but with the broad flowering glume embracing the barren terminal one as in the typical form.--Hab.: Rockhampton, O’Shanesy ; Nerkool Creek, Bowman. Another long-awned form has spikes of 3 to 4in.—Hab.: Bowen Downs, Birch (F. v. M.). 8. C. barbata (bearded), Sw.; Kunth, Enum. i. 264, var. decora; Benth. Hl, Austr. vii. 618. A glabrous grass with flat leaves and loose leaf-sheaths, closely resembling the common C. barbata, but the spikes dense, the awns longer and only one terminal empty glume instead of the two of the typical form. Spikes 6 to 10, 14 to 2in. long. Outer glumes 1 to 14 line long, narrow, thin 1896 CLITL.. GRAMINEA. (Chloris. and hyaline, the 2nd keeled and tapering into a fine point. Flowering glume not broad, membranous, keeled, ciliate at the end with long hairs and slightly 80. on the margins, rather acute, sometimes notched, the awn very fine, 3 to 4 lines long.. Terminal empty glume very obtuse or truncate, slightly emarginate, the awn nearly as long as that of the flowering glume.—C. ,decora, Nees in Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 205. Hab.: Boulia. 9. C. *distichophylla (leaves arranged in two rows), Lagasca. Gen. et Spec. Nov. Diagn. 4; Trin. Spec. Gram. t. 308. A tall leafy ceespitose grass ; glabrous except the inflorescence. Stems compressed, striate. Leaves distichous, the sheaths loose, compressed, forming a sharp prominent keel ; ligula a short ciliate membrane. Lamina 6 to 18in. long, 8 to 4 lines broad, of firm texture, unfolded at the base, thin, flat, the apex-bluntly pointed, keel sharp and prominent. Panicle dense. Spikes 4 to Sin. long, fasiculate, the fascicles in whorls, at first. erect but soon drooping, dark-coloured. Spikelets subsessile, closely imbricate on the slender triquetrous rhachis; lower flowers hermaphrodite, upper ones neuter. Glumes membranous, 1-nerved, outer one lanceolate, acute, with usually a green midrib, 2nd with a dorsal bristle, flowering one with long ciliate: margins, terminal empty one glabrous, truncate. Hab.: Brazil. Introduced, and appears likely to become naturalised. 10. ©. scariosa (dry), F.v. M. Fragm. vi. 85; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 614. Star Grass. Stems erect, slender but rigid, 1 to 2ft. high. Leaves narrow with subulate points or almost entirely flat in the larger specimens, glabrous. Spikes 4 to 6, dense, 1 to 1fin. long. Spikelets sessile, 8 to 4 lines long. Lowest glume narrow, hyaline, almost obtuse, scarcely keeled, about 2 lines long, the Qnd rather longer with a more prominent keel. Flowering glume raised on a hairy rhachis of about 1 line, rather above 1 line long, very broad and concave, prominently 8-nerved, ciliate with long hairs at the end, with a fine awn of 2 to 8 lines. Terminal empty glumes several (4 to 7), the lowest two broader than the flowering one, 5 to 7-nerved at the base, hyaline and not ciliate, very spread~ ing and at length rigidly scarious, the upper ones gradually smaller sessile and not exceeding the outer ones.—Bail. Ill. Mono. Gr. Q. i. Hab.: Rockhampton, O’Shanesy ; Gracemere, Bowman ; Bowen Downs, Birch. A beautiful grass, but of little value for pasture; worthy of garden cultivation. 70. ASTREBLA, F. v. M. (Referring to the awn not being twisted.) Spikelets few-flowered, sessile or nearly so in the alternate notches of the continuous rhachis of one or two simple secund spikes, the rhachis of the spikelet articulate above the 2 outer glumes. Outer empty glumes 2, glabrous, acute, many-nerved, unawned. Flowering glumes silky-hairy, 8-lobed, the central lobe with a broad base tapering into a straight or curved not twisted awn, the lateral lobes erect, rigid, 2 or 8-nerved. Palea with 2 prominent ciliate nerves or keels. Styles distinct, very short. The spikes are usually single, very rarely 2 together at tha end of the peduncle. The genus is limited to Australia. 1. A. pectinata (comb-like), F. v, M. Herb.; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 602. An erect somewhat glaucous grass of 1 to 2ft., glabrous except sometimes a few hairs at the orifice of the sheaths, Leaves flat, ending in long points, smooth or scarcely scabrous. Spikelets sessile in the alternate notches of a secund spike of two or more in., closely imbricate and turned to one side. Outer glumes 4 to 5 lines long, glabrous, acute, 9 or 11-nerved, with scarious margins. Flowering PLLXXX. \ F Eliot Lith. Astrebla pectinatas#vM. Govr PRINTING OF Fice, BRISBANE. PLLXXX/. FENiott, ce Astrebla pectinata,var triticotdes. Govt PRINTING OrFice, BRISBANE PL.LXXX11. FEMiot; Litt, Astrebla pectinata, var. curvifolia: Govt Printing Orrice BRisBANE. PLLXXXM. Féin tith, Astrebla pectinata var etymotdes. Govt Printing Orrice, BRISBANE Astrebla.] OLIII. GRAMINEA. 1897 glumes 8 or 4, the entire part scarcely 1 line long, densely villous outside as well as the broad base of the middle lobe; lateral lobes semilanceolate, glabrous, rigid, 4 to 5 lines long, acute, 2 or 8-nerved, with the outer margin broadly scarious ; central lobe broad, ovate, concave, keeled, tapering into a slender straight awn about as long as or rather longer than the lateral lobes. Rhachis of the spikelet articulate only above the outer glumes, very hairy between the flowering ones, continued and less hairy above the perfect flowers with one or two glabrous glumes and pale empty or with rudimentary flowers.—Danthonia pectinata, Lindl. in Mitch. Three Exped. ii. 26. The first two varieties are those most generally known as ‘‘ Mitchell Grasses”? They are grasses of coarse habit, but a very little rain wiil cause them to sprout at the stem-joints, on which account they are prized by pastoralists. The two latter varieties are amongst our best pasture grasses. j Var. pectinata. Common Mitchell Grass. Spikelets woolly, closely imbricate, forming a broad spike 3 or din. long, glossy when sterile or before the spikelets mature; the spikes bearing matured spikelets, very rough, and resembling a scrubbing-brush, smooth on the one side. Plants forming erect tussocks of 2 or 3ft.—Bail. Ill, Mono. Gr. Q. i.; Turner Ag. Gaz. N.S W.i. Hab.: Io many inland localities. Var. triticoides. Wheat-eared Mitchell Grass. Spikelets woolly, scarcely so closely imbricate as the last, or in some distant ; forming the same solitary, broad flat spike 5 or 6in. long, and bearing the rough woolly burrs all on the one side Plant taller and coarser than the last, attaining to the height of 4 or 5ft. = Hab.: Barcoo. ; Var. curvifolia. Curly Mitchell Grass. Spikelets woolly, close or distantly arranged along one side of each spike. Spikes usually 2, narrow, often nodding, 8 or Yin. long. Plant forming erect tufts 1 or 2ft. high, the leaves narrow and much curved.—4. triticoides, F. v. M.; Turn. Ag. Gaz. N.S.W, i. Hab.: Georgina River. Var. elymoides. Weeping Mitchell Grass. Spikelets long, narrow, nearly glabrous, singly or in parallel pairs appressel to the rhachis. Spike slender, solitary, often attaining more than lft. in length. Plant dezumbent, the stems several feet long.—Bail. Ill. Mono. Gr. Q. i.; Turn. Ag. Gaz. N.S.W. i. * The length of the awns or their direction is not constant enough to use for a character. Hab.: Warrego. The seeds of these grasses furnished the aborigines with a Jarge proportion of their food. 71. ELEUSINE, Garin. (From Kleusis, one of the appellations of Ceres.) (Dactyloctenium, Willd. Acrachne, Nees.) Spikelets several-flowered, flat, imbricate in 2 rows along one side of the digitate or scattered branches of a simple panicle, the rhachis of the spikelet articulate above the outer glumes. Glumes spreading, keeled and complicate, thin but rigid, the 2 outer empty ones usually shorter, unequal, obtuse, acute or tapering to a short point. Flowering glumes obtuse or less pointed, the terminal one usually empty or rudimentary. Palea folded. Styles short, distinct. Seed rugose, within a loose membranous pericarp, which either persists round the ripe seeds or breaks up and falls away or otherwise disappears as the ovary enlarges. A small widely spread tropical genus. Of the three Australian species two are common weeds in warm countries, the third extends over tropical Asia and Africa. Spikes digitate, short. Spikelets very closely packed, the glumes very ; pointed, the 2nd outer one almost awned. Pericarp evanescent . . . . 1, E. egyptiaca. Spikes digitate or with one lower down, 2 to 3in. long. Glumes obtuse. Pericarp persistent ae eee ee ee a Spikes 6 to 12, scattered or the upper ones digitate. Glumes pointed, the flowering ones with a stall tooth on each side of the point. Pericarp evanescent . - 6 + + + te te we ee ee . . . . OL, EB. verticillata. 2. E, indica. 1. E. egyptiaca (of Egypt), Pers. Syn. i. 82; Benth, Fl. Austr. vii. 615. Button Grass. Stems. tufted or creeping and rooting at the base and shortly ascending like the Cynodon dactylon, or rarely above 1ft. high. Leaves flat, 1898 CLI. GRAMINEA. [Eleusine. ciliate, flaccid, with long points. Spikes usually 8 to 5, digitate, under 4in. but. sometimes lin. long, the angular rhachis prominent on the upper or inner side, the spikelets regularly and very closely packed at right angles to it on the opposite side. Outer glume about 1 line long, acute, the 2nd broader, obtuse or emarginate, the keel produced into a short dorsal awn, the rhachis of the spikelet. produced above the outer glumes but glabrous. Flowering glumes broad, complicate, tapering into short spreading points. Pericarp loose over the enlarged ovary, disappearing from the ripe rugose seed.—Pluk. Almag. t. 800,. f. 8: Bail. Ill. Mono. Gr. Q. i.; Cynosurus egyptius, Linn. Spec. 136; Dactyloctenium egyptiacum, Willd.; Kunth, Enum. i. 261; Eleusine cruciata, Lam.; F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 111; FE. radulans, R. Br. Prod. 186; Dactylocteniun radulans, Beauv.; Kunth, Enum. i. 262. Hab.: Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria and Torres Strait; Booby Island, Banks and Solander ; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy ; Herbert’s and Nerkool Creeks, Bowman ; Gracemere,. O’Shanesy ; Ballandool River, Lockyer ; Barcoo, Schneider. A common weed of warm countries. 2. E. indica (of India), Gertn.; Munth, Enum. i. 272; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii- 615. Barnyard Grass, Crow-foot, Crab Grass. A coarse erect tufted grass 1 to 2ft. high. Leaves narrow, the sheaths flattened and distichous, ciliate with a few long hairs; ligula membranous ciliate. Spikes 5 to 7, 2 to 8in. long, digitate, with usually 1 inserted rather lower down, the rhachis prominent on the upper or inner side, the spikelets loosely imbricate on the opposite side. Hach spikelet 14 to 2 lines long, containing 3 to 5 flowers. Glumes obtuse, the lowest small and 1-nerved, the 2nd empty one and the lower flowering ones usually 8-nerved. Pericarp persistent, very loose and membranous, enclosing the rugose seed.—Trin. Spec. Gram, t. 71; F. v. M. Frrgm. viii. 112; Turner Ag. Gaz. N.§.W. ii; E. marginata, Lindl. in Mitch. Three Exped, i. 319. Hab.: Moreton Bay, Leichhardt, Bailey; Rockhampton, O’Shanesy, Thozet; Nerkool Creek. Bowman. A common tropical and subtropical weed. A strong-growing succulent summer grass. Var. monostachya. A weak plant, the largest seen under lft. high; leaves narrow; spikes. solitary, 14 to 2in. long. Hab.: Irvinebank, F. Bennett; Brisbane River, J. F. Bailey (thia specimen was obtained in a garden and may have been obtained attached to other plants received from the north). 3. E. verticillata (whorled), Rob. ; Fl. Ind. et Car. et Wall. i. 846; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 616. An erect annual of 1 to 14ft., with the habit of KF. indica. Leaves flat, with loose flattened sheaths. Spikes or panicle-branches 6 to 12 or even more, varying from 1 to 3in. long, the lower ones distant or verticiilate, the upper ones almost digitate. Spikelets 2 to 3 lines long, 8 to 12-flowered. Outer empty glumes small and narrow, the lowest almost subulate, the 2nd lanceolate, keeled with a fine point. Flowering glumes rather above 1 line long, broad and 3-nerved, the keel produced into a short point, the lateral nerves ending usually in asmalltooth on each side of the point. Pericarp loose over the enlarged ovary, disappearing from the rugose seed.—F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 112; FE. racemosa, Roth, Nov. Sp. Pl. 80; Leptochloa verticillata and L. racemosa, Kunth, Enum. i. 272; Acrachne eleusinoides Nees in Herb, Wight, n. 118 and 1760. Hab.: Bowen River, Bowman. Rare.. Widely spread over tropical Asia and Africa, 72. LEPTOCHLOA, Beav. (Slender grass.) Spikelets several-flowered or rarely 1-flowered, sessile in 2 rows along one side of the slender usually numerous branches of a simple panicle, the rhachis of the spikelet articulate above the outer glumes and more or less produced above the Leptochloa.] CLIII. GRAMINEA. 1899 flowering ones. Glumes keeled, acute or obtuse, unawned, the 2 outer empty ones shorter or rarely as long as the flowering ones. Palea prominently 2-nerved or folded. Grain smooth or nearly so, the pericarp very thin and adnate. The genus is generally spread over tropical and subtropical regions both in the New and the Old World. Spikelets 5 or 6-flowered. Flowering glumes rather obtuse. Spikes dense, mostly crowded at the ends of the rhachis . . . . . 1. DL. subdigitata. Spikes slender, scattered along the long slender rhachis «1 + » . & DL. chinensis. _ Spikelets 1-flowered Flowering glumes acute. Spikes slender, scattered along the long slender rhachis . . . . . 1. 1... we 1. «8, L. polystachya. 1. L. subdigitata (somewhat digitate), Trin. in Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 210; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 617. Cane Grass. An erect rigid usually glaucous grass, attaining 4 or 5ft. Leaves short, with rigid rather loose sheaths. Spikes or panicle-branches 6 to 10, crowded at the end of the peduncle with usually 1 or 2 lower down, 2 to din. long. Spikelets 14 or rarely 2 lines long, 5 or 6-flowered, the rhachis bearing a few short hairs under each glume. Glumes about 4 line long, obtuse or almost acute, the outer empty ones usually rather smaller, especially the lowest. Palea folded. Grain oblong, perfectly smooth, the pericarp very thin and adnate.—?Poa digitata, R. Br. Prod. 182; Eleusine digitata, Spreng. Syst. Cur. Post. 86; F. v, M. Fragin. vii. 112; F’. polystachya, F. v. M. Fragm. i. 216, Hab.: Suttor River, I’. v. Mueller ; Gracemere, O'Shanesy; Darling Downs. This is a tall tussac grass, having numerous erect branching leafy stems, and is usually met with around dams and river banks, where it affords a large supply of coarse herbage. A common inland grass of most parts of Australia. 2. L. chinensis (of China), Nees; Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 209; Benth. Fl: Austr. vii. 617; Stems from a creeping and rooting base ascending to 2 or 3ft., glabrous and usually slender. Leaves narrow, flat, tapering to a point. Panicle Gin. to above 1ft. long, the numerous simple branches scattered or clustered along the rhachis, very slender, 2 to 4in. long, or in the smaller weaker specimens under 2in. Spikelets sessile or nearly so, distant or rather crowded, narrow, 1 to 2 lines long, usually 4 to 6-flowered. Outer empty glumes rather unequal, acute, flowering ones broader, obtuse.—Poa chinensis, Ken.; F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 182; Leptochloa tenerrima, Roem. and Schult.; Kunth, Enum. i. 270; Poa decipiens, R. Br. Prod. 181; Eragrostis decipiens, Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 279. Hab.: Keppel Bay, R. Brown; Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, Leichhardt, C. Stuart, Bailey ; Bokhara Flats, Leichhardt; Rockhampton and neighbouring districts, Bowman O‘Shanesy. A rather tall, feathery, grey-coloured grass, usually found on the margins of rivers, producing a large quantity of fodder, relished by stock. ‘The panicle is very delicate and drooping. Found throughout Queensland and many other warm countries. 8. L. polystachya (many spikes) Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 617. An erect grass of 3ft. or more, the lower nodes sometimes bearded, otherwise glabrous and glaucous. Leaves convolute with subulate points and rather loose sheaths, the lower ones flat. Spikes very numerous and slender, 1 to 2in. long, crowded in a long narrow simple panicle of 8 to 10in., the common rhachis slightly flattened and striate. Spikelets 1-flowered, nearly sessile. Outer glumes # to nearly 1 line long, acute, with a prominent glabrous or slightly ciliate keel. Flowering glume rather shorter, glabrous or minutely pubescent. Palea prominently 2-nerved, rhachis produced behind it into a minute point, sometimes quite obsolete, sometimes according to F. Mueller bearing an empty glume. Grain oblong, smooth, the pericarp not distinguishable when ripe.—Cynodon polystachyus, R. Br. Prod. 187; F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 118; C. virgatus, Nees in Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 218; C. Neesit, Thw. Enum. Pl. Ceyl. 871, Hab.: Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown ; Etheridge and Gilbert Rivers, Sullivan ; Burdekin River, Bowman. Also in Ceylon and in the E. Indian Peninsula. 1900 CLIIL GRAMINEA. 73. PAPPOPHORUM, Schreb. (Flowering glume resembling the pappus of Composite.) Spikelets with one hermaphrodite flower and one or more male or rudimentary flowers or empty glumes above it, in a short dense and spikelike or narrow and loose panicle, the rhachis of the spikelet articulate above the outer glumes and hairy round the flowering glume. Outer glumes membranous, many-nerved, awnless, as long as the spikelet. Flowering glume broad, membranous, with 9 or in some species more-nerved, prodnced into more or less plumose awns. Palea 2-nerved, us long as the glume or longer. Styles distinct. Grain enclosed in the glume and palea, free from them. Besldes the Australian species, which are perhaps endemic, one extending to New Guinea, others are met with in Asia, Africa and America. Outer glumes 1 to 2 lineslong,5to9-nerved . . . . . ... . . 1. P. nigricans. Outer glumes 3 lines long, 11 to 2l-nerved . . soe ee ee ew ee 2. P. avenaceum, 1. BP. nigricans (blackish), R. Br. Prod. 185; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 600. Stems 1 to 2ft. high. Leaves flat or convolute, usually narrow, sometimes quite setaceous, glabrous pubescent or villous, the nodes glabrous or bearded. Panicle dense and spikelike, varying from ovoid-oblong and under }in. long, to narrow cylindrical and 3in. long, or broader more branched and 2 to 3in. long, but always dense, pale or dark-coloured. Outer glumes varying from 1 to rather above 2 lines long, obtuse or acute, striate with usually 7 or 9 nerves, but sometimes especially on the lowest glume reduced to 5 and 2 of those short. Flowering glume not above 1 line long, more or less hairy outside especially at the base, with 9 fine spreading plumose awns varying from the length of the glume to twice as long. Above the flowering glume and enclosed in it is usually a similar smaller one with a male or rudimentary flower, and 1 or 2 still smaller empty ones.—Turn. Ag. Gaz. N.S.W. ii.; P. pallidum, R. Br. l.c. Kunth, Rev. Gram. t. 51; P. purpurascens and P. gracile, R. Br. l.c., P. cerulescens, Gandich. in Freye. Voy. Bot. 409; P. flavescens, Lindl. in Mitch. Trop. Austr. 84; P, virens, Lindl. l.c. 360; L. commune, F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 200. Hab.: Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown, Henne; Broadsound and Keppel Bay. R. Brown; Port Curtis, \/‘Gillivray ; King’s Creek, Bowmun; Peak Downs Burkitt. The forms or species could only be safely separated by having all the kinds cultivated under the same conditions when the distinctive characteristics might be noticed and described. 2. P. avenaceum (Oat-like), Lindl. in Mitch. Trop. Austr. 820; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 601. Very near the P. nigricans, with the same habit but the spikelike panicle looser with fewer and larger spikelets. Outer glumes fully 3 lines long, with numerous nerves, usually more than 11 and sometimes as many as 21. Flowering glumes several, closely imbricate, the outer ones with a fertile flower enclosing 1 or 2 with male (or sometimes a second fertile) flowers and 1 or 2 small empty glumes. Ha).: Southern and inland localities, not so common as the last-mentione1 species. 74. PHRAGMITES, Trin. (From the Greek for ‘‘enclosure,”” the reeds being used for fencing.) Spikelets 3 or more flowered, flat when open, all pedicellate in a large much- branched panicle, the rhachis of the spikelet elongated between the flowering glumes and covered with very long silky hairs enveloping the flowers. Glumes thin, keeled, the 2 outer ones empty, acute or shortly pointed, the 3rd like them but witha longer point and enclosing a male or rudimentary flower, the others more distant with long almost awn-like points, the rhachis terminating ip a rudimentary glume or bristle-like point. Palea 2-ribbed. Stigmas nearly sessile. A small genus extending over the tropical and temperate and some colder regions of the New as well as the Old World, the Australian species being the common one over nearly the whole area, in wet ditches, marshes, and shallow waters, Phragmites. ] CLIT. GRAMINEA. 1901 1. P. communis (common), Trin.; Kunth, Enum. i. 251; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 6836. Common Reed. A stout perennial usually 5 to 7ft. high, but some- times twice as much, with a long creeping rootstock and numerous long leaves often an inch broad, the sheaths covering the stems to the inflorescence. Panicle Gin. to 14ft. long, with numerous branches, more or less one-sided and drooping, often of a purplish brown tinge. Spikelets numerous, at first very narrow, 4 to € lines long, flat and spreading when in seed, the long silky hairs proceeding from the rhachis and as long as or longer than the glumes, giving the panicle a beautiful silvery aspect ; the glumes themselves and the short part of the rhachis below the 3rd glume quite glabrous.—Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 118; Reicbb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 108; Arundo phragmites, Linn.; R. Br. Prod. 188. Hab.: Brisbane River and many other localities in the south; in the north Goold Island, M‘Gillivray ; Cape Grafton, 4. Cunningham; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy; Cairns, Bailey. This is the common Reed so abundant on the margins of rivers and in swamps; it is useful as affording food for stock during dry seasons, In the tropics, especially at the Barron River, although the plant is equal in size to the southern one, it is much more tender, and has a greater tendency to sprout at the joints, and therefore a better fodder. The natives make their reed-spears from the stems of this grass; using the stems of Sesbania -egyptiaca or pea-bush, called by them ‘“‘ Ngeen-jerry,” for the sharp woody-point.—E. Palmer. 75. ELYTROPHORUS, Beauv. (Referring to the large outer glume.) Spikelets small and flat, few-flowered, sessile, in dense compound globular clusters crowded in a cylindrical spike or the lower ones distant, the rhachis of the spikelet glabrous, articulate under the flowering glumes. Outer empty glumes narrow, membranous, keeled with short points. Flowering glumes 3-nerved, tapering into long points or short awns, 1 or 2 upper glumes empty or with male flowers. Palea folded, with two dorsal wings. Stamen 1. Styles free, distinct. Grain smooth, free. The genus is limited to the single Australian species, widely spread over tropical Asia and Africa. 1. E.articulatus (jointed), Beauy.; Kunth, Enum. i. 391, Rev. Gram. t. 154 ; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 688. An erect glabrous annual, from under 6in. to rather above 1ft. high including the inflorescence. Leaves flat,’often longer than the stem, with loose sheaths. Spikelets small and very numerous, the globular clusters sessile in a cylindrical spike 3 to 4 lines diameter and oiten occupying the greater part of the plant, either continuous throughout or interrupted and shortly branched at the base. Glumes rarely 1 line long without the points, the awns of the flowering ones about as long as or rarely longer than the glume. Dorsal wings of the palea entire or denticulate, either both or one only rather broad. Hab.: Between Norman and Gilbert Rivers, Gulliver; Rockhampton and neighbouring districts, O‘Shanesy, Bowman, ; Bowen Downs, Birch. 76. KCELERIA, Pers. (After M. Keehler.) #F Spikelets 2 or more-flowered, flat, shortly pedicellate, numerous in’ a dense spike-like cylindrical or interrupted panicle, the rhachis of the spikelet articulate between the flowering glumes, glabrous. Glumes keeled, acute or produced into short straight awns or points, 2 outer empty ones unequal and scarious on the margin only; flowering glumes similar but more scarious or hyaline, the upper ones gradually smaller, the lowest the largest and sessile within the empty ones, 1902 CLUI. GRAMINEA. ( Keleria. the uppermost one or two usually empty. Palea very thin, acutely 2-keeled, 2-toothed or 2-pointed. Styles very short. Grain enclosed in the glume and palea free from them. A small genus ranging over the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, more sparingly distributed in the southern, and perhaps, most frequently introduced. The Queensland species is a common northern one, 1. K. phleoides (Phleum-like), Pers.; Kunth, Enum. i. 883; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 689. An erect tufted annual of Gin. to 1ft. usually glabrous except long cilia on the margins and orifice of the leaf-sheaths. Spike-like panicle 2 to Qin. long, cylindrical or when large slightly branched. Spikelets about. 2 lines long, with 5 to 7 flowers. Glumes very spreading, the larger ones 14 lines. long with a point or awn rarely above 1 line long, the outer empty ones unequal, the lowest small and acute, the 2nd shortly pointed and nearly as long as the flowering ones, the terminal empty glume or glumes usually broader, shorter and awnless. Hab.: Near Stanthorpe. The species extends over the whole of the Mediterranean region from the Azores to. Affghanistan, and may be introduced only into Queensland. 77. ERAGROSTIS, Beauv. (From eros, love, and agrostis, grass; referring to the beautiful panicles.) Spikelets several, usually many-flowered, pedicellate or sessile in a loose and Spreading or narrow and clustered panicle, the rhachis of the spikelet usually glabrous and articulate under the flowering glumes, but often very tardily so and sometimes inarticulate. Outer empty glumes unequal and rather shorter than the flowering ones, keeled, without any or only faint lateral nerves. Flowering: glumes obtuse or acute, unawned, 3-nerved, the keel prominent, the lateral. nerves in a few species very faint. Palea shorter than the glume, with 2% prominent nerves or keels, often persisting after the glume and grain have fallen away. Grain free, ovoid or oblong, not furrowed. The genus is as widely spread as Poa in warm and temperate regions, but disappears in cold countries and high mountains. Most, if not all, the species of this genus are good pasture- grasses. Secr. L—Chaunostachya.—Spikelets somewhat flattened, the glumes rather distant, loosely imbricate, overlapping the rhachis at the base so as not to leave a longitudinal furrow,. usually very thin with the lateral nerve on each side faint or marginal. The first three species have the few-flowered spikelets with the rhachis very readily disarticu- lating of Poa, but always only one instead of two nerves‘on each side of the keel of the flowering . glumes. Spikelets usually 3 or 4-flowered, pedicellate, in a spreading panicle. Spikelets very numerous and minute, 4 to 2 line long. Grain ovoid, smooth. ......... des woe ew ew ee. OL, EZ. interrupta, Spikelets on long capillary pedicels, 1 to 2 lines long. Grain globular, tuberculate . 2. E. nigra. Spikelets few, shortly pedicellate, in a loose panicle, 1 to 2 lines long. Grain ovoid, smooth . . . : a ee ee ee ee: «os + 8. EB. imbecilla. Spikelets linear, more than 6-flowered. Glumes acute or rarely almost obtuse. Spikelets numerous, pale-coloured, shining, shortly pedicellate and crowded on the long branches of a narrow panicle. Grain oblong-linear. . 2 1 1 1 1 1 ee ee ee ew ee 4, leptocarpa. Grain broadly obovoid. . . 2. . 2 1 1 6 ee ee eee 5. EB, megalosperma. Spikelets numerous, very narrow linear, shortly pedicellate and distant along the capillary erect branches of the panicle. . . . . . 6. E. pilosa. Spikelets not very numerous, liriear-lanceolate, pedicellate, in » spreading panicle . . 7. E. leptostachya. Eragrostis.] CLUL. GRAMINEA. 1903 Secr. Il. Megastachya.—Spikelets when mature very flat. Glumes closely imbricate in. 2 distinct rows, leaving a longitudinal furrow or depression between them on each side of the sptkelet, the lateral nerve usually prominent in the middle of each side of the glume. Base of the stems glabrous, not at all or scarcely thickened. Spikelets under 3 lines, sessile in small dense eae or sulgng clusters sessile along a simple rhachis. Stamens ugually2 . . 8. HE. diandra. Spikelets 3 to 6 lines, rather narrow, usually sessile and erect, "scattered or clustered, rarely shortly pedicellate and eprendinge in a simple or branched panicle Stamens usually3 . . 9. EH. Brownii. Spikelets 3 to 6 lines long, broad sessile and crowded c on a short almost simple rhachis. Palea-keels ciliate with long rigid hairs i . 10. E. concinna, Spikelets narrow, clustered along the long erect branches of a narrow panicle. Palea narrow, truncate, glabrous, not above 4 as long as the glume... . LL. E. speciosa. Be of the stem and short sheath of radical leaves thickened into an almost bulbous woolly-hairy base. Spikelets shortly pedicellate, nearly 2 lines broad, the base of the flower- ing glumes woolly-hairy. . : . 12. E. laniflora. Spikelets sessile, scattered, glabrous, above 1 ‘line broad . . os 13. E. eriopoda,. Spikelets shortly pedicellate, glabrous, about 2 line broad . . 14. E. chetophylla. Spikelets pedicellate, scattered, dark-purplish; glumes about 4 line long, almost hyaline. Edge of palea ciliate . . 15. E. Rankingi. Spikelets erect, appressed to the rhachis, 4 to 6- flowered. Glumes keeled, nerves rough with ciliate margins. . . . . 16. E. stricta. Secr. III. Cylindrostachya.—Spikes very narrow, terete or nearly so. Glumes closely appressed. Spikelets 10 to 30-flowered, rather obtuse, anos pedicellate in a small panicle. 17. E. lacunaria, .. Spikelets 12 to 50- flowered, ” obtuse, sessile, usually clustered, often incurved . . . + 18. E. faleata. Spikelets 8 to 10- flowered, Yather acute, nearly sessile, divaricate, on the spreading branches of the panicle. . 19. E. stenostachya. Spikelets 2-ranked, 5 to 6 lines long, 16 to 20- flowered, 3 3 line long . . . 20. E. bifaria. var. australiana. 1. E. interrupta (interrupted), Beauv. Agrost. 71; Hook. in Fl. Brit. Ind. vii. 316, var. tenuissima, Staph. An erect tufted annual, from Gin. to near 2ft. high. Leaves flat, usually narrow, glabrous. Panicle usually occupying the greater part of the plant, with very numerous capillary much divided branches, the lower ones in distant whorls or clusters. Spikelets pedicellate, minute, rarely 2 line long, with 8 or 4 or rarely 6 flowers. Glumes thin, almost hyaline, obtuse, about + line long, the lateral nerve on each side almost marginal, very loosely imbricate, the rhachis articulate. Palea glabrous, as long as the glume. Stamens varying 1 to 8. Grain very small, ovoid.—Bail. Ill. Mono. Gr. Q.i.; Poa tenella, Linn.; R. Br. Prod. 181; Eragrostis tenella, Beauv.; Benth. Fl. Honkg. 481; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 648; Duthie’s Ind. Grass, t. 78. Hab.: Gulf of Carpentaria, Landsborough, Gulliver; Broadsound, R. Brown; Port Denison, Fitzalan; Rockhampton and neighbouring districts, Thozet, Bowman, O'Shanesy ; Kennedy district, Daintree ; Mitchell district, Birch. An excellent pasture and hay grass. Widely spread in eastern tropical Asia. 2. EB. nigra (black), Nees in Steud. Syn. Glum. 267, var. trachyearpa; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 643. Leaves only seen in one specimen, narrow, rather short, glabrous. Panicle 1ft. long or more, very loose, with very long capillary divided branches, bearing few small dark-coloured spikelets on long capillary pedicels, the spikelets ovate, 1 to 2 lines long, loosely 2 to 4-flowered, quite glabrous. Flowering glumes broad, obtuse or scarcely acute, hyaline, the lateral nerves scarcely conspicuous. Palea as long, usually broad. Stamens 3, with small anthers. Grain large in proportion, globular, prominently rugose-tuberculate. Hab.: Stanthorpe. Tt is on the authority of Munro that I have referred this to the East Indian E. nigra, from which our specimens differ slightly in the longer pedicels and more prominently rugose grain. —Benth. 1904 CLIUI. GRAMINEA. [Eragrostis. 3. E. imbecilla (feeble), Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 643. Stems tufted and. branched at the base, weak and filiform, ascending to from 6in. to 1ft. Leaves very narrow, spreading. Panicle loose and slender, with few distant branches mostly undivided. Spikelets few, pedicellate, 1} to 2 lines long, rather loosely 4 to 6-flowered, glabrous. Flowering glume scarcely above 4 line long, hyaline, the lateral nerves almost or quite marginal. Palea curved, sometimes persistent, but usually falling off with the glume on the rhachis disarticulating.—Poa imbecilla, Forst. (name only); Spreng. Mant. i. Fl. Hal. 88; Hook. f. Handb. N. Zel. Fl. 837, but not of R. Br.; P. Sprengelii,Kunth. Enum. i. 363, wrongly referred by Steudel to P. implexa, Trin. Hab.: Herbert’s Creek, Bowman. 4. E. leptocarpa (grain slender), Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 644. An elegant slender grass, from under lft. to 2ft. high, with much of the habit, the flat leaves and inflorescence of FE. interrupta. Panicle at first narrow, at length spreading with numerous much divided capillary branches, the lower ones often clustered and in the larger specimens Gin. long and the whole panicle 9 or 10in., in other specimens much smaller. Spikelets narrow-linear, 2 to 8 lines long, loosely 6 to 12-flowered, pale-coloured and shining, glabrous. Glumes very narrow, rather acute, 2 line long, thin and hyaline, the lateral nerves not very conspicuous. Palea nearly as long. Stamens usually 2, anthers very small. Grain oblong- pee sometimes very narrow and as long as the glume, in other specimens shorter. Hab.: Mitchell district, Birch. 5. E. megalosperma (grain large), F. v. M. Herb.; Benth. Fl. Austr. vil. 644. Stems 2 to 3ft. high, the branches almost filiform but often rigid and clustered. Leaves long and narrow, flat or convolute, glabrous. Panicle narrow and compact, 8 to 8in. long, with erect branches. Spikelets sessile or shortly pedicellate, erect, crowded, linear, about 8 lines long when fully out, rather silvery-shining, loosely 6 to 8-flowered, the rhachis glabrous, scarcely articulate. Flowering glumes about 1 line long, acute, the lateral nerves often scarcely conspicuous at the base. Palea nearly as long, scarcely curved. Stamens usually 2, oblong. Grain broadly ovoid, often 3 as long as the glume, readily falling away leaving the glume and palea more persistent. Hab.: Rockhampton, O'Shanesy ; Gwydir River, Leichhardt. 6. E. pilosa (pilose), Beauv. Agrost. 71; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 645. A tufted erect or ascendiug annual, 1 to near 2ft. high. Leaves narrow, usually flat. Panicle Gin. to 1ft. long, narrow at first, spreading when in fruit, with numerous long capillary divided branches. Spikelets 2 to 4 lines long, narrow linear, usually of a dark leaden colour but pale when old, loosely 6. to 20-fowered, the rhachis scarcely articulate. Glumes thin, distinctly keeled, the lateral nerves faint and short. Palea nearly as long, slightly ciliate on the keels, often persistent after the glumes have fallen away. Grain ovoid-oblong, smooth.— Turner Austr. Gr. 26; Poa pilosa, Linn.; Kunth, Enum. i. 829; P. verticillata, Cav. Ic. i. 68, t. 98; P. parviflora and P. pellucida, R. Br.. Prod. 180, 181; E. parviflora, Trin. in Mem. Acad. Petersb. 1831, 411; HE. pellucida, Steud. Syn. Glum. 279 ; P. tenella, Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 79, not of Linn. Hab.: Broadsound, R. Brown; Kennedy district, Daintree; Rockhampton and neighbouring districts, Bowman, Thozet, O'Shanesy ; Brisbane River. ‘ ‘ A common weed in the warmer and some temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, chiefly in the Old World. The hairs at the base of the branches of the panicle, which originally gave rise to the specific name, are not observable in any of the Australian specimens and not constant in European ones.—Benth. Affords a large amount of sweet food for the greater part of the year. Eragrostis] CLIT]. GRAMINEA, 1905 7. E. leptostachya (spikes slender), Stew. Syn. Glum. i. 279; Benth. Fl. Austr. vil. 645. Stems slender, usually about 1ft. high. Leaves at the base narrow, convolute or setaceous, glabrous. Panicle loosely pyramidal, 3 to din. long, with slender divided spreading branches. Spikelets on capillary pedicels of 1 to 8 lines, loosely spreading, about 2 lines long, narrow, but much broader than in &. pilosa, much smaller than in F. Brownii, loosely 6 to 10-flowered, usually dark-coloured. Glumes acute, more spreading than in F. pilosa, the lateral nerves faint and almost marginal. Palea nearly as long, glabrous. Grain ovoid, smooth.—Turner Ag. Gaz. N.S.W. ii; Poa leptostachya, R. Br. Prod. 180. Hab.: Brisbane River, Bailey; King’s Creek, Bowman. This species appears to be intermediate between E. pilosa and E. Brownii, var. patens, but distinct from both. —Benth. 8. EB. diandra (2 stamens), Stew’. Syn. Glum. i. 279 ; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 646. Stems 1 to 2ft. high. Leaves very narrow, often convolute, glabrous. Panicle usually contracted into an interrupted spike of 3 to 6in. Spikelets very numerous, rarely above 2 lines long, flat, scarcely 1 line broad, 6 to 12-flowered, sessile in dense sessile clusters, the upper ones forming a cylindrical spike 3 or 4 lines diameter, the lower clusters usually distant, the lowest oblong or forming a cylindrical sessile spike of }in. or mote. Flowering glumes closely distichous, thin, rather obtuse, the lateral nerves in the centre of each side or near the margin. Rhachis tardily or not at all articulate. Palea nearly as long as the glume, incurved. Stamens 2 with small anthers but perhaps sometimes 8. Grain ovoid.—Poa diandra, R. Br. Prod. 180; P. interrupta, Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 74. Hab.: Keppel and Shoalwaters Bays, R. Brown; Northern districts, Gulliver, Armit ; Rock- hampton and southern districts, Thozet, Bowman, Leichhardt, Bailey and others. In the case of some specimens it is difficult to decide whether they should be referred to this species or to an extreme form of E. Brownii, though generally the two appear very distinct. The number of stamens, 2 in EZ. diandra, 3 in E. Brownii, is not constant.— Benth. An excellent grass for pasture and hay. 9. E. Brownii (after Dr. R. Brown), Nees in Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 279 ; Benth, Fl. Austr. vii. 646. A very variable plant in stature and aspect, usually above 1ft. high, with very narrow flat or convolute leaves, glabrous except a few cilia at the orifice of the sheaths not by any means constant. Panicle sometima; simple and dense, a few inches long, almost spikelike with numerous small densely clustered spikelets, always however longer and more acute than in £. diandra, sometimes with short spreading branches and few spikelets, sometimes a foot long with few distant branches and long spikelets singly scattered or in distinct clusters, and a great variety of intermediate forms. Spikelets always sessile or very nearly so, flat, varying from 4 to 4in long, with 10 to 40 flowers, the rhachis very tardily articulate. Flowering glumes closely distichous, the lateral nerve nearly central on each side and prominent. Palea shorter than the glume, incurved the keels usually minutely ciliate. Stamens usually 8, but sometimes only 2 even in the larger spikelets. Grain ovoid, oblong, smooth.—Bail. Ill. Mono. Gr. Ql. i.; Poa polymorpha, R. Br. Prod. 180; Megastachya polymorpha, Beauv. Agrost. 74; Poa Browniti, Kunth, Enum. i. 333. Hab.: Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown, Henne; Prince of Wales Island and Keppel Bay, R. Brown; numerous localities in northern and southern and in the interior, A. Cunningham, F. v. Mueller, McGillivray, Bowman, O‘Shanesy and many others. This is very variable but excellent pasture grass; grows more or less all the year through. The herbage is sweet and nutritious; it also is a good kind for hay. Var. interrupta. A larger plant, often 3 or 4ft. high, with long flat leaves and large spikelets in dense distinct clusters.—Poa interrupta, R. Br. Prod. 180; Eragrostis interrupta, Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 279. 1906 CLIII. GRAMINEA. [Eragrostis. Hab.: Endeavour River, Banks and Solander ; Islands of Moreton Bay. Var. patens. Panicle loose, often spreading. Spikelets rather small, most of them shortly pedicellate. A common southern variety. A good pasture grass. The species appears to be widely spread in East India. 10. EB. concinna (neat), Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 279; Benth. Fl, Austr. vii. 647. A rigid tufted grass under 1ft. and often under 6in. high. Leaves convolute, subulate, erect, glabrous except a few cilia at the orifice and margins of the sheaths. Panicle reduced -to an interrupted spike shorter than the leaves. Spikelets sessile or nearly so, in dense clusters but not numerous, erect, very flat, pale-coloured, 8 to 5 lines long and 14 lines broad, with 10 to 20 or even more flowers, the rhachis at length articulate. Flowering glumes closely distichous, rather rigid, 14 lines long, the lateral nerve on the middle of each side very prominent. Palea rather broad, the keels ciliated especially in the upper half with long rigid cilia. Stamens 2, with very small anthers.—Poa concinna, R. Br. Prod. 180. Hab.: Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown. 11. EB. speciosa (showy), Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 279; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 639. Stems 2 to 3ft. high. Leaves long and narrow, convolute, almost filiform, glabrous. Panicle long and narrow or with‘a few long erect branches, the lower ones distant. Spikelets sessile, more or less clustered, glabrous, of a pale or leaden colour, very flat and neat, 3 to 6 lines long, about 2 line broad, with 10 to 20 flowers in some specimens, as many as 40 in others, the rhachis scarcely articulate. Glumes very thin, obtuse, 3 line long, the lateral nerve prominent at the base on each side. Palea not 4 as long, curved, truncate, persistent. Stamens 2 in the flowers examined.—Poa elegans, R. Br. Prod. 181; P. speciosa, Roem. and Schult. Syst. ii. 573. Hab.: Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown; Robinson River, Armit; Gracemere, O'Shanesy ; King’s Creek, Bowman. 12. E. lanifiora (woolly flowers), Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 648. Rhizome and somewhat bulbous bases of the stems woolly-hairy. Stems 1 to 14#ft. high, slightly cottony at tha nodes. Leaves narrow, flat, with scabrous sheaths. Panicle loose, + to 6in. long, with few divaricate or reflexed scabrous branches. Spikelets very shortly pedicellate and not numerous, divaricate or reflexed, very flat, 4 to 8in. long, nearly 2 lines broad, with 20 to 50 flowers, the rhachis tardily articulate. Glumes rather broad, very thin, closely distichous, enveloped at the base in woolly hairs. Palea nearly as long, the keels ciliate-with soft hairs near the base. Stamens 8, with rather long anthers. Grain globular. Hab,: An inland species. 13. E. eriopoda (woolly base), Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 648. Stems 1 to 1ift. high, somewhat bulbous and densely woolly at the base. Leaves very narrow, short, the lower sheaths pubescent or hirsute. Panicle in some specimens reduced to an interrupted spike, in others divided into spreading branches. Spikelets nearly sessile, scattered or in pairs, very flat, 3 to 9 lines Jong, above 1 line broad, with 10 to 80 or more flowers. Glumes closely distichous but rather spreading, obtuse, almost hyaline with a dark green nerve Stamens 2, with rather large anthers. Hab.: An inland species. 14. E. cheetophylla (bristle-like leaves), Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 279; Benth. Fl, Austr. vii. 648. Stems from a shortly thickened almost ‘bulbous slightly woolly-hairy base densely tufted, slender but rigid, 6in. to 1ft. high, often leafy to the inflorescence. Leaves very narrow, convolute or setaceuus, glabrous. Panicle narrow, 14 to 8in. long, shortly branched. Spikelets usually rather PL.LXXX/V. FEWiote Litt Eragrostis Ranking’, Bai. Govt PRiNtiNG Orrice, Brisaane, PLILXXXV. FE Mottz Lite Eragrostis stricta; Batt, Govr PRINTING OFFICE, BRISBANE. Eragrostis.) CLII. GRAMINEA. 1907 numerous, shortly pedicellate, scattered or crowded, flat and thin, 2 to 4 or rarely 6 lines long, 1 to 1} lines broad, 6 to 380-flowered. Glumes closely distichous or rather loose, 3 line long, obtuse or almost acute, hyaline or purplish, the lateral nerve prominent on each side at the base. Palea nearly as long, glabrous. Stamens 8. Grain small, ovoid-oblong.—Bail. Ill. Mono. Gr. Q. i. ; FE. setifolia, Nees in Hook. Lond. Journ. ii. 419, not of Benth.; Poa diandra, F. v. Muell. Rep. Rabb. Exped. 21, not of R. Br. Hab.: Mitchell district, Birch; and many other inland localities. 15. E. Rankingi (after R. A. Ranking), Bail. Bot. Bull. 2. Stems tufted, slender, leafy, erect, 6 to 12in. high, slightly knotted, and with little woolly hairs at the base. Leaves‘ spreading, narrow-lanceolate when growing, much convolute and appearing setaceous in drying, the lower ones and sometimes all clothed with longish hairs 1 to 2in. long. Panicles 8 to Gin. long, the branches divaricate, rather short. Spikelets pedicellate, scattered, dark-purplish, about 3 or 4 lines long and not } line broad, with 8 to 16 flowers. Glumes closely distichous, about 4 line long, obtuse or almost acute, very thin almost hyaline, purple with a slight mark down the centre, the edges light-coloured and ciliate. Palea very obtuse, long as the glume, edge cilate. Stamens 3; anthers purple; grain ovoid, smooth, minute. Hab.: Blackall, R. A. Ranking; Miles, Bailey. \ It approaches E. eriopoda in its hairy leaves, but has not the bulbous base of that species. It also resembles E. chetophylia, but its leaves are never entirely glabrous, and the spikelets are not more than half the width of either of those species. 16. E. stricta (upright), Bail. Bot. Bull. 3. A slender, erect, hairy, tufted grass, of from 12 to 18in. high. Leaves narrow-linear, the upper ones 5 to over Gin. long, convolute so as to appear filiform when dry, the lower ones flat about 2 lines broad, the woolly hairs about the mouth of the sheath almost concealing the short scarious ligula. Panicle spikelike, 4 or 5in. long, formed of 8 or 9 alternate spikelets, erect and usually closely appressed to the rhachis, lower ones pedunculate, upper ones nearly or quite sessile, under 3 lines long, and about 4 line broad, 4 to 6-flowered. Glumes closely distichous, outer keeled and acute, with the keel and lateral nerves rough, flowering glumes obtuse, with ciliate margins, palea also with ciliate margins. Stamens 3. Hab.: Walsh River, T. Barclay-Millar. ren On this grass has been found the fungus Hypocrea (Hypocrella) axillaris, Cooke. 17. E. lacunaria (pitted), F. v. M. Herb.; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 649. stems slender, almost filiform but rigid, 6in. to 1ft. or rarely 14ft. high, the base sometimes almost bulbous but glabrous. Leaves very narrow, almost setaceous, usually short. Panicle loose, 2 to 4in. long, with short spreading rather rigid branches. Spikelets few on the branches, shortly pedicellate, very narrow, 3 to 6 lines long, 10 to 24-flowered, terete or very slightly flattened. Flowering glumes closely appressed, broad, obtuse, scarcely 3 line long, usually purple, keeled, but the lateral nerves very faint or obsolete, the rhachis scarcely articulate. Palea nearly as long. Hab.: Gracemere. O'Shanesy; near the Barcoo, Birch; Darling Downs, Law; also in Mitchell’s subtropical collection. With the habit and inflorescence nearly of E. chetophylla, this has the spikelets rather of E. falcata. 18. E. faleata (sickle-shaped), Gaudich. in Hreyc. Voy. Bot. 408, t. 25; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 649. A slender tufted glabrous grass, varying from a few inches to about 1ft. high. Leaves narrow, convolute, erect. Panicle narrow, usually secund, slightly compound, 2 to 4in. long. Spikelets sessile or nearly so, crowded or clustered along the short branches, very narrow, nearly terete, often 1908 CLIT. GRAMINEA. [Evagrostis. curved, from 4 or 5 lines to lin. long and } line broad, with 12 to 50 or even more flowers, the rhachis searcely articulate. -Flowering glumes closely appressed, scarcely 1 line long, obtuse, hyaline at the end, the keel and a lateral nerve on each side very prominent. Palea rather shorter, curved, persistent. Styles slender. Grain ovate, flattened.—Maid. Gr. N.S.W. 178; Poa falcata, Gaudich. l.c. Hab.: Mitchell district, Birch. 19. E. stenostachya (slender spikelets), Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 279; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 650. Stems above lft. high, slender. Leaves very narrow, glabrous. Panicle with few horizontally divaricate slender but rigid branches. Spikelets sessile or nearly so, scattered or clustered, horizontally divaricate or reflexed, about 3 lines long, very narrow, acute, almost terete, glabrous, 8 to. 10-flowered, the rhachis not articulate. Flowering glumes closely appressed, rather obtuse, thin almost hyaline, the nerves scarcely conspicuous. Palea. rather shorter, very narrow.—Poa stenostachya, R. Br. Prod. 181. Hab.: Endeavour River, Banks and Solander; a single specimen in Herb. Banks. 20. E. bifaria, (2-ranked) var. australiana. Only a few portions of the upper part of the stem seen. Nodes very shortly woolly. Leaf-sheath long, somewhat loose; ligula a line of short hairs. Lamina very narrow, involute, 3 to 3hin. long (the upper leaf only seen). Peduncle or stem above the last. leaf, slender, terete, smooth and glabrous, 4in. long. Spike or raceme 5in. long. Spikelets bifarious, very closely set upon the rhachis, nearly or quite sessile, erecto-patent, about 6 lines long, 16 to 20-flowered, slightly compressed. Glumes closely distichous, the lower ones sharply keeled, 2 line long, somewhat acute, with hyaline ciliate margins. Palea hyaline with thickened margin. Grain ovoid, red, tuberculate, about 4 line long. Hab.: Walsh River; R. C. Burton. : My few specimens point to a close relationship to the E. bifaria of Duthie’s Fodd. Grasses of N. India, therefore I have placed it as an Australian variety of that species. 78. ECTROSIA, R. Br. (Turned outward.) : Spikelets with 1 or rarely 2 fertile flowers and 2 or more male flowers or empty glumes above them, in a terminal panicle, the rhachis of the spikelet articulate above the two outer glumes. Outer empty glumes unawned, the 2nd rarely with a short point ; glume of the perfect flower with a prominent point or short-awn, the upper glumes tapering into fine straight awns. Styles distinct. Grain enclosed in the thin or scarcely hardened glume and palea. The genus is limited to Australia. Panicle compact and dense, with short erect branches. Flowering glume 1 line long, thin, notched, with an awn nearly as long asitself 4 2. « 2 goo Sx ae Re Se OR ee Panicle slender, loose, the short branches spreading. , Flowering glume about 1 line long, 3-nerved, tapering into a short point; glumes of the fruiting spikelet squarrose. , . .. . be ity ist thr bea lL. E. leporina. 2. E. Gulliveri. 1. E. leporina (appertaining to a hare, whence ‘‘ Hare’s-tail,” from its soft dense panicle), R. Br. Prod. 186; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 683. Hare’s-tail Grass. A glabrous slender grass attaining 2ft. more, but sometimes smaller. Leaves very narrow, ending in subulate points. Panicle narrow, dense, 3 to Gin. long, the fine awns giving it much of the aspect of Triraphis mollis. Spikelets crowded along the short erect branches, often purplish, the very short pedicels often bearing a few long hairs. Outer glumes narrow, very acute, about 1 line long. Flowering glume nearly as long, narrow, hyaline, 1-nerved, slightly notched, with f PLLXXX VI. Akin Lire Heterachne Brown, Berth: Govt PRINTING OF rice BRISBANE. Ectrosia.] CLIT. GRAMINEA, 1909 a fine awn nearly as long as the glume. Terminal empty glumes usually 2 or 8, smaller than the flowering one but with longer fine awns.— Kunth, Revis. Gram. t. 69. Hab.: Coen River, R. Brown; Cleveland Bay, 4. Cunningham; between Norman and Gilbert Rivers, Gulliver; Cape York, McGillivray, Daemel; Endeavour River, Banks and Solander ; Brisbane River, F. v. Mueller; Darling Downs, Law. Var. micrantha. A smaller p!ant with setaceous leaves. Panicle looser, the spikelets much smaller, crowded on the short erect branches as in the smaller specimens of EF. leporina. Hab.: Between Norman and Gilbert Rivers, Gulliver. 2. EB. Gulliveri (after T. A. Gulliver), Fv. M. Fragm., viii. 201; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 684. A slender erect annual of Gin. to 1ft., with setaceous leaves. Panicle narrow but loose, with spreading branches ciliate as well as the very short pedicels with a few long hairs. Spikelets spreading or reflexed. Outer glumes membranous, very pointed, about 1 line long. Flowering glumes 1 or %, at first very similar to the outer ones, but in the fruiting spikelet rigid, ovate, 8-nerved at the base, tapering into a fine very spreading point, giving the spikelet & squarrose aspect. Terminal empty glumes 2 to 4, with longer points or awns but rarely exceeding 1 line.—Bail. Ill. Mono. Gr. Q. i. Hab.: Between Norman and Gilbert Rivers, Gulliver. The spikelets have frequently only 1 fertile flower but occasionally there are 2 fertile ones and a third male.—Benth. 79. HETERACHNE, Benth. (Various glumed.) Spikelets very flat, with 1 fertile flower and several empty glumes above it, nearly sessile and crowded in one or more globular heads, the rhachis of the spikelet articulate only under the perfect flower, very flexuose and continuous above it. Glumes complicate, keeled, rather obtuse, unawned, 2 outer empty ones persistent, the rest oi the spikelet falling away with the fruit. Palea nearly as long as the flowering glume, folded, with 2 broad dorsal wings. Styles short, distinct. Grain oblique or curved, enclosed in the glume and palea but free from them. The genus is limited to the two Australian species, which appear more nearly allied to Ectrosia and Elytrophorus than to Eragrostis, but singular in the whole spikelet with the exception of the outer glumes forming as it were an appendage to the grain.—Benth. Spikelets ovate, 24 to 34 lines long, with more than 6 upper empty glumes,- in 1 or 2 heads, sessile in the leaf-sheaths or the upper one sbortly pedunculate oy cig cep tear ee Sg Shel 1D ee ee a ae ar ee eee Spikelets orbicular, scarcely 14 line diameter, with less than 6 upper empty glumes, in several globular small heads, forming a pedunculate interrupted BDIKCia. 52), Teun we cee Gere ay easoee YS Se is) avast paw hah bates Soke ota 1. H. Brownii (after Dr. R. Brown), Benth. Fl. Austr. vii.635. Stems 6in. to 1ft. high, rigid, simple or slightly branched, sometimes slender and almost filiform. Leaves convolute, narrow, with broad loose sheaths. Heads of spikelets few, sessile in the upper sheaths or the terminal one shortly pedunculate, very dense, about in. diameter and 4 to lin. long. Spikelets nearly sessile, surrounded by a few loose hairs. Outer empty glumes persistent, rather smaller than the flowering ones. Deciduous part of the spikelet ovate, 23 to 84 lines long, the rhachis slightly hairy on the persistent part, glabrous aboye the articulation, very much recurved and incurved above the flowering glume and floxuose between the upper ones which vary in number from 6 to 14, all empty or with @ small palea in the lower ones, narrow, about 1 line long, mostly. without lateral nerves, the keel narrowly winged. Palea rather shorter than the glume, the wings broad, hyaline and shortly ciliate.— Poa abortiva, R. Br. Prod. 181. Hab.: Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown and J. F. Bailey. Part VI. P 1. H. Brownii. 2. H Gulliveri. 1910 CLIIl. GRAMINEA. [Heterachne, 2. H. Gulliveri (after T. A. Gulliver), Benth. in Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 1250; Hl. Austr. vii. 685. Stems branching at the base and under Gin. in the specimens seen. Leaves narrow. Heads of spikelets globular, 2 to 3 lines diameter, several sessile in a more or less interrupted pedunculate spike of 1 to Qin., the rhachis of the head hairy between the spikelets, the general axis glabrous. Spikelets almost sessile, orbicular, scarcely above 1 line diameter, almost entirely occupied by the flowering glume and palea, which are broader than in H. Brownii, the glume 38-nerved, the keel winged and shortly ciliate at the end, the wings of the palea thin but not hyaline, shortly ciliate. Outer empty glumes smaller, unequal, the lowest 1-nerved, the 2nd 3-nerved but the keel not winged. Upper empty glumes 3 to 5, like the flowering one but narrower. Hab.: Between Norman and Gilbert Rivers, Gulliver. 80. TRIRAPHIS, R. Br. (Referring to the three needle-like awns of the flowering glume.) Spikelets several-flowered, in a terminal panicle, the rhachis of the spikelet articulate above each glume, the terminal glume usually empty or with a male flower. Outer empty glumes unawned, entire or the 2nd occasionally notched with a short point in the notch. Flowering glumes with 3 narrow lobes tapering into straight awns, the central occasionally with a short lobe or point on each side, or all 8 reduced to small teeth. Palea narrow. Styles distinct. Grain enclosed in the thin or coriaceous glume and palea, free from them. The genus is limited to Australia. Panicle soft and dense. Flowering glumes hairy, with a pointed lobe or short awn on each side of the centralawn . . . - 2 a 4 oa » 1. LT. mollis. Panicle loose. Flowering glumes coriaceous, with 3 entire awned lobes. Stems and leaves glabrous.. Outer glumes under 2 lines long. Flowering glumes shortly silky-pubescent . . .... oe . ee. . 2 T. pungens. 1. T. mollis (soft), R. Br. Prod.185; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 608. A glabrous rather slender erect grass attaining 2ft. but sometimes much smaller. Leaves long and narrow, ending in fine points. Panicle narrow, dense, 6 to 10in. long, with a soft look owing to the slender awns and hairs of the glumes. Spikelets crowded on the short erect branches, narrow, about 4in. long without the awns, with 8 to 10 or even more flowers. Glumes narrow, membranous, about 14 line long, the 2 outer empty ones glabrous, entire or the 2nd with a short tooth on each side of the point. Flowering glumes sprinkled with a few long hairs, the central capillary awn 3 to 4 lines long, with a pointed lobe or short awn on each side, the lateral awns rather shorter.—F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 108; Turner Austr. Gr. Pl. Hab.: Thirsty Sound, R. Brown; Port Curtis, M'Gillivray; Rockhampton and neigh i districts, O‘Shanesy and others. : ; é eee 2. T. pungens (pungent), R. Br. Prod. 185; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 604. A glabrous slender grass of about 2ft., branching at the base. Leaves chiefly in the lower part, very narrow and convolute, often subulate and rigid. Panicle loose but narrow, 8 to 4in. long. Spikelets 4 to 5 lines long without the awns. Outer empty glumes glabrous narrow, coriaceous, 8 lines long or rather more, entire. Flowering glumes shorter below the division, coriaceous, shortly silky- pubescent the 3 awns nearly equal, all entire and slightly dilated and rigid at e base. Hab.: Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown. CLI. GRAMINEZ. 1911 81. TRIODIA, R. Br. (Flowering glumes often 3-toothed.) Spikelets several-flowered, paniculate, the rhachis articulate above the outer glumes and between the flowering ones, hairy round them or glabrous. Glumes unawned, 2 outer empty ones acute, keeled, glabrous or the keel scabrous-ciliate. Flowering glumes usually shorter, unawned, the lower part rounded on the back, more or less 3-nerved at first, often hardened and nerveless in fruit, with 8 terminal 1 or 3-nerved lobes or teeth. Palea about as long as the entire part of the glume, with 2 prominent nerves. Ovary glabrous. Styles very short, distinct. Grain somewhat dorsally compressed, enclosed in the glume and palea, free from them. The Australian species are all endemic. Leaves very pungent, the sheaths usually viscid. Flowering glumes silky-ciliate, divided nearly to the middle into 3 lobes. Panicle loose and spreading. Spikelets dark, jin. long, 8 to 12- flowered -s © 4 4 & She Re we we we - . . . 1. DP. Mitchelli. Panicle narrow and dense. Spikelets pale-c lored, 3 to 4 lines long, about 6-flowered . 2. 2. 2 2. 1 1 1 ee ee ee ee 2. T. pungens. Panicle long narrow and dense. Spikelets pale-coloured, very numerous under 3 lines long, about 3-flowered. . ' 3. T. Cunninghamit. Leaves very pungent, the sheaths not viscid. , Flowering glumes ‘silky- villous at the base, with 3 sets of 3 rerves each, leading to 3 small ODEUBESEOCUN ic as ier vee ads Ge aay ake ws eae Re gh es oe ~ 2 « . 4 T. irritans, 1. ©. Mitchelli (after Sir T. Mitchell), Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 606. Warrego | Spinifex. Leaves very nearly those of 7. pungens but longer, nearly terete, pungent pointed, with viscid sheaths. Panicle very much looser, 3 to 4in. long, with capillary branches more or less spreading, the lower ones 1 to lin. with 3 or 4 pedicellate spikelets, the upper ones short with 1 or 2 spikelets. Spikelets dark-coloured, iin. long when fully out, ovate or oblong, with 8 to 12 flowers. Outer glumes 3-nerved, obtuse or minutely 3-toothed, about 3 lines long. Flowering glumes 2} lines long, 3-nerved, the entire part densely silky- villous and at length somewhat hardened, the 3 acute rigid glabrous lobes as long as the entire part or the central one rather longer. Palea glabrous.—T. pungens, Lindl. in Mitch. Trop. Austr. 840, not of R. Br. Hab.: On the Maranoa, Leichhardt; near Mount Pluto, Mitchell; Warrego and Georgina. This species is at times badly infested with Ustilago segetum, Bull. 2. T. pungens (pungent), &. Br. Prod. 182; Benth. Hl. Austr. vii. 606. A rigid. scrubby more or less glutinous grass, creeping or decumbent and branching at the base, the flowering stem 1 to 2ft. high. Leaves narrow, convolute, rigid, very acute or pungent-pointed, usually 8 to Gin. long. Panicle 8 to Gin. long, narrow and almost spikelike, the lower erect branches rarely lin. long. Spikelets 3 to 4 lines long, pale-colovred, with about 6 flowers. Outer glumes glabrous, acute, under 3 lines long. . Flowering glumes rather shorter, the entire base broad, with long silky hairs at the base and margins, but few on the back, hardened and almost nerveless in fruit, the 3 lobes broad, glabrous, rigid, acute, nearly as long as the entire part, and each one more or less distinctly 3-nerved in the centre. Palea as long, the 2 nerves or keels very prominent or narrowly winged.—Festuca viscida, F. v. M. Veg. Chath. Isl. 59, Fragm. viii. 129. Hab.: Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown, Henne. 3. ©. Cunninghamii (after A. Cunningham), Benth, Fl. Austr. vii. 606. Leaves 2ft. high or more. Leaves convolute and rigid with the sheaths more or less viscid as in 7. pungens, but much longer, and in one specimen the lower sheaths are ciliate with long silky hairs. Panicle narrow, dense, from a few 112 OLUI. GRAMINEZ. [Triodia. . , ; ly sessile inches to 1ft. long. Spikelets under 3 lines long, very numerous, near on the erect branches, mostly about 8-flowered. Hlowering 20 ee eed exceeding the outer ones, hairy at the base, divided to near the m 0 acute lobes as in T. pungens, but very much smaller. eG om Hab.: Suttor Desert, F. v. Mueller; and other inland localities. 4. %. irritans (irritating), R Br. Prod, 182; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 607. Porcupine Grass. A rigid scrubby glabrous grass, with long rigid convolute pungent-pointed leaves, not viscid in any of the specimens seen. Panicle narrow, almost spikelike, 8 to 6in. long. ‘Spikelets solitary or few together on short erect capillary pedicels or branches, mostly 3 or 4-flowered, 4 to 5 lines long. Outer glumes glabrous, acute, 5-nerved, 3 lines long. Flowering glumes not quite so long, villous, with silky hairs at the base but much less so than in T. pungens, truncate at the end, with 3 sets of 3 nerves each leading to three very short obtuse or truncate lobes or teeth, the lateral ones rather broad, the central one smaller or minute. Palea narrow.—Festuca irritans, F. v. M. Veg. Chath. Isl. 59, Fragm. viii. 129. Hab.: Southern inland localities. 82. DIPLACHNE, Beauv. (Referring to the 2-lobed flowering glume.) aw ae “A’genus of few species, generally spread over the warmer regions of the globe. Spikes slender, simple is 8 ods 1. D. lolitformis. Spikes numerous in a simple panicle. Spikelets pale-coloured, 5 to 8 lines long, 8 to 12-flowered. Rhachis with a tuft of long hairs under the glumes is Bede beg og BE EAS ore Spikelets usually dark-coloured, 4 lines long or rather more, with more than 6-flowers, rhachis glabrous, or nearlyso. . . . . .. 1... BD fusca. 2. D. Muelleri. ’ 4 _ 1. D. loliiformis (Lolium-like), F.v. M.; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 618. A slender apparently annual erect grass, usually 6 to 8in. high but sometimes more. Leaves chiefly at the base, short and narrow, usually spritkled with a few long hairs, the sheaths ciliate at the orifice, with a short jagged ligula, Spike slender and simple, 2 to 4in. long, on a long peduncle. Spikelets sessile, rather distant, erect and appressed, turned somewhat to one side, narrow, 8 to 4 lines long, 6 to 12-flowered, the rhachis hairy round the flowering glumes. Flowering glumes about 1 line long, glabrous, 3-nerved, the central nerve produced into a fine point or awn shortly exceeding the hyaline lobes.—Festuca or Leptochloa lolitformis, F v. M. Fragm. viii. 128. ? bi eal Hab: Moreton Bay and Charle g Creek, Lei ; i iti Bi Oolena y y eek, Leichhardt; various localities about Rockhampton, 2. D. Muelleri (after Baron F. y. Mueller), Benth. Fl. A ii 4 : ’ . - we Ah Austr, ‘ a glabrous erect grass of about 14ft. nearly allied to D. fusca, with 4 Cee and inflorescence, but the spikelets fewer, pale-coloured, 5 to 8 lines long, with 8 to 12 flowers. Flowering glumes surrounded by a tuft of rather long bale and Diplachne CLIT. GKAMINESA. 1913 the margins ciliate below the middle, the point of the keel scarcely exceeding the hyaline margins, and the lateral nerves occasionally produced into minute points. Grain narrow-obovate, flattened. ya Hab.: Some yews agol received fragmentary specimens from Mr. Alfred Henry, Georgian River, of a grass which appeared to belong to this species. ; 8. D. fusca (brownish), Beauv. Agrost. 168; Benth. #1. Austr. vii. 619. A glabrous erect grass of several feet. Leaves narrow, convolute when dry, with long loose sheaths, the ligula jagged. Panicle narrow, Gin. to 1ft. long, with erect branches, the lower ones long. Spikelets sessile or nearly so, rather distant, erect, linear, 6 to 10-flowered, about 4 lines long or rather more and straw- coloured, or longer and dark, the rhachis glabrous or slightly hairy under each glume. Flowering glumes nearly 2 lines long, shortly ciliate on the margins in the lower part, prominently 8-nerved, the keel produced into a short point between or just below the short hyaline terminal lobes. Keels of the palea shortly ciliate. —Turner Austr. Gr. Pl.; Hestuca fusca, Linn.; F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 127; Leptochloa fusca, Kunth, Enum. i. 271; Triodia ambigua, R. Br. Prod. 188; Uralepis fusca and U. Drummondii, Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 247. Hab.: Keppel Bay, It. Brown; Bokhava Flats, Leichhardt; and Brisbane River. - An annual succulent grass, often met with in brackish swamps, where it affords a good fodder, greedily devoured by stock. : 83. CENTOTHECA, Desv. (Referring to the prickly glumes). Spikelets several (usually 3) flowered, flat, all pedicellate in a loose spreading panicle, the rhachis of the spikelet slender, inarticulate, glabrous. Glumes acute or minutely pointed, unawned, keeled, the lowest flowering glume close above the 2 outer empty ones and like them glabrous, the upper flowering ones bearing on the marginal nerves a few rigid bristles at first erect, at length réflexed. Palea'2-keeled. Ovary glabrous. Styles distinct, short. Grain oblong, not furrowed, free. The genus is limited to the single Australian species, generally spread over New Guinea, tropical Asia and Africa. : 1. C. lappacea (burr-like), Desv.; Kunth, Enum. i. 366, Revis. Gram. t. 70; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 640. Am erect glabrous grass of many feet. Leaves fiat, } to 3in. broad, the numerous parallel nerves very prominent ; ligula short, ciliate short, ciliate or jagged. Panicle terminal, 8 to 10in. long and as broad when open, the capillary branches slightly divided. Spikelets 3 to 4 lines long, green. Lowest empty glume a little more than 1 line, the 2nd 1} line long; flowering glumes a little larger, the rhachis produced into a short point beyond the uppermost one, or bearing a small terminal empty glume. Flowers within the glumes often distinctly stipitate with the palea inserted on the stipes.—Beauv. Agrost. t. 14, f. 7. Hab.: Daintree River, Fitzalan ; Johnstone River, Gulliver ; all tropical scrubs. Var. biflora. Spikelets smaller with only 2 flowering glumes, the lowest glabrous like the outer ones, the upper one alone setiferous. Hab.: Rockingham Bay, Dallachy. 84. *DACTYLIS, Linn, -(Panicle supposed to resemble the fingers of the hand). _ Spikelets several-flowered, sessile and densely crowded in thick one-sided clusters, arranged in a short irregular spike or at the ends of the short branches ofa dense irregular one-sided panicle. Flowering glumes 8 or '5-nerved, the keel prominent and produced into a point or short awn. Grain free, concave or broadly furrowed. The genus is limited to a single species common in Europe, temperate Asia and North Africa. 1914 CLUI. GRAMINEA. [Dactylis 1. D. glomerata (crowded), Linn.; Kunth, Enum. i. 386; Benth. Ll. Austr. vii. 640. Cock’s-foot Grass. A coarse stiff grass of 1 to 2ft., the perennial stock forming at length dense tufts. Clusters of spikelets dense and ovoid, sometimes. collected into a close spike of about lin., sometimes in a broken spike of several inches or on the branches of a short, more or less spreading panicle. Hach spikelet much flattened, 3 to 5-flowered. Flowering glumes lanceolate, 2 to 24 lines long, ciliate on the back, outer glumes rather shorter, narrow, with a& prominent ciliate keel—Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 59; F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 126.: Hab.: Europe, naturalised in a few southern localities. 85. *BRIZA, Linn. (From its nodding spikelets.) Spikelets several-flowered, broad, flattened but thin, on filiform pedicels, in a simple or compound panicle, the rhachis of the spikelet glabrous. Flowering glumes imbricate but spreading, very broad, membranous or scarious, very concave or inflated, unawned. Palea much smaller but very broad and flat. Grain obovate, concave in front, enclosed in the palea and almost vesicular glume, free from them. A small genus widely spread in its typical form over the temperate regions of the northern and southern hemispheres. Panicle branched, rather loose and spreading. Spikelets scarcely 2 lines long and broad. 4 eo Oe RS ss . 1. B. minor. Panicle nearly simple with few spikelets din. long and at least 4 lines broad 2. B. maxima. 1. B. minor (small), Linn.; Kunth, num. i. 872; Benth. Fl. Austr: vii. 660. Small Quaking Grass. An erect annual, from a few inches to about lit. high. Leaves rather short, flat, the ligula scarious and often above 8 lines long.. Panicle usually 2 to 8in. long, much branched and at length spreading, with numerous thick spikelets about 2 lines long and as broad or at length broader. —Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 92; F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 125; B. virens, Linn.; Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 107. -Hab.: Probably of Mediterranean origin. Naturalised in Southern localities. . 2. B. maxima (largest), Linn.; Kunth, Enum. i. 871; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 660. Large Quaking Grass. An erect annual of 1 to 2ft. Leaves flat, with arather long ligula. Panicle almost simple, with few large hanging spikelets usually of a rich brown rarely pale green, mostly about din. long, very obtuse, 4 to 5 lines broad.—Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 92; F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 125. Hab.: A European species, not so widely spread as B. minor, but long since cultivated in gardens for ornament and now established in a few soutbern localities . : 86. POA, Linn. (Greek word for grass.) Spikelets several, usually few-flowered in a panicle usually loose and spreading, rarely narrow and spikelike, the- rhachis of the spikelet articulate between the lor 3-nerved, sométimes acute, the flowering ones usually obtuse, 5-nerved, often flowering glumes. Glumes keeled, unawned, the outer empty ones rather ‘short surrounded by a few loose woolly hairs, rarely with 7 or more nerves. Palea nearly as long, prominently 2-nerved or %-keeled. Grain enclosed in the glume and palea.and falling off with them, but free or rarely adnate to the palea. The genus is the most widely diffused over the globe in the whol oO i sae has and cool regions, reaching the Arctic circle and ‘ping summits. e Order, chiefly in temperate Poa.] CLIIL GRAMINEA. 1915 Perennials. Grain enclosed in the glume and palea, but free from them. Leaves setaceous or rigid and convolute or flat, ending in long points. Panicle dense and contracted or spreading. Spikelets usually 4° to 6- flowered. (tlumes and palea glabrous, or with woolly-hairs at the base 1. P. cespitosa. Leaves flat, narrow, acuminate. Panicle rather dense. Spikelets 5 to 8- cometed: the keels of the glumes ciliate-pubescent. Stems knotty at the BBG 5 6 & Go we Re eS Be Se Oe Ee Oe RE ee Oe Annual. Leaves flat, flaccid. Panicle loose. Spikelets 2 lines long. Flowering glumes 5-nerved, glabrous ; or minutely silky hairs . AE A HE ei 9 Sa Ge . 3. P. "annua, 1. P. cexespitosa (tufted), Forst.: Spreng. Mant. i. Fl. Hal. 83, and in Mem. Acad. Petersb. ii. (1807-8), 302, t. 8; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 651. An exceedingly variable species from under 1ft. to 3ft. high, usually densely tufted and glabrous. Leaves narrow, flat, convolute or setaceous, chiefly at the base, sometimes longer than the inflorescence, sometimes very short, the ligula always very short or obsolete. Panicle branched, compact or spreading. Spikelets usually 4 to 6-flowered. Flowering glumes usually surrounded by a few fine woolly hairs but sometimes the whole spikelet glabrous, the cilia of the palea-keels when present very minute. Grain oblong, usually narrow, enclosed in the glume and palea but free from them.—P. australis, P. levis, P. plebia, and P. affinis, R. Br. Prod. 179; P. australis, Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 128. Hab.: Districts bordering on N.S. Wales, Beckler, Bailey. A most variable grass as to size, sometimes forming large tussac-like tufts, at other times it has but a delicate growth. It is, however, a valuable pasture grass, and readily eaten by all kinds of stock. : Var. latifolia. Very tall and.luxuriant. with flat leaves often 2 to 4 lines broad. This is a tall luxuriant grass, well worthy of cultivation; its broad leaves and large panicles of flowers remind one somewhat of the Guinea-grass. It seems to be naturally a mountain grass ; its only known Queensland habitat is summit of Mount Mistake Range. 2. PB. nodosa (knotted), Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 105; Benth. fl. Austr. vii. 658. Stems usually about 2ft. high, forming at the base 1, 2 or 8 superposed globular or ovoid nodules, 8 or 4 lines diameter. Leaves long, narrow, flat, usually scabrous. Panicle loose, narrow or spreading. Spikelets 8 to 4 lines long, 5 to 8-flowered, rather narrow at first with closely appressed glumes, at length. broad and flat, the glumes spreading out. Flowering glumes about 2 lines long, 5-nerved, without the woolly hairs at the base of most Poas, but shortly ciliate-pubescent at the keel and margins below the middle. Palea nearly as long, the keels minutely ciliate-pubescent or glabrous. Grain free.—F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 182; P. brizochloa, F. v. M. in Trans. Vict. Inst. 1855, 45; P. Drummondiana, Nees in Hook. Lond. Journ. ii. 418; F. cognata, Steud. Syn. Glum. i. 262, Hab.: Recorded for Queensland by I’. v. M. When fully out the spikelets are broad almost like those of a Briza, but sometimes they are lanceolate close and rather thick, but apparently the difference is owing to a different stage of development rather than to any distinction of race.—Benth. : 8. PB. ‘annua (annual), Linn.; Kunth, Fnum. i. 849; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 654. A tufted annual, often only 2 or 8in., and rarely 1ft. high. Leaves flat, flaccid. Panicle loose and spreading. Spikelets shortly pedicellate, about 2 lines long, 8 to 6-flowered, the rhachis glabrous. Flowering glumes more or less distinctly 5-nerved, with a hyaline apex, the keel often minutely silky-hairy. Grain free, oblong. “Hab.: A common grass in the northern hemisphere. A naturalised weed in various southern localities. 87. GLYCERIA, R. Br. (Referring to the sweet herbage.) Spikelets several-flowered, pedicellate in a narrow or spreading panicle, the rhachis of the spikelet articulate under the flowering glumes, glabrous or rarely hairy. Outer empty glumes obtuse or acute, unawned. Flowering glumes 2. P. nodosa. 1916 CLI. GRAMINEA. [ Glyceria. convex on the back, 3 to 9-nerved, the nerves not reaching to the hyaline obtuse sometimes slightly denticulate apex. Palea nearly as long as the glume. Ovary glabrous. Styles distinct, very short, the plumose stigmas frequently more branched than in other genera. Grain glabrous, enclosed in the glume and palea but free from them. The genus is widely distributed over the temperate and some warmer regioné of the globe. Brown called attention to two remarkable characters in the typical species, the union of the two lodicules, andthe ramification of the stigmatic hairs, which are most marked in the G. fluitans and exist to a certain degree in some other species. They are, however, as far as has been observed, not constant in all the species which have been included in the ‘genus,* which requires further revision in connection with some closely allied ones from the northern hemisphere.— Benth. Flowering glumes with a tuft of hairs round the base or on the back below the middle. Panicleloose . ..... . ‘ Sx i iter die Go Rhachis and base of the flowering glumes glabrous or minutely pubescent. Stems rarely 3ft. high. Panicle narrow. Panicle long and loose. Spikelets 4 to lin. Flowering glumes distant, narrow, 3 lines long, outer glumes much shorter a! dite Jim Yee ae cate. a Panicle dense. Spikelets few, broad, 4 to Zin. Flowering glumes palea- ceous, 3 to 4 lines long, outer glumes as long eter rae Stems very rigid, tall with few short leaves and often clusters of short branches. Flowering glumes hyaline, 3-nerved at the base. i we: Panicle very spreading. Spikelets 6 to12-flowered . . . . . . . . 4. G. ramigera. 1. @. Fordeana (after Mrs. H. Forde), IF’. v. M. Fragm. viii. 130; Benth. Fl, Austr. vii. 657. An erect glabrous grass attaining 2 or 3ft. Leaves flat,: very scabrous. Panicle very loose, compound, 4 to 8in. long, with very spreading capillary branches, mostly in pairs or threes. Spikelets lanceolate, mostly 4 to 5 lines long, 8 to 12-tlowered. Outer glumes acute, 3-nerved; flowering glumes 5 or 7-nerved, 13 lines long, surrounded by a tuft of hairs and shortly hairy or pubescent in thé lower part, the midrib prominent but not reaching the obtuse hyaline apex, the lateral nerves shorter. Palea-keels scarcely ciliate.— Poa Fordeana, F, v. M. lc. : Hab.: Recorded for Queensland by F. v. M. 2. G. fluitans (floating), R. Br. Prod. 179; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 657. Stems creeping in mud or floating at the base, ascending to 2 or 8ft. Leaves narrow, flat, glabrous, the ligula jagged. Panicle loose, long and narrow. Spikelets solitary in the distant notches or 2 or 3 on a short branch from the same notch, erect, narrow, $ to lin. long, 6 to 20-flowered, the rhachis glabrous as well as the glumes. Outer glumes broad, obtuse, hyaline, faintly nerved at the base, the lowest about 14 lines, the 2nd longer ; flowering glumes more rigid, about 3 lines long, with about 7 nerves not reaching to the hyaline obtuse entire or slightly denticulate apex. Lodicules usually connate.—Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 122; Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 80; Turner Ag. Gaz. N.S.W. ii.; Festuca fluitans, Linn.; F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 129. Hab.: Southern border towards Wallangarra. . The species is abundant in the northern hemisphere, in the New as well as the Old World. 8. G. latispicea (spikelets broad), F. v. M. Fragm, viii. 127; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 658. Stems erect, attaining 2 or 8ft. Leaves flat, glabrous, the ligula long and jagged. Panicle narrow, the branches very short, erect, each bearing 1 to 8 spikelets, the lower ones distant. Spikelets rather broad and loose, fin. long or rather more, pale-coloured, 6 to 12-flowered, the rhachis as well as the glumes glabrous or very minutely hairy. Outer glumes obtuse, 5-nerved ; flowering ones 8 to 4 lines long, 7 or 9-nerved, rounded on the back as in the rest of the genus but the midrib reaching the obtuse, hyaline apex, the lateral nerves faint and shorter. Grain oblong, flattened but concave ail the inner face.— Festuca latispicea, F. v. M. 1.c. Hab.: Southern border towards Wallangarra. 1. G. Fordeana. 2. G. fluitans. 3. G. latispicea. Glyceria.] CLIIT. GRAMINEA. 1917 4. G,. ramigera (branched), F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 181; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 659. A tall glabrous rigid almost Bamboo-like grass, branched at the base and often bearing clusters of branches higher up. Leaves convolute and flat, few and short on the flowering stems. Panicle 4 to 8in. long, loosely ovate or at length very spreading. Spikelets rather numerous, usually 8 to 5 lines long with 6 to 12 flowers, but sometimes longer, the rhachis glabrous. Outer glumes narrow, hyaline, acute, faintly 1-nerved; flowering glumes distant, about 14 line long, broad and concave, hyaline, 8-nerved, the nerves all short, the central one not reaching much above the middle.—Poa ramigera, F. v. M. in Trans, Vict. Inst. 1855, 45 and Fragm. l.c. Hab.: Recorded for Queensland by F. v. M. 88. FESTUCA, Linn. (Said to be derived from a Celtic word signifying pasture or food.) Spikelets several-flowered, pedicellate, in loose and spreading or compact and erect more or less one-sided panicles, the rhachis of the spikelet articulate under the flowering glumes, glabrous or nearly so. Outer empty glumes narrow, acute, keeled, usually unequal. Flowering glumes narrow, acute or tapering into an untwisted awn or rarely obtuse, rounded on the back, faintly nerved. Palea narrow, with prominent nerves or keels. Ovary glabrous. Styles very short, distinct. Grain enclosed in the glume and palea and more or less adnate. The geaus is very generally spread over the globe especially in temperate or mountainous regions. Annual. Panicle slenler, contracted, one-sided. Awnslong. Stamen usually Lonly 6a 8 2 4 3 in Ag BGA ee 3 oy - . 6 « « IL. F. bromoides. Panicle narrow, dense and spikelike or interrupted; the leaves long, erect and rigid . a REO ee ea ee oe ad OR OD attorney, 1. F. bromoides (Bromus-like), Linn.; Kunth, Enum, i. 896; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 663. A slender tufted annual, from a few inches to above lft. high. Leaves chiefly at the base, narrow and convolute, often quite setacious. Panicle slender, one-sided, contracted, usually rather dense and 2 to 6in. long, with short erect branches, in small specimens reduced to 2 or 3 spikelets. Spikelets shortly pedicellate, under iin. long without the awns, 5 to 9-flowered. Glumes very narrow, the lowest under 2 lines without lateral nerves, the 2nd empty one 3-nerved, tapering to a point or short awn; flowering glumes obscurely nerved, about 3 lines long, tapering into a fine awn at least as long as themselves. Stamen 1 only. Grain adnate, long and narrow.—Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 127; F, plebeia, R. Br. Prod. 178. Hab.: Brisbane River, Bailey. Common in the temperate regions of the Northern hemisphere. 2. FP. littoralis (a coast plant), Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. i, 22, t. 27. Stems 1 to 8ft. high forming dense hard tufts of a pale yellow colour. Leaves nearly cylindrical, erect, rigid, pungent-pointed, glabrous, often as long as the stems. Panicle narrow, dense and spikelike, 2 to 4in. long. Spikelets few, flat, erect, 7to 9 lines long, 6 to 8-flowered.. Glumes about 4 lines long, rigid, straw- coloured, the fiowering ones with 2 nerves on each side of the keel, acute or dilated and notched at the tip, the keel usually slightly protruding, the 2 outer empty ones narrower, 8-nerved, acute. Rhachis of the spikelet shortly hairy.— R, Br. Prod. 178 ; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 128; Sieb. Agrostoth. n. 58; Arundo triodioides, Trin. Spec. Gram. t. 351; Schedonorus Billardierianus, Nees in Hook. Lond. Journ. ii. 419; S. littoralis, Beauv. Agrost. 99; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 655. Hab.: Moreton Island, F. v. Mueller. 1918 CLIIL GRAMINE. 89. BROMUS, Linn. (Greek name for the Wild Oat.) Spikelets several-flowered, oblong or lanceolate, pedicellate, erect or drooping, in a more or less branched panicle, the rhachis of the spikelet articulate between the flowering glumes, glabrous or scabrous pubescent. Outer empty glumes acute oc fine-pointed, unawned. Flowering glumes convex on the back, 5 or T-nerved, the hyaline, apex usually shortly’ bifid, the midrib produced into a straight or curved awn free from a little below the apex. Palea nearly as long as the glume, the 2 prominent nerves usually scabrous-ciliate. Ovary obovate, crowned by a hairy membranous appendage, the very short distinct styles more or less lateral. Grain flattened, adhering to the palea, and often more or less to the base of the glume. The genus is widely distributed over the temperate regions of the globe. Spikelets fiat, many-flowered, in “a branching panicle. Glumes complicate keeled, several-nerved, acute, or the flowering 0 1es shortly awned . . . 1. B. *unioloides. Spikelets lanceolate, flattened, 1 to 14in. long: with the awns. Flowering glumes narrow, loosely imbricate . . . . 2. 6 2 ee ew ew ee Spikelets linear-lanceolate, flattened 2in. long with the awns. Flowering glumes narrow, loosely imbricate i Bp aie as ye . 38. B. sterilis. 2. B. arenarius. 1. B. *unioloides (Uniola-like) H. B. K.; Kunth, Enum. i. 415. Prairie Grass. An erect grass of 2ft. or more. Leaves more or less pubescent, with soft spreading hairs. Panicle loose, erect or at length drooping, like that of a Bromus. Spikelets lanceolate, resembling those of the North American Uniole, $ to 14in. long, and the flowering glumes about jin.—Festuca unioloides, Willd. Hort. Berol. 8, t. 3; Bromus Willdenownii, Kunth, le. 416; Ceratochloa festucoides, Beauv. Agrost. 75, 158, t. 15, f. 7; Ceratochloa unioloides, DOC. Cat. Hort. Monsp. 92; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 662; F. Schraderi, Kunth; Duthie Grass, N.W. Ind. 43; Fodd. Grass N. Ind. 67. Hab: An American plant, chiefly western now naturalised in southern localities. 2. B. arenarius (found on sandy land), Labill, Fl. Nov. Holl. i. 28, t. 28; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 661. Barley Grass.. Apparently annual, from 1ft. to about 14ft. high. Leaves flat; flaccid, softly hairy or pubescent. Panicle at first erect at length drooping, the capillary branches clustered, the longer ones 2 to 3in. long with 1 to 4 spikelets on capillary pedicels. Spikelets lanceolate, 4 to 3in. long without the awns, flat, 5 to 9-flowered. Glumes all pubescent or glabrous, the lowest about 3 lines long and 5-nerved, the 2nd longer and 7-nerved, both empty and acute; flowering glumes rather longer, about 7-nerved, convex on the back, the awn free from a little below the scarious tip, 4 to gin. long.—Bail. Ill. Mono. Gr. Q. i.; Turner Austr. Gr. 15; B. australis, R. Br. Prod. 178; Nees in Pl. Preiss. ii. 108. Hab.: Common on the southern downs. Often called Oat Grass. It is a winter or early spring grass, and considered a good kind by many of our sheep farmers especially on the inland plains. ’ Munro thinks the species may be the same as the B. japonicum, Thunb. If this should be verified Thunberg’s name would take precedence over Labillardiére’s.— Benth. 3. B *sterilis (sterile), Linn.;' Kunth, Enum. i. 418; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 662. An erect grass of 1 to 2ft. Leaves flaccid, softly pubescent. Panicle loose with rather long erect at length drooping branches. Spikelets linear-lanceolate, mostly about lin. long without the awns, 6 to 8-flowered. Outer glumes narrow, ending in fine points, the lowest keeled, only 4 to Zin. long, the 2nd longer, 3-nerved. Flowering glumes mostly 5 or 7-nerved, the hyaline tips ending in 2 fine points. Awn much longer than the glume itself, very scabrous.—Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 78. : Hab.: A weed of cultivation in southern localities. A common grass in Europe. ik & CLIII. GRAMINEA. 1919 90. *LOLIUM, Linn. (Said to be from the Celtic name.) Spikelets several-flowered, singly sessile in the alternate notches on opposite sides of a simple spike, the edge of the spikelet (the backs of the glumes of one row) next the common rhachis, the rhachis of the spikelet glabrous. Glumes nearly similar, one outer one in the lateral spikelets empty and rather larger, or sometimes longer than the whole spikelet, in the terminal spikelet 2 outer ones empty. : A genus of very few species, natives of the temperate regions of the Northern hemisphere. Outer glume shorter than the spikelet. Flowering glumes narrow, lanceo- late, without any or with very shortawns . . . . 2... wa, Outer glume usually as long as or longer than the spikelet. Flowering glumes oblong, some or all usually with an awn as long as or longer than themselves . Eo CUS", «Git, eY Gas oe qe HORE tae | Coe a cra Ret Ry a8 1. L. perenne. 2. L. temulentun. 1. L. perenne (perennial), Linn.; Aunth, Mnum. i. 486; Benth. I'l. Austr. vii. 666. Perennial Rye Grass. An erect or slightly decumbent glabrous grass of 1 to 2ft., sometimes annual but usually lasting several years. Spikes distichous, from a few inches to 1ft. long. Spikelets at a considerable distance from each other on alternate sides of the rhachis. Outer glume of the lateral spikelets and 2 outer ones of the terminal one, empty, rigid, strongly nerved, longer than the others but much shorter than the spikelet. Flowering glumes 8 to 16 or even more, narrow, obtuse or acute, with the keel and 2 lateral nerves prominent, sometimes produced into a very short awn. In cultivation there are sometimes several outer empty glumes.—Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t.6; F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 127. Hab.: Only met with as a stray from cultivation in the most southern parts. 2. L.temulentum (drunken), Linn.; Kunth, Enum. i, 487; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 667. Drunken Darnel. Usually taller than L. perenne and always annual. Outer glume of the lateral spikelets’ usually as long as or longer than the whole spikelet. Flowering glumes shorter and broader than in L. perenne, oblong, usually obtuse, with an awn as long as or longer than the glume itself. In some specimens however most of the glumes are awnless or very rarely the whole spikelet. without awns.—Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 5; F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 127. ~ Hab.: Only met with as a stray from cultivation. The Tares of Scripture. : ‘91. LEPTURUS, R. Br. (Referring to the axis of the spikelet being produced into a point.) Spikelets 1-flowered, sessile and half embedded in the alternate notches of a more or less articulate simple spike. Outer empty glumes 2, one slightly over- lapping the other on one side, or 1 only, appressed and covering the cavity, rigid and nerved. Flowering glume and palea shorter thin and hyaline, embedded in the cavity, the axis of the spikelet produced behind the palea into a minute point or bearing a small terminal empty glume. Styles short. Grain free from the glume. , - A genus of few species, chiefly from the Mediterranean region. 1. L. repens (creeping), R. Br. Prod. 207; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 668. A perennial creeping in the sands sometimes to a considerable extent, with divaricately branching stems. Leaves spreading, ‘glaucous and glabrous or ciliate at the orifice of the sheaths, Spikes close upon the last leaf-sheath, 2 to 3in. long, the articulate rhachis breaking much more readily than in some other species and therefore very.rarely perfect in dried specimens. Spikelets usually 1920 CLII. GRAMINEA. [Lepturus. about 4 lines long without the point: Outer glume closely appressed, almost embraced by the margins of the cavity, finely many-nerved, tapering into a short or long point, 2nd glume thin and hyaline, acute, concave, enclosing a palea nearly as long and a hermaphrodite flower, the rhachis of the spikelet shortly. continued at the back of the palea and bearing a small thin hyaline empty glume. —Brongn. in Duperr. Voy. Bot. 57, t. 16. Wab.: Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown; Bird Islet, Wreck Reef, Denham; Raine Island, Cape York, Challenger Expedition; and many other localities on the tropical coast. Also in the islands of the South Pacific. 92. *TRITICUM, Linn. (The old name of wheat.) Annual or biennial grasses. Leaves flat. Spikelets few-flowered, tumid, sessile, distichously spicate, solitary, with their sides opposite cavities in the articulate ov inarticulate rhachis ; upper flowers male or neuter. Glumes rigid, often unequal-sided, 1st and 2nd empty, obtuse or shortly awned, ‘few-nerved, persistent ; flowering glumes oblong or ventricose, dorsally rounded or keeled above, awnless or | to 8-awned, 5 to 9-nerved, lateral nerves not conniving with the central; keels of palea ciliate. Lodicules entire, ciliate. Stamens 3. Styles very short. Grain grooved ventrally, often hairy, free or adherent to the palea. Species few, Oriental. 1. T. vulgare (common), Vill. Hist, Pl. Damph. ii. 158; Hook. in Fl. Brit. Ind. vii. 867. The Common Wheat.—T. sativum, Lam. Hab.: Met with as a stray from cultivation. Attacked by the following fungi:—The plant by Ustilago segetum, Bull, and Puccinia graminis, Pers.; the ear by Fusarium heterosporum, Link.; the grain by Tilletia caries, Tul. obOS and Cit gle 93. AGROPYRUM, Beauv. (From agros, a field, and pyros, wheat; closely allied to the wheat.) Spikelets several-flowered, more or less flattened, distichous and alternately. sessile on the continuous or slightly notched rhachis of a simple spike, one face of the spikelet next the general rhachis, the rhachis of the spikelet more or less articulate under the flowering glumes. Glumes rounded on the back or scarcely keeled, tapering into points or awns, the flowering ones 8 to 7-nerved, the 2 outer empty ones usually shorter, narrower, 3 or rarely l-nerved. Palea nearly as long as the glume, the 2 prominent nerves almost marginal, scabrous- ciliate. Ovary pubescent at the top. styles short, distinct. Grain free or slightly adhering to the palea. ~ ue The genus is widely spread over the temperate regions of the globe. 1. A. scabrum (rough), Beauv. Agrost.102; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 665. Very variable as to stature, sometimes under 1ft. high, slender with short filiform leaves and from that to 8 or 4ft. with narrow spreading flat or convolute leaves. Spike usually Gin. to 1ft. long, the rhachis scarcely notched. Spikelets distant, sessile, erect, } to lin long without the awns, narrow, 6 to 20-flowered ; in the small specimens sometimes only 1 or 2 spikelets. Glumes narrow, rigid, straw-coloured, mostly about 5-nerved, not distinctly keeled, the 2 outer empty ones rather shorter, tapering into short points, the flowering ones 4 to 6 lines long without the awns, tapering into fine straight or at length spreading awns mostly longer than the glumes and sometimes above lin. long, those of the upper and of the lower glumes often not so long as the intermediate ones. Palea obtuse.—Turner Ag. Gaz. N.S.W. ii.; Festuca scabrd, Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. i. 22, t. 26; Triticum scabrum, R. Br. Prod. 178; Hook. f. Fl. Agropyrum.] CLUI. GRAMINEA, 1921 Tasm. ii. 128; Vulpia rectisecta and V. Browniana, Nees in Pl. Preisg, ii. 107; VY. scabra and V. Browniana, Nees in Hook. Lond. Journ. ij. 419; Festuca rectiseta, F. Browniana, and F. Billardieri, Steud. Syn. Glum, i. 804; Anthosachne australasica, Steud. 1.c, 287. Hab.: Moreton Bay, Leichhardt, C. Stuart; Warwick, Beckler ; Suttor Desert, F. v. Mueller ; affording good herbage during winter and early spring. Also in New Zealand. 914. *HORDEUM, Linn. (An old name of Barley.) Spikelets 1-flowered, 3 together sessile or nearly so in the alternate notches of the rhachis of a dense cylindrical spike, the central flower hermaphrodite, those of the lateral spikelets usually male or neuter. Outer empty glumes 2, subulate ot slightly flattened, tapering into straight awns or awnlike from the base. Flowering glume inserted rather higher up, convolute round the flower with a straight terminal awn. Palea 2-ribbed. Ovary crowned by a tuft of hairs. Stigmas nearly sessile. e . A genus of few species, mostly of Mediterranean origin, dispersed over the temperate and subtropical regions of both hemispheres. Outer empty glumes of the central spikelets more or less dilated and ciliate intbelowerhalf. . . . bets agp SVE. io a BRO ee cet ae eee | ay AE orients Spikelets 2 to 6-ranked, flowering glume longawned . . -. . . .. . . 2 H. vulgare. 1. EH. murinum (of walls), Linn. ; Kunth, Hnum. i. 456; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 669. Wall Barley. A coarse tufted or decumbent grass, varying from 6in. to 2ft. high. Leaves flat, the sheaths rather loose and glabrous, the lamina usually hairy. Spike dense and cylindrical, 2 to 4in. long, thickly beset all round with the long erect rough awns. Spikelets 3 to 6 lines long without thé awns, the outer empty awnlike glumes all at the base of the short rhachis forming a kind of involucre round the flowering ones, those of the central spikelet though very narrow and rigid, dilated and ciliate in the lower half, and the lowest awn of the lateral spikelets usually very slightly dilated and shortly ciliate, the 2nd subulate and scabrous only. Flowering glume usually glabrous outside, more or less ciliate inside, the ribs of the palea also ciliate. Awns varying from 4 to lin. long.—Reichb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 11; F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 126. Hab.: A widely distributed species established in places towards Wallangarra. 2. HL. vulgare (common), Linn. Spec. Pl. 84. Spikelets 2 to 6-rowed, flowering glume with long awns. Var. hexastichon. Spikelets in 6 rows. The Six-rowed Barley. Var. distichon. Spikelets in 2 rows. The Malting Barley. These are the Barleys of cultivation, and are met with as strays from cultivation. J 95. BAMBUSA, Schreb. (From the Indian name Bambos.) Shrubs or trees, usually large and cwspitose, rarely ¢limbing; stem sheaths broad, blade often triangular. Leaves shortly petiolate, not tessellate by nervules, but sometimes by pellucid glands, sheaths variously auricled. Inflorescence generally a large leafless panicle bearing heads on spiciform branches, or of leafy panicles,.or paniculate spike. Spikelets of 1 or many flowers; lower glumes 1 to 4, empty or gemiferous; flowering glumes ovate-lanceolate, upper- most imperfect ; palea 2-keeled. Lodicules 2 to 8, membranous, ciliate, rarely wanting. Stamens 6. Ovary oblong or obovate, tip hairy; style long or short, stigmas 2 to 8. Grain oblong or linear-oblong, furrowed on one side; pericarp thin, adherent.—Hook. I'l. Brit. Ind. vii. 386. 1922 CLUI. GRAMINE. [Bambusa. 1. B. Moreheadiana (after the Hon. B. D. Morehead, M.L.C.), Bail. Rep. Bot. Bell. Ker. Exped. 1889 and Syn, Ql. Fl. 8rd Suppl. 87. The Queensland Climbing Bamboo. A rampant climbing plant scaling the tops of the highest trees of the scrubs, and hanging in festoons from the branches, probably the stems extend over 200ft. in length. The largest diameter of stem measured 2in., the hollow or pipe about one-third of its diameter; length of internode, under 1ft.; the whole plant more or less clothed. with dark-coloured bristle-like hairs or scales ; stem-buds hemispheric 3in. diameter ; stem-leaves with a lance-like lamina 2 or 3in. long; the leafy shoots which are numerous from the upper nodes, are much flattened, and the lamina of leaf measures from 6 to 10in. long and from 1 to Qin. broad, glabrous, with 6 or 7 parallel nerves on each side of the midrib, points filiform, the margins entire except for a few distant minute teeth. Hab.: Harvey’s Creek, Russell River. Baron von Mueller, in the Aust. Journ. of Pharm. 1886, drew attention to a Queensland species of Bambusa, but the specimens and the collector’s notes he thought insufficient to name the species; and even now, not having seen the inflorescence, by some it may be deemed too early to have given to it specific distinction, put the uncertainty of the flowering of plants of the genus, and that the stems are being put to many useful purposes, is, I consider, sufficient excuse ; and when the flowers and fruit are obtained the species can then be placed in the tribe and genus to which it may prove to belong. Orper CLIV. LYCOPODIACEA. Stem or rhizome bearing true leaves, either linear, or small and 1-nerved, or reduced to minute scales. Spore-cases solitary or few together, sessile in the axils of the leaves or of the bracts of a terminal spike, either all similar or of two kinds, larger ones macrosporangia containing a few larger spores or macrospores, and smaller microsporangia, containing numerous smaller often microscopic microspores, the differences now generally admitted to be sexual. The order is spread over nearly the whole globe. Leaves linear, on arhizone often submerged. Spore-cases of 2 kinds, solitary in the axils or half-enclosed in the dilated bases of the leaves . . . . . 1. Isoxrtss. Stems branching, with smal] leaves usually crowded in 4 rows. Spore-cases solitary within the bracts of terminal spikes or the upper leaves of the stem. Spore-cases and spores all similar . br ale ae sgn Be we 8 cet ae hag Spore-casez and spores of two kinds. Plants usually weaker or smaller than in Lycopodium... . . Ge ae a ee ee a ee ee Small floating plant with small crowded leaves. Spore-cases of 2 kinds in the axils of some of the stem-leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, AZOLLA. Stems leafy or with distant scales. Spore-cases 2 or 3 together, united into — a 2 or 3-celled capsule or sorus, sessile at the base of bifid bracts or scales. Stems simple, leafy. Sori usually 2-celled . . « * @ » « » ws « 8, Tamerpreeig, Stems dichotomous, with minute distant scales. Sori usually 3-celled . . 6. Psrnorum. 2. Lycopopium, . 3. SELAGINELLA. 1. ISOETES, Linn. (From two Greek words, isos, equal, and etos, the year—on account of its leaves remaining throughout the year). Aquatic plants entirely submerged or rarely terrestial in swampy or wet sandy places. Leaves linear and thick or subulate, crowded on a short thick rhizome, dilated and concave at the base, the margins of the cavity often more or less folded over the spore-cases. Spore-cases sessile at the base of the leaves, solitary membranous, of two kinds, those of the outer leaves filled with spherical macrospores, marked with a transverse raised line, and above it 3 radiating raised lines, those of the inner leaves filled with minute. powdery microspores. A small genus having nearly the general range of the order except in hot or dry climates. Isoetes.] CLIV. LYCOPODIACEA. 1923 1. I. Mfuelleri (after Baron von Mueller), 4. Br. in Berl. Monatber, 1868, 541; in J. G. Baker's Fern- Allies, 127. Rhizome 9-lobed. Leaves about Sin. long, pale green, diaphanous, narrowed to the point, furnished with stomata, but without accessory bast-bundles. Sporange globose ; veil complete. Macrospores with numerous minute unequal turbercles confluent into ridges. Hab.: In ponds about Rockampton, P. O'Shanesy. 2. LYCOPODIUM, Linn. (From lykos, a wolf, and pous, a foot, supposed resemblance of the roots). Stems leafy, hard, branching, creeping prostrate or erect. | Leaves small, entire or minutely serrate, inserted all round the stem, usually in 4 rows. Spore-cases all of one kind, flattened, 1-celled, 2-valved, sessile in the axils of the upper leaves, or of bracts usually smaller or broader than the stem-leaves and forming terminal or lateral spikes. Spores all minute and powdery. The genus is widely spread over every part of the globe. Leaves lanceolate, cartilaginous, crowded all round the stem, mostly 3 to 6 lines long. ~Stems elongated, ascending. Spikes terminal, usually several. Bracts smaller than the stems-leaves but nuch longer than the spore-cases 1. L. varium. Stems elongated, pendulous. Spikes terminal, several. Bracts scarcely exceeding the spore-cases . aay Sor ae ptt a Only differing from the preceding in that the leaves are in wing-like rows WSN the Se, Ue ae Sees op ok i ite hy Ge ei 33 The whole plant glaucous . . . . Leaves usually narrow, crowded round the stem, under 3 lines long. Spore-cases in spikes, with small broad bracts. Spikes pedunculate. Stems creeping, short or scarcely branched. Spikes single on lateral erect peduncles bearing small leaves ge kse tc. a 2. 1. phlegmaria. . 3. L. phlegmarioides. 4, L. Clare. , 5. L. Drummondii. Spikes sessile, lateral. Stems branched at the base, elongated and slender. Leaves subulate 6. L. laterale. Spikes sessile, terminal, usually short. Stems. often above 2ft. long. Branches numerous, spreading or flexuose. Spikes nodding. . . . 7. L cernuum. Stems and branches erect, dense. Spikeserect . . . . .. . . & L. densum. 1. L. varium, (variable), R. Br. Prod. 165; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 674. A variable species, the smaller plants often compact, usually decum- bent or elongated and rooting at the base, with ascending branches of 6in. to 1ft. Leaves crowded all round the stem, lanceolate, obtuse, spreading or rarely erect, 3 or 4 lines or sometimes nearly din. long. Spikes terminal; 1 to 4in. long, solitary or 2 or 8 together, continuous with the leafy branch with bracts sometimes leafy 2 or 8 lines long, in other specimens short broad obtuse, imbricate in 4 rows, and 1 to 2 lines long, almost as in L. phlegmaria, or small and acuminate. Spring. Monogr. Lycopod. i. 57, ii. 24; Hook. and Grev. Ic. Filic. t. 112; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 155, t. 170; L. selago, var. F. Muell. Fragm. y. 111. Hab.: Queensland tropics. ‘Also in New Zealand, the Pacific Islands and South Africa. 2. L. phlegmaria, (from its supposed medicinal properties in cases of inflamation), Linn.; Spring. Monogr. Lycop. i. 68, ii. 28; Benth. Fl. Austr, vii. 674. Tasseled Club-moss. Epiphyte, the plants often large. Stems elongated, usually pendulous from rocks or trunks of trees. Leaves scattered, crowded, cartilaginous, spreading, mostly lanceolate and 8 to 6 lines long, but occasionally oblong and obtuse. Spikes slender at the ends of the branches, 1924 CLIV. LYCOPODIACEA. [Lycopodium. usually several and often forked, 2 or 3 to even 6 or more in. long. Bracts imbricate in 4 rows, usually broad and scarcely exceeding the ' spore-cases, but in some specimens with a lanceolate point twice as long. Hab.: Rockingham Bay, Dallachy; Daintree River, Fitzalan. A common tropical epiphyte. Widely spread over tropical Africa and Asia. 3. L. phlegmarioides, (like phlegmaria), Gaudich. Freye. Voy. i. 28. Epiphyte. Stems pendulous, 14 to 8ft. long, dichotomously forked. Leaves ovate, ascending, obtuse or subacute, 8 to 5 lines long, firm in texture, bright-green, rigid, entire; midrib distinct, arranged in 3 or 4 rows. Spikes very slender forked 3 to Bin. long; bracts dense, broad-ovate, slightly exceeding the sporangia. This species has the tassel-like inflorescence of L. phlegmaria. to which it should probably be placed as a variety, for its only distinction seems to be in the direction taken by the stem leaves, which, instead of being scatterel asin L. phlegmaria, form.4 even wings to the stem.— L. tetrapterygium, Bail. in Proc. Roy. Soe. QI. i. — Hab.: On trees. Johnstone and other tropical rivers. 4. L. Clarze (after Miss Clara Cowley), Bail. Bot. Bull. vii. ‘ Goorigen,’’ Barron River, Cowley. Stems pendulous from rocks or trunks of trees, from 14 to 34 ft. long, rarely forked, from 1 to 13in. diameter including the leaves, which fare so dense as to hide the stem. Leaves lanceolate, much narrowed towards ‘the apex, from $ to over lin. long, of a somewhat membranous texture, and of a rich glaucous green, the midrib obscure, margins entire. Sporangia in the axils of unaltered leaves, numerous and large. Hab.: Upper Freshwater Creek, Miss Clara Cowley. 5. L. Drummondii (after James Drummond), Spring, Monogr. Lycop. ii. 84; Baker’s Mon. 19. Stems leafy but creeping and rooting like rhizomes, with very short or scarcely any ascending barren branches. Leaves crowed, narrow lanceolate, acuminate, not above 2 lines long, two rows often rather longer and more spreading than the other two. Fertile branches (often called peduncles) erect, 1 to 6in. high including the spike, with small loosely erect leaves, the spike or fruiting part terminal or sometimes below the end. Bracts small, subulate-acuminate and spreading from a broad base, often but not always minutely serrulate-ciliate.—Hook. f. Fl. Tasm: ii. 170; F. v. M. Fragm. v. iii.; L. carolinianum, Linn. Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 675. Hab.: Islands of Moreton Bay. ee : The species extends over North and South America, tropical and southern Africa, Ceylon and New Zealand. SR ga 6. L. laterale (lateral), R. Br. Prod. 165; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 675. Stems leafy from the base, prostrate decumbent or ascending, slightly branched from a few inches to 2 feet long. Leaves crowded all round, lanceolate-subulate, 2 to 8 lines long. Spikes few, lateral and sessile, mostly about tin. long. Bracts small, from a very broad base shortly acuminate, usually brown-coloured. —Spring, Monogr. Lycop. i. 82, ii. 88; Labill. Sert. Austr. Caled. t. 15; Sieb. Syn. Filie: n. 84. —. a 5 Hab.: Rockingham Bay, Dallachy ; Moreton Island, F, v. Mueller. Also in New Caledonia and New Zealand. pos 7. Le cernuum (drooping), Linn.; Spring, Monogr. Lycop. i. ii : Benth. Fl, Austr. vii. 676. Stems hau wales to att, or lien cepa to 5 or 6ft. in height, with numerous spreading flexuose repeatedly forked branches. Leaves spreading all round the stem, fine, subulate, incurved, 1 to 2 lines long. Spikes sessile above the last leaves, nodding, 2 to 3 lines lon Bracts ovate-lanceolate, ciliate, imbricate in 8 rows, longer than the Cokenaet. Hab.: Common all along the coast. Common throughout the tropies in the New as well as the Old World. Lycopodium.) OLIV. LYCOPODIACEA. 1925 8. ZL. densum (dense), Ladill, Pl. Nov. Holl. ii. 104 t. 251; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 676, Stems from a short creeping base, erect, rigid, usually 1 to 14 but sometimes 2 to 4ft. high, very densely branched in the upper part. Leaves crowded all round, those of the main stem lanceolate with scarious tips and often 2 lines long, those of the branches imbricate and scarcely 1 line long. Spikes numerous, terminal, erect and sessile, from under 4in. to lin. long. Bracts ovate-lanceolate, with spreading tips often scarious on the margins.—R. Br. Prod. 165 ; Spring, Monogr. Lycop. i. 86, ii. 40; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 166; F.v. M. v. 111; Sieb. Syn. Filic. n. 82. Hab.: Inland southern localities. Also in New Zealand and Norfolk Island. 8. SELAGINELLA, §Spring. (Diminutive of Selago, the old name for Lycopodium.) Stems leafy, usually much branched, more slender or smaller than in Lycopodium. Leaves small, entire or minutely serrate, inserted all round the stem but in four rows. Spore-cases of two kinds, small ones filled with minute powdery spores called microspores, and larger containing 1 to 6 larger spores called macrospores, all opening in 2 to 4 valves and sessile in the axils of bracts in terminal spikes. The genus has the same wide range as Lycopodium. The generic character, the presence of two kinds of spores, is probably constant, but requires a close observation to verify it. Small erect plants. Stems-leaves all similar. Spikes slender, the bracts imbricate in 4 rows. Stems from a branching base, simple, about lin.long . . . . . . . 1. S. Preissiana. Stems branching upwards, 2 to 6in. or sometimes more .... . 2, S. uliginosa. Stem-leaves in two outer rows distichous and spreading, 2 inner rows closely appressed. pikes slender, the bracts imbricate in 4 rows. Stems bare at the base, ascending or erect, very much branched upwards to a length and breadth of 6 to 10in. (in outline) . 3. S. flabellatum. Stems diffuse or creeping and much branched. Plant wiry. Spikes about 8 lines long cone . 4. S. australiensis. Plant a delicate creeper. - Spikes 3to6lineslong ...... 5. S. brisbanensis. Plant shortly creeping. Stems dense. Spikes 1 to 3in. long. . . 6. S. Bukeriana. Plant usually smaller thanthelast. Spike oblong, the bracts spreading, nearly resembling the stem-leaves Se ae ee ee ee : . S. proniflora. Stems simple, lin. high. Spikes very short . &. pumilio. on 1. S. Preissiana (after L. Preiss), Spring, Monogr. Lycop. ii. 61; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 677. An erect slender annual of 1 to 2in., divided at the base into simple or once forked branches leafy throughout. Leaves all similar, spreading, very narrow, acuminate, 4 to 2 line long. Spikes occupying usually the greater part of the plant. Bracts the length of the stem-leaves, acute or acuminate, imbricate in 4 rows.—F. v. M. Fragm.v. 112; Lycopodium gracillimum, Kunze in Pl. Preiss. ii. 109. é Hab.: Stanthorpe... 2. S. uliginosa (of swamps), Spring, Monogr. Lycop. ii. 60; Benth. #1. Austr. vii. 678. Stems from a creeping base erect or ascending, slender but rigid, branching and leafy throughout, usually 2 to 6in. long but occasionally much drawn up. Leaves all similar or nearly so, ovate-lanceolate, acute, keeled, spreading or at length reflexed, sometimes oblique but not vertical. Spikes terminal, slender, from 8 or 4 lines to lin. long. Bracts smeller, narrower, and more acute than the stem-leaves, imbricate in 4 rows, the points appressed or slightly spreading.—Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 158; F. v. M. Fragm. v. 112; Lycopodium uliginosum, Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. ii. 104, t. 251; R. Br. Prod. 165 ; Sieb. Syn. Filic. n. 88. Hab.: Stradbroke Island, W. Hill. Part VI. Q 1926 CLIV., LYCOPODIACEA. [Selaginella., 83. S. flabellata (fan-like), Spring, Monogr. Lycop. ii. 174; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 678. Rhizome creeping and rooting to a great extent, emitting erect leafy stems, simple for 2 to 4in., then expanding into a broadly ovate form, 6 to 10in. long and sometimes nearly as wide, densely branched. Leaves in 4 rows, the 2 outer rows distichously spreading, nearly vertical, falcate, 1 to 14. line long, usually dark green on the upper side, pale and shining underneath in the dried state, inner rows not half so long, semicordate, fine pointed, converging over the . rhachis. Spikes 8 to 9 lines long, slender, Bracts keeled, fine-pointed, imbricate in 4 rows.—Lycopodium flabellatum, Linn. - % Hab.: Rockingham Bay, Dallachy ; Daintree River, Fitzalan; on the margins of most of : the Northern creeks. : ; Also in the Malayan Archipelago to South China and in tropical America. The species probably includes S. argentea, Spring, and some others. 4, S. australiensis (of Australia), Baker Journ. Bot. 1868. The stems of this plant extend some distance, are strong, wiry, and furrowed ; the leaves distant, spreading, and rigid on the main stem, but narrower and closer together on the ascending branches, all deep-green. Spikes terminal, about 8 lines long. Hab.: Logan and Nerang Creek scrubs. 5. S. brisbanensis (of Brisbane), Bail. lst Suppl. Syn. Ql. Fl, 62. This is an extremely delicate plant, its thread-like stems rambling to some distance ; foliage not very dense, the whole plant at times having a somewhat bronze appearance. Leaves rather distant and of delicate texture. Spikes 8 to 6 lines long. cae Hab: Brisbane River scrubs. The spikes of this and S. australiensis are never so numerous and prominent as in S. Bakeriana, Bail. 6. S. Bakeriana (after J. G. Baker), Bail..1st Suppl. Syn. Ql. Fl. 62. Stems creeping and rooting, but sending up from the upper edge erect, dichoto- mously branched, short branches, the extremity'of each branchlet terminated by a long, narrow, erect spike. Larger leaves in 2 rows, distichously spreading, lanceolate, acute or obtuse, about 1 line long, the inner ones somewhat falcate, the lower part appressed, the upper part spreading, all sharply keeled, margins serrate. Spikes terminal, very numerous, 1 to .3in. long and scarcely 1 line in diameter. Bracts acuminate, keeled, and closely imbricate in 4 rows, the_,tips scarcely spreading.—S. leptostachya, Bail., Proc. Roy. Soe. Ql. i. = Hab.: Johnstone River and other tropical localities. This is one of the most beautiful of the genus. It forms very dense masses of dark-green foliage, almost every growth terminating in a long slender spike of fructification. 7. S. pronifiora (flowers prone), Baker in Journ. Bot. 1885, 156. Stems creeping, pinnately branched, leafy throughout, rarely 6in. and often under lin. long. Larger leaves in 2 rows, distichously spreading, scarcely 1 line long, ovate ; 2 inner rows appressed, rather smaller. Spikes terminal, oblong, rarely above 6 lines long, 2 lines broad in the larger specimens, the spreading bracts’ very similar to the larger stem-leaves.—S8. Belangeri, Spring, Monogr. Lycop. ii. 242; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 679; Lycopodium proniflorum, Lam.; L. Belangeri, Bory in Belang, Voy. Bot. 12, t. 1, f. 2. Pe Hab.: Etheridge River, Gulliver ; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy ; York Peninsula, N. Taylor. 8. S. pumilio (dwarf), Spring, Mon. ii. 241; Baker, Fern Allies, 114. Stems very slender, erect, nearly simple, under lin. long, the root-fibres confined, to the base. Leaves of the lower plane spaced, ovate, acute, denticulate, 4 line long membranous, nearly equal-sided ; of the upper plane one-third as long, ovate, Selaginella. ] CLIV. LYCOPODIACEA. 1927 acute. Spikes very short, resupinate. Bracts dimorphous, those of the upper plane ovate, acute, erecto-patent ; of the lower plane ovate-cuspidate, ascending. —Lycopodium pumilio, R. Br. Hab.: Endeavour River, Banks and Solander. 4. AZOLLA, Linn. (From azo, to dry, and ollo, to kill; a dry condition causes the plant to perish.) Small floating plants, with branching and rooting leafy stems. Leaves small, imbricate, unequally 2-lobed. Spore-cases in pairs, sessile in the axils of the leaves on the main branches, one a globular membranous sac enclosing a cluster of small globular pedicellate spores (or sporangia), the other smaller, ovoid, con- taining a single macrospore surrounded at the base by 2, 4 or more corpuscles, called by some antheroids, by others abortive spores. : _A genus of few species, dispersed over the tropical, the Northern subtropical and Southern cooler regions of the globe. Of the two Australian species one is also Asiatic and African, tha other extends only to New Zealand, Branches of the stem linear and regularly pinnate . . . . . . . . L.A. pinnata, Branches of the stem with the leaves shortly obovate . . . . . . . . 2 A. rubra. ‘ 1. A. pinnata (pinnate), R. Br. in Flind. Voy. ii. 611, t. 1C, Prod. 167; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 679. Stems once or twice pinnate, broadly ovate in outline, with linear leafy branches, each plant under lin. long but generally collected in large masses on the surface of the water, emitting numerous rootlets, at first entire and sometimes dilated and flat, the older ones elegantly feathery. Leaves ovate, obtuse, concave, regularly but loosely imbricate, the upper lobe of each leaf about 4 line long, the lower lobe smaller. Larger spore-cases when full- grown globular, reddish, nearly 1 line diameter, the smaller ones oblong, about $ line long, with usually 4 corpuscles at the base of the macrospore.—Griff. in Calcutta Journ: Nat. Hist. v. 257, t. 15 to 17; Metten. in Linnea, xx. 278, t. 8. Hab.: Southern still waters. Dispersed over tropical Asia and Africa. 2. A. rubra (red), R. Br. Prod. 167; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 680. Individual plants smaller more compact and broader than in A. pinnata, the branches short, with fewer closely imbricate but spreading leaves, the roots all simple. Larger spore-cases globular, ahout 4 line diameter, the smaller oblong ones scarcely + line, the structure otherwise the same asin A. pinnata.—Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 158. Hab.: Common, still waters. . Also in New Zealand. 5. TMESIPTERIS, Bernh. (Named from the position of the sori, in notch of bract.) Stems simple, leafy. Leaves vertical, sessile and decurrent, entire, intermixed with leafy bracts bipartite on a short petiole. Spore-cases usually two together, united into a capsule-like sorus, sessile on the petiole of the bracts, transversely oblong, flattened, 2-celled and didymous or 2-lobed, opening loculicidally in 2 valves. Spores minute, uniform. The genus is limited to a single species found also in New Zealand and the Pacific Islands. 1. ©. tannensis (of Tanna), Bernh. in Schrad. Journ. 1800, ii. 181, ¢. 2, 7.5; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 680. Stems from a creeping slender rootstock ascending or pendulous, 6in. to 1ft. long. Leaves obliquely oblong or narrow lanceolate, usually about din. long but sometimes nearly lin., truncate obtuse or acute at the end, the lower margin shortly decurrent, the single central nerve often produced at the end into a fine point. Bracts rather shorter than the leaves and occasionally replacing them in the upper part of the stem, deeply divided into 2 1928 CLIV. LYCOPODIACEA. [Tmesipteris. segments like the leaves but smaller and more acute. Capsule-like sori about 2 lines broad and 1 line long, much compressed, parallell to the petiole—Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. ii. 105, t. 252; F. v. M. Fragm. v. 112; Lycopodium tannense, Spreng. in Schrad. Journ. 1799, ii. 267 ; Psilotum truncatum, R. Br. Prod. 164 ; Psilotum Forsteri, Endl. Iconogr. t. 85; Tmesipteris truncata, Desv, in Ann. Soe. Linn. Par. vi. 192; Hook. Gen. Filic. t. 86; T. Forsteri, Endl. Prod. FI. Norf. 6; Spring, Monogr. Lycop. 255; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 155; T. Billardiert, Endl. |. c. 6; Spring, l.c. 266. Hab.: Bellenden Ker Range and Mount Lindsay, W. Hill; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy ; and also on mountains generally. 6. PSILOTUM, Swartz. (Referring to the plants being leafless.) Stems dichotomous, with distant notches bearing minute scale-like leaves; sometimes scarcely prominent, occasionally replaced by equally minute bifid bracts. Spore-cases usually 8 together, united in a capsule-like sorus, sessile in the axil of or attached to the bracts, nearly globular, 8-lobed, 3-celled, opening loculicidally in 8-valves. Spores minute, uniform. Asmall tropical and subtropical genus common to the New and the Old World. Both the Australian species have a wide range in America and Asia, but perhaps one only in Africa. Branches, at least the fertile ones angular. . . . . ... +... « I. P. trtquetrum. Branches all flai 2. 1 6 ye ee eee ee we we ee ee DP. complanatum. 1. PB. triquetrum (8-sided), Swartz.; Spring, Monogr. Lycopod. ii. 269; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 681. Rhizome short, intricately branched. Stems erect or pendulous when on trees, from 8 or 4in. to above lft. long, repeatedly dichoto- mous in the upper part, the fertile branches 3-angled, the barren ones usually flattened. Scale-like leaves minute and subulate, the bracts subtending the spore- cases equally small and distant but forked. Capsule-like sori globular, about 1 line diameter, attached to the bract below the fork.—R. Br. Prod. 164 ; Hook. Gen. Filic. t. 87, Filic Exot. t. 63. F Hab.: Rockingham Bay, Dallachy; Rockhampton and neighbourhood, Bowman, O‘Shanesy; Moreton Bay and other southern localities, W. Hill, F. v. Mueller and others. In most tropical or subtropical moist regions in the New and the Old World, more rare in Africa. 2. P. complanatum (flattened), Swartz.; Spring, Monogr. Lycop. ii. 271; Benth, Fl. Austr. vii. 682. Stems dichotomous as in P. triquetrum, but usually longer and looser and the fruiting branches as well as the whole stem fiat, varying from 1 to 2 lines broud, rigid or flaccid, the margins alternately notched. Leaves and bracts very minute or almost obsolete. Capsule-like sori smaller than in P. triquetrum.—P. flaccidum, Spring, l.c. Hab.: Rockingham Bay, Dallachy; Bowen, Woolls; Cairns and Johnston River. Also in tropical Asia and America, the Mascarene and Pacific Islands, Orver CLV. MARSILEACEA. No true leaves. Fronds as in Filices proceeding from the rhizome and rolled inwards (circinate) at the top when young; barren ones either reduced to a linear stipes or bearing a leaf-like lamina divided into 4 digitate leaflets; fertile fronds on @ shorter stipes or nearly sessile, the lamina recurved with the margins united, forming an ovoid or globular utricle usually called an éinvolucre. Spore- cases of some kinds as in some Lycopodiacee, but arranged as in Filices in sori inside the involucre (i.¢., on the under surface of the recurved frond), each sorus enclosed in a membranous indusium, apparently dividing the involucre into as many cells. ; The Order is limited in Queensland to one genus. CLV. MARSILEACEA. 1929 1. MARSILEA, Linn. (After Count L. F. Marsigli.) Rhizome creeping and rooting at the nodes. Barren fronds with a long petiole or stipes, the lamina divided into 4 digitate leaflets, with numerous forked veins radiating from their base. Involucres sessile or stipitate, their stipes often but not always combined at the base with those of the barren fronds as in Ophioglossew. Sori linear,-on transverse veins proceeding from the upper side or midrib of the involucre, the indusia often more or less combined, dividing the jnvolucre into 2 series of transverse cells. Each sorus consisting of few macro- sporangia, each one surrounded by several microsporangia. The genus has a wide range in the northern hemisphere and one of the Australian species pes not appear to be distinct from the common northern one. The others are probably endemic. Whole plant glabrous. Leaflets obovate. Involucres on stipes not exceed- ing fin. and often very short 8 Peake says Gai a ee 1. M. Brownii. Leaflets narrow-oblong. Involucres hirsuie, sessile or nearlyso . . . . 2. M. angustifolia. Leaflets obovate usually hirsute. Involucres hirsute, sessile or nearly so 3. M. hirsuta. Leaflets obovate, often crenate; silky-villous underneath. Involucres on stipes of l tonearly 2in.. . . . 2... woe ee ew ee ew 4 ML. Drummondii. 1. MI. Brownii (after Dr. Robert Brown), A. Br. in Berl. Monat. 1863, 418; Baker's Fern Allies. Whole plant quite glabrous. Leaflets on a long stipes, deltoid, 4 to 1}in. long and broad; outer edge rounded, quite entire. Involucres obliquely ovoid or almost globular, 2 to 3 lines long, mostly in clusters of 2, 3 or rarely 4, the stipes or peduncles not exceeding din. and often shorter, more or less united at the base and very shortly so with the base of the stipes of the barren frond. Sori about 15.—M. quadrifolia, Linn., Benth. FI. Austr. vii. 683. Hab.: Still waters of southern localities. 2. IVE. augustifolia (narrow-leaved), R. Br. Prod. 167; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 688. Leafiets narrow-oblong, very obtuse truncate or slightly toothed at the end, the stipes slender, filiform, 2 to 3in. long in Brown’s specimens, glabrous or nearly so. Involucres hirsute and nearly sessile as in M. hirsuta, but in the few specimens seen solitary at the nodes. Sori about 20. Hab.: Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown; Aramac, C. W. de Burgh Birch. 8. IME. hirsuta (hairy), R. Br. Prod. 167; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 683. Young ends of the rhizome densely rusty-villous. Leaflets obovate or broadly cuneate, sparingly or densely hirsute underneath, the stipes usually long and slender. Involucres small, usually clustered, sessile at the Base of the barren fronds or on a stipes shorter than the involucre. Sori about 15.—A. Br. in Berl. Monatsber. 1870, 732. Hab.: Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown; Broadsouud, R. Brown; Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, F. v. Mueller. Baker in Fern Allies describes this as a wide trailing terrestrial form, with leaves and fruits in dense tufts at the distant nodes, and small silky leaflets of firm texture. 4. ME. Drummondii (after James Drummond), A. Br. in Linnea, xxv. 721. Baker’s Fern Allies. Nardoo. Large sub-terrestrial or aquatic. Stipes often Gin. long or more; leaflets deltoid, usually silky, 6 to 9 lines long; outer edge rounded, entire or more trequently crenate. Peduncles sometimes exceeding 2in., rigid, erect, adnate to the upper part of the base of the involucre. Involucres oblique-oblong, not bordered, with the dorsal suture nearly straight, 8 to 4 lines long, obliquely ascending, cuspidate, with a pair of smaller teeth at the upper aS Missing Page 1930 CLV. MARSILEACEA. [Marsilea. corner of the base. Sori 15 to 20.—Baker, l.c.; M. Macropus, Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 909, Gard. Ferns, t. 68. ; Hab.: Inland. Var. Muelleri. Involucre more regularly oblong, the dorsal suture more rounded—Baker l.c. Var. elata. Involucre erect. Peduncle, 24 to 3in. long. ; All collectors state that the spore cases with spores are collected by the aborigines and after preparation used by them for food. Orver CLVI. FILICES. No true leaves. Plants consisting of a rhizome or rooting or twining stem or simple trunk, emitting either alternate or a terminal tuft of more or less leaflike fronds. These consist of a stalk or stipes, frequently bearing narrow brown glossy scales especially at the base and on the rhizome, and a simple or variously divided or compound lamina, usually more expanded and leaflike when barren than when fertile, the frond when young rolled inwards or cincinate at the top (except in Ophioglossez). Spore-cases usually small, collected (rarely united) in clusters or patches called sori (rarely solitary) on the under surface or margins of the fertile fronds, which are either nearly similar to the barren ones or very narrow resembling simple or branched spikes. Sori either naked, or covered when young with a membrane called indusiwm (or sometimes involucre), variously opening with the growth of the spore-cases, but usualy remaining attached to the frond on one or both sides or rarely in the centre. ’ Lhis beautiful Order is abundant in all moist climates hot or cold, less so in dry and arid countries. The majority of the genera and a considerable number of species are as widely diffused as Grasses and Cyperacer. ‘Trix I. Ophioglossez.—Fronds not circinate, ‘the barren frond or portion of frond leaflike, the fertile portion spikelike, simple or branched, the stipes of both frequently combined at the base. Spore-cases globular, 2-valved, without any ring, sessile in 2 rows or in small clusters ° on the spike or its branches. ; Barren and fertile fronds undivided or once forked. Spore-cares sessile slightly connate in 2 rows on the rhachis of the spike. . . . . . 1. Opxtocnossum. Barren and fertile fronds branched. Spore-cases sessile in 2 rows on the branches of the panicle. . 2. 2. .'. 2. 1. ww ee ee Barren fronds 3-partite, with divided segments. Fertile fronds spike- like. Spore-cases in small dense clusters all round the rhachis. . . 3. Henminruost.cuys. 2. Borrycuium. Tris Il. Marattiex. —Spore-cases without any perfect ring, opening in 2 valves or in a longitudinal slit, sessile or wnited,in 2 rows, in sori forming marginal lobes to the segments or placed on their under surface. Climbing ferns. Sori forming small lobes bordering the pinnules of the divided fronds . . . . . 1... ee ee ee ae Erect simple or dichotomous ferns, without expanded laming. Sori forming small lobes pinnately contiguous and secund at the ends of the:branches: 2) 06 5 oe oe ee eee a de ee Fronds large. bipinnate. Sori oblong, placed side by side in a continuous row on the under side of the segments near the margin. Spore-cases distinct, sessilein 2rows . . . . . . . . . . « 6. ANGIOPTERIS. Spore-cases in 2 rows, but consolidated into entire boat-shaped sori . 7. Mararrta. 4. Lyeoprust.’ 5. Scuiz.ma. Trizz Ill. Osmundeze.—Spore-cases globular or nearly so without any or with an imperfect or transverse’ ring, opening in 2 valves or irregularly, few, sometimes solitary, rarely numerous and clustered in sori, on the under surface of the segments or pinnules. , Fronds compound, barren ones with fiat segments, fertile with linear segments. Spore-cases large, scattered along the longitudinal weins.. and enclosed in the revolute margins... sate eo w 4. . 8 CERatopreris. Fronds simply pinnate, with small pinnules. Sori of 2 to 4 spore-cases terminating transverse veins proceeding from the midrib. . ©. . 9. Praryzoma. Fronds dichotomous. Pinnules pinnately distichous. Sori of few: spore-cases, attached to one branch of forked veinlets proceeding from a CLVI. FILICES. 1981 Tre IV. Hymenophylleee.—Spore-cases depressed, with a transverse ring, sessile or nearly 80 on a columnar receptacle within a cup- shaped er 2-lobed indusium, embedded in or protruding from the margin of the frond. Fronds of a thin membranous half- pellucid texture. Indusium cup-shaped or tubular, with an entire or shortly 2-lobed margin Receptacle often exserted . . 12. TricHomMayeEs, Indusium divided to below the middle into 2 valves. Receptacle usually included ee ar Ek Eh gh 4 . arc . 13. HystenoPHYLLUM, Tripe V. Cyatheez. —Trees. Fronds large, compound. Spore-cases small, with a more or less oblique ring, sessile an a slightly raised receptacle, in globular sori on the under surface of the fronds. Indusium at first Sena enclosing the sorus, ‘at ena cup- ei under it . . . Be ae ate eg . . 14, Cyariea. Hodatneini, x 4 @ 4 44 ew GHEE Gy we we . . 15. ALSOPHIEA. Trizz VI. Polypodieze.— Habit various. Spore-cases small, with a longitudinal or scarcely oblique ring, numerous and stipitate in sori or patches on the under-side .o1 rarely the mar, gins of the frond. A. Sori covered at least when young with an indusium. Sori globular or slightly oblong. Indusium cup-shaped or globular and 2-valved. Sori close to the margin. Indusium adnate on the upper side, opening in 2 valves or leaving a complete ring . 16. Dicksonta. Sori close to or near the margin. Indusium adnate at the base only ; or along the sides forming with the frond a complete cup . . 17. Davautia. Sori linear, marginal. Indusium linear, opening from the ‘margin ; inwards. | : Frond simple, linear. Indusium of the texture of the frond, the sorus Pak apparently embedded in a double margin’ ...'. 2 se . . 18. Virrarral Frond pinnate or bipinnate. Indusium membranous . 3 Oe . 19. Linpsma. Sori ‘marginal. Indusium continuous with the margin and ‘opening j froma the under edge outwards.. ; Fronds pinnate or compound. Veins of the pinnules forked or dichotomous, radiating from the petiole. . . . . . . . . . 20. ADIANTUDL. Fronds compound. Pinnules penninerved Sori short. Indusium asmall scale recurved over them . . 6 2 2 * = « » » Zl. Aypourpis: Fronds compound, with small lobed segments. Sori short or globular. Indusium the slightly altered margins of the lobes curved over them 22. CuEILanrHEs. Fronds various. Sori and indusia linear, usually long and continuous 23, Prerrs. Sori in a continuous line along the midrib. Sori on both sides of the midrib, the indusium opening from the midrib outwards. , ‘Sori at length covering the under surface of the fertile fronds . 24, Lomarra. Sori at length confluent over the midrib but distant from the margin . . 25. BLecuNUM. Sori ina single line along the ‘midrib, jin a groove of which the va * edges form the indusium. Frond small, single. . 26. MonoGramMeE. Sori and indusia oblong jor shortly linear, parallel to the wid: on veinlets connecting the forked veins . . . 27. Doopra. Sori and indusia oblong or linear, on veins diverging from the midrib . 28. ASPLENIUM. Sori orbicular, usually small, as in Polypodium, but with an indusium. Indusium attached within the sorus, peltate or orbicular-reniform . 29. Asprprunt. B. No ‘indusium. Sori evbicalar, usually saath dntoasly arranged: on the under surface . 30. PoLypoprun.. Sori marginal as in Chielanthes but the margin unaltered in consistence though ofteu curved over the young sorus . 31, NoTHoLANa. Sori linear or oblong, on veins diverging from the midrib,- sometimes crowded in an intramarginal line .' . . 32. Grammaris, Sori oblong or linear or sometimes Gitieular and geminate, arising sont the transverse connivent veinlets . . 33. MENIscIUM. Sori Jong, linear, on the fon ginal anastomosing veins of’ ‘a ‘simple frond. . 34. ANTROPHYUM. Sori confluent, ‘at length compicrely covering the ‘under surface of the fertile fronds or pinnules . . 85. AcRosTICHUM. Spore-cases innumerable in large patches at the ends of the lobes or at the first.sinus of the fertile fronds . . . - + «+ + = 5 . . 36. PLatycerium, 1982 CLVI. FILICES. 1. OPHIOGLOSSUM, Linn. (The name literally means Adder’s-tongue, the English name for plants of this genus.) Barren frond leaflike, entire or forked at the end, reticulately veined. Fertile lamina or spike simple, pedunculate. Spore-cases sessile and more or less combined back to back in 2 rows along the rhachis, opening in a fissure transverse as to the spike, longitudinal as to the spore-case. A small genus generally spread over the tropical and temperate regions of the globe. Of the two Australian species one has the wide distribution of the genus, the other is tropical Asiatic. Barren frond ovate-lonceolate or linear, resembling a leaf on the peduncle OFtheSpike. 4 40% aw @ By Se le mR eA ee ce a a Barren frond ribbon-like from the base, the spike appearing pedunculate on the laminas . » «4 2 6 4 & we eR we & Re 8 woe ee @ e 2. OL pendulum. 1. 0. vulgatum. 1. O. vulgatum (common), Linn.; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filic. 445; Benth. Fi, Austr. vii. 688. Rhizome small, knotty. Combined frond solitary, from a few inches to near 1ft. high, the barren leaflike lamina sessile at or below the middle of the stipes, varying from broadly ovate or oblong-lanceolate and 1 to 2in. long in what may be termed the normal form, to ovate, rotundate, and 4+ to din. long, or narrow-lanceolate or linear and 1 to 1fin. long, with every intermediate form and size, copiously reticulate when broad, the veins more longitudinal and slightly anastomosing when the lamina is narrow. Spike varying in length with the size of the plant, with very few to more than a dozen spore-cases in each row.—Hook. Fl. Tasm. ii. 158, t. 169; F.v. M. Fragm. v. 112; O. gramineum, Willd. and O. costatum, R. Br. Prod. 163.—Bail, Litho. Ferns Ql. i. Hab.: Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, F. v. Mueller and others; Itockhampton and neighbour- ing districts, Bowman, Thozet, O'Shanesy. — Var. gramineum, Bail. Bot. Bull. 5. Rhizome tuberous. Fronds from 1 to 2in. high; the sterile portion narrow-lanceolate, 4 to fin. long; fertile spike 3 to jin. long.—Bail. Litho. Ferns, Ql. i. B. ; Hab.: Frequently met with on stony ridges in Southern localities. Var. minutum, Bail. Bot. Bull. 5. Rhizome tuberous. Fronds 1 to 3in. high, the sterile portion petiolate, lam na roundish or almost rhomboidal, seldom attaining a diameter of 3 lines ; fertile spike narrow, sharply pointed, about din. long.—Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. i. A. Hab.: On grassy land about the Herbert River. : The species is found in most warm and temperate climates, and everywhere varies so much in the size and shape of the leaflike lamina that it has been divided into a number of species, which the most acute observers in various countries have again united. The Queensland forms, however, may most conveniently be given as above. 2. O. pendulum (pendulous), Linn.; Hook. and Bak, Syn. Fil. 446; Benth. fl. Austr. vii. 689. Ribbon Fern. Barren-and fertile frond pendulous from the masses of Platycerium on trees, often many feet long, ribbon-like, entire or rarely forked at the end, leaflike throughout or tapering at the base into a very short stipes. Spike 1 to Gin. long, on a short peduncle arising from the central line of the frond far from or sometimes near the base. Spore-cases in 2 opposite rows as in O, vulgatum, buried when young in the continuous margin, at length occupying nearly the whole breadth of the spike, which like the sterile portion is sometimes forked—Sieb. Fl. Mixt. n. 278; Hook. and Grev. Ic. Filic. t. 19; Hook. Gard. Ferns, t. 83; Bedd. Ferns 8. Ind. t. 269; Bail. Litho. Ferns QI. 2. Hab.: Coastal scrubs south and north. ‘ Also in tropical Asia, extending on the one hand to the Mascarene, on the other to the Pacific Islands. 2. BOTRYCHIUM, Swartz. (From the Greek, the fructification being supposed to represent a bunch of grapes.) Barren fronds pinnate or compound. Fertile fronds with branched spikes, forming a pedunculate panicle. Spore-cases sessile in 2 rows along the branches, Botrychiwn.] OLVI. FILIOKS. 1988 marginal but turned inwards, opening in a fissure, transverse as to the rhachis, longitudinal as to the spore-case. A genus of few species, chiefly extratropical, dispersed over the New and the Old World on the northern and southern hemispheres. 1. B. ternatum (3-parted), Swarte.; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filic. 448; Benth. Fl, Austr. vii. 690. Grape Fern or Moonwort. Stipites of the barren and fertile fronds free below their division and sometimes from the base. Barren lamin 2 to 5in. long and at least as broad, tripartite with pinnate divisions. Pinne ovate-lanceolate in outline, deeply pinnatifid or again pinnate, the segments denticnlate. Veins diverging, almost concealed in the thick texture of the frond. Fertile panicle much branched, 1 to Sin. long and often nearly as broad at the base.—F. v. M. Fragm. v. 118; Osmunda ternata, Thunb. Fl. Jap. 829, t. 32; Botrychium australe, R. Br. Prod. 164; B. virginianum, Hook. f. Fl, Tasm. ii. 154, t. 169, not of Swartz.; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 8. Hab.: Moreton Bay and Taylors Range, Rockhampton, and further north. Also in extratropical North America and Asia and in New Zealand. 8. HELMINTHOSTACHYS, Kaulf. (The fructification supposed to resemble a spike of worms.) Barren portion of frond leaflike, divided. Fertile portion of frond a pedunculate spikelike panicle. Spore-cases globular but free, in dense clusters all round the rhachis, opening irregularly in an external slit. The genus is limited to the single Australian species, which extends over East India, the Malayan Archipelago and New Caledonia. 1. H. zeylanica (of Ceylon), Hook. Gen. Hilic. t. 47, 2nd Cent, Ferns, t. 94, Gard. Ferns, t. 28; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 690. Rhizome thick, creeping, with fleshy fibres. Fronds united in a stipes often 1ft. or more high, the fertile leaflike lamina nearly sessile upon it, usually 3-partite, each division deeply pinnatifid. Segments lanceolate, 8 to 5in. long, $ to lin. broad, entire or denticulate, more or less decurrent and confluent at the base. Veins numerous, simple or forked, parallel and diverging from the midrib, all free or rarely anastomosing. Spike or rather spike-like panicle 2 to 4in. long, the peduncle at least as Jong above the barren lamina. Clusters of spore-cases short and crowded, each cluster usually terminating in a crest-like appendage (abortive spore-cases ?)—Bedd. Ferns 8. Ind. t. 69; F. v. M. Fragm. v. 113; Bail. Litho. Ferns QI. 4. Hab.: Rockingham Bay, WV’. Hill, Dallachy; Port Denison and Daintree River, Fitzalan ; Rockhampton, Thozet; and many other tropical localities. 4. LYGODIUM, Swartz. (From lygodes, flexible). Climbing ferns, with long twining stems. Fronds pinnately or dichotomously divided, inserted on the common stem in divaricate pairs, usually on a very short common stalk or petiole. Pinnules usually ovate or lanceolate, at least when barren. Spore-cases globular or transversely oblong, with longitudinal strie at the upper end, opening in a longitudinal slit, sessile in two rows, in sori forming small lobes bordering the pinnules or in a separate panicle, with a small scale under each spore-case. A tropical genus widely spread over the New as well as the Old World. Fronds palmately lobed Bese a Oe woe ee eee ee ee 1 L. dichotomym, Fronds simply pinnate. Pinnules articulate on the petiole. Veins allfree. 2. L. scandens. Fronds simply pinnate or the lower pinne again pinnate. Pinnules articulate on the petiole. Veins often anastomosing. . . . 848-8 Fronds more or less bipinnate. Pinnules not articulate, often decurrent on the petiole. Veingallfree 2. 1 1 1 we ew ee ye ee we 4 Li japonicum, Part VI, Qa 3. L. reticulatum. 1984 OLYI. FILICES. [Lygodium, _ 1. ZL. dichotomum (divisions in pairs), Sw. Stem climbing. Primary petiole so much reduced that the fork seems almost to spring from the main rhachis; secondary 1 to Qin. long, firm, naked. Pinnules digitate with 5 to 6 lobes reaching nearly down to the base, or once or even twice forked ; ultimate barren divisions 4 to 8 or even 12in. long, 4 to #in. broad, the fertile ones contracted, sometimes so much so that the lamina is nearly lost ; the spikes 1 to 2 lines long, in close marginal rows; texture sub-coriaceous ; surface -naked.— Baker in Synopsis Filicum; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 5. Hab.: Musgrave Electric Telegraph Station, T. Barclay-Millar. The portion forwarded was sterile and small, but doubtless belonged to the above species. 2. L. scandens (climbing), Swartz; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filic. 487 Benth Fl. Austr. vii. 691. Stems rather slender, but twining and climbing to a considerable extent, glabrous or slightly pubescent. Fronds of each pair pinnate. Pinnules 5 to 10 or more, from cordate-ovate to oblong-lanceolote or hastate, varying from } to 1fin. long, often shortly lobed at the base, and always articulate on a slight thickening of the apex of the petiolule, which persists on the common rhachis after the pinnules have fallen off. Veins forked, free, radiating from the petiolule, with a more or less distinct central nerve. Sori protruding from the margins of pinnules similar to the barren ones, sometimes all very short with 8 to 6 pairs of spore-cases, sometimes in the same specimen 4 to 5 lines long, with 12 to 15 pairs of spore-cases.—Bedd. Ferns 8. Ind. t. 61; L. microphyllum, RB. Br. Prod. 162; F. v. M. Fragm. v. 118; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 6. Hab.: Sandy Cape, Hervey Bay, R. Brown; Cape York and Endeavour River, W. Hill, Daemel, N. Taylor: Rockingham Bay, Dallachy; Port Denison, Fitzalan; Rockhampton, Thozet ; Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, A. Cunningham, F. v. Mueller. Mostly met with in swamps. Widely spread over tropical Asia, received also from tropical Africa. 3. L. reticulatum (netted), Schkuhr, Spec. Filic. 1389, t. 189; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 692. Habit of the larger specimens of L. scandens, and the pinnules similarly articulate on the petiolule, but usually larger, lanceolate, rather more rigid, often above 2in. long, the lower ones of the frond often again pinnate, with 3 to 5 secondary pinnules. Veins forked, diverging from a central nerve and occasionally crossing each other or anastomosing. Sori small, usually numerous and crowded along the margins, each with 3 to 12 pairs of spore-cases.—Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filic. 489; Hydroglossum scandens, Presl ; Bail. Ql. Ferns, 62; Bail. Litho. Ferns QI. 7. _ Hab.: York Peninsula, N. Taylor; Daintree River, Fitzalan; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy ; frequently found in dense scrubs. Also in the Pacific Islands where it is called ‘* Wa Kalou,” ie Fern of God, and was at one time used to decorate temples. : 4. L. japonicum (of Japan), Swartz; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filic. 489; Benth, Fl. Austr. vii. 692. Fronds pinnate as in L. scandens, but the pinnules much longer and narrower, not articulate but often very narrowly decurrent on the petiolule, and usually sprinkled with short hairs, the lower ones of each frond 3-fid or pinnate with 3 to 5 secondary pinnules, the central one lanceolate, varying from 1 to 6in. long, the lateral ones shorter, entire, or toothed when barren, the veins free; fertile fronds either similar to the barren ones or reduced to a branched rhachis. Sori forming short linear marginal lobes as in L. scandens.— i aa R. Br. Prod. 162, F. v. M. Fragm. v. 118; Bail. Litho. Ferns a ee ea gees ; ae York, Daemel; York Peninsula, N. Taylor ; Endeavour r, A. nningham, G. : : ". Hill; i A : round on dha havdera of rivers aii: aoe RR > ST OSES aie Sana Spread over the Malayan Archipelago, East Indies and Eastern Asia to Japan, CLVI. FILICES. 1985 im 5. SCHIZAZA, Sm. (From schizo, to split; from the split fronds.) Rhizome short. Fronds erect, linear, terete or very narrow, simple forked or dichotomous, without expanded lamina. Sori forming small linear pinnules, closely imbricate in a secund spike at the end of the fertile branches, those of the two sides folded against each other with the fructification inside. Spore-cases globular, without any ring, opening in two valves, sessile in 2 rows xovering the inner surface of the pinnules, which iy really their under side, though from the curvature of the spike it may appear to be the upper one. The genus extends over tropical and temperate America and the southern hemisphere of the Old World. Fronds terete or nearly so, mostly bifid. Soriferous pinnules very narrow, 3to4dlineslong. .. 1. S. bifida. Fronds repeatedly dichotomous. On sandy land near the coast 1 1 1 1 1 8) sg. dickotoma. Like the last but much smaller and glossy. Usually found on the roots of palws) 6 wo wow we ee ‘ arias ye! ab ab) Gey wt we ee op BB Ons tert. 1. S. bifida (2-cleft), Swartz; Hook and Bak. Syn. Filic. 429; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 693. Fronds terete, 9 to 18in. high, once forked at or below the middle or rarely undivided. Spike of the fertile ones } to 3in. long, the soriferous pinnules very numerous and closely packed, narrow-linear, 8 to 4 lines long, fringed with long cilia. Spore-cases often 20 pair.—R. Br. Prod. 162; Sieb. Fl. Mixt. n. 228; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 9a. Hab.: Port Bowen, R. Brown; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy. Common in the south on forest land. Also in New Zealand. Included by F. v. M. Fragm. v. 113, in S. dichotoma. 2. S. dichotoma (divisions in pairs), Swartz; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filic. 480; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 694. Fronds 6in. to above 1ft. high, dichotomously divided into very numerous branches slightly flattened especially when barren, forming a flat corymbose top, all or most of them in some specimens fertile, in others all or most of them barren. Soriferous pinnules of the fertile spike very narrow and closely contiguous as in 9. bifida, but usually smaller, varying from 1 to nearly 8 lines long.—R. Br. Prod. 162; Hook. and Grev. Ic. Filic. t. 17; Bedd. Ferns S. Ind. t. 65; F. v. M. Fragm. v. 118; Sieb. Fl. Mixt. n. 227; Bail. Litho. Ferns QI. 10. Hab.: Common all along the coast. Extends over tropical America and Asia, the Mascarene and Pacific Islands, to New Zealand. 8. S. Forsteri (after G. Forster), Spreng; F. v. M. Fragm. viii..275. Rhizome short scaly. Fronds 8 to Qin. high, glossy. Stipes light-coloured, chanelled, the upper portion of the frond dichotomously divided into several flat, thin segments, the fertile ones tapering to a neck-like contraction, thus giving the fructification an appearance of being stipitate, the tassel of fructification not so one-sided and much shorter than in 9. dichotoma; Bail. Litho. Ferns QI. 9 B. Hab.: Northern and southern localities, usually found growing among the upper roots of palms. 6. ANGIOPTERIS, Hoffm. (From aggeion, a vessel, and pteris, a fern.) Trunk erect, almost arborescent. Fronds large, bipinnate, the stipes with 2 large persistent auricles at the base. Spore-cases globular, without any ring, opening inwards in two valves, sessile in two rows in oblong sori, placed side by side in a continuous row near the margins of the segments. No indusium. The genus is limited by Hooker and others t» the single Australian species, ranging over tropical and Eastern Asia to Japan and extending on the one hand to Madagascar and on the other to the Pacific Islands. It has been divided by De Vriese, Monogr. Maratt. 15, and some others into 68 species which, in so far as they may be discriminated, can only be considered as individual varlations.— Benth. - : : : : 1936 OLVI. FILICES. [Angiopteris. 1. A. evecta (evectic), Hoffm.; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filic. 440; Benth. Kl. Austr. vii. 694. Trunk thick and erect, attaining sometimes 2 or 8ft. Fronds spreading very broad, sometimes 12 to 15ft. long, on a more or less pubescent stipes but otherwise quite glabrous, green and shining. Secondary. pinnules or segments linear-oblong, 3 to 8in. long, abruptly acuminate, crenate- serrate or rarely entire. Veins nearly parallel, diverging from the midrib, entire or forked. Spore-cases 4 to 6 pairs in each sorus.—Hook. and Grev. Ic. Filic. t. 36; Hook. Filic. Exot. t..75; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 11. Hab.: Rockingham Bay. W. Hill, Dallachy ; Daintree River, Fitzalan; Trinity Bay Ranges, F. M. Bailey; gullies of the Blackall Range. 7. MARATTIA, 5m. (After J. F. Maratti, an Italian botanist.) Rhizome large, tuberous. Fronds large, twice or thrice pinnate, the stipes with adnate auricles at the base. Spore-cases completely united in 2 rows, in oblong boat-shaped sori, placed side by side in a continuous row close to the margin of the pinnules or between the midrib and the margin, the spore-cases opening inwards in longitudinal slits without any other external mark to distinguish them, the sorus appearing divided into so many cells in 2 rows. A genus of few species dispersed over the tropical regions of the New and the Old World and the southern extratropical ones of the Old World. The only Australian species has a general range in the Old World.—Benth. 1. Mf. fraxinea (ashen), Sm. Ic. Ined. t. 48; Benth. kl, Austr. vil. 695. Potato Fern. Fronds 9 to 12ft. long (Dallachy). Secondary pinnules or segments oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, often 8in. long and 14in. broad, but much smaller in other specimens, with numerous parallel simple or forked transverse veins, the barren point usually serrate, the fertile portion entire or shortly serrate. Boat-shaped sori rather above 1 line long, oblique and close together in a continuous row close to the margin, the vein on which they rest sometimes slightly expanded and fringed. Upper surface of the sorus concave, the slits and cells indicating the number of united spore-cases, 5 to 8 pair in each sorus. —Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filic. 440; Bedd. Ferns 8. Ind. t. 79; M. salicina, Sm.; F. v. M. Fragm. v. 114; Bail. Litho. Ferns QI. 11. Hab.: Rockingham Bay, W. Hill, Dallachy; York Peninsula, N. Taylor; Daintree River, Fitzalan; Bowen, Woolls. Spread over the tropical and southern extratropical regions of the Old World. The species should include several of those proposed by De Vriese, Monogr. Maratt. 3. 8. CERATOPTERIS, Brongn. (From keras, keratos, a horn, and pteris, a fern; horned fern.) Fertile fronds compound with narrow linear segments. Sori of single globular spore-cases opening irregularly, with an incomplete or rudimentary ring, inserted on longitudinal veins between the midrib and the margins of the segment. Indusium continuous and membranous, formed ‘of the revolute margin of the seguient. Spores large, marked with concentric rings. The genus is limited to the single Australian species which is widely distributed over the tropical regions of the New and the Old World. 1. C. thalictroides (Thalictrum-like), Brongn.; Hook. Spec. Filic. ii. 285, Syn. Filtc. 174; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 695. An aquatic or semiaquatic fern. Fronds twice or thrice pinnate, the fertile ones Gin. to 1ft. high, the secondary or tertiary pinne short, with few distinct linear segments 2 to above lin. long, the revolute margins enclosing the fructification of the whole length. Barren fronds distinct, shorter and more spreading, with fewer short broad Ceratopteris.] CLVI. FILICES. 1987 variously shaped segments, flat and of a soft half succulent texture. Spore-cases with a broad nearly complete ring.—Beddome, Ferns 8. Ind. t. 75; Bail. Litho. Ferns, Q1. 12; Parkeria pteridioides, Hook. Exot. Fl. t. 147; Hook. and Grev. Ic. Filic. t. 97. Hab.: Gulf of Carpentaria, Landsborough; Cape York, Daemel ; Cape York Peninsula, N. Taylor; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy; Rockingham and neighbouring districts, Bowman, O‘Shanesy ; Moreton Bay, F. v. Mueller. 9. PLATYZOMA, R. Br. (From platys, broad; zoma, a band; the ring of the sporangia broad.) Fronds tufted on a horizontal rhizome, pinnate, the pinnules small and numerous along a simple rhachis. Sori of 2 to 4 spore-cases, terminating simple veinlets proceeding from the midrib, the soriferous end free and incurved between the frond and an inner membrane. Mature spore-cases globular, very deciduous, bursting irregularly, the inner membrane of the pinnule irregularly torn and disappearing. ‘the genus is limited to the single species endemic in Australia, the great difference in fructification as well ag in habit preclude its union with Gleichenia. 1. PB. microphyllum (leaf small), &. Br. Prod. 160; Benth. Kl. Austr. vii. 696. Braid Fern. Rhizome short, thick, densely covered with long brown setaceous scales. Fronds 6in. to above 1ft. high, the rhachis smooth and shining. Pinne exceedingly numerous, scarcely above 1 line long and broad, the revolute margins almost closed over the midrib so as to give them a globular or ovoid bullate form, glabrous outside, powdery inside especially on the midrib. Soriferous veins 2 or 3 on each side of the midrib.—Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filic. 11, &. 1, f. 1; Guillem. Ic. Pl. Austral. t. 18; Gleichenia platyzoma, F. v, M. Fragm. v. 114; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 13. Hab.: Gulf of Carpentaria, R. Brown, Gulliver; Facing Island, R. Brown, W. Hill; York Peninsula, Taylor; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy ; Downs of the interior, Mitchell, Woolls, Birch, Bowman and others. It is not easy in dried specimens to find the perfect sori in situ, for when ripe they are generally seen loose in the pinnule, and the inner membrane which confined them broken up or withered away. 10. GLEICHENIA, Sm. (After Baron P. von Gleichen.) Fronds from a creeping rhizome erect or scrambling, the main rhachis dichotomous, with numerous entire or pinnatifid pinnules, distichous along the ultimate branches and often also below the last forks. Sori without indusium, of few (2 to 12) spore-cases attached to one branch of forked veinlets, either superficial or slightly embedded in the substance of the frond. Spore-cases surrounded by a transverse ring and opening vertically in 2 valves. The genus is spread over the tropical and subtropical regions of the New and the Old World extending into cooler regions in the southern hemlsphere. Pinnules divided to the midrib into numerous small segments, “each with a single sorus. Segments fat or with recurved margins, not bullate. Spore-cases usually 3 or 4, near the upperinnerangle. . . . . 6. 1 ew as Segments bullate, the recurved margins almost closed over to the rhachis. Spore-cases usually 2, in a cavity more than half the breadth of the segment. « = 6 © 8 8 Foe He we ee we ee ws Pinnules entire or scarcely serrulate. Veinlets pinnate along the midrib, forked, each with a sorus on one branch. i Pinnules green on both sides, continued on the branches of the rhachis below the last fork. Sori of 3 or 4 spore-cases Sa Se ae er Pinnules linear-lanceolate, sometimes glaucous underneath. Spore-cases about Seah es ee ay a eles ae faa 2 lly Gioia we | St Pinnules glaucous underneath, only on the last branches of the rhachis : above the last fork. Sori of 8 oy mora spore-cases . . . . . . « . 5. G. dichotoma. 1. G. ctircinata. 2. G. dicarpa. 3. G. flabellata. 4. G. flagellaris. 1938 CLVI. FILICES. [Gleichenia. 1. @. circinata (coiled or curled round), Swartz, Syn. Filic. 165, 394 ; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 697. Parasol Fern. Fronds sometimes short, but often. repeatedly dichotomous and scrambling to the height of many feet, the main rhachis glabrous or shortly scaly-hirsute. Pinnules numerous along the ultimate branches, 1 to 2in. long, pinnately divided into numerous ovate or almost orbicular segments, 1 to 14 lines diameter, adnate by the broad base, often whitish underneath, flat or the margins more or less recurved or revolute. Sori of 2 to 4 spore-cases, superficial or half immersed in a slight cavity near the upper basal angle of the segments.—Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filic. 11; F. v. M. Fragm. v. 115; G. spelunce, R. Br. Prod. 160; Guillem. lc. Pl. Austral. te BQ): Sieb. Fil. Exs. n. 87, and Fl. Mixt. n. 229; G. microphylla (rhachis hirsute), R. Br. Prod. 161; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 180; G. senvivestita, Labill. Sert. Austr. Caled. t. 11; Bedd. Ferns Brit. Ind. t. 177; G. rupestris (margins of segments recurved), R. Br. Prod. 160; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 14. Hab.: Moreton Bay and other southern localities. Also in New Zealand, New Caledonia and the Malayan Archipelago and Peninsula. 2. G. dicarpa (2-fruited), R. Br. Prod. 161; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 698. Fronds of the smaller specimens of G. circinata, with the rhachis glabrons or scaly-hispid, but the segments, mostly under 1 line diameter, are almost globular and bullate, the revolute margins almost closed over to to the rhachis. Sori large in proportion, of 2 or rarely 8 spore-cases, in a broad cavity close to the rhachis, occupying more than half the breadth of the segment.—Hook. Filic. Exot. t. 40; Kunze, Farrenkr. t. 70, f. 2; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 181; F. v. M. Fragm. v. 115; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 15. Hab.: Rockingham Bay, Dallachy ; Moreton Island and other southern localities. The species is also in New Zealand, New Caledonia and the Malayan Archipelago. 8. G. flabellata (fan-like), R. Br. Prod. 161; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 698. Fronds repeatedly dichotomous, attaining 2 to 4ft.in height. Pinnules numerous along the last branches and continued along the rhachis below the last fork, linear-lanceolate, entire or the margins obscurely undulate, rarely above lin. long, dilated and sometimes confluent at the base, 1 to 14 lines broad, glabrous or with a few scaly hairs underneath, the numerous veinlets proceeding froin the midrib forked, one fork bearing below the summit a superficial sorus of 2 to 5, usually 8 or 4, spore-cases.—Hook. Spec. Filic. i. 6; Filic. Exot. t. 71; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filic. 12; Hook. fil. Fl. Tasm. ii. 181; F. v. M. Fragm. v. 114; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 16. Hab.: York Peninsula, N. Taylor; Rockingham Bay, W. Hill, Dallachy ; Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, F, v. Mueller. The species is also in New Zealand and New Caledonia. 4. G. flagellaris (thong-like), Spreng.; Baker in Fl. of Mauritius and the Seychelles. Fronds 8 or 4 times dichotomously forked, leafy from the first- forking continuously to the top of the ultimate branchlets, the texture rigidly subcoriaceous, the upper surface dark-green and naked, the lower glaucous and with a little ferruginous down on the midrib of the segments. Pinne Janceolate, 1 to 2in. broad, cut down to the rhachis into close adnate entire linear ultimate segments. Veins fine, distinct, once forked near the base. Sori on the back of the veins, nearer the edge than the midrib, consisting of not more than 4 or 5 capsules.—Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 18. Hab.: Messrs. Schneider and Tryon brought me, from the top of the Macpherson Range, sterile portions of a Gleichenia, which I think belonged to the above species. It isa fern of wide range, having been gathered in New Guinea, Java, the Malay Islands, Fiji, Mauritius, Bourbon, and Madagascar, and is considered to include G. levigatu, Willd.: G. bifurcat Blame. Gg. bracteatu, Blume. ; and G. mwwricata, Bojer. . : =e Gleishenia. } CLVI. FILIOGES. 1939 5. @. dichotoma (divisions in pairs), Hook. Spec. Filic. i. 12; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 698. Fronds dichotomous. Pinnules undivided, linear or linear- lanceolate as in G, flabellata, but only on the last branches of the stipes above the last fork, mostly about lin. long, rather rigid, glaucous underneath, dilated and often shortly confluent at the base, the lowest one on the outer side of the rhachis usually longer and more or less pinnatifid. Transverse veinlets proceeding from the midrib branching at the base, one branch bearing near the base a soras of 8 to 12 spore-cases.—Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filic. 15; Bedd. Ferns 5. Ind. t. 74; Polypodium dichotomum, Thunb.; Mertensia dichotoma, Willd.; Schkuhr, Filio. t. 148; Gleichenia Hermanni, R. Br. Prod. 161; F. v. M. Fragm. v. 114; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 17. : Hab: Shoalwater Bay, R. Brown; Daintree River, Fitzalan; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy ; Brisbane River, and Islands of Moreton Bay. On the Russel River this species is of a more slender growth and attains the height of 20 or 30ft. Dispersed over the tropical and subtropical regions of the New and the Old World. R. Brown in transferring it from Polypodium te Gleichenia rejected Thunberg’s specific name as being characteristic of the whole genus and therefore no longer appropriate for a single species. Willdenow nevertheless retained Thunberg’s name, but placed the plant in Jertensia, now generally united with Gleichenia. Hooker first adopted Thunberg’s specific name under Gleichenia, and has been followed by most others. The genera in ferns have been thrown into such confusion and uncertainty that pteridologists acknowledge a right of priority in specific names whatever may have been the genus under which they may have been first published.— Benth. 11. TODEA, Willd. (After Henry Julius Tode.) Trunk or rhizome erect. Fronds compound. Spore-cases globular, without any or only a very obscure transverse ring, opening to the base in 2 valves, clustered in sori on the under surface of the segments. A genus of few species, dispersed over South Africa, the Malayan Peninsula, the South Pacific Islands and New Zealand. Pinnules of a firm consistence, entire or serrulate. Sori at length covering the base of the lower pinnules. . . . .... 3 woe oe ee). 1, DP barbara. Pinnoules of a membranous half pellucid consistence, serrate. Sori of few small spore-cases close to the midrib. . ae eae soe mw ee « BP) Praseri 1. —. barbara (of Barbary), 7. Moore; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filtc. 427; Benth. #1. Austr. vii.699. Swamp Fern Tree. Trunk erect, attaining sometimes 5ft. Fronds varying from under 2ft. to above 8ft. long, glabrous, twice pinnate. Primary pinne numerous, from 8 or 4in. to 1ft. long. Pinnules numerous, of a firm consistence, narrow-lanceclate, 4 to 2in. long, entire or more frequently serrate, the upper ones decurrent and confluent at the base. Sori on the oblique simple or forked veinlets, usually covering the greater part of the under surface of the lower pinnules of the lower pinne, the rest of the frond barren. Spore- cases rather large.—Osmunda barbara, Thunb. ; R. Br. Prod. 168; Todea africana, Willd. ; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 158, t. 168; F. v. M. Fragm. v. 114; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 19. Hab.: Rockingham Bay, Dallachy ; Bowen, Woolls ; Moreton Bay, W’. Hill; deep gullies of the Blackall Ranges. Also in South Africa and New Zealand. According to Hooker this fern was first named Acrostichum barbara by Linnaus because of its African origin, but states that it is not a native of Barbary. 2. LT. (Leptopteris) Fraseri (after C. Fraser), Hook. ct Grev. Ie, Filic. -t. 101, Benth. #1, Ausér. vii. 700. Trunk erect, 6in. to 8ft. high and “sellom over 2 or 24in. in diameter, more or less bearing the bases of the old fronds; the apex coyered by somewhat glossy, short, obtuse scales ; the crown of few fronds, 1940 CLVI. FILICES. [Todea. generally under 12. Stipes 10 to 15in. long, terete or nearly so, with few scales, slightly stained with chestnut. Fronds 2 to 3ft. long, lanceolate in outline, bipinnate; pinne nearly opposite, about 80 on each side of rhachis, the centre ones about 6in. long and 14in. wide; secondary rhachis narrowly winged ; pinnules #in. long, 24 lines broad, serrately lobed ; veins simple or forked, 1 to each tooth or lobe; spore-cases minute, in masses of from 2 to 5 at the base of the pinnule.—Bail. Litho. Ferns. Ql. 20. Hab.; In a deep rocky gully or creek on the summit of the south peak, Bellenden-Ker. — The thin dark-green pellucid fronds of this fern remind one of the New Zealand species 7. (Leptopteris) hymenophylloides. ; The species is also in New Guinea and the South Pacific Islands. 12. TRICHOMANES, Linn. (Name of uncertain application.) Rhizome creeping, slender as in Hymenophyllum or short and rather thick, Fronds usually small, of a delicate membranous half pellucid texture, entire or variously divided and nerved. Sori terminal or lateral. Indusium of the texture of the frond and continuous with it, tubular or turbinate at the base and immersed in the margin of the frond or protruding from it, with a narrow usually spreading border entire or nearly so. Receptable linear, usually exserted. Spore- cases sessile at or near its base. A large genus, with the wide geographical range of Hymenophyllum, to which it is closely allied, differing only in the shape of the indusium. Fronds round-cordate, nearly or quite sessile, usually less than 3 lines long. Sori solitary, exserted from a deep terminal sinus yee a Fronds linear almost cuneate, rarely lobed, seldom exceeding 4 lines. Sori solitary, terminal on frond or lobes, sessile . . 2. T. vitiense. Fronds ovate, frequently lobed, 4 to 6 lines, sometimes lobed at the top. 1. TL. Motley. Sori terminal, sessile YB as a it GP ee eof » 8. T. yandinense. Fronds sessile, orbicular, peltate, 4 to lin. diameter. Sori few ‘ 4. T. peltatum. Fronds undulate, irregularly lobed in the upper half or entire, tapering to the short stipes, 3 to 9 lines long. Soriterminal. . . . . 5 T. museoides. Fronds nearly orbicular, 3 to 4 lines diameter, palmatifid. Sori terminal 6. 7. parvulum. Fronds deeply divided into 3 to 6 linear denticulate lobed segments. Sori terminal rae ee oe an ae sents : . . 4 V. Ty digitatum. Fronds stipitate, 6 lines broad, more or less lobed. Sorilto6. . . 8. T. cuspidatum, Fronds 6 lines long, pinnately-lobed ; stipes scaly-hairy at the base, the lobes very narrow. Soriterminal . . . . . . ... .. . . 9 2D. Kuraii. Fronds on long very slender stipites, deeply divided into irregular often distant segments Seok! Be 96n tap ahaa eh eee ae ae . 10. T. minutum. Fronds elongated, very slender, the segments distant-flabelliform. Sori terminal. . 11. T. proliferum. Fronds with stipites about lin. high, pinne 4 or 4 lobed. Sori on the upper side of the pinng distant from the axil och than Aye ME Fronds ovate in outline, 1 to 2in. high; pinnules pinnatifid; rhachis winged in the upver part. Sori several to each pinnule . . . . 13, 7. pyxidiferum. Fronds ovate in outline, 1 to 3in. Ligh; pinnules pinnatifid, segments sometimes acute. Sori often solitary near base of primary segments . 14. 7’. jilicula. Fronds like T. pyxidiferum, but stipites flat with ciliate ma'gins. Sori towards the apex offrond. . . . . 1. 1 ee eee ee Fronds 2 to 4in. high, very delicate, pinne rather distant and short. Sori usually 1 near the base of each pinna . . . . .. eee: Fronds ovate-lanceolate, 2 to 4in. long, 1 to 2in. broad, bipinnatifia, glaucous on the back. Soriaxillary . . . . . .... wu. Fronds pinnate, 3 to 8in. long, the pinnules narrow, bipinnatifid, often tapering toa point. Sori on the lower inner lobes of the segments . 18. 7. caudatum. Fronds bipinnate, 4 to 8in. long, pinnules bipinnatifid, the ultimate lobes ; linear. Indusia above 4 tine long and broad, with a broad 2 lobed border a, ee Neale gihe axe tae . Ultimate lobes setaceous. Indusia under } line long, with a small entire border . ee AS isiee soe +. . , 20. LT. parvifiorum. Fronds pinnate, 2 to 4in. long, the lobes numerous, rather thick and broad, ciliate-toothed. Sori notnumerous. . . . . .. . . , 21, Ty javanieum, 12. T. Wildii. 15. T. Barnardianum. 16. T. venosum. 17. T. pallidum. 19. 7. aptifolium.. Trichomanes.] CLVI. FILICES. 1941 Fronds bipinnate, 3 to 6in. long, with rather thick pinnatifid, stipites pinnules and linear toothed segments. Sori numerous. . . . 22. 1. rigidum, Fronds bipinnate with a long running rhizome under ground. Stipites about 3in. long, fronds about 5in. long. Indusium 2-lipped . . . . 23. 7’. johnstonense. Fronds 12 to 18in. tongs 6 to 9in. broad, iat 3 to 6in. fone: Indusium not lipped . . . 2 oe 24. 7. maximum. 1. T. Motleyi (after James Motley), Bosch., Hymenoph. Javan.; Hook, et Baker, Syn. Felic. 78. Fronds copious, imbricated, sessile or nearly so, about tin broad, cordate-orbicular, nearly entire; spurious veins indistinct, the solitary exserted indusium placed in a deep apical sinus, the mouth spreading and much dilated, but entire—Bedd. Ferns Brit. Ind. Pl. 188; 8rd Suppl. Syn. Ql, Fl. 88; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 21. Hab : Scrubs of the Johnstone and other tropical localities. 2. 'T. vitiense (of Viti), Baker in Journ. Linn. Soc. ix. 388, t. 8, D.; Syn. Filic. 74; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 701. Rhizome filiform. Fronds shortly stipitate, oblong or linear-cuneate, entire or rarely 2-lobed, 1-nerved, 3 to 5 lines long. Sorus nearly always single, terminal. Indusium with an oblong tube embedded in the margin or scarcely exserted, the border narrow, shortly spreading, entire. Receptacle shortly exserted.—I. v. M. Fragm. viii. 32; Syn. QI. Fi. 683; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 21. Hab.: On tree-trunks in damp serubs in northern and southern localities. Also in the Fiji Islands. . 8. IT. yandinense (of Yandina), Bail. Rhizome filiform, densely matted, hairy, hairs ferruginous. Fronds stipitate, ovate to cuneate, the margins even repand or lobed, 4 to 6 lines long. Veins pinnately costefurm, between these are numerous strizeform ones, also an intramarginal one. Sori terminal, 1, 2 or 8. Receptacle slightly exserted.—Syn. Ql. Fl. 686; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 21. Hab.: Yandina and other southern scrubs. 4. T. peltatum (shield-like), Baker in Linn. Journ. Soc. ix. 386, t. 8, C.; Syn. Filic. 78; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 701. Rhizome filiform. Fronds sessile, orbicular, attached at or near the centre, overlapping each other and closely appressed, 4 to lin. diameter, entire or shortly and broadly lobed. Veins numerous, entire or forked, radiating from the base or one principal one slightly pinnate. Sori few. Indusia with an oblong tube more or less imbedded in the margin, the border narrow, obscurely 2-lobed. Receptacle not exserted.—Syn. QI. Fl. 685; Bail, Litho. Ferns, QI. 21. Hab.: Trinity Bay and other tropical localities. Also in the islands of the South Pacific. 5. I. muscoides (moss-like), Sw. Rhizome creeping, tomentose, and like most of these small forms densely matted. Fronds from + to 2in, long, much undulate, irregularly and some fronds deeply lobed, others nearly entire, stipes very short or wanting, the lamina tapering to the base. Costa prominent, the lateral veins simple or forked, joining at the margin into a vein and marginal band of reticulations. Indusium on the ends of the upper lobes of the frond, the mouth alone free, which latter is rather large and undulate. Receptacle of medium length.—Bot. Bull. iv. ; Bail. Litho. Ferns, Ql. 22. Hab.: Barron River, on wood, C. J. Wild. This Australian plant seems only to differ from the species described from other parts in its smaller size. 6. T. parvulum (small), Poir.; Hook. Spec. Filic. i. 118; Syn. Filic. 75 ; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 701. Rhizome filiform, tomentose or glabrous. Fronds shortly stipitate, ovate cuneate orbicular or almost reniform, 3 to 4 lines Part VI. R 1942 OLVI. FILICES. [Trichomanes. diameter, unequally palmatifid, the deeper lobes reaching below the middle, all obtuse or emarginate. Sori terminal. Indusium with an oblong tube almost entirely imbedded in the margin, with a very short slightly spreading border. Receptacle included or shortly exserted.—Bail. Ql. Ferns, 60; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 22. Hab.: On rocks and logs in damp scrubs in both North and South localities. Also in the Mascarene Islands, the Malayan Archipelago, Fast tropical Asia and the South Pacific Islands. 7. ©. digitatum (finger-like), Swartz; Hook. Spec. Filic. i. 119; Syn. Filic. 76; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 702. Rhizome filiform. Fronds on a rather long capillary stipes, } to Jin. long, deeply and unequally divided into 3 to 6 broadly linear obtuse entire or notched lobes, bordered by a few small teeth. Indusia broader than in most species, but imbedded in the apex of the lobes, with @ very short open entire border.—T. lancewm, Bory ; Hook. and Grev. Ic. Filic, 6. 38 ; T. calvescens, V. de Bosch in Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filic, 77; Sw.; Bedd. Ferns Brit. Ind. Pl. 801. Hab.: Found in southern localities with T. parvulum. ‘ Spread over the Mascarene Islands, the Malayan Archipelago and the Pacific Islands, 8. T. cuspidatum (pointed), Willd.; Spec. Pl.; Hook, et Baker, Syn. Filie. 73. Fronds distinctly but very shortly stalked, about 4in. broad, the outer edge rounded and more or less lobed, the base truncate or more or less cuneate ; spurious veins distinct. Indusia 1 to 6, the tube sunk in the frond, the mouth dilated, but scarcely 2-lipped.—Syn. Filic., l.c. Hab.: On the Daintree River.-_Pentzke, F. v. M. Sou. Sci. Rec. 1883. Also in Asia and Africa. I have not seen Queensland spécimens of this species. 9. T. Kurzii (after S. Kurz), Bedd., Ferns of Brit. Ind. Pl. 286. Rhizome filiform, more or less tomentose. Fronds with stipites scarcely exceeding 4in. long, simply pinnately lobed; base of stipes scaly-hairy; lobes of frond narrow-linear, obtuse or almost acute, with costules but no lateral veins. Indusium sunk in the end of the lobe, mouth slightly lipped. Receptacle short. —-Bail. Bot. Bull. iv. 19; Litho. Ferns QI. 22. Hab.: Daintree River, C. J. Wild. The Australian plant only differs from the above in the greater regularity of the lobing of the fronds, which resembles a minute pinnate leaf. 10. T. minutum (very small), Blume, Filic. Javan.; Spec. Filic. i. 118. Rhizome filiform, creeping. Fronds densely matted on long slender stipites, the segments much cut or divided ; but seems only to differ from T’. proliferum in its much smaller size.—8rd Suppl. Syn. Ql. Fl. 88; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 238. Hab.: On wet rocks, Whelanian Pools, Bellenden-Ker. 11. T. proliferum (proliferous), Blwne, Filic. Javan.; Spec. Filic. i. 118, t. 89. Rhizome creeping, densely matted. Fronds on long stipites, forked or branched and entangled, 2 or more inches long, segments deeply palmate or digitately divided into linear obtuse lobes. Indusium sub-cylindrical, mouth obscurely 2-lipped.—srd Suppl. Syn. Ql. Fl. 88; Bail. Litho. Ferns QI. 23. Hab.: Whelanian Pools, on damp rocks. 12. T. Wildii (after C. J. Wild), Bail. Bot. Bull. iv. 19. Rhizome slender, tomentose, forming dense masses on bark. Frond including stipes about lin. high, pinnate, with pinnatifid pinnae, stipes flattened as in 7. Barnardiana, with a few dark hairs at the very base. Pinne few, distant, with 8 or 4 linear lobes, Trichomanes.] CLVI. FILICES. 1948 veinless except the central costa. Indusium almost free on the upper side of the pinne some distance from the axil, mouth spreading but scarcely lipped.—Bail, Litho. Ferns. Ql. 27. Hab.: Near Cairns, C. J. Wild. 13. LT. pyxidiferum (box-bearing), Linn.; Hook. Spec. Filic. i. 124; Syn. Filic. 81; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 703. Fronds 1 to 2in. long, ovate or oblong in outline, pinnate. Pinnules ovate, deeply pinnatifid or bipinnatifid, the lower ones usually distinct, the upper ones connected by a winged rhachis ; lobes few, linear, 1-nerved. Indusia occupying nearly the whole of short lateral lobes, often several to each pinnule, oblong, with a broad orifice scarcely 2-lobed. Receptacles either very long or scarcely exserted.—Hook. and Grev. Ic. Filic. t. 206; Bail. Litho. Ferns QI. 27. Hab.: York Peninsula, N. Yaylor: Bellenden-Ker Range, Rockingham Bay, Dallachy. Widely spread over the tropical regions of the New and the Old World. 14. T. Filicula (small fern), Bory. Rhizome filiform, clothed with short dark hairs, densely matted. Fronds 1 to 8in. high, pinnatifid, somewhat ovate in outline; segments linear, sometimes acute. Indusium cylindrical, tapering towards the base, the mouth with two narrow, prominent acute lips.—Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 27. Hab.: On wet rocks of the rivers of Tropical Queensland. 15. T. Barnardianum (after G. Barnard), Bail. 38rd Suppl. Syn. Ql. Fl. 89. Rhizome filiform, bearing short, stiff, dark-coloured, hair-like scales. Fronds mostly under lin. long, somewhat ovate to nearly palmate in outline, dark-green, glabrous except for a few minute fuseous elongated scales on the rhachis, pinnate with pinnatifid or bipinnatifid pinne, or the whole frond bi-tripinnatifid ; ultimate segments narrow-linear, obtuse, with entire margins, decurrent at the base, forming wings to the short stipes; wings ciliate with a fringe of prominent linear dark fuscous hair-like scales; cells throughout very minute. Indusium rather large for the size of the frond, several towards the apex of the frond, urceolate-cylindric, the mouth spreading. Receptacles éften long exserted and falcate.—Bail. Litho. Ferns, Ql. 27. Hab.: On wet rocks, Palm Camp, Bellenden-Ker, 4,000ft. me This pretty little fern closely approaches the smaller forms of 7’. pyxidiferum, from which it may be easily distinguished by wider fronds, their very minute cell areolation, and ciliated wings of stipes. : 16. T. venosum (veiny), &. Br. Prod. 159; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 702. Rhizome woolly-scaly. Fronds on a filiform stipes, of a very delicate texture, 2 to 4in. or rarely longer, pinnate. Pinnuleg linear or lanceolate, mostly 4 to lin. long, toothed or with a few short unequal lobes near the base, the veinlets of each pinnule pinnate, with simple or forked branches. the midrib flexuose. Indusium embedded in a short lobe near the base of the pinnule on the inner side, oblong, with a short spreading entire border. Receptacle usually exserted.— Hook. Spec. Filic. i. 182; Syn. Filic. 82; Hook. and Grev. Ic. Filic. t. 78; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 185; F. v. M. Fragm. v. 116; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 23. Hab.: Southern localities. 17. T. pallidum (pale), Blume, Filic. Javan. Rhizome creeping, filiform, densely matted, tomentose. Stipes 1 to Zin. long, wiry. Fronds 2 to 4in. long, 1 to 2in. broad, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, bipinnatifid, just divided down to a narrowly-winged rhachis; lower pinne ovate-rhomboidal, divided more than half-way down, and the lobes again slightly cut; substance firm, glaucous on the under side and more or less clothed with light-brown hairs. Indusium 1944 CLVJ. FILICES. [Trichomanes. axillary on the segments on both sides, the tube deeply sunk, the mouth dilated but scarcely 2-lipped.—Syn. Filic. in part; Bail. Litho. Ferns. Ql. 24; T. glauco-fuscum, Hook. Spec. Filic. i. 128, t. 40a. Hab.: On rocks, South Peak, Bellenden-Ker, 5,000ft. 18. T. caudatum (tailed), Brackenr. Ferns U.S. Expl. Exped. 236, t. 36, f.5; Benth. #1. Austr. vii. 703. Rhizome creeping, rigid, rather stout. Fronds narrow, thin, 8 to 8in. long, pinnate with pinnatifid pinne or bipinnate with bipinnatifid pinnules, the ultimate segments linear, 1-nerved, the upper confluent ones short and rather distant, giving the pinnules an acuminate aspect. Indusia half immersed in the short lower inner lobes of the pinnules or segments, shortly oblong, with a narrow-spreading border. Receptacle usually exserted.— 2nd. Suppl. Syn. Ql. Fl. 66; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 28. Hab.: Tallebudgera Creek, H. Schneider ; Frasers Island, W. Hill. Also in the South Pacifie Islands, and closely allied to the tropical American T. tenerum, Sw. (T. angustatum, Carm.) to which it is referred by F. v. M. Fragm. v. 116.—Benth. 19. T. apiifolium (Apium-leaved), Presl.; Huok. and Bak. Syn. Filic. ed 2, 86; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 7038. Rhizome thick and knotty. Fronds 4 to 8in. long, broadly ovate-lanceolate in outline, bipinnate with deeply bipinnatifid pinnules. Primary pinnules 1 to 2in., secondary about din. long; segments. very narrow-linear, thin, 1-nerved. Indusia almost embedded in the short inner lower lobes, the tube shortly turbinate, the border spreading often rather broad approaching that of a Hymenophyllum. Stipes short or long, hispid at the base with spreading bristles—Z. Meifolium, Bory; Hook. Spec. Filic. i. 187; Syn. Filic. ed. 1, 86; T. polyanthos, Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 703. Hab.: Usually only met with in dense wet scrubs as towards the Tweed River, rare. Also in the Malayan Archipelago and South Pacific Island. 20. Tf. parviflorum (small-flowered), Poir. Dict. viii. 83; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 704. Rhizome creeping, rather thick. Fronds broadly lanceolate in outline, 3 to 5in. long, bipinnate with deeply pinnatifid or pinnate pinnules the segments divided into 2 or 8 almost setaceous lobes, giving the whole frond a fennel-like aspect. Indusia the smallest in the genus, not } line long, on little recurved stipites near the base of the pinnules, turbinate, with a scarcely spreading border. —T. feniculaceum, Bory ; Hook. Spec. Filic. i. 135, Syn. Filic. 88; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 29. Pe Eumundi, Bailey and Simmonds; Rockingham Bay, W. Hill, Dallachy ; York Peninsula, . Taylor. Also in the Mascarene Islands and the Malayan Archipelago. Poiret’a plant was identified yy Petlenuae from the original specimen, and his name substituted for Bory’s by Kuhn, Filic. rio. 35. 21. T. javanicum (of Java), Blume. ; Hook. Spec. Filic. i. 180, Syn. Filic. 83; Gard. Ferns, t. 37; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 702. Fronds lanceolate in outline, often falcate, 8 to din. long, pinnate. Pinnules numerous, crowded along the rhachis, lanceolate-falcate, shortly stipitate, about }in. long, of a thicker consist- ence and darker coloured than most species, penniveined, the oblique simple or forked veinlets mostly produced into short setaceous teeth beyond the margin. Indusia few, along the inner margin below the middle, wholly exserted, narrow- oblong, with a small spreading border. Receptacle exserted.—Hook. and Grev. Ic. Filic. t. 240; Bedd. Ferns Brit. Ind. t. 180; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 29. Hab.: Daintree River, Fitzalan and other northern localities. Also in the Malayan Archipelago. Trichomancs.] CLVI. FILICES. 1945 22. T. rigidum (rigid), Swartz.; Hook. Spec. Filic. i. 188; Syn. Filic. 86; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 702. Rhizome short and thick. Fronds ovate-lanceolate or triangular in outline, 3 to Gin. long, 14 to 8in. broad at the base, dark and almost coriaceous, bipinnate, with deeply pinnatifid lanceolate pinnules and linear dentate segments, the primary and secondary rhachis winged only towards the end. Indusia partially embedded in the lower inner teeth or lobes of the tertiary segments, or sometimes wholly free without any winged margins, narrow, with a small spreading entire border. Receptacle exserted.—Bedd. Ferns 8. Ind. t. 8; F. v. M. Fragm. v. 115; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 25. Hab.: In all coastal scrubs. Very widely spread over the tropical regions of the New and Old World. Var. lazum, Bail. Bot. Bull. iv. Rhizome short, thick and erect. Fronds 2 or 3in. long, on slender stipes of 1 to 1}in., almost linear-lanceolate in outline. Pinnsw distant. Indusia small, receptacle long-exserted as in the normal form.— Bail. Litho. Ferns, Ql. 25. Hab.: Near Herberton and other localities. This small form is often met with in Queensland, growing with the common form, but always seems quite distinct enough to be given as a named variety. 23. T. johnstonense (of the Johnstone River), Bail., Proc. Roy. Soc. Ql. i. Rhizome long, creeping, rigid, knotted, clothed with black bristle-like scales. Stipes somewhat angular, scarcely winged, 2 to 4in. long, ot a dingy-brown colour, the immediate base scaly, as the rhizome. fronds bipinnate, with deeply pinnatifid or bipinnate pinnules, 3 to Gin. long, 14 to 44in. broad, the rhachis slightly winged, the linear segments very narrow and l-nerved. Indusia few on the lower lateral segments of the pinnule, free, erect, much tapering towards the base, the orifice 2-lipped. Receptacle exserted, usually long.—Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 26. Hab.: Johnstone River and other tropical localities. 24. T. maximum (largest), Blume, Filic. Javan. Rhizome stout, creeping. Stipes strong, erect, 3 to Gin. long. Frond 12 to 18in. long, 6 to Qin. broad, ovate, quadripinnatifid ; pinne erecto-patent, ovate-lanceolate, the largest 4 to 6in. long, 2in. broad; pinnules lanceolate-deltoid, lin. or more long, cut down to the rhachis into segments, which are again deeply pinnatifid; ultimate segments 14 to 2 lines long, slightly flattened, texture subrigid, surface naked, dark-green ; a central costa only in each segment. Indusia 2 to 8 toa pinnule; cylindric, the mouth dilated but not 2-lipped.—Syn. Filic. 86. Hab.: Given as a Queensland plant in Muell. 2nd Syst. Cens. Austr. Pl. 230. T have never seen Queensland specimens of this species. 18. HYMENOPHYLLUM, 8m. (Membranous leaf.) Rhizome slender, creeping, often much branched and matted. Fronds usually small, erect, of a delicate membranous half-pellucid texture, variously divided, the lobes usually linear 1-nerved. Sori terminal or lateral. Indusium of the texture of the frond and continuous with it, more or less cup-shaped at the base, and immersed in the margin of the frond, the exserted portion deeply divided into 2 broad lobes or valves. Receptacle oblong or linear, shorter than the indusium or rarely rather longer. Spore-cases sessile at or near its base. A large genus, generally dispersed over most tropical and temperate regions of the globa, especially in America. In the northern hemisphere limited to America and the western parts of the Old World, always frequenting shady situations, with a moist atmosphere.—Benth. 1946 CLVI. FILICES. [Hymenophyllem. Lobes of the fronds neither bordered nor toothed. Stipes filiform not winged. Frond bipinnate, with pinnatifid pinnules . . . . . . + es LE. flabellatum. Stipes winged. Frond bipinnate . 2 2 6 1 ee ee ee H. javanicum. Lobes of the fronds minutely often sparsely, serrulate. Fronds bipinnate, with divided pinnules, usually 2in. long or more. Sori Jateral near the base of the pinnules . . . ... .:. . 8, H. tunbridgense. Fronds 3 to Sin. long, stipes short, lobes linear, with entire margins. Sori supra-axillary, deeply sunk on the lobe. Valves entire, receptacle always exserted . . 4, H. trichomanoides. 1. H. flabellatum (fan-shaped), Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. ii. 101, t. 250; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 705. Fronds ovate or lanceolate in outline, sometimes broad and under 2in. long, more frequently elongated to 8 to 8in., twice or thrice pinnatifid, the lower segments or pinne distant, the rhachis as well as the stipes filiform and not winged, the upper smaller ones confluent with the narrowly- winged rhachis, the lobes not dentate. Sori lateral or terminating the smaller lobes. Indusium orbicular or rather broader than long, about } line diameter, deeply divided into entire valves.—Hook. Spec. Filic. i. 111; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filic. 61; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 184; H. nitens, R. Br. Prod. 159; Hook. and Grev. Ic. Filic. t. 197; Bail. Litho. Ferns QI. 80. Hab.: Southern localities. Also in New Zealand. 2. H. javanicum (of Java), Spreng.; Hook. Spec. Filic. i. 106, Syn. Filic. 60; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 705. Fronds ovate or lanceolate in outline, 3 to 4in. long, twice or thrice pinnatifid, the rhachis winged and the narrow wings continued down the stipes; segments and lobes linsar-oblong, obtuse, not dentate. Sori on a short lateral lobe. Indusium ovate, about 4 line long, divided nearly to the base into entire valves.—H. flabellatum, R. Br. Prod. 159, not of Labill.; H. crispatum, Wall.; Hook, f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 184; H. demissum, F. v. M. Fragm. v. 116, not of Swartz.; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 81. Hab.: Southern localities and northwards to Bellenden Ker Range. Also in East India, the Malayan Archipelago and New Zealand. 3. HZ. tumbridgense (of Tunbridge), Sm.; Hook. Spec. Filic. i. 95, Brit. Berns, t. 48, Syn. Filic. 67; Benth. fl. Austr. vii. 706.—Rhizome filiform, much branched with numerous fronds, forming broad densely matted almost moss-like patches. Frond on a filiform stipes, lanceolate in outline, pinnate, rarely above 2 or Bin. long; the pinnma deeply divided into 8 to 8 linear lobes minutely denticulate on the margin. Sori sessile or on a very short lobe, solitary on the base of the pinne on their upper margin. Indusium ovate or orbicular, about 1 line diameter, divided to much below the middle into more or less denticulate valves.—R. Br. Prod. 159; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 158; F. v. M. Fragm. v. 116; Bedd. Ferns 8. Ind. t. 265; H. cupressiforme, Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. ii. 102, t. 250; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 30. ; aa Mount Hingeey and oe southern localities. e species is widely spread over more temperate and cooler regio: Var. exsertum, Bail. ard Suppl. Syn. Ql. FL. 90. The Drctebarvine Ailes Fern. This form differs in having a long bristle-like exserted receptacle; the indusium also was longer than usual. The receptacle is also exserted in the Lord Howe’s Island specimens of this fern, but there the plant is of much coarser growth.—Bail. Litho. Fern QI. 30. Hab.: Summit of Bellenden-Ker. 4. H. trichomanoides (Trichomanes-like), Bail. 8rd Suppl. Syn. Ql. Fl. 90. Rhizome nearly or quite glabrous, filiform, creeping up the stems of trees in long strings, seldom if ever forming matted patches on old damp logs. Fronds Hymenophytlum.] CLVI. FILICES. 1947 narrow or broadly lanceolate in outline; sometimes the apex is much elongated, 8 to 5in. long including the slender stipes, which is generally less than an inch long ; the rhachis is very narrowly winged but not the stipes, bipinnate, the lower pinnules often somewhat flabelliform and more or less deeply divided, the upper pinne of from few to a single lobe, all linear, obtuse, with entire edges. Sori supra-axillary, deeply sunk on one or more of the lobes. Indusium oblong, 14 line long, the valves entire, obtuse, receptacle always protruding from 1 to more than 2 lines in length.—Bail. Litho. Ferns QI. 81. Hab.: Summit of Bellenden-Ker. The outline form of this, especially when the pinne and pinnules are crowded, remind one of H. polyanthos of New Zealand, but it does not stain paper, and has not the fragrance of. that fern, besides the difference of indusium and receptacle, which latter gives to this species the appearance of a T'richomanes. Indeed it might be placed in either Trichomanes or Hymeno- phyllum ; I place it in the latter because the whole of the exserted portion of the indusium consists of the 2 long obtuse lobes. 14. CYATHEA, Sm. (Indusium cup-like.) Trees, with large twice or thrice pinnate or in species not Australian simple fronds, the transverse veinlets of the pinnules or segments forked or divided, bearing a sorus on one of their branches, the sori arranged in a single row on each side of the midrib. Sori globular, enclosed when young in a membranous indusium which after bursting leaves a cup or complete ring under the sorus. Spore-cases numerous, sessile or nearly so on a shortly raised receptacle, each with a vertical or oblong ring. A large tropical or subtropical genus common to the New and the Old World. Fruiting pinnules entire or slightly crenate-serrate. Sori in parallel lines on each side of the midrib. _ Indusium large and long-persistent, enveloping the spore cases. Rbachis and pinnules glabrous or nearlyso. . . . - » oe « « LG. Lindsayana, Bhachis and under surface of the pinnules cottony or woolly . . . . 2. C. arachnoidea. 1. G. Lindsayana (of Mount Lindsay), Hook. Syn. Milic. 25; Benth. ft. Austr. vii. 708. Trunk 10 to 12ft. high, 12in. in circumference. Rhachis of the fronds quite glabrous. Secondary pinne 8 to 4in. long. ‘The lower pinnules about 4in. long and 2 lines broad, the upper ones short and confluent, mem- branous, glabrous or with a few scaly hairs on the midrib, serrulate but not lobed, Sori in a double row very near the midrib and distant from the margin. Indusium long-persistent, opening irregularly at the apex. Hab.: Mount Lindsay, I’. Hill. 2. C. arachnoidea (spider-web like), Hook. Syn. Filic, 24; Benth. FI. Austr. vii. 708. Trunk attaining 15 to 20ft. Rhachis of the fronds muricate and covered as well as the under side of the segments with a close whitish or ferruginous tomentum. Secondary pinnew 8 to 5in. long. Pinnules or segments narrow, coriaceous, the lower ones 4 to 6 lines long and distinct, the upper ones smaller and confinent, somewhat coriaceous, the fertile portion with recurved crenulate margins. Sori in a single row on each side of the midrib but occupying nearly the whole breadth. Indusia persistent, globular, bursting irregularly at the apex.—F. v. M. Fragm. vi. 200. Hab.: Rockingham Bay, Dallachy. Also in the Moluccas. Dallachy’s specimens are not in fruit, but are otherwise precisely similar to the Molucca ones from which the above character is taken.—Benth. I have never seen plants or specimens of any Queensland species of this genus. 1948 CLVI. FILICES. 15. ALSOPHILA, R. Br. (From the Greek; grove-loving.) Trees, with large twice or thrice pinnate fronds, the transverse veinlets of the pinnules or segments forked or divided, bearing a sorus on one or both of their branches. Sori globular, without any indusium, but the small scales scattered on the veins occasionally subtending the sorus. Spore-cases numerous, sessile or nearly so, usually more or less intermixed with hairs on a slightly raised receptacle, each with a vertical or oblique ring. A large tropical and subtropical genus in the New and the Old-World, differing from Cyathea only in the want of an indusium. Of the six Australian species one is also in Norfolk Island, the others appear to be endemic. Secondry pinne undivided, entire or crenate-serrate . . - +. - - 1. A. Rebecca. Secondary pinns deeply pinnatifid, the segments all confluent at the base, ovate andentire. . ... . ‘ te ew ew ew ee 2 A, Loddigesii. Secondary pinn# pinnate at the base, the lower pinnules distinct, the upper ones confluent, all entire serrulate or slightly crenate. Pinnules or segments entire or obscurely crenate, serrulate only when barren orin the barrenend . . . . . . + + ss 3. A. excelsa. Similar but smaller in allits parts than d.excelsa. . . . . . . 4, A. australis. Pinnules narrow, very neat, usually serrulate with vather small sori . 5. A. Leichhardtiana. Secondary pinne pinnate, the pinnules almost all distinct narrow and pinnatifid, hispid as well as therhachis. . . . . . . © + | 6. A. Robertsiana. . 1. A. Rebecce (after a lady friend of Buron von Mueller), #. v. M. Hragm. y. 58, 117; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 710. Trunk slender, often when broken down producing a cluster of stems, 10ft. high and 3in. diameter, or sometimes exceeding that height and diameter. Secondary pinne dark and shining, undivided, lanceolate, 2 to 8in. long, 4 to 5 lines broad. or rather more when barren, acuminate, crenate or obtusely serrate, obliquely truncate at the base but not adnate to the rhachis, Transverse veinlets with 8 to 7 branches. Sori rather large, on 2 to 4 of the branches, forming about 2 irregular rows on each side of the midrib.— Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filic. 40; Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 1015; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 32. Hab.: Rockingham Bay, Dallachy, W. Hill; Port Denison and Daintree River, Fitzalan; Cape York Peninsula, W. Hann’s Expedition. Very common on Bellenden-Ker. Var. commutata. Wig Fern-tree. Trunk 6 to 12ft. or more Ligh slender, seldom exceeding a diameter of more than 2in. dark-coloured. Fronds 6 to 8{t. long, the stipes shortly appressed to the trunk for a few inches, and more or less clothed with simple or fureated long hair-like seales, which with the metamorphosed lower pinnae crown the stem with a wig-like growth, the divisions of which growth are narrow, much forked, and very intricate, hymenophylloid, and greenish or sometimes purplish, the larger pinnsw about 2ft. long, pinnules 2 to 4in. long, the attenuated apex prominently serrated, the lower base with a rounded auricle, at times prominent the upper truncate and parallel to the secondary rhachis. Veins forked with 3 or 4 branches, alternating with simple ones. Sori forming erect heaps in*one or two rows on the middle of the - veins.—Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 33, 3rd Suppl. Syn. Ql. Fl. 91. Hab.: Bellenden-Ker, in a damp gully at an altitude of 4,000ft. This form, in the metamorphosis of its pinns and pinnules, resembles the old species A. capensis. 2. A. Loddigesii (after Messrs. Loddiges, of Hackney), Kunze in Linnea xxiii. 221 (name only); Baker Syn. Filic. 458; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 710. Fronds apparently shorter than in A. australis, the rhachis slightly tomentose or tuberculate, but soon glabrous and smooth. Secondary pinne 2 to Sin. long lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, the segments all confluent at the base, more ovate ae in - australis, as lines long, 2 to 2% lines broad, obtuse or almost acute entire ; transverse veinlets entire or once forked. i each side of the midrib of each segment. En ceee een eee Hab.: Recorded for Queensland by F. v. M. Alsophila, | CLYVI. FILICES. 1949 8. A. excelsa (tall), R. Br. Prod. ; Hook. Sp. Fil.i. 49. Common Fern-tree. Stems stout, the average height from 12 to 80ft. The frond large bipinnate, the stipes and main rhachis more or less muricate, and when young bearing chaffy scales mixed with wool; pinnules oblong-lanceolate acuminate, segments oblong rather acute, sometimes serrate at length coriaceous with the margins reflexed, the lower ones sub-auriculate at the base free and even slightly petiolate, the lower half or sometimes the whole segment bearing sori; veins often twice or thrice forked, spore-cases mixed with hairs.—Hook. l.c. tab. xviii A.; Bail. Litho. Ferns QI. 85 and 386. Hab.: Common in coastal scrubs. 4. A. australis (Australian), R. Br. Prod.; Hook. Sp. Fil. i. 50. Common Fern-tree. Stems as tall but not so stout as A. evcelsa. The fronds similar to the lasi-mentioned but smaller in all their parts, the segments more acute. Sori 1 to 4 on the lower part of the segment; veins simple and forked, the spore- cases mixed with a few hairs.—Hook. l.c. xix. A.; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 34 and 37. Hab.: Common in coastal scrubs. The species A. excelsa and A. australis scarcely differ from each other in anything but size, however, I think it will be found most convenient to retain them as distinct species and allow all the intermediate species and varieties which have been published from time to time to lapse, as all such seem to have only been conditions of growth. i 5. A. Leichhardtiana (after L. Leichhardt), F. v. M. Fragm. v. 53, 117. Benth. #1. Austr. vii. 711. Prickly Fern-tree. Trunk from 10 to 20ft. high, slender, hard and dark. Fronds large spreading, rhachis dark, rough or mucronate-spinulose, loosely tomentose or quite glabrous ; ultimate pinnules more detached narrower and more serrate. Sori small, in very distinct series close to the midrib. Base of the stipes often covered with long brown setaceous hairs without the flattened scales of A. australis Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filic. ed. 2, 40; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 88; A. Macarthurii, Hook. Lc. ed. 1. 40. Hab.: Common in coastal scrubs. 6. A. Robertsiana (after William George Roberts), Ff’. v. M. Fragm. v. 54, 117; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 712. Trunk smooth, 10 to 12ft. high, 2 to 4in. diameter, elongated beyond the last frond. Fronds not forming a crown, but are somewhat distantly placed on the stem; bipinnate, the rhachis both general and partial as well as the pinnules themselves and sori hispid or sprinkled with rigid hairs. Secondary pinne 2 to 3in. long. Pinnules distinct, 4 to 6 lings long, deeply pinnatifid, the upper ones of each pinna smaller, more entire and confluent. Sori rather large, solitary opposite each lobe of the pinnule.— Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filic. 459; Bail. Litho. Ferns QI. 39. Hab.: Rockingham Bay, Dallachy ; Bellenden-Ker Range, W. Hill and Bailey. 16. DICKSONIA, L’Her. (After James Dickson, a British cryptogamist.) Trunk arborescent or rhizome creeping. Fronds large, compound. Pinnules penniveined. Sori terminating veins close to the margins of the frond. Indusium either globular and 2-valved or cup-shaped and entire, the upper valve or upper part of the cup adnate to the frond and continuous with the margin. The genus extends over the tropical and subtropical regions of the New and the Old World. Sori on the concave lobes of the pinnules, which are closely adnate to and form the greater part of the upper valve of the indusium. Trees. Indusium about 4 line diameter Bh fel= Git ¢ Sieve F Indusium about 1 line diameter . . . . . 2. 1 ee es 3 Sori under the sinus or at the inner base of the lobes of the pinnules. : Indusium cup-shaped. Rhizome creeping . , , - + + ++ + + 3. D. davallioides, Parr VI. R& 1. D. antarctica, 2. D. Youngie. 1950 CLVI. FILICES. [Dicksonia. 1. D. antarctica (antarctic), Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. ii. 100, tt. 249 ; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 712. Woolly Fern-tree. Trunk arborescent, attaining 30 to 5Oft., covered with matted rootlets giving it sometimes a diameter of 4ft. Fronds 6 to 12ft. long, twice or thrice pinnate, the stipes smooth or with setaceous scales, the rhachis glabrous minutely scabrous or softly hairy when young. Secondary pinne 2 to 3in. long. Pinnules or segments distinct or the upper ones confluent, nearly flat and acutely toothed when barren, thicker and obtusely lobed when fertile. Sori solitary on each lobe. Indusium globular, about 4 line diameter, 2-valved, the upper valve adnate to the lobe of the frond and undis- tinguishable from it except near the base where there is on each side a narrow free margin.—Hook. Spee. Filic. i. 66, Syn. Filic. 50; R. Br. Prod. 157; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 182; F. v. M, Fragm. v. 117, vi. 199; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 40. Hab.: Recorded for Queensland by F. v. M. Also in New Zealand. 2. D. Woungize (after Lady Young), C. Moore in Bak. Syn. Filic. 461; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 718. Trunk 10 to 12ft. high, 8 to 8in. diameter, marked by the bases of old fronds. Fronds somewhat coriaceous and glossy. Stipes covered with glossy-brown hair; rhachis ferruginous-pnbescent or glabrous, not scabrous. Secondary pinne 2 to 3in. long, Pinnules 3 to 6 lines long when fertile, deeply divided into round lobes. Indusium 1 line diameter, the upper valve entirely adnate.—Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 41. Hab.: Bellenden-Ker Range, W. Hill; Bunya Mountains, J. F. Bailey. 3. D. davallioides (Davallia-like), R. Br. Prod. 158; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 713. Rhizome creeping. Fronds erect, 2 to 5ft. high, the rhachis straight or flexuose, smooth and shining. Secondary pinne 8 to 4in. long. Pinnules numerous, distinct, } to lin. long, membranous, pinnatifid, the lowest lobe on the upper side longer than the others. Sori small, globular, almost marginal, in the sinus or at the base of the upper side of the lobes of the pinnules. Indusium cupular, about 4 line diameter, entire or scarcely lobed, adnate on the upper side to the frond.—Hook. Spec. Filic. i. 71; Syn. Filic. 54; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 42; D. nitidula, Metten. Filic. Hort. Lips, 106, t. 28; Dennstedtia davallioides, T. Moore; Bail. Ql. Ferns, 54. Hab.: Near Brisbane and many other southern localities. 17. DAVALLIA, Sm. (After Edmond Davall). Rhizome creeping, often densely covered with soft scales or sets. Fronds compound, often large, or rarely in species not Australian undivided. Sori globular or slightly elongated, terminating veins close under or at a little distance from the margin. Indusium from under the sorus either with the margins adnate to the frond and forming with it a complete cup enclosing the sorus, or attached only by its broad base and either covering the sorus, or short and open under it. The genus is widely spread over the tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World extending to the Mediterranean, with a few tropical American species. Fronds coriaceous. Indusium with adnate margins forming a complete cup. Pinnules oblong, obtusely lobed. Indusium narrow-oblong a sea Pinnules lanceolate, acutely lobed. Indusium ovate. Pinnules marked with raised stris . . . ioe 8 as - 2. Dz. elegans Pinnules flat, the nerves slightly depressed . . e % s 3. D. pyidata Fronds coriaceous. Indusium attached only by its broad base. : Fronds rarely above 3in. long above the stipes. Indusium orbicular covering the sorus. . . . . 1... ; Bek eatin 4. D. pedata Fronds large and compound. Indusium short and broad under the sorus 5, D. dubia, 1. D. solida. Davallia.] CLVI. FILICES. 1951 Fronds membranous. Indusium attached only by its broad base, short and broad under the sorus. Secondary pinnm lanceolate, 2 to din. long. Lower pinnules $ to fin. long, broad and pinnatifid, upper ones confluent . . . . . .. Secondary pinne oblong, 4 to lin. long. Pinnules 2 to 4 lines long, with 2 to 4 obovate obtuse lobes . i oS Ge a 6. D. spelunce. 7. D. tripinnata, 1. D. solida (solid), Swartz ; Hook. Spec. Filic. i. 168, t. 42, Syn. Filic. 95 ; Benth, Fl. Austr. vii. 715. Rhizome rather thick, densely clothed with setose appressed scales. Fronds from under lft. to near 2ft. long, rather broad, twice or thrice pinnate or pinnatifid. Pinnules 2oriaceous, 4 to 14in. long, the lower larger ones distinct and deeply pinnatifid, the upper ones confluent and obtusely lobed. Sori at the base of the crenatures or lobes. Indusium narrow-oblong, 4 line long, the margins adnate, forming with the frond a complete cup or tube. —Bedd. Ferns Brit. Ind. t. 104; Bail. Litho. Ferns QI. 43. Hab.: Hummocky Islands, Thozet. Also in the Malayan Archipelago and South Pacific Islands. 2. D. elegans (elegant), Swartz; Hook. Spec. Filic. i. 164, t. 48, Syn. Filic. 95; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 715. Rhizome thick scaly and woolly. Fronds rather large, 8 or 4 times pinnate, the pinne often tapering into long points. Pinnules lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, coriaceous, smooth shining and elegantly marked with raised striz distinct from the veins. Sori on small truncate or bidentate lobes or teeth. Indusium ovate, about 4 line ‘long and broad, the margins adnate and forming with the tube a complete cup, the number of these little shining indusia elegantly contrasting with the darker frond.—R. Br. Prod. 157; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 42. Hab.: Endeavour River, Banks and Solander, A. Cunningham; York Peninsula, N. Taylor ; Rockingham and Cleveland Bays, W. Hill, Dallachy, Bowman; Fitzroy Islands, Walter ; Rockhampton, O‘Shanesy ; commonly found rambling over rocks. Widely spread over tropical Asia and Africa. 3. D. pyxidata (indusium box-like), Cav.; Hook. Spec. filic. i. 169, t. 555 Syn. FHilic. 96; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 716. Hare’s-foot fern. Epiphyte. Rhizome thick, densely covered with soft scales. Fronds usually under 1ft. long and nearly as broad, on a stipes half as long, twice or thrice pinnate. Pinnules coriaceous smooth and shining, the lobes and segments shorter and broader than in D. elegans, without the raised striz of that species, the veins slightly depressed. Sori on the lobes or teeth. Indusium ovate, sometimes as broad as in D. elegans, but more frequently rather narrower, the margins adnate, when young almost immersed in the frond.—R. Br. Prod. 157; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 45. Hab.: Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, F. v. Mueller and other ; Rockhampton and neighbouring districts, Dallachy, Thozet, O‘Shanesy ; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy ; a very common fern. Also in Norfolk Island, and New Caledonia, and scarcely to be distinguished from the well- known D. canariensis of the West Mediterranean region.—Benth. 4. D. pedata (divisions of frond supposed to resemble a bird’s foot), Sm.; Hook. Spec. Filic. i. 154, t, 45, Gard. Ferns, t. 7, Syn. Filic. 89; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 716. Rhizome scaly, often very long. Fronds ovate-triangular, 14 to 8in. long, on a stipes usually as long or longer, coriaceous, deeply pinnatifid, the lowest pair of segments usually again pinnatifid and deeply so on the outer side, the others gradually smaller and entire or scarcely crenate, obtuse or truncate. Sori at the base of the crenatures at the end or upper half of the segments. Indusium nearly orbicular, rather above 4 line diameter, closely appressed and covering the sorus but attached only by the broad base.—Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 46; Humata pedata, J. Sm.; Bedd. Ferns 8. Ind. t. 12. Hab.: Cape York Peninsula, N. Taylor; Rockingham Bay, W. Hill, Dallachy ; Bowen, Woolls. Common on rocks in tropical localities. ; . Also in tropical Asia and the Mascarene Islands. 1952 CLVI. FILICES. [Davallia. 5. D. dubia (doubtful), R. Br. Prod. 157; Benth. Fl. Austr. vil. 716. Mountain Bracken. Fronds large, resembling those of Dicksonia davallioides but more rigid, twice or thrice pinnate. Pinnules 4 to 14in. long, lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid and the lowest segments often again toothed or lobed, somewhat coriaceous. Sori at the base of the obtuse teeth or lobes which are often curved over them as in Dicksonia but quite independent of them. Indusium about } line broad and very short, attached only by the broad base as in D. pedata, without any trace of the upper valve or complete ring of Dicksonia.—Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 468; Sieb. Filic. Exs. n. 111, Fl. Mixt. n. 247; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 47; Dicksonia dubia, Gaudich. in Freyc. Voy. Bot. 367 ; Hook. Spec. Filic. i. 71, t. 24; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 182; Balantium Brownianum. Presl. Piteridogr. 184. Hab.: Moreton Bay, F. v. Mueller ; Port Denison and Mount Elliott, Fitzalan ; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy ; usually found on hillsides. 6. D. speluncee (of caves), Baker, Syn. Fil. 100; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 717. Fronds large, twice or thrice pinnate. Secondary pinne lanceolate, 2 to din. long, pinnate in the lower part, pinnatifid towards the end, membranous, hairy underneath as well as the rhachis. Lower pinnules } to Zin. long, pinnatifid, the upper ones gradually smaller and confluent, reduced towards the end to small lobes. Sori several on each pinnule below the sinus of the lobes, forming 2 rows at some distance from the margin. Indusium broad, short, membranous, slightly toothed or jagged, attached only by the broad base. Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 48; Polypodium spelunce, Linn.; Microlepia spelunce, T. Moore; Bail. QI. Ferns, 52; Davallia flaccida, R. Br. Prod. 157; F. v. M. Fragm. vy. 118, D. polypodioides, Don ; Hook. Spec. Filie. i. 181. Hab.: Endeavour River, Banks and Solander;. Broadsound, Bowman; Rockingham Bay, W. Hill. Dallachy. A common fern of tropical localities. Widely spread over tropical Asia and Africa. ' 4. BD. tripinnata (3-pinnate), F. v. M.; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 717; Batt. 3rd Suppl. Syn. Ql. Fl. 91, with plate. Hairy Fern. Stem very short, bearing at its apex a crown of softly hairy fronds, hairs nearly white. Frond 8 or more in. long, 6in. broad at the base, on a hairy stipes of Gin., thrice pinnate, the main rhachis hairy. Primary pinne lanceolate, secondary oblong ¢ to lin. long, pinnules 2 to 4 lines, deeply divided into 2 to 4 obovate obtuse lobes dark green on both sides but rather thin, the lower pinne and pinnules quite distinct, the upper ones smaller and confluent at the base. Sori few or numerous under the sinus of some of the smaller lobes. Indusium membranous, broad and somewhat jagged, attached only by the broad base.—Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 49. _ Hab.: On the Bellenden-Ker Range, first found by W. Hill. In 1889 I found it very abundant in the dark damp gullies of the same Range. 18: VITTARIA, Sm. (From vitta, a ribbon ; shape of frond.) Rhizome creeping. Fronds simple, linear, the very oblique veins connected in an intramarginal vein. Sori continuous along the intramarginal vein, with a two-valved indusium of the substance of the frond, opening from the outer margin inwards as an inner valve, the margin of the frond recurved over the sorus forming the outer valve, the sorus thus appearing embedded in a double margin of the frond. The genus is limited to a very few species dispersed over the tropical regions of the globe. Fronds from a few in. to 2ft. long, and 1 to 5 lines broad . Fronds 4 to 5in, longand1glinebroad . . . . . .. : v Sai Fronds 1 to 1gin. long and 2 to 3 lines broad . 4 wooroonooran. Vittaria.] CLVI. FILICES. 1953 1. V. elongata (elongated), Swartz ; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filic. 895; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 718. Rhizome creeping, covered with black or purple hair-like scales. Fronds varying from 2 or 8in. to 2ft. in length, 1 to 2 lines broad when fertile, 2 to 5 lines when barren, acute obtuse or truncate at the end, gradually tapering into a short stipes, of a rather coriaceous texture. Veins very oblique, sometimes almost parallel with the midrib and all as well as the midrib embedded in the substance of the frond. Sori usually extending nearly the whole length of the fertile fronds.—R. Br. Prod. 153; Leurss. in Schenk and Leurss. Mittheil. Bot. i. 90, t. 11; Bedd. Ferns S. Ind. t. 21; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 50. Hab.: Broadsound, R. Brown; Cape York, Daemel; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy ; Daintree River and Mount Elliott, Fitzalan ; Islands off the coast, A. Cunningham; Maroochie, Bail. ; Tallebudgera, Sehneider. 2 .2. V. faleata (sickle-shaped), Kunze; Mée, Vittar. p. 20, t. 4, f. 1; Hook. Spec. Filic. v. 182; Syn. Filic. 895. Fronds 4 or 5in. long. din. broad, the point blunt, the lower part narrowed gradually to the base; texture leathery and very thick; a distinct raised midrib attaining the apex in the barren fronds, but lost in the fertile ones ; veins short, oblique, parallel, immersed ; sori quite sunk in slightly intramarginal grooves. Hab.: Bellenden-Ker.—Sayer, F. v. M. Sou. Sei. Rec. 1887. 3. V. wooroonooran (the aboriginal name for Bellenden-Ker), Bail. 8rd Suppl. Syn. Ql. Fl, 92. Rhizome erect or slightly repent, clothed with long, light-brown, linear-lanceolate scales. Fronds 1 to 1}in. long, 2 to 8 lines broad, coriaceous, spreading horizontally, very obtuse, tapering to a very short stipes, bearing minute, scattered, setose scales ; veins once forked from a central costa, but both concealed by the thick substance of the frond; sori continuous in a groove more or less distant from the margin on the upper part of the frond, but never meeting at the apex.—Bail. Litho. Ferns, Ql. 50. Hab.: On rocks amongst moss at an elevation of from 4,000 to 5,000ft., Belleriden-Ker. In some respects this species approaches V. falcata. 19. LINDSA#A, Dryand. (After Dr. Lindsay.) Rhizome creeping or shortly horizontal. Fronds pinnate or compound. Sori in a continuous or rarely interrupted line under the margin of the frond, with a continuous indusium opening along the upper or outer margin, the margin of the frond sometimes slightly dilated and assuming the appearance of an upper valve. Veins forked, free or anastomosing. A considerable tropical and subtropical genus, common to the New and the Old World. Pinnules obliquely flabellate, one side of the base longer than the inner. Rhizome creeping. Fronds simply pinnate; rhachis black, wiry. Pin- nules small, distant 2. 2. 2. - 6 2 ee te ee ee et Rhizome short. Fronds tufted, simply pinnate; rhachis slender. Pin- nuleg small, distant, often bipartite . 8 Be ake ee Ba ca ae etl Rhizome short. Fronds tufted, simply pinnate. Pinnules near together, 3 to 4 lines broad . ade =. thoe tao Bae fly Math, ae aS TIS a ‘Rhizome creeping. Frond pinnate and hipinnate Pinnules often gin. broad. Veins forked, all free or very rarely anastomosing . . . ee . . 4 DL flabellulata. Veins in most of the pinnules more or less anastomosing . . . . 5. ZL, lobata, Pinnules obovate or cuneate, equilateral. Veins free. Fronds bipinnate, the rhachis slender flexuose. Pinnules cuneate- truncate, 1 to2lineslong . «© 2. 6 ee ee ee ee et Fronds very slender, pinnate. Pinnules small deeply divided into 2 or 3 cuneate lobes, 1 to 2 lines long bss cava Yay Uae cies? GAC DOGR. Ney at nitaa cial Ee 1. L. linearis. 2. L. dimorpha. 3. L. cultrata, 6. L. microphylla. q. L. ineisa. 1954 CLVI. FILICES. [Lindsea Primary pinnules entire lanceolate, or pinnate with short secondary pinnules. Veins anastomosing. Primary pinnules ovate-lanceolate, undivided, 4 to 8 lines long Primary pinnules lanceolate, 1 to 4in. long, entire or wholly or partially pinnate with short secondary pinnules. . . a hat Ca ae Primary pinnules lanceolate, coriaceous, entire, woolly-tomentose under- : neath. Veinsfree. . . .. . , a5 ° fy . 10. L. lanuginosa. 8. L. Fraseri. L. ensifolia, 1. L. linearis (linear), Swartz.; Hook. Spec. Filic. i. 206, Syn. Fil. 104; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 719. Bhizome creeping. Fronds simply pinnate, the stipes and the rhachis wiry, black and glabrous, from 2 or 8in. to above 1ft. high, very fragile. Pinnules distant, very obliquely cuneate or flabellate almost dimidiate, the base very unequal, 8 to 4 lines broad. Sori forming a continuous line under the outer margin.—R. Br. Prod. 156; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 186; Kunze in Pl. Preiss. ii. 113, F. v. M. Fragm. v. 119; Sieb. Fl. Mixt. n. 233 ; Bail. Litho. Ferns QI. 51. Hab.: Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, F.v. Mueller, Bailey ; Nerang, Schneider ; and Stanthorpe. Also in New Zealand, New Caledonia and Norfolk Island. 2. L. dimorpha (of 2-forms), Bail. Ql. Herns,19; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 719. Rhizome tufted. Fronds simply pinnate, the barren ones mostly 2in. long or rather more, with a few broad flabellate pinnules, toothed and shortly lobed, scarcely oblique. Fertile fronds much longer, the stipes and rhachis very slender and pale-coloured. Pinnules either broadly flabellate very oblique and undivided as in L. linearis or once or twice bipartite as in L. incisa.—Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 51; L. heterophylla, Prent. in Trim. Journ. Bot. 1878, 295, not of Dryand. Hab.: Eight Mile Plains, Prentice ; Glass-house Mountains and Kedron Brook, Bailey. A very distinct species readily recognised by the slender tufted fronds. 3. L. cultrata (knife-like), Swartz; Hook. Spec. Filic. i. 209, Syn. Filic. 105; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 719. Rhizome tufted or very shortly creeping. Fronds simply pinnate, 3 to 6in. long, the stipes and rhachis wiry but slender and pale-coloured. Pinnules near together, occupying the greater part of the frond, very oblique or half reniform, 3 to 4 lines broad, the rounded outer margin entire, with the sorus and indusium continuous or slightly lobed or denticulate interrupting the soriHook. and Grev. Ic. Filic. t. 144; Bedd. Ferns 8. Ind. t. 28; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 52; Davallia brachypoda, Baker, Syn. Filic. 468 ; Lindsea concinna, J. Sm.; Bail. Ql. Ferns 18. Hab.: York Peninsula, Hann’s Expedition, N. Taylor; Bellenden-Ker Range, W. Hill; Gilbert River, Daintree; Maroochie, Bailey; Tallebudgera, Schneider. Also in the Mascarene Islands and tropical and eastern Asia up to Japan. 4. L. flabellulata (fan-like), Dryand in Trans. Linn. Soc. iii, 41, t. 8; Benth. Fl, Austr. vii. 720. Rhizome creeping. Fronds 6in. to 1ft. high, usually bipinnate 2 or more of the lower pinne being again pinnate and 2 to 4in. long, the upper pinne entire but sometimes the whole frond simply pinnate or in other specimens more or legs tripinnate. Pinnules oblique, in the simply pinnate part flabellate or almost rhomboid often }in. broad, smaller in the more compound specimens. Veins forked, free or rarely here and there anastomosing. Sori Paar am ite margin or interrupted.—-Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 58; L. tenera, ryand; F. v. M. Fragm. v. 119; L. media, R. Br. Prod. 156: L. ; Hook. and Grev. Ie, Filie. t. 75. i Hab.: York Peninsula, N. Taylor; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy; Bellenden-Ker Range, W. Hill; Islands off the coast, 4. Cunningham, M‘Gillivray. Also in East India and the Malayan Archipelago. 5. L. lobata (lobed), Potr.; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Wilic. 111; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 720. Rhizome creeping. Fronds 6in. to 1ft. high, simply pinnate or bipinnate with few pinnate pinnules at the base, much resembling the less- Lindsea.] CLVI. FILICES. 1955 branched specimens of LL. flabellulata, but the fertile pinnules often more than jin. broad, and the veinlets frequently anastomosing.—Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 52. Hab.: Endeavour and Bloomfield Rivers, N. Taylor; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy; Hull River, HW’. Hill. Also in East India, the Malayan Archipelago and the South Pacific Islands. 6. L. microphylla (small-leaved), Swartz.; Hook. Spec. Filic. i. 218; Syn. Filie. 110; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 720. Rhizome knotted, shortly creeping. Fronds 6in. to 14ft. high, bipinnate, the main rhachis wiry but slender, usually flexuose. Primary pinne 4 to lin. or the lower ones nearly 2in. long. Barren pinnules varying from ovate to lanceolate, toothed or lobed ; fertile ones obovate cuneate or almost fan-shaped, equilateral, 1 to 2 or rarely 3 lines broad, undivided with a continuous sorus, or notched or lobed with the sori interrupted.—Hook. and Grev. Ic. Filic. t. 194; Sieb. Fl. Mixt.n. 234; F. v. M. Fragm. v. 119; Bail. Litho. Ferns, Ql. 54. Hab.: Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, Fraser ; and many other southern localities. 7. L. incisa (cut), Prent. in Trim. Journ. Bot. 1878, 295; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 721. Rhizome slender, long creeping, bright-golden, clothed with hair-like bright scales. Fronds from 8 or 4in. to 2ft. long, pinnate. Pinnules small, the fertile ones and most of the barren ones divided to the rhachis into 2 or 8 cuneate segments 1 to 2 lines long, and usually the barren pinnules on the same rhachis as the fertile ones and below them.—Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 56. Hab.: Near Brisbane, Prentice, Bailey ; Southport, Schneider. 8. L. Fraseri (after C. Fraser), Hook. Spec. Filic. i, 221, t. 70, Syn. Filic. 112; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 721. Rhizome creeping. Fronds with a short stipes erect, simply pinnate, 2 to 1}ft. high. Pinnules distant, from almost ovate to lanceolate, equilateral, obtuse, truncate or cordate at the base and shortly petiolate, mostly 4 to 8 lines long, the upper ones smaller and obovate or rhomboidal, and the barren ones often larger and denticulate, the veinlets frequently anastomosing. Sori marginal, continuous or slightly interrupted.— Bail. Litho. Ferns, Ql. 56; Schizoloma Fraseri, J. Sm.; Bail. Ql. Ferns, 20. Hab.: About the southern coastal swamps. 9. L. ensifolia (leaves sword-shaped), Swartz. ; Hook. Spec. Filic. i. 220, Syn. Filic. 112+ Benth. Fl. Austr. vii.721. Rhizome creeping. Fronds simply pinnate, 6 to 18in. high. Pinnules exceedingly variable in number size and shape, the barren ones at the base often small, irregularly ovate or obovate but sometimes lan- ceolate like the fertile ones, serrulate, rarely lobed; fertile ones in the middle sometimes only 2 or 3, sometimes nearly 20, lanceolate, 1 to din. long, the frond ending in a long lanceolate lobe occasionally broken up into small obovate segments. Veins more or less anastomosing. Sori continued along the whole margin except the short equally cuneate base.—Hook. and Grev. Ic. Filic. t. 111 ; F. vy. M. Fragm. v. 118; Bail. Litho. Ferns, Ql. 57; L. lanceolata, Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. ii. 98, t. 248; R. Br. Prod. 156; L. pentaphylla, Hook. Spec. Filic. j- 219, t. 67; Schizoloma ensifolium, J. Sm.; Bedd. Ferns 8. Ind. t. 25. Hab.: Shoalwater Bay and Port Bowen, R. Brown; Cape York, Daemel; Albany Islands, F. v. Mueller; Daintree River, Fitzalan; Gilbert River, Daintree ; Mount Wheeler, Thozet; Moreton Bay, HW’. Hill, F. v. Mueller. Common. é ae! in the Mascarene Islands, East India, the Malayan Archipelago and South Pacific Slands, _ Var. heterophylla. A few or many or all the pinne elongated and wholly or partially divided into small pinnules or segments.---Bail. Litho. Fern. Ql. 57. Hab.: Carpentaria Islands, R. Brown ; York Peninsula, N. Taylor, Cape York, Daemel ; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy, W, Hill; Daintree River, Fitzalan, A common fern of the northern coastal swamp. 1956 CLVI. FILICES. [Lindsea. 10. L. lanuginosa (woolly), Wall. ; Hook. Spec. Filic. i. 210, ¢. 69, Syn. Filic. 109; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 722. Epiphyte, rhizome stout, creeping. Fronds 1 to about 8ft. long, simply pinnate, the rhachis densely woolly-tomentose, or the wool at length deciduous. Pinne numerous, lanceolate, often falcate, 13 to Qin. long, not quite sessile, coriaceous, glabrous above, woolly-tomentose underneath at least when young, the fertile ones almost acuminate, the lower barren ones rounded at the end, Veins simple or forked, diverging from the midrib and all free. Sori continuous along the margins except the obliquely truacate base.—F. v. M. Fragm. v.118; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 56. Hab.: Rockingham Bay, W. Hill; Edgecombe Bay, Dallachy; Port Denison and Daintree River, Fitzalan. Forming large masses on the branches of trees in tropical scrubs. : The pinn# disarticulate so freely in drying that perfect specimens are seldom seen in herbaria. Spread over tropical Asia and Africa. 20. ADIANTUM, Linn. (From adiantos, dry, the fronds when plunged into water come out dry.) Rhizome creeping or tufted. Fronds compound or rarely simple. Pinnules more or less petiolate, often oblique, the forked or dichotomous veins radiating from the petiole to the margin without any midrib. Sori marginal, short and distinct or rarely elongated and confluent. Indusium continuous with the margin and recurved bearing the spore-cases on its under surface. A large genus, widely spread over the tropical and temperate regions of the New and the Old World. Fronds simply pinnate. Pinnules on long petioles 3 to lin. broad. Sori almost continuous . SQicaen Bis Gain Nat” sl ee LO teas . 1. A. lunulatum. Fronds mostly 3-pinnate. Pinnules broadly obovate, nearly equal at the base. Indusia reniform . 2. A. ethiopicum. Fronds bipinnate or 3-pinnate at the base. Pinnules very oblique or dimi- diate. Rhizome creeping. Pinne numerous. Pinnules mostly 3 to 4 lines broad. Sori and indusia transversely oblong ee Bene ae see Gree ete £8 ae Pinne fewer. Pinnules more equal, 4 to 8 lines broad Indusia reniform . seat 3 i 3. A. formosum. 4. A. affine. Indusia transversely oblong ; RE atresia ee ay. wee Wop LY a= Win <1 . var. intermedium. Fronds with few long almost pedate glabrous pinne. Pinnules mem- branous, finely veined. Sori in the sinus, reniform. Rhizome tufted 5. A. diaphanum. Fronds more pedate, more or less hispid. Pinnules prominently veined. Sori rounded, contiguous. Rhizome usually tufted . P : 6. A. hispidulum. 1. A. lunulatum (crescent-shaped), Burm.; Hook. Spec. Filic. ii. 11, Syn. Pilic, 114; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 723. Rhizome short. Fronds tufted simply pinnate, Gin. to near lft. long, the rhachis wiry, very slender. Pinnules articulate on slender petioles of 1 to 4 lines, obliquely fan-shaped, 4 to lin. broad. Sori elongated, sometimes continuous along the whole outer margin, but often aria less interrupted. Hook. and Grev. lc. Filic. t. 104; Bail. Litho. Ferns Hab.: Rockingham Bay, Endeavour River, and a few other tropical localities but not common. . Spread over the the tropicai regions of the New and the Old World. 2. A. ethiopicum (Athiopian), Linn.; Hook. Spec. Filic. ii. 37, t. 77, Syn. filic. 128; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 724. Rhizome tufted or stoloniferous. Fronds usually 1 to 1}ft. high, 4 to 8in. broad, twice three or four times pinnate, the rhachis slender shining, often flexuose. Pinnules on short petioles, mostly obovate-orbicular with a more or less cuneate equal base, 3 to over 5 lines broad thin and bright green, broadly crenate or very shortly lobed. Sori distinct in the sinus of the crenatures, the reflexed indusium reniform or at length transversely oblong.—Bedd. Ferns 8. Ind, t.5; Hook. f. Fl, Tasm, ii. 187; F. v. M. Fragm, Adiantum.] CLVI. FILICES. 1957 v. 119; Sieb. Fl. Mixt. n. 244; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 59; A. asstmile, Swartz; Hook. Spec. Filic. ii. 87; BR. Br. Prod. 155; A. trigonwm, Labill. Pl. Noy. Holl. ii. 99, t. 248. Hab.: Common in most localities. Of this variable and widely spread species, there appear to be two rather distinct farms, one having a brown stipes and the other a black stipes; the latter is also of a more erect growth. 3. A. formosum (handsome), A. Br. Prod. 155; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 724. Rhizome creeping, scaly. Fronds 1 to 3ft. high, broadly spreading, 2 to 4 times pinnate, the stipes often scabrous with numerous pinne, the primary and secondary ones always simply pinnate at the end, the main rhachis usually flexuose slender and black. Pinnules membranous or scarcely coriaceous, shortly petiolate, obliquely oblong obovate or rhomboidal, usually 8 to 4 lines rarely only 2 lines long, or larger when barren, the entire sides very unequal, the fruit- ing margin crenate-toothed. Sori on the teeth or between them. Indusium transversely oblong or somewhat reniform.—Hook. Spec. Filic. ii, 51, t. 86, Syn. Filic. 119; F. v. M. Fragm. v. 120; Bail. Litho. Ferns QI. 60. Hab.: Port Denison, Fitzalan; Moreton Bay, Leichhhrdt and others; Ipswich, Nernst. A common scrub species. Also in New Zealand. 4. A. affine (allied to another), Willd.; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 117; Benth. Fl. Austr, vii. 724. Near A. formosum, but much less divided, with larger pinnules more equal in size. Rhizome creeping. Fronds 1ft. high or more, bipinnate or tripinnate only in the lower part. Primary pinne not numerous, 3 to Gin. long, pinnules almost sessile, very obliquely ovate or oblong-rhomboidal, 4 to 8 lines broad, the outer margins dentate. Sori marginal, scarcely indented. Indusium broadly reniform.—F. v. M. Fragm. v. 119; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 61; A. Cunninghamii, Hook. Spec. Filic. ii. 52, t. 86. Hab.: Maroochie and other localities along the North Coast Railway. Also in New Zealand. : . Var. intermedium. Fronds and pinnules of A. affine, but the indusia transversely oblong as in A. formosum. Hab.: Rockingham Bay, Dallachy. 5. A. diaphanum (nearly transparent), Blume; Hook. Spec. Filic. ii. 10, t. 80, Syn. Filic. 117; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 725. A much smaller and more delicate plant than A. affine. Rhizome tufted. Fronds 6in. to 1ft. high includ- ing the slender stipes, with 2 to 5. primary pinne 8 to 6in. long, the lower ones sometimes with 1 or 2 secondary ones at the base. Pinnules numerous, very shortly petiolate, obliquely ovate-rhomboidal with very unequal bases, thinly membranous, 8 to 6 lines broad, the outer margin dentate. Sori in the sinus of the teeth. Indusium deeply reniform.—Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 62; A. affine, Hook. Spec. Filic. ii. 82, not of Willd. Hab.: In dense damp shady scrubs throughout Queensland. _ Also in the Malayan Archipelago, South China, the South Pacific Islands and New Zealand. 6. A. hispidulum (minutely hispid), Swartz; Hook. Spec. Filic. ii, 31, Syn. Filic. 126; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 725. Rhizome tufted or rarely creeping. Fronds when perfect once or twice forked at the base, each branch ending in a long pinna or pinnately divided at the base or higher up into secondary pinne. ‘Piinules numerous, very shortly petiolate, obliquely ovate-rhomboid, 3 to 8 lines long or broad, rather rigid, prominently veined, the under surface as well as the rhachis more or less hispid. Sori usually almost contiguous though not confluent. Indusia much recurved, orbicular slightly reniform.—Bedd. Ferns S. Ind. t. 3; F, vy. M. Fragm. v. 120; Bail. Litho. Ferns QI. 63. Hab.: Common in all scrubs. Extends over tropical Asia and Africa, the Pacific Islands and New Zealand. Of this species there are_two_forms, Part VI. S$ 1958 CLVI, FILICES. 91. HYPOLEPIS, Bernh. (From hypo, under, and lepis, a scale.) Rhizome creeping. Fronds compound, usually large, the pinnules penniveined. Sori marginal, short, in the sinus of the teeth of the pinnules. Indusium a small scale continuous with the margin, recurved over the sorus, the spore-cases attached at its base. The genus comprises but few species dispersed'over the tropical and subtropical regions of the New and the Old World. 1. EZ. tenuifolia (slender-leaved), Bernh. ; Hook. Spec. Filic. ii. 60, t. 89, 90, Syn. Filic. 129; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 726. Fronds 4 to 5ft. high including the stipes and often above 1ft. broad, 3 or 4 times pinnate. Tertiary pinne lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid or pinnate ; fruiting pinnules or segments 2 to 4 lines long, crenate-toothed. Rhachis and under side of the segments usually slightly hairy. Sori few or several to each segment in the sinus of the teeth, the reflexed seale-like indusium at first often covering the sorus but in an advanced stage almost concealed under the sorus or quite withered away.—Bail. Litho. Ferns. Ql. 64. Hab.: In the dense scrub North and South, but most abundant in the tropics. Also in the Malayan Archipelago, the South Pacific Islands and New Zealand. 22. CHEILANTHES, Swartz. (From cheilos, lip, and anthos, flower.) Rhizome tufted or creeping. Fronds usually small, twice or thrice pinnate with small lobed segments. Sori globular and distinct at the end of the veinlets or oblong by the confluence of 2 or more, all marginal, the slightly altered teeth or lobes bent over them and forming an indusium -with the spore-cases inserted at their base as in Pteris. Veinlets forked from a central nerve. A considerable genus widely spread over the tropical and temperate regions of the New and the Old World. Ultimate lobes of the fronds obovate or oblong 1 to 2 lines long, or rarely ovate-lanceolate and larger sh 9 ae” as ee Da a : Be iyee aac ae Pinnules ending in a linear lobe usually about gin. long (See also Nornonana, where the margin forms a spurious indusium.) 1. G. tenuifolia (slender-leaved), Swartz. ; Hook. Spec. Filic. ii. 82, t. 87, Syn, Filic. 188; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 728. Curly fern. Rhizome horizontal or shortly creeping often knotty. Fronds from 2 or 3in. to 1ft. high, from narrow-lanceolate to broadly ovate-triangular in outline, the stipes and main rhachis glabrous or scaly-hairy. Primary pinne nearly opposite in distinct pairs, exceedingly variable in form and division, from under in. long with few entire ovate segments, to above 2in. long and broad, elegantly pinnate a second and w third time, the tertiary pinnules deeply pinnatifid, the ultimate segments in all cases ovate or oblong obtuse 1 to 2 lines long, with every intermediate between these extremes, or rarely the primary segments ovate-lanceolate obtuse tin. long and scarcely lobed, the whole pinne quite flat or with a very crisped aspect from the recurved or revolute margins. Sori usually numerous round the margins, nearly contiguous, with the small rounded teeth or lobes bent over them.—R. Br. Prod. 155; Sieb. Filic. Exs. 116, Fl. Mixt. n. 250; Kunze in Pl. Preiss. ii. 111; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm, ii. 188; F. v. M. Fragm. v. 122; Bedd. Ferns 8. Ind. t. 188; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 65. Var. Siebert. Rhizome short almost erect. Fronds tufted, erect, oblong in outline, from a few to 18in. high, and ] to 3in. broad. Sori punctiform often very dark. The most common form in southern Queensland but also in the North.—Bail. Litho. Ferns. Ql. 66, C. Siebert, Kunze in Pl. Preiss, ii. 112 ; Hook. Spec. Filic. ii. 83, t. 97; C. Preissiana, Kunze lc. 3 Var. nudiuscula. Rhizome short. Fronds tufted, texture coriaceous, densely pubescent. Sori usually brown. A tropical form.—Bail. Litho. Ferns. Ql. 65; Pteri i Prod. 155; Pellea nudiuscula, Hook. Spec. Filic. ii. 151, 9 aici ca 1. C. tenuifolia. 2. C. caudata. Cheilanthes.] CLVI. FILICES. 1959 2. C. caudata (tailed), R. Br. Prod. 156; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 727. Perhaps a variety of C. tenwifolia, but has a very different aspect. Fronds 6 to 8in. long, slender, bipinnate at least at the base, the pinna not numerous, all whether primary or secondary ending in @ narrow-linear pinnule, usually at least gin. long, continuous or interrupted at the base, and soriferous throughout, the few segments at the base of the pinne shortly linear. Hab.: Endeavour River, Banks and Solander; Port Bowen, R. Brown; Gilbert River, Daintree. 28. PTERIS, Linn. (From ptery#, a wing, or pteron, a feather, from the feather-like fronds of some species). Bhizome short and thick or creeping. Fronds usually large and compound rarely small or simple. Veins simple forked or reticulate, with or without a midrib. Sori linear, continuous or slightly interrupted along the margin of the segments, with a continuous narrow membranous indusium proceeding from the margin and opening along the inner or lower edge. Spore-cases inserted on the frond under the indusium. A large genus distributed over the temperate as well as the tropical regions of the globe. Veins oblique on the midrib, forked and free, but almost concealed in the thick substance of the frond. Fronds 2 to 4in. long and broad, 3-partite with deeply pinnatifid divisions 5 « © % § 4 % HY Ke He ee ee ee ee & de Pigerantifolia. Fronds 6 to 18in. long, simply pinnate with distinct not decurrent undivided pinnules. Bhachis usually glabrous. Pinnules broad, 14 to 2hin. long, shortly petiolate: 2s . «ak ek RO oe Se ee . 1 . . 2 P. paradoxa. Rhachis scaly-hirsute. Pinntles lanceolate, 1 to 2in. long, sessile . . . . .. . Pinnules orbicular or broadly oblong, very obtuse, 4 to Zin long . Veins transverse on the midrib, simple or forked, free, apparent on the membranous frond. Fronds pinnate. Pinne numerous, narrow, undivided, 3 to 6in. long. . . .. . Pinne few, narrow, 2 to 4in. long, undivided or with few short lateral lobes; barren pinnules short and broad. . . . . tn Fae oS Pinne many, varrow, 4 to Gin. long, some undivided others with few . PB. falcata. . P. rotundifolia. 5. P. longifolia. 6. P. ensiformis. 7 8 lobes . . . bk tS Noe) ahi eek Gia Ae ae Ae BSS . P. umbrosa. Pinne 4 to 8in. long, deeply pinnatifid with numerous narrow segments eek . P, quadriaurita. Fronds large, 2 to 4 times pinnate, segments decurrent. Segments glabrous narrow, rather regular. Indusium not thickened atthebase . . . 1 ee ee ee ee ee ee et ee YP. tremula. Segments often very unequal, usually hairy underneath between the raised midrib and the sorus. Indusium from a thickened base . 10. P. aquilina, var. Veins from an irregular midrib oblique branched occasionally anastomosing. Frond largecompound. . . - - ee ee tee ee ee Veins copiously reticulate on each side of the midrib. Frond-branches pinnate. Pinne deeply pinnatifid. : Fronds 3-partite. Segments of the pinne connected by a uniform winged rhachis 2to3 lines broad. . . . . ) ee ee ee ee ee 12. BP, marginata. Frond with several branches. Segments of the pinnz decurrent on the rhachis . . . . bens, td. Sia ceva Cee Te ee . oe. . 13. P. comans. ll. P. incisa. 1. P. geraniifolia (Geranium-leaved), Raddi, Hilic. Bras. 46; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 728. Rhizome tufted. Fronds broadly rounded-cordate in outline, 2 to 4in. long and broad, coriaceous, tripartite, the lateral divisions divaricate, all deeply pinnatifid, the lower segments again pinnatifid, the upper ones short and entire; lobes all obtusely lanceolate or ovate, with a black midrib sometimes shortly conspicuous, the veins otherwise oblique and forked concealed in the substance of the frond. Sori continuous on the lobes.—Bedd. Ferns S. Ind. t. 1960 CLVI. FILICES. [Pteris. 37; F.v. M. Fragm. v. 124; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 68; P. pedata, R. Br. Prod. 155, not of Linn.; P. Brownii, Desv. in Mem. Soe. Linn. Par. vi. 294; Pellea geraniefolia, Fée ; Hook. le. Pl. t. 915, Spec. Filic. ii. 182, Syn. Filic. 146. Hab.: Broadsound, R. Brown; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy; Port Denison, Fitzalan; Rock- hampton, O‘Shanesy, Bowman; Bowen, Woolls; Brisbane River, Bailey. Widely dispersed over the tropical and subtropical regions of the New and the Old World. 2. PB. paradoxa (paradoxical), Baker; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 729. Rhizome creeping. Fronds Gin. to 1dft. high, simply pinnate, the rhachis dark and shining, glabrous or very rarely with a few scales. Pinne very few on young plants, often above 20 on luxuriant fronds, usually petiolate, lanceolate or ovate- lanceolate, 14 to 24in. long and usually broader than in P. falcata, coriaceous with dichotomous free veins oblique on the midrib concealed in the substance of the frond. On young plants the fronds often simple bearing a solitary ovate- cordate pinna. Sori usually continuous all round very nearly to the petiole Indusium not so thin ag in most species, soon concealed under the sori.—Bail. Litho. Ferns QI. 70; Adiantum paradorum, R. Br. Prod. 155; Sieb. Fl. Mixt. n. 269; Pellea paradoxa, Hook. Spec. Filic. ii. 185, t. 111, Syn. Filic. 152; Platyloma Brownii, J. Sm. ; Bail. Queensl. Ferns, 86. Hab.: Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, 4. Cunningham, F. v. Mueller and others ; Port Denison, Fitzalan. : 3. PB. falcata (sickle-shaped), R. Br. Prod. 154; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 729. Tar fern. Rhizome creeping. Fronds 6in. to 14ft. long, simply pinnate, the rhachis densely scaly-hirsute. Pinna numerous, sessile or neary so, lanceclate, often falcate, 1 to 2in. long, acute or rather obtuse, coriaceous with the concealed venation of P. paradowa, the lower ones rarely auriculate at the base on the upper side. Sori continuous all round except the truncate base.—Hook. f. Fl. Tasm, ii. 189; Sieb. Syn. Filic. n. 109, Fl.’ Mixt. n, 253; F. v. m. Fragm. v. 128, partly; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 69; Pellea falcata, Fée; Hook. Spec. Filic. ii: 135, t. 111, Syn. Filic. 151; P. seticaulis, Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 207; Platyloma falcatum, J. Sm.; Bedd. Ferns S. Ind. ¢. 22. Hab.: Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, 4. Cunningham: Port Denison, Fitzalan; Rockhampton and neighbouring districts, Bowman, O‘Shanesy and others. e Also in East India, the Malayan Archipelago and New Zealand. Var. nana. Rhizome very short. Fronds tufted. The pions crowded almost overlapping, 4 to Zin. long.—Bail. Litho. Ferns, Ql. 69. Hab.: Very common in southern scrubs. 4. BP. rotundifolia (round-leaved), Forst.; Hook..Ic. Pl. t. 422; Benth. Fl. Austr. vil. 730. Habit of P. falcata but usually smaller or more slender, Pinne orbicular or very broadly oblong, obtuse, often slightly cordate at the base, almost sessile, usually about 4in. long or when luxuriant 3in. Venation and scaly hirsute rhachis entirely as in P. faleata.—Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 71; Pellea rotundifolia, Hook. Spec. Filic. ii. 186, Syn. Filic. 151; Platyloma rotundifolium, J. Sm.; Bail. Queensl. Ferns, 36. Hab.: Mount Dryander, Fitzalan, also Mount Lindsay, Hill. Also in New Zealand and in Norfolk Island. The figure in Hooker’s Filic. Exot. t. 48, represents a luxuriant large form probably from a cultivated specimen. -—Benth. 5. PB. longifolia (long-leaved), Linn. ; Hook. Spec. Filic. ii. 157, Syn. hilie. 153; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 730. Rhizome short and thick. Fronds 1 to 2ft. high, simply pinnate, the stipes scaly-hairy at the base only. Pinne usually numerous, sessile or nearly so, linear or linear-lanceolate, 8 to Gin. long in full- grown specimens, the simple or forked veins transverse from the midrib and. Pteris.] CLVI. FILICES. 1961 apparent. Sori continuous along the whole margin except the small rounded or cordate base.—F. v. M. Fragm. v. 126; Bedd. Ferns 8. Ind. t. 33; Bail. Litho. _ Ferns QI. 72. Hab.: Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, Main Range, Rockhampton and Mount Perry. Widely spread over the tropical and temperate regions of the globe. 6. B. ensiformis (sword-shaped), Burm. Hl. Ind. 280, Thes. Zeyl. t. 87; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 730. Rhizome creeping. Fronds 9 to 16in. high, pinnate, the stipes without scales. Pinne when fertile usually linear, entire or the lower ones or nearly all lobed or again pinnate at the base, the terminal lobe often 2 to 4in. long, the lateral ones short, often shortly decurrent; lobes of the barren fronds or pinne oblong or ovate and denticulate; veins forked, transverse from the midrid. Sori continuous round the fertile lobes.—Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filic. 155 ; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 78; P. crenata, Swartz; Hook. Spec. Filic. ii, 168, t. 127; R. Br. Prod. 154; F. v. M. Fragm. v. 125. ; Hab.: Endeavour River, Banks and Solander; York Peninsula, N. Taylor; Port Denison, Fitzalan. Very common in northern localities. : Ranges over tropical and Eastern Asia and the Pacific Islands. 7. P. umbrosa (shade-loving), R. Br. Prod. 154; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 780. Rhizome thick and knotted or shortly creeping. Fronds attaining 2 or 8ft., pinnate, the stipes often slightly scabrous. Pinne 18 to 21, linear-lanceolate, 4 to Gin. long, entire or the lower ones again divided into 3 to 5 similar segments, all more or less decurrent on the rhachis. usually broader and minutely serrulate when barren, and the barren ends of fertile ones often deeply serrate; veinlets transverse, mostly forked. Sori continued down the decurrent base —Hook. Spec. Filic. ii. 162, t. 130, Syn. Filic. 155; F. v. M. Fragm. v. 126; Sieb. Syn. Filic. n. 128; Bail. Litho. Ferns, Ql. 74. Hab.: Brisbane River, Moreton Bay. Common on ranges. 8. PB. quadriaurita (4-eared), fetz.; Hook. Spec. Filic. ii. 179, t. 184, Syn. Filic. 158; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 731.—Rhizome thick. Fronds pinnate, varying from 1 to 8ft. long. Pinnz mostly opposite, 4 to Sin. long, regularly and deeply pinnatifid, otherwise undivided or the lower ones with one or two similar secondary pinne on the lower side. Pinnules or segments numerous, broadly linear, often falcate, obtuse, 4 to 8 lines long, confluent at the base, the pinne usually ending in a long, linear-lanceolate point lobed at the base. Sori often not reaching the base of the segments.—Bedd. Ferns 8. Ind. t. 81; F. v. M. Fragm. v. 125; Bail. Litho. Ferns, Ql. 75. Hab.: Cape York Peninsula, Hann’s Expedition, N. Taylor; Rockingham Bay, W. Hill, Dallachy ; Daintree River, Fitzalan, and other tropical localities. Widely spread over the tropical regions of the New and the Old World. 9. P, tremula (trembling), R. Br. Prod. 154; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 781. Bhizome suberect. Fronds 1 to 5ft. (usually 2 to 4) high, glabrous, twice to four times pinnate, not so broadly expanded and the divisions more regular than in P. aquilina, the pinne mostly opposite. Ultimate segments linear, rather firm when in fruit, + to liv. long, slightly decurrent, membranous flat and serrulate when barren; veins mostly forked and transverse. Sori usually continuous but scarcely reaching the base of the segments and sometimes interrupted, at length expanded so as to conceal the indusium.—Hook, Spee. Filic. ii. 174, t. 120; Syn. Filic. 161; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii, 140; Sieb. Syn. Filic. n. 130; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 76. Hab.: Common in scrubs North and South. Also in Norfolk and Fiji Islands and New Zealand. 1962 CLVI. FILICES. [Pieriss 10. BP. aquilina (eagle-like) Linn.; var. esculenta; Hook. Spec. Filic. ii. 197. Syn. Filic. 168; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 781. The Esculent Bracken. Rhizome thick and creeping. Fronds from 1 or 2 to 8 or 10ft. high, usually thrice pinnate. Primary pinne distant, the lowest pair much larger and more compound, the upper gradually decreasing, giving the whole frond a triangular outline 2 to 4ft. broad. Secondary or tertiary pinne numerous, lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid or pinnate, always ending in a linear undivided obtuse segment, the lateral segments oblong or linear, scarcely widened at the base but decurrent on the rhachis, the midrib usually raised dilated and hardened with acute ciliate edges and the under surface usually hairy between the midrib and the sori. Sori continuous along the margin, the rather broad indusium really marginal, but the frond thickened and often minutely crenulate at the base of the indusium make it appear intramarginal.—Kunze in Pl. Preiss. ii. 111; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm ii. 1389; F. v.. M. Fragm. v. 126; Sieb. Syn. Filic. n. 127; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 77.; P. esculentu, Forst.; Labill. Pl. Nov., Holl. ii. 95, t. 244; R. Br. Prod. 154. Hab.: Very abundant both North and South. Var. lanuginosa, Hook., Spec. Filic. ii. 196. The Woolly Bracken. A tall strong plant, very hard, but, from being closely covered with soft woolly down, has a somewhat soft appear- ance, and grows in intricate masses 5 or 6ft. high.—Bail. Litho. Ferns, Ql. 78. Hab.: Bellenden-Ker, at between 2,000 and 5,000ft. above sea-level, forming large patches most difficult to pass through. The species is generally abundant in some form or other in most tropical and temperate regions of the globe. 11. P. incisa (cut), Thwnb.; Hook. Spec. Filic. ii. 280, Syn. Filic. 172; Benth, Fl. Austr. vii. 782. Bat’s-wing Fern. Rhizome creeping. Fronds varying from 1 to 5ft. high, glabrous, twice or thrice pinnate. Pinnules of the barren fronds usually deeply pinnatifid, 1 to Qin. long, with broad obtuse membranous lobes, the veins proceeding from the midrib of the pinnule repeatedly forked in each lobe, the branches here and there anastomosing or all free. In the fertile fronds the secondary pinne often pinnate at the base, pinnatifid in the upper part, the lower pinnules or segments with a distinct midrib and variously branched veins, the upper lobes less regularly veined. Sori continuous or interrupted, often neither reaching the base nor the apex of the segment.—Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. it. 140; Sieb. Fl. Mixt. n. 252; FB. v. M. Fragm. v. 124; P. vespertilionis, Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. ii. 96, t. 245; R. Br. Prod. 154; Bail. Litho. Ferns, Ql. 79; Litobrachia vespertilionis, Pres]; Bail. Ql. Ferns, 26. Hab.: In many southern localities. Spread over the tropical and southern extratropical regions of the New and the Old World. 12. P. marginata (bordered), Bory; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filic. 172; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 7338. Rhizome short, stout. Fronds when full grown several feet high, the main rhachis branched, usually tripartite, each branch pinnate. Pinna numerous, 3 to 10in. long, deeply pinnatifid ; segments oblong or broadly linear, often faleate, obtuse, 4 to lin. long, confluent into a winged rhachis 2 to 8 lines broad; veins copiously reticulate on each side of the midrib. Sori often continued round the sinus, but rarely reaching the ends of the lobes. Barren fronds thinner, the lobes often minutely dentate,—Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 80; P. tripartita, Swartz ; Hook. Spec. Filic. ii. 225, t. 188; F. v. M. Fragm. v. 125; P. Milneana, Baker, Syn. Filic. 170; Litobrochia tripartita, Presl. and L. Milneana, Bail. Queensl. Ferns, 26. Hab.: Rockingham Bay, Dallachy ; Bellenden-Ker Range, IV. Hill: Daintree River, Fitzalun ; Bowen, Woolls. In most tropical scrubs. : Ranges over tropical Asia and Africa and the Pacific Islands, Proris,] OLVI. FILICES. 1968 18. BP. comans (bushy), Forst.; Hook. Spec. Filic. ii. 219, Syn. Filic. 171; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 788. Near P. marginata, but larger and more branched, the main rhachis bearing several branches or primary pinnw of 1 to 2ft. or more. Secondary pinne 4 to 10in. long, deeply pinnatifid; segments numerous, 4 to 2in. long, oblong-lanceolate or linear, often faleate, decurrent along the rhachis which is not, however, uniformly winged as in P. marginata; some of the lower segments sometimes again shortly pinnatifid; veins copiously reticulate. Sori usually continued round the sinus but rarely to the tips of the lobes. Barren segments or barren tips of the fertile ones usually dentate.—F. v. M. Fragm. v. 125 ; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 81; P. Endlicheriana, Agardh ; Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 978, Spec. Filic. ii. 218; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 141; P. microptera, Metten. ; Kuhn in Linnea, xxxvi. 92. Hab.: Southern localities. Also in New Zealand and the Pacific Islands. 24. LOMARIA, Willd. (From loma, a fringe or border; referring to the indusium.) (Stegania, R. Br.) Rhizome creeping or ascending into a short trunk. Fronds pinnatifid or simply pinnate, rarely undivided, the outer ones of each year’s shoot barren with flat pinnules, the inner ones with linear fertile pinnules or rarely a few lower barren ones. Sori in a continuous line on each side of the midrib between it and the margin, with a membranous indusium attached close to the margin and opening on the inner side next the midrib, the sori at length covering almost the whole of the under surface. Veins of the barren pinnules transverse or oblique on the midrib, mostly forked. The genus is generally distributed over the tropical and temperate regions of the globe. Fronds simple or with few long segments decurrent on the stipes. . . . 1. L. Patersoni, Barren fronds with numerous segments attached to the rhachis by a broad base, the upper ones confiuent. Lowest segments as long as the others or nearlyso . . . . . .. . . 2 ZL. vuleanica. Lower segments gradually smaller and more distant. Rhachis and stipes glabrous except at the very base. Barren segments narrow, 1 to 4in. long, fertile ones nearly as long. Rbhachis:dark: 6. og. ewe to ete a tee cae OR Barren segments broadly lanceolate, 1 to 1}in. long; fertile ones 4 to lin. Rhachis pale DLW «tke gE mt y dee oly cepacia sien or chai as Barren fronds with several or numerous pinnew attached by the midzib only, the lowest rarely small. Segments obliquely truncate at the base . Segments tapering at the base F B, dx discolor. 4. L. lanceolata. 5. L. capensis. 6. L. euphlebia. 1. L. Patersoni (after — Paterson), Spreng.; Hook. Spec. Filic. iii. 8, Syn. Filic. 174; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 734. Rhizome short and thick. Fronds from under ft. to near 2ft. long, undivided or pinnatifid with few (very rarely 9 or 11) linear segments of 3 to 6in., more or less decurrent on the rhachis and short stipes, those of the barren fronds 4 to lin. broad, the veins transverse ; segments of the fertile fronds as long but only 1 to 2 lines broad, the sori at length covering the whole under surface. Occasionally the lower portion of the frond broad and barren and the upper segments wholly or partially narrow and fertile.—Hook. Filic. Exot. t. 49; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm, ii. 141; F.v. M. Fragm. v. 122; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 82 (simple fronds); Stegania Patersont, R. Br. Prod. 152; Lomaria elongata, Blume ; Hook. Spec. Filic. ili. 3, t. 143. Hab.: Rockingham Bay, Dallachy; Mount Lindsay, W. Hill; Tallebudgera, Schneider; and many other southern localities. : Dispersed over East India, the Malayan Archipelago, the south Pacific Islands and New Zealand. In all the Queensland localities there are plants with undivided and with pinnatifid fronds, and sometimes the two from the same rhizome.—Benth, 1964 CLVI. FILICES. [Lomaria. 2. I. vulcanica (first found near volcanoes), Blume ; Hook. Spec. Fitic. iii. 12, Ic. Pl. t. 969, Syn. Filic. 176; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 735. Rhizome thick or shortly creeping, covered with shining black hair-like scales. Fronds under lft. high, glabrous, deeply pinnatifid with numerous segments ; those of the barren fronds lanceolate, falcate, confluent by their broad base, the lower ones 1 to 2in. long, 3 to 6 lines broad, the lowest pair scarcely smaller and sometimes reflexed, the upper segments gradually diminished to short lobes. Segments of the fertile fronds nearly as long, under 2 lines broad except the dilated adnate base.—Ffook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 143. Hab.: A specimen with barren fronds only from York Peninsula, N. Taylor, appears to be this plant. —Benth. ; : Also in New Zealand, Java and the South Pacific Islands. 3. Ik. discolor (2-colored), Willd,; Hook. Spec. Filic. iii. 5, Syn. Filic. 175 ; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 785. Rhizome thick, ascending into a trunk of 1ft. or more. Fronds 1 to 2ft. or sometimes longer, pinnate or deeply pinnatifid, the rhachis and stipes glabrous and shining black, with scales only at the base of the stipes. Larger pinnules of the barren fronds 13 to 8 or even 4in. long, broadly linear, or narrow-lanceolate, mostly connected by their dilated base, usually of a thicker texture, and the veins less conspicuous than in L. lanceolata, the lower ones gradually smaller and more distinct. Pinnules of the fertile fronds very numerous, 1 to 4in. long, 14 to 2 lines broad.—Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 148; F. v. M. Fragm. v. 121; Sieb. Fl. Mixt. n. 245; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 83 and 84; Stegania nuda and S. falcata, R. Br. Prod. 158; Onoclea nuda, Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. ii. 96, t. 246. Hab : Rockingham Bay. Dallachy; Maroochie, Bailey ; Tallebudgera, Schneider. Also in New Zealand and Norfolk Island. 4, I. lanceolata (lance-like), Spreng. ; Hook. Spec. Filic. iti. 11, Ic. Pl. t. 429, Syn. Filic, 177; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 785. Rhizome thick, sometimes rising into a trunk of 4ft. or more. Fronds 6in. to above 1ft. long, deeply pinnatifid or pinnate, the rhachis glabrous, usually pale-coloured or green. Segments of the barren fronds oblong or lanceolate, dilated at the base, contiguous and often confluent, the longer ones % to near 2in. long and 4 to 6 lines broad, the lower gradually smaller, the lowest very short and broad. Segments of the fertile fronds under lin. long, about 14 line broad.—Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 148 ; RF, % eae y. 121; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 85; Stegania lanceolata, R. Br. Prod. 152. Hab.: Johnstone River, W. R. Kefford. These specimens were imperfect but seemed rather to belong to this than any other species. Also in New Zealand and the Pacific Islands. 5. L. capensis (of Cape of Good Hope), Willd.; F.v. M. Fragm. v. 121; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 787. Red-cabbage Fern. Rhizome thick and scaly, short or ascending to a short trunk. Fronds pinnate, the segments of the barren ones broadly lanceolate, very oblique at the base and attached only by the midrib, the lowest pairs not much smaller or very rarely one small pair lower down, otherwise very variable, the frond sometimes 3 to 4ft. long with numerous rigid pinne 3 to Gin. long and lin. broad, and from that to a whole frond of Gin. with membranous pinne of 4 to-lin., the rhachis slightly scaly or glabrous. Fertile fronds equally variable, the narrow linear pinng in some specimens under lin. in others above 6in. long.—L. procera, Spreng.; Hook. Spec. Filic. iii. 22, Syn. Filic. 179, Ic. Pl. t. 427, Gard. Ferns t. 53; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 142; Bail, Litho. Ferns Ql. 86; Blechnum procerum, Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. ii. 97, t. 247; Stegania minor and S. procera, R. Br. Prod. 158. : Hab.: Rockingham Bay, Dallachy: Mount Lindsay, 1. Hill; Bowen, [Voolls. Common in southern localities. The species is dispersed over tropical and southern extratropical Ameri th Archipelago, the south Pacific Islands and New Zealand. e a a tices ai Lomaria.] CLVI. FILICES. 1965 6. L. euphlebia (well-veined), Kunze ; Hook. Spec. Wilic. iii. 82, Syn. Filic. 183 ; Benth, Hi, Austr. wi. 738. Rhizome thick and woody, slightly scaly, ascend- ing to 1ft. or more. Fronds pinnate, often above 2ft. long. Pinnw distant, lanceo- late, 8 to 8in. long, 4 to in. broad, contracted at the base and sometimes tapering to a short petiole, the uppermost one rarely sessile or slightly decurrent, the lowest not much smaller, the rhachis glabrous. Pinnx of the fertile fronds narrow-linear, 8 to Gin. long.—L. articulata, F. v. M. Fragm. v. 187; Bail. Litho. Ferns QI. 87. Hab : Rockingham Bay, Dallachy. Spread over East India, China and Japan. we Hooker’s figure 2nd Cent. Ferns, t. 89, represents an abnormal Japanese and Chinese variety with the pinne from the middle upwards adnate by a broad base.—Benth. 25. BLECHNUM, Linn. (From blechnon, the Greek name of a fern.) Rhizome short and thick or slightly elongated and horizontal. Fronds deeply pinnatifid or pinnate, the segments narrow. Sori in a continuous line on each side of the midrib, with a membranous indusium opening from under the midrib outwards, the two sori often at length confluent concealing the midrib. The genus consists of but few species dispersed over the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the globe. Segments with a dilated adnate base, the upper ones confluent . . . . 1. B. cartilagineum. Segments or pinne, lower ones petiolulate, central adnate to the rhachis, the uppermost more or less decurrent; margins serrate. . . . . . 2. B. Whelani. Segments smooth and shining with very numerous fine parallel veins. Segments serrulate, obliquely truncate at the base. . . . . . . . 38. B. serrulatum. Segments with entire margins, mostly narrowed at the base . . . . 4. B. orientale. 1. B. cartilagineum (gristly), Swartz.; Hook. Spec. Filic. iii. 48, Syn. Filic. 184; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 738. Rhizome short thick and woody, usually covered with shining black scales. Fronds 1 to 2ft. long, the stipes usually scabrous. Segments numerous, 3 to Gin. long, almost coriaceous, serrulate, distinctly veined, dilated and adnate at the base, the upper smaller ones confluent, the lower ones sometimes distant.—Metten. Filic. Hort. Lips. t. 5; R. Br. Prod. 152; F. v. M. Fragm. v. 120 Sieb. Syn. Filic. n. 123; Bail. Litho. Ferns QI. 88; B. striatum, Sond. and Muell. in Linue, xxv. 717, not of Swartz. Hab.: Rockingham Bay, Dallachy; Port Denison and Daintree River, Fitzalan; Rockhamp- ton, O‘Shanesy. Abundant in southern localities. Var. tropica, Bail. Fern World of Australia. Rhizome elongated, ascending or erect to a foot high, and 2 to 3in. thick. Frond as in the type only much larger.—Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 89. Hab.: Wet cituations tropical ranges. 2. B. Whelani (after Sergt. E. J. Whelan), Bail. 38rd Suppl. Syn. Ql. FI. 92. Rhizome slender and erect, from 8 to Gin. high, densely paleaceous at the summit, with ferruginous scales, and bearing a crown of many dark-green fronds ; stipes blackish, slightly scabrous, clothed at the base with dark linear scales, about 1ft. long and slender; the frond or leafy portion of about equal length with the stipes, bearing about 15 nearly opposite linear-lanceolate pinne 8 to Gin. long, the lowest of which are petiolulate, the central ones sessile, and one or two of the terminal ones having their bases adnate to the rhachis, the margins serrated, teeth small and blunt, except those of the elongated point ; veins simple or once forked ; sori close to the costule on the lower half or three- fourths of the pinna.—Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 91. Hab: Bellenden-Ker, at an elevation of from 4,900 to 5,000ft. above sea-level. Part VI. T +1966 CLVI. FILICES. [Blechnume 3. B. serrulatum (minutel ich. ; 7 lic. iii po 1 y serrate), Rich.; Hook. Spe, Filic. iii, 54; elas aig Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 789.‘ Bangwall,” Moston Bay, 7. L. arid ole oe -utha,” Red Island, ‘ Dugal,”” Tully River, Roth. Bhizome short ie onger and creeping. Fronds 1 to 2ft. long. Pinne distinet, linear ees ee oe 2 to din. long and nearly 8 lines’broad or 4 lines when euaGal oe naneate at the base but attached by the midrib only, serrulate, Sori pat ee the veins oblique very numerous and fine, mostly forked. ne OL . e midrib, the indusium soon concealed under them.—Bail. Litho. Bieb - 90; B. striatum, RB. Br. Prod. 152; Hook. Spec. Filic. iii. 55, t. 159; pieb, Syn. Filic. n. 125, Fl. Mixt. n. 242 ; F. v. M. Fragm. v. 120. , Hab.: © aemel ; i : Bay, y Le Daemel; Rockingham Bay, Dallach ; Rockbampton, Thozet ; Moretaw cots eaten after preparation —Bancroft and R ‘ t 1. oth, Dispersed over tropical America, the Malayan Archipelago and New Caledonia. 4. B. orientale (eastern), Linn.; Hook. Spec. Filic. iii. 52, Syn. Filic. 186, Filic. Exot. t. 77; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 739. Rhizome thick, rising to a short erect trunk. Fronds 2 to 8ft. long. Pinne distinct, 6in. to 1ft. long, 4 to lin. broad near the base, tapering to a long point, mostly cuneate at the base and attached by the midrib only, the numerous veins very fine as in B. serrulatum, but the margins quite entire. Sori close to the midrib and soon covering it, A few of the uppermost pinne occasionally adnate and decurrent on the rhachis,. F. v. M. Fragm. v. 120; Bedd. Ferns 8. Ind. t. 22; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 92, Hab.: Rockingham Bay, Dullachy; Islands off the Coast, Leefe, Walter; Daintree River, Fitzalan; Gilbert River, Daintree, and most northern scrubs. Also in East tropical Asia and in the South Pacific Islands. 26. MONOGRAMME, Schkuhr. (From the Greek, alluding to the single line of sori.) Rhizome slender, creeping. Fronds simple, narrow, veinless except the midrib. Sori in a single continuous line in the upper part of the frond, in a groove opening along the midrib, the margins of the groove forming an indusium along one or both sides of the sorus. A small genus spread over the tropical and southern extratropical regions of the New and the Old World. The only Australian species extends over the area of the genus at least in the Old World.—Benth. 1. ME. Junghuhnii (after —-. Junghuhn), Hook. Spec. Filic. v. 128, Syn, Filic. 8375, var. tenella; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 740. Rhizome almost filiform. intricately matted, covered with fine hairlike scales. Fronds slender and grass- like, 1 to 23in. high, entire, scarcely + line broad, flat with a prominent midrib in the lower barren part, the upper fertile half rather broader.—Bedd. Ferns S. Ind. #. 210; F. v. M. Fragm. vii. 110; Bail. Litho. Ferns, Ql. 98; Diclidopteris angustissima, Brackenr. Filic. U. 8. Expl. Exped. 135, t. 17. Hab.: Rockingham Bay, Dallachy. 27. DOODIA, R. Br. (After Samuel Doody, a London apothecary.) Rhizome tufted. Fronds simply pinnate or deeply pinnatifid. Sori oblong or shortly linear, on transverse veinlets connecting the forked veins proceeding from the midrib, in one or two rows parallel to the midrib on each side, with an indusium of the same shape, proceeding from the veinlet and opening on the inner side. Scabrous ferns, often small. The species are found in New Zealand, the Pacific Islands and Ceylon. Fronds rarely exceeding lit., very scabrous. Pinnules or segments all adnate by their broad base. Sori ovate, in 1 or 2 rows between the midrib and the margin. Lower or nearly a petiolate. Sorioblong . . . . ‘é 2 toe ee see ee ee ee ew ew OL DY aspera, Il the pinnules attached ouly by the midrib, or the lowest . Bd ns Bb BY . 2. D, caudata, Doodia.} CLVI. FILICES. 1967 1. D. aspera (rough), &. Br. Prod. 151; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 741. Fronds erect, rigid, mostly about 1ft. or less but varying from 6 jto nearlv 18in., the pinnules as well as the rhachis exceedingly scabrous. Binwules or segments numerous, all attached by their broad or dilated base, rigidly serrulate, those in the centre of the frond lanceolate falcate, 1 to 3in. long, the upper ones shorter and more confluent gradually reduced to the lanceolate point of the frond, the lower ‘segments more distinct, gradually shorter, the lowest reduced to small wing-like appendages to the rhachis. Sori ovate or almost rounded, usually in one row on each side at a little distance from:the midrib, but in the larger segments often numerous in at least two rows on each side.—Hook. Spec. Filic. iii. 71, Syn. Filic. 189, Exot. Fl. t.8; Sieb. Fl. Mixt. n. 249; F. vy. M. Fragm. v. 180; Bail. Litho. Ql. Ferns, 93; Woodwardia aspera, Metten.; Bail. QI. Ferns, 27. oe Hab.: Brisbane and Burnett Rivers, F. v. Mueller; Mount Ellictt, Fitzalan. A very common plant in southern scrubs. : 5 a Var. heterophylla, Bail. Syn. Ql. Fl. 704; Litho. Ferns, Ql. 94. Stipites slender, tufted. Frond 1 to 13ft. long, 3 to 2in. broad, slightly scabrous, sometimes forked; rbachis with a narrow wing. Segments very narrow, ending in an elongated segment at the apex of from 5 to Gin. in length, the abbreviated ones at the base often only forming slight lobes to the wing of thachis. Sori close, often confluent, the wings to rhachis often also fertile, sterile fronds rigidly serrulate. Hab.: Maroochie, on rocks. 2. D. caudata (tailed), R. Br. Prod. 151; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 741. A weak slender plant with the fronds often decumbent, the central ones ascending from 6in. to 1ft., slightly scabrous. Lower pinne distinct, short, ovate or ovate- lanceolate, often broadly biauriculate, attached by the midrib only and mostly barren ; intermediate ones lanceolate faleate with a broad base, mostly fertile and attached by the midrib only, the upper ones more adnate, the uppermost short and confluent into a lanceolate or linear apex to the frond, but sometimes the whole frond consisting of short broad barren pinne, or the narrow fertile ones continued nearly to the base, and in some (Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 96) specimens the narrow almost entire apex occupying nearly the whole frond. Sori oblong; usually in a single row on each side of the midrib, and sometimes almost confluent.—Hook. Spec. Filic. iii. 75, Syn. Filic. 190, Exot. Fl. t. 25; Hook. & Fl. Tasm. ii. 147; F. v. M. Fragm. v. 129; D. rupestris, Kaulf. in Sieb. Syn. Filic. n. 114, Fl. Mixt. n. 248; Woodwardia caudata, Cav.; Bail. Queensl. Ferns, 27. Hab.: York Peninsula, N. Taylor; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy; Daintree River, Vitzalan; Rockhampton, Moreton Bay and other southern localities, ‘ : Also in New Zealand and the South Pacific Islands. _ Var. media. Fronds often erect and from 1 to 14ft. long. Longer segments in the middle of the frond 1 to 2in. long.—Bail. Litho. Ferns, Ql. 95; D. media, R. Br. Prod. 151; Hook. Spec. Filic. iii. 74, Syn. Filic. 190; Woodwardia media, Fée ; Bail. Queensl. Ferns, 27. Hab.: Common in both northern and southern localities. 28. ASPLENIUM, Linn, (A, privative, splen, the spleen; medicinal qualities.) Rhizome creeping, or short and thick, or rising to a shortly arborescent trunk. Sori linear or rarely oblong, on veins proceeding from the midrib or the base of the pinnules or on their branches. Indusium linear or oblong, attached along one side to the vein and opening along the other side. A large genus generally dispersed over the tropical and temperate regions of the globe. Scr. I. Buasplenium.—Sori linear, diverging from the midrib or from the petiole towards the margin the indusium opening from the inner or upper edge outwards. Fronds entire. Veins and sori parallel and transverse. Fronds coriaceous, 1 to 6ft. long, 3 to 8in. broad. Veins closely : parallel, connected within the margin. . . . . + + . . 1. A, nidus. 1968 CLVL FILICES. [ Asplenium. Fronds thinner, 1 to 1}ft. long, # to 1fin. broad. Veins melt 1 line apart, not connected at the end . Fronds linear-lanceolate, broken into segments only at the base. Veins very oblique, parallel eae Se 68 : Fronds simply pinnate. . Veins more or less tripartite or flabellate at the base of the pinoule, one branch usually elongated and peaninerved. Fronds weak, diffuse. Pinnules entuely obovate or fan-shaped, 3 to 6 lines broad . . : Fronis diffuse, scaly- hirsute. " Pinnules ovate fan-shaped or broadly lanceolate, 6 to 9 lines long. . Fronds 6 to 18in. long; pinne with the upper base truncate parallel with the rhachis, inferior base cut off in a curved line leaving the midrib atthe margin . . woe eee ee 6. AL resectum, var. australiense, 2. A. simplicifrons. . 3. A. attenuatum. 4. A. flabellifolium. 5. A, paleaceum. Fronds attaining 1 to 3ft. Pinnules lanceolate, acuminate, 1} to din. long . Fronds very weak 7 to 8in. ‘long ; pinoe membranous, few to 12, 3 to 9 lines long, the lower half cut ae nearly to the midrib Veins numerous “and parallel from the midrib. Pinnules oblong. or lanceolate, coriaceous eo a Re. BY BBR OR Fronds bipinnate. Segments cuneate, striate. q. A. faleatum. 8. A. Wildii. 9. A. obtusatum. Fronds 3 to 8in. long. Sorilong and narrow . . 10. A. Hookerianum, var- Fronds 6 to 18in. long. Primary pinne lanceolate, 13 to ain. long, with distinct or confluent toothed segments. . 11. A. furcatum. Fronds bipinnate, 3 to 6in. long, the inferior pinnules with a large cuneate auricle at the superior base. . 12. A. affine. Fronds 2 to 3ft. long, thrice or four times pinnate, with numerous primary and secondary pinne. Sorismall . . . . . 13. A. laserpitiifolium, Sect. II. Darea.—Sori oblong or linear on a vein parallel to fhe margin of the teeth or lobes- and opening towards the margin. Sori large with prominent indusia, one to each tooth or lobe of the pinoules. Fronds 1 to 2ft. long, pags ues : oa lanceolate, 4 to lin. long. . . « 14. A, bulbiferum. Fronds mostly pinnate ; ; pinnules very narrow, 3 to Gin. long . . 15. A. flaccidum. Secr. III. Athyrium.—sSori small, often curved, mostly at the fork of the veinlets proceed- ing from the midrib. Fronds large, membranous, twice or thrice pianate. . . . . . . 16. 4. umbrosum. Sect. IV. Diplazium.—Sori linear along veins pinnately diverging from acentral vein to each lobe of the pinnule. Indusium narrow, opening, in the same frond, on the one or the other or both sides of the nerve. ‘ Fronds pinnate with pinnatifid pinone. Rhizome an erect trunk about lft. high, 2in. diameter. Pinns linear- lanceolate, petiolulate, 2 to 4in. "long . r 17. A. Prenticei. Rhizome creeping. Pinnw deeply pinnatifid the lower lobes often divided to the midrib. . . . 18. A. japonicum. Rhizome short thick Pinne pinnatifid with short broad ‘lobes. . . 19. A. sylvaticum. Fronds large, bipinnate. Trunk erect or shortly arborescent. Lobes of the secondary pinne ap: broad and short. Sori and indusia narrow-linear . . . 20. A. maximum. Lobes of the secondary pinnee mostly triangular or lanceolate, Sori and indusia short and oblong . . . . - « . Ob. A. polypedioides. Secr. V. Anisogonum.— Sori and indusia of istecion but the lateral veinlets of each set frequently anastomosing with those of the adjoining set. Fronds large, pinnate, the pinne 6 to 12in. long, 1 to 1jin. broad . 22. A. decussatum. 1. A. nidus (a nest), Linn.; Hook. Spec. Filic. iii. 77, Syn. Filic. 190; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 744. Bird’s-nest Fern. Rhizome short and thick. Fronds usually simple, entire, lanceolate, sessile or nearly so in large regular tufts. hollowed in the centre, the lurger ones 2 to 6ft. long and 8 to Bin. broad. Veins numerous, nearly transverse, parallel, simple or forked, connected at the end in an intramarginal line. - Sori along the upper or inner side of nearly all the veins, Asplenium.] CLVI. FILICES. 1969 mostly reaching from the midrib to 4 or nearly 2 of their length.—Bot. Mag. t. 8101; Bail. Litho. Ferns QI. 97; R. Br. Prod. 150; F. v. M. Fragm. v. 180; A. australasicum, Hook Filic. Exot. t. 88; Thamnopteris nidus, Presl. Bedd. Ferns Brit. Ind. t. 197. Hab.: Broadsound, R. Brown; York Peninsula, N. Taylor; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy ; Daintree River, Fitzalan; Moreton Bay, F. v. Mueller; Rockhampton and neighbouring districts, Bowman, Thozet and others. Widely spread over tropical Asia, extending to the Mascarene Islands on the one hand and to the Pacific Islands on the other. Var. multilobum, Bail. Ql. Agri. Journ. i. 370, with plate. This differs from the type in that its fronds for three parts of their length are much lobed, the lobes often exceeding Gin. in length. : Hab.: Range near Kamerunga, L. J. Nugent. Fronds of this fern have been met with that were more or less lobed but never so much so as in the variety under notice: 2. A. simplicifrons (frond simple), F. « M. Fragm. v. 74; Benth. Fl. Austr, vii. 744. Rhizome scaly. Fronds entire, membranous, 1 to 1hft. long, -} to Idin. broad, tapering to a point and decurrent on the short stipes. Veins transverse, simple or forked, mostly about 1 line apart, not connected with the margin. Sori linear, not reaching either the margin or the midrib.—Hook. and Bak. Syn. Fil. 193; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 98. Hab.: Bellenden-Ker Range, W. Hill; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy; York Peninsula, N. Taylor. Var. laciniatum, Bail. Bot. Bull. xiii. with plate showing the two forms of frond. Differs -from the nominal form in baving the fronds forked and laciniated. Hab.: Near Kuranda, Hobson. e 3. A. attenuatum (attenuated), R. Br. Prod. 150; Benth. Fl, Austr. vii. ‘745. Rhizome tufted. Fronds in the typical form linear-lanceolate, 6in. to 1ft. long, 4 to Zin. broad, entire the greater part of their length and tapering into a long point, often proliferous at the end, usually broken up in the lower part into a few obovate or oblong’ laterally adnate segments, the midrib scaly hairy under- neath as well as the stipes. Veins very oblique, simple or forked. Sori variable in length, often reaching the midrib, rarely the margin.—Hook. Spec. Filic. iii. ‘92, Syn. Filic. 194, Ic. Pl. t. 914; Hook. and Grey. Ic. Filic. t. 220; F. v. M. Fragm. v. 180; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 99. Hab.: Moreton Bay, A. Cunningham, F. v. Mueller and others; Head of the Dee River, ‘Bowman. Very common. Var. multilobum, F. vy. M. ‘he greater part of the frond broken up into segments, but ‘ending in the long entire point of A. attenuatwm.-—A. paleaceum, var, Prenticei, Bak. Syn. Fil. 208 ; Bail. Litho. Ferns QI. 100. Hab.: Logan Distriet, Prentice. ; Var. Schneideri, Bail. Syn. Ql. Fl. 706 and Litho. Ferns QI. 101. Fronds 12 to 18in. long, 2 to 8in. broad, long attenuate, pinnate below, pinnatifid in the upper portion ; protiferous at ‘the apex; pinne very irregular as to form and size, decurrent upon the rhachis. Hab.: Nerang Creek, H. Schneider. F . ier Var. integrum, Bail. Syn. QI. Fl. 706, and Litho. Ferns QI. 99. Fronds quite entire, stipites ‘often long. ie Hab.: Mardoohie and Eumundi, North Coast Railway Line. ° 4. A. flabellifolium (fan-shaped leaflets), Cav.; Hook. Spec. Filic. iii. 146, Syn, Filic. 195, Exot. Fl. t. 208; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii, 745. Rhizome tufted. Fronds weak, straggling or prostrate, slender, from a few in. to 1ft. long, simply pinnate. -Pinne shortly petiolate, obliquely obovate orbicular or fan-shaped, toothed and the larger ones sometimes 8-lobed, 2 to 8 lines broad in the smaller ‘specimens, }in. in the larger ones. Veins few, forked, pinnately diverging from @ short midrib often divided at the base into 8 nearly equal branches. Sori 1970 CLVI. FILICES. [Aspleniume several on each pinna, linear when young, often confluent when old.—R. Br, Prod. 150; Sieb. Fl. Mixt. n. 286; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. 11. 145; F. v. M. Fragm. y. 181; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 102. Hab.: On rocks near Stanthorpe and other southern localities. Also in New Zealand. 5. A. paleaceum (scaly). R. Br. Prod. 150; Benth. Hl, Austr. Vil. 746. Rhizome tufted. Fronds decumbent, Gin. to 1ft. long, simply pinnate, sometimes proliferous at the end, the stipes rhachis and often the principsl veins scaly- hirsute. Pinnz shortly petiolate, ovate ovate-lanceolate or fan-shaped, mostly 4 to in. long, irregularly denticulate and sometimes obscurely 8-lobed, pro- minently striate with the radiating forked. veins more or less joining in a midrib. Sori linear, often long but not reaching the midrib.—Hook. Spec. Filic. iii. 162, t. 199, Syn. Filic. 208; F. v. M. Fragm. v. 131 ; Bail.Litho. Ferns Ql. 103. Hab.: Broadsound, R. Brown; Frankland Islands, M‘Gillivray ; York Peninsula, N. Taylor ;- Rockingham Bay, Dallachy; Rockhampton, Bowman, O'Shanesy, Thozet; Mackay. 6. A. resectum (cut off), Sm.; var. australiense, Bail. 1st- Suppl. Syn. Ql. Fl. 64. Rhizome shortly creeping. Stipes close together, slender, 4: to 1lin.. long, glossy, nearly black. Frond pinnate, membranous, 6 to 18in. long, with a. rather long, caudate, serrate apex; lower pinne 3 or 4in. long, and about gin. broad at the base, from which they gradually diminish in size until they reach the tail-like apex of the frond. Pinne distinctly petiolulate except at the apex, where the fronds become pinnatifid, subfalcate, and the sterile ones often obtuse, but. the fertile ones usually with elongated points, superior base, truncate, parallel with the rhachis, never auricled, inferior base for a third or more of their length cut off as it were in a curved line, so that the costule here becomes the margin, the whole of the rest of the pinne evenly serrated, veins forked. Sori oblong, occupying the centre of pinna, about an equal distance from the margin as. from costule.—-Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 107. : , Hab.: Johnstone River, W. R. Kefford. 7. A. falcatum (falcate), Lam. ; Hook. Spec. Filic. iii. 160, Syn. Hilic. 208 j. Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 746. Rhizome tufted. Fronds from under 1ft. to 3ft. high including the rather long stipes, glabrous or sparingly scaly-hirsute, simply pinnate. Pinnew shortly petiolate, oblique, lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate, and. usually more or less distinctly pinnatifid with short broad dentate lobes and sometimes auriculate at the base, 14 to 4in. long, coriaceous, prominently striate, the veins very oblique diverging from the base and from the midrib. Sori linear, long and nearly reaching the margin, or a few quite short.—R. Br. Prod. 150;, F. v. M. Fragm. v. 181; A. caudatum, Forst.; Hook. Spec. Filic. iii. 152, Syn.. Filic. 209; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 104. Hab.: Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, A. Cunningham, F. v. Mueller; Rockbampton,. O‘Shanesy ; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy. : : Widely spread over tropical Africa, Asia, the Pacific Islands and New Zealand.—Beddome- Ferns S. Ind. t. 141 and 143, figures 4. faleatum and 4. caudatum from specimens much more paleaceous than any Australian ones, but all appear to represent one species.—Benth. Var. Whittlei. So far as known this form differs only in its smaller size and having the- apex of the frond much and deeply laciniated. Hab.: Rockhampton, Rob. Whittle. 8. A. Wildii (after C. J. Wild), Bail. Bot. Bull. iv. 20. Rhizome long, creeping, slender. Fronds distant or somewhat ceespitose, very weak, often flexuose, 7 to 8in. long including the filiform stipes which occupies half its length.. Stipes mahogany-brown, glossy and slightly scaly at the base. Pinna quite membranous, from very few to 12, thé lower ones free, the upper ones forming a pinnatifid apex which is sometimes slightly elongated, horizontally approximate, a Asplenium.] CLVI. FILICES. 1971 8 to 9 lines long, 8 to 4 lines broad near the base, where the upper half ig truncate and parallel with the rhachis, while the lower half is obliquely cut away nearly to the midrib; the apex obtuse or on the upper segments or pinne nearly acute, margins crenate. Costa very slender, veins distant, simple or forked, very oblique. Sori rather long, distant from the costa but approaching the margin. — Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 108. Hab.: On rocks, Daintree River, C. J. Wild. 9. A. obtusatum (obtuse), Forst.; Hook. Spec. Filic. iii. 96, Syn. Hilic, 207, Filic. Huot. t. 46; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 747. Rhizome thick, scaly. Fronds Gin. to about 1ft. high, the rhachis and stipes usually rather thick, glabrous or sparingly scaly. Pinnz coriaceous, shortly petiolate, in the typical for mobliquely- oblong or ovate-Ianceolate, obtuse, 2 to 1din. long, regularly crenate-toothed, and from that in some varieties to lanceolate, 8 to din. long, toothed or pinnatifid. Veins from the midrib oblique and forked. Sori oblong-linear, not reaching the margin, usually several on each side of the midrib oblique equal and parallel.— Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. ii. 93, . 242; BR. Br. Prod. 151; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 145 ‘ Bail. Litho. Ferns QI). 105; 4. obliquum, Forst.; Gabill. l.c. 98, t. 242; A. lucidum, Forst.i Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 146. Hab.: Nerang, H. Schneider ; Islands of Moreton Bay, J. Shirley. Var. difforme. Pinne very obtuse, more or less pinnatifid.—4. difforme, R. Br. Prod. 151; Sieb. Syn. Filic. u, 119, Fl. Mixt. n. 267; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 106. The species is also in New Zealand and in extratropical South America. 10. A. Hookerianum (after Sir W. J. Hooker), Colens.; var., Bail. 3rd Suppl. Syn. Ql. Fl. 98. Rhizome erect or shortly repent, the crown and base of stipes densely clothed with dark-brown scales; stipes tufted, slender, 4 or 5in. long, dark-brown and slightly scaly. Fronds bipinnate, narrow-lanceolate in outline, attaining 8in. in length, and not over 8in. wide in the broadest part; pinnules cuneate, the lower ones often divided to the base, the end inciso-dentate. Sori usually long and narrow.—Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 112. Hab.: Whelanian Pools, Bellenden-Ker. 11. A. fureatum (forked), Thunb. ; Hook. Spec. Filic, iti. 165, Syn. Filic. 914; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 747. Rhizome thick, dark-brown, scaly-hairy. Fronds 6 to 18in. high, pinnate or bipinnate, slightly scaly-hairy. Pinne lanceolate, mostly 14 to 2in. long, deeply pinnatifid or pinnate; segments varying from oblong-cuneate toothed and confluent to lingar-cuneate distinct and deeply 2 to 4-lobed, the segments or lobes all coriaceous, denticulate at the end, striate with few diverging veins. Sori few, large.—Bedd. Ferns 8. India, t. 144; F. v. M. Fragm. vy. 131; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 109; A. premorsum, Swartz; R. Br. Prod. 150. Hab.: Bunya Mountains at the Great Falls, Thos. Tate. ' ' Widely spread over tropical America, tropical and southern Africa and the Pacific Islands. 12. A. affine (resembling another), Sw., Hook. Sp. Filic. iii. 169. Rhizome stout, subrepent, clothed above with copious, almost black, subulate scales; . stipites aggregated, dark-brown, 4 to 10in. high, partially and deciduously setose- paleaceous, subcoriaceous, dark-browa (when dry), opaque, bipinnate, pinnate only at the apex; pinne petiolate, rather distant, 3 to 6in. long; pinnules } to lin. long, petiolulate, obliquely rhombeo-ovate, obtuse or subacuminate, sublobate, unequally serrated in their-superior half, terminal ones small and confluent into a pinnatifid apex, inferior pinnules with a large cuneate auricle at the superior base sometimes free, and sometimes though rarely the pinnules are again pinnated. Veins erect, parallel, subflabellate (giving a striated appearance), no distinct costa. Sori copious, linear but varying in length. Indusium firm,’ membranous.—Bail. Litho. Ferns QI. 110. Hab.: Cooparoo Creek, Russell River, C. J. Wild. 1972 CLVI. FILICES. [Aspleniuin. Lam. ; Hook. Spec. Filic. iii: g. Rhizome thick, subrepent, Fronds 14 to 8ft. long, 13. A. laserpitiifolium (Laserpitium-leaved), 171, t. 208, Syn. Filic. 215 ; Benth. Fl. aac vii. t. clothed at the extremity with rusty subulate scales. | : L glabrous, 3 or 4 times pinnate. Larger primary pinn® 6 to 8in. ne Bele numerous secondary pinne of 1 to 2in. again pinnate or the upper ones shorter and pinnatifid only, the primary as well as the secondary pinn# tapering to a pinnatifid point. Ultimate pinnules or segments obovate or oblong-cuneate, toothed, prominently striate with diverging veins, mostly 8 or 4 lines long. Sori several on each segment, linear, usually rather small.—Bedd. Ferns §. Ind. t. 225; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 111. Hab.: Endeavour River, 4. Cunningham; Rockingham Bay, W. Hill, Dallachy ; Daintree River, Fitzalan ; Fitzroy Island, M‘Gillivray, Walter. Also in East tropical Asia, the Malayan Archipelago an d South Pacific Islands. 14. A. bulbiferum (bulb-bearing), Forst.; Hook, Spec. Filic. iii. 196, Ic. Pl. t. 423, Syn. Filic. 218; Benth, Fl, Austr. vii. 748. Rhizome thick. Fronds 1 to 2ft. long, glabrous or with a scaly rhachis, pinnate or more frequently bipinnate, often proliferous. Primary pinne numerous, usually 3 to 4in. long. Pinnules lanceolate, mostly 4 to lin. long, pinnately toothed lobed or divided, with a single veinlet to each lobe or tooth ; the whole frond as well as each pinna ending in a lanceolate toothed or lobed point. Sori large, one to each lobe or tooth, affixed to the central vein but the rather rigid prominent indusium thrown over towards the upper margin so as to make the sorus appear margina].— Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 146; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 113; Cenopteris appendiculata, Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. ii. 94, t. 248; Asplenium lawum, R. Br, Prod. 151. Hab.: Met with in a few southern localities. wo over various tropical and southern extratropical regions of the New and the Old orld. 15. A. flaccidum (flaccid), Forst.; Hook, Spec. Filic. iii. 205, Syn. Filic. 222; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 749. Rhizome short and thick. Fronds from under 1ft. to near 2ft. or still longer, pale green, glabrous, pinnate. Pinne coriaceous, nairow, 3 to Gin. long, the barren ones toothed, the fertile pinnately divided into linear lobes of 2 to 6 lines, each bearing a single rather large sorus attached to the central vein, but the conspicuous indusium thrown over to the upper side so as to appear marginal.—Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 146; A. odontites, R. Br. Prod. 151. Hab.: Spring Creek, Killarney, M. E. Milward. Also in New Zealand. 16. A. umbrosum (shady), J. Sm.; Hook. Spec. Filic. iii. 231, Syn. Filic. 229; Benth. Fl, Austr. vii. 749. Caraway-seed Fern. Fronds 8 to 5ft. long, 1 to 13ft. broad, twice or thrice pinnate. Pinnules membranous, lanceolate or oblong, 1 to 2in. long, deeply pinnatifid or smaller and pinnately toothed; veins oblique, usnally forked, proceeding from the midrib into the lobes or teeth, free. Sori small, oblong, usually on the vein below the fork or partly on one fork and then slightly curved. Indusium membranous, proceeding from the vein, and opening on the upper or inner margin, the sori often at length covering the centre of the pinnule.—F. v. M. Fragm. v. 182; Bail. Litho. Ql. Ferns, 114 ; Allantodia australis and A. tenera, R. Br. Prod. 149 ; Asplenium Brownii a. Sm.; Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 978; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 147; A. australis, Brackenr. | Hook. Spec. Filic, iii, 282 ; A. physosorus, Sieb. Fl. Mixt. n. 268. ; erase Soman in eonthera ane: nges over tropical Africa and Asia and is also i aver tener, Bal. aya, ql. ah fag ee Tera Gee Th fms eet eis than e i + m: . : : EOreuble : ii bey ie ine ag and more slender. Sori more distant and the indusium ' Hab.: Common in swamps in southern scrubs. Asplenium. CLVI. FIGICES. 1973 17. A. Prenticei (after Dr. Chas. Prentice), Bail. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. iv. 87. Rhizome an erect caudex, exceeding lft, high, diameter about 2in., ‘bearing the black base of old stipites mixed with black scales. Fronds 1 to 2ft. long, simply pinnate, stipes and rhachis more or less covered with black hair-like ‘scales particularly dense at the base. Pinne petiolulate, 2 to 4in. long, linear- lanceolate, serrulate or the ends sharply serrate, base obliquely truncate, terminal pinne 5 to Gin. long, sometimes deeply lobed at the base. Veins once-forked, ‘simple at the apex, terminating at the margin, the upper veinlet of each fork except those near the apex soriferous. Sori narrow, occupying nearly the length ‘of the veinlet. Indusium broad and firm.—Bail. Litho. Ferns QI. 116: Hab.: Sides of creeks, Trinity Bay Ranges, Bailey. Habit of Diplazium, but I have never met with a diplazioid sorus, _ 18. A, japonicum (of Japan), Thunb.; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filic. 284 ; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 750. Rhizome slender, creeping. Fronds pinnate, 1 to 1#ft. long. Larger pinne 3 to 4in. long, deeply pinnatifid, the lower segments reaching the shortly scaly-hirsute rhachis. Sori usually rather shorter than in A, sylvaticum.—Bail. Litho. Ferns Q1. 117. Hab.: Upper Nerang, Schneider. 19. A. sylvaticum (growing amongst trees), Presl; Hook. Spec. Filic. iii. 248, Syn. Filic. 282; Benth. Fl, Austr. vii. 750. Rhizome short thick and scaly. Fronds pinnate, from 1 to above 2ft. long. Pinna membranous, mostly attached by the midrib only or shortly petiolate, the larger ones 6in. long, 2? to lin. broad, regularly pinnatifid with short rounded denticulate lobes, with a central vein to each lobe and several oblique parallel veinlets proceeding from it, bearing linear sori extending from the midrib almost to the margin; indusia of the section, single or double ; upper pinne gradually smaller and more entire, the uppermost semi-decurrent or confluent.—Bedd. Ferns S. Ind. t. 161; Bail. Litho. Ferns Qi. 118. Hab: Most of the northern scrubs. Extends over tropical Africa and Asia including the Malayan Archipelago. 20. A. maximum (very large), Don; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filic, 239 ; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 751. Trunk erect, from a few in. to 24ft. high. Fronds bipinnate, several ft. long and 2 to 8ft. broad, the larger pinne closely resembling the entire fronds of A. sylvaticum. Secondary pinne lanceolate, acuminate, 3 to 6in. long, 3 to lin. broad, pinnatifid with short broad denticulate lobes, but the larger ones more deeply so than in A. sylvaticum and the smaller lobes more oblique and acutely toothed, the pinne ending in a long lanceolate serrated point, the rhachis glabrous or slightly scaly. Sori narrow-linear and indusia entirely those of A. sylvatica.—Bail. Litho. Ferns QI. 119. Hat.: Rockingham Bay, W. Hill, Dallachy; Daintree River, Fitzalan; Talleb udgera Schneider ; North Coast Line. Common in East India. 21. A. polypodioides (Polypodium-like), Metten. ; Hook. Spec. Filic. iii. 257, Syn. Kilic. 288; Benth. Fl, Austr. vii. 751. Trunk erect, attaining some- times 8 or 4ff. Fronds bipinnate, several feet long, 1 to 2ft. broad at the stipes and rhachis without scales. Secondary pinne mostly 3 to 4in. long, lanceolate, shortly petiolate, acuminate, more or less deeply pinnatifid towards the base, the lower lobes lanceolate, falcate, minutely serrulate, the upper ones gradually shorter. Sori on the pinnate veins of the lobes as in the preceding species, but much shorter, rathér oblong than linear. Indusia of the section opening on one or both sides of the vein.—F. v. M. Fragm. v. 182; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 120; Diplazium polypodioides, Metten.; Bedd. Ferns S. Ind. t. 168. Hab.: Rockingham Bay, growing frequently in water, Dallachy ; Daintree River, Fitzalan ; also in some southern scrubs. Spread over East India and the Malayan Arcbipelago. 1974 CLVI. FILICES. [ Asplentum~ 22. A. decussatum (decussate), Swartz; Hook. Spec. Filic. iii. 270, Syn. Filic. 248; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 751. Trunk very stout, erect, scaly. ; Fronds 3 to 4ft. long, pinnate, with a thick smooth rhachis, often proliferous. Pinne often thick coriaceous, shortly petiolate or attached by the midrib only, lanceolate,. acuminate, Gin. to near 1ft. long, 1 to 1fin. broad, shortly dentate or some of the larger ones pinnatifid or almost pinnate. Primary veins proceeding obliquely’ from the midrib to the teeth or lobes, with secondary obliquely pinnate veinlets. often anastomosing. Sori linear, on the secondary veinlets, with the single or: double indusium of the section.—Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 121; Callipteris: prolifera, Bory ; Bail. Queensl. Ferns, 32. Hab.: Rockingham Bay, WJ’. Hill, Dallachy; Daintree River, Fitzalan; Russell. River,, sa ae tropical Africa, the Malayan Archipelago and Pacific Islands. 29. ASPIDIUM, Swartz. (The indusium of some species shield-shaped.) Rhizome thick and shortly erect or creeping. Fronds once twice or thrice pinnate, rarely in species not Australian, simple. Sori orbicular, usually small, variously dispersed over the under surface. Indusium orbiéular, covering the sorus when young, attached by the centre or by a point or in a sinus on one side, so that when opened all round by the growth of the spore-cases it becomes peltate or more or less reniform. A large genus, distributed over every part of the globe, closely allied to Polypodium, with nearly as great a variety of division and venation of the frond, differing only in the presence of indusium which in several species disappears very early. Secr. I. Nephrolepis.—Fronds pinnate, with numerous nearly equal pinne articulate one long rhachis. Sori in a regular row close to or not far from the margin. Pinne rather rigid, obliquely truncate or cordate at the base. Pinne rarely above lin. long, obliquely cordate. . . . . . . . 1. A. cordifolium. Pinne 2 to din., obliquely truncate at the base . ae ae 2. A. exaltatum. Pinne membranous, narrow and tapering at the base on one side, broadly auriculate on the other. . «8 ee on we ow BLA wamosum. Secr. II. Nephrodium.,— Fronds pinnate. Pinne pinnatifid with a pinnate vein leading to each lobe, the veinlets under adjoining lobes uniting in a vein leading to the sinus. Lower pinne scarcely smaller than the others. Sori in 2 rows near the margin of the lobes usually continued into the entire part. © 2. we we ee ee ew 4 AL Unit. Sori close to the margins of the lobes and not continued below the sinus 5. A. pterotdes. Lower pinne gradually much smaller and distant. Fronds rarely above 2ft. long. Lobes of the pinn# rather obtuse or weUles 6 a wea a) a ie biter ooh aR, IS eos «2 « « 6. A. molle. Fronds often 4 to 5ft. long. Lobes of the pinne broad, very obtuse or truncate . . se ee Be Re a 7. A. truncatum. Secr. III. Sagenia.— S Fronds deeply pinnatifid or pinnate, with reticulately veined pinne. . . 8. A. confluens. Sect. IV. Polystichum.—Fronds twice or thrice pinnate with lobed or toothed segments. Indusium usually peltate. Stipes very shaggy. Segments ovate-lanceolate, prickly toothed, with an angular lobe atthe base. 2. 6... ee ee ee ee we OY AL Culbert, Stipes slightly scaly. Sezments lanceolate, pinnatifid or pinnate, the teeth mostly aristate Hele faa he Pan ‘ . 10. A. aristatum. Szcr. V. Lastrea.— Fronds twice or thrice pinnate with lobed or toothed segments. Indu- sium usually reniform, often very small and soon disappearing, sometimes abortive. ; Fronds glabrous or pubescent. Segments acutely toothed or lobed. Sori near the midrib : ets ea ae a ee i . 11. A. decompositum. Fronds villous, 3 to Tin. long . . ee we ee « » & w Te th, Comming, : var. villosum. Segments acutely toothed or pinnatifid. Sori near the margin ... . . 18. 4. tenerum. Aspidium.] CLVI. FILICES. 1975 1. A. cordifolium (leaves cordate), Swartz, Syn. Filic. 45; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 754. Rhizome emitting wiry fibres bearing ovoid scaly tubers. Fronds 1 to 2ft. long, weak, simply pinnate. Pinne very numerous and regularly approximate, nearly sessile but articulate on the rhachis, oblong, rounded and usually denticulate at the end, 2 to lin. long, obliquely cordate at the base with the upper auricle much the largest, gradually smaller at the end of the frond, and the lowest pinne short broad and barren. Veins obliquely divesging , from the midrib, forked or branched. Sori terminating each upper branch, forming a row at some distance from the margin. Indusium orbicular, very: prominent, attached in a deep sinus or rarely peltate.—Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 122; Nephrolepis cordifolia, Presl; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filic. 300; Aspidium tuberosum, Bory; F. v. M. Fragm. v. 186; Nephrolepis tuberosa, Presl ; Hook. , Spec. Filic. iv. 151; Bedd. Ferns S. Ind. t. 92. _Hab.: Rockingham Bay, Dallachy; Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, W. Hill, F. v. Mueller. Spread over the tropical regions of the New and the Old World. 2. A. exaltatum (tall), Swartz, Syn. Filic. 45; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 754... Fronds weak, often above 2ft. long, simply pinnate, the rhachis glabrous or loosely scaly-tomentose. Pinna very numerous, nearly sessile but articulate on the rhachis, lanceolate, mostly acuminate and crenate, obliquely truncate at the base and sometimes auriculate on the upper side, the longer ones 8 to din. long, with numerous fine forked veins obliquely diverging from the midrib, the lower. pinne usually shorter rounded at the end and barren. Sori terminating one: branch of the veins, forming a regular row usually close to the margin.. Indusium orbicular, laterally attached in a deep sinus or sometimes peltate and opening all round.—F. v. M. Fragm. v. 146; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 123 ;. Nephrodium exaltatum, R. Br. Prod. 148; Nephrolepis exaltata, Schott; Hook... Spec. Filic. iv. 152, Syn. Filic. 301. Hab.: Port Bowen, R. Brown, A. Cunningham; Cape York, Daemel ; York Peninsula, N. . Taylor; Endeavour River, A. Cunningham; Rockingham Bay, I’. Hill, Dallachy; Daintree River and Port Denison, Fitzalan; Gilbert River, Daintree; islands off the coast, M‘Gillivray Thozet and others. Widely spread over the tropical regions of the New and the Old World. Var. longipinna, Larger pinne 6in. long. 4 to 3in. broad, with the row or sori at a considerable: distance from the margin.—Bail. Litho. Ferns, Ql. 124. A large and common fern among the rocks of the tropical coast. 8. A. ramosum (branching), Beaw. Fl. Ow. et Ben. ii. 58, t. 91; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 754. Rhizome slender, scaly, creeping up the stems of trees to a great length. Fronds weak, varying from 6in. to above 12in. long. Pinne numerous, of very irregular length, some exceeding 1tin. long, tapering from the base to an accuminate point, others on the same frond not more than half that: length and obtuse, breadth about 4 lines, obliquely oblong, obtuse, crenate, very oblique at the base, articulate on the rhachis, the lower side. narrowed the upper: broadly truncate and often auriculate. Veins diverging from the midrib. once or twice forked. Sori in a regular row between the midrib and the margin. Indusium orbicular, usually attached in a deep sinus but sometimes peltate.—Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 125; Nephrolepis ramosa, T. Moore; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filic. 801; Nephrodium obliteratum, R. Br. Prod. 148; Aspidium obliteratum, Spreng. Syst. iv. 99; F. v. M. Fragm. v. 135; Nephrolepis. obliterata, Hook. Spec. Filic. iv. 154; Bedd. Ferns S. Ind. t. 251; Polypodium? Beckleri, Hook. Spec. Filic. iv. 224; N. repens, Brackenr.; Bail. QI. Ferns, | 50; N. altescandens, Bail. 1. c. 51, not of Baker. The above synonyms are all. forms of the species. Hab.: Northern scrubs. ‘Var. lineare, 3rd Suppl. Syn. Ql. Fl. 93. Rhizome pubescent, very slender, climbing like Ivy up to'stems of trees and shrubs, often 10 or 12ft. Fronds crowded, linear in outline, 6 to 1bin.. long and seldom exceeding lin. broad; pinn# 30 to 40 on each side of the rhachis, not exceeding:, 1976 CLVI. FILICES. [Aspidium. lines long in the centre of frond and much smaller towards each end, obliquely oblong, the upper margin slightly crenulate, with « short blunt auricle at the base, lower margin nearly straight, base parallel with the rhachis; terminal pinna lanceolate or somewhat rhomboidal ; veins once forked; sori on the end of the upper branch usually at a distance from the margin. —Bail. Litho. Ferns QI. 126a. : Ot Hab.: Tringilburra Creek, Bellenden Ker, and other tropical localities. _ ; Var. eumundi. Rhizome slender, more or less hairy, often very intricate, forming dense, matted masses upon damp rocks, the fronds thus very numerous, and not unlike the moss ‘Cyathophora pleridioides, 1 to 2in. long, with the pinne not close, and only 1 or 2 lines long; these are never fou d bearing sori. From these moss-like masses proceed filiform stems, which creep up the adjoining trees or shrubs, and bear fertile fronds, narrow-lanceolate in outline, often faleate, 3 to Gin. long, stipites very short or none; the rhachis clothed with soft, white hairs and distant brown scales. Pinne oblong, the centre ones 3 to 6 lines long, from which they diminish‘in size towards each end, the apical ones being only about 4 line in diameter, and the bagal ones but little larger, all softly hairy, the lower margin entire, upper crenulated, base truncate, and parallel with the rhachis, with a more or less prominent auricle on the upper side; -eostular vein flexuose nearer the lower than the upper margin, veinlets often shortly forked, Indusium large for the size of the frond ; orbicular reniform, persistent. —A, eumundi, Bail. Bot. Bull. v; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 126s. Hab.: Condamine, C. H. Hartmann; Tallebudgera, J. F. Shirley; Eumundi, J. F. Bailey cand J. H. Simmonds. Spread over tropical Africa and Asia and the Pacific Islands. 4. A. unitum (united), Swartz.; Syn. Fil. 47; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 755. Rhizome stout, creeping. ‘‘Tchungooin,’ Bundaberg, Keys. Fronds 1 to 2ft. long on a. stipes often as long, simply pinnate, glabrous. Pinne narrow- lanceolate, 8 to Gin. long, sessile but not adnate or the lower ones shortly petiolate, rather firm, regularly pinnatifid, the lobes usually reaching to about the middle, broad, rather acute, often falcate. Veins pinnate to each lobe, the branches or veinlets of adjoining lobes uniting in a vein leading to the sinus. Sori at the end of the veinlets forming usuaily a close row along the margin of the lobes. Indusium orbicular-reniform or almost peltate, very small and soon disappearing. -F. v. M. Fragm. v. 185; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 127; Nephrodium unitum, R. Br. Prod. 148. Hab.: Endeavour River, Banks and Solander; Lizard Island, M'Gillivray ; York Peninsula, N. Taylor; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy; Port Denison, Fitzalan; Rockhampton, Thozet ; Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, A. Cunningham, F. v. Slueller, Widely spread over tropical Africa and Asia. Var. propinquum, Bail. Syn. Ql. Fl. 711; Litho. Ferns QJ. 128. This is a pubescent form, although closely resembling the type will not like that be found in or near swamps. It is mostly met with on rich forest land—Nephrodium propinquum, R. Br. Hab.: Nerang Creek, H. Schneider. 5. A. pteroides (Pteris-like), Swartz.; Syn. Filic. 47; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 755. Nearly allied to A. wxitum, with the same pinnatifid pinne and venation. Fronds taller, glabrous or minutely pubescent. Pinna membranous, usually 6 to Bin. long and about jin. broad, mostly petiolate, the lower ones scarcely smaller, the lobes reaching about ? way to the midrib. Sori rather large, in close marginal rows. Indusium orbicular-reniform.—Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 129; Nephrodium pteroides, J. Sm.; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filic. 289. Hab.: Rockingham Bay and other tropical localities. Spread over tropical Asia and the Pacific Islands. Var. terminans, Bail. Bot. Bull. 5. Rhizome creeping. Fronds tall. The veins more or Jess covered by a short, somewhat golden-coloured hoary pubescent and simple white hairs. Pinna membranous, about 8 or 12in. long and lin. broad, the apex finely acuminated, the terminal one deeply pinnatifid with numerous narrow lobes, sinuses open and much nearer the costule than the ap2x of lobes. Sori very few, often only 3 or 4, and confined to the apex ‘of segment. Indusium orbicular-reniform.—Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 129; Nephrodium terminans, Hook. Spec. Filic. iv. 73. Hab.: Tropical Queensland. 6. A. molle (soft), Swartz; Syn. Filic. 49; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 756. *Binung,” Bundaberg, Keys. Rhizome short and thick. Fronds 1 to 2ft. long.. ‘on a stipes often as long, simply pinnate, glabrous or hirsute, usually of a light Aspidium.] CLVI. FILICES. 1977 green. Pinne lanceolate, the longer ones 3 to 6in. long or even more, often aguminate, regularly pinnatifid, tne lobes sometimes short sometimes reaching above half-way to the midrib, the pinnw truncate at the base, mostly sessile, the lower ones gradually smaller and more distant. Veins pinnate in each lobe and prominent, the branches or veinlets of adjoining lobes united in a. vein tending to the sinus. Sori usually in a row about halfway between the midrib of tha lobe and the margin. Indusium orbicular-reniform, soon disappear- ing.—F. v. M. Fragm. v. 185; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 180; Polypodiwn molle, Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 640; Nephrodium molle, R. Br. Prod. 149; Hook. Spec. Filic. iv. 67, Syn. Filic. 293; Bedd. Ferns 8. Ind. t. 84. Hab.: Johnstone River, Gulliver; York Peninsula, N. Taylor; Rockingham Bay, W. Hill, Dallachy ; Bowen, Woolls; Brown River, M'Gillivray ; Port Denison and Daintree River, Fitzalan ; Rockhampton, Bowman, O‘Shanesy ;. Moreton Bay, F. v. Alueller, C. Stuart; a very common species. Var. didymosorus. Sori 1 or 2 to each lobe and only at the junction of the lowest veink ts of adjoining lobes.—Bail. Litho, Ferns, Ql. 131; Nephrodium didymosorum, Bedd. Ferns Brit. Ind. ¢ 200. Hab.: Rockingbam Bay, Dallachy. Var. decurtatum, Bail. Bot. Bull. 5 and Litho. Ferns Ql. 129. A peculiar growth found near the pumping station on Stradbroke Island; most of the plants observed produced fronds with very blunt pinne, as shown on plate, but here and there were noticed a frond or so of the ordinary form. The species is spread over tropical Asia and Africa and the Pacific Islands. 7. A. truncatum (truncate), Gaudich. in Freyc. Voy. Bot. 882, t. 10; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 756. Very closely allied to A. molle, and difficult to distinguish by any positive characters. Usually a much larger plant, the fronds often 4 or sft. high and sometimes more, the larger pinne 6in. to 1ft. long, the lobes more obtuse, often quite truncate.—Bail. Litho. Ferns QI. 1383; Nephrodium truncatum, Pres! ; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filic. 294; N. abruptum, Presl; Hook. Spec. Filic. iv. 77, t. 241; Bedd. Ferns 8, Ind. t. 86; Aspidium extensum, F. v. M. Fragm. v. 185, but scarcely of Blume. Hab.: Nerang Creek, H. Schneider. Also in tropical Asia and the Pacific Islands. 8. A. confluens (confluent), Metten. in Linnea, xxxvi. 125; Benth. Il Austr. vii. 757. Fronds 1 to 2ft. long or rather more, deeply pinnatifid or pinnate at. the base. Segments lanceolate, often numerous, the upper ones 2 to 6in. long, pinnately toothed or lobed, confluent on the broadly-winged rhachis, the inter- mediate ones 6 to 10in. long, deeply pinnatifid and decurrent on the rhachis, the lowest pair quite free at the base, pinnatifid with long lanceolate lobes, of which the outer ones are again pinnatifid, all membranous. Veins copiously netted. Sori scattered, either on short veinlets free in the areoles or on the anastomosing veinlets. Indusium when perfect rather large, orbicular, peltate or on the same frond attached by a deep sinus.—Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 134; Nephrodium confluens, F. v. M.; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filic. 504; A. melanocaulon, F. v. M. Fragm. v. 188, not of Blume ; Sagenia melanocaulon, Bail. QI. Ferns, 47. Hab.: Johnstone River, Gulliver; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy; Daintree River, Fitzalan; York Peninsula, N. Taylor ; common in tropical scrubs. 9. A. aculeatum (prickly), Swartz; Hook. Spec. Filic. iv. 118, Brit. Ferns, t.10 to 12, Syn. Filic. 252; Benth, Fl. Austr. vii. 757. Lady Fern. Rhizome short and thick. Fronds 1 to 2ft. high, twice pinnate, the lower part of the stipes and the whole frond when young very shaggy, with dark-brown scarious scales mixed with hairlike ones. Primary pinn# lanceolate in outline, 1} to 4in. long, the lower ones decreasing in length; pinnules ovate-lanceolate, curved, 3 to 6 lines long, prickly-teothed, with a prominent angle or lobe on the upper or 1978 CLVI. FILICES. [Aspidium. inner side. Veins forked, diverging from the midrib. Sori usually 6 to 8 on each pinnule.—F. v. M. Fragm. v. 134; Sieb. Syn. Filic. n. 104; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 185; A. proliferum, BR. Br. Prod. 147; Polystichum vestitwm, Presl.; ‘Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 148. ; Hab.: Southern localities. In most temperate and subtropical regions of the globe. 10. A. aristatum (awned), Swarte.; Hook. Spec. Filic. iv. 27; Syn. Filic. 255; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 757. Fronds 1 to 2ft. high, broadly ovate-triangular in outline, twice pinnate or the lower pinnz again pinnate at the base, firm but thin, light green and glossy, the stipes scaly-hairy at the base. Pinnules or segments very obliquely oblong or lanceolate, 3 to lin. long, narrowed or cuneate at the base, bordered at the end by a few teeth ending in -bristle-like points. Veins forked, diverging from the midrib. Sori small, not numerous, loosely arranged in 2 rows. Indusium small, orbicular-reniform.—F. v. M. Fragm. v. 134; Bail. Litho. Ferns, Ql. 136 ; Lastrea aristata, T. Moore; Bail. QI. Ferns, 49. Hab.: Rockingham Bay, Dallachy; Port Denison, Fitzalan; Nerang, Schneider. Spread over Eastern Asia from the Himalayas to Japan, in the Pacific Islands and South Africa. 11. A. decompositum (much divided), Spreng. Syst. iv. 109; Benth. Fl. Austr. v. 758. Rhizome short and thick or longer and creeping. Fronds glabrous or the rhachis and primary nerves pubescent, very variable in size and outline, the smaller ones ovate-lanceolate, 6in. to near 1ft. long, on a stipes often nearly as long, pinnate with deeply pinnatifid pinne, the larger ones twice as long, much broader in proportion and thrice pinnate. Primary and secondary pinne ending in a narrow pinnatifid apex. Pinnules or segments lanceolate, 2 to 8 lines broad, pinnately toothed or lobed, the teeth acute or mucronate and the margin of the lobes usually nerve-like. Veins pinnate, more or less divided according to the division of the pinnules. Sori usually 1 or 2 to each principal lobe not very far from the midrib. Indusium orbicular-reniform often concealed as the sorus enlarges.—F. v. M. Fragm. v. 186; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 187; Nephrodvum decompositum, R. Br. Prod. 149. Hook. Spec. Filic. iv. 146, Syn. Filic. 281; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 149, Fl. N. Zel. t. 79; Lastrea decomposita, Presl ; Bail. Queensl. Ferns, 49. rs Hab.: Broadsound, R. Brown; Rockingham and Cleveland Bay, Dallachy; Bowen, Woolls ; Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, Fraser, C. Stuart; Rockhampton and other southern localities, Thozet and others. : Also in New Zealand and the Pacific Islands. 12. A. acuminatum (acuminate), var, villosum, Bail. 8rd Suppl. Syn. Ql. Fl. 98. Rhizome shortly creeping, more or less covered at the end with broad, brown scales; stipites slender, 8 to Gin. long, clothed with short soft hairs, and a few scales at the base. Fronds somewhat deltoid, 8 to Tin. long and broad; rhachis and midrib densely clothed with rather long soft white hairs. Sori scanty on the few fronds gathered.—Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 138. Hab.: South Peak, Bellenden Ker. 13. A. tenerum (tender), Spreng. Syst. iv. 109; Benth, Fl. Austr. vii. 759. Very ‘near A. decompositum and yaries like it in the fronds twice or thrice pinnate, with the lobes or teeth acute, but the pinnules and segments are more regular and more regularly pinnately-lobed or dentate, the parallel branches of .the veins much more numerous, and the sori are close to the margin at a distance from the midrib.—Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 189; Nephrodium tencrum,.R. Br. Prod, 149. Hab.: Keppel Bay, R. Brown; Mount Elliott, Fitzalan; Mount Mueller, Dallachy : Rock- hampton, Bowman; Moreton Bay, C. Stuart. - OLVI. FILICES. 1979 80. POLYPODIUM, Linn. (From polys, many, pous, a foot, the rhizome when destitute of the, fronds having the appearanoe of some kind of sea-polypus. Rhizome creeping in all the Australian species, with small brown scales with a ‘broad adnate base and more or less acute or subulate points. Fronds simple pinnate or compound. Sori orbicular, very rarely oblong, variously dispersed over the under surface, without any indusium. A large genus distributed over every part of the globe except the coldest or high alpine regions. In the Australian species, where the frond is small, the creeping rhizomes usually form dense matted patches on rocks and trunks of trees, in the larger species the rhizome often creeps up the trunks of trees toa great length. In most species the stipes is more or less distinctly articulate on the rhizome.—Benth. Ssrims I. Dianeura.—Veins diverging from the midrib forked or branched, the branches not anastomosing. Sori terminating or near the end of one of the branches. Bupolypodium. Frvnds coriaceous, entire or pinnatifid, glabrous or ciliate-hairy, the venation usually concealed in the thick texture of the frond. Fronds entire, glabrous. Sori oblong or linear. . . . . . . 1. P. wustrale, Fronds entire, ciliate with long brown hairs . Ses . 2. P. Hookeri. Fronds entire, clothed with nearly white hairs . . . » . . . 8B. P. albosetosum. Fronds pinnatifid with short lanceolate entire lobes . . . . . 4, P, blechnoides. Fronds simply pinnate, pinne entire, broadly adnate at the base 5. P. fuscopilosum. (No corresponding dspidia.) Sub-genus Arthropteris. Fronds pinnate, with numerous un- divided pinne articulate on the rhachis » +. . 6. P. tenellum. (See sect. Nephrolepis of Aspidium. ) Sub-genus Phegopteris. Fronds decompound, twice or thrice pinnate with pinnatifid pinnules . . . . - - Boxy. 2 ~1 . P. punctatum. Pinne and pinnules ciliate with white hairs or bristles » 2 . . & P. pallidum. Fronds glossy, somewhat ovate in outline, 6 to 18in. long, scales at base of stipites dark-brown Le} . P. aspidioides. (See sect. Lastrea of Aspidium.) Series Il. Synneura.—Branches of parallel primary veins uniting but not reticulate. Sub-genus Goniopteris. Fronds pinnate. Pinne broadly crenate or equally pinnatifid, with « pinnate vein leading to each lobe, the veinlets under adjoining lobes uniting in an intermediate vein eading to the sinus. Fronds spreading, proliferous. Pinne 1 to 4in. long. Sori chiefly near the margin. . Fs Be Cee das og a woe ee we es 10. P. proliferum. Fronds tall, erect. Pinne 6 to 12in. Sori in 2 parallel rows between each 2 primary veins . . . Be ey (I ; . . TL. P. urophyllum. Fronds erect, densely villous . . - + + + + 5.8. 6-5 . 12. P. Hillii. (See also sect. Nephrodium of Aspidium.) Fronds and venation of Goniopteris except that the branches of the primary veins anastomose but do not form a parallel intermediate vein . a F Sony ah hp » ENS : . 13. P. pecilophlebium. Series II.. Dictyoneura.—Venation reticulate between more or less distinctly parallel primary veins, with a small free usually clavate veinlet in a few or in many of the areole. Sori on the free or on the connecting veinlets. Sub-genus Niphobolus. Fronds coriaceous, entire or rarely forked, ~~ Govered with stellate hairs or scales, the fertile ones narrow, the barren often short and broad. Venation concealed in the thick texture. Fronds under lin. long. Sori rather large, irregularly placed often contiguous. Scales very dense. . . . is wal, ie a . . 14. P. serpens. 1980 CLVI. FILICES. [Polypodium. Fronds 3 to 12in. long. Sori large, oval, in a single row on each side of the midrib. Scalessmall. . . a woe ew ew «15. P. confluens. Fronds 6in. to 2ft. long. Sori small, very numerous, and densely eae crowded in many rows. Scales minute . ” . . . . «16. P. acrostichotdes. Sub-genera Goniophlebium and Phymatodes. Fronds without stellate scales. Sori large and distant in a single row (or 2 in P. phymatodes) on each side of the midrib, each sorus in a cavity forming a pustule on the upper surface (except P. simpli- cissimum.) : Fronds long and narrow, entire or crenate. Fronds coriaceous smooth and shining, the venation concealed in the texture. . 2. 6 2 eee ee ee ee ww LT. PB. attenviatum. Epiphyte. Fronds linear-lanceolate, 12 to 13in. long, about lin. : broad, decurrent toa very short stipes . . . . 1... s 18. P. superficiale, var. australiense, Fronds rigidly membranous, the larger veins conspicuous . . «19. P. simplicissimum. Fronds deeply pinnatifid with long segments confluent in a broad wing to the rhachis. _ Fronds usually above 1$ft. high. Segments membranous, showing the veins 6in. to 1ft. long, 1 to 1gin. broad, with narrow points . By iS ones Tikes Segments smooth, the veins inconspicuous, 4 to 8in. long, 2 to Adin. bROad Go es ee a ee aes Fronds usually under 14ft. high. Segments rather firm, showing the primary veins, 3 to 6in. long, 4 to Silines' broad, «3. e-em Os Segments membranous, smooth, the veins scarcely conspicuous, 20. P. nigrescens. 21. P. phymatodes. 22. P. pustulatum. rarely above 3in. long . . . . . . . . . es we ss 23. P. scundens. Fronds pinnate, the pinns articulate on the rhachis at least when fertile. Pinne membranous, 6 to 8in. long, 4 to lin. broad, cuneate at the base . Be asta Noe NE a ag PRE a oy Auge dhs aie 24, P. verrucosum. Pinne 3 to Gin. long, 3 to 5 lines broad, serrate, truncate or auriculate on the base. . 2... a oe . 25. P. subauriculatum. Pinns rigid, 3 to Yin. long, 3 to 9 lines broad, cuneate at the base. Barren fronds sessile, short and broad . . . . . . . 26. P. rigidulum. Fronds without stellate scales. Sori irregularly scattered or in several rows, with a very slight or no corresponding prominence on the upper surface. Fronds entire, long and broad. Sori numerous and small . . . . 27. P. iriotdes. Fronds deeply pinnatifid with long segments confluent in a broad wing to the rhachis. Sori large, in about 2 rows. Venation inconspicuous. Single free veinlets in several areola. + Receptacle prominent on the upper surface . , 21, P. phymatodes. Fronds deeply pinnatifid. Sori numerous and small. Barren fronds sessile, short and broad . . 2 1 1. ww ww ww ww. 28. PL quercifolium, (See also sect. Sagenia in Aspidium.) 1. PB. australe (southern), Metten.; Hook. Spec. Filic. iv. 167, Syn. Filic. 322; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 762. Fronds entire, coriaceous, glabrous, linear or oblanceolate, usually 8 or 4in. long but sometimes reduced to about tin., or when very luxuriant above 6in., obtuse, contracted into a short stipes. Veins, diverging from the midrib, once or twice forked, free, but concealed in the thick substance of the frond. Sori oblong or linear almost as in Grammatis, rather large, oblique and parallel in a single row on each side of the midrib, and when old often confluent, covering nearly the whole surface.—F. v. M. Fragm. v. 127; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 140, northern and southern forms ; Grammitis australis, R. Br. Prod. 116; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 151; Sieb. Fl. Mixt. n. 235: @. Billardieri, Willd. Spec. v. 189; Polypodium aiminutwn, Bak. Syn. Fil. 507. Hab.: Northern and southern ranges. Also in New Zealand and the extreme south of America. Polypodium] CLVI. FILICES. 1981 2. P. Hookeri (after Sir J. D. Hooker), Brackenr.; Hook. Spec. Filic. iv. 171, Syn. Filic. 819; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii..763. Fronds entire linear or Janceo- late as in P. australe and sometimes as small, but often 6 to 8in. long, and not quite so coriaceous, tapering into a very short stipes and always fringed and sprinked with long spreading dark hairs. Veins rather more divided than in P, australe. Sori orbicular oval or shortly oblong, rather large, in a single row on each side of the midrib.—Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 140; P. setigerum, Hook. and Arn. Bot. Beech. 103, t. 21, but scarcely of Blume. Hab.: Northern and southern ranges. Also in the Philippines and the Sandwich Islands. 8. P. albosetosum (bristles white), Bail. 8rd Suppl. Syn. Ql. Fl. 94. Rhizome erect or very shortly creeping, the blunt apex covered by broadly ovate, imbricated light-brown scales. Fronds tufted, all under 2in. long and 38 lines broad, tapering from a broad obtuse end to very short stipites, which seldom if ever exceed 3 lines in length, hairy throughout with light-coloured fine hairs, those of the stipes short and strigose, those of the frond soft and rather long, and all of a very light colour, nearly white; veins simple or once forked; sori orbicular, with bristle- like white hairs amongst the spore-cases, at the apex of fork of the vein and forming a single row on each side of the costa on the upper portion of the frond. —Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 140. Hab.: On rocks and stems of trees, Bellenden-Ker, at an altitude of from 4,000 to 5,000ft. This small fern is closely allied to P. Hookeri, but separated by the form of the scales and colour of the hairs, which latter do not form decided ciliw to the margins. , 4, B. blechnoides (Blechnum-like), Hook. Spec. Filic. iv. 180, Syn. Filic. 881; Benth. Kl. Austr. vii. 763, Fronds 2 to 4in. long, coriaceous, deeply pinnatifid. Segments lanceolate almost reaching the rhachis, but dilated and shortly confluent at the base, the larger ones in the middle of the frond 3 to 5- lines long, the lower ones shorter and broader, contracted into a short narrowly- -winged stipes. Veins pinnate in each lobe. Sori at the end of the veinlets, orbicular, 3 to 5 pairs in each lobe, forming 2 rows nearer to the margin than to the midrib.—Grammitis blechnoides, Grev. in Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, i. 828, t. 17; Polypodium contiquum, Brackenr.; F. v. M. Fragm. v. 127. Hab.: Ranges of the north. Also in the Pacific islands. 5. BP. fuscopilosum (hairs brown), Baker et 4. v. M. Brit. Journ, Bot. xxv. 168. Rootstock short-creeping, hypogeous. Fronds contiguous, nearly sessile, lanceolate, simply pinnate, moderately firm in texture, erect, elastic, green and copiously clothed with short brown hairs on both surfaces, 4 to Sin. long, 3 to Zin. broad at the middle, narrowed gradually to both ends. Pinne very numerous, broadly adnate at the base, contiguous, entire, lanceolate, subobtuse, the central ones } to din. long, 1 to 1} line broad. Veins distinctly visible ; costa zigzag ; veinlets few, erecto-patent, simple. Sori globose, medial, slightly immersed.—Baker l.c.; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 14. _Hab.: Bellenden-Ker, at 4,000 to 5,000ft. on rocks and tree-trunks, Sayers and Davidson (F. v. M.) 6. PB. tenellum (tender), Forst.; Hook. Spec. Filic. iv. 217, Syn. Filic. 887; ‘Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 764. Fronds usually 1 to 2ft. long, glabrous, simply pinnate, the stipes articulate on the rhizome. Pinne shortly petiolate and articulate on the rhachis, lanceolate, acuminate, often falcate, undulate-crenate, unequal at the base, 2 to 4in. long, membranous. Veins pinnate with forked branches, one fork bearing the sorus, the other again forked. Sori orbicular, Past VI. V 1982 CLVI, FILICES. [Polypodium. small, not very close, forming a row very near the margin as in the section Nephrolepis of Aspidium.—R. Br. Prod. 147; Bail. Litho. Ferns QI. 142; Arthropteris tenella, J. Sm. in Hook. f. Fl. N. Zel. t. 82. Hab.: Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, F. v. Mueller, A. Cunningham and others ; Mount Dryander, Fitzalan. Also in New Zealand, Norfolk Island and New Caledonia. 7. BP. punctatum (dotted), Thunb. Fl. Jap. 337; Benth. Fl, Austr. vu. 764. Frond 1 to 4ft. long on a stipes of 1ft. or more, broad in outline, twice or thrice pinnate as in the section Lastrea of Aspidium. Pinnules oblong, $ to 1$in. long, membranous or rather rigid when in full fruit, deeply pinnatifid with dentate segments. Veins in each pinnule or segment pinnate with free forked branches. Sori orbicular, in 2 rows on the smaller pinnules or longer Jobes.—Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filic. 812; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 148; P. rugosulwm, Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. ii. 92, t. 241; R. Br. Prod. 147; Sieb. Syn. Filic. n. 109; F. v. M. Fragm. v. 129; P. rugulosum, Hook. Spec. Filic. iv. 272; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 149; Bedd. Ferns 8. Ind., t. 170. Hab.: Rockingham Bay, Dallachy ; Daintree River, Fitzalan; Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, F. v. Mueller. Common in southern localities. Extends over the tropical and southern extratropical regions of the Old World, reaching northwards to Japan. It requires some care to distinguish the specimens from those of Hypolepis tenuigolia especially when the fructification is old, but the position of the sori on a nerve at some distance from the margin, is very different from that of Hypolepis, where it is strictly marginal with the recurved indusium very distinct when young.—Benth. 8. PB. pallidum (pale), Brack. Fil. U.S. Eaped. 18. Rhizome short, slightly creeping. Fronds 2 to 8ft., the stipites also 1 to 2ft., twice pinnate, the larger pinne 6 to 8in. long. Pinnules lanceolate, 1 to 14in. long on the larger pinnae, very deeply pinnatifid with numerous lanceolate lobes, 1 to 3 lines long, all more or less decurrent, ciliate on the margins as well as the principal veins and rhachis with rigid white hairs or bristles. Veins branched in each lobe but free. Sori 1 to 6 to each lobe, small and distinct with few spore-cases.—Aspidium tenericaule, Bail. Litho. Ferns Q\. 144; Thw. Enum. Pl. Ceyl. 393; Benth. Fl. Ausir. vii. 759. Hab.: 3-mile scrub near Brisbane ; Nerang and Toowoomba. 9. P. aspidioides (Aspidium-like), Bail. Syn. Ql. Fl. 714. Shiny Fern. Rhizome horizontal, thin, shortly creeping. Fronds 12 to 18in. long, usually ovate-lanceolate in outline in the small forms, but more triangular-ovate in the | larger ones. Stipites slender, sulcate and densely covered at or near the base with dark-brown ovate acuminate scales, bi-tripinnate, the pinne and pinnules much elongated at the apex, the upper surface glossy ; rhachis and costules hairy. Veins pinnate, ending beyond the margin in aculeate teeth. Sori medial.-—Bail, Litho. Ferns Ql. 145. Hab.: Scrubs of the Brisbane River and other southern localities. Var. tropica. Fronds less divided, marginal teeth sometimes wanting, the obtuse pinnules only crenulated, the whole frond covered with a soft reddish pubescence.—Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 146. Hab.: The tropical scrubs. 10. P. proliferum (proliferous), Presl; Hook. Spec, Filic. v. 18, Syn. Filie. 315; Benth. Fl, Austr. vii. 765. Fronds usually weak and spreading and often proliferous at the end, 1 to 2ft. long when full grown, but some in full fruit much smaller, pinnate. Pinne lanceolate, 1 to 4in. long, shortly and regularly pinnatifid with obtuse rounded lobes sometimes almost reduced to crenatures, broadly truncate at the base. Veins pinnate to each lobe, the branches or veinlets of adjoining lobes uniting in a vein leading to the sinus as in the section Nephrodium of Aspidium. Sori in 2 rows to each lobe, sometimes only at the Polypodium.] CLVI. FILICKS. 1988 end sometimes reaching almost to the midrib of the pinna.—F. v. M. Fragm. v. 128; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 147; Meniscium proliferum, Hook. 2nd Cent. Ferns t. 15; Goniopteris prolifera, Pres]; Bail. Queensl. Ferns, 40. Hab.: Mount Mueller, Rockingham Bay, Dallachy; Mount Elliott and Port Denison, Fitzalan ; Palmer River, Hann’s Expedition; Rockhampton, O‘Shanesy; Brisbane River, W. Hill; Coomera and Upper Nerang, H. Schneider. Dispersed over tropical Asia and Africa and in New Caledonia. 11. P. urophyllum (leaf tailed), Wall. ; Hook. Spec. Filic. v. 9, Syn. Filic. 314; Benth, Fl. Austr. vii. 765. Frond 2 to 4ft. long on a stipes often nearly as long, pinnate, more or less glandular-pubescent underneath. Pinne 6in. to nearly 1ft. long, 1 ta 2in. broad, acuminate, regularly and broadly crenate or shortly lobed, rounded or truncate at the base. Primary veins leading to the lobes numerous and parallel, pinnate, the branches or venules uniting in an intermediate vein leading to the sinus. Sori orbicular in 2 regular rows between each 2 primary veins, extending from the midrib of the pinna to the margin.— Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 148; Goniopteris urophylla, Presl; Bail. Queensl. Ferns 39; G. lineata, Bedd. Ferns Brit. Ind. t. 4; Meniscium or Polypodium Kennedyi, a v. M. Fragm. iv. 165; Goniopteris Kennedyi, F. v. M.; Bail. Queensl. Ferns avg Rockingham Bay, W. Hill, Dallachy; Daintree River, Fitzalan ; York Peninsula, N. aytor. Bpresd over tropical Asia and the Pacific Islands. 12. B. Hillii (after W. Hill), Bak. Syn. Filic. 505; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 766. Rhizome creeping. Frond 14ft. high including the stipes, pinnate, densely and softly hirsute all over. Pinnew 9, the 3 terminal ones (exceptionally) small, the others oblong, 4 to 6in. long, 14 to 2in. broad, pinnately crenate or shortly lobed but less regularly so than in the preceding species. Parallel primary pinnate veins leading to the lobes, the branches or venules uniting in an intermediate vein reaching the sinus. Sori as in P. urophyllum, in 2 rows between each 2 primary veins, reaching from the midrib to the margin but not close.—Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 149; Gontopteris Ghiesbrechtii, Bail. Queensl. Ferns 40, not of Linden. Hab.: Between Cleveland Bay and Rockingham Bay, W. Hill; and other tropical localities. 18. P. pecilophlebium (veins various), Hook. Spec. Filic. v. 14, Syn. Filic. 814; Benth. Kl. Austr. vii. 766. Fronds usually about 1ft. long on a stipes at least half as long, pinnate, glabrous. Pinne lanceolate, acuminate, 4 to 8in. long, 1 to 14in. broad, shortly contracted into a petiole. Primary parallel veins numerous and prominent, pinnate, the branches or veinlets oblique, more or less anastomosing with those of the adjoining primary vein, but not forming a straight intermediate vein as in the preceding species. Sori rather small, in two irregular rows between each 2 primary veins.—Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 150; Goniopteris pectlophlebia, Bail. Ql. Ferns, 40. Hab.: Endeavour River and Fitzroy Island, 4. Cunninghum; Dunk Island, M'Gillivray, Rockingham Bay, W. Hill, Dallachy; Mount Elliott, Daintree River and Port Denison Fitzalan ; York Peninsula, N. Taylor. 14, P. serpens (creeping), Horst. ; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filic. 349; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 767. Fronds small but growing in large matted patches, entire, coriaceous, obtuse, contracted into a short or rather long stipes, densely covered on the lower surface and more loosely on the upper one with stellate hairs or scales, the barren ones obovate or oblong, from under gin. to 1fin. long, the fertile ones linear or oblong-linear, 2 to 2in. long. Venation reticulate, con- cealed in the thick texture of the frond, and the dry frond even rugose with indented lines not connected with the veins. Sori irregularly crowded in the 1984 CLVI. FILICES. [Polypodium. upper end or nearly over the whole frond, often confluent when old.—Sieb. Syn. Filic. n. 95; F. v. M. Fragm. v. 129; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 151; P. rupestre, R. Br. Prod. 146; Hook. Spec. Filic. v. 46; Niphobolus rupestris, Kault.; Hook. and Grev. Ic. Filic. t. 98; Polypodiwm confluens, Hook. Spec. Filic. v. 46, Syn. Filic. 349, not of R. Br.; Niphobolus confluens, Bail. Ql. Ferns, 43. Hab.: Edgecombe Bay and Rockingham Bay, Dallachy; Mount Elliott, Fitzalan ; Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, 4. Cunningham, F. v. Mueller and others; Rockhampton, Thozet, Also in New Zealand and the South Pacific Islands. 15. ®. confluens (confluent), R. Br. Prod. 146; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 767. ‘Frond entire, coriaceous, obtuse or rarely acuminate, contracted into the stipes, covered with stellate hairs or scales usually very small and often deciduous making the fronds appear glabrous, but sometimes almost as abundant as in P. serpens, the barren ones oblong or obovate-oblong, 1 to 2in. long, the fertile ones linear or lanceolate varying from 8 or 4in. to nearly 1ft. long. Veins reticulate but con- cealed in the texture as in P. serpens. Sori large, oval or oblong, in a single row on each side of the midrib, often confluent when old.—Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 151; P. glabrum, Metten. Polypod. 123, Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filic. 356; P. acrostichoides, Sieb. Syn. Filic. 94, not of Forst. Hab.: Burnett River, F. v. Mueller; Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, 4. Cunningham, F.v. Mueller; Rockhampton, Bowman. O'Shanesy, Thozet. Var. lobatum. Fronds deedly and variously lobed, and larger than in the normal form.—Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 152. Hab.: On rocks Helidon Waterfalls. Also in Norfolk Island and New Caledonia. 16. PB. acrostichoides (Acrostichum-like), Forst.; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filic. 850; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 767. Frond lanceolate, entire or rarely forked at the apex, Gin. to 2ft. long, contracted into a sharp stipes, coriaceous with the concealed reticulate venation of P. serpens, but the stellate hairs or scales on the under surface very minute and the upper surface usually glabrous. Sori in the upper part of the frond distinct, but very small and exceedingly numerous crowded in several rows between the midrib and the margin.—R. Br. Prod. 146; Bail. Litho. Ferns Q|. 153; Niphobolus acrostichoides, Bedd. Ferns Brit. Ind. t. 81; N. puberulus, Blume, Fl. Jay. Filic. 57, t. 23. Hab.: Endeavour River, Banks and Solander; Cape York, W. Hill, Daemel; Cape York Peninsula, N. Taylor; Rockingham Bay, IW. Hill, Dallachy ; Fitzroy Island, 4. Cunningham, Walter ; Daintree River, Fitzalun. Also in Ceylon, the Malayan Archipelago and the Pacific Islands. 17. P. attenuatum (attenuated), R. Br. Prod. 146; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 768. Frond entire, coriaceous, linear-lanceolate or shortly acuminate, 6 to 18in. long, to }in. broad, contracted into a short stipes, glabrous, the reticulate venation concealed in the thick texture. Sori large, oval-oblong, inserted in cavities forming protuberances on the upper surface, rather distant in a single row on each side of the midrib about half-way between it and the margin.—Hook. Spec. Filic. v. 58, Gard. Ferns, t. 80; Sieb. Spec. Filic. n. 98, Fl. Mixt. n. 287; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 154; Dictyopteris attenuata, Presl: Bail. Ql. Ferns, 41: Polypodium Brownianum, Spreng. Syst. v. 554 (Index) ; F. v. M. Fragm. v. 198 : So pied Desy. in Ann. Soc. Linn. Par. vi. 217; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filic. Hab.: In both southern and northern scrubs. Brown’s name was rejected on account of the P. attenuatum, Humb. and Bonpl bli : 5 , : . publ Be Se the Lees eee but that species has been correctly oatennd ty ee Ee ay tum, Swartz, and the name attenuatum may therefore be retained for Brown's Also in the South Pacific Islands. Polypodium.] CLVI. FILICES. 1985 18. P. superficiale (superficial), Bl. var. australiense, Bail. Bot. Buil. iv. Rhizome said to be creeping over or along the branches of growing trees, from the short curved base of the stipes it is probable that the frond attached to the lower or under side of the rhizome. Frond linear-lanceolate, 12 or 13in. long, about lin. broad in the centre, decurrent upon the stipes almost to the base, the apex more or less acuminated, texture firm, costa prominent, no distinct costules, areole fine, irregular, with free veinlets. Sori copious, scattered irregularly, only on the upper half of the frond.—Bail. Litho. Ferns QI. 155. Hab.: Atherton, near Herberton, C. J. Wild. This plant would seem to differ from the normal form in the lamina of the frond being decurrent to the base or to a stipes of only a few lines, and the sori being confined to the upper half of the frond. 19. P. simplicissimum (quite simple), F. v. M. in Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filie. 5138; Benth. Hl. Austr. vii. 768. Rhizome slender creeping up trees and over rocks. Frond lanceolate, acuminate, entire or slightly forked at the apex and sometimes crenate, 4 to 10in. long, tapering into a short or long stipes, rather thin, glabrous, prominently penniveined with intermediate reticulations and free veinlets in the areoles. Sori rather large, orbicular, in a single row on each side of the midrib halfway between it and the margin, the receptacle scarcely excavated and obscurely or not at all prominent on the upper surface.—— P. lanceola, F. v. M. Fragm. vii. 120; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 156 ; Pleopeltis lanceola, Bail. Ql. Ferns 45. Hab.: Tropical scrubs on mountain ranges. 20. B. nigrescens (blackish), Blume, Fl. Jav. Filic. 161, t. 70; Benth. Fl. Austr, vii. 769. Frond 2 or 38ft. long on a stipes of 1ft. or more, glabrous, deeply pinnatifid. Pinne lanceolate, acuminate with a narrow point, membran- ous, 6in. to 1ft. long, 1 to 14in. broad, confluent at the base in a broad wing to the rhachis, the main veins very distinct, reticulate between them with numerous free veinlets in the areoles. Sori large in the centre of the larger areoles, distant in a single row on each side of the midrib at some distance from it, the receptacles deeply excavated and very prominent on the upper surface.—Hook. Spec. Filic. v. 81, Syn. Filic. 864; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 157. Alab.: Daintree River and other northern scrubs. ; Spread over East India, the Malayan Peninsula and Pacific Islands. 21. P. phymatodes (warted), Linn. Hook. Spec. Filic. v.82, Syn. Filic. 364 ; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 769. Fronds 1, 2 or even 8ft. long, deeply pinnatifid, very smooth and glabrous. Pinne lanceolate, 4 to 8in. long, ? to 1jin. broad, confluent at the base into a broadly-winged rhachis, the midrib of each pinna very prominent, with copious reticulations between the primary veins but all concealed in the smooth though not thick texture of the frond. Sori rather large, orbicular or oval, distant in about two rows or rarely in a single row on vach side of the midrib at some distance from it, the receptacles slightly excavated and prominent on the upper surface.—Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 158; Pleopeltis phymatodes, T. Moore ; Bail. Ql. Ferns, 44; Bedd. Ferns §. Ind. t. 178. Hab.: Cape York, Daemel; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy , Daintree River, Fitzalan. Common in the tropical scrubs. Widely spread over the tropical regions of the Old World. 22. PB. pustulatum (blistered or pimpled), Forst.; Carruth. in Seem. Fl. Vit. 869, not of Schkwhr.; Benth. Ml. Austr, vii. 769. Near P. phymatodes but a smaller and more hardy plant. Fronds usually deeply pinnatifid, 2 to 13ft. high, with few segments and sometimes entire and 4 to 8in. long. Segments oblong- 1986 CLVI. FILICES. [Polypodium. lanceolate, mostly acuminate, 8 to Gin. long, 4 to 8 lines broad, confluent at the base into a broad-winged rhachis, of a firm membranous texture showing on the under side of the primary veins with copious intermediate reticulations and free veinlets in the areoles. Sori orbicular, rather large, distant, in a single row on each side of the midrib at a distance from it and often near the margin. Receptacles excavated, more or less prominent on the upper surface.—Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 159; P. scandens, Labill. Pl. Nov. Holl. ii. 91, t. 240; F. v. M. Fragm. v. 128, not of Forst.; P. Billardieri, R. Br. Prod. 147; Hook. Spec. Filic. v. 82, Syn. Filic. 864; Sieb. Syn. Filic. n. 98; P. diversi- folium, Willd.; Sieb. Fl. Mixt. n. 288; Phymatodes Billardieri, Presl.; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. ii. 150. : Hab.: Coastal scrubs on border of N.S. Wales. Also in New Zealand and perhaps in New Caledonia. 23. P. scandens (climbing), Horst. Prod. 81, not of Labill.; Benth. Fi. Austr. vii. 770. Fronds much narrower in outline than in the preceding species, usually deeply pinnatifid and 3 to 14ft. long, but occasionally smaller and entire. Segments usually rather numerous, narrow lanceolate or almost linear, often falcate, obtuse or acuminate, 14 to 8in. long, decurrent and confluent into a winged rhachis, of a thinner texture than the preceding species although the veins are but little prominent. Sori rather small, distant, in a single row on each side of the midrib between it and the margin, the excavated receptacles slightly prominent on the upper surface.—Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 160; P. pustulatum, Schkuhr, Filic. ii. t. 10, Hook. Spec. Filic. v. 80, Syn. Filic. 363, Sieb. Syn. Filic. n. 96, not of Forst.; Pleopeltis pustulata, T. Moore ; Bail. Queens]. Ferns 45. Hab.: Maroochie, Bailey; Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, Tallebudgera. Also in New Zealand and the South Pacific Islands. 24, P. verrucosum (warted), Wall.; Hook. Spec. tilic. v. 81, Gard. Ferns, t. 41 Syn. Filic, 844; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 770. Fronds 8 or 4 or moré ft. long, pinnate, glabrous. Pinne oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, obtusely serrulate, . equally or unequally cuneate at the base, shortly petiolate or almost sessile, apparently articulate on the rhachis, 6 to 8in. long, 4 to lin. broad, membranous. Venation reticulate between the primary veins with free venules in the areoles. Sori distant in a single row on each side of the midrib and near to it, the excavated receptacles very prominent on the upper surface.—Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 161; Goniophlebium verrucosum, Bedd. Ferns Brit. Ind. t. 257. _ Hab.: Rockingham Bay, Dallachy ; Daintree River, Fitzalan. Common on trees and logs in the tropical scrubs. Also in the Malayan Peninsula and Archipelago. 25. P. subauriculatum (alluding to the small lobes at base of pinne), Blume, Fl. Cav. Filic. 177, ¢. 88; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 771. Fronds 1 to 8 or more ft. long, glabrous, pinnate. Pinne linear-lanceolate, mostly acuminate, entire or serrulate, 8 to 6in. long, 8 to 5 lines broad, truncate rounded or auriculate at the base, nearly sessile but somewhat articulate on the rhachis. Venation reticulate between the primary veins, with free veinlets in the areoles. Sori distant in a single row on each side of the midrib and near to it, the excavated receptacles very prominent on the upper surface.—Hook. Sp. Filic. v. 82, Syn. Filic. 844; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 162; Goniophlebium subauriculatum, Presl; Bail. Queens]. Ferns 42. Hab.: Endeavour River, 4. Cunningham; York Peninsula, N. Taylor; Rockingha B Dallachy ; Daintree River, Fitzalun; near Rockhampton, O'Shanesy, Thozet yee Spreads over tropical Asia and the Pacific Islands. Polypodium.] CLVI. FIUICES. 1987 26. BP. rigidulum (rigid), Swartz; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filic. 868; Lenth. Fl. Austr. vii. 771. Fronds of 2 kinds. Fertile ones 2 to 4ft. long, pinnate, glabrous or the rhachis slightly pubescent. Pinne narrow-lanceolate, usually rigid and very prominently and copiously reticulate, 3 to 9in. long, 3 to 9 lines broad, obliquely or equally cuneate at the base, often shortly petiolate, articulate on the rhachis. Sori orbicular, distant in a single row on each side of the midrib and not far from it, the excavated receptacles prominent on the upper surface. Barren fronds sessile on the rhizome, ovate or oblong, 6in. to 1ft. long, 8 or din. broad, shortly pinnatifid rigid and very prominently veined; the lower pinne of the fertile fronds are also occasionally barren and a little altered in shape or texture.—Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 168, 164 and 165; P. diversifolium, R. Br. Prod. 147; Hook. Spec. Filic. v. 98, Gard. Ferns, t. 5; F. v. M. Fragm. v. 127; Drynaria diversifolium, J. Sm.; Bail. Ql. Ferns 46; Polypodium Gaudichaudii, Blume, Fl. Jav. Filic. t. 67. Hab.: The typical form is met with in all coastal forests and scrubs. Also in the Malayan Archipelago and Pacific Islands. Var. Vidgeni, Bail. Syn. Ql. Fl. 718. Fronds 2 to 3ft. high, pinnate; pinne on rather long aa flattened petiolules, the margins much incised, base cuneate.—Bail. Litho. Ferns Hab.: Oxley Creek, Brisbane River, J. G. Vidgen; near Herberton, C. J. Wild. Var. cristatum. The points of the pinnw are dichotomously divided into numerous segments forming tassels. Hab.: Near Boolboonda, H. B. Fraser. 27. ®. irioides (Iris-like), Poir.; Hook. Sp. Filic. v. 67, Syn. Filic. 360; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 771. Frond entire, 1 to 8ft. long, 1 to 8in. broad, coriaceous, contracted into a very short stipes. Primary parallel veins distant and usually conspicuous, with copious fine reticulations between them, the free veinlets in the areoles numerous. Sori very small and numerous, covering the whole under surface of the upper part of the frond but quite distinct from each other.—Hook. and Grev. Ic. Filic. t. 125; Blume, Fl. Jav. Filic. t. 77; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 169 ; Pleopeltis irioides, T. Moore ; Bedd. Ferns §. Ind. t. 178. Hab.: Common around coastal swamps. Spread over tropical and subtropical Asia and Africa and the Pacific Islands. Var. lobatum, Bail. 1st Suppl. Syn. Ql. Fl. 64. Rhizome creeping, somewhat fleshy, when above the surface of the ground nearly glabrous, with a few dark scales. Fronds crowded, pinnatifid, undulate, 2 to 3ft. high, lobing very variable, in the centre of the frond 5 or 6 inches long and about lin.-broad, the apex very obtuse or with long acuminate points, the upper part of frond entire or with short, broad, blunt lobes, the apex very blunt or finely acuminate, the lower part of frond decurrent on to the very short stipes; the main midrib and those of the few larger lobes prominent, the primary veins slightly prominent, but the numerous reticulations of the veinlets concealed in the substance of the frond. Sori scattered, numerous, and of irregular size, oval or orbicular, very slightly sunk in the substance of the frond, and scarcely showing on the upper surface.—Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 170. Hab.: Near Maryborough ; Mackay, Gilbert Turner. This handsome fern seems to connect in some measure two very different ferns, for in most respects in approaches P. irioides, still in some points it comes near P. phymatodes, while Mr. Turner’s specimen has a lobing resembling the fronds of a Platycerium. 28. P. quercifolium (Quercus-leaved), Linn.; Hook. Spec. Filic. v. 96, Syn. Filic. 367; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 772. Fronds of two kinds. Fertile ones 2 to 3ft. long, deeply pinnatifid; segments lanceolate, 6 to 9in. long, 3 to 1tin. broad, decurrent on the rhachis and usually confluent into a broad wing but sometimes interrupted between the lower segments, thin but usually rigd, very prominently and copiously reticulate, but the free veinlets within the areoles small and rare. Sori small, scattered, few or numerous. Barren fronds sessile, short broad and shortly pinnatifid as in P. rigidulum.—P. Linnai, Bory, Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filic. 368; Bedd, Ferns Brit. Ind. t. 315; Drynaria quercifolia, J. Sm.; Bedd. Ferns 8. Ind. t. 187; D. Linnai, Bail. Queensl. Ferns 46. Spread over East India and the Malayan Peninsula and the Pacific Islands. 1988 CLVI. FILICES. [Polypodiun. Var. normale, Bail. Bot. Bull. 5. Scales of the rhizome bright glossy-brown, + to gin. re narrow-lanceolate. fimbriate, cordate at the base. Fronds somewhat membranous. Sori i ia large. in 2 rows between and parallel with the costules, slightly immersed, and forming on the upper side of frond prominent pustules.---Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 167. Hab.: Common in tropical localities. Var. Linnei, Bail. Bot. Bull. 5. Scales of the rhizome about 1 or 2 lines long, broadly-ovate with a short acumen from a peltate base. Fronds very rigid. Sori small, scattered, copious, and not showing pustules on the upper side of the frend.—Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 168, Hab.: Common along the tropical coast. On Plate 164 of Lithograms of Queensland Ferns, is represented the usual form of brown, sessile, stipular frond produced by P. rigidulum, P. quercifolium and other allied species, on Plate 165 is represented an extreme form of the same. 81. NOTHOLAENA, R. Br. (From nothos, spurious, chlena, cloak; the imperfect indusium). Rhizome tufted. Fronds usually small. once twice or thrice pinnate with small lobed segments. Veinlets forked from a central nerve or from the base of the segment. Sori small at the ends of the veinlets, almost contiguous forming an apparently continuous line within the unaltered margin, which is however more or less curved over them in a young state. A small genus ranging over the tropical and warmer temperate regions of the New and the Old World. The genus is closely allied to Cheilanthes, with which it is united by F. v. Mueller and some others, but the recurved margins of the fronds can scarcely be regarded as true indusia. Some modern purists have altered Brown’s name to Nothoclena, but the contraction of chlaina into lena, after the example of the Romans, has been too generally sanctioned by botanists in many other cases, such as Diplolena, Eriolena. Microlena, etc., tc be here rejected.—Benth. Fronds 1 to 3in. high, with few membranous and glabrous undivided or 3-lobed pinne eg ew ee LL, pumitio. Fronds lanceolate in outline, 3 to 10in. high, once or twice pinnate with pinnatifid pinne. Pinne densely covered underneath with more or less woolly scales. . . . 2 N. vellea. Pinneg densely covered underneath with bristly scales . . . . . . . . 3, N. distans. Fronds broadly deltoid in outline, under 6in. high, twice or thrice pinnate, spriukled with rigid bristle-like hairs . . . . 1... ... 4. N. fragilis. Fronds from deltoid to lanceolate, somewhat rigid, bipinnate . 2 « es &. N. Prenticei. Fronds 4 to 6in. long, bi-tripinnate, pinne and pinnules obtuse. . . . ... 6. N. glabra. 1. N. pumilio (small), &. Br. Prod. 146; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 778. Fronds tufted, 1 to 3in. high, simply pinnate, with a filiform rhachis. Pinne few, ovate or oblong, obtuse, 3 to 5 lines long, membranous, without scales, entire or the lower ones with a short lateral lobe on one or both sides, the upper ones confluent. Veins obliquely diverging from the midrib. Sori continuous round the margin except at the base, the margin of the frond at first turned over them, but afterwards flat and not altered in consistence.—F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 175; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 171; N. paucijuga Bak. Syn. Filic. 515. Hab.: Endeavour River, Banks and Solander, N. Taylor. 2. N. vellea (woolly), R. Br. Prod.146; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii.773. Fronds tufted, mostly under Gin. long but sometimes 9 or 10in., oblong- lanceolate in outline, pinnate or bipinnate, the rhachis hirsute. Pinne } to lin. long, deeply pinnatifid or pinnate, rather thick, green and hispid above, very densely woolly hirsute and often ferruginous underneath, the lobes or segments ovate or rounded, very obtuse. Sori at the ends of the forked veins forming an almost continuous narrow line round the margin.—Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 171; Acrostichum velleum, Ait.; A. lanuginosum, Desf. Fl. Atl. ii. 400, t. 256; Notholena lanuginosa, Poir. Dict. Suppl. iv. 110; Hook. Spec. Filic. v. 119; Notholena.] CLVI. FILICES. 1989 Syn. Filic. 870; N. Browne’, Desv. in Mem. Soc. Linn. Par. vi. 220; Gymno- gramme Browne, Kuhn. in Bot. Zeit. 1869, 458; Notholena lasiopteris, F. v. M. in Hook. Kew Journ. vi. 106; Cheilanthes vellea, F. v. M. Fragm. v. 123. Hab.: Cape York, Daemel ; Cleveland and Rockingham Bays, W. Hill, Dallachy, Gulliver ; Gilbert River, Daintree ; Suttor River, Bowman; and other northern localities. Also in the West Mediterranean region. The distinctions pointed out by Kuhn between the Mediterranean and Australian plant do not hold good in all the Australian specimens. 3. N. distans (distant), R. Br. Prod. 146; Benth. fl. Austr. vii. 774. Very closely allied to N. vellea, of the same stature and general habit and not always easy to distinguish from it. The outline of the frond generally narrower, the lobes of the pinnules smaller and the indumentum not so dense, assuming on the under surface the form of bristles with little or none of the woolly hairs of N. vellea. Sori the same.—Hook. Spec. Filic. v. 114. Ic. Pl. t. 980, Syn. Filic. 372; Kunze in Pl. Preiss. ii. 109; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 171; Cheilanthes distans, A. Braun; F. v. M. Fragm. v. 122. Hab.: Percy Island, 4. Cunningham; Logan River, Fraser; Brisbane River, F. v. Mueller; and many other localities both north and south. Found on rocks in dry situations. Also in Norfolk Island, New Caledonia and New Zealand. 4. N. fragilis (fragile), Hook. Spec. Filic. v. 114, t. 287, Syn. Filic. 872; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 774. Rhizome horizontal, rather thick, scaly. Fronds broadly deltoid in outline, in some specimens 1 to 14in. long, on a slender stipes twice as long, in others 3in. long and broad, with a firmer black stipes twice or thrice as long, pinnate with numerous small deeply pinnatifid pinnules, the ultimate lobes under 1 line long, each one bearing a sorus large in proportion. Partial rhachis and under side of the lobes hispid with a few rigid hairs or bristles. —Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 171; Cheilanthes fragillima, F. v. M. Fragm. v. 123. Hab.: Thursday Island. 5. N. Prenticei (after Dr. Chas. Prentice), Baker New Ferns, 1892. Rhizome short, creeping, covered with narrow dark-brown scales, or scale-like hairs. Stipes 4 to 5in. long, slender, almost black, shining, with a few narrow scales at the base. Fronds narrow, lanceolate, rigid, bipinnate. Pinne crenate, lower ones much longer than the upper ones. Sori containing small spore-cases, the edges of the pinne reflexed forming a narrow indusium.—Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 171; Cheilanthes Prenticet, Luess. in Bot. Centralblatt, 1882, 442. Hab.: Thursday Island. 6. N. glabra (smooth), Bracken. ; Hook. Spec. Filic. vy. 115; from Bracken. Hil. U. S. Eapl. Exp. 21. Rhizome tufted. Fronds 4 to 6in. long on slender stipes, nearly or quite glabrous, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate in outline, bi-tripinnate, primary and secondary divisions ovate-oblong and obtuse, the ultimate divisions or segments 2 or 3 lines long and 2 lines broad, oblong, irregularly cut into obtuse lobes. Venation obscure. Sori without any trace of indusium and following the sinuosities of the frond. Hab.: Near Brisbane, Dr. Prentice. 32. GRAMMITIS, Swartz. (From gramma, a line; the sori being linear.) (Gymnogramme, Desv.). Bhizome short or tufted or creeping. Fronds pinnate or bipinnate, with forked and free or reticulate veins. Sori linear or oblong, without any indusium, on veins diverging from the midrib, scattered or crowded in a broad intramarginal line. 1990 CLVI. FILICES. [Grammitis. The genus is generally dispersed over the tropical and some temperate regions in both hemispheres. Fronds simply pinnate. Pinne thick, entire, scaly underneath, with free veins, the sori crowded in a broad marginal line or band. Pinn® broadly ovate. Line of sorinotlline broad . . . .. . . IL. G. Reynoldsii. Pinne ovate or oblong. Line of sori above lline broad. . . . . . 2 G. Muelleri. Fronds small, bipinnate, with lobed segments. Veins free. Pinne covered underneath with scaly hairs . . . 3. G. rutefolia. Fronds simply pinna'e or pinnatifid with long lanceolate pinne or seg- ments. Veins netted. Pinne tapering at the base, quite distinct. Sori very irregular and unequal «4 + %§ ¢ & & 2 & Sas 8 4. G. pinnata. Segments connected by a winged rhachis. Sori long, mostly reaching to the margin . . . . soe ew es 5. G. ampla, Sori short, central between margin and costa. . . . . . . . « 6. G, membranacea. 1. G. Reynoldsii (after T. Reynolds), #.v. M.; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 775. Rhizome unknown. Fronds 3 to Gin. long, simply pinnate. Pinne in distant pairs, broadly ovate or orbicular, obtuse, entire, about in. long, thick and densely covered on both sides with hair-like scales. Sori buried under the scales, oblong or shortly linear, transverse and distinct but closely crowded near the margin, forming a continuous line about 1 line broad.—Notholena Reynoldsii, F. v. M. Fragm. viii. 175. Hab.: Recorded for Queensland by F. v. Mueller. 2. G. Wruelleri (after Baron Mueller), Hook.; F. v. M. Fragm. v. 188; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 775. Rhizome scaly, shortly creeping. Fronds 6in. to 1ft. long, simply pinnate, the rhachis scaly. Pinne in distant pairs, ovate or oblong, obtuse, entire, 4 to lin. long, thick, sprinkled above and densely covered under- neath with ciliate scales. Sori nearly buried under the scales, very numerous, mostly short, transverse but crowded in an apparently continuous line round the margin, usually about 14 line broad. A few short barren outer fronds often with only 3 pinne or a single cordate one.—Bail. Litho. Ferns. Ql. 172; Gymnogramme Muelleri, Hook. Spec. Filic. v. 148, t. 295, Syn. Filic. 879. Hab.: Cleveland and Rockingham Bays, W. Hill, Bowman, N. Taylor; Gilbert River, Armit ; Rockhampton, Bowman, O‘Shanesy, Thozet. 3. G. rutzefolia (Rue-leaved), R. Br. Prod. 146; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 775. Fronds tufted, 3 to 6in. long, pinnate. Pinne obliquely obovate or almost fan- shaped, 3 to 6 lines long and broad, toothed, lobed, or again somewhat pinnate, contracted into a short petiole, sprinkled above and more densely covered under- neath as well as the rhachis with brown scaly hairs occasionally glandular. Veins forked and radiating. Sori linear, mostly about the middle of the pinna, sometimes almost covering the surface.—F. v. M. Fragm. v. 187; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 173; Gymnogramme rutefolia, Hook. Spec. Filic. v. 187, Ie. Pl. 6. 935, Filic. Exot. t. 5; Hook. and Grev. Ic. Filic. t. 99; Kunze in Pl. Preiss. ii. 110; Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. i. 151; Gymnogramme Pozot, Kunze; Hook. and Bak. Syn. Filic. 8379; Gymnogramme subglandulosa, Hook. and Grev. Ic. Filic. t. 91; Gymnogramme papaverifolia, Kunze; Bail. Ql. Ferns 34. Hab.: Port Denison, Fitzalan; Dalrymple Creek, Hartman; Springsure, Wuth; Maranoa River, Mitchell. Also in South Western Europe, Chili and New Zealand. 4. G. pinnata (pinnate), F. +. M. Fragm. vi. 124; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 776. Rhizome shortly creeping. Fronds 1 to 2ft. high, simply pinnate, glabrous. Pinne 3 to 11 or reduced to the single terminal one, lanceolate, 4 to 10in. long, } to lin. broad, contracted at the base into a short petiole, entire, the prominent midrib and rhachis smooth and shining. Veins diverging from the midrib forked and anastomosing. Sori linear or narrow-oblong, very unequal and irregularly . Grammnitis.] CLVI. FILICES. 1991 scattered.—Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 174; Gymnogramme pinnata, Hook. Spec. Filic. v. 151, Syn. Filic. 390; Hemionitis elongata, Brackenr. Filic. U.S. Expl. Exped. t. 8; Dictyogramme pinnata, T. Moore; Bail. Queensl. Ferns, 33. Hab.: Common in the northern scrubs. ‘ Also in the Malayan Archipelago and South Pacific Islands. 5. G. ampla (ample), F. v. M. Fragm. v. 188; Benth. Hl. Austr. vii. 777. Rhizome rather thick, scaly, creeping. Fronds 1 to 2ft. high, deeply pinnatifid, glabrous. Segments 8 to 11, lanceolate, 8 to Gin. long, $ to 1din. broad when fertile, often 2in. when barren, acuminate, membranous, entire, decurrent and connected by a broad wing to the rhachis, the wing gradually tapering below the lowest pair but continued almost to the base of the stipes. Veins proceeding from the midrib immediately forked, one branch bearing a straight linear sorus extend- ing usually to the margin, the other prominent flexuose with anastomosing branches, and from both are emitted a few short free branches.—Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 176. : Hab.: In all the dense tropical scrubs. 6. G. membranacea (membranous), Blume, Fil. Jav. 123, t. 52, fe 2. Rhizome slender, creeping, climbing up the stems of trees by the aid of adventitious roots emitted from the under side, the upper surface densely paleaceous, with rather long, dark-brown, narrow scales. Fronds membranous, somewhat distantly placed on the rhizome, simple or variously lobed, and either form soriferous, glabrous, 6 to 12in. long, tapering to a rather long stipes and elongated apex, the undivided fronds attaining a width of 2in. in the widest part, lobes on the divided ones from 1 to 12, spreading, tapering towards the point, but cut down so as to leave but a wing on the costa in the sinus about 4 or Zin. wide, the segments varying from 1 to 4in. long; venation rather open forming large hexagonal areoles containing forked free veinlets; sori in short lines or oblong masses, often not exceeding 2 or 3 lines on the divided fronds, and distant from the costule, but on the entire simple fronds often reaching from near the costa to near the margin, but these lines are frequently interrupted.— Bail. Litho, Ferns QI. 175. Hab.: Bellenden-Ker, at an elevation of 4,000ft. ‘The habit of this fern and its variously formed fronds reminds one of Polypodium scandens, Forst., and further, when dry, it possesses the same fragrance as that and some allied. Polypo- diums. To pteridologists, the meeting of this species, bearing its various forms of foliage, is most interesting, and it saves the mistakes being made of multiplying species, and completes the description of an old species. G. Sayeri, F. v. M. and Baker, has been named from fronds of this species ; and in all probability G. Wrightii, Hook., is but another form. I might here remark that probably Mr. Baker was not far wrong when he placed the Queensland fern, G. ampla, F. v. M., under G. elliptica, for it varies greatly in the form of the fronds. In cultivation the fronds are much smaller and often entire, and these as frequently bear sori as the more developed deeply lobed ones. On starved plants, indeed, of G. ampla, the almost only distinctive mark to separate it from G. membranacea is its broad flattish rhizome and a slight difference, perhaps, in the venation. 33. MENISCIUM, Schreb. (Referring to the sorus being in the form of a crescent or meniskos. ) Sori oblong or linear or sometimes orbicular and geminate, arising from the transverse connivent veinlets. No indusium. Veins or costules pinnated from the costa; veinlets numerous, the opposite ones uniting in an arc or angle, and sending out from that angle a free or continuous veinlet. Fronds simple or pinnatifid.—Hooker’s Species Filicum, v., 162. 1. ML. triphyllum (leaves of 3-leaflets), Sw.; Hooker's Spec, Filic. v. 163. Rhizome long, creeping, subulato-paleaceous ; stipites pale-brown, glabrous, 4 to 5 inches long-of the sterile, 1 foot or more long of the fertile ones ; fronds 1992 CLVI. FILICES. [Meniscium. coriaceo-membranaceous, 8 to 5-foliolate, subdimorphous; pinne 3 to in. long, % to lin. broad, smaller and narrower in the fertile fronds ; terminal pinne always the largest and long-petiolate, all of them oblong, acuminate, obtuse, or — cuneate or subhastate at the base, the margin repando-dentate or nearly entire ; venation subpubescent beneath; soriferous veins, 4, 7, or 8-arched, the sori extending the whole length of the transverse veinlet between the costules. Hab.: Daintree River, in Baron Mueller’s notice in the ‘ Victorian Naturalist,” October, 1885, of a few plants collected by Dr. T. P. Lucas in North Queensland. I have never seen any Queensland specimens of this plant. 84. ANTROPHYUM, Kaulf. (From antrum, a den or hollow ; the receptacles of sporangia being in a groove or channel.) Rhizome creeping. Fronds simple, entire, ianceolate or broad, with longi- tudinal more or less anastomosing veins, bearing long linear sori without any indusium. A small genus dispersed over the tropical regions of the New and the Old World. 1. A. reticulatum (reticulate), Kawlf.; Hook. Spec. Flic. v. 169; Syn. Filic. 893; Benth. Kl. Austr. vii. 777. Rhizome hairy, creeping. Fronds 6in. to 1ft. long, 1 to 14in. or rarely nearly 2in. broad, acuminate, tapering into a short stipes, giabrous, rather firm, the veins prominent on the upper surface forming long narrow areoles. Sori all longitudinal, narrow-linear, but varying much in number and length.—Bedd. Ferns S. Ind. t. 52 and 281; Bail. Litho. Ferns Q1. 177; A. plantagineum, Kaulf.; Bail. Ql. Ferns, 33. Hab.: Common in tropical localities. The species is Asiatic, extending to the Pacific Islands. 35. ACROSTICHUM, Linn. (So named because the fructification is often at the top of the fronds.) Rhizome creeping sometimes to a great length or short and erect. Fronds undivided or pinnate, variously veined. Sori confluent, covering the under surface of the fertile fronds or pinne, which are usually smaller or narrower than the barren ones. No indusium. A large genus, chiefly tropical, spread over both the New and the Old World. Fronds simple, lanceolate, with free veins, the fertile ones nearly similar . . 1. 4. conforme. Fronds pinnate. Pinne entire, the barren with numerous parallel free veins, ; the fertile very narrow-linear. Barren pinne broadly-lanceolate, rounded or cuneate at the base. . . . 2. A. scandens. Barren pinne narrow-lanceolate, tapering to a petiole. . . ~ +. . 8. A. sorbifolium. var. leptocarpum. Fronds pinnate. Veins reticulate. Pinne membranous, shortly and broadly pinnatifid, the fertile usually on different fronds . eee eee eae . 4, A. repandum. Very like 4. repandum, but much smaller in allits parts. . . . . 5. A. Taylori. Fronds 2 to 3ft. high, tufted, wing of rhachis and lobes wavy-toothed . 6. A. neglectum. Pinne coriaceous, entire, the upp+r ones fertile on the same fronds . . . 7. A. aureum. Fronds simple, narrow, with reticulate veins, contracted into a linear fertile Apex. ee www. 8. AL spicatum. Fronds bipinnate, the fertile segments narrow-linear on different fronds from the barren phat Widow atte ood Da a or Ue gd ee ak 9. A. pteroides. 1. A. conforme (fertile and sterile fronds similar), Swartz; Hook. Spec. Filic. v. 198, Syn. Filic. 401; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 778. Rhizome creeping, scaly. Fronds simple, lanceolate, coriaceous, from a few inches to above 1ft. long, 3 to lin. broad, acute or acuminate, tapering into a stipes sometimes narrowly winged almost to the base; veins parallel, simple or forked, not close, Acrostichum.] CLVI. FILICES. 1998 and concealed in the texture of the frond. Fertile fronds usually smaller and more obtuse.—F. v. M. Fragm. v. 188; Bail. Litho. Ferns, Ql. 178; Elaphoglossum conforme, Schott ; Bail. Ql. Ferns, 9. Hab.: Rockingham Bay, Dallachy; Bellenden Ker. en spread over the tropical and southern extratropical regions of the New and the Old orld. 2. &. scandens (climbing), J. Sm.; Hook. Spec. Flic. v. 249, Syn. Filic. 412; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 778. Rhizome woody, scaleless, creeping in swamps or climbing on trees. Fronds 1 to 8ft. long, simply pinnate. Pinne of the barren fronds broadly lanceolate, acuminate, rounded or cuneate at the base and shortly petiolate, 8 to 8in. long, 2 to 14in. broad, entire or slightly dentate. -eoriaceous, smooth and shining. Veins very numerous fine and closely parallel, Pinne of the fertile fronds long and very narrow-linear, sometimes almost terete, sometimes fiat and 2 lines broad. —F. v. M. Fragm. vi. 124; Bail. Litho. Ferns Q1. 179; Stenochlena scandens, J. Sm.; Bail, Ql. Ferns, 10. Hab.: Cape York, W. Hill; Rockingham Bay, W. Hill, Dallachy. Also in tropical Asia and the Pacific Islands. 8. A. sorbifolium (Sorbus-leaved), Linn.; Hovk. Spec. Filic. v. 241, Syn. Filie. 412, var. leptocarpum, Benth. Kl. Austr. vii. 779. Rhizome woody, often climbing trees to the height of 80 or 40ft. Fronds pinnate, 1 to 2ft. long. Pinne of the barren fronds lanceolate, acuminate, equally or obliquely tapering into a short petiole, 3 to 8in. long, 4 to 8 lines broad, often denticulate, not very thick but smooth and shining. Veins numerous, parallel, 2 to 1 line apart. Pinne of the barren fronds more numerous, almost filiform, tin. or more broad. —Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 180; 4. Brightia, F. v. M. Fragm. vii. 119; Lomariopsis Brightia, F. v. M. in Bail. Ql. Ferns, 10. Hab.: Rockingham Bay and other tropical localities. _Common also in the south. Spread over the tropical regions of the New and the Old World. Exceedingly variable as to the breadth of the fertile pinne, etc., and divided by Fée into seventeen species of a genus Lomariopsis, amongst which his L. leptocarpa and some others are well represented amongst Dallachy’s specimens collected at Rockingham Bay.—Benth. 4. A. repandum (repand), Blume; Hook. Spec. Filic. v. 260; Syn. Filic. 419; Benth, Fl. Austr. vii. 779. Rhizome creeping. Fronds 1 to 2ft. long, pinnate, the rhachis scaly. Pinne of the barren fronds membranous, lanceolate, the lower ones obliquely truncate at the base and attached by the midrib, 3 to Sin. long, often under lin. broad, pinnatifid with broad lobes rarely reaching halfway to the midrib, the upper pinne smaller more entire and confluent into a broad wing to the rhachis. Veins copiously reticulate, with a central vein opposite each lobe, one of the veins often produced into a seta in the sinus. Pinnew of -the fertile fronds much smaller and narrower, but usually more or less pinnately lobed or broadly crenate.——F. v. M. Fragm. v. 138 ; Bail. Litho. Ferns QI. 181, 182. Hab.: Tropical scrubs. Common. : p Extends over the Malayan Archipelago to South China and the Pacific Islands. 5. A. Taylori (after Dr. Norman Taylor), Bail., in Rep. of @l. Aceli, Soc., April, 1884. Fronds scaly, somewhat tufted from a short, creeping, knotted rhizome, stipites of fertile fronds from under Qin, to Sin. long, slender, those of the sterile fronds usually shorter ; fronds pinnate in the lower, pinnatifid in the upper part, and usually terminating in a narrow, tail-like, proliferous apex; pinnae obtuse-oblong, very irregularly lobed, 1 to 3in. long, 8 to 9 lines broad. Veins forming a row of long costular areoles, the rest free to the margin, where one often is produced into a seta in the sinus.—Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 188-4. Hab.: On wet rocks, Johnstone River. Very near A. repandum, Bl., but a much smaller plant with a closer habit. Referred to by Bentham in Fl. Austr. vii, 779. 1994 CLVI. FILLCES. [Acrostichum. 6. A. neglectum (neglected), Bail. Syn. Ql. Fl. 722. Rhizome creeping, with dark-coloured scales. Fronds of 2 kinds fertile and sterile, 2 to 3ft. high, lanceolate in outline, pinnatifid, stipes of the fertile frond more than half its length and bordered by a narrew wavy wing, a similar wing borders the stipes and rhachis of the sterile frond, segments linear-lanceolate, coarsely toothed, 3 to (in. long, $ to in. broad. Veins and sori as in 4. repandum.—Baker. in Hook. Ic. t. 1689; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 185. Hab.: Trinity Bay ranges, Bailey. 7. A. aureum (golden), Linn. ; Hook. Spec. Filic. v. 266, Syn. Filic. 423 ; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii.779. Bhizome short, thick, erect. Fronds 2 to 6ft. long, pinnate, glabrous, the rhachis firm and smooth. Pinne distant, the lower ones petiolate, the upper sometimes shortly decurrent, coriaceous, entire, oblong, from 3 to 6in. long, 2 to lin. broad, the fertile ones few or many in the upper part of the same fronds as the barren ones. Veins oblique, very fine and numerous, copiously reticulate.—Bedd. Ferns 8. Ind. t. 204; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 186; A. frawinifolium, R. Br. Prod. 145. Hab.: Port Bowen, R. Brown, Woolls; Cape York, W. Hill, Daemel; York Peninsula, N. Taylor; Endeavour River, 4. Cunningham; Rockingham Bay, Dallachy; Daintree River, Fitzalan; Brisbane River, 4- Cunningham, F. v. Mueiler. Chiefly in swampy flats or salt water marshes. Widely spread over the tropical and subtropical regions of the New and the Old World. 8. A. spicatum (spike-like), Linn.; Hook. Spec. Filic. v. 280, Syn. Filie. 424; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 780. Rhizome thick, creeping. Fronds simple, 6 to to 18in. long, the lower barren part lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 3 to 9 lines broad, contracted at the top into a fertile linear apex 1 to 14 lines broad, of variable length. Veins in the barren part obliquely reticulate with a free veinlet within the areoles. Sori in the fertile part forming a broad continuous line on each side of the midrib with the free margin recurved over them when young but at length covering the under surface. Spore-cases often intermixed with peltate scales.— Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 187; Hymenolepis spicata, Presl; Hook. Fitic. Exot. t. 78, Gard. Ferns t. 8; Bedd. Ferns S. Ind. t. 46. Hab.: Brisbane River, Moreton Bay, W. Hill; Herbert River, Bailey. Spread over tropical Asia, extending to the Mascarene and to the Pacific Islands. 9. A. pteroides (Pteris-like), R. Br. Prod. 145; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 780. Rhizome shortly creeping. Fertile fronds ovate-lanceolate in circumscription, ¢ to 6in. long on a stipes at least as long, bipinnate. Segments linear, 2 to 1din long, scarcely 1 line broad. Sori on very numerous diverging veins, at a little distance from the midrib, so close together as to cover the whole frond excep! the midrib and a very narrow margin recurved over the young sori. Barrer fronds smaller than the fertile ones with linear-lanceolate segments, otherwist similar—Hook. Spec. Filic. v. 279; F. v. M. Fragm. v. 139; Bail. Litho Ferns Ql. 188; Neurosoria pteroides, Metten. ; Kuhn in Bot. Zeit. 1469, 488 Hab.: Gilbert River, Armit ; Endeavour River, G. Brown. 36. PLATYCERIUM, Deasyv. (From platys, broad, keras, horn; the fronds divided like staghorns.) Rhizome short and thick. Fronds large, the outer ones of each year’s growt! barren and horizontally spreading, the fertile ones erect cuneate forked o dichotomous, the veins prominent radiating and reticulate. Sori forming ver large broad patches towards the ends of the fronds. A small genus, sparingly distributed over the Malayan Archipelago and tropical Africa an America. Sori covering the ultimate lobes of the fertile ones S Aspe Ga eB Sori forming a large patch under the broad sinus of the primary division of the 1. P. alcicorn fertile fronds . . ot Pad wet, WOR ees an 2. P. grande. Platycertum.] CLVI. FILICES. 1995 1. P. alcicorne (Elk’s horn), Desv.; Hook. Spec. Filic. v.282, Syn. Filic. 425 ; Benth. Fl. Austr. 780. Elk’s-horn Fern. Barren fronds orbicular-cordate, cottony when young, Gin. to 1ft. long and broad, rigid, the margin more or less sinuate or obtusely lobed. Fertile fronds attaining 2 to 3ft., contracted into a distinct stipes, dilated upwards, once twice or thrice forked. Sori or patches of spore- cases occupying the whole or the greater part of the ultimate lobes.—Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 189; Acrostichum alcicorne, Swartz; R. Br. Prod. 145; Bot. Reg. t. 262. Hab.: Common in scrubs north and south. ‘ Var. Hillii—-P. Hillii, T. Moore, Gard. Chron. This only differs from the type in that the fronds are of a thicker texture and the lobes broader and shorter.—Bail, Litho. Ferns Ql. 190. Hab.: Cairns, W. Hill. Also in the Mascarene Islands. 2. P. grande (great), J. Sm.; Hook. Spec. Filic. v. 284, Filic. Exot. t. 86, Syn. Filic. 425; Benth. Fl. Austr. vii. 781. Stag’s-horn Fern. A larger plant than P. alcicorne, often more membranous but the primary veins more prominent. Barren spreading fronds often more than 2ft. diameter, the margin deeply and irregularly lobed. Fertile fronds from a broad rigid winged stipes expanding to a great breadth, dichotomously divided, but the first fork leaving a very broad truncate sinus under which the fructification forms a patch from 6 to 19in. broad, the forks oneach side often above 3ft. long, deeply and dichotomously lobed but barren.—Bedd. Ferns Brit. Ind. t. 326; Bail. Litho. Ferns Ql. 191. Hab.: Common in dense scrubs north and south. Also in the Malayan Archipelago. ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. > p, 11—Line 4 from top, after arillus, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 1. p. 12—Line 18 from bottom, after 414, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 2. p. 12—Add: 2a. HI, dealbata (whitened), Benth. Fl, Austr. i. 21. Young branches minutely rusty-downy. Leaves oblong or oblong- lanceolate, obtuse with a small callous point, or rarely acute, 2 to din. long and 4 to jin. broad, narrowed at the base, but sessile or very shortly stalked, the margins flat, almost glabrous above, white underneath, with a very close tomentum, the costa and anastomosing veins rust-coloured. Spikes terminating the branches 1-sided, about in. long, rusty-tomentose or silky. Flowers closely sessile within lanceolate bracts. Stamens as in H. Banksii.—Henvistemma dealbata, R. Br. in DC. Syst. Veg. i. 418; Deless. Ic. Sel. i. t. 76. Hab.: On the coast sands at Somerset. p. 16—Line 21 from top, after Thunb., add Ill. Bot. Oook’s Voy. Pl. 3. p. 19—Bottom line, after light, add Bailey’s Cat. Ql. Woods, No. 1a. p. 22—Line 21 from bottom, after hard, add Bailey’s Cat. QI. Woods, No. 2. p. 22—Add : 8a. UNONA, Linn. (Derivation obscure.) Sepals 8, valvate. Petals 6, valvate or open in estivation, 2-seriate ; 3 inner sometimes absent. Torus flat or slighlty concave. Stamens cuneate ; anther- cells linear, extrorse, top of connective grooved; ovules 2 tu 8, 1-seriate (rarely sub-2-seriate). Ripe carpels many, usually elongated and constricted between the seeds. Seeds few or many. ‘Trees or shrubs, erect or climbing. Flowers solitary, axillary terminal or leaf-opposed. : The species are mostly belonging to tropical Asia and Africa. 1. U. Wardiana (after the widow of the late Rev. J. G. Ward), Bail. “‘Niadoa,’’ Mapoon, Roth. A tall slender, straggling shrub. Branchies terete, thickly covered with raised lenticels. Leaves varying much in size, the larger ones 24in. long and 3in. broad, underside pale, upper glossy-yreen, petioles slender and scarcely exceeding 1 line. Flowers solitary, terminal or in the uppe* axils. Peduncles lin. long, slender. Sepals elongate-cordate, 3 lines long. Petals (none on the specimens examined). Carpels stalked, tew or many, constricted between the seeds, 1 to 4-jointed, glabrous, nearly globose ; endocarp smooth but slightly transversely wrinkled. Hab.: Mapoon, J. F. Bailey. p. 28—Line 2 from bottom, after June, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 4. Opposite p. 29, on Plate No. 1 and 2 for Moorii read Movorei. p. 30—For Hi. Selwynii read L. Selwynii, ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 1997 p. 81—Add: 2. L, esiangkara (aboriginal name), Bail, “ Esiangkara,” Mapoon, Roth. A slender, glabrous climber; stems sulcate. Leaves narrow, linear-lanceolate, 4 to 5in. long, 8 to 5 lines broad, 8-nerved for three parts. of their length the lateral nerves then looping, prominent as well as the reticulate veins, margins entire; petioles slender scarcely jin. long. Peduncles slender, axillary, about 7 lines. Flowers probably few and minute (none perfect on specimens examined). Bracts linear minute; pedicels about 3 lines long. Carpels 3, red, oval, about 8 lines long, slightly compressed ; endocarp slightly uneven. Hab.: Mapoon, J. F. Bailey. Roots eaten after being roasted.—Roth. p. 81-—Line 19 from bottom, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 5. p- 41—Bottom line, for ochrolenca read ochroleuca. p. 46--Add : ; . CONRINGIA, Reichb. Sepals elongate, ee at the base or the lateral saccate. Petals dca. clawed. Pods elongate, linear, compressed or acutely tetragonal; valves 1 to’ 8-nerved, smooth or torulose; stigma simple or 2-lobed. Seeds 1-seriate, oblong, — not margined; cotyledons incumbent. Glabrons glaucous annuals. Leaves entire, oblong, auricled. Flowers racemose, ebracteate, yellow. Native of Western Asia and Southern Europe. 1. C. orientalis (Eastern), Dwn. Fl. Belg. Hare’s-ear Treacle-Mustard. An erect glabrous glaucous annual about 1ft. high. Radical leaves obovate, petiolate, the stem ones oblong, 2 to Sin. long, quite entire, and embracing the stem, with prominent rounded auricles. Flowers pale yellow, or whitish. Pods 8 to 4in. long, slender, in a loose raceme, the midrib of the valves very prominent. Hab.: Waste places in Southern Europe and Western Asia. This has become a weed in some Brisbane gardens.—C. perfoliata, Link.; Erysimum areentare, R, Br. p. 60—Line 9 from top, after 168, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 6. p. 63—Line 17 from top, after 835, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 7. p- 64—Line 10 from ey after 807, add Calceclaria enneasperma, O. Kuntze; m Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 8 A p. 64—Line 2 from bottom, after 12, add Caleoaria iaformss, O. Kuntze ; Ill. Bet Cook’s Voy. Pl. 9. p. 65—Line 11 from bottom, after 106, add ‘‘ Pu- korn, ” « Ke-wan,” Atherton, a Po- ata,’’ Middle Palmer River, “Ung- gal, ” Nassau River, ' Roth. p. 65—Line 8 from bcttom, for wood read wool, and add Mawimilianea Gillivrei, O. Kuntze; Il. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 10. p- 70—Line 24 from bottom, after 78, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 11. p- 77—Line 19 from bottom, after 22, add Ill. Bot. Cook's Voy. Pl. 12. p. 78--Line 11 from. bottom, after 825, add P. longifolia, Poir.; Ill. Bot.. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 13. . p. 79—Line 11 from top, after 8-lobed, add Il!. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 14. Part VI. W 1998 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. p. 79—Add: 6. PB. stenoclada (slender-stemmed), Benth. var. stenosepala (sepals slender), J. Britten Ill, Bot, Cook's Voy. 9, Fl. 15. A small branching © shrub; leaves oblong-linear, flat, 4 to lin. long. Flowers in loose pedunculate racemes, much longer than the leaves. Inner sepals narrow pointed _ and falcate. Corolla of 8 petals, vexillum wanting. Wings oblong, obtuse, attenuated at the base. Keel crested. Stamens 8. Anthers subclavate, yellow. Ovary oblong-ovate, obtuse, emarginate, compressed. Style filiform, glabrous, | stigma thickened. Capsule oval, seed solitary, hairy.—From Britt. lc. and Benth. Fl. Austr. i. 141. Hab.: Endeavour River. (Britt., 1.c.) p. 81—Line 11 from top, after ripe, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 16. p. 82—Line 3 from top, after 297, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 17. p. 82—Bottom line, for carpophyllum read carpophilum. p-97—Add: 8a. ©. quadrivalvis (4-valved), F. v. M. Fragm. i. 176; Benth. Fl. Austr. i. 173. A glabrous annual, with small, oblong- spathulate, radical leaves, soon disappearing, and several decumbent or ascending stems, from a few in. to lft. or rather more, and sometimes much branched. Stem-leaves from linear-spathulate to oblong or lanceolate, narrowed into a petiole, the lower ones often above lin. long, the upper ones few, and small. | Flowers small, pink, in loose racemes sometimes branching into panicles ; pedicels — 4 to 3in. Bracts very small, herbaceous or slightly scarious. Sepals herbaceous, acute, about 14 line long. Petals 6, fully twice as long as the calyx. Staméns numerous,.with small anthers. Style divided to the, base into 4 linear stigmatic branches. Capsule about as long as the calyx, 4-valved, with numerous small . seeds minutely pitted.—Cosmia quadrivalvis, Britt. Journ. Bot. 1900, p. 77; Il. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl.18. Hab.: Endeavour River. p. 118—7. Abutilon indicum, G. D. The Australian plant: is given by Mr. Britten in Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 19, as var. australiense. w p. 125—Line 15 from top, after 210, add “ Yi-awara,”’ Batavia River, Roth.. p. 126—Line 22 from top, after 117, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 20, p. 127—After line 27 from top, add Roots eaten after being roasted, Roth. p: 129—Line 10 from bottom, after glabrous, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 21, and line 9 from bottom, after Island, add Cape Grafton and Endeavour River, Britten Lc. 3 p. 180—Line 14 from bottom, after Waiting, add ¢ Kornbrana,” Batavia River, - . ‘*Mamandur,”’ Cooktown, ‘‘ Mancha,” Lower Tully River, Roth. ‘p. 180—Last line, add Inner bark used for making rope and twine. p. 1838—Line 14 from top, after 1, add Bot. Mag. t. 6608. p. 148—Line 16 from bottom, after it, add Hl. Bot. Gook’s Voy. Pl, 22. p. 156—Add: la. T. appendiculata (bearing appendages), FL vw M. Fragm. iii. 7; Benth. Fl. Austr. i. 2738. Shrvbby, the whole plant densely tomentose-villous, or woolly. Leaves petiolate, broadly ovate-cordate, obtuse, 2 to: 4in. long, crenate, and sometimes sinuate-lobed, very soft and thick Peduncles mostly 8-flowered. Sepals above din. long, woolly-tomentose, the dorsal appendages leafy and toothed, spreading, and forming on. the bud a kind of ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. © 1999 cup. Ovary hirsute, 3-celled. Capsule globular, hard, indehiscent, very villous, about as large as in T. procumbens, but the prickles less rigid, and: sometimes wearing off; endocarp hard, divided into 6 1-seeded cells. Hab.: Sweers Island,-Gulf of Carpeniaria, J. F. Bailey. Mr. W. Botting Hemsley, of Kew (England), and Mr. James Britten, of the British Museum, have both pointed out that in the notice of Triumfetta pro- cumbens in the Flora Australiensis, another species, 7’. subpalmata, has been confused; by the first-named botanist in Journal of Botany, xxviii. 1, with a plate 298, upon which is figured the two species, and the following brief note as to the most prominent distinguishing characteristics, &c. 1. T. procumbens, Forster, Prod, Fl. Ins. Austral. p. 35; Hook. et Arn. Bot. Beech, Voy. p. 60 ‘non Benth. Fl. Austr. i. p. 278); one T. crassifolia, Sol. Leaves on long petioles, softly tomentose, roundly-ovate or cordate, entire or 8-lobed, crenate. Fruit bearing numerous long feeble plumose prickles. la. LT. subpalmata, Sol. Herb. Mus. Brit. and in Ic. Park. in. Bibb. Mus. , Brit. ined., Syn. T. procumbens, Benth. Fl. Austr. i. 278. Leaves on short petioles rigid, scabrous, deeply 3 to 5-lobed, eon toothed Fruit, shortly and rigidly prickled, prickles glabrous: : age Mr. James Britten gives 4 full description: of this latter species with Plate i in Ill. Botany of Cook’s Voy. Pt. i. Pl, 23. 164—Line 10 from top, for Moorqun read Moorgun:: . 171—Line 10 from bottom, for Catrops:read Caltrops. “ 178—Line 8 from top, after 290, add ‘‘ Longarate,” Batavia River, Rothe: 173—Line 22 from bottom, after 99, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 24. 178—Line 24 from bottom,:add Endeavour River, Britten., Ll: Bot. Cook’s Ss pe SS S oad 175—Line 18 from top, after 101, add Benth. Fl. Austr. i. 292. 175—Line 27 from top, after 228, add Benth. Fl. Austr. i. 298. 175—Line 40 from top, after 105, add Benth. Fl. Austr. i. 293. 175—Line 47 from top, after 375, add Benth. Fl. Austr. i. 293. 184—Line 6 from top, after 101, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 25. . 186—Line 9 from bottom, after petals, add ‘pink. p. 186—Line 7 from bottom, after upwards, add Iil. Bot. Cook’s Voy. 26. In this work Mr. Britten states that ‘Brown did not collect the plants, as stated by Bentham.”’ I think, however, if he did not.collect it that it might have been - sent to him, for I have just received specimens of it from Rev. Wilh. Poland, Bloomfield River. ‘‘ Bala-bal-balgal”’ is given by Britten as the aboriginal name at Endeavour River. p. 187—Line 2 from bottom, after 71, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 27. p. 188—Line 5 from bottom, after 66, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 28. p. 190—Line 3 from bottom, after beaked, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. - P- 194—Line 8 from top, for. Billardiere read Billardieri. . p..194—Line 7 from bottom, after xiii., add Ill. Bot. ook 8 Se PL 31. ‘The habitat given applies to the variety. p. 196—Line 15 from top, after 186, add Ill. Bot: Cook’s Voy. Pl. 8 and 84, dies the name Correa reflexa, Vent. ‘p. 203—Line 25, for style ‘read styles. oy es ey 2900 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. . p. 209—Line 25 from top, after 27, add Jambolifera levis, O. Kuntze, in Britt. Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 35. p. 211—Line 15 from top, for introrse read intruse. p. 212—Line 14 from top, after ripe. add Ill. Bot. Cook's Voy. Pl. 36. p. 234—Line 18 from top, after 3-lobed, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 37. p. 237—Line 25 from top, after 328, add Iil. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 38. p. 288—Line 13 from top, for Oxylea read Oxleya. p. 257—Line 3 from bottom, after 401, add ‘‘ Tchannan,” Pennefather River,’ oth p. R 263—Line 10 from bottom, after 18, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 40. p. 264—Line 11 from bottom, after 24, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 39. p. 276—Line 18 from top, after 292, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 41. p. 281—Line 24 from top, after 499, add_“ Lorwora,’’ Middle Palmer River, “Takking,” Nassau River, ‘‘Tampara,” Princess Charlotte Bay, Pulkun,” Cooktown, ‘‘ Lenn,”’ Princess Charlotte Bay, Roth. p. 282—Line 26 from top, after 449, add ‘“ Kang-ga,”” Cooktown, “ Gang-gu- rur,” Cape Bedford, ‘‘Mon-dol,”’ Butcher’s Hill, ‘‘Gang-a,”’ Bloomfield River, “ Achealla,” Middle Palmer River, ‘‘Rabbab,” Cooktown, ‘‘Anjigal,”’ ‘‘ Nai-ya,’” Princess Charlotte Bay. and ‘‘Mbau-nu,’’ Batavia River, Roth. p. 283—Line 22 from bottom, after T'hozet, add ‘ Ampo-ana,” Red Island, « Pinnaka,”’ Cooktown, Loth. . 284—Line 20 from bottom, after 78, add Il]. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 41a. . 290—Line 17 from top, for Wadsworth read Wadsworthii. . 801 —Line 22 from top, for ausrralis read australis. . 814—Line 8 from bottom, after 85, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 42 and 48. . 819—Line 24 from top, after 30, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl, 44. . 322—Line 4 from bottom, after terminal, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 45. . 825—Line 5 from top, after F. v. M., add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 46. , 8833—Line 5 from bottom, for Amperstieze read Amherstiez. . 8342 Line 24 from bottom, after 106, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 48. .342—Line 21 from top, after 48, add “Gelanger,” Endeavour River, Britten, 1ll. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 18. p. 345—Line 15 from bottom, after long, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 49. Britten says the flowers are of a pretty red, not yellow. On specimens which I gathered on ‘Thursday Island the flowers were of a pale lilac; other specimens gathered by H. A. Haswell on Lizard Island might, when fresh, have been white yellow or pink. : p. 852—Line 5 from top, after 108, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 50. p. 866-—Line 14 from top, after 128, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 51. p. 872—Line 22 from bottom, after 156, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 52, no} strddts sss p. 873—Add: 6a. ©, nana (dwarf), Burn. Fl. Ind. 156, t. 48, fig. 2 An annual, 1ft. or less high, with copious slender terete ascending or spread- ing branches clothed with short silky hairs. Leaves } to lin. long, moderatel firm, thinly silky above, densely so beneath, base subcuneate stipules Nahe Bracts and bracteoles minute, subulate; flowers solitary or Quasi-umbellate, Calyx 14 to 2 lines long, densely clothed with long silky hairs; teeth of lower lip. ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 2001 narrow, acuminate, teeth of upper lipconnate. Corolla not exserted. Pod ovoid, about 4 lines long, seeds numerous.—U. wmbellata, Wight in Wall. Cat. 5388 ; C. bittora, Herb. Madr. in Wall. Cat. 5881, not of Linn. ; C. ae Grah. in Wall. Cat. 542Cs ; Baker in Hook.’s Fl. ‘Brit. Ind. ii. 71. Hab.: Sweers Island, J. F. Bailey. p. 374—Line 4 from top, after Lam., add Ill. Bot. Cook's Voy. Pl. 53. p- 880—Line 20 from bottom, afier 211, add Ill, Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 54. p. 880—Add: 2. ZL. corniculatus (small horp-like), Linn. Ser. in DC. Prod. ii. 214; Benth. Fl. Austr. ii. 198. A perennial with prostrate, decumbent, ascending or almost erect stems, from a few in. to nearly 2ft. high, usually glabrous or somewhat glaucous, but often hairy in other countries. Leaflets usually obovate‘or ovate, acute, and rarely much above 4in. long, the 2 stipular ones broader and very oblique, but sometimes all narrow. Flowers yellow, often tinged with bright red, from about 5 to near 10 in the umbel. Calyx 3 to’8} lines long, usually slightly hairy, the lobes narrow and subulate-acuminate, about as long as the tube. Standard fully 5 lines diameter, wings nearly as long ; . keel witha long straight beak. Pod linear, terete, straight, rather slender, 1 to 14in. gong: Seeds globular, separated by thin transverse partitions.—Hook. f. ‘Fi. asm. i. 98. Hab.: Killarney, Jos. Wedd. . 882—Line 5 from bottom, after 192, add ‘* Kalo,” Boulia, Roth. . 885—Line 19 from bottom, after 494, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 55. . 386—Line 18 from bottom, after 104, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 56. . 887—Line 23 from bottom, after 104, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy, Pl. 57. . 3888—Line 24 from bottom, after long, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 58. . 890—Line 21 from bottom, after Herb., add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 59. . 892—Line 10 from bottom, after orbicular, add Cracca reticulata, O. Kuntze, Britt. in Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 60; aboriginal name ‘“ Gangol-malkai,”’ Britt. l.c. p- 894—Line 12 from bottom, after Solander, add Cracca filipes, var. latifolia, O. Kuntze; Britt. in'Ill. Bot.'Cook’s Voy. Pl. 61. p. 895—Line 26 from bottom, after Henne, add Cracca purpurea, var. longifolia, Linn.; Britt. Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 62. p. 896—Line 14 from bottom, after thick, add Bot. Mag. t. 6541. p. 899—Line 4 from top, after 86, add Sesban aculeatus, Poir.; Britt. Ill. Bot. Cook’ s Voy. Pl. 63. p. 406—Line 14 from bottom, after 32, add Diphaca cochinchinensis, Raney Britt. in Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 64; the aboriginal name’ given being *¢ Gellanger.” p. 408—Line 19 from bottom, after 220, add Damapana conferta, 0. Kuntze ; Britt. Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 65. p. 423—Line 9 from top, after 894, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 66. p. 423—Line 18 from bottom, after 125, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 67. p. 424—Line’ 27 from top, after 124, add Caulinia ees O. Kuntze ; Brit. Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 68. p. 424—Line 6 from bottom, after mss, add Caulinia retusa, 0. mutes Britt. Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 69. Sop ee eB 2002 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. p. 425—Line 8 from bottom, after 281, add Caulinia rubicunda, Moench. ; Britt. Tl. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 70. p. 427—Line 19 from bottom, after seeds, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. PL. 71. p. 429—Line 12 from bottom, after ?), add Sttizolobium gigantewm, Spreng ; Britt. Tl. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 72. p. 430—Line 22 from top, after smooth, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 73. p. 481—Line 15 from bottom, after quoted, add Canavali maritima, P. Thouars; Britt. Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 74. | p. 483-— Line 26 from top, after glabrous, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 75. p. 434—Line 24 from top, after 258, add ‘To-e, Batavia River, Roth. p. 434—Line 8 from bottom, after 259, add ‘ Andav-ga,” and <‘ Ara-ra,” Princess Charlotte Bay ; ‘“ Balcha’”’ and ‘“ Pa-po-in,”’ Cooktown, Roth. p. 434—Line 19 from bottom, after 42, add Vigna capensis, Walp.; Britt. in Il, Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 76. p. 485—Line 14 from bottom, after 888, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 77. p. 485—Line 25 from bottom, after 260, add ‘‘ Malaga,” Cloncurry, Roth. p. 489—Line 3 from top, after 400, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 78. p. 440—Line 19 from bottom, after strophiole, add Dolicholus Cunninghamit, Britt. Il. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 79. p. 448—Line 22 trom bottom, after seed, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 80. p. 465—Line 8 from bottom, after silky, add Pod oval, 1din. long 8 lines broad, obliquely apiculate, light-brown, velvety. Seeds 2, compressed- globose, 2.lines diameter, glossy-brown, with longitudinal and transverse lines ; funicle stout, brown at the base, the upper portion enlarged into a globose green. gibbosity. Hab.: Cape Bedford, Rev. W. Poland, June, 1902. Roots eaten roasted. p- 469—Line 21 from bottom, after 78, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 81. p. 470—Line 11 from top, after 159, add F. v. M. Ic. Dee. xiii. 9. p. 471—Liine 7 from bottom, after glossy, add F. v. M. Ic. xiii. 8. p. 472—Line 18 from bottom, after seeds, add F. v. M. Ic. Dee. xiii. 10. p. 482—Line 29 from top, after 184, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 82. p. 484—Add: 11a. A. spondylophylla (leaf worm-lke), F. v. M. Fragm. vill. 243, Ic. Dec. ili. 7. A spreading pilose, viscid shrub. Phyllodia verticillate, 8 to 13 in a whorl, 4 to 8 lines long, } to 4 line thick, straight, roughly-striate and cuspidate. Stipules lanceolate-subulate, about 1 line long. Peduncles about lin. long, axillary, solitary. Flowers in a globose head; petals cohering to above the middle, about 1 line long. Pods 1 to lin. long, 3 to 4 lines broad, narrow elongate-oblong, undulately crisped. Seeds transverse, ovate, the funicle thickened boat-like under the seed. Hab.: Southern, inland near the N.8.W. border (F. v. M.) p- 490—Line 18 from top, after 453, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 83. p. 495—Line 12 from top, after it, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 84. p. 499—Line 5 from bottom, after DC., add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 85. p. 501—Line 26 from bottom, after 9, add ‘‘ Dun-dul,” Cape Bedford, ‘ Tun- jol,” Cooktown, Roth. After 12th line from bottom add Fibre used in making dilly-bags. ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 2008 p. 504—Line 23 from top, after 9, add Ill. Bot. Cook’ 8 Voy. Pl. 86. p. 509—Line 8 from bottom, after longitudinal, add Ill. Bot. Coak’s Voy. PL. 87. p. 510—Line 7 from top, after 407, add ‘I-wa-wal,’’ Middle Palmer River, Roth. . 511—Line 12 from bottom, after ripe, add Iil. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pi. 83. . 512—Line 6 from bottom, after 168, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 89. . 514—Line 10 from bottom, after 337, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 90. 521—Line 8 from top, after 10, add III. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 91. . 524—Line 25 from bottom, after 2-seeded, add Parinari nonda, F. v. M.; tt. Il]. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 92. 548 —Line 14 from bottom, after 1830, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 93. . 543—Line 2 from bottom, after 24, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 94. 550—Line 6 from top, after xii, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 95. 552—Line 3 from top, after 305, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 96. 560—Line 14 from bottom, after 32, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 97. . 561—Line 7 from bottom, after them, add Il. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 98. . 562—Line 9 from bottom, after 90, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 99. . rs Bri eee Po p. 566—Add: 5a. T. pterocarpa (winged fruit), FP. vr. M. Fragm. ii. 152. A shrub or small tree with spreading branches, glaucous, velvety- pubescent or hoary. Leaves 14 to 2gin. long, narrow-lanceolate, obtuse at the apex ‘decurrent on ‘the petiole; primary nerves distant. Petioles slender, the greater part often winged by the decurrent base of the lamina. Spikes axillary, about 1din. long. Calyx- limb much shorter than the adnate tube. Disk hairy ; styles and stamens glabrous. Fruit 2-winged, $ to 1}in. long and 4 to in. broad including the wings, which are confluent above and below, completely surrounding the hard dry drupe. Hab.: Sweers Island, J. F. Bailey. -This island plant differs from those growing on’ the mountains in its more velvety indumentum. p. 568—Line 7 from top, after 159, add ‘‘ Ngo-go-ro,’’ Cape Bedford ; ‘‘Ngorkuru,” Cooktown; “ Jinjajalga,’’ Bloomfield, Roth. p. 569—Line 24 from top, after long, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 100. p. 675—Line 2 from bottom, after D, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 101. p. 581—Line 6 from bottom, after tube, add Ill, Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 102. p- 584—Line 25 from top, after 287, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 103. ‘p. 584—Line 28 from top, after collectors, add IH. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 104. Hab.: Endeavour River, Point Lookout, Banks; Britt. l.c. p. 588—Line 11 from bottom, after 85, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 105. p- 590—Line 15 from top, after form), add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 106. p. 591—Line 11 from top, after 298, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 107. p- 594—Line 3 from bottom, after 528, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 108. p. 595—Add: 2a. C. Polandii (after Rev. W. Poland), Bail. A bushy swamp plant more or less densely silky-pubescent, stems sulcate. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 14 to 43in. long, } to nearly 14in. broad, corjaceous, margin and its close intramarginal nerve very prominent, apex apiculate, the parallel nerves rather close and as well as the reticulation prominent. Early inflorescence 2004 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. clothed by lanceolate bracts, thus resembling an ear of wheat. Spike from 2 to din. long. Calyx-tnbe about’ 2 lines, slightly hairy, lobes short'arid broad, woolly, ciliate at the top. Petals ovate, yellowish-green, long as calyx-tube, the margin near the top woolly. Stamens of irregular length, straight and crowded round the style, purple, the anthers of a still darker colour. Style compressed, purplish, slightly exceeding the stamens. Stigma with an almost white border. Fruiting ealyx globose about 3 lines diameter. Hab.: Bloomfield River, Rev. W. Poland. p. 595—Add: 2s. C. rigidus (rigid), R. Br. in Bot. Reg. t. 898; Benth, Fl, Austr. iii. 121; Britt. Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 109. A tall shrub. Leaves linear-lanceolate, poroso-punctulate. Calyx monophyllous, tube ovate-cylindric, about 2 lines diameter, green, limb 5-partite, segments subrotundate deciduous. Petals 5 blood-red ovate-rotundate. Filaments filiform, 3in. long, of an intense blood-colour, connate in 5 bundles. Anthers ovate somewhat erect, orange- brown. Stigma obtuse.—From Britt. l.c. Hab.: Endeavour River, Banks. p- 598—Line 4 from bottom, after 852 ?, add Ill. Bot, Cook’s Voy. Pl. 110. p. 599—Line 18 from bottom, after 248, add Il. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 111. p- 600—Line 15 from bottom, after 212, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 118. This plate represents a form of my var. Cunninghamit. — p. 600—Line 11 from bottom, after 352, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 112. This represents the normal form met with in tropical Queensland. ‘p. 602—Line 9 from bottom, after 835, add Ill. Bot. Cook's Voy. Pl. 114. p. 603—Line 20 from bottom, after 194, aid Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 115. p. 627—Line 14 from bottom, after 92, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 116. Aboriginal name ‘“ Kaikur,”’ Britt. 1.c. p. 633—Line 26 from top, after wing, add Ill. Bot. Cook's Voy. Pl, 117. . 636—Line 12 from top, after 81, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 118. . 6837—Line 4 from bottom, after 275, add Bot. Mag. t. 7529. . 6483—Line 15 from bottom, for R. read B. 647—Line 11 from top, after broader, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 119. . 654—Line 4 from top, after 3, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 120. . 657—Line 29 from top, for F. read HK. . 661—Line 8 from top, after 13, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 121, crus oes p. 665—Add: 33. E. subopposita, Bail. ‘Tarbugai,” Tully River, Roth. A weak almost climbing shrub, stems 15 to 20ft. Branchlets often very slender with a loose fibrous bark. Leaves alternate, opposite or nearly so, lanceolate, base obtuse or slightly cordate, attaining Tin. in length with a breadth of 24in. just above the base; thin-coriaceous, lateral nerves numerous, parallel, joining in an intramarginal one rather straight and somewhat distant from the margin. Petioles thick, black, rugose, about 2 lines long. Flowers in short panicles or cymes at the ends of the branchlets or in the upper axils. Buds clavate by the-tapering of the calyx-tube upon the pedicel. Pedicels very slender, about 2 lines long. Calyx-tube at time of flowering urceolate 3 lines long, longitudinally wrinkled, lobes 4 or 5, scarcely a line long, hoary outside. Petals rather more than twice the length of the calyx-lobes, very fugacious. Filaments capilliform, crimson, 7 to 9 lines long. Anthers minute, ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 2005 light-coloured. Ovary at the bottom of the calyx. Ovulesfew, probably only 1 maturing as in all the flowers examined one ovule seemed to. soon become enlarged, fleshy substance of cotyledons rich-purple. Fruit not seen. . “0 Hab.: Tully River, J. F. Bailey, W. E. Roth. p. 666—Line 11 from bottom, after broad, add Hutium calyptratum, Britt. in Journ. Bot. 1901, 67, and Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 123, where the following are given as synonyms :—Barvringtonia edulis?, Seem. Fl. Vit. 82 (1865) ex Seem. l.c. 83; B. calyptrata, R. Br. ex Benth. Fl. Austr, ili. 288 (1866); Butonica calyptrata, Miers. in Trans. Linn. Soc. 2 ser. i. 76 (1875); Michelia calyptrata, O. Kuntze Rev. Gen. i. 240 (1891). p. 667—Line 16 from bottom, after 289, add Cumbia australis, Britt. in Journ. Bot. 1901, 86, and Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 124, where the following are given as synonyms :—Barringtonia Careya, F. v. M. Fragm. v. 183 (Dec. 1866); C. arborescens, Leich., F. v. M. l.c.; Planchonia crenata, Miers in Trans. Linn. Soc. Ser. 2, i. 91 (1875); Hugenia crenata, Sol. ex. Miers, l.c.; Butonteoides crenata, R. Br. ex Miers, l.c.; Careya crenata, R. Br. ex Miers, 1.c. . 678—Line 12 from bottom, after 260, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 125. Pp p.674—Line 23 from bottom, after 805, add A. baccifera, Linn. ; Brit. Il. ‘Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 126. ; p. 675—Line 8 from top, after transversely, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 127. p. 677—Line 25 from top, after 1996, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 128. p. 689—Line 18 from top, after 812, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 129. p. 690—Line 22 from top, for curica read carica. p. 708—Line 27 from top, after 1701, add Halimum portulacastrum, O. Kuntze ; Britt. Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 180. . 710—Line 21 from top, for panicles read funicles. . 711—Line 1, for on read or. 716—Line 4 from bottom, after 303, add Il]. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 131. 718—Line 21 from bottom, after 237, add Tl. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 182. 719—Line 27 from bottom, after l.c., add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 133. 720—Line 12 from bottom, after leaves, add Ill. Bot..Cook’s Voy. Pl. 135. 721--Line 19 from bottom, after 38, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy, Pl. 136. . 721—Line 5 from bottom, after 79, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 137. .733—Line 7 from bottom, after 114, add Bot. Mag. t. 6798. ‘py. 748—Line 13 from bottom, after valves, add Oldenlandia mitrasacmoides, F. v. M.; Bot. Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 138. p. 750—Line 3 from top, after 15, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 139. p. 751—Line 14 from top, after Benth., add Fl. Austr. iii. 407. =] PUBS P SPO MD p. 757—Add: la. G. merikin (its aboriginal name), Bail. A shrub of about 5 or 6ft. high. Branches dichotomous; bark papery, stigose on the young shoots. Leaves 8 to Tin. long, Qin. or more broad above the middle, sessile and clasping the stem by rounded auricles, obtuse or more or less acuminate, margins slightly sinuous, texture thin, the lateral nerves about 10 on each side of the midrib, which with the midrib are clothed with appressed grey bristle-like hairs. (No flowers to hand). Fruit terminal becoming lateral or leaf- opposed by the elongation of one branch, nearly or quite sessile, globular or 2006 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. obpyriform, 14in. in diameter, 1-celled, more or less hairy. Seeds: smoot angular, din. long. I have only‘had ripe fruit to examine and from these ‘tt plant seems a true Gardenia, otherwise it somewhat resembles Randia hirta. Hab.: Atherton, Dr. W. E. Roth. ; ue p. 758—Line 22 from bottom, after 416, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 141. p. 759—Line 4 from top, after 478, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 143. . .p. 761—Line 23 from top, after 184, add Nelitris timon, Britt. in Journ. Bo 1901, 68, and IL]. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 142. ‘ p. 761—Line 38 from bottom, after 128, add Knowia stricta, Gertn,, Thi Boi Cook’s Voy. Pl. 151. ’ ' p. 764—Line 11 from bottom, afier lines, add Il]. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 144. p. 768—Line 12 from bottom, after long, add Celospermum decipiens, Baill. Britt. Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 145. ‘-p. 770—Line 20 from bottom, after rugose, add Myrstiphyllum nesophilun Britt. Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 146. p. 771—Add: 6. B. Fitzalani. Fruiting specimens of what I believ to belong to this species have been sent to me by Dr. W. KE. Roth. They wer gathered by him on the Pennefather River, the aboriginal name in that localit being, he states, ‘“‘ Je-an-jata.” The fruit, which hitherto has not been desctibec is oval-oblong, slightly exceeding 2 lines long, deeply sulcate, and seems to hay been red when fresh. p. 771—7. P. nematopoda. This species should have been placed i Trize I. ; ‘.p. 771—Line 5 from top, after furrowed, add Myrstiphyllwm -loniceroides, Britt Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 147. p. 771—Line 9 from bottom, after vii., add 48. p- 774—Line 7 from bottom, after 4, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 148, wher the following are given as synonyms :—M. armata, Hook.; M. echinata, F. v. M. M. Antointi, F. v. M.; and Epidendroides tetrandra, Sol. MSS. Britt. p. 776—Line 12 from top, after Benth,, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 149. p. 777—Line 5 from top, after 895, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 150. p. 778—Line 3 from bottom, after base, add Vardavel marginata, Britt. Ill. Boi Cook’s Voy. Pl. 152. p. 782—Add: 3. @. aparine (from the Greek, to lay hold of), Linn. DC. Prod. iv. 608; var. minor, Benth. Fl. Austr. iii. 447. A trailing or climbin; annual often several feet long, clinging by recurved asperities or small prickle on the angles of the stems and on the edges and midribs of the leaves. Leave 5 or 6 in the whorl, in the larger forms 6 to 8, linear or linear-lanceolate, oftei above lin. long. Peduncles axillary, bearing a loose cyme of 8 or more smal greenish-white flowers, with 3 or 4 leaves at the base of the cyme. Fruit covere with hooked bristles forming very adhesive burrs. | Hab.: Wickham Terrace Reserve, Robt. McDowall. Only met with as a weed in a fe southern gardens. p. 803—Line 8 from top, after 470, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 155. p. 808—Add:: 12. O. arguta (sharp), Benth. Fl. Austr. iii, 487. shrub or undershrub, of 1 to 2ft., more or less hirsute with septate hairs an somewhat glutinous. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, entire or with a fe ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 2007 pointed teeth towards the end, narrowed below the middle, but broad and stem- clasping at the base, 2 to din. long. Flower-heads rather large, solitary, om peduncles longer than the leaves, with 1 or 2 small bracts. Involucre nearly hemispherical, the bracts narrow, acute, the inner one 4 to 5 lines long, the outer- ones shorter. Ray-florets numerous; disk-florets not longer than the invo!ucre. Achenes pubescent. Pappus—bristles nearly equal._—Aster argutus, R.Br. Herb.. Hab.: Islands of the Gulf of Carpentaria. ... Nearly allied in essential characters to O. rudis. —Benth., l.c. . 811—Line 25 from bottom, after 171, add. Ill. Bot. Cook's Voy. Pl. 154. . 822--Line 18 from top, after 140, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 158. 824—Line 21 from bottom, after Wall, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 156. . 824—Line 6 from bottom, after 524, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 157. , 825—Line 11 from top, after 522, add Benth. Fl. Austr. iii. 657. . 836—Line 2 from bottom, after heads), add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy Pl. 163. . 836—Line 5 from bottom, after 188, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 164. . 887—Line 14 from top, after Exs., add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 165. . 838—Line 8 from top, after collinum, add Il. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 166. . sr tprié te ‘ ‘ -p,841—Add: la. G. denticulata (toothed), R. Br. in Trans. Linn. ‘Soc. xii. 127; Benth. Fl. Austr. iti. 586. A shrub with glabrous or hoary tomentose branches. Leaves oblong or broadly lanceolate, acute, often narrowed below the middle but half stem-clasping at the base, often all under 4in. and ‘farely $in. long, coriaceous, the margins recurved and minutely scabrous-. denticulate or quite entire, glabrous and smooth above, hoary or rusty underneath with a minute scarcely perceptible tomentum, rarely loose and. more copious. Flower-heads in a broad rather loose convex corymb much exceeding the leaves. -Involucre broadly ovoid, 2 lines long or rather more, white or straw-coloured, the ‘bracts very obtuse. Florets about 10 to 12, the receptacle-scales as long as the florets. —DC. Prod. vi. 155. ” * Hab.: Killarney, Jos. Wedd. The entire leaved form. . t : P. 845—Line 14 from bottom, after 594, add Il. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 162. : p. 861—Line 11 from bottom, after ripe, add Néebuhria spilanthoides, Britt. im Journ Bot. 1901, 69, and Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 159. ' p. 862—Line 10 from top, after 548, add Niebuhria biflora, Britt. in Journ. Bot. 1901, 69, and Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 160. p. 863—Line 8 from top, after 63, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 161. p. 873—Line 22 from bottom, after 69, add Crossocephatum pseudochina, O.. Kuntze; Britt. Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 167. p. 878—Add: 77s. *ARCTIUM, Linn. (From Arktos, a bear; in allusion to the bristly flower-heads). Involucre sub-globose; bracts in numerous series, appressed, tips subulate apreading glochidiate. Receptacles flat, densely bristly. Filaments glabrous ;. anther-bases sagittate; auricles small, tails setaceous. Style-branches linear, with a basal pencil of hairs, or style pubescent below the branches. Achenes. ‘gblong, sub-8-quetrous, many ribbed, glabrous, shining, truncate base sub-equal ; pappus hairs short, copious, serrulate, deciduous separately.—Tall coarse erect. 2008 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. branching herbs. Leaves alternate or radical, broad, undivided.’ Heads tern sessile, solitary or fasciculate, homogamous; florets all similar, hermaphr fertile, tubular, purplish, limb cylindric 5-fid. Species few, belonging to temperate Asia and Europe. 1. A. Lappa (an old generic name), Linn. Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. Common Burdock. A tall coarse herb 2 to 4ft. high. Leaves often. lft. ovate-cordate, margins sinuate, usually cottony on the underside. -Flower-] 8 to ldin. diameter on stout peduncles. Involucral bracts slender, ho Corolla and stamens purple, styles white. Achenes angled and ribbed. mottled with black.—Lappa major, Gaertn. | Hab.: Mackay. Tis. *CARDUUS, Linn. (An old Latin name for thistle). Involucre ovoid hemispheric or globose; bracts in many series, appre erect. spreading or recurved and spinescent or with a spinescent appen: Receptacle flat or convex, densely bristly. Filaments hairy orglabrous. An bases sagittate, auricles connate, tails slender. Style-branches short, r filiform, obtuse. Achenes glabrous, obovoid, obtusely 4-angled, smooth or 20-ribbed, truncate or the top umbonate, basal areole nearly straight; pa ‘copious, hairs many-seriate, rigid, simple or barbellate, deciduous with a ring. Erect thistles. Leaves alternate, often decurrent, serrate-toothe pinnatifid, spinescent. Flower-heads solitary and long peduncled or subse scattered or crowded, homogamous; flowers all hermaphrodite and fertile (r -dicecious), white yellow or red, tube slender, limb equal or oblique, 5-fid. Distributed over temperate Europe, N. Africa and Asia. 1, C. pyenocephalus (dense headed), Linn. Slender flowered Thistle stiff annual or biennial, from 1 to 4ft. high, covered, especially the stems the underside of the leaves, with a white loose cottony down. Leaves pinna with short wavy, very prickly lobes, and decurrent along the stem, for waved prickly wings. Flower-heads rather numerous, but small and | or oblong, generally in clusters at the top of the stem and branches. Invol bracts rather broad at the base, ending in a narrow, straight or slightly spree prickle. Florets pink or whitish. Pappus-hairs simple.—C. tenuiflorus, Cur Hab.: Europe. Received from Tiaro as a troublesome weed, November, 1900. . 887—Line 24 from top, after 64, add Tl. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 168. . 889—Line 14 from bottom, after 151, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 169 . 890—Line 3 from top, after 151, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 170a. . 890—Line 18 from top, after $35, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 1703. — . 890—Line 33 from top, after 91, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 170c. - 892—Line 20 from bottom, after 187, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 171 sete sess p. 893—Add: la. V. perfoliata (perfoliate), R. Br. Prod. 581; E fl, Austr. iv. 46. Glabrous except a little short wool in the axils of the 1 and bracts. Radical leaves petiolate, obovate or oblong, toothed or entire. S or stems tall, glaucous, dichotomous, with large broad connate entire or to: bracts at the forks. Flowers shortly pedicellate in the forks, the upper ones compact corymb. Sepals 3, orbicular-cordate, about 8 lines long, the two “ones scarcely smaller than the outer ones. Corolla yellow, about din. ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 2009 glabtous outside, the lower lobes winged, the two upper ones winged on the outer side only, with a concave densely hairy auricle below the wing. Style densely . hairy. Capsule shorter than the calyx. Seeds very flat and broad, with a thickish margin not winged.—DC. Prod. vii. 518. Hab.: Charlotte Plains, W. 4. L. Ivory. p. 893—Line 11 from bottom, after 971, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 172.. p. 894—Line 19 from top, after 518, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 178. p. 897—Line 3 from bottom, after 28, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 174. p.899—Line 3 from bottom, after 145, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s. Voy. Pl. 175. p. 908—Line 8 from bottom, after given), add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 176i. p. 904—Line 8 from bottom, after 516, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 177s. p. 905—Line 25 from top, after 721, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 177s. p. 909—Line 25 from bottom, after 62, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 178. p. 917—Line 4 from top, after 864, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 179. p..918-—Line 17 from top, after 365, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 180. p.919—Line 28 from top, after 1896, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 181. p. 922—Line 18 from bottom, after 244, add Cervicina gracilis, Britt. Ill. Bot.. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 182. “3 p.,927—Line 13 from top, after 50, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 183. p. 9883—Line 12 from top, after 42, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 185. p. 984—Line 26 from top, after 45, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 186. p. 935—Line 4 from top, after 656, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 187. p. 935—Line 8 from bottom, after 659, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 188. p.987—Add. 184. I. deformis (ill-formed), RA. Br. Prod. 546 ; Benth. Fl. Austr. iv. 221. A stregeling plant, with wiry branches like those of L. virgatus, and similar foliage. Leaves erect or spreading, linear or linear- lanceolate, tapering into a short point, rigid, concave, finely veined, 2 to 3 lines. long. Peduncles axillary, exceedingly shot, bearing usually a single -flower besides the rudiment. Bracts very small; bracteoles.broad, acute, ciliolate, not half solong as the calyx. Sepals 1} line long, dry acute, minutely ciliolate. Corolla shortly exceeding the calyx, the lobes as long as the tube. Anthers attached about the middle, obtuse, without sterile tips. Hypogynous disk readily separating into obtuse scales. Ovary densely-villous, 8-celled. Style long and. ‘slender.—Styphelia deformis, Spreng Syst. 1. 658. Hab.: Tallebudgera, C. J. Gwyther. p. 940—Line 20 from bottom, after 761, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 190. p. 941—Line 22 from top, after 52, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 191. p. 949—Line 21 from top, after 96, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 192. p. 958—Line 6 from bottom, after l.c., add Siderorylon Brownti, F. v. M. Britt. Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 193. . p. 959—Line 11 from bottom, after name), add Bail. p. 960—Live 23 from bottom, after 176, add Benth. Fl. Austr. iv. 284. p. 961—Line 5 from bottom, after 208, add Ml. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 194. p. 971—Line 23 from bottom, after 308, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 195.. 2010° ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. p. 972—Line 18 from top, after 42, add Mayepea arillaris, F. v. M.; Brit Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 197. p. 974—Line 16 from top, after 287, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 196. p- 977—Line 21 from bottom, for J. read T. p. 980—Line 21 from bottom, after 346, add Gynopogon spicatum, Britt. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 198. p. 984—Line 12 from bottom, for occellatus read ocellatus. p- 992—Line 14 from top, after 634, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 199. p- 994—Add: 4. W,. pubescens (pubescent), R. Br. Prod. 467; B Fl, Austr. iv. 816. A tall shrub or small tree, the foliage and inflorese more or less pubescent or velvety-tomentose. Leaves shortly petiolate, ovat eliptical-oblong, acuminate, the primary veins rather distant and promi underneath, 2 to 4in. long. Flowers white, sessile or shortly: pedicellati terminal srichotomous corymbose: cymes not exceeding the leaves. Ca segments broadly ovate, almost orbicular, nearly 2 lines long, with 1 or 2 o scales inside at the base of each. Corolla-tube broad, scarcely exceeding ‘calyx, contracted at the throat; lobes twice as long as the tube, the left-h ‘edges overlapping in the bud. Corona of 10 erect scales, 5 larger ones alterna with the stamens irregularly several-toothed, 5 smaller behind the stax ‘2-toothed. Anthers in a cone of above 8 lines. Carpels of the ovary connat coherent at the base, distinct at the top; stigma dilated and membranous at’ base, with 2 linear lobes. Fruit hard, about Gin. i the follicles not separa rantil maturity.—A. DC. Prod. viii. 405. Var. penicillata. ‘Cherite,” Mapoon, Roth., This variety seems only to differ from the ‘in the following particulars. It’ 8 leaves being. from oval-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 3 to long, and from 13 to 2gin. broad:': Bracts'about 1 line long, with thick midrib. Pedicels 4 lines long, Lobes of the corona penicillate. Follicles from 5 to 8in. long, tapering~n towards the apex, lenticels conspicuous. Seeds fusiform, about 7 lines long, coma, white, lo ‘or of equal length. Hab.: Mapoon, J. F. Bailey. Bark used for twine, p. 1001—Line 11 from bottom, after 529, add Ill, Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 201 p. 1002—Line 11 from bottom, after 64, add Ill Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 200. p. 10183—Line'8 from top, after 5820, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 203. p. 1014—Line 3 from top, after 632, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 202. ip. 1018—Line 7 from top, after 104, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 204. p. 1018—Line 11 from bottom, after 12, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 205. ‘p. 1019—Line + from top, after 181, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 206. ip- 1019—Line 20 from bottom, after 11, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 207. p. 1020—Line 7 from top, after 11, add Ill. Bot. Cook’ s Voy. Pl. 208a. p. 1020—Line 22 from bottom, after 10, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 208s. p. 1027—Line 19 from bottom, after 63, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy, Pl. 209. p. 1042—Hine 15 from top, after 95, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 210. p . 1048—Line 6 from top, after 30, add Borraginoides zeylanica, Hiern; Br Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 211. p. 1059—Line 8 from top, after 341, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 213. p. 1060—Line 12 from bottom, after 198, add « Endabari, ” Batavia Ris Roth. p. 1061—Line 8 from’ top, after 50, add Il). Bot. Qook’s Voy. Pl. 212, ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 2011, : = P 1065—Line, 25 from top, after 425, add. ‘‘ Kon-yara,’’ Middle Palmer River, oth p. 1065—Line 4 from bottom, after '55, add Merremia hastata, Hallier ; Britt. Il. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 214. p; 1066—Line 22 from top, after 426, add ‘ Kand-ja,”” Cooktown, Roth. p. 1063—Line 18 from top, after 601, add L. Fitzalani, F. v. M.; Britt. IL. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 215. p, 1069—Line 6 from bottom, for “ interesting’ read “ entwining.”’ p- 1070—Line 17 from bottom, after valves, add Jacquemontia multivalvis, Hallier ; Britt. Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 216. p- 1102—Line 18 from top, after 440, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 217. p. 1104—Liine 21 from top, after 8, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 218. p. 1111—Line 8 from bottom, after 141, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 219. j p- 1119—Line 20 from top, after 495, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 221. i p. 1122—Line 21 from bottom, after 99, add Razumovia hispida, Britt. Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 220. ao p, 1126—Line 9 from bottom, after 15, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 2228. p. 1127—Line 8 from top, after 16, add Il. Bot. Cook’s Voy, Pl. 222. oe p. 1127—Line 18 from top, after 18, add Ill. Bot. Cook's Voy: Pl. 228. a pyl127—-Add: 7a. U. flava (yellow), Banks and Sol. in. R. Br. Prod. 482; — Britt. Ill. Bot. Cook's Voy. Pl. 2288. Annual, with fibrous: roots, the rootstock shortly creeping. Leaves few, rather distant, linear-lanceolate, acute, quite entire, flat, about 2 lines long. Scape erect, filiform, slender, terete. -Flowers 3 to 19,remote. Bracts subulate: from a broad, base. ., Calyx-segments 2, ovate- oblong, yellowish-red, 14 line long. Corolla monopetalous ringent, yellow, upper- lip oblong, the apex slightly bifid, lobes rovindly obtuse, lower-lip almost twice. ag long and four times as broad, 3-lobed, lateral}. lobes oblong, obtuse, middle lobe roundly ovate. “Filaments 2, filiform, flat. Anthers roundish, small, straw- coloured.;, .Style- flat;‘and somewhat thick....Ovary roundly. ovate. Capsule subglobose, 1-celled. Seeds numerous. _ 7 Given as a form of U. chrysmitha at page 1127; raised to spetifid rank’ by Britt, lc. ne v seg . ech BIN ae seep agotl ae Cl uch G 4 we 7s. UW. barbata (bearded), R. Br. Prod. 482; “Britt. Ill.’ Bot. ‘Cook's Voy. Pl. 224. Annual,: -rodt. fibrous. Leaves few cor wanting, elliptic- lanceolate, quite entire, about, 2. lines long. Scape erect, about Tin. high, filiform, ‘terete. ‘Flowers 8 to'8, remote. Bracts ovate, acute. Calyx diphyllous. Corolla monopetalous ringent, yellow, upper lip ovate-oblong, lower lip much: - smaller than the upper, 3-lobed, gibbose at the base, the throat villous inside: Filaments 2. Anthers oblong, connivent, yellow. Ovary ovate. Style some- what flat. Capsule globose, 1-celled. Seeds numerous.—£wa Britt. l.c. Hab.: Endeavour River. Britten l.c. gives the following as the principal distinctive characters by which the three following species are separated .— U. flava. Intermediate lobe of lower- lip entire. . 2 U. barbdta. Upper-lip"emarginate, intermediate lobe of the lower-lip bilobed ° spur subulate. i U.ichrysantha. Upper-lip bifid, intermediate lobe of lower-lip’ bipartite ; spur subulate-conical. Uk ee ee ok 98 ah vy 2012 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. p. 1127—Line 5 from bottom, after Vahl., add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 22 p. 1128—Line 5 from bottom, after 24, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 226a. p. 1129—Line 9 from top, after 24, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 226s. p. 1129—Line 22 from top, after 15, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 227, a, : and 222c. p. 1180—Add: 2. Orobanche, Sp. Stem about 15in. high, erect, fistular, « a bright purple colour, shining through white glandular hairs; the rhachis ¢ flower-bearing portion twice as long as the flowerless part or peduncle. Th peduncle bearing near the base a few lanceolate bracts about Zin. long; bract subtending the flowers with elongated recurved points, woolly-hairy outside glabrous inside and showing numerous parallel nerves. Sepals 2, hairy, nearl - the length of the corolla-tube, the base ovate, the sides elongating into filiforr points, often irregular as to length, and sometimes purplish. Corolla hairy somewhat campanulate, slightly curved, tube about Zin. long, purple-lined, lobe rather short but broad, white marked on the face with purplish-branched lines margins undulate with fringed edges. Stamens hairy. Filaments 2 slender, : rather broad towards the base, attached to the corolla-tube, somewhat distan from its base, shorter than the corolla-tube. Anthers dark-coloured. Styli hairy. Stigma rather large, light to dark-brown, 2-lobed, lobes spreading. - ae On roots of Sweet Peas growing in Mr. C. C. Mitchell’s garden, South Brisbane (Nov 1902). There are supposed to be over 100 good species of this genus; of fully a third I have not the descriptions to consult, and as I do not consider the present species to agree with any of which | have descriptions I prefer publishing it without specific name. . 1134—Line 26 from bottom, after 865, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 228. Pp p..1187—Line 24 from bottom, after 72, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 229. p. 1140—Line 15 from top, after 106, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 280. p. 1142—Line 5 from bottom, after 67, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 281. p. 1148—Line 3 from bottom, after 91, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 282. p. 1147—Line 20 from bottom, after 456, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 235. p. 1151—Line 28 from top, for abscendens read adscendens. my 1151—Line 25 from top, after l.c., add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 233 anc p. 1151—Line 2% from bottom, for T. read J. p- 1155—Line 6 from top, after larger, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 236. p. 1174—Line 21 from bottom, after Lam., add ILI. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 287 p. 1178—Line 15 from top, after 189, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 288. p. 1181—Line 24 from top, after cosky, add Bot. Mag. 7187. . a Cook's Vor ome top, after 671, add Siphonanthus Jloribundus, Britt. Tl p. 1190 —Line 22 from bottom, after 67, add Germanea trali. i Giiea von BL Bit. F a australis, Britt. Il, Bot s ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 2018 p. 1198—Add : 15a. *LAMIUM, Linn. (The name used by Pliny, supposed from /aimos, a throat.) Calyx 5-nerved ; teeth 5, equal or the upper longer. Corolla-tube annulate or not within, throat dilated; upper lip arched; lower spreading, 3-lobed, middle lobe broad, contracted at the base. Stamens 4; anthers connivent; cells diverging. Style lobes subulate. Nuts triquetrons, truncate, smooth, scaly or tuberculate. Annual or perennial hairy herbs. Whorls axillary, many-flowered or in leafy heads, bracteoles none or subulate. The species are met with in Europe, temperate Asia and Northern Africa. The Queensland species is an introduction. 1. L. amplexicaule (stem-clasping), Linn. Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. iv. 679. Henbit Nettle. Annual, leaves orbicular inciso-crenate, hairy or glabrous, } to Sin. diameter, the lower ones long-petiolate, almost lobulate, the base rounded or cordate, the floral ones sessile and broader than long. Flowers in distant whorls. Calyx small pubescent, teeth equalling the tube converging in fruit. Corolla-tube long slender nearly straight, purple. Hab.: Killarney, Jos. Wedd. Most probably naturalized. Found in Europe, Asia and Northern Africa. p. 1206—Line 5 from top, after 214, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 242. p. 1209—Line 26 from bottom, after 602, add Ill. Bot. Cook’s Voy. Pl. 248. p. 1216—Add: 1a. D. plantaginella (like a small Plantago), F. v. M. Fragm. i. 61; Benth. Fl. Austr. v. 164. An erect branching annual of 1 to 3in., slightly glandular-hairy. Stem leaves in the lower part of the plant petiolate, ovate or obovate, obtuse, entire, 2 to 4 lines long. Flowers resembling those of D. littoralis, but the clusters crowded in dense terminal cylindrical leafless spikes of 1 to 2in. or more, and consequently occupying the greater portion of the plant. Perianth of 3 obovate-clavate concave segments, about { line long, and falling. off with the fruit. Style very deciduous. Hab.: Bulgroo, J. J. McIver. p. 1230—Add: 16. T. leucocoma (alluding to the white hairs of the inflor- escence), Mog. in DC. Prod. xiii. 11.292; Benth. Fl. Austr. v. 238. A plant about 6in. high, stems erect or ascending, slightly branched, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves linear, scarcely exceeding lin. long. Spikes at first globular, at length oblong, 4 to Zin. long. Bracteoles broad obtuse or with small points, thin and shining, 1 to 14 line long; bracts usually not so broad and more pointed and often shorter. Perianth about 24 lines long, the tube rather thick, 3 line long, the segments rigid with scarious margins, the dorsal hairs not so dense nor so long as in any other species, the tips shortly glabrous truncate and denticulate in the outer segments, more acute but not shorter in the inner ones, all glabrous inside. Staminal cup shortly free near the base of the perianth-tube, surrounded by woolly hairs ; filaments scarcely dilated. Ovary glabrous. Hab.: Bulloo River border of N S8.W., D. W. F. Halton (J. H. Maiden). p. 1802—On Plate LIV. transpose the numbers 3 and 4 at the figures. p- 1326—Line 4 from bottom, for Cyanscarpus read Cyanocarpus, p. 1848—Line 9 from top, for in. read line p. 1851—Bottom line, for amina read lamina, Part VI, X 2014 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. p. 1869—For Wickstreemia read Wikstremia. p. 1885—-Line 25, for natives read native. p. 1428—Line 22, for style read styles. p. 1449—Add to description of: 9. Mfallotus discolor. Female racemes slender, shorter than the males. Flowers rather distant and few. Pedicels slender, about 1 line long, often recurved. Perianth-segments recurved. Styles or stigmatic-lobes 3 or more densely fringed. Capsule depressed-globular, 4 lines diameter, clothed outside with minute globular yellow glands, 4-celled. Seeds nearly globular. p- 1469—Line 24 from bottom, after Roth., add “Dortalama,” Batavia River, Roth, ; p. 1484—Line 8 from top, after Herb., add Bot. Mag. t. 7057. -p. 1505—Line 19 for dilly-bay read ‘dilly-bag. p. 1507—Line 7, for T read F. p. 1551—Line 28 from top, after 1, add Bot. Mag. t. 7010. p. 1554—Add: 11. S. Newportii (after Howard Newport), Bail. Stem slender, creeping amongst moss; the apical portion received 2in. long, more or less clothed with scarious leafsheaths. Leaves narrow-oblong, shortly tapering at both ends, the base infolded and forming above the sheath a pseudo-petiole; midrib forming a sharp keel on the underside and a corresponding depression on the face, longitudinal nerves numerous and prominent in the dried specimen. Racemes 2in. long, in the axils of the lower leaves, reddish, erect, slender and rigid, the upper portion bearing about 7 pinkish flowers. Pedicels filiform, 2 lines or with ovary 8 lines long. Sepals broad lanceolate, about 8 lines long, pinkish, with 3 longitudinal darker-coloured lines. Petals shorter and narrower than the sepals, with 1 middle line which is thickened near the apex. Labellum about the length of the sepals, lateral lobes pink, small, more or less hairy, ending in almost capillary points, middle lobe yellow, more or less hairy on the face, elongated and almost rodlike. Column rather short, the basal projection to which the labellum is attached rather slender and much incurved; wings ending in rather long points which are at times toothed in the lower part. Anther white velvety, the front margin ciliate. Pollen-masses of the flowers examined imperfect, but the pollen appeared to be somewhat mealy. Hab.: Mt. Alexandra, Howard Newport. p. 1555—Line 12 from bottom, the last letter, for e read a p. 1608—Line 21 from bottom, for pedunculata read pedunculatum. p. 1610—Line 24 from bottom, for confirtum read confertum. p- 1613—Line 13, for plants read plant’s. p. 1619—Line 11 from top, for Sowerbya read Sowerbea. p. 1665—Line 25 from top, after Shirley, add ‘‘ Kwanja,’’ Middle Palmer River, ‘‘An-ga-tan,”’ ‘“ Rarnka,”’ Princess Charlotte Bay, ‘ Pungga,” Cape Bedford, and ‘“ Ngaug-ir,’’ Cooktown, Roth. _p. 1679—Line 5 from bottom, after 136, add Bot. Mag. t. 6644, ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 2015 p. 1681—Line 23 from bottom, for fruiticans read fruticans. p. 1745—Line 16 from top, for littaralis read littoralis. p. 1747—Line 12 from bottom, for sanguincofucus read sanguineofuscus. p. 1754, 5, 6—Running subhead for Kyllinya read Heleocharis. p- 1761—Line 10 from bottom, for schoenocides read schanoides. p. 1777—Line 4 from bottom, after 842, add “‘ Chakata,” Cape Grafton, Roth. p. 1811—Line 11, for Phragmitis read Phragmites. p. 1812—Line 28 from top, for spiklets read spikelets. p. 1836—Line 9 from bottom, after Grass, add ‘“ Lo-thi,’’ Batavia River, Roth. p. 1861—-Line 1, for Eionurus read Elionurus. p. 1884—Line 21 from top, after hairy, add Maid. Agri, Gaz. N.S.W. xii. p. 1900—Line 25 from bottom, after 200, add Bail. Ill. Mono. QI. Gr. i. p. 2010—First line, for arillaris, read aaillaris. p. 718—Add: 7. T. geraniifolia (Geranium leaved), Bail. Stem spongy, stout. Leaves crowded at the apex of stem or branch, strigose on both sides, rotund-cordate, palmately 5 to 7-nerved, about 1Zin. long and 24in. broad, the base truncate or with a very wide sinus, the margin 7-lobed ; lobes short, broad, and toothed; petioles from 2} to 84in. long, rather slender, slightly - expanding at the base, ferruginous hairy. No stipules. Peduncle terminal, about Tin. long, erect, hairy, somewhat flattene!; primary umbel 5-rayed. Involucre of 5 laciniate bracts, 4 to 5 lines long ; secondary involucres like the first but smaller, mostly with fewer rays each bearing an umbel of small white polygamous flowers; involucels of about 10, narrow, linear, filiform- pointed, bracteoles with prominent midrib. Flowers numerous, pedicels of the male filiform, 24 lines long, those on the perfect flowers shorter. Calyx-teeth minute. Petals oblong. Stamens 5. Fruits (only a few very young ones seen) of 2-carpels, ribbed, otherwise smooth. Hab.: Mt. Alexandra, Howard Newport. res boxe INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES, The synonyms and species incidentally mentioned are printed in italics. Page Page Page Abildgaardia diaphora, Trin. ». 1884] Anatherum cinnamometorum, Thw. 1766 Forsteri, R. et S. «.. 1883 parviflorum, Spreng... 1867 fimbristyloides, F. v. M. 1762 intricata, Nees -. 1882 | Andropogon ES -. 1862 fusca, F. v. M. .. 1766 laxiflora, Rich. .. 1882 affinis, R. Br... -. 1863 monostachya, Vahl. .. 1762 lobata, R. Br. .. 1884 annulatus, Forsk. ... 1864 schenoides, R. Br. .. 1761 ovata, Forst. ... «+ 1879 annulatus, F. v.M. .. 1863 Abutilon parviflora, R. Br. .. 1882 australis, Spreng. ... 1869 indicum, G. Don .. 1998 quadriseta, R. Br. .. 1884 bombycinus, R. Br. .. 1865 Acacia rara, R. Br... .. 1885 chrysatherus, F.v. M. 1863 spondylophylla, F.v.M. 2002 retrofracta, Willd. .. 1883 citreus, R. Br. +. 1861 Acrachne rudis, R. et 8. w. 1884 contortus, Linn. -. 1861 eleusinoides, Nees .. 1898 scabra, Willd. .. 1882 cryptatherus, Steud. .. 1854 Acratherum scabra, R. Br. . 1884 echinatus, Heyne -» 1857 miliaceum, Link. ... 1838 sciurea, R. Br. -» 1885 elongatus, Spreng. .. 1868 Acrostichum Su .. 1992 semibarbata, Trin. .. 1883 erianthoides, F. v. M. 1862 alcicorne, Sw. .. 1995 Solandri, F.v. M. ... 1888 exaltatus, R. Br. .. 1864 aureum, Linn. .. 1994 virginica, Linn. .. 1880 filipendulus, Hack. ... 1866 barbara, Linn. .. 1939 | Aira fragilis, R. Br. -- 1866 Brightia, F.v. M. ... 1993 ciliata, Spreng. .. 1887 Gryllus, Linn. «-» 1867 conforme, Sw... .. 1992 effusa, Spreng. es 1887 halepensis, Sibth. ., 1869 fraxinifolium, R. Br... 1994 levis, Spreng. .. 1886 intermedius, R. Br. .. 1864 lanuginosum, Desf. ... 1988 mucronata, Spreng. .. 1888 inundatus, F.v. M. .. 1864 neglectum, Bail. .. 1994 rara, Spreng. « 1887 lachnatherus, Benth. ... 1866 pteroides, R. Br. -. 1994 squarrosa, Spreng. ... 1886 lanatus, R. Br. «, 1865 repandum, Blume 1993 | Alepyrum micranthus, Kunth. .. 1867 scandens, J. Sn. -. 1993 polygynum, R. Br. .. 1719 montanus, Roxb. -. 1867 sorbifolium, Linn. .. 1993); Alisma .. 1702 Nardus, Hack. . 1865 spicatum, Linn. .. 1994 acanthocarpum, Fi. M. 1702 nervosus, Rottb. «. 1855 Taylori, Bail. .. 1993 glandulosum, Thw. .. 1703 pallidus, Kunth. -» 1867 velleum, Ait. ... .. 1988 minus, Spreng. -. 1704! pectinatus, Steud. .. 1856 Actinocarpus oligococcum, F.v. M. 1703 pertusus, Willd. .. 1863 minor, R. Br. .. -. 1704 reniforme, G. Don .. 1703 procerus, R. Br. .. 1804 Adiantum .- 1956 | Allantodia procerus,F.v:M. .. 1866 zthiopicum, Linn. ve 1956 australis, R. Br. an 1OT2 refractus, R. Br. «. 1865 affine, Willd. .. 1957 tenera, R. Br. .. 1972 rottboelloides, Steud. .. 1859 assimile, Sw. .. . 1957 | Alopecurus os «.. 1878 schenanthus, Linn. .. 1865 Cunninghamii, Hook. 1957 australis, Nees ... 1878 sericeus, R. Br. .- 1863 diaphanum, Blume ., 1937 geniculatus, Linn. ... 1878 striatus, It. Br. .. 1861 formosum, R. Br. .. 1957 | Alsophila < .. 1948 triticeus, R. Br. as JBGL hispidulum, Sw. -» 1957 australis, R. Br. .. 1949 tricticiformis, Steud. .. 1854 lunulatum, Burm. .. 1956 excelsa, R. Br. .. 1949 tropicus, Spreng. -. 1869 paradozum, RB. Br. .. 1960] Leichhardtiana, villiferus, Steud, -. 1854 ' trigonum, Labill. .. 1957 F.v M. .. .. 1949 violascens, Nees -« 1867 Agopogon Loddigesii, Kunze .. 1948 | Angiopteris eis «. 1935 ' strictus, Beauv. .. 1879 Macarthurii, Hook. .. 1949 evecta, Hojfm. «. 1936 Agropyrum ws ae 1920 Rebecem, F.v. M. ... 1948 | Anisopogon as ... 1892 scabrum, Beauv. wx 1920 Robertsiana, F.v. M. 1949 avenaceus, R. Br. ... 1892 Agrostis .. oe . 1882 | Ammannia Anosporum actinoclada, F.v.M. ... 1882 | baccifera, Linn. -» 2005 monocephalum, Nees .. 1735 amula, R. Br. .. 1883 | Amphipogon; .. +» 1879 | Anthistiria ie «- 1870 crinita, R.Br. .. 1884} Browne?, F.v.M. .. 1879 | australis, R. Br. -» 1870 debilis, Poir. .. «- 1883 caricinus, F. v.M. ... 1879 avenacea, uv. M. .. 1871 decipiens, -R. Br. .. 1884 strictus, R. Br. .. 1879 absisericea, F. v. M. .. 1871 ii Page cespitosa, Anders. . 1870 ciliata, Linn. .. .. 1870 cuspidata, Anders. ... 1870 frondosa, R. Br. .. 1871 membranacea, Lindl... 1872 Anthosachne australasica, Steud. .. 1921 Anthozanthum crinitum, Linn. f. . 1884 Antrophyum_.. 1992 plantagingum, Kaulf. 1992 reticulatum, sia . 1992 Apluda z .. 1857 mutica, Linn. .. 1857 Aponogeton ‘ .. 1707 elongatus, F’.v. “M. . 1708 monostachyus, Linn. f 1707 Arctium .. ss 2007 Lappa, Linn. .. .. 2008 Aristida ‘ .. 1873 adscensionis, Linn. . 1875 arenaria, Gaudich. . 1874 Behbriana, F.v.M. .. 1874 calycina, R. Br. .. 1875 contorta, F.v. M. . 1874 depressa, Retz. .. 1875 hygrometrica, R. Br. 1878 Hystriz, Linn. .. 1875 leptopoda, Benth. . 1874 parviflora, Steud. .. 1874 ramosa, R. Br. . 1875 stipoides, R. Br. . 1873 vagans, Cav. .. .. 1874 vulgaris, Trin. . 1875 Arthratherum arenarium, Nees . 1874 Arthraxon as . 1856 ciliare, Beauv. 1857 Arthrapteris tenella, J. Sm. . 1982 Arthrostylis a +. 1779 aphylla, R. Br. . 1780 Arundinella .. 1838 brasiliensis, Raddi. . 1838 nepalensis, Trin. . 1838 Arundo phragmites, Linn - 1901 semiannularis, Labil. 1892 triodioides, Trin. . 1917 Aspidium an we 1974 aculeatum, Sw. . 1977 acuminatum .. -. 1978 aristatum, Sw. .. 1978 confluens, Metten. « 1977 cordifolium, Sw. 2. 1975 decompositum, Spr. ... 1978 exaltatum, Sw. we. 1975 eumundi, Bail. -. 1976 extensum, F. v. M. . 1977 melanocaulon, F. v. M. 1977 molle, Sw. ee ... 1976 proliferum, R. Br. °.. 1978 pteroides, Sw. .. 1976 ramosum, Beauv. tenericaule, Thw. . 1975 . 1982 tenerum, Spreng. .. 1978 truncatum, Gaud. ... 1977 tuberosum, Bory . 1975 INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES. Page unitum, Sw. .. 1976 Asplenium «-» 1967 affine Sw. . «» 1971 attenuatum, R. Br. . 1969 australasicum, Hook. 1969 australe, Brack. . 1972 Brownii, J. Sm. - 1972 bulbiferum, Forst. . 1972 caudatum, Forst. .. 1970 decussatum, Sw. . 1974 faleatum, Lam. . 1970 flabellifolium, Cav. .. 1969 flaccidum, Forst. . 1972 furcatum, Thunb. . 1971 Hookerianum, Colens. 1971 japonicum, Thunb. .. 1973 laserpitiifolium, Lam. 1972 laxum, R. Br. . 1972 lucidum, Forst. » 17d. maximum, G. Don. . 1973 nidus, Linn. .. 1962 obliquum, Forst. . 1971 obtusatum, Forst. . 1971 odontites, R. Br. ~. 1972 paleaceum, R. Br. ... 1970 physosorus, Sieb. .- 1972 polypodioides, Metten. 1973 Prenticei, Bail. x 1978 premorsum, Sw. - 1971 resectum, Sm. . 1970 simplicifrons, F. v. U. 1969 sylvaticum, Presi. . 1973 umbrosum, J. Sm. . 1972 Wildii, Bail. .. . 1970 Asprella australis, BR. et S. . 1845 Aster argutus, R. Br. . 2007 Astrebla . - .. 1896 pectinata, F.v. ‘M. . 1896 triticoides, F. v. M. .. 1897 Avena ‘ .. 1889 fatua, Linn, .. sex, LBD quadriseta, Labill. . 1884 Axonopus.. . 1836 semialatus, Hook. 1836 Azolla .. . 1927 pinnata, R. Br. . 1927 rubra, R. Rr. .. . 1927 Balantium Brownianum, Presl. .. 1952 Bambusa . .. 1921 Moreheadiana, Bail. ~. 1922 Barringtonia calyptrata, R. Br. - 2005 Careya, F. v. M «+. 2005 edulis, Selm. . 2005 Baumea Brownii, Boeck. ~ S792 rubiginosa, Boeck. .. 1792 schenoides, Boeck. .. 1793 Blechnum -- 1965 cartilazineum, Sw. 1965 orientale, Linn. . 1966 procerum, Labill. -. 1964 serrulatum, Rich. ... 1966 striatum, R. Br. . 1966 Page striatum, Sond et Muell. 196! Whelani, Bail. .» 196i Borraginoides Zeylanica, Hern. -. 2011 Botrychium —__- - 193: australe, R. Br. -- 193% ternatum, Sw... e- 193: virginianum, iin f. 193: Briza . -» 191 maxima, Linn . . 191 minor, Linn. .. . 191 virens, Linn. » AQd Bromidium lobatum, Nees .. gx 188 quadrisetum, Nees . 188 Bromus -. 191k arenarius, Labill. .. 191 australis, R. Br. . 191: sterilis, Linn. .. .. 191, unioloides, H. B. K... 191 Willdenowii, Kunth... 191 Butomopsis .. 170 lanceolata, Kunth. . 170 Butomus lanceolatus, Roxb. . 170 Butonica calyptrata, Miers . 200i Butonicoides crenata, R. Br. .. 200 Calamagrostis anula, Steud... . 188 rudis, Steud. .. 188 Willdenowii, Steud. .. 188 Calandrinia quadrivalvis, F.v. M. 199 Calceolaria enneasperma, Kuntze .. 19€ Hliformis, Kuntze .. 196 Callipteris . prolifera, Bory +. 19% Callistemon Polandi, Bail. .. 20( rigidus, R. Br. 20( Calorophus elongatus, Labill. 17 Calostrophus elongatus, F.v.M. .. 17: lateriflorus, F. v. M. .. 17 Canavali maritima, Thomas .. 20( Carduus .. .. 201 pycnocephalus, ‘Linn. 20( tenuiflorus, Curt. .- 201 Carex oe et .. 18 acuta, Linn. ... . 181 appressa, R. Br. .. 18 breviculmis, R. Br. ... 18 Brownei, Steud. 18 Brownii, Tuckerm. 18 cespitosa, R. Br. 18 chlorantha, R. Br. .. 18 contracta, F.v. M. .. 18 Cunninghamii, Boott.. 1& declinata, Boott -. LE fascicularis, Soland. .. 1& fissilis, Boott .. wa 18 INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES. Page Gaudichaudiana, Kunth. .. 1804 gracilis, R. Br. .. 1804 halmaturina, Becke .. 1803 indica, F. v. M. .. 1804 inversa, R. Br. «.. 1802 lacistoma, R. Br. .. 1806 littorea, Labill. - 1805 lobolepis, Fv. M. .. 1805 longifolia, R. Br. -» 1806 maculata, Boott. . 1806 newrochlamys, F. v. M. 1806 paniculata, Linn. . 1803 polyantha, F.v, M. .. 1805 pumila, Thunb. . 1805 pseudocyperus, Linn. 1807 Royleanz, Boott . 1806 striata, R. Br. .. 1806 virgata, Soland. - 1803 vulgaris, Fries . 1804 Careya arborescens, F. vy. M. .. 2005 crenata, R. Br. . 2005 Carpha deusta, R.Br. ... - 1783 Caulinia : bimaculata, O. Kuntze 2001 retusa, O. Kuntze - 2001 rubicunda, Monch. .. 2002 ' serrulata, R. Br. - 1713 Caustis é «+ 1796 flexuosa, R. Br. .. 1796 pentandra, R. Br. - 1796 Cenchrus rg -. 1841 australis, R. Br. . 1842 echinatus, var. Trin... 1842 elymoides, F.v.M. .. 1842 Centotheca -- 1913 lappace., Desv. . 1913 Centrolepis 3 -» 1718 aristata, R. et S. -- 1719], Banksii, R. et 8. .. 1719 cuspidigera, Rudge .. 1720 exserta, R. et S. .-. 1720 fascicularis, Labill. .. 1719 polygyna, Hieron . 1719 pusilla, R. et S. . 1719 Ceratopteris . 1936 thalictroides, Brongn. 1936 Ceratochloa _festucoides, Beauv. .. 1918 unioloides, DC. . 1918 | Cervicina gracilis, Britt... . 2009 Chetospora : ‘ calostachya, R.Br. .. 1785 |: capillacea, Hook. f. .. 1788 capillaris, F.v.M. .. 1788 deusta, F. v. M. .. 1783 imberbis, R. Br. . 1787 nitens, R. Br. «. 1785 paludosa, R, Br. .» 1788 “‘spherocephala, R, Br. 1783 tenuissima, Steud. . 1787 Chamerhaphis .. . 1834 aspera, ee . eee a, Poir os paradox: 1834 spinéscens, Poir oe Page Cheilanthes a -. 1958 caudata, R. Br. 1959 distans, A. Br. . 1989 fragillima, F.v.M. .. 1989 Prenticei, Luess. . 1989 Preissiana, Kunze . 1958 Sieberi, Kunze . 1958 tenuifolia, Sw, . 1958 vellea, F. v. M. .. 1989 Chionachne barbata, K. Br. .. 1849 cyathopoda, F. v. M... 1849 sclerachne, Bail . 1849 Chloris .. -. 1853 acicularis, Lindl. . 1895 barbata, Sw. .. 1895 decora, Neés - 1896 distichophylla, Lag. .. 1896 divaricata, KH. Br. .. 1894 Moorei, F. v, M. .. 1895 pectinata, Benth. . 1894 pumilio, R. Br. . 1894 scariosa, F. v. M. . 1896 sclerantha, Lindl. - 1895 truncata, R. Br. ». 1895 unispicea, I’. v. M. ... 1894 ventricosa, R. Br. . 1895 Chondrachne articulata, R. Br. . 1778 Chorisandra « ATs cymbaria, R. Br. .. 1779 spherocephala, R. Br. 1778 Chrysopogon -. 1866 aciculatus, T'rin. -. 1868 elongatus, Benth. . 1868 Gryllus, Trin. .. .. 1867 montanus, Trin. .. 1867 parviflorus, Benth. .. 1867 violascens, Trin. . 1867 Cinna ovata, Kunth . 1879 decipiens, Kunth . 1884 Cladium .. . 1790 articulatum, R. Br. .. 1791 asnerum, F.v.M. .. 1795 dubium, Nees .. . 1792 jilum, Nees . 1796 glomeratum, R. Br. .. 1792 Gunnii, Hook. f. . 71798 junceum, R. Br. . 1794 laxiflorum, Hook. f. .. 1793 mariscus, R. Br. . 1791 melanocarpum, F. v. M. 1795 nudum. Beoeckel. . 1793 psittacorum, F. v.M... 1796 radula, Nees .- 1796 scheenoides, R. Br. .. 1793 scleroides, F. v. M. 6 IT teretifolium, R. Br. .. 1792 tetraquetrum, Hook. f. 1792 Coelachne ae +» 1888 pulchella, R. Br. . 1889 Calorhachis muricata, Brongn. .. 1858 Coelospermum decipiens, Baill. - 2006 Cenopteris appendiculata, Labill. 1972 Coix be oes barbata, Roxb. te lachryma-Jobi, Linn. Conringia 5 os orientalis, Dunn a perfoliata, Link. . Coridochloa semialata, Nees re Correa reflexa, Vent. re Cosmia quadrivalvis, Britt. Cracca Jilipes, Kuntze ss purpurea, Linn. ae reticulata, Kuntze .. Crossocephalum pseudochina, Kuntze .. Crotalaria st as biflora, Herb. .. ee nana, Burm. .. ny sobolifera, Grah. umbellata, Wight. . ‘ Cumbia australis, Britt. Cyathea .. ue arachnoidea, Hook. Lindseyana, Hook. .. Cyenogeton Huegelii, Endl. linearis, Sond. Cymodocea sr ciliata, Ehr end ae isoetifolia, Aschers serrulata, Aschers serrulata, F. v. M. Cynodon .. ae altior, F. v. Mu convergens, F. v. M.. dactylon, Pers. Neesii, Thw. ... aby aches, R. Br.. tenellus, R. Br. Cyperus alopecuroides, Rottb. . abterniflorus, R. Br. ... angulatus, Nees angustatus, R. Br. .. aquatilis, R. Br. 8 aquatilis, F. vy. M. areolatous, R. Br. aristatus, F. v. M. aristatus, Rottb. ne Armstrongii, Benth. .. auricomus, Benth. . Bowmanii, F.v. M. .. breviculmis, R. Br... breviculmis, F. v. M. .. bromoides, Willd. ns Brownei, Steud. na canescens, Vahl. ies carinatus, R. Br. castaneus, Willd. cephalotes, Vahl. .. compositus, Boeckel. ... concinnus, R. Br. congestus, Vahl ee conicus, Bechel, iv pennatus, Lam. pennatus, Boeckel. .. 1748 pictus, Steud. -. 1743 pilosus, Vahl. o. 1743 platyculmis, R. Br. .. 1739 platystylis, R. Br. ... 17385 polystachyus, Rottb. .. 1733 procerus, Vahl. «. 1743 pulchellus, R. Br. .,. 1735 pulcherrimus, Willd. .. 1739 pumilus, Linn. «» 1732 | Page corymbosus, Rottb. .. 1744 euspidatus, H. B. ¢: K. 1737 dactylotes, Benth. 1741 debilis, R. Br. .- 1736 decompositus, F. v. MM. 1750 difformis, Linn. « LIBS. digitatus, Roxb. . 1748 ’ diphyllus, Retz. we 1744 distans, Linn. f. .. 1744 elatus, Rotth. .. 1744 eleusinoides, Kunth. .. 1744 enervis, R. Br. .. 1736 eragrostis, Vahl- . 1732 esculentus, Linn. 1749 exaltatus, Retz. .- 1748 ferax, Rich. -. 1748 filipes, Benth. .. -. 1740 flaccidus, R Br. «. 1739 flavescens, Linn. se 1732 flavescens, Thw. ~. 1733 flavicomus, Mich. .. 1734 flavidus, Retz. ex 1729 fulvus, R. Br. .. 1742 Gilesii, Benth. -» 1741 globosus, All. -. 1733 gracilis, R. Br. .. 1736 Gunnii, Hook. f. wee LAT Haspan, Linn. .. 1739 hexastachyus, Rottb. 1745 Heynei, Boeckel. « 1748 Hochstetteri, Nees... 1734 noloschcenus, R. Br. ... 1741 Hookerianus, Thw. ... 1735 imbecillis, R. Br. .. 1739 inflecus, Muehl. .. 1738 inundatus, R. Br. «» 1739 Iria, Linn. ~» 1743 levis, R Br. - 1736 lanceus, F. v. M. 1733 laticulmis, Spreng. .. 1739 leiocaulon, Benth. « 1749 Lessonianus, Kunth .. 1739 littoralis, R. Br. «» 1745 lucidulus. Klein. o» 1745 lucidus, R. Br. . 1747 luteolus, Boeckel. 1733 macellus, Kunth . 1739 microcephalus, BR. Br. 1746 monocephalus, F. v. M. 1752 nitens, Vahl. «. 1732 nodulosus, F.v. M. .. ,1747 Nove-Hollandie, Beackel. .. - 1746 ornatissimus, F.v. M. 1734 ornatus, R. Br. we 1748 patuliflorus, Beeckel. .. 1734 pedunculosus, F. v. M. 1740 . 1747 pygmeus, Rott. rotundus, Linn. sanguineo-fuscus, Nees scaber, Benth. sexflorus, R. Br. Siebert, Kunth sorostachya, Boeckel. .. sporobolus, R. Br. squarrosus Linn. squarrosus, F. v. M. ... subulatus, R. Br. tenuiflorus, Rottb. tetraphyllus, R. Br. tremulus, Poir. trichostachys, Benth. trinervis, R. Br. tuberosus, Rottb. umbellatus, Benth. uncinatus, R. Br. uniolvides, R. Br. vaginatus, R. Br. ventricosus, R. Br. venustus, Kunth vulgaris, Sieb. zanthopus, Steud. Dactylis .. glomerata, Linn. Dactyloctenium egyptiacum, Willd radulans, Beauv. Damapana conferta, O. Kuntze Damasonium .. australe, Salisb. Danthonia anisopogon, Trin. bipartita, F. v. M. eriantha, Lindl. longifolia, R. Br. pallida, R. Br. pectinata, Lindl. pilosa, R. Br. racemosa, R. Br. semiannularis, R. Br. setacea, Hook. f. varia, Nees Davallia ... beatgecday Bak. dubia, R elegans, al abe flaccida, R. Br. pedata, Sm. .. polypodioides, Don. pyxidata, Cav. solida, Sw. spelunce, Bak. tripinnata, F. v. M. . Dennstedtia davallioides, T. Moor Desvauxia aristata, R. Br. aristata, Nees Banksii, R. Br. Billardieri, R. Br. exserta, 2. Br: longifolia, Gaudich, pusilla, R. Br... Page . 1734 . 1744 1747 .. 1750 .. 1746 -. 1742 1736 .. 1746 « TZ 1737 .. 1746 .- 1745 .. 1738 . 1734 1749 «. 1738 ", 1745 - 1750 . 1738 . 1733 v) 1741 -. 1748 . 1748 .. 1733 . 1744 .. 1913 . 1914 . 1898 . 1898 «+» 2001 «» 1703 + 1703 -. 1890 -. 1892 -. 1890 - 1892 -. 1891 -. 1890 . 1897 -. 1891 - 1891 1891 - 1892 .. 1892 .. 1950 1954 «» 1952 +. 1951 - 1952 +. 1951 - 1952 «+ 1951 +» 1951 « 1952 1952 e 1950 + 1719 «» 1783 -. 1719 +. 1720 . 1720 -» 1720 -. 1719 INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES. Sieberi, Steud. 188 Deyeuxia ae Peat Spreng. .» 189 Forsteri, Kunth. .. 188 quadriseta, Benth. .. 188 scabra, Benth. . 188 Diastemanthe platystachys, Steud. .. 184 Dichelachne - -. 188 comata, Trin. .. .. 188 crinita, Hook. f. - 188 Forsteriana, Trin. . 188 Hookeriana, Trin. . 188 longiseta, Trin. .. 188 montana, Endl. . 188 sciurea, Hook. f. ae, 188, Sieberiana, Trin. . 188. vulgaris, Trin. -. 188) Dicksonia . .. 194: antarctica, Labill. «a 1951 davalliodes, R. Br. 195( dubia, Gaudich . 195: nitidula. Metten. - 1951 Youngiw, C. Moore .. 195( Diclidopteris angustissima, Brackenr 196¢ Dictyogramme pinnata, T. Moore .. 1991 Dictyopteris attenuata. Presl. - 198% Digitaria sanguinalis, Scop. .. 1821 Dimeria +. 185( acinaciformis, R. Br... 185( glabriuscula, Bail. . 185] ornithopoda, Trin. « 1851 pstlobasis, F.v. M. ... 1851 tenera, Trin. . 185] Diphaca cochinchinensis, Lour. 2001 | Diplachne «vz 191% fusca, Beauv. .. aa LOE loliiformis, F. v. MW... 1914 Muelleri, Benth. «- 191! Diplacrum caricinum, R. Br. « 27Oe tridentatum, Brongn .. 179% Diplasium polypodioides, Mett. .. 197: Dolicholus Cunninghamii, Britt... 2005 Doodia .. 3 «. 1966 aspera, R. Br. -. 196% caudata, R. Br. .. 196% media, R. Br. re) rupestris, Kaulf. . 196; Drynaria diversifolia, J. Sm. .. 198 quercifolia, J. Sm... 198' Linnai, Bail. -. 198! Dysphania, plantaginella, F. v. M. 201: Echinochloa crus-galli, Beauv. .. 182) Evhinopogon.. + 187 ovatus, Beauv. << 187) os 187 Wetrosia .. Gulliveri, F. v. aE, leporina, R. Br. Ehrharta stipoides, Labill. Elaphoglossum conforme, Schott. Eleusine ... -‘egyptiaca, Pers. cruciata, Lam. digitata, Spreng. indica, Gerin. marginata, Lindl. INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES. Page - 1908 . 1909 1908 . 1873 1993 1897 . 1897 1898 1899 . 1898 polystachya, F. v. M... racemosa, Roth. radulans, R. Br. verticillata, Roxb. Ekonurus citreus, Munro. £lynanthus capillaceus, Benth. Elytrophorus articulatus, Beauv. Epidendroides tetrandra, Sol. Eragrostis i bifaria, Duth. Brownii, Nees . oe 1898 1899 1898 . 1898 <7 1898 - 1860 +. 1860 . 1787 1788 - 1901 cheetophylla, Steud. ... concinna, Steud. decipiens, Steud. diandra, Steud. eriopoda, Benth. falcata, Gaudich. imbecilla, Benth. interrupta, Beauv. interrupta, Steud. lacunaria, F. v. M. laniflora, Benth. -leptocarpa, Benth. nigra, Nees parviflora, Trin. - pellucida, Steud. pilosa, Beauv. ‘ Rankingi, Bail. setifolia, Nees speciosa, Steud. stricta, Bail, tenella, Beauv. .. Kremochloa tis bimaculata, Hack. muricata, Hack. Eriachne aristidea, F. v. iM. Armittii, F. v. M. avenacea, R. Br. brevifolia, BR. Br. chinensis, Hance ciliata, R- Br. glauca, R. Br. mucronata, R. Br. obtusa, R. Br, pallescens, R. Br. pallida, F. v. M. rara, R. Br. Part VI. Y 1) 1901 2006 1902 1908 1905 1906 « 1906 . 1899 1905 - 1906 - 1907 - 1904 « 1903 ") 1905 1907 1906 - 1904 leptostachya, Steud. .. megalosperma, F.v.l. 1905 1904 - 1903 *. 1904 : 1904 . 1904 ‘) 1907 1907 . 1906 stenostachya, Steud. .. » 1907 . 1903 1908 +» 1855 . 1856 1856 « 1885 *. 1887 1886 . 1887 . 1888 .. 1887 * 1887 .. 1886 -. 1888 -» 1888 -+ 1887 «+ 1887 . 1886 Page squarrosa, R. Br, .. 1886 stipacea, F. v. MM. . 1886 Erianthus articulatus, F. v. M... 1852 Sulvus, Kunth. -. 1853 irritans, Kunth. .. 1853 Roxburghii, F. v. M... 1858 Eriocaulon gi . 1714 achiton, Korn.. . 1717 australe, R. Br. «. 1715 ciliiflorum, F. v. M. .. 1716 cinereum, R. Br. . 1716 depressum, R. Br. .. 1717 deustum, R. Br. « MELT fistulosum, R. Br. .. 1717 heteranthum, Benth. .. 1716 ‘heterogynum, F. v. M. 1717 nanum, R. Br. aw VIG nigricans, R. Br. .. 1716 pallidum, R. Br. «. 1716 pusillum, R. Br. . 1716 scariosum, R.Br. .. 1717 setaceum, Linn. o. 1715 Smithii, R. Br. -. 1715 spectabile, F.v. M. .. 1717 Eriochloa ont . 1815 annulata, Kunth. . 1816 decumbens, Bail. .. 1815 ‘punctata, Hamilt. .. 1815 Erysimum orientale, R. Br. . 1997 Euchlena aaa .. 1849 luxurians, Dur. .. 1850 Eugenia crenata, Sol. .. .. 2005 subopposita, Bail. . 2004 Eurostorrhiza Urvillei, Steud. .. 1796 Exocarya.. ~. 1777 seleroides, Benth. « LTT Festuca .. . 1917 Billardieri, Steud. wa F9SL bromoides, Linn. ~ 1917 Browniana, Steud. .. 1921 fluitans, Linn. .. 1916 fusca, Linon. -. 1913 irritans, F. v. M. .. 1912 latispicea, F. v. M. .. 1916 littoralis, Labill. ~. 1917 loliiformis, F. v. M. .. 1912 plebeia, R. Br. -. 1917 rectiseta, Steud. .. 1921 scabra, Labill. .. 1920 Schraderi, Kunth. .. 1918 uniolotdes, Willd. .. 1918 viscida, F. v. M. « 1911 Fimbristylis ae -. 1756 acicularis, R. Br. .. 1758 acuminata, Vahl. .. 1758 acuminata, F. v.M. .. 1759 estivalis, Vahl. » LIG2 aphylla, F.v. M. —.. 1780 australica, Beckel. .. 1758 barbata, Benth. .. 1767 biflora, Boeckel. .. 1766 brachylena, F. v. M... 1764 brevifolia, R. Br. -- 1764 cespitosa, R. Br. capillaris, A. Gr. capitata, R. Br. cephalophora, F. v. M. cinnamometorum, Kunth, communis, Kunth. cylindrocarpa, Kunth. cymosa, R. Br. cyperoides, R. Br. Dallachyi, F. v. M. denudata, R. Br, dichotoma, Vuhl. dichotoma, Hook. f. diphylla, Vahl. elongata, R. Br. ferruginea, Vahl. JSuliformis, Kunth. furva, R. Br. .. gracilis, R. Br. juncea, Beeckel. leptoclada, Benth. . . microcarya, F. v. M.... wmiliacea, Vahl. monostachya, Hassk. Neilsoni, F. v. UM. nutans, Vahl. — obtusangula, F. v. M. obtusifolia, Nees — pallescens, Nees parviflora, R. Br. pauciflora, R. Br. paucispicata, F.v.M. .. planicilmis, Boeckel. .. polymorpha, Beeckel. .. polytrichoides, R. Br. propinqua, R. Br. pterygosperma, R. Br. pumila, Benth., punctata, R. Br. recta, Bail: .. rhyticarya, F. v. I sericea, R. Br. setacea, Benth. spherocephala, Benth. squarulosa, F. v. M. ... stricta, R Br. subbulbosa, Benth. tetragona, R. Br. tristachya, Nees velata, R Br. xyridis, R. Br. Fuirena arenosa, R. Br. glomerata, Lum. umbellata, Rottb. Gahnia aspera. Spreng. melanocarpa, R. Br. a psittacorum, Labill. . Sieberiana, Kunth. sulcata, F. v. M. Galium Aparine, Linn. — Gardenia Merikin, Bail... Germania australis, Britt. vi Gleichenia circinata, Sw... dicarpa, R. Br. dichotoma, Hook. flabellata, R. Br. flagellaris, Spreng. Hermanni, R. Br. _ microphylla, BR. Br. ... platyzoma, F.v. M. .. rupestris, R. Br. spelunce, R. Br. Glyceria .. fluitans, R. Br. Fordeana, F. v. M. latispicea, F. v. M. ramigera, F.v. M. Goniophlebium subauriculatum, Presl. verrucosum, Bail. Goniopteris Ghesbrechtii, Bail. Kennedyi, F. v. M. pecilophlebia, Bail. prolifera, Presl. Grammitis ampla, F. v. M. australis, R. Br. Billardieri, Willd. blechnoides, Grey. elliptica, sie membranacea, Bl. Muelleri, Hook. pinnata, F. v. M. Reynoldsii, F. v. M. ae rutefolia, R. Br. Sayeri, F. v. M. Wrightii, Hook. Gymnogramnve Brownei, Kuha. Muelleri, Hook. papaverifolia, Kunze .. pinnata, Hook. ,Pozoi, Kunze .. rutefolia, Hook. subglandulosa, Hook. : et Grev. Gymnoschenus adustus, Nees .. spherocephalus, Hook. f. Gymnothriz compressa, Brongn. ‘Gynopogon spicatum, Britt. Halimum portulacastrum, Kuntze Heleocharis acuta, R. Br. .. atricha, R. Br. atropurpurea, Kunth. capitata, R. Br. compacta, R. Br. eylindrostachys, Beckel. i fistulosa, Schult. gracilis, Hook f. auucronulata, Nees INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES. Page eee 1937 -». 1938 . 1938 .. 1939 . 1938 ax 1088 .. 1939 1938 1937 ws 1938 ee 1938 - 1915 1916 . 1916 . 1916 “) 1917 1986 -» 1986 1983 . 1983 +. 1983 . 1983 . 1989 1991 : 1980 - 1980 - 1981 - 1991 1. 1991 . 1990 . 1990 1990 1990 -- 1991 . 1991 1989 1990 1990 . 1991 -. 1990 . 1990 . 1990 1783 1783 1841 2010 2005 .» 1758 .. 1755 .. 1756 1756 .. 1756 . 1754 ». 1755 «» 1754 » 1155 . 1755 Page palustris, F.v.M. .. 1755 plantaginea, F. v. M... 1754 sphacelata, R. Br. .. 1754 spiralis, R. Br. « 1754 tetraquetra, Nees .. 1755 variegata, Kunth. .. 1754 Helminthostachys «. 1933 zeylanica, Hook, +» 1933 Hemarthria - 1859 compressa, R. Br. .. 1859 uncinata, R. Br. . 1860 Hemionitis elongata, Brack. « 1991 Hemistemma dealbata, R. Br. .. 1996 Heterachne sis -» 1909 Brownii, Benth. -- 1909 Gulliveri, Benth. .. 1910 Heteropogon.. .. 1861 contortus, R. et S, .. 1861 hirtus, Pers. .. . 1861 insignis, Thw... --- 1861 Hexalepis scabrifolia, Boeckel. .. 1795 Hibbertia dealbata, Benth. . 1996 Holcus .. 1889 cerulescens, Gaudich. 1867 elongatus, RK. Br. . 1868 fulvus, BR, Br. ... . 1869 Gryllus, R. Br. « 1867 halepensis, Linn. . 1869 lanatus, Linn. «» 1889 pallidus, R. Br, . 1867 parviflorus, R. Br. .. 1867 plumosus, R. Br. +. 1869 Hologamium nervosum, Nees .. 1855 Hordeum wie -. 1921 murinum, Linn, »» 1921 vulgare, Linn. +. 1921 Humata pedata, J. Sm wa 2OG1 Huttum calyptratum, Britt. .. 2005 Hydroglossum scandens, Presl . 1934 Hymenachne myurus, Beauv. - 1827 Hymenolepis spicata, Pres] +. 1994 Hymenophyllum we 1945 crispatum, Wall. -- 1946 cupressiforme, Labill.... 1946 demissum,'F.v. M. .. 1946 flabellatum, Labill. ... 1946 flabellatum, R. Br. ... 1946 javanicum, Spreng. .. 1946 trichomanoides, Bail. 1946 tunbridgense, Sm. - 1946 Hypelyptum argenteum, Vahl. 1775 micr ocepaalum, R. Br. 1775 Hypolena 4 .. 1725 fastigiata, R. Br. .. 1726 lateriflora, Benth. ... 1726 Hypolepis a -. 1958 tenuifolia, Bernh. ... 1958 if Hypolytrum ve oo SE reat ‘hw. .- 1776 giganteum, Wall. oe AVIS latifolium, Rich. .» 1775 andanophyllum, 6 Se Hypoporum gpienn, Nees .. 1798 capillare, Nees -. 1799 Sieberi, Nees .. . 1799 Ichnanthus .. 1833 pallens, Munro +. 1833 Imperata .. .. 1851 arundinacea, Cyr. ... 1851 Isacbne .. . 1816 australis, R. Br, .. 1816 imyosotis, Nees.. -. 1816 Ischemum .. 1853 australe, R. Br. .. 1854 fragile, R. Br.. -. 1855 laxum, R. Br... .. 1855 muticum, Linn. .» 1854 pectinatum, Trin. ... 1856 rottboellioides, R. Br... 1859 etriticeum, R. Br. -. 1854 villosum, R. Br. «. 1854 Iseilema . .. 1871 Mitchelli, Anders. . 1871 Isoetes .. .. 1922 Muelleri, 4. Br. . 1923 Isolepis articulata, Nees. -. 1771 barbata, R. Br. ~- 1767 capillaris, RR. et 8. ... 1767 conspersa, Nees . 1770 fluitans. R. Br. . 1769 Gaudichaudiana, Kunth. “2 -. 1770 Gunnii, Steud. .. 1770 inundata, R. Br. . 1770 margaritifera, Nees .. 1787 multicaulis, Schlecht.. 1769 nodosa, R. Br... wo Mad, prelongata, Nees... 1771 prolifera, R. Br. -. 1770 prolifera, Hook. f. . 1770 setacea, R. Br. « 1769 supina, R. Br. «- 1770 Urvillei, Steud. . 1770 Jacquemontia multivalvis, Hall. .. 2011 Jambolifera levis, Kuntze . 2000 Knozia stricta, Geertn. . 2006 Keeleria . 1901 phleoides, Pers. .. 1902 Kyllinga .. F «. 1751 brevifolia, Cke. .. 1752 cylindrica, Nees ees 1752 intermedia, R. Br. .. 1752 monocephala, Rottb. .. 1752 panicea, Rottb. «. 1751 pumila, Mich. .. .. 1752 triceps, Rottb. .. .. 1752 umbellata, Rottb. .. 1751 INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES. Page Lachnagrostis retrofracta, Trin. + 1883 Willdenowii, Trin. .. 1883 Lamium émplexicaule, Linn. .. 2013 Lampocarya aspera, R.Br. .. » 1795 Lappa majus, Gertn. . 2008 Lappago racemosa, Willd. . 1846 Lastrea aristata, T. Moore .. 1978 decomposita, Presl. ... 1978 Leersia .. 1845 australis, R. Br. .. 1848 hexandra, Sw. «. 1845 mexicana, Kunth. . 1845 Lepidosperma . 1789 angustifolium, Hook.... 1790 concavum, R. Br. - 1790 concavum, Hook. -. 1790 exaltatum, R. Br. . 1789 gladiatum, Nees -- 1790 laterale, R. Br. .» 1790 laterale, Hook. . 1790 lineare, "Nees ne . 1790 longitudinale. R. Br... 1790 Sieberi, Kunth. « 1790 squamata, R. Br. aw 1790 tetgagorum, Labill. .. 1793 Lepironia. . se vee LTT7 mucronata, Rich. - 1777 Lepistemon Fitzalani, F.v.M. .. 2011 Leptaspis . «» 1845 Banksii, R. Br. . 1845 Leptocarpus . .. 1724 desertus, F. v. M. «. 1725 elatior, R.Br... « 1724 ramosum, R. Br. . 1724 Schultzii, Benth. . 1725 spathaceous, R. Br. .. 1725 squarrosus, Nees ». 1726 Leptochloa w+» 1898 chinensis, Nees .. 1899 fusca, Kunth .. ve £918 lolliformis, F. v. M. .. 1912 polystachya, Benth. .. 1899 racemosa, Kunth .. 1898 subdigitata, Trin. .. 1899 tenerrima, Kuoth — ... 1899 verticillata, Trin. .. 1898 Lepturus .. ‘ .. 1919 repens, R. Br. . 1919 Lepyrodia 38 «+ 1721 elongata, Spreng. . 1726 hermaphrodita, Nees ... 1721 interrupta, F. v. M. ... 1721 scariosa, R. Br. . 1721 Leucopogon deformis, R. Br. ~. 2009 Limacia esiangkara, Bail. .. 1997 Lindsxa -. 1953 concinna, J. Sm. -. 1954 cultrata, Sw. .. .. 1954 dimorpha, Bail. .. 1954 Page ensifolia, Sw. «. 1955 flabellulata, Dry. .. 1954 Fraseri, Hook. vx 1955 heterophylla, Prent. .. 1954 incisa, Prent, we 1955 lanceolata, Labill. .. 1955 lanuginosa, Wall, .. 1956 linearis, Sw. .. .. 1954 lobata, Poir .. vs 1954. media, R. Br. .. ne 20048 microphylla, Sw. ». 1955 pentaphylla, Hook. .. 1955 polymorpha, Hook. et Grev. ae «» 1954 tenera, Dry. .. «- 1954 Lipocarpha A . 1774 argentea, R. Br. ~ 1774 microcephala, Kunth.. 1775 Litobrochia Milneana, Bail. «» 1962 tripartita, Presl .. 1962 vespertilionis, Pres! .. 1962 Lolium = .. 1919 perenne, ‘Binns -. 1919 temulentum, Linn. .. 1919 Lomaria .. +» 1963 articulata, F. vy. M. ~. 1965 capensis, Willd. «. 1964 discolor, Willd. se 1964 elongata, Blume .» 1963 euphlebia, Kunze .. 1965 lanceolata, Spreng. ... 1964 Patersoni, Spreng. .. 1963 procera, Spreng. -» 1964 vulcanica, Blume .» 1964 Lomariopsis Brightie, F.v.M. .. 1993 Lotus corniculatus, Linn. ... 2001 Lycopodium ae ... 1923 Belangeri, Bory. -. 1926 carolinianum, Linn, .. 1924 cernuum, Linn. .. 1924 Clare, Bail. we. 1924 densum, Labill. . 1925 Drummondii, Spreng. 1924 flabellatum, Linn. « 1926 gracillimum, Kunze .. 1925 laterale, R. Br. .. 1924 phlegmaria, Linn. - 1923 phlegmarioides, Gaud. 1924 pronifiorum, Lam. .. 1926 pumilio, R. Br. - 1927 tannense, Spreng. .. 1928 tetrapterygium, Bail... 1924 uliginosum, Labill. .. 1925 varium, R. Br. «- 1923 Lygodium Bs -. 1933 dichotomum, Sw. . 1934 japonicum, Sw. -. 1934 microphyllum, R. Br.... 1934 reticulatum, Schk .. 1934 scandens, Sw... . 1934 semibipinnatum, R. Br. 1934 Malacochete littoralis, Nees: « AVT2 Mallotus discolor, F’. v. M. in Manisuris oe granularis, Sw. Mapania .. hypolytroides, PF. v. M. Marattia .. ‘ve . fraxinea, Sm. .. i salicina, Sm. .. ais Mariscus conicus, R. Br. a decompositus, R. Br. .. levis, R. Br. .. ae scaber, R. Br. .. si umbellatus, Vahl. ... Marsilea .. se angustifolia, R. "Br, i Brownii, A. Br. . Drummondii, 4. Br... hirsuta, R. Br. ‘ macropus, Hook. a quadrifolia, Linn. .. Maundia triglochinoides, F. v. M. Mazximilianea Gillivret. Kuntze .. Mayepea axillaris, F.v. M. .. Megastachya polymorpha, Beauv. .. Meniscium its oe Kennedyi, F.v.M, .. proliferum, Hook. 4 triphyllum, Sw. Merremia hastata, Hall... Mertensia dichotoma, Willd... Mesomelena'.. ss deusta, Benth. spheerocephala, Benth. Michelia calyptrata, Kuntze .. Micraira .. subulifolia, Pit v. . ML. 2s Microlena 3 Ao Gunnii, Hook. £. es stipoides, R. Br. ka Microlepia spelunce, T. Moore ... Nilium punctatum, Linn. ., Monachather paradoxus, Steud. .. Monogramme .. 6 Jungbuhnii, Hook. .. Morisia Wallichii, Nees as Muehlenbergia crinita, Trin. .. ate mollicoma, Nees re sciurea, Trin. .. ei Myrmecodia Antoinii, F.v.M... armata, Hook... echinata, F. v. M. viii Page Myrstiphyllum loniceroides, Britt. . 2006 nesophilum, Britt. . 2006 Naias ie i .. 1712 major, dll... se, L712 tenuifolia, R. Br. .- 1712 Nelitris timon, Britt. . 2006 Nephrodium abruptum, Presl. 1977 confluens, F. v.M. 5» LOTT decompositum, R. Br... 1978 didymosorum, Bedd, .. 1977 exaltatum, R. Br. . 1975 molle, R. Br. ve LOTT obliteratum, R. Br. .. 1975 propinqguum, R. Br. .. 1976 pteroides, J. Sm. .. 1976 tenerum, BR. Br. aa 1978 truncatum, Presl. . 1977 unitum, R. Br. - 1976 Nephrolepis altescandens, Bail. .. 1975 cordifolia, Presl. » 1975 exaliata, Schott. , 1975 obliterata, Hook. . 1975 ramosa, T. Moore . 1975 repens, Brack... -. 1975 tuberosa, Presl. . 1975 Neurachne Ae .. 1846 Mitchelliana, Nees .. 1846 paradoxa, R. Br. . 1836 Neurosoria ptervides, Metten. .. 1994 Niebuhria biflora, Britt. .. +. 2007 spilanthoides, Britt. .. 2007 Niphobolus acrostichoides, Bedd. .. 1984 confluens, Bail. . 1984 puberulus, Bl. .. -. 1984 rupestris, Kaulf. . 1984 Notholena .. 1988 Brownei, Desv. - 1989 distans, R. Br. 1989 fragilis, Hook. - 1989 glabra, Brack. « 1989 lanuginosa, Poir. . 1988 lasiopteris, F. v. M. .. 1989 paucijuga, Bak. . 1988 Prenticei, Baker . 1989 pumilio, R. Br. . 1988 Reynoldsii, F, v. M. .. 1990 vellea, R. Br. ... - 1988 Oldenlandia mitrasacmoides, F.v.M. 2005 Olearia arguta, Benth. + 2006 Onoclea nuda, Labill. .. 1964 Ophioglossum « 1932 costatum, R. Br. 1932 gramineum, Willd. 1932 pendulum, Linn. 1932 vulgatum, Linn. 1932 Ophiurus 1860 corymbosus, Gaertn. ... 1860 Page Oplismenus «» 1837 emnlus, Kunth .. 1838 colonum, Kunth . 1826 compositus, Beauv. ... 1837 crus-galli, Kunth .. 1826 flaccidus, Kunth .» 1838 imbecillis, Kunth ~» 1938 setarius, R. et Sch. ... 1838 Ornithocephalochloa arenicola, Kurz .. 1844 Orobanche, sp. . 2012 Orthopogon @mulus, R. Br. 1838 compositus, R. Br... 1838 flaccidus, RK. Br. .. 1838 imbecillis, R. Br. ..- 1838 Oryza. a -. 1844 sativa, Lint. 1.» . 1844 Osmunda barbara, Thunb. .. 1939 ternata, Thunb. a» 1983 Panicum ... ce .. 1817 adspersum, Trin, .. 1827 airoides, R. Br. «ms 1829 amabile, Balansa .. 1832 angustum, Trin. -. 1826 antipodium, Spreng. .. 1816 arcuatum, R. Br. «. 1827 argenteum, R. Br. . 1822 atrovirens, Trin. . 1816 autumnale, F. v. M. .. 1820 Baileyi, Benth. .. 1821 bicolor, R. Br. a« 1831 brizoides, Jacq. -» 1823 Brownei, BR. et S. . 1822 Buncei, F. v. M. -. 1830 cenicolum, F. v. M, .. 1819 colonum, Linn. .. 1825 compositum, Linn. ... 1838 crus-galli, Linn. -. 1826 dactylon, Linn. .. 1893 decompositum, R. Br. 1832 distachyum, Linn. .. 1825 distans, Trin. . 1824 divaricatissimum, R. Br. .. 1820 effusum, R. Br. . 1832 flavidum, Retz .. 1823 foliosum, R. Br. xe B27 gibbosum, R. Br. .. 1821 Gilesii, Benth. .. 1824 glaree, F. v. M. . 1822 glaucum, Linn. .» 1839 gracile, R. Br. -. 1823 helopus, Trin. - 1824 hermaphroditum, Steud. : «- 1829 holosericeum, R. Br. ... 1823 imbecille, Trin. .. 1838 ineequale, F. v. M. . 1828 indicum, Linn. .. 1826 interruptum, Willd. ... 1827 jubiflorum, Trin. .. 1823 jumentorum, Pers. .. 1829 lachnophyllum, Benth. 1830 levinode, Lindl. ». 1832 laniflorum, Nees .. 1822 INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES. leucopheum, H.B.K. macractinum, Benth. macrostachyum, Nees marginatum, R. Br. ... maximum, Jacq. melananthum, F. v. M. miliaceum, Linn. Mitchelli, Benth. muticum, Forsk. myosotis, Steud. myosuroides, R. Br. .. myurus, Lam. obseptum, Trin. papposum, R. Br. paradoxum, R. Br. parviflorum, R. Br. .. pauciflorum, R. Br. ... phleoides, R. Br. piligerum, F. v. M. pilipes, Nees Prenticeanum, Bail. .. proliferum, Lam. prolutum, F..v. M. propinquum, R. Br. prostratum, Lam. pseudoneurachne, | F. v. M. “a e pygmeum, R. Br. rarum, R. Br... repens, Linn. ... reversum, F. v. M. sanguinale, Linn. semialatum. R. Br. spinescens, R. Br. strictum, R. Br. subquadriparum, Trin. Teneriffe, R. Br. tenuiflorum, R. Br. tenuissimum, Benth. trachyrhachis, Benth. trichoides, Sw. uncinulatum, R. Br. vicinum, Bail. .. villosum, R. Br. viride, Linn. .. Pappophorum .. avenaceum, Lindl. ae cerulescens, Gaudich, commune, F. v. M. flavescens, Lindl. gracile, R. Br... nigricans, R. Br. pallidum, R. Br. purpurascens, R. Br. ... virens, Lindl. .. Parinari nonda, F. v. M. Parkeria. pteridioides, Hook. Paspalum annulatum, Fluegge .. brevifolium, Fluegge ... conjugatum, Berg. dilatatum. Poir. distichum, Linn, Galmarra, Bail. littorale, R, Br. metabolon, Steud. INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES. Page minutiflorum, Steud.... 1814 orbiculare, Forst. ses L613 platycaule, Poir. .. 1814 Polo, Bail. .. .. 1813 polystachyum, R. Br. 1813 pubescens, lt. Br. «» 1813 punctatum, Fluegge .. 1815 scrobiculatum, Linn. 1813 Peltea faleata, Fee... .» 1960 geraniifolia, Fée - 1960 nudiuscula, Hook. .. 1958 paradoxa, Hook. -. 1960 rotundifolia, Hook. ... 1960 seticaulis, Hook. .. 1960 Patratherum echinatum, Nees .. 1857 Pennisetum ae . 1840 arshemicum, F. v. M. 1841 compressum, R. Br. .. 1840 glaucum, R. Br. ~. 1839. italicum, R. Br. .. 1840 refractum, F.v. M. .. 1841 viride, R. Br. ... .-. 1840 Perotis ... “tes -- 1847 vara, R.Br. .. -. 1847 Phalaris ... -. 1872 canariensis, Linn. . 1872 Pharus Banksti, Spreng. ... 1846 Phragmites .. 1900 communis, Trin. . 1901 Phymatodes Billardieri, Presl. .. 1986 Plagiosetum a +. 1841 refractum, Benth .. 1841 Planchonia crenata, Miers. +» 2005 Platycerium +. 1994 -alcicorne, Desv. ~. 1995 grande, J. Sm. .. 1995 ‘Hillii, Moore ... ~. 1995 Platyloma Brownii, J. Sm. . 1960 ‘ faleatum, J. Sm. -. 1960 rotundifolium, J.8m. 1960 Platyzoma - 1937 “microphyllum, R. Br. 1937 Pleopeltis trioides, T. Moore’... 1987 lanceola, Bail. . 1985 phymatodes, T. Moore 1985 ‘ pustulata, T. Moore .. 1986 Poa =i . 1914 abortiva, R. Br. «» 1909 afinis, R. Br. . «» 1915 annua, Linn. ..: ae 1915 - australis, R. Br. ~» 1915 brizochloa, F, v. M. ... 1915 Brownii, Kunth. -- 1905 cespitosa, Forst. . 1915 cognata, Steud. «» 1915 ‘ coneinna, R. Br. .; .. 1906 : decipiens, R.Br. ... 1899 *diandra, R. Br. eee 1905 diandra, F. v. M. .» 1907 Drummondiana, Nees 1915 elegans, R. Br. -.« 1906 Fordeana, F. v. M. falcata, Gaudich. leptostachya, R. Br. nodosa, Nees ... parviflera, R. Br. pellucida, R. Br. pilosa, Linn. .. plebeia, R. Br. polymorpha, R. Br. ramigera, F. v. M. speciosa, R. et S. Sprengelii, Kunth. stenostachya, R. Br. tenella, Linn. .. tenella, Sieb. .. verticillata, Cav. Pogonatherum contortum, Brongo. Page 1916 . 1908 - 1905 « 1915 . 1904 . 1904 . 1904 1915 1905 1917 1906 . 1904 1908 . 1903 1904 . 1904 «. 1856 . 1852 saccharoidum, Beauv. Pollinia argentea, Trin. articulata, Trin. fulva, Benth. .. irritans, Benth. pallida, R. et 8. tristachya, Thw. Polygala longifolia, Poir. stenoclada, Benth. Polypodium 1857 1852 1858 . 1852 . 1853 . 1852 1867 1853 . 1997 . 1998 acrostichoides, Forst.. xs . 1984 acrostichoides, Sieb. albosetosum, Bail. aspidioides, Bail. attenuatum, R. Br, australe, Mett. Beckleri, Hook. Billardieri, R. Br. blechnoides, Hook. - 1979 1984 1981 1982 « 1984 1980 « 1975 - 1986 Brownianum, Spreng. Brownii, Desv. confluens, R. Br. confluens, Hook. contiguum, Brack. 1981 1984 «. 1984 -. 1984 . 1984 dichotomum, Thunb. ... diminutum, Bak. diversifolium, R. Br. diversifolium, Willd .. fuscopilosum, Baker and F. v. M. Gaudichaudii, Bl. glabram, Mett. Hillii, Bak. .. Hookeri, Brach. irioides, Poir. .. Kennedyi, F. v. M. lanceola, F. v. M. lineata, Bedd. .. Linnai, Bory... molle, Jacq. .. ‘nigrescens, ‘Bl. pallidum, Brack. phymatodes, Linn. 1981 1939 1980 1987 1986 1981 1987 - 1984 . 1983 — pecilophlebium, Hook. proliferum, Prest, tee punctatum, Thunb.. .. « 1985 pustulatum, Forst. . quercifolium, Linn. + 1981 . 1987 - 1983 1985 1983 1987 1977 1985 1982 1985 1983 1982 1982 1987 rigidulum, Sw. rugosulum, Labill. rugulosum, Hook. rupestre, R. Br. scandens, Forst. a9 scandens, Labill. ota serpens, Forst. setigerum, Hook. et Arn. simplicissimum, Foe Mes om spelunce, Linn. subauriculatum, Bl. .. superficiale, Bl. tenellum, Forst. ‘ urophyllum, Wall. . : verrucosum, Wall. . Polystichum vestitum, Presl... .. Polytoca .. barbata, S tap. 5 cyathopoda, Bail. sclerachne, Bail. Potamogeton crispus, Linn. on gramineus, Hook. f. . heterophyllus, Hook. i javanicus, Hassk, marinus, Linn. es natans, Linn. . obtusifolius, Mert. et. Kotha. ee peciinatus, Linn. perfoliatus, Linn. tenuicaulis, F. v.M... Tepperi, 4. Benn. tricarinatus, Ff. v. M. Psilotum . complanatum, "Sw. flaccidum, Spreng. Forsteri, Endl. triquetrum, Sw. truncatum, R. Br. Psychotria Fitzalani, Benth. nematopoda, F. v. M. Pteris oe . é aquilina, Linn. si Brownii, Desv. comans, Forst. crenata, Sw. .. Endlicheriana, Ag. ensiformis, Burm. esculenta, Forst. falcata, R. Br. geraniifolia, Raddi incisa, Thunb.’ ee longifolia; Linn. marginata, Bory a microptera, Mett. .. Milneana, Bak. P nudiuscula,.R.'Br.. . paradoxa, Bak. pedata, R. Br. .. : : “quadriaurita, Retz. .. rotundifolia, Forst. : tremula, R. Br. tripartita,. Sw... 3 x INLEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES. Page Page ae umbrosa, R. Br. «. 1961 punctatus, Nees ... 1793 | Selaginella . a peed vespertilionis, Labill... 1962 scabripes, Benth. ~- 1785 australiensis, Ba _— hed Razumovia sparteus, R. Br. .» 1786 Bakeriana, Bail. ee icae hispida, Britt. «. 2011 va.inatus, F. v. M. .. 1786 Belangeri, Spring. .«- : Remirea .. .. 1779 | Scirpodendron .. .. 1776 | brisbanensis, Bail. .. 1926 maritima, Aubl. .. 1779| costatum, Kurz .. 1776| flabellata, Spring. .. 1926 pedunculata, R. Br. .. 1779 sulcatum, Kurz oa LIT6 leptostachya, Bail. .. 1926: Restio .. sie -- 1722] Scirpus .. ie -. 1768 Preissiana, Spring. .. 1925 clavatus, Nees.. -. 1726 acutus, Spreng. «. 1755 pronifiora, Bak. -. 1926- complanatus, R. Br... 1723 articulatus, Linn. .. 1770 pumilio, Spring. -» 1926 crispatus, Nees —S«._:1797 autumnalis, Rottb. .. 1739 uliginosa, Spring. ... 1925 dimorphus, R. Br. .. 1723 barbatus, Rottb. .. 1767 | Sesban : gracilis, R. Br. we ASS capillaris, Linn. «« LT6T aculeatus, Poir. -. 2001 lateriforus, i. Br. .. 1726 ciliaris, Linn. -. 1774 | Setaria .. .. 1839 pallens, R. Br. «« 1723 compactus, Spreng. ..°1754 compressa, Kunth .. 1841 tetraphyllus, Labill. .. 1723 conspersus, Boeckel. .. 1770 glauca, Beauv. «. 1839 tropicus, R. Br. wa 1722 costatus, Boeckel. .- 1770 italica, Beauv. .. 1839 Rhynchospora .. «- 1780 debilis, Pursh .. +. 1771 maorostachya, H.B.K. 1839 aurea, Vahl. .. aa. STORE Dietrichieg, Boeckel. .. 1769 refracta, F. v. M. -» 1841 Brownii, R. et 8. .. 1781 fluitans, Linn. au 41769 viridis, Beauv. ». 1840 deusta, Spreng. «+. 1783 Gaudichaudi, Beckel. 1770 | Sideroxylon glauca, Vahl .. -. 1781 grossus, Linn. «+ 1773 Brownii, F. v.M. .. 2009 laxa, R. Br. .. -- 1781 inundatus, Spreng. .. 1769 | Siphonanthus longisetis, R. Br. «. 1781 juncoides, Roxb. ee 1771 floribundus, Britt. .. 2012 longisetis, F. v. M. .. 1782 lacustris, Linn. «+ 1772 | Sorghum a ~. 1868: pterocheta, F. v. M... 1782 leptocarpus, F.v. M... 1775 fulvum, Beauv. .. 1869 tenuifolia, Benth. .. 1782 littoralis, Schrad. .. 1772 halepense, Pers. «» 1869: Wallichiana, Kunth .. 1781 margaritiferus, Boeckel 1787 laxiflorum, Bail. ~. 1869 Rottboellia i ww LS57 maritimus, Linn. eo. 177 parviflorum, Beauv. .. 1867 compressa, Beauv. .. 1844 Meyenii, Nees ee. STZ plumosum, Beauv. .. 186% corymbosa, Linn. ~. 1860 mucronatus, Linn. .. 1771 | Sorostachys exaltata, Linn. «. 1858 nitens, Boeckel ». 1785 kyllingioides, Steud. ... 1736: formosa, R. Br. see 1858 nodosus, Rottb. «+ 1771 | Spathium glandulosa, Trin. .. 1858 plumosus, R. Br. -. 1772 monostachyum,. Edg. ... 1708: muricata, Retz -. 1858 polystachyus, F. v. M. 1773 | Spheropus ophiuroides, Benth. .. 1858| prolifer, Rottb. -- 1770 | pygmeus, Boeckel. ... 1798 Ruppia ++ 1710 setaceus, Linn. «. 1769 | Spinifex ... «+: 1835: maritima, Linn. 1711 sphacelatus, Spreng... 1754| fragilis, R. Br. w+. 1836 Saccharum spiralis, Rottb. +. 1754] — hirsutus, Labill. w. 1835 fulvum, R. Br. we 1853 squarrosus, Linn. .. 1769] longifolius, R. Br. ... 1836 irritans, BR. Br. «. 1853 supinus, Linn. «+ 1770 paradoxus, Benth. ... 1836 Sagenia supinus, Boeckel. oe 17F1 sericeus, R. Br. + 1835 melanocaulon, Bail. .. 1977 tener, Spreng. ». 1755 Sporobolus es -- 1879 Sarcochilus triqueter, Gren. et actinocladus, F. v. Mu. 1882; Newportii, Bail. «- 2014 Godr. a «. 1772 Benthami, Bail. -.- 1880: Schedonorus Urvellei, Boeckel -. 1770 diander, Beauv. .. 1881 Billardierianus, Nees 1917} variegatus, Poir. -. 1754 indicus, R. Br. «+» 1880: littoraiis, Beauv. «. 1917 | Sclerachne Lindleyi, Benth. «.. 1881 Schizea .. is e+ 1935 cyathopoda, F. v. M.... 1849 pallidus, Lindl. w+. 1882: bifida, Sw... +» 1935) Scleria ... -- 1797 pulchellus, R. Br. .. 1881 dichotoma, Sw. -- 1935| Brownii, Kunth. .. 1799 subtilis, F.v. M. —.... 1882 Forsteri, Spreng. «» 1935 capillaris, R. Br. ». 1799 tenacissimus, Beauv. .. 1881 ‘Schizoloma caricina, Benth. 1798 virginicus, Kunth. ... 1880: ensifolium, J.Sm. .. 1955] chinensis, Kunth .. 1801 Stegania Fraseri, J. Sm. + 1955] Dietrichia, Bockel. ... 1800| falcata, R. Br. ae 1964 Schenus.. .. «+ 1783 distans, R. Br. .. 1799 lanceolata, R. Br. ... 1964 acutus, Labill. .. 1793 Greffeana, Beckel ,, 1800 minor, R. Br. . .. 1964 ‘brevifolius, R. Br. .. 1785| hebecarpa, Nees +. 1800 | nuda, "R.Br. .-. 1964 Brownii, Hook.f. .. 1787 lithosperma, Willd. .. 1799 Patersoni,R. Br. —.... 1963 calostachyus, Benth... 1785| axa, R.Br. .. 1798 | procera R. Br. 1964 elatus, Boekel. . -. 1787 margaritifera. Willa. ” 1800 Stenochlena “ ericetorum, R. Br. .. 1784 Nove-Hollandia, scandens, J. Sm. ae. 1993: faleatus, R. Br. «. 1786 Bockel .. -« 1799 Stenotaphrum es . 1843 Salcatus, Nees .. ee 1798 pygmexa, R. Br. +» 1798 americanum, Schrank 1843 indutus, F. v. M. - 1787] rugosa, R. Br. -. 1798 glabrum, Trin. 1844 melanostachyus, R. Br. 1786 sphacelata, F.v. UM... 1801 Stipa - L. 1875. ‘nitens, Hook. f. oe 1785 tesselata, Willd. +» 1799 : punctatus, R.Br. .. 1787! ustulata, Bail. 1.1977 asiiglonin: Xs — ist INDEX TO GENERA AND SPKCIES. Xi Page age . elegantissima, Labill. 1876 cuspidatum, Willd, .. 1949 procumbens, Forst. .. 1989 micrantha, Cav. ve 1876 digitatum, Sw. -» 1942 subpalmata, Sol. .. 1999 ‘pubescens, R. Br. .. 1877 filicula, Bory .. ». 1943] Unona .. .- 1996 ramosissima, Nees .. 1876 | faniculaceum, Bory .. 1944 Wardiana, Bail. .. 1996 rudis, Spreng. -. 1877 glauco-fuscum, Book. 1944 | Urachne scabra, Lindl, .. 1877 javanicum, Blume .. 1944 ramosissima, Trin. .. 1876 semibarbata, R. Br. .. 1877 johnstonense, Bail. .. 1945 | Uralepis ' ‘getacea, R. Br. «- 1877 ‘Kurzii, Bedd. .. .. 1942 Drummondii, Steud. .. 1918 - verticillata, Nees .. 1876 lanceum, Bory.. ww 1942 fusca, Steud. .. .. 1913 Stizolobium Maximum, Bl. +. 1945 | Urochloa : giganteum, Spreng. .. 2002 meifolium, Bory: ... 1944] panicoides, Beauv. .. 1824 Streptachne Ai .. 1878 minutum, Bl... +. 1942 pubescens, Beauv. .. 1824 ramosissima, Trin. .. 1876 Motleyi, Bosch. .. 194] semialata, Kunth .. 1837 stipoides, R. Br. .. 1878 muscoides, Sw. -. 1941 | Utricularia verticillata, Trin, .. 1876 pallidum, Bl. .. ~. 1943 barbata, R. Br. .. 2011 Styphelia parviflorum, Poir. .. 1944 chrysantha, R. Br. .. 2011 ““deformis, Spreng, .. 2009 parvulum, Poir. +. 1941 flava, Banks and Sol. 2011 Tenagocharis peltatum, Bak. «»» 1941 | Velleia cordofana, Hochst. .. 1704] polyanthus, Hook. .. 1944 perfoliata, R.Br. .. 2008 Tardavel proliferum, Bl. .. 1942 | Vigna '"marginata, Britt. .. 2006 pyxidiferum, Linn. .. 1943 capensis, Walp. .. 2002 Terminalia rigidum, Sw. .. .. 1945 | Vilfa pterocarpa, F.v. M. 2008 tenerum, Sw. .. «- 1944 actinoclada, F. v. M.., 1882 Thamnopteris venosum, R. Br. .. 1943 capensis, Beauv, o» 4881 nidus, Pres]. .. -. 1969 vitiense, Bak... «. 1941 erosa, Trin. .. .. 1881 Thuarea .. i .. 1844 Wildii, Bail. .. .. 1942 Lindleyi, Steud. o. 1882 involuta, R. Br. -. 1844 yandinense, Bail. .. 1941| pulchella, Trin. .. 1881 latifolia, R. Br. -. 1844 | Tricostularia .. -. 1788 tenacissima, Trin. .. 1881 media, R. Br. .. .. 1844 paludosa, Benth. we 1788 virginica, Linn, .. 1880 - sarmentosa, Pers .. 1844 | Triglochin 5 .. 1705 | Vittaria .. .. 1952 Tmesipteris a «. 1927 calcitrapa, Hook. .. 1706 elongata, Sw. . «. 1953 ‘\Billardieri, Endl, .. 1928 centrocarpa, Hook. .. 1706 falcata, Keinee. .. 1953 Forsteri, Endl. .. 1928 decipiens, R. Br. .. 1706 wooroonooran, Bail. 1953 | famnensis, Bernh. .. 1927 dubium, R. Br. .. 1707 | Vulpia ‘truncata, Desv. .. 1928 filifolium, Sieb. .. 1706 Browntana, Nees... : 1921 tedes os .. 1939 linearis, Endl. .. 1707| | rectiseta, Nees.. .. 1921 » africana, Willd. -. 1939 Maundii, F.v. M. ... 1707 scabra, Nees ... «1921 barbara, T. Moore. .. 1939] ‘montevidense,Sp. _.. 1706 | Woodwardia Fraseri, Hook. et Grev. 1939 nanum, F. v. M. -. 1706 aspera, Metten. .. 1967 Trachymene _ procera, R. Br. -- 1706) caudata, Cav. .. -. 1967 geraniifolia, Bail. .. 2015 striata, R.and Pl. .. 1706 media, Fee... .. 1967 Tragus .. .. -. 1846 triandrum, Mich. _.. 1706 | Wrightia ae i ons all -- 1846 | Triodia .. -. 1911 | pubescens, R. Br. .. 2010 Tichelostyles : ambigua, R. Br. «- 1913 miliacea, Nees «. 1765 Contingent Benth. 1911 eeodhlgs R.Br. ee coe xyroides, Arn. +. 1760/ — irritans, R. Br. «» 1912) imberbis, 2. Br ee eae ig oe Mitchelli, Benth. ae aa Xyris ccaane Gacsiria =e ‘ucocoma, Mog. on ' pungens, R. Br. -. 191 . Tricholena oye a. 1837 Triraphis 3 -» 1910 Veats; Mees. as se 1788 Teneriffe, Parl. -. 1837] mollis, R. Br. . .. 1910 | Zee oe aie -. 1850 Trichodium pungens, R. Br. .. 1910 Mays, Linn. .. -. 1850 laxiflorum, Mich. .. 1882 Triti 1920 Zostera .. eon ow 291 Trichomanes .. .. 1949 | *THcum - L : " Y990 marina, Hook. an, TFL angustatum, Carm. .. 1944 aetna Lain. * 4999 | Muelderi, Trin. a T5e apiifolium, Presi. .. 1944 al ibs Vili Pe “" 4999 | , Dane Roth .. .. 1711 Barnardianum, Bail, 1943 | Vuleare, Pi... ss Zoysia. . ee 1847 calvescens, Bosch. .. 1942 | Triumfetta " pupgens, Willd. .. 1847 caudatum, Brack. .. 1944 appendiculata, F. v. M. 1998 sinica, Hance .. -. 1848 Anamum ., es Andau-ga ee Anbo-a .. as An-ga-tan oe Ara-1a +s es Ari-ira... ee Au-gutanara Bala-bal-balgal .. Balcha.. on Bat’s-wing Fern .. Bracken .. Braid Fern Bamboo .. ate Bamboo-grass Barnyard Grass ... Barley Grass Barley, Malting .. Barley, Six-rowed Barley, Wall... Binung : -Birds-nest Fern . 5 Blady Grass e Blue Grass re Buffalo Grass %, Bulkuru .. es Bungwall a Bunch Spear Grass Button Grass Cane Grass , ‘Canary-seed Grass Caraway-seed Fern ‘Caterpillar Grass ‘Chakata .. we Cherite .. ‘si ‘Cock’s-foot Grass Comet Grass ‘Common Fern-tree Coocheramunda .. Couch Grass “Crab Grass Crow-foot Grass... Carley Fern Dimbur .. Ditch Millet Dortalana : Drunken Darnel .. (Dundul Endabari iElk’s-horn HKsiangkara Page 1706 2002 1844 2014 - 2002 1754 1772 -. 1999 . 2002 1962 - 1962 1937 1922 1917 - 1898 1918 - 1921 .. 1921 . 1921 « 1976 - 1968 1851 . 1863 .. 1843 -. 1754 ... 1966 .. 1861 . 1897 . 1899 - 1872 . 1972 - 1812 - 2015 . 2011 1914 . 1847 ». 1949 .. 1882 .. 1893 .. 1898 .. 1898 . 1958 1851 «. 1813 -. 2014 .- 1919 . 2002 -. 2010 .-- 1995 . 1997 Fox-tail Grass (swamp) Golden-beard Grass Goorigen é Guinea Grass ‘Grape Fern 1840 1867 «» 1924 -. 1829 . 1933 VERNACULAR NAMES : Page Hairy Fern oye 2. 1952 Hare’s-tail Grass -. 1908 Hare’s-foot Fern .» 1951 Hare’s-ear a -. 1997 I-wa-wal .. BD . 2003 Je-an-jata one -- 2006 Jikan sls oe .. 1844 Jilgrubari.. as .» 1880 Jinjajalga oe -. 2003 Job’s tears . .. 1848 Johnson Grass .. ». 1869 Kaikur .. ate »» 2004 Kapabina oe «+ 1707 Kaya af os -» 1754 Kalpara .. vs oe 1772 Kand-ja .. oe »» 2011 Kangaroo Grass .. 1870 Katura .. a6 «. 1882 Ke-wan ... aie -» 1997 Konyara .. . -. 2011 Kwanja .. a -. 2014 Kwang-an ass «. 1844 Landsborough Grass . 1871 Long-haired Plume Grass 1884 Lo-thi_... as -. 2015 Ma-bil .. is -» 1754 Makora .. as .. 1749 Malaga .. ss «+ 2002 Mangaru .. .« 1749 Meadow Rice- Grass .. 1872 Merikin ... ies ». 2005 Mitchell Grass ... «» 1897 Moko-murdo ae .. 1844 Mountain Bracken - 1952 Mountain Couch .. 1888 Mulga Grass... . 1846 Nardoo .. . +» 1929 Ngang-ir .. es ». 2014 Ngo-go-ro . -. 2003 Ngorkuru +. 2003 Niadoa .. ae -. 1996 Nut Grass «. 1744 Oat Grass (New Zealand) Oat Grass o* o. Oo-kin .. os . 1891 1871 - 1833 Pa-po-in .. os +. 2002 Panje-a «. 1754 Par-al so. male .» 1772 Parasol Fern ie -. 1938 Panicum ... ae ow 18RD Plume Grass oe ». 1884 Po-ata.. ‘ .. 1997 Porcupine Grass s+» 1912 Potato Fern we Prairie Grasses Prickly Fern-tree Pro-atha .. He Pu-kuru .. a8 Pungga .. ae Quaking Grass .. Rarnka Rat’s-tail Grass . Red Natal Grass. 7 Red Cabbage Fern Reed (common) ... Ribbon Fern oe ltice (native), .. Rice Grass Ss Russell River Grass Rye Grass ae Satin Top Grass Scented Golden-beard ... . 1982 Shiny Fern o. Spear Grass, 3-awned ... vo Pee QUT .. 1995 .. 1894 -» 1895 .. 1820 . 1840 Spinifex .. Stag’s-horn Fern Star Grass a Star Grass, Blue Summer Grass Swamp Fox-tail Swamp Fern-tree Tarbugai .. Tares of Scripture Tasseled Club-Moss Tasseled Blue- “grass Téosinté . em Tindil To-e ao . Treacle- mustard Tun-jol Unkeelyinkeela .. Ung-gal .. as Wanna .. Warrego Summer Grass Warrego Spinifex Water Couch Wheat... White-topped Grass Wig Fern-tree i Wild Oat xs Woolly Fern-tree Verer we Ea Yak-ka-berry Yak-kapari Page 1936 . 1918 we. 1949 «. 1772 1997 2014 1914 2014 1880 1837 1. 1964 1901 1932 1844 7) 1845 1812 1919 1862 1867 1874 1939 .. 2004 .. 1919 «» 1923 1. 1863 1850 .. 1832 .. 2002 .» 1997 - 2002 .. 1881 . 1997 1706 1823 . 19il .. 1813 . 1820 1890 .. 1948 .. 1889 . 1950 1795 1881 1881