ALBERT KR. MANN LIBRARY AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY GAYLORD Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http ://www.archive.org/details/cu31924086708561 THE GENERA OF FUNGI FREDERIC EDWARD CLEMENTS, Pu. D. Professor of Botany and Head of the Department of Botuny in the University of Minnesota MINNEAPOLIS THE H. W. WILSON CoMPANY 1909 CopyricaT 1909 FREDERIC E. CLEMENTS QK 603 G2. Pia PREFACE. The present book is an outgrowth of a translation of the keys in the origi- nal eight volumes of Saccardo’s “Sylloge Fungorum.’’ This translation was mimeographed and bound for the use of classes in mycology. It immediately proved so convenient and usable that the preparation of a complete guide to the fungi was begun the same year. Many things have occurred during the past two years to delay the completion of the guide until this time. In its present form, the book is based upon Saccardo’s great work, though in certain groups other authors have been followed, and in some cases, the discomycetes and lichens, the treatment amounts almost to a revision. The arrangement of the orders and families is different in a large measure, and in the distribution of the lichens is original. No attempt has been made to revise the genera, except where the treatment had lagged behind current practice, as is particularly true of the lichens. In some cases, genera have been included in others, but this is done only for the sake of the beginner, when the descriptions reveal no differences, and is by no means intended as a revision. Questions of nomenclature have necessarily been left largely to one side, but no hesitation has been felt in making certain corrections. These have dealt mostly with mistaken or neglected transliteration, and with faulty composition. A considerable number of sesquipedalian words have been shortened, and the greater number of hybrid names have been corrected. These corrections have been made in such a way as to retain as much of the original name as possible. Corrections are indicated by the sign + with the original form in parenthesis below. New genera are designated by an asterisk, and are listed with their types on a later page. The genera described in volumes 9-18 of the “Sylloge” have been included in the proper family keys. Genera placed under “incertae sedis” are excluded as a rule, since it is impossible to locate them definitely. A few genera occur riore than once when they show the characters of two families, or when super- ficial and developmental features indicate different positions. An endeavor has been made to make the keys as consistent as possible, and as simple as is profit- able. The mycologist must have a fair equipment of technical terms, as well as a Latin vocabulary, and the sooner these are acquired the better. In many cases, definiteness will seem to be lost by the use of such terms as “typically,” “usually,” etc., but the beginner must quickly learn that the line between families is rarely clear-cut, but often on the contrary most devious. The tyro must con- stantly be warned that some species belong as naturally in one family as in an- other, and must consequently be sought in more than one place. The color of a spore, the position of a perithecium, or the texture of a cup does not always conform with a definite term, and the beginner must be governed accordingly. While the writer is particularly indebted to Saccardo’s “Sylloge Fungorum,” he is also indebted to Thaxter’s “Monograph of the Laboulbeniaceae,”’ and his “Preliminary Diagnoses of New Species of Laboulbeniaceae,” II-VI, for the material for the key to this group. The treatment of the Pezizales is largely that of Rehm’s “Discomyceten,” modified by the inclusion of the lichens. From Engler and Prantl’s ‘“Pflanzenfamilien,’ material has been drawn in the mono- graphs of the bacteria by Migula, of phycomycetes and other groups by Schroter and Lindau, and especially of the lichens by Zahlbruckner. The writer is also under heavy obligation to Dr. Edith Clements, for the preparation of the Glos- sary, and for much other work of preparation and of publication. His thanks are also due to Professor Raymond J. Pool for assistance in the original mimeo- graph copies. Freperic Epwarp CLEMENTS. The University of Minnesota, June 1, I909. CONTENTS. PREFACE Key TO ORDERS AND FAMILIES Key To GENERA Key To Spore SECTIONS GUIDE TO THE VOLUMES OF SAccARDO’S “SYLLOGE FUNGORUM” INDEX TO FAMILIES IN SaAccaRDO’s “SyLLOGE FuNGORUM” AND ReuHm’s “DISCOMYCETEN” List of NEw GENERA AND TYPES GLOSSARY OF LATIN AND ENGLISH TERMS INDEX TO GENERA, SUBFAMILIES, FAMILIES AND ORDERS Key to Orders and Families I. Filaments one-celled, rarely septate, typically aqua- tic or endobiotic; propagation by fission or by conidia, the latter usually in sporangia; sex-cells typically present, uniting to form resting-spores II. Filaments septate, typically saprophytic or epibi- otic; conidia borne on conidiophores; sex-cells usually absent 1. Spores in a hymenium composed of asci or club- shaped basidia a. Spores in asci b. Spores on more or less club-shaped basidia 2. Conidia on conidiophores of various form, not in asci or on true basidia Phycomycetes I. True mycelium lacking or rudimentary 1. Threads simple, globose to tilamentous, often motile; propagating by fission or by conidia also a. Cells single or in colonies, never forming plas- modium-like masses (1) Cells filamentous, not spirally twisted (a) Filaments motile, sheathless (b) Filaments non-motile, sheathed (2) Cells cylindric to globose, spirally twisted when filamentous (a) Cells more or less spirally twisted (b) Cells not spirally twisted or curved x. Cells oblong to cylindric y. Cells globose or cuboid b. Cells secreting a gelatinous matrix and form- ing pseudoplasmodia, passing into cysts or spore-masses which are often stalked ~ 2. Threads absent or slightly developed; propagation by sporangia which produce zoogonids; sex- cells rare II. Mycelium present, typically well-developed and branched; propagation by zoogonids or by non- motile conidia borne in sporangia or on conidio- phores; sex-cells usually present 1. Aerial fungi propagating by conidia a. Conidia typically in globose to cylindric sporan- gia; mostly saprophytes; zygosporous Phycomycetes I Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Fungi Imperfecti 6 Bacteriales 7 Beggiatoaceae 7 Chlamydobacteriaceae 7 Spirillaceae 7 Bacteriaceae 8 Coccaceae 8 Myxobactrales 8 Chytridiaceae 9 Mucoraceae 12 I. GENERA OF FUNGI b. Conidia single or in chains on conidiophores (1) Typically parasitic on insects; zygosporous (2) Typically parasitic on leaves and stems; fete) sporous 2. Typically aquatic fungi propagating by zoogonids a. Mycelium mostly well-developed (1) Antheridial tube touching or penetrating fexe) gone (2) Antherids producing antherozoids b. Mycelium more or less scanty, developing wholly or chiefly into sporangia and sex-organs Ascomycetes Asci completely or partly enclosed in a pericarp 1. Asci in a perithecium a. Perithecia one to many on a receptacle; sex- organs present; b. Perithecia not on a receptacle; sex organs very rare; rarely on insects (1) Mycelium or subicle typically present; osti- ole and paraphyses usually absent (a) Subicle white; perithecia usually with ap- pendages; asci one to few, more or less ovoid (b) Subicle dark or black; appendages mostly xX. y. Perithecia lacking ; asci usually numerous, more or less cylindric typically on insects Perithecia more or less globose branched clavate to cylindric, often (2) Subicle usually absent; ostiole and paraphy- ses typically present (a) Perithecia fleshy or waxy, bright colored (b) Perithecia hard, membranous to carbon- x. ous, typically brown to black Perithecia distinct, not reduced to cavities or locules (x) Perithecia normally globose, single, clustered or in a’stroma m. Mycelium not forming a thallus with n. (y) algae Mycelium forming a thallus Perithecia radiate flattened, dimidiate and (z) Perithecia with a broad and com- or a funnelform ostiole m. Ostiole broad and compressed, cleft; perithecia mostly carbonous n. pressed Ostiole elongate, then expanded and Entomophthoraceae Peronosporaceae Saprolegniaceae Monoblepharidaceae Ancylistaceae Laboulbeniales Sphaeriales Erysibaceae Perisporiaceae Capnodiaceae Hypocreaceae Sphaeriaceae Verrucariaceae Microthyriaceae Lophiostomataceae 14 - 15 18 16 18 ai ai 22 25 42 53 KEY TO ORDERS AND FAMILIES funnel form; perithecia mostly coriaceous y. Perithecia reduced to locules in a stroma (x) Thallus absent m. Stromata mostly carbonous or mem- branous, not attached by a stipe- like point e n. Stromata subcarnose, attached by a stipe-like point (y) Thallus present 2. Asci in a hysterothecium, i. e., a perithecium with a cleft-like ostiole, typically oblong to linear, rarely vertical a. Hysterothecium imperfect, dimidiate-scutate, but the ostiole a cleft b. Hysterothecium more or less elongate and rimose, or rounded and stellately cleft (1) Hysterothecium elongate, rimose, rarely vertical (a) Thallus absent (b) Thallus present (2) Hysterothecium round to linear, ostiole more or less stellate or lobed; thallus present or absent 3. Asci in an apothecium a. Apothecia closed at first, then open, disk-shaped to cup-shaped, rarely elongate (1) Thallus lacking (a) Apothecia sunken, then erumpent, usually opening by lobes, rarely by a cleft x. Apothecia opening by stellate or irregular lobes or by a cleft (x) Apothecia dark, brown or black m. Apothecia mostly carbonous or leath- ery; hypothecium thin n. Apothecia mostly membranous or horny; hypothecium thick (y)