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FRONTISPIECE.

Use of the National Forests.

“ONINIPY HOS GOOM ONV Y3EWIL | SHSINUNY ONV “10g 3H1 80710H ‘mold YSLVAA S31LV1NO3Y HOIHM 183404 TVNOILVN VY

Issued June 14, 1907.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
FOREST SERVICE
GIFFORD PINCHOT, Forester

THE USE OF THE NATIONAL
FORESTS

1907

CONTENTS.

To‘ the: publics.ce+ ss sues dciend evar ios ded enw Quek eeesce
Why National Forests were first made....................
How they ate made) cou .22arts cece caucuigapiinained wares 4
Wal atthey Mea tt. 2... concn Ge dunievintedusyrere ni wit aietnes aux cies
osthe homewseekers, ocak tedavy e cane dees rey sas oo 55

To the prospector and miner....................2.054
To'the user'of timber: 2.2.2. cuegecs sesgcpauecue ebaee vas

To the user of the range... 2.2.2... eee eee

To the user of water... 0.0.0... occ eee een eee
Tothéother users. occa seweczaqares Bune ese ees

To thétaxpayery 4 waevrns.s aie sae des bawene Rese oe
The whole result...... ee yrs Medias YORE ELE eee oe
What they are for. 5 oe scuskedins psa abe se Pauag oni so mea
TMS Oneal 3 six sean tuniesin las cel eee ad NAH Rae Mad Pees
WSO nccciame ts wma eee et ROR eames ES

To protect and grow wood for use..................5.
Tc keep the water flow steady....................0..
To keep the range in good condition.................
To tse well all theland io... ccc teres sateen tnt
Playgrounds: sis. 22544 eaauur eOhshis seep neaee yes
Games .ciegeied de SS sese te er sagen see APY
FIO Wt: USE CHEN. aise s1s:8 ekcleGovecemaaune Bee OSS S TAOS
Management by the people...................020005
Where the business is done............. 0. .0e eee eens
Payments «<4: seeks veacee sear avy ges amc Ng eae saa etaa
Complaint and appeal.......... 06. eee e eee e eee eee
Land fora Home,..ccc cc. cads 54435 0eeeRE egos neeeeeks
Prospecting and mining................ eee eee ee eeeee

4

CONTENTS.

How to use them—Continued.

Fire .....

Improvement work ........... 60.6 e cece eee
Forest OMCers: ... 3... .6. 5 bes cmtaune sh o82E9 24 pees ee deeds
Men wanted jac. ov c.sds gid aaadeess oben te Sede Eee shea

Appendix

ILLUSTRATIONS.

A National Forest which regulates water flow, holds the
soil, and furnishes timber and wood for mining. . Frontispiece.
PratE I, A Forest Fire. The destruction of national

IT.

VI.

wealth. Millions of dollars’ worth of timber
going up in smoke on unprotected public
OMAN, cwyeadys gee as iwssinees seegyes ssa ae
Wise Use. The land logged with care and pro-
tected from fire. The timber and wood keep
COMM Br itoua neve haimaemerh rcs ei tvebamlaes

. Destructive Use. The land skinned, burned

over, and left a barren waste.................

. Cattle in a National Forest. The range is pro-

tected and wisely used ......................

. Sheep ina National Forest. All the range is put
fo-its best ise). sans dewck bes vende nemneeas
Forest Ranger roping his saddle horse .........

28
32

TO THE PUBLIC.

Many people do not know what National Forests are.
Others may have heard much about them, but have no
idea of their true purpose and use. A little misunder-
standing may causea great deal of dissatisfaction. The
National Forests very closely concern all the people of
the West and, indeed, of the whole country. They
affect, directly or indirectly, many great business inter-
ests. It is the object of this publication to explain just
what they mean, what they are for, and how to use
them.

THE USE OF THE NATIONAL FORESTS.

WHY NATIONAL FORESTS WERE FIRST MADE.

In 1891 Congress authorized the President to establish
forest reserves (now called National Forests), and Pres-
ident Harrison created the first one—the Vellowstone—
that same year.

Congress took this action because the forests of the
great mountain ranges in the West were being destroyed
very rapidly by fire and reckless cutting. It was real-
ized that unless something were done to protect them, the
timber resources of the country and the many industries
dependent upon the forest would be badly crippled. So
the law aimed to save the timber for the use of the peo-
ple, and to hold the mountain forests as great sponges
to give out steady flows of water for use in the fertile
valleys below.

At the start there was much opposition to the Forests.
Often this opposition was just; for although Congress
had set apart the lands and their resources it had made
no provision for their use or their protection. The timber
was simply locked up and left to burn. This mistake
was remedied in 1897, when a law was passed which
made it possible to use all the resources and give them

suitable protection.
7

8 USE OF THE NATIONAL FORESTS.
HOW THEY ARE MADE.

At first a great many of the National Forests were
made without knowing exactly where the boundary lines
should run. This was unfortunate; because some agri-
cultural lands which should have been excluded were
taken in, and a good deal of timber land which should
have been included was left out. This could have been
avoided by making examinations on the ground, but
there was no money for the work, and so the boundaries
had to be drawn very roughly.

Since 1900, however, men and money have been avail-
able for field examinations, and rough and inaccurate
work has been done away with entirely. The old and
carelessly made National Forests have been surveyed
and mapped, and the President has put back into the
public domain those lands which should not have been
included. Now, before new Forests or additions to old
ones’ are made, all the lands are examined on the ground.

The greatest care is used in this work. Every section
of land is examined, mapped, and described, and the
boundaries are drawn to exclude, as far as possible,
everything which does not properly belong in a National
Forest. ‘T'wo very detailed maps are made. One shows
just what is growing on the land, the other shows who
owns or claims the land. Every bit of cultivated land
is located and mapped, as well as the land which is
suited to cultivation but which is not cultivated at
present. Men trained under western conditions are em-
ployed inthe work. They report very thoroughly about
all matters, such as the importance of the forest to regu-
late the water flow, its present and future value in sup-

PLATE I,

Use of the National Forests.

A Forest Fire.

THE DesTRUCTION OF NATIONAL WEALTH. MILLIONS OF DOLLARS’ WorTH oF TIMBER Go UP
In SMOKE ON THE UNPROTECTED PuBLic Domain,

WHAT THEY MEAN. 9

plying the local demand for timber, and how the creation
of a National Forest would affect all the local industries
of the region; especially, how it would affect the home
builder.

Before any new National Forest is made it is known
just why it should be made, just what effect it will have,
and just where it should be located.

There are now about 145,000,000 acres of National
Forests in the United States and about 5,000,000 acres
more in Alaska and Porto Rico. ‘The list in the Ap-
pendix shows where they are located and what they are
called.

WHAT THEY MEAN.

One of the unfortunate things in many or the discus-
sions about National Forests is that the facts concerning
them are sometimes mistaken or misrepresented. This
is because their real working is not understood. For
example, a common argument used by those who oppose
them is that when a National Forest is made all the
resources of the region are at once locked up, industry
checked, settlement prohibited, and future growth made
impossible or very difficult. Since a National Forest
really does none of these things, but works just the
other way, it is well to have a thorough understanding
of what the actual effect is.

Before a National Forest is made we have a forest-
covered area of public mountain land upon which the
various land laws apply. These open lands may be
taken up and patented under the timber and stone act,
under all the mineral laws, and possibly some of them
under the homestead law, if they are suitable for culti-

To USE OF THE NATIONAL FORESTS.

vation. Under whatever law it is taken up, the land
and all its resources pass out of the hands of the people
forever. Consider now what happens when this open
public domain is declared a National Forest.

TO THE HOME SEEKER.

What happens to the home seeker? When a National
Forest is created the home maker is not interfered with in
the least. Inthe first place, before the Forest is created,
agricultural lands are carefully excluded from the bound-
aries. It often happens, however, that there are little
patches of agricultural land so located within the bounda-
ries that it is impossible to cut them out. Such lands
are open to settlement. Congress has extended the
homestead law, slightly modified, to the National For-
ests. The home seeker can travel all through a Forest,
pick out the agricultural land he wants for a home, apply
for it, have it listed, settle upon it when listed, enter it,
build his home, cultivate his fields, patent it, and spend
the rest of his days there. The only thing he must be
careful about is to obey the law and take the land for a
home, and not for other purposes.

A National Forest, then, does not in the least shut
out real settlement. It encourages it. The more set-
tlers, the more men on hand to fight fires, the better
protection the Forest will get, and the better and fuller
will be the use of all its resources.

TO THE PROSPECTOR AND MINER.

What happens to prospecting and mining? They go
on just as if there were no National Forest there. The
prospector is absolutely free to travel about and explore

WHAT THEY MEAN. II

just as much as he pleases and wherever he pleases,
without asking anybody’s permission. When he strikes
mineral he can stake out, locate, record, and develop
just as many claims as he thinks are worth while, pre-
cisely as he would on the public domain. If he wants
to get patent to any of them, he cando so. The only
thing he must be careful about is to obey the law and
not take up claims merely for the timber on them or to
get possession of the land for purposes not connected
with mining. Claims can be developed and turned into
paying mines just as anywhere else. A National Forest
does not affect this work in the least, except that it
keeps timber in the country for the use of the mines
when they need it and as long as they need it.

Prospecting and mining are absolutely .unchecked.
The resources of the National Forests must be used and
the country opened up. Therefore the more mining and
prospecting, the better.

TO THE USER OF TIMBER.

What happens to the timber and wood? 'The timber
and stone act does not apply in a National Forest. The
title to lands valuable chiefly for timber can not pass
from the Government.

But are the timber and wood locked up? Very far from
it. "The timber is there to be used, now and in the future.
It is given away, for domestic use, to the man witha
home and to the prospector developing his claim. They
get it for the asking, free of charge. When wanted for
commercial purposes, timber is sold to the small man
and to the big man—sold promptly and at a reasonable
cost. ‘The small man can buy a few thousand feet; the

12 USE OF THE NATIONAL FORESTS.

big man can buy many million feet, provided it is a good
thing for all the people to let him purchase a large
amount, but not otherwise. ‘The local demand is always
considered first. ‘There is no chance for monopoly,
because the Secretary of Agriculture must by law sell
as much or as little as he thinks best, to whom and at
whatever price he thinks will best serve the interests of
all the people.

Thus the timber is there, first of all, to be used. ‘The
more it is used, the better. Far from being locked up,
it is, on the contrary, opened up, and opened up on fair
terms to all alike. When it is on the open public domain
it is often very hard and sometimes impossible for the
small man to get it and hold it, because he is shoved
aside by the big timber corporations with which he can
not compete. On National Forests the Government
holds the timber with a special view to its use by the
small user. At the present time nine-tenths of the tim-
ber sales on National Forests are for amounts less than
$500.

In 1906 75,090,000 board feet were given away and
700,000,000 board feet were sold.

TO THE USER OF THE RANGE.

What happens to the range? Most of the timber land
in the West is good range for live stock. This range
has to be included in the National Forests, because it
goes with the timber and can not be separated from it.

Ts it shut out from use? Quite the contrary. It is
grazed by cattle, sheep, and horses just as it always has
been. It is one of the resources and is there to be used.
At present it is used by about 1,500,000 cattle and horses

3S) SSI

"BYul4 WOH4 G3L93L0¥d ONV 3YVYD HIM G39907] ANY] 3HL

“ONIWOD d3Jay GOOM ONY H3eWIL 3HL

Use of the Nationa) Forests.

PLATE

WHAT THEY MEAN. r3

and 6,000,000 sheep. The Government protects it from
being burned up or from being overcrowded and over-
grazed, prevents disputes between the owners of stock,
and sees that each owner gets the use of that range to
which he has the best right. The small man witha
home in or near a National Forest always gets the first
chance.
TO THE USER OF WATER.

What happens to the water? Nothing, except that the
flow is steadier. The creation of a National Forest has
no effect whatever on the laws which govern the appro-
priation of water. This isa matter governed entirely by
State and Territorial laws.

TO THE OTHER USERS.

How can the land itself be used? "The land itself can
be used for all purposes. The main thing is that the
land, as well as what grows upon it, must be used for
the purpose for which it is most valuable On it may
be built stores, hotels, residences, power plants, mills,
and many other things. All these are advantages to
National Forests, because they help to get the fullest
use out of the land and its resources. Railroads, wagon
roads, trails, canals, flumes, reservoirs, and telephone
and power lines may be constructed whenever and
wherever they are needed, as long as they do no unnec-
essary damage to the Forest. Improvements of this
kind help to open up the country, and that is what is
wanted.

14 USE OF THE NATIONAL FORESTS.
TO THE TAXPAYER.

What happens to county taxes? People who are unfa-
miliar with the laws about National Forests often argue
that they work hardships on the counties in which they
lie by withdrawing a great deal of land from taxation.
They say that if the lands were left open to pass into
private hands there would be much more taxable prop-
erty for the support of school and road districts. The
National Government of course pays no taxes. But it
does something better. It pays those counties in which
the Forests are located 10 per cent of all the receipts
from the sale of timber, use of the range, and various
other uses, and it does this every year. It is a sure and
steady income, because the resources of National Forests
are used in such a way that they keep coming without a
break. Congress saw that the money returns would
soon be large, and it provided that the amount paid
should not exceed 40 per cent of the counties’ tax re-
ceipts from other sources.

Taxes from private timber lands, on the other hand,
are ordinarily only temporary returns, because after the
lands are logged they are usually left to burn up and
become vacant and barren, quite valueless for purposes
of taxation. Thus a county which is partly covered by
a National Forest is better off than one which is not.
In 1906 the National Forests paid the county school and
road funds over $75,000. This amount will be almost
doubled this year.

WHAT THEY ARE FOR. is

THE WHOLE RESULT.

Taking it altogether, then, it will be seen that a
National Forest does not act like a wall built around
the public domain, which locks up its lands and resources
and stops settlement and industry. What it really does
is to take the public domain, with all its resources and
most of its laws, and make sure that the best possible
use is made of every bit of it. And more than this, it
makes these vast mountain regions a great deal more
valuable, and keeps them a great deal more valuable,
simply by using them in a careful way, with a little
thought about the future.

WHAT THEY ARE FOR.
IN GENERAL.

Use.—National Forests are for use by all the people.
Their resources are now used in such a common-sense
way that instead of being used up they keep coming.
‘They are for present use, for use a few years ahead, and
for use a long time ahead. It is easy to draw a picture
of the West, say twenty-five or fifty years from now.
‘The picture will show a great increase in population, in
the cities and in the country; it will show innumerable
homes, now almost unthought of; it will show a wonder-
ful growth in agriculture and the cultivation of vast
areas now unproductive; it will show great strides in
manufacturing and in all kinds of industry. This means
an enormous increase in the demand upon its natural
resources. Without enough wood, water, and forage it
would be a very poor kind of a country. If these great
resources should become scarce or hard to get, future
growth and prosperity would be severely handicapped.

16 USE OF THE NATIONAL FORESTS.

National Forests keep these resources coming in abund-
ance by using them wisely at present.

Production.—The permanent wealth of a country
comes from the soil. To insure permanent wealth the
soil must be kept productive. Agricultural lands are
managed so as to produce the most valuable crops, year
after year, without a break. Forest lands also should
be managed so as to produce the most valuable crops of
timber and wood, year after year, without interruption.
Without a plentiful, cheap, and continuous supply of
wood, agriculture and all its dependent industries must
suffer. And in regions of little rainfall, without a plen-
tiful and steady flow of water for irrigation, agriculture
is either impossible or unprofitable.

National Forests from their own soil produce always
the greatest possible amounts and the most valuable
kinds of timber, wood, and forage; and the Forests
themselves make the soil of the surrounding country
produce the largest and most useful agricultural crops
by supplying it with a steady flow of water for irrigation
and by furnishing its settlers with an abundance of tim-
ber, and wood, and forage, for home and local business
use.

HHomes.—Homes are of vital importance to the West,
and to the whole country. A land without homes is not
worth living in. What the West needs is people who
come to stay. ‘The man who skins the land and moves
on does the country more harm than good. He may
enrich himself and a few others for a very brief time,
but he kills the land. He cares nothing for this, because
he does not stay in the country, but moves on to new

WHAT THEY ARE FOR 17

fields and repeats the skinning process. It is he who is
the greatest enemy of the home builder.

National Forests are made, first of all, for the lasting
benefit of the real home builder. They make it impos-
sible for the land to be skinned. They benefit the man
with a home and the man who seeks to build one by
insuring protection and wise use of the timber and grass
and by conserving the water. In considering what Na-
tional Forests are for and how they affect the resources
of the western mountains, the fact should never be lost
sight of that they are for the home builder first, and
that their resources are protected and used for his special
welfare before everything else.

TO PROTECT AND GROW WOOD FOR USE.

The National Forests occupy high mountain lands,
rough and rocky, and which will always be of value
chiefly for the production of timber and wood. The
first thing that is made sure is that the timber is not
burnt up; the next, that it is used, though not used up.
Before there were any National Forests enormous quan-
tities of the people’s timber on the public domain every
year went upin smoke. Forests which covered districts
as large as the State of Rhode Island were completely
wiped out in the course of a few days. It meant losses
to the people of millions and millions of dollars. Fire
destroys quickly; trees grow slowly. It often takes a
hundred years to make good the damage done by a
single day’s fire.

In National Forests there is a force of men on the
ground whose business it is to look out for fire. They

33484—07

2

18 USE OF THE NATIONAI, FORESTS.

have been remarkably successful in keeping it down.
Since the fire patrol was started less than one-third of
I per cent of the total area of the Forests has been
burned over, and the money loss has been insignificant.
This is a wonderful improvement over the old conditions
on the open public domain, where fires were incessant
and enormously destructive.

Hundreds of millions of feet of timber are sold from
the National Forests each year. That is why the Forest
is protected. The timber is for use. The cuttings do
not damage the Forest, because the lumbering operations
are so carefully done that the stand is left in first-class
condition for a second crop, and after that a third crop
and any number of future crops. Fire is kept out of the
cut-over lands to give the young growth a fair chance.
By wise use the timber crop is made perpetual, and its
quality is improved by encouraging a new and better
growth of the most useful kinds of trees.

The actual results on private lands where the owners
do not care what happens after they have skinned them,
are quite different. These lands are usually cut over
with the sole object of getting everything possible out of
them at one stroke. ‘They are stripped of timber, while
the slashings which are left on the ground make good
fire traps. Very soon the whole area burns over and the
ground becomes a nonproductive waste. A glance from
a car window in Michigan, Wisconsin, or Minnesota shows
the now absolutely ruined lands which but a short time
ago produced magnificent stands of white pine. Think
of the great wealth which the people of these States
might have made permanent, simply by using the Forests
wisely.

PLaTe Ill.

Use of the Nationa: Forests

Destructive Use. THE LAND SKINNED, BURNED Over, AND LEFT A BARREN Waste,

WHAT THEY ARE FOR. 19

Then, again, wood is so very essential in everyday life
that it seems unwise to let it be monopolized by indi-
viduals or corporations. Actual results show that when
public timber lands pass out of the Government’s hands
they eventually, and often very quickly, fall into the
hands of big concerns, which rarely show the slightest
tendency to handle them for the greatest good of the
people in the long run.

On a National Forest the present and future /ocal
demand is always considered first. The Government
tries to see that there shall always be enough timber
and wood on hand for use by the home builder, the
prospector, the miner, the small mill man, the stockman,
and all kinds of local industries. If local needs promise
to consume it all, nothing is allowed to be shipped out
of the country. If it were in the hands of individual
or corporate owners, it would very likely be shipped
out, regardless of local needs. It would seek the best
market. If it were sold locally, the users would have
to pay whatever price the owner might demand, and
this price might be very unfair.

This is especially important to the mining industry.
All mining operations require a great deal of timber.
It must be accessible, of suitable quality, fairly cheap,
and always on hand. When timber for mines has to be
shipped in from a distance at great expense it often
makes the operations so costly as to be unprofitable. If
the local supply is burned up, the mines suffer. In min-
ing districts one of the chief objects of National Forests
is to protect the timber and keep it on hand ready for
use in the mines at all times.

20 USE OF THE NATIONAL FORESTS.

TO KEEP THE WATER FLOW STEADY.

It should be clearly understood that in regions of
heavy rainfall—for example, on the Pacific slopes in
Washington, Oregon, northern California, and Alaska—
National Forests are not made for the purpose of regu-
lating the water flow for irrigation. In these localities
there is plenty of water to spare. The Forests here are
created and maintained to protect the timber and keep
it in the people’s hands for their own present and future
use and to prevent the water from running off suddenly
in destructive floods.

In other parts of the West, however, in all the great
arid regions of the Rockies and the eastern Pacific slopes,
one of the most vital reasons for making and maintain-
ing the National Forests is to save every drop of water
and to make it do the most effective work.

No one has yet proved that forests increase the rain-
fall to any great extent. What they do, and this no
one of experience disputes, is to nurse and conserve the
rain and snow after they have fallen. Water runs down
a barren, hard surface with a rush, all at once. It runs
down a spongy, soft surface much more slowly, little by
little. A very large part of the rain and snow of the
arid regions falls upon the great mountain ranges. If
these were bare of soil and vegetation, the waters would
rush down to the valleys below in floods. But the for-
est cover—the trees, brush, grass, weeds, and vegetable
litter—acts like a big sponge. It soaks up the water,
checks it from rushing down all at once, and brings
about an even flow during the whole season.

In irrigation it is very important to have an even flow
throughout the growing season, especially toward the

WHAT THEY ARE FOR. 21

end. That is where the trouble usually comes. As a
rule the rancher has more water than he can use at the
beginning of the season and not enough at the end.
The flood waters in the spring can not be used; they
run off and go to waste. In order to save these flood
waters the Government is now constructing many great
reservoirs and canals throughout the West, at enormous
cost. ‘hese reservoirs store up the flood waters and
hold them for use when most needed. That is precisely
what the forests of the mountains do, although, of course,
in a different way.

The forest cover is also very important in preventing
erosion and the washing down of silt. If the slopes
were bare and the soil unprotected, the waters would
carry down with them great quantities of soil, gradually
filling up the reservoirs and canals and causing immense
damage to the great irrigation systems. The Govern-
ment engineers who are building these reservoirs and
canals say that their work will be unsuccessful unless
the drainage basins at the headwaters of the streams
are protected by National Forests.

The home builder, more than anybody else, is vitally
interested in a steady flow of water for irrigation. Often
his existence depends upon it.

TO KEEP THE RANGE IN GOOD CONDITION.

The use of the range by live stock enters unavoidably
into the management of National Forests. All through
the wesiern mountains the range goes with the timber;
it can not be separated from it. It isa great resource,
and of course ought to be used. The way in which it is
used has a great deal to do with the growth of young

22 USE OF THE NATIONAL FORESTS.

timber and the flow of water. If it is not wasted or used
up, but wisely used, it neither harms the forest growth
nor has a bad effect on the water flow. If it is over-
grazed or destroyed, the young tree growth is stamped
down or eaten off, and the soil is left bare and unpro-
tected, to be washed down the slopes into the canals and
reservoirs below.

In the use of the range National Forests work first to
protect the settler and home builder. They make sure,
before everything else, that he has what range he needs
for his own stock. Before the Forests were made the
settler was at the mercy of the big stockman, who often
drove his herds in from a distance and completely grazed
off the settler’s range right at his own door. This can
not happen in a National Forest, because the man with
a home is sure of the range near by for his own use, and
the big men from a distance are kept away from him.

In allotting the range the small local owners are con-
sidered first; then the larger local owners who have regu-
larly used it; then the owners who live at a distance,
but who have been regular occupants; and lastly, if there
is any room left after these have been provided for, the
owners of transient stock.

Special effort is being made to keep down wild animals
which damage stock, and the Forest officers, when re-
quested, help to enforce the State and Territorial live-
stock laws.

A small fee is charged for grazing on the National
Forests, because when any man gets for his owii special
use any property maintained for the use of the whole
people, he ought to pay for it. Most people are quite
willing to pay the cost of restoring the range and keep-

PLATE IV.

Use of the National Fores*s.

CATTLE IN A NATIONAL ForREST.

THE RANGE Is PROTECTED AND WISELY

Usep,

WHAT THEY ARE FOR. a

ing it in good condition, especially when such control
does away with the old conflicts of all kinds and assures
each man of getting his rights. "The men who use the
range are not the kind who think they ought to get some-
thing for nothing.

National Forests, then, are not made for the special
purpose of controlling the live-stock business; they are
concerned with it incidentally, and help to regulate the
use of the range because the people want it regulated.

TO USE WELL ALL THE LAND.

There are many other incidental uses which National
Forests help to bring about and greatly assist. Of course
the land itself should be put to the best use. As already
mentioned, it is used as sites for all kinds of commercial
enterprises, and is open to improvements such as the
construction of railroads, wagon roads, trails, canals,
teservoirs, and telephone and power lines. All kinds of
development work are benefited by National Forests,
because they make sure, so far as can be, that tim-
ber and wood are kept on hand ready for use instead
of being burned up or shipped out of the country, and
that the flow of water is kept even and steady for power
and other purposes. ‘The conservation (which means
simply the wise use) of all the various resources of the
Forests, especially of the water, means a great gain in
dollars and cents to many commercial enterprises, the
water-power companies in particular. The protection
of the forest at the heads of streams means a prosper-
ous life to such companies, for it assures them a steady
and clear flow of water. The destruction or misuse of
the Forest means failure, for it carries with it flood, silt,

24. USE OF THE NATIONAL, FORESTS.

and drought. Here, again, it is considered that valuable
rights which belong to all the people and are protected
at Government expense should not be given away free of
charge when they are sought for commercial use. It
would seem doubly unwise to do this when the corpora-
tions which are benefited show a tendency to form great
monopolies. So a reasonable charge is made for the
value received. ‘The charge is not made for the water,
but for the conservation of the water.

Playgrounds.—Quite incidentally, also, the National
Forests serve a good purpose as great playgrounds for
the people. They are used more or less every year by
campers, hunters, fishermen, and thousands of pleasure
seekers from the near-by towns. They are great recrea-
tion grounds for a very large part of the people of the
West, and their value in this respect is well worth
considering.

Game.—The Forest officers are often appointed as
State and Territorial game wardens, to protect the game
under State and Territorial laws. As a consequence
game is usually more abundant and better looked after
within the National Forests than outside of them.
Although the services of Forest officers in this respect
are wholly incidental to their other work, because they
are acting for the States and Territories and not as
Federal officials, much good has been accomplished, and
the arrangement has met with general approval. The
people want the game preserved. In many cases it
means a good money return to the locality concerned.

HOW TO USE THEM. 25

HOW TO USE THEM.
MANAGEMENT BY THE PEOPLE.

National Forests are made for and owned by the
people. They should also be managed by the people.
They are made, not to give the officers in charge of
them a chance to work out theories, but to give the
people who use them, and those who are affected by
their use, a chance to work out their own best profit.
This means that if National Forests are going to accom-
plish anything worth while the people must know all
about them and must take a very active part in their
management. The officers are paid by the people to act
as their agents and to see that all the resources of the
Forests are used in the best interest of everyone con-
cerned. What the people as a whole want will be done.
To do it it is necessary that the people carefully consider
and plainly state just what they want and then take a
very active part in seeing that they get it.

There are many great interests on the National For-
ests which sometimes conflict a little. They must all be
made to fit into one another so that the machine runs
smoothly as a whole. It is often necessary for one man
to give way a little here, another a little there. But by
giving way a little at present they both profit by it a
great dealin the end. There must be hearty coopera-
tion from everyone.: National Forests are new in the
United States, aud the management of their vast re-
sources is a very difficult task. Mistakes are bound to
be made at first, and have been made. It is the users
themselves who can be of chief assistance in doing away
with bad methods.

26 USE OF THE NATIONAL FORESTS.

National Forests exist to-day because the people want
them. To make them accomplish the most good the
people themselves must make clear how they want them
run,

WHERE THE BUSINESS IS DONE.

The business of the National Forests is done on the
ground. ‘The local officers, the Supervisors and Rangers,
attend to most of it. Some few of the more important
matters go to Washington for final action, but every-
thing must pass through the Supervisor’s hands. He
and the Rangers actually conduct the business, and users
of the Forests should always deal with them directly,
and should correspond with the Washington office only
in cases of appeal or complaint.

The Supervisor has direct charge of all the business.
His office is located at some town convenient to the users.
The Rangers are his field force. They live at central
points throughout the Forests and carry out the business
on the ground.

PAYMENTS.

Make payments to no one but the Fiscal Agent, Forest
Service, Washington, D. C., who is bonded for that pur-
pose. Do not remit to the local officers. They can
not receive payments in any form. All payments to the
Fiscal Agent must be by postal money order, express
money order, or national-bank draft on New York. Cash,
stamps, or other forms of payment can not be accepted.

HOW TO USE THEM. 27
COMPLAINT AND APPEAL.

Make complaints to the local officers first. If they
can not settle the matter satisfactorily, write to The
Forester, Forest Service, Washington, D.C. Address
to him also all other correspondence which must go to
Washington.

LAND FOR A HOME.

First, select land that is really agricultural in char-
acter, then write to the Forester and ask to have the
land examined and listed under the act of June 11, 1906.
Be careful to describe it accurately by section, township,
and range, if it is surveyed; if it is not surveyed, describe
it by natural objects, such as streams, etc. It is very
important to locate it just as definitely as possible. After
this consult the Supervisor or nearest Ranger about how
to proceed. If the applicant appears to have the best
right to the land, he can get a permit from the Super-
visor to occupy and cultivate it until it is opened tc entry.

Do not squat or settle upon the land before it is exam-
ined and listed for entry. The law does not allow it.

Do not apply to have valuable timber lands listed. The
law refers only to lands chiefly valuable for cultivation.
Lands of chief value for the timber upon them will not
be listed.

(See the agricultural settlement act of June 11, 1906,
on page 35 of the Appendix. )

PROSPECTING AND MINING.

Proceed just as on the open public domain. National
Forests do not interfere with these matters at all. Tim-
ber and wood on a patented claim may of course be cut

28 USE OF THE NATIONAL FORESTS.

and disposed of in any way desired. On a valid unpat-
ented claim, timber and wood may be cut and used for
purposes connected with the actual development of the
claim, free of charge and without permit. Care should
be taken, however, about the following points:

Do not cut timber or wood from an unpatented claim
for purposes of sale or for purposes not connected with
its actual development consistent with its character.

Do not use the land of an unpatented claim for improve-
ment or construction work which does not tend to the
actual development of the claim consistent with its
character until you have secured a permit from the
Supervisor.

THE USE OF LAND.

To get the use of land as sites for stores, hotels, resi-
dences, and other similar purposes, or for the construc-
tion of wagon roads, trails, tramroads, canals, reservoirs,
telephone and power lines, etc., consult the Supervisor
or the nearest Ranger. The Supervisor grants permits
for most of these special uses. You need not fear delay.

Do not use any National Forest land for the above or
other purposes without first getting a permit (except on
a valid claim for its actual development).

TIMBER AND WOOD.

Free use.—To get the free use of timber and wood ask
the nearest Ranger for a permit. It is given away free
to settlers, farmers, prospectors, and others for domestic
use, and to school and road districts. It is zof given
away free for any kind of commercial use.

Do not cut or remove the timber or wood until a permit

“LSA¥O4 TWNOILVN V NI d33HS

"38f) 193g 811 OL 1Ng 81 JONVY 3HL THY

Use of the National Forests.

PLATE V.

HOW TO USE THEM. 29

is obtained. In great emergencies, when you can not
reach a Forest officer and when serious loss would result
by waiting for one, take what is actually needed with as
little damage as possible, and report to the Ranger after-
wards.

Purchase.—Tf not over $50 worth of material is wanted,
consult the nearest Ranger, who will draw up the agree-
ment, arrange the terms of payment, designate the tim-
ber to be cut, and allow its removal as soon as payment
has been made.

If over $50 worth of material is wanted, arrange the
sale with the Supervisor. Consuit the nearest Ranger
about it and do the business through him whenever it is
most convenient to do so; but Rangers can not make
sales of over $50 in value; the Supervisor makes them.
Most Supervisors can sell up to $500 worth of material
without asking advice from Washington. Some of them
can make larger sales. Under any circumstances the
papers must always pass through the Supervisor’s hands.
He is the man to deal with. The purchaser should first
locate the timber he wants to buy. After it has been
cruised the Supervisor will agree with the purchaser upon
the terms of sale. Cutting may begin as soon as the
timber is marked for removal and payment has been made
as called for.

Do not begin to cut or remove timber on any sale
until permission to do so has been granted by a Forest
officer.

THE USE OF THE RANGE.

To secure a permit to graze live stock on a National
Forest, apply to the Supervisor. The nearest Ranger
will furnish an application blank. The Supervisor

30 USE OF THE NATIONAL FORESTS.

grants the permit. Every year, before the grazing
season opens, notice is given of the date on which all
applications must be in. Be sure to send your applica-
tion in on time. ‘The Supervisor or Rangers will furnish
all necessary information about the fees and other details
of the business.

No stock can be grazed without a permit, except the
few head in actual use by campers, prospectors, and
travelers; ten head of milch cows or work auimals
owned by settlers living in or near a Forest, and a
reasonable number of saddle, pack, and work animals
used for caring for stock grazed under permit.

The Government limits the total number of stock to
be grazed on each National Forest. The Supervisor
allots the range among the various applicants, giving a
preference to the small near-by owner and the men who
have always used the range.

To drive stock across a Forest it is necessary to get a
permit from the nearest Ranger or the Supervisor, except
along a public road. A permit is also necessary to drive
stock across a Forest to reach private lands within it, if
the stock grazes along on the way.

Get a permit from the Supervisor before constructing
drift and pasture fences and corrals.

Remember that most of the range in the West has
been overgrazed and that in National Forests it is being
brought back into good condition. This means that the
Supervisor is often unable to grant applicants the priv-
ilege of grazing the full number of stock applied for.
It should be borne in mind, too, that all the applicants
are cut down proportionately, the big men the most. If

FIRE. 31

an applicant has a grievance which he can not settle with
the Supervisor, he may appeal directly to the Forester.

On new National Forests existing conditions will not
be changed suddenly. Owners of stock will be given
ample notice if it is necessary to make a cut, so that they
may adjust themselves to the new conditions without
financial loss.

Do not graze any stock on a National Forest without
a permit (except as noted above) or drive stock across
National Forest lands without a permit or construct
fences without a permit. The law forbids it. And to
guard the best interests of all the people the law will be
vigorously enforced.

FIRE.

The people have helped the Forest officers immensely
in preventing and fighting fire. There are not half
enough Rangers to suitably protect the Forests. The
only way to keep fire down is for everyone to take a
hand at it. Look out for small fires; they start big
ones. See that camp fires are completely out before
leaving them. Never burn brush or dangerous slash-
ings in dry or windy weather. The time to fight fire is
right at the start. When it once has a good headway it
is often impossible to control it. As soon as fire is dis-
covered put it out if you can, and in any case notify the
nearest Forest officer at once and give him all the assist-
ance possible.

Both State and Federal fire laws apply in National
Forests. Persons who start fires intentionally or through
carelessness will be most diligently followed up, arrested,
and prosecuted to the full extent of the law. The pen-
alties are severe,

32 USE OF THE NATIONAL FORESTS.

IMPROVEMENT WORK.

Nothing will do more toward giving the National
Forests the best kind of protection against fire, and
nothing will help more to open up their resources for
everybody’s use than the construction of a great many
well-built trails, roads, bridges, and telephone lines.
Easy and quick communication to all parts of a Forest
must be had if fire is to be kept down. ‘The settlers,
prospectors, miners, lumbermen, and stockmen profit
directly from all work of this kind and can be of great
assistance in pushing it through.

FOREST OFFICERS.

Most of the Forest officers in the National Forests are
Supervisors, Rangers, or Guards.

The Supervisor has direct charge of a National Forest.
He runs all the business upon it and is responsible for
the work and the efficiency of the force under him.
From training and experience he must be thoroughly
familiar with western conditions. To do the work he
must be sound in body, fit to endure a hard and rough
outdoor life. He must be able to handle men well and
deal wisely with all kinds-of people. ‘The business re-
quires him to have a good working knowledge of timber
and lumbering, the live-stock industry, the land laws,
and ordinary office work. His position is a very respon-
sible one, for he manages a public estate worth many
millions of dollars. At present Supervisors are paid
from $1,500 to $3,000 a year, and are reimbursed for
actual living expenses when on field duty away from
their headquarters.

‘SSHOH J3IGGVS SIH ONIdOY YIONVY 183404

Use of the National Forests.

PLate VI.

MEN WANTED. 33

The Rangers are the men who carry out the work on
the ground. They are directly under the Supervisor.
They must thoroughly know the country, its conditions,
and its people. They live in the Forests, often in locali-
ties far from settlement and sources of supply. The
Ranger must be able to take care of himself and his
horses under very trying conditions; build trails and
cabins; ride ali day and all night; pack, shoot, and fight
fire without losing his head. He must know a good deal
about the timber of the country and how to estimate it;
he must be familiar with lumbering and the sawmill
business, the handling of live stock, mining, and the
land laws. All this requires a very vigorous constitu-
tion. It means the hardest kind of physical work from
beginning to end. It is not a job for those seeking
health or light outdoor work. Rangers are now paid
from $900 to $1,500 a year. They have to furnish
and feed their own horses. The Government builds
them cabins to live in and fences pastures to keep their
stock in.

The duties of Guards are similar to those of Rangers,
but they are usually temporary men on duty during the
summer only, to assist in fire patrol and construction
work. ‘They are paid at the rate of from $720 to $900 a
year.

MEN WANTED.

The National Forests need more men. While the
present salaries are too low in many cases, they are con-
stantly being increased as funds are available. For those
who like a hard active life in the open the work is ideal.

33484—07—3

34 USE OF THE NATIONAL FORESTS.

The kind of men wanted are those who will do the work
because they like it and will stick to it with the inten-
tion of working up in the Service. The chances to go
ahead are excellent.

Supervisors and Rangers are appointed only after civil-
service examinations. They must be residents of the
State or Territory in which the National Forest is situ-
ated and between the ages of 21 and 40. The examina-
tions are usually held once a year. ‘They are very
practical examinations. The life a man has led, what
is his actual training and experience in rough outdoor
work in the West, counts for more than anything else.
Lumbermen, stockmen, cowboys, miners, and the like
are the kind wanted. Forest Guards are appointed from
those who have passed the ranger examination.

Information about the examinations can be obtained
only from the Civil Service Commission, Washington,
D.C.

Approved:
JAMES WILSON,
Secretary.

WasuInctTon, D. C., Alay 2, 1907.

APPENDIX.

AGRICULTURAL SETTLEMENT.
ACT OF JUNE II, 1906.

The Secretary oes ed in his discretion, and he is

; ereby authorized, upon application or other-

Pe pa ar a wise, to examine and BAGEL Lin as to the loca-

For vettlenent, tion and extent of lands within permanent or

temporary forest reserves, except the follow-

ing counties in the State of California: Inyo, Tulare, Kern, San

Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Ventura, Los Angeles, San Ber-

nardino, Orange, Riverside, and San Diego, which are chiefly

valuable for agriculture, and which, in his opinion, may be occu-

pied for agricultural purposes without injury to the forest reserves,

and which are not needed for public purposes, and may list and

describe the same by metes and bounds, or

Metes and bounds. otherwise, and file the lists and descriptions

with the Secretary of the Interior, with the

request that the said lands be opened to entry in accordance with
the provisions of the homestead laws and this act.

Upon the filing of any such list or description the Secretary of

the Interior shall declare the said lands open

Begeny of be lata to homestead settlement and entry in tracts not

Stile ” «6exceeding one hundred and sixty acres in area

and not exceeding one mile in length at the

expiration of sixty days from the filing of the list in the land office

of the district within which the lands are located, during which

period the said list or description shall be promi-

Advertisement. nently posted in the land office and advertised

for a period of not less than four weeks in one

newspaper of general circulation published in the county in which

: the lands are situated: Provided, That any set-

ine a of set- tler actually occupying and in good faith claim-

ing such lands for agricultural purposes prior

to January first, nineteen hundred and six, and who shall not

have abandoned the same, and the person, if qualified to make a

homestead entry, upon whose application the land proposed to be

entered was examined and listed, shall, each in the order named,

have a preference right of settlement and entry: Provided further,

35

36 USE OF THE NATIONAL FORESTS.

That any entryman desiring to obtain patent to any lands de-
scribed by metes and bounds entered by him
on by metes and under the provisions of this act shall, within
( five years of the date of making settlement,
file, with the required proof of residence and cultivation, a plat
and field notes of the lands entered, made by or under the direc-
tion of the United States surveyor-general, showing accurately
the boundaries of such lands, which shall be distinctly marked
by monuments on the ground, and by posting
Posting notices. a copy of such plat, together with a notice of
the time and place of offering proof, in a con-
spicuous place on the land embraced in such plat during the
period prescribed by law for the publication of his notice of inten-
tion to offer proof, and that a copy of such plat and field notes
shall also be kept posted in the office of the register of the land
office for the land district in which such lands are situated for a
like period; and further, that any agricultural lands within forest
reserves may, at the discretion of the Secre-
tary, be surveyed by metes and bounds, and
that no lands entered under the provisions of
this act shall be patented under the commuta-
tion provisions of the homestead laws, but
settlers, upon final proof, shall have credit for
the period of their actual residence upon the lands covered by
their entries.
Sc. 2, That settlers upon lands chiefly valuable for agriculture
within forest reserves on January first, nineteen
Fe ion bene hundred and six, have already exercised
i A ~ or lost their homestead privilege, but are other-
vee prio Ae ORE wise competent to ater inde dee the home-
stead laws, are hereby granted an additional
homestead right of entry for the purposes of this act only, and
such settlers must otherwise comply with the provisions of the
homestead law, and in addition thereto must pay two dollars and
fifty cents per acre for lands entered under the provisions of this
section, such payment to be made at the time cf making final proof
on such lands.
SEc. 3. That all entries under this act in the Black Hills Forest
. Reserve shall be subject to the quartz or lode
woe and lode mining mining laws of the United States, and the laws
‘ and regulations permitting the location, appro-
priation and use of the waters within the said forest reserves for
mining, irrigation, and other purposes; and no titles acquired to
agricultural land in said Black Hills Forest Reserve under this
act shall vest in the patentee any riparian rights
to any stream or streams of flowing water within
said reserve; and that such limitation of title
shall be expressed in the patents for the lands covered by such
entries.

Secretary may survey
by metes and bounds.

Entries may not be
commuted.

Restriction on water
tights.

APPENDIX. 37

SEc. 4. That no homestead settlements or entries shall be allowed

, in that portion of the Black Hills Forest Re-

Pen Sy cor o serve in Lawrence and Pennington counties, in
South Dakota, except to persons occupying

Actual settlers prior to lands therein prior to January first, nineteen

bed J, 1906 ex- hundred and six, and the provisions of this

: act shall apply to the said counties in said re-
serve only so far as is necessary to give and perfect title of such
settlers or occupants to lands chiefly valuable for agriculture
therein occupied or claimed by them prior to the said date, and
all homestead entries under this act in said counties in said re-
serve shall be described by metes and bounds survey.

SEc. 5. That nothing herein contained shall be held to author-
ize any future settlement on any lands within
forest reserves until such lands have been
opened to settlement as provided in this act,
or to in any way impair the legal rights of any bona fide home-
stead settler who has or shall establish residence upon public lands
prior to their inclusion within a forest reserve.

Settlement before open-
ing is trespass.

LOCATION, DATE OF LATEST PROCLAMATION, AND AREA OF THE
NATIONAL FORESTS IN THE UNITED STATES, ALASKA, AND PORTO

RICO.
APRIL 1, 1907.

Date of latest

State or Terri-
tory. Forest. proclamation. Area. Total.
Acres.
Baboquivari Nov. 5, 1906 126, 720
Black Mesa. ...| June 30,1906 | 2, 030, 240
Chiricahua ...... ...| Nov. 5, 1906 287, 520
Grand Canyon?. Aug. 8,1906 | 2, 257,920
Huachuca..... Nov. 6, 1906 314, 125
Mount Graham . .| July 22, 1902*| 140, 880
sone Pinal Mountains..... Mar. 20, 1905 45, 760
steel) Prescott .....-e.e eee Oct. 21, 1899 423, 680
San Francisco Moun-| Apr. 12, 1902 1,975, 310
tains.
Santa Catalina.......] July 2, 1902 155, 520
Santa Rita ...... ...| Apr. TI, 1902 387, 300
Tonto..... ...| Oct. 3,1905 | 1, 115, 200
Tumacacori.......... Nov. 7, 1906 203, 550
‘ . 9, 463, 725
Diamond Mountain..| Oct. 15, 1906 641, 137
Klamath............. May 6,1905 | 1,896, 313
Lassen Peak . «| June 2, 1905 837. 115,
Modoc. . Nov. 29, 1904 88, 218
Monterey June 25, 1906 aa 195
Pinnacles ...| July 18, 1906 14, 108
Plumas.......... ...| Mar. 27, 1905 579; 520
San Bernardino......| Feb. 25, 1893*| 737, 120
San Gabriel.......... Dec. 20, 1892* 555; 395
California San Jacinto .... ..... Feb. 14,1907! 1,751,439
nia! San Luis Obispo .....| June 25, 1906 363, 350
Santa Barbara ....... Oct. 3, 1906 | 1,982, 100
Shasta ...| Sept. 24,1906 | 1, 523, 770
Sierra -| July 25, 1905f) 5, 049, 934
Stanislaus... Sept. 7,1906 | 1, 296, 800
Stony Creek. ...| Feb, 6, 1907 883, 405
Tahoe 2... .| Sept. 17, 1906 | 1, 394, 772
Trabuco Canyon -| Jan. 30, 1899 109, 920
Trinity Apr. 26,1905 | 1, 243, 042
Warner Mounta Nov. 29, 1904 306, 518
21, 849, 171

1Game preserve created in the Grand Canyon National Forest by procla-

mation November 28, 1906,
2 Total of Tahoe in California and Nevada =1,453,887 acres.
*Minor modification by Executive order since date listed.
+ Minor modification by act of Congress since date listed.

38

APPENDIX. 39

Location, date of latest proclamation, and area of the National
Forestsin the United States, Alaska, and Porto Rico—Cont’d.

State or Terri- Date of la
tory. Rorest: eroelenietiGil Area. Total.
Acres.
Battlement Mesa ....| June 5, 1905 797,720
Cochetopah ..,.... .| June 13, 1905 1, 133, 330
Fruita w.sws ss .| Feb. 24, 1906 h &
Gunnison . .| May 12, 1905 gol, 270
Holy Cross . Mar. 1, 19074) 1,061, 280
La Salz...... Jan. 25, 1906 29, 502
Las Animas? Mar. 1, 1907 196, 140
Sok eeiee faye seen May 12, 1905 1, 219, 947
edicine Bow3 . .| Mar. 2, 1907 1, 346, ©
Colorado ....... Montezuma..... .| Mar. 2, eet rt ate a
Ouray ........ -| Feb. 2, 1907 273, 175
Park Range. -| Mar. 1, 1907 | 1, 133, 686
Pikes Peak.. .| May 12, 1905 1, 681, 667
San Isabel .. «| June 12, 1905 321, 227
San Juan ....... Mar. 2, 1907 | 2, 203, 918
Uncompahgre. . Mar. I, 1907 619, 428
Wet Mountains . -| June 12, 1905 239, 621
White River ......... May 21, 1904 970, 880
. 15, 748, 772
Bear River 4 ..| May 28, 1906 415, 360
Big Holes ........ .-| Mar. 1, 1907 304, 140
Bitter Root 6..... ....| May 22,1905 | 3, 860, os
Cabinet7... Mar. 2, 1907 494, 560
Caribou8 . «| Jan. 15, 1907 733, 000
Cassia ......... .| June 12, 1905 326, 160
Coeur d'Alene... Nov. 6,1906 | 2,331, 280
Henrys Lake. .. ..| May 23, 1905 798, 720
Kootenai9..... .| Nov. °5, 1906 165, 242
Idaho Lemhi.... .| Nov. 5,1906 | 1,344,800
SN ine re Palouse -| Mar. 2, 1907 194, 404
Payette... June 3,1905 | 1, 460, 960
Port Neuf. Mar. 2, 1907 99, 508
Pocatello ...... .| Sept. 5, 1903 49, 920
Priest River?9°. ...| Mar. 2, 1907 815, 100
Raft Riveri.... Nov. 5, 1906 293, 044
Salmon River. Nov. 5,1906 | 1,879,680
Sawtooth...... .| Nov. 6,1906 | 3,340, 160
Weiser .......... ..| Mar. 2,1907 | 1, 126, 429
Yellowstone 2 ....... Mar. 2, 1907 303, 000
20, 336, 427
Kansas........- Garden City.....-.... July 25, 1905 97, 280
97, 280

1 Total of La Sal in Colorado and Utah =158,462 acres.

2 Total of Las Animas in Colorado and New Mexico =196,620 acres.
3 Total of Medicine Bow in Colorado and Wyoming =1,929,519 acres.
4Total of Bear River in Idaho and Utah=683, 280 acres.

5 Total of Big Hole in Idaho and Montana=1,917, 100 acres.

6 Total of Bitter Root in Idaho and Montana=4q,552,880 acres.

7 Total of Cabinet in Idaho and Montana = 2,060,960 acres.

8 Total of Caribou in Idaho and Wyoming=740, 740 acres.

9 Total of Kootenai in Idaho and Montana=1,052,602 acres.

10 Total of Priest River in Idaho and Washington=1, 221,620 acres.

11 Total of Raft River in Idaho and Utah=410,247 acres.

12 Total of Yellowstone in Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming=8, 317,880 acres.

40 USE OF THE NATIONAL FORESTS.

Location, date of latest proclamation, and area of the National
Forests in the United States, Alaska, and Porto Rico—Cont’d.

State or Terri- | Date of latest

tory. Forest. proclamation. Area. Total.
Acres.
Big Belt... Mar. 1, 1907 641, 460
Big Holet..... Mar. 1,1907 | 1,612, 960
Bitter Root2,.. ......| May 22, 1905 691, 920
Cabinet’3...6. 1c cece Mar. 2,1907 | 1,566, 400
Crazy Mountains....} Aug. 10, 1906 234, 760
Elkhorn ............. May 12,1905 186, 240
Ekalaka . -..| Nov. 5, 1906 33, 808
Gallatin.. Mar. 7, 1906 888, 660
Helena....... .......| Apr. 12,1906 782, 160
Hell Gate ..... ...... Sept. 14,1906 | 1, 582, 400
Highwood Mountains] Dec. 12, 1903 45, 080
Montana....... Kootenai4............ Nov. 5, 1906 887, 360

Lewis and Clark..
Little Belt.. a

Lolo....... Nov. i I, 211, 680
Long Pine....... Sept. 24, 1906 LIT, 445
Little Rockies .. Mar. 2, 1907 31, 000
Madison......... «--| Oct. 3, 1905 958, 800
Missoula . S: csitenta Nov. 6, 1906 194, 430
QUE Pissscacsccn circa waeraes! Mar. 2, 1907 590, 720
Pryor Mountains..... Nov. 6, 1906 204, 320

Snowy Mountains....} Nov. 5, 1906 126, 080
Yellowstone 5 T, 352, 240

20, 528, 263
Dismal River 85, 123
Nebraska ...... Niobrara...... site 123, 779
North Platte 347, 170
556, 072
Charleston .. 149, 165
Independence... Nov. 5, 1906 135, O19
Nevada......... Ruby Movnttains.....| May 3, 1906 423, 660
Tahoe ©. ............] Sept. 17, 1906 59, 115
Toiyabe ...........05- Mar. 1, 1907 625, 040
: 1, 391,999
Big Burros............ Feb. 6, 1907 155; 340
Gallinas... a -| Nov. 5, 1906 38, 212
Gila.... July 21,1905 | 2,823, 900
Jemez.. Nov. 7,1906 | 1, 460, 245
Lincoln ....... June 25, 1906 545, 250
Las Animas7.. Mar. 1, 1907 480
New Mexico ...|;Magdalena.... Nov. 5, 1906 146, 240
Manzano... Nov. 6, 1906 459, 726
Mount Taylo Oct. pa gee T10, 525
Pecos River . May 27, 1898* 430, 880
Peloncillo... Nov. 5, 1906 178, 977
San Mateo.. -| Nov. 5, 1906 424, 663
DROS: passive gine suineians Noy. 7, 1906 233, 200
7,007, 644

t Total of Big Hole in Idaho and Montana=1,917,100 acres.

2 Total of Bitter Root in Idaho and Montana=4,552,880 acres.

3 Total of Cabinet in Idaho and Montana=z2,060,960 acres.

4 Total of Kootenai in Idaho and Montana=1,052,602 acres.

5 Total of Yellowstone in Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming=8,317,880 acres,
6Total of Tahoe in Nevada and California=1,453,887 acres.

7 Total of Las Animas in New Mexico and Colorado=196,6:0 acres,

* Minor modification by Executive order since date listed,

APPENDIX. 41

Location, date of latest proclamation, and area of the National
Forests in the UnitedStates, Alaska, and Porto Rico—Cont’d.

State or Terri- m Date of latest
tory. Forest. proclamation. Area. Total.
boat Acres.
Oklahoma ..... Wichita ® sans conser ve May 29, 1906 60, 800
60, 800
ASHIANG «.i5c.eciorieine i Mar. 2, 1907 172, 800
Blue Mountains......| Mar. 2,1907 | 3,603,920
Bull Run. June 17, 1892 142, 080
Cascade Mar. 2,1907 | 5,886, 840
Coquille. . Mar. 2, 1907 148, 317
Fremont... Sept. 17,1906 | 1,235,720
Oregon......... Goose Lake. .| Aug. 21, 1906 630, 000
Heppner... -| July 18, 1906 292, 176
Imnaha .. Mar. 1,1907 | 1,750,240
Siskiyou ... Mar. 1,1907 | 1,132,582
Tillamook . Mar. 2, 1907 175, 518
Umpqua . ..-| Mar. 2, 1907 798, 400
Wenaha?: .ecccecc cass Mar. 1, 1907 494, 942
16, 463, 535,
oe Else -/*Sept. 19, 1898f] 1, 163, 160
ave Hills. . Mar. 5, 1904 23, 360
South Dakota. Short Pine... ...| July = ees 19, oe
Slim Buttes’.......... Mar. 5, 1904 58, 160
1, 263, 720
AquariuS............. Oct. 24, 1903 639, 000
Bear River 4. ..-| May 28, 1906 267,920
Beaver ....... ...{ Jan. 24, 1906 261, 593
Dixie... ... ...| Sept. 25, 1905 465, 920
Fillmore ... May 19, 1906 399, 600
Fish Lake.. Jan. 22,1906 288, 800
Glenwood... Feb. 6, 1907 173, 896
Grantsville. -| May 7, 1904 68, 960
Utah La Sals... .| Jan. 25, 1906 128, 960
Bie SS Rane Manti... .. Jan. 18, 1906 777,929
Monticello . ...| Feb. 6,1907 214, 270
Payson....... .--| July 21, 1905 167, 280
Raft River 6.. ..-| Nov. 5, 1906 117, 203
Salt Lake .. -| May 26, 1904 95, 440
Sevier .... Jan. 17, 1906 710, 920
Uinta7... Oct. 6,1906 | 2, 187,550
Vernon... ...| Apr. 24, 1906 8, 800
Wasatch ..... ....... Aug. 16, 1906 85, 440
- = ae 7,119, 472
(Cul.iile .... Mar. 1, 1907 869, 520
Olympic ss Mar. 2,1907 4, 594, 560
; Priest River8. Mar. 2, 1907 406, 520
Washington.... Rainier....... Mar. 2,1907 2, 565, 760
Washington... ......| Mar. 2,1907 | 6,310,740
Wenaha2 ............ Mar. 1,1907 318, 400
12, 065, 500

tGame preserve created in the Wichita National Forest by proclamation
June 2, 1y05. >

2Total of Wenaha in Oregon and Bt aden ee = 813,342 acres.

3Total of Black Hills in South Dakota and Wyoming = 1,209,600 acres.

4Total of Bear River in Utah and Idaho = 683,280 acres.

5 Total of La Sal in Utah and Colorado = 158,462 acres.

6 Total of Raft River in Utah and Idaho = 410,247 acres.

7 Total of Uinta in Utah and Wyoming = 2,192,146 acres.

8 Total of Priest River in Washington and Idaho = 1,221,620 acres.

+ Minor modification by act of Congress since date listed.

33484—07—4

42 USE OF THE NATIONAL FORESTS.

Location, date of latest proclamation, and area of the National
Forests in the United States, Alaska,and Porto Rico—Cont’d.

State or Terri- Date of latest
tory. Forest. proclamation. Area. Total.
Acres.
Bear Lodge....... ..- Mar. 1, 1907 136, 784
Big Horn.... «+. «| Dec. 23, ee 4, 151,
Black Hills 1 *Sept. 19, 1898 46, 440
Caribou . Jan. 15,1907 7,740
Wyoming...... Crow Creek ... Oct. 10, 1900* 56, 320
Medicine Bow3 . .| Mar. 2, 1907 583, 364
Sierra Madre......... Nov. 5, 1°06 370, QI
Uinta4.... . ... ....) Oct. 6, 1906 4, 596
Yellowstones........] Mar. 2,1907| 6,662,640
9, 020, 475
Total of 150 National Forests in the United States........... 142, 972, 855
Afognak ............- Dec. 24, 1892 403, 640
Alaska ........./’Alexander Archipel- | Aug. 20,1902 | 4, 506, 240
ago.
‘ P 4,909, 880
Porto Rico ..... Luquillo ............. Jan. 17, 1903 65, 950
65, 950
Grand total of 153 National Forests.........-...-seeeeeeeeeee 147, 948, 685,

1 Total of Black Hills in Wyoming and South Dakota = 1,209,600 acres.

2 Total of Caribou in Wyoming and Idaho = 740,740 acres.

3Total of Medicine Bow in Wyoming and Colorado = 1,929,519 acres.
4Total of Uinta in Wyoming and Utah = 2,192,146 acres.

5 Total of Yellowstone in Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho = 8,317,880 acres.
* Minor modification by Executive order since date listed.

+ Minor modification by act of Congress since date listed.

O

Commemorating the Centennial
of the Society of American Foresters
1900-2000

A Keepsake Edition
~ Intaglio Press

ISBN 0-944091-08-3