BP cOTHER WAGE DESMIDIEE. OF THE U. S By A. c. STOKES, ‘ De sae TE nex Queen Acme No.5 Microscope NEW MODEL ‘ 4 = = bs rm i > 2 Cos iS me a Se cH > , 3 ACME No. 5 Outfit No. 3101 with % in. and 4% in. Objectives, one Ocular and Double Nose-piece. We claim that this instrument fills, as does no other at the price, the wants of the amateur and the teacher. In the smooth, precise and permanent action of its focal and other adjust- ments it stands unapproached. QUEEN & CO., Inc. i010 Chestnut Street NEW YORK OFFICE PHILADELPHIA 116 FULTON STREET QnA | 3 1924 089 431 997 DATE DUE GAYLORD PRINTED INU.SA From the Estate of BRUCE VOELLER ANALYTICAL KEYS TO THE GENERA AND SPECIES OF THE FRESH WATER ALGA AND The Desmidieaw of the United States, FOUNDED ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE REV. FRANCIS WOLLE’S MONOGRAPHS, BY DR. ALF RED oC. STORES: Author of “Microscopy for Beginners; “A Contribution toward a Natural History of the Fresh Water Infusoria of the United States,” etc. PORTLAND, CONN.: Epwarpb F, BicELow, PUBLISHER, 1893. Mann QK atl SB 1x (293 Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1893, by EE. F. BIGELOW, Publisher, in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. CONTENTS. PAGE, Explanation of Plate, 7 Value of of Mikrons in parts of an inch, 9 Introduction, II Key to the Classes of the Fresh-water Alga, 25 Key to the Genera of the Fresh-water Alge, 25 Key to the Species of the Fresh-water Alge, 37 Key to the Genera of the Desmidiez, 78 Key to the Species of the Desmidiez, 80 Glossary, III Index, II5 Cornell University The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924089431997 Explanation of Plate. [FRONTISPIECE.] GENERA OF DESMIDS. Each Figure is numbered to correspond with the number of the genus, EIG, OM AAR YP > Gonatozygon, Omitted; the cell needs no figure. Genicularia. Hyalotheca. Bambusina. Leptozosma. Omitted; the cell needs no figure. Desmidium. Phymatodocis. Sphzrozosma. Onychonema. Mesoteenium. Spiroteenia. Penium. Closterium; three figures, showing central inflation and ends produced into beaks. Docidium. Triploceras; end and part of cell. Calocylindrus. Cosmarium. Tetmemorus. Xanthidium. Arthrodesmus; 20a, front view, 4, end view. Euastrum. Micrasterias; five forms. Staurastrum; four forms; 23a, front view, 4, end. Pediastrum; three forms. Value of Microns (“) in fractions of an inch. f@ Inches.| ys Inches.| ys Inches.| y Inches.| ys Inches. I,0=1-25000 | 18.0=1-1383 | 45.0=1-533 |79.0=1-316 | 113.0=1-221 1.5 =1-16666 18.5=1-1351 46.0=1-543 | 80.0=1-312 | 114.0=1-219 2,0=1-12500| 19.0=1-1315 | 47.0=1-532 |81.0=1-308 | 115.0=1-217 2.5 =1-10000 | 19.5 =1-3333|}48.0=1-521 |82.0=1-304 | 116.0=1-215 3.0= 1-8333 | 20.0=1-1250| 49.0=1-510 |83.0=1-301 | 117.0=1-213 3-5 =1-7222 | 20,5=1-1214|50.0=1-500 | 84.0=1-297 |118.0=1-211 4.0=1-6250] 21.0=1-1143|51.0=1-490 |85.0=1-295 | 119.0—=1-209 4.5=1-5555 | 21.5=1-1162|52.0=1-480 | 86.0=1-291 | 120.0=1-208 5-01-5000] 22.0=1-1131|53.0=1-471 |87,.0=1-287 |121.0=1-206 5-51-4545 | 22.5=1-1111|54.0=—1-464 |88.0=1-284 | 122,0=1-205 6.0= 1-4333 | 23.0=1-1087|55.0=1-454 |89.0=1-281 | 123.0=1-203 6.5 =1-3846 | 23.5=1-1064|56.0=1-446 |90.0=1-277 |124.0=1-201 7.0=1-3285 | 24.0=1-1042 | 57.0=1-438 |g1.0=1-274 | 125.0=1-200 7.5 =1-3333 | 24.5=1-1020 ,58.0=1-431 |92.0=1-271 | 126.0=1-198 8.0=1-3125 | 25.0=1-1000 | §9.0=1-423 |93.0=1-268 | 127.0=1-196 8.5=1-2941| 26.0=1-961 |60.0=1-416 |94.0=1-266 | 128.0=1-195 9.0=1-2777|27.0=1-926 | 61.0=1-409 |95.0=1-263 | 129.0=1-193 9.5 = 1-2631 | 28.0=1-893 |62.0=1-403 |96.0=1-260 |130.0=1-192 10.0=1-2500! 29.0=1-862 |63.0=1-396 |97.0=1-259 |131.0=I-I19I 10.5 =1-2381 | 30.0=1-833 |64.0=1-390 |98.0=1-255 |132.0=1-189 IT,O=1-2272 | 31.0=1-806 |65.0=1-384 (99.0=1-252 | 133.0=1-188 II.5=J-2173|32.0=1-781 |66.0=1-378 | 100.0=1-250]134.0=1-186 I12.0=1-2166!33.0=1-787 |67.0=1 373 | 101.0=1-247 | 135.0=1-185 12.5=1-2000| 34.0=1-706 |68.0=1-368 | 102.0=1-245 | 136.0=1-183 13.0=1-1923 | 35.0=1-714 | 69.0=1-390 | 103.0=1-242 | 137.0=1-182 13.5 =I-1851 | 36.0=1-694 | 70.0=1-357 | 104.0=1-240|138.0=1-181 14.0=1-1785 | 37.0=1-675 | 71.0=1-352 | 105.0=1-238|139.0=1-179 14.5 =1-1724|38.0=1-657 |72.0=1-345 | 106,0=1-235|140.0=1-178 15.0=1-1666 | 39.0=1-641 | 73.0=1-342 | 107.0=1-233|150.0=1-166 15.5 =1-1612|40.0=1-625 | 74.0=1-337 | 108.0=1-231|175.0=1-142 16,0=1-1562/41.0=1-609 | 75.0=1-333 | 109.0=1-228 | 200.0=1-125 16.5=1-1515 | 42.0=1-593 |76.0=1-328 |110.0=1-227 17.0=1-1470 | 43.0=1-583 |77.0=1-324 | 111.0=1-225 17.5=1-1421 | 44.0=1-567 | 78.0=1-320 | 112.0=1-223 INTRODUCTION. To know the origin of any object, event or act, is always of in- terest. To know what lead up to a certain acceptable innovation or aid is pleasing to everyone, and often important to the historian of any department of the world’s work. What was the form of the first analytical key, who made it and what induced him to make it, are in- teresting questions that the writer at least cannot answer. Such tables have become very popular in the various departments of bot- any and of zoology, but who originated them is not known; nor when the first was published, nor where. Like many other good things, these keys may have been the result of simultaneous thought and experiment on the part of several workers that felt the need of some outside aid to the inside treasures of the ever increasing mass of scientific knowledge. But to whomsoever belongs the credit of or- iginating these devices, to him belong much praise and many hearty thanks. That analytical keys were needed is proved by their popularity. They are welcomed by the student in all the sections into which Na- ture is for convenience divided. It is true that there are some ob- servers who scoff and laugh in derision when “keys” are mentioned, but these few belong to that class, fortunately limited, whose mem- bers are unable to usethem. There are persons that seem to be de- ficient in those mental qualities that make the use of such tables a pleasure and a delight, as there are others unable to arrange even the simplest of keys. If in a scheme of the kind there are three groups, a blue, a black anda green, these unfortunate opponents of keys seem unable to decide what to do next, when the specimen hap- pens to be green whilethe first description in the list calls for a blue I2 INTRODUCTION, object. That they should glance down the list tosee if by any chance a green specimen may have been provided for, does not oc- cur to them; they toss the paper aside, and laugh at the utter folly of the statement that any intelligent person should be able to use a key." The truth is that inability to use these valuable aids is an evi- dence of a defect inthe mental organization. Such critics are forced to page through the monographs they attempt to study, with great loss of time and with much labor, to find the information that may be wanted; whereas with the object and a key to its classin hand the labor becomes a delight, and the result a valuable acquisition, be- cause no key to any department can be used evento a limited extent without teaching the student many facts that he might otherwise have overlooked. A table of the kind will draw attention to the morphology of the object in a way that will lead not only to its proper classification, but to something much more important, the enlarging of the stu- dent’s powers of observation. Some of those that oppose the use of artificial keys are themselves compelled not only to page through an unfamiliar monograph, but in many instances to scan the pictures for the light they are groping after; and failing pictures they guess as to the character of the object from its resemblance to something re- motely similar, and in the end, at great expense of time, and perhaps of temper, may get aclue that may lead them to the goal they have been so laboriously seeking. With the intelligent use of an artificial key the place, the character, and even so unimportant a matter as the name, can be rapidly obtained, and the student be led on to fur- ther study and investigation. It is always encouraging to feel that by one’s efforts a way has been opened to further conquests, or even that a path has been cut to some previously unknown view. This the use of artificial keys always accomplishes. When the beginner feels that he can do some- thing unaided he is inspired to do more. When he feels that he has travelled alone through some pathway in some department of natural science, he is anxious to go further. One step taken with the aid of an artificial key is sureto be an encouragement toward another. The powers of observation are increased. The ability to balance one thing against another is cultivated. In a word, an artificial key can be made one of the most important aids in the mental development ot the beginner that can be imagined. The ob- server that scoffs at these aids, the observer that refuses to take advantage of them, is doing a foolish thing and losing a good one. INTRODUCTION. 13 There are two distinct varieties of these valuable aids, the nat- ural and the artificial, The former is founded only on the charac- ters that the advanced scientist uses in hisclassification. These are often so exceedingly natural that to learn the proper position of the object it must be destroyed. To learn something of an animal through them the animal must be dissected, and the anatomy of its nervous system, and the morphology of its osseous system, and the structure of its heart be accurately observed, before it can be classed. These arrangements may be, they often are exceedingly valuable to the advanced scientist; to the amateur and the beginner they are terrible. They haunt his dreams like horrid night-mares, provided he is incautious enough, or ignorant enough to attempt to use them. I have not a word to say against such analytical tables. I commend them for use in their proper places. They are important for their purpose, but that purpose cannot be the beginner’s or the amateur’s. It is the learned man that can delight his soul with such a scientifickey. To him itisinstructive and helpful. Toany one else itis a bugbear anda horror. The beginner is not prepared to begin with the nervous system of his “find,” or-even with the structure of its heart. He must have something nearer the surface and more easily seen than are these parts. His key must deal with the external and the evident characters. It is for him that the artificial key is in- tended, and to him it fs inspiring and helpful. This second kind of key, this artificial kind, is as its name indi- cates, founded not on what the advanced investigator would use in his classification of the animal or the plant, but on some obvious, prefer- ably external, points that may be of no use in the art of classification, but that can be used as crutches to help the student over the miry and the stony ground to the hills of science where he will be able to look back and smile at his former helplessness. These artificial keys have this for their object, and only this. They aim to help over the hard places; to encourage the user to go further, and to do more, so that finally he may become an expert, when he will no longer need any but the natural aids, or may even get along without any other assistance than skilled eyes and a “learned touch.”’ The beginner, however, must have a guide, especially if he be trying to work alone. This is true in every department of natural science. It is especially true in microscopy. The field is so im- mense, the outlook so vast, the work so apparently endless, that with- out an aid the beginner at once begins to flounder in his sea of troubles, and before long he sinks discouraged to rise no more. He 14 INTRODUCTION, becomes so disheartened since everything is so new and strange, and there seems to be no one within call to lead him out of the difficult- ies, or out of the embarrassment of scientific riches, that he is entirely discouraged, his enthusiasm is lost, and with this loss is abandoned a study that would have lessened his cares, increased his joy in living and lengthened his life. The beginner working alone wastes much time. To be sure, he may before long learn that a green object that stands still is a plant, or may be; and also before long he hears that all green microscopic objects that stand still are not always plants. If he have a teacher his condition is a more favorable one; but if he be alone he must have an artificial guide, or fail. For such students the artificial keys are providential. Once introduced to them he is ready to go on to new conquests. The use of such tables in the popular treatises on botany has done more to popularize that beautiful study than a score of learned monographs on the subject. As soon as the pupil learnsthat he can by his own efforts’ obtain even the bo- tanical name of his plant, a feeling of enthusiasm fills his heart, and he is eager for another specimen to analyse. And in the analysis he is learning the principles of classification, the structure of the specimen and the function of the various organs. By means of the key he goes with little trouble and waste of time to the order, there he finds another key that leads him pleasantly to the genus, and perhaps a third that takes him to the species. There he finds the plant exactly described. He has had the prominent characters brought to his no- tice in a pleasing way, and the final result is that he not only learns to love the science of botany, but that he soon learns to know at a glance, without the use of the artificial key, to what order a strange specimen may belong. He has become scientific without knowing how he became so, Hehas travelled by the royal road. _It is so, or should be so, in the science of microscopy, to call for convenience a science that which is really a combination of all the sciences. If every department of microscopy could have an artificial key to open the doors of its treasure-houses, the amateur would have a hap- pier time, science would be benefitted and the maker of the key, the scientific artisan, would himself be blessed both in this world and in the next. Such a pleasing state of affairs can not be attained. The doors are too numerous to be opened by a single key. To make the proper number is not possible for one worker, however willing he may be totry. Each specialist could forge a key to the doors or to the dark passage-ways of his special scientific castle, and offer it to those that would follow after himif they could. But the specialists are not INTRODUCTION. 15 disposed to become scientific blacksmiths, and to forge keys to the treasures they have locked up in their formidable monographs. In- deed, it is not possible that they should. Theyhave no time to make the entrance ways easy and agreeable. They are after the facts of the science; they are seeking the internal secrets of the creatures they have studied and written about; they are content to leave the en- larging of the building to other specialists that may come after. It is no fault of the writers of learned monographs that they put forth their treatises without a single loop-hole of entrance for those that would, if they could, enter in to see some of the treasures of which rumor has told. When a man has spent his days and his nights and his earthly and bodily substance on the production of a treatise that shall make his name known to the world, he is naturally disin- clined to labor longer and harder to make easy grades and smooth paths and shady retreats along the way to his treasure house; and when the learner has‘arrived at the gates, the learned man is not dis- posed to stop his further investigations to throw a pretty key out of the window and ask the uninvited guest to come in and sup with him. He is too busily engaged in the new investigation that his completed investigations have made necessary. There is no end to the questions to be studied and decided. He cannot, muchas he may be willing, condescend to make keys for the beginners. If he makes any at all, they will be of the severest kind and intended for his scientific equals only, not for the humble followers in his foot-steps. We should never blame the writers of learned monographs for not offering these gilded keys. They cannot. They have gone up too high to stop, for the higher they go the more there is to be done. And they that have climbed that high are the ones best adapted to climb higher, for they find it easier to go up than to come down. But if such books are to be used by any others than the rather limited class of experts that have the knowledge needed to find their way unaided through the pages, then a guide of some kind must be furnished. An index will not answer the purpose, as to use it de- mands just that information not at the disposal of the novice orof the amateur. All of these scientific treatises may be as useful to the modest student as to the learned investigator, provided, as I have so often said and repeated, some means can be devised by which he may be helped to make an intelligent entrance into its various depart- ments. Mr. Wolle’s monographs on the Algz and the Desmids are no exception to the rule. They are not adapted to the use of the ama- 16 INTRODUCTION. teur microscopist in the state in which the author has left them. _ It is not possible for the youthful microscopist to read the description of one hundred and twenty genera of Alge in order to locate a single specimen that he may find in the wayside ditch. To ascertain with any degree of comfort the probable resting place of the speci- men he must have some help. It is that help that this little compila- tion hopes to supply. By its intelligent use the student may ascer- tain the specific name of any fresh water Alga or Desmid in the ponds and the ditches of the United States. This he can do with the ex- penditure of the least time and labor, leaving them to be spent in the subsequent study of the plant, after he has had the satisfaction to learn what it is, and where inthe classification it belongs. If the worker has the name of the specimen, he then feels that he has a sup- port on which he may hang his subsequent information, and a starting point for further investigations. Not to know the name of the ob- ject and yet to try to study it, is like an attempted conversation with a stranger whose antecedents and local habitation are unknown. The effort is not an agreeable one. Theconversation languishes, and interest is lacking. The name and the habitat of the person add much to the pleasure of the meeting, and many suggestions to the in- terview. So the name of the microscopical or other specimen is al- most essential to the well being of the young student. The name is, too, about the first thing the advanced scientist tries to learn. It is impossible to do otherwise. The object can not be re- ferred to by speech or in writing until its name is known; what other workers in other parts of the world may have said about it or done with it, can not be known until its name is learned, as without the name all indexes are closed in all the books of all the libraries. The name is the clue to further knowledge, its starting point, even the hook upon which further information is to be hung. Whatever advanced scien- tists may say to the contrary, their first effort, perhaps it is an uncon- scious one, but their first real effort is to ascertain the name of their new specimen. If it has none, they at once proceed to give it one. All the wild talk about the undesirability of learning the name is wrong in principle. The name is, as every one will cheerfully admit, only of secondary importance when compared with a study of habits or of morphology, but it is as essential, since it is and must ever be the starting point for further investigations, at least on the part of the amateur. If he chooses to stop at the name, that is his misfortune; but even then he has gained something. If those whom I may be able to help by these keys shall do nothing more than identify their , \ te INTRODUCTION, 17 “finds,” I shall feel that Ihave done some little thing to help them and their friends. I shall feel pretty sure that the mere finding of the name will not be the end; but if it should be, where will be the harm? Is it acrime to know the scientific name of the plant or of the animal? Knowing that is knowing something, I think. Would you have the pupil dissect the nervous system before he has learned to recognize a nerve, or before he knows the muscles to which the nerves are distributed? Of course he might say “This is a nerve,” and “That is a nerve and it goes to that muscle,” but would you have him carry the dead body about with him in order to dissect it and point out the nerves and the muscles that receive them whenever he wished to com- municate with you or with any of his friends in reference to the nerves and the muscles of that special creature? This is exactly the result which those that cry out against learning names would accomplish if their desires prevailed. No, no! Get the name the very first thing, if you wish. It will make a good starting point. It is not the end and the aim of any study; it is only the bridge that takes us over the swamp. After awhile we will be big enough and strong enough to pass the swamp without the bridge, as after awhile we will be able to get along without an artificial key. But do not condemn the bridge that has carried you safely over. The keys in this little book are as artificial as they could be made. In some instances they are perforce somewhat natural; that is, the fruiting plant has been used to the exclusion of the more frequent sterile condition. This, however, has been avoided as much as possi- ble, and in several instances two keys have been prepared to the same genus of plants, one for the fertile, the other for the sterile flaments. They are all, as the title page indicates, founded on the classification contained in the admirable monographs by the Reverend Francis Wolle on the fresh water Algze and the Desmids of this country. Un- til Mr. Wolle took up the subject our American microscopic plants had scarcely been touched, except by a few observers in a desultory way. Hehas brought order out of chaos, and has prepared two mon- ographs that are monuments to his learning, skill, care and patience. These keys are made not alone with the object of leading the begin- ner to the study of the fresh water Algz and the Desmids, but to in- troduce him to these fine works of Mr. Wolle’s. While the beginning mecroscopist in his study of microscopical botany may, toa certain ex- tent, succeed in identifying his “finds” with these keys alone, to do so with entire satisfaction he should have access to the monographs on the Alge and on the Desmids. The references at the end of the 18 INTRODUCTION, classes and of the genera are to the numbers preceeding those classes and genera in this list; those following the species are in every case for reference to the pages on which will be found the extended de- scriptions in the monographs already so often referred to, where ref- erences will also be found to the illustrations. The measurements of the Alge are given in parts of amikron (y); in the Desmids, by both fractions of an inch and of mikrons. The former will necessitate a little calculation, if the reader is not en- tirely familiar with the minute space called a mikron and represented by the Greek letter 4. It measures the yg4y5 of an inch in length, and the calculation needed to bring it to the fractions of an inch as given in the measurements of the Alge, are slight. Twenty-five mikrons, for instance, being 72,5 inch, or yyy inch. It is only necessary therefore to use the number of mikrons as given with the Alge for the numerator of a fraction of which the 25000 forms the denomi- nator, and reducing the whole tothe lowest terms. Inthe Desmids the calculations have been made, and the measurements given in both forms. The student will therefore need an eye-piece micrometer, but it may be ruled to parts of an inch. The use of the mikron, like the use of the metric system, has not and probably never will come into popular favor. Does the reader know how to use a key of this kind? Tosome this appears to be a mysterious thing, although a little inspection of the key itself should make it plain. It is simply a matter of exami- nation, comparison and rejection. With the specimen in hand, which in this instance means under the microscope, begin at the beginning of the key and compare the description in the first sentence with the object under the instrument. Do the two agree in every particular? If not, leave that reference and go to the next having the same letter or other symbol at its front. If that should describe the specimen, notice the letter in the parenthesis at the end of the line, and seek that same letter at the beginning of a line in some other part of the key. You will probably find several lines beginning with that letter. Starting at the first, compare the description there given ina word or two with the actual specimen, and if it does not agree pass to the line next below. If at the end of this line there is another reference let- terin parenthesis, turn to that, and so continue until at the end of some line you find the generic or the specific name of the plant. Mis- takes are easily made, here as elsewhere. If you should happen to make one at the start every step forward will lead you further and further astray. With care and intelligent observation, errors may be INTRODUCTION, 19 avoided and the specimen readily run down to its proper place. Af- ter a little practice, the use of such artificial keys becomes a great pleasure. The benefit has already been referred to. Theonly secret of their successful use is to be certain that each progressive step is right before it is abandoned for the next. And after a little practice, too, the student will become so familiar with the Algz or with the Desmids that he will not need to apply to the generic keys for aid, but will be able toturn at once to the proper genus, and there use the keys to the species; and with a little further experience he will be en- abled to recognize at a glance the species, and then will be prepared to proceed with his investigations, or to refer intelligently to the ob- ject so as to communicate with his friends and fellow workers in re- gard to it. It is as impossible to speak or to write of an Alga or of a Desmid without using its proper name, as it is to speak or to write of your most intimate friend without using his. Alge and Desmids are singly invisible to the naked eye. It is only when they occur in large masses that the eye can take cogni- zance of them. It rarely occurs, however, that the Desmids are so abundantly congregated that they thus obtrude themselves on the observer. When a large quantity has been collected and the vessel placed near a window, they will collect ina green film at the surface of the water on the lighted side, and there become visible in mass. In the ponds and shallows such an occurrence is not common. At times they are found so abundantly that by holding a glass vessel of the water up to the light they may be seen floating about as minute green objects, which the trained eye will recognize and the pocket lens make distinct. But these varieties are among the largest of the forms; according to my experience they are always exclusively con- fined to the Closteriums. Other large forms, like Aficrasterias, at least in the writer's locality, rarely occur in such profusion. To col- lect the Desmids, therefore, it is necessary to collect by faith. The microscopist can know exactly what he has only when he gets home and examines the water drop by drop under the microscope. With the Algz it is different. These are usually visible to the naked eye, as they are almost invariably collected in large masses floating on the surface, submerged just beneath the surface, or at- tached in waving tufts or fringes to sticks and stones and other plants in the ponds. The eye of faith is not needed to recognize them. They usually force themselves on the wondering attention of the observing pedestrian in the wayside lanes, beside the ditches and slow brooks. As soft emerald clouds, or graceful streamers floating. 20 INTRODUCTION. in the sluggish current, or resting like a green skum on the surface, they are readily seen and as easily gathered. No collecting tools are demanded for either Alge or Desmids, except a dipper of some kind, a common tin dipper is as good as anything, and a few bottles or other vessels to carry the treasures home, and to keep them con- cealed from inquisitive people; the collecting naturalist must always be prepared for a meeting with such persons. Many media have been recommended for the preservation of these beautiful plants. The trouble with the majority of these prepara- tions is that they will in time, some usually ina very short time, allow the cell contents to contract and to become so distorted that the object is worthless for any serious study, and worthless, too, as the object of beauty that it was when first mounted. Some of the commended media act well on some kinds of Algze and Desmids, but fail on others. The following are among the best, yet even these are not all adapted to all the different kinds. They are mentioned in the order of their excellence. CAMPHOR WATER.—This is made by placing a lump of camphor in distilled water and leaving it there for several days. Mr. W. H. Walmsley, an expert preparer of microscopical slides, says that he has had a specimen of Draparnaldia in camphor water for twenty years, and that it is now as beautifully green as when first mounted, and that the chlorophyll, its green coloring matter, seems to be un- changed. When he desires to mount an Alga or a Desmid, he places it ina small quantity of camphor water to which a few drops of glyc- erine have been added. At first the plant will become lemon color, but after a few hours the original green returns in all its vividness, and then he at once mounts the plant in some of the fluid. CARBOLIC ACID WATER, made by adding afew drops of the acid to a phial of water, is recommended by the Rev. Mr. Wolle, but he says that although this will preserve them for months or even years without deterioration, it may allow the coloring matter, the chlor- ophyll, to fade; this however in the case of the Desmids is of little importance. A SOLUTION OF CHLORAL HYDRATE, in the proportion of five grains of the salt to one ounce of water, answers well for some specimens. Like camphor water it has the merit of being easily made and easily used. A SOLUTION OF COPPER made after the following receipt is admir- able for some of the Algz, preserving the color and the form entirely __unchanged, while on others it will not act so favorably. INTRODUCTION. Camphor water, - Distilled water, Glacial acetic acid, - Crystallized chloride of copper, Crystallized nitrate of copper, Dissolve and filter. 21 50 grammes; 5° grammes; 0.5 grammes; 2 grammes; 2 grammes. When mounting with this copper solution the cell should be made and the cover cemented down with shellac. With almost any other cement failure is pretty certain, as the cement will surely run under and ruin the preparation. After the shellac is hard, it isa good plan to add some of Brown’s rubber cement around the cover, This is entirely transparent and will make the mount more secure, and at the same time add something to the beauty of the finish. TRENTON, N. J., 1892. PART I. Key to the Classes and the Genera of the Fresh-Water Algz. KEY TO THE CLASSES AND THE GENERA OF THE FRESH WATER ALG. CLASSES OF THE ALG. -§ Rosy red, blood-red, reddish-brown, purple or blackish; many celled . . ae , CLASS I. § Chlorophyll-green, sometimes becoming crimson, purplish, flesh- color or yellow-brown; 1,2 or many celled; often nucleated, CLASS II. § Never chlorophyll-green; colorless or variously colored; 1 or many celled; in jelly when out of the water . . j . CLASS Ill. KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE ALG&. CLASS I. { Olive, brown or grey, black with age; filamentous, often hollow, bristle-like, rigid (A). ° { Violet, violet-purple or bluish-green; filaments articulate, branched or not (E). { Purple; tufts loose; filaments 1 in, long, not branched (D). 4 Purplish, smooth, forming a firmly attached coating to stones, flildebrantia, 7 { Brownish red, vermillion, or greenish with red centre; cells 4-8, free or in a short lived cluster Chlamydococcus, 38 { Blood red, cells large, tegument thick, lamellose, stem ringed, Crococcus, 66 A. Filaments nodose, tufted; fertile filaments hollow, with internal axillary thread; in rapid water (B). ‘ A. Filaments transversely banded or annularly constricted; with in- ternal central axis (C). 26 GENERA OF ALG, . Axillary thread a single series of cells with transverse threads at regular intervals . . . . . . . Lemanea, 1 Axillary thread of cohering Ainments, with many whorls of mon- iliform branchlets ; . . . Luomeya, 2 . Simple or branched, slippery; eels in a single layer, membrane thick, colorless . . . . . Bangia, 3 . Branched; main stem often with an external, parallel series of cells; branches moniliform, clustered . . Rabvanioderum, 4 . Branched; main stem without external parallel series of cells; branches not moniliform (F). Filaments articulate, villose, branchlets dichotomous . Zzhorea, 5 Filaments articulate; branches not whorled; plant steel blue or purplish . . . . . . . Chantransia, 6 Filaments articulate; Brings Side gunead toes plant olive-green, Compsopogon, 8 CLASS II. § Multicellular or apparently so (A). § Unicellular, the cells often clustered or forming a colony (F). A. A, B. Mammo Y (QQ Chlorophyll diffused, not in patterns (B). Chlorophyll in spiral bands, axillary lamine, or twin, stellate nuclei (2). Filamentous (C). Not filamentous; articulate, prostrate, or net-like, often membra- nous, sometimes parasitic (M). . Basal cell lobately divided, or with a terminal disk attaching the young plant (D). Basal cell not lobate nor disciform (E). . Not branched; terminal cell sometimes setiform, Cdogonium, 10 . Not branched; no set; strongly contracted at intervals, Schizomerts, 24a . Branched; with long terminal setz bulbous at base, Bulbochete, 11 . Branched; no sete; cells long, cylindrical . . . Sciadium, 46 With branches (G). Without branches, but sometimes with lateral processes (L). Plants filamentous (N). . Plants not filamentous, sometimes curved or spiral, without root- lets (T). . Plants globose, small, on moist earth, with colorless rootlets (O). . Filaments erect (H). . Filaments prostrate or creeping, branched or not (*). GENERA OF ALG&. 27 * Without dorsal spine; cell walls thick a. diets 2a Gongrosira, 2% * With dorsal spine . . . . .. . . . Aphanochete, 20 H. Immersed in firm jelly .. . > 2 . Chetophora, 18 H. Not in a firm jelly (1). I, Filaments dichotomously or trichotomously branched, Microthamnion, 19 I, Filaments not dichotomously branched (J). J. Branches in lateral clusters; cells of main stem with a transverse, central chlorophyll band. . . Draparnaldia, 16 J. Branches not in lateral clusters (K). K. Cell membrane usually thick, cells longer than broad; ultimate branches, much thinner than the primary, Cladophora, 23, or Pithophora, 24 K. Cell membrane very thin and hyaline; stem and branches barely separably in size and appearance : Stigeoclonium, 17 . Cell membrane thin; branches radiating, umbel-like, one-celled, Sciadium, 46 < L. Distinctly many celled (P). L. Articulate (apparently multicellular) (Q). M. Articulate, branched, forming a little mass or a subdisciform layer . . . . . Coleochete, 9 . Articulate, gcesiane or creeping, a spine on the back, Aphanochete, 20 . Expanded, leaf-like, smooth, formed of angular cells; always ad- herent 46 : . Prastola, 14 Membranaceous, dapiiay. or aneee fixed only when young, LEinteromorpha, 15, Forming a green net, visible to the naked eye, Mydrodictyon, 41 Forming a colony, plane; discoid or stellate, often perforated; cells polygonal : Pediastrum, 40 . Filaments tufted, long, aGeretinnes beanihied . . Vaucheria, 30 Rootlets much divided, descending from the cell base into the earth : Botrydium, 31 . Cells long; diaraphyll enclosing large, regularly placed vacuoles, Spheroplea, 12 . Cells long, filaments somewhat geniculate, without vacuoles (f). . Cells short, cylindrical or oblong; without vacuoles; filaments not contracted; attached when young... . Cylindrocapsa, 13 P. Cells short, broader than long, filaments contracted irregularly, Schizomeris, 24a oe Be =e 2 = rd ao pa) Q. Filaments simple, not laterally united, (R). 28 Q. GENERA OF ALG&. Filaments 2 or more laterally united, or in flat narrow bands, Schizogonium, 26 R. With one row of cells, (S). S. Without lateral processes (except Ulothrix rivularis), strictly un- branched . . : . . . . Olothrix, 25; Conferva, 27 S. With short, irregular, lateral processes, 1-3 or more celled, T. T. Rhizoclonium, 29 Parasitic, 7. e. penetrating the membrane of the host (g). Not parasitic (*). * Cells united or clustered in families (U). * Cells scattered, independent or irregularly clustered (Z). Maes sda we NN . Colonies motile, each cell with 2 cilia (V). . Colonies often free but not spontaneously motile, without cilia (c). . Colony (cwzobium) spherical or circular (W). Colony flat, cells 4-16, angles rounded, in a colorless sheath, Gontum, 36 No gelatinous coating; cells many on ahollow globe Volvox, 32 With gelatinous coating (X). Colony ovate or spherical (Y). . Colony of 8 cells at equal distances around a circle, Stephanosphera, 37 . Cells 16-32, globose, at regular intervals on a colorless sphere, Eudorina, 33 . Cells 8-16-32-64, globose, crowded, often angular from pressure, Pandorina, 34 . Cells free-swimming (a). . Cells attached to aerial or to submerged objects (é). . Ovate, granular, ina hyaline, obtuse sheath; contractile vesicle present... a: ya Chlamydomonas, 39 . Cylindrical, straight or Gee, ae sometimes spinous, Ophiocytium, 47 . Spherical, 3-15in diameter... . . . Protococcus, 49 . Spherical, roo-150in diameter... . . Lremosphera, 65 . Compressed, 3-4-8 angled, angles often peodnsed or bifid, Polyedrium, 50 . Aquatic; form variable, cells not spinous, usually stipitate, Characium, 48 . Aquatic; form variable, cells often with a dorsal spine, Aphanochete, 20 . Aerial; cells circular, flat, numerous, becoming red by exposure, Protococcus, 49 GENERA OF ALG&, 20 . Aerial, on moist objects; gelatinous, cells globose or angular, be- comingred ... . ae . Porphyridium, 57 Family in jelly mass, thallus pyriforny, irregular, tubular, clustered, branched, etc. (2). c. Family globose (¢). ¢. Family plane, discoid or stellate, often perforated; cells polygonal, Pediastrum, 40 ¢. Family cubical, cells 4-8-16, rhomboidal . . Staurogenia, 44 c. Family of laterally united, often spinous or crescentic cells (e). c. Family of cylindrical cells (/). d. Cells in a single stratum; ceenobium hollow . . Celastrum, 42 d. Cells 4-8-16-32, ie apices sinuate or bifid; coenobium * golid . . oe. ee. Sorastrum, 43 d. Cells 2-4-8, glubase or eblong ; ? Gleocystis, 60 e. Cells cylindrical to ovate, ends often spinous . Scenedesmus, 45 e. Cells not spinous, fusiform, eaeoan straight or variously cury- ed, single or united a es . . . . Rhaphidium, 62 i. Upper cells spreading, contracted at base . . . Sciadium, 46 g. Cells globose or pear-shaped (4). A. Neck not cylindrical, aperture with alid . Chytridium, 68 hk. Neck cylindrical, elongated . . oe ee ew . . Olpidium, 69 z. Cells connected by fine filaments (*). z. Cells not connected by filaments (/). * Filament attached to the convex side of the cells, Dimorphococcus, 63 * Filament attached to the concave side of the cells, Dictyospherium, 5% j. Families free-swimming (not attached), (2). j. Families not free-swimming (attached), (/). Rk. Cells oblong, miucat 2-4-8-16; tegument oval or reniform; variable . . . . . . Nephrocytium, 61 zk, Cells oval, small, in grape- slike dusters: tegument thin, diffluent, Botrycoccus, §9 2, Cells globose, large, cell walls firm, border hyaline; chlorophyll sometimes radiate . . . . . . Lremosphera, 65 2. Cells fusiform, crescentic or stint cylindrical, ends cuspidate or acuminate, tegument thin . : . . Rhaphidium, 62 7, Cells globose, elliptical or elongate (7). m, Cells red, large; tegument thick, concentrically lamellate, stem ringed... Sant Crococcus, 66 m, Cells green; tegument not t lamieliate (2). 30 GENERA OF ALG&. mn. Thallus soon diffluent into shapeless mucus, Tetraspora, 54, or Palmella, 56 n. Thallus with a definite form (0). o. Cylindrical or cumpressed, branched, 2-12 inches long; one pole of cells colorless . . . . . . . Hydrurus, 52 o. Cylindrical, sometimes septate, eheched at one end and spreading, Palmodactylon, 53 Conjugation ladder-like (z). Conjugation lateral (z). Conjugation geniculate (w). Conjugation absent, spore formed spontaneously in the cell, Gonatonema, 78 o, Pear-shaped, fixed by the stem-like base . . . . Afiocystis, 76 p. Chlorophyll in spiral bands (g). p. Chlorophyll in two, many-rayed bodies in each cell (7). p. Chlorophyll in axile plates (). g. Conjugation geniculate. Gulf States . . . . Strogonium, 71 g. Conjugation ladder-like . . . - . . . . Spirogyra, 70 r. Conjugation ladder-like or lateral (s). s. Spore inone of thecells . . . . . 1 2 . Lygnema, 72 s. Spore in the connective between the cells . . . Lygogonium, 73 Z. Z. Z, Z. uz. Spore in the connective between the cells, Mougeotia,74, or Mesocarpus, 75 wz. Sporesinoneofthecells . . . . . . . Plagtospermum, 77 v. Spore lateral, at the point of twocells . . . Pleurocarpus, 76 w. Spore formed at point ofconjugation . . . Craterospermum, 80 w. Spore between the cells, quadrangular in front view, Staurospermum, 79 CLASS ITI. § Multicellular or apparently so, filamentous (A). § Unicellular, the cells sometimes clustered or in families (V). A. With hair-like points (B). A, Without “ “ (C). B. Branched (but spuriously so); in small tufts . Calothrix, 81 B. Not branched; not in jelly mass; heterocysts yellow, at the base of the filaments; free orin smallmats . . . Mastigonema, 82 Not branched; in more or less firm mucilage or jelly (2). Branched; in a sheath or jelly mass (E). Branched; not in jelly. Not branched (D). QaaAw GENERA OF ALG, 3r D. Ina sheath or a jelly mass (K). D. Not sheathed nor in jelly (P). E. Branched at almost pa angles to the stem; cells ina single se- ries . . . . Mapalosiphon, 92 E. Branched irregularly « or with epi branches (F). F. Cells in single series in young plants, several series when older, Strosiphon, 91 F. Cellsin a single series only (G). G. Sheath broad, striate, hyaline, wing-like . . LPetalonema, 90 G. Sheath not wing-like (H). H. Sheaths distinct, not agglutinated to one another (1). H. Sheaths agglutinated in erect, wick-like bundles, Symphyosiphon, 87 I. Heterocysts present (J). IL " not present; sheath with a single bluish filament, Plectonema, 89 J. Heterocysts disconnected from the twin branches, Scytonema, 86 J. Heterocysts near the usually single branches . TZolypothrix, 88 K. In a sheath; filaments moniliform, curved. . LNostoc, 93 K. In a sheath; filaments not moniliform (Q). K. In mucilage or jelly mass (L). L. Jelly mass spherical; filaments transversely plicate, radiate, Gleotrichia 84 L. Jelly mass hemispherical, filaments radiate ; Rivularia, 85 L. Jelly mass a stratum or indefinite (M). M. Filaments erect, attached at oe jelly stratum flat, often incrusted ih. 8 . Lsactis, 83 M. Filaments not attached at base, not moniliform, heterocysts ter- minal, single . . any . Cylindrospermum, 98 M. Filaments not attached, not manili¢aten, colorless, heterocysts none . . . Crenothrix, 99 M. Filaments ugaililsta: ce ils Mahece~ or elliptical (N). M. ae ee cells compressed disciform (O). N. Heterocysts intercalated in the filaments, Anabena, 94, or Spherozyga, 95 O. Heterocysts intercalated at regular intervals, yellow, Nodularia, 97 P. Bluish, bluish-green, blackish (T). P. Whitish or silvery; in sulphur waters. . . Beggtatoa, 105 Q. Two or more filaments in each sheath . Microcoleus, 103 Q. :One filament only in each sheath (R). ‘ 32 GENERA OF ALG, R. Parasitic; sheaths thin; cells short, tubular . Chamesiphon, 100 R. Not parasitic (S). S. Agglutinated in erect, wick-like clusters, articulate, base prostrate, Symploca, 102 S. Not agglutinated; exceptionally appearing branched; often form- ing a stratum ater : . . Lyngbya, 101 T. Filaments parallel in deuce clusters: free: -swimming, Aphanizomenon, 96 ' T. Filaments short, heterocysts at their base; not free-swimming, Mastigonema, 82 T. Filaments slowly motile . . . . . . . . . Osctllaria, 104 T. Filaments not motile (U). U. Filaments very slender, articulations more or less indistinct, Leptothrix, 106 U. Filaments cruciformly branched . . . . . Asterothrix, 106a V. Free-swimming, (¢. ¢. not adherent), (W). V. Not free-smimming (X). W. Cells globose, or oblong when dividing, in a single, quadrate layer, bluish-green . .. . . . Merismopedia, 112 W. Cells globose, sometimes in a small colony, brownish or red, sometimes greenish . . . . . Chlamydococcus, 38 W. Cells wedge-shaped, in radiating families . Gomphospheria 115 W. Cells filamentous or ring-like, spirally twisted, usually motile, Spirillum, 107 W. Cells filiform, very minute, spirally twisted . , Spirulina, 108 X. Sheath present, gelatinous or jelly-like, often colorless (Y). X. Sheath none; cells spherical or angular by pressure, solitary or in small families 2s i ye . . . Chroococcus, 121 Y. Aquatic (2). Y. On moist timbers and earth; cells small, in globose bodies in a thin membrane. . . . . Microcystis, 116 a, Sheaths thin, not confinent; cells tabular, short, parasitic, Chamesiphon, 100 a. Sheaths confluent, in a mucous stratum, or elongation or membra- nous (4). a, Sheaths bladder-like, colorless; cells cylindric, ends rounded, Gleothece, 109 bd, Sheaths confluent (¢). b. Sheaths membranous (/). c. Cells spherical or nearly so (¢). ¢, Cells not spherical (e). GENERA OF ALG&. 33 . Tegument mucous, cells spherical or elongated, one pole color- less, notin families... ; . Hydrurus, 52 . Tegument mucous, with small faclatines families of innumerable cells. ; ‘ : bw ‘ . Anacystts, 117 . Tegument soft, thick ' F ' Avhanactpscn. 120 . Tegument a mucous stratum, sonuinian groups of two cells, these surrounded by another tegument. . . Gleocapsa, 119 . Tegument a mucous stratum; thallus spherical, hollow, cells many, small, on the surface : . . . Celospherium, 113 . Tegument confluent, firm; cells longer than broad, Aphanothece, 110 . Tegument inconspicuous; cells elongate, cylindrical, Synechococcus, L11 . Tegument soon perforate, breaking into lobed forms; cells very small, embedded Clathrocystis, 118 . Cells globose, united in families, clustered grape-like, : Polycystis, 118 . Irregularly branched, often closely interwoven; stems and pri- mary branches of the same thickness; often aerial, Chroolepus, 22 . Cruciformly branched, ends acute; filaments articulate or not, Asterothrix, 106a . Somewhat dichotomously branched, apices rounded; floating and yellow, or not yellow and coating wet rocks . . Calothrix, 81 . Filaments erect, laterally adherent, basally attached, forming layers on flat surfaces ; Lsactis, 83 . Filaments distinctly dhieatbed at hades dienthe broad, often sac- cate, transversely plicate; heterocysts basal : Gleotrichia, 84 . Filaments agglutinated by mucilage, and forming hemispherical or bladdery forms eo wo... $2.) Rtvularia, 85 PART II. Key to the Species of the Fresh-Water Alge. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE FRESH WATER ALG. I. LEMANEA. A. Filaments straight, 4-5 in. long, . . . fiuviatilis, 52 A. af arcuately curved (a). a, 1-2 in. long, olive green, black with age. 4s torulosa 51 @. 5 in. long, violet in mass; regularly constricted . . catenata, 52 2. TUOMEYA, A. Much and irregularly branched; tufts 1-2 in. long . fluviatilis, 53 A. Not branched, . eee . grande, 53 3. BANGIA. Filaments about 1 in. long; in lax purple tufts atro-purpurea, 55 4. BATRACHOSPERMUM. A. Branches sometimes setigerous, internodes naked or nearly so; gelatinous. Variable . . . .« moniliforme, 56 A. Branches not setigerous, whorls iapeneetiy developed, the branch- lets often impacted; color bluish green . oe vagum, 57 5. THOREA. Much branched, ramuli horizontal, long and short alternating, ramosissima, 58 6. CHANTRANSIA, A. Tufts 1 in. long; filaments with many straight branches; fertile branches very short . . macrospora, 59 A. Tufts 1-6 mm. long (a). a. Parasitic on other plants (4). a. Not parasitic (c). 4, Fresh water; bright violet, 2 mm. long; branches erect, ends obtuse, violacea, 59 38 SPECIES OF ALG&., 6. Marine; 1-4 mm. long in close fringe; branches rarely opposite, often hairy . . . . . . . virgatula, 61 c. Terminal cells cuspidate or F piliferous: . . . . Mermannii, 60 c. as “ rounded... ..... =... . pygme@a, 61 7. HILDEBRANTIA. a. Fresh water; cells red; on river stones . . . . . vivudaris, 61 a. Marine; cells spherical a ss a SUELO . rosea, 62 8. COMPSOPOGON. One species me Sp a ee . . . . ceruleus, 62 9. COLEOCHATE. A. Filaments irregularly disposed, variable in form . irregularis, 65 A. e radiating (a). a. Filaments not laterally adhering, forming small disks . soluta, 64 a@, ‘ adhering side to side, forming a disk (6). 6, Disk irregularly orbicular; cells subquadrangular . . seutata, 64 6. ‘ exactly orbicular, thin, flat, . . orbicularis, 64 46.“ orbicular, upper surface rounded, about 2 mm. high, pulvinata, 64 10. CEDOGONIUM. It is only possible to identify the sixty-three species of this genus when the plants are in fruit, the forms being arranged in groups ac- cording to some characteristic or peculiarity of the odspore (the seed or spore), and of the oégonium (the sac containing the odspore). It is therefore scarcely possible to devise an artificial key. § Male and female organs on the same plant (A). § Male and female organs on different plants (B). § Male organs of fructification not known (C). A. Odspores globose or nearly so (D). A. c elliptical or ovate (2). B. Males short (dwarf), 1-celled (&). B. Males short (dwarf), z2—many-celled (9). B. Males filamentous, many-celled plants (gg). C. Odspores globose or nearly so (f). C. i elliptical or ovoid (ss). D. Odgonia globose or nearly so (a). D. “elliptical or ovoid (4). a, Odgonia opening by a pore (4). a. “cr “ oe lid (s). 6, Pore median; veg. cells 4-6 times as long as wide . cryptoporum, 70 é. ¢. Odspore not quite filling the oédgonium (¢). Oéspore entirely filling the odgonium (e). é. a. we BWMBA SRK REM 5 ARIS DD S SRE YR SKN a wD SPECIES OF ALG&, Pore above the middle (c). Veg. cells 3-5 times as long as wide . ae iz3 2.5-3.5 iz 73 “ce “ ce ‘ “ce “ ce 66 oc ‘ 4-10 66 Veg. cells 4-5 times as long as wide ‘ “< ‘ ““c cc ce cc ‘ ‘ 2- 4 ‘ Oéspores subglobose, filling the gbuenis obsoletum, plustospermum, polymorphum, fragile, 2ig-2ag, autumnale, Odspores obovate, not entirely filling the odgonia (g). Veg. cells 4-6 times as long as wide Veg.cells2-4 “ “ “ “ 4 Oégonia single, opening by a superior pore; odspore globose not filling the o6dgonium Oégonia opening by a pore oe the tides (J). Odgonia as COM Nid Veg. cells oy times as long as wide “ “cc 2-5 “cc “ce “ce “cc “ce Oégonia with 7-12 vertical Sanuiaeicne Odgonia without vertical constrictions (Z). Odspore globose or nearly so (7). i subellipsoid (0). Diameter veg. cells 15-174, 4 times constricted « «28-38, not constricted a “from g-15 f4 (7). “ Oéspare depressed-globose ve exactly globose Dwarf males adhering to all parts of the female os “on or near the oégonia Odspore membrane smooth (g). - ES beset with bristles (cc). Oéspores globose or nearly so (r). fe ellipsoid or ovate (z). Doone opening by a lid.(s). oy “a pore (2). Terminal cell rounded a “apiculate Pore in the middle or a little ahowe (z). ““ above the middle (z). Veg. cells 4.5-6 times as long as broad “ce “ “ce ce 2-4 6 “ “ . vernale, crispum, urbicum, gracillimum, paludosum, crassum, platygynum, undulatum, cataractum, decipiens, Areschougit, multispora, cyathigerum, Lundense, macranadrium, flavescens, Brauniz, 39 71 72 73 71 71 73 72 72 73 79 80 78 79 4° SPECIES OF ALG. v. Diameter of veg. cells 13-14 . .. . 2. pyriforme, 95 v. a “16-20 ) eg . . . trregulare, 79 v. “ “oe og-gom . ww... errssiusculum, 80 w. Odgonia opening by a pore (x). Ww. ef i “ « lid (aa). x. Pore above the middle (9). x. “ below “ “ odspore with 4 spiral ridges . Huntii, 85 y. Odspore longitudinally costate . . . . . . Wolleanum, 82 z, Diameter of odgonia 45-sou by 60-754 . . . Bortseanum, 81 Zz, ee ~ 70-834 by go-1o5u@ ww. concatenatum, 81 gz. as es 29-32 by 33-38@ . . . . ~ sexangulare, 82 aa. Oéspore longitudinally costate, filling the odgonium, acrosporum, 83 aa. “not * et (26). 6. Terminal cell setiform . & MiGce dy er tkee ciliatum, 84 bb. “not setiform . .. . . . . obtruncatum, 84 cc. Odspores ellipsoid odgonia opening by a pore in the middle, Lystrix, 87 ce. globose (@@). dd. Odgonia opening by a pore at the middle . echinospermum, 86 ad. S « « « «above the middle (ee). ee. Spines of odspores conical (//). Jf. Diameter of veg. cells 2.5-5 times as long as wide . stedlatum, 85 Sf. “ eh “ y-2 times as long as wide . Donnellit, 85 Sf. 73 “cc 6a 3 6-14 73 iz3 ““c (74 iT 7 echinatum, 86 gg. Odgonia not or scarcely swollen (44). ge. as manifestly swollen (77). hh. Diameter of odspore 22-52 by 38-624 . . . . capillare, 87 hh. ee " 47-49 by 50-664"... Cw:Cw:SCStagnale, 87 ?. Odspores globose or subglobose (77). 77. ee ellipsoid or oval (02). D- Dogon opening by a pore (£2). I). e “« « lid; oéspore globose . . Pringsheimit, go _ kk. Pore in the middle; ikembaane of veg. cells and of odgonia spirally punctate... . . puncto-striatum, go kk. Pore in the middle; anembianie nal pimciake . . wrufescens, 89 kk, Pore above the middle (//). 7. Oéspore filling or barely filling the odgonia (mm). Z, Odspores not filling the odgonia (m7). mm, Odspore globose, filling the odgonium, diameter 25-29 u by 24-30) franklinianum, 89 SPECIES OF ALG, 41 7. Odspore ee pes filling the oégonia, diameter 42-50u ae 46-5s6u 2. . . . carbonicum, go nn. Diameter of odspore 37- 26 pe by sees va . capilliforme, 88 nn. a ss es 51-54m by 73-85. pachyandrum, 89 nn, Diameter of odspore 42-6op by 42-6op . cardiacum, go oo. Diameter of odgonia 40-45 u by 80-100 , . Boscit, 9% 00. a “ “ 63-75 by 105-120 Landtevaenl, gt 00. st ee 7o-85 uw by 130-1604 : rivulare, 92 00. st = - go—looft by 130-150 var. major, 92 pp. Diameter of veg. cells less than 16y (¢¢). Dp. “ to ee “76 or more (77). gq. Diameter of odgonia 17-18 by 20h delicatulum, 93 99. ie e “ 24-28 by 28-35 u . moniliforme, 93 99. «33-35 by 33-434 . Londiense, 94 99. 2 - “ 24-25 by 26-28 hexagonum, 94 rr. Diameter of odgonia 36-404 by 44-45 u . fonticola, 93 rr. a a 7 61-754 by 6880p . princeps, 93 ss. Diameter of veg. cells less than 25 (¢t). SS. s te oe ee 254 or more (uw). zt, Diameter of odspore 35-36 by 45-48 : pyriforme, 95 tt. se “ a 15-16 by 17-19 longatum, 95 uu. Diameter of odspore 54-654 by 75-103M . . gigateum, 94 uu. a ff “ 45-5om by 68-724. . grande, 95 II. BULBOCHATE., In reference to the sixteen species forming this genus, the remarks made in connection with @dogonium might be repeated. The spe- cies can be identified only when in fruit; to make an artificial key is therefore almost an impossibility. Replying to a personal inquiry in regard to the division of the species into moneecious and dicecious groups, with the presence of dwarf males on or near the odgonia of all the so-called dicecious forms, Mr. Wolle writes: “These male forms are not developed when they appear; they are supposed to have been formed in dis- tinct cells known as androsporangia, and when they have developed and escaped, they float about and then attach themselves on, at or near the odgonium, but they are not necessarily a part of the plant on which they may be seated.” 42 SPECIES OF ALG, § Odgonia globose or nearly so (A). § ‘“« ellipsoid or nearly so; odspores longitudinally crenulate- costate (F). : A. Dwarf males 1 celled, on or near the odgonia, elachistandra, 97 A a “« 2 celled (B). B. Basal part (stem) of dwarf males, shorterthan the spermogonia (C). B iz4 (v3 “ “cc ce oe longer than the spermogonia; OGspore warty .. . oe. «6 gigantea, 99 C. Diameter of veg. cells 20 or less (D). C. “ ea “ more than 20; odspore granulate, setigera, 98 D. Odgonia without terminal seta. . . . . tntermedia, 97 D. “« with terminal seta, or beneath a canals cell (E). E. Dissepiment supporting odgonia in the middle of cell or slightly below ig ly ; . . erenulata, 97 E. Dissepiment shove the middle of the all . . . « polyandra, 98 E. below the middle ae . . Brebisonit, 99 F. Moneecious (G). F. Dicecious (H). G. Diameter of odgonia 27-354 by 46-56u . . Ct mirabilis, 100 G. i ° 20-254 by 33-36" . . nana, 100 H. Dissepiment of cells supporting odgonia obsolete (1). H. 6“ (73 “cc ce zs present (J. ) I, Diameter veg. cells 12-5 u, length less than diameter, pygma@a, 101 J. Diameter veg. cells 164 or less (K). J. Kg ‘¢ “ more than 16y (L). K. Veg. cells 1-1.5 times as long as wide . . . subsimplex, Lor K. “cc cc 2-3. 5 “cc “cc “cc “ce iz3 : , és repanda, 102 kK. & OS hee oo ORE ES OSes * xe rhadinospora, 103 L. Veg. cells 2.5-4.5 times as long as wide . oo... ansignits, LOI ee, be Thes CGS SstENS al BED AIAN 1 ie dae nthe a3 minor, Lol | RG ER AE EE OMS og rectangularis, 102 12, SPHHROPLEA, Cells 8-10-20 times as long as broad, chlorophyllose rings 20-30 in each: « wow 8 # eo ew @ ee « we 4% annulina, 104 13. CYLINDROCAPSA. Ends of cells clear and pearly Soe eee MANA, 105 Ends of cells notclear . . as Ss geminella, 104 SPECIES OF ALG&, 43 14. PRASIOLA, Tufts 2-6 mm. high and broad, cells 4-64 indiameter, crispa, 106 “1-3 inches long and broad, cells 6-8 ‘ “Mexicana, 107 I5. ENTEROMORPHA, § In brackish water (a). a, a. A. A. . Branches opposite, their stems thick, short, tapering to a point or & Se wos S. Fronds simple, elongate; cells 3-5-6 angled . tntestinalis, 107 ‘* compressed, tubular. . . . Lo... compressa, 107 16. DRAPARNALDIA. ° Every mature joint with 2-4 clusters of branches, avenelliz, 110 Branches less abundant, not at every joint (a). seta spinosa, Log . Branches opposite or alternate . glomerata, 108, plumosa, 109 17. STIGEOCLONIUM. In warm or hot water; 1-2 in. long, much branched, apex a bristle, thermale, 111 Not in water of high temperature (a). . Branches ending in a hair or bristle (4). . Branches not ending in a hair or bristle (4). . Bristle a colorless, apparently hollow prolongation (c). . Bristle a delicate, filamentous, hair-like extension (d). . Cells nearly cylindrical, equal or twice as long as broad, protensum, 112 Parasitic, dwarf, 2 mm.long;in mucus... . radians, 115 . Not parasitic (e). Diameter of largest cells zo or less (/). S “ “ 25-40. a> 8 nudiusculum, 113 . Diameter of filaments 11-20; basal cells 6-8 times longer than WIdE ce ce ae a oy : . 2. subsecundum, 112 Diameter of filaments 10-164 (g). Branches opposite on cells smaller and more oval than the others, flagelliferum, 112 . Branch-bearing cells not smaller (2). . Upper branches clustered, moniliform : Jastigiatum, 114 e not moniliform (7). Two or more inches long, branches mostly opposite, fasciculare, 114 . Two to ro mm. long, simple to near the end, there branches clustered.) 6g ek hog oo el ‘ . longipilus, 115 44 SPECIES OF ALG, ~ Length 4-50 mm.; somewhat branched, branches simple, tenue, 110 Rk. «« 2-3 mm.; branches alternate, ends obtuse, . wanum, 112 “ 12 mm.; branches mostly opposite, ends acute, amenum, 113 18, CHATOPHORA. Jelly mass globose or nearly so (a). Jelly mass elongated to 3 inches, margins tattered, forming ragged . branches. . . . endiviefolia, 117 § Jelly mass orbicular, stalls flamients fice pointed . Jongipila, 118 a, Branches more or less iminiliforms jelly mass 2 mm, diameter, monilifera, 118 re Mn a, Branches not moniliform, radiating (4). &. Jelly mass smooth (¢). 6. “ tuberculose, ends of branches rarely hair-like, tuberculosa, 116 c. Diameter of branchlets 6; 1.5-3 times longer . pistformis, 116 ‘. o “ branches 7-10; 1-1.5 “ “oo... elegans, 116 19. MICROTHAMNION, But one species. Go &. . . Kuetsingianum, 118 i 20, APHANOCHATE. § Parasitic (). . § Not parasitic (0). a, Cells globose, a bristle on the back : : repens, 119 a. Cells various, elongate, curved, worm-like, sub- globose, vermiculoides, 119 Cells globose, or subpyritorm, a seta on the back or apex; in mucus ‘ AY oad, Aa cae ey, Ep vars HS : . globosa, 119 > 21. GONGROSIRA. One species ; ; : Sclerococcus, 120 20. CHROOLEPUS, a. Cells globose, broadly elliptic or ovate (4). a. Cells more or less elongate (c). 6, Dull or bright red; diameter rg-22u sti . umbrinum, 123 é. Ashcolor when dry; diameter 20-25 . . . . moniliforme, 123 6. Diameter of cells more than 25-40; branches rather dichotomous, Lolithus, 122 c. as “ less than 254 (¢). SPECIES OF ALG&, 45 d, Stratum tawny red, drying greenish; diameter of filaments 9-14,, odoratus, 122 d, Stratum orange-red, drying yellow; diameter of filaments 7-9, lichenicolus, 122 d. Stratum red or orange, soft, silky; much branched; diameter of cells 10-12 Uo : ; : . aureus, 121 23. CLADOPHORA. § Chlorophyll diffused, not in spirals (a). i disposed to be net-like or in lax spirals (2). a, Cell membrane smooth (4). a “ ee plicate-striate; contents of young slightly spiral, crispata, 126 6. Cells more or less swollen; irregularly branched; variable, Sracta, 124 4, Cells not noticeably swollen (c). c. Diameter of branches 28-40 : : . . oligoclona, 126 os iB zi ee abouti5su ae Flotowiana, 126 d. Branches united (connate) at base; cells 5-8 times as long as broad, cantlicularis, 117 d. Branches not connate at base (e). e, Filaments not radiating from common centre, cells smooth (/). é. a . a cell membrane plicate . flavescens, 128 & a radiating from a common centre, much branched, agagropila, 124 f/. Diameter of stems 60-1004 . = . glomerata, 127 }. ee ES EROAIBG Me . . fluttans, 128 24. PITHOPHORA. A. Fertile stem 65 thick bg Bd ; @dogonia, 130 A © “ 175m thick ; : 4 : @gualis, 131 A. © “ 59m thick rae . Kewensts, 131 ' 24a. SCHIZOMERIS. One species. — ‘ fa Letbleinit, Pl. CXXV. 25. ULOTHRIX. Length of cells equal to width (a). “« “greater than width (e). se «less than width (4). a. Color dark, light or bright green (4). a, Color yellowish green (¢). COD MO COD 46 SPECIES OF ALG&. 6. Filaments dividing longitudinally; mucous; 4 in. long, floating, Lenormandt, 138 b. « not dividing longitudinally (c). c. Joints often constricted; diameter of cells 9-10 . rivularis, 136 ¢. Joints not constricted; aquatic; variable; diameter of cells 5-sop, subtilis, 135 Ge oS ag as ss filaments tortuous, very long, muralis, 137 e oS a “ On damp walls, pavements, exposed rocks, etc., (*) *, Cells 6-74 in diameter; on walls, pavements, etc. . mittens, 137 * 79.5 pu 8 cell contents usually at one side; on ex- posed rocks, etc. Bek . flaccida, 137 @. Cells 12-14in diameter... : equalis, 134 @, Cells about 7 in diameter; on moist slay or Saad . . varia, 138 e. Green, cell contents usually on one side, hemispherical, flaccida, 137 e. Green, dark, bright or pale; contents diffused (/). /. Joints often constricted; cells g-1ofindiameter . rivularis, 136 yf. “not constricted; filaments attached, 17-25 4 in diameter, tenuis, 134 f. # a ts filaments not attached (g). g. In brackish water, filaments 1-3 in. long, 10-30, dia., Younganum, 135 g. Infresh water... . . . subtilis, 135 A. Filaments dividing leneitadiidlly, 4in. jong; floating, Lenormandi, 138 h. " not dividing (2). z, Joints often constricted, cells g-1oyz in dia.. . rivularis, 136 7 “ not constricted in sterile filaments (7). Jj. Filaments roy or more in diameter (2). y % less than roy in diameter (m). k. In brackish water; filaments 20-304 in dia. . Younganum, 135 2. In brackish and in fresh water; filaments 38-soy in dia., Spectosa, 135 &, In fresh water only or on the ground (/). 7, On shaded ground; flexuous, interwoven. ', partetina,: 138 7. Aquatic; filaments 1o-12uin dia. . . . oscillarina, 137 Z, ee a 14-40 “ Zonata, 133 m. Bright, grass green; filaments coctaony wee long, interwoven, muralis, 137 m. Yellowish green, mucous; cells shorter than wide . compacta, 136 SPECIES OF ALG, 26, SCHIZOGONIUM. One species; found on moist cliffs, Colorado. . murale, 27 CONFERVA. 47 139 § In brackish water; diameter 12-14 fugacisstma, var. salina, 141 § In fresh water (A). A. Diameter of filament from 3-5 (a). A. ef ds “from 6-124 (4). A. i. Ms e from 14-25 «« (g). a. Very pale; cells 1%4-2-3 times as long as wide . ‘enerrima, 143 a, te ONE ee) ARG we glacialiordes, 143 a. Green; cells 3-4 ee rhypophila, 143 6, Cells before division 7 times aslong as wide . . . affints 141 b. “ 6“ “ 4-5 “ “ eb “ (c). o, a ““ less than 4 times as long as wide (e). c. Not constricted atthe joints el Lash Ga . . . fugacissima, 14t c. Slightly “ a (72) d. Cells before division about 4 times as longas wide . Fumnkit, 142 a oN = & “5 «filaments of ir- regular thickness. : . . . . bombycina, 142 e. Cells more or less swollen (*) e. Cells not swollen, joints not constricted (/). * Diameter of filaments 10-12 . : a. 42, vulgaris, 142 * tf “ ne YOM 6 ww . var. Farlowil, 142 f. Attached; chlorophyll evenly diffused . . abbreviata, 143 fF. Not attached; contentsgranular . . 2 1 2. punctalis, 142 g. Diameter of filaments 20-25 . ie; j amaena, 140 g. te i x less than 20 (A). A, Cells more or less swollen, about twice as long as wide, floccosa, 140 An & “ «© constricted at the joints, utriculosa 140; fontinalts, 141 28 CHATOMORPHA, Marine, therefore omitted. 29 RHIZOCLONIUM. § On moist ground; cells 1.5—3 times as long as wide, hieroglyphicum, 144 § In brackish water (a). § In sweet waters (6). a, Filaments irregularly curved and angled. California, Casparyt, 145 a, Filaments not specially curved; diameter 20-30 . . salinum, 145 a. “ sf rs ss 33-484 . . major, 146 ms Oh Se Se § § § 2S aH NS SNS RAD Og hh. h. SPECIES OF ALG, Permanently attached, in rapid streams . . . fiuitans, 145 Not permanently attached (c). Diameter of filaments 13-15.5 ¥: fontinali, 144 ss se a 25-33) ist : . stagnale, 145 i #4 & 36-40 : . Horsfordit, 145 30. VAUCHERIA, i KEY TO THE STERILE PLANTS, In salt or brackish water; mats velvety, feet in extent, Thuretit, 149 In sweet water or somewhat terrestrial (a). Apparently terrestrial only (A). Filaments dichotomous, branches constricted at the base of the divisions, often intermediately, é. atta san . tuberosa, 154 . Filaments not constricted at the branching points (4). Stratum dense, pellucid below, creeping; terminal branches erect, clustered, often crooked . eo H velutina, 153 Stratum not pellucid below (c). Branches not clustered, vague. Thus far found only in California, hamata, 153 Branches dichotomous or sparingly formed (¢). Diameter of filaments roo or more (e). ee i less than roo (g). Diameter 100 to z00p (/). Diameter 1254; tufts dense, dark green . . geminata, 151 ve room; tufts loose, expanding in all directions, aversa, 149 ft 100-200; dirty green or brownish; about limestone springs. . . Smiley Tey tae ; dichotoma, 149 Diameter 180-200, often hyaline; drying ash gray . pélus, 153 In turfy mats; filaments densely intricate; 50-754 in diameter, sericea, 150 . In dense, intricate tufts; filaments dichotomous, 50 in diameter, geminata, 151 . In loosely intricate clusters; filaments about 5o0y in diameter, sessilis, 151 Stratum thin, expanded, filaments about 5oy in diameter, Dillwynti, 150 7 “ densely interwoven, dark green . . ‘terrestris, 153 SPECIES OF ALG&., 49 Il, KEY TO THE FRUITING PLANTS OF VAUCHERIA. § Antheridia slightly bent; the opening at top (a). § - bent like a horn or hook (¢). § ss not known (g). a. Odgonia nearly round (4). “cc a. not round; oval, often rather oblique (c). 4. Odgonla about roof in diameter... . dichotoma, 149 b. «125-1204 8“ tt . . . Lhurettt, 149 c. Odgonia 1-6, on one side, mouths lateral, produced beak-like, sericea, 150 erect, mouths not lateral, not produced beak-like, aversa, 149 @, Antheridia beside or between the subsessile odgonia (e). d. Antheridia terminal, with the odgonia on each side or lower down (/). e. Terrestrial, broadly expanded; antheridia bag-shape or clavate, Dillwynit, 150 e. Aquatic; antheridia short and straight, or elongate and variously curved . . . . phe sessilis, 151 jf. Tetrestrial only; duthestiiuea guy Gicved, oégonia on its back, terrestris, 153 Jf. Not strictly terrestrial; fruit on short lateral branchlets, geminata, 151 Ji et a fruit on short segments on the divided ends of branchlets. ; hamata, 152 g. Branches regularly constricted at base and often elsewhere, oe tuberosa, 154 g. Branches not constricted; filaments 180-200, in diameter, pilus, 153 31. BOTRYDIUM. One species. a eB ois granulatum, 155 32. VOLVOX. One species. Sah 4 globator, 158 33. EUDORINA, One species . . m2 i j . stagnale, 160 34. PANDORINA. One species Bis a morum, 16% 50 SPECIES OF ALGA, 35. EUGLENA. The question as to the animal or vegetal character of Zuglena has been debated. The present tendency is to consider it an alga, although the evidence is rather negative than positive. For the present purpose however, it seems best to leave it among the Infu- soria, where the older investigators classed it. 36. GONIUM. One species 3 . . pectorale, 163 37. STEPHANOSPHERA, No forms yet found in this country. 38. CHLAMYDOCOCCUS. a. Cells subglobose, brownish-red, sometimes green; variable, pluvialis, 164 a. Cells globose, red; at first with a hyaline border; on the snow of high peaks, etc. ee as : . . nivalis, 166 39. CHLAMYDOMONAS. § With a red pigment spot (a). / § Without “ “ (4). a, Ovate; length twice the width; pigment spot lateral, pluviusculus, 168 b. Pale, whitish green; oblong-elliptical : hyalina, 168 4. Bright light-green (c). c. Ovate or oval . . . tingens, 167 c. Spherical or nearly so. ; ‘ . . pluviale, 167 40. PEDIASTRUM. For full descriptions and figures of the species, see Wolle’s “Des- mids of the United States,” from which the following classification is compiled. : § Apices cuspidate, each cell with one cusp or bristle (a). § (77 “ “ce “cc oe two “ “ “ (c). § Apices or angles, bidentate; small; cells often 4 . cuspidatum, 154 § Apices truncate; cells 4 in form of cross, 4-sided; small, ¢efras, 154 § Apices concave, undulate (2). § Apices bilobed (e). a. Cells six, ovate or subfusiform, radiately connected; centre closed, simplex, 152 a. Cells six, 5 angled; centreopen . . . Sturmit, 153 a, Cells more than six (4). s SPECIES OF ALGA. 51 . Outer circle 14, inner 7, centre closed by 1; outer spaces 7, inner 4, Simplex vat., 153 . Outer circle 12, inner 4, centre open; outer spaces 4, @uodenartus, 153 . Outer circle 14, inner 7, centre closed by 4; outer spaces 7, inner 4, Simplex var., 153 Marginal cells 2-lobed, each cuspidate; cells 8-16-128; centre closed, Boryanum, 153 d. Perforated by small openings Se satst 148 . brachylobum, 154 d. No openings; centre closed; . . muticum, angulosum, 153 e. Perforate by small openings, or centre open (/). e. Not perforate, centre closed (g). jf. Cells 16-32-64 Satin . . pertusum, 154 yf. Cells 6, centre open . j . angulosum, vat., 154 g. Apices converging, space between oval . . forcipatum, 153 g. Apices not converging (4). A. Each apex 2—-lobed, sometimes diverging . Lhrenbergit, 154 41. HYDRODICTYON. One species ; . utriculatum, 169 42, CCLASTRUM. a, Cells globose, with interstitial openings . . . microporum, 170 a, Cells angular, each with a tubercular process cambricum, 170 43. SORASTRUM, One species : Spinulosum, 17% 44. STAUROGENIA. One species : ; : .o. . eructatum, 171 45. SCENEDESMUS, § Cells armed with spines (a). § Cells not armed with spines (e). Qa, a, RRX SX fs Aquatic (0). On moist sand, Florida; cells 2-4, fusiform, antennatus, Var. rectus, 172 . Cells oblong, cylindrical, ovate or globose (c). . Cells, some at least, spindle-shaped (2). Spines recurved on outer cells . caudatus, 172 Spines straight, single or sometimes two 5 polymorphus, 173 Spines straight, three to five . rotundatus, 174 . Inner cells fusiform, armed, outer fare. . . @imorphus, 173 . Fusiform, oval or globose; spines straight . polymorphus, 173 52 SPECIES OF ALGA. e. Cells, some at least, fusiform (/), e. Cells oblong or ovate, obtuse; 3-5 times as long as wide, obtusus, 173 f. Cells in a single even row; outer cells lunate . . dimorphus, 173 f. Cells usually all alike, acute, 3-6 timesas long as wide, acutus, 173 46. SCIADIUM. a, Attached, umbellate; cells usually straight; base contracted into ashortstem .. . . . arbuscula, 174 a, Floating; a collection of amabels soawected by a usually straight cell. gu 4 Coe ee ee eee ww. gractlipes, 175 47. OPHIOCYTIUM. § One or both ends spinous (a). § Without spines (c). a. Both ends spinous (4). a, One end spinous, one end rounded; cells curved or coiled, cochleare, 175 4. Cells arched or nearly straight, ends more or less enlarged, capitatum, 176 4. Cells crescentic, Clostertum-like, large . cuspidatum, 176 . Cells small, curved, often in masses, ends rounded, parvulum, 176 Cells long, narrow, repeatedly coiled, ends rounded, circinatum, 176 Ns 48. CHARACIUM. Sessile, no stipe; cells pyriform, apex somewhat produced, Sessile, 177 . Apex rounded or truncate (4). . Apex acute (d). . Stipe short, scarcely noticeable, end dilated; cells producing a short neck a Poko a soe ee. Geutum, 177 . Stipe longer, noticeable ie c. Apex produced as a thick neck; stipe brownish yellow, Pringsheimii, 177 c. Apex always rounded, cells obovate, stipe base not dilated, Negelit, 178 § § Not sessile, stipe present but often short (a). a a b pS c. Apex rounded, truncate when open; stipe hyaline, heteromorphum, 178 @. Producing a short neck; cells ovate . . . . . . a@cutum, 177 d. No distinct neck; lanceolate or sword-shaped, ends tapering, ambiguum, 177 R RMA XARA AH g Do &SSFaR RB ROMO SPECIES OF ALG, 53 49. PROTOCOCCUS, Aerial forms (a). Aquatic (c). . Cells without gelatinous envelope (4). . Cells with gelatinous er in which oe divide; angular from pressure. . ‘ : . . angulosa, 181 . Common evematere on “eas, febees, etc.; elie yellowish green, viridis, 18% . On moist old wood; cells dark green; decussately dividing, dissectus, 181 . On pots, etc., in green-houses; orange, reddish-brown, yellowish green en 6a toe ee we 4 MIntatus, 182 Beset with small agines, or wells So oe So Boye vestttus, 183 Smooth, in gelatinous tegument, . . . Aumicola, 182; gigas, 183 not in tegument (@). Cells clustered somewhat grape-like . . . . botryotdes, 182 Cells single, membrane thick, often lamellate . Wimmert, 183 Cells varying in size, membrane not lamellate . . ¢ufusionum, 182 50. POLYEDRIUM. Angles rounded, not spinous (a) “bifid or trifid (4). “e spinous or greatly elongated (c). Cells 4 or 5 angled, diameter 35-7you . . ‘ gigas, 184 “ 4angled, diameter 8-rou . . . . . . . minimum, 185 “ 3 angled, diameter 12-15 . Be blight muticum, 185 . Angles bifurcate, sharply tipped . . . . . btfurcatum, 184 “often repeatedly bilobed, hyaline, acute . . enorme, 184 Centre scarcely body-like, radii thin, much prolonged, longispinum, 185 . Centre distinctly a body; angles spinous tetragonum, minus, 184 51. DICTYOSPHHRIUM, . Cells ovate or subglobose . . L&hrenbergianum, 186 . Cells reniform, about twice as long as wide . rentforme, 186 . Cells oval, often centrally constricted. . . LAMitchcockii, 186 52. HYDRURUS. One very variable species 2 eR 5 fetidus, 187 53. PALMODACTYLON, . Family of cylindrical, bladder-like radiating cases; cells in x or more rows . . . . vartum, 189 . Family simple, not prance’, more diamentons . . simplex, 189 54 SPECIES OF ALG&, 54. TETRASPORA, Beofo7 figs i Op te, § Thallus tubular, splitting (a). § Thallus irregularly expanded (4). § Thallus membranous, saccate, obovate, sinuate, bullose (c). a. Cells about 16 in diam.; ends tapering to a fine point, cylindrica, 190 a, Cells 8-rofin diam.; yellowish-green . . . . . lubrica, 191 4. Colorless, or greenedged . . . . . . . . = gelatinosa, 191 4. Green, rather soft and slippery . . . . . . explanata, 191 ¢. Dark green, smooth or somewhat warty; cells crowed in 2s or 4s, bullosa, 190 55. SCHIZOCHLAMYS, Supposed to bea form of Tetraspora. 56. PALMELLA, § Aquatic (a). § On wet ground or dripping rocks (6). § On wet wood ..... . uveformis, 193, botryotdes, 194 a, Irregularly expanded; cells minute (0.75-1.00/4), crowded, hyalina, 193 a, Somewhat globose, tuberculate; cells elliptical, 5 by 8, Mooreana, 193 6. Thallus expanded orindefinite . . . mucosa, 192, mintata, 193 57. PORPHRYDIUM. One species; terrestrial . . 2. 2. . 2... cruentum, 194 58. BOTRYDINA. One species; terrestrial . . . . . ... . vulgaris, 195 59. BOTRYCOCCUS One species; aquatic . . ....... . . . Braunit, 195 60, GLOOocyYsTIS. § Aquatic (a). § On wet rocks and walls; cells 3-5 in diameter . . rmpestris, 196 a, Dirty or bright green; families 45-goy indiameter . ampla, 196 Wg) EE SBM SES “families about 35 in diameter, vesiculosa, 196 a. Brownish-yellow or reddish 2 ee ew ee rtefescens, 196 61. NEPHROCYTIUM. Families oblong or elliptical, cells reniform . . Agardhianum, 197 Families subspherical, cells oblong or elliptical . . Megelsi, 197 SPECIES OF ALG#&, ek 62. RHAPHIDIUM. a, Cells straight or nearly so, length 15-20 times the diameter, actculare, 197 @. “* “ ct “20-30 or more times the diameter, contortum, 198 a. Cells decidedly curved; often crescentic or sigmoid (4). 4, Cells sigmoid, single or 2-4 connected . . . . sigmoideum, 198 6. Cells more or less crescentic (c). c. Cells connected back to back, crescentic, sometimes single, convolutum, 198 c. Cells not connected, long, slender, . . . . falcatum, 198 @& “i e short, thick, diameter 5-7. 3=©Braunii, 198 63. DIMORPHOCOCCUS. One species . . 2. <2 adh: ie Ba Sa . . cordatus, 199 64. MISCHOCOCCUS. One species 4.5 ‘ : is: 98 . . confervicola, 200 65. EREMOSPHARA, One species . ... . %. od ty eho te , wiridis, 200 66. uROcoccus, t + . . a, Stem densely ringed, often divided . . . . Hookerianus, 201 a, Stem short, remotely annulated . . .. . . insignis, 201 67. APIOCYSTIS. One species. ey Rah ahr ston : . . . Brauniana, 202 68. CHYTRIDIUM. a, On the odgonia of various sania. cells somewhat urn-shaped, withalid . . . . Su Qiks 48 acuminatum, 202 a. On various filamentous iia oe 6, With a low lid; pale yellow . . oe minus, 203 6, Without a lid; cells spherical . . . * . , globosum, 203 69. OLPIDIUM. § On the exterior of the host; cells globose; mouth cylindrical, nearly aslong asthe cell . . ‘ . . ampullaceum, 203 § In the interior of the host; perforating neck tubular, middle globosely dilated . . . . . tntestinum, 203 § Inthe interior; perforating neck steaieht, not inflated, entophytum, 204 56 SPECIES OF ALG&, 70. SPIROGYRA, I. KEY TO THE STERILE PLANTS, As it is often difficult to determine the number of spiral bands within a cell of Spirogyra, the following method, originally suggested by ‘‘The Botanical Gazette,” will be found exceedingly convenient. Select a band near the middle of a cell, count those that cross it, add one to the number, and the result will be the whole number of bands in the cell. § Membrane of ce'ls folded in at the ends (a). § mS “ «not folded in at the ends (/). a. Chlorophyll bands one only (4). a, “f “ two or more (g). b. Membrane of spore smooth (c). é. ie “« «punctate (/). c. Filaments 28-33, in diameter; cells 3 to 10 times as long as wide, Grevilleana, 209 io s 24-304 “ a cells 3-9 times as long as wide, guadrata, 208 . 18-28 “ (@). (73 g-I 8 “ 66 (e). a. Cells ro—25 times as long as wide; spiral of 1% to 4 turns, Spreetana, 208 @. Cells 6-15 «ow «ee «spiral of 3% to 6 turns, Weber, 208 a 2 ay . Cells 4-15 times as long as wide; spiral of 3-6 turns, tenutssima, 207 @, #6 13-8 « «@ «@ spiral of 3-8 turns, inflata, 207 Jf. Diameter of filaments 36-40; cells 6-12 times the diameter, calospora, 209 g. Spirals two (4). g. Spirals three; cells 30-334 wide, 4-8 times as long as wide, Hassallit, 210 A, Cells 16-224 in dia., 4-8 times as long as wide, . Hélseana, 209 A. Cells 36-3570" geB HERE te flassalliz, 210 A. Cells 36-454 in diameter (7). z, Cells 4-12 timesaslongas wide .... . . insignis, 210 go AE gen Ne SE REE = oles bes OR ee Hantzschil, 211 J. One spiral in each cell (£). jy. Two or more spirals in each cell (2). SPECIES OF ALG, k. Membrane of spore smooth (é). R. is “« «punctate (s). 7. Cells less than twice as long as wide (7). Z, Cells twice or more “ “ “ (n), m. Diameter 22-254; 1-1% times as long as wide, subsalsa, m. iM 25-330; 1-232 “© ee varians, m. ee 33-40; 1-2 rarely6" “ “ & guinina, m, e 48-75; 1-1% times“ “ “ «& condensata, un. Diameter 33/4 or more (0). n. “ less than 33 (4). o. Diameter 33-404; 1-2 rarely 6 times as long as wide, guznina, 0. 30-55" (pf). p. Cells 3-7 times longer than wide; spiral dentate Lutetiana, p. iT3 2-4 iti (3 .z7 i773 Jusco-atra, g. Cells 3-5 times as long as wide (7). g. Cells 2-12 times as long as wide (gg). r. Diameter 22 or less . feavescens, gracilis, 211; communts, ae 24 or more . . varians, 212; Jurgensit, s. Diameter of cells 24-27 4, 6-12 times longer than wide, punctata, t, Spirals 2 (z). z. “3 (*). ze “4 (aa). z. “5 (ee). zt. “6 or more (ff). wz. Diameter of cells 4oy or less (v). u“. es “« «more than gop (w). v. Cells 2-4 times as long as wide aecimina, Vv. “i 4-14 “ “cc “ iT “ce , elongata, w. Cells 1-2 times as long as wide subaequa, WW Bg e gee te Se Ee EE dubia, x. Cells go—-1oom in diameter, joints somewhat constricted, Jugalis, x. Cells soy or less in diameter (4). x, Cells more than soy in diameter (2). y. Cells 7-11 times as long as wide rivularts, y. “less than 7 times as long as wide dubta, adnata, z, Cells 1-2 times as long as wide subaequa, Zz. iz3 2-3 “cc iT 6c “cc iT7 orthosptra, Zz. ay 2-5 iz3 iT ac ““ “cs neglecta, a Beto Fe et majuscula, 57 212 212 213, 215 213: 214 215 213 213 215 216 221 217 220: 219 220: 217 217 218 226 22K 58 SPECIES OF ALG, aa, Cells more than room in diameter (40). aa. “ from 72 to 1oop “ a (cc). aa. “ lessthan you “ a (dd). 66. Celis 150-156 in diameter (the largest species) . Crassa, 219 bb. *“ to2-110pe “ a Both, ie ke setiformis, 219 cc. Cells go-roofzin diameter . . oe ee.) fuugalis, 219 ce. | 0 2-98 te 1-3 times as long as wide = mfvda; 217 ce. O75 " a4 % & & & garylspora, 221 add, Cells 58-654 “ ef a . . orthospira, 218 dd, “ 33-3844 “ 8 i . . fluviatilis, 216 ee. Cells 65-784 in diameter - ; . 2 . . bellis, 217 ee.° “ 58-65 “ = . orthospira, 218 Jf. Filaments of two aiadieters. one rein: ihe other 80, tnequalts, 218 Sf. i “ same diameter, 150-156 - + + €FaSSA, 219 SS. “ ah th a 102-I10fl . setiformis, 219 Sf. te > oe “s 118-125 Ct maxima, 218 Sf. “ “ «& « 54-62 4 : . majuscula, 221 gg. Cells 4-10 times as long as broad, 24-27 diam. . miradile, 211 ee game a ss “ 25-30 diam. longata, 214 II.—KEY TO FERTILE FILAMENTS OF SPIROGYRA. For method of determining the number of bands in the cell, see the Key to the sterile filaments of Spirogyra, p. 56 § Cell membrane folded in at the ends (a). . es not folded in at the ends (/). « Sehtoroghyl band single, rarely double (4). “two or more (A). . Membrane of spore smooth (c). - “« «punctate (g). . Spores elliptical or fusiform (@). “ovate or oval (¢). . Spore 24-30f by 50-58 ee : tenuissima, 207 «30-364 in dia., twice as long : . inflata, 207 “27-324 1n dia., 2-4 times as long . . guadrata, 2c8 b abeis: bearing cells inflated (/). ee “ slightly dilated; spore 26-30, in dia., Weberi 208 J. Spores 36 in diam., 2-3 times as & long as wide Spreeiana, 208 ff. “ 30-36 in aes 22% “ “& “« «& | Grevilleana, 209 SA RRADNHHHRRMD ENN RS DN NS perrs eS BBE SRNWVY SPECIES OF ALG, 59 . Mature spores yellow or orange, 40-42 in dia. 2-3 times longer, calospora, 209 . Spore-bearing cells not swollen, spores twice as long as wide, Flanteschit, 211 . Spore-bearing cells swollen (2). Mature spore yellow, 42-48 long . : . Hassallit, 210 as “ “brown, elliptic, 28j4in diameter . . insignis, 210 One chlorophyll band in each cell (2). . Twoormore“ “ “ “ & (), . Membrane of spore smooth (/). s «punctate (z). . Mature spore yellow (m). a “not yellow (f). . Spore cell slightly swollen on one side, spore oval, twice as long as wide gracilis, 211 . Spore cell not swollen (z). . Spore cell swollen (0). . Filaments 20-22 in diameter COMMUNTIS, 213 “s 25-304 “ Ss longata, 214 Filaments 24-26 in diameter JSurgensit, 213 is 40-43 “ : Lutetiana, 214 Spore-bearing cell decidedly swollen (¢). i. “ “not or slightly swollen (7). a “swollen on one side only varians, 212 . Filaments 24-27 4in diameter . mtrabile, 211 ~ 13-20p “ oss : flavescens, 211 Filaments more than 30, in diameter (s). es 30 or less in diameter (¢). . Diameter of filaments 33-404; spores polymorphous, gwduina, 213 be a 4 40-554; spores polymorphous, Susto-atra, 215 ae ss 8 48-75 4; spores broadly elliptic, condensata, 215 . Diameter of filaments 25-30,/; spore twice as long as wide, longata, 214 ee i « 22-25 4; spore slightly longer than wide, subsalsa, 212 Mature spore yellow, spore cell much inflated, punctata, 215 . Spirals 2 (w). “ 3 (). “4 (ee). a fe) SPECIES OF ALG&, v. 5 (22). v. “ 6 or more (7). w,. Spore-bearing cells inflated, spore elliptic or ovate, elongata, 221 ww. % a “not or only slightly swollen (x). x. Filaments 32-40y in diam. foe ee we. .1n. (134) . F bireme, 82. oo. Ends truncate; diameter;4, in. (33) or larger (fA). oo. = * i diameter 4, in. (2840) or smaller (77). oo, Ends rounded, dentate . . : 4 . . Lagoense, * pp. About 14 times longer than wide; diameter =4, to 34, in. (33-50) triplicatuim 73; spectosum, 87 pp. About 4 longer than wide; diameter zt, to 4, in. (65-7044), supraspeciosum, 88 pp. About + longer than wide; diameter 34, in. (50), pychnochondrum, 89 rr. Diameter gh; to zx!55 (20-26/1); ends 4 crenate, sides 4-6 crenate, subcrenatum, 84. rr OH svaw tO zegq (20-25 4); Sides nearly straight, KGjellmanit, 87 Pe zeae tO gaoy (14-25 4); granules not radiate; end 4crenate, Bly ttit, 87 ss. Marginal teeth numerous, long, pointed or aculeate, Alo/seanum, 85 SS. 7 17, emarginate—truncate 3 guadrifarium, 87 ss. Margins crenate (¢f). #t, Basal inflation granulate in vertical lines (wz), dt. * i with scattered granules . pseudopectinoides, 89 Hi, es without granules, the marginalin 8 radiating lines, nasutun, 89 uu, Sinus widening outwardly; granules geminate in rows, pectinoides, 88 uu“ not widening outwardly; cell oblong, diameter =14, (33), pulcherrimum, go uu.“ ae ie cell orbicular, diameter =1, (50,1), radlosum, 90 vu. End truncate (a2). vv. End not truncate (22). ° wz, Diameter <4, in. (50/) or larger (1). ww. Diameter smaller than (504), shy in. (9). *Journ. R. Micr. Soc., Dec., 1855. 94 SPECIES OF DESMIDS. xx, Sides granulate, concave near the ends; semi-cell twice longer than wide . . . protractum, 83 xx, Sides granulate, ends concave; semi- el) tole wider than long, ; biretum var. Floridense,.* wx, Sides crenate-undulate, converging; cytioderm verrucose, Quasillus, 84 xx. “ rounded, acutely toothed, ends usually nude; cell as long aswide. . ... . . Lverettense, 85 xx. “ straight, diverging, verrucose; angles rounded, Jdcretum, 86 yy. Cytioderm granulate; cell widest at base, sides converging, Sportella, 83 yy. S iH cell narrowed at base, sides straight, diverging, protuberans, 84 yy. Cytioderm verrucose; end more or less protruding and scolloped (4-crenate) . . . . celatum, 86 yy. Cytioderm verrucose; ane more or less seppeadines not scolloped, ornatum, 82; protractum, 82 yy. « s end not protruding; semi-cell twice as long as wide, oblong-quadrangular, angles rounded, Lroomet, 86 zs, Cytioderm finely granulate or punctate; semi-cells triangular, angles rounded, margins smooth . . . . Lurpinit, 158 zz, Cytioderm verrucose; semi-cell subreniform, 3 times as wide as long oe - . commisurale, 83 BB. . ee semi-cell ayemmaal angles rounded, long, tumidum, 75 Bz. e . semi-cell reniform, angles denticulate, a central inflation granulate . 4 . . subcruciforme,* 18. TEtTmMEmMoRus. Fic. 18. § Cytioderm smooth or very indistinctly punctate (c). § Cytioderm punctate (a). a. Cell 3 times as long as wide, irregularly granular; base slightly plicate. giganteus, 92 a. Cell more than 3 dimes as tone as wide (2). 6, Front and lateral views fusiform; end with colorless, lip-like pro- jection. . . granulatus, gt b. Front view éylindivicall: not ‘taperiun: side view fusiform, tapering; end rounded : ; . Brebissonit, gt * F.—w. Alge, p. 27 ef seq. S Se Sa So SSF egrRRQMM SPECIES OF DESMIDS. 95 . Three times longer than wide, smooth; diameter z95, to zh (18-20H) 2... . . minutus, gt Four times longer than pide; Sageunt diameter sa (484); linear elliptical, nolip . . . . . pentoides.* Four to six times longer than wae: cewede. or indistinctly punc- tate; front view tapering, lateral fusiform, >3'55 toqqey (20-224), levis, gi 19. XANTHIDIUM. FIG. 19. Spines divided atthe ends... Loe ee. armatum, 92 Spines subulate, ends not divided ia . Spines more or less scattered, numerous bes te aculeatum, 92 zB he _ 4 within the margins, Columbianum'** . Spines marginal (4). . Basal angles with 2 spines (¢). te ic a I spine (c). Other spines geminate in 4 pairs . . cristatum, 93 es a « in 2 pairs on the evi single on the sides, asteptum, 93 a a not geminate, single onthe ends . . = Torreyi.** Other spines 6 to 10 pairs on semi-cell; protuberance beaded, bisenarium, 93 . Other spines 2 to 4 pairs (e). “> | MONe? Ge a tetracentrotum, 95 Other spines, 4 pairs, terminal . . . F . fasciculatum, 93. i. “2 pairs, basal, vertical ae reclocornutum, 94 ee «« 2 pairs, terminal; a row of granules above the cen- tral projection, a spine above the granules, dAZénneapoliense, 94 . Other-spines, 2 pairs, terminal; a row of granules above the cen- tral projection, no spine above the granules . polymazum, 94 Other spines, 2 pairs, terminal, no granules above the projection (f). . Diameter 44, in. (55-654) or more, Zylerianumt, fasciculatum, 93 “ sty in. (504) or less; semi-cell truncate-triangular, asteptum, 93 se * ef semi-cell not truncate-triangular, antilopeum, 94. *Journ. R. Micr., Soc., Feb., 1886, e*R W. Algze, p. 34 et seg. tJourn. R. Micr. Soc,, Dec., 1885. 96 SPECIES OF DESMIDS. § § 20, ARTHRODESMUS. FIG. 20, a, d. Cytioderm smooth (a). Cytioderm verrucose or spinous (8). . Semi-cell with 2 spines (¢). a a. Semi-cell with more than 2 spines (2). 4. Cytioderm with deciduous spines. . . . . . . . Raut, 95 4. i verrucose in rows, margins crenate . gwuadridens, 96 b. oe a Ke ends alone crenate, otochondrus.** c. Spines on the same side diverging (e). 4, Ms i parallel (g¢). é. “ #8 converging : . convergens, 95 gz. Margin of semi-cell angular, each angle with 1 or two spines, octocernis, 97 e, End truncate; spines widely divergent . . . Lncus, 97 e. End convex; spines moderately divergent (/). f. Diameter of cell gd, (40m) . Ba Ay aod incrassatus.* TF: fe gh ate (30-35 4) oar . subulatus, 96 Si . ae ra (ot) er a a te ovalis, 96 g. Nuclei, 2 in each oblong-oval semi-cell. . . . fragilis, 95 g. Nuclei none; semi-cell oval, diameter zg, in. (204) . ovalis, 96 & a semi-cell orbicular, diameter 5,4, (12), orbicularis 96 ce semi-cell elliptical; spines often very short, ' convergens Vat., 95 g. ie semi-cell triangular, sinus wide, isthmus cylindrical, triangularis, 36** 21, EUASTRUM. FIG. 21. § End lobe evidently distinct (a). § End lobe evidently not distinct (4). a. End lobe deeply notched (c). a, End lobe more or less concave or sometimes convex (g.) 6, End deeply notched (e). 4. End more or less convex; semi-cell with 7 or 8 lateral, short, coni- éal teeth. 4 2 ‘ woe we ew.) Donnellit, 103 4, End more or less convex; sides without teeth . pingue, 105 ¢. Margins smooth (d.) ¢. Margins more or less spinous or beaded (/). c. Margins dentate (4). *Journ. R. Micr. Soc., Feb., 1886. **FW. Algze, p. 34 ef seg. SPECIES OF DESMIDS, 97 d. Basal lobe deeply notched; basal Zodule broadly marginate; central lobule obtsue . . : . . 2. . multilobatum, 98 d, Basal lobe undulate (v). d. “rounded or angular (Z). e. Margins smooth (4). é. eS cuspidate, spinulose or beaded (/). J. Basal lobe undulate (w). fi af rounded or angular (<). g. Margins smooth (z) g & cuspidate, spinulose or beaded (7). A. End lobes horizontal; diam. 45-50. . LMordstedtianum, 105 Ah & f diam. 35-40“ . . . . . .) Spinosum, 106 A “upright, diverging. . . eae . formosum, 103 . Basal lobes deeply notched ()). z, i undulate (z). yj. Cytioderm rough with conic granules; semi-cells with one large central inflation, a smaller one on each side, two on end lobe, VeErrUucosum, LOO @, Basal lobes undulate (cc). Rk rounded or angular (ee). Z, A short spine on the angles of end and basal lobes avaricatum, 104 Z, A small projection on each side near the apex . compactum, 107 m, Cytioderm more or less tuberculate (7). m, MS punctate (¢). m, ‘a smooth (7). nm. Tubercles basal, mostly 5 . . . circulare, 101 2. o 5 central, 4 marginal . j elegans, 106 2, es scattered; end lobe with a tooth on each side, ornithocephalum, * o. Semi-cell 5-lobed, basal lobe emarginate, the lateral small, entire, pinnatum, 98 0. a not 5-lobed (). p. Basal lobe with 1 lateral, subcentral tubercle, not emarginate, ampullaceum, 100 p. Basal lobe without lateral tubercle, slightly emarginate, affine, 100 p. ef et z ee not emarginate; diam, 22-25, aidelta, 99 p. . not emarginate; diam, 60-69)" 4 ventricosum, ** *Journ, R. Micr. Soc., Feb., 1886. 98 SPECIES OF DESMIDS, r. Semi-cell subrectangular, basal lobe very broad, end lobe partly in- cluded between the lateral B08 . . ervassum, 97 r. Semi-cell more or less pyramidal (s). s. Diameter z4, in. or more (50-554). . . . . &verettense, to2 5. Diameter less then 4, in.; apical angles acute, Porkornyanum, 1043 erosum, 104 s. Diameter less than 34, in.; apical angles rounded . elegans, 106 ¢, End lobe ona long slender neck; basal lobe with 6 protuberances, mammillosum, 102 A ae. ee . “basal lobe without protuberances, insigne, 102 t, End lobe not on a long neck (vw). z, Basal lobe much wider than end lobe (z). a, x scarcely wider; diameter less than z4, in. (424) simplex, 106 v. Basal sinus narrow, basal lobes approximate (t) v. ye wide, basal lobes widely separated . cutermedium, 102 + Diameter x4, in., (100/4) ; ‘ magnificum, ** t a less than y4, in.; no pits on the surface, ansatum, 99; purum. ** t. ge « «4 pits on semi-cell . scrobiculatum, ** w,. End lobe beaded: anglesof basallobes beaded. ventricosum, 160 w a dentate; angles of basal lobes dentate . simplex, 106 Ww. ae smooth, its angles spinous orcuspidate. rostratum, 106 x. Angles of end lobe and margins of basal each with 3 diverging spines, cuspidatum, 105 e 8 a with short spines, margins of basal dentate or granulate Ay o's s abruptum 107 x, Angles of endlobe with one cuspor spine. . . vrostratum 106 y. Basal and central lobules both slightly emarginate, odlongum, 98 y. Basal lobes slightly emarginate, central obtuse, multilobatum, 98 z. End lobe columnar, margins nearly parallel, end truncate, attenuatum, 103 s, End lobe not columnar, partly included between the lateral lobes, oblongum, 98 z, es . not included (aa). aa, Cell 2~3 times longer than broad; diameter 44, in. (75,4), Aumerosum, 99 aa, Cell about twice longer than broad, diameter ;y4, in. (14), Lundellit. aa, s ee “ Hee diameter 34, in. (75), pectinatum,** ** FW, Alge, p. 36 et. seq. SPECIES OF DESMIDS, 99 aa, Cell % or less longer than broad (42). 66. Semi-cells urn-shaped; diameter zt, in. (Sou) . urnaforme, 100 bb, es more or less quadrate; basal lobes horizontal, emargin- ate; protuberances minutely granulate. . . gemmatum, 101 4b. Semi-cells more or less pyramidal, basal lobes emarginate, insulare, 104 cc. Angles of end lobe acute. . . ; . elegans, 106 ce. 3 rounded or ebinse (dd). dd, Diameter 71, to -ty in (32-384)... . oo... tnerme, 104 ad. i zero in. (14h); length 5h, (281), . erassicolle, 105 ad. Hf sigs tO qylgg in. (20-224); length 54, (28), compactuim, 107 ce. Angles of end lobe acute (ff). ee. “ as obtuse or rounded (gg). ff. End notch broad, gaping, the apices upright . . . dinale, 104 ff. s narrow, Close, the apices horizontal . . simplex, 106 gg. End broadly rounded, continuous with the sides; diameter >, (144), . . . . obtusum, 107 gg. +s “ “ “ . semi-cells wedge- shaped; diam. 24-28 4 oe . . cuneatum,** gg. End elevated above the sides, a sil peaicaitun near the apex on each side F re compactum, 107 gg. End elevated, no tem Srojections : o 3 pingie, 105 22. MICRASTERIAS, FIG, 22, FIVE FORMS. § Cell more or less circular (1). § Cell oblong (2). 1. End lobe narrow, lengthened into divergent arms (a). I. ss S not lengthened into arms, semi-cells 5-lobed (4). 1. End lobe broad, not lengthened into arms (c). 2, Semi-cell 5-lobed, lobes horizontal; end lobe with 4 arms (¢). 2 a ut ue a end lobe with 2 arms (z). 2 “ “ lobes not horizontal, approximate; no arms (aa).. 2. Semi-cell 3-lobed, lobes horizontal; end lobe with 4 arms (¢). a ts 3G as et end lobe without arms (/). a. Semi-cell 5-lobed (4). a. . 3-lobed, lobes radiate (/). 4, End lobe not or slightly exserted (¢). b. 3 conspicuously exserted (7), 100 SPECIES OF DESMIDS. ¢. Semi-cells 5-lobed (7). c. Semi-cells 3 or obscurely 5-lobed; lateral sinus shallow, obtuse; lateral angles mucronate . . . . . . . decemdentata, 113 @. Basal lobes with 3 linear processes on each side . muricata, 118 a. i without linear processes, but (e). e. Forked once only, margins finely serrate, Mahabuleshwarensis, 112 é. s ~ “margins and surface spinous . . Spinosa.** é. . i “margins smooth. . . Lordstedtiana, 113 e. Forked twice (lobules forked); cytioderm spinous . . sfinosa.* é. ot cytioderm smooth; margins serrate, Hermanniana, 112 é. us “ “ margins not serrate, Americana, 112 yj. End lobe nearly as wide as the basal, apices deeply notched (a Fe “ $e es tf ne apices not deeply notched (/). J. End lobe much narrower than the basal, end convex, oscitans, 116 ra a ee ri ss “end deeply emarginate, : foliacea, 118 ds s nf - a S “end slightly concave, Rabenhorstii.** g. Basal lobes furcate (with lobules), (2). g “ not furcate (/). A. End lobe convex, without prominences . . ; laticeps, 115 fh. oe truncate, with 2 small prominences . . . recta, \12 h. e retuse, basal lobe furcate . . . ; Bailey, 118 z. a with 2 slender, transverse, bidentate projections, guadrata, 117 End lobe without projections, convex; sinuses broadly rounded, Kitchellii, 116 s. Z. without projections, concave; neck short; sinuses acut- ish . . . . . .)) Rabenhorstii, 118 de ee ee as “ neck long; basal lobes curvedupwards. . . ..... .. 0...) simplex.* J. Basal lobes horizontal, not curved. . . « pinnatifida, 116 J: sy curved upward, narrow, expansa, 117; arcuata, 117; simplex.* &. Basal and lateral lobes deeply furcate (with lobules), fwrcata, 111 A. “ en “shallowly furcate, surface smooth, (4) Rh. i ee « «surface spinous; diam., 175-200M ., . . . apiculata,** h. ee as not furcate . . . pseudofurcata, 111 * Journ. R. Micr. Soc., Dec. 1855. “* Fw, Algee, p. 36 ef sey. SPECIES OF DESMIDS. IOI ¥ Lateral and basal lobes separated by adeep acute notch, Crux-Milttensis, 111 { Lateral and basal lobes separated by a shallow rounded notch, speciosa.** Z, Lobules deeply furcate; borders not serrate . . dichotoma, 111 Z. a not furcate, borders not serrate oe ringens, 112 di e borders serrate. . serrulata.** m, End lobe remote from the lateral (). m, End lobe not remote from the lateral (0). n. End lobe triangular : : triangularts, 115 2. “ not triangular : . . hamata, 114 o. Lobes closely approximate, radiating (p). 0 es “ # not radiating, end lobe truncate, truncata, 114 fp. End lobe triangular ey . . triangularis, 115 p if cuneate, end concave ; . 2... Conferta, 114 Dp. ee very broad, end truncate or convex. . crenata, 113 vr. Cytioderm papillose . . bila) te. . apiculata, 110 r ‘a not papillose (s). s. Basal lobes with 4 subdivisions, lateral with 8; apices of end lobe PUPCALE 2 4 - dijk ec cho dy eh S rotata, fimbriata, 109 $. ss e « 2 apices of end lobe not furcate caer ; . cornuta, s. Basal lobes with 2 sababieong. fatevall aie 4 (u). s. Basal and lateral lobes with the same number of subdivision (2). ¢. End lobe with 1 row of pearly granules . . . . Minnesotensis.t t a without pearly granules (y ). uz. End lobe exserted onalong neck ... . brachyptera, 110 ut. es exserted without long neck, its apices furcate, sémplex, 110 v. Margins spinous . . . in Ugh. ate Say hs . brachyplera, 110 v. “f not spinous : . . . . btspinata.t y. Sinuses deep, inwardly widened and rounded: subdivisions of semi-cell 20-40; surface smooth . . . . . radiosa, 109 y. Sinuses deep, inwardly rounded, surface with rounded elevations, mamillata.** s. Lateral lobe deeply furcate, basal part Peat eee ees horizontal; ends bifid . . . . . . . alata* aa. A row of centrally larger basal inidstinns: across each semi-cell, verrucosa. et aa, No basal inflations; minutely granulate Sennert, 115 *% Fw Algee, p. 38 ef seg. t Journ. R. Micr. Soc., Dec. 1885. 102 SPECIES OF DESMIDS, 23. STAURASTRUM. FIG. 23. FOUR FORMS. “| With numerous processes, their ends more or less divided (§ §) {| Without processes, the angles infront view produced or not (§) § Cytioderm smooth or finely punctate (1). § Cytioderm verrucose or granulate (2). § Cytioderm hirsute, spinulose or thorny (3). §§ End view 2-armed, body broadly ovate; arms serrate, apices finely toothed . . . . Minneapoliense,* §§ End view 3 or 4 angled (B). § End view 5 or 6-angled, apices of (6) rays rounded and spinulose, Kissimmense.* § ss 5 angled, apices spinous (G). § End view 6-angled, apices of cylindrical processes slightly notched, 4 processes within the margin; end view hexagonal, Wolleanum.* §§ nt a apices of (5-6) rays trifid, distended, aistentum, 149 §§ End view 8-angled; rays a whorl of 8 below, 4 above, tetroctocerum, 151 §§ End view circular, rays a whorl of 9 below, 6 above, artiscon, 148 §§ “A tt rays marginal, very short, usually 9, ends notched, Lloiseanum, 149 1. Angles of semi-cell in front view. not produced; rounded and smooth (a). I. ee a mn « mucronate, spi- ous or notched (c). Angles of semi-cell in front view produced more or less (2). Angles of semi-cell in front view more or less produced (7). i ‘: o a not produced (gg). Angles of semi-cell in front view more or less produced (0). Hs ee a tf a not produced (yy). Semi-cell oval or elliptical, ends not inflated (4). ae 6 ends inflated; diam. , jy in. (25), bacillare.* Semi cell semi-circular, smooth, sinus narrow, linear, orbiculare, 120 Semi-cell almost circular, sides finely dentate. Cosmarioides,* fe i x sides smooth . . . . . wesiculatum,* Semi-cell triangular, sides concave . . . . . . &rthedrale, 123 Semi-cell cuneate; cell slightly longer than wide, pseudopachyrhynchum, 125 § § § SS Gg 8 Bis RARAA *F.-w Alge, p. 41 ef seg. ' SPECIES OF DESMIDS. 103 { Diameter 60-112 (zt; to zh, in.) (2). q a 324 (hy in.); granulate-crenate . . F Luteolum.* q is 13-16! (aby to zeyy in), muticum, minor, 119; Bieneanum, 124 4. Sides slightly constricted near the angles, especially in end-view, a tumidum, 120 6. Sides not constructed; diameter 54, to gh, in. (75-834), grande, 120 a e diameter z1, in. (604). inerme 122 c. Angles mucronate (2). c, Angles aculeate, spinous, awned or notched (e). a. . Mucros double on basal angles, none on the end in front view; semi-cells truncated triangles . . . . . paniculosum, 124 @, Mucros single on all angles, horizontal; diameter less than ;4, in. (Som); semi-cells not quadrangular . . . brevispina, 121 @. Mucros single on all angles, horizontal; semi-cells quadrangular, guadrangulare, 145 a, Mucros single on all angles, diameter larger than 34, (50), magnum, 120 d. Mucros single, oblique downward and inward; diameter 4, (100) or more. . . . Mazgusculum, 12% @d. Mucros single, oblique downward “and ‘outward; diameter 34, (45) orless . . ok Cg a ke Oe a LCR: TOS e. Aculei or awns 1 on each wile (/). é . 2 on each angle (g). é “6 3 on each angle (zz). e e 40r more on each angle (ww). J. Semi-cells elliptical, often angular, approximate; ends straight, concave or convex; awns horizontal, diverging, converging or upwardly oblique; diameter 74, to gag in. (25-384), dejectum, 121 ee diameter zt, to qh, (55-60), cornutum.* . Semi-cells elliptical, separated by along, narrow isthmus, cuspidatum, 123 e triangular-fusiform; awns long; diameter z4, to zh, (50-574) . . . . megacanthum, 121 Semi-cells triangular; sinus with: a saiall caine on each side, Leussit 122 i “sinus without aspine . . aristifcrum, 122 . Semi-cell quadrangular, margins toothed or spinous, guadrangulare, 145 ae i i. *F —w. Algze, pe 41. 104 SPECIES OF DESMIDS. & % Rg gt: Gy. Se Se, WM, M1, = aS »nrxrsrss . Angles in end viewtrifid . . . eG a 3 trifidum, 123 i . “« simple or bifid toe Arms trifid or bifid; end view 3-4 radiate; arms smooth, brachiatum, 124 e s mS end view 3-radiate; arms aculeate, rough, aspinosum, 143 o ae iz end view 5-6 radiate aistentum, 149 es ee es end view 7-g radiate . . . . Rotula, 135 Arms truncate, oblique, geniculate, short; end view 4-radiate, iNCOnSPICUUM, 125 . Arms acute or aculeate, curved; end view 3-radiate sudeticum,* , Ends separated by a more or less elongated isthmus (/). . Ends approximate (2). End view fusiform, with a central obtuse inflation, /eptocladum, 136 Ke oval, a long arm on each side, grallatorium, 136; ungulatum, 136 End view triangular or 3-radiate (2). . quadrangular or 4-radiate (pf). ««g-radiate (z). ot 6-radiate (a’). 7-8 radiate ; . . . Ophiura, 134 Isthmus basally inflated; cuepiiate or spinous (2). a not basally inflated: cuspidate not spinous (7). Isthmus basally inflated . . . : . elongatum, 130 a with a 1-4 ae peobcalnee on each side; arms short . . . . 2 ws 2 © fasciculoides, 130 ms with 1 Hetehed spine on each side . . Spinosum, 139 Diameter 54, in. (50) or less (7). S civ in. (60) or wider (0). . End straightish, sides tapering into short, mostly obtuse processes, tricorne, 126 . End broadly convex; processes curved . . . . cyrtocerum, 128 os a processes straight, slender . gracile, 133 In end view the angles produced in long arms, vestitum, 1383; pseudosebaldt, 139 In end view the angles not produced in long arms, Sebaldi, 138 Isthmus basally inflated or cuspidate (r). Isthmus not basally inflated nor cuspidate (s). Isthmus basally inflated, corrugated and denticulate, zetragonum, 130 = witha short spine on each side . . otontatum, 134 *Journ. R. Micr. Soc., Dec., ‘85. at, feos SPECIES OF DESMIDs. 105 . Diameter 1, in. (31) or smaller (¢). fe ahy in. (60) or longer (x). End straight, sides tapering into short, mostly obtuse processes, tricorne, 126 End convex; processes short, stout . . . . ervenulatum, 126 End concave; processes short, upwardly diverging, pusilinm, 130; Donnellit; 132 ‘Processes short, robust, incurved; end of semi-cell truncate, cerastes, 133 se long, narrow, incurved; end of semi-cell convex, ankyroides, 137 . Processes long, horizontal . : . . *. tetracerum, 134 . Processes curved, apices bifid . . pentacladum, 129 rs “ apices entire . Ee ee incisum, 132 . Processes horizontally radiating; ends of cell with bifid papille, pentacerum, 134 . Processes horizontally radiating; ends without papillz, crenulatum, 126 . Processes upwardly diverging, the apices bifid . franconium, 131 Diameter ;3; in. (40/4) or smaller («). us shy in. (70H) or larger (7). . Isthmus centrally ribbed; rays curved downward . comiptum, 129 not ribbed; in end view rays basally separated by an acute incision . . . ‘ incisum, 132 . Isthmus not ribbed; in end view rays separated by a rounded sinus 3 : S. fy 2 . crenulatum, 126 . End with prominent papille; diameter ;4, to =4, in. (140-150), \ Ophiura, 134 . End with prominent papillae; diameter yz to zh, in. (75-854), coronulatum, 135 . End without prominent papillae; ray margins serrate, macrocerum, 134 a ss : ray margins granulate-crenate, hexacerum, 137 . End view oval, ends produced in along, thin arm, wngulatum, 136 Me fusiform : ‘ fusiforme, 137 End view triangular or 3-radiate (aa). a 4-radiate or angular (ee). « 5-radiate (f) 106 SPECIES OF DESMIDS. aa. Apices of rays obtuse; diameter z4, to gh, in. (40-50), arachne, 129 aa. " . * diameter zs45 to zggg in. (15-2044), totanum, 137 aa, Apices of rays not obtuse (46). 6, End of cell in front view papillose or verrucose (cc). bb. Mt af te “not papillose nor verrucose (a2). ec. Diameter 71, in. (36) or smaller, arcuatum, 130; subarcuatum, 140 te. es shy to gh, in. (60-80); arms diverging, anatinum, 139 ad, End view, sides straight, angles 3-4 spinous,, polymorphum, 126 ad, n sides concave; arms long, straight, in front view di- verging . . . . . paradoxum, 129 ad, End view, sides concave; arms short, Haawetionse, 131; manum, 138 ada. ss sides convex; arms short, tumid at base, eleanum, 133 ee. Apices of arms inconspicuosly bifid or trifid, HHaabeliense, 131; paradoxum, 129 ee. Apices of arms prominently and deeply trifid . . . Osceolense.* #. Apices of arms obtuse; the arms mere lobes, very short, silatatum, 128 ff. i “arms long, narrow. . . . arachne, 129 ff. Apices of arms bifid; front view end with a crown of papillee, Floridense, 135 f. Apices of arms bifid; front view end without papille, pentacladum, 136 gg. End view 4, 5, 6, or 7-angular or radiate (2/). gg. End view triangular (77). 4h, Cytioderm rough with pearly granules; rays 4-7, short, obtuse, margaritaceum, 125 th. . granulate; end view 4-6 angled, sides straight, Meriani, 132 hh, . ms end view 4 angled, angles with 2 spines, Nove Cesare@, 145 ih. e i end view 4-5 angled, sides concave, angles without spines . . ..-. . . . . . . Gilatatum, 128 wz. Angles in front view notched or otherwise divided (77). z, Angles entire (24). *Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club, Dec. 1885. SPECIES OF DESMIDS. 107 Jj7. Surface granules emarginate or divided; semi-cells broadly elliptical, asperum, 127 De not emarginate; semi-cells elliptic, ¢ruscata, 128 DD ss not emarginate; semi-cells subsemiorbicular, angles truncate . . . ‘ .. muricatum, 127 J. Surface scabrous, semi-cells elliptic : Lo... Scabrum, 130 Jj. Surface tuberculate; sides at base convex, spinous; a central, spherical, spinous projection conspicuous . . . dudlosum.* Jj. Sarface tuberculate; sides at base concave; no central protuber- ance . . 2 2. tuberculatum,* I. “ # & not concave, psexdocrenatum.** kk, End view sides concave (//). RR, e sides nearly straight, very slightly convex (zz). RR. . sides convex; semi-cells subsemiorbicular, muricatum, 127 4. Semi-cells twisted; 2-3 times longer than wide, elliptic or oblong, alternans, 128 Z@. Semi-cells not twisted (7). mm, Front view ends concave; end view angles rounded, striolatum, 126— mm, - end view anglesacute, Pringlet, 132 mm. Front view ends convex; end view angles crenate, sides smooth, crenatum, 126 mm, is = end view angles not crenate, somewhat truncate . +. % . adilatatum, 128 mm, ee ie and view ariples granulate, rounded, erasum,** nn, Diameter zjy5 in. (254) or less . prgmeum, 128 nn, sf greater than 5,4, in. (25/4); eed broadly truncate, sides slightly convex or nearly straight, converging, botrophilum, 131 an, Diameter greater than 774, in. (25); end rounded, sides convex; semi-cell elliptic Ae rugulosum, 127; punctulatum, 127 oo, End view 3-radiate or angular, sides nearly straight (ff). 00. i a . sides concave (77). oo, End view 4-radiate or angular (xx). pp. Cells spinulose on the whole surface aculeatum, 140 Dp. s on the margins only setigerum, 141 *Journ. R. Micr. Soc., Feb. 1886. **F —w. Algoe, p. 42 ef seg. 108 SPECIES OF DESMIDS. rr, Cells spinulose, a short, irregular process on each side, controversum, 143 rr. Cells spinulose on the margins of the long, colorless, diverging arms ... Loe ee ee ee. aSpinosum, 143 ss End view triangular or 3-radiate (zz). 5S, 2 4 or 5-angular or radiate (#2). ss, End view circular, with usually 9 short, marginal, notched pro- cesses... ww ww | Kbotseanum, 149 tt. End view margins smooth; spines short; semi-cells in front view twice as wide aslong . . . . avicula, 123 7. End view margins smooth; Sates cee semi- pelts in front view 3 or 4 times as wide as one F : . . Ccommutatum, 124 tt. End view margins smooth; spines on the angles only, very long, longispinum, 145, tt. 4 spines on the sic and surface as well as on the angles . . . ee Minnesotense.** tt, End view margins vereneeee the verruce emarginate or not, forficulatum, 144. tt, i “denate, angles usually 3. monticulosum, 144 uu. End view margins smooth, concave; angles notched, guadrangulare, 145, uu. a ‘““ crenate; spines long, divergent, Nove Cesare, 145; ul. : ‘« spinous; angles produced, furcate, Sorficulatnm, 144. vu. End view triangular; aculei short, Wystrix, 142; tridentiferum, 142 vv. fs as spines long, colorless, tricornutum, 145; triguetrum,** vv. End view 4-angled, angles aoe rounded, spines scattered; sides concave . ee .) Ebystrix, 142 vv. End view 5-angled, sides concave io alle 'g Brasiliense, 146 wx, Angles with numerous sete as long as the lobes; cells in front view cruciform. . . . eriuciatum, 142 ww, Angles with 4 teeth, 2 pfojectiag upward, 2 downward, cerberus, 142 Wwe. ot 2 spines; margins concave, spinous guaternium, 144 xx, Sides unequally produced, spinulose or spinous, controversum, 143 xx, Sides equally produced, spineless; angles spinous aculeatum, 140 **F —w Alge, p. 41 ef seg. SPECIES OF DESMIDS, 10g yy. Diameter gt, in. (38) or less (22). JY. 2B, t S&S 8S MS &S Bae dBwe AA & & >) C. C. D. Dz D. £. Diameter greater than (38,4) gt, inch (4). Cytioderm aculeated, aculei larger and denser at the angles, teliferum, 140 Cytioderm aculeated except at the centre, echznatum, 141; pecten, 141 “ spinous; margins dentate . convexum,* ee es margins crenate ‘ Ravenellit, 143 Cytioderm aculeated, aculei geminate oar Soctatum, 142 ee s aculei not geminate, densest at the angles, Brebissonuit, 141 es i aculei evenly covering the surface, Saxonicum, 141; hirsutum, 141 Cytioderm spinous, spines not notched ' echinatum, 14% # as spines or short processes notched, Spongiosum, 148 End view 3-angled; processes within the margin, 6 in number (C). “ce “cc “ e “cc eae 3 in number (D). ch et ye processes both on and within the margins (/). “ “ processes at the angles only (£). End view 3-angled, angles broadly truncate, each with 3 promi- nences ‘ xiphidiophorum ** " a a ut 7 nS each with 2 promi- nences ; simplex,** End view 4- ted: body quadrangular, ends of arms trifid, Osceolense.** End view 3 or 4-lobed, Coane or bifid; cell very irregular or quadrate . . . . enorme, 151 Front view lateral margins crenate; basal fnaeting crenate, custephanum, 147 s lateral margins smooth . . . pseudofurcigerum, 147 tt lateral margins with 3-6 sharp teeth; basal margin smooth . ae . cuneatum, 148 Cytioderm granular . furcigerum, 146 Cytioderm smooth; end view angles produced into 2 processes, a third above and between them . Pottsit, 151 Cytioderm smooth or finely punctate; end view angles notched, Kitchellit, 150 Processes 9, nearly as long as semi-cell diameter, ends furcate, Tohopekaligense.** *Jour. R. Micr. Soc., Feb., 1886. **R_ OW. Algz, p. 41 e¢ seg. SPECIES OF DESMIDS, Processes shorter than semi-cell diameter, ends furcate, furcatum, 150 Processes 6, short, notched; semi-cell rectangular, twice wider thanlong .. . we 5 . . auplex, 149 End view central pacioune processes 6; marginal, including angles, 9, . . . Senariam, 147 ae central snd qateinel spines short numerous, notched, spongiosum, 148 Semi-cells saucer-shaped, margin with 5 divergent spines, calyxotdes .* *F —w. Alge, p. 46. GLOSSARY. Aculeate; having one or more sharp points or prickles. Acuminate: ending in a sharp point. Antheridium, plural Anthertdia: certain reproductive organs supposed to have the function of the anthers of higher plants. Annulate: ringed, marked with rings. Articulate: jointed, formed of joints. &i.: in compound woods, meaning two or twice. Bidentate: with two teeth or tooth-like projections. Bifurcate: forked, separating into two branches or parts. Bullate: blistered or puckered. Cenobium: a community of individual cells united in one body or cluster. Connate: united at base, as two opposite branches around the stem. Costa, plural Coste: a rib. Costate: ribbed. Crenate: scolloped. Crenulate: with small scollops. Crescentic: crescent-shaped, like the new moon. Cruciform: cross-shaped. Cuneate: wedge-shaped. Cuspidate: with ashort, stiff, sharp point. Cytioderm: the membrane of the cell. Decussate: in pairs alternately crossing. Dentate: toothed. Dichotomous: with the divisions in pairs; two forked. Diecious: having the male and female flowers on separate plants. Dissepiment: a partition or division. Dorsum: the back, here the back or curved portion of Closterium. L12 GLOSSARY, Filiform: thread shaped, or thread-like. Flexuose: bending in opposite directions. fusiform: spindle shaped, large in the middle and tapering to both ends. Geminate: twin, in pairs. Geniculate: bent like a knee. Gonidia: propagative bodies, not produced by any act of fertilization. Granulate: with small or fine granules. Hirsute: hairy. FAfyaline: transparent as glass. Impacted: matted, the whorls indistinct. Lamellate, lamellose: formed of superposed layers or plates. Lunate: crescent-shaped. Mikron (ps): the xzhoq of an inch. Monecious: having the male and female organs separate but on the same plant. Moniliform: \ike a string of beads, or necklace-like. Mucronate: tipped witha short, stiff point. Nucleus, plural Muclei: in this case, one or more collections of chloro- phyll in the cell. Obovate: egg-shaped, but with the broader end upward. Odgonium, plural Odgonia: the sac bearing the odspores. Oéspore: spores formed in the ovarian sac or oégonium, Orbicular: circular, or nearly so, in outline. Pellucid: transparent. Piliferous: bearing short hairs. Plicate: folded. Polymorphus: having several or many forms. Pubescent: bearing fine, soft hairs. Punctate: dotted with minute elevations or depressions. Pyriform: pear-shaped. Ramulus, plural Ramuli: a small or secondary branch. Reniform: kiduey-shaped. : GLOSSARY, 113 Saccate: sac-like, baggy. Scabrous: rough, Septate: with a partition. Serrate: with saw-teeth, or teeth pointing forward. Setiform: bristle-like. Setigerous; bearing bristles or setz. Sigmotd: s-shaped. Sinus: the depression between two parts of a cell. Spermatozoa: active, thread-like bodies in certain cells. Spermogonia; cells which give rise to the spermatozoa. Spinulose: bearing short spines or prickles. Stipe: the stem or stalk. Stpitate: with a short stem or stalk. Stratum: a layer, anything spread out in a layer. Sub.: in compound words, meaning less than. Subulate: awl-shaped. Thallus: a mass of cells, consisting of one or more layers, often a flat expansion, Tortuous: irregularly curvéd, winding, twisted. Truncate: as if cut off square at the end. Tnberculose: with small rounded projections or tubercles. Umbellate: the branches or parts beginning at the same point, like the ribs of an umbrella. Ventrum: in this case, the concave region of Closterium. Verruca, plural Verruee: rounded, wart-like elevations. Whorl: 1na circle round the stem. Zobspores: spores with active movements. Anabeena Anacystis Aphanizomenon Aphanocapsa Aphanochete Aphanothece Apiocystis Arthrodesmus Asterothrix Bambusina Bangia Batrachospermum Beggiotoa Botrycoccus Botrydium Botrydina Bulbochete Calocylindrus Calothrix Chztomorpha Cheetophora Chamesiphon INDEX. Page. 67 72 68 73 44 72 55 96 71 80 37 37 71 54 49. 54 4r 86 62 47 44 68 Chantransia Characium . Chlamydococcus Chlamydomonas Chroococcus Chroolepus Chytridium Cladophora Clathrocystis Closterium Coelastrum Ceelospherium Coleochete Campsopogon Conferva Cosmarium Craterospermum Crenothrix Cylindrocapsa Cylindrospermum D. Desmidium Dictyospherium Dimorphococcus Docidium Draparnaldia 116 E. Enteromorpha Eremosphera Euastrum Eudorina Euglena Genicularia Gloeeocapsa Gleeocystis Gleeothece Gleotrichia Gomphospheria Gonatonema Gonatozygon Gongrosira Gonium H. Hapalosiphon Hildebrantia Hyalotheca Hydrodictyon Hydrurus Introduction Isactis L. Lemanea Leptothrix Leptozosma Lyngbya M. Mastigonema Merismopedia Mesocarpus Mesoteenium INDEX. Page. Micrasterias 43 | Microcystis 55 Microcoleus 96 Microthamnion 49 Mischococcus 50 | Mougeotia N. 80 | Nephrocytium 73 Nodularia 54 Nostoc Je O. . Cdogonium 72. ce Gut Olpidium 80 Onychonema Ophiocytium 44 ‘ . 50 Oscillaria P. 66 Palmella 38 Palmodactylon 80 Pandorina Pediastrum 51 ' Penium 53 Petalonema Phymatodocis 11 Pithophora 63 Plagiospermum Pleurocarpus Plectonema 37 | Porphrydium 71 | Polycystis 81 | Polyedrium 68 | Prasiola Protococcus 63 R. 72 | Raphidium 62 | Rhizoclonium 81 Rivularia Page. 99 72 69 44 55 61 54 68 66 38 55 81 52 70 54 53 49 50 82 65 81 45 62 62 65 54 72 53 43 53 55 47 63 Scenedesmus Schizogonium Schizochlamys Schizomeris Sciadium Scytonema Sirogonium Sirosiphon Sorastrum Spheroplea Sphzrozosma Spherozyga Spirogyra Spirotenia Spirillum Spirulina Staurastrum Staurogenia Staurospermum Stephanosphera Stigeoclonium Symphyosiphon Symploca Synechoccocus INDEX. Page. 51 | Tetmemorus 47 | Tetraspora 54 Thorea 45 | Tolypothrix 52 | Triploceras 64 | Tuomeya 61 65 51 | Ulothrix 42 | Urococcus 81 68 56, 58 Vaucheria 82 | Volvox 72 72 too | Santhidium 51 62 50 Zygnema 98 Zygogonium 64 69 72 117 Page. 48, 94 54 37 65 86 37 45 55 49 49 95 61 61 Botanical and Entomological Supplies QUEEN PLANT PRESS © No. PRICE 4003 The Queen Plant Press, with absorbent paper ......... $2 00 4004a Handle for above, stout leather, very neat and convenient . . 0 25 4004b Sling strap, adjustable, for same | a ae ee ee ee 0 25 Special rates will be quoted in quantities for class use. COLLECTING CASES 4000 Large size, 15x8W%x4W%. 2... lw ee ee Sa ee a | 50 4001 Smaller size, 12x714x3% . ‘ fo ee pense aged 125 Special estimates made for any required quantity for class use. MAGNIFIERS Pocket Magnifiers, Coddingtons, Achro= Prices from matic Triplets and 25 cents to $5.00. Doublets. SEND FOR BOTANICAL AND ENTOMOLOGICAL CIRCULAR B. B. 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